F 124 .T16 Glass Book COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT New York Central AND HUDSON RIVER RAILWAY. ROME. WATERTOWN & OGDENSBURG RAILROAD. New York, Saratoga, Niagara Falls, THOUSAND ISLANDS, M ASSENA SPRINGS. TaINTOR BfIOTH ERS & C O, : _ I a:^ 2 O A s To r P I ace. New yo t-u. THE AGENTS OF The Cheque Bank, Limited, of London, issue for the special use of American Tourists, Cheques in bool form, from £5 upward, payable FREE OF COMMISSIO OR DISCOUNT, in every Town in Europe; also payable i the Bank of Bermuda, Hamilton, and at all the Branches oft Colonial Bank in the West India Islands; also at the Lond. Bank of Mexico and South America in Mexico City, and other parts of the world. Much cheaper than Letters of Credit. Send for particulars to E. J. MATHEWS & COMPANY, Bankers, 2 Wall Street, New York. TOURISTS AND INVALIDS wishing to escape the severity of our Northern Winters, can find no re attractive places than the BERMUDA ISLAND — AND— S* WEST INDIES I The Steamship Orinoco, 2,000 tons, together with the magnifici new Steamship Trinidad, 2,160 tons, 1,500 hcrse power, highest cla: 100 A I at Lloyd's, built expressly for this route in 1S85. with unsurpass accommodations for passengers, leaves New York and Bermuda eve Thursday during the season. Steamers for West Indies, St. Kitt's Antigua, Dominica, Martiniql St. Lucia, Barbados and Trinidad, leave New York and the Islands evt' 17 days. For full particulars, time tables, and descriptive pamphlets, apply tc A. E. OUTERBRIDGE & CO., Agents, Arthur Ahern, Sec'y, Quebec. 51 Broadws.y, New Yc PREPARE! t FOR TAINTOR'S GUIDE BOOKS, PUBLISHED BY TAINTOR BROTHERS & CO., NEW YORK ^'W^Sj3^^%^'7_^] "^^1 ?"^(: :, . // 1 ^ ONONDAGA ^J V /' ''~>-~' i *' V i, CHENANJpofe'V^'"^, ,/x, y ^SCHOHARIE \ ■ \l) , / ,,/,■. AajTCB5!=r^<*,-:;' foHB.MU N C ;> ..A ^ ^/ O 5AC H,U^i ^'^ ■ ' .„,K......^: , , /• •/ ^.,. /,! /./ I A '.\" / 2.. .*B» THE Massachusetts Mutual LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY OF SPRINGFIELD, MASS. INCORPORATED 1851. Total Assets, January 1st, 1889, . . $9,565,522.65 Total Liabilities, January 1st, 1889, . . 8,809,995.0 4 Surplus bv Massachusetts Standard, . . . $755, .527.61 Number of Policies issued in 1888, 3,(J31, insuring 12,007,550.00 Numberof Policies in force Dec. 81, 1888, 18,767, " 49,480,584.00 ^HE MASSACHUSETTS MUTUAL LIFE INSUR- ^^ ANCE COMPANY, of Springfield, is one of the oldesL in the United States. It was incorporated in the year 1851 by the State of Massachusetts, which \A^as the first in the Union to inaugurate an "Insurance Department," thus instituting State supervision over its companies. It was also the first State to legislate concerning the forfeiture of policies of life insurance ; its famous non-forfeiture law was passed in 1861 and amended in 1880. By the recent act of 1887, life insurance legislation has reached a degree of perfection heretofore unknown. THIS Law requires that all policies issued by THE MASSACHUSETTS MUTUAL LIFE INSUR- ANCE COMPANY shall be non-forfeitable after the payment of two annual premiums, without any further stipulation or act. This naakes the amount of paid-up insurance to which the policyholder may be entitled, under any circunistances, absolutely guaranteed. He may forget his policy, but his policy will never forget him. Also, that after the payment of two annual premiums, the insured may, on any subsequent anniversary of the date of issue of said policy, surrender the same, and claim and recover from the Company its "Surrender Value in Cash." Said Cash Value is fixed by the law itself and cannot be changed. M. V. B. EDGERLY, President. JOHN A. HALL, Secretary. HENRY S. LEE, Vice-President. OSCAR B. IRELAND, Actuary. MASSASOIT HOUSE, W. H. CHAPIN, Springfield, Mass ESTABLISHED 1843 BY M. & E. S. CHAPIN. ^ o z « « 0. # CQ a> Ed ^ e c £ J2 c f8 si K Perfectly Pure Extracts of Clioicest Fruits, THE BEST. UnequaledStrengtlifora.il. Thensands of gross sold. "Winning friends everywhere. DEALERS TKEBLE SALKS WITH THEM. These Delicious Flavors are used at many of the Finest Hotels in the "White Mountains, Saratoga Springs, the Catskills, Seaside and Summer Resorts, and in City and Country, and sold by Dealers Everywhere. Wholesale Agents in large cities, LABORATORY (Home Dept.), WESTFIELD, MASS. New York Office, 63 Park Place. /ETNA LIFE INSURANCE CO. OF HARTFORD, CONN. ASSETS, $33, 81 J), 034. J) 7 SURI'Ll'S \ ^^ M"^>*"<^'i"st'tls aiui C«niii. Stsimliinl, 5,5({G,05.j.24 ' ' lap-. Fourth.— Accurate. Clear, and Dis- tinct Maps, most carefully drawn ;ind engraved, including Six Double Page and Six Single Page Colored Maps. Fifth. — Eighty Beautiful Illustra- tions by eminent artists. Also Superb Portraits of the following representa- tive men: Columbus, the Discoverer; Penn the Founder; Franklin, the Philos- opher ; Washington (he Patriot; Web- ster, the Statesmai. , Longfellow, the I'oet ; engraved by Closson, Johnson, and Kruell, with fifty other Portraits. Sixth. — Superior Mechanical Exe- cution, and Low Price. Teachers say : " It is the best equipped school book ev^ri^^sued in the U. S." '• Will both interest and profit our young folks." ■• 'the most useful and enjoyable sciool history." 'Simple, accurate, intersting, jind impartial.'' TAINTOR BROTHERS & CO., Publishers, 18 Astor Place^ New York. CONNECTICUT FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY, OF HARTFORD, Conn. Incorporated 1850. Charter Perpetual CASH CAPITAL, CASH ASSETS, - $1,000,000.00 - 2,260,917.01 Pacific Department: ROBERT DICKSON, manager SAN FRANCISCO, Cal. Western Department : A. WILLIAMS, Manager, 155 La Salle Street, CHICAGO, 111. SCOTT, ALEXANDER & TALBOT, Agents, 45 William St., New York. J. D. BROWNE, President, CHAS. R. BURT, Secretary, L. W, CLARKE, Assistant-Secretary. THE NEW BOOK OF WORSHIP. Songs of Christian f raise, FOR CHOIR AND CONGREGATION. Published with or without Scripture Selections for Responsive Reading. EDITED BY REV. CHARLES H. RICHARDS, D.D SOiVGS OF CHRISTIAN PRAISE has already been adopted by many shurcUes throughout the country, and has been received with unquaUfied satisfact on, Testlnionlals from the Press. Thd New York Observer says: '-It contains everything essential to a handboolc for general worship and Kpecial services. While it is attractively published, it is furnished at a price which is intended to make it popular." Tbe Interior, Chicago. Ill : '-Not burdened with lumber, it is yet large enough tor alt uses; choice enough to sati.>-fy ihe mo.-t cultivated taste, and popular enough to lead the congregation." Xlie ConTe'»"atioiialist, Boston, Mas.s.: "It has been compiled with a di«- sriminatina wi^douT and taste, and edited with a thoroughness which are uncommon." Xlie Advance says: "One of the choicest, richest, and most usable hymn- oooks published." Tlie fioldcil R ule, Boston, Mass.: "In its musical part this service-book is probabW ncjt surpassed by any other in the language." The Neiv York Times: "in its mechanical arrangement the book leaves scarjely anything to lie desired." Testimonials froni tlie Pulpit. Rev. €r, li. Spiiliil£;, D.D., Cleveland, Ohio: " It is the best I have ever seen." Rev. C la. Tlioinpsoii, D.i$.) Pastor of Presbyterian Church, Kansas City, Mo.: "It is every way an afiiiiirable bv.ok, convenient in size and shape, rich in hymns and tunes, and fully adapted to all the demands of social and public worship.' Rev. W, E. Knox, D.D., Pastor First Presbyterian Ciiurcb, Elmira, N. Y.: " Your volume of Christian Praise is very attractive. Mtchanically and typographically it is the highest style of art. The hymns I like for their devotional character.'" Rev. J. E. Rankin, O.I>., Washington, D.C.; "The book isagrand one. Certainly the best of its kind f have ever examined." Rev. J. Hall Mcllvaine, Providence, R.I.. "Atter two years ufc, I regard ' Songs of Christian Praise' as beyond comparison with any book that I have ever seen." Rev. J. G. Vose, D .!>., Providence, n.l., says: " Our people are unanimous )n its favor, and enjoy ic more and more." Rev. T. M. lUbiiroe, of Akron, Ohio, says: "The book grows upon us, and we heartilv commend it." Rev. W. H. Thomas, s^ys: "Your hymn-book has more than met our ex- pectations. It is a work of merit, and improves with use. It gives perfect satisfaction." Rev. Frank P. Woodbury , D.D.. Rockford. 111., says: "Our high expectations of the popular acceptance of th(^ book, when, after thorough examination and extensive comparison, we ordered 450 copies, have been more than fulfilled. ' Rev. Kamuel Conn. D.D., St. Paul, Minn., says: "We decided upon ' Songs of Christia-i Praise.' aft?r a thorough comparison with several other books. A short trial in actual worship has confirmed our favorable opinion of it." Rev. I<. O. KraMto%V, I>.D., Burlington, Vt,, says: " To me personally it ie exceedingly satisfactory It give^ satisfaction to the church and congregation." Rev. Eli Corwin I>.D., Racine. Wis. says: " The hook is admirable for church service, and is the best for that purjrase with which I am acquainted." Returnable Copies sent free to Pastors or Church Committees desiring books for examination. A tiomity-foiir page pamphlet, containing specimeii pages, teslimonials, price Usts^ ttc, mailed free tn n»y a> on applicitlnn to TAINTOR BROTHERS & CO., Publishers, 18 and 30 Astor Place, New York City. CONGRESS SPRING. The Standard Mineral Water. IT IS A PUUELY NATURAL WATER, CATHARTIC ALTERATIVE. and slif^htly stimulating and tonic in its effects, without producing tl>e debility that usually attends a course of medicine. It is used with Marked Success in Affections of tlie Liver and Kidneys, and tor Dyspepsia, Gout, Constipation, and Cutaneous Diseases it is unrivaled. It is especially beneficial as a general preservative of the tone of the stomach and purity of the blood, and a Powerful Preventive of Fevers and Bilious Complaints. IT IS OF SPECIAL VALUE TO LADIES, as from its great purifying jjroperties it has good effect in clearing the skin and giving it a healthy, beautiful appearance. In the morning it tones the appetite and promotes digestion. The stomach is cleansed and purified, the nervous and muscular system invigorated, and germs of disease thrown off. The superior e.xcellence of Congress Water is evidenced in the happy 'proportinn of its several ingredients, which combine to make it so efficient, and in the absolute solutimiin which these pure ingredients are hild when BOTTLED, making it, without doubt, one of the best and safest saline catliartic waters ever discovered either in this country or Europe. As a cathartic water its almost entire freedom from iron should recom- mend it above all others, many of which contain so much of this ingredient as to seriously impair their usefulness. 1^" For sale (in Bottles only) bj' all leading Druggists, Grocers, Wine Merchants, and Hotels. Address CONGRESS SPRING CO., SARATOGA SPRINGS, N. Y. 1794. 1889. HARTFORD Fire Insurance Co OF HARTFORD. CONN. STATEMENT JANUARY 1, Cash Capital, . - . . Reserve for Re-Iusurance (legal standard), - Outstanding Claims, Policy Holders' Surplus, Net Surplus over Capital and All Liabilities, 1880. $1,350,000 00 - 2,014,565 44 251,533 44 3,483,982 59 2,233,982 59 Total Assets, $5,750,080 47 Total Income received during the year, - - $3,847,714 63 Increase in Assets, - - - 461,476 50 Increase in Net Surplus, - - - 297,732 78 GEO. L. CHASE, President. P. C. ROYCE. Secretary. THOMAS TURNBULL, AssH Secretary. WESTERN DEPARTMENT. G F. BISSELL, ..... General Agent. P. P. HEYWOOD, - - - Assistant General Agent. CHICAGO, ILL PACIFIC DEPARTMENT. BELDEN & COFRON, ... - - Managers. SAN FRANCISCO, CAL BRANCH OFFICE. 158 BROADWAY, - - NEW YORK. GEORGE M. COIT, Manager MetrojMlilan District. THE NEW YORK CENTRAL AND HUDSON RIVER RAILROAD AND THE ROME, WATERTOWN, AND OGDENSBURG RAILROAD. New York to West Point, Albany, Troy, Saratoga Springs, Utica, Richfield Springs, Trenton Falls^ Thousand Islands, Ogdensburg, Massena Springs, Syracttse, Oswego, Rochester, Niagara Falls, and y^ah^' - — "u*^ / v^^ COPYRIGHT ^^c Buffalo. ILLUSTRATED WITH MAPS, WOODCUTS, Etc. Copyright, 1889, by Taintor Brothers & Co. V NEW YORK : TAINTOR BROTHERS & CO., 18 AND 20 Astou Place. NATIONAL Fire Insurance Company OF HARTFORD, CONN. STATEMENT, JANUARY i, 1889. CAPITAL STOCK, all Cash, - - $1,000,000.00 Funds Reserved to incet all Liabilities: J Re-Insurauce Fund, legal standard, $724,429.0;J - 819,454.96 Unsettled Losses and other claims, 95,025.93 ) Net Surplus over Capital and all Liabilities, 507, 1 26.20 TOTAL ASSETS, January 1, 1889, - $2,326,581.16 JAMES NICHOLS, Pres't. E. G. RICHARDS, Secy. FRED. S. JAMES, Chicago, III., General Agent Western Department. GE(3. D. DORNIN, San Francisco, Cal., Manager Pacific Department. The Political Cyclopaedia. If yon wisli to think, speak, and actintelli^rently upon the great (jiicst ions of the day, you need this work, written by the most euiinenl specialists of tliis country and Europe : e. g., DAVID A. WELLS discusses the Tariff and Tariff Li(/i4ation from the standpoii t of the free tr.ider, Mnd D. H. MASON from the point of view of the protectionist : E. L. GODKIN writes of OfHd' HoUlera ; Phof. A LEXANDER JOHNSTON, tli<^ articles on the Political Uislnri/ of the U. S.; DOUMAN B. EATON, of (Jiril Srrvice Prform ; Pres. D. C. OILMAN, of Vnivernties ; SIMON STERNE, of Hail roads ; Pkes. P. A. WALKER, of Pi/blio Eeverme and Wages: KnWARD ATKINSON, of Banks; JOHN J. KNOX, of the Cvrrency, t-tc.x THOMAS M. COOLEY, Pres. Iiitersiate Commerce Commission, of The Bur, Law of (Jorpora/.ior,,, etc.; HORATIO C. BURCHARD, ex-Director of the Mint, of Coinage. Gold, Silver, etc. JAMES G. B LAIN Ewritea : " I use it almost daily for reference, and regard it as a model." THE A TLANTA CO. VS TITUTIO y r^ays: " It is doubtful, inMeed, if a more important work of reference has ever been prepared," and THE NEW YORK NATION adtU: "We cannot withhold our warm com- mendation of the industry and discrimination of the editor, and the enterprise of the publishers." ^1 16-pnge I'nniphlet Descriptive Setit FREE, INTELLIGENT SALESMEN AND CANVASSERS who wish to identify themselves with a work iir" R.R 117 Niagara Falls Line.. . 121 Rochester Line 122 Phoenix Line 125 Cape Vincent Div 129 Carthage, Watertown & Sackett's Harbor Line 131 Carthage to Harris- ville 133 Eastern Division 138 Rondout 4!i Rose 1« Rossie 150 Round Island 146 Round Island Park... ]4i; Sackett's Harbor 131 Sand Hill 126 Saugerties 51 Savannah 90 Scarborough 34 Schenectady 71 Schodac 62 Scriba 125 Sea Breeze 122 Seneca Falls 98 Shandaken 57 Shokan 56 Sing Sing 34 Skaneateles 96 Skaneatelus Junction. . 96 Sodus J'oint 123 PAGE Sodus Bay 123 Spencerport 107 Sprakers 74 Spuyten Duy vil 20-x7 Staatsburg 48 Stages 13 Sterling 123 Sterlingville 144 Stittville 139 St. Johnsville 76 Stockport 61 Stony Point 36 Storm King 44 Stuyvesani 61 Surface roads 12 Suspension Bridge. 109, 113 Syracuse 88 Syracuse to Rochester via Auburn 95 Tannersville 58 Tappan Zee 28 Tarry town 33 The Catskills 55 Theresa J unction 144 Theresa Village 150 Thonsand Islands 145 Thousand Island Park. 147 Three River Point 125 Tickets 14 Tivoli 51 Tonawanda 115 Trenton 139 Trentcm Palls 81, 139 Tribe's Hill 73 Troy 68 Tuscarora Reservation. 116 Tyre 98 Utica 79 Van Buren Centre 90 Verona 85 Vestibule trains 14 Victor 100 Wallington 123 Wampsville 86 Warner's 90 Waterloo 98 Waterport 122 Watertown 127 Weedsport 90 Wellesley's Island 147 West Hurley 56 West Kill 59 West Point 41 West Rush 109 Whirlpool 121 Whitesboro 84 Williamstown 127 Windham 59 Wolcott 123 Woodard 125-126 Yonkers 28 Yost's 74 ''LACKAWANNA ROUTE." Delaware, Lackawanna& Western R.R. THIS Line, which is the shortest running between New York and Buffalo, is noted for its charming and romantic scenery. It runs through the States of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and New York, passing through the celebrated Delaware Water Gap, the coal fields of Pennsylvania, over the i\)cono Moui>tains (which are 1,970 feet above the level of the sea), and through the rich, fertile, and beautiful valleys of Northern New York. Among the principal points reached by the "Lackawanna' are Delaware Water Gap, Pa.; Scranton, Pa.; Binghamton, N. Y.; Norwich, N. Y.; Richfield Springs, N. Y. ; Utica, N. Y. ; Syracuse, N. Y.; Oswego, N. Y. ; Owego, N. Y.; Ithaca, N. Y. ; Waverly, N. Y. ; Elmira, N. Y. ; Corning, N. Y. ; Bath, N. Y.; Dansville", N. Y. ; and Buffalo, N. Y. The Morris and Essex Division is noted for its beautiful scenery and sites for suburban residences. New York City Ticket Office, 429 Broadway, corner of Howard St., where through tickets to all points West, Northwest, and Southwest can be obtained at Lowest Rates. Pullman Palace Car accommodations can be secured and baggage called for and checked through to destination. W. F. HOLWILL, Gen. Pass. Agent, 26 Exchange Place, New York. N. MULLER, Jr., Gen. Eastern Pass. Agent. 429 Broadway, New York. HOWARD J. BALL, Gen. Western Pass. Agent, 11 Exchange St., Buflfalo, N. Y. W. C. BRAYTON, Gen. Agent, Pass. Department, Syracuse, N. Y. W. B. MURRAY, Dis't Pass. Agent, 328 Lackawanna Avenue, Scranton, Pa. THE newest, latest, and handsomefit designed Pullman Biiffft Pnrlnr and Huff'et Sleeping Couches are attached to all through trains, and paiticiihir attention is called to the NEW PARLOR CARS of this Line, fnrnished as they are wiih Bay Window Seats, eiiablini: passengers to view the beautiful scenery iinob- stnicteil. These cars are also fiirnislud with lari/e Sofas and Lonnses, and the latest feature is introdin ed in the w.iv 01 Library of the latest novels and standard works of the day for the free use of ihe patrons of the LACKAWANNA ROUTE. NEW YORK STATIONS. UP-TOWN STATION Foot of Christopher Street. Accessible by Elevated Railroad trains on Ninth Avenue to Christopher Street, wiihin two blocks of Station. Crosstown Street Railroad on Christopher Street connects the Lacka- wanna Station with the Ninth, Sixth, and Third Avenue Elevated Railways. Christopher Street is convenient to all the principal Up-town Hotels. DOWN-TOWN STATION— Foot of Barclay Street. Accessible by Elevated Railroad Stations of Sixth Avenue Line at Park Place, and Ninth Avenue Line at Barclay Street, also by Street Cars on West Street. Barclay Street Station is on West Street. North River, convenient to all down-town Ferries, Sound and Ocean Steamers, and the wholesale district of New York. WESTCOTT'S EXPRESS CO. have agents on all trains to arrange for conveyance of passengers and Bagpge to Hotels, Residences, Steamers, Piers,'' and Railway Depots. TAINTOR'S GUIDE-BOOKS TAINTOR BROTHERS & CO., Publishers, 18 & 20 Astor Place. New York. These Guides describe all Cities, Towns and Stations on the routes, giving items of interest to the traveler for business and pleasure, and are ILLUSTRATED WITH MAPS AND WOODCUTS. PKICE, 25 CENTS EACH, BY MAIL. " City of New York."— Containing descriptions of and direc- tions for visiting the Public Buildings, Places of Amusement, Library, etc. A new Street Directory, Travelers' Directory, and a Map. of New York,, Brooklyn, Jersey City, Hoboken, etc. '• HudsoilB River Route."— New York to West Point, Cats- kill MountaiHS, Albany, Troy, Saratoga Sprinj^s, Lake George, Lake Cham- plain, Adirondacks, Montreal and Quebec, via Hudson River Steamers. *'Saratoa:a Illustrated." — The Visitors' Guide to Saratoga Springs, with maps and wood cuts. " SaratO;;a IWinerafl Waters." — Directions for their use by Dr. VV. O. Stillman, of Saratoga Springs, N. Y. Sea-Side Resorts.— A Hand-book for Health and Pleasure Seekers, for the Atlantic Coast from the St. Lawrence to the Mississippi. "The IVortliern Re«OrtS." — Boston to the White Moutains, Lake Memphremagog, Green Mountains, Lake Champlain, Sheldon, Massena, Ogdensburgh, Montreal and Quebec. "The Pennsylvania Coal Retfiojss."- New York and Philadelphia to Easton, Bethlehem, Delaware Water Gap, Mauch Chunk, Scraiiton, Harrisburg, Williamsport and Elmira. "The Erie Route."— New York to Ithaca, Watkins' Glen, Rochester, Dunkirk, Buffalo and Niagara Palls, via Erie Railway and branches. " New York to Saratoga, Buffalo and Niagara Falls." — Via Hudson River and New York Central R.R. "The Newport and Fall River Route."