Qass- Book. . 1)1 ^ Ka y / I /f79? 1^ HISTORY OK Long Island City, NEW YORK. A Record of Its Earl}- Settlement and Corporate Progress. SKETCHES OF THE \ II. I. AGES THAT WERE ABSORBED IN THE GROWTH OF THE PRESENT WUNlCIPALirV. ITS BUSINESS. FINANCE. MANUFACTllRES, AND FORM OF GOVERNMENT, WITH SOME NOTICE OF THE MEN WHO Bl'll.r IHE CITY. sLicJ by The Long Island Star Publishing Company. Written by J. S. Kelsey, A.M. |S(;6. ^ <^ V -A ,Vv .S ' jtioDoccinciiotS^ COAT OH AKMS. The Common Council in 1873 adopted the Coat of Arms as emblematical i)t the \aried interests represented hy Loiii; Island City. It was designed b\- Alderman George H. Williams, nt Ravenswood. UBLISHERS' NOTE, In view of the fact that a history of this city has not heretofore been attempted, and that tiie records of tlie city as a distinct municipality are about to close, the publishers have deemed it befitting to prepare the volume now offered to the public. In the accomplishment of their aim to record only the salient points of interest in the historical survey of two and a half centuries, care has been taken to insure accuracy and time expended to give value. If affairs relating to the city proper receive greater notice, the critical reader is again reminded of the purpose of the work. While it is hoped that the story told upon its pages will not be devoid of interest, it also is trusted that the mechanical features of the volume will make it worthy of a place upon e\ery home table. Till: I,. I. STAR iniBI.ISHlNG COMPANY. I'REFATORY. "T^lllv liistorv of a city ori.vjinates in individuals. In its frontier days stands a household or two as lone prophets of better eras. In the lives of men therefore lie the records of society, whether it is developed into a municipality, state, or nation. Usually also the character of early settlers leaves a distinct impress upon that of the community which they founded, and is traced in their laws, customs, and pursuits. It is a peculiarity of our nation above every other, that its early settlers arc known. We know their names, their homes, their avocations, whence and why they came, the character they bore, the deeds they performed, and the posterity which succeeded them. We know how and by whom this nation was built, what spirit aroused, what causes inspired, what efforts secured, its free institutions. Herein consists America's greatest heritage that her early colonists possessed high intellectual gifts, good morals, sturdy energy of will and a love of freedom which challenged the wrath of thrones and dangers of unknown seas. Those who first trod the soil of Newtown were such men. Their lives were inwrought as a salutary power into the fabric of a rising community for several generations. Dutch and English, Saxon, and Celt were they. What their names and deeds the following pages will attempt to tell. Not a little difficulty has been encountered in the fact that until recent years the territory of this city was a part of the town of Newtown. To draw the line sharply at the municipal confines has often been at the sacrifice of important interests, yet the definite purpose of the history imperiously so retpiired. The olden past is a rich mine of surpassing value. Exhaustive exploration would require years of time. Such has not been the object of compiling these pages. From events, persons, and places, have been gathered the most accessible material, only for the purpose of preparing a souvenir volume historically descriptive of this city ere its individuality sliall have been lost in that of tireater New York. For favors rendered in preparation of the work we are especially indebted to the Hon Alvin T. Payne*; J. F. Burns, M. D.f; E. X. Anable, Esq. ; F. H. Batterman, Secretary of the Board of Health; Henry P. Titus, Essq. ; and to the several clergymen who have contributed articles relating to tiieir respective churches. •Tlie facts in the article upon " The Bar of Long Island City " were furnisheU by Mr. Payne. + " The Medical Profession " is from the pen of Dr. Burns. History of Long Island City. CHAPTER I. NAITRAI. KDKMATION. — DISCl IVi:K\ AM) SI. 1 I I.E.MENT. CON TROVERSIES HEIWKEN KNC.1.1>H AMI DfHll. r.ENEKAI. HISIliKICAL SLRVEV PREVIOUS TO THE REVOLT 1 ION. I()XCi ISLAND (.rrV in becominjjf a part of Greater New York returns to an ancient ^^ allegiance. Its territory was once a part of the mainland. Topograpliic and jjeolojjic traces of this primitive unity still exist in the configuration of its coast line and in the f>iieiss and granite formations which underlie its hills and islands and rise to the surface in many places, particularly in the vicinity of Hell Gate. The vertical strata of these formations also attest their primary classification and relation to the Laurentian Group. When the river or lake now called Long Island Sound, receiving the mighiy floods of New England river basins, opened its eastern gates to the sea, the tidal battalions swept through with resistless power. The Sound became a Mediterranean Sea. Soil and the detrital deposits of ages were brushed to ocean deeps from the narrower channels at the western end of the Island. Naught remained but the granite rocks to defy the violence of marine currents. The channel became the foaming strait of Hell Gate and the East River. Nortli and Snulh Brother, Rikers, Berrian and Luyster islands, were fornud on the north. The jutting peninsula of Hallett's Point and the outstretched arm of Blackwell's Island broke the tides intii swirling eddies which, like the buckets of the excavator, bore their detrital loads into sheltered places. The wooded hills were corroded by other natural forces and added their wash to tidal deposits. The western shore became scenes of .salt marshes, lagoons and creeks, which made other islands of the modern Ravenswood with its then frowning mcky blutT; and Hunter's Point with its solitary hill standing sentinel like at the mouth of Newtown Creek and its jagged reef reaching scores of rods into the snarling tides of the river. Heaver, deer and other fur and food producing animals roamed the forests, while the streams abounded with fish and other food products of the sea. At the time of discovery our i)resent city domain was occupied by the Rockaway Indians, though ruled by the Mohawks by right of conquest. This latter tribe was one of the Five great nations whose powerful confederacy existed before the discovery of the continent. Their last council house may still be seen at Portage Falls on the Genesee. It is proper here to recall that the discovery of this Continent had a commercial origin. In l-^urope the conquest of Constantinople and Egypt by the Turks had closed the door of commerce with the East Indies against the merchants of the West. New paths of trade were a necessity to which, it was believed, the untried seas held the key. East India companies were organized in almost every European state. The golden age of Portugal dawned, but speedily waned upon the alliance of that country with Spain. The end came with the wars of Spain. The East India companies of Holland and England rose into competitive supremacy. Exploration and discovery were the order of the day. DISCOVERY. In the summer of 1497 the keen eye of Long Island's savage hunter saw huge white wings upon the horizon of the sea fleeing .southward. It was the single vessel of John Cabot, who in the previous year had obtained from Henry VII. a iiatcMit to .search for lands in western seas. Jf/SrORY or LONG ISLAND CITY In May of the following year the vision was again seen, though even more startling. Two great white winged canoes swept down from the North and vanished in southern mists. Sebastian Cabot, inspired by his father's failure, was searching for a northwest passage to China and Japan with two' English ships having on board a large company of volunteers. Tlie red man had told this miraculous story to his son and a new generation was hunting hill and stream when again the vision appeared upon the sea. It was in 1524 and John dc Verrazano, a Florentine navigator, was abroad upon a discoverer's quest. Four score and five years passed and aboriginal tradition, akin to that of Hiawatha, had descended from sire to son, when the natives of our present municipal territory received the astonishing news from the Canarsies, their southern neighbors, that the apparition of their fathers was again upon the sea and had entered the bay. It was September 3, 1609. Hendrick Hudson in the Half-Moon— a vessel of sixty tons burthen— was upon his third voyage in search of a northwestern passage to India. In each of the two previous years, while in the service of the English companies, he had failed, and now in the .service of tlie Dutch East India Company was running up and down the coast hunting for a passage through the great continent. His baffled effort at Delaware Bay had not cooled the ardor of his purpose and he turned into this new arm of the sea through the gateway of Sandy Hook. The natives, clad in "mantles of feathers" and "skins of divers sorts of good furs," with "orna- ments of copper about their necks," Hocked to the coming of the great white winged "Canoe." They told the strange pale faced navigator tliat their land was " pleasant with grass and flowers and goodly trees as they had ever seen." Hudson spent twenty days ex- ploring the river which bears his name and returned to Amsterdam. After repeated voyages in 1610 and 1612 the merchants of that city, encouraged by the glowing accounts of discoverers, obtained, March 27, 1614, from the States General, a decree granting the exclusive rights of trade for four years in the countr)' which they called New Netherlands. Thus the ancient title of our municipal territory was claimed by both the English and Dutch, the former by jiriority of discovery, and the latter by di.scovery and commercial occupation. ^^K^.K] AsroKiA. SETTLEMENT. Events rapidly multiplied as the impulse of trade opened the era of .settlement. In the same year of the decree, Adrian Block, a navigator in the employ of the Dutch East India Company, sailed through Hell Gate, giving its original name of }h//ti;nt, a narrow passage. Upon tlie expiration of the charter, a new organization, called the Dutch West India C'lmpany, was formed, and in June 3, 1621, was granted the trade monopoly of the province of New Netherlands for twenty-one years. When in 1626 Peter Minuit bought Manhattan Island from the Indians for $24, and was vested with the title of Director General, James I. of England granted a patent to a company which also claimed the entire territory of the Dutch by right of discovery by the Cabots. To establish proprietorship both nations encouraged ///SVOA'V OF LONG ISLAND C/TY. 9 settlement, the Dutch colonizinj,^ New York and New Jersey, the Eng^lish settlinjj north and south ti/" was given to the town of Newtown. That part of the town north and west of the old Bowery Ray road was further distinguished as tiie "Out Plantations," which were nearly co-tcrminous with our present municipal boundaries. This section of Newtown was settled under the administration of Gov. William Kieft, who in 163.S succeeded Gov. Van Twiller. The first settlers were Hendrick Ilarmensen, Richard Hinitnall and Tyman Jansen, whose occupancy of the soil appears to have been nearly simultaneous. Ill 1640 Harniensen took up a grant in the northeastern part of the city which extended from the bay south along an Indian trail (now the old Bowery Bay road), "by the way of the big tree and James Dickinson's to Dutch Kills." He was a Holland blacksmith and was brained by an Indian with a tomahawk, perhaps forged by his own hands. His property came into the possession of the Dutch Church of New Amsterdam during the official term of Gov. Kieft for a poor farm and was known as the "Poor Bowery." Later, in 1656, Pieier Luyster, another Hollander, purchased the land from its ecclesiastical proprietors from whom the title finally passed to the Riker famil)', whose ancestor, Abraham Rycken, married Hendrick Harmensen's daughter. Brutnall settled on the east side of Canapaukah (now Dutch Kills) Creek. He was a native of Bradford, England. Having emigrated to the new world he resided for some time at Hempstead, finally removing to this locality. His grant, comprising somewhat more than one hundred acres, was confirmed to him by Governor Kieft, July 3, 1643. Jansen, a ship carpenter in the employ of the West India Company, loc.ited upon the west side of Canapaukah Creek where he had secured a holding, which afterward came into possession of Joris Stevensen de Caper, from whom was descended the Van Alst famil}'. This trio of pioneers soon had neighbors and the "Out Plantations" took up its march towards an organized community. To the north of Jansen came " Burger Jorissen," a Silesian from Hersberg. His busy anvil awoke civilization's first echo among the wooded heights of Dutch Kills and only ceased when the tunc was changed to the basso of a grist mill, which he erected prior to 1654 at tide water on tiie Kill, which thereafter, from this circumstance, was called "Burger's Kill." Jorissen's "ground-brief" bore the same date as Brutnall's confirmatory deed, viz. : July 1643. Having married Lugettia Mans, a .Swedish maiden, just before emigrating, his five children were born upon his new patent ; Joris, in 1647 ; Hermanns, in 1652 ; Claes, in 1657 ; Johannes, in i66i, and Enos, in 1664. Dying in 167 1, his estate passed on till it reached ownership in William and Abraham Payntar. The river front, embracing Hunter's Point and Ravenswood, was first acquired from the government of New Netherlands b)' Everard Bogart (Dutch, B(jgardus), a minister of the Dutch Church, from whom it became known as "Dominie's Hook." This was the sturdy old preacher who called Governor Van Twiller to his face a "son of the devil," because of his duplicity, and promised to give him such a "shaking" from the pulpit as he had never known. Returning to Europe in 1647 with G MOORK HOUSE. 14 /ffsroKV or long island city. Major Lawrence had also In- patent from Governor Nicolls, August 23, 1665, acquired posses- sion of "Round Island" which subsequently was owned by Timothy Wood. In 1727 the island havinij been purchased by Cornelius Berrian, became known by his name. The Northeastern part of the City, which as we have seen was one of the points of earliest settlement within the present City limits, has been marked in its development with rich historical reminiscence and later with industrial importance. The whole of North Beach from the Grand Pier — then called Fish's Point — westward for nearly a mile, including Luyster Island, had been granted by the Dutch Government to the Dutch Reformed Church for the purpose of a poor farm, whence the name of "Poor Bowery." In 1656 it was purchased by Peter Luyster, who, dving in 1695, transmitted the estate to his son Cornelius, whose descendants, dividing it among themselves, held the title for more than a century. Here also Abraham Rycken the ancestor of tlie Riker family, obtained a grant and established a homestead in 1654. A considerable portion of the original estate is still retained in the family. Abraham have emigrated to at that time Gov. Kieft land at the Wall about. ' ' Poor Bowerj' " he soon Island still known as death in 1689, his son, to the estate, who in his sons, Abraham and ham lived till February ticularly active in the Newtown. Devout wor- enjoyed religious privi- Often with their fami- to Flatbush, returning Dutch Church of New- interest therefore and of its trustees, subse- After his father's death, homestead and resided in 1809. Hisson Daniel which then passed into Rapelyes. The Island drew, a son of Abraham, father to son to the However unaccoun ■ is true that the Lent identical with the Rycken is supposed to America about 1638 as made him a grant of To this grant at the afterward added the Riker's Island. At his Abraham, became heir turn transmitted it to Andrew. This Abra- 20, 1770, and was par- erection of a church at shippers had hitherto leges at much sacrifice, lies had they walked the same day. Tlie first tciwn was of special Mr. Riker became one ([uently a ruling elder. Jacobus purchased the upon it until his death received the estate the possession uf the was occupied by An- and has passed from present generation, table as to origin, it yet family are generically Rikers. Abraham Lent, who resided at the Poor Bowery from whom the Lents derived title to the landed estates of the family, was a lineal descendant of Abraham Rycken. The same is historically true of the Suydam family. A grandson of i\braham Rycken in 1710 for reasons not recorded, adopted the name Suydam, thus originating a lineage of that name now known in many states of the Union. ORIGIN OF IlIF, NAMK Ol' R A V liNSWOOl ). The name of Ravenswood was given to the village l)y the Rev. Francis L. Hawks, L. L. D., an eminent divine of his day. Mr. Hawks lived in the vicinity for some time, when the village bore the name of Matona. The name first given by the divine was Ravenscroft, in honor of his particular friend, the Right Reverend John S. Ravenscroft, who was Bishop of North Carolina from 1823 to 1830. It being suggested that the Bishop might not feel himself highly honored on account of the smallne.ss of the place and the slender number of its inhabitants. Dr. Hawks decided to name the village Ravenswood. S(jme suppose that he HfS TOR Y Oh' LONG /SL AhW CITY. 15 selected this name on accmint of the great number of crows (the American raven), that then frequented this section during the spring and fall. Others, that it was drawn from Sir Walter Scott's "Bride of Lammermoor," where the name of Ravcnswood is made famous by the historical features of the romance. Ravenswood, north of the land of Dominie Bogardus, was first settled by Capt. Francis Fyn, who in 165 1 had acquired from the Dutch fJovernment, title to a large tract lying along the river. It would appear that upon the accession of the English to the sovereignty of New Amsterdam in 1664, this title ceased, for one Jacob Blackwell received from the new -ovcrnor, a grant including the land in question. Jacob Blackwell was the son of Richard Blackwell, who, coming from Elizabethtown, New Jersey, had married the step-daughter of Capt. Manning, whose manor embraced the island in the East River bearing his name. Through this alliance Richard subsetiuently came into the possession of the island which since has been called Blackwell's Island. The old homestead, it is said, .still stands on the island and may be seen by the tourist from the deck of his vessel. The house now standing at the foot of Webster Avenue is the original mansion of Jacob Blackwell, built by him upon his accession to his new grant. The fortunes of this ancient structure tempt the liistorian to halt. We can, however, only refer the reader to such references as are made to it in remaining chapters. MISCELLANIES. Most of the families made their own cloth and linen, and had looms and spinning wheels for the use of itinerant weavers. All males over sixteen, except the minister, constable and school-master, were compelled to do mililarv diitv, which consisted of four days once a year in Company drill and once at general training. Each was to have a "good serviceable gunn, good sword, bandoleers, a home, a worme, a scowerer, a pruning wire, a shot bag, charger, one pound powder, 4 pounds pistol bullet.s, 4 fathom of serviceable inat.-li for nialcli lock gunn or 4 good flints for fire lock gunn." Wampum resembled beads in shape and color. licui- ukiul- only of shells its value was fixed by its color. The English and Dutch enacted that three black or six white beads should be equal to one penny. Blue wampum was the gold of Indian commerce. After the permanent settlement of the colonies wampum become a medium of exchange. By the colonial laws of 1633 one fathom of blue wampum was fixed at 20 shillings, of white at 10 shillings. Long Island supplied nearly the whole country. The vast shell heaps found at Bowery Bay for many years were remains of wampum factories. John Josselyn who visited ihis country in 1633 was much impressed by the skill and ingenuity with which the natives coined their money. "Jew nor devil" he remarks "can counterfeit wampum." The Algonquin language was spoken throughout the colonies and became a familiar tongue to many primitive settlers. The population of Queens County in 1670 was 3565, compo.sed as follows: men 1465; women 1350; children 551, and negroes 199. Sand was used for house floors, chairs had high fiddle backs, dishes were of wood and pewter, casks mounted with brazen ornaments and tankards of silver contained rum, gin, cider and sherry for the wealthier classes. The Governor granted all marriage licenses, and where marital disputes ensued appointed special deputies for investigation. Funerals were attended with feasts. Teachers tolled funeral bells. Santa Klaus was a veritable personage. Xegro whippers were appointed in various towns. April 4, 1729, the town of Newtown appointed William Tallier "general whipper " for the town. Besides being whipped, slaves were often branded in the forehead with a hot iron. 1 6 HISTORY OF LONG ISLAND CllV. On the night of Januarj' 24, 170S, William Hallett, jr., wife, and five children were murdered by an Indian named "Sam" and a negress, who were slaves of the family. The motive was to secure possession of the land. This extraordinary tragedy absorbed popular attention for a long time, and was influential in legislation for the suppression of slave conspiracies. Speedy, though terrible, punishment awaited the perpetrators of the crime, who were burned at the stake at Jamaica, February 2, 1708. The Hallett home was in the vicinity of what is now known as the "German Settlements." January 27, 1753, three children and a negro of John Parcells were drowned in the East River. July 4, 1756, a cyclone swept from Hell Gate south across the island leaving a track 80 rods wide strewn with uprooted trees, demolished houses and barns, and like results of its destructive power. The storm lasted half of a minute. liarthquakes were distinctly felt in this section December 7, 1737; November 18, 1755; and June iS, 1773. Snow fell two and a half feet, March 5, 1772. In 1768 the dwelling of widow Rapelyc (now Woolsey) was Inirnt. In 16S3 there were in Newtown, 109 horses, 107 o.xen, 340 cows, 464 sheep, 1563 acres of land occupied. The families numbered about 90. It was many a day after the English and Durch had selected new homes in a new world — in fact generations passed, before there was a store within the present precincts of this city. Domestic wants were simple and few, and were readily supplied by industry. What was desired beyond home production was found across the river in New York. Purchasers thither went without money, and in place thereof took along for exchange produce, tobacco, beer and negro boys. The first mention made of cattle is a distribution made by Van Twiller in 1638. The Governor let George Rapelye have two cows for four years, to be returned with one of their increase with the exception of a heifer, which tlic (lovornor presented to one of the daughters of Rapelye. Riker relates that in the Fall of 1780 the British frigate "Hussar" struck Pot Rock and floating to Morris Island, there filled and sank with several of the crew. She was bound for New England carrying pay for the British army. Several attempts were made, subsequently to the Revolution, to recover the chest of money which was supposed to have gone down with the wreck, but without results. It is suspected that the money had been embezzled upon the previous day when the vessel lay at anchor in Hallett's Cove, and that the disaster was intentional, to conceal the crime. In 1845, Charles Conklin,^ a lessee of the Schuyler farm, Blissville, found near his barn a pot of silver coins which had been disturbed by some newly purchased swine. From subsequent developments it was learned that the coins were English, and amounted to more than five hundred dollars, and doubtless had been hidden during the British occupancy of the soil. Though the sweet potato was among the presents which Columbus took to Oueen Isabella, tlie white potato was unknown to North America. Having been introduced into Europe only a generation or two before the emigration of settlers to New Amsterdam, it is probable that this vegetable, which has done more than any other to ward off the famines of the world, was not among the products of agriculture in primitive days. Tlie old Moore Mansion still stands upon the roadside leading from Steinway to Bowery Bay. It is now owned by Henry C. Titus, Esq., who loyally preserves it in a condition for occuijancy. Upon the grounds about this old homestead once grew the world famed Newtown pippin.s, which have been known to sell at $20.00 a barrel. Some of these his- toric trees are still to be traced by their blackened stumps, which, though in the last pro- cesses of decay, are valued memorials of a horticulture, envied by the present day. CHAPTER II. FROM THE REVOLUTION TO THE INCORPORATION OF LONG ISLAND CITY EFFECT OF THE DECLARATION UPON THE COLONISTS OF (JUEENS COUNTY — CAUSES OF DIVISION OK SENTIMENT — DELIN- QUENTS DEPRIVED OK THEIR RIGHTS HV CONGRESS PAIKIOTS SUFFER NEWTOWN CREEK AND THE CAPTURE OK NEW YORK — INTER- ESTING INCIDENTS — THE OLD BLOCK HOUSE — INCOR- PORA HON OK ASTORIA UNION COLLEGE AM) hunter's POINI. At the opening of the War of Independence the inhabitants of Queens County formed a considerable portion of the colony of New 'S'ork. The conservatism of the Dutch element, while sympathizing with the great principles of liberty and human rights declared by the Colonial Congress of 1774, appre- hended consec[uences which might imperil ultimate triumph. The disposition to doubt the expediency of war, and the desire of advance- ment without an appeal to arms, resulted at first in diffidence toward the active measures espoused throughout the Colonies. It w-as especially among the English colonists that the spirit of resistance was manifested. The abuse of power by the Governors, and the constant coercion of Asseni blies to the will of the Kinj together with the abridgement 1.: personal and civil rights, had pre- cipitated a struggle between the people and the Crown. Petitions for redress of grievances met with contempt. Alarm at the arbitrary proceedings of Parliament spread throughout the colonies, lest their religion, laws and liberties should be subverted. The Congress of 1774 promulgated its Declaration of Rights, its address to the people of (Ireat Britain and its great "memorial to the inhabitants of the British colonies." As the long conflict between the spirit of liberty and the encroachments of arbitrary power approached culmination, the freeholders of Queens County were divided in their sentiments of loyalty. Thompson ascribes as the cause, "motives of safety and the preservation of their property — the abandonment of Long Island to the Hritish after the engagement of August 27, 1776 — the conduct of town committees in repudiating the legislative authority of Congress — the com- pulsion of many by Tory commanders to subscribe to the oath of fidelity to the King, and the barbarous hostilities of many royalists who contemned all rules of civilized warfare." But whether through fear, expediency or conviction, Toryism in Kings and Queens Counties predominated. Yet patriots there were who held their "lives, liberties and sacred honor " above considerations of selfish advantage. A provincial convention was held in New York, April 22, 1775, t<^ appoint delegates to the Continental Congress, which was to meet in the following May. The name of Jacob Blackwell occurs among others assenting to its proceedings. Else- where more particular reference is made to Mr. Blackwell's character and patriotic sacrifices. THE OLD Dl'RVEA IIOI'SK. i8 HISTORY OF LONG ISLAND CITY. The ardor of those who had taken arms for independence, and the stern justice of their cause, could not brook pronounced delinquencies. Those who refused to send deputies to the convention, however numerous, were known. The committee on the vState of New York, in the Congress of January, 1776, reported a resolution as follows: " IV/ifnas, a majority of the inhabitants of Queens County, in the colony of New York, being incapable of resolving to live and die free men, etc., Rfsolvid, That all such persons in Queens County aforesaid, as voted against sending deputies to the present convention in New York and named in a list of delinquents in Queens Count}', published by the convention of New York, be put oat of the protection of the United Colonies and that all trade and intercourse with them cease, etc." The names of such were published monthly, and many were placed under arrest, divested of their arms and ammunition, and imprisoned for non-compliance with legislative authority. The preva- lence of sentiments of royaltj' invited the presence and oppression of the enemy; of these the present domain of this city was at times an active scene. Here are a few links in the long chain of our municipal history, associated with the names of men great in deeds of arms and the prowess of war, or great only in the love of liberty. The whole of Newtown was occupied by the British from 1776 to 1783. Ill the house of Jacob Rapclye, on the Shore Road, Dominie Froeligh, of the Dutch church, at Jamaica, found refuge from Tory wrath, having "prayed the iVhnighty to strike the lleets of the invaders with his bolts and sink their soldiers in the seas." Fortunately his host was a skillful boatman or else the patriotic refugee would never have placed, as he did next day, the swirling- currents of Ilell Gate between him and his pursuers. Newtown Crock, on the fif- teenth day of September, 1776, encouraged a plot against the cit\- on the yonder side of the I 111, I ; ij 1 1 , . 1 .: I. river, for which its subsequent achievements in peace may be accepted as an apology. On that day the first division of the British Army, commanded by Cornwallis and Clinton, lay in boats a sufficient distance up the creek to be concealed from the view of the Continental Army. Five menacing ships of war conveyed them across the river to Kipp's Bay, perhaps the most defenceless, and, therefore, for the enemy, the most strategic point of New York at that time for the purposes of attack. Not that the fire of freeman was wanting, but rather because the fusillade from the ships was hotter, the enemy landed and the capture of New York was complete. Newtown Creek, during most of the great conflict, was a secure retreat for all sorts of British vessels. Naval boats were alsvays nigh at hand on patrol duty doubling their security. A cannon ball, now in the possession of Geo. H. Payntar, Esq., and taken by him from a tree oi the heights of Sunnyside, was doubtless shot from these hostile deck.s. A medal since placed in the collection of the Long Island Historical Society, was dug from a Blissville giirden a score of years ago. The head of the King is encircled with the legend " Georgius HI., Dei Gratia," while the reverse shows the shield, unicorn and the crown. It is of pure brass (not the metal of the mint), and perchance fell from a Britisher's waistco.it while upon "shore leave." l/fSTORY OF f.OXC fSLAXP CITY At this period theru were ten farms on llie heights of Blissville embraced within the present territorial limits of this city. These were the farms of Francis Duryea, 75 acres; John Debcvoise, 80 acres; Abraham Payiilar, 80 acres; Abraham Rapelye, over 80 acres; William Payntar, 78 acres; Richard Hraj^aw 88 acres; Abraham Schuyler, over 100 acres; Andrews Brajjaw, cousin to Richard, 84 acres; George Brinckerhoff, over too acres, and William Morrell, extent not ascertained. Of the old mansions that graced these estates, nine arc still standing, six being in such a state of preservation as to admit of occupancy. To the south of the city pumping station is the Debevuisc mansion; still further south, and just across the trolley track, mutely stands the ancient Duryea homestead. With silent elotjuence all these olden manor houses tell of British pomp and Hessian vandalism, for not one was exempt from the events which marked the customs of warfare. The British camp covered the hills. The ovens, wherein the soldiery baked, their bread have been seen by the gener- ation of to-day on the Bragaw and Brinckerhoff farms. Window panes, taken from some of these dwellings, may be seen at the rooms of the Long Island Historical Society, written with the names of British officers. The Hessians, with characteristic wantonnes.s, celebrated the flight of William Payntar to Staten Island, by using his mahogany furniture for fuel, and utterly denuding the house of every article of value. Over a passing word of the Lawrences we ask the reader to linger for another testimony of the patriotic experience of the days of '76. Of the eleven sons be- queathed by John and Patience Lawrence to the struggle for In- dependence, Major Jonathan Law- rence was the eighth. Merchant, navigator, financier, soldier, statesman, patriot, he marked each sphere of duty with rare ability and distinction. The in- scription upon the Doric monu- ment which rises above his grave at Greenwood records that " he was a member of the Provincial Congress of 1776, and of the Convention that framed the Con- stitution." Under the State C<.nstiluti BLOCK HOUSE, HALI.ETT's POINT — 1S14. The slightest increase of taxes marshalled old fog>-ism into united activity. Increase of rights, privileges and immunities under better social conditions were not recognized as involving the rights of property. plied with gas by the "Astoria Gas Co.," which he organized in 1853, and in short the present village may be said to be the creation for the most part of the intelligent enterprise of this progressive citizen. Mr. HaLsey was a trustee of the village of Astoria nearly the whole period, from its incorporation to its ab- sorption into the municipality of Long Island City. Other trustees have served as follows: Homer Wittemore, 1839, 1840, 1S43-48; Joseph M. Mcjinsey, 1841; Nathaniel Fjlb^y, 1849, 1850; Josiah M. Whitney, 1851, SCENE ON THE SHORE ROAIi. ^J'rfi.viA-y «^l 24 HISTORY OF LONG ISLAXD CITY. 1856. 1857, 1869; W. J. Townsend, 1852; H« nry . Baylies, 1853; C. R. Trafford, 1854, 1855, 1S64; John R. Morris, 1S58; John McAlonej-, 1S59, i860; A. Gallatin Stevens, 1861; Gabriel 'ti^JOVi^\gi^ 1862: Charles W. Strang, 1865: R. M. C. Graham, 1S66-68, W. R. Taylor 1870. During tlie years between 1845 and 1S71, Astoria was a highly prosperous village, and was a favorite suburb for many prominent and wealthy New York families. Its charming water front was adorned with superb residences, many of which still linger amid generous grounds in testimony of former grandeur and an honored history. Thousand who daily pass the Astoria shores on the waters of the Sound, catch glimpses of the fine old mansions and of ideal homes amid environments still bearing traces of beauty despite the encroachments of the surveyor and sales agent. hunter's point .and union college. Fifty years ago Hunter's Point was the most retired region around New York. The explorer, if he paid his toll upon the road leading from Flushing, or was ferried in a skiff across the river from Kip's Bay, might see the o 1 d Hunter homestead crowning the solitary hill at the mouth of Newtown Creek, and the old well at its foot on the south. Now, however, the hill lies in the river under Borden Avenue and the ferry houses of the Long Island Railroad, while the Hunter House which was let down to the present city level and used for a blacksmith shop, was swept away some twenty years ago, before the advance of the railroad company. Thus another ancestral hall was removed, which was associated with the deeds and memories of colonial days. When the locality was called Bennett's Point, as elsewhere narrated, a mur- der was committed here, for which the guilty parties were hung in 1782, three j'ears later upon a chestnut tree at the Wallabout. In more recent days, about 1850 perhaps two Polanders enticed a fellow coun- tryman into the sand pits near Ferry Street for the purpose of rob- bery and murder. The episode is chiefly remarkable from the inverted nature of the proceedings, for the intended victim killed the intend- ing murderers. These tragic occurrences are the only ascertainable traces of romance which linger about the locality of Hunter's Point. The extensive landed interests and the development of this .section of the city are closely identified with Union College, an institution concerning which a brief word-sketch is befitting before connecting it with the narrative where it was stopped upon a previous page. Union College situated at Schenectady, New York, was founded in 1795, largely through the instrumentality of General Philip Schuyler, of Revolutionary fame, who at that time had just completed a term of service in tlie United vStates Senate. The name of "Union" had IiR. JAMKS D. TRASK. IffSrOKY OF LOXC ISLAXP CITY 25 its origin in the circumstance of several relij^ious denominations coiiperatinjj- in its organization. It was incorporated directly by the Regents of the University of the State of New York. In point of time it was the second college in the State, and as to place, the first beyond the limits of New York City, to receive its charter. During the century of its illustrious service, it has repeatedly enlarged its curriculum and widened its field until it has obtained influential rank as a University. Besides its classical department, it has a special school of civil engineer- ing founded in 1845; a medical college which was established in 1838; a la\\% school organized in 1851 ; and the Dudley Observatory in Albany, which was so named in honor of Charles E. Dudley, whose widow bestowed liberal endowments resulting in the addition of a meteoro- logical department. The Institution has a library of 20,000 volumes and valuable philosophical apparatus and natural history collections. Its management is vested in a board of trustees consisting of the permanent trustees of Union College, the Governor, Lieu- tenant-(iovernor, Attorney-(ieneral, Secretary of State, Comptroller and Treasurer of the State of New York, as ex-officio members of the Board, and four representatives of the Al- umni Association elected annually. Its list of presidents constitutes a line of honored names. First came the Rev. John Blair Smith, of Philadelphia; then Jonathan Ed- wards, son of the great Calvinistic divine, the profound impression of whose genius will long remain in the world of religion ana theology ; then Jonathan Maxcy, President of Brown University, Rhode Island; and then in 1804 the Rev. Eliphalet Nott, D.D., who held the office more than sixty-one years, until his death in 1866. Dr. Nott was one of the foremost educators of the continent. More than 3700 students graduated during his presidency. He gave much attention to the physical sci- ences and was a prolific inventor. The first stove made for the con- sumption of anthracite coal was one of his notable inventions. The Rev. L. P. Hickok succeeded him, but resigned in 1868. The Rev. Charles A. Aiken followed, and then the Rev. Eliphalet Nott Potter, grand- son of Dr. Nott. The resources of the College are large and are invested in productive securities. In the war of 181 2 Newtown Creek was a prominent naval rendezvous and afterwards was considered an eligible site for a permanent naval station. With this in view and partly under the impulse awakened by the project Dr. Nott became the possessor of the Hunter homestead and other adjoining tracts. The title of Union College to its property in this city is short, straight and valid. Hunter's Point, from 1650 to 1800, known as Dominie's Hook, then for twenty-five years as Bennett's Point and from 1825 by its present name, was, in the early days whereof we write, bounded as follows: on the north by a small creek and ditch separating these premises from JOHN E. LOCKWOOD. ,6 HISTORY OF LOXG ISLAND CITY. the lands once owned by the Mayor, Aldermen and Coinmonalty of New York; easterly by a creek formerly Peter Mann's Killitie, late Jack's Creek; southerly by Newtown Creek and westerly by the East River. "Killitie" is the diminutive of Kill, and means small Creek. We have already seen that Jacob Bennett acquired his title by four releases, each from his brothers and sisters individually. It may be interesting- to note that the value of Hunter's Point with one house upon it, was, with Jacob's share included, valued at ^2550. The pound British then meant a pound of the provincial currency of New York, which was half of a British pound sterling. Hunter's Point, therefore, in 1780 sold for $6375. Jacob Bennett uving in 1817, his will was found to contain this provision in favor of George and Anne Hunter. "I give, devise, and bequeath unto my son-in-law, George Hunter, and to my daughter, Anne Hunter, the wife of said George Hunter, the premises in question, to have and to hold the same etc., forever." There were nineteen heirs-at-law who had serious doubts as to Jacob Bennett's testamentary capacity and entered a contest. The will was not probated, on the other hand was thrown into chancery in 1S18. It was, however, ultimately pronounced valid, whereupon all the heirs-at-law released their claims to the lands to George Hunter and wife, and the name of Bennett gave place to Hunter in connection with the given locality. George Hunter died 1825, bequeathing the property to his wife Anne, who at her death in 1833, thus disposed of the estate: " I give, devise, and bequeath all my real and personal estate which I may die seized or possessed of, on Long- Island or elsewhere, to my executors herein mentioned, being my sons, Jacob Hunter, John B. Hunter, and Richard Hunter, their heirs and assigns forever. In trust, nevertheless, that they shall sell and dispose of the same as they may deem most expedient and advantageous, and duly ccinvey the same to the purchasers thereof, within three years, after the time of my death, and to divide the proceeds thereof according to the bequests hereinafter particularly mentioned." This will was the instrument whereby Hunter's Point pa.ssed beyond the Hunts of olden systems and became the field of modern enterisrisc, for the sons, who had been made trustees of the estate with power to sell and convey, on the 17th day of June, 1835, sold the estate to Jeremiah Johnson for §100,000. In this transaction Jeremiah Johnson was the representative of Eliphalet Nott, of Union College. An agreement between Nott and Neziah Bliss provided that one-half of the property purchased by Johnson should be conveyed to Bli.ss for one-half of the consideration paid to the trustees under the will. On September 27, 1S37, Jeremiah Johnson released to Eliphalet Nott all the premises in question for the consideration of $200,000. In 1838 Eliphalet Nott quit claimed to the Trustees of Union College the undivided half of the premises for $100,000. In May, 1S43, Neziah Bliss released to Eliphalet Nott the undivided half of the premises for $135,000. On April 12, 1847, the Trustees of Union College, in con- sideration of $100,000, released the undivided half to Eliphalet Nott. At this point Jonathan Crane and Charles Ely appear as participants in the interests at stake. To them as joint tenants December 28, 1852, Eliphalet Nott and Urania, his wife, conveyed the premises. By this instrument Messrs. Crane and Ely were constituted representatives of Dr. Nott in the manage- ment and sale of the property. They were to pay to Nott one-third of the net profits, retaining $1500 annually as a compensation for supervision. In pursuance of their obligation as stipulated, Charles Perkins, a civil engineer, was employed to survey the Hunter Farm and prepare a map of the same. From this map, various lots and parcels were sold till the year 1861, when, the Van Alst Farm having been added to the tract, Peter G. Van Alst made a nnq) of the entire property which has remained the authoritative plot thereof. The further business conduct of this enterprise assumed the form of two trusts, one of which was known as the " Nott Trust," the other as the " Hunter's Point Trust." The "Nott Trust" may briefly be summarized as follows: On December 28, 1853, Eliphalet Nott and wife duly a.ssigned in trust to Union College, the property for the establishment and maintenance of nine professorships, six assistant professorships, tutors, fellow and scholarships, the purchase of scientific apparatus, a special library and specimens for a geological museum. In this conveyance Nott reserved to himself certain powers in trust for the purpose of fulfilling his obligations to Crane and Ely, and to place the property in as advantageous condition as ]5ossible for the production of value. The "Hunter's Point Trust" was created by act of the Legislature, April 14. i860. By it Union College undertook the control of the "two-thirds undivided " of this ])ropcrty for the :ll.l'.|-.l;i' K IIAi:i;(il N, liii;Asrni;ii oi- Ixkix Cm.i.iMiK. rxiON COI.I.Ki;!;. S(HI:m;V. N. Y. Xiiktii Tollkcm: Itr ImN . i.I.I.EOI':, SCHKMCCTADY. N. Y. Sor-rn Coi.i.Kci: Hiii I Mi>\ ( (ii.i,i;>;i:. si iii:M;('r.\i)V. n. y. ,\ri:\TiiniAi. ii W.vsiiiii iiNi: Urii-iiiNc I //STORY 01- LONG IS/.AA'D C/TY. 27 benefit of "Crane, Judson, and the two Elys;" in c(jnneclion with the "one-third undivided," which belonged to the Nott Trust. This responsibility was assumed b)' the College as Trustees, at the retiuest of Dr. Nott, for the purpose of more rapidly marketing the one-third belonging to the Xott Trust. Under these two distinct Trusts, Union College as Trustee controlled the estate till 1884. The College having brought a suit — an action in equity — to wind up the trust of i860, and separate its own property from that of others interested, ten years of litigation followed. Judgment of partition, how- ever, was finally entered in 1S84, and the several parties interested, had their proportion of lots set otT to them, the College receiving iwo-thirds of the entire property then remaining. There were in all 1800 lots, the total valuation of which, as fixed by the Commissioners, was over §900,000; of these lots, Union Col- course 1 200; since College has hand- erty. The i n - tion of the realty which in 1780, more than §6000, stood by the vol- actions of Union tee from i860 to reached $2,300,- the College had provement and lands about $800, $415,463 was ex- ing, docking, and ments. Divi- clared among a m o u n t i n g to ing of improved bonds, mort- more recent years marked diminu- ductiveness of the to economic modified values The develop- Point, therefore, tified with the prise of Dr. Eli- later with the ests of U n i o n development was the deed of Nott to Crane and ^ ^^ CORNEl.U S RAIF.I.VE TRAl lORl). lege received of that time the led its own prop- crease in valua- of Hunter's Point was held at little may b e under- ume of the trans- College as Trus- 1881, which 000. Up to 1873 paid for the im- development of 000, of \v h i c h pended for grad- general improve- dends were de- stockholders $843,000, consist- lots, money, gages, etc. In there has been a tion in the pro- propert)', owing causeswhich have in general, ment of Hunter's was at first iden- speculati ve enter- phalet Xott, and policy and inter- College. That inaugurated b y Ely. Under the management of these men important changes occurred in the topography or Hunter's Point. In 1853, the year following the passage of the property under their control, they applied to the Commissioners of the Land Office for a grant of the lands under the waters of Newtown Creek and of the East River, adjacent to their premises. The lands in question being ceded, the lofty hill which from ages immemorial had stood as a sentinel at the mouth of Newtown Creek, and from whose summit Peter Praa had often surveyed his possessions, was cast into the river. The reef over which the maddened tides had rushed from prehistoric eras, was buried beneath the soil of the Hunter farm. The shore front which theretofore had been West avenue, was pushed nearly to its present limit. Messrs. Crane and Ely were succeeded in 1855 by H. S. Anable, who continued in the manage- ment of the extensive interests of the College until 1884. During this period great advance was made in important directions. 