- New York to Boston, via Newport and Fall River. With descriptions of Newport and Narragansett Bay. "Connectieut River Routo." — New York to the White Mountains, via N, Y. & N. H. and Connecticut River R.R. "New York to Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington." Published by TAINTOR BROTHERS & CO., 18 and 20 Aslor riaee. New York. i •■-? THE AMERICAN, BOSTON. CENTRAL LOCATION. PERFECT VENTILATIOB UNEXCEPTIONABLE TABLE. PARTICULARLY DESIRABLE FOR FAMILIES AND SUMMER TOURISTS. SIX STAIRV/AYS FROM TOP TO BOTTOM. "Willi every security against fire. Rooms j $3.00 PER DAY with Meals, i g^^d uDwards. Rooms i $1.00 PER DAY only. ^ //£/i//?K B. RICE & CO. According to Size and Location, and upwards. J THE NEAREST FIRST CLASS HOTEL TO NORTHERN AND EASTERN DEPOTS, " It is one of the most attractive and best manacred of New Encland Hotels."— A'. Y. Mail Hanover, near Washington St. AS THE QUIETEST PROFESSIONAL AND BUSINESS MEN Are as liable as any others to the thousand hazards of life, from morning till night, at home or abroad, iNfUMiN THE TRAVELERS OF HARTFORD, CONN. NEW YORK CENTRAL AND ' HUDSON RIVER RAILROAD. This railroad system comprises what was formerly the Hudson River Railway, extending from New York to Albany and Troy, and the New York Central Railroad, having tracks from Albany to Buffalo and Niagara Falls. The two companies consolidated in 1870, and since that time the growth of passenger and freight traffic has been continuous and rapid. An immense volume of business is now transacted in New York city in connection with these roads, which traverse the most interesting and most popialous sections of the State. The main line of the New York Central & Hudson River Railroad extends from New York city to Buffalo, 440 miles, traversing the east- ern and middle portions of the Empire State from the Atlantic Ocean to Lake Erie. It is the only railroad, terminating at the harbor of New York, which reaches the Great Lakes over the territory of a single State, and is the only one having stations on Manhattan Island, or whose rails reach the waters of Long Island Sound. Leaving the Grand Central Station, in the center of the city of New York, it crosses the Harlem River on an iron bridge, follows that stream and Spuyten Duyvil Creek, which forms the northern boundary of Manhattan Island, until it reaches the Hudson, where it joins the original tracks extending along the river's bank to the heart of the business portion of the city, now used for freight trains and for local passenger travel south of Spuyten Duyvil. Having escaped from the boundaries of the metropolis at Yonkers, it traverses the eastern shore of the Htidson — through tunnels, mountains, and over bridges — past cities, towns, and ISTEW YORK CENTRAL RAILROAD. villages — never practically deviating from the dead level of tide flow along its margin, until it crosses the Hiidson and enters the capital of the State, 142 miles from its point of departure. In addition to a double track throughout, the Hudson River Division has about 20 miles of third track and 76 miles of sidings. Ferry connections are made at Tarrytown to Nyack ; at Garrison's to West Point ; at Fishkill to Newburgh ; at Rhinebeck to Kingston, and to the Ulster & Delaware Railroad through the Catskills ; at Tivoli to Saugerties ; and at Catskill Station to the village of Catskill, where connections are made with the Catskill Mountain Railroad for the Catskill Mountain resorts. At Dutchess Junction connections are made with the Newburgh, Dutchess & Connecticut Railroad ; at Poughkeepsie, with the New York & Massachusetts Railroad ; at Rhinebeck, with the Hartford & Connecticut Western Railroad ; at Hudson, with the Hudson and Chatham Branch of the Boston & Albany Railroad, and at Albany, with the Boston & Albany Railroad and with the Delaware & Hudson Canal Co.'s Railroad. At Troy, six miles above Albany, it connects with the Hoosac Tunnel route into Massachusetts. Connections are also made at Troy with lines to Montreal and Canada ; to Saratoga ; to the Adirondacks, and through Vermont and New Hampshire to the White Mountains. At Albany the line turns almost due west, and follows the natural route of communication between the Hudson and Lake Erie. The only heavy grade, and that insignificant when compared with those on other trunk lines, occurs between Albany and Schenectady, where the Mohawk and Hudson found it necessary to commence operations with inclined planes, but this is soon overcome, and the valley of the Mohawk is reached at Schenectady. This river is followed for 93 m'les to near Rome, and there it is deserted for the waters of Oneida Lake, and at Syracuse, 38 miles further, Onondaga Lake is touclied. Both of these lakes are drained into Lake Ontario by the Oswego River. Skirting the Seneca River and its tributaries, which drain Seneca, Cayuga, Owasco, and Skaneateles lakes into the Oswego River, the line reaches Rochester, on the Genesee River, near Lake Ontario, 81 miles from Syracuse. The mountain range which bars the continent from near the Canadian border down to the waters of the Gulf of Mexico, and which is such a serious barrier to every other line 10 XEW YORK (JEXTKAL RAIIJiOAI). of railroad connecting the Atlantic seaboard with the Mississippi Valley, is passed at Little Palls station, midway between Albany and Syracuse, where the Mohawk flows throug-Ji a natural break in the chain. From Rochester the inain line runs direct to Butfalo, 90 miles dis- tant, while a second line runs, by way of Lockport, to Niagara Falls and Sus|)ension Bridge, connecting there with the Canada i-ailroads, and thence to Buffalo. Between Albany and Buffalo there are four tracks on the main line, and most of the branches have double tracks. At Buffalo the New York Central & Hudson River Railroad unites with the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern, the central link in the Van- derbilt system — which runs through Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Indiana, with branches penetrating all portions of Central and Southern Michi- gan, to Chicago, Illinois. At Cleveland, the Lake Shore line connects with the Cleveland. Columbus, Cincinnati & Indianapolis Railway, the Indianapolis & St. Louis Railway, and the Dayton & Union Railroad, which, united under the poi)ular title of the " Bee Line," form the southwestern extension of the Vanderbilt System, reaching all the cities named, and, by connections, every portion of the Mississippi Valley. At Dunkirk, the Dunkirk, Alleghany Valley & Pittsburg Railroad, one of the lines leased by the New York Central & Hudson River Railroad Company, connects with the Lake Shore Railroad. Connection is also made at Buffalo with the Michigan Central Rail- road — another link in the Vanderbilt System, which traverses the Dominion of Canada for 2'^6 miles ; cros.ses into the State of Michigan at Detroit ; extends northward to the Straits of Mackinac, which unite Lakes Huron and Michigan ; throws out branches to Toledo, in Ohio, and to most of the important towns in Michigan, and continues on to Chicago and Joliet in Illinois. Minor branch lines of the New York Central & Hudson River Rail- road Comjiany are intersected between Albany and Buffalo as follows : Geneva to Lyons, connecting the Auburn and the main lines ; Roch- ester to Charlotte, on Lake Ontario ; Rochester to Buffalo, via Batavia; Rochester to Canandaigua, connecting with the Northern Central Railroad of the Pennsylvania System ; Batavia to Attica ; Lockport to Tonawanda ; and Suspension Bridge to Lewiston, a port on Lake Ontario. Along the entire New York Central & Hudson Railroad route, the 11 NEW YORK CEJSTTKAL UAILKOAD. roadway is substantially constructed. Tiie cars are well equipped, arrangements for public comfort and convenience excellent, and a dis- position is evinced by the company at all times to keep pace with recjuirements. The New York Central & Hudson River Railroad Company is also tlie lessee of the West Shore Route, including the " Pacific Express," tlie " Day Express," and the " Chicago & St. Louis Limited, " between New York and Chicago. Boats connecting witli the trains start from the foot of Jay Street, North River, and foot of West Forty-second Street, New York. Two of the three trains above referred to stop at West Haversti'aw, Cranston's, West Point, Cornwall, Newburgh, Poughkeepsie, Kingston, and Albany, on the Hudson also at other important points, including Rociiester and Buffalo. NEW YORK. The Grand Central Depot, or starting-point for passenger trains on the New York Central & Hudson River Railroad, the Harlem Railroad, an'd the New York & New Haven Railroad, stands on East Forty-second Street, facing Fourth Avenue. It is one of the largest and most complete structures of the kind in the world, including, as it does, ample office accommodation for administrative purposes, in addi- tion to the usual and ordinary station facilities intended for the con- venience and comfort of travelers, who are constantly arriving and departing at all hours of the day and night. Approaches. Elevated Roads. Trains on the Third Avenue Elevated Road run direct to and from the Grand Central Station. A change of cars is required at junction of the East Foi'ty-second Street branch and main line, at Third Avenue and East Forty-second Street. Passengers on the Sixth or Nintli Avenue Elevated Roads leave trains at the Forty-second Street station, and reach the Grand Central by cross-town cars or cabs running east on Forty-second Street. The distance can be walked comfortably from Ninth Avenue in fifteen minutes, and from Sixth Avenue in five minutes. Surface Roads. Fourth and Madison Avenue cars pass the station every few minutes. Forty-second Street cross town cars, and Boulevard line of cars, arrive frequently. Broadway, Avenue A, Second, Third, Sixth, Seventh, Eighth, and 12 NEW YORK CENTRAL RAILROAD. Ninth Avenue ears cross Forty-second Street at intervals not exceeding five minutes. The West Side Belt Line crosses Forty-second Street at Tenth Avenue. Stages. Fifth Avenue stages cross Forty-second Street at short intervals, one block from Grand Central Depot. Cabs and Carriages. 1'hese can be obtained, by order, at any hotel or restaurant. Special rates are made to and from the Grand Central Depot. The usual charges are : For two-seated cabs or han- soms, first mile, 50 cents; for each succeeding mile or any fraction of a mile, 25 cents. For four-seated cabs, first mile, 75 cents; f-oreach suc- ceeding mile or any fraction of a mile, 50 cents. For the use of a cab by the hour, whether for one or more passengers, or whether two- seated or four-seated. $1.00 jier hour, and 25 cents for each 15 minutes thereafter, including stops. A charge of 25 cents for each 15 minutes or fraction thereof over 5 minutes is made when cabs are hired by distance. Baggage is cai'ried at 25 cents for each trunk or large port- manteau, and 10 cents for each smaller bundle. In all cases where the hiring of a carriage is not at the time thereof specified to be by the day or hour, it shall be deemed -to be by the mile. Whenever a hackney coach or carriage shall be detained, excepting as aforesaid, the owner or driver shall be allowed after the rate of 75 cents an hour. Waiting-Rooms. Passenger waiting-rooms extend, on the left or west side of the building, fi'om Forty-second Street along Vanderljilt Avenue, each road having separate spaces set ajaart within the buihling. Baggage. The baggage room of the New York Central & Hudson Railroad is at the north end of the station on Vanderbilt Avenue, north of the waiting-rooms, through which a connecting passageway runs to facilitate the checking of trunks after tickets have been secured at the adjacent booking-offices. Outgoing baggage can be checked from hotel or residence by express companies, any of which can be called up by telephone. One hundred and fifty pounds of baggage will be checked free on each full-rate, regular, or summer excursion ticket on the New York Central & Hudson River Railroad. Seventy-five pounds are allowed on each half-i'ate ticket. To ensure forwarding of baggage on same trains by which passage is 13 NEW YORK CENTRAL RAILROAD. taken, passengers should be at the station at least ten minutes before advertised time for departure of trains, as it is necessary to present passage tickets to tlie baggage master for checking of baggage. Tickets. To avoid confusion and disappointment, those who desire to travel in Wagner palace cars or on one of the Wagner vestibuled limited trains must make arrangements to secure accommodation a few hours before the time of starting. The less there remains to be done after arrival at the station, the greater the peace of mind and comfort of the traveler. Palace Cars. The drawing-room and sk'eping-car service of the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad and connecting roads has been entirely reorganized within tlie past few years. The metiiod of construction secures absolute comfort to the occupants. The cars are elegantly finished and luxuriously appointed. Vestibule Limited Trains. Each vestibuled train is composed of a buffet, smoking, and library car, two parlor cars, two sleeping-cars, and a dining-car, all of which are united into one continuous covered train by the construction of connecting vestibules upon the platforms. In the smoking and library car are a buffet, movable chairs, and couches tastefully and comfortably upholstered, a secretary supplied with sta- tionery and writing material, and an enclosed reading-room with a well-stocked library, including current newspapers and magazines. A bathroom and an apartment for a "tonsorial artist" are among the latest improvements. NEW YORK CENTRAL AND HUDSON RIVER RAILROAD. Useful Information for Passengers. 1. Purchase tickets at the ticket office before entering the train. When cash fares are paid on trains, conductors are required to collect an amount in excess of the regular tariff fare. 2. Children between the ages of five and twelve years are charged half fare ; those over twelve, full fare. Children under five, in charge of other passengers, will be carried without tickets. 3. Stop-over will be allowed on all regular full-rate local tickets reading between any two stations on the New York Central and Hud- son River Railroad on notice to conductor. 14 NEW YORK TEXTUAL H A IL1!(^A 1). 4. Round trip limited tickets, unless otherwise specified, are limited going to continuous passage on date of sale ; and must bo used within the limit prescribed for return passage. 5. Limited tickets to Detroit, Cleveliuid, Cliicago. Ciiiciiinati, St. Louis, etc., are good only for continuous passage on date and ti-ain indicated thereon. f). One hundred and fifty pounds of personal baggage will be checked free on each full ticket, and seventy-five pounds on each half ticket. A reasonable charge will be made for all in excess of that weight. 7. To ensure the forwarding of baggage on same trains by which passage is taken, passengers should be at the station at least ten min- utes before advertised time for departure of trains, as it is necessary to present passage ticket to station baggage-masters when baggage is checked. 8. If, upon reaching destination, baggage is not removed from the baggage-room within twenty-four hours, after that time .storage will be charged at the rate of twenty-five cents for the first succeeding twenty- four hours, and thereafter ten cents per day until five days have elapsed. If baggage is still unclaimed at the end of that time the rate will be fifty cents per month. 9. Messengers of Westcott Express Co. are on all trains to arrange for the prompt transfer of passengers and baggage to any part of New York, Brooklyn, Jersey City, or Hoboken. Delivery of New York bag- gage is made from either the l;!8th Street Station or the Grand Central Station, as requested by passengers. Similar arrangements have been made with C. \V. Miller's Transfer Co. for the transfer of passengers and baggage to hotels, residences and depots in Buffalo and Niagara Falls. 10. Package-rooms for the reception of parcels, hand-baggage, etc., will be found in passenger waiting-i'ooms at Grand Central and Annex Stations, New York, and at Albany, Schenectady, Utiea, Syracuse, Rochester, Buffalo, Niagara Palls and Suspension Bridge — under charge of an authorized agent who will issue checks for packages at a nominal rate. 11. The restaurants along the New Y^ork Central at Poughkeepsie, Albany, Syracuse and Buffalo, conducted by Johnston Bros., are among the finest and best managed railway restaurants in the East. Moderate charges only are authorized, and prices are posted for the information of the public. 15 NEW YORK CENTRAL RAILROAD. SPECIAL INFORMATION FOR TOURISTS. The special tickets described herein will be sold from June 1st to September 30th, inclusive, and will be available until October 31st, inclusive (except iti the case of steamboats or stages that discontinue their trips earlier). The tickets entitle holders to all the privileges of regular first-class tickets. Childi'en between 5 and 12 years of age, half fare ; over 1'3, full fare. Stop-over privileges are usually granted on summer tourist tickets ; but, to avoid misunderstanding, passengers should notify the proper official of the train or boat of their desire to stop over, as the stop-over regulations of the various lines vary. Summer excursion tickets during the season will be received for ])as- sage on the New York, Chicago & St. Louis Limited, when presented in connection with extra fare tickets, in the case of thi'ough tickets from the West: or without extra fare ticUets between New York State points, provided the drawing-room or sleeping-car tickets are pre- sented in connection with the summer excursion tickets. Summer excursion tickets will be available on the New York & Saratoga Limited if presented in connection with drawing-room-car tickets, as no ordinary coaches will be run on the limited trains. Thi-ough tickets by the New York Central & Hudson River Railroad are available between New Yoi'k and Albany by the Day Line steam- ers, or all rail, at the option of passengers. Tickets reading by the Delaware & Hudson Railroad to or from points north of Plattsburg will be accepted for passage between Plattsburg and Fort Ticonderoga, on Lake Champlain steamers, and permit the holder to remain over at Port Kent, thus affording holders an opportunity to visit Au Sable Chasm. Tickets reading via Glen Falls and Lake George stages, between Lake George and Caldwell, in either direction, will be accepted for passage on the Delaware & Hudson Railroad between the same points. Tickets to points on the Fall Brook Coal Co.'s R. R., reading to Geneva via Lyons, will be good from the East via Auburn, and from the West via Canandaigua, if desired, without extra charge. Tickets between Cooperstown and Richfield Springs by the Otsego Lake steamer and stage are for passage only ; baggage will be charged extra. 16 NEW YORK CKN'TllAI. UAILUOAD. Tickt^ts rciuliiig by the Grand Trunk or Canadian Pacific Railway, of steamer, between Toronto and Kingston, Kingston and Prescott, Pres- cott and Montreal, or Montreal and Quebec, are valid either by rail or by the steamers of the Richelieu & Ontario Navigation Company, at the option of passengei's. On tickets reading over Kichclicu & Ontario Navigation Company's stearaei-s, meals and berths are extra. Tickets by Sound Line steamers, between New York and Hoston, include a bt'rth. Summer tourists arc reminded that many of the steamers and stage lines cease operations or make irregular trips after October 1st of each year. Passengers should consult local advertising matter for proper iniV)rmation. " The tourist whose point of departure is the Grand Central Sta- tion in the city of New York," writes the author of "The World- famed Hudson," "possesses advantages which are unequaled in this country, and probably in the world. No matter what the motive of his journey may be — whether he be in search of health, recreation, social enjoyment, or all combined, he is able from this point to carry out his plans at a minimum exjienditure of time, trouble, and money. ***** "Does he long for the combinetl beauties of hill and dale, mountain and stream? He finds them all at the very outset of his journey, as he is borne along the banks of the world-famed Hudson. Does he find a peaceful enjoyment in the silence of pathless forests, or in floating upon the bosom of placid lakes? If so, the wilds of northern New Yoi'k will fill the cup of his desire to overflowing. Is he charmed by the majestic grandeur of lofty mountains and deep gorges? Let hi.n hasten to the Adirondaci^s or the Catskill Mountains. Is he a disciple of Nim- rod or Isaak Walton ? The North Woods and the St. Lawrence will give him a joyful greeting. Does he seek social intercourse and renewed vigor, or is he an invalid in quest of restored health amid i)eaceful and attractive surroundings? Saratoga, Richfield, and Sharon throw wide theii" i)ortals and bid him enter." 