28 HIS TOR Y OF L ONG ISL A ND CIT\ '. Three blocks of the territory, new-made along the river front, were given to the ?3ast River Ferry Company by the College Trustees. The Flushing Railroad, which had been established in 1S54, received from the College a gift of land, valued at §20,000, which subsequently was bought back by the College. The tract of land occupied by the Long Island Railroad, extending from Vernon avenue to the East River, was originally procured from the College in i860 on advantageous terms. Every street in the First Ward to Nott avenue was opened and graded. The erection and maintenance of a school on Sixth street has already been cited. Two miles of bulk heads and docks along Newtown Creek and the East River to the canal were constructed. The turnpike, now Jackson avenue, leading from the ferry to Flushing, was built largely through the instrumentality of the College. The College also contributed to the construction of the railroad between Astoria and Hunter's Point. A block of land comprising forty-eight lots was donated by the College for a site for the present court bouse. As the representative of the College, Mr. Anable was influential in aiding the passage of the Improvement Act, whereby needed improvements were further promoted in the First Ward. The participation of Mr. Anable in the organization of Long Island City has elsewhere been noted. To his public-spirited sagacity and en- ergy Hunter's Point will long remain a debtor. During his connection with the interests of Union College more than two and a quarter millions (jf dollars passed through his hands. The final audit of his accounts .showed a perfect balance. He was succeeded in office by liis son, Eliphalet Nott Anable, who acted as the representative and attor- ney of the College tmtil i886, when the oflice of College Treasurer, which had been located at Schenec- tady, N. Y., was transferred to Long Island City, and the management of the property passed directly into the hands of the treasurer, S. E. Stimson. In 1893, tjilbert K. Harroun, the present incumbent, succeeded to the management of the College property. Early in his administration of affairs marked evidences of energy, mature judgment, and conservatism of action were discoverable on every side. The extensive landed interests were speedily gotten well in hand and every effort put forth for bringing to the attention of manufacturers and controllers of business enterprises generally, the many magnificent water front sites and business blocks and plots, that still remained open to purchasers in one of the most accessible and desirably located sections of the Greater New York. And the result has done credit to the tact and energy of the gentleman, while the many benefits that have accrued to the College interests, as well as to the general material interests of the entire city, have led to outspoken and deserved commendation. One achievement, above all others, that has stamped Treasurer Harroun's management with phenomenal success, particularly along lines that are most vital to the continued development of the extensive landed estates of the College, was the final adjustment of the di.sputed question of the regularity and justice of the local taxes. For a number of years these taxes had been accumulating, based upon unfair and discriminating assessments as levied by the local Assessors, and Mr. Harroun, immediately upon assuming the duties of his charge, set to work to discover some means of unraveling the tangle with a view to bringing about a speedy and amicable settlement. After THE KAI'EI.YE MANSION. I/ISTOKY OF J.ON(; IS/. AM) CITY. 29 nianv nionlbs of earnest consideration, a plan was evolved that proved eminently just and satis- factory to all concerned, in which the State, through the Legislature, gave willing and substantial aid, and in the early fall of 1895, upwards of a quarter of a million dollars was turned into the city treasury in full liquidation of all claims to date standing against Union College upon the tax hooks of Long Island City. This memorable and important achievement gave good evidence of the ability, tlie energy, and the unflagging zeal displayed by Mr. Harroun in the planning and prosecution of the momentous undertaking, which, at the outset, seemed surrounded by adverse circumstances that were well nigh insurmountable. It was a grand piece of work, and placed the College and its interests upon a solid basis and, free and clear of all claims on the part of the city. No one will question the fact that Union College has been a leading factor in the development and up building of the Hunter's Point section of the city. It has annually paid into the public treasury from S5000 to $10,000 in local taxes, and has always been found in the forefront of every movement looking to the development of the interests and the betterment of the condition of affairs connected with the local government. The College still controls large areas of unimproved lands in the lower wards of the city, and under the judicious management of its present representative, the corporation should, and no doubt will, reap a deserved and bounteous reward in the early years of the materializing of the Greater New York. In Hunter's Point are now located the leading industries of the city. Over it the spirit of enterprise seems to have especially hovered. Its offices, stores, factories and ferries represent the greater proportion of popular traffic and tra\-el. These results necessarily follow its natural advantages of water front and facilities of immediate intercourse with business sections of New York and Brooklyn. Not so, however, was its condition in years preceding 1870 and the Incorporation of the city. Then was the era of preparation for the greater things of to-day. The entire section had to be raised almost from the level of the sea, its marshes, lagoons and "killities" filled, and the site of a city created at vast expenditure of time and capital before the advantages afforded bj' nature could be made available. A territory so uninviting in its original state was fortunate in becoming the field of a corporate enterprise endowed with means com- mensurate with the demands of its development. A MEMORAin.E SEASON. The winter of 1779 was one of almost unparalleled severity. .Snow began to fall November 10 and continued more or less daily till the following March. " In the woods it lay four feet upon a level," says a certain chronicler. A fuel famine was abroad. All over New York Island trees of every sort were cut down, gardens, court yards, and avenues, as well as lanes and forests, were depleted. Apple, peach, plum, cherry and pear trees fell before the woodman. The cold was extreme. The bay and harbor of New York was solid as terra firma. Likewise the Kast River and Long Island Sound nearly to Now Haven. Hi--:;5.y CHAPTER III. THI-: VILLACE OF STEINWAV. ITS EARLY HISTORY PRESENT INDISTRIAI, IMPORTANCE THE GREAT STEINWAY PIANO FACTORY LIVES OF HENRY EXGLEHARD STEINWAY AND WILLIAM STEINWAY FOUNDING OF THE %VORLD-RENOWNED HOUSE OF STEINWAY & SONS SCIENTIFIC EXPERIMENT AND INVENTION RISE INTO UNRIVALED SUPREMACY — PURCHASE OF THE VILLAGE SITE — ERECTION OF THE GREAT PLANT — INTERESTING ECONOMIC FACTS — MR. STEINWAY's POLICY AS AN EMPLOYER THE STEINWAY MANSION THE DAIMLER MOTOR COMPANN — THE ASTORIA HOMESTEAD COMPAXV. The northeastern section of Long Island City is kno\vii under the name of "Steinway." It is the geographical center of greater New York. From the earliest historic period it has been a field of surpassing interest. It has been the scene of important geological changes. The present site of the Steinway Mansion and of the world-famed Steinway Piano Manufactory was once Luyster Island. The waters of the Sound once laved the shore in the vicinity of Winthrop avenue. Here also was the point of one of the earliest settlements in the town of Newtown. The English had not taken Newtown Creek before the Dutch had seized upon this charming locality. Hero the merry cling-clang of Harmensen's anvil awakened the solitudes and tempted the approach of the savage who laid the hardy pioneer low with his tomahawk. The action of the Dutch Governor, in granting this whole section to the Reformed Church for a Poor Farm, was equally inexplicable. The day of redemption, however, began in 1656, when Peter Luyster blazed the way to renewed settlement and was followed by the progenitors of the long line of the Rikers, Rapelyes, Moores, Lawrences, Berrians and Kouwenhovens. The fertility of the soil has yielded wealth to the industry of these families for two hundred and more years and left for the " Poor Bowery," nothing but a barren name in ancient history. C. K. THEODORE STEINWAV. HISTORY OF LONG ISLAND CITY. 33 Could the acres of this picturesque settlement speak, they would also tell of the rude tramping of the Hessian soldiery in 1776, while foraging the fields or crowding the halls of the manor houses in search of fugitive patriots, or springing from ambush at midnight hours to pillage peaceful homes and drive the occupants from their insecure jsillows to encounter the perils of the swift tides of the Hell Gate. Eventful, therefore, has been the history of the olden settlement which has now developed into the prosperous community of "Steinway. " Yet the greatest event which has marked its career was left for this latest day to record. It bears a name which is inscribed upon one of the greatest indus- trial triumphs of this or any other age — a name which is associated with the musical prestige of the world. It was here that the firm of Messrs. Steinway & Sons, chiefly through the individual efforts of William Steinway, in 1S70 and 1871, acquired title to over four hundred acres of land with a front- age upon the East River and canal of about a mile, built a steam saw mill, iron and brass foundries, boiler and engine houses, a large building for the finishing of metal frames, storage sheds, drying kilns, docks, bulkhead wharves, a lumber basin, and in 1879, an immense structure to serve as a piano case factory, 248x60 feet, together with an additional new engine house. In 1877 the keyboard making and wood carving branches of their piano manufactory where removed thither from the New York factory. These combined factories contain eight steam boilers of the aggregate of 500 horse power, by which the necessary amount of steam is generated for the 60,000 feet of pipe used in heating the dry- ing rooms and workshops and driving four steam engines, aggregating 300 horse power, which in turn put in motion the various labor-saving machines. Besides this machinery in operation, the process of grand piano case manufacture is most interesting. Logs are specially selected, 18 to 23 feet long, sawed into veneers one-eighth of an inch thick, which, after a thorough course of open air and kiln drying, are glued together and bent into the proper form of parlor and concert grand piano cases, by means of immense iron presses heated to the necessary degree by steam. About 600 workmen are employed in these works which are connected by telegraph and tele- phone with all the New York establishments of the firm. In capacious yards are stored millions of feet of crude lumber; at busy wharves is received iron ore in vast quantities, and these materials are transformed into ca.ses, actions, steel frames and other component parts of a piano, and then shipped to the New York factory at Fourth (Park) avenue, and Fifty-third street, where they are put together and adjusted into finished instruments, which are imiversally acknowledged to be the chef d'ouvre of art in musical mechanics. Such an extensive industrj', whose products have fought their way to pre-eminence solely upon their merits, necessarily represents a prolonged conflict with difficulties, profound knowledge of the musical art, intellectual ability, inventive skill and genius of a peculiarly high order, the exercise of large execute powers, and the wisest management of commercial resources. It is requisite, therefore, that we should dwell somewhat at large upon the personal history of the men who have won celebrity, not only for themselves, but incidentally, for that section of our city which bears their name. HENRY E. STEINWAY. Henry Englehard Steinway, of New York City, founder of the great piano manufacturing house of Steinway & So::s, was born February 15, 1797, in Wolfshagen, a small forest hamlet of the Hartz Mountains, in the Duchy of Brunswick, North Germany, and died in New York City on the 7th of February, 1871. He was at the time of his coming to this country fifty-three years of age This was surely rather an advanced age for an immigrant, and one, too, who was to be the pioneer of a new era in an important industry, but such was the fact. He was a skilled piano maker in his native land, Brunswick, Germany, until he came to New York, June 9, 1850, with his family. Before taking up the later and more important events of his life at this time, it may be well to review his honorable antecedents and some interesting incidents of his earl}' life. In the early part of the seventeenth century, one of his ancesters, a Captain Steinway (or Steinweg, as the name was originally spelled), had fought against the Austrian Army in "The Thirty Years' War," and had received serious wounds at the Battle of Lutter, on the Barenberg, in 1626. He was a native of Pomerania, where his family and ancestors were well-to-do patricians in the fortified town of Stralsund, on the Baltic Sea, and while that city belonged to the Hansa Union, even before "The HfSrOKY Of LONG ISLAND CITY. 35 Thirty Years War," various members of the family had occupied important positions in the magis- tracy. One of them, who was Burgomaster of Stralsund, became famed for his stalwart and success- ful defence of the town when it was besieged by the Austrians under General Wallenstein, in 1628. With the final fall of the fortune of the city, the family disappeared from it. This family seemed strangely fated to sufl'er through war. Of the immediate family of Henry E. Steinway — he was the youngest of twelve children — he was left the sole survivor at the age of fifteen years, all of the others, as well as his father, falling victims to the Franco-Prussian War of 1806, the Franco-Russian War of 1812, and a terrible disaster — a lightning stroke during a severe storm — which killed, in a collier's hut, where they had taken shelter, his father and three older brothers, and two men who had accom- panied them, Henry alone of the party of seven escaping, and he only after being prostrated and long lying in a semi unconscious state. The lad thus orphaned and left solitary in the world suffered still further through the seizure of his father's property, consisting of several houses, which were sold by the French Westphalian officers of the crown, who made away with the proceeds. Penniless now, as well as alone, he was forced to earn his meagre living by hardest toil, from which he soon turned to the army, at the call of the Duke of Brunswick for soldiers to serve against Napolean. He was theii but seventeen years old. Young Steinway had a natural fondness for music, and beguiled the tedium of garrison life by mastering the art of playing on the cithera, having constructed during his leisure hours an excellent instrument of seasoned spruce, which was greatly admired for its superior tone. At this era the liberty-breathing and heroic songs of Kiirner and Schenkendorf were in great vogue among the German troops, and on many occasions the yoimg soldier-musician accompanied on his instrument the chorus of a whole company of his stalwart companions. His musical memory was phenomenal, and he was able, without having had any special musical training, to find accompaniments tti any of the simple melodies of the time after having once heard them sung, and enjoyed the reputation among his acquaintances of being a musical genius. At twenty-one years of age, having declined the post of sergeant, which was offered to him as an inducement to remain in the army, he received an honor- able discharge, and quitted a life which was dailj' becoming more uncongenial. He lost no time in going to Goslar, where he sought to apprentice himself to the cabinet-making trade. Contrary to his hope, he encountered most discouraging difficulties. The trade guilds were in full sway. Five years* apprenticeship and five years' service, as a journeyman, were inexorably required, before the workman could acquire independent action. This, at Steinway's age, was too much for him, and he decided to learn the art of building church organs, which was not subject to the hampering and " red tape " of the guilds. He prepared himself for this work by devoting a year to cabinet-making imder a so-called "wild boss," and was well able at the expiration of that period to turn out his "masterpiece" as a cabinetmaker, according to the requirements of the times, had he been called upon to do so. He then took employment as a journeyman organ builder, although his aspirations were to become a maker of stringed musical instruments. After a year's apprenticeship he took employment as a journeyman organ builder in the little town of Seesen, at the foot of the Hartz Mountains, and the site of the famous "Jacobsohn's School." The chief justice of Seesen had accidentally seen a " masterpiece " of cabinet-making — an elaborate writing-desk, with secret drawers and artistic inlaid work — from the hands of young Steinway, and notwithstanding the long-established usages of the guilds, which proscribed the entry of such work into competition with that of the long-experienced workman, the magistrate purchased this production, therebj- giving the young man a handsome lift in life. About the same time the town was destroyed by fire, and the suddenly increased demand for artisans, occasioned by the rebuilding and re-establishment of industries, offered the young workman an opportunity for full employment and fair remuneration. This, too, enabled him to marry, and in February, 1825, he took as his wife a beautiful young girl, w'ho had for some time reciprocated his love. In the same year, in November, their first child, a son, was born, who was christened C. F. Theodore. The father now bent all of his energies toward the building of a business and a home. Foremost in his thought was the idea of giving his infant son, as he came to a condition to appreciate them, the advantages which his own youth had lacked, and now began his identification with the piano which extended throughout his long life, and reached its culmination in America. He was a skilled artisan, a musical genius, fully comprehending 36 HISrORY OF LON(; ISLAND CITY. the desideratum to be met in an instrument, and capable as any man, he conlidenlly believed, of supplying it. He worked whole nights constructing the piano upon which his boy was to learn to play. Old English and new German pianos he knew, and combined their merits in an original construction. The labors of a year saw the instrument completed and witnessed the widespread attention which had been attracted by its superiority. Its purity and volume of tone soon won a purchaser; and now, before the struggling mechanic, a path opened toward the realization of his hopes. He could become a master workman and did. He devoted his entire energy and skill to piano making, and soon a thriving trade greeted his efforts at the hands of the music-loving inhabitants of the Hartz Mountains. As early as August, 1839, Mr. Henry Steinway exhibited one grand, one three-stringed, and one two-stringed square piano at the State Fair of Brunswick, Germany, with the celebrated composer, Albert Methfessel, as chairman of the jury, who, besides granting him a first prize medal, bestowed the highest encomiums upon the tone and workmanship of the instruments. As his sons, Theodore, Charles, and Henry, grew up, they became skilful piano-makers under their father's direction, acquiring at the same time a thorough education. In time Mr. Stein wav found himself the centre of a large and happy family, the owner of an extensive factory, with ample capital at his command; and with such a thriving trade that he was unable to meet the demand for his instruments, although he employed a number of workmen to assist him in their manufacture. His was indeed a happy home. All worked in perfect harmony, and in the evening the boys might have been seen playing, oftentimes four-handed, the immortal compositions of Mozart and Beethoven, while tlie sweet voices of the girls sang the beautiful songs of Schubert and Schumann. The quiet contentment of plodding prosperity, however, was broken. Political complications, the cutting off of territory tributary to Seesen in a commercial sense, the imposition of almost prohibitory duties by the establishment of the German Customs Union, which Brunswick joined, but Hanover kept out of, in 1843, and generally changed conditions hampered the thrift of the family industry, and finally the Revolution of 1S48 completely destroyed the small local retail trade that alone had remained to that time. The idea, which had been cherished for some time, of emigrating to America, now took on new life, and one and all determined that a home in " the land of freedom " was a desideratum. In April, 1849, Charles Steinway sailed for the western world and arrived in New York the following month. His reports home were so favorable that the whole family, with the exception of the oldest son, C. F. Theodore, who remained behind to complete the unfinished work, emigrated to the New AVorld, leaving Hamburg on the steamer llclenc Sloinan, in the beginning of May, 1850. This vessel w;is one of the first ocean propellers, and it was her first trip. Instead of a direct-acting engine the vessel had a high cogwheel, which connected with the smaller cogwheel on the shaft. On the third day out when opposite Deal and Ramsgate, England, the large cogwheel broke with a terrific crash, and the vessel came to anchor. After a delay of nine days a new cogwheel was cast at Ramsgate, and the vessel continued on its way to New York, which it reached on the 9th of June, 1850, after a passage of twenty days from England. The trip was an unusually pleasant one, as the sea, from the time of leaving Hamburg to the arrival in New York, was as smooth as a mirror ; not a wave nor a ripple was to be seen. As the sequel proved, this was extremely fortunate, for on her third trip the llclciic Sloinan, encountering stormy weather, foundered in mid-ocean, happily with little loss of life. On their arrival in New York the family consisted of Henry Steinway, the father, aged fifty-three years; his wife, Julia Steinway, aged forty-six years; Charles, aged twenty-one; Henry Steinway, Jr., aged nineteen; William, aged fourteen; Albert, aged ten; and three daughters, the eldest twenty-two, the next seventeen, and the youngest eight. The eldest .son, C. F. Theodore, aged twenty-four years, remained in Germany. Henry Steinway, as we have seen, had attained prosperity in his native land not without priva- tions and struggle. These, however, had tested and strengthened his fiber and assisted that sym- metrical development which now was of splendid service and lay at the very foundation of his suc- cess in the New World. If he was a genius, he was singularly free from the weaknesses that usually accompany that order of mind, and, with a most commendable prudence and patience, he studied the commercial conditions of the country and of the piano trade before embarking his means in a venture. In the old country his progress had been .slow, but comfortably sure, and while he aspired to a greater field than could be there obtained, he did not propose to enter upon its conquest hastily or ill- ^"i MB^Mz:ii /7^,^ t,- HENRV E. t-TF.lNWAY. If [STORY OF LONG fSLAND CITY. 39 advisedly. He therefore put his capital in a safe place, and went to work as a journeyman in a New York piano factory, his sons following his example. Nearly three years they toiled thus, adding not a little to their capital of money and useful knowledge. Their commencement in business on their own account was made March 5th, 1853. The found- ing of the house of Steinway & Sons was an extremely modest and cautious undertaking — the plant- ing small in inverse proportion to the growth. They rented a small rear building in Varick Street, and with most solicitous care made their first piano, a "square" which, on being exhibited to a num- ber of teachers and expert musicians, created at once a very favorable impression, and was speedily sold for a good price. Their success was assured from the lirst by their thorough mastery of the trade and art of i)iano- making and the infinite pains they devoted to their initial production. They gained standing in the regard of the critical professional element, and there was soon a demand for their work. Soon out- growing their very limited original quarters, where, with about ten workmen, they produced one square piano per week, they secured more commodious ones at 88 Walker street, a few doors east of Broadway. In March, 1854, when they had been but one year in operation, they received their earliest official testimonial of appreciation in the form of the first premium from the judges at the Metropolitan Fair, held at Washington, D. C, for the best three and two-stringed instruments. In the fall, of the same year, they experienced a further gratification in the securing of the first prize, a gold medal, at the American Institute Fair, in the Crystal Palace, in New York. In the following year they exhibited at the latter place a square piano constructed on a new system, which received the unanimous verdict of the jury, and was awarded a gold medal in compe- tition with all the principal piano manufacturers of the country. This new invention may be briefly described as an overstrung, square piano, in which the newly constructed iron frame was so applied as to secure its benefits to the durability and capacity of standing in tune, while the nasal, thin tone, which had heretofore characterized pianos with the iron frame, was done away with, and a lasting tone, of full harmonious quality, produced. This new system of construction achieved so great a success that Steinway & Sons invariably received the first prize at every art exhibition in which they partici- pated, and the new method soon became, and has since remained, the standard for square pianos, and is now used by all manufacturers. The business of the firm increased to such an extent that in 1858 they purchased almost all the entire block of ground bounded by Fourth and Lexington avenues, Fifty-second and Fifty-third streets, on which a model factory was erected during 1859, and occupied in April, i860. In 1863 it was found necessarj' to add the southern wing, by which the building was brought to its present colossal proportions. The architecture of the building is of the modern Italian style; it is built in the most solidly substantial manner, of the best brick, with lintel arches of the same, and brick dental cornices. The side wings are separated from the main front building by solid walls, extending from basement to roof; passageways running through them, each of which is provided with double iron doors on either side, so that in the event of a fire occurring only that portion of the building in which it originated can be destroyed. The factory buildings proper cover twenty city lots, the whole property consisting of twenty-six lots, with a street frontage of 892 feet. The floors of the New York factory buildings have a surface of 175,140 square feet. Beneath the 3'ard there are fire-proof vaults for the storage of coal, and here are also placed four steam boilers, aggregating 340 horse-power, by which the necessary amount of steam is generated for the 76,000 feet of pipe used in heating the workshops and driving a large steam engine, this in turn putting in motion the different labor-saving machines. It would require the extent of a goodly sized volume to describe the 165 different planing, sawing, jointing, drilling, mortising, turning, and other machines used in this and the Astoria factory, and to elucidate their various objects; it must, therefore, suffice to state, that from careful and moderate estimate, they replace the hand labor of at least nine hundred work- men, added to which they do all the hard and difficult work, which formerly to so great an extent endangered the health, and even the lives, of the workmen employed in this description of labor. In the meantime the warerooms had remained in Nos. 82 and 84 Walker street, these having been brought into connection with the factory, three and a half miles distant, by a magnetic telegraph built expressly for the purpose. The improvements which had been made in such continuous succession since 1855 by Messrs. Steinway & Sons, and for which they had obtained patents, extended also to the manufacture of grand pianos. In these latter instruments an entirely new system of construction was introduced, with such unqualified success that they were very 40 HISTORY OF LONG ISLAND CITY. extensively used in the concert room and by musical people generally. Theodore Stein way, in Brunswick, at the same time made pianos of the newly invented construction, on the model of those manufactured by his father and brothers in New York, and as early as the season of 1 860-6 1 many renowned pianists performed on these new grand pianos at their concerts in tiermany. Messrs. Steinway & Sons have received for their pianos, from the year 1855 to 1862, at the leading industrial exhibitions in the United States, no less than thirty-five first prize medals; and at the World's Fair, in London, in 1862 the pianos there exhibited by them received the highest recognition and were honored by the award of a first prize medal. The New York warerooms of the firm had become the rendezvous of leading artists and connoisseurs, and were soon found totally insufficient in accommodation for the large dimensions the business had reached. There was consequently erected in 1863 a depository and sales house, an extensive and handsome marble palace on East 14th Street, between Union Square and the Academy of Music. In connection with tiiis there also arose, through the enterprise and public spirit of this successful hou.se, the famous Steinway Hall, one of the most celebrated concert rooms in America. This building, the public use of which was inaugurated October 31, 1866, with a concert of great distinction, in which Parepa Rosa was the leading singer, in reality contained two halls, one capable of seating two thousand, and the other four hundred persons, and until 1890, when it was rebuilt to give way to the demands of business, it is not an exaggeration to say that it was more prominently identified with the musical history of America than was any other assembly place in the country. It was practically a gift from Steinway & Sons to the musical and art-loving people of the metropolis. But while pecuniary success and artistic achievement were at their very height — while the huge accretion of business had rendered necessary the erection of immense buildings, and connoisseurs crowded the salesrooms of the firm and vied with each other in praise of the great excellence that had been given to the Steinwaj- instruments — the talented family that had labored together as a unit for the accomplishment of these results met with its first great bereavement. Death twice invaded that devoted family circle in the year 1865. Henry, the third son, succumbed on the nth of March to disease which had depressed him for several years, and Charles, the second son, while on a European tour, died in Brunswick, Germany, of typhoid fever, on the 31st of the same month and year. It was in consequence of these misfortunes that C. F. Theodore Steinway, the eldest son, who had remained in German}' and carried on there a very successful business in the manufacture of pianos, gave up his individual enterprise at Brunswick, and, coming to New York in October, 1865, merged his fortune with that of the family, the business being thus continued by Henry E. Steinway, the father, and his three remaining sons, William, Theodore, and Albert. William Steinway retained special charge of the financial and business affairs of the firm. The new member of the firm became the scientific director, and many of the succeeding triumphs of the house were attributable to his skill and inventiveness. He brought with him from the fatherland several experienced workmen, who became the nucleus for the great department soon organized for the manufacture of the upright piano which William Steinway had patented June 9, 1866, and were introduced and brought to such great popularity that it took precedence over all others. The square piano has now become extinct, and ninety -seven per cent, of all the pianos manufactured in the United States are now uprights, and, in a greater or less degree, imitations of those first constructed and patented by William and Theodore Steinway. The valuable improvements made in this form of piano by the Stcinways were various, but the most imixirtant — which amounted, in fact, to an entire new construction and included the introduc- tion of a double iron frame and numerous devices which secured a sustained singing tone of pure and sympathetic quality, together with the capability of standing long in tune — were embodied in said patent of June 5, 1866. Another very pronounced improvement, made applicable to the grand as well as upright piano, was "the Steinway metallic tubular frame action," patented in 1868. It was by this invention that the touch of these instruments was brought to its present perfection and nn- changealileness by atmospheric influences. As one of the first results of the earlier of these improvements came an unprecedented triumph in the Universal Exposition in Paris in the year 1867. The Steinways competed there with consider- able confidence, and yet they were scarcely prepared for the honor which they received. They were awarded by the uiianinwus verdict of the jury the first prize grand gold medals on all three styles, grand, square, and upright pianos. This gave the Steinway piano a prestige and primacy abroad, as l^r^-^ H^'^ '/. V ^^ f ///STORY O/' LONG /S/.AND C/TY. 43 well as in America, and a world-wide fame, which constantly grew more pronounced as one great artist after another added his encomium of praise to the verdict of the Universal Exposition Jury of Awards. Of these expressions the keynote was sounded when Dr. Joseph Joachim said: " Steinway is to the pianist what Stradivari is to the violinist." Felicien David gave speedy evidence of his recognition of the superlative achievement of the firm, and Franz Liszt, the great Richard Wagner, Anton Rubinstein, and tiie celebrated French composer, Charles Gounod, soon followed with spon- taneous and enthusiastic C(jngratulations. These were only the first few among the famous music masters of the world who, sooner or later, paid tribute to the winners of the triumph. As these results were reached, Henry Englehard Steinway was approaching the alhjtted span of life — the three score and ten years of the jisalmist's promise. He lived a few years beyond it, in semi-retirement, and beheld the culmination of his long lifetime of well-directed endeavor experienc- ing with praiseworthy and profound gratification the crowning of his labor.s. His last active duties, of any considerable moment, were in the superintendence of the erection of Steinway Hall, in 1866, and he died, after a .short illness, Feb. 7, 1871, aged seventy-four years. By virtue of his abilities and his inborn strength of character, he, an orphan boy, became one of the greatest manufacturers in his special industry, not only of his own country, but of the world ; and died universally regretted and lovingly remembered by all who had known him, as was evidenced by the many kindly obituaries which appeared at tiie time of his death. His remains were interred by the side of his sons Charles and Henry, Jr., and his youngest daughter Anna, in the family vault on Chapel Hill, Greenwood Cemetery, which the deceased had caused to be erected during 1869-70 at a cost of §80,000. Tliis mausoleum, built of granite, is one of the most imposing structures of Green- wood Cemetery. The year 1877 again brought misfortune to the family, Mr. Albert Steinway dying of typhoid fever. May 14, 1877, after an illness of two weeks, aged nearly thirty-seven years; and Julia Stein- way, his mother, the widow of Henry Steinway, Sr. , dying August 9 following, aged nearly seventy- four years. Following the example of their revered father, the surviving sons industriously toiled on in their several spheres as is shown by the following biographical sketclies. C. F. THEODORE STEINWAY. C. F. Theodore Steinway, at the time of his decease, head (together with his brother William), of the great piano manufacturing house of Steinway & Sons, New York, was born November 6, 1825, in Seesen, near the city of Hrunswick, Germany. Being the oldest son, his early history was closely interwoven with the development of the business career of his father, the late Henry E. Steinway, wliose portrait and biography are given in preceding pages. The subject of this sketch received his first tuition in music in 1833, and until the year 1839 attended the celebrated high school of the Jacobsohn Institute at his native town. At this time young Theodore's highly developed skill in playing the pianoforte, and his acute musical ear, had become too valuable to his father not to be utilized, and, being already able to perfectly tune and regulate a piano, he entered his fathers business, and step by step, under his father's careful training, perfected himself in the art of build- ing pianos. As early as August, 1839, he attended and publicly showed off and played the three pianos, viz., one grand, one three-stringed, and one two-stringed square, exhibited by his father at the State Fair in Brunswick, with the celebrated composer Albert Methfessel as chairman of the jury, who, besides granting the First Premium, bestowed the highest encomiums upon the tone and work- manship of the pianos. Dr. Ginsberg, Director of the Jacobsohn Institute, him.self a thorough scientist, manifested deep interest toward young Theodore, carefully guiding his scientific education, placing at his disposal the Jacobsohn library and lecture-room, the latter containing all the acoustic and scientific apparatus known at that period. In return Theodore a.ssisted the teachers and profess- ors of acoustics and mathematics in their lectures and experiments. Here it soon became clear to him that a pianoforte in reality is a physical instrument for the production of sound. But the reali- zation of this early-conceived conviction was destined to be delayed for several decades, when Theodore Steinway, as matured inventor and creator of the new system of building pianos, finally and totally abandoned the old school of piano-making, which depended entirely upon autodactic usages, and tenaciously adhered to contradictory systems, unable to stand before the application and tests of 44 HISTORY OF LONG ISLAND CITY scientific principles. But leaving this theme as too voluminous for the object of this biography, we return to the early history of Mr. Theodore Steinway. In May, 1850, when the father, Henry E. Steinway, with his family, emigrated to the United States, young Theodore was free from military service, and this was the principal reason why he was selected to carry on and finish up the father's business. In the year 1852 Mr. Theodore married a highly cultured young lady in his native town, and the cherished idea of winding up business and joining the rest of the family in New York was abandoned, the more so as the social and political conditions of Germany had vastly improved, and with it Mr. Theodore's business, which became so extended and prosperous that in 1859 it was removed to the city of Brunswick, where within a few years he built up a large, lucrative business, the reputation of which extended all over central Europe.- In 1862 he met his brother Henry, Jr., MAI' OK LONG ISI,ANI> crfV WITH "STEINWAY. ALSO SHOWING LOCATON OF NORTH IIKACH WITH TUK GRAND PUiR at the World's Fair in London, where Steinway & Sons w^cre awarded a First Prize Medal for their pianos exhibited on that (iccasion. In May, 1864, Mr. Theodore and his wife made a trip of pleasure and recreation to New York, when the whole family — father, mother, five sons and two daughters — were for the first and last time reunited. In March, 1865, great private misfortunes fell upon the family, the second son, Charles, succumbing to an attack of typhoid fever while on a visit of recrea- tion to Brunswick, Germany, and the third son, Henry, who had been ill for several years, dying in New York. These misfortunes were the direct cause of Mr. Theodore's removal to New York, for though himself in afHuent circumstances, the sole po.ssessor of a lucrative celebrated piano manufac- tory, his loyalty and devotion to the family and his aged parents outweighed all other considerations. n /STORY OF LONG ISLAND CI TV 45 In October, 1865, ^Ir. Theodore accompanied by his wife, arrived in New York, entered as full |);utner in the business of Steinway & Sons, and became scientific director of the factory, to which he devoted his inventive genius and ener/•■ LONG ISLAND CITY. 47 comparative lightness and elc<;ance, yet having fully 50,000 pounds tension of strings and being far superior in power and beauty of tone to even the large concert grand, which, at the Paris Exposition of 1867, had been crowned with the first of the grand gold medals of merit. This new system was at once applied to all parlor and concert grands produced by the firm, necessitating the establishment of Steinway & Sons' own steam saw-mill at Astoria, in order to saw logs of twenty-three feet length into the veneers and layers required. In his thirty-four United States patents, sixty-three claims relate to grand pianos. Mr. Theodore Steinway attended personally to tiie exhibition of Steinway & Sons' grand, upright, and square pianos at the Paris World's Fair of 1S67. His inventions shown in the pianos at that time, especially the compression of the sound-board and regulating its tension to the pull of the strings, created considerable sensation in musical and scientific circles. His Majesty, the King of Sweden, Carl v., awarded the grand honorary gold medal to Mr. Theodore Steinway, and tlie Swedish Royal Academy of Fine Arts bestowed academical honors upon him. In the fall of 1867, on invitation, Mr. Theodore Steinway delivered an oration before the assembled Royal Academy of Fine Arts, Berlin, Prussia, and was (together with his brother William), elected Academical Member. In the same year Mr. Theodore was voted a grand testimonial medal of merit, and elected an Honorary Member by the Societe des Beaux Arts, Paris. In 1880 His Highness, the Duke of Brunswick, bestowed upon Mr. Theodore Steinway the grand gold medal of the State for his achievements in the art of piano-building. Mr. Theodore Steinway traveled extensively; in his younger days, all over central Europe to study in his business, and later on in America, Europe, and Africa, always with a view of studying the achievements and requirements of the different races as to musical instruments. He possessed one of the rarest collections of musical instruments of all ages in existence, and was himself a most profound student and thorough expert in that direction, and acquainted with every form of piano ever attempted in any country. Under Mr. Theodore Steinway's personal practical tuition his grown-up nephews, Charles H. Steinway, Fred. T. Steinway, George A. Steinway, and Henry Ziegler, were trained as expert, scientific piano-makers, to enable them to successfully conduct Steinway & Sons' establishments in New York, Astoria, London, and Hamburg, under Theodore Steinway's motto: "Geselle ist wer was kann, Meister ist wer was ersann, Lehrling ist Jedermann." TR.\NSLAT10N : "Journeymen are all who can. Master, he who invents the plan. Apprentice each and every man." C. F. Theodore Steinway died March 26, 18S9, while at Brunswick, Germany. \VII.I.1.\M STEINWAY. William Steinway, President of the world-renowned house of Steinway & Sons, and distinguished alike for public spiritedness, marked ability, and purity of character, was born in Seesen, near the City of Brunswick, Germany, March 5, 1836. He came from a family of good reputation, some of whose members had served their country with honorable distinction as soldiers and magistrates. His father, Henry Englehard Steinway (see preceding biography), was a successful artisan and prosperous piano manufacturer of Seesen. William was educated at the excellent and thorough schools of his native town, finishing at the celebrated Jacobsohn High School. At the age of fourteen he was proficient in English and French, as well as in German, and had already begun to display remark- able aptitude for music — a trait which, in practical America, is often looked upon as a token of weakness in a busy man, but with him was an indication of genius. At fourteen he could play the most difficult compositions upon the piano, and his unerring ear enabled him to tune the instrument perfectly, even for concert use. His father, Henry E. Steinway, was a man of active mind and extended reading and awake to opportunities; and he conceived the idea of transferring his business to the New World. William Steinway, who was fourteen years of age, upon arriving in America was offered by his father the choice of a trade or education as a great musician. He preferred the formei' and was apprenticed to William Nunns & Co., of 88 Walker Street. On March 5, 1853, he joined his father 4^ HISTORY OF LONG ISLAND CITY. and his brothers Cliarles and Henry in the founding of the house of Steinway & Sons. Father and sons had sufficient capital to manufacture on an extended scale, but they wisely began in a small way, in a rear building on Varick street, rented for the purpose. At that time, many cultivated people thought no piano good which was not imported from Europe. With four or five workmen the Steinways built one square piano a week, father and sons taking part, as artisans, in their production. William'made the sounding-boards. Their pianos soon attracted the attention of musicians and the public. The beauty and power and the fine workmanship shown in the instruments were recognized at once. The Steinway pianos conquered their way by their own indisputable merits, and the demand for them rapidly increased. More extensive quarters soon became necessary, and were engaged, in 1S54, at No. 88 Walker street. Mr. Nunns had failed, and the Steinways rented the quarters he had occupied. It may be said here that William Steinway lost $300 back wages by Mr. Nunns' failure. He forgave the debt, however, and through affection and respect even assisted Mr. Nunns with monthlj' contributions until the latter's death, in 1864, at the age of eightj- years; thus early in life displaying the largeness of heart and unostentatious generosity of character which have always been conspicuous traits of the man. The growing magnitude of the business now compelled father and sons to resign their fascinating work at the bench and to devote their whole attenti<.>n to the general management of the affairs of the rising liouse. It fell to the lot of ^Villianl Steinway to conduct the n)ercantile and financial affairs of the firm; and he brought to his department an abilit}' and force which insured the continual tri- umphant growth of the business. In 1S59 the Steinways built their present factory on Fourth avenue, from Fifty-second street to Fifty- third street, taking" possession in April, i860, and in 1863, by the addition of its southerly wing, bring- ing same to its present colossal proportions. In March, 1865, C.liarles and Henry, Jr., died; and Theodore, giving up the flourishing business in Germany, as has been said, came to New York and became a partner in the New York house. The Steinway pianos soon began to attract the attention of the world. After being awarded thirty- five American medals, they won a first prize medal at the World's Fair, in London, in 1862. In 1867, at the Paris International Ex|)osition, tliey won the first of the grand gold medals of honor for their perfect .stjuare, upright and grand pianos after a close and exciting contest with the best makers of Europe. This was a remarkable success; and the Steinway system of construction thereupon became the standard with the jnano makers of the world. Equally great were their successes at the Centen- nial lixhibition, at Philadel))hia, in 1876, and the International Inventions Exhibition, at London, in 1885, on which latter occasion the grand gold medal was awai-ded them for the supreme excel- lence of their pi inofortes and their useful and meritorious inventions; and a grand gold medal was :dso awarded them by the London Society of Arts, the Prince of \V'ales being I AUNG l.ll'.KAKY. insroRY or /.(<.\(, /.s/..t.\/> c 1 1 v 49 President. Large orders and dislinj;iiislied honors poured in upon the firm from all quarters. They became the Court piano manufacturers to the Queen of Enj;land, the f>ueen of Spain, the Emperor of Germany, the Prince and Princess of Wales, and the (Jueen of Italy. Illustrious composers and artists bought and used their instruments, including Liszt, Wagner, Helmholtz, Rubin- stein, Paderewski, Theodore Thomas, Patti, Gerster, JoserTy, Rosenthal, and others. The public of America was conquered, and the lirm prospered in fortune and in reputation every year. The finishing of piano No. 25,000, made for the Czarowitz of Russia, was celebrated bj- the firm and its thousand workmen. May 4, 1872. Piano No. 50,000, believed to be the finest grand produced by the house up to that time, was bought by Baron Nathaniel de Rothschild, of Vienna, and dispatched by the Hamburg Steamer, Bohemia, September 15, 1883. The number reached July i, 1895, was 85,000, and Steinway & Sons' Piano Works are conceded t(j l)e by far the largest establishments in their line in the world. William now remains alone at the head of the house, its only surviving founder, though grandsons of the original founder have been admitted to membership in due succession. It is chiefly owing to the executive efforts and foresight of William Steinway, that this city is indebted for the section called "Steinway." That part of [,ong Island City represents an economic policy, which has passed the experimental stage and developed into prosperous results, which may well attract the ttention of those interested in questions of ca])ital and labor. The project of such a manufacturing community had its inception in the labor troubles, which twenty-five years ago embarra.sed the work of the Steinwav factorv between 1 Fifty-second and Fifty-third streets, New York. In 1869, and again in 1872, there were strikes in this factory which necessitated police protection of faithful employes. Speaking of the origin of Stein- way village recently, Mr. William Steinway said: "For several years previous to 1870 we had bcr looking for a plot of land away fron the city, and yet within easy acce.'-s of it, for the erection of an ad ditional factory rendered necessary by the extension of our busines.-- Tliere were two reasons why we .sought a place outside the city. , 1. m 1 a n In the first place, we wished to escape the machinations of the anarchists and socialists, who even al that time — twenty-live years ago — were continually breeding discontent among our workmen and inciting them to strike. They seemed to make us a target for their attacks, and we felt that if we could withdraw our work- men from contact with these pco])le. and the other temptations of city life in the tenement districts, they would be more content and their lot would be a happier one. Then there was a growing demantl for more room to extend our facilities. The Fourth avenue factory was inadequate for our wants, and we needed in addition shipping facilities near the water, and a basin in which logs could be stored in water to keep them moist and prevent them from cracking. We also needed a large space for a lumber yard, a steam .saw mill and a foundry, and many other important adjuncts to our factory facilities. After looking about for several years, we found the ideal spot at the place now known as Steinway. At that time it was a beautiful garden spot, surrounded by waste lands and vacant lots. It was partly wooded, and on a bluflf stood the handsome mansion of Benjamin F. Pike, the well- known optician. This property gave us upward of half-a-mile of water front, a navigable canal, and plenty of room for our own foundry. Of course we had to create means and facilities for reaching the place quickly, which occasioned a great outlay of money, and while difficulties had to be surmounted, the project has proved a great success. It is the geographical center of Greater New- York. It is nearer to the City than Harlem, as it is only five miles from City Hall. The whole matter has had an ideal result, the relations between employer and employed are cordial in the extreme, and as an indication of how the latter have prospered, no less than sixty of je HISTORY OF LOXG fSLAXD CITY. the men t-inpiuscd in Steinway & Sons' factory, own their own houses, while some of them own two houses." Steinway is a remarkably thriving village now of over 7000 inhabitants. Every house in the village is supplied with pure drinking water from the Long Island City mains. An excellent system of sewerage has been established there, and gas is supplied by the East River Gas Company. The gas is manufactured in the city, and is also conveyed from Long Island in a tunnel under the East River all over New York Citj-. A Protestant church, situated on a plot of ground 100 by 125 feet, corner of Albert street and Ditmars avenue, was built in 1889, accommodating over 1000 persons, which is well attended by the people of the neighborhood, and contains the cathedral organ, formerly at Steinway Concert Hall, New York City. A German Baptist church has also been erected, which is now in a flourishing condition. £ ■•■m^fsM The public spirited and philanthropic endeavor of the firm has resulted in solving some serious economic problems, and offers conditions worthy of study and emulation. Model houses have been erected for the workmen, with good ventilation, perfect drainage and pure water. A public school- house for one thousand children was erected in 1877, and the firm maintains at its own expense, in addition to the course of instruction furnished by the city, a teacher who gives free tuition in the (ierman language and music. A public bath-house, with fifty dressing-rooms, was opened in the spring of 1.S81, and, adjoining at the riverside, a park was laid out for a popular resort for old and young. The Post Office Department at Washington, in 1881, established a post-office in the place, but now the free delivery system has been introduced all over Long Island City, delivering mails four times daily, directly to every house. In addition to the facilities for education afforded by the public school, Steinway .t Sons have erected a handsome building for the Steinway Free Circulating Library, and the Free Kindergarten. if/sroRV OF LOX(; jsi..l\ n u i v. 51 It is situated on the Shore Road and Albert street, in the centre of the vilhigc. All of these advan- tajres, which they enjoy throiijjh the thoughtful generosity of the firm, are appreciated by the army of employees, and their relations are most cordially friendly. Upon William Steinway, personally, though in recognition of the attainments of the house of which he is the head, rather than of the other successful enterprises in which he has engaged, more honors have been conferred than can well be mentioned in any article less ample than an exhaustive monograph. As far back as 1867 he was made (as was also his brother, C. F. Theodore), a member of the Royal Prussian Academy of Fine Arts, at Berlin, and the same year the grand gold medal was bestowed upon William and Theodore, by King Charles of Sweden, accompanied by an autograph letter from Prince Oscar, now King of vSweden. While abroad in the autumn of 1892, Mr. Steinway was invited to an audience with the Kmpcror and Empress of (icrmany, and the Emperor jiresented him with his portrait bearing the imperial autograph, written in the presence of his guest. " Wilhelm, German Emi)eror and King of Prussia, Marble Palais; ii-ix-1892." The Empress also wrote him an autograph letter, thanking him for his gifts to the Emperor William I. Memorial Church in Berlin. These honors were followed June 12, 1S93, by the bestowal upon him by the Emperor of the Order of the Red Eagle, third class, the highest distinction ever conferred by the German crown upon a manufacturer. Another honor, rare, if not unique, in America, was that conferred ujjon him in April, 1894, when he w;is elected honorary member of the oldest and most renowned academy in the (dd world, the " Royal Academy of St. Cecilia of Rome," founded by the celebrated composer, Pnlestrina, in 15S4. This, as the diploma reads, was " on account of his eminent merit in the domain of music." It is not alone upon his achievements in connection with the production of the perfected piano that Mr. Steinway's prestige in music rests. It is not too much to say that he f Island City, have already received mention. They form only a small part of the foundation for good that lie has built. Beside a large number of charitable societies, he is assisting schools and libraries with annual contributions in money, has annually a number of young people taught music at his expense, and he has presented many charitable institu- tions and schools with pianofortes, and founded annual prizes in others. In 1894 he founded two annual prizes of $75 in gold each in the New York Normal College. He is one of the staunchest supporters of the German Hospital, and has endowed in it a free bed and various sums of money. In February, 1SS9, the great fair given at the American Institute, for the benefit of this institu- tion, and managed by him as president, at great expense of time and effort, realized a net profit of §1 12,000. As if these and .scores of other benefactions and his constant standing as a rock of refuge for the needy and aspiring artist, musician, and teacher, were not sufficient, he has crossed the ocean to lay his largeness of heart to the benefit (jf the people of his native town. He has founded in See.sen six annual prizes for students, and pays the annual school money for no less than seventy- five parents. He has annually sent large sums for the poor, and also presented the town with a lieautiful plot of ground, which by official vote of the people was named in his honor. " Steinway Park," and has been unanimously elected " honorary citizen." He is a Protestant in faith, and his liberality has been felt in numerous churches and their auxiliary institutions, regardless of creed. Mr. Steinway has been twice married. Hy his first wife, whom he lost in 1876, he has two children, George A. Steinway, born June 4, 1865, now a member of the house, and a daughter, Paula T. Steinway, born December 13, 1866, wife of Louis von Bernuth. On the i6th of August, 1880, he married Miss Elizabeth C. Ranft (daugliter of Mr. Richard Ranft, of New York City, a well-known importer of pianoforte materials). She died, after a brief illness, March 4, 1893. Their happy union was blessed by the birth of two sons, viz.: William R. Steinway, born December 20, 1881, and Theodore Edwin Steinway, born October 6, 1883, and a daughter Maud Louise Steinway, born April 6, 1889. Mr. Steinway has preserved that wise old world capacity for enjoying the amenities of life. He is a cultivated gentleman, greatly appreciated for the many genial qualities which he possesses and the gentle bearing which marks the possessor of greatest and truest strength. He is a prominent figure in the highest club and social circles, and valued universally for his huge achievements, his manly integrity and moral stamina, fine mental ecpiipment, equipoise of nature, and all that contributes to the symmetrical development of a forceful character. His high social standing is illustrated by his membership in the Manhattan Club ; the Liederkranz Society, of which he has been fourteen times president ; the Arion, of which he is an honorary member ; the American Geographical Society ; New York Historical .Societv : the New York Chamber of Commerce ; the Royal Academy of Fine Arts of Berlin, and his honorary membershi]) of the Royal St. Cecilia Society of Rome, Italy. A sound, enterprising, clear-headed, benevolent, and versatile man, and ready speaker, the metropolis is constantly the gainer by his remarkable genius. The Steinway mansion, the summer residence of William Steinway, is a beautiful building of axed granite and iron, with a French slate roof. It is situated on an elevated site east of the factory, in the center of large grounds, with extensive lawns, a beautifully laid out flower garden and orchard, and a fine stable. It is an ideal summer home, and Mr. William Steinwav and his family spend the warm months there every year. IHE U.^IMLEk MoroR COMI'.ANV. The most important and extensive industry at Steinway, next to Steinway & Sons' piano factory, is the Daimler Motor Company, which is engaged in the manufacture of gasoline motors for boats, carriages, fire engines street railway.s, and vehicles of all kinds, and for stationary engines, manu- facturing and other purposes. This company is the sole owner of the United States and Canada patents of Gottlieb Daimler, of Cannstatt, Germany. Mr. William Steinway is also at the head of this company. He became interested in the enter- 54 IffSrOKV OF LOXG ISLAXP CITY. prise in a manner rather incidental. In i88S, while traveling in Germany, his attention was attracted by a horseless carriage which had been invented by Gottlieb Daimler, at Canstatt. Vehicles of this nature liad for many years been the subject of much inventive experiment and popular interest, hence Mr. Steinwav requested the inventor to give him an exhibition of the merits of his motor. The inventor calling for him at his hotel, Mr. Steinway rode to the Canstatt factory, a distance of ten miles. The journey, which was up and down hill, was made in forty-eight minutes, and after a visit to the Daimler factory the return trip was made to Stuttgart in the same vehicle, without mishap of any kind. This satisfied Mr. Steinway of the practical nature of the motor, and after his return home he introduced one of the motor cars on the line of the Steinway Railroad Company and repeatedly carried thirty-five passengers at the rate of twelve miles an hour nnder twelve horse-power. The companv, which now has an extensive motor factory at Steinway, was organized, and the patent rights to manufacture the Daimler motors in the United States and Canada were acquired. The factory, in which the manufacture of motors was commenced, was a small Ijuilding, 25 feet wide by too .Daimler Motor Co's.M'f'g. Works. NEW YORK Office IIILia^-St. feet deep, but the company now occupies a frontage of 150 feet and is constantly adding to its plant as the increasing necessities of the business demand. Until recently the company only built motors tip to ten horse-power, but it is now prepared to receive orders for sixteen, twenty, and twenty-five horse-power motors, and expects in the near future to increase the appliances at its command so as to increase the motors to sixty horse-power. The uses to which these motors may be applied are various and multiform. They are already in use for all sorts of purposes where power is required, and are adaptable to almost any condition, owing to the lightness of the motor in proportion to the power generated. The Daimler motor is in use all over the world in launches, both for pleasure and business traffic, carrying freight as well as passen- gers. The motors have also been utilized for harbor towing purposes and as tug-boats in shallow waters, on account of their light draught. They have also been mounted on trucks and wagons for freighting purposes. Horseless carriages, driven by the Daimler motors, have been used in Central Park and on suliurban roads, and have given great satisfaction. The motor has also been put to the odd use of spraying trees in city parks for the killing of insects, and t)f turning grindstones for wandering scissor grinders. It is used to propel inspection HfsroKV or /.o.yg island city. ss cars over railroads and, when fitted to a traveling electric-lij^ht ])lant, attracted much attention at the Columbian Exposition atChicaj^o. The wagon, thus fitted out, is thought to be of the greatest possible use tor temporary illumination of large buildings or fields where battles have been fought. The motor has been also applied to fire engines for smaller towns, a perpendicular stream of I 20 feet being easily thrown. Daimler launches are on many (lerman steamers, are emjiloyed in harbors, and in cases of emergency, as in the following instance, during the Columbian JCxposition : A sailboat in which were six persons capsized in Lake Mich.igan. The Captain of the iJaimler boat hastened to the rescue, and a fleet of steam launches followed, but the Dxiimlcr boat, which developed a speed of sixteen miles an hour, easily distanced all the other craft and had rescued and taken on board all the imperiled persons before the other boats reached the spot, the last person rescued having been taken out of the water after he had sunk for the second time. Had the Daimler boat been two minutes later, at least two of the imperiled lives would have been lost. The Daimler motor launches are also very extensively ii.sed in Europe as police boats for harbor and river service, and quite a number of them are in service in the United States Navy, as well as in the navies of all the European powers. The German Government is just now especiallj' interested in utilizing the Daimler motor f(jr torpedt)-boat purposes. A Daimler motor car is put to a curious use at the great Krupp Gun Works, in (Germany, where one of them has been constantly employed for the last six years. At these wt)rks there is naturally a great deal of experimenting in regard to the merits of new guns. The distance nowadays between the targets and the gun is much greater than formerly. Officers detailed by their respective Governments to watch these experiments are required, first to see the shot fired, and then to proceed as cpiickly as possible to the target and note the effect of the shot. Formerly they rode to the target on horseback ; now they ride to the target in a Daimler motor car, which runs over a single track laid for the purpose, and much greater speed is obtained. As a matter of economy, the motor has been adopted on certain of the German railroad lines on which the traffic is intermittent. The lines run from outlying farming villages to the contiguous market towns, where there are periodical market daj's. On such days the traffic is very heavy, and long trains drawn by the regular steam locomotives are run, but on other than market days the traflic is very light, and it was found that on such days there was no money in running the regular trains, as the cost vvas too heavy. So on what might be called the off days, the Daimler motor is used to draw single cars, which are sufficient to accommodate the lighter traffic, and thus a great saving in the running expenses is made. The Daimler Company in Germany has just received a large order for the motors from several of the railroads on which they have been tried and have proved such an eminent success. From the facts given above it is apparent to what many and diversified uses the Daimler motor has already been put, but what promises, after all, to be the greatest achievement in this direction is the perfected horseless carriage or wagon, which must prove of vast importance to the commercial world, and which opens up a great field to the practical use of the motor. Wherever a Daimler motor has entered a race it has invariably come out victorious over all competitors, with a great margin to spare. Recently one of the Daimler carriages went from Paris to Bordeaux and back, a distance of 750 miles, in forty-eight hours, a feat which has never been equaled by any similar machine. But not only for pleasure vehicles have they been employed and successfully used, but they have been also utilized for heavy traffic, such as dry goods delivery wagons, omnibuses, vans and heavy trucks, as they are now being built in Germany up to sixteen horse-power. Large dry goods houses and other stores, having many parcels to deliver, will doubtless use them instead of the delivery wagons now in use, sending them to the outskirts of the city and the suburbs, and they will find this method of transporting their packages both rapid and cheap as compared with the present way. A three horse-power motor, it has been demonstrated, can be run at a cost of 3 cents an hour. Such a motor can do the work of two horses, which, of course, costs many times more than that amount. The machine is easily handled and does not require the services of a licensed engineer. It is cleanly and does not easily get out of order, and has many other advantages over horse traction. A very interesting festival took place last December at the home of Mr. Gottlieb Daimler, the inventor of the motor now so generallj- in use, when the completion of the one thoussindth motor was S6 HISIVKY OF LONG ISLAND CITY. celebrated. The town of Cantsatt, in Germany, where Mr. Daimler lives, and where the works are situated, was decorated and illuminated in honor of the event, and the inventor received numerous congratulations on his success. A similar event will probably be soon celebrated at the factories in France, and at Steinway, L. I. The works at Steinway have been greatly enlarged recently, and active preparations are now making to increase the facilities so as to keep pace with the orders that are continually coming in from all quarters. Although it is found impossible at the present to fill orders promptly, the Company will strain every nerve to push the horseless carriage industry as much as is consistent with the high class of work it has always turned out. At present the Company is building the smaller yachts from sixteen feet up to twin- screw boats from sixty to seven tj'' feet long. The larger motors, now under way, will enable the company to build boats one hundred feet long and over. For this purpose a large boat-building establishment has been constructed on the water's edge at Steinway, with a roomy interior harbor or basin where the boats will be sheltered from the spring and aulimm gales. The orticers of the Daimler ]\lot(ir Companv are : William Stemway, President ; tredenck Kuebler, Vice-President ; Louis von Bernuth, Treasurer, and Herman E. Kleber, Secretary. Mr. Kuebler is the General JIanager at the Stcinwav works. ASTORIA HOMESTEAD CO. The Astoria Homestead Company, founded and developed by Mr. William Steinway, has been a potent factor in building up and populating a picturesque section of country which had been neglected, and which, as it has been proved, was exactly suitable for homes of working men. After Steinway & Sons had acquired the tract of land on the Long Island shore and had founded the village of Steinway, the senior member of the firm, despite the call upon his time and talents, due to the management of the largest piano manufacturing concern in the world, was, like Alexander the Great, loi iking about for more worlds to conquer. Despite his many engagements, he found time to look about him for investments in the neighborhood of the property on Long Island, which he owned, and on which the large factory of the firm had been erected. With almost prophetic vision he foresaw that it would only be a question of time, and a comparatively short time at that, when the facilities of communication between New York City and the contiguous shores of Long Island would be so increased by ferries, railroad.s, bridges and tunnels that the Long Island shores would be cho.sen for modest homes for artisans, clerks with limited incomes, and thrifty mechanics, away from expensive city dwellings. He was also convinced that Long Island City would sooner or later become a part of New York City, and what may have l)cen considered by some of his conlemporarics a vi.sionary /USIORV OF I.O.Xa fSLAXn CITY. 57 scheme, has now actually come to pass. Mr. Stcinway has the satisfaction of sceinjj what he had long contemplated as a possibility ripen into an actual fact. Ill pur.suance of his ideas a large tract of unoccupied land was purchased, and the Astoria Homestead Company was incorporated. From a comparatively small beginning this corj)oration has grown to be a mighty concern, embodying as it does all the property owned by Mr. Steinway per.sonally on the Long Island shores and in New York, Long Island City and other parts of the country. Its capital is $1,000,000. Immediately upon acquiring the property on Long Island, improvements were com- menced. The land, where necessary, was graded and leveled, and laid out in building plots. Roads were made and streets were cut through the properly. A large number of cottages and dwellings were erected by the company, and were either sold or rented to respectable people on easy terms, thus affording to a great many deserving people, healthy, airy and comfortable homes within easy distance of their occupations in New York. What a boon this has been to the families who had before been cooped up for years in the dark, ill-ventilated, and unwholesome tenements may be readily imagined. But the work of the company does not slop at simply building homes for tenants and occupants. It has built schoijlhouses, fire engine houses and other necessary public structures, and has provided places of recreation and plea.sure grounds at the disposal of the residents, and in many other ways has contributed to the comfort, the safely and well-being of the community. Tile liberal and charitable nature of Mr. Stcinway was evidenced liy the assistance given by him to the Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor of this city. A large area of the property on the Long Island shore, owned by the company, is composed of vacant lands. When the a.ssociation appealed to the owners of vacant lands for the temporary u.se of it for cultivation by the deserving poor, Mr. .Steinway at once gave permission to the association to parcel out the unoccupied but very fertile lands of the company among such families of the deserving poor as it might select, entirely free of charge. The association furnished the occupants of these vacant lots with the necessary tools and utensils, seed and fertilizers, had the land plowed for them, and then simply required them to look after the cultivation of the land allotted to them. The association e.\pected them to reimburse itself for the advances made to the tillers of the soil at the beginning of the season from a certain percent- age of the products raised : the rest of the crop, which the occupants did not consume themselves, they had the privilege of selling to the neighbors or sending it to market to be disposed of to the best advantage. The association only exacted that each occupant of a lot should, during the season, devote a |)art of his or her time to the care and cultivation of a portion of the land which the association retained as a sort of home farm for the purpose of enabling it to realize enough money for the purchase of seeds and fertilizers for the next season's work. The surplus from this farm for last year was S6000, and the association offered this sum to Mr. Steinway, but with his usual liberal spirit he refused to accept it. lie told the association that he was not in the habit of doing charity by halves, and, therefore, it was his desire that the surplus money be employed in furnishing seed, fertilizers and agricultural implements for the following season. He also gave the association the free use of ninety additional acres of the unoccupied lands of the Homestead Company for the present year. It is the greatest source of satisfaction to Mr. Steinway to drive through these lands with his little grandson, William Steinway von Bernuth, beside him, and see these miniature farms with their ripening crops of potatoes, beans, oats and garden truck that are raised on these vacant lots. In addition to the dwellings which have been built and are occupied on the lands of the Astoria Homestead Company, there have been also a number of large factories erected there, giving emiJloyment to hundreds of men. One of the latest acquisitions to these factories is that which has just been completed by the Virgil Practice Clavier Company, situated on Theodore street. The building has a frontage of one hundred and seventy-five feet and is two hundred feet deep. It has been occupied but a short time. The property of the Astoria Homestead Company will be rendered still more accessible when the projected Blackwell's Island Bridge is built. The New York terminus of this bridge will be at Sixty- fourth street and Fourth avenue, ami the Long Island terminus will be on the land owned by the Company. The railroad tunnel, beginning at Hunter's Point, passing under the East River and Blackwell's Island, and under Forty -second street, and thence, under the North River to the Jersey shore, will, when constructed, make a valuable connection with the Long Island Railroad and tend to 58 HISTORY OF LONG IS LA. YD CITY. improve property on all parts of Long Island. A bridge lias also been projected from New York to Long Island, passing over Ward's Island, and the Long Island terminus of this bridge will be on the land of the Company. The officers of the Astoria Homestead Company are Louis von Rernuth, President ; David Horn, Vice-President ; H. D. Low, Treasurer, and Russell Schaller, Secretary. Remarkable interests, therefore, have been centered in this favored section of Long Island City, because remarkable men have arisen and chosen it for the scene of a vast enterprise, and wise philanthropy. The genius of the firm of Steinway & Sons has given world-wide prestige to our municipality and placed humanity under a debt which will be long recognized in history. a£,4^fe^^5 lilAl'TKR IV LONG ISLAND CITY. UOf N'DARIES AND NATURAL ADVANTAGES NAME ACCOUNT OK INCORPORATION ORGANIZATION INDKR CHARTER POLITICAL CHANGES SCHOOLS, CHIRCHES, HANKS, liRlDOES HISTORICALLY SKETCHED THE MEDICAL PROFESSION THE HAR THE CITY DEPARTMENTS AND OKKICIALS — UNION C(>I.LE(;K HISTORICAL INCIDENTS. LONG ISLAND CITY was formed by the consolidation of Blissville, Hunter's Point, Astoria, ' Ravenswood, Dutch Kills, Steinway and Middletown under a coinmon municipal govern- ment. It is separated from Brooklyn on the south by Newtown Creek, from New York on the west by the the town of Newtown the old Bowery Bay Cemetery road. Its eastern boundaries are Bay. The City stra- the very heart of New miles of water front, developed, oflfers facil- of the world and is any district within tlic Newtown Creek, de- its commercial advan- depth, and in the iii- bridges spanning its annual mercantile ton- valued at §20,000,000. the East River from though already show- velopment, awaits for of these larger in- to their service the the approach of this perity, the present industries are a pro- suburbs of New York City as a manufac- sive manufacturing HENRY S. ANAIILE. ( Deceased. 1 East River, and fro m on the southeast by turnpike and Calvary northern and north- Hell Gate and Bowery tegically lies opposite York City. Its ten though but partially itics for the shipping scarcely surpassed by watersof the metropolis, spite the limitation of tages in the want of adecjuacy of the draw- banks, represents an nage of 2,000,000 tons The wharfage along the Creek to Astoria, ing considerable de- the most part the rise terests which beckon fleets of the sea. Of era of greater pros- growth of capitalized phetic indication. The have no rival to this turing center. Exten- plants, some of them the largest on the continent, have been located within its bounds for a greater or less period, demonstrating the conditions inviting to capital. Spacious and numerous sites still remain. Economic production and unexcelled transportation facilities will place them in certain demand when a broader municipal policy shall smite the demagogue from political ascendancy and power. It being the western terminal of the Long Island Railroad, Long Island City is a distributing point, not only for the traffic of Long Island, but for a majority of its populati<.)n who have business intercourse with New York. Thirty fourth street ferry has probably more railroads focussed at its gates than any other ferry on Manhattan Island. Communication with the lower part of New York has long been maintained by James Slip ferry, and in summer months by steamboat from Hunter's Point to Wall Street. The uplands of Dutch Kills, Astoria, and the sections of the city to the east and north, east, arc well adapted for residence. Proximity to the great business centers of the 6o HISTORY OF LONG ISLAXD CI TV metropolis and the unity of interests which are inseparable from consolidation, are destined to result in great appreciation of property values. ORIGIN OF THE NAME. The honor of first suggesting "Long Island City" as the uaine of the united villages of Hunter's Point, Ravenswood, and Astoria probably belongs to Captain Levy Ilayden, Super- intendent of the Marine Raihva\% formerly located at Hunter's Point. In 1853, or thereabouts, it is chronicled, a member of the Bebee family, of Ravenswood, was induced to take a number of shares of the railway stock, and inquired from Captain Hayden what name should be given to the concern and to the surrounding country, which was then wild and undeveloped. The Captain suggested that before many years the several communities would probably be united in a large city, the name of which he said should be "Long Island City." An immense flag with this name written in full was hoisted upon the building. Thus, in this patriotic manner, the name, by which the coming city became known to his- tory, had its auspicious origin. The name became fixed in the public mind by the publisher of the Star, who in May, 1865, had opened a printing office at 63 Vernon avenue. Confident of a coming city and its prosperous future, he issued the initial number of his new jiubli- ealion, Friday, October 20, 1865, under the title of Long Island City Star. From this time the Star devoted its energies to the realiza- tion of the project, which steadily gained favor, of incorporating the several sections of the old " Out Plantations " into one. When success was achieved after pro- longed preliminary work, the name which had been inscribed upon "Old Glory" prophetically and flung to the breeze twenty-seven years before. and subseijuently adopted for the heading of the newspaper, was recognized as a befitting one for the new munici- pality, which henceforth became known as Long Island City. Situated as this jjortion of Newtown was relative to the great cities of New York and Brooklyn rising on the southern and western boundaries, it inevitably came under the over shadowing influence of those vast communities. Farm lands soon had greater than agricultural values. Population, houses for business and residence, and intercourse between the various parts of the territory rapidly increased, requiring improved conditions. An awakening spirit of ])rogress was manifested in popular expressions of discontent. That a higher order of things should prevail, and that a prosperous and populous city could be built from the clustered villages of western Newtown, had long been urged by progressive citizens. Hunter's Point had no pavements save a sidewalk of flags up Borden Avenue. Roads were of ordi- nary dirt and often impassibly muddy. There were no sewers, no lights, and no water except that obtained from surface pumps. Fever and ague, of the kind that made the bones to rattle and shake, had prevailed from the time when the memory of the oldest inhabitant ran not to the contrary. In the decade preceding 1870 it assumed a typhoid form and prevailed several times as an epidemic. In 1865 the incorporation of Hunter's Point as a village had been proposed as a relief from existing conditions. The press, as represented by the Star, warmly espoused a larger movement, looking toward the organization of a city. Henry S. .\nablc, Ksq., representing the extensive interests of Union College, earnestly supported the latter l;OI)INE CASTI.E. HISTOKY OF /.ChV(; /S/.-LYP CITY. 6i proposition. Throughout the lower part of the town sympathy therewith was universal. The outspoken opposition of Astoria was to be expected in the nature of the case. That village had good streets, good lights, good schools, and all the appointments of a first-class village. However, public sentiment developed in favor of a municipal government, and culminated, in the fall of 1869, in a meeting held in Mr. Anable's office on Borden Avenue. Besides Mr. Anable, there were present twelve or fifteen leading citizens, including William Bridge, Thomas H. Todd, and fharlcs Stevens. The propo- siti(jn to draft a charter was favorabh' considered, and the work was as- signed to ^Ir. Anable, whose report at a sub sequent meeting receiveil unanimous approbation. Interest now ran high. Popular assemblies con- vened, and agitation for incorporation as a cit\' ruled the hour. The bill for the in- corporation of the vil- lages of Astoria, Ravens- wood, Hunter's Point, Dutch Kills, Blissville, Middletown, and Bowery Bay, under the proposed charter, was presented in the Legislature by Assemblyman Francis B. Baldwin, b}' whom, with the earnest support of ^Ir. Anable and others, its passage was secured through the Assemblj' and Senate. When in the it met pronounced opposition at a hearing granted pre- paratory to executive action. Friends and opponents of the charter were present in large numbers, each side being represented by counsel. Remonstrances and arguments were presented against executive approval, while voluminous petitions evinced prevailing public sen- timent in favor. Ex-Governor Lowe and Henry S. Anable, Esq., were the leading advocates of the passage of the charters. lUKIH OK LONG ISI..A.\L) CI IV. The bill, having received the unanimous assent of the Legislature, was signed by Governor Hoffman, May 4, 1870. The intelligence of the Governor's favorable action was received throughout the newly consiituied city with expressions of approbation. IMK I IIAKTKR AND TFS I.KAUING KEATUKEP. The most important provisions of the Charter were as follows: I. THE BOUNDARIES OF THE CITY. ' All that part of the town of Newtown, in the Count\' THK c.KF.ATKR NEW YORK HuTEi . (jf Ouceus. includcd witliiu tile following boundaries, to wit: SCENE AT JACKSON AM) VERNON AVENUES. hands of Governor John T. Hoffman, 62 HfSrORY OF LOXG fSLAXD CITY. Bejjinning at the mouth of Newtown Creek, on the east side of the East River, running thence easterly, along the center-line of said Newtown Creek to the easterlj- side of Penny Bridge (so-called) ; thence northerly, along the center of the Bushwick and Newtown turnpike and road from Calvary Cemetery to Astoria to the intersection of said road with the old Dutch Kills road; thence easterly, to the center of Woodside avenue; thence northerly, along the center of said avenue to Jackson avenue; thence northeasterly, along the center of the Bowery Bay road to high water mark in Bowery Bay; thence westerly, along high water mark to the harbor commissioners' bulkhead and pier line on the East River; thence southerly, along said harbor commissioners' said bulkhead and pier line, on the East River; to the place of beginning, shall be a city known as Long Island City; and the citizens of this State, from time to time inhabitants within said boundaries, shall be a corporation by the name of "Long Island City," and as such may sue and be sued, complain and defend, in any court, make and use a common seal and alter it at pleasure; and may receive by gift, grant, devise, bequest or purchase, and hold and survey such real and personal property as the purposes of said corporation may require. 2. DIVISION INTO WARDS. Said city shall be divided into five wards, as follows, to wit : THE FIRST WARD Is bounded by Newtown Creek on the south, by the East River on the west, by Nott avenue and Boundarv street on the n(jrth, and the center of Dutch Kills Creek on the east. THE SECOND WARD Extends from the junction of Dutch Kills and Newtown Creeks northerly along Dutch Kills Creek to Boundary street ; thence to Jackson avenue ; thence easterly, to the center of the old Dutch Kills road ; thence, to the center of the New York and Flushing Railroad ; thence easterly, to the center of Sixth avenue ; thence, to the center of the Bowery Bay road: thence southerly, along center of Woodside Avenue, Dutch Kills road and road from Calvary Cemetery to Astoria and Bushwick and Newtown road to the center of Newtown Creek at the Penny Bridge ; thence westerly, along the center of Newtown Creek to the place of beginning. THE THIRI) WARD Extends from a point on the East River, which would be the center of Nott Avenue when extended; thence northerly, to Sunswick Creek ; thence easterly and .southerly, along the center t)f said Creek to center of Pierce avenue ; thence easterly, to center of First avenue ; thence .southerly, to center of Webster avenue ; thence easterly, to junction of Sixth and Jackson ave- nues ; thence .southerly, to center of New York and Flushing Railroad ; thence southwesterly, to the center of the old Dutch Kills road ; thence westerly, to the center of Jack.son avenue; thence .southwesterly, to the center of Nott avenue ; thence westerly, to the place of beginning. II/SrORV OF LONG ISLAM) CITY. 63 THE KOURTII WARD, inning on the East River at the center of Sunsvvick Creek; thence easterly, along bulkhead line to the center of Franklin street; thence easterly, to the intersection of Flushing avenue; thence easterly, to the center of Bowery Ray road; thence southerly, to the center of Jackson avenue; thence south- , westerly, to the center of Webster « • avenue; thence westerly, to First .4^ avenue; thence northerly, to the center of Pierce avenue; thence westerly, to the center of Sunswick Creek ; thence northerly and west- wardly to place of beginning. THE FIFTH WARD. Beginning on East River at the center of Franklin street; thence northerly and easterly, to high-water mark in Bowery Bay; ".CTBr-sks^mJ .$ < lit III III J ^ i '££i S I J'ihn's H0spn.\i '■•! thence easterly, to Bowery Bay road; thence southerly, to the center of Flushing avenue; thence westerl)'-, along Flushing avenue and Franklin street to the place of beginning. CITY OFFICERS. The officers of said city shall consist of one mayor, one collector, one treasurer, one re- corder, two justices of the peace, and two constables, to be elected by the city at large; two aldermen to be elected from each ward; and one superintendent of streets, one marshal, one clerk, one sealer of weights and measures, and such other officers as are hereinafter author- ized for the city at large, who shall be appointed by the mayor and common council, except that special police constables may be appointed by the mayor as hereinafter provided, and one chief engineer and two assistant engineers of the fire department, who shall be elected as hereinafter provided. ELECTIONS. An election shall be held in each of the wards of said city on the first Tuesday of July, 1S70, and on the first Tuesday of April in each year thereafter. Said wards shall constitute the election districts for all State, general and other elections to be held in said cit)*, and all provisions of law applicable to election dis- tricts and to the inspectors of elections therein, shall apply to said wards and said inspectors. Various provisions follow, speci- fying the respective duties of officials, the qualification of voters, terms of office, eligibility to office, and the constitution and powers of the common council. A notable provision relating to the assessment and collection of taxes for city purposes read as follows: "The common council shall direct and cause a simi, not exceed- ing twenty-five thousand dollars, for the purpose of defraying the salaries and pay of officers and other necessan.- and contingent expenses of the city, not herein otherwise specially provided for, to be raised annually by a general tax." IHE ASTORIA HOSPITAL. 64 H /STORY OF LONG ISLAND CITY. Imniediately upon the passage of the above charter preparations were made to carry into effect its various provisions for the organization of the new city government. Democratic. Republican and Citizens' associations were formed in every ward throughout the city. Abram D. Ditmars was chosen as their standard bearer by the Democrats and Republicans, while Aaron Bisbee was placed at the head of the Citizens' ticket. The first election under the charter transpired Jul}' 5, 1870, and resulted in the choice of the following officials: For Maj-or, Abram D. Ditmars, of Astoria; Recorder, George Parsells, of Ravenswood; Treasurer, John Hpran, of Hunter's Point; Collector, James Bradley, of Blissville; Justice of the Peace, W. Paul Brown, of Hunter's Point; Constables, James Brennen, of Ravenswood, and Anthony Meagher, of Hunter's Point. Aldermen, First Ward, Henry Rudolph, Patrick Lonergan; Second Ward, Francis McNena, W. E. Bragaw; Third Ward, George H. Hunter, George H. Williams; Fourth Ward, James R. Bennet, John Weigand; Fifth Ward, Edward ^l. Hartshorne, William Carlin. Inspectors of Election, First Ward, John O'Neill, Patrick Dunn; Second Ward, James Ryan, James Locke: Third Ward, George P. Hyer, Edward Heatherton ; Fourth Ward, John Ouinn. Fred. H. H. Nottbohm ; Fifth Ward, Chris. Lawless, Thomas Crowley. The following were the majorities balloted for the officials elected : Ditmars 407, Parsells 297, Horan 475, Bradley 895, Brown 343. The first charter election, though conducted under strict party discipline, was characterized with fairness and order, and inspired a popular hope for emancipation from the rings and cliques who long had dominated public affairs and fattened upon the sub- stance of the people under the old township government of Newtown. Mayor-elect Ditmars took the constitutional oath of office, July 15, 1870, and on the eighteenth, proceeded to organize the new city government. By reason of urgent financial needs to carry forward public improvements, Mayor Ditmars generously presented to the city his full salary for his term of 11:1 kk <.:. \an .mst. office. The first apijointments made by the Mayor and Common Council in executive session were for Superintendent of streets, Robert T. Wild, of Astoria ; Deputy Superintendent of streets, James Dennen, of Hunter's Point ; City Clerk, Egbei-t Corwith, of Hunter's Point ; Sealer of Weights and Measures, J. L. Francen, of Dutch Kills ; City Marshal, A. S. Woods, of Ravenswood ; Police Constables, James Fantry and Thomas Darcey. It is to be observed that this first charter was a very simple instrument such as might be framed for the government of a village. While it accomplished a valuable economic end in constituting an organic bond between the several villages embraced within its provisions, yet its inadequacy in some particulars was apparent when applied to the exigencies of a rising city. The subject of revision was, therefore, early developed and eagerly seized u]X)n J/ISrORY or LONG ISLAND CI LY 6^ FREUEKICK \V. IlLECKWENN. by politicians wlio advocated enlarged municipal powers for their own purposes. The idea was prevalent that the new city was to open a bonanza. Conservative men, who acknowledged the propriety of charter rcvisiiin within certain limitations, were overborne, and on April 7, 1871, a cumbersome instrument, suited to a city of two hundred thousand population, was presented to the Le-^'islature by Assemblyman James M. Oakley, and was carried throujjh by designing advocates to a final jjassage. The other extreme liad now been reached. As an illustration of the extravagance of the new charter, a city court was created with all the paraphernalia of a metropolitan court of justice. It proved to be cumber- some, expensive and useless. The Count)' and Justices' Courts were ample in jurisdiction to secure the ends of law. The people recognized the folly of such a court, and it was ])romptly abolished by the Legislature. Nevertheless, the revised charter was not without several advantageous provisions, which met with popular approbation. The municipal territory was severed from the town of Newtown; three commissioners to be appointed by the Mayor were to govern the police force and act also as a Board of Assessors, consisting of three members to be appointed by the Mayor; the appointment of a Commission for the immediate survey of the city with a view to mapping, establi.shing grades and laying out streets ; the City Treasurer was also to be the Receiver of Taxes; measures were to be taken looking to an adequate water supply, and the organization of a Board of Education for the government and direction of the city schools. The election for Mavor, under the revised charter, occurred in April, 1872, and resulted in the choice of Henry S. Debevoise, who had been City Clerk under his predecessor. Perhaps the most important provision of the new charter related to the introduction of water into the city. A Water Department was created, which went at once into active operation. Lands, pipes and machinery were purchased, but the enterprise ended disastrously, and in 1875 Mr. Ditmars was re-elected to the Mayoralty, under whom the water system was successfully completed. Mayor Ditmars having resigned from office, John Ouinn, President of the Common Council, became Acting Mayor and was succeeded m 1876 by Mr. Debevoise, who was reelected over John Bodine, his opponent, a nominee of the Ditmars Democracy In 1878 the contest for Mayor was between John Uuinn and Henry S. Debevoi.se, the latter being again elected. In 1879 no city election was held, a law having pas.sed the Legislature carrying the election over to the fall. The ilayor's tenure of office was also changed at this time from two to three }'ears. In 1880, George Petry having been nominated against Mr. Debevoise, the latter was returned to office by a majority of 295. Mr. Petry contested the result of the election, and having instituted quo luarranto proceedings, was successful and assumed the reins of government. In 1883 Petry was renominated and re-elected, Patrick J. | Gleason having been the opposing candidate. • 1 1 CT HtNJA.MI.N \k IN In 1886 there were four candidates. Mayor Petry, Patrick J. Gleason, Richard Armstrong and Dr. \V. R. Taylor. Gleason was elected through Petry's ticket. At the ensuing municipal election of 1S89 Gleason was re-L-lcctcd over F. \V division of Bleckwcnn. 66 HISTORY OF LONG ISLAND CITY. In 1S92 Horatio S. Sanford, the Jeffersonian candidate, defeated G'.eason, who again had secured a renomination. The mayoralty contest of 1895 was triangular. The three standard bearers in the field were Dr. B. G. Strong, John P. Madden and P. J. Gleason. The total vote cast was 7428. Strong received 2146, Madden 2520, and Gleason 2550, the latter carrying the day by a plurality of 30, notwithstand- ing that he had polled only 34 per cent, of the popular vote. MUNICIPAL DEPARTMENTS. THE FIRE DEP.\RT.MF.NT. Until Januar)', 1893, the force and apparatus of the Fire Department were inadequate to the service required. At that time the work of thorough reorganization was instituted and continued imtil the department reached its present status of equipment. The Legislature appropriated $35,000 for this purpose, and $40,000 annually for its maintenance. The proceeds of the bonds thus author- ized were devoted to the purchase of four new engines, two of the La France pattern and two made by the American Fire Engine Company, two Hay's trucks with extension ladders, two Gleason & Bailey hose wagons, five thousand feet of new rubber hose, and the outfitting of two trucks with six Hallow-ay chemical fire extinguishers. Two former fire-houses have been repaired, five others erected and leased to the city on five year terms, while tw-enty-four horses and thirty-eight well- drilled firemen, under a competent chief, complete the preparations for efficient service. Throughout the city there are distributed 350 fire hydrants of the Wood & Galvin pattern. In some localities the water pressure is sufficient to dispense with the aid of a fire engine. In rapidly growing sections, where other facilitieis are inadequate, running streams have beem dammed and temporary cisterns constructed for emergencies. The fire alarm system embraces twenty non-interfering alarm boxes, one bell striker, eleven indicators and gongs, two chemical tappers, thirty-three telegraph keys, one galvanometer and all other auxiliaries necessary to a first-class system. The total valuation of the Department is placed at $70,000. In addition to this equipment, there are five fire boats, all owned by the Newtown Creek Towing Co., in constant readiness for service. Of these, the "Protector," is under special contract with the city to render assistance at any needed point along the water front. She is equipped with pumps, hose and an eighty horse-power engine. The effective work done by these boats at various times is well known to the public. As a result of the efforts thus expended toward a higher efficiency in this department of the municipal service, it may be confidently claimed that few cities of like population in the State possess superior facilities for the control of that costly devastating element, to tlie outbreak of which there is constant liability. FINANCES. The present financial status of the city may be summarized as follows: TAX LEVY BV C(JMMON COUNCIL, DECE.MBER 30, 1 895. Assessors' Valuations. 1 Ward 2 Ward 3 Ward 4 Ward 5 Ward $5. 3 '4, 160 2,083,680 2,622,772 3,945.310 2,933-710 $16,899,632 HfSTOKY OF LONG ISLAND CITY. 67 State and County Taxes. State and County purposes Interest Surplus Support of County Poor Expenses, Blissville Bridge City Taxes. Public Debt and Interest Interest on General Improvement Bonds Support of Schools . Salaries Police Department . Fire Department Health Department . Contingent Fund Poor Fund . Judgment Fund Board of Examiners of Plumbers, etc. Public Library Total of Taxes. State and County City . Ward . §85,224.91 3.956-20 1.237-56 2,709.07 1,510.20 $94,637-94 $104,658.42 43,o'5-63 1 12,000.00 36, 120.00 58,650.00 40,000.00 9,000.00 37,500.00 8,000.00 69.937-5° 2, 100.00 3,000.00 $523,981-55 $94,637.94 523,981.55 76, 112.00 Suiinnary of Rates on $100. City. 1 Ward 3. to .28 .56 3.94 2 Ward 3- 10 3 Ward 3. 10 4 Ward 3. 10 5 Ward 3.10 Selieifiile of Revenue Bonds of Long Island City Outstanding June /, iSgd. Ward. State & Co. A .28 •S6 Z- •55 .56 4- •54 •56 4- •55 •56 4- •50 •56 4- Date. Rate. Amount. Due. October i. 1 888 4 per cent. §106,000 October i. '903 December 2, 18S9 4 1-2 ' ' 1 8, 000 December i, 1899 Mav I, 1890 4 per ' ' 77,000 May I, 1910 July I, 1886 6 " 44.500 July I, 1896 May I, 1887 5 ' 6,500 May I, 1897 May I, 1888 5 " 39.000 May I, 1898 November i. 1889 41-2 ' 9,500 November i, 1899 June I, 1890 4 per ' ' 28,500 June I, 1900 September i, 1891 5 " ' ' 50,000 September i, 1901 July I, 1892 4 1-2 ' 80,000 July I, 1902 April I, 1893 4 1-2 ' ' 50,000 April I, 1903 April I, 1894 4 1-2 * ' 60,000 April I, 1904 April 1, 1895 4 1-2 ' ' 50,000 April 1, '905 HISTORY OF LONG ISLAND CITY. iSg6. Stdtfiiiciit of Bonded Iiidcbtcdncsi, September /, 7 per cent. Newtown Funded Debt Bonds 7 per cent. Newtown Refunded Debt Bonds 6 per cent. Newtown Refunded Debt Bonds 4 per cent. Newtown Refunded Debt Bonds 7 per cent. Funded Water Debt Bonds 5 per cent. Refunded Water Debt Bonds . 4 per cent. Refunded Water Debt Bonds . 6 per cent. Water Debt Bonds 3 1-2 per cent. Water Debt Bonds . 7 per cent. Survey and Map Bonds 5 per cent. Refunded Survey and Map Bonds 7 per cent. Fire Department Bonds 4 1-2 per cent. Fire Department Bonds 4 1-2 per cent. Public School Bonds 412 per cent. Public School Bonds, new . 5 per cent. En<;inc House Bonds . 5 per cent. Station House Bonds . 4 1-2 per cent. Funding Debt Bonds, 1893 4 1-2 percent. Street Improvement Bonds 4 1-2 percent. General Improvement Bonds Revenue Bonds, 18S3 Revenue Bonds, 1884 Revenue Bonds, 1885 Revenue Bonds, 1886 Revenue Bonds, 1887 Revenue Bonds, 1888 Revenue Bonds, 1889 Revenue Bonds, 1890 Revenue Bonds, 1891 Revenue Bonds, 1892 Revenue Bonds, 1893 Revenue Bonds, 1894 Revenue Bonds, 1895 Revenue Bonds, 1896 Water Bonds delivered by Mayor, as per resolution of Common Council: Water Supply Bonds, 1895 ..... $8 1,500 00 64,000.00 1 12,500.00 16,000.00 150,000.00 75,000.00 45,000.00 47,000.00 40,000.00 4,000.00 66, 000. CO 20,000.00 35,000.00 220,000 00 122,000.00 16,000.00 15,000.00 1 1 2,000.00 573,5°°-°° I, 224,000.00 106,500.00 18,000.00 77,000.00 44,500.00 6,500.00 39,000.00 9,500.00 28,500.00 50,000.00 80,000.00 50.000.00 60,000.00 50,000.00 50,000.00 5I3, 708,000.00 19,000.00 Total bonded indebtedness ^53,727,000 00 LrciEN Knai'p, Citv Treasurer and Receiver. rill. I'Hl.K K Dl.l'AKTMKNT. Previous to the incorporation of the city the enforcement of the law was entrusted .solely to constables supported by Justices of the Peace. Of the number who officially represented this part of the townshi]), now lying within our municipal boundaries, were William Heaney, Thomas Darcy, Owen Slaven and Bernard Keagan. That the office of a town constable, however, was not exempt from abuses and the liability to yield to the power of perquisites appears from the conviction, then popu- larly established, that the seven constables of Newtown cost the public more than the whole police force of the city after incorporation. The annual bills of each official were exorbitantly large and were liberally increased by the costs of the Ju.stices' Courts, which audited the charges of the constables. ///SJVKV ()/• LOXC ISLAXD C/TY 69 This old system, which had degenerated from a noble ancestry, was swept away from this part of Xewtown upon the adoption of the charter of 1870. Acting under the police provision of the charter. Mayor Ditniars appninted Anthony S. Woods to the office of City Marshal, whose duties were both civil and criminal. Under the amended charter of 187 1, Marshal Woods was promoted to the captaincy of the police department, the remaining members of the force being one sergeant and ten IKitrolmen. Tliough the charter provided for thirty patrolmen, it was found impracticable to put on a larger number of men, owing to inadequate appropriation of funds. The first Board of Police Commissioners, duly qualified under municipal law, was composed of fohn Bodine, Albert Gallatin Stevens and Joseph McLaughlin. Under successive administrations the police department performed its functions uneventfully for the most part, and without noteworthy interruption. Captain Woods remained in command of the force during the entire history of the city until the accession of Mayor Gleason to power in 1896, when he was arbitrarily deposed. The present police force of the city consists of seventy-five patrolmen, one sergeant, one acting sergeant and a captain. While this branch of the munici- pal service has exhibited an efficiency proportioned to the legal limitations under which it is constituted, yet since the erection of these various villages into a city, there has never been a time when the police depart- ment has adequately responded to public need. The number of patrol- men has been insufficient to extend police protection over the various sections of the city. In each precinct one regular and one acting sergeant have necessarily failed to thoroughly equip a post where twenty-four hours' service is daily required. This has proven too narrow a margin for efficiency, and public interests have- proportionately sutfered. The most notable crime in the history of the city, was tlie " Masked Burglary" of 1874-76. A gang of dock thieves, half a dozen or more in number, led by one John James, crossed the East River from New York in a row boat late at night, and Juhn h. sutphin. as a first exploit stopped a car on \'ernon avenue, robbing the passengers of all available property. They then entered the store of Henry Green, at the corner of Broadway and Vernon avenue (now the Sunswick House), pistols in hand, threatened the lives of the inmates and secured a large amount of goods, with which they safely escaped. The same night they attacked the residence of Mr. Hiller, of Ravenswood, pillaging the premises of all valuables and attempting a personal assault upon one of the members of the family. For the latter oflfence the leader of the gang shot his companion, fracturing his arm. With their abundant spoils they then returned whence they came. The news of the raid the next morning fired the whole city. The incident is still recalled as of an extremely sensational character. 15y the prompt and persistent efforts of Captain Woods, aided by a large detective force, the culprits were finally arrested in the Fourth Ward of New York City, brought to this city, held before 70 HISTORY OF LONG ISLAND CITY the Grand Jury, indicted, tried, found guilty and sentenced, the leader, James, receiving- 35 years, the others 15 years, at Sing Sing. HISTORICAL SKETCH OF CITY SCHOOLS. In the educational development of a people lies their most important history. The early colonists of America regarded popular intelligence as fundamental to the perpetuity of free institutions. To this the early settlers of Newtown were no exception. The English brought the impress and advantages of much mental culture, and in a few instances of intellectual accomplishment. Nor were the Dutch wanting in these principles of character or mind, which underlie an enlightened commimity. Peter Berrien has left a record even of fine scholarship. He was an expert penman, good surveyor and commanded both the Dutch and English languages. Most of the deeds and public writings of his time were products of his skill. In every colonial hamlet were men of similar stamp. If not the lawyer and doctor, the preacher was surely there in whom lived also the schoolmaster. The first school was the home. The first book was the Bible, and sometimes, particularly with girls, it was the last also, saving perhaps the catechism. The three R's measured the pedagogical gamut and were an adequate qualification for a period yet lingering in the rudiments of commerce. Education, therefore, like other lines of individual development, was in its infanc3^ Yet the instincts of a people who sought these shores for civil and religious liberty recognized in intellectual and moral instruction, the strongest bulwark of a new society. In 1683, there being but yo men with families in the town of Newtown, and these widely scattered, the erection and conduct of a common school was impracticable. At a later period, in 1720, a school- house was built in Newtown, whither was sent the youth of Mespat Kills and the "Out Plantations." In the following year, 172 1, sensible of the need of improved facilities for education, Joseph Hallett, by deed dated May 20, generouslj- donated a lot thirty by twenty feet, "lying next to George Brinckerhoff's woodland, for use and benefit of a schoolhouse. " He associated with himself as joint owners Samuel Hallett, Samuel Moore, Joseph Moore, Thomas Skillman and Isaac Bragaw. This was the first school within the present precincts of this city. It was situated on the New- town road in Middletown (German settlement). The historian, Riker, records the undertaking "as hazardous, " by reason of the expense incurred. It remained for a later day to endow this primitive institution in an original manner. The incident occurred in the early part of the present century, and is thus related by Mr. Riker in his "Annals of Newtown." "This was the discovery by one of the school boys of a bag of gold to the value of $840, which had belonged to one John Kearns, who had taught school here during the Revolution. The mone}' was taken possession of by the teacher, whose name was Neal, but the neighbors, hearing of it, collected, and took him before William Leverich, Esq., by whose order the money was forced from him. Owing, however, to some irregularity in the proceeding, Neal prosecuted the several persons engaged in searching him, including the justice, and recovered damages for assault and battery, while N. Moore, as administrator for Kearns, sued and obtained the money." Rarely is capital uselessly buried when placed in an institution of learning. The old schoolhouse survived until fifty years ago, when it was sold and annexed for domestic purposes tf) an adjoining dwelling. .MAKV J. K. N. STKANU. HISTORY OF LONG ISLAND CITY. 7' The second school building was on the Shore road, upon "one square rod of land" donated by 1 to be kept for the education of their children." This spot of year to Thomas LawrcUL-e, tVirnclius i^crrian, Joseph Moore. r r ^jHHIH^^^^^^^^HIH^^^^^^^I IHE l.o.SG IsL.VNU CITV HlUll SCHOOL (lOK.MKKLV HIE OLU .MU.SbU.N .MA.NSIUKJ. John Lawrence in 1734, '" for a schoo ground he deeded in the following William Leverich and Hendrick Wiltsee, for the purposes mentioned, and there more than one generation gathered the memories of a district school, which became the romance of after years. A strongly marked educational advancement occurred some years later at Ilallett's Cove. Probably rather as an attractive agency for the development of the community than as a response to local need, the progressive residents of that locality encouraged the founding of a school for instruction in the classics and other advanced branches. They sought patronage beyond their own limits, by inserting in the New York Mercury, of April 26, 1762, the following advertisement: " To THE Public — This is togiv^ notice to all ivhoin it iiiav concern. That William Rudge, late of the city of Gloucester, in Old England, still continues his school at Hallett's Cove, where he teaches Writing in the different hands, Arithmetic in its different branches, the Italian method of Book-keeping by way of Double Entry, Latin and Greek. Those who choose to favor him may depend upon having proper care taken of their children, and he returns thanks to those who have already obliged him. The school is healthy and pleasantly situated and at a very convenient distance from New York, from where there is an opportunity of sending letters and parcels, and of having remittances almost every day by the periaugers. Letters will be duly answered, directed to the said William Rudge, at Hallett's Cove. " We, who have subscribed our names, being willing to continue the schoolmaster, as we have hitherto found him a man of close application, are ready to take in boarders at j[,i& per annum: Jacob Blackwell, Jacob Hallett, Jr., Thomas Hallett, Jacob Hallett, Jacob Rapelye, John Cireenoak, Samuel Hallett, Jr., William Hallett, Richard Hallett. Richard Herrian, Riciiard Penfold, William Hallett, John McDonough. " In 1849, Stephen A. Halsey, with several others, bought several farms, surveyed and plotted them into lots, and opened through them Broadway, The Crescent, Emerald, Academy and Grand Streets, together with First, Second and Jamaica Avenues. At that time he donated a plot of ground 100 feet by 200 feet on Academy street and was instrumental in the erection the building now used bv the Fourth Ward School. This school at the time of the incorporation of TlllKl) WARD SCHOOL. 72 HISTORY OF LONG ISLAND CI TV the city was known as No. 3 of the schools of Newtown. In 1S50 it was made a free school by the Legislature and up to the date of this writing has had an uninterrupted record as one of the most successful schools in the western section of Long Island. At the beginning of this century was built No. 4 of the schools of New- town. It stood on Skillman avenue, near School street, on the farm of Richard Bragaw. At that time the district represented by this school included Hunter's Point, Ravens- wood to Webster avenue, eastward to and including Woodside. The plain frame structure 20x60 feet, shingled on all sides, was in use till 1863, when it was destroyed by fire. This school and its primitive methods of instruction is intimateh' interwoven with the memories of many of those residents of the city who still survive in advanced years. It was never a free school but cost, ..iKMAN -11 II I MINI -'11. ml. ,^g qjtate^i \yy Gco. iMcA. Gosman, Esq., district collector at one time, $1475 P^i" annum. Two weeks in July was the longest resi)ite of the year from the exactions of the four R's (including the rod). Two years after the demolition of No. 4 the present huikling at Sunnysidc was erected, which is still in use as the Primary School of the Second Ward. In 1861 the extensive district, covered by No. 4, was divided by the setting off of the Hunter's Point District. In April of that year H. S. Anable, representing Union College, leased a brick building on Sixth street, whereupon School No. 11 was at once organized, with Freeman Hiscox as President of the Board of Trustees and Isaac Sterns as principal. This school, by its excellent reconl. justified the wisdom and generosity of those wlio were instrumental in its origin. Upon the consolidation of the several sections into the one municipality of Long Island City and. especially upon the adoption of the revised charter, all school and educational matters were relegated to the custody and direction of the Board of Education. To systematize methods and courses of study and to carry forward the several schools of the city in harmony, under a common regime, advancing the standard and providing facilities for attendance as warranted by progressive C()nditi(^ns, was the task to which the Board at once addressed its energies. In 1873 a school was organized in Ravenswood. In 1877 the needs of the Fifth Ward and Blissville were met in like manner. A superb building was erected at Steinway, mainly by the generous aid of William Steinway, Esq., as elsewhere more fully stated. I'-njm 18S7 to 18., J the present commodious structures in the I'ir^i. S.-.cnd, '\'\\\\\\ and Fiflli Wards i I i ; _a^AtJi( IMKS'l' WAKl) /f/sroRY or iA>.