17 NEW YORK CENTRAL RAILROAD. 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'Z p 2 Pu 9 i "DC" 18 NKW YORK CKN'riiAI. KAILUOAD. The Start. Tourisls, gl.-iddoiu'd by aiiticipatioiis oT a journey full of pleasant incidents and experiences, and feeling perfectly at ease in all matters relating to their personal comfort and safety, rejoice, in a more or less demonstrative fashion, as they emerge from under the lofty glass roofing of the Grand Central Station, now fairly on their way to visit, perhaps for the first time, scenes rendered famous by important historical events and widely-credited traditions. 125TH STREET, For more than four miles the tracks of the New York Central & Hudson River Railroad run through a sti-aight cutting along Fourth Avenue, between the blocks of city residences, extending northward from Forty-second Street to the Harlem River. The first station reached is used for the convenience of uptown residents. Many who are engaged commercially each day in New York city reside in or near Harlem, a district within easy reach from the business center of the metropolis. Crossing the Harlem River a quarter of a mile above, on one of the most substantial iron bridges in the country, a short dis- tance to the right of which may be seen a handsomely constructed passenger bridge, we arrive at — 138TH STREET. Demand for greater accommodation in this neighborhood, as well as a desire on the part of the railway authorities to encourage residence in the northern suburbs, brought about the erection of a perfectly-appointed station at this point. The build- ing ha.s an imposing appearance, and is considered one of the most elegant and commodious way-stations in the United States. The exte- rior is of brick and terracotta, with red Akron tile roof. All fast express trains, excepting the "New Y^'ork & Chicago Limited," stop here for the service of New York pa.ssengers to and from the North and West. It is the most convenient station for passengers going to Mott Haven, Morrisania, and vicinity. Proceeding through Mott Haven, leaving the Harlem Raih'oad line on the right, the cars run in a northwesterly direction until a point is reached, nine miles from City Hall, where the New York City & Northern Railroad bridge crosses the Harlem River. The tracks of this road run thence on the right of the New York Central & Hudson River Railroad to Kingsbridge, where the former road separates and proceeds in a northerly direction. Passing under this structure, the train runs north along the right bunk of the river to — 19 NEW YORK CENTRAL RAILROAD. HIGH BRIDGE. The bi-idge, on the left of the station, is 1 ,450 feet in length and 124 feet high. It is built of granite and cost $900,000. Fourteen piers are used as supports. By means of this bridge the Croton Aqueduct extends across the Harlem River to High Bridge Park Reservoir, thus supplying New York city with water for domestic purposes. It is distant eleven miles from the most southern point of .Manhattan Island. Above the bridge is a costly high-service reservoir. Tiie adjacent shores are lofty and well- wooded, forming many pictu- rescjue scenes, peculiarly attractive to all admirers of the beautiful in nature. Passing through Highbridgeville and keeping close to the eastern shore of the Harlem River, the next station reached is — MORRIS DOCK. A station around which a pretty suburban village is rapidly springing up. Thence, having the healthy and growing dis- tricts of Tremont, Adamsville, and Fordhani on the right, the train l)rocceds to — KINGSBRIDGE. At Kingsbridge redoubts were thrown up on both sides of the creek during the Revolutionary War, and on December 19, 1780, an encounter took place between the Americans and a large detachment of British and Hessians, which led to no decisive result. Another skirmish occurred here in 1776, between a party of American stragglers and a Hessian guard, in which the former gained the advan- tage. Prior to these events, Hendricl^' Hudson and the Manhattan Indians had a long-sustained figlit just at the mouth of the creek, where Hudson anchored the "Half-Moon" in October, 1609. The Indians tried to board the yacht from their canoes, but were repulsed. In the distance, beyond the aqueduct to the right of the station, is Jerome Parii, well-known to all sportsmen as an excellent racecourse- one of the best in the country, and yearly becoming more popular among patrons of the turf. After leaving Kingsbridge, the New York Central & Hudson River Railroad rounds a curve, passing on the right of Spuyten Duyvil Creek, thence running across to — SPUYTEN DUYVIL, on the east bank of the Hudson River, in New York city and county, 13 miles from New York. The cluster of liouses on the upper side of the creek and northward bears the name which was originally applied only to the creek itself, which con- nects Harlem River with the Hudson, thereby forming Manhattan Island. There are fine residenges to the north on the heights. 20 NEW YORK CENTRAL RAILROAD. THE HUDSO]^ EIVER Amon^ the tliousand streams whicli drain the great Atlantic slope of North America, none is more attractive than the noble river at whose mouth stands the Empire City of the Western World. The European visiting America can liave no better introduction to the Western Continent than that which is afforded by a voyage up the Hudson or a journey by rail along its banks ; and travelers generally will find that the river and its neighborhood form naturally the first stage of any extended pleasure-tour through the Northern and Eastern States. Scenery so charming as that of this beautifid river affords a delight- ful change from the glaring walls and pavements of New York. Be- fore the limits of the metropolis are passed, the eye is charmed by the green wooded hills of Westchester County on the one hand, and by the frowning pi'ecipices of the Palisades on the other, — a contrast the like of which is not found so near any other of the world's great capitals. For twenty miles this mighty dyke of basaltic trap-rock shuts off the western sky, then suddenly disappears, and the view opens upon the rolling hills of Rockland County and the blue outline of the distant liamapo Mountains ; while on the east bank are thriving towns and elegant country seats in almost continuous succession. Here, too, the river widens to the dimensions of a lake, which stretches its beautiful expanse nearly to the magnificent southern portal of the Highlands; when it suddenly contracts to a channel half a mile in width, overhung by the rugged crags of the Donderberg and Anthony's Nose. For a score of miles above, the river winds amid the grand and rug- ged mountains of "The Highlands," at whose northern limit another portal opens, through which the traveler is borne to new scenes of beauty stretching far beyond. Above the Highlands the banks con- tinue high and in some places precipitous, opening now and then as if to afford glimpses of the charming country on either side, until some thirty miles more have been passed, when the banks become still less abrupt, and the lofty range of the Cat skill Mountains is seen to the westward. The remote sources of the Hudson are among the iiighest peaks of 31 NEW YORK CENTRAL RAILROAD. the Adirondack Mountains, 4,000 feet above tidewater. Its numerous upper branches unite in the neighborhood of Fort Edward, 180 miles from the ocean, and thence the river follows a southerly course, broken by numerous falls and rapids, to Troy, where it meets tidewater. The principal tributaries are the Mohawk and Hoosick rivers, the former rising in the central part of New York, and the latter in southern Vermont, both joining the Hudson near Troy, below which city the tributaries, though numerous, are small, none of them being naviga- ble for more than two miles. The mountain-ranges through or near which the Hudson passes are part of the Appalachian system. The Highlands are a continuation of the Blue Ridge, which, after crossing Pennsylvania and iSJew York, ends in the Green Mountains of Vermont and New Hampshire. The Catsbergs and Hilderbergs are continuations of the westward ranges of the AUeghanies. The mean rise and fall of the tide at New York is about five feet, and at Albany two and a half feet. The commerce of the Hudson River, during the season when it is not obstructed by ice, is extensive and constantly increasing. It is the natural outlet for lumber from the vast forests of the North. This is floated down the main stream and its branches during the high water of early spring, and several millions of feet are every year brought to market in this manner. The Delaware & Hudson Canal brings vast quantities of coal from Pennsylvania, and keeps numerous barges constantly plying between its junction with the river at Rondout and the various cities reached by water from that point. The Erie Canal, connecting the Great Lakes with the ocean, through the Hudson Rivei', affords means of transpor- tation for Western produce, and for the manufactured goods of the East. The immense " tows" of canal boats ascending and descending the river form an important and interesting feature of its commercial life. Quarries of various kinds of stone, valuable for building, paving, flagging, etc., are found at various points on and near the river ; and in Ulster County, water limestone, making the best cement, is found in inexhaustible quantities. In the vicinity of Haverstraw are extensive beds of clay which give employment to thousands of brickraakers, whose kilns are seen for miles along the river bank. Manufactories, foundries, machine-shops, shipyards, and agricultural products unite to swell the numbers of 32 NEW YORK '('P:NTRAL RATLKOAl). every sort of vessel suitable for navigating tlicse waters, and the fish- eries afford employment to many men. During the winter, many thousand tons of ice arc stored for domestic use and for exporta- tion. In history the river assumes a prominent place in the annals of the country. In September, 1G09, when Ilendrick Hudson sailed througli the Narrows, and anchored his vessel, the " Half -Moon," in New York Bay, the shores were covered with a magnificent forest, unbroken save by natural meadows or by the villages of Indians. The beautiful bay and river, now one of the busiest scenes of com- mercial activity in the world, were without signs of human life, except the few canoes of the natives; and Manhattan Island, with its dense population of a million souls, its splendid streets and buildings, and its proud commercial position as the Metropolis of the Western Continent, was a hilly, thickly-wooded island, inhabited by a fierce and warlike race of savages. Hendrick Hudson was sent out by the Dutch East India Company to search for a northwest passage to India, a problem which tempts explorers even in our own day; and when he looked up the long line of the Palisades, and noted the strong ebb and flow of the tidal currents at the mouth of the river, he thought his object was gained. Accord- ingly he sailed up the river, viewing, with wonder and delight, the magnificent scenery, and observing the natural wealth of the country, until, on September 21, having reached tlie present site of Albany, he became convinced that he was following a river, and not a strait. He was everywhere received with great friendliness by the Indians ; but, when returning to the ocean, Hudson's mate shot an Indian for stealing, which caused an immediate collision, and several natives were killed. Hudson returned to Europe, and, in consequence of his reports, trading vessels were soon sent oiit, and after a few yeai's of traffic in furs, a settlement was made in 1614, on the southern pcint of Manhattan Island. During the Revolutionary War the Hudson was the scene of con- stant activity on the part of both armies. Washington early perceived the strategic importance of the river and its dependencies, and used every means to retain possession. The British, however, in 1776, wrested Manhattan Island from our then inexperienced troops, and retained it during the war. They were unable to effect a permanent 23 ISTEW YORK CENTRAL RAILROAD. lodgment above the isliind, iilthougli they made several successful raids up the river, ouc-e as far as Kingston. Fortifications were erected at various commanding points along the river. The influence which this river has exerted and continues to exert upon the material prosperity of the country is incalculable. New York city undoiibtedly owes much of its rapid growth to its position at the mouth of the Hudson River. In the early histoiy of the country, be- fore the railway, navigable bays and rivers were the most important thoroughfares of trade and communication between different sections of the country ; and even now, after the invention of the locomotive, so gi'eat are the advantages which such a stream presents to commerce and various industrial interests, that its importance cannot be over- shadowed even by the railways. In connection with a splendid system of canals, it affords an immense stretch of inland navigation. The river itself is navigated by the largest vessels as far as Athens, which is about 117 miles from New York, and about 125 miles from its mouth at the Narrows. Steamboats and schooners ascend to Troy, at the head of tidewater, about l.")l miles above New York. Its entire length is something over 300 miles. As a commercial channel the importance of the Hudson is not excelled by any river of equal length in America. Probably a thou- sand vessels ply its waters, engaged in the various branches of com- merce. The passenger steamboats on the river are numerous. Some of them are of great size, and rank among the finest water-craft in the world. The name Spuyten Duyvil is ascribed by the veracious Diedrich Knickerbocker (Washington Irving) to Anthony Van Corlear, the redoubtable Dutch trumpeter, who, being bound on an important mis- sion to the mainland, and finding himself unable to procure a boat, swore that "en spuyt den duyvil" he would swim the creek. He plunged in, and when midway across was observed to struggle violently, until, no longer able to resist the duyvil, who was doubtless tugging at his legs, he raised the trumpet to his lips, gave a loud blast and sank forever to the bottom. Opposite Spuyten Duyvil, on the west shore, is Lydecker Peak, one of the highest points of the Palisades. Upon this peak previously stood the magnificent Palisades Mountain House, in full view of the railroad and river. It was one of the finest summer hotels on the Hudson, but was burned on July 3, 1884. 24 NEW YORK CENTRAL RAILROAD. In ;i(l(litii)ii lo the service of the New York Ceiitrul & Hudson River R;iilr()iul for passengers and freight from the Grand Central Station on East Forty-second Street, New York city, a line, formerly uscsd for general traffic, runs from tlic freight depot at Thirtietii Street, New York, along Eleventli and Twelfth Avenues, past Riverside Park and along the Hudson River to Spuyten Duyvil. This line is utilized for local passenger traffic, the transportation of emigrants, and the carriage of heavy freight. There are several stations on this line worthy of mention. The first is — MANHATTANVILLE, New York city and county, 8 miles from City Hall, New York. The name is applied to the neighborhood of One Hundred and Thirty-second Street. The conspicuous building on high ground, a little south of Manliattanville, is the Bloomingdale Insane Asylum, surrounded by about forty acres of ornamental grounds, which are devoted to the use of the inmates. Nearer the river is tlie Claremont Hotel, where in former years lived Viscount Courtenay, afterwards Eail of Devon. Joseph Bonaparte occupied the house during the first year of his exile in this country. It is now a popular lesort for frequenters of the Riverside Drive and Park. The tomb of (Tcneral U. S. Grant is in Riverside Park, south of Claremont House. \Aithin five minutes' ride of this station, and at the foot of One Hun- dred and Fifty-second Street is — CARMANSVILLE, New York city and county, 9 miles from City Hall, New York. In the neighborhood is Trinity Cemetery, Audubon i'ark (formerly the residence of the late celebrated naturalist), and the New York Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, one of the finest institutions of the kind in the world. On the oppo- site side of the river, the bank for many miles is formed by the Pali- sades, a precipitous, rocky cliff of trap- dike formation, from 300 to 500 feet in height. Geologists suppose that ages ago the crust of the earth was ruptured by some cause in the line of this dike, and volcanic matters protruded from below, which, being harder and more durable than the iidjacent rocks, have better withstood the slow but constant action of the elements during almost inconceivably long periods of time, but of which the enclosing walls on the east have been removed, leaving the present abrupt precipice. The next station we come to on our way to Spuytcn Duy^'il via the eastern shore of the Hudson is — 35 N^EW YORK CEXTUAL RAILROAD. FORT WASHINGTON, New York city and county, 10 miles from City Hall, New York. This extreme northern portion is the most beautiful part of Manhattan Island, and its natural beauties are finely brought out by the good taste and lavish expenditures of the wealthy residents. Splendid river views, rocks, forest trees, winding roads among elegant mansions having beautiful gardens, con- servatories, and other attractive and costly surroundings, make it a valuable addition to the Central Park for drives and strolls. The grading and leveling of city engineers has not yet reached this cliarming region, although it is penetrated by streets in every direc- tion. The fortification after which this place was named was an exten- sive earthwork occupying the crown of Washington Heights, and com- manding the river above and below, as well as the neighboring country. It formed the end and citadel of an irregular line of works extending along the northern part of the island. The point extending into the river under Washington Heights is Jeffrey's Hook, and among its cedars are mounds which mark the site of a redoubt built at the same time with the neighboring fortifications. These works, with their gar- rison of 2,700 men, were captured by the British after a sharp resist- ance, on November 15, 1776. This was the second defeat of the Americans in New York, and was a severe blow to the friends of the republic in this vicinity. Directly opposite, on the western shore of the Hudson, stands — * FORT L£i£j, Hudson County, New Jersey, — a village so called because on its site stood, during the last century, a fort bearing that name. The remains of the fort are scarcely discernible, and cannot be seen at all from the river. This fort was occupied by the Americans until after the British had captured Fort Washington in 1776, when it also was abandoned, and the Americans retreated across the State of New Jersey. The large white building with two towers, standing in the gorge at the beginning of the Palisades, is the Fort Lee Park Hotel. The large octagon building at the base of the hill is a Pavilion. " From the summit of the Palisades a magnificent view is obtained. High up upon the crest of the great escarpment one may stand, and look far away into the west, and see the most glorious sunsets that ever changed the sky to gold or fire. To the north lie the Highlands we Places ftiarked with a star (*) are on the west s^ide of the Hudson River. 