\(; islaxp city. 73 were erected to meet the demands of a school population, which had increased more than two hundred per cent, since the date of incorporation. The present cost of maintaininif the educational system of the city is about $150,000 per annum. A unique feature of practical methods of instruction throujjhoul the schools f>f the city is the system of school hankinjf, by which all pupils are encourajred to save their pennies for dejwsit in the Savinjjs Bank. This system was introduced by John H. Thiry, Esq., school commissioner at various times and widely known in educational circles throujjhout the nation, because of his intellijcent interest in whatever relates to the welfare of public schools. This city enjoys the distinction of beinij the first in the nation to recojjni/.e the value of school banks. rill, SUKVKV COMMISSION. In .May, 1S71, (ieor<;e B. McClellan, William B. Franklin and Stephenson Towle were constituted, by act of the Lejifislature, " Survey Commissioners" for the purpose of laying out the streets, avenues, roads and parks, and determininj^f the gradesof Long Island City. These Commissioners appeared before the Mayor at the Clerk's office. Hunter's Point, on May 4, and took the oath of office. In the prosecution of its work, the Commission confined itself chiefly to the newer sections of the city, adjusting the already mapped portions of Astoria and Himter's Point thereto without material change, plotted the city as it now stands, naming its streets and avenues and filing its completed survey with the clerks of both cit\' and county. TIIK PUUI.IC LIBRA KV. Carlyle once observed that "The true University of these days is a collection of books." Every wise voice beside liisown has also celebrated the value of books. Say what is best, something better still remains to be said in their praise. Few greater pri\'ileges, therefore, can a communitv confer upon its citizens than the use of a public librarj-. That Long Island City is able to offer the advantages of such an institution to the public, without money or price on the part of its people. is owing to the munificent gift of William Xelson, of New York City. L'pon the acceptance of the gift by the city, in pursuance of the accompanying condition that the city should maintain the library at its own expense, the following trustees were apjiointed. December 2.S, 1.S95, by Mayor Sandford and confirmed by the Common Council: Dr. W. ('.. Frcv. V. W. Blcckwenn, Rev. W. 11. Weeks. Winthrop Turney and George E. Clay. The Library was duly opened August 14, 1.S96. and its six thousand volumes were placed at the command of the public. An excellent Reading Room is also connected with the Library, which was opened to public use August 7, 1896. Twenty-seven publications, embracing leading dailies and magazines, were upon its racks, with the probability that the number will be largelv increased. The Library is accessibly located at 26 and 28 Jackson avenue, between Third and Fourth streets, and is opened daily from 8 a.m. to 8 p..m., e.xcept Sundav. rUK STREF.T RAILWAYS OF LONG ISl.ANll CIIV^ /^ The first street railway constructed in this city, was that of the jU ivalry Cemetery line, leading from Thirty-fourth street ferry. Early in the seventies, a charter was obtained from the legislature, the track laid, and the road went into operation. This was succeeded in 1876 by the Dutch Kills hne. IIITM WAKl 74 HISTORY OF I.OXG ISLAND CITY. which was organized aud carried to completion mainly by the energy of William Radde, who owned extensive interests in land in the Third Ward. The present route is as originally surveyed. This line, imder the management of the late Josiah M. Whitney, responded to a public need, and was successfully operated for a number of years as the nucleus of that larger system which it anticipated. Increased facilities of transportation and intercoiirse between the various sections of the city being required by an advancing population, the city railways soon engaged the attention of that public spirited citizen, William Steinway. Amendments to the charter having been obtained from the legislature, the Dutch Kills line having been transferred to the hands of the Steinway Company, was extended through Jackson and Steinway avenues to the village of Steinway, throiigh Vernon avenue and the Boulevard to Ninety-second street ferry, Astoria, and up Flushing avenue to Steinway. The mechanical features of the entire new system were improved, and public convenience promoted. The introduction of electric power and the accession of a new management in 1893, inaugurated a new era in the development of the system. It is now one of the great corporations of Greater New York. Two years ago it had twcnt\'-six miles of track. It now has more tlian sixtx' miles. In place of a score or two of motor cars there will be 139 summer cars this season (1896) equipped with motors, and the company will have altogether 240 motor cars. A new l^nver house is jiist being completed, and a storage house covering acres of ground is in course of construction. I^'ormerly the ]3urchase of a dozen or more cars at one time would have been considered a great addition to the equipment, 'i'his year they have just bought 100, which are being delivered as rapidly as they can be transported from .St. Louis. They have ten .seats and a seating capacity of fifty persons. Finished in oak and ash, with brass trimmings, they are as comfortable and ornamental as any ears running in the (ireater New York district. Each is lighted by eleven incandescent electric lights and equipped with the latest style of weather curtains, which afford the best protection against a storm. The ornamented glass in the front of the roof is vari-colored, so that the line on which the car runs can be readily seen in the night time. The glass in the Jackson avenue cars is red, in the Flushing cars, white; in the Dutch Kills cars, blue; in the Ravenswood cars, yellow, and in the Calvary and Lutheran cemetery lines, green. This will enable a person to know the destination of a car at night when it is difficult to distinguish the painted dashboard signs. Besides the new cars several of the old summer ones are being equipped with motors. They were used for trailers and were formerly horse cars. They have been strengthened so that they are now as .serviceable as the other cars used. The intention of the company is to have a sufficient number of trolley cars so that it will not be necessary to use trailers. Besides the 1 00 new cars, they have thirty- nine old summer ears. These 139, they believe, will be sufficient to meet the demands of the public on all the lines, unless the increase of traffic is far beyond the anticipation of the company. LONG ISLAND KAIl KOAIJ STATION. MII.KS OF I.MPKO\l;l) IkACK. In the laying of the new tracks, and in extensions, the improvements have been on the same scale as in the addition of new cars. Thirteen miles of new track have been laid with the ninety-pound rail manufactured by the Cambria Iron Works, of Cambria, Penn. These rails are the best that are made, and are forty or fifty pounds hea\'icr than the rails used on steam railroads. The special rails used on curves and crossings were manufactured by the Pennsylvania Steel Works. n/sri-iRV OF LON(; island city 75 In 1895 the new rails were laid on Borden avenue up as far as Jackson and Vernon avenues, to replace the duplex rails, which, although laid only two years apo, had proven to be unsatisfactory and inadequate for the heavy travel. The new rails are laid on ties and the bed is as solid as a steam rail- road line. The replacinjj of the duplex rails on Jackson avenue, with the new rails, was commenced about a month ajjo and the work was coini)Iclcd inside nf a moiuh by cni]jloyin>if a larjce force of men and tearing up long distances of street. New rails had been previously laid from Jackson avenue to Steinway avenue, and from Steinway avenue to Flushing avenue. The laying of this connection made two of the lines complete to North Beach. The facilities for reaching that popular resort have been completed. A line i' RAU.ROAU FERRIES ANli railroad storage houses in the country, and there are few larger. It has a frontage on Jackson avenue of 221 feet and extends back to Anderson avenue, a distance of 350 feet. The building is erected in three sections, making practically three separate structures. Two thick partition walls of brick will run the whole length of the building and rise three feet above the roof. These walls are built for protection against fire by direction of the insurance companies. The first section of the building — the section nearest Woodside avenue — is used for the repair shop; next to this the second section, about fifty feet, is used for storage purposes with a place on the Jackson avenue end for washing cars. The other section, 103 feet in width, is used exclusively for storage purposes. The repair shop is divided transversely into three parts. The end next to Jackson avenue is the machine shop. In the rear of this is the carpenter shop, and in the rear of that the paint shop. Tracks run through the repair shop from Jackson avenue to Anderson avenue so that cars are run from one to the other with the greatest facility. Traveling cranes are so arranged that a car on entering the machine shop can be picked up from the track and transferred to any other track or any other part of the machine or carpenter shop with perfect ease. It is not necessary that it should extend back to the paint shop. Both carpenter and paint shops are fitted up with the latest machinery, and the equipment is so complete that new cars can be constructed at the shops if desired. One corner of the repair shop, next to Jackson avenue, is partitioned off for a winding room; that is for the winding of armatures which often have to be done on account of the burning out of the wires. In addition to these three main sections of the building there is a small annex built on the sUghtly irregular piece of ground on the Woodside side of the building which could not have been covered had 76 HISrORY OF LONG ISLAND CITY. the buildinuf been constructed on strictly straight Hnes. In the annex, which is as much a part of the building as any one of the three sections named, there are the offices, a waiting room, store rooms for materials for the carpenter, paint and machine shops, all separate, and a blacksmith shop which opens into both the carpenter and machine shop. Till'. I'OWKR HOfSKS. Down on the East river another immense electric plant is nearing completion with a capacity of 2 200 horse-power for immediate use, which can be ultimately increased to 5000 horse-power. This plant is located close up to the old one. The boilers of the two houses have a capacity of 6000 horse- power, which is sufficient to give an engine capacity of 10,000 horse-power. Four engines are placed in the engine room, which is 80x92 feet. On a raised platform, extending along the entire front of the building, are placed fourteen dynamos. Two of the engines are Corliss make and two are vertical. One of the Corliss engines has already been hoisted on to its bed, and its parts adjusted. Another bed, for a second Corliss engine has been completed, and the engine is used for furnishing electrical power for mechanical purposes and for incandescent lights. The plant has a capacity for furnishing power for 800 arc lights and 1500 incandescent lights. The two additional engines, which will be put in later, will increase the capacity of the plant seventy-five per cent. These are the great enterprises undertaken by the Steinway Railroad Company, largely contrib- uting to the material prosperity and advancement of Long Island City and the adjacent territory. A more perfect idea of the magnitude of the undertaking can be obtained by mentioning their approx- imate cost. That of the new power house on Mills street was $175,000. The storage house at Wood- side cost upwards of $150,000. The new track cost about $12,000 per mile, or for the thirteen miles, $156,000. The value of the new simimer cars was $1800 eacli, enough to erect a small cottage. The cost of the 100 cars aggregated $180,000; a total of $661,000. THK LONC, ISLAND RAILROAD. The Long Island Railroad, which, with the many branches embraced in its system, covers Long Island as with a web, has its principal terminal in this city. It is a vast corporation, which, from a humble beginning, has grown with the population and wealth of the territory it covers. It was chartered in 1832, which was a famous year in the history of railroads. Already had Gridley Bryant constructed the " (Juincy Railroad" (1825) in Massachusetts, for the carrying of granite from the quarries to the sea. The Lehigh River in Pennsylvania for five years had received from Mauch Chunk, thirteen miles awaj', its hea\y freightage of coal over the second railroad built on this continent. Both of these were oper- ated, however, by horse-power or gravity. But in 1829 Horatio Allen had returned from Europe, whither he had been sent two years before by the Delaware and Hudson Canal Company, and landed upon the wharf in New York, two locomo- tives which were put into actual use. The State of Maryland had also wakened up several years before, and chartered the first railroad stock company on this continent for purposes of general traffic and transportation. A highway was opened (now known as the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad), over which horses and mules tugged the cars for weary miles. Steam power was not much thought of. But a certain Baltimorean had new visions of the utility of the new motive power. The engine upon which he had expended some original ideas had been in operation for two years. It weighed scarcely more than a ton, but Peter Cooper made it pull the railroad directors from Baltimore to Ellicott's Mills, at the rate of eighteen miles an hour. This odd little engine was the first ever built in America for railroad purposes, and the first specially used in transportation of passengers. Well nigh the whole Atlantic Coast had been swept with the wave of Railroad ciilhusiasin. l"n)m Massachusetts to South Carolina the preparation or granting of railroad charters had been the demand of commerce and the business of legislatures. The year 1832 found sixty-seven railroads in operation in Pennsylvania alone. The great systems of Massachusetts and New Jersey had been begun. In New York .State, the Mohawk and Hudson Railroad had carried hundreds of passengers daily from Albany to Schenectady at a rate of speed, which in 1832 was thirty miles an hour. Though George Stephenson had built his first engine in 181 4, with a capacity of six miles an hour, the genius of inven- tors had so rapidly adapted mechanical means to recpiired conditions, that the rate of speed in England had been increased, in 1829, to thirty-five miles an hour by Stephenson himself. This exhibition of progress gave glimpses to intelligent men of the possibilities characterizing the question of railroading, HfS TOR 1 ■ OF L ONG ISf. A ND CITY. 77 and fast was carrying the whole movement beyond the stajje of experiment. For this reason the year 1832, which marked the birth of the Lonjj Island Railroad, was unusually eventful. The great advance was then begun which has marked every subsequent year with an increase of railroad mileage. In five years afterward, that is, from 1832 to 1837, the mileage of the United States exceeded that of any other country in the world. This prestige has never been sacrificed, nor has railroad development in this country ceased asserting its commanding importance in the fields of wealth, commerce, and the thousand other economic conditions of society, save when war and financial panics have occasioned temporary interruptions. The Long Island Railroad, like other American roads, grew up, was planned, built and maintained bv the region which it sought to cover. The east and west extremities of Long Island were settled nearly at the same time, the difference being in favor of the eastern extremity. Within a hundred years Suffolk County to its western limits had passed into the possession of the English, who had settled at Southhokl and the Hamptons in the thirties of the seventeenth century. From the west, populatitm went eastward to meet the Lnglish wave. Thus the entire island rapidly became a scene of homes and farms, and a promising field for railroad enterprise, upon which, in the early years of which we write, capital and pluck were stnmgly bent. While the Long Island Railroad, unlike many other systems, operates within a territory, wherein competition is geographically forbidden, and one wholly within the limits of one state, yet it also resembles other railroad systems in that it is a corporation of consolidated interests. Originally states granted charters to railroads to operate only in certain proposed regions. As increased facilities brought separated towns and regions nearer to each other, and the growth of great cities made connec- tion therewith increasingly necessary, the longer roads leased the shorter, or the more prosperous leased the less fortunate, or connecting roads for mutual benefit corporated for the extension of their respective advantages, and began systems which cover states, and even the whole national territory itself. Likewise various railroads have been chartered on Long Island, as will be presently mentioned. These now consolidated represent the Long Island Railroad system. In 1833 the charter of the Long Island Railroad was extended for fifty years. Heginning active operations at once, the year 1834 saw a completed line of rails laid to Jamaica. Thence on to and through the grassy plains of Hempstead to Hicksville, to which place trains began to run August, 1837, thence on through pines and scrub oaks to Suffolk Station, 1S41, till finally the last spike was driven at (ireenport. and that sleepy old town, on July 25, 1844, amid much jubilation, hailed the coming of the first train which ran the length of Long Island. The terminals of the railroad were now established at ( ireenport on the east, and South Ferry, at the foot of Atlantic avenue, Brooklyn, on the west. In 1854 the Flushing Railroad went into operation between Hunter's Point and Flushing. At first it ran down Flushing avenue to West avenue, thence on to a long pier built out into the East River where the steamers, Island City and Enoch Dean, were accustomed to stop and receive passengers for I'ultun Market. There were at that time no ferries at Hunter's. Point, nor was there any other part of Manhattan Island to which the public demanded transportation facilities save to what is now called the lower part of the city. In 1868 a new station was built several blocks to the north, which was reached b\- the road which is now used exclusively for freight traffic by the Long Island Railroad. Owing to the negative conditions which had been developed by the rapid growth of Brooklyn in business and population, the Long Island Railroad, in 1861, removed its western terminal from South Ferry to Hunter's Point. Shortly after its machine and repair shops were removed also from Jamaica to the same place. In 1867 the South Side Railroad was opened for business between South Eighth street, BrookhTi, E. I)., and Babylon. Soon after it was extended to Patchogue, thence to Eastjwrt, and in 1882 to Sag Harbor. Thus two lines of railways were in active operation over the whole length of Long Island in fifty years from the time of the laying of the first rail. In 1874 the Stewart extension to Garden City ran its trains from the station of the F"lushing Rail- road at Hunter's Point. Finally, in i88i, the Long Island Railroad with all its leased lines was purchased by the interests represented by the late Austin Corbin, under whom the road, as a system, reached its present stage of development. Previous to this purchase, Mr. Corbin had built a railroad from Oreenpoint to Manhattan Beach, connection being made with New York by steamboats. This nn.vc displavid bi>; wonderful 78 HISTORY OF LONG ISLAND CITY, sagacity and foresight, for the whole of the Atlantic coast has not a more delightful spot for summer recreation than this famous resort. Mr. Corbin's own explanation of the transaction whereby the Long Island Railroad passed under his control, exhibited his breadth of view, comprehensive grasp of the varied bearings of his action and confidence in the future as he saw it. " Representing a body of cap- itaUsts, I have purchased from Drexel, Morgan & Co. an interest that gives me control of all the Long Lsland Railroads, except two or three local lines running to Coney Island. This is not a new idea, j have been negotiating for the road several months. I have always believed in Long Island — -in its advantages as a place of residence, in its agricultural productiveness, in the attractiveness of its summer resorts and its value for railroad purposes. M}^ faith in this direction has, perhaps, been stronger than that of almost any other man who pretended to have any understanding on the subject. All the Island needs is development, and now that development is going to take place. It is almost too early to go into details, but I will outHne in a general way my plans. One object that we have in xaew is to develop to the fullest extent the farming sections of the Island. We shall use every effort to this end. I propose to make the south side of Long Island the greatest watering place in the world. Its natural beauties and advantages are so great that the improvement of the whole stretch of coast is as certain to come as the world is to stand. It is a beautiful country, that Long Island shore. I have lived there eight years and I know whereof I speak, when I say that the cUmate, scenery and natural attractions are unsur- passed in any part of this country or Europe. I have not a particle of doubt that within ten years (he was speaking December, 1880 — the railroad was to change hands January i, 1881) the south side, from Coney Island to Montauk Point, will be bordered by a continuous chain of seaside summer resorts. It is not, however, entirely because of my faith in Long Island as a place of summer residence that I lake the interest in it which I do. With proper accommodations for travel it will be an advantageous ]jlace of abode, both in summer and in winter." By the successive movements given in our narrative. Long Island City became the capital city of the Long Island Railroad. Its offices are here. From this point its traffic and travel are distributed throughout the Island. To this point it conveys inhabitants from every part of the Island and trans- ports them to New York over its abundantly equipped ferries. Hundred of trains go and come daily, for the accommodation of which its extensive yards, reaching from the river to and beyond Vernon avenue, afford none too large a space. Should the great project of Mr. Corbin, with respect to the estab- lishment of an international line of steamers between Fort Pond Bay and Milford Haven, Wales, receive Congressional sanction under future agitation, the advantages accruing to this city and Long Island in general would be incalcuable. RAVENSWOOD BRIDGE. THE NKW VOKK AND EAST RIVKR I ERKV COMPANV. This well-known ferry provides transportation between Astoria and Xinety-second street, New York. Like other organizations identified with the city, and like the city itself, it is a development from a humbler original. Not again to recur to the period when a solitary oarsman piloted an occasional passenger against the river, made ever perilous by turbulent tides, the early sixties will provide a starting point adapted to our purpose. Astoria was then a prosperous village. On the opposite shore stood the Astor Mansion, which now is used as a pavilion for the Park at Horn's Hook. Population was then beginning to drift along the avenues of uptown New York sufficiently to justify the provision of facilities for ferriage to and from Long Island. Accordingly, in 1864, the Queens County Ferry was organized by charter with A. W. Winans, as President, and Cornelius Rapelyc and Samuel Willets (of Flushing), as Directors. Two boats, the Sunswick and Astoria, were placed in service and daily plied the waters of the river. Though they had but one gangway, yet their accommodations were ample for the limited demands of the traffic. The fare was four cents to Eighty-sixth street. New York, which was then the ferry terminal, but the tr.ivel was so restricted, that the receipt of §50 a day was an unusual circumstance. In 186S the HISTORY OF LOXa /S/..L\/> L ITV. 79 terminus was chanjifed to Ninety-second street. New York, where the company was able to procure a landinjr more eHj^ible in every respect for the purpf throwing a suspension bridge across the East River with abutting piers on Blackwell's Island, dates back as far as 1838. In the Family Magazine, Vol. V., of that year, the " Grave's plan for an iron hanging-bridge over the east and west channels of the East River, from between Sixty-fifth and Seventy-fifth streets on the City of New York side, across the northern part of Blackwell's Island to a feasible point on Long Island opposite " is circumstantially set forth. " It has been thought," said the writer, "by many, that one of the greatest obstacles to the rapid and permanent growth of the City of New York, existed in the fact that there is at present no certain and rapid mode of communication with the adjoining country. To be sure the different ferries by which the inhabitants of this splendid city are able, in the spring and summer months, to enjoy the society of their neighbors, might at first \-iew seem to render that objection futile, but when we consider the great expense of ferriage, and the imcertainty of the length of passage in the winter season, when the rivers are frequently obstructed 8o HISTORY OF LONG ISLAND CITY. with ice, it will be apparent to every one that if bridges could be thrown over the North and East Rivers, they would certainly be a public benefit, and contribute very much to the prosperity and com- fort of the people." The bridge, as planned in that early day, showed an excellent degree of intelligent engineering details. The architect reasoned thus: "The distance from point to point on a feasible line of construction may be stated as follows: From New York to Blackwell's Island, six himdred and ten feet; and from Blackwell's Island to Long Island, six hundred and eighty-three feet, making a total distance of two thousand one hundred and eight feet. The bridge to have three openings of seven hundred feet each between the points of suspension, with abutments of arched masonry on either side of the channels, and spanning Blackwell's Island with three connecting arches. Height of road bed above high water, one hundred and twenty feet; to spring of side arches, ninety feet; from road bed to sum- mit of suspending piers, fifty-eight feet; span of smaller arches, one himdred and fifty feet; center arch, two hundred and fift\' feet, with corresponding spring; each of main piers to be sixty feet wide at high-water level, sloping upward in proportion. The breath of the bridge, forty-five feet, with (at each opening) ten ribs of twenty pieces each, connected by a cross-grated plate, and cross braces, the whole further secured by two horizontal diagonal cables, connected at the center point of crossing and at the piers. The roadway passes through arched openings in the suspension piers, to have two carriage tracks with a foot-path intervening; suspended from four catenarian lines of maleable iron chains and cables (of four cables each), by perpendicular lines of iron rods alternating from the four suspension cables spreading five feet apart horizontally with each side of the roadway, framed of iron lattice, left deep and similarly latticed below the road-bed. The suspension cables of each opening are firmly secured in masses of masonry resting near the ])<)ints of construction." This "hanging-bridge" as determined CITY OF N'EW YORK. liAVEXSU'OOIi. L I. TUNNCL " THC CAST RIVCR TAo Co from experiments, " would have a sur])lus of U]:)ward of twelve hundred tons remaining, denoiing the strength of the bridge, a weight that beyond i)nihal)ility would nc\cr be U])on the bridge at one jjoint of time." The expense of constructing this bridge would vary, it was thought, " t'rom live hundred to eight hundred thousand dollars." The " few years " in which the writer hojied " to have the pleasure of walking over this bridge" have multi]>lied into nearly two generations. Though its construction was never attempted, yet the idea was an expression f)f a commercial want then beginning to be felt, and the plans contained germinal suggestions from which those of a later day have not been widely different. The next historical development of the proposition to span the East River, at or near the point mentioned twenty-nine years before, was on the i6th of April, 1867, when the Legislature of New York granted a charter to the "New York and Long Island Bridge Company." Thirty members constituted the eor]3()ration, chief among whom were Isaac D. Coleman, the engineer, and Archibald M. Bliss, the first Secretary. This company was the direct (jroduct of the disa])]3roval on the ])arl of many engineers and business men of the location of the Brooklyn Bridge. The construction of that bridge had just been authorized. It was then argued and foreseen (and subsequent years have verified the views then expressed) that the Brooklyn Bridge, while serving perhaps as a means of local rapid transit, could never, by reason of its location, be made a part of any system of through transportation between Long Island and other parts of the nation. To connect Long Island with the mainland, the western center of HISTOKY OF LONG fSf.AXD CITY 8i the Island should be broujjht into immediate eommunication with the eentcr of New York City. To thinking; men all the eonditi(jns seemed favorable to this idea. The lands of Lonjj Island leading to such a location were advantajfeously open, piers could be built upon rock at or near the surface of the river. The river itself was here at its narrowest point. The thoroujjhfares of uptown Xew York near Seventieth street offered less traffic obstruction. The chief railroad connections were jcravitatinj^ toward the upper districts of the city. Furthermore, the question of cost was reduced to a minimum at the contemplated locality. Moved by such considerations, the location of Seventy-seventh street, Xew York, was selected after the most skillful survey as the most stratejjfie point at which a payinj^ bridj^e could be constructed. The enerjjies of the Company were exerted for the realizatiim of the enterprise. The route was selected, lands surveyed and necessary lejjal steps taken to secure possession of the desired property. But for reasons relatin4 Franklin Street. Astoria. J//STOKY O/' LOX(/ ISLAXn CITY. «7 TIIK CHURCHES OF LONG ISLANO CITV. The early settlers of Newtown were relijijious people. In coninmn with other American colonists, they laid reli<;ioii at the foundation of society and the state. From them all the conviction is deeply rooted in the national mind, which Burke expressed while reflectinjf upon the Revolution in France. "We know, and what is better, we feci inwardly, that relijjion is the basis of civil society, and the source of all good, and of all comfort." True, that the Christian (iospel has had a rebirth amid the periilexitics of every aj>e, yet always the age-spirit has been increasingly tempered by the christian feeling of the brotherhood of man. Herein is a great mission of the church. By it the church appeals to what is best and noblest in man, thereby becoming the strongest force that makes for industrial and social progress. For this reason, in every community the church has superior claims to honor. Am])le space is accordingly given to the mention of all organizations ol this character. ST. George's episcopal chlkcii. St. (leorgc's Episcopal Church of Astoria is the oldest of all the churches established within the territory now included in Long Island City. In the early part of the century, services had been held from time to time at Ilallctt's Cove under the auspices of St. James' Church, Newtown, of which parish it formed a part. In the year 1S25 a lot of land was donated by Mr. Samuel lilackwell, for a church, on the Newtown road, now Main street. The subscription paper for raising money to build a church edifice bears date of March 9, 1827, and contains the names of most of the prominent residents of that time — such as the Black wells, Suydams, Whittemores, Fields, Ostranders, Rapelyes, Stevenses, L awre nces, Per rots, Leveriches, Polhemuses, Rhinelanders, and Gibbses, many of whose descendants are still worshippers here. The church was finished in 1828, and the first rector was the Rev. Dr. Seabury, son of the first Bishop of the American Church. After his rectorsliip of several years, the parish was served by the Rev. George Shelton, Rector of St. James', Newtown, who main- tained services at St. George's until about 1840, when the Rev. John Walker Brown was called to the rectorship. In 1849 ^''■ Brown's health failed, and having gone abroad to seek its restoration, he died at the Island of Malta. He was succeeded in 1850 by the Rev. Thumnv R. Chipman, who remained imtil 1856. During his office the parish accjuired more land, extend- ing to what is now Franklin street, and the church was enlarged to meet the requirements of the increasing congregation. In 1856 the Rev. Robert W. Harris, D. D. was called to the rectorship, in which he remained for thirty years. He retired in 1886, at the age of eighty, and within a few months after died at White Plains, N. V. In January, 1S87, he was suc- ceeded by the present Rector, Rev. Charles M. Belden. In January, 1894, the church, which was a frame structure, was totally destroyed by fire. Prepara- tions were at once made to convert the large rectory, which had been first built for an institute, into a parish house, since which time services have been regularly maintained in it, and participated in by a faithful and growing congregation. It is purposed, at no distant time, to erect a new and substantial church edifice on the property of the parish, near the site of the former church. ASTORIA REKORMKI) CHIRCU. THE REFORMED CHURCH OK ASTORIA. This church was organized on July nth, 1839. The charter members were Mr. and Mrs. John S. Bussing; Mrs. Sylvanus Morris, Mr. and Mrs. Abraham Polhemus, William Shaw, and Mr. and Mrs. Grant Thorburn, the celebrated seedsman and historical writer. Abraham Polhemus and John S. Bussing were the first elders. HIS TORY or LONG ISLAND CITY. This organization, under the auspices of the Dutch Reformed denomination, was the outcome of an enterprise engaged in for some years jointly by several people of various denominations, mainly, however, of the Dutch Reformed and Presbyterian Churches. The old church edifice, which did service until 1888, was originally built by the Reformed and Presbyterian people together. Bj' an equitable arrangement the claims of the Presbyterians were satisfied when the building was devoted to the uses of the other denomination only. In 1888 it was resolved to build a new edifice, of more modern style and larger capacity and the new church was dedicated, with impressive services, on June 25, 1889. It was during the pastorate of the Rev. Wm. S. Cranmer, now of Somerville, X. J.. that this important work was carried on from inception to finish. The pastors of the church have been the following: The Rev. A. Bishop, from 1839 to 1S53; the Rev. Wm. II. Ten Eyck, D.D., from 1853 to 1874; the Rev. M. L. Haines, D.D., from 1874 to 18S5; the Rev. "Wm. S. Cranmer, from 1885 to 1893. The present pastor is the Rev. Daniel Van Pelt. D.I)., who began liis labors in 1 S94. C.KR.M.VN SECOND REIORMKU I'KOI KS- TANT CHURCH OV ASTORI.A, L. 1. At the stated session of the North Classis of Long Island. Sep- tember 20, 1854, an application was received from twenty-four German residents at Astoria, L. I., praying for the organization of a church. The Rev. ilessrs. W. II. Ten Eyck, John W. Ward and Giles H. Mandeville, were appointed a com- mittee to examine the applicants. At the stated session of Classis, April •8, 1855, the committee appointed reported tliat on the eighth day of October, 1854, a church had been organized by their authority under the title of the German Second Reformed Protestant Church of Astoria, L. I. Mr. John Boehrer was engaged as missionary until April 16, 1856. During his time services were held in the village court-house, on Broadway. From 1856 to the fall of 1861, the pulpit was occasionally supplied by diiTerent ministers. The Rev. John Wenisch, June 21, 1863, was installed pastor of this church and of the German Church at Newtown, and resigned December, 1866. During his pa.storate Sabbath afternoon services were held in the lecture-room of the Reformed Dutch Church, on Remsen street. Finally steps were taken to secure funds for the purchase of lots and the erection of a church building. With the kind a.ssistance of the Rev. Dr. W. H. Ten Eyck, pastor of the Remsen Street Reformed Church, lots were secured on Second avenue, between Grand and Jamaica avenues, and a church edifice erected. The same was dedicated June 23, 1867. The following Sunday, June 30, 1867, the licentiate, C. D. F. Steinfuhrer, who had just fini.shedhis theological course at New Brunswick, N. J., was ordained to the ministry and installed as pastor of the church. A Sabbath school and a parochial school were established, a bell and an organ secured, a beautiful parsonage built next to the church, and in 1889 aboui $8000 were spent in beautifying and enlarging the church. The present REV. DR. C. D. F. STEINKUnRER. HISTORY OF LONG ISLAND CITY. 89 membership numbers two hundred and seventy-five, the Sabbath School two hundred and fifty. The present pastor is the Rev. Dr. C. D. F. Steinfuhrer, who has been servinjj; the conjjre'ht Pastors, each of whom left tlie gratifying fruits of li'H.N MCi;llKE. 96 HISTORY OF LONG ISLAND CITY. a faithful ministration. The Rev. W. F. Benedict, called June, 1S72; Rev. W. A. liransjcr, September, 1874; Rev. E. H. Lovette, April, 1885; Rev. X. B. Randall, November, 1887; Rev. J. C. Breaker. December, 1890, Rev. T. L. Giffin, December, 1891, and the Rev. Geo. M. Evans, the present incumbent. On July 30, 1893, this church set a notable example of Christian charity and generosity, which attracted widespread comment, in opening its doors for worship to the congregation of St. i\Iarv's Roman Catholic Church, whose edifice had been destroyed b}' fire. The Sunday School, from the first Superintendency of Horace "Waters, in 1869, to that of A. L. New, the present incumbent, and the various benevolent societies belonging to the church, have been helpful instrumentalities in promoting its work and establishing it as one of the prominent religious organizations of the citv. small assembly room on Jackson avenue. rHIRD METHODIST Kl'lSCOP.A I, CHlRCll, lUlCH KILLS. This church is a development of a Sabbath School which was organized November, 1871, in a After continued preaching services, a church organization was shortly after duly effected with the Rev. R. H. Lomas as the first pastor. His successors have been the Rev. Benjamin Simon, who served for six years previous to 1878; Rev. A. Nixon, whose pastorate covered one year; the Rev. R. H. Lomas, who, upon his return, remained two years ; Rev. Alex. (Graham; Rev. J. H. Kirk; Rev. Francis H. Smith, and the Rev. E. Curtis, the present incumbent. A small frame edifice was begun June 26, 1875, and upon completion was dedicated by Bishop E. S. Janes, March 19th of the succeeding year. A costlier structure has since been erected at the junction of Hunter avenue and Radde street, having a basement well equipped for purposes of general church work, a Sabbath School and prayer meeting annex and a seating capacity of 350 in its main auditorium. To various societies, among which may be mentioned the Epworth League, organized under the auspices of the church, have been committed the different methods of Christian activity, all contributing to the prosperity which has marked the career of the church. The Sabbath School is in a flourishing condition, has a library of 400 volumes and is under the superintendency of Harry Hazlctt. ST. RAI'HAEL's ROMAN t:ATHOLIC CHl^RCH, BLISSVILLF.. TirK KA.>i AVKNUK IIAI'TISI CHLKtMI. This church was built in 1867. The first pastor was the Rev. Theodore Goetz, who organized the parish. The present pastor is the Rev. Peter Carney. ST. Patrick's roman catholic church, dutch kills. The original site of this church was at the corner of William and Henry streets, where a small edifice was erected in 1870. The present building stands on the Crescent, between Wilbur and Payntar avenues. The first pastor was the Rev. M. M. Marco, whose successors have carried forward the parish work with much efficiency. The present incumbent is the Rev. Mr. McGronan. FIRST REFORMED CHURCH, LONG ISLAND CITV. Tills church was the outgrowth of several causes. With the advance of population throughout the district of Dutch Kills, the need of a local organization was felt by those whose membership was with the Reformed Church of Newtown. Already a Sabbath School had been organized in the old Larremore schoolhouse, to which reference is elsewhere made under the head of " Historical .Sketch ///STOKV OF LONG IS LAN I) CITY. 97 of City Schools." Upon the revocation of the privilesje of holding religious services in school- houses, by the newly incorporated city, however, the barn of John W. Payntar was used for the pur- pose of Sabbath assembly. The attention of the North Chassis of Long Island and of the Board of Domestic Missions of the Reformed Church having been called to the needs of this field and its promises of tisefulness, the efforts of several niissionairics were here expended, which resulted in the establishment of a permanent church societ}-. Accordingly, on the 12th day of April, 1875, the First Reformed Church of Long Island City was duly organized. The committee appointed by the North Classis for that purpose consisted of the Revs. Alliger, Hulst and Perry. Addresses were made by the Revs. Shepard, of Newtown, Haines, of Astoria, and Hulst. Eleven members constituted the organi- zation, from whose number a consistory was chosen, consisting of two elders, John W. Payntar and Jabez Harris; and one deacon, Thomas Payntar. From the outstart this church and that of St. John's, at Laurel Hill, determined to unite their fields under a common pastorate, a union which was dissolved July II, 1877, by the joint action of the consistories of the respective organizations. The first pastor was the Rev. William D. Perry, who was chosen at the time of organization and retired September, 1875. The pastorate of the Rev. George R. Garretson, his successor, extended from October, 1875, to April, 1877. On September 12, 1877, the Rev. Ernest Gutweiler was called to the pastorate of the First Reformed Church, and remained until ^larch, 1885. On April 17, 1885, the Rev. Alexander Shaw, of Jersey City, tlie present incumbent, became his successor, by the unanimous action of the church. The church edifice and parsonage are situated upon lots 98 to 102 Academy street, Dutch Kills. This property was generously donated to the church at its organization by Abram Payntar — a gift which has realized the hopes of its donor in the good accomplished for the community. The Sabbath vSchool, which has always been maintained in connection with the church, had for its first Superintendent Benjamin Thomson, of Ravenswood, who officiated while services were held in the old district schoolhouse. His successors have been Thomas Payntar, Alexander Milne, John R. Manley, Joseph Boyce and Joel S. Kelsey, who is still' in charge. Under the administration of the Rev. Mr. Shaw, the work of the church has been much advanced. The Ladies Missionary Society, Young People's .Society of Christian Endeavor, and a Junior Endeavor Society have been organized and are still in active and useful operation. It is noteworthy that this church encouraged the first effort of the Bohemian Church in Long Island City by granting the use of its edifice for a Sabhaih School and religious services for a period of several years previous to 1894. KIRST r.F.R.M.W .Ml. THODIST KIMSCOP.Vl. CHURCH, DUTCH KILLS. The First (icrman Methodist Episcopal Church of Long Island City was incorporated on the i8th day of February, 1890. Fi-ed. Willenbrock, Peter Blank, George Sutherland, Christian Roniann, Gottlieb Jehle, Fred. Hildebrandt and Paul J. Schmidt being then elected as incorporating board of trustees, with Rev. N. F. Boese, chairman, for the purpose of acquiring church property. For some years previous the young congregation had worshipped in the little Grace Chapel, corner Prospect and Jane streets, till compelled by increasing numbers — especially in the Sunday School — to seek a more commodious home. Soon after, the congregation decided to build a church, and selected the site where the church now stands, on Academy street, near Wilbur avenue, and Mr. Fred. Willenbrock surprised the trustees with the gift of two building lots for the church as well as an option, at a low price, on two more lots for a parsonage. Other encouraging circumstances paved the waj- for the success of the project, and on December 7, 1890, the church was formally opened and dedicated for church purposes. The pastors of the church have been: Rev. N. F. Boese, 1887-1892; Rev. J. Flad, 1892-1893; Rev. Gustav F. Hausser, Jr., 1893-1896; Rev. F. Glenk, 1896. The present officers of the church are: Rev. F. Glenk, pastor; N, F. Boese, Wesley Glenk, Gottlieb Jehle and Paul J. Schmidt, local preachers; Gottlieb Jehle, Superintendent of Sunday School ; Christian Romann, Chairman of Board of Trustees, and George Sutherland, Treasurer. Since the completion and dedication of the church building, the congregation has been enabled to pay off the greatest part of the church debt and to build a handsome and commodious parsonage. Sr. .M.XTTHKW's PROTESTANT EPISCOP.AL CH.\PF.L, STEINW.AV. Si. Matthew's Chapel, a mission of the Protestant Episcopal Church, began its work at Steinway, Long Island City, X. V., iu the year of our Lord 1S92. The Rev. Dr, Weeks, now rector of St. HISTORY OF LONG ISLAND CITY Tliomas' Church, Ravenswood, being its founder. In tlie year 1893. through the Archbisliop, the Ven. Dr. Cox, Dean of the Cathedral of Ciarden City, appointed Mr. Kuehn as the successor. The Mission is now under the oversight of the new Archdeacon of Queens, the Ven. Dr. Cooper, also rector of the Church of the Redeemer, of Astoria, Long Island City. The Mission holds regular services — is doing prosperous work — and is looking forward unostentalinusly with great courage. REFORMED CHURCH, SUNNYSIUE. This church was organized July i, 1896, by a committee appointed for the purpose by the North Classis of Long Island. Besides the Revs. J. S. N. Demarest, of Queens, and Frederick Tilton, of Jamaica, who officially represented the Classis, there were present the Rev. Alexander Shaw, of Dutch Kills; Rev. Dr. Daniel Van Pelt, of Astoria, and Rev. Dr. Geyer, of New York, all of whom participated in the exercises of the day. C. Olandt and O. Johnson were chosen Elders and W. H. Elting and William Kelly, deacons. Sixteen members constituted the organization. This church had its origin in the previous missionary labors of C. Olandt, who, in 1892 and 1893, began a movement which contemplated the establishment of a church in that field, which was practi- callv unoccupied. Having interested some friends in the work, substantial aid was procured whereby a lot costing $700 was purchased, a foundation constructed for $740, and the corner stone of a new edifice laid May 11, 1896. Funds for the new building have been partly raised. A Ladies' Society of forty-six members, and a Sunday School of one hundred and twelve members, with ten teachers, are encouraging evidence of the growth of the work and the outlook and needs of the field. The Rev. D. P. Doyle is the pastor in charge. Preaching services are regularly held in rooms temporarily secured, and weekly meetings are well attended and not without interest. IHE REFORMED t.'HURCH OF STEINWAV. This church has recently been organized under very favorable auspices. For a number of years services have been held in the community under the name of the Union Church of Steinway, the pulpit having been supplied by ministers of different denominations and theological students. As far back as 1836 a Sunday School was in existence, known as "The Bowery Sabbath School," of which the present Sunday School and church is the out- -rowtli. That school was held in a country schoolhouse and sustained by Long Island farmers resident in the vicinity. The schoolhouse was destroyed by fire in 1879. \ Vi I j i^^^gB^M^Bsxii ^sa^^^' '\'he suburb of Steinway which had grown up demanded better church privileges, and in the year 1879 it was decided to erect a church building "for the purpose of founding and continuing a free church in the Fifth or Bowery Bay Ward of Long Island City in Queens County and State of New York." The church was incorporated with the following trustees: William Steinway, Henry W. T. Steinway, William H. Williams, Henry P. Titus, Luke Kouwenhoven, Francis D. Kouwenhoven and Daniel S. Riker. The only changes in the Board have been the resignation of Henry W. T. Steinway and the death of Daniel S. Riker, their places having been filled by the election of George H. Smith and William Brodie. In the rapid growth of Steinway, better church accommodation was needed than the Union Church afforded. With commendable zeal and liberality, the people heartily entered upon the work of erecting a new church building. During the past year a neat frame church has been completed, beautifully furnished, with solid oak pews, and capable of seating about five hundred persons. The total cost was nearly §20.000, and the church was dedicated, free from debt. Mr. William Steinway, who has been one of the leaders in the enterprise, presented the handsome pipe organ from Setinway Hall, removing it at his own expense, putting it in thorough repair, and jilacing it in a >T. KAIIIAKL! JMAN CATHOLIC ClILRCll. UIS'IVRV OF LONG ISLAND CITY. 99 recess back of the pulpit. This jjives a church property, including the ground, worth at least $3o,ooo- The new church was dedicated on Sunday, May 31, 1891. The sermon was preached in the morning by Rev. U. D. (iulick. In the afternoon addresses were delivered by the neighboring ministers, and the entire day was one of unusual interest in the community. Up to this time there had been no real church organization. Members of different churches had been gathered, and a flourishing Sunday School was in existence. But there was no organized church as a spiritual center. At a meeting of the congregation, held at the close of the morning service on the 26th of July, it was unanimously resolved to petition the North Classis of Long Island for a church organization, to be known as " The Reformed Church of Steinway." This organization was effected on the 27th of November, by a committee of Classis, ap- pointed for that purpose. The sermon was preached by the Rev. James Demarest, D.U., who, with the Rev. John Raumeister, received the members and ordained the elders and deacons. Twenty-two members were received by certificate and twenty-one on confession of faith. The first communion was held on the first Sunday in January, 1892, when five were received on confession, making the total mem- bership forty-eight. The Sunday School numbers three hundred and fitty-one, and a Young People's Society of Ciiristian Endeavor has just been organ- ized. There is also a Church Improvement Society, composed of the women of the congregation, which has been an exceedingly valuable auxiliary in the accomplishment of the results attained. On the first Sunday in November — Missionary Sunday — the statement was made from the pulpit that, although the church had not yet been organized, an opportunity was offered for any who wished to contribute to the cause of Foreign Missions. A collection of eighty dollars was taken, to which was added five dollars by a class of little girls in the Sunday School, at their own suggestion. The pews have been supplied with the new "Churcli Hymnary," which gives great satisfaction. The church began its work with unity, enthusiasm and consecrated purpose. It is financially strong, spiritually alive, actively aggressive. It is free to all, sustaining itself by voluntary contributions. It came into the sisterhood of churches, rejoicing in the manifest presence and power of the Holy Spirit, and ready for its full share of responsibilitj^ and work. rRlNMI\ MKTMnmsr EPISCOPAL CHURCH, .^sr0RI.\. This is the oldest church of this denomination in the city. Its organization dates back as far as 1844. At that time Astoria itself was assuming new life and rapidly increasing in all the agencies which contribute to the progress of a community. The first pastor was the Rev. George Taylor, while the leading spirits in the history of the early church and for many subsequent years were Roe H. Smith and John E. Tier. At that time the church building was located at the junction of Main street and Fulton avenue, where it remained until 1886, when four lots were purchased at the corner of the Crescent and Temple street, where the present commodious chapel, costing $15,000, was erected. This change occurred during the ministry of the Rev. A. H. Goodenough. The present pastor is the Rev. James A. Macmillan, who is also president of the North Brooklyn District of the Epworth League. Mr. Macmillan's spirited activity in movements which relate, not only to the imme- diate welfare of his church, but that of the community as well, is much valued by an appreciative public. A Pastor's Aid Society, Epworth League organization and a Boys' Brigade are useful adjuncts to the work and influence of the church. It is one of the leading churches of the city. 1 KIM IV METIIUlJl-Sl tl I2 HIS I CRY OF LONG JSLAXP CI TV THE BAR OF LONG ISLAND CITY. America honors the legal profession. From it principally come those who are chosen to civil preferment and distinction. Under normal social conditions it is the profession also which reflects back the highest dignity upon the commonwealth. Though "in the corrupted currents of the world the wicked prize itself oft buys out the law," as is cynically said by the great dramatist, yet the per- fected character of the lawyer, as graphically portrayed by Chief Justice Story, has contributed in a superior degree to the formation of that solid basis upon which civil society rests. The bar of this city in past and present has been, and is, worthily representative of this favored profession. In attempting an historical sketch we speak first of those who were identi- fied with professional practice within the present territorial limits of the cit}^ before its incorporation. Samuf.i, Stevens was a lawyer whose active practice covered the period extending from about 1830 to 1844. He accumulated wealth and acquired a large amoimt of real estate. In his time, as is evidenced by the official records, he made an impress upon the community and showed that he, more than any other, was the lawyer who was consulted about estates and landed affairs. He died in 1844, leaving a large estate and numerous descendants. His sons, Ry£24ii K. and Alexander, were his executors, and the last of the property has only been distributed among the heirs since the incorporation of the city. He was the father of A. (iallatin Stevens, who participated in governmental affairs as Police Commissioner under Mayor Ditmars. The Rikers were the legitimate successors of Samuel Stevens to his practice in business. John L. Riker studied law with his brother Richafd, who was District Attorney of New York, and for twenty years afterward the Recorder of that city. Entering upon active i)ractice he continued in the profession till 1861. He was noted for his uprightness and urbanity of address. He was succeeded by his sons, John H. and Samuel Riker, who were distin- guished, particularly the latter, for their profound knowledge of the law of real property. Prior to 1S70, Robert Benner and Abram D. Ditmars had, by reason of residence here, built up considerable practice in the community and shared with the Rikers the advantages of the profession. While Astoria had been for many years a pleasant and prosperous village, and Ravenswood had long been lined with elegant residences and many evidences of improvement. Hunter's Point began to be built up only within six or eight years prior to incorporation. There was, therefore, no past to that section and no lawyers to give prominence to the records of their day. There had been living, how- ever, in what is now known as the First Ward, a typical Irish gentleman, Edward Browne, whose son, Edward, was recently Judge of the City Court of New York. He enjoyed a good practice, stood well in the community, and was especially noted for his affability and those kindly forms of politeness which are characteristic of a warm Irish heart. ;akreit j. gakketson. (3^a^^**^ niSrOKY OF LONG ISLAND CITY ■^ ^•■>v There was also then living Robert T. Wild who had been in practice in Astoria for some years. He had a good clientage, was interested in politics, and held office under the first administration. In 1867 Alvan T. Payne commenced his practice in this city. He had moved from Steuben County and was engaged with his profession in New York. He foresaw, however, the future growth of Long Island City and especially of the First Ward, and for that reason concluded to establish him- self in this city. He immediately won the pioneers of advancing affairs together with their friendship and patronage. Politics were then rife in the lower section and the lawyers of that part of the city were foremost in the field. Mr. Payne was then a young man and wisely confided his chief interests and attention to his business. He never belonged to either of the contending factions of the democ- racy and for that reason, in 1875, was selected as a candidate for the Assembly from the Second District and was elected without either faction claiming him as their special representative. From that period on, however, he took a deep interest in the welfare of the city and was identified with the reform wing of the party. In 1880 he was nomi- nated for District Attorney and endorsed by the Republicans as against Benjamin W. Downing who had held the office for eighteen years previously and came within about 500 votes of winning wlien the regular Democratic ticket was victo- rious by over 2000 majority. Pre- viously, in 1870, Mr. Payne had been a candidate for another county office, that of Surrogate, and was defeated by one vote in the convention, by Daniel R. Lyddy, a carpet bagger — who was vanquished by about 3000 majority in favor of Alexander Hagner, the Republican candidate. Ujjon the accession of Mr. Petry t<> the .Mayoralty, Mr. Payne, upon tin solicitation of Mr. Petry, becan; corporation counsel of the city and held office during that and the suc- ceeding official term. Mr. Payne now has the leading practice in the city. He has won distinction both as an advocate and as a safe and conservative consulting lawyer. By his uprightness and conscientious sense of professional duty, as well as by his profound knowledge of the law, he enjoys the confidence of his fellowmen to a rare degree. About the time that the subject of incorporation was being publicly agitated, Solomon B. Xobie moved over from New York and took up his residence in Ravenswood and also opened offices in the First Ward. Mr. Noble was then in the prime of life, being about fifty years of age. As a young man he had shown an adventurous spirit, having been the Secretary of General Walker, who in 1856 under- took to revolutionize Nicaraugua, was captured and taken aboard the United States vessel at Greytown. He was now an affable, scholarly gentleman, possessing an unusually large experience in human affairs. His wife, Agnes, as an authoress and as one of the founders of Sorosis, had attracted con- siderable attention in the literary world. By his genial and cordial address Mr. Noble speedily became known to, and popular with, all classes of people. By his temperament and taste he was well IKiN. A. T. I'AYNE. HISTORY OF LONG ISLAND CITY. adapted to politics and it is probable that it was a kind of instinctive foresight that prompted his coming to a field wliich received him with much favor. About this time William E. Pearse, who had been admitted to the bar, but h;id engaged in the manufacture of oil in this city, resumed the practice of law in partnership with Mr. Noble. He too was given to politics, and the amended charter of 1871 having provided for the election of City Judge, the ambitions of both Mr. Noble and Mr. Pearse centered in the office. Curiously enough also, each received the nomination from the contending parties. Mr. Pearse was elected by a small plurality, and the partnership ceased upon his accession to the bench. Upon the abolition of the City Court Mr. Pearse resumed his practice and became counsel to the Improvement Commission for the improvement of the Finst and Second Wards, devoting his whole time in that direction. In 1878 he was elected to the Legislature, and died shortly after one term of official service. Mr. Noble held various offices under the city administration, having been at one time Corporation Counsel under Mayor Ditmars. He was always identified, more or less, with the interests of public life until his death in 1895. His son, Daniel Noble, had been associated with him several years prior to his death and had shown special qualifications for professional life. Having been elected District Attorney, his official course has won pojiular approbation, while his accomplished address, which is his hy inheritance, has been the source of many friendships and widespread esteem. Early in the city's history Walter J. Foster removed to the upper part of the city and since that time has been more or less identified with the ^^ politics of the city, having been ■|^k ^^ ^ Corporation Counsel during the first ^^r k| term of Maj-or Gleason. His practice ^^K ^'wi^^^B '^ F^ '^'^^ ^^ ^■'^^ same time been well PB V^^BHS* ' '^^^'''>t^ii^c<^ in association with his two sons, Walter C. and Edgar P., who also are fair representatives of the class of junior lawyers of the city. soi.oM' Of those who have located in the city since its incorporation, and won promise and distinction in their practice, are L. N. Manley, who is a prominent Republican and one of the leaders of his party, having been honored on more than one occasion by election to office. In 1894 he was elected a member of the Constitutional Convention. We mention also Frank E. Blackwell and his brothers, Arthur and George. Arthur died at an age when he evinced promise of a bright career, and was succeeded in the partnership by George, who merits the success he has won from his practice. Numbers of other lawyers have come and gone. Among those who have grown uji and proved themselves worthy members of the bar, and been identified with the best interests of the city, are: T. C. Kadien, Charles T. Duffy, F. N. Smith, James T. Olwell, John R. Manley, Charles A. Wadley, Ira G. Darrin. E. J. Knauer, George A. Gregg, Matthew J. Smith and E. N. Anable. Also may be mentioned W. E. Stewart, who came to this city by ajipointment as Corporation Counsel under Mayor ///STORY O/- /.ONG /S/.AN/) (7/ V. 103 Sanford, and Thomas P. Burke, the present Corporation Counsel. And other later acquisitions including William Lynam, son of the prominent politician who resided here many years aj^o; Win- throp Tnrney ; A. T. Payne, Jr., who is associated with his father, and Harry T. Weeks, all of whom are worthy representatives of the junior class of lawyers. l.MI'ORTAN 1 LITIGATION. The litigation which has grown out f>f, or been incidental to, the city affairs would fill volumes. Beginning with the adjustment of the affairs of Newtown, of which Long Island City formed a part, to the present time, the difficulties have seemed almost interminable, and litigation in respect to taxes and assessments have been continuous, occupying the attention of the courts to a large extent. The first case of importance, liowevur, was the suit brought in the name of the Attorney General to oust Henry S. Debevoise, who had received the certificate of the second election for mayor. Mr. Ditmars had been renominated for the office, and Mr. Debevoise, who was the candidate of the politicians, was his opponent. At the time of the election he was City Clerk, and t LUCIUS N. MANI.KV, ESQ. as such controlled the legal machinery of the election, and was the final canvasser of the votes. Tne Mt prominent citizens of the Astoria section of the city raised a fund to litigate his right to the office, and proceedings were commenced as already mentioned. An extraordinary circuit was appointed by Governor John A. Dix for the trial of the case. ^\ The committee of citizens, who inaugurated the ^^^k / movement, placed the matter in charge of A. T. ^^^^^^^^^ J^ * Payne, who secured, as associate counsel, Joshua M. ^^^^^^^^^^F\. , AA^^ Van Cott, the distinguished jurist, who recently died ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^ X^ at an advanced age in Brooklyn. Mr. Debevoise ^^^^^^^^^^^^Hk W ^ Ift V employed .several lawyers, eminent in their profes- ^^K^^^^^^fCf\,^^ P ^'""' '" tlefend him. Those who are now recalled '^^^HPi^ • are Aaron J. \'anderpoel, Mr. Buckley, of Girard, ^^^ Piatt & Buckley; Judge Samuel D. Morris, of Brooklyn, and Benjamin W. [)owning, of Oueens County. The trial lasted two weeks, and several hundred witnesses were callea. The case ended in a disagreement of the jury, a new trial never having been brought on account of the great expense involved. Upon the election in which ^Ir. Debevoise and Mr. Petry were candidates, the former having again succeeded in obtaining the official certificate of his election, quo warranto proceedings were commenced on behalf of Mr. Petrv tor the office of Mavor, Mr. Pavne being again counsel for the WAIII.EY, ESQ. 104 HISTORY OF LONG ISLAND CITY. contestant. After many vexations delays the court declared that the election of Mr. Debevoisc was obtained by fraud, and Mr. Petry was awarded the office. Immediately afterward, the action, which had been commenced by the Attorney-General against Mr. Debevoise for misappropriation of the city's money, was tried and resulted in a verdict ayainst Mr. Debevoise of over $100,000. Jt'l-.K.NS COUNTY COUKT llor^K. (The above cut was taken from an excellent pliotoRraph kindly furnished for the engraver's use by Mr. Thomas Cusack, of 192 Twelfth street, Long Island City.) Tablets, of which the following are copies, and which are prominently set up in the main corridor of the Court House, briefly give the facts connected with the erection of the sightly and handsome building: ijl'EENS COUNTY COURT HOUSE. Huildinn erected and euclosed by Edward A. Lawrence, Carmen Cornelius. Robert Burroughs. Building finished under direction of 1 Edward A. Lawrence, Robert Burroughs, John H. Brinckerhoff, Isaac Coles, Isaac H. Cocks, (ieorge M. Hunter, James Xostrand. Cieorge S. Downing, James Bradley. Samuel Willel's, Ebenezer Kcllum. Commissioners Appointed by Legislature, 1872. Board of Supervisors of Queens County, 1876. QUEENS COUNTY COURT HOUiJE Architect, George Hatiiokne. Contractors under Commissioners, U. C. WKiiKs & Son. Contractor under Board of Supervisors. B. CiAI.I.Ar.llKR. In connection with these trials there followed criminal prosecutions of minor officers for malfea- sance, which resulted in convictions in many instances. But no actions of that character again arose HISTORY OF LONG ISLAND CITY. until the contest over the election of 1892, by mandamus proceedings, which resulted in Mr. Sanford's obtaining the certificate of election through the courts, after Mr. Gleason had received his certificate from the canvassing officer, who was his own appointee. Almost every election was characterized by great factional bitterness, which was made more bitter by these litigations. Various suits have grown out of bonding the city for the erection of schoolhouses and other improvements, until probably no city of its size within the limits of the State has been burdened with such litigation. As has been aforesaid, the suits relating to taxes and assessments, and in respect to the construction of legal enactments affecting the city, have been voluminous. Hardly, however, have all these various questions been settled by the courts and legal processes begun to terminate in final adjustments, when the absorption of the city into Greater New York would seem to make vain the previous labors of litigation. Yet the city will have been better prepared for the union, which will lead it on to larger and better schemes of municipal development. THE COUKr HOUSE. L(mg Island City is the county seat of Queens County. In being awarded this distinction geo- graphical considerations were subordinated to the superior transportation facilities which make this city the most accessible point in the county. In 1874, largely through the instrumentality of the members of the bar in Long Island City, and more particularly through the persistency and energy displayed by Judge Pearse, the county seat, which had been in the geographical center of the county, was removed to this city. The Court House, standing upon the Square at the junction of Thomson and Jackson avenues, is the most imposing structure in the city. It was erected and enclosed by the following Commissioners, who were appointed for the purpose by the Legislature in 1872: Edward A. Lawrence, Carmen Cornelius, Robert Burroughs, Isaac Coles, Isaac H. Cocks, George H. Hunter and James Nostrand. The building was carried to completion in 1876 by the Board of Supervisors of Queens County, which consisted of Edward A. Lawrence, Robert Burroughs, John H. Brinckerhoff, George S. Downing, James Bradley, Samuel Willets and Ebenezer Kellum. The first term of court was held by Judge Dykeman in 1874, and among the trials was a suit growing out of the construction of the Court House. Through no fault of the Commissioners the building has never provided adequate accom- modations for the purposes contemplated in its erection. The demands of the vast increase of business are not met by its interior construction. Since its completion in 1876 the lawyers of the County have organized the Queens County Bar Association, which has proven of incalculable advantage and value to all members of the bar, by reason of the library resulting from their united effort and of the strengthening of a fraternal bond by professional association. ELU'HAIXT N. ANAIII.E. ESQ. JUDGE CHAKI I io6 HISTORY OF LOSG ISLAND CITY. HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE MEDICAL PROFESSION. it IS qmte dirricult to trace the early medical histor\- of Long Island Cit}-. as in colonial times what is now known by that name was included in the " Out Plantations," which did not have distinct corporate existence, but was dependent for laws and customs on either New Amsterdam, Flushino- or Xewtown. The task is rendered more ' ■' ' smuch as the " Out Plantations ' were frequently in dispute as regards boundary lines, and even the question as "to whom they actually owed allegiance " was deter- mined according to fluctuating polit- ical conditions ha\-ing their origin in European countries. While the legal, social and reli- gious customs and regulations, pre- vailing in those times, have been fairly well preserved, medical events figure briefly, when at all, bringing to mind very forcibly a fact often commented uf)on, that, primarr,- and most essential conditions which con- tribute to oirr happiness, morality and comfort, are the last to receive exact attention and consideration at the hands of the people concerned. Despite these facts and contraiy- to the generally accepted opinions entertained, it is probable that at all times, even from the earliest settle- ment, this region, as well as the most of Queens County, possessed some of the best medical and surgical talent that the times afforded, and that those men were as earnest and pro- ficient relatively as the physicians and surgeons of to-day. Not only did they possess medical men of ability to attend to their ailments, but they also produced men from among their families, who not only CDntributed to the adornment of medical science in their own country, but rose to positions of eminence in the medical history of the Lonntry. settling in larger cities and subsequently rising to the highest distinction in their chosen pr'>!tssii)n. While the lives of these early pioneers in medicine cannot be traced in historical detail, yet it becomes necessary in following out the early medical historj- of the city to set forth such information concerning them a,s has been accessible. As early as 1645 there was a record of James Clark, Surgeon, at Maspeth Kills, but unfortimately no rcc'ir.l remains of the person or the work of this medical pioneer. It is probable that he was one of the ;>arty w h> lm'i^c originally from Massachusetts with the Rev. Francis Doughty, settling at Maspeth Kills. ^lEL NOBI K. ■ ^.4; a record was made ol a converance of land to Philip Gerady by Doctor Ditmars, of Hallett's Cove (Annals of . ■.,.,,...,• ,. „. — .•.,,. ,.;„.„■ r>';niars was a qoaliiied physician or whether the lan^anre of the historian fd of the early seitlers was Adrian Van der Donck. a son-in-law of the I^aws." He formulated the petition ot the Enclisb settlers to the Dutch ..> ..,:......;, ,. .■.^.....■^^ . ,<; . K > ^ < -ix^es to Holland, in which country he died at>outi6j5- These men may have who nad followed (arming, as did mo»t others of the early settlers, no matter what their previous training. H /STORY OF LONG ISLAND CITY 107 Dr. James Clark was closely followed by a Dr. Folcks, also by Dr. John Greenfield and Dr. John Hazard, the two latter of whom practiced between the time of Dr. Folcks and the close of the century- (1699). Their early labors have left no mention. In all likelihood they had much - rough surgery to perform, owing to the accidents and the difficulties of the settlers with the Indians from time to time. It is recorded that small-pox, typhus, yellow and malarial fevers prevailed during these times, though to what extent, and what means were employed to prevent the spread of these diseases, and to limit them to indivi- duals, no information exists. Some references also found to tuberculosis, and to "spotted fever," by which was probably meant typhus rather than cerebro spinal fever. From 1700 to 1750, Dr. Evan (or John) Jones, Dr. Berrien and Dr. Hugh Rogers practiced their profession Dr. Jacob Ogden, of Jamaica, was frequently called in consultation. He was an able man and wrote several medical papers on the sore throat distemper (diphtheria?) of 1769. He also treated rheumatism and other inflammatory affictions with mercury, and was a prominent advocate of inoculation for small-pox. Dr. Junes was the author of the first surgical book said to have been published in this country, its title being "Wounds and Fractures, and their Treatment,'" with an appendix on Military Hospitals. He was also Professor of Surgery in the medical school at New York, and directed the formation of military hospitals for the provincial congress during the Revolution. It is evident, therefore, tliat a high standard of merit existed among the physicians of this region even in those early days, and that they strove to combat disease and relieve distress. In addition to those who espoused the cause of freedom, there were a number of British surgeons with the troops scattered throughout the countr}-. One Dr. Josiah Pomeroy was at Newtown, at a military hospital located there, and a Dr. Harper had charge of a similar hospital on what is now Thomson avenue, near Dutch Kills Creek. Dr. Samuel Cutter was reputed to be a very learned and benevolent man and well liked, although he was a loyal refugee from New England. Many of the young men in the families of those days took up the study of medicine and surger>% usually finishing at Edinburgh. Among these may be noted the following: Dr. Benjamin Moon, who died in the West Indies in 1745. Dr. William Moon, born 1753, died 1S24, was a nephew of the former. He practiced forty years, and was President of the New York Medical Society for many years, as well as a trustee of the New York College of Physicians and Surgeons. Dr. Thomas Sackett, of Newtown, born 1729, died 1769. Dr. Joseph Sackett, born 1733, practiced at Newtown, but was compelled to flee during the stormy days of the Revolution. He died in New York 1799. Another member of this family, Dr. James Sackett, was a surgeon in the Navy during the Revolution. Dr. John Burroughs, born November 17, 1776, died November 12. 1S12. HON. EhW.ilRU J. KN.^IER. loS HISTORY OF LONG ISLAND CITY. Dr. Dow Ditmars, born Jul}^ 12, 1771, practiced in Astoria for many years. Dr. Richard Lawrence, born March 3, 1764, died in 1804. WILLIAM E. STEWART, ESQ. He was educated at Edinburyh and practised at Newtown and vicinity. Dr. John Berrien Riker, born 1738, characterized as a "d rebel "' by the British and forced to flee for his life. He served with Washington's army during the war and died at Newtown in 1794. Dr. Stephen Rapelye, a surgeon in the United States Navy. Dr. Isaac Rapelye, subsequently a practicing physician at Brooklyn, N. Y. Dr. Henry Mott married Miss Janeway, and was the father of the famous Dr. Valentine Mott. Dr. Mott was buried in the Mott family burying ground on the property of W. H. Furman, at Maspeth, and his grave was in a good state of preser- vation in 1880, according to papers left by the late Wm. O'Gorman, Town Clerk of Newtown. Dr. Mott died in 1839, aged 82 year-s. This brings our sketch of medical men to the end of the last and the beginning of the present century and includes brief mention of those patriotic physicians and surgeons who were loyal to their country in time of need. It may safely be inferred also that men such as these were as conscientious in the per- formance of professional duties as they were loyal and sacrificing in behalf of their country. Nor is it to be forgotten that the troubled conditions of the times interfered with such labors as tend to occupy the leisure moments of physicians and which might tend to perpetuate the record ol professional achievements. Of the early medical practitioners known to the oldest of the living- residents of the city the name of Dr. Baylies is one of the most often heard mentioned, that is, of tho.se physicians who had their offices in Newtown and practiced throughout the surrounding country. Dr. Baylies practiced as far west as Blackwell's Island, he being rowed over from the mainland as occasion required. Dr. Gustavus Baylies was born at Uxbridge, Mass., in 1761, and as a boy of sixteen he served two periods of enlistment as a soldier in the Revolutionary army. After the war he entered Harvard College, and subsequently took up the practice of medicine at Bristol and Newport, R. I. In 1805 he moved to Newtown and continued in practice for thirty years. In the war of 1812 he was a commissioned surgeon in the army, and was evidently a man of strong personal and professional characteristics. It is related of him that he employed with success hydro-therapy in cases of yellow fever as early as 1R20, in spite of the op])osition of the public and the doubts of his professional brethren. IKEDERICK niSTORY OF LOXG ISLAM) CITY 109 MATTHEW J. SMI Ml, LSiJ. The incident that led to his adoption of this plan of treatment was peculiar and quite accidental. During- the war oi 1S12 Dr. Baylies, in his capacity of Surgeon for tlie Army rind \riv\-, was directly the cause of the removal of yellow fever patients from ships stationed in the East River to the Government hospital at the Brooklyn Navy Yard. During the progress of the removal one of the very worst cases fell overboard into the river, the water of which was ice cold at the time. This patient, far from dying, as was most certainly expected, made the most speedy and uninterrupted recovery of the whole number, and this fact led Dr. Baylies to more closely study and advocate the use of cold applications and effusions in diseases accompanied with high temperature. It is a fact worthy of record that this is the view which is accepted, and whose practice is adopted by the most enlight- ened and successful practitioners of the present day. Dr. Baylies died in 1834, in the seventy-third year of his age, and was engaged in the active practice of his profession up to the day of his last illness, in fact, he contracted pneumonia while visiting his patients during an inclement season. One son, Gustavus Baylies, Jr., Esq., is a consulting lawyer, with offices at New York and residence at the old homestead at Newtown. Another son, HftVsey Baylies, M. D. , married Miss Harriet Blackwell, of Astoria, and practiced medicine there during his lifetime. A grandson, Dr. Bradford Baylies, also practiced for some years at Astoria, but is now a resident and practitioner at Brooklj'n, N. Y. The medical history of these two successors of the elder Dr. Baylies may be briefly stated as very much like that of their progenitor, who was a t3'pical ph3'sician of the old school, yet had that inde- pendence of character and practice that stamped him as a true, progressive physician, and not a mere follower. His memory is held in high esteem, both as a physician and friend, by the few old residents who have been spared since his time. The Baylies family of physicians form the connecting link between the old physician, practising at Newtown, and those who have since practiced in Long Island City. At the beginning of the century the territory of this city had but a few hundred inhabitants, but Astoria, which had rapidly grown, was naturally looked upon as a place that afforded opportunities for the exclusive labor of a skilled physician and it was only natural that physicians should embrace the opportunity and take up residence there. Among the early medical names figuring in the history of Astoria are several of those who, while not so actively engaged in medicine, were and have been more or less engaged in practice. Lack of exact information permits only brief mention of them, as follows : Dr. Alexander H. Stevens was one of the sons of General Ebenezer Stevens, who lived in Astoria, and who also built Fort Stevens, at Hallett's Point, during the war of 1812. The family has always been' famous socially, commercially and professionally. Dr. Alexander H. Stevens was the first President of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York, and became one of the most eminent surgeons of his day. IKA 1;. IIARKIN, FSi.i. " - T^, Dr. John Stevens, a grandson ot Lbenezer, was a graduate of the Harvard ^^ledical College and died somewhere in the West. Another member of one of the oldest families who settled here was Dr. Dow Ditmars, who H /STORY OF LONG ISLAND CITY graduated from Princeton College, subsequently studying medicine under Dr. Ledyard. He practiced his profession at Demerara for twelve years and moved to Astoria about 1816, subsequently engaging in farming. He probably kept up his interest in medicine during his lifetime, for, when he died in i860, at 90 years of age, his medical library came into the possession of Dr. Wm. Remsen Taylor, of Astoria, the oldest physician in point of practice now in this city, and the honored President of the Long Island City Medical Society. As far as known the library is still in the possession of Dr. Taylor.* Dr. William Chamberlin also practiced in Astoria in the early '50's, but no record of his life work exists as far as can be found. Dr. Samuel T. W. Sanford, the father of the Honorable Horatio S. Sanford, was the earliest medical practitioner at Ravenswood, but in later days he took up commercial pursuits. The name still lives of a Dr. Woodhull, who practiced somewhere in Ravenswood, and although his medical record cannot be found he is still gratefully remembered by some of the older residents — a pleasant thing to dwell on for the present generation of workers, who sometimes are prone to imagine their hard work is likely to go unrecognized. The most eminent name from a medical standpoint of the many famous physicians and surgeons, who have practised in the neighborhood, is that of the late Professor James Dowling Trask, M. D., of Astoria. He was the progenitor and the best representative of the more modern type of physicians and surgeons, and from him we must certainly date the medical history of the city proper, for while other physicians have lived and practiced here at earlier periods, they were largely influenced by family or property connection and did not follow medicine in it.s entirety. ,:■• Dr. Trask was an unusually l^rilliant man, gifted with a deep knowledge in many directions in subjects considered comparatively difficult to his own profession, and has left behind him a record of useful work faithfully done that will perpetuate his name and memory in surgical circles far beyond the present and coming medical generation. Graduating with the highest honors from the University of New York in 1844, he passed the next fifteen years in the general practice of medicine at Brooklyn and White Plains, X. Y. And it is a remarkable fact that, during the time he was engaged in the arduous work of a mixed country H.AkKY i. wKEKs, KM.i. practicc, he forced himself by his writings and addresses into the foremost position in the medical world, on his special subjects embracing the diseases of women and children. He was considered one of the foremost medical men of the present generation in this country. This is well illustrated in his having been selected, shortly after his removal to Astoria, to fill the chair of obstetrics at the Long Island Medical College, and as Professor of the Diseases of Women and Children in the same college. This was an unusual honor for so young a man in those days of "older men," for Dr. Trask was then but thirty-nine, and his special subjects were the least known and possibly the most neglected by the physicians and surgeons of his day. A man working in such an independent field of action must of necessity include, within his group, a vast knowledge of the general principles governing medicine and surgery. He was one of the founders, therefore, of the Long Island Medical College and of the Brooklyn Dispensary also, of which he was among the first surgeons, and associated with him in his work were such eminent men as the two Flints, Professor Dalton, Professor Doremus and Professor Frank Hamilton. It is doubtful if any college faculty, even at the present time, has had men so uniformly qualified and skilled in their various departments, and who have left collectively and individually so brilliant and permanent a record of medical achievements. Dr. Trask resigned from the faculty after four years, and subsequently refused v.-hat at that time was rightfully considered by medical men the highest honor that could be conferred in this country, ■ Dr. Taylor ha» died >ince tbe above was written. H/STORV OF LOXC; ISLAND CITY. viz., a professorship in the Medical University of New York on his special subjects. It is to be regretted that Dr. Trask did not accept this position, as it would certainly have advanced the art of obstetrics greatly. It is easy to estimate the value of a man's service in general medicine or surgery, for not only are the teachings and practice of his predecess(jrs known, but they remain to guide and strengthen the physician or surgeon, who puts forth efforts in the same field of labor. In the yet untrodden paths of progress in the medical history of a country, the greatest honor must be given to those who "blaze" the way, and Dr. Trask was one of them. Fortunately the memory of such service will grow in the estimation of medical men with succeeding generations, when the to])ics in the field of labor followed by them will have become the common property of all. In addition to the many other positions of honor and distinction held by Dr. Trask during his lifetime, we find that he was President of the (Jueens County Medical Society, one of the founders of the American Gynecological Society, and corresponding and honorary member of many native and foreign medical and scientific societies. Surely a record which the medical l)ractitioner of to-day in this city can jjonder upon and strive to emulate. Dr. Trask died in Astoria, a place evidently well beloved by him, on the 2d day of September, 1883, and is succeeded in practice by his son. Dr. James Dowling Trask, Jr., a ph)-sician and surgeon of ability, resident also at Astoria, and who possesses many of his late father's distinctive qualities and character- istics. A Dr. Jakel practiced in Astoria about 1 860. He died in Europe while on a visit, (^ne of the earliest practitioners at Hunter's Point was a Dr. Tanksley, about i860. IK- went south, possibly to the war. A Dr. Boylan preceded Dr. Graves, Dr (iraves is also well remembered by many of the old residents of the lower portion of the city, but again, unfortunately, no record has been found of his early work. Dr. 11. lieyer was the pioneer l>liysician of Dutch Kills and is still living at Staten Island, X. Y., having been succeeded by Dr. De Witt Hitchcock. Dr. Beyer was known as a man of conservative iirinciplcs and was well i|iialiticd as a physician. Among the physicians who practiced at Dutch Kills the best known and respected were Dr. De Witt Hitchcock and Dr. Herbert G. Lyttle. Dr. Hitchcock retired from active practice about ten years ago and is now living in the upper part of the State, enjoying a well earned rest. He was, perhaps, the most active practitioner that ever lived in this section. He was a graduate of the University of New York and of the New York City hospitals— finally visiting Europe in the pursuit of advanced knowledge. The record he has left behind him among the people and profession is that of a well qualified, painstaking, conscientious physician. His i)ractice embraced a large extent of country and a varied clientage, yet he was esteemed by all for his professional skill and tireless application to his profession. He, with Dr. Lyttle, marked the advent of the trained hospital \JAM1N CKINNK.II. STKONl H/S70RY OF LOXG ISLAND CITY. lihvsiciiiii ill the newer i)()rtions of the cit}-, and these two men, one deceased, the other retired, did much to elevate and maintain the hi/■ I.OAU ISLAND CI I V. 113 second in the class, honor man, anil winner of tlie Harsen prize. He entered the Presbyterian Hospital, New Vork, by competitive examination, a^ain standing second, but never served his full term, dyinjj October, 1895, aj^cd twenty-six years. Dr. Bartow contracted a pulmcmary disease in the cause of scientific invesrigation into the nature and habits of the Tubercle Uacillus, conducted by him at the pathological laboratory of the College of Physicians and Surgeons. lie may rightfully be considered a martyr to science. Doctor Alvah M. Thompson had a somewhat similar history. Although I>r. Thompson was not born in this city, he sjient the greater portion of his early days here, and also received his education at this i)lace, ])rcvious to his literary and medical college courses. He graduated from the University of New Vork in 1891, and was one of the honor men of his class. This secured him a position at the City Hospital, and in the discharge of his duties there he contracted tuberculosis, which cau.scd his death in 1S93. Dr. Thompson was beloved by all who knew him and gave promise of becoming a prominent physician. The practitioners at present actively engaged in the city are as follows: Andersen, A. J., Astoria. McKeown, Patrick J , Hunter's Point. Barry, John H., Hunter's Point. Macfarlane, R. F., Dutch Kills. Brennan, Francis E., Hunter's Point. Mciners, W. W'.. Hunter's Point. Bumster, P. H., Hunter's Point. Meyer, Paul O., Settlement. Burns, John Francis, Dutch Kills. Mulot, Otto L., Astoria. Burnett, William J., Hunter's Point. New, James L., Hunter's Point. Fitch, NeilO., Astoria. Piatt, Clarence, Astoria. Forbes, George, Ravenswood. Prentiss, Robert S. , Astoria. Frey, Walter G., Hunter's Point. Shulf/., Reuben, Ravenswood. Herrimann, Menzo W., Settlement. Smallwood, Samuel B., Astoria. Hinkson, John R., Blissville. Strong, Benjamin G., Dutch Kills. Kennedy, James B., Hunter's Point. Strong, Charles F., Astoria. ^'oeght, Ansclm. Several of the physicians have been prominent politically. Dr. Taylor and Dr. Strong have both been candidates for the mayoralty, and the latter has served one term as Coroner. Dr. Raincy, the projector of the Blackwell's Island Bridge, is of course to be mentioned in a medical history of the city. Dr. Win. I. Burnett, one of the oldest practitioners here, is President < if the Long Island City Savings Bank. Dr. Walter!!. Frey is the founder and President of the Long Island City Free Lii)rary. Dr. J. Frank Valentine, although a resident of Richmond Hill, is well and favorably known in the city, he having an otlice in this city, being Surgeon in-Chief to the Long Island R.R. with its 575 miles of track centering in this city. Dr. X'alcntine has ai.so to look out for the medical welfare of 2500 employees along the lines, and the sanitary and hygienic condition of the rolling stock and stati;ed July 24, 1864. M. Kobcrlein enlisted .\pril S, iSC)5, in Ct). F, 96th X. V. Vols.; dis- charged February 6, iS(ii);died April 23, 1SS7. ( iwen Clark enlisted July 12, 1864, as 2d Lieutenant in the 77th X. V. \'oIs. ; dischar.yfed Xovem- ber 9. 1864, and served as the tirst Cliaplain. Chr. J. Thurston enlisted Sci^tem- bcr 3, 1863, as Drummer in the 170th Regt. N. V. Vols., and discharjjed July 12, 1865. Ernest Weiland enlisted May 22, 1861, in Co. F, 31st N. Y. Vols. ; discharjjed March i, 1863. M. McCrath enlisted May 11, 1861, in Co. A, 25111 X. V. \'ols. ; discharged July Peter Conroy enlisted August 25. 1862, in Co. K. 139th Regt. X. V. \' died March 12, 1896. Peter Hans enlisted September 11, 1863, in Co. C. 171)1 X. V. Vols. ; discharged July 13. iS65:wounded at Joncsbourgh, Ga., September 3, 1864; died t)ctober 11, 1886. Aug. Robeler enlisted September 23, 1864, in Co. E, 41st N. Y. Vols.; discharged June 21, 1865. Thos. Williamson enlisted May 27, 1862, in Co. A, 47th X. Y. Vols.; discharged September 3, 1862; died September 22, 1883. Ale.x. Moran enlisted in 1862 as ist Sergeant and was discharged on account of disability in 1863; died February 2, 1890. \V. H. X'erily enlisted .\ugust 13, 1863, Private 5th X. Y. H. Artillery; discharged July 13, 1S65. DR. ROllliRT S. 10, 1S63. discharged July 31, 1865; ,20 n/SrOKY OF LOXG ISLAND Cl'l Y. Adam Mullcr enlisted November 7. 1S62, Private A, 103d X. Y. Vols. ; discharo;ed June 16, 1865. Richard Conroy enlisted May 4, 1861, Private Co. D, 9th N. Y. Vols.; discharged May 20, 1863. Wm. Rooney enlisted November 24, 1862, Private Co. B, 165th N. Y. Vols.; discharged September 1, 1S65. Fred. Bauman enlisted November 11, 1861, Private Co. H, 103d N. Y. Vols.; discharged December 3, .S64. Patrick Rail enlisted July 28, 1862, Private Co. II, 123d N. Y. X'ols. : discharged June 18, 1S65. Z. P. Dennler enlisted October 30, 1862, Surgeon U. S. Army: discharged November 25, 1868. John W. Pfeffer enlisted March 13, 1865, Private Co. A, 35th N. J. X'ols. ; discharged July 19, 1S65. Alex. Simpson enlisted April 23, 1861, Corp. Co. F, 8th N. C. S. X. Y. ; discharged August 2, 1861. (leo. McA. (losman enlisted August 27. 1862. Artificer Co. 15, i5lh X. Y. \'()ls., Kng. ; discharged June 13, 1865. Jos. Johnson enlisted August 30, 1862, Private Co. I), i58lh N. Y. \'ols. : discharged June 30, 1865; died May 24, 18S3. Edward Ilalesworlh enlisted May 4. 1861, Landsman New Hampshire; discharged May 26, 1865. Jas. Harris enlisted September 22, 1864, Private Co. C, 941)1 N. \'. \'ols. : discharged June t6, 1865; died February j8, 1891. (leo. T. White enlisted September 4, 1862, 2d Lieut. Co. E, 128th N. V. X'ols.: discharged July 12, 1865, Capt. Co. E, N. Y. \'ols. ; died November 26, 1884. Lewis Smith enlisted June 17, 1861, Private Co. H, 15th X. V. \'.. Ivng. : discharged June 25, 1863. Robt. Sling enlisted August 16. 1861, Private Co. C, 14th K\. Ca\-. : discharged September 16, 1863. Geo. Shea enlisted March 29, 1864, Sergt. Co. L, 13th 11. A. X. \'. X'ols.; discharged Jime 28, 1865; served 3 years as Quartermaster and 1 year as Commander. Joseph Platz enlisted March r2, 1864. Private Co. F, 73d Regt,, X. Y. \'et. \'oIs, ; discharged June 29, 1865; at present Surgei II. B. J. MeGowan enlisted May 15, 1861, Unimmcr, Co. C, 36th X. Y. X'ols.; discharged Inly 15. 1863; served two years as Commander. George Ocsterlein enlisted Xovember 2, 1863, Private Co, D, 54lh X. Y. Vols. ; disehaiged May 31, 1865. \. Platz enlisted January 20, 1864, Private Co. A, 15th Artillery X. Y. Yols. ; discharged August 22, 1865. William II. Williams enlisted May, 1861, Private Co. A, 9th X. Y. S. M. ; di.scharged February 22, 1S63. Ed. Minocke enlisted June 10, 1863, Private Co. I, 47th X. V. S. M. ; discharged July 23, 1863; died October 15, 1884. Axel Schiermacher enlisted April 9, 1864, Private Co. F, loth Regt. N. Y. Vols ; discharged June 30, 1865, Corporal Co. F, 10th Regt. N. Y. Vols. ; died May 18, 1887. Anthony S. Woods enlisted January 5, 1864, Major loth N. Y. Vols.; discharged June 30, 1865, as Lieut. Col. Henry Jones enlisted April 23, 1861, Corporal Co. E, 5th Regt , N. Y. \ . ; discharged May 14, 1863. Julius Frank enlisted May 15, 1861, Private Co. I), 29th Regt., X. Y. Vols. ; discharged June 20, 1863. Samuel Shaw enlisted May 18, 1861, Private Co. C, 47th Regt., N. Y. \'. ; discharged August 8, 1864. Sergeant Co. C, 47th Regt., X. Y. V. James Smith enlisted April 20, 1861, Private Co. C, 37111 Regt., X. V. \'. ; discharged June 26, 1863; served as Officer of Day and Senior Vice-Commander; died January 30, 1891 . Theo. Drake enli.sted April 19, 1861. Private Co. F, 12th Regt., N. Y. S. JI. ; discharged August 5, 1861; died l-'ebruary 29, 1896. John Coughlin enlisted September, 1S61, Private Co. I, r)9th Regt.. X, Y. Vols.; discharged Imie, 1863, Sergeant Co. I, 69th Regt., N. V. X'ols. HIS I OR Y C >/•■ LONC; IS LA ND CI IV. i .- 1 James O'Neil enlisti.-d September i6, 1861, Private d). A, 63(1 Re;^t., X. V. \'. ; discliargcd De- cember 21, 1864; died December 20, 1S90. Owen Daley enlisted 1S61, Private Co. E, 51st Re;^t., X. V. X'ols. ; disehap^^ed May 30, 1S63. Thos. Daw enlisted June 14, 1S61, Private Co. C, 40th N. V. Vols. ; diseharj^ed December 9, 1S62. W'm. Dubrouijh enlisted December 14, 1S64, Private Co. F, 3d N. H. Vols.; diseharjjed July 20, 1S65. las. Dirry enlisted .May 24, 1S64, Landsman in the Xorth Carolina; discharged Sept. 20, 1865, Lands- man from the Shamrock. Charles Thompson enlisted March i, 1S65, Private Co. K. 194th ()hii) Inf.; discharged Oct. 24, 1865. |as. I'antrv enlisted January i, 1862, Private Co. k. 8Sth X. V. \'i)ls. ; discharged June 30, 1865. John (iarritt enlisted .\pril 2, 1862, Private Co. K. 91st N. Y. V. Vols.; discharged April 22, 1865. Herman Hohenhausen enlisted April 26, 1861, Second Lieutenant Co. F, 7th N. Y. Vols.; discharged October 9, 1862; First Lieutenant Co. 12, 7th X. V. X'ols. Ctco. Dorr enlisted January 3, 1865, Private Co. (i, loOth X. Y. N'dIs. ; discharged June 27. 1S65. |(>hn Bell enlisted September 17, 1S62, Musician Co. E, i82d X'^. Y. X'ols.; discharged July 15, 1S65. Augustus Heath enlisted April zt,, 1861, Private Co. B, 5th X. Y. X'ols.; discharged May 14, 1863; Corporal Co. B, 5th X. Y. X'ols. Wni. Meyer enlisted August 18, 1862, Private Co. G, 127th X'. Y. X'ols.; discharged June 30, 1865; served as S. X'ice-CiJmmander one term; died May 1 i, 1888. (ieo. Horn enlisted July 8, 1863, Private Co. A, 17th X. X'. S, >L ; discharged August 13, 1S63. Fred. M. Jung enlisted April 19, 1S61, Private Co. D, 5th X. \'. S. ^^ ; discharged August 17. 1861; is the present Ouartermaster. Martin Paaren enlisted April 4. 1864, Private, X. Y. 30th Ind. Battery; discharged June 23, 1865; lield several different offices; died December 22, 1895. ("icorge \V. X'oung enlisted April 14, 1864, 3d assistant engineer, steamer R. R. Cuyler; discharged June 27, 1865; was Post Adjutant; died May 6, 1885. |(>hn Ivans enlisted August 9, 1862, Private Co. B, 163d X. Y. X'ols.; discharged December 18, 1862. Flenry ICrath enlisted .\pril 12, 1863. Private Co. L iithX. X'. S. M. ; discharged July 20, 1863. August HotTmeister enlisted August 3. 1861, Private Co. E, 7th X. Y. X^'ols. Inf.; discharged May 8, 1863; re-enlisted August 11, 1S63. in 15th X. X'. H. Artillery; discharged August 22, 1865; served as Post Adjutant seven successive terms. Ji.hn Held enlisted April 23, 1861, ist Lieut. Co. B, 5th X. X'. S. M.; discharged August 7, 1861. John Shaffer enlisted ilay 5. 1861, Private Co. F. 67th X. X'. X'ols.; discharged July 31, 1865; Private Co. E.; died Oct. 25. 1S90. Isaac P. Jones enlisted May 27. 1861. Private Co. G, 83d X. Y. X'ols.; discharged June 2},, 1S64; Corp. Co. G. Clamor Hoefener enlisted October 24, 1864, Private Co. K, 7th X'. Y. X'. X'.; discharged August 19, 1865. I'liilip Schmidt enlisted June 15, 1864, Private Co. B, 5th X. X'. II. .Vnillery; discharged July 3. 1865. Frederick I'ogele enlisted July 20. 1864, Private Co. K. 93d X. G. .S. X. X'.; discharged Xovember 14. 1864. ('■CO. Strauss enlisted January 29. 1862, Private Co. (t, 95th X. X'. X'ols.: discharged January 29, 1865: Sergeant. Chris. F. Koch enlisted June 15, 1803, Private Co. B. 6th X. X'. S. .XL; discharged July 21, 1S63; served as Ouartermaster 5 years and iinc year as Sr. X'ice-commander. Frank Lietz enlisted 1863, Private Co. H, 39th X'. Y. Vols.; discharged July i. 1865. ,22 HISrORY OF LONG ISL A AW CITY. ]as. 1). Wood enlisted September 3, 1S64. Private Co. E, 41 Missouri Vols.; dischari;ed July n, 1865. Caspar Klinjj enlisted September 15. 1S61, Private Co. H. 54th X. V. Vols.; discharoed November 17, 1864; Lieutenant. Jas. MeLau.trhlin enlisted May 28. 1862. Private Co. H. 13th X. Y. S. \\.\ disehartjed September 12, 1S62. John Harrinijton enlisted August 23. 1861. Private Co. K. 4tli X. V. \'ols. ; discharged May 25, 1863. Cermain Blessing- enlisted April 23, 1861, Private Co. E 8tb X. Y. \'ols. ; discharged May 20, 1863. W'm. Pfieffer enlisted July 30, 1862, Private Co. D. 131st X. Y. \'ols. ; discharged July 26. 1865; Sergeant Co. D. Sam Baldwin enlisted August 25, 1862, Artificer, Co. I!, islh X. V. Eng.; discharged June 13, 1865. John Evers enlisted August 11, 1862, Private Co. H, 51st X. V. Infantry; discharged July 25, 1865; died March 17th, 1893. (Jeorge Oestcrlein enlisted November 2, 1863, Private 'd^ D, 54th X. Y. Vols. ; discharged May 31, 1865. Robert Gaffney enlisted October 10, 1864. Private Co. A, i8ih Cav. X. Y. \'. ; discharged August 15. ,865. John Walz enlisted December 9, 1863. Corp. Co. H. 5th X. J. Vet. Vols.; discharged August 25, 1865; died September 24, 1895. Sam"l M. Furman enlisted September 24, 1864, Private Co. P), 4lh X. J. \'cl. Vols.; discharged June 22. .865. James MeGinness enlisted January 25, 1865, Private Co. D, 25111 Mass. \'i)ls. ; discharged July 13, 1865; died June 30, 1893. Francis Stein enlisted December 14, 1858, Private Co. D, iSih C. S. Inf.; discharged December 2^,. 1863. Edmund Klespies enlisted August 29, 1863, Private Co. A, 2,^'-^ ^- ]■ \'iils. ; discharged July 17, 1S65. Wm. McCue enlisted September 5, 1864, coal heaver, (Siinboat Seneca; discharged June 9, 1865; discharged from the G. A. R. Thomas Darey enlisted March 5, 1865, United States Str. Corwin, coal heaver; discharged Xovember 26, 1866. Geo. Casey enlisted March 5, 1865, coal heaver, United States Str. Corwin; discharged March 24, 1866. Edward Flaherty enlisted July 12, 1864, Private Co. G, 77th N. Y. Vols.; discharged X^ovember 19, 1864; Corporal Co. (\. Thos. Carroll enlisted August 15, 1862, Pri\'ate Co. G, 51st N. Y. Vols.; discharged June 29, 1865. Frederick Steinmctz enlisted September, 1861, Private Co. A; discharged September, 1865; Private Co. G, 15th N. Y. H. Artillery. George M. Bosford enlisted March i, 1865, Private Co. G, 14111 Maine \'ols. ; discharged August 28, 1865. Chas. Horn enlisted June 16, 1863, Private Co. B, iilh N. Y. S. M.; discharged July 20, 1863; served two years as Chaplain. Valentine Weber enlisted March 26, 1864, Private Co. Cj, ist X. J. Cav.; discharged June 9, 1865. Peter B. Conklin enlisted May 29, 1862, Corp. Co. F, 37lh X. Y. S. M.; discharged September 20, 1862. Christian Lutzens enlisted June 20, 1861, Private Co. F, 40th X. Y. Vols.; discharged June 20, 1864. W. Remsen Taj-lor enlisted September 12, 1862, Private Co. D, 29th N. J. \'ols. ; discharged June 30, 1863; Colonel; died October, 1896. lidward Bell enlisted July 6, 1862, Sergt. Co. K, iilh R. I. X'ols.; discharged September 14, 1864; Captain. Frank Schopp enlisted February 21, 1864, Private Co. C, 3d X. J. Cav.; discharged September 21, 1865, Corporal; died November 6, 1894. James O'Connor enlisted April 20, 1861, Private Co. E, 69th N. Y. S. M. ;discharged October 6, 1864, as Sergeant. I/fS-JORY OJ' LONG ISLAND CITY. '23 John Xorthackcr enlisted May 2.S, 1.S62, Private Co. 15, iitli X. V. S. M. ; disehar-jed September 16, 1862. Herman Hirehtield enlisted October 16, 1S61, Private Co. !•:, 54111 X. V. \"<>]s. ; diseliari;ed June S, 1862. James Marshall enlisted January 4. 1S64, Private Co. (i. sth Mieh. Cav. ; diseharjjed June 10, 1865. John Bulbert enlisted June 21, uS6i, Private Co. H, 69th X. V. S. M. ; di.sehar<;ed Auj^ust 3, 1861. (ieorjfe F^oster enlisted Aujjust 25, 1S62. Private Co. B, 3d X. V. Art.; diseharj^-ed July 13, 1865. Riehmond Davis enlisted September 5, 1S60, Private V. S. .M. Corps diseharjj^ed June 17, iS6y, as Serjeant. Hu;^h MeKeon enlisted July 21, 1863, Private Co. (i, iSlJi X. V. Cav.; iliseharj;ed May 31. 1S66. Robert Southwiek enlisted August 9, 1864, Class bf)y, C S. .Navy; disjharj4;ed April 24, 1867, Private U. S. Navy; died April 7, 1895. Cor.ielius Foley enlisted February 16, 1864, Private Co. K, 13th X.\'. II. An.; diseharjjed June 28, 1865. William Hopper enlisted September, 1861, Private Co. D, 90th X. \'. Inf.; diseharned I'ebruary, 1866; hosjjital steward, served as Junior Viee-Commander, and is at present Senior \'iee-Commander. Miehael Berj^en enlisted September 12, i8()i. Private Co. IC, 51SI X. V. Inf. ; diseharjjed July 24, 1865. \\'iiliain A. Kinjj enlisted Xovember, 1861, Private Co. A, io2tl X. V, Inf.; diseharjjfcd Juiy 21, 1865, as Seryeant. Miehael Smith enlisted January 20. 1863, Private Co. II. X. \'. M. Art.; discharged January 20, 1864. John Weber enlisted January 16, 1861, Drummer Co. I. 68th X. V. J" Vols.; diseharjjed September, 1865, as Drum Major. Edward Steinhart enlisted Aujjust 26, 1864. eoal heaver. I'. S. Xavy discharged June 14, 1865. William S. Ott enlisted August 6, 1862. Private Co. A, 77th 111. X'ols, ; serving as Junior Viee-Commander. BANKS. ij.im discharged Jum THK LONO ISL.\NIJ CITV SAVINGS HANK. This bank was organized April 18, 1876, with the following olhcers; President, Sylvester Gray ; First Vice-President, John Appleton; Second X'icePresident, H. S. Anable; Secretary, J. Harvey Smedley. It has been an eminently successful institution from tiie outstart. By conservative management it enjoys the fullest measure of public confidence. Its list of depositors is constantly increasing for the people have learned how to utilize its advantages in their own interests. It is a credit to the city, not only because of its sound financial policy, but in its beneficiary relations with the large class of citizens who, from time to time, have been its patrons. Its present officers are: Prisidtiit, W. J. Burnett, Scirctary, J. Harvey Smedley. Walter E. Frew, Hadwin Houghton, H. F. Jones, D. S. Jones, B. Moore, Jr., John Harvey, L. P. Dexter, W. H. Siebreeht, 'J'nistii: (l. W. Williams, C. W. Hallett, \Y. J. Burnett, Chas. A. Thompson, A. T. Payne, H. M. Thomas, J. Harvey Smedley, H. S. San ford. HISTORY OF LONG ISLAND CITY. QIJEKXS COUNTY ISANK. This prosperous bank was originally organized in Flushing and removed to this city in 1888, occupying the premises at 3 1 Borden ave. Two or three yc.irs later the present bsautif ul and commodious structure was erected on Front street, adjoining the ferries of the Long Island Railroad Company. It has a capital of $100,000, with a surplus of §60,000. Under its present management its policy is that of a progressive institution yet is combined with a due degree of conservatism. It does a general banking business and is regarded in the fmancial world as safe and sound. Its last report September 3, 1S96, is as follows: Loans and discoimts, less due from dirctors, §1,010,528; due from banks, etc., $210,540; casli on hand, $155,000; cash items, §41,038; items carried as cash, $0991; deposits, $1,379,119; due banks, C!.^,-,iA': i;init.il, .'iiioo.oDo: surjilus and pr,)fits, §82,659; total resources. §1.814.942. Officers. Pnsuiiiit, Walter i:. Imx-w, Vice-President, William Steinw.iy. Cashier. James P. Rescmer. ."^N. a. 4 ^ m Ull J :;-jr -r—mr t f > JUEKNS COU.NIV liA.NK. Piree/ors. Walter K. I'rew, President. Shei)herd Knapp — New York City, X. Y., William Steinway — Messrs. Stcinway & Sons, N. Y.. Wm. F. Havemeyer — Vice-Pres't Nat. Rank of North America, N. V., H. K. Knapp — Oeneral Manager Union Ferry C(i., Brooklyn and New York, ICmanuel Lehman — Lehman Bros., 22 William St., New York, ICmil Caiman — Emil Caiman & Co., L. I. City, S. K. de Forest — (Jen'l Manager loth and 23d Street Ferries, Rronklyn, John R. Woodruff — Long Island City, losei)h S. Auerbach — Cedarhurst, L. I.. Ci. L (larretson, Newtown, L. I. /IJS'JORY OF l.OXC ISL.lXn CITY. NEWSPAPERS. Various journals have at dilTcrc-nt times been published within tlie limits ui' Lon*;- Island City. Vet for causes which the historian is unable to trace, but one remains to connect the present with iJie preceding {feneration. In 1853 the Astoria Cazcttc was published by William S. Harrison, and had a brief career of less than two years. An interval of eleven years followed, when the Astoria Hiraltt began, under Mrs. Ritchie, a history even less brief. In the spring of 1865 Thomas H. Todd located at Hunter's Point, where he opened a job printing office, and on October 20th, of the same year, established the /.<'//,;,' fstaitii City Star. For a full and detailed history of that enterprise the reader is referred to a special article, elsewhere given upon the subject. In 1872 the Rivicii' was started by II. \V. Love as a daily paper, and was published for about three years. An attempt was made in 1874 to found the Long Island City Ncics, but with only temporary success. The Long Island City Press and the Courier were organized respec- tively in 1875 and 1876. The former susi)ended in 1878. and the latter in 1S85. The I.cng Lpiiai.t Paving and Matf.iuai, wc mention the Bakiuk Asimiai.t Pavi.nc Co., foot of Sixth street, and the Nk.w Yokk Mastic Works, foot of Seventh street. The firm of Peter Young represents an extensive industry in bags and bagging at .?;,7 X'ernon avenue, Ravenswood. VARNISH MANCKACTUKF.RS. The leading firms are Pratt & iMinbert, foot of Fourth, Fifth and Ninth streets. Hunter's Point; Keystone I'ariiish Co., foot of Fourth street. Hunter's Point. One of the oldest and most celebrated establishments for the manufacture of varnishes in this country is that of Mayer ih- Loiveiisteiii. Their goods are sold and known throughout the world. The firm "• i-i nr.r.-.ni/cil bv ( '..-diriel Mayer and his brother pirnh.irtl, in iS (6, and continued under that name WALTER E. IKEW. /ffsroRV OF /.o.\y; islaxd err v. until the year 1865, when the present factory was built in Lonjjf Island City. The eonipany was then orj^anized under its present form by Siegfried W. Mayer and Otto L. Mayer, sons of (labriel Mayer, toj^ether with Ludolph II. Atiraham, when the ])resent firm name was assumed. Oi'KKNs CoiMV \'vk.