36 The Palisades. NEW YORK CENTRAL RAILROAD. are soon to pass, stretched out in noblest panorama for our view, and to the south the river flows on in a broader stream, until on the eastern side the city of New York begins and the stream changes its aspect, and passes between the crowded shores that send out across it the noisy thunder of their busy life ; and Palisades, and rocky hills, and long reaches of still stream, and green pleasant banks, make a sudden end as the Hudson sweeps grandly and quietly down to the sea." INWOOD, city and county of New York, 12 miles from City Hall. The foi-mer name of this station was " Tubby Hook." It is sur- rounded with charming villas and picturesque meandering drives. Having viewed the route to Spuyten Duyvil from the Grand Central Depot via Harlem, and taken a brief survey of localities along the old Hudson River line by way of Manhattanville and Fort Washington, we are now at liberty to note the many interesting scenes, historical, legendary, and picturesque, on either bank of tliat world-famed stream, from the spot near which Anthony the Trumpeter had such a direful experience with " Old Nick," to the lofty Helderberg mountains near Albany, and the council-ground of the Mohegans. * The Palisades are from 250 to 550 feet high, stretching along the west shore of the Hudson from Hoboken to Piermont, with a continua- tion along the Tappan Zee to Ilaverstraw and Point No Point. They form an unbroken wall of columnar trap rock, thickly wooded at the summit, and giving a wild, desolate appearance to the locality. One and a half miles north of Spuyten Duyvil station is— RIVERDALE, in New York city and county, 14 miles from City Hall. This village is composed almost entirely of handsome country residences, the property of New York merchants. It is delightfully located, healthy, and desirable in every way as a rural retreat. MOUNT ST. VINCENT, a Roman Catholic educational institu- tion, under the immediate control of the Sisters of Charity, who purchased Font Hill, as the place was called, from the celebrated tragedian, Edwin Forrest. The castellated structure of dark stone, built by Forrest as a private residence, is now a part of the Mount St. Vincent Academy, though, unfortunately, the two buildings are architecturally inharmonious. These buildings are at the northern- most limit of the city of New York. 27 NKW YORK CENTRAL RAILROAD. Directly across tlic Hudson from Mount St. Vincent may be seen — * INDIAN HEAD, tho higliest point of tlie Palisades, 550 feet above the river. On tlie same side as Indian Head is tiie — * TAPPAN ZEE, or Tappim Bay, a "beautiful lake-like wideniKg" of the river, ten miles long and from two to five miles wide. Many legends are related among the country people — even to this day — concerning Tappan Zee. Washington Irving tells the story of a " roystering Dutch- man of Spiting Devil," who went out alone in his boat on the bay, spending the whole of one Saturday in going its entire length, after which exploit he attended a cpiilting party at Kakiat. It was midniglit when the frolic ended, and the Dutchman was warned Jiot to enter his boat on Sunday. He was obstinate, however, and swore he'd cross the bay at all hazards. " He was never seen afterwards, but may be heard plying his oars, as above mentioned, being the Flying Dutchman of the Tappan Sea, doomed to ply between Kakiat and Spiting Devil until the day of judgment." It must not be forgotten that the reader is traveling along the New York Central & Hudson River Railroad on the eastern shore of the Hudson River, brief sketches of jioints on the opposite side of the river being introduced in order that the jianoramic view may be complete. Three miles north of Mount St. Vincent is the thriving town of — YONKERS, Westchester County, N. Y., 17 miles from New York. Built on a number of hills overlooking the river, it has, since its incor- poration in 1855, prospered beyond even the most sanguine expectations of its founders. The population is estimated at 26,000, consisting largely of New York city business men and their families. Gas and water works Lave been established. An efficient police department has been working for some time. Telegraphic connection is main- tained between the police headquarters here and in New York. There are a number of important manufactures carried on within the town limits, including the production of mowers and reapers, silk, carpets, bats, and pencils. Machine shops and elevator works have also been erected, giving constant employment to many skilled artisans. The locality is not without interest from an historical point of view. Hen- drick Hudson anchored off Yonkers when ascending the river in Septem- ber, 1609, and was visited by large numbers of Indians with whom he traded. In the evening the tide set strongly up stream, which con- 38 NEW YORK CENTRAL RAILROAD. firmed Hudson in the belief that he was in a passage betweeen two oceans. The name Yonkers is derived from the Dutch " Yonk-heer," signifying the heir of a family. The greater part of this region was purchased from the Van der Donck family, to whom it was originally granted by Frederick Philipse. The old " Philipse Manor " still exists, and is a most attractive object for those interested in relics of the olden time. The manor stands within tlie town of Yonkers. The older portion was built in 1682, and the more modern portion in 1745. It is probably the finest specimen of an old-fashioned mansion in the country. The interior decorations have been scrupulously preserved and are very quaint and curious. In this old Hall was born Mary Philipse, the belle of her day and the early love of Washington. She chose to marry another, Roger Morris ; but it is said that Washington always cherished the memory of the beautiful heiress of Philipse Manor. GLENWOOD, Yonkers, Westchester County, 18 miles from New York. The name is appropriate and suggestive, as is the place itself, of rustic peacefulness. Leaving Glenwood, a rapid spin of three miles brings into view the quiet village of — HASTINGS, Greenburg, Westchester County, 21 miles from New York. ' 'Hastings is most romantically situated. The elegant residences of many wealthy New Yorkers can be seen nestling among the trees that crown the hills and afford a beautiful view of the river and the sur- rounding country." Much Westchester marble is shipped from Hast- ings. A British force, under Cornwallis, crossed the river at this place in 1776 and joined another force in capturing Fort Lee. Cannonading was kept up from two forts on the heights as the boats got under way, causing much annoyance to the troops on board. Garibaldi, the Liberator of Italy, paid frequent visits to Hastings during his stay in New York. Near Hastings is the stately old Livingston mansion, which was used as the headquarters of Washington and the scene of the official conferences concerning the British evacuation of New York in 1783. Andre and Arnold. The story of Arnold's treason and of Andre's capture and execution is one of the most interesting and at the same time one of the saddest in our history. Benedict Arnold was a major- general in the American army, having won his position by distinguished gallantry and zeal. It is not necessary here to trace the successive 29 NKW YORK OF.NTRAL RAILROAD. steps which led to his fall. SulTicc it to say that certain acts of his while in command at Phihulelphia led to his trial by court martial. Ho was sentenced to be reprimanded, but the sentence, mild as it was, embittered him toward his country, and he began to take steps toward opening a correspondence with the enemy. Assigned to the command of U'est Point and vicinity, he soon began negotiations for surrender to Sir Henry Clinton. Finally arrange- ments were made for a meeting with Major John Andre, Adjutant- General of the British army. The British sloop of war "Vulture" was sent up to Teller's Point with Andre on board. On the second night he landed on the west side of the river, just below Stony Point, and, meeting Arnold, consulted with him until daylight. Their plans were incomplete when day broke, and Arnold persuaded his companion to go with him to a Tory house near by. Horses were at hand, provided, and the two rode together through the dark woods. Presently they were challenged by a sentry, and then Andre perceived that he was within the enemy's line. They went on, however, and entered the house. As soon as daylight was sufficiently clear, an American gun opened fire on the " Vulture '' from Teller's Point, and the vessel weighed anchor and dropped down the river. Andre was in uniform, but in order to provide against discovery he put on a plain coat, and by this act assumed the disguise which deprived him of his official character, and rendered him open to con- viction as a spy. In the course of the day plans for the surrender of the garrison about West Point were completed, and Andre became anxious to regain the British lines. Being unable to get a boat to take him down to the " Vulture," he was forced to take the land route. Accordingly he crossed King's Ferry, and on the strength of Arnold's passes passed all the regular American outposts. On this particular morning, however, three volunteers had agreed to watch the road at Tarrytown, and on Andre's appearance halted him, and made him dismount, and discovered inside his stockings the evidences of his mission. Andre offered bribes to a large amount if they would let him go, but the stern patriots refused, and marched him off to the nearest American post. The commanding officer, Colonel Jamieson, was very near sending prisoner, papers, and all to Arnold, but Major Tallmadge persuaded him to send only a letter detailing the circumstances of the arrest. This Arnold received while at breakfast. 30 NEW YORK CENTRAL RAILROAD. He immediately left the table, ordered his horse, saying that he was wanted down the river, rode to Beverly Dock (see page 39), and, leap- ing into a boat, went down the river to the " Vulture." Andre at once wrote to Washington, frankly telling the whole truth, and closing with the words, " Thus was I betrayed (being Adjutant- General of the B. army) into the vile condition of an enemy in dis- guise within your posts." Washington convened a court, which tried Andre at Tappan. The accused so freely admitted ail the charges and specifications, that it was not necessary to examine a single' witness, and the court, after long deliberation, reluctantly sentenced him to death. Much sympathy was felt for Andre throughout the American camp, but every one acknowledged that no leniency should be shown. An informal proposition was made to exchange him for Arnold, but neither Washington nor Sir Henry Clinton would oflacially consider this plan, and on October 2, 1780, Andre was hung. In 1832 his remains were removed to England, and a monument stands in Westminster Abbey on which the sad story is inscribed. Arnold was made a Major-General in the British army, and received £10,000, the price of his treason, but was despised even by his brother officers, and died with hardly a friend to mourn his loss. Monuments have been erected to the memory of Paulding and Van Wart, two of the men engaged iu Andre's capture at Peekskill and Tarrytown. In 1878 the Rev. Arthur Penrhyn Stanley, Dean of Westminster, visited this country, and secured permission to have a stone, bearing a suitable inscription, raised to Andre's memory on the place of his execution. DOBBS' FERRY, Greenburg, Westchester County, N. Y., 22 miles from New York. A village of considerable size, containing villas and cottages of tasteful and elegant appearance. The village is named after a ferry which was kept in olden times between this place and Piermont, opposite, by one Dobbs, a Swede. An attempt was made some years since to have this name changed to ''Paulding," as being both more euphonious and appropriate. The proposition led to quite a controversy in the newspapers ; but public opinion decided, for the time at least, in favor of the old Swedish ferryman. The Palisades, on the opposite side of the river, which for about twenty miles have formed a precipitous river bank, are now suddenly interrupted by the valley through which the Erie Railway was origi- nally built, and they do not again resume their precipitous character. 31 NEW YORK CENTRAL RAILROAD. Dobhs' Ferry is well known in Revolutionary annals. The British concentrated their forces here after their dearly-bought victory at White Plains, live miles east. This battle took place in October, 1776. In 1777 a division of the American army, under General Lincoln, was encamped here for several months. Tappan, about three miles south- west of Pievmont, was the scene of Andre's trial and execution durinsi^ the war of tlie Revolution. About two years before this event Hayl(jr's rec^iinent of American cavalry was surprised at night at Tappan by tlu; British General Grey, and two thirds of its men were massacred. The Commission sent by Sir Henry Clinton to intercede; for tlie life of the unfortunate spy, Major Andre, landed here and held a long but unsuc- cessful consultation with General Greens, the president of the court which condemned him to death. Greene met the Chief of the Commis- sion, by permission of General Washington, only in the character of a private gentleman; but although both friend and foe desired to save Andre's life, the conference proved unavailing. Dobbs' Ferry was the first place appointed for a meeting between Andre and Arnold. The plan, however, was not successfully carried out. IRVINGTON, Greenburg, Westchester County, 24 miles from New York, named for the late Washington Irving, whose estate, called "Sunnyside," is situated a little northeast of the station. The locality has been consecrated by the genius of this most charming writer, and men of wealth and liberal taste have collected about it, laid out beautiful grounds, and erected elegant mansions. * PIERMONT, Orangetown, Rockland County, 24 miles from New York, on the west side of the river, is notable for its pier, one mile long, projecting from the shore to deep water A short distance below Piermont is the boundary line between New Yoi'k and New Jersey, near which the Palisades recede from the shore and lose their precipitous character. The ridge continues, however, in a series of hills reaching, in some places, a height of nearly seven hundred feet, but nowhere resuming the peculiar palisade formation. ^Ve may here call attention to the beautiful "Arbor Vita?" (Thuja Occidentalis), which is fre- quently seen, singly or in groves, along the banks. It is, in fact, the common white cedar, which in this vicinity assumes a beautiful pencil- like habit of growth, and forms a distinctive feature of the landscape. Gliding swiftly past " Sunnyside," we come to — 32 NEW YORK CENTRAL RAILROAD. TARRYTOWN, Greenburg and Mount Pleasant, Westcliester County, 29 miles from New York. Tarrytovvn is delightfully situated on a hillside overlooking the river and the Palisades to the southward, and commanding a distant view of the Ramapo Mountains and Hudson Highlands to the west and north. The whole town is thickly studded with dwellings of every style of beauty. Prominent among these is 1 he white marble edifice known as Paulding Manor, which stands just below the town. This palatial dwelling was built by descendants of Commodore Paulding, and is one of the finest specimens of the Eliza- bethan style of architecture in this country. It has passed out of the possession of the Paulding family. A little above TaiTytown is the Pocantico, a small stream flowing through the valley, called by the Dutch " Slaeperigh Haven," and translated into English as " Sleepy Hollow." About half a mile from tlie mouth of this stream is a Dutch church, which is a curiosity in its way, being the oldest religious edifice in the State of New Yoi'k. The date of erec^tion is 1699. Its walls contain bricks which were imported from Holland when the church was erected. The old bell hangs in the belfry, on whose pointed roof an iron vane still turns, bearing the monogram of the founder of the church, Fred- erick Philipse, whose mansion, known as " Philipse Castle," stands on the banks of the stream not far distant. This is the dwelling whence the Philipse family moved when the mansion at Yonkers was built. To the eastward of the church is the valley of Sleepy Hollow, and the identical bridge, or at least its successor, over which the Headless Hessian pursued Ichabod Crane, as related by Irving in the "Legend of Sleepy Hollow." Between this bridge and Tarrytown the road crosses Andre's Brook, and near by stands a monument marking the spot where he was captured. A suitable inscription gives the leading facts connected with that event. * Nearly opposite Tarrytown, at the foot of a precipitous hill on the western side of the Tappan Zee, the mountains sweep back from Pier- mont in the form of a semicircle, and meet the river again at the north- ern extremity of the Zee, in a series of bluffs familiarly known as the Hook, almost as imposing as the Rock of Gibraltar, which it strongly resembles in outline and general appearance. Within this semicircle — one of the loveliest spots on the river — and connected with Tarry- town by a steam ferry, nestles the beautiful village of — 3 33 NEW YORK CENTRAL RAILROAD. * NYACK, which is rapidly growing into a large suburban town. The Rip Van Wmklc sleep which seems to have possessed this part of the western shoi-e of the river from time immemorial has been very properly disturbed by the extension of the Northern Railway to Nyack, and now all is bustle and activity. Looking out from the pro- montory which extends into the "Zee," on a point nearly central be- tween Piermont and the Hook, is the Tappan Zee Hotel. One mile north of Tarrytown is — SCARBOROUGH, Ossining, Westchester County, iJl miles from New York ; ;uul about the same distance from Scarborough we reach — SING SING, Ossining, Westchester County, 32 miles from New York. A handsome little city, with a population of 7,000. "The town itself is very beautiful, many elegant residences rising on the long upward slope from the river."' One of the New Y'ork State prisons is located here. It was built in 1826 by convicts who were brought here for that purpose from Auburn prison. The material is a white marble, quarried near by. There are three buildings, containing one thousand cells for men, and one hundred for women. Croton aqueduct passes through Sing Sing, and is carried over a ravine by a stone arch 70 feet high, having a span of 88 feet. Across the river is Haverstraw Bay, five miles wide— the widest part of the Hudson, extending from Croton Point on the south to Verplanck's Point on the north. The first view of the West Shore Railroad is now obtained from the eastern shore. Rockland Lake, 150 feet above the river, the source of the Hacken- sack, and a great ice-quarry in winter, is also opposite Sing Sing, the lake being separated from the Hudson by Hook Mountain, 610 feet in height. The point which abuts on the river is Verdritege Hook, commonly called "Point No Point." A short distance north of Rockland Lake, on the western shore, is— HAVERSTRAW, Haverstraw, Rockland County, New York, 36 miles from New York. This village is built on a high bank or plateau Extensive brick-kilns line the river bank close by. Haverstraw is an important station of the West Shore Railroad. For a few miles below Haverstraw, the summits of the Highlands are distinctly in sight, up the river, although their bases are hidden by intervening hills. 