\i>ii W'oKKs, 77 Ninth street, Hunter's Point. Ivhw \ui) Smiiu tV Co.. foot of Fifth street. Hunter's Point. The orijrin and history of this firm bejjins with the sprinj;; of 1827, when Pasehal B. Smith, oldest brother of the late Hdward Smith, built a small furnace in the old apple orchard which stood at the corner of Sixth street and .Second avenue, Xew York City, and there first melted •;imi, and made and sold varnishes as a sejjarate business for the first time in the United States. The venture became popular and was reported to the National (lovernment. At the present time all candidates for the Civil Service are tauj^ht that varnish, as an American product, was first made and sold in i8j8. The rapid increase of business required the assistance of the brothers, Samuel P. and Nathan Smith, and James L. Stratton, under the firm name of P. B. Smith & Co. In 1832 S. P. Smith withdrew and be;;an business in Newark. New Jersey. The oUl linn continued until 1844, J. IIAKVI'.Y SMEDI.F.V. when P. B. Smith retired, and the firm became Smith, Stratton & Co. In 1851 Nathan Smith died, whereupon the firm became Smith & Stratton. Previous to the death of Mr. Smith the factory was moved from New York to Astoria where Mr. Stratton resided, and was located on Mr. Stratton's property near Hallett's Cove, a part of which property became the comely residence of the late Robert Benner. The odors of the factory beinjj objectionable to many residents, the firm, in 1856, ])urcha.sed from the Union Colle.ire six lots on Fourth and Fifth streets, and built the first build- injjs at Hunter's Point for manufacturing purposes. The deed of the property contained a protectin}.r clause ajjainst molestation on account of harmless odors, etc. Upon the completion of the factory buildiny^s. two three-story apartment houses were also erected on Fifth street for employees. In oneof these houses Richard Armstrong, the chief varnish maker, was born. At the death of Mr. Stratton in 1859, Edward Smith became sole proprietor, and the business was conducted under his name until 1867, when John A. Elmendorf, who had beencon- > ])artnership\mder the finn title of Edward Smith & Co. ntington became a ]);irlner as also Alexander Maitland in J"IIN II. IIIIKV. necteil with the house since 1S53, was admitted t( I'ljon the death of Mr. Smith in 1S7S. Chester \\\\ I2S HISTORY OF LONG ISLAND CITY. 1880. In 1SS9 tlie firm was incorporated iinder the laws of New York. The tinn now consists of Alexander Maitland. President: John A. Ehnendorf, Vice-President: S. \'. \'. Huntington, Treasurer and Manager; Andrew M. F)ates. Secretary; A. H. Sabin, chemist. Lawsox \'.\i.kn riNE Co. was founded by Lawson \'alentine. who was born at Cambridge, Mass., on April 13, 182S. On Monday morning, Mav 10, 1847. at 7:30 \.M., he first went to work in the paint and varnish business, in Boston, Mass. On Tiicsday, September 15th. 1850, he became a member of the firm of AVadsworth, Nye & Co. (composed of vSamucl Wadsworth, John A. Xyc and Lawson A'alentinc), dealers in paints, oils, varnishes, etc. In 1852 he formed a co- jKirtnership with Augustin T. Stimson and Otis \V. Mcrriam, under the title of Stimson, ^'alentine iS: Co.. making a specialty of varni.sh. Lawson X'alentinc was then the only \'alcntine, anv" where. coTinectcd in an\- wa\' with the \'arnish business. Later Mr. Mcrriam withdrew, and in 1867 Mr- Stimson retired, and the house then became \"alentinc cV: Co., which in 1882 was incorjioratcd. Lawson X'alentinc l)eing the President. II. M. THOM.VS. In 1870, in a card reproducing in facsimile his handwriting and signature, Lawson \'alcntine first spread broadcast the claim that he had succeeded in producing a line of coach varnishes fully eqiial to the best English varnishes, which latter, up to that time, had held the American market unchallenged. Custom House records are the best evidence as to the effect of his bold claim. In 1882 he retired from the presidency of the old house of Valentine & Co., and on November 1. 1886, with the co-operation of Mr. Hadwin Houghton, (whose |)ortrait we give on p. 132) and Mr. David S. Skaats, the former having been associated with hhii in the varnish business for sixteen years previouslv, ho inaugurated the business of the Lawson \'alentin' Co., of New York and Hunter's I'oint, makers of ;; still higher grade of coach varnish, to which business he devested his entire attention up to the time of his death on May 5, 1891. This new company has nothing whatever to do with the old house of N'alentine & Co., of New York and Williamsburg, the Lawson X'arnish Co., of Chicago, or any other concern of similar title. On the contrary, the names of the new goods and the appearance of their labels, packages, etc., are as different from all others as the company know how to make them. THOMAS moki;an. Shorth' before" his death Mr. X'alentinc said: "1 am willing to stand by my reputation of forty years past as a varni.sh ///STORY o/' /.o.xc /s/..i.y/) i /I y. \2l) viKW OK THOMAS .M(ir<;an"s rlevat;>r kkom water front. nuikLT. I trust it will help to jjain for my new cntuTprisc a fair share of the trade in hijjh-^rrade coach \arnishes, and I am confident that it will as soon as the hijjh ciiiality of the new ' H. H.' brand is understood and appreciated. I pledji;e that reputation when I claim that the tjoods now made by tiie Lawson Valentine Co., under my supervision, are unec|ualed by any other varnishes in the world." Thk Pratt & Lamiu-.kt VAkM>M Co. was founded by Mr. Alfred \V. I'ratt, who started to learn the business in 1857. After devotinjf about ten years to this work, and havinrew so rapidly that at the end of two years he was .il)li<;ed to have larj;er (juarters. and he moved to a new \Aani at the corner of West avenue and Fifth street. On account of increas.-d bivsiness, two years later he w.is ohlijjed to have still larger quarters, and in the meantime, the sales had increased so rapidly, that arranjje- ments were made with Mr. Henry S. Lambert to join him, and the firm (which had been A. W. Pratt &• Co. up to this time) was chanijed \.o Pratt «.V Lambert A well-eciuipped plant, which thevnow occupy, was built on Fourth street, and has been added to frt)m time to time, until they have one of the most modern and best arranjjed l>lants in the country. Mr. Lambert was acknowledtjed 111 have been at that time, one of the best salesmen in the varnish business, md under his direction, the house - ion enjoyed a very larafe trade in every section of the country. The firm was organized into a Stock Company in 1885. The plant at Fourth street was found to be over- crowded, so they secured a place on Ninth street, in which they located their stables, and stored their surplus stock of raw material. In 1890 the business in the western part of the country had grown to such an extent, that it was deemed advisable to erect works at Chicago, and a location was selected at 370 to 378 Twenty-sixth street, on which a fine, modern plant was built. VIEW OK THOMAS MOROAN S K1.K\ ATOR AND YARDS. HISTORY OF LONG ISLAND CITY In 1X95 llic Collinjfhaiii X'arnisli Company was urj^anizc-d ai .Monlre-al, lrt trade. To this end, they will ship trial orders either direct or throujjh our foreijjn commission merchants. They will pack and ship their goods as directed, and invite suggestions from their patrons which will be carefully heeded. In every case the shipment will be accompanied by the full guarantee of cjuality and quantity, and they conrtdently a])i)eal to buyers and users of varnishes in every country t<> make trial of their superior wares. They have large factories in New York, Chicago and Muiitreal, and their main business offices are located at No. 47 Jolin street and Xo. 5 Dutch street. W. n. Andrews, the present treasurer and manager of the com- pany, was born in Thomaston, Me., i860, left school at seventeen years of age, declining a college education; subsequently he took a course in a commercial college in Boston, prior tt) entering the employ of Wads- worth-IIowland Company, of Boston, where he began his active business career, September i , 1878, at a salary of five dollars a week. During his first year in this company's service his salary was advanced by successive additions, until at the end of the year he was receiving fifteen dollars a week; at the end of five years, at the early age of twenty-three, lie was admitted to the firm, and with Mr. John Wadsworth went to Chicago and opened a liranch house. After doing so, the western business grew so rapidly that he organized a stock company and bought out the western branch of the house. In 1891 he acquired an interest in the firm of Pratt & Lambert, and acted as resident manager in Chicago, and built a modern plant at 370 to 378 Twenty-sixth street. The business prospered under the vigorous management given it, and on the retirement of Messrs. Pratt & Lambert, in 1895, f'""ni the active management of their company, Mr. Andrews was very naturally and most appropriately singled out and transferred to New York, and elected treasurer and general manager of the company. Emu. Cai.m.an & Co., West avenue, corner of Fourth street. Hunter's Point. This firm consists of Mr. Emil Caiman and his two sons, Gustave B. and Charles. Mr. Caiman has been in the varnish business uninterruptedly since 1848, and is to-day among the oldest living manufacturers of varnish in the country. He was also the first to establish the varnish industry in Long Island City, having built his factory here in 1862, or thereabouts. The present daily production of the works of this firm is over 5,000 gallons, embracing the various grades, and representing everything that is demanded in the varnish line. Hii.DRETH V.vRNisH CoMi'ANv, West aveuuc, corner of I'iftli street. Hunter's Point, and \L. \. Thihaut & CV>., 72 Ninth street. Hunter's Point. Hac.an & Dalv, foot of Seventh street. Hunter's Point, are well known steam boiler makers. I.DF.WK.NSTEIN S VARNISH WORKS. '3^ If /STORY OF LONG IS/.AXn CITY. Thk XdKiH Amlkican Mktalink Co.\(panv, R. \V. Rhoades & Co., lessees, at West avenue and Third street, are manufacturers of pulley bearings, etc. tr. L. Stukbner, 168-170 Third street, Hunter's Point, has a larj^c plant for the manufacture of iron dock and hook blocks, hoisting tubs, chute wag-ons, etc. His goods are shipped everywhere. Prominent CAkRiA(;E Man-uiactukkks are Peter Beckel & Sons. 62-64 Greenpoint avenue. Uliss- ville, and Schwarz & Son, 200 Flushing avenue, Astoria. The manufacture of Cotton Yarn is carried on by David Ingram, liroadway and \'an Alst avenue. Astoria. The Ckkosotinc Works of Ep]jinger iV Russel are at First street and I-^asl avenue. Hunter's Point. firm of \V. 1. M \ I Mi:so\ iV- The Co. (liniiled). hadwin iioi <;in the I'nilec ;()-57i Wtiiou a\'enue. Ra\'ens\vood, re])resents a large and well-capitalized industry for the manufacture of dye- stulfs. The site is extensive, the buildings cajxicious. and the economic value of the tirm is advantageous to the city. The Ivxsi Ri\i-;k Gas Company is situated at the foot of Webster avenue. Ravcnswood. This company is noted for its gigantic " holder." the second largest in the world and the largest in the United States. ^Vllen full it rises two hundred and forty feet in the air, holds 5,000,000 feet of gas. and weighs 255,000 pounds. The gas produced by this company, averag- ing thirty candles, has the highest illumi- nating ].)ower of any made in this country, 'i'lic company has eighty-six miles of mains at jircscnt. a large portion of which is in New York. To commimicate with lliai city a remarkable engineering feat, else- where particularly described, was requisite. .\ \ertical shaft was sunk one hundred and thirty feet deep, from the bottom of which the only tunnel under the East River was bored to the New York side, at the expend- iture of large capital, and the exercise of great perseverance. A remarkable feature of the company's works is the almost total absence of odor, the result only of strictest cleanliness. The Ikon Foinhkv line is rei^resented States Foimdrv Comi)an\-. Division street. by Joseph Me(iee, 51 to 67 Sixth street: anc near Vernon avenue. Hunter's Point. The Anchor Fknck Post Co\ri'ANV. West avenue corner Sixth street, manufactures architectural fencing. Ward &: Co.mcany, Tenth street near X'ernon avenue, are lard oil manufacturers. The leading machinists of the city arc the Loxi; Islanu Machi.nk and Marink Construction Co.mi'anv, Newtown Creek, foot of East avenue; and Sweeny & Gray, 29 Sixth street, Hunter's Point. The Daimler MoroR Co.mpanv is mentioned in our article upon the village of Steinway. Paint and Color Manikactirkrs are the Long Island Paint and Color Works, 22-24 Tenth street, Hunter's Point; and lulward Smith & Co., elsewhere mentioned. l/ISTi'^RV OF LONG ISLAND CITY. I'atini :\Ii uiciNKsarc made on a lar>?e scale by Hiscox&Co., 390 Webster avenue, Duuh Kills; and Dr. S. T. W. Sanford's .Sons, 891 X'ernon avenue, Ravenswood. The I'l \N<> Mam 1 ACTUKE of the city, other than that of Steinway \- Sons, is conducted by Sohnier & Co., Boulevard and Jamaica avenue, Astoria. WoTHERSPoo.N &• Son own plaster mills at 725 Vernon avenue, Ravenswood. The Printinc I.nk. Indlstkv is carried on by the J. Harper Bonnell Co., Vernon avenue, near lileventh street, Hunter's Point, and by (Jeorge Mathers' Sons Co., West avenue, corner of Ninth street. Hunter's Point. The W.\kREN Che.micai. .\ni> Manuiacturino Co., foot of .Sixth street, Hunter's Point, produce roofinjj materials. lixtensive Sewkk ani> Drain I'li'E works are located at 79 to 89 \inth street, Hunter's Point, and are owned by William Nelson. The Smi'iiriiiiiNo line is con- ducted by Ward & Co., 401052 I'lilton avenue, Astoria. The Manukai TIRE ov Sii.k is successfully established in the city. The Astoria Silk Works are on Steinway, near Potter avenue, in the villaji:e of Steinway, while the ICast River Silk Co. is located on \'an Alst, c"orner of Woolsey avenue, Astoria. For SoAl' MAXLFACTfKERS, WC mention the East River Chemical Works, \'ernon avenue, corner of I'irst street. Hunter's Point. SioNE Yards are numerous, among' the principal firms are (icorjje Call & Co., \'ernon avenue and Eleventh street, Hunter's Point; James Gillies & Son, \'ernon avenue, foot of Fourteenth street. Ravenswood; J. & D. Morrison, 373 Vernon avenue, Ravenswood; McWhorter & Son, .\storia; Estate of Wm. Gauld, I'oiirteenth street, Ravenswood. Letters, Sions, etc., in enamel, in the hanils of Caesar Bros, has developed into a larg-e business. The factory occupies several lots at the corner of West avenue and Eighth street, Hunter's Point. 'I'he MANii-AcriRK ok Carpets is a leadinsr industry of the city at Ridge and Court streets, .\stnria. 'I'lie firm is Joseph Wild cV Co. W. D. Wilson Pkinitni; Ink Co.mi-anv. — This firm was originally Palmer & Co., who were succeeded, in i860, by W. D. Wilson & Co. Upon the death of Mr. Wilson in 18S6 other changes occurred and F. J. Schleicher became chemist and superintendent, and D. F. Barry general manager. These young men, both under thirty years of age, have advanced the business, even to foreign markets. The concern has facilities for the manufacture of printing ink of every known variety and in any quantity. All its goods are guaranteed and the house is char- acterized in all its dealings by honor and fairness. Its New York office is 10 Spruce street. C)n W. 11. ANIIRF.\V< IffSTOR Y OF LONG ISLAND CITY. Mondav October .3. .896, the company passed into the hands of Messrs. J. D. Lynch, F. J. Schlciclier and U 'f Barrv, who will represent the company as president, secretary and treasurer. The Yellow Pine Company conducts an extensive industry at the corner of Front and First streets, Hunter's Point. Tt is one of the largest concerns of its kind in the country. soci i-:t I Es. M.XSOMC. Advance Lodge, No. 635. F. and A. M., was organi/.ed I'YMM-uary 22, .867. It meets in Masonic Hall Fulton avenue, Astoria, every Tuesday evening. Island City Lodge, Xo. 586. dates its organization from August 22, .865. Meets m Smithsonian Hall Vernon avenue'and Third street, second and fourth Mondays. Banner Chapter, No. 2,4, meets first and third Mondays, in Smithsoni m Hall, Vernon avenue and Third street. m P- )w 111, ^giifi^ WD uLi a ![|i4|^-S VARMSII WORKS OK PRATT & I.AMlil'.RT. ODD I'l.l.l.OWS. Anchor Lodge, No. 324, instituted June 11, .S72, meets at Smithsonian Hall, every Thursday. Astoria Lodge, No. 155, instituted October 10, .850, meets at 432 Stein way avenue, every Tluirsday. Florence Rebecca Degree Lodge, No. 97 , meets at Flushing, L. L, first Monday each month. Long Island City Lodge, No. 395, instituted June ... 1874, meets at 43-' Steinway avenue, hrst and third Wednesdays. Long Island City Rebecca Degree Lodge. No. So, meets at 43-^ Steinway avenue, hrst and third Mondays. .\iii.rr\RV. Deutschcr Kegel Rmid, .42 Steinwav aven.ie: Deutscher Kriegcr Hund, Sixteenth Co.n],any, 684 Steinway avenue; Deutschcr Krieger Hund. Xincteenlh Cmpany. 45^ Broadway: liibermau Kiflcs, Company A, Star Athletic Hall. M)NS 01 Sl. (lEOKIiK. Willi, R,,-,,- I,.j(1mc, X... ',15, 756 Boulevard. ///STORY Of- /.ON<; /S/..\\n (77 r. '35 SlOinslI 1.1. AN.-. LMaii Slcwari, ;J7 \'cni(>n avenue. AMKKIC.W I.KCJIU.N OK IIONOK. Franklin Council, Xo. S71, 756 Buuk-vard. .\Nlll.Nr OKDIK OK HllIKKNIANS. A. (). H., 4^j Stu'inway avenue; A. <>.!!, 1 Skillnian avenue: County Central Hoard, .\. < •. II. meets I-'riday and third Simday, X'ernon avenue and XiiUli street. IM II I) WOKkMI N. John .Mien Lodije, Xo. 330, 75 Main street. John J. Miteliell Lodjje, Xo. 33.-;. meets 97 Horden avenue. Herman Lodjje, Xo. 3.(1, 43-- Steinway avenue. KtlKKSrKKS. Lonjj Island City Court, No. 7892, 97 Borden avenue. Astoria Court, No. 3216, 75 .Main street. Kt)V.\l. .\kC.\NLM. Sunswick Council, Xo. 1374, 75<) I'.oulevard. KKIl .\1KN. I'econie Tribe, 1 Skillnian avenue. Pocahontas Stanini, X'ernon avenue and Third street. liR.VNl) .\K.MV. Pienjamin Ringold Post, Xo. 283, 43 J Steinway avenue. Benjamin Rinjjold Women's Relief Corps, 432 .Steinway avenue. Garfield Post, Xo. 27, S.().\'., 50S Broadway. Sheridan Post, Xo. 628, 422 Jackson avenue. K.\sl KUKR CAS CO. S CASOMEIKR. K.SlllHTS OK I'VriilAS. Astoria Lodge, No. i86, 432 Steinway avenue. Kntcrprise Lodge, No. 228, 432 Steinway avenue. CHOSKN KKIKNIIS. ICintracht Council, No. 12, 432 Steinway avenue. rURN VKRKIS. Astoria Turn Verein, 21 Flushing avenue. Long Island City Turn \'erein. Broadway and Steinway avenue. BEXKKiciAL i.oi«;ks AN1> SOCIK.rlKS. Algemeine Arbeitcr Kranken und Stcrbe Kasse. 452 Broadway. American Independent Lodge, No. no, i Skillman avenue. Apollo Lodge. No. 1361. 432 Steinway avenue. ,36 HfSTORY OF LOAG ISLAND CITY. Astoria Gegenseitijjc Lebcns \'ersicherung. 22 Flushing avenue. Germania Sterbe Kasse, No. 31. 11 Jackson avenue. Long Island City Council, No. 379, i Skillman avenue. Besides, there are also several musical and singing societies embracing the local musical talent, and miscellaneous organizations whose names and titles have not been conveniently accessible. iirio.mkn's .^ssoci-^tions. Exempt Firemen's Association, Lockwood street, near Webster avenue. Veteran F"iremen's Association, 165 Fulton avenue. Volunteer Firemen's Association, 301 Jackson avenue. him;'. Mi, TR.M)KS UN'K)XS. Brotherhood Railroad Trainmen, No. 517, 97 Borden avenue. Bartholdi Lodge, No. 309, of Locomotive Firemen, 97 Borden avenue. Bricklayers' Union, No. 41, 22 Flushing avenue. Bricklayers' Union, No. 40, 97 Borden avenue. Cartmen's Union, No. 3292, 97 Borden avenue. Iron Moulders' Union, No. 271. Long Island Division, No. 269. Brotherhood Locomotive Engineers, Smithsonian Hall, Wrnon avenue and Third street, second Sunday and third Saturday. National Association of Stationary Engineers, No. 42, 237 Vernon avenue, Saturday'. Long Island Railroad Mutual Relief Association, West avenue near Flushing street. HISTORICAL 1N-CII)K\TS. Upon March 12, 1888, snow fell to a depth of aliout two and a half feet upon the level (the great "blizzard"). This was probably the heaviest snow fall since March 5, 1772, when a storm of etpial severity is said to have prevailed. HISTORY or LONG ISLAND CITY '37 The jrrcatest calamity in the history of the city occurred December 28, 1892. The New York and Loni;- Island Railroad Company had sunk a shaft one hundred feet deep in the trianj^le bounded by Jackson and \'ernon avenues and Fourth street, from which a projected tunnel was being bored under the East River \x> East Forty-second street New York. A large ijuantity of dynamite stored at the mouth of the shaft exploded with terrific violence at eight o'clock in the morning of the day mentioned. Houses rocked KY i;00liS F.STAIll ISMMKNT OK O. DEMARKSV & CO. Several large fires have visited tlie city. One occurred on the night of July 21, 1893, in which St. Mary's Church and the adjoining parish building, together with the greater part of the block, were entirely destroyed. Most of the block on the north side of F'ifth street, opposite, was also reduced to ruins. As the surging flames rolled heavenward from the church spire, many miles of the surrounding country were illuminated. A spell of hot weather licginning August 4, 1S96, prevailed for eleven days, during which lime the average maximum temperature daily was ninety-five degrees. In New York there were reported six hundred and fifty sunstrokes and 1800 deaths from the effects of the heat. For the fourteen years, between 1882 and 1895 inclusive, there were 14.097 deaths in this city. Of this number 4613 were under five years of age. On August 8, 1880, an explosion occurred at Circcnpoint. on board the Nova Scotia bark Nictaux. >3« HIS 'JOKY OF LONG ISLAND CI TV There were 3300 barrels of naplnha and refined oil upon the vessel, which at nnee isjnited. Other vessels were also burned. The losses were: Bark Nictaux, $40,000 Bark Cyclone, 36,000 Bark Antonetta, 23,000 Barge Nameless, 2,500 Scow B, 1,500 Pratt & Co. 's sheds, i.ooo Manhattan lieach Railroad dock, 500 $104,500 The explosion occurred on the Sabbath. The fire continued on the river the day and night of Monday following. On Tuesday at 6.30 .\..m. thirty barrels of flaming naphtha floated up Newtown Creek and fired the dock of the E.xport Liunber Company of this city. Quickly the numerous lumber piles, four canal boats, a sloop and a schooner were ablaze. The vessels were destroyed. The yards of the company contained ten to fifteen millions of feet of luniber A-alued at $500,000. half of which was a total loss. The New York Architectural Terra cotta ^Vorks at Raven.swood were almost wholly destroved bv fire on the night of July 17, 1886. The loss was $100,000. The firm was entering upon an era of prosperity, and were about to double their force of workmen. On July 30, 1872, occurred a great fire at the Standard Oil Works. It originated on the canal boat Dadeni, on board of which were 1,200 barrels of oil. The flames quickly reached the pier, then a shed where were stored 15,000 barrels of oil, and soon another containing 10,000 barrels. Five acres were covered by the conflagration. The total loss reached $500,000, including several vessels. The triangle formed by the junction of Jackson and \'ernon avenues, at Borden avenue, Ijy some process not known to mathematics, is called "Monitor vSquare." The name of " -Monitor " origi- nated in the circumstance that a little frame building, standing on the present site of the fountain, was begun about March 9, 1862, the day of the great victory of the Monitor over the Merrimac, at Hampton Roads. In honor of that event the name of Monitor was given first to the new structure, and afterward to the whole area thereabout. The btiiUling was used by Nelson Weeks, Sr. , as a restaurant, and afterward by W. J. Lynam, until it was removed by the surrender of the ground tu the citv h\- I'ninn ('(illiM'C. ^^W^^-^mE. insrORY OF LOXO' f SI. AND CITY. cvv\ ('.()\i^wxMi:xi' I'ATKR-K J. CLKASOX. Cily Clerk, T. \\ M((;RAW. Corporation Coiiusil, THOMAS P. BURKE. Coiiiiiioii Coiintil, Wii.i.iAM Smith, President. KdwanlDuwlinj;. Fred. Bowky, George A. McNulty, \<\.\K'rMi:NT of i--in.\nck. 1.1'C11;N KN.M'l'. Citj I rciisiiri-r (iiiii Riicnrr. luSlCPU i-li:Si-:L, n.puly rnasunr ,ui,nuctivir. John Boyee, Riehard (iosnum, CI.KRKS. William Boyle, Kbenezer Richards, Albert Boyd, Mason Smedlev. John W. Moork, A.tKAM Lkvkk, Pa ..aul Alexander, inspector of water meters, I'eter M. Coco, draughtsman. Peter Cass, meter inspector, Joseph A. Fischer, city tapper, Thomas Lang, gencal rei)airer. IWtUr ntpditiiniit. IIOAKD Ol WAIKK ( (l\.MI>SIONI .<>. FkKDKK.I k L. (;.x, Manley B. Payntar, Joseph CuriMU. Patrick J. Solan. Thomas Lawlor. HfSTORV OF LOXG ISLAND CITY. Saffarino O. Allen, /■'in J) I at . Jeremiah O'Connor. STATION 3. Terance ( )'Xeil. Moriiiiier (ileason. BOARD OF POLICK COMMISSIONERS. Patrick Evers. John J. McMahon. John T. Clrady, President, Robert J. MeMahon, Stenos^rapher, Dr. Neil O. Fitch, Surgeon, William F. Fitzgibbons, Patrick Delahanty, John Kelly, Examining Engineer and Boiler Inspector, Charles Blasius, Electrician, Anthony S. Woods, Captain. FlKST PKEClNtrr. John Carroll, Acting Sergeant, Patrick Ward, Roundsman, Henry Buschman, Acting Sergeant, James Iliggins, Roundsman. Patroliiioi: Bernard Reegan. John J. Sheridan, Patrick Dohcrty, Stephen Sullivan, John A. Batmian, Edward Burden, Thomas Conroy, Christopher White, Patrick Downey, Thomas Crogan, William Weissenstcin, William Carlin, Julius Schroeder, Thomas J. Hunt, Walter J. Roach, John Orpheus, Joseph ( >livia, Henry J. Cassiily, Thomas Balbert, Edward Slattery, James J. Maher, Janitrf.ss, Rosina Moran. Hugh (iallagher, James O'Connor, Andrew Younger, Fred. Bliss, Henry Miller, John McGill, Thomas Ryan, John J. Nolan, John J, Sliea, Anthony F. Wood; >Sk(H)ni) Prkcinct. Thomas F. Darcy, Acting Captain, Charles A. Flanagan, Acting Sergeant. Peter Farrcll, James Fantry, William P. Parks, Sr. Richard Walsh, Peter Reidy, Joseph Brown, Peter Kelly, (ieorge S. Wheeler, William Dunn, Samuel Copeland, Charles Cameron, Daniel Bonjour, Jr., l\oini(isiiirii. Cicorge Fit/.gerald. Patrolmen. Terranee Cosgrove, Herbert Graham, Timothy White, Patrick Sullivan, John l'"laherty, Ambrose Clancy, William Duncan, Joseph Kane, ( )wen Rudden, William S. Burke, William H. Irving, J AM IKKSS, Eliza McManus. Amos Gustin, Michael Flaherty, Peter J. Iltml, John Porn, Funk M. Frelingsdorf. John Cassidy, William P. Parks, Jr., Thomas Larkin, I'red Re inch, |ohn |. liergcn, John Coonan. I" IRK DKP.AKTiMIiNT. FIKK (O.MMISSIONKRS. F. L. (ircen, President; Mayor, P. J. Gleason; President of Common Council, Willi.im .Smith; Commissioners of Public Works, J. W. Moore and A. Levee. //fsroKY OF i.o\(; islaxp city 141 Lliief of Depart iiicnt. W. H. Dclahanty. I->iij;inc Ci>iii]3anv Xcp. 1, situated at No. 105 Jackson avcnui.' M. I. Naj;lc, ALlinji' I'orciiiaii and ICn},Min.(.r. T. I". Murphy, Driver. Enj^inc Co. No. 2 ; Gale street. J. I". Ryan, I'orenian T. F. Hopkins, Enj^ineer. H. Me(iinness, Driver. Enjjine Co. No. 3; Radde street. R. Mel'hail. .\elinj;' I'oreman. M. lunniett, Driver. I'. .MeLarney, Driver. 1*. J. Unfiles, Driver. (Jeorjje Hrown, I'orenian. |. II I'lvnn, Driver. T. McKecm, Driver. Enj^ine Co. No. 4; Main street. Wm. MeLcan, Enjjincer. 1'. Roonev, Driver. J. Roniain, Ivn^ineer. k. I-. Denii)sey, Driver. B. Z. Boyd, Foreman. F. Mulligan, Driver. En«;ine Co. Xo. 5; l-"Iushing avenue. W'ni. r.illis, Driver. Joseph Kelly, Driver. J. 1'-. Fry, Engineer. I. Stanton, Driver. M. J. Keiulriek. Driver. ICngine Co. No. 6; Webster and X'ernon avenues I. R. Smith, .\cting Foreman and Engineer. J. White, Driver. J. J. Creighton, Driver. Emil Kopeizna, Driver. Hook and Ladder Co. No. i ; 7th street. M. Cannon, Acting Foreman. J. Welsh. Driver. J. I'lynn, Tillennan. Hi)ok and Ladder Co. Xo. _' : I'lushing avenue. J. Slaltery, Acting Foreman. J. McKeon. Driver. Jacob Wriglit. Tillerman. Hook and Ladder Co. No 5; out of commission. J. Rider, Jr., Ci. H. Smyth, Wm. J. Furman, L. Lackner, F. McBcnnctt, I'. Mulligan, R. Lee, C. Dorsey, J. Schehr, J. Sheridan, J. Lynch, J. O'Brien, M. Haggerty, J. Weiland, E. Mason, C. Law, J. M, Rage, C. Horan and N. Minderman; dismissed without trial, sueing to be reinstated. \Valter Buchanan. John W. Moore, Owen Clarke, Louis Willing, John N. Pohley, James McMahon, CIVIL SEKVICK. I.Ml'KOVKMKN r COM.M ISSIOX. ICdward Dowling, IHl.VKI) oi- .\SSr.SSOKS. Charles McNamara. HOARD OK EDUCATION. John Hippie, vStepheii MeClancy. Fred. Bowley, Owen Woods. Andrew Murrav. Thomas O'Dea. Cornelius J. Jordan. SLPKKIXrENHENT OK SCHOOLS. John E. Shull. PRIN'CIPALS or CITV SCHOOLS. High School — Edward F. Fagan, Astoria — Frederick H. Lane, First Ward — John F. Quigley, Second Ward — Kate McWilliams, Third Ward— Edward H. Chase, German Settlement — Cieorge E. Atwood, Fifth Ward— P. E. Demarest, Steinway — John Melville. //fS/ORV OF I.ON(; ISLAND C 11 Y Teachers : Belle A. C.aiikl. Rose A. Majjuire, Clara L. Shclsky. May I. Molloy. Marjjaret L. Duhig, Elizabeth Sandy, Marijaret L. Burns, Catharine E. Haydcn, Monica Ryan, Clara M. McKcnna, Catharine Lenahan, Emma L. Kells, Emma C. Kinsf, Martha E. Hahn, Alice Robinson, Mary A. Comisky, Susan A. Coughlin, Loretta McKenna, Mary E. Durney, Anna L. Schreincr, Henrietta E. Kron, Helen E. (iusterson, Helen M. White, Ella I. Barry, Mary McGee, Marjjaret Bolton, Mary C. Mahon, Anjjcline E. Reboul, Catharine C. Loughlin, Charlotte Schulte, Loretta F. Clark, Anna Leahy, Mary A. Walker, Marjjaret V. McCarron, Sophia L. Wielinjj, Mary C. Coleman, Theresa A. Kelly, Sarah T. Driscoll, Raphael Shaujifhnessey, Auj^'usta Carlstrom, Alice Bird, Julia (Jerrity, Julia A. Green, May Cleary, Sarah Crawson, Rose A. Crawson, Annie M. Tarpey, Julia F. Henry, \'iola B. Brown, Ag-nes Clift, Kate M. Carroll, Anna E. Locke, Katie A. Locke, Marjjaret Scott, Mary li. Dobbins, Anna Dobbins, Susie Dobbins, Mary C. Huj^hes, Mary A. Hynn, Rose A. Lynch, Marion H. Gartlan, Fannie L. Simpson, Cecilia Solon, Catharine T. Coughlin, Sarah McLean, Carrie T. Chadsey, Anna Ransky, Anna M. Warin,^, Kate Milne, Margaret Bly, EllaM. Dowd. Adah L. Clift, Florence M. Harnicr, Catharine E. Cassazza Sarah E. Bracken, Lilian Gibson, Catherine I. Kielcy, Lilian Jackson, Helen G. Comisky, Margaret E. Knause, Adeline H. Brown, Kate Rooney, Catharine M. Hopkins, Ida Hahn, Jennie C. Cook, Anna L. Bubenik, Margaret Duggan, Rose M. Hopkins. Cecilia M. Murphy. Elizabeth T. Hradv, Maud A. Xewcombe, Margaret K. Knorr, Angelina Heany, Theresa L. Heany, Maud (i. Lewis, lilla R. Simpson, Katharine A. Marinan. Cath;irine I. Shclsky, Loretta Brooks. ^Margaret Monalian. Mary E. Dougherty, Anna L. Carabine. Margaret T. Ciriffiths, AmeHa Limberg, Minnie Campbell, Catharine A. Wieling, Adah Parsells, Isabel Ryan, Mary McGowan, Nellie E. Simon, Alice E. Cranfield. Fannie S. Gillis, Emma Chnwn. Edith White, \'irgie E. Bartlett. Sarah Christie, Nellie Delahanly, Pauline E. Hanagan, Ella R. Bragaw, Marion Farrell. Lilian C. Lowell, Mary A. Chambers, Lottie E. Smith, Rebecca H. StatTord, Mary C. Mynn, Mary Gallagher, Edna M. lillsworth, Mary K. Rooney, Ella L. Keyes, Agnes T. Lunny Irene M. Gibbs, Agnes B. Murphy Annie S. ( )'(ieran, Jean C. I luston, Lilian II. Nichols. I'.O.ARl) OK HliALTH. Pkksioknt — Patrick J. Gleason, ex officio. Commissioners — James Comiskey, Jose])h Cassidy, William \V. Wright, :\Iartin Fleischer, Jacob Martling, Otto L. Mulot, M.D. Hkai-th Duicer — William j. liurnell, M.D. CouNSKi,— Thomas C. Kadien, Esq. /ffS7(V^Y or i.o.\(; /sl.i.vp city. 143 Skcrktary — Dr. F. H. Battcrman. Cmif.f Sanitary Insi-kciok — John y. Colton. C'liii I Inspector of Pi.imium. — Tlioinas l"rc(.-niaii. \'fifkinarv Sl'R(;kon — Dr. W. \\. Wrij^ln. CoMKAcn'oK FOR Rfmovim. I)faii Ammai.s — JiiliiiC,. Wocmcr. I.OCAI. JUDICIARY. Charles T. Diiffv. , - justices <>t ihc Peace. James Injcrani, ' ' John Hendrickson, Stenojjrapher and Clerk. Conrad Dicstcl, City Constable. James Cameron, Court Officer. RESUME. The political history of the city from the period of its erection into a municipality in 1870 has been unduly characterized with bitter and acrimonious strife. There has been too much charter, too many offices, too numerous an army of hungry place-seekers, with the usual result of turmoil, contention and incalculable damage to the material interests of the placo. Administration followed administration, sometimes in the interest of progress, but often overturning what had already been accomplished, or blocking the way of future advancement. The nearness, however, of the new aspiiant for urban honors to the great metropolis constantly stimulated and kept alive the spirit of enterprise and improvement, while the steady overflow of population and business interests that were rapidly gathered into the accessible and inviting territory, well withstood the unfortunate drawbacks occasioned by the politicians, who, from time to time, were charged with the duty of directing the local government. Relief from these prejudicial conditions has been long and anxiously sought. The city's admirable situation, together with its natural advantages, eminentl)' fitted it for a populous and prosperous suburb of New York. But its government has been a failure. Its population is widely scattered and extremely heterogeneous, thereby removing to an indefinite future the development of a higher social and municipal type. Finally these conditions vigorously appealed to property owners, business men and citi/.ens generally, leading them to recognize, in the absorption of the city into (ireater New York, the surest hojie of a bright and prosperous future. CHAPTER V. Tin-: IX)\G ISLAND CITV "STAR." A SKETCH OF ITS DRKUN AM) KARI.V STKl'l ;i; I.KS THK I'lKST ISSUK (;KC)\V1H OV IHI. PAI'I-.K KKMDVAl.! OF LOCATION FROM TIMF, TO TIMIC THE "DAII.v" ANJ) IIS TL"(; OF \V A k IHH c;KKFNPt)INT EDITIONS ERECITON OF THE PRKSENl' " ST AK " llUILDINli ITS VARIOUS DEP A Kl MEN IS THE PRESS, JOI; AND COMPOSITION ROO.MS HUSINESS AND EDIPORIAl, OFFICES PRESENT IMPROVED CONDITION OF THE PAPER ITS I.ARIIE CIRCULATION ITS NEW DRESS THE FOUNDER AND HIS SUCCESSFUL At.HIEVEMENT THE LONO ISLAND sr\N PUI'.I.ISHINC, COMPANY. The Star was born before Lontj Island City was incorporated, Ibc first number Ix'in^- issued the 2oth of October, 1865, when the territory hereabouts was a i)ari and parcel of the town Newtown. The faith of its founder was so strong that a thriving- city was destined to sprini^^- up alo the river front from Newtown Creek to Astoria and Bowery Bay, that he christened the newspaper venture T/ic Lo7ig Island City Star and Nciotown Ad'c'crtiser. Very few successful newspapers were ever started under more modest auspices. It was the creation of Thomas H. Todd, who graduated from the office of the F/iishin«- Journal, where he had served during the extended period between the years 1851 and 1865. He commenced as an apprentice and ended his connection with the office as general superintendent and manager of the business when he determined to "strikeout for himself. " The late Charles R. Lincoln, editor of the Journal, was his warm friend and trusted adviser, and the venture was made with his fullest approval, Mr. Lincoln at the time making this jirediction : "That section is destined to be a great business center; for a yoiuig and enterpris- ing man no better opening, to my mind, presents itself. You may have a hard struggle for the first year or two, but the field is sure to develop, and you cannot but grow with it. -Sec that you stick to it and work; and, most important of all, don/ run in debt." With small capital, a AVashington hand press and the necessary types and other appliances, the young prospcctr.\K EDITDKIAL (Jlllc K. printinyf materially aided in finally placinj;- the venture upon a secure and piyiny; basis. Mr. Charlick ])roved a i^ood and true friend, and his esteemed favor and patronajje were retained until the day of Iris death. FIRST ISSL'K OK rHK Sr.VK. The first issue of the Star, as above noted, was jjiven hearty welcome in Hunter's Point. Ravens- wood, Astoria, Dutch Kills, and other cpiarters of the town of Xewtown, it beinjif the only newspaper pulilishcd in the township. Hunter's Point at this period was small but steadily ;4i-ovving and the outlook was promising. Being the railroad center of the Island, with a magnificent water front, excellent ferries, and broad avenues opening out into the country, everything pointed to the speedy materializing of a populous D.Miy STAR ■^-t'^" HVttWwtS't; *t*v. 6 1. First issue of Daily Star, March 27, 187O. 2. First issue of Weekly Star, October 20, 1865 3. The Daily Star of 1896. 4. The Weekly Star of 1896. 5. The Greeuiwint Daily Star of 1S96. fi. The Creenpoint Weekly Star of iSg(). IffSTORV 01' LONG ISLAND CfTY 147 city. ^Ir. H. S. Anable, at that time manaj^er of tlie Union College property, was an enthusiast in the belief that an important future was in store for the neighborhood, and the publisher was induced to unfurl and put upon record the first name-banner of the coming city in titling the newspaper '/'/w Loiii^- Island C ity Star. The newspaper business grew and prospered from year to year. Job printing increased in volume. Factories, dwellings and stores multiplied. Many needed and de- sirable public improvements were carried forward to successful com- pletion, and all this forward march along the lines of progress led, in 1868-69, to the agitation for incor- poration which finally culminated in 1.S70, in the setting up of the city. The Star took prominent part in the preliminary work of the first charter and subseciuently, with- out avail, arraj'ed itself against the dangerous principle of giving arbi- ^,^i, ^jj^i^m,.^,, ,;.,(j.\i. trary and unlimited power to the Mayor as was done in the ill-starred " Revision," wliich was carried through the Legislatre in 1871. The Star during its career has had several "flittings." In 1S68 removal was made from its birth-spot to the old Foster building, a little farther south on the avenue, near the corner of Third street; and from there, in 1870, it marched still nearer the business center by taking up more roomy quarters in the Schwalenberg building on Horden avenue. Here many improvements were made to meet the growing wants of the times. The old hand- press was discarded, a new and improved and fast running cylinder purchased, and many important additions were made to every department cif the plant whi'-li had alrcaclv dcveli ']')ei:l into nne of the mnsi complete to be found in the county. IIKST SL'BSCRll'.ERS. A liberal subscription list grew apace and the Star soon made its way into every quarter of the township. John Bragaw and Peter Hulst, old and well-known resider.ts of the Blissville section (both now deceased), were the first citizens to have their names enrolled upon the subscription book, each one jiayipv his two dollars in advance, greatly to the surprise and delight of the publisher, who handed to them two of the first newspapers that came from the hand-press. THE nAII.V STAR. In the spring of 1876 the long contemplated plan of a daily issue was finally decided upon, and on Monday, March 28, the first number of the Long Island City Daily Star made its appearance. Now really came the tug of war in right good earnest. Small and insignificant as it was, the paper JOB Co.Ml'OSl.NG ROOM. 148 HISTORY OF LONG ISLAND CITY. proved an expensive and wearingf daily tread mill. The political rin<;f that controlled the city was against a "daily snemj'," and vowed that thej' would starve it out; but they "reckoned without their host " The publisher knew well the field and the obstacles he was to encounter, and had carefully counted and provided for the cost of the battle. For four long years it was a losing game and thousands of dollars were sunk in the struggle for saving it from shipwreck. But the clouds of adversity were gradually broken and scattered and success finallj' won, and in the spring of 1880, the balance sheet made known the gratifying fact that the " Daily was paying its way." Better and more commodious quarters were now again essential and two large floors were leased for a term of five years at 72 Borden avenue. Upon their being specially fitted and provided with steam power, elevators and all the modern appliances, the new offices were occupied on the first of May, 1880, and the business of both Daily and Weekly, from that time forward, CDmmenced to boom in a manner that was exceedingly gratifj-ing. The dark days that had been experienced ;ind the mountains of discouragement that had been overcome were at last happily relegated far to the rear. i;ki;k.\i>oin r kditions. Daily and Weekly editions of the Star for (irccnpoint had been added to the list of publications, and the}-, also, were steadily forging for- ward in public favor in that populous and prosperous section of the city of r.rooklyn known as the Seventeenth Ward The business of the Stiir had gr.iwii to be large and remunerative, 'i'lic foundation was well and securely laid with an eye single to the rearing of a superstructure that would insure the most complete and thorough-going journalistic inde])endence. for the good and behoof of all the people wliose interests it was established to espouse. succEssra'i.i.v kstai:! ishkd. After five years of laborious effort the daily was adjudged a fix- ture and a success, having been triumphantly established as one of the permanent enterprises of the city. It was the acknowledged, energetic and reliable recorder of passing events, while the Weekly had years before come to he the g.-eat home newspaper of the city and the adjoining townships, and was favored with a yearly subscrip- tio.i patronage unsurpassed by any of its island contemporaries. During all these years the Star, from time to time, has been out and in — (oftener out than in) — ^with the local politicians and the managers of the city government, but it never deviated from the even tenor of its way in championing the cause of the taxpayers. It has never, strictly speaking, been the organ of any man. public or private interest, political clicjue or faction, and herein, uncpiestionably. has consisted its phenomenal success as a busi- ness venture. I'RESK.N'r THKEK-STORV liUII.DI.NO ERICCIKI). In the spring of 1885 the lease of the offices at 72 Borden avenue was about to expire in the month of May. All efTcjrts failed in securing a renewal of the lease, the owner of the building alleg- ing that the jar of the steam presses endangered the structure and annoyed his other tenants. This ultimatum was not definitely known until about the fifth of April, and the premises were to be vacated on the first day of May. Quick movement and speedy determination were demanded, and it was decided that the time had arrived when the Star should have its own office building. The site now occupied was chosen and purchased on April 10. On the fifteenth. ])lans had been jjrepared !)\- Architect James NEWSlAl K.K HfSrORY OF LOXG ISLAND CITY 149 Ni;WSIAl'l K PRESS ROOM. Uunncn (latcls- deceased). (Jn the twentieth, upon the sccurinjj of estimates for the ereetion of the three-story buiklinjr, twcntj'-tvvo by eighty feet, the eon tract was awarded to John T. Woodruff, under an express agreement that "the job must be rushed." On the follow- ing day Mr. Woodruff set a large gang of men at work, and the solid twelve-inch brick walls fairly "walked U])." I'lirtunately good weather ful- lowed, and at twelve o'clock noon nl' May I, the roofers were topping otV the completed structure. In the after- noon, machinery, presses, etc., after an early issue in the old tjuarters of tlie .SV(//- of that day, were removed and set in position, and an all-night's struggle of a force of machinists, boiler-makers, etc., enabled the print- ers to get the daily issue of May i out upon the street promptly on time from the commodious press-rooms of its own handsome three-story head- quarters. Contractor Woodruff ex- ceeded all his previous records as a hustler in the wonderful manner in which he handled this job, and for months afterwards the Star building was pointed out by the ])assersby as Contractor Woodruff's " quicker than a wink job." .\CCi)MMoli,\ riOXS DKSCKiniil). The new building, with the capacious rooms of its three stories, has proved a model of convenience in every respect. The first floor is utilized for the business quarters, press rooms and compositors' job printing departuT^nt, and the arrangements as to light, steam heat, etc., are perfect and unsur- passed in every regard. The second floor front is occupied as the editorial rooms, and the rear as the stock rooms for the storage of news, book and writing papers, cards, cardboard, etc. The third floor is set ai)art as the newspaper compos- ing room. It is spacious, heated bj' steam, well lighted, thoroughly ven- tilated, and, all in all, is one of the coziest and best adapted for its i)ur- pose to be found on the Island. On this floor, also is the newspaper file room, where, conveniently arranged for reference, may be found copies of every issue of the Star from 1865 to date — the Weeklies substantially bound in volumes of two years each, and the Dailies in volumes of six months. lAl. n.I 1 lES .Wl) BUSINESS e.ni..\kc;ei). Since the occupancy of tliis new building many improvements, from time to time, have been made, and each succeeding j'ear has seen num- erous additions to the machinery and other appurtenances of the establishment. The circulation of the several editions of the Daily and Weekly issues has steadily advanced; the advertising patronage has grown in a corresponding JOB I'RESS ROO.M. ISO HISTORY OF LONG ISLAND CITY. degree; and the business of the job printing department has so developed in volume of work and character of output as to rank the office second to none in the vicinity of New York. One of Hoe's celebrated three-revolution newspaper presses and a folding machine for trimming and putting in convenient form for mailing purposes and delivery to carriers copies of the Star as they come from the ):)ress, insure prompt and speedy handling of every issue, and tlie many marked advances in newspaper making that have been gradually evolved since the days of the old slow-going hand-press of '65 are truly wonderful, and especially so to the one who, indulging the retrospective review, has been permitted to travel along with the plodding and tireless procession during the period of improvement. THKN A.M) NOW. The territory now embraced in Long Island City had a population in 1865 of some' 7000 to 8000 souls. The population is to day upwards of 50,000. The Star has kept pace with this development. and from a small and insignificant sheet in '65 it has grown to be a handsome eight-page newspaper, well filled with the cleanest and choicest reading matter, and is classed by popular verdict as ranking among the leading and influential papers of the Island. Its circulation has increased from a few hundred to some twelve thousand per week, and its roll of workers has grown from three at the beginning to the snug little army of thirty-si.\, as exhibited by the pay roll of vSeptembr 28, 1896. SUCCESS WON. The founder is still at the helm. At the beginning he was young, untiring, vigorous and hopeful. He has grown gray in the service, but the most complete success has crowned his efforts in estab- lishing a prosperous business, and in the upbuilding of a newspaper whose i)rimary aim has been the advancement of the best interests of the community. THE LONC ISL.XND SIAR l'Ur.l.lSHIN(; COMl'ANV. The business of the Star is now under the management and control of a duly incorporated company, said organization having assumed charge on lune i, 1S93, and is capitalized in the sum of §50,000. The stockholders are: Thomas II. Todd, Edward Todd, Theodore S. Weeks, Alvan T. Payne, Joseph W. McKinnev. The officers in charge as directors of the affairs of the company are as follows: President — Thomas H. Todd. Treasii rer — • E d wa rd Todd . Secretary — Theodore S. Weeks. A NKW DRESS. With the issue of September 26th of the current year a complete new dress was donned, requiring for the change upwards of a ton of new types and other material, the improvement giving a clean and sharp appearance to the print of the newspaper and aitracting v.'idc attention and favorable comment. ASNIVEKSARV AND OUl'LOOK. On the 20th of October, 1896, the thirty-first anniversary of the Star was duly celebrated. Before the completion of the new volume the greater New* York will probably have fully and finally materialized. The .S'Ar/- was a stalwart youngster at the time of the setting up of Long Island City ; it applauded the advent and bade God-speed to the new and promising municipality. It has continued' uninterruptedly in the journey, always striving to the best of its ability to protect the interests and- to aid in the development of the place. The city has filled its mission. It has so prepared the broad and magnificent territory comprised in its boundaries as to fit the lands for an important place in the coming greater city, and the Star he.irtily ccjinmends the new order of things as a transition to an enlarged and boundless field of opportunities, where greater and more marked progress and material advancement will be assured our citizens. The Star hopes to continue to fill the field in the future. HIS TOR 5 ' OF L ONG ISL A ND CI T V. ' 5 ' ns it h.s in the past and as the representative of the people in this district of the Greater New York uVpu^ishers priise that it will always be found an alert and trustworthy chan.p.on of the r,ghts of the masses. Till-: STAR STAFF, SHi'T i'-M i!i: R -'S, 1896. Tiio>. II. T.inn, Mana-ing Editor. Ei.wAKi) T()i)i>, (Icncral Business Manager. T..K01.0KK S. Wi-.KKs, City Editor, L. I. City edition. Oi ivi R II Lowuiv, Citv lulitor, Brooklyn edition. L..n'.,.K Ton,., of St. Jos.pli, Mn., Editor of "The Household" Department. |. S. K1.1.SI.V, Manager Ailvenising Dcparinicnt. "]. Ror.KKT Laws, Cashier and Bookkeeper, F. M. Devoc, Advertising Canvasser. George B. Case, F. M. Devoe, Jr. KKPORTERS. Edmund V. Mac Lean, Charles R. Hughes, George Sproston, Clark E. Smith, Geo. McKiernan, NFAVSi'Al'iCR CoMl'oSlNt'. RooMS. CiEo. E. Dkckeu, Foreman, Edmund 1. Cnihric, Warren A. Fenely, Richard W. P.lauvelt, Charles S. Runyon, Otto Kraemcr. John Worden, Thos. H. Todd, Jr. r)onald A. Manson, Robert W. Hume, John Delaney, Patrick Reilly, JOB l)KPART.Mi:XT. 11 W. Ml KiNNi V, I'oreman. \Vm. Kollmeir, Grafton T. Norris, Wm. (Gardner, Get>. W. Young, Geo. J. Dahl, Lewis Wemlein, George Moore, Joseph Colgan. CHAPTER VI. lUOC R Al> IIIC A L. I.UE SKKITHES OK SOME Ol' I'llE I'KOMINENI' CMTIZENS OF LONG ISLAND CMTV AND VK;lNriV. Stki'hkn a. Hai.skv. — A history of Astoria without mention of this public-spirited citizen would be like the play of Hamlet with Hamlet left out. Stejjhen A. Halsey was born in New York City, April 7, I 791. In 1834 he purchased a residence in the village of Flushing-; and in going to New York to his business by steamboat he was obliged to pass Astoria, then called Hallett's Cove, and being impressed by the beautv of the situation, decided to dispose of his Flushing property and remove thither. Consequentlv, in 1835 he bought the Perrot farm, and the Blackwell farm, comprising nearly all the land lying between Pot Cove and Hallett's Cove, west of what is now Stevens street. He at once devoted himself vigorously to the work of public improvement, laying out and opening streets, building wharves, etc. He built many dwellings, buildings for factories, stores, carpenter and blacksmith shops, and induced the mechanic and the tradesman, the butcher and the baker to occupy them and to settle in the place. He procured the passage, by the Legislature, in A])ril, 1839, of a bill incorporating the place as a village; the name "Astoria" being adopted in honor of John Jacob Astor, of New York, an old friend of Mr. Halsey who had been more or less interested in the fur business with him. An older brother of Mr. Halsey was sent out to Oregon by Mr. Astor in the early part of the century. About 1840 he purchased the ferry running to Eig;hty-sixth street. New York, known in old times as " Home's Hook Ferrv, " and improved it tor the better accommodation of the public, which ferry he ran for nearly thirty years. In 1840 he finished and occupied the large stone mansion on Fulton avenue, between Mouson and Halsey streets, now used by the L.I. City High School. It was built with stone quarried on the premises. About the .same time he was instrumental in opening Fulton street from Perrot avenue, now Boulevard, to Main street, making a direct outlet from the ferry; also, the Flush- ing turnpike to the village of Flushing, and the Astoria, Ravenswood and Williamsburgh lurni)ike road and bridges to Williamsburgh, both of which roads he managed for many years, lie was a trustee of the village of Astoiia during nearly the whole time from its incorporation to the chartering of Long Island City. The first fire company, called "Astoria Fire Engine Company, No. 1," was formed about 1842 by his agency, he building the house which now forms a jjart of the saloon now standing on Fulton avenue, southeast corner of Halsey street. In that year Owen street, now Franklin, was opened from Perrot avenue to Emerald street, now \'an Alst avenue, by his influence. He was largely concerned in the building of the Reformed Dutch Church in 1836, and of the Presbyterian Church in 1846, and made large donations of time and money to both. About 1849 he, with two or three others, bought .several farms, and laid out and opened through them, Broadway, the Crescent, Emerald, Academy and Grand streets. First, vSecond and Jamaica avenues, etc. At that time he dcinated a plot of ground, 100x200 feet, on Academy street, and procured the building of a school- house thereon, which is now used by the Fourth Ward School. In 1853 he organized the "Astoria (las Co.," and on premises now occupied by Steinway R. R., on Mills street. Fifth Ward, built the gas works which for nearly a quarter of a century supplied Astoria with gas. He was a gentleman of large and liberal spirit. When-the Astoria Catholic Church was about to be built he donated the stone for the foundation. In his numerous imdertakings he employed many laborers, but in all his dealings with them he never paid less than a dollar a day, even when others in the neighborhood were paying but seventy-five cents. He has been called "the father of Astoria." Was he not justlv so named ? John E. Lockwood. — The old-time families that in former years gave a distinctive character to the old village of Astoria are rapidly disappearing. The few that remain might almost be counted on a i)erson's fingers. As far as Long Island City is concerned the names of a majority of them are perpetuated in the names of streets and avenues in the upper section of the city. Among the few who remain is John E. Lockwood, who for more than thirty years has lived a quiet, retired life in the Fourth Ward. Entitled by wealth, social position and influence to aspire to high honors, he has preferred, in such public services as he has rendered the city, inconspicuous positions that lirought little notorietv. (^Jju^u A, ^Ut^-^ 6lfJ-. UC ///SIORY OF LOX(; /SLAXn CITY. '53 Mi". Lockwood is of Puritan ancestry. His family was one of the earliest to settle in Connecticut, "vcr two centuries ago. His father, who was engaged in the real estate business, went to New York from Connecticut, and it was in that city Mr. Lockwood was born in 1828. His early education was received at a private school in the city of New York. After leaving the private school he went to New Brunswick, N. J., where lie spent several years in study, but did not pursue a regular course leading to a degree. Soon after leaving college he became a clerk in a commission house. In 1855 he went into the commission business himself. He dealt largely in naval supplies. While he was engaged in business as a commission merchant he resided in New York and Brooklyn. In 1864 he retired from business and came to Astoria. The fine old mansion, fronting on Broadway, located far back from the noise and turmoil, with its spacious lawn occupying the whole block between Lockwood street and Debevoise avenue, was for sale. It was owned at that time by a man named Sanford. Mr. Lockwood jnirchased the place, intending to remain one year in Astoria. He has lived on the same spot for thirty-two years. Astoria was in those days a popular suburban village. Many wealthy New York business men preferred the quiet village to the noisy city on the other side of the East River. The larger number of these old families have been driven 54 JI/SrOKY OF LONG ISLAXD CITY. In the year 1853 Mr. Lockwood married }iliss Jxilia A. Westlake, of New York. Tliey have (ine daughter, Mrs. S. G. Beals, who, with her husband and two young sons, resides at the old home on Broadway. Peter G. Van Ai.st was born at the Van Alst homestead, Dutch Kill.s, May 28, 1828. His ancestors being among the earliest settlers on Long Island. He received his early education at the district school, and later at the Astoria Institute. In 1.S45 he began the study and practice of surveying with H. F. Betts, of Williamsburg, with whom he remained until near the time of the latter's death, which occurred about the year 1853. Soon thereafter, Mr. Van Alst purchased of the estate of Mr. Betts the entire outfit and effects of his office, and in January, 1854, formed a partner- ship with J. V. Mesrole. The partnership lasted but two years, Mr. Mesrole withdrawing and Mr. Van Alst continuing in business on his own account. Mr. Van Alst has been appointed by the Legislature several times as a commissioner in conjunction with others to survey and supervise the construction of some of the leading highways, which office he has always satisfactorily filled. While officiating in that capacity he acted as Chairman of that body. He made surveys and maps which show the street lines, grades, sewerage and monumenting of the city, and assessment maps of the different wards of Long Island tkf^^^^ City. In 1893 a bill for the improvement of Vernon and Jackson ^^^^^■k avenues and the Boulevard was passed, and Mr. Van Alst was ^H appointed a commissioner, a position he held for some time. In • ^^ i^ January, 1S96, he was appointed general engineer by the Improve- ment Company, which position he still retains. On July 4, 1867, Mr. \'an Alst married Miss Eliza Johnson, to whom three children were born, two of whom are living, a daughter Helen G., and a son Peter G. , jr., the latter having been born March 13, 1874. CoRNKLius Rai'ki VK Tk.xkI'Oki). — A history of that portion of Long Island City known as Astoria, and biographical sketches of its most prominent people would be indeed incomplete without special mention of the subject of this sketch, who was born in Astoria, March 26, 1809, and died here September 14, 1872. His parents were John Trafford, one of the earliest settlers at Ilallett's Cove — the original name of this locality — and CJrace HON. J. p. MADDEN. (Rapelvc) Trafford and occupied the beautiful, although more than a century old, homestead at the junction of Boulevard and Main street, now the winter home of Mrs. Lydia L. Kapelye, widow of Mr. Trafford's cousin, CfU'nelius Rapelye. Mr. Trafford was intimately identified with the iiublic affairs of the village of Astoria, and was for years an influential and progressive member of the board of village trustees at a time when such sub- stantial and public-spirited men as Mr. S. A. Halsey, J. B. Reboul, Josiah, Robert and Henry Black- well, James Tisdalc, and other citizens took an active interest in the governmental affairs of the then beautiful village, and much of the old time attractiveness of the place was due to him and his official associates, all, with him, long since deceased. Mr. Trafford was a man of large means, wliicli he expended lilierally in the building of very many of the most attractive dwellings in different parts of Astoria and particularly on the " Hill " — always the aristocratic section. He was largely interested in the Astoria ferry, and aided materially in the first introduction of street cars, in fact, was to the time of his decease one of the most important factors in the community. He was noted for his geniality, and many remember with pleasure and gratitude his acts of unostentatious charity. Mr. Trafford was never married, and therefore leaves no direct descendants to perpetuate the name. The beautiful chimes in the tower of the Episcopal Church of the Redeemer, on the Crescent, were given in his will by Mr. Trafford, and annually on the recurrence of his birthday, ring out sweet melodies. A massive granite cross is a striking feature on the beautiful lawn in front of the church and marks the last resting place of Mr. Trafford. Cornelius Rai'ei.ve was born in New York City, November 16, 1833, and was a son of George Rapelye, a native of Newtown. His mother, whose maiden name was Jane M. Suydam, died when the J^. ;£{i.fiM^J, JL^UI f ///SrORV OF LOA(; IS/. AND C/TY. 155 subject of this sketch was about two years olil He was reared by his aunt. Mrs. draee (Rapelye) Trafford, a most excellent Christian lady. Our subject received a careful education, attendinjj private schools in New York City. In 1853 his father died, after which he bejj'an to make his home in Lonjj Island City with Cornelius R. Trafford, who was larj^cly interested in what afterward became known as the East River Ferry Company. For many years thereafter Mr. Rapelye was president of that corpor- ation. In Newtown, December f.S57, Mr. Ra])elye married Miss Lydia L. Hyatt, dau}.