54 XKW YOIIK ("KNTKAL HAILKOAD. Tlio extremity of the tongue of land which projeels far into tiie river from its eastern banii above Sing Sing, from which .station we are now proceeding toward Croton, is i^nown as Teller's i'oiut. That portion nearer the shore of the river is termed Croton Point. It separates Tai)pan Hay from Haverstraw Bay. Off this point the "Vulture" auc^hored when she brought Andre to meet Arnold, and from thence the gun was brought to bear which drove that vessel down the river, t'roton Point is now occupied by the vineyards of Dr. Underbill, whose pure wines are much used for medicinal purjioses. Just below Teller's Point is the mouth of Croton River, which supplies New York with water. This stream has a wide mouth, sometimes called Croton Bay, which was partly filled up in 1841 by the washing away of the Croton Reservoir dam. The work was, however, pressed forward and in 1843 water was supplied to the city through the Croton pipes. The aqueduct is built of solid masonry, and follows the course of the Hudson at an average distance of about a mile from its shore. This aqueduct is capable of discharging 60,000,000 gallons per day into the receiving reservoir in the Central Park, New York. The entire cost of the Croton works at their completion was about $14,000,- 000. Since that time great improvements and additions have been made to meet the demands of the growing city. It is estimated that the Croton River will supply water enough for New York even if the city should reach five times its present size. Passing Croton Point at a rapid rate, the cars soon reach — CROTON, Cortland, Westchester County, New York, 36 miles from New York. On our way to the next station we can discern, on the opposite shore, Treason Hill, north of Haverstraw, where Arnold met Andre at Joshua Rett Smith's. Two miles north of Haverstraw, on the same side of the river, is Grassy Point, and a mile farther on is Stony Point, which was stormed by the Americans under General Anthony Wayne on July 15, 1779, with a view to driving the British from their fortifications. Stony Point, with Verplanck's Point on the eastern shore, form the southern gateways of the Highlands. 35 NEW YORK CENTRAL RAILROAD. CAPTURE OF 8TO^V POINT. The forts located at Stony Point were held by the Americans until June 1, 1779. when they were simultaneously invested by a British force commanded by Sir Henry Clinton. No direct attack was made on Port Lafayette, the work on Verplanck's Point, until after the evac- uation of Stony Point. The garrison at the latter place numbered only 40 men, and abandoned the work on the approach of an overwhelming force of the British, who quietly took possession, ran up the cross of St. George on the flagstaff, and opened fire on Fort Lafayette with the captured guns. At the same time Gen. Vaughan attacked on the east side of the river, and the weak garrison of 70 men were soon forced to surrender. The loss of this position was a severe blow to the Americans, compelling them to make a wide detour in order to keep up their communications. General Anthony Wayne at once requested and obtained permission to storm Stony Point, and at midnight on the 15th of July, 1779, led two columns of picked men to the assault. 'J'hey advanced undiscovered until they were close upon the British picket, which of course gave the alarm, and the garrison turned out. The parapet was manned, and a scathing fire of grape and musketry swept the hillside; but " Mad Anthony " was at theheadof his column, and, within half an hour after the first shot, carried the works at the bayonet's point, capturing the entire garrison with its stores. Wayne was knocked over, but not seriously injured, by a musket ball. The next morning a cannonade was opened on the works at Verplanck's Point, and continued through the day. Re-enforceraents were sent to the British, and it soon became evident that suflficient force to hold Stony Point could not be spared by the Americans. They therefore dismantled and abandoned the fort, and it passed again into British hands. They, however, in turn abandoned the position in October, and from that time the Americans retained possession. On the one hundredth anniversary of the capture of Stony Point, interesting commemorative exercises were held on the spot, and the battle was fought over again in imitation of the original contest, the cadet battalion from West Point participating. 36 CAPTURE OF STONY POINT BY THE AMERICANS, JULY' 16TH, 1779. NEW YORK CEXTRAL RAILROAD. OSCOWANA is a small way station, with but few inhabitants. It is the first station north of Croton. CRUGER'S, Cortland. VA'estehester County, New York — 37 miles from New York. Near the head of Haverstraw Bay, and not far from this station, on our way to view the regions said to be inhabited and ruled by a number of mischievous little goblins in knickerbocker suits, we come to — MONTROSE, a small, quiet, and unassuming village. PEEKSEILL, Cortland, Westchester County, New York — 4o miles from New York. The village is a pleasant one, standing at the mouth of the romantic Peekskill Hollow, and is within easy reach of all inter- esting parts of the Highlands. The late Henry Ward Beecher had a country residence a little east of the village. Fort Independence stood, during Revolutionary times, on the point above Peekskill, where its ruins may still be seen. And on the point below is the Franciscan Convent Academy of "Our Lady of Angels." The population of Peekskill is now more than 7,000. It is a bustling and thriving place, having several iron foundries, machine shops and other manufactories, and is surrounded by magnificent river scenery. "Its history dates back to a period anterior to the Revolutionary War, and in that trying time it played an important i)art. On the old Van Cortland farm, two miles north of the town, yet stands the house in which, for a time. General Washington had his headquarters, and just beyond can be seen the church in which he worshiped." The village on the point opposite Peekskill is Caldwell's Landing. Above it rise the rocky and weather-beaten crags of the Donderberg, or Thunder Mountain, around which, at the close of a sultry summer day, black clouds are wont to gather, casting a deep inky blackness over mountain and river, while mutterings of thunder are echoed from peak to peak, with such strange and confused rumblings that we can hardly wonder at the superstitions whicli, according to Irving, peopled the hills with a crowd of little imps in sugarloaf hats and short doub- lets, who were seen at various times " tumbling head over heels in the rack and mist," and bringing down frightful scjualls on such craft as failed to drop the peaks of their mainsails in salute to the Dutch gob- lin who kept the Donderberg. On the east shore, on a wide plateau, is the State Encampment, 37 NEW YORK CENTRAL RAILROAD. where the regiments of the National Guard of the State of New York encamp once a year, in summer, for drill and inspection. Above tlie Donderbcrg, on the east side of the river, is Anthony's Nose, 1,200 ft. high. In the " History of New York," Irving gives an amusing account of the origin of this name. Another says it was once compared to the nose of one Anthony Ilogans, the captain of a sloop, who possessed an unusually large nasal ap{)endage, and thus the name obtained a local currency which eventually became fixed as the title of this majestic hill. On the west side of the river is lona Island, on which were formerly extensive vineyards, anil which now has a hotel and is a well-known place of resort. This island is the northernmost jioint which is reached by the sea-breeze. The eflfect upon vegetation is very noticeable in the spring of the year. The stream which may be seen falling into the river below Anthony's Nose is known as " Brocken Kill." It is full of romantic cascades, almost from its mouth to its sources. On the west side of the river, nearly ojiposite to Anthony's Nose, may be seen Fort Montgomery, a stnall village at the mouth of Mont- gomery Creek. On the rocky heights above and below the creek, stood Forts Clinton and Montgomery, which were in 1777 the principal defences of the Hudson. They were considered impregnaljle to an assault from the land side, and with the ordnance of the day they had little to fear from a naval attack. A heavy boom, made of a huge iron chain on timber floats, stretched across the river, and was made fast to the rocks at Anthony's Nose. This, it was thought, woukl effectually prevent the ascent of a hostile fleet. On October 6, 1777, Sir Henry Clinton sent a strong detachment around and over the Donderberg, to attack these forts in the rear. A demonstration on the east side of the river had led General Putnam to anticipate an attack on Fort Independence, near Peekskill, and a por- tion of the garrison at Fort Montgomery was temporarily withdrawn to strengthen that post. The British had a sharp skirmish with an American detachment at Lake Sinnipink, which is still known among the inhabitants as " Bloody Pond." This attack was the first warning which aroused the garrison at the forts. In the course of the afternoon the forts were attacked, and the garrisons defended themselves gallantly until evening, when, it having become evident that they could not hold out, they took to the moun- 38 XEW YORK CENTRAL RAILROAD. tains, an orderly retreat being impossible, and so the greater part escaped. An American flotilla of two sloops and some smaller craft, which lay above the boom, was abandoned and burned, to prevent its falling into the enemy's hands. The next morning the boom was destroyed, and the British fleet, with a detachment of troops, proceeded up the river. A short time afterward the British received the news of Burgoyne's surrender, and abandoned the forts. The West Shore K.R. here crosses Montgomery Creek on a tine iron bridge. To th(> west is the Forest of Dean, and the mountain town of Munroe. The Hudson now bends to the northeast. Far in advance is the ruined height of Fort Putnam, and on the right front is the symmetrical cone of Sugar-loaf Mountain. The Parry House, with ruins of an old mill in front, and Benny Havens's cottage at the waterside, can also be seen in the immediate vicinity. Still looking across at the western shore, we can there discern, above the points just mentioned. Buttermilk Falls, a series of white rapids on a brook which falls one hundred feet to the river. Here are several large flour mills, and just above is — ^ CRANSTON'S, a well-known and much-frequented summer resort. It stands on a lofty bluff overlooking the Hudson, and two hundred and fifty feet above it, with a magnificent view north and south. The village of Highland Falls is just southwest of Cranston's Hotel, but not much of the town can be seen from the river. By this time, on our journey along the eastern banks, the train has passed Highlands and progressed in a northerly direction as far as — GARRISON'S, Philipstown, Putnam County, New York, 50 miles from New York. This station, named in honor of a distinguished family of Revolutionary fame, is opposite the military school at West Point. It is surrounded by the most sublime and picturesque scenery of the Hud- son, and is associated with some of the eventful scenes of Revolutionary times. On the east bank of the river, about one mile south of the depot, is the Robinson House, where Benedict Arnold received the letter from Colonel Jamieson, informing him of the arrest of Andre. The General was breakfasting with some distinguished friends when the letter arrived. He immediately left the table, saying that he was wanted down the river, and, ordering his horse, rode to Beverley Dock, and, leaping into his six-oared barge, told his men to pull with all 39 NEW YORK CKNTRAL RAILROAD. speed down the river to the Britisli niaii-of-war, the "Vulture," lyiiifr off Teller's i^)iiit. Thus Arnold escaped, and tlie j^lory of an Ameri- can soldier faded into tlie infamy of the most noted traitor of history. This and other phiecs of interest are easily visitcid from the Higldand House, situated about half a mile east of the railroad station, on a pla- teau commanding one of the most delightful prospects foi- whicli the banks of the Hudson are so justly celebrated. It is surrounded on the east and south with mountains abounding in running brooks and wild, INDIAN FALLS, GARRISON S, N. Y. shaded glens, and overlooks West Point and the Highlands to the west. In the vicinity are delightful drives and places of peculiar beauty, among which are Indian Palls, Glen Falls, North and South Redoubt, Anthony's Nose, and Sugar Loaf Mountains on the east side of the river, and West Point and Highland Falls on the west side ; while the beautiful Hudson, bright with many a sail and steamer, flows majesti- cally through the mountains toward its ocean home. The most conspicuous buildings on the opposite side of the Hudson, as we leave Garrison's, are those at — 40 NEW YORK CENTRAL RAILROAD. *WEST POINT, Cornwall, Orange County, New York, 51 miles from New York, best known as the site of the United States Military Academy. Located in the very bosom of the Highlands, West Point is their chief attraction, " Its traditions, its relies, its monuments, its dead and living heroes, its romantic 'Flirtation Walk,' all make it a peculiarly fascinating spot. The vicinity abounds in delightful walks and drives, and within easy access are the ruins of several forts. Near by, too, is Bloody Pond, which the simple country folk still believe to be guarded by the ghosts of Hessian soldiers." Before the commence- ment of the present century, Washington suggested this place as well adapted for the establishment of such an institution, but no formal steps were taken by Congress until 1802. Ten years later, in 1812, the school was fairly established, and has ever since continued to increase in importance and excellence. Few of the academy buildings can be seen from the river, the buildings being situated on an elevated plateau, about 180 feet above the river. This plateau is occupied by the various barracks, .schools, arsenals, etc., connected with the insti- tution, bordering a broad parade open for military evolutions, and overlooked by the grand summits of the suzTounding hills. There is no institution in the land better calculated to make a favor- able impression on the visitor than this academy. The good order and strict discipline which prevail, however irksome they may be to the cadets, give them a mental and physical training which they never forget. The most accomplished officers of the army are detailed as instructors, with a special professional staff appointed from civil life. Visitors properly introduced maybe present at recitations, and. indeed, observe all the elaborate organization that gives this famous military school its well-deserved fame. The life of a cadet is by no means an easy one. His physique must be perfect, and his mental capacity of no mean order, to enable him to pass successfully through the four years of study and military training. The avei'age number of cadets is about 250. Candidates for admission are nominated by members of Congress and by the President, a certain number being allotted to each Congressional district. These candidates report for examination in June of each year, and, if they are mentally and physically qualified, are admitted as cadets, which is, in military rank, a grade below second lieutenant. The course of instruction is very thorough and complete, especially in mathematics and military tactics. 41 NEW YORK CENTRAL RAILROAD. The best time to visit West Point is during the months of July and August, when the cadets go into camp. Drills, parades, and guard- mountings are the order of the day, all being done in the best nuinner known to military science. \\'est J^oint was the scene of no actual fighting during the Revolu- tion, although it was fortified. A boom similar to that which was prepared at Fort Montgomery was stretched across the river to Con- stitution Island, which was also heavily fortified toward the latter part of the war. and the remains of the old batteries may still be seen. This island is now owned by, and is the residence of, Miss Warner, author of " The Wide, Wide VV or Id," etc. The West Shore Railway passes directly under the West Point parade grounds, through a tunnel begin- ning on the south, near the boat landing. Three miles higher up the river on the eastern side is — COLD SPRING, Philipstown, Putnam Cbunty, New York, 54 miles from New York, noted for its iron foundry. Here, under the superintendence of Major Parrot, were east the celebrated Parrot guns, which did such good service in the war of the i-ebellion. On an ele- vated plateau near the village is " Underclitf," the country seat of tlie late George P. Morris. The mountain imjnediately above Cold Spring is Bull Hill, or, to give its more classic name. .NJt. Taurus. It is 1,586 feet in height. Just aliove this elevation, and separated from it by a valley, is Breakneck Hill, 1,187 feet high. It is stated that the former of these hills was once the abode of a wild bull, which became such a source of dread to the inhabitants that they organized a hunt, and drove the animal from his accustomed haunts across the valley to the neighboring hill, where he. dashed over the rocks and broke his neck. The two hills were named in honor of this adventure. Breakneck Hill was formerly distinguished by a huge mass of rock bearing a marked resemblance to a human face. This singular formation was for many years one of the sights to be looked at by every passenger up or down the liver. On the west side of the river are Cro' Nest and Butter Hill. The former is the one next above West Point. It is 1,418 feet high, and separated from Butter Hill by a wild and picturesque valley. The name Cro' Nest probably was at first applied to a deep rocky depression which exists near the summit, but it is now understood to mean the mountain itself. The name will recall Joseph Rodman Drake's beauti- 42 NEW YORK (KXTIIAL RAILKOAl). fill poem, " Tlic Culprit Fay." the sccno of wliicli is laid anionic lliesc lulls. The j)reeipice wliieh I'orins the river-faee of Cro' Nest is known as Kidd's Plug Cliff. It owes its name to a sinj^fular ])rojeeting mass of rock which may be seen near its summit. The neighboring moun- tain named Klinkersberg by the Dutch, has of late come to be called the Storm King, and as the old name is neither beautiful nor appropri- ate, it will soon be forgotten. Its summit is 1,539 feet high. To the late N. P. Willis is due the credit of rechristening this grand peak, as well as giving appropriate names to other objects of interest in the vicinity. * CORNWALL, Cornwall, Orange County, New York, 56 miles from Ni'w York, a village on the west side of the river in Grange County, is a favorite summer resort. The beauty of its situation renders it a fashionable resort during the summer, when its many beautiful resi- dences are the scene of a constant round of gayety. The entertaining of summer visitors has become the characteristic business of the town. About 5,000 persons annually make their summer abode in this town, and the permanent population has increased within a few years to about 8,000 souls. The hotels and boarding-houses do not reach the magnifi- cent proportions of some of the Saratoga hotels, but are neat and con- venient, and, from its nearness to New York and facilities of access, the town has reached a grtat popularity for summer residence. There are several schools and churches, a savings bank, public library, and reading-room in the village. " Idlewild," the former resi- dence of N. P. Willis, and where be passed the last fifteen years of his life, is on the road leading from Cornwall to Newburgh. It is scarcely visible from the river. Several other handsome country seats are scat- tered along the west bank of the river. .lust at the upper entrance to the Highlands is Pollipel's Island, a rocky liit of ground, to which a supernatural origin was ascribed by the Indians. In 1777, a clievaux de fn'se. made of logs with pointed iron heads, was sunk between the island and the mainland to prevent the British ships from ascending the river; but it seems to have proved in- effectual. This island and the neighboring hills have from time to time been searched for deposits of treasure supposed to have been concealed by the almost mythical Captain Kidd. The view down stream from the Breakneck Hill is one of the finest on the river, including several of the 43 KEW YOKK OEXTRAL RAILROAD. grandest peaks of the Higlilands, with the noble river Howing at their feet. STORM KING is the name of a small way-station, three minutes' ride from Cold Sjiring. and five minutes' from — DUTCHESS JUNCTION, the connecting point with the New York & New England Railroad, running through Connecticut and Massachusetts to Boston. From liere we are conveyed swiftly along the New York Central & Hudson River route to — FISHKILL LANDING, better known as Fishkill-on-the-Pludson. Fishkill, Dutchess County, New