^hter of John 15. Hyatt. Both Mr. and Mrs. Rapelye were always devoted members of the Reformed Church, and durinjr liis lifetime the former was for many years an elder of this church. He contributed larjje sums of money to the support of church work, and in a business and financial way, he was recojjnized as a citizen havinjj much weight, and was held in high esteem. Socially, he was a member of the Holland Society. Henkv Shki.don Anahi.i., whose demise occurred September t,, iec, N. J., and New York City, attending • iramniar School No. 15, in l*'ifth street, where he graduated. He then entered New York College, where he remained until his junior year, and then, owing to ill-health gave up his studies. For several years he was a clerk in his father's timber yard in New York. He afterwards began the study of art, making a specialty of landscape painting, but his health again becoming impaired, forced him to change his occupation. Entering the wholesale drug house of S. R. \'an Duzer, he was placed in the charge of the manufacture of patent medicines, and in that way was led into his present business. Resigning his position in 1875, Mr. Hiscox associated himself with other gentlemen and started in the manufacture of medicines in New York City. He began the manufacture of Parker's Hair Balsam and Ginger Tonic. His other specialties are now Hindercorns, Greve's Ointment and Greve's Horse Ointment. In 1868 he bought, and two years later built, at No. 382 Webster avenue. Long Island City, and in 1890 erected a large brick building, three stories in height, and here he has his manufactory and store room, the business being carried on under the firm name of Hiscox & Co. His medicines are .sold not only in the United States, but throughout the world. Mr. Hiscox married Miss Mary Van Velsor, of Long Island City, and a daugiiter of Ebenezer Van Velsor, who at one time was a prominent contractor and builder, and is now living retired. Six children have been the fruits of their marriage, viz: Everett, Jessie, Frederick, Hattie, ^L-ly and Daisy. Politically, Mr. Hiscox is independent. He is a member of the Association of Proprietary Articles in the United States, also the Wholesale Druggists' Association. He has jjrospered in business to a remarkable extent, and has the warm friendship of all who know him. mil, DKrlcASKP //fsroRY or Loxc; fSL.ixn c/rv. 159 Aukam Rm'Eivk Toi ikn was born at Bowery Bay (Norlh Beach), L. I., in the honiestcad still in possession of the Totten family. He is a member of the Dutch Reformed Church at Steinway. where he is an active worker. His two sisters, Gertrude Rapel)e T(Jtten, and Mary Catharine, the wife of the celebrated ])ianist and composer. Ferdinand Ouentin Dulcken, reside in their picturesque villa on Debevf)ise avenue, Astoria. Abraham Rapclye Totten had three brothers, the two eldest, Joseph and Isaac, dyini; in early manhood. William, the younj^est brother, is living in New York City, and is married to Emma Louisa, daughter of Elizabeth Larremore and Martin Rapelye, having one child, Charles Herfiman Totten. Abram Totten's mother was Ann Eliza Rapelye, daughter of Margaret Polhemus and Isaac Rapelye, two of the oldest and most respectable families of Long Island. She had two sisters, Ger- trude, and Aletta V. A. Van Wyck, and two brothers, Daniel, dying in boyhood, and Jacob Polhemus Rapelye, who died October 20, 1883. Mr. Totten's father was Jacob Suydam, son of Catharine Monfort and Joseph Totten. The famil\- has many mementoes of these old families. Old Bibles, printed in the Holland tongue, with the name of Monfort written on the fly-leaf and engraven on the silver clasp. A marriage certificate, written on parchment, well preserved, of Sarah De Blanck to Pietor Monfort, at Amsterdam, Holland, dated June 11, 1630, who came to this country the same year. A will of Sarah De Blanck Monfort, beciueathing her property to her son Yan (John). A lieutenant's commission, given to one Pietor Monfort, signed and sealed by Richard, Earl of Bellmont, and dated 1698, and many other old and curious documents. Mr. Totten is fond of reading, has a large collection of old coins and Indian arrowheads, found on the Totten and Rapelye properties at Bowery Bay. He has presented some from his collection to the New York and Long Island Historical Societies. John AxDRKw S.\irrn. — Among the pioneers of Long Island City none was more widely known than J. Andrew Smith, familiarly called " Pop" Smith. He was born in John street. New York City, July 12, 1S08. His boyhood days were spent in private schools in New York, getting there the foundation principles of the successful life which he afterwards led. His school days were limited, but Mr. Smith, as known, was a successful, shrewd business man, and self-made, as regards his educational qualities and abilities. Mr. Smith was born of Dutch parents, his father having emigrated to this country from Amster- dam, Holland, while still young in years. Our subject made several trips to his father's native home during his early manhood. Mr. Smith, Sr., moved from the city to Seneca County, New York, where he located on a farm while his family were yet young, taking most of his large family of boys with him, a few, however, remaining behind, and among those was John Andrew, the subject of this sketch. By trade he was a cooper, and followed it until his marriage in 1833. Hisfrequent changes in business made him well known in l-"uhun market and along the shores of the East River, where he kept fishing stations at Kip's and Turtle Bays. His changes in business sometimes led to a change of residence, and among the places where he resided was Thirty- fifth street and Forty-eighth street, where he built himself homes, these, however, he disposed of when he came to this city, that part then known as Hunter's Point. Mr. Smith moved to Hunter's Point in 1853, this was before the days of ferry communication, and when vacant lots and fields were the only things, where rows of brick houses now stand. He located on the ICast River, where what is nt)w known as foot of loth street. While there he engaged in ferry- ing ])eople across the river in small boats, and at the same time keeping a few boats and other necessities for the accommodation of fishermen. After a period of a year or two, Mr. Smith moved to his newly ac([uired property at and adjoining X'ernon avenue and Third street. On February 13, 1833. Mr. Smith married Catharine Ann Gibson, daughter of the late Sandy Gihsuii, of Bushwick, L. I. Mrs. .Smith still survives her husband at the age of eighty years, and is enjoying splendid health, and all her faculties. To the marriage of Mr. and Mrs. Smith were born nine children, namely: Jane E., Adaline, Maria R., Mary Louisa, John A., Jr., and George P., now dead, and Frances C. (now Mrs. C. F. \'er Buck) of Bingham ton, N. Y. , Ehzabeth J. (now Mrs. J. (5. Sterner) of Allentown, Pa., and Amanda M. (now Mrs. New) wife of Alfred L. New (see sketch), a resident of this city. Mr. Smith, in 1859, entered into the general grocery business at 39 Vernon avenue, remaining in the same until he sold out to J. N. New & Brother. Then Mr. Smith opened an oyster saloon in the i6o HISrORY OF LONG ISLAND CITY basement of the liuiklinjj, later he removed to 35 Vernon avenue, two doors lielow, and remained there imtil the time of his death. He was well known throughout his life and admired by many of those who knew him. It has been said that he was known by his peeiiliarities, and persons who did not know "Pop" Smith personally, knew of him throu}»-h this eaiise. He never took any active part in political matters, not even when the city was chartered, on national issues and at nation elections he was a Democrat. He was stern and of sharp temper, althoiijfh he possessed a tender heart and felt keenly for the sufferings of humanity and especially that of his neighbors, and was always looked up to for counsel and advice. While Mr. Smith was never connected witli any church, he adhered to the Baptist Faith and was a regular attendant at the East Avcnne Baptist Chnrch and a liberal siipporter of the Gospel. Fraternally he was not connected with man\- orders. He believed a man's place was at home with his family and he adhered close to his belief. He was, nevertheless, a member of Island City, Lodge 5.S6, I', and .\. M. and of Banner Chapter -M (. I\. .\. M., of which he was ])ast High Priest. .Also an exempt fireman of the old New York X'olunteer service, having served his time as a member of Engine Company Xo. 4(S. Mr. Smith (lii'd MarcJi 6, 1883, at the age of 74 years. lie was one of the charter members of tlie Long- Island t"it\' Savings Bank and was a director from liinc of charter to his death. ]. Rri rs 'ri-.KKN, wlio is a well-known contractor and builder, was born in Xew York City, in 185?, being a son of J. Rufus and Eleanor (Gardner) Terry, natix'es respective)}' of Riverhead and New York City. The subject of this sketch was the second (.'hi Id horn to his parents. His childhood days were passed in Long Island City and Jersey City, and his cihication was obtained principally in the New York Cit\- giammar schools. About 1865 became to Long Island City, where he grew to manhood and has since made his home. After gaining a thorough knowledge of civil engineering, he aided in the survey and construction ot the old Midland Railrt)ad, between Walton and Jersey City, and also assisted in a number of important contracts. Turning his attention from civil engineering to a mercantile life, Mr. Terrj' accepted a position as salesman in a hat, , where he remained for ten years. From that he drifted into the real estate and building busines.s. In 18S3 he began to take contracts for liuilding, and since that time he has constructed a large number of residences on Webster avenue and in that vicinity. While he has disposed of a number of the.se residences, he is still the owner of several hou.ses and many lots suitable for building purposes. He is a skillful architect and excellent draughtsman, and takes contracts for general building. Among his real estate sales are some of the largest that have been made, either here or in New York, and he has been especially active in handling sales in additions. In Long Island City Mr. Terry married Miss Mary E. Gardner, whose father, Thomas Gardner, was a prominent farmer of that vicinity. Mr. and Mrs. Terry attend the Baptist Church, and are contributors for its support. James Mookk Whitcomi!, one of the oldest and most prominent residents of Long Island City, was \v>Yn in Worcester County, Ma.ss., January 11, 1824. He has been a resident of Queens County since [845, and a resident of Long Island City .since 1852. The suoject of this .sketch was the oldest child of his parents, and grew up on his fallier's farm, receiving about two months .schooling each leather anil trimmings store in New York Cit\ /ffs I \ 'A' ) ' ( >/•" /. c )Av; /.sv. . ; A7:» ( / /• ) '. 1 6 1 year until fifteen years old. lie then took charjie of the farm and carried it on until he had reached liis twenty-first year, after which he removed to Lonjj Island. In April, 1852, Mr. Wliitcomb embarked in the livery business in Lonjr Island City, in which he has continued ever since. Mr, Whitcomb is a staunch Republican in his politics. Duriiij; the years 1865-66-67, was Harbor Master. He assisted in starting the first Republican Club in Long Island City and at Winfield, and became prominently identified with his party. During the war he was lieutenant of the Hamilton Rifles of Astoria, and since then has been Deputy Sheriff of Queens County at different times. On the 6th of Ai)ril, 1846, he became a member of Pacific Lodge, I. O. O. F., in Flushing, and is now a r.iember of Astoria Lodge, and is the oldest Odd Fellow in Long Island City. Since 1865 he has been a charter member of Astoria Lodge, F. and A. M. He is one of the life members of the Queens County Agricultural Societj', of which he has served as Director. Mr. Whitcomb was first married in Flushing, L. I., to Miss Rebecca Thorn (now deceased). Five cliildren were born to their marriage. Mr. Whitconib's second marriage occurred in New Y(jrk, February 28, 1866, and united him to Miss Alta (Joins. She died in 18S7, leaving four children. Mr. Whitcomb served for twelve years as a member of the Board of School Trustees. He has resitled at Xo. 5.1 Fulton avenue since 1855. Mrs. M.vrv J. R. Nkw roN-SrK.\xi;, who, for the past fifteen years has held the position of school trustee in the Fourth Ward of Long Island City, and who recently declined to accept the renomination for the office, has the honorable distinction of being the only woman who was ever elected to an ofiice in that turbulent municipality. She has held the position for five terms, being always elected by a hand- some majority, which is an evidence of her popularity among the voters and those interested in school work in the bailiwick. Since her election, in 1S80, she has been the .Active .Secretary of the Board of School Trustees, writing the minutes of their various meetings and ])etitions in the interests of the schools. .\Itliough Mrs. Xewton-Strang has been opposed by Republican and (lleason as])irants for the otliee, who invariably made a hustling canvass by visiting various saloons in the Fourth Ward and raising ban- ners and transparencies in all parts of the neighborhood, together with pyrotechnic displays and mass meetings to boom their candidacy, she was never defeated. She docs not believe that candidates for public office should solicit votes, but gracefully submit to the choice of the people when they go to the polls. She firmly believes that a public ofHce is a public trust, and should be religiously guarded by those perscms chosen by the voters of the city. .Vt no time has Mrs. Xewton-Str.mg left her own fire- side to improve her chances for election. Mrs. Newton-Strang was born in Xew York City, March 30, 1826, where she taught school for five years. In 1852 she became a resident of the Astt>ria section of Long Island City, and a year later became principal of the ])rimary department of the new public school. Dr. S. T. W. Sanford, father of Mayor Horatio S. Sanford, was a member of the Board of .School Trustees. She retired from her school duties in 1864, esteemed and respected by all of her pupils and their parents. A few months later she moved with her family to Bedford avenue, Brooklyn, where her parents and brothers, J. H. and S. L. Rowland, resided. In 1868, Mrs. Xewton-Strang returned to Astoria and occupied her former residence on Lockwood street. At a meeting of those interested in woman's work associated with educational matter held at tile Fourth Ward schoolhouse on October 16, 1880, she was unanimously nominated for school trustee of the Fourth Ward. Altliough inclined to decline the honor, her many friends persuaded her to accept, which she reluctantly did. Siie received the unsolicited nomination of the Fourth Ward Re- publicans for school trustee on October 28, 1880, and was elected. Her ojjponents were greatlj- eiiagrined at her success. A congratulatory meeting of the friends of the newly elected trustee was held in Washington Hall, Astoria, on November 8, i38o, when addresses eulogizing Mrs. Newton- Strang, were made by Mis. Dr. Lozier, Mrs. Lillie Devereaux Blake, Mrs. H. M. Slocum, Mrs. E. (i. Conkling, and m iny others. In 1883, 1886, 1889 and 1892, Mrs. Strang was successively re-elected to the office. She has held the office under the following mayors of the city: H. S. Debevoise, George Petry, Patrick J. (ileason and Horatio S. Sanford. During her term of office the following well-known residents have been school commissioners of the Fourth Ward: Messrs. Johnson, Smythe, Skene, Wingrove, Moulton, lieebe, Allen, Pitcher, Neisenger and Deans. After fifteen years of faithful service as a school trustee, Mrs. vSirang has declined a renomination for the office, which was recently protYered her by the Jerfersonian Democracy, on whose ticket she 1 6.' ///STORY OF LOA'G ISLAA'D CITY. was elected in 1S92. In writing to a friend recently, Mrs. Strang said: "A while ago I promised my dear husband and daughter that if I were spared to see January 1, 1896, I would then cease to perform anyfurther duties as school trustee of the city. It is with a feeling somewhat of regret that I now decline the kind offer of the nomination for school trustee of the Fourth Ward of Long Island City. I have been identified with school work for a number of years, and enjoyed many pleasant associations with it and I hope, while my life continues, I will always feel a deep interest in the public schools as a means of doing so much good for the present and future generations of those who will avail them- selves of their benefit." It was chiefly through the indefatigable efforts of Mrs. Newton-Strang that a handsome school buildino- has been erected on Kouwenhoven street, in the Fourth Ward. The property, which is one of the most valuable in the city, has a frontage of 125 feet and a depth of 190 feet. The school liuild- ings and ground costing about $60,000. She was also much interested in theselection of the plot and buildingof the High School on Fulton street, which is one of the finest localities in the city. Duiiu" the time that Mrs. Strang has been in office there has been erected a new school building in each of the five wards that compose Long Island City. In 1858 Mrs. Newton-Strang united with the Presby- terian Church at Astoria, under the pastorate ol the late Rev. B. F. Stead, D. D. , where she taught in the Sabbath School for many years, and was treasurer of the Ladies' Society for the past twenty-three years. Mrs. Strang resides in a pretty cottage at 307 Jamaica avenue. Her home is surrounded by a large gai^den and a well kept lawn, and some of the rarest plants are to be seen on all sides. Mrs. Strang is an enthusiastic horticulturist, and personally looks after her collection of flowers. The exquisite taste in arranging her garden is admired by all who pass her home. Mrs. Strang's term of office expired with the advent of 1896. IsA.vc B. Str.4NG is one of the oldest living residents and native born citizens of Astoria, L. I. He was born [aniuiry 17, 1820, in the hou.se at the corner of Rem.sen and Welling streets, Astoria, The residence has been occupied for many years by the Rev. P. Bartlett. His ])arents, Garrett S. and Susan (Bragaw) Strang, were also natives of Astoria. The paternal grandfather, Soloman S. Strang, was a native American, of iMX'nch extraction, his JAMES M, WlinCOMB, ])arents having come to this country from France years prior to his birth. In he ioincd the American forces and fought bravely against the British for the freedom of his adopted country. In after years he became the owner of the farm located a mile from Ninety-second street ferry, and now owned by the late Francis Briell's heirs, which he sold and afterward purchased a farm in the lower part of Astoria, where he died. This farm was subsequently purchased by his son, Garrett S. vStrang, a portion of which is now the heart of Astoria. In 1835 he sold it and bought land fwur miles from Newtown where he lived until his death, at the age of 78 years. For many years he was a Jacksonian Democrat. His wife was the daughter of Isaac Bragaw, who owned a farm of eighty acres between what is now Broadway and Jamaica avenue, Astoria. The earthly career of Mrs, (iarrett vS, .Strang was closed in 1825. She was the mother of three sons, all of wliom reached honorable manhood. Sojonian, a carriage manufacturer, died in Jamaica, L. 1, Isaac B. is our subject, and Charles, who became a contractor and builder, died on the old hiMue jilace, now the Boulevard. Their father married again, and to his second union were given two ilaughters and one son, John Strang and his sister, Mrs. Ldnelin Woods, have passed from this life. Their sister Anna is still living Isaac B. Strang was educated in Astoria in the subscription schools in vogue at that time. The 1 1 IS TOR J ' OF L (hVG ISLAND C/7V. 1 63 Whittcmores and Blackwclls were his schoolmates. In his early years he assisted his father on the farm and later he learned the earpjnter's trade. In due time he eommeneed building and eontraetinjj on his own account, he constructed many residences in Lonjj Island City, amonjr which were those of Messrs. Hlaekwell, Freeman, (ien. Hopkins and many others. His own pleasant and commodious residence he built. In Brooklyn, November 26, 1.S46, he married Miss Ann Bragaw, a daughter of John <1. Bragaw, who was a farmer in the vicinity of L. I. City. She was an esteemed member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. She died December 3, 18S5, leaving one child, Charles (i., who was educated here and in New York City. He married Miss .\nnie Bergen, of Jamaica. They have two sons and a daughter. Mr. Strang's second marriage occurred in Astoria, on March 15, 1887, uniting him with Mrs. Mary j. (Rowland) Newton, who was born in New York City, a daughter of William Rowlaml, a native of Huntington, L. I. He was an Attorney-at-Law, and a member of the Methodist Episcopal Clnirch. Politically he was an enthusiastic old line \Vhig. He died in Brooklyn, at the age of seventy- two years. His father, John Rowland, was in the American Xavy during the war of 1812, he owned a large farm at Middle Island, L. I. His wife, Mary Wareham, was born in New York, her father was an engraver and a member of St. Johns (Masonic) Lodge. No. i. Mary (Wareham) Rowland died in Brooklyn, at the age of si.xty- seven years, beloved by all who knew her. She was the mother of four daughters and four sons. Two daughters and two sons are still living, the latter oi whom, John H. and Sidney L., reside in Brooklyn. Mrs. Strang attended Prof. I)e Yerell's school at Patchogue, L. I., and at the early age of fifteen years began teaching school, which occupation she thoroughly enjoyed. She was first married in New York to William Xcwton. He died in Astoria, February 16, 1884. and was buried in (Ireenwood Cemetery. He left a widow and one surviving daughter, Anna A. N., wife of William .A. Peal. She was educated hero and in Brooklyn, and is the mother of four daughters anel three sons. .Mr. .Strang is a charter member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows of Astoria, also belongs to the Sons of Temperance, and has long been a faithful member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, in which he has been Trustee, Steward and Class-leader, besides Superintendent of the Sunday School. He is a Republican politically, and is the oldest living settler of Astoria, remembering many interesting events connected with its early history. He has always been a u.scful citi/.en, and now in the autmnn of his life is surrounded by a host of warm friends. Hon. J.vmes A. McKknna, postmaster of Long Island City, was born in Westchester County, N. Y., February 17, 1857. He is of Irish descent, and is the son of Patrick and Elizabeth (Darby) McKenna, the former having been born in New York City, and the latter in Ireland. The subject of our sketch spent his boyhood days in Long Island City, and when fourteen years of age graduated from the high school there, after which he secured a position as bookkeeper with a firm in New York York City. In 187 1 he returned to Long Island City, and for si.\ months was a clerk in the Finance Department, and was subsequently promoted to the position of Deputy Treasurer and Recorder of Taxes. In the meantime, during the evenings, he devoted his time to a course of study at the New York Evening High School, from which he graduated in 1875. In 1876 he became managing clerk for Robert L. Fabian, a public accountant, of New York, by whom he was taken into partnersnip a tew years later, and on the death of tiiat gentleman he became sole proprietor of the business, which he h:is continued ever since. As an accountant he is well and favorably known all over the United .States and Canada. A moderate estimate of his settlements of fire insurance claims places the amount at more than §50,000,000. May 1, 1S87. Mr. McKenna was appointed postmaster of Long Island City, and in April of the succeeding year he organized the free delivery department, consolidating the service, and doing away with the offices at Astoria. Ravenswood, .Schuetzen Park, Steinway, Blissville and Dutch Kills, .said offices becoming stations of the Long Island City post office. In 1870 he was removed by President Harri.son. but in June, 1893, he was re-appointed by President Cleveland, and still continues in the office, and is popular with the patrons, irrespective of politics. Outlay 12th, 1880, Mr. McKenna married Miss Catherine Kelly, a native of Wyndham, N. Y. Five children have been born to them, viz. , James (now deceased), Catherine, Joseph, James and William. The familv is identified with St. Marv's Catholic Church. 104 M/STOKY OF LONG ISLAXD CITY Mr. McKcnna is a prominent Democrat. In the fall of 1890 he was nominated for Assemblyman from the Second District of Queens County, then comprising Long Island City, Newtown, Jamaica, and Hempstead. He was elected by a good majority. During his term he was instrumental in the passage of the bill providing for the improvement of Jackson and X'enion avenues. He drew up and l)rescnted a bill to reduce the price of gas in Long Lsland City to §1.25 per thousand cubic feet, which passed the House but not the Senate. His influence was felt in many bills benefiting his distrijt. It was due his energy and perseverance in the matter that the consent of the State was granted per- mitting incorporated villages to vote on the question with lighting their streets with gas or electricity. Of the thirty bills which he originated about one-half were passed. He is a member of the Insurance and Dem- ocratic Clubs of New York and the Jefferson Club of Long Island City. Hfxrv a. C.assf.hekr was born in New Viirk City, at the corner of Broome and Orchard streets, October 14, 1S44. His early education was ol)tainedat the West Bloonifiekl (now Montclair). X. J., Academy. His professional studies he pursued at Frankfort - on - the - Main, ( Jermany, and at the College oi Pharmacy, New York City. After completing his education Mr. Cassebeer engaged in the apothecary business, being located at 255 and 257 Columbus avenue, and at the corner of East Seventy-second street and Madison aventte. New York City. He also has an extensive laboratory, which he established in 1894, at Steinway, L. I. His apothecary was originally estab- lished by his great grandfather in 1778. The products of his labora- tory are known all over the United States, Mexico and the West Indies. At his laboratory in vSteinway, Mr. Cassebeer employs a large numl)er of employees. He lias resided in that ])lace for the past twenty-six years, long before any iniprovenients were made. Mr. Cassebeer is a member of the Torry Botanical Club, the Linna;an Society, College of Pharmacy (of which he was secretary and trustee for more tiian seventeen years), Liederkranz, Deutsch Verein, and a number of other social organizations. Politically, he is one of the old-line Democrats, and was at one time a member of the Board of Health of Long Island City. He resigned that position after serving for six months. Mr. Cassebeer married Miss Louisa Ziegler (now deceased), Januar\- 17, 1.S71, to wjiom four children were born. His second marriage occurred July 27, 1891, to Julia Schmidt Ziegler. LuciKN Knapp, City Treasurer and Receiver of Taxes of Long Island City, was born at vStrass- burg on the Rhine, in 1848. He is the son of John G. and Sophie M. Knapp, who came to America in 1855, settling in New York City, where the subject of this sketch gained his rudimentary education in the public .schools, after wliich he com|)leted his studies in tlie College of the City of New York. Mr. Knapp lias resided in yiieens County since (862 (excepting for a few years spent in Brook- lyn), and in Long Island City since 1890. For ten years he was connected with tjie extensive manu- JAMKS A. MCKKNNA. ///STORY O J' LONG ISLAN/) CriY i6s facttiriny csuiblislmicnl of Lalancc ri<>us motto, " In necessariis Unitas, in dubiis Libertas, in omnibus Caritas. " (rEoKGE II. Williamson (deceased) was born in Xcw Ilnmswick, N. I.. August 24, 1S42, and was a son of John and Catherine (X'oorhees) Williamson. Mr. Williamson was educated at the University of the City of New York. In 1877 he located in L^e of Mr. and Mrs. New, William G. and Howard C, now dead, and Alfred N., a traveling salesman in the wholesale coal house of F. A. Potts & Co., New York City, and Miss Gertrude E., at home. Mr. New has always been active in the various interests of the city, havin.V- Garretson, which was terminated by the death of the senior partner in 1882, when with two of Mr. Eastman's sons the co-partnership was continued under the firm name of Garretson & Eastman. Judge Garretson 's practice has been largely connected with real estate, law, mortgage investments, the management and care of estates, and matters connected with the probate courts. He has 1 7 8 HIS rOK 1 ■ OF L ONG I SLA ND CI T Y. been and is still executor and trustee of many large estates and the custodian of important financial interests. Judge Garretson is much interested in educational work, and was for many years President of the Board of Education of Newtown. For the years 1873-4-5, he filled the office of School Commissioner for Queens County. In 1880 he became Surrogate of Queens County, and in 1885 was nominated and elected to the office of County Judge of Queens County. He served with great acceptance from 1886 to 1891, when he was re-elected for a further term of six years. In June 1896 he was appointed one of the commissioners for Greater New York, and in November of same year he was elected a justice of the Supreme Court of New York. He was, in 1876, married to Eliza, daughter of Henry W. Eastman, Esq., his partner and a prominent and successful member of the bar of Queens County and New York. Judge Garretson possesses a keen and incisive intellect which penetrates to the marrow of a legal problem. Without any bold or abrupt statement foreshadowing his intended judgment, he reasons a question out by a process of subtle analysis which gives to every slip the character of a logical postulate. When the conclusion is reached you see at once why it becomes undisputable as an application of legal principles to established facts. It is this judicial quality of mind, ripened by experience on the bench, which has imparted so high a character to his decisions that lawyers feel in advance the futility of appealing from them. Not one of his judgments, while sitting as surrogate and passing upon these intricate questions of mixed fact and law belonging to the probate of wills, was ever reversed by an appellate court. His success in always adjusting the right principle to the right solution of the issue raised before him he owes to a happy organization of mind. Where the intellect, instead of being self-sufficient, is always guided by the law of conscience, silently yet steadily directing his judicial action. With such an organization it would not be otherwise than that he should administer the office of County Judge without fear, favor or prejudice to any man. Before him all litigants stand as impartial suitors. Whether as indicted criminals or parties to a civil action he is equally considerate of their rights and ready to protect them in their vindication. Neither politics, nor local prejudices, nor denominational interests have any weight in his presence. He has no preferred claimants upon his judicial favors, and no counsel, however intimate, has access to his judicial ear out of court. Hence he never comes upon the bench, like so many of otir judges, with a foreknowledge of the peculiar merits of one side of a controversy. Popular with the bar, because of his uprightness, his courtesy and his fearless adherence to the right at every stage of procedure; admired and respected by his fellow- citizens, as their re-election of him to the bench showed, he stands as a noble embodiment of those high moral qualities which constitute a great and an upright judge. Cord Mkver was born at Maspeth, town of Newtown, L. I., New York, in 1854. He is the .second of three sons of the late Cord Meyer, who came from Germany to this country in his youth. A few years after his arrival here, he started in business for himself as a manufacturer of charcoal, used in the process of refining sugar, of which he made a great success, which eventually induced him to enter the refining business himself as a member of the Williamsburg firm of Dick & Meyer, which, after many years of great success, was taken in the sugar trust at the time that corporation was organ- ized. Our subject is largely interested in the bone charcoal business, and is president and principal owner of the Acma Fertilizer Company on Newtown Creek. For a time he was a special partner in the banking house of C. L. Rathborne & Co., but since the death of his father, which occurred in 1891, he has withdrawn that source to attend to his many private affairs. Politically, he is a Democrat, and takes great interest in all political affairs. He was the representative for five years, dating from 1884, in the Democratic State Convention, and a member and Secretary of the State Executive Com- mittee. He is a warm admirer of President Cleveland. In 1892 he was appointed by Gov. Flower one of the World's Fair Commissioners, and in October, 1893, he received the Democratic nomination for Secretary of State. Mr. Meyer is largely interested in real estate affairs of that beautiful village of Elmhurst, Long Island. Mr. Meyer was educated at Old Bro(jk School, Maspeth, after which he attended, and was graduated from Grammar School No. 40, New York City. After completing his grammar school studies, he attended the College of the City of New York for a period of two years. On October 9, 1878, he married Miss Cornelia M. Covert, who has borne him five children. IffSTORY OF I.OXG /SLAXP Cfl Y '79 Charles G. Covkkt was born at Maspeth, L. I., New York, September 30, 1826, and was a son of Underhill and Maria (Johnson) Covert, the latter being a daughter of Charles Johnson, whoresided at Maspeth, near Covert Place. For his first wife he married Miss Nancy Leonora Aldrich, Newtown, October 29, 1841. Her demise occurred April 8, 1845, having borne him three children as follows: Underhill J., born October 19, 1848; Henry Aldrich, born September 29, 1842; and Charles Johnson, born March 27, 1845, t'^*^ latter dying in infancy. On March 29, 1850, Mr. Covert married Miss Elizabeth Welsh, of New York City, who survives him, and who bore him four children. Mrs. Covert was born in New York, December 24, 1827. In 1858 Mr. Covert was first chosen superviser. lie was re-elected to the same position many times thereafter. Alv.\n T. Payne is the leading Attorney and one of the most pro- gressive citizens of Long Island City, who for nearly 30 years has been identified with its development and prosperity. In political affairs he has been very active in serving the public, and in 1875 was elected to the New York A.ssembly from the Second District on the Democratic ticket and served during the centen- nial year 1876. While a member of that body, he was instrumental in securing the passage of only such bills as served the people, and was aggressive in preventing much bad legislation. He was the counsel to the Corporation of Long Island City during the period when the municipal affairs were managed upon business principles strictly. He ran for the ofiice of District Attorney as an Independent Democrat in 1880 and was defeated by about 500 votes, while the regular ticket upon which his adversary ran won by over 2,000. He was a candidate for the nomina- tion for County Judge at the last election to fill that office. The town of Southhold, SutTolk Countj\ where Mr. Payne was born, February 16, 1840, was also the birth- place of his father, Thomas, and grandfather, Captain Benjamin Payne. The latter was a well-to-do farmer in that locality and followed his peaceful calling until the outbreak of the war, when he volunteered his services in defence of the colonies. From the ranks he rose to the position of Captain of his company and was present at many hard-fought engagements, taking a very prominent part in the battle of Long Island. The great-grandfather of our subject was Rev. Thomas Payne, M.D., who was born in Columbia Co., N. Y., and completed his literary studies in Yale College, where he gained a fine education. In addition to engaging in the practice of medicine, he also held the first pastorate of the First Presbyterian Church Society organized in the town of Southhold. And, as it is inscribed on his tombstone, he ministered to the wants of the soul as well as those of the body. The mother of our subject was a daughter of Rev. Ezra Haynes, a Presbyterian Clergyman, and a native of Columbia County in this State. Dr. Daniel Haynes,[one of her uncles, was a distinguished physician and poet. HON. IHEODORE KOEHl.EK. ,80 HfSTOKY OF LONG ISLAND CITY. The subject of this sketch was the youngest son and fourth child in the family. At the age of twelve years, he was a pupil in Brainerd Academy, Connecticut, and a teacher of primary classes therein. Later he became a pupil of Elizabeth Mapes, a renowned teacher on Long Island for many years, and of whom it was said that no lady of that period surpassed her in mental acumen. Mr. Payne's ambition to enter Yale College was frustrated by his father's reverses in business, and at the age of sixteen, he began the study of law in the office of George B. Bradley, of Corning, now Justice of the Supreme Court. He was admitted to the bar at the age of twenty-two years and shortly afterwards formed a partnership with Henry Sherwood, then a member of Assembly. He was elected a Justice of the Peace shortly after attaining his majority. In 1864 he was appointed United States Commissioner for the Northern District of New York. In 1S67 Mr. Payne removed from Corning to New York City and formed a partnership with his brother Oliver. His clientage in Long Island City having increased .so rapidly, because of his residence there, he gave up his New York offices and devoted his whole time to his work there. The success of Mr. Payne has been gradual and well merited. He is regarded as an able all- around lawyer in whose hands the confidences and interests of his clients were never misplaced or betrayed. He has been retained in many noted cases, among them the Hoffman lunacy proceedings and afterwards in maintaining Mrs. Hoffman well. In the latter case he was paid $2,500 for his services and he was then only about thirty years olil. He was the managing counsel in the first case against Mayor Debevoise, contesting the validity of his election. An extraordinary circuit was appointed by Governor Dix for the trial of the action. Mr. Payne failed after a two weeks' trial, but subsequently, upon a re-election, Mr. Debevoise was ousted in an action brought by :Mr. Payne in behalf of George Petry. He was also successful in the Almquist poisoning and divorce cases which for a long time attracted public attention. Mr. Payne is counsel to the Queens County Bank. He is a trustee of Long Island City Savings Bank and has been its only counsel since its incorporation in 1876, and the bank during that period having invested hundreds of thou.sands of dollars upon his advice, never lost a dollar. He has the distinction of being the oldest practitioner in the city and the third oldest in the county. His son, A. T., Jr., is associated with him in the practice carried on in their commodious offices in the Savings Bank Building. His relations to the members of the bar have been cordial and fraternal, and he enjoj's the confidence and respect of the Courts. Mr. Payne is at the present time the President :inal research, and wrote valuable papers which bnjujjht him at once into the notice of the medical world. The prize of the American Medical Association was voted to him in 1S55, for his " I*'ssay on the Statistics of Placenta Previa and Rupture of the Uterus." Removinjj' to New York City in the Sprinjj of 1859, Dr. Trask, in the fall of that year, became a resident of Astoria, Lonjjf Island, which was his home thereafter. The strong' inducement that finally decided this determination seems to be found in his love of outdoors, and every living thing-. The short experience of life in a city did not atone for the loss of llie life among trees and fiowcrs that he loved so dearly. The close pro.ximity of New York and Hrook- lyn kept him in touch with the leaders of his profession, who eagerly welcomed him back, and he accepted the chair of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children in the Long Island College Hospital, of which he was a founder. After four years of service in this capacity, his professional duties necessitated his retirement. ^lore than once the opportunity to change to the city practitioner was olTcred. notably, when he was urged to accept the chair of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children at the New York Uni- versity, his alma mater. His refusal was earnestly combated by the Faculty, and particularly by Dr. dunning S. Bedford, the retiring professor. He was a Founder and Fellow of the American (lynecological Society, and President of the Queens County Medical Society, also a member of the Oucens County Visiting Committee. At the time of his death, he was deeply interested in the founding of a Home for children. He was a member of the Citizens' Committee of Long Island City from its start. A notice of this part of his life says: "By his coolness and courage, and by the wisdom of his counsel at every turn in the many perplexities and discouraging situations in which the members of tlie committee found themselves, during the long and memorable contest with the 'Ring,' Dr. Trask did \'atiant and invaluable service, that a grateful public will not soon forget." Mr. Trask's life as revealed in letters, from boyhood onward, showed absolute unity of purpose. This was the keynote of his character. L^ncompromising toward evil or wrong, he was always charit- able and kindly in his judgments. " Always give him the benefit of the d(niht " when the short comings of a delinquent were under discussion. At the time of his death he was Senior Warden of St. George's Protestant lC|)iscopal Church at Astoria. His love of home, which was always strong in him, was intensitied in thowi.se and loving father, and companion of his children. At Amherst College he was happy in the friendship of Dr. lidward Hitchcock. i)y whom his inborn love for nature was stimulated and developed. He then began that research into the natural sciences, that through his whole life afforded relaxation to the tired brain. For a number of years his health, at no time robust, had been failing, and a rest became a neces- sity ; he, however, accomplished some of the best work of his life during these years. He died after a brief illness September 2, 1883. His widow, two sons and a daughter survived him. Xo one ever exemplified more fully than Dr. Trask the words of a wise and holy man — "it is impossible to estimate the large minded wisdom, the common sense, and the peculiar priestly kindness of an intelligent physician," Rarely does one see or hear of a man so beloved by all sorts and conditions of men, and the secret was the reality of his own nature; he was what he seemed to be. The rule of his life was love to God and man. His influence for good no one can tell, and many a soul to whom he gave the ministrations of his profession, blesses him for the strength and consolation meted to his needs. The Ni-if York Medical Rironl says: "It is seldom that the death of a physician is looked upon as a public affliction by the community in which he has labored. So it was, however, in the case of the late lamented Dr. Trask. The rich and poor crowded the church to pay their last tribute of respect to one who had served them so faithfully in life. There was an intensity of grief tliat is very iSS HISTORY OF LONG ISLAND CITY. rarelj- witnessed. The several departments of the city government, the citizens' committee of fifty, the Law and Order Society, and various other bodies were represented. Distinguished members of the medical profession from New York City and other parts of the State were present. As an author, practitioner, citizen and Christian he did his work effectively, quietly, conscientiously and for the ' work's sake '. " Mkxzo W. Hkkriman, M.D., visiting physician to St. John's Hospital, cx-police surgeon of Long- Island City, and a general practitioner with office at No. 330 Steinway avenue, and one of the most influential and prominent physicians and surgeons of Queens County, was born in Syracuse, N. Y., in 1857, being the son of Richard and Alvirah (Hartson) Herriman, natives respectively of New Jersey and Schuyler Lake, N. Y. The subject of this sketch is the eldest child of his parents, and the only one who adopted a profession. He attended school for a number of years, and was graduated in 1877, from the vSyracuse High School. The year after his graduation he entered the medical department of the University of Syracuse, and remained there until 1881, when he was given the degree of M.D. He began the practice of his profession in his native city, and after about eight months received an offer from a relative, Dr. J. A. Lidcll, to come to New York, which he did. In 1885 he was appointed surgeon for the United States and Brazil Steamship Com- pany, which position he held for four years, meantime making nine or ten trips each 3'ear between New York and Rio Janeiro. Resigning in 1889, he again began practice in New York City, but after six months, in September of that year, he removed to Long Island City and opened an office where lie has since conducted a general practice. While he has l)ccn \x'rv successful in every line, his specialty is the treatment of diseases of children, in which his skill is imiversally recognized. While in Syracuse, he was physician in the dispensary connected with the tmiversity of that place. vSince i8go he has been connected with St. John's Hospital, and from 1892 to i8g6 he held the position of police surgeon. In the Long Island City Medical Society he is a charter member, and is also a member of the Queens County Medical Society. Dr. Ilcrrinian's family consists of his wife and his son Rudolph. His wife, whose maiden name was Josephene Hirsch, was born in Austria, and who, while in girlhood came to this country with her parents, settling in New York City. Doctor Herriman is a member of Island City Lodge, No. 586, I*", and A. M., Herriman Lodge, A. < ). U. W., Order of Chosen Friends and Knights and Ladies of Honor, Enterprise Lodge, K. P., No. 228, Knights and Ladies of the (iolden Star. O. F. S. and others, for all of which he is medical examiner. He is identified with the Church of tlic Redeemer. Hk.njamin Grinnell Stron'(;, M.D., Coroner of Queens County, is a physician of prominent standing. He was born in Reading, Hillsdale Coimty, Michigan, September 19, i860, and has resided in Long Island City for the past seven years, having removed from his native state in 1889. Dr. Strong is a descendant from Puritan stock and is a member of the seventh generation from John Strong, the first of the family in America. His father. Dr. Asahel B. Strong, was born at Hunts- burg, Ohio, and was a physician of great prominence in the section in which he resided. Dr. Strong's mother, who.se maiden name was Cornelia Grinnell, was a native of Evans Hills, N. Y., whose family was prominent in that section. When eighteen years of age. Dr. Strong graduated from the high school of his native town. He at once began his own support by clerking in a drug store in Reading, a position he held until 1880, at which time he entered the medical department of the Univer.sity of Michigan at Ann Arbor, and was graduated therefrom three years later. He then entered into busi- ness with his father, and when tlie latter died he succeeded to his practice. In 1889, afterhis removal to Long Island City, wishing to gain more information relating to his profession, he took a course in the Post Graduate School of New York City, and in June of that year succeeded to the practice of Dr. Hitchcock, and has since continued at the old office. No. 434 Jackson avenue. >RGF. 11. lAV.MAK. f/ISTOKY OF LONG ISLAND CI I Y. 189 In the fall of 1893, Doctor Strong was elected to the office of County Coroner on the Republican ticket. He has ever since filled that position with the greatest satisfaction. In November, 1896, he was re-elected to the same position by a plurality of 5,859. In 1884, at Indianapolis, Ind., Dr. Strong was united in marriage to Miss Alice Bartholomew, a native of Michigan. One child, a daughter, has been the fruit oi their union. Dr. Strong is a member of Island City Lodge and Encampment, I. O. O. F. He is also a Mason of iiigh degree and belongs to Banner Chapter. He is a Royal Arch Mason and was made Knight Templar in Hillsdale. He is a prominent member of the Knights of Pythias and of the Order of Sons of Veterans. William J. BfRXKTT, M.D., was born in Perrinton, X. V., but has been a resident of Long Island City for twenty-two years. He received his rudimentary education in common schools, after which he attended and was graduated from the University of Michigan. On February 13, 1879, he married Miss Clara Frick. Three children have been born to the union, only one living. Dr. Burnett has filled a number of important positions. He is Health Officer, County Physician, and iias been Com- missioner of Education. His long successful career in Long Island City has iilaceil iiim at the head of his profession. (Jkorgf. Forbks, M.I)., was born in Brooklyn, N. Y., November 5, 1.S67. His father, (leorge Forbes, was a native of Scotland, while his mother, Sarah A. (Johnson), was born in Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Dr. Forbes attended the public schools of Brooklyn until he was thirteen years of age, at which time he entered the drug store of his brother Henry. After following this business for four years he decided to adopt the medical profession. In the meantime he went to Astoria, and began reading medicine in the office of his brother-in-law, Dr. Neil Fitch. He afterwards entered the medical department of the University of New York, and in 1889 he was graduated therefrom. He then located in Ravenswood, where he maintains his office and residence at No. 693 \"ernon avenue. On July 15, 1891, Dr. Forbes married Miss Norine Cadmus, of Brooklyn. Two children have been born to them, Ghidys and Mildred. In politics Dr. Forbes is a Democrat. He is a member of the Jefferson Club of Long Island City, American Legion of Honor and the Long Island City and Queens County Medical Societies. He also attends the Episcopal Church. Dr. Forbes was appointed County Physician and Surgeon August 9, 1896. Robert F. MaiiF.arlane, M.D., was born in May, 1842, in Orleans County, X. Y., and is of Scotch parentage. His father was for many years editor of the Sciciiiific American. The subject of this sketch was the eldest in a family of five children, who grew to mature years. He attended the schools of Brooklyn and New York, and was graduated from the \Villiamsburg school of the latter citj' in 1854. He then accepted a position in the dry goods business, in v,-hich he continued until the breaking out of the war, at which time he volunteered and became a member of the Sevent}'-ninth New York Highlanders. He later aided in the organization of Company K, Twelfth New York State Militia, and was mustered into service as Second Lieutenant. At the expiration of his service he was honorably discharged. On his return home he continued in mercantile business until 1S84, at which time he began to take a thorough course in medicine. He entered the Albany Medical College, from which he was graduated in 1888, having been valedictorian of the occasion. After spending two years abroad, in 1890 he returned to America, locating for one year in Albany. At the expiration of that time. Dr. MacFarlane removed to Long Island City, succeeding to the practice of Dr. Lyttle. In 1877 he married Miss Eleanor Moore, to whom one child has been born. Dr. MacFarlane is a member of the Long Island City and the Oueens County Medical Societies, being \'ice-President of the latter. He is a Master Mason, being a member of Long Island City Lodge, No. 586. John Francis Birns, M.D., was born in New York City, December 5, 1S63. He is a graduate of medicine, having received his diploma in 1889 at the University of New York. In 1892 he began his medical practice in Long Island City, where he has been actively engaged ever since. He is resi- dent physician and surgeon at City Hospital of New York, also physician at New York Maternitj' Hospital, also Assistant Medical Superintendent of Fort Hamilton Asylum, is visiting surgeon to St. John's Hospital, a member of the American Medical Association, and an active member of the Queens County and Long Island City Medical Societies. He is a regular contributor to a number of medical publications, including the AVw York Medical Journal and Record. 