York, 60 miles from New York. This thriving place is the ] ort. so to term it, of Fishkill, five miles inland. The Matteawan Creek falls into the Hudson at this point. At Fislikill this stream furnishes water-power for several mills and factories of large size. The situation of the town is extremely romantic, being surrounded on all sides by higli and rocky hills, which are full of wild and picturesque ravines. Connection is made by feny with — *NEWBURGH, Orange County, New York. Gl miles from New York. This is one of the largest and most thriving cities on the Hud- son, being the seat of several large manufacturing enter[)rises. The water-front is lined with warehouses in which considerable business is transacted. The city stands on an elevation on the west bank of the river, commanding a noble view of the Highlands and of the Matteawan Mountains. The eastern terminus of the Newburgii Branch of the Erie Railway, whicli joins the main line at Greycourt, nineteen miles west, is at Newburgh. This branch delivers over a million tons of coal here annually for re-shipment. Newburgh is an important station of the New York, West Shore & Buffalo Railway. The city rises from the river in a succession of terraces, the first plateau being about 130 feet above the water, the second 190 feet, and still further west it reaches an elevation of 300 feet above the Hudson. Newburgh is famed for its oarsmen and its ice-boats. It has several charitable and educational institutions, among wiiich are the New- burgh Almshouse, about two miles west of the center of the city, the Home for the. Friendless, on Montgomery Street, and the Theological Seminary of the Associate Reformed (United Presbyterian) Church. This seminary stands on a commanding height, overlooking the city 44 NEW YORK CENTRAL RAILROAD. and river. In this institution is a library of over 5,000 volumes, sotno of whieli ai'e very rare and valuable. The I'ublie Schools are excellent, and are attended by about 5,000 children. The Public Library is a beautiful building in the central part of the city, and contains about 10,000 volumes of well-selected books, etc , controlled by the school officers of the city. Newburgh is one of the handsomest cities on the Hudson, and is celebrated as the residence of a wealthy and cultured class of people, some of whom are famous for their literary productions. N. P. Willis, J. T. Headley, and other celebrities, had their country seats in or near Newburgh. Near a flagstaff standing in the southern part of the town, and dis- tinctly visible from the river, is an old stone hou.se now owned and kept in order by the State, which was occupied by Washington as his head- quarters when the army lay at New Windsor, two miles south. This house contains many interesting relics of the Revolutionary W^ar. At the foot of the flagstaff before mentioned, the last surviving member of Washington's Life Guard was buried in 1856, and a monument, with an appropriate inscription, stands over his grave. A short distance south of Newburgh is the site of the American camp, where the troops suffered so severely from smallpox during the winter of 1783. Six minutes' ride from Fishkill Landing is — LOW POINT, Fishkill, Dutchess County, New York, 04 miles from New York, built just above a short tunnel, and sometimes termed Carthage Landing. This is a small village on the east bank of the Hudson. Oppo.site, on the west bank, is a flat rock, now crowned with cedars, which Hen- drick Hudson and his comrades named the Duyvels Dans Kamer. or Devil's Dance-chamber, in consequence of an Indian pow-wow which they witnessed at night, witii all its hideous accessories of tire and war- paint. The rock is still known by this name. Not far from Low Point, on the eastern bank, is the village of — NEW HAMBURG, Poughkeepsie, Dutchess County. New York. 66 miles from New York, a pretty little village, standing at the mouth of Wappinger's Creek, which falls into the Hudson on the east side. This stream is crossed at its mouth by a long trestle bridge, with a draw in the middle. Wappinger's Falls is on Wappinger's Creek, two miles from New Hamburg village. A ferry plies between New Ham- 45 NEW YORK CENTRAL RAILROAD. burg and Hampton, opposite. On the lieights above the landing are charming views of the Hudson and its surrounding scenery. * MARLBOROUGH, Marlborough, Ulster County, New York, 66 miles from New York, pleasantly situated on the west bank of the Hudson, overlooking the river and the country beyond. Back of the village are the Shawangunk Mountains, and intervening is a hilly country of great beauty. The West Shore railroad runs along the river bank through Marlborough Landing, a mile east of the village. In this vicinity a beautiful grove of arbor vitai, or white-cedar trees, will be noticed on the west bank above Marlborough, where an entire hillside is covered with the delicate, pencil-like forms of this symmetrical and graceful tree, giving a very picturesque effect to the scenery of this region . Looking northward above Marlborough, on the same side of the Hudson, can be seen — *iyiIIiTON, or BARNEGAT, Marlborough, Dutchess County, New York, 71 miles from New York. This village is a mile west of the river landing and the West Shore railroad station. A part of it may be seen crowning the steep bank which rises from the western shore of the i-iver. Large quantities of berries and other fruits are raised in this vicinity for the New York market. Just before reaching Pough- keepsie, which city may be seen on the bluff beyond, we pass Locust Grove, the country seat of the late Professor S. F. B. Morse. It can hardly be necessary to remind any one that Professor Morse is the inven- tor of the Morse alphabet, which made the electric telegraph, of which he was also one of the original discoverers, indispensable to every nation of Christendom. Eight minutes after leaving New Hamburg, Camelot is passed, and within another ten minutes wo reach — POUGHKEEPSIE, Poughkeepsie, Dutchess County, New York, 75 miles from New Y'ork. The city of Poughkeepsie is built on a tableland located amid a group of hills, at a considerable height, so that its spires and buildings may be seen from a long distance up and down the river. "By day the smoke of its busy mills and factories somewhat mars the scene, but, as night draws on, these light up the river like beacons, and the sound of the ponderous machinery and roaring furnaces greets our ears, and 46 NEW YORK CENTRAL RAILROAD. tells of the energy of the citizens." The ntame is a corruption of the Indian name given to the cove which once existed at the mouth of Fall Kill. Poughkeepsie has a population of at least 25,000, contains large manufacturing interests, and is noted for its educational institu- tions. Two peculiar elevations will be noticed at the river-side, the southern of which bears the name of "Call Rock," from the fact thai the inhabitants used to hail passing vessels from its summit. Poughkeepsie is the shire town of Dutchess County, and contains the usual court and jail buildings. Its streets are beautifully shaded, its situation is very healthful, and everything combines to make it most attractive as a residence. The Vassar Female College, in the eastern part of the city, is the largest and most important of the many excel- lent educational institutions of Poughkeepsie. The late Matthew Vas- sar, a wealthy citizen of Poughkeepsie, founded and endowed this extensive college. It is intended for the education of women only, and IS the most complete establishment of its kind in the world. Besides this noble institution there is a Female Academy, the Col- legiate Institute, the Military Institute, Riverview Military Academy, Cottage Hill Seminary, Eastman's National Business College. St. Peter's Academy, and numerous other establishments for physical advance- ment and mental culture. One of the large State asylums for the insane is located at Poughkeepsie. The place was settled by the Dutch about 1698, and incorporated as a city in 1854. The principal object of interest to the antiquary is the Van Kleck house, a stone structure with loopholes in its walls. It was built in 1705. The State Legislature met in it in 1777 and 1778, when the British held New York, and had burned their former meeting place at Esopus. There also, the State Convention for the ratification of the Federal Constitution met, in 1788. 57 members were present, and after a long debate, in which such men as Governor Clinton, John Jay and Alexander Hamilton took part, the Constitution was ratified by a majority of three. The Poughkeepsie bridge is a magnificent iron structure, stretching across the Htidson, and forming a connecting-link between New Eng- land and the great West. Huddlestone, the British spy, was executed here in 1780. Andrew Jackson Davis, the " Poughkeepsie Seer," was born here. A steam ferry connects with Lloyd or New Paltz Landing opposite. 47 NEW YORK CENTRAL RAILROAD. * NEW PALTZ LANDING is opposite Poughkeepsie, and six miles above, on the eastern side, we arrive at — HYDE PARK, Hyde Park, Dutchess County, New York, 80 miles from New York, named in lionor of Sir Edward Hyde, one of the early British Governors of New York. The village is pleasantly situated half a mile east of the river bank, on a beautiful and fertile table-land. The bend in the river between rocky bluffs is known to river men as "Crom Elbow," a combination of the original Dutch name and its English equivalent, "Crooked Elbow." A creek of the same name falls into the river. The point on the east shore is " De Vroos Point." A light iron footbridge will be noticed crossing a deep cutting of the Hudson River Railroul. The house beyond is that of Joseph Boorman, first president of the Hudson River Railroad. Between Hyde Park and Oak Hill, 30 miles above, there are many exten- sive and ancient country seats, some of them antedating the Revolu- tion. The beauty of the country seems to have attracted men of taste and wealth in those days to make their homes along this fertile bluff, and in many cases their descendants still occupy the old mansions of their fathers, — a state of things so rare in America as to deserve especial notice. About a mile above Hyde Park landing is " Placentia," the former home of the late James K. Paulding, one of the pioneers of American literature, and the friend of Washington Irving. Opposite, on the west bank, but scarcely in sight from the river, is the famous apple farm of R. L. Pell, Esq. On this farm there are said to be 25,000 bearing apple-trees. The fruit of these trees is packed with the great- est care, and much of it is shipped to Europe. The river banks are hereafter low and uninteresting, but an air of rich rural peace pervades the country-side, and stately old mansions and neat modern villas are seen on either hand. At the next station — STAATSBURG, Hyde Park, Dutchess County, New York, 85 miles from New York, the railroad leaves the river for a short distance, striking through a little valley which affords a more direct course. The banks of the Hudson running northward now lose the precipitous char- acter which has marked them thus far, and slope less abruptly from the river. Two miles above Hyde Park, Esopus Island will be noticed near the east banks. Just below, on the west side of the river, 48 i^ av NEW YORK CENTRAL RAILROAD. is the Astor residence. Opposite are two fine estates, the lower owned by Dr. Hussaek, and the upper by Mrs. M. Livingston. Not far above Staatsburg, on the east side of the river, is the country seat known as Wildercliflf. It is by no means so elegant as many of the neighboring estates ; but to members of the Methodist Church in America it is interesting, as having been built by Freeborn Garrettson, the eminent preacher who married a sister of Chancellor Livingston, and to whose energy is due much of the prosperity of that branch of the Christian Church. The place may be recognized by the broad lawn which lies in front of the house. Next above this place is EUerslie, the residence of lion. William Kelley, long prominent in political life. His estate contains about 6 )0 acres, much of which is devoted to gardens and ornamental grounds, and the rest is highly cultivated as a farm. The quaint stone house on a hill near Rhinebeck Landing is the Bcekman house, built prior to 1700. It served as a church and as a fort during early times, when the Indians were hostile and powerful. RHINEBECK LANDING, Rhinebeck, Dutchess County, New York, 90 miles from New York, is two miles west of the village of Rhinebeck, which cannot be seen from the steamer. The first settlement was by William Bcekman, who brought several German families with him in 1647. Within the limits of the town there is an extensive vein of gold-bearing quartz, which yields the pre- cious metal in paying quantities. The western terminus of the Hart- ford & Connecticut Western Railroad is at Rhine Cliff, on the Hudson, close to Rhinebeck station. This railroad forms a direct route between Connecticut and Rhode Island and the Catskill Mountains, and other points on the Hudson. A steam ferry connects here with — * RONDOUT, Kingston, Ulster County, New York, 90 miles from New York. Rondout is now a part of the city of Kingston, with which it was incorporated in 1878. From it, the Ulster & Delaware R. R., which has its terminus here, runs in a northwesterly direction into the Catskill Mountain regions. It is the point of departure from the Hudson River to the southern part of the Catskill range, including the Overlook Mountain. Hudson River R. R. passengers land at Rhinebeck, and cross the river by Steam ferry to Rondout, thence by rail to the Catskills and Delaware 4 49 f-J NEW YORK CENTRAL RAILROAD. County. The Wallkill Valley R. R. runs southwest from Rondout, connecting with Erie R. R. for New York or the West. Rondout Creek enters the Hudson from the westward. Its mouth is the eastern end of the Delaware & Hudson Canal, which joins the creek two and a half miles above. This canal, finished in 1828, extends to the vicinity of the Pennsylvania coal-fields ; and every provision is made at Rondout for the trans shipment of vast quantities of coal. * KINGSTON, the capital of Ulster County, is on Esopus Creek, which at that point approaches within about two miles of Rondout, and then curves to the northward, entering the Hudson twelve miles above. The population of Kingston, including Rondout, is 20,000. It is "a bustling, pushing town," having a front of four miles on the Hudson. Beautiful scenery abounds in the vicinity, and there are many pleasant and romantic drives in the neighboring country. King- ston is one of the principal points of departure to the Catskill region from the West Shore Railway, which connects with the mountain rail- roads. Kingston was settled in 1G14, and was thrice destroyed by Indians before a permanent footing was obtained by the Euro[)eans. In 1777 the State Ijegislature met and formed a constitution. In the autumn of the same year soon after the capture of Forts Mont- gomery and Clinton by the British, General Vaughan, with 3,000 troops, landed at Rondout, marched to Kingston (then Esopus), and sacked and burned the town, remaining until he received the news of Burgoyne's surrender, when he at once retired to New York, abandon- ing all that he had gained. While Esopus (Kingston) wa3 burning, the inhabitants fled to Hurley, a neighboring village, where the small force of American troops tried and hung a messenger who was caught carrying despatches fronj Clinton to Burgoyne. When first caught, this man swallowed a silver ball, which an emetic brought again to light, and which was found to contain the fatal despatch. Six miles above Rhinebeck Landing, on the >Jew York Central &, Hudson River Railroad, we arrive at — BARRYTOWN, Red Hook, Dutchess County, New York, 96 miles from New Y^ork, formerly known as Lower Rod Hook Landing. A little above Rhinebeck is the residence of William B. Astor. It may be recognized by its tower and pointed roof. This estate is named " Rokeby," and is one of the finest on the river. Next above is the 50 XEW VOIMC ('KN"rUAI. II A r LKO A I). estate known as Montgomery Place, surpassing in beauty, if possible, tlie last one mentioned. The house was built by the wife of General Montgomery, who fell in the assault on Quebec in 1775. His remains are deposited under the monument erected by the Continental Congress in 1776, and since built into the wall of St. Paul's church, which fronts on Broadway, New York city, where it attracts the attention of all observant strangers who pass. Mrs. Montgomery was a sister of Chancellor Livingston, and Montgomery Place still remains in the Livingston family ; her brother, Edward Livingston, succeeded her in the ownership of the phice, and his family still occupies it. Near the eastern shore, two miles above Barrytown, is Cruger's Island, a spot made beautiful by nature and art. In a grove near the southern end stands a ruin which was imported from Italy by the foruier proprietor of the island. Its broken arches may be seen among tlie trees as the boat passes, forming a singular contrast with the mod- ern architecture of the neighboring house. The latter, however, is not in sight from the boat at the same time with the ruin. A glimpse of it may be caught in passing, a short distance above. Within ten minutes from the time we leave Barrytown, we find our- selves alongside the platform at — TrVOLI, Red Hook. Dutchess County, New York, 100 miles from New York. There is a village of growing importance surrounding the railway station. It is connected with Saugerties on the west bank of the river by a steam ferry. It is one of the stations at which passen- gers leave the railroad trains who desire to go to the famous Overlook Mountain House — one of the finest mountain hotels in the Catskills. Near the village is an old mansion, now owned by Col. De Peyster, which was built before the Revolution by one of the Livingston family. The British, on their way to burn Claremont, a little above, in 1777, stopped here under the impression that this was the house to be de- stroyed. The proprietor, however, aided by his well-stocked wine- cellar, convinced them of their mistake, and they left him unmolested. * SAUGERTIES, Saugerties, Ulster County, New York, 101 miles from New York, is an important village of about 4,000 inhabitants, on the New York. West Shore & Buffalo Railroad. The village is about one mile from the steamboat landing, with which it is connected by stages that meet all passenger boats and trains. Saugerties is near 51 NEW YORK CENTRAL RAILROAD. the mouth of Esopus Creek, which is navigable to tiie village. There are extensive iron works and paper mills at this place, and large quan- tities of flagging-stone are quarried in the vicinity. The Bigelow Blue Stone Co. employ in their various quarries in Ulster County 3,500 men, and quarry 200,000 tons of stone annually. " Plattekill Clove," which lies back of this place, in the mountains, is a remarkably wild and rugged chasm, affording scenery of varied grandeur and beauty. A road winds tlirough this gorge, up to the Catskill Mountain House region beyond. * MALDEN, a small village on the same side, with Plattekill Clove on the west. The Bigelow Blue Stone Company's works are carried on here; several thousand men and a considerable fleet of vessels being employed. Higher up the Hudson, on the east, our train reaches — GERMANTOWN, Germantown, Columbia County, New York, 105 miles from Mew York. This village was settled in 1710 by German emigrants, under the patronage of Queen Anne, who caused land to be purchased from Robert Livingston for them. The view of the Catskill Mountains is here very fine. The entire range can be seen. Germantown is not directly upon the river bank, and cannot be seen from the river. The large white building on a hill near the landing is the "Riverside Seminary," established by Philip Rockafellow. A few miles above Germantown is the mouth of Roeleff Jansen Kill, where the original Livingston Manor House stood. Robert R. Livingston, Chancellor of New York, built an elegant house a little south of the old one, where his mother continued to reside. Chancellor Livingston's active sympathy with the cause of the Republic during the Revolution made him so obnoxious to the British, that when Gen- eral Vaughan burned Esopus he sent an expedition up the river to burn Claremont — the name of the Livingston estate. They burned both the houses, but new and more elegant ones were at once erected near the ruins, and Claremont is still one of the finest country-seats on the rivei'. Chancellor Livingston's name will always be associated with that of Robert Fulton. The experiments of Fulton would probably have been delayed for years had it not been for the generous aid of Chancellor Livingston. After a series of discouraging failures in Pai'is and New 52 /^^p!':4--- <- <;M>^~'tLti>- -..«>"S- J^ CASCADE IN PLATTEKILL CLOVE. NEW YORK OKKTRAL ItAlLliOAD. study nature in her most beautiful forms. Here lie painted the cele- brated allegorical series of {lictures known as '• The Voyage of Life." Church, the great landscape painter, has a beautiful country-seat on the summit on the east side of the Hudson, opposite Catskill. It commands some of the sublimcst river views. On a sort of terrace, twenty-two hundred feet above the river, about 13 miles back from it, and near the edge of an abrupt precipice, is built the " Mountain House," a spacious building, which is distinctly visible for a considerable distance along the river. The coolness and exhilarat- ing quality of the air, the grandeur of the view, and the comfortable accommodations of the hotel, attract numerous visitors in the summer The mountain rises behind the hotel to a height of thirty-eight hun dred feet above the river. One of the many attractions in the vicinity is the Catskill Falls. Kaaterskill Creek, a branch of Catskill Creek, starting high up in the mountain, as an outlet for two ponds, here dashes over two perpendicular precipices, one a hundred and the other eighty feet in height, and, passing through a precipitous and romantic ravine, called '"The Clove," reaches the lower valley of the Hudson. 54 \ )lIMMEf^* frsms CK ^7 NEW \()MK ('i:\Il;. M, l;.\ I MtOA 1). THE CATSKILI.S. The Cfitskill Mountains have pmliably been seen and admired, if not visited, by more travelers than any other mountain group on the An:erican continent. Approaching within ten miles of a great natural highway, they have, since the earliest days of the settlement of the country, commanded the attention of all voyagers on the Hudson l\iver, and, since the enormous increase of travel induced by modern multiplication of railroads and steamboats, they are annually seen bv millions and visited by thousands. Moreover, they have been celebrated in song and story, and one of the most popular and successful actors of our time has made Irving's character of Kip Van Winkle, with the mountain region where he lived and slept, familiar to the English-speaking world. The group of sum- mits known under this name lies within the counties of Greene, Ulster, and Delaware, in New York. They are a part of the great mountain system which follows the Atlantic seaboard from the Arctic regions almost to the Gulf of Mexico, and known at different parts of its course as the White Mountains, the (Jreen Mountains, the Blue Ridge. In ascending the Hudson, the first jioint of divergence for mountain travel is Rondout (city of Kingston). Here is the terminus of the Ulster & Delaware Railroad, following up the valley of the Esopus, which skirts and jjenetrates the southern and western poilion of the mountains. The opening of this road rendered access to this portion of the mountains so easy, that numerous and excellent hotels have been built in localities which the traveler could formerly reach only by a long and tedious stage route. The track rises by a steep gradient 184 feet above the river, and almost immediately comes in sight of Overlook Mountain. In the nine miles which are passed before reaching West Hurley, the train climbs 530 feet above the river. Before reaching the station, the Overlook Moun- tain House may be seen perched upon the shoulder of the mountain, and seeming much nearer than the railway will seem when viewed from above. The profile of the range is exceedingly fine from this point of view, and there are many who derive more enjoyment from looking at a mountain range than in looking froin it. The stage road tends in 55 Stam ford hJo h a R I c o. -^ West D„w, i '^'"'^Qi n^"OakUiU ^O^^' ■jScvr Balti ^iEaStJDurljam J* Greenvil [East Windhd;\m. "^ i'reehold r X \ Statlou Unlog 'Socic^i^^^ inson V i ijo :i^^^s ^<^rWm. * %. ^East Jewett >■•■•• W^t: .-^. -. Jacksbijville^'^'" /; <. PANTHER ^^"-^ mountain;^' Xinjel Kaa>Wijig^j|k^ ^^ % Briywervjlfa ^ ^Wii />'^y^^'^ Saugerties "b?^f look .Mtf >W^i W C#iP ''J rlook M^'S/v/:,* Hom'e 'Mea .ake-Ilili .vsvllle 'il^'High\voods\'" - ^?'i^ Olive Br. Brook's « fclascn .W.Hurlegl/-( "rhine^eck I NEW YORK fENTRAL RAILROAD. a northerly direction after leaving the station, leaves the outlying' range with its three summits, Tonclie Hook, Ticetenyck, and Little Tonche on the left, and soon begins the long ascent of Overlook Mountain. The hotel stands on a plateau 3,000 feet above tidewater, and a little below the highest point of the mountain, and commands views toward all points of the compass ; that toward the south embracing a large portion of the Hudson Valley, and those in other directions command- ing mountain and valley scenery in great variety and picturesqueness. In Plattkill Clove, three miles north of the hotel, is a succession of waterfalls, and in every direction there are charming walks to many points of interest. From WEST HURLEY the railroad follows a westerly course, passing Brodhead's Bridge, where there are fine falls on the Esopus. and an attractive view from the bluffs above the creek. SHOKAN is picturesquely situated at a mountain gateway through which the Esopus rushes in rapids. High Point Mountain, 3,100 feet high, is seen to the southward. Tlie valley here takes a more northerly course, and on the west side of the track is seen a group of fine summits. The northernmost is the Wittenberg, and the next Mt. Cornell. The walk to the summit of these peaks is a favorite one with mountain climbers. At — BOICEVIIiLE the road reaches an elevation of 615 feet above tidewater. MT. PLEASANT, 24 miles from Rondout, and 700 feet above the river, is the opening of the Shandaken Valley, a mountain depression full of the most enchanting natural scenery. PHCENICIA, 27 miles from Rondout, and nearly 800 feet above the Hudson, is a place of considerable i-csort, and the point of departure for Hunter and Tannersville, through Stony Clove, a remarkable ravine, where it is said snow and ice can be found the year through. Tremper House is at the entrance to Stony Clove. It is on a terrace 300 feet broad and 1,500 long, and almost between Slide Mountain and Hunter Mountain, two of the highest peaks of the Catskills. The hotel will accommodate 200 guests. A carriage road ascends to the summit of Mt. Tremper, affording a superb view of Shandaken Valley, the 56 NEW YOKK CENTRAL RAILROAD, Lake Molionk Gap, Wittenberg?, Cross Mountain, and an assciuljly of mountains, too- many for enumeration here. At — FOX HOLLOW the elevation is 99;) feet. Before reacliin|r tlie station a bridge is crossed at the entrance of Woodland Valley, (^n the northern side of the road are Mts. Sheridan and North Dome. SHANDAREN is 3:5 miles from the river, and 1,000 feet al)ove it. Here passengers for West Kill, Lexington, and Jewett Heights leave the cars and take stages for their destinations. BIG INDIAN (36 miles) is 1,202 feet above the river. A bridge here crosses the Esopus, from which a fine view is obtained up Big Indian Valley. This station is nearest to Slide Mountain, and from it parties usually start for the ascent of that peak. Carriages can go without especial difficulty within live miles of the summit, and here parties can remain overnight. Dutchers is the name of the place. The view from Slide Mountain is one of the finest in the Catskills. PINE HILL, 1,660 feet above the sea, is 39 miles from Rondout. Half a mile from Pine Hill station is the Guigou House. After passing over the Grand Horseshoe Curve the train reaches — GRAND HOTEL STATION, 1,889 feet above the Hudson River at Rondout, which is the highest point on the Ulster & Delaware R. R. The new Grand Hotel stands on Summit Mountain, about one eighth of a mile from the station, and 2,500 feet above the level of the sea. It is in a remarkably picturesque and healthy part of the mountains, and commands a view of marvelous beauty and grandeur. Summit Moun- la'n is in the center of a group of peaks made celebrated by artists, writers, and historic associations. Around it are the Panther Mountain, 4,000 feet high ; the Belle Air Table and Slide Mountain, 4,220 feet high, the highest mountain in the Catskills, and whose crest pierces the clouds. It has a frontage of 650 feet, with piazzas along the front of the main buildings. Parlor cars run on the West Shore Raih-oad direct to the Grand Hotel station. ("atskill Mountain House is reached by the Ulster «& Delaware Rail- road to Kaaterskill station, thence by stage one mile ; or by the Cat- skill Mountain Railway from Catskill to Mountain House station, thence up the mountain by stage ; or by carriage all the way from Catskill. 57 NEW YORK CENTRAL RAILROAD. The Laurel House commands magnificent views down the famous Kaaterskill Clove. The hotel has recently been greatly enlarged and improved by the introduction of modern improvements. Piazzas com- manding the grandest views of mountiin scenery surround the house. The famous Kaaterskill Palls and Clove, and many other of the most charming attractions of the Catskills are near the Laurel House. The groat beauty of this locality is so well known that a description is unnecessary. To the lovers of quiet, its secluded walks afford delight- ful retreats ; while the drives in the vicinity — especially through the Cloves— are remarkably beautiful. There is also good trout-fishing in the neighborhood. The Laurel House is reached by stages and car- riages from Mountain House Station of the Catskill Mountain R. R. from Catskill. Carriages, and an authorized agent, are also in attend- ance at the car.s ami boats at Catskill. PALENVILLE is at the lower entrance of Kaaterskill Clove. It is 10 miles by railroad from Catskill village, 3 miles below the falls, and has a number of excellent hotels and boarding-houses. TANNERSVILLE is 15 miles from Catskill Village, high up in the Kaaterskill Clove, on the way to Hunter. It is surrounded on all sides by towering summits and wild ravines. The Stony Clove Railroad runs from Phccnicia to Tannersville Junction and Hunter through the famous Stony Clove. A branch runs to Hotel Kaaterskill, which stands on the summit of Kaaterskill Mountain, 3,000 feet above the sea, com- manding the most extensive view of any hotel in the Catskill Moun- tains. The view embraces 60 miles of the Hudson River and valley, High Peak and Round Top mountains, Kaaterskill Clove, Sunset Rock, and many other noted and interesting objects. The mountain drives are numerous and particularly charming. Hotel Kaaterskill is reached by the Ulster & Delaware Railroad from Rondout, N. Y., on the Hud- son River, to Phoenicia and the Stony Clove Railroad to Tannersville Junction, thence live miles by Kaaterskill Railroad to Hotel Kaaterskill. HUNTER, 1,600 feet above the Hudson River, is about 4 miles west of Tannersville, and, while it is a village of a somewhat more prominent character, possesses, in the main, similar natural advan- tages. The Hunter House, Breeze Lawn Hotel, Central House, Villa Du Bois, and Ripley House are among the most prominent abiding- places for summer visitors. 58 Cauterskill Falls, Catskill Mountains, Near Lanrpl House J. L. Schntt, Proprietor. XEW YORK CENTKAL liAlLKOAI). LEXINGTON is 9 miles from Hunter, and 10 miles from railway connections on the Ulster & Delaware Railroad. The O'Hara House and the Douglass House will be found comfortable stopping-places. WEST KILL, 4 miles from Lexington, is near Deep Hollow Gorge, in some parts of which the sun never shines. CAIRO is 10 miles from Catskill, near Round Top Mountain, and facing the Hudson Valley. Merritt's Grand View House and the Webster House are among the principal hotels. The surroundings are highly jiicturesque and attractive. FREEHOLD is a resort of considerable popularity. It is reached by stage from Catskill or Athens, and commands a very fine view of the mountain range, — Black Head, 3,965 feet high, being the nearest and most conspicuous. ACRA is on the road from Catskill northward. Mott's Sunside Farm is one of the resorts of the vicinity. EAST WINDHAM is reached by a good road from Catskill. Lamoreau's Sununit House is the principal hotel. From here it is said that the Adirondacks and White Mountains can at times be seen. WINDHAM, a delightful village 25 miles from Catskill, is beauti- fully situated, amid lovely mountain scenery. Reasonably good roads lead in all directions. The Windham Hous;.' is one mile from the village. JEWETT HEIGHTS is a small village in full sight of the Catskill range, and commanding a wide view of the Hudson. The Jewett Height Hou.se is available for boarders. PRATTSVILLE is situated on Schoharie Hill, with well-shaded streets and the purest of mountain air. There is a daily line of stages from Catskill and from Strattou's Falls on the Ulster & Delaware Railroad. The village contains several excellent hotels and boarding- houses. 59 NKW VUKK CENTTRAL RAlI-UoAD. The New York Central & Iliuli^on River route contimies on the eastern shore of the Hudson River. HUDSON, Hudson City, Columbia County, New York, 115 miles from New York. Tlie eity of Huilson, incorporated in 1785, is the capital of Columbia County, and occupies a site of great beauty, being built upon a promontory jutting into the Hudson River, and com- manding the most extensive and charming views in every direction. L'|x)n the summit of the bluff overlooking the river, a public square and a broad street or promenade have been laid out, and ornamented with trees and shrubbery. Fine views are afforded of the city, the river, and the country on the opposite shore, with the Catskill Mountains in the background. The city extends up the slope of Prospect Hill, which rises to a height of 200 feet. The elevation just below Hudson landing is Mount Merino. It is cultivated over almost its whole surface ot 600 acres. Hudson, being at the head of ship navigation, was of great importance in the early commerce of the river, and it i-apidly grew to be a place of considerable size and wealth. Population, 15,000. Considerable business is now done in the manufacture of iron, and the export of agricultural staples. The Claverack Creek, a romantic stream, is a little east of Hudson, and, running northward, joins other streams, forming Colurabiaville Creek. The Hudson & Chatham Railway, leased by the Boston & Albany R.K. Co., has its western terminus here, and connects at Chatham with t he Boston & Albany and the Harlem railways. The sect known as '"Shakers," made so conspicuous a few years ago by Hepworth Dixon in his *' New America," maybe seen at their head- quarters, a few miles from Hudson. Tourists wishing to visit them can take a train from Hudson to Chatham, thence, by the Boston & Albany line, direct to the village in which these peculiar people live. Those who have visited Mount Lebanon declare that the settlement of the Shakers is well worthy of inspection. Strangers are always well received, and invariably receive courteous and hospitable treatment. The "quaint old village" of Claverack, in Columbia County, is located four miles inland from Hudson. Descendants of the Muhlers, Cstranders, and Van Rensselaers reside at Claverack, in the houses occupied by their forefathers. There is a " Spook Rock " in the neigh- borhood, which is said to turn in its bed when the bell of an adjacent schoolhouse rings. Directly opposite Hudson is the village of— 60 NEW YORK CENTRAL RAILROAD. * ATHENS, Athens, Greene County. New York, 115 miles from New York. This village was originally fixed upon as the eastern terminus of the Erie Canal, but the project was abandoned. The inhabitants are largely engaged in shipbuilding and brickmaking. The West Shore Railroad runs through West Athens, one mile west of Athens, with which it connects by stage. A ferry connects Athens with Hudson. Above Athens and Hudson, on the east side of the river, is Koger's Island, behind which the shipping of New York merchants was concealed dur- ing the Revolutionary War. At that time the island was densely wooded, and formed an effectual screen. STOCKPORT, Stockport, Columbia County, New York, 119 miles from New Y''ork. Columbiaville is the name of the village at the station. It is in the township of Stockport, at the mouth of Kinderhook River. Five miles up this river is Lindenwald, in Kinderhook township, the for- mer residence of Martin Yan Buren. The Columbia Sulphur Springs near Stottsville have a fine hotel and bathing-houses, and have become quite a popular place of resort for invalids and others. The next place of interest, north of Athens, on the eastern bank, is — COXSACEIE STATION, Stuyvesant, Columbia County, New York, 123 miles from New York, formerly called Kinderhook Station, which is connected by ferry with — * COXSACKIEi LANDING, Coxsaekie, Greene County, New York, 123 miles from New York. This village is on the west side of the river, and is a station of the West Shore Railway. Its name is derived from an Indian word signifying "cut banks." The chief occupations of the inhabitants are shipbuilding, farming, and shad-fishing. The headland nearly opposite is Newtown Hook. STUYVESANT, Stuyvesant, Columbia County, New York, 125 miles from New York, possesses a foundry and flou ring-mill. At Stuyvesant Falls, on Kinderhook River, in the south-east part of the township, there are several cotton and woolen mills, and other manufac- tories. The landing-place or station is five miles from the ancient Dutch inland hamlet of Kinderhook — a Dutch word meaning " Children's Point," and said to have been given by Hendrick Hudson on seeing crowds of Indian children watching him from the banks. Martin Van Buren. eighth President of the United States, was born at Kinderhook in 1782. 61 XEU' YORK CEiVTRAL RAILROAD. * NEW BALTIMORE, Now Baltimore, An)any County. New York, 127 miles Iroiii New York, is opposite the middle of Sehodack Island, which is three miles long. The chief business of this place is shipbuilding-. There arc several yards with complete sets of ways, etc. Schooners, sloops, aTid bai-ges are the craft which are built. The West Shore Railroad runs through tlie village. Here begin the (ilovernment dikes. As early as 1790 State appro- priations were made for the purpose of improving the channel, but all efforts were unavailing until the present system of dikes was commenced. Mr. A. Van Santvoord and others caused the subject to be brought before the State Legislature, and work was begun in 1863. In 1868 the United States Government assumed the work of completing the dikes. They now extend several miles along the river, effectually accomplishing the purpose for which they were intended. * Near this point may be seen Beeren, or Bear Island — meeting-point of the four counties of Albany, Rensselaer, Columbia, and Greene — site of the "Castle of Renssclaerstein," from whose wall Nicholas Kroon, the agent of Killian Van Rensselaer, the Patroon, compelled passing vessels to dip their colors and pay tribute, or take the chances of being sunk by the ordnance of tlie fort. SOHODAC, Schodac, Rensselaer County, New York, 133 miles from New York. A small village on the east bank of the river. Good farming lands lie along the river, and the surrounding region is a pleas- ant rolling country. The name is from Is-cho-da, a "fire-plain." Schodac was the council-ground of the Mohegans. Here their great Sachem Aepgin sold his dominions on the east bank of the Hudson to Killian Van Rensselaer in 1680. " The Mohegans originally occupied the east bank of the Hudson from Germantown to its head waters, and the west bank from Cohoes to Catskill. They suffered from the attacks of the Mohawks and the early encroachments of the Dutch, and moved east into Massachusetts, and afterwards west to Wisconsin." * COEYMAN'S, Coeyman's, Albany County, New York, 132 miles from New York, on the west bank of the river. Its name (pronounced Que-mans) is that of one of its early settlers. The mountains seen to the westward are the Helderbergs. Coeyman's is the junction of the Albany Branch with the main line of the New York, West Shore & Buffalo Railway. The main line diverges northwestward to central New York and Buffalo. 62 yi^W YORK CENTRAL RAILROAD. OASTLETON, Schodac, Rensselaer County, New York, 135 miles from New York, is a small and compact village, built upon a steep hillside on the eastern bank of the river, which at this point passes through meadow lands and is quite shallow. To navigators, the Hud- s;)n at Castleton was formerly known as the "Overslaugh." Many attempts have been made to deepen the channel, but without perma- nent success. This sand-bar, as it is termed, has proved fatal to more steamboats and other vessels than any known place on the continent. Nine miles north of Castleton, on the east bank, is — EAST ALBANY, Greenbush, Rensselaer County, New York, 144 miles from New York, connected with Albany by two fine railroad bridges. This is the point of separation for those traveling still further north, and those westward bound, the former continuing on to Troy and other northern points, while the latter are borne across one or other of the stupendous bridges that span the Hudson and form a connecting link between East Albany and the State Capital. 63 KENMORE HOTEL Albany. N. Y. Located on North Pearl Street, convenient to Capitol, Depots, Boat Landings, and Post Office. Elevator, steam heat, and all modern appliances for elegance and comfort. Now under the proprietorship of H. J. Rockwell, also of the well-known Wayside Hotel, Lake Luzerne, N.Y. F. W. ROCKWELL, Manager. H. J. ROCKWELL, Proprietor. NEW YORK CENTRAL RAILROAD. ALBAl^Y. Albany County, New York. 144 m. fr. New York. Pop. 90,758. Hotels : Delavan, Kenmore, Brunswick, and American. This city, the capital of the State of New York, and eastern termi- nus of the New Yorli Central and Hudson River Railroad, lies on the west bank of the Hudson River, near the middle of the county, in the midst of a fertile and well-cultivated section, and embraces a strij) of land about one and a half miles wide, extending thirteen and a half miles in a northwest direction, to the northern boundary of the county. Before incorporation it was known under the names of "Bev- erwyck," "William Stadt,"and "New Orange." The seat of the State Government, originally fixed at New Y'ork city, v.as removed to this place in 1798. After Jamestown, Va., and St. Augustine, Fhi., Albany is the oldest town in the Union, having been founded by the Dutch in 16'3o. It was called Albany in 1G(34, in honor of the Duke of York and Albany. The early growth of the city was exceedingly slow ; its population numbering less than 10,000 at the end of a cen- tury from its incorporation, which was in 1G86. In 1714, when a cen- tury old, it contained only 3.329 inhabitants, nearly 500 of whom were slaves. Steam navigation, originated by Fulton on the Hudson in 1807, and the completion (jf the Erie Canal in 1825, each gave pov,'- erful impulses to its growth, and in less than half ;'. century it added more than 50,000 to its population. The whole city, comprised within the limits of Pearl, Steuben, and Beaver Streets in 1G76, was surrounded by wooden walls, with open- ings for musketry. There were six gates to the city, and the main- tenance of these fragile defenses was the source of unceasing conten- tion between the authorities and the inhabitants. A portion of these walls were remaining so late as 1813. They were thirteen feet va height, and made of timber about a foot square. The city has many handsome avenues, and the walks and drives about the city are beautiful. A walk of half a mile from the city brings to view the verdure-clad mountains of Vermont and the towering Catskills. The first railroad in the State of New York, and the second in the United States, was opened from Albany to Schenectady in ls31. The commerce of Albany is considerable. Besides the great natural means of communication which the river affords, in Day Line and 64 XEW YORK CENTRAL RAILROAD. People's Lino of steamers, the city is connected with New York by three lines of railroad, the Hudson River, the Harlem, and the West Shore. The New York Central and West Shore Railroads and the Erie Canal connect it with the Great Lakes. It communicates with Northern New Y'ork. Vermont, and Canada by the Delaware and Hudson Canal Co.'s Eailroad, and by the way of Troy by the Troy and Boston Railway, and by the Champlain Canal. By the Boston and Albany Railway it communicates with the New England States, and by the Albany and Susquehanna division of the Delaware and Hudson Canal Co.'s R. R. with Binghamton on the Erie Railway, and the coal regions of Pennsylvania. The two railroad drawbridges across the Hudson are each over 4,000 feet in length, one at the northern part of the city, now used entirely for freight trains, and the magnificent new iron bridge at the central part of the city, at the west end of which is the jjassenger depot for the city of Albany, and ct the east end is the station for East Albany. The bridge cost nearly $2,000,C00. The manufactures are extensive and varied. Its numerous stove foundries and breweries are on an immense scale. Seventy thousand barrels of ale are made annually at one brewery. The workshops of the N. Y. C. & H. R. Railroad, at West Albany, give employment to more than two thousand persons. Its other manufactures are varied and extensive. The sales of barley amount to more than 2,000.000 bushels per annum, most of which is consumed by the brewers. Lum- ber is another very important article of trade. Albany is also one of the leading cattle marts of the country. The markets at Bull's Head, in New Y^ork, and at Brighton, near Boston, receive many of their supplies from here. The State buildings include the new Capitol, a magnificent struc- ture at the head of State Street, State Hall, State Library, Geological and Agricultural Hall, Normal School, and State Arsenal and Ar- mory. The City Hall is an elegant structure, faced with Sing Sing marble, and surmounted by a gilded dome. The new post-office is located on Broadway, at the foot of State Street, and in architectural beauty is one of the finest post-offices in the State. The Albany County Almshouse is the magnificent brick building observed on the west bank of the Hudson just before reaching Albany. The Peniten- tiary is in the west part of the city. 65 NEW YORK CKNTKAL UAILROAD. Besides Public Schools, the Educational Institutions arc the Albany Academy, Albany Female A(!adcmy, Albany Female Semi- nary, Albany Institute, and the Albany Industrial School. The public schools afford instruction to 35,000 children of both sexes, and are conducted at an animal expense of $100,000. There are two Christian Associations, Protestant and Catholic, the former being the oldest institution of tlie kind in tlie United States. The Dudley Observatory, on an eminence in the northern border of the city, was incorporated April 3. 1853; it was founded through tlie munificence of Mrs, Blandina Dudley, who gave $90,000 for its construction and endowment. Tiie building, constructed in the form of a cross, is admirably arranged, and is furnished with some of the largest and finest instruments ever constructed. It has an extensive library attached. The Albany Medical College and the Law School of the University of Albany are on Eagle Street, and have all the facilities for teaching the respective sciences. The Albany Almshouse, Insane Asylum, and a Fever Hospital are located upon a farm of 116 acres, one and a half miles southwest of the city, and are under the management of the city authorities. The Industrial School building is located on the same farm. The Albany City Hospital, on Eagle Street, was incorporated in 1849. The Albany Orphan Asylum, on Washington Street, at the junction of the Western Turnpike, was incorporated in 1831 ; it was erected, as was the City Hospital, by private subscrip- tion ; it is now aided by State funds. The St. Yincent Orphan Asylum, incorporated in 1849, is under the charge of the Sisters of Mercy. The male department, two miles west of the Capitol, is under the charge of the Christian Brothers. The first church (Ref. Prot. D. ) was formed in 1640. A Lutheran Church existed in 1680. The first Protestant Episcopal Church (St. Peter's) was erected in 1715; it stood in the center of State Street, opposite Chapel Street. The communion plate of this church was presented to the Onondagas by Queen Anne. The most costly edi- fices are the Catholic Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, corner of Eagle and Lydius Streets, and the St. Joseph's (R. C.) Church. Water is supplied to the city from Rensselaer Lake, about five miles west of the City Hall, and 335 feet above the level of the water of the Hudson. This lake covers thirty-nine acres, and its capacity 66 NEW YORK CENTRAL RAILROAD. is 180,000,000 gallons. A brick conduit conveys the water to Bleecker Reservoir, on Patroon Street, whence it is distributed througli the city. This reservoir has a capacity of 30,000,000 gallons. The cost of the construction of these works was upwards of $1,000,000. The Delavan House, on Jiroadway, adjoining the New York Cen- tral and Hudson liiver li. R. Depot, is one of the finest hotels in the country. It has long been celebrated for its excellent cuisine and fine furnishings. It is kept by T. Roessle, and it? management is A'eiy efiicient and remarkably popular. The Hotel Kenmore is a new house, kept by H. J. Rockwell, and is situated on North Pearl Street, two blocks from the N. Y. Cen- tral R. R. Depot, and a short distance from the Capitol. It is fitted up in inodern style, with elevator, hot and cold running water, and steam heaters ; telephone connected with the office in each room. It i? strictly first class in all respects. North of the city is the Albany Rural Cemetery, one of the most beautiful rural cemeteries in the country, abounding in roman- tic dells, shaded ravines, cascades, miniature lakes, rustic bridges over f jrest streams, etc. It is a place of rare picturesque beauty. 67 fpBTNTiN_GorricE "^ ^S Jiiiiil iiil |!!| illf im"^' ARGUS bT^'^Ti;-^ ■—-J^ iU. ii ■![ ,!!!l !:!l !!; ifljilif' Established 1313 1313. ^ DAILY, WEEKLY AND SEII-WEEKLY, Cor. BROADWAY and BEAVER STREET, ALBANY, N. Y. The Cheapest and Most Widely-Circulated Democratic Newspaper in the United States. Daily, $8. Daily, with Sunday Edition, $10. Serai-Weekly, $2.25. Weekly, $1. Sunday Edition, $2. CT^UBS A.T REDUCED R^TES. Payments always In Advance. The Argus Company are fully prepared to do all kinds of Printing, Binding, Stereotyping, and Electrotyping, IN THE BEST MANNER AND AT THE LOWEST RATES. All correspondence should be addressed to XHH ^ROUS COMPANY, NEW YOEK CENTRAL RAILROaD. TROY. Rensselaer Co., N. T., 150 to. fr. New York. Pop., 56,747. Hotels : Troy House, American, and Mansion House. The capital of Rensselaer County is situated at the head of navi- gation on the Hudson River, and famous for its manufactures. It is principally located upon an alluvial fiat, tliree-fourths of a mile wide, between the Htidson River and the high bluffs which bound it on the east. The bluff directly east of the city is known as Mount Ida, and that on the northeast as Mount Olympus. Mount Ida is principally composed of clay, and has been the scene of several destructive landslides. Poesten Kill and Wynant's Kill, breaking througli these hills in narrow ravines, form a series of cascades which afford an excellent water-power. The city charter was granted April 12, 181fi. A terri- ble fVre in 18G2 destroyed forty acres of its dwellings. The total property destroyed amounted to more than $3,000,000, one half of which was covered by insurance. The city contains a very handsome court-house of Sing-Sing marble, wide and well-paved streets, planted with shade-trees, extensive water-works, gas-works, and other improvements nsual in a prosper- ous modern city. The Troy water-works were built by the city in 183.-5-1834, and have since been extended. The water is drawn from the Piscawin Creek, and the reservoir is sufficiently high to raise it to the tops of most of the houses. There are twenty-two factories operated by water-power, a part of which is afforded by a dam thrown across the Hudson, which also rend- ers the river above navigable for canal-boats. Numerous iron-foun- dries and machine-shops afford employment to large numbers of the inhabitants. Some of these are of great magnitude, and in the aggr - gate employ 3,000 men. The establishment of Messrs. Winslo\> , Griswold, & Holly, where the Bessemer cast-steel is manufactured, is the largest of the kind in the United States. The famous original " Monitor " was constructed by these gentle- men ; they also had a contract subsequently to build six other iron- clad vessels. The Troy horseshoe, railroad-spike, and nail manufac- tory is one of the largest in the State, The manufacture of cotton 68 NEW YORK CENTRAL RAILROAD. and woolen yoods is also conducted on a large scale. The railway- car manufactory here is the largest in the State. Pa[)er, hosiery, car- riages, clothing, shirts, collars, mathematical instruments, etc., are largely manufactured. Breweries, distilleries, flour and grist-mills, are many in number. The educational institutions, besides the jiublic schools, are the Troy Academy, incorporated in 18;!4 ; the Troy Female Seminary, first established at Middlebury, Vt., in 1813, removed to Waterford in 1819, and thence to this place in 1821, incorporated in 1837. This institution gained a national reputation under the charge of Mrs. Emma Willard. Upwards of 7,000 iiupils have been educated here. The Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, organized in 1824, was endowed by Stephen Van Rensselaer. It was formed for the purpose of teach- ing the application of mathematics to civil engineering and the natu- ral sciences. Next to "West Point this institute has the best reputation in its special departments of any school in America. The Troy Lyceum of Natural History was incorporated in 1830. St. Peter's College is built on Mount St. Vincent. The college building, in process of erection, was destroyed by a landslide in 1859 ; has since been rebuilt. St. Joseph's Academy was founded in 1842. The charitable institutions are many. The Troy Hosj^ital, in the care of the Sisters of Charity, was incorporated in ISHl. The Marshall Infirmary, incorporated in 1851, was built at an expense of $35,000, which was donated by Benj. Marshall, Esq. The Troy Orphan Asylum, Incorporated in 1835, situated on Grand Division Street, is built of brick, and supported by private donations and State appro- priations. Children Iietween three and nine years are received, and dismissed at ten, when suitable situations can be obtained. St. Mary's Orphan Asylum, connected with St. Mary's Church (R. C), is under the care of the Christian Brothers and Sisters of Charity. The ^^'arren Free Institute, a school for indigent female children, was incorporated in 1846. It was endowed by the Warren family. A free church for the pupds and their parents is connected with the Institute. Troy being at the head of tidal waters, steamers run to it daily. Besides the Hudson River, the Erie Canal, and the Champlain, giving water communication of vast extent, radroads connect the city with every part of the country. The Union Railway Depot is used for the 69 NEW YORK CENTRAL RAILROAD, joint accommodation of the great railroads that center here, viz. : the New York Central & Hudson River (uniting at Schenectady with the other branch from Albany), the Delaware & Hudson Canal Co.'s R.K., the Troy & Boston Railway, the two latter running northerly through eastern New York and western Vermont, and connecting with roads to Plattsburgh, Burlington, Montreal, etc. The Central Vermont R.R. forms a direct connection here for Ben- nington, Manchester, Rutland, Burlington, St. Albans, Montreal, etc. The Troy & Boston Railway forms a direct route to Boston via Hoosae Tunnel, one of the long tunnels of the world. Fifteen minutes after leaving Troy, on our way to Syracuse, Roches- ter, Buffalo, Niagara Palls, and the Suspension Bridge, via Schenec- tady, we arrive at — COHOES, Watervliet, Albany County, New York, 153 miles from New York, an important manufacturing city on the Mohawk River. An extensive dam creates an immense water-power here, comprising the whole body of the Mohawk River, with a total descent of 103 feet. The railroad bridge across the Mohawk is 900 feet in length, and is in full view of the Cohoes Falls, about three-fourths of a mile above. The river here flows over a rocky declivity 78 feet in height, of which 40 feet is a perpendicular fall. The main fall is 900 feet wide, and the banks above and below are wild and precipitous. The Erie Canal rises by a series of 18 locks from the Hudson River, through the village of Cohoes, to the northerly part of the town of Watervliet, three miles above, at which point it crosses the river in a stone aqueduct, 1,137 feet long, 36 feet high, and resting on 26 piers. The products of the knitting and cotton mills, axe and edge tool, and other factories, amount to over $2,000,000 per annum. In recent excavations made in the rocky bank of the Mohawk, for the founda- tion of a new mill, the fossil remains of a gigantic mastodon weie dis- covered. The Harmony Mills Co. of Cohoes have liberally donated this interesting relic of the earth's ancient history to the State collec- tion at Albany. It is considered as the most perfect skeleton of the mastodon ever discovered. Leaving Cohoes, and passing CRESCENT, DUNSBECK FERRY, NISKAYUNA, and AQUE DUCT, which are unimportant way stations along the Mohuwk River and valley, a forty-five minute run brings us to — 70 HUDSON RIVER ROUTE, SARATOGA SPRINGS. Saratoga Co., N. Y. — 182 ni.fr. New York. Population, 10,000. But little of the town can be soon from tlie railroad, as the traveler approaches Saratoga Springs. It is somewhat irregularly laid out, and many of its streets are pleasantly shaded. The land on which the town proper stands is sufficiently level to render all parts of the place of easy access on foot or in a carriage, and yet is broken into low, rolling hills, so that the monotony of a dead level is pleasantly relieved. The population is about 10,000 during the winter, and rather more than double that number in the summer. Saratoga abounds in magnificent hotels, handsome villas, and a multitude of boai'ding-houses. The town devotes itself to entertain- ing visitors in summer, and leisure in winter. Near the central part of the town and overlooked by the principal buildings and hotels, is a shallow valley, l)enoath which, deep in the bowels of the earth, is one of the most wonderful of Nature's labora- tories. There she prepares solutions of various medicinal and mineral substances with a subtle power of combination which no chemistry has been able successfully to imitate, and sends the different solutions to the surface of the earth by channels which reach the light within a few rods of one another, yet discharge waters distinct in constituents, various in medicinal effects, and uniform in temperature. We cannot wonder that, in an age which believed in a plurality of gods, mineral springs were regarded with mingled fear and vonera- tion. We have very ancient accounts of such springs, which were valued for their natural and worshippeathy with him. Still it was fired upon, through pure wantonness, and the bullet-hole still remains for the inspection of the curious. OTSEGO LAKE is one of the most beautiful sheets of water of all tlie cliain of inland lakes in the central part of New York State, and afllords fine fishing and sailing. It is quite celebrated for its bass, which are cauglit in large numbers. OOOPERSTOWN is situated at the south end of Otsego Lake, in a beautiful valley 1,200 feet above tidewater, and surrounded with the most charming country, rendered historic l)y the immortal pen of the novelist and poet Cooper, from whom the place derives its