190 /ffSrOKY OF LONG fSLAXD CITY. Francis E. Bricxxax, M. U., was born at Greenpi)rt, L. I., January 28, 1873. He was formerly connected with the Metropolitan Hospital of New York City. When a lad of nine years he was sent to New York City, that he might complete his education. He first attended Grammar School No. 49 in East Thirty-seventh street, and on beinjf jjraduated therefrom, in 1890, was admitted to the College of the City of New York. After carrying on his studies in this institution for one year, he decided that he would follow a professional life, and in the fall of 1891 he entered the New York Homeopathic Medical College, where he pursued the entire course, graduating May 3, 1894. As a result of the competitive examination held May 5, he received the appointment as jimior assistant to one of the physicians of the Metropolitan Hospital. After a period of six months he was promoted to senior assistant, and again at the expiration of six months was made house physician. While in charge of the hospital, Dr. Brennan performed a greater number of operations than any of his predecessors, for during that time he had two hundred and thirteen patients o])crated upon (his nearest competitor having operated upon but 120). On retiring from the hospital, December i, 1895, he was awarded a diploma in recognition of the ex- cellent work he had done while in charge of the institution. He then began practice in Long Island City, opening an office at No. 76 East avenue. He is the only homeo]xithic physician in the Hunter's Point district, and he has a large and lucrative practice. Although Dr. Brennan was connected with the ^Metro- politan Hos]Mtal in New York, he has made his home in Long Island City since 1883. He is a mcmberof the Alumni Medical Society, and has contributed many articles of interest and great value to this body. He is also a member oi the Alumni Society of the Ward's Island — Metropolitan Hospital. He is medical commissioner to the Board of Health of Long Island City. Tlie doctor is also a member of the Faculty of the Metropolitan Post-Graduate School of Medicine, New York City, being assistant clinician to the followiig chairs: Dermatology, Rhinology, Laryngolog)-, Therapy and Physical Diagnosis. The parents of Dr. Brennan were Paul and Mary (Magee) Brennan, natives of Ireland, who are now living in Lnng Island City. Ci.AKF.xcK N. Pi. A 11, A.l!., M.l)., was born in New Haven, October 29, 1864, and is a son of Charles N. and Abigail (Prindle) Piatt, both being natives of Connecticut. Dr. Piatt attended the ]niblic schools of his native city, preparing for college. I n j .S80 he entered Yale, and four years later was graduated therefrom with the degree of Bachelor of Arts. In 1885 he became a student in the Homeopathic Medical College of New York City, and after completing the course in i888, had conferred upon him the degree of Doctor of Medicine. After practicing his profession for a short time in Brooklyn, in the Spring of 18S9, he located in Asi 93 lican, but has never been in sympathy with rings of any kind or their henchmen. He has never sought political honors of any kind, and has on two occasions refused commissioncrships on the citv boards. In 1873 he married Miss Mary E. Sullivan, a native of Troy, X. Y. Ten children have l)ecn the fruit of their union, six of whom are living. Thkodore Koehi.kr, legislator, eldest son of C. C. T. Koehler and Dorothee von Koepcke, was born in the Province of Schle.swig-Holstein, July 30, 1856. He is descended from ancestors noted for military spirit and bravery, his grandfather having been knighted by Frederick VII, King of Den- mark, and his father decorated with the order of the Iron Cross. In April, 1871, he entered an apprenticeslii]) with one of tlie largest business houses in Leubeck, where he continued until November, 1875. Having completed this preparatory stage, hescrved forafew months with the same house, then enlisted in the army, but subsequently (in 1876), he secured a release from his service obligation and came to America. He landed in Philadelphia with the expectation of joining a friend, but that friend having died in South America, the youthful stranger was thrown entirely upon his own resources in a strange land. With a bravery and pluck worthy of his subsequent achievements he sought promiscuous employment for the sake of a livelihood, and after a few years ot toil and perseverance found himself in a position to achieve greater things. In 1883 he accepted an ofter from an English firm to represent them in South America, and joined an exploring expedition in the course of which he met with many thrilling experiences and on several occasions narrowly escaped with his life. Returning to the United States at the end of his engagement in 1884, he represented the firm at the New Orleans Cotton Exposition. On returning to New York at the close of the exposition he accepted a position as manager of a large wholesale house. In the fall of 1S85, an offer was made him of a head bookkecpership of one of the most important and far-reaching industries of Long Island City. This position was held for about ten years, during which time a wide reputation was gained as an expert accountant and he was frequently called upon to adjust the books of corporations and business firms in the vicinity of New York, and also to teach private classes. When the examination of the books of the various departments of Long Island City needed a thoroughly competent expert, the Common Council called upon Mr. Koclilcr to undertake the work, which he is still conducting to tlicir entire satisfaction. Up to this time the subject of this sketch had not been regarded as " in politics," but his merits as a keen business man were recognized, and being placed in nomination to represent Long Island City in the Queens County Board of Supervisors, he was triumphantly elected. On taking his seat he was accorded, by common consent, a foremost place in the councils of the board, although its youngest member, and throughout his entire term proved himself faithful, painstaking and hardworking. Among other things he accomplished the transforming of the unsightly spot of ground immediately in front of the Court House into a well laid-out park. He also worked hard for the construction of a tunnel under Newtown Creek as a means of permanent communication between Brooklyn and Long Island City. The question having become a burning issue, was taken to the polls, and Mr. Koehler, being re-nomi- nated for a second term, was elected by a large majority. A bill was passed by the Legislature author- izing the construction of the tunnel, but it was vetoed by the Governor. He also did efficient service in the cause of good roads, reducing the whole matter to a system, which, if carried out, would make the county the envy of the entire state. It is worthy of mention that he was the only supervisor ever elected from Long Island City who served three consecutive years. So well did Mr. Koehler serve his constituency in this office, that in the autumn of 1895, he was elected to the State Senate by a splendid majority over his Republican competitor, who was a candidate to succeed himself, 'I'hc honor was unicpie on account of the three years duration of his term as pro- vided bv the constitution of 1894, making him the only Senator from the Second Senatorial District who will ever serve for the same length of time. Likewise he was the first Senator ever chosen from Long Island City and the first to represent the Island District composed of Queens County alone. In this bodv he was recognized as a rising man, and at once assigned by Lieutenant-Governor Saxton to membership in three of the most responsible committees, in which he became an active worker. Rep- resenting one of the most populous and intelligent districts in the state, made up of many and diversi- fied interests, he has been called upon to present and champion many bills; so that no more busy man than he could be found at Albany, and considering that he belonged to the minority, he has been emi- nentlv successful in the major portion of his efforts. Mr. Koehler is eminently a man of the people, thoroughlv self-made and has a large share of that determination, push and pluck, which make him a 194 HISTORY OF LONG J>>LAND CITY. man of mark. When it is remembered that fully one-half of his life was spent upon a foreign soil, that here he bej^an with nothinjf, and for many years waged a hard battle with poverty, he appears as a veritable marvel among men. By the people of his distriet he is regarded as being thoroughh- trust- worthy, holding sacred his word once pledged, and above all methods of deceit to gain friendship, polit- ical or otherwise. In the section of Long Island City known as Steinway, he has a beautiful home where he spends his time when not engrossed with business cares. Here, with his most estimable and gifted wife, he entertains with a liberal hand his large circle of friends and admirers, continually showing the nobility of true manhood, and the full strength of an ideal citizen. He was married in 1877 to Bernardine Helmcke of New Jersey. Mr. Koehler is a member of the Advance Lodge, No. 618, of F. and A. M., Astoria; Mecca Temple of the Mystic Shrine; the L. I. City Wheelmen; the Century Wheelmen of New York City; the Institute of Accounts, New York City; the Astoria Maenncrchor, Harmonic and Arion Sing-ing Societies, and various other organizations. Hon. Jacoi! Stahl was born in Bavaria, (jermany, July 25, 1840. His parents were Jacob and Mary (Franz) Stahl. Our subject attended the scliool in his native place until he was fourteen years old, when he began working with his father, learning the mason's trade. He so continued until nearly his twentieth birthday, when, May 7, i860, he sailed for America. After a short stay in New York City, he located in what is now Long Island City. Four years later he went to Williams- burg, where he established a milk route, running this business for one year on his own account. At the end of that time he sold out, and returned to Long Island City and engaged in farming. After following farming for four years he decided to go into the hotel business, and for five years conducted the Fifth Ward Hotel. In 1894 he disposed of his hotel interest, and engaged in his present business, that of undertaking. In 1864 Mr. Stahl married Miss Margaretta Berbrich, of Astoria. Mr. Stahl was elected Alderman at large in 1876, and remained such until 1878. In 1895 he was elected -Assemblyman on the Democratic ticket to seive two years. He is a member of the Odd Fellows, the A. O. V. W., the Catholic Benevolent Legion, the Turners' Society, the I'rohsinn Singing Society, Jefferson Club, St. Joseph's Catholic Church, and the County Undertakers' and Liverv Association. Matthew J. Goldnek, President of the Improvement Commission of Long Island City, was born in New York City, July 29, 1856. His father, Anthony Goldner, was a native of Germany, and came to America in 1852. After attending the public schools for a time, our subject was sent to De La Salle Institute in New York City, where he completed his studies when sixteen years of age. He then entered his father's marble works, and when twenty-five he was taken in as a full partner, the firm becoming A. Goldner & Son. They continued to operate together until January, 1886, when the junior member disposed of his interest in the business, owing to the fact that he had been appointed Under Sheriff to John J. Mitchell. He served in that capacity for three years. In 1888 he received the nomination for Sheriff on the Democratic ticket. He was elected, and in January, the following year, he took the oath of office, his term expiring in 1892. On January 20, 1893, he was appointed City Clerk by Mayor Sanford. He continued to fill the latter position until July 20, 1895, when he resigned to accept the presidency of the Improvement Commission of Long Island City. Mr. Goldner has erected several residences in the upper First Ward of Long Island City, and with his family resides at No. 153 Eleventh Street. He was married in New York City to Miss Georgietta Mahler. Me has always been interested in politics, and is at present a member of the Democratic County Committee of Queens County, and for the past fifteen years he has been a member of the Long JULIUS VON HUNERbEIN. //AS" Ti Vv? Y OF L ONG /SI. AND CITY. 195 Island C'ity (rencral Democratic Committee. He has been School Commissioner from the Second Wan!, having served in 1883 and '84. He is a member of the A. O. U. W. and St. Mary's Catholic Cluircb. Ill Nkv C. KdKi MANN. SajxTvisor from Lonjr Island City, is of (Jcrman descent, as his name indi- cates, but he is a native of this city, ha\-injif been born in Astoria, November 13. i860. He received his early education in the old villaj^e school that since the incorporation of the city has been known as the Fourth Ward School. There was no high school at that time in Astoria, and on leaving the public school he pursued his advanced studies in the parochial school connected with the (Jerman Second Reformed Church, which was under the care of the Rev. C. I). F. Sleinfuhrer, who was then, as now. pastor of that cluirch. Leaving school at the age of fifteen, Mr. Korfmann started out to make his own living. He secured a position in Muchmore's drug store, where he remained five years. At the end of that time he gave u]) his position to accept a more lucrative one in the wholesale drug and chemical house of W. H. Schieffelin & Co., corner of Beekman and William streets. New York, the best known drug firm in the business. Mr. Korfmann's jjosition was in the laboratorv. On account of ilJ health produced by handling chemicals, he had to resign his charge and accept a clerical position in the City Treasurer's office. Mr. F. W. Bleckwenn was City Treasurer at that time. In September following Mr. Korfmann was appointed Deputy City Treasurer, and held the office con- tinuously until the close of 1894, when Mr. Bleckwenn retired from the office. In the following month he was appointed chief bookkeeper and cashier in the Water Department, and held that position up to December 31, 1895. Mr. Korfmann is a member of the \'eteran Firemen's Association. In 1881 he joined Mohawk Hose Company, and continued as a member up to the time of the disbandnient of the comjjany to make way for the paid fire department in the year 1890. He was foreman of the company for two years. Among the other organizations of which he is a member are Island City Lodge, F. and A. M., Enterprise Lodge, K. of P., John Allen Lodge, A. O. L'^. W., Queens County A. C, Arion Singing Society and Order of American Firemen. In politics Mr. Korfmann has always been a Democrat. For the past eight vears he has been a member of the General Committee of his party, and for several years President of the I'"ourth Ward Democratic Association. He is also one of the charter members of the Jefferson Club. On receiving the nomination for the office of Supervisor, Mr. Korfmann made a vigorous canvass and was elected by a majority of 199 over Cornelius J. Jordan, the candidate of the Gleason faction, and a majority of 353 over Charles E. Burden, the Republican candidate. Mr. Korfmann is married and has three children. He resides at 315 Broadway, Astoria. He makes no pretense at being a public speaker, but is a young man with business ability, unblem- ished character, and one who can safely be trusted to look after the interests of Long Island City as a member of the County Board. Jou.N H. Sl Ti'ui.N was born at Jamaica, Uueens County, Long Island, in 1836, and received his education in the schools of that place. He has held many important positions, among them the office of County Clerk of Queens County, to which he was first elected in 1871. He is now serving his ninth consecutive term of three years each. Mr. Sutphin is an ardent Democrat and has been chair- man of the Democratic Count}- Central Committee for many years. In business life he is President of the Bank of Jamaica, and Vice-President of the Jamaica Savings Bank; also a trustee of the Jamaica Normal School. In 1857 he married ^liss Carrie M. Smith of Jamaica. Their union has been blessed witli five children, all of whom are living. Frederick Bowley was born in New York City, December 19, 1851, and is the son of jacol) F. and Rosanna (Dre.xzel) Bowley, the former of Stuttgart, Germany, and the latter of Austria. Of the four children born to his parents, Frederick is the eldest. He received a careful education in the grammar schools of his native city. When he was twelve years old, he was bound out to learn the butcher's trade and soon became familiar with every detail of the business. He then went West for one year and worked at his trade in several of the Western States, but subsequently returned to New York City, where he continued at his trade for a year, after which time he started in business for him- .self, but owing to his giving too much credit, succumbed to the panic of 1873. After his business reverses, Mr. Bowlev again went to work on a small salarv for the firm of .96 N /STORY OF LONG ISLAND CITY. Richard Webber of Harlem. After having saved the most of his earnings, in 1882 he branched out in business for himself again in One Hundred and Thirteenth street, New York, and carried on a retail meat market there until 1887. Then purchasing property in Long Island City, he started a branch store, conducting both until 18S8, when he sold out his New York establishment. He now conducts and owns one of the largest packing establishments on Long Island, located at Nos. 202 and 204 Main street, Astoria, with branches at Jamaica avenue and Winans street, and at the corner of Freeman avenue and Radde street. Resides these, he has a branch at Flushing, where he also docs a wholesale and retail business. Mr. l^jowley married iliss Anna Poics, who was born in New York City, but of Holland-Dutch ex- traction. They have no children living, but they adopted and reared tlie three children of Edward Bowley, a brother of the subject of this sketch, their mother having died two years ago. Mr. and .Mrs. Bowley are both generous, and have done much in practical charity for the poor of Lcjng Island Cit\-. In one instance they donated $1,000 to the poor and distributed tickets to clergymen of all denominations to give to all deserving people, so that they could procure bread and meat every other day, this good work to be carried on from April 1 to November i. Mr. Bowley was recently elected Alderman-at- large of the Second District on the Jefferson Demo- cratic ticket, and is also a member of the General InijMMvcmcnt Commission of Long Island City. He is, as a rule, independent in politics. He is a member of the Masonic fraternity, and an honorarv nienibcr of the Uuccns County Athletic Clul). Jou.N W. PK■|K^' was born in Paterson. N. J., January 9, i860. His jiarents were John II. and Sarah (Tibby) Petry, both natives of thai ])lace. In 1868, Mr. Pctry came with his jxircnls to Long Island City. Later on. he returned to Paterson, where he attended the public schools until he was fifteen years old. lie then returned to Long Island City, where he began as a clerk in the employ of his uncle, George Petry. When that gentleman was elected Mayor of Long Island City, he became manager of the store. He continued in that position until 1894, when he embarked in business for himself under the firm name of John W. l^etry & Co., which was dissolved March i, 1896, when .Mr. Petry purchased the interest of his ])artncr. Mr. Petry was married in 18S5, to Miss Jennie Applcton, of Long Island City. Four children have been the fruit of their marriage: John A., Raymond, Curtis W. , and Joseph K. P(jliticall\-, .\Ir. Petry is a Democrat, and is a memljcr of the Jefferson Club. For two years, he was clerk of the Excise Board under the administration (^f Mayor George Pel r\-. He is a member of the Royal Arcanum. Gf.orue H. I'av.ntar is a descendant of a familv which has long been idenlilietl with the history of Long Island City, and is the son of William, Jr., and Mary H. (Van Alst) Payntar. He was born at the old homestead in that place Jul)' 17, 1834. At the age of fifteen he secured employinent as a clerk in the wholesale dry goods house of Greenvvay Bros. & Co., of New York. Shortly before the outbreak of the Rebellion he went to Abington, Va., as manager of the general store of John C. Greenway, but the Civil War coming on, he returned to Long Island. Since 1867 he has been engaged in the real estate business, his first venture in which was the laying out in town lots of the old home farm. Since then he has platted several additions in Jackson avenue and other streets, and has built up a large business in this line. Mr. Payntar married Miss Irene U. Merkle, of New York City, a descendant of the Mcrkles, IKEDERICK liOWI.KV. HISTORY OF LONG ISLAND CITY ^9- originally from Waldorf, (icrmaii)'. Four children have been the fruits of tlieir marriage, viz: Irene M., G. Augusta, Eliza D. and W. Elmer. Politicall)-, Mr. Payntar is a Democrat, and among the positions he has held are those of Commis- sioner of Highways of Newtown, Assessor of Long Island City, Commissioner of Estimate of Assess- ments for Thompson avenue, and Commissioner on the division of the Margaret Gosman and the Manley estates. He is a member of Long Island City Lodge, No. 586, F. and A. M., and Banner Chapter 214, K. A. M. : Columbian Commandery, No. i, K. T. ; Mecca Temple, No. r. New York City, A. A. O. X. M. S ; and in religious belief is identified with the Reformed Church, to which his wife also belongs. Until 1856 he was for some years a member of the Flushing fire department. May 4, 1858, he was appointed fireman of Brooklyn, E. D., and was a member of Friendship Hose Company, No. 3, and received a certificate as exempt fireman in February, 1864, and is now a meml)er iif the Exempt Firemen's Association of Brooklyn, E. I). Fri 1)1 ki( K P. Morris. — If it is any credit to be called a self-made man, the subject of this sketch is entitled to tliat ht)nor. Born in Manchester, England, in 1852, he came to America at the age of sixteen and started as a newsboy on the Long Island Railroad trains. In 1S69, after being at work on the trains for seven years, he was promoted to the position of Superintendent for the Union News Company, which place he filled with entire satisfaction until 1881, at which time the late Austin Corbin obtained control of the Long Island Railroad. He gave Mr. Morris the contract for news privileges over the entire system, which he lias remained in control of since that time. Mr. Morris is now President of the Long Island News Company, and is justlv ]3roud of the company he organized and the position he holds. \'cry few now connected with the Long Island Railroad were there when he first identified himself on Long Island. His success has never changed him. He is never happier than when he is in the company of the bovs. as he called the employees of the News Companv. Mr. Morris resides- at Flushing, to which place he removed in 1876. He owns a comfortable home, where he resides with his interesting family. In 1891 he was elected a Trustee of the village, and re-elected in 1893. In 1894 was elected President of the village, a position of honor gkorgk. i.. sukhnkk, which an\' man may well feel proud of. Mr. Morris is a very prominent Mason. Initiated in Cornucopia Lodge, No. 563, in 1878, he has filled with dignity every ofi^ce in the gift of his brethern. He was elected Master in 1884-85-86, and was appointed District Deputy Grand Master in 1885, and served for three years under Grand Master Frank R. Lawrence, during which time the sum of $9000 was raised in Queens and Suffolk Counties, through the earnest work of our subject, to be used towards liquidating the debt which then existed upon the building at Sixth avenue and Twenty-third street, New York. He has now served the Grand Lodge in different stations for over ten years, which is more than can be said of any other member con- nected with the fraternity in Queens and Suffolk Counties. At the present time he is Vice-President of the Board of Trustees of the Ma.sonie Home at Utica, N. Y., and the Hall in New York. Last year he was treasurer in charge of a fund amounting to over §250.000. In ])olitics Mr. Morris is a Republican. He was an elector for his district in 1892. John p. Maddkn resides at 27 l^ly avenue. He has lived in Long Island City fourteen ^-ears — since he was eighteen years of age. During the fourteen vears he has been a resident of the above city he has been known as one of the leading politicians and occupies a prominent place in the councils of the Democratic party. He was born inthe town of Scio, Alleghan\- Countv, N. Y., on the 22d of February. 18 — . After attending the ]niblic schools for several years he entered Riverside Academy, Millsville, N. Y where 198 HISTORY OF LONG ISLAND CITY. his education was completed. In 1882 he came to Long Island City. He held several responsible clerical positions and later became a journalist. From the time of casting his first vote Mr Madden took an active interest in politics. For two years he was private secretary to vSenator Floyd Jones and clerk to the State Senate Committee on the Affairs of Cities. While holding this position he rendered valuable service to Long Island City by defeating legislation inimical to the taxpayers, through his influence. In 1893 he was the nominee of the Democratic party for the First District of Queens County and was defeated by a few votes. Mayor Sanford appointed him to the responsible position of cashier in the Water Department and he held the position until about January i, 1S95. In the fall of 1 894 he was a second time the candidate of his party for Member of Assembly and was triumphantly elected over two opponents. His term in the Assembly was made notable by the passage of a bill reducing the price of gas consumed by the residents of Long Island City. For this and other conspicu- ous service, Mr. ]Madden was welcomed home by his constituents at the adjournment of the Legislature by a popular non-partisan demonstration — a compliment that had never before been extended a repre- sentative of this district in the Assembly. At the call of his party in the fall of 1895, Mr. Madden became the candidate for Mayor. He conducted a vigorous canvass against heavy odds and came within 31 votes of being elected Mayor of Long Island City. In the earlv part of 1886 Mr. Madden returned to his occupation — journalism, and is now publisher of T.lcctrual Doings, a monthly paper devoted to electricity. He is still an active ]jolitical worker and is chairman of the Democratic General Com- miitcc. He is a member of the Jefferson Club, Catholic Club, Ravenswood J Boat Clul) and Order of Foresters. Li-.oNARi) C. L. Smi III, H. S., C. M, was born in Xew York City, May 15, 1868. He is the eighth living child born to his parents, Joseph L. T. ^ and Elizabeth (Bilbrough) Smith, the former being a civil engineer of wide reputation. The subject of our sketch received his early education in ^^^ the puhlie schools of Long I.sland City, but when twelve years of age he ^|Bfe^ began the study of civil engineering under his father. When sixteen ^T^ years of age he entered the University of the Cit}' of Xew York, and in 1888 he was graduated therefrom with the degrees of Civil Engineer and Bachelor of Science. In a class of twenty-two he received sejond honors as salutatorian and was elected an honorary member of Phi Beta Kappa Society. In 1889 Mr. Smith took one year's post-graduate course and practiced with his father until the close of 189 1. In 1892 he located in Long Island City, which has since been his home. In March, 1893, he was appointed Engineer of the Water Department, and held that posi- tion up to January, 1896. He is also engaged in the general practice of civil engineering, and now does all the work for the North Beach Company, as well as for man\- other firms. His office is at No. 77 Jackson avenue. Mr. Smith married Miss Mary H. Rcmsen, of Glenhead, L. I. One child has been born tn this union, Leonard C. L., Jr. Mr. Smith is a member of the Psi Upsilon Fraternity, the Alumni of Xew York University, and Phi Beta Kappa Society. He is a deacon in tlie Remsen Street Reformed Church, Astoria, and is Superintendent of the Sunday School. President of Boys' Brigade and Christian Endeavor Society. Mr. Smith stood highest in the scientific department of his class all through his college course. He was a member of the Lacrosse team in 1888 and contended in matches with other leading college teams. He resides at No. 59 Woolsey street, Astoria, in a new house planned by himself. He is an amateur elocutionist of considerable local re])utation,his preference being in roles of liumorous dialects. He was a post-graduate in geology. Aur.usT Heath, who has been a resident of Long Islaiul City for the past twenty-seven years, was born in New York City, December 10, 1842, where he received an education in the ijublic schools. His name in Long Island City is a household word, he being the manufacturer of the well-known Heath ice cream and a wholesale manufacturer of fine confectionery. Mr. Heath is a member of Benjamin Ringold Post, G. A. R,. and the Fifth Xew N'mk Duryee Zouaves, Veteran Association. On December 16. 1870, he married ^[iss Mathild i Johnson (now l.EONARIl c. 1.. K.\UTII (C. I;. If /STORY OF LOXG fSL.WP CITY '99 deceased), to whom one son was born, Eugene, who is now associated with his father in business. On September 8, 1887, he married Miss Mina Fonstad. By the hitter niarriajje, two dauj^hters have been born. Jul. US Win Hu.NKKi'.i.iN was born in JuHch, Rhenish Prussia, derman)-, December 20, 1845. He was educated at the Imperial MiHtary College in Berhn, and served in the (Jerman Army as an officer. After coming to America, he adopted the profession of a Civil Engineer and Surveyor. In 1872, Mr. \'on Hunerbein came to America, and has resided in Long Island City ever since, where he has actively been engaged in his profession. He is a member of the Liederkranz of New York City, and the (Jer- man Krieger Bund. In politics he is a Jeffersonian Democrat. For some time he has held the ixjsition of engineer and surveyor to the Waterworks Department, and to the (General Imjjrovement Commission of Long Island City. In October, iS-i, Mr. \'(>n Hunerbein married Miss Louise Xollet of the city of Hanover, (ier- manv. Four children, viz.: Helen, Elsie, Arthur and Melanie, have been born to the union. CiisT.WLs L. SruiuiNKK was born in Reading, Pa., July the public schools of that city. For the past seventeen years. Mr. Stuebner has been a resident of Long Island City, and has been engaged in the manufacturing of coal handling appliances. He has an extensive plant, occupying the premises Nos. 168 to 176 (inclusive) East Third street, where he employs a large force of men. Mr. vStuebner was married in 1876. He has five daughters and three sons. His favorite son, Augustus, who was associated in business with him, died in February, 1896, in the nineteenth year of his age. Mr. Stuebner is a member of the Lincoln Club. He is also a member of the Baptist Church. 15, 1854. He received his education Civ.omw. J. Rv.\N, an energetic and successful real estate and insurance broker of Long Island City, is one of the most popular and respected of its yoimger business men. He is one of a family long and favorably known in the above city far the uniform integrity and probity of its members. His father, the late George Ryan, for many years owned and managed the largest marble works in Long Island City, and his son has inherited many of his father's business characteristics. i^kokgk j. k\an Mr. Ryan being born and having grown to manhood in Long Island City, he received his education in the local schools and subsequently acc|uired his business training in the real estate and insurance district of New York City, afterward embarking in business for himself, at No. 44 Jackson avenue, where he has succeeded in building up a constantly increasing and lucrative business. His temperament and characteristics are such that they have naturally led to his selection for the management of estates, and the placing of money in such properties as would best satisfy prudent and cautious investors, and in these connections he has had especial success. His life-long residence in Long Island City, his intimate familiarity with the surrounding districts, has given him quite a reputation as an appraiser of suburban property, and he has been very successful in the handling of it. In addition to these special features Mr. Ryan conducts a general real estate and insurance business, and his affability and conscientiousness in small matters have won him a host of friends and customers. Mr. Ryan is as well known in social and intellectual circles in the lower section of Long Island City, as in business, and this interest antedated his business virtues, and no entertainment for charitable or benevolent purposes is ccmsidered complete without him as one of the moving spirits. He is Sec- retarv of the Catholic Club, a member of the Catholic Benevolent Legion, St. Mary's Lyceum, and many other societies. His home is in Twelfth street, where he resides with his sisters in a quiet neigh- borhood, and his business efforts may be said to have been greatly aided by the support and influence which a peaceful and Christian home brings coupled with a united and harmonious family. HISTORY OF LONG ISLAND CITY loHN Wood, Jr., was born in Callicoon, Sullivan County. X. V., October 16. 1853. He is the third child born to his parents, John and Mary (Porter) Wood, both natives of Ireland, and both of whom are living, aged seventy-three and seventy years respectively. Mr. Wood has resided in Long Island City ever since he was seven years old. The public schools of this place afforded him his educa- tional advantages. At the age of fourteen he became an apprentice in the tin manufacturing depart- ment of the Standard Oil Company, after which he was in the employ of George Petry until the latter's death, and rose to the position of manager of the business. In January, 1869, he opened an establishment of his own in Long Island City, at the corner of Seventh street and Jackson avenue. Six months later he took into partnership ^Mrs. Ocorge Petry, and up to May 7, 1895, the firm was known as A. A. Petry & Co. At that time Mr. Wood purchased his partner's interest, and since then he has been the sole proprietor of the business . Mr. Wood was united in marriage in New York City to j\Iiss Alice McXulty, and of this union six children were born, two of whom are dead. Mr. Wood was a member of Ivmpire Hose Company for sixteen vears. Mr. Wood has shown that he possesses considerable inventive genius, and has patented an invention for quickly and firmly crimping a cap on an oil can or other receptacle. It is a simple hand tool, does the wurk effectually, and saves a great deal of lime and labor. Ari.i>r Mlkkav was born in New York City in 1839, where he was educated in the public schools. .\ftcr leaving school he learned the trade of a monumental sculptor. He has erected .some of the largest and most costly monuments in Calvar\' cemetery: prominent among them is a \-ault constructed for William Murray, ex-Superintendent of Police of New York; and for ex-Senator John Fox. He has also made a fifty- foot monument for John Lovejov, lOIIN \VO<)I>, in. , . , ,1 , besides many handsome tombstones for a number of other prominent people. Mr. Murray is a member of the Catholic Church, and in politics is a Democrat. In 1866 he married Miss Ellen Conleu, of Xew York City. Six children, three sons and three daughters, all of whom are living, have been born to the marriage. John, the youngest son of Mr. Murray, is engaged in business with his father. John Ciiai'.man was born in the parish of Cashill, County Longford, Ireland, where he received an education in the schof)ls. After leaving school he learned the trade of a carpenter and builder, but of later years he has devoted his attention to the real estate and insurance business. He has resided in Long Island City for twenty-seven years, and is well and favorably known. He was for four years an E.xcise Commissioner, and for nine months of that period was chairman of the Board. He was also for one term Alderman-at-Large, and has been Overseer of the Poor. On May 10, 1886, he married Miss Ellen Nolan. HISTORY OF LONG ISLAND Cll Y. 201 Andrew G. Appi.k(;ate was born in Freehold, N. J., January 21, 1S70, and came to Lonjf Island City to reside in 1891. After locating in the above place he accepted a position as foreman of the Queens County Herald, where he remained until 1893. In the springf of that year he enjjaged in the bicycle business at 127 Jackson avenue. In 1895 '^'^ business had assumed such extensive proportions that he removed to his present commodious quarters, 139 Jackson avenue. He is associated in busi- ness with Mr. Charles J. Harvey. On November i, 1895, Mr. Appleg^ate was appointed enmnerator of school census of Long Island City by Mayor vSanford. In 1889 he married Miss Amy Sherman, of Xew York City. Mr. Applegate is a member of the Lincoln Club, the Ravenswood Boat Club, the Long Island City Wheelmen, the League of American Wheelmen and the Associated Cycling Club. WiM.i AM H. SiKiiRK.cHT was bom at Berka, ])n)vince of Hanover, Germany, December 27, 1852, and is a son of Henry and Georgina Siebrecht. In 1870 he came to America, locating in New York City, where he remained for two years working at his trade (that of a florist) in the employ of his brother, Henry A. Later on Mr. Siebrecht engaged in business on his own account in a small way in Astoria. So successful was he that he now has one of the largest and finest pieces of property in Long Island City devoted to the culture of flowers and plants. Mr. Siebrecht married Miss Annie R. Heim of New York City. Four children have been born to her: Pauline, Henry, William and George. In 1894 Mr. Siebrecht was appointed a member of the Fire and Water Committee by Mayor Sanford. He is president of the New York Cut Flower Exchange, of which he was one of the principal organizers and was its treasurer until appointed to his present position. He is [also a member of the New York Florists' Club and a trustee of tlic Long Island City Savings Bank. Harrv H. Hunt was born in Schooley, N. J., February 22, 1868. He received his education in the schools of Hackettstown, N. J., and afterwards took a full professional course at the New York College of Dentistry. For the past seven years he has resided in Long Island City, where he has been actively engaged in the practice of his profession. Mr. Hunt has built up a large and growing business in Long Island City and vicinity. He is prominently identified with the Presbyterian Church. Chari.es S. Schwarz, senior member of the firm of Schwarz & Son, was born in Germany, January 28, 1834, and was educated in his native place. In 1852 he came to America and located in Xew York City. In 1S60 he located in what is now a part of Long Island City, where he began his present business with Thomas Taylor, the firm being Taylor & Schwarz. In 1889 he sold out and started in business alone. In 1890 he took his son Frederick into partnership under the firm name of Schwarz & Son. On September 17, i86o, Mr. Schwarz married Miss Helen Taylor, of Astoria, to whom seven children have been born, viz, : Nellie, Frederick, Anna, Charles, Ernst, Florence and Etta. Thomas H. vSnedeker was born in Jamaica, L. I., September 20, 1835, 1^''* ancestry dating back to about 1646. He received an education in the common schools of his native place, after which he learned the trade of a saddle and harness maker. For the past forty years he has been a resident of Long Island City. He is a member of Anchor Lodge, I. O. O. F., and is District Deputy Grand Master for Queens District No. i. He is also a member of East Avenue Baptist Church. In politics he is a Republican. On November 25, 1855, he married Miss Henrietta Cousin, to whom ten children have been born, five of whom are now deceased. Charles A. Willev was born in Cabot, Washington County, Vt., in 1859, being the third of six children born to Curtis A. and Caroline (Williamson) Willey. Our subject spent his boyhood days in Vermont, where he received a practical education. When fourteen years old he was apprenticed as a coach painter, in which capacity he worked four years. In 1877 he went to Merrimac, Mass., where he worked as a master coach painter for three years. In 1880 he located in New York, where he was a traveling salesman for a large color manufacturing firm. After filling similar positions in various parts of the country for several years, in November, 1890, he started in business for himself in Long Island City. His present establishment, at No. 91 West avenue, is one of the most important industries of the city. In Fitchburg, Mass., Mr. Willey married Miss Julia A. Perkins. Socially Mr. Willey is a Royal Arch Mason, a member of Merrimac Blue Lodge and of Boston Commanderv. ;jo2 HISTORY OF LOXG ISLAM) CITY. O. Demarest & Co. — One of the largest and most influential business concerns in Long Island City is that of O. Demarest & Company, who occupy the large three-story building at the corner of Jackson avenue and Fifth street, and familiarly known as the New York Department vStore. The establishing of this store has filled a long-felt want to the residents of Long Island City. The firm carry a general stock of goods that would be found in any of the largest department stores of New York City. Their prices are just as low, and shoppers are spared the time and trouble that would be incurred in a disagreeable trip by ferry to New York. Among some of the more important lines that will be found in this mammoth emporium, the shopper will find a large stock of dry and fancy goods, notions, carpets, rugs, shoes, housefurnishings, etc., etc. Mr. O. Demarest has had an extensive experience in the general dry goods trade, and is an energetic and indefatigable worker. The name of this firm in connection with any goods they carry is a satisfactory guarantee of quality. LuDWiG ScH.MiDT, proprietor of the Greater New York Hotel, at Nos. 29 and 31 Borden avenue. Long Island City, was born in Germany, July 9, 1862, where he was educated. He has been a resi- dent of Long Island City for the past three years. Mr. Schmidt is a prominent member of a number of secret and benevolent orders. In February, 1894, he married Miss Dora Meier. Mr. Schmidt has been unusually successful in conducting the Greater New York Hotel. It is the most conspicuous hostelry in Long Island City, in fact the only first-class hotel, and the tables are supplied with all the delicacies the markets afford. Its location is superb, being almost opposite the station of the Long Island Railroad Company and the ferries. NDEX Anahle, H. S 27, 28, T2, 155 ( 'ontroversy lietween Euglish Klinhitlet X...2S, liw, 182 and Dutch 9-11 Andrews, \V. H 131 ( ooper. I). I)., Rev. Edmund Applegate, Andrew . I 2iil I) y2-!l5 Associations, Kireinen's Kill < 'orbin. Austin 77, 78, 82 Astoria, First Settlement ot 11 Court House, Queens Co. 10.5, 10»i " Incorporation of ... 21 Covert, Clmrles 4 Cassidy. .Joseph .'. 171 Cemeteries, National IIU Chapel. St. Matthews 98 Chapman. .John 200 Charter. Village ot .Vstoria . 21 Church. Astoria Presbyterian 90 East Ave. Baptist... 90 " First Reformed 97 l'"irst (iernian M. E . 9S (irnce .M. E 91 " (ierman Second Re formed 8S ■' of the Redeemer .. 92 •■ of Our Lady ot Mt. Ciirmel 89 Reformed, Steinway 99 " Reformed, Sunny- side ".. !Kl St. George's, Epis 87 St..John's,Prot. Epis. 95 " St. .Joseph's. German Catholic 9(; ■' St. Mary's. R. C 9ti St. Patrick'.s, R. I".. 97 St. Thomas, Prot. Epis 89 The Reformed, ot Astoria 87 Third M. E 97 Trinity M. E 100 (ily (iovernment 139 Clay, George E 173 (oliege, I'nion "24 Commission, Survey 7.'i Company, Standard Oil 12.5 D Daimler Motor Co 54-.5(l Darvin, Ira G 103, 1S4 Debevoise. Henry S..ti5. 104,105 Demarest & Co.. O -202 Department. Fire tMi ■' Finance 0(1 •' Police IVS Discoverers, Early 7, x Ditmars. Dr. Don 110.111 Abram D 101 Dominie's Hook 9-12 DulTv, Charles T 103,184 Dulc'keri. Ferdinand Q 17tt Diirvea llDiise 19 Diitih Kills 12, 13, 59 Dykes..!. .M'ph 171 E East River GasCo x2 Education Early 70 Board ot 72 English, Conquest by 11 Evans, !{ev. Geo. M 97 F Farms. Early, in Blissville.. 19 Ferry. Home's Hook 23 Co. N. V. and East River 78, 79 Finances 66-08 Fire Department 66 Firemen's Associations 136 Forbes, George 189 Formation of Land 7 Forssell, .John W 173 Foster. Walter J 103 WalterC 103 Edgar P 103 Fort Stevens 20 Frew. Walter E 134, 16? Frey. W. t; 113 Froeligh. Dominie 18 a (i. A. R lUi Garretson, Garret .J 177 Gas Co., East River 82 Geology 7 Gleason, Patrick .J 65 Golduer Matthew .J 194 Government, City 139-143 (Jray, Sylvester 165 Gregg, George A 103 (iulick. Rev. X. D Wi H Hallett. William 9, 11 William, .Jr., Mur- der of 16 Hallett, .Joseph 12, 70 Charles W 158 Hallet fs Cove 9, 12. 20, 71 Halsey, Stephen A 23, 71, 152 llariiiensen. Hendrick 9 Harroun, Gilbert K a8,29 Havden, Capt. Levy 60 Heath, August 198 Hell Gate, Removal of Reefs In 83-84 Perrinian. Menzo W 188 Hiscuik. David 1.58 H I' viii:. Hitchcock. Dewitt Ill Homestead, Astoria, Co 56 House, Moore 16 " Debevoi.sc 19 Old Washington.... 15, 19 Block 21 Hospitals, St. .John's S5 Astoria 85,86 Hunt, Harry H '201 Huuler, (Jeorge and Anne.. 26 Hunter's Point 9, 12,24, 27,-29 I Incidents, Historical I:t6-i:t.'< Indians, Rockaway 7 Title of, E.vtin- guished 10 Ingram, .James 172 J .Jansen, Tynan 9 K Kadien, T. C 10:1,185 Knapp. Lucieu 164 Knauer. E .J 103 \«A Koehler, Theodore 193 Korfmann, Henry C 195 Kuebler, Frederick 56 Kuehn, Kev. Mr 98 L I..awrence, .Jonathan 19 Thomas 11. i:i Lent, Family 14 Library, Free Circulating.. .")0 Public 73 Litigation Important 1' 4-106 Lockwood, .Jiihn E 1.52 Jjong Island City .59 ' " Incorporation (il Luyster, Peter 9 Lyttle, H. G HI M MacF^rlane, H. F 11:!, 189 Mac.Millan, Rev. .Jas. A.... KKl Madden, .John P 197 Manley, Lucius .V 103,1.80 .lohn R lo:i Manufactures 12.5-i;!4 Mayoralty Elections 64-Iorris, Frederick P 197 Murray, August "200 N New, Alfred 1 174 .James X 175 Newspapers 125 Xewton, Gen. John 84 N'^ew York, Capture of 18 Noble, Daniel 10:!, 181 Solomon B 102 Xott. Dr Eliphalet '25-27 N. Y. \- L. I. Bridge Co 80 o Olwell. James T 10:!, 185 Out Plantations 9, lo Park, Charles flO Payne, Alvan T 10'2, 179 " Jr KM George E 175 P I'AliE. Pay u tar, George H 196 Pearse, William E 10.1 Petrv, < ieorge 05 " " John W 196 Physicians, City 118 Piano Factory, Steinway & Sons 3i! Piatt, Clarence X 190 Police Department 68 Poor, Bowery 9, 14 Population, Early 15 Post, Sheridan 117 " Kingold 118 Power Hou.se 76 Pi-aa, Captain 12 Prentiss, Robert S 191 Printing Ink Co., Wilson 13:! (Queens Co. Meilical Society 113 (^iio Warranto Proceedings KM R Railroad, Long Island 76 Railways, Street 7:! Rapelye, Cornelius l.>t Jacob 18 Ravenswood 9,14,15 Relics 18, 19 Revolution. Queens Co , in.. 17-20 Revision ol Charter 64, 65 Riker, Abram 19 '■ John B 109 " John L 101 " John H 101 " Samuel 101 Ryan, George J I!t9 Rycken, Family 14 S Sanfopl, Horatio S B« Samuel T. W Ill Schmidt, Ludwig 2«r2 .Schools, Hist. Sketch 70-73 Fourth Ward '2:! " Savings Banks 73 Schwarz. Charles S 201 Season, A Memorable 29 Settlements Early 8, 9 Shaw, Alexander 98 Siebrecht, W. H 201 Slavery 114 Smedlev. .1. Harvey 123, 167 Smith, Frederick N 103, 18(5 Leonard C. I.. 198 " Matthew J 103,185 .lohn Andrew 1.59 Suedeker, Thomas H 201 Societies 131-136 Stahl. Jacob 194 Star, The L. I. City 12.5, 144 '• Publishing Co 1.59 Stibbins. Julius M 191 Steinfuhrer. Rev C. D. F. 88, 16t» .Steinway, Village of 3(K!3 • ■ Henry E .3:! C.F.Theodore.. . 43 William 47 Stevens, A. Gallatin 24, 101 Ale.\ H 110 Ebenezer 20 John no Samuel 101 Fort -20 Stewart. William E 103, 18J Stims'jn, S. E 28 Storms, Remarkable 16 Strang, Mrs. J. R. N 161 Isaac B Ki2 Strong, Ben j. G 1H8 Stuebner. G. L VM Survey Commission 73 Sutphin, John H Ift") Snydam. Family 41 T Terra Cotta. Architectural.. 120 Terry. J. Kufus ItW Thirv, John H 78, 16.5 Thomas, II. M 168 Todd. Thomas H 125, 144 Totten, Ahram K 159 TralTord, C. R 24, 92, 154 Trask, James n 111,186 James D., Jr Ill Trowbridge, Frederick C 173 Trust. Nott and Hunter's Point 26 Tunnel. East River 83 U Union College 24-26 V Van Alst. Family and Man- sion 13 Van Alst, Peter G 154 Van Pelt, Rev. Daniel 88 Van Riper, Firm of I. and J. 175 Varnish Works I2t>-131 Virgil Practice Clavier Co. . . .57 Von Bernuth, Louis -"(e Von Hunerbein, Julius I'M W Wadley, Charles A War of ISia .103, 181 20 " The Civil .... 114 Washington House Weeks W H . . . 15, 1!) llarrvT 101, 1.S5 We.st, George .... 96 Whitcomb, James M — .... 160 White. Kdwin T .... 173 Whitney, Josiah M . . Si, 74 Wild, RolrertT ... 102 Willey , Charles A . .. 201 William.son. George H . .. 171 Wingrove, lienjamin .... 1.57 Wood, Jr., .lohu .... 200 WoodrulT, John T .... 173 Charles Curtis .... 173 Woods, Anthony S . . . . 69 Woolsey, estate .... 13 Wright. William W.... .... 1T5 ILLU.-^TRATIONS. A View of Long Island City . Frontispiece I'AiJi:. Ranks, L. I. City .Savings. .. 123 Queens County 12- Rodine Castle 60 Hridge, Ra%'enswood 78 Block House 23 Church, Astoria Reformed . 87 Our Lady of Mt. Carmel 89 " Presbyterian,Astoria 90 " of the Redeemer ... 91 St. Mary's, R.C.... 95 " East Ave. Baptist.. 97 St. Raphel's. R. C.. '.f.i Trinity M. E 100 College, t'niou. North Col- lege Building, opp 26 College, Union, Memorial Hall and Washburne Building, opp 27 College. I nioii. South Col- lege Building, opp 27 Court House, Queens Co 105 Daimler Motor Works 54 Dry Goods Est. of Demarest &Co 137 Elevator, Morgan's 129 Ferries, L. I. R. H 75 Gasometer, E. K. (Jas Co 135 Greater X. Y. Hotel 61 Hospitals, Astoria 63 St. John's 6j Henry Mencken's Business House 136 M Map of L. I. City 44 Mansion— Bragaw 20 Debevoi.se 18 " Duryea 17 " Gosman 19 Moore 13 " Payntar 21 " Rapelye "28 " Stevens '23 " Stein way .50 Van Pelt 21 Woolsey 10 Piano Factory, Stein way & Sons Protestant Un. Church R P.\GE. Railroad Station, L. 1 74 s Scene, Main Street, Astoria S North Beach 49 " Shore Road "23 " Steinway Ave., 30, .")2 Vernon and Jackson .\ves 61 " River Front, '■" School, High.JVflk««y:< Third Ward /.. " German Settlement. . 72 First Ward 72 Fifth Ward 73 " Steinway 46 Star, Daily and Weekly 146 Present Building of 144 Editorial Office 145 '■ Counting Room 147 " Job Composing Room 147 " Newspaper Composi- tion Room 148 " Xewspr Press Rooms 149 ■' ,Tob Press Room 149 ."^teinway Free Library 48 T Terra Cotta Works, N. Y 130 Tunnel, E, R. Gas Co 80 " " " Cross Sec- tion 81 V Varnish Works, Mayer & Lowenstein 131 A'arnish Works, Pratt & Lambert 134 Wa.shington House 12 PORTRAITS. Anable, E. X 106 " Henry S. Dec'd .59 Andrews, W. H l:« Bleckwenn, F. W 65 Bowley, Freder ck 196 Brennau, F. E 115 Bumster. P. H 116 Burns, John Francis 112 Cassebeer, Henry A 165 Cassidy, Josepti 1('k'< ( 'ooper. Rev. E. D 93-94 Darrin, Ira G 110 Duflfy, Charles T UKl Dulcken, F. Q 174 Dykes, .Joseph : 170 P'orbes, Dr. George 112 POHTRAITS. p.v(;e. Garretson, Garret J IQI Goldner, Matthew J 1S3 Gray, f^ylvester 125 Harroun, Gilbert K.. opp.. . . 26 Halsey, Stephen A 14 Heath, August. 193 Herriman, M. W 114 Hiscox. David 1.56 Houghton, Hadwin 132 Ingram, .lames 108 Knapp, Lucien I.53 Knauer, E. .1 108 Koehler, Theodore 179 Korfmann, Henry C l&i Lockwood, John E 35 Madden, John P 1.54 Manley, Lucius X' 104 Mc(;raue, John J 116 McKenna, James A 164 Meyer, Cord 177 Morgan, Thomas 138 Morris, Frederick P 190 Xoble, Daniel 107 Xoble, Solomon B 103 Payne, A. T 102 Payntar, George H 188 Petry , John W. 186 Prentiss, Robert S 119 Ryan, George .1 1!KI Smed lev, J. Harvey 137 Smith, Frederick N 109 Smith, Leonard C. L 198 Smith, .Matthew J 110 Smith, .1. Andrew, dec'd 1.58 StahI,.Iacub 181 Steinfuhrer, Rev. C. D. P\. . 88 Steinway, Henry E 31 Steinway, C. F. 'Theodore 37 Steinway. William 41 Stewart, William E lOit Stuebner, G. L 197 Strang, Mrs. Mary J. R. N. . . 70 Strong. Benj. G Ill Sutphin, John H 69 Terrv. J Hiifus 160 Thirv. .7c)bi] H 137 Thomas H M 1'28 Trafford, C. R '27 Trask, .lames D., dec'd '24 Van Alst, Peter G M Von Bernuth, Louis 56 Voii Hunerbein, Julius VM Wad lev. Charles A 104 Weeks', Harry T 110 Whitcomb, James M 162 Wingrove, Benjamin 65 Wood, Jr.. .lohn '300 Wright, William W 173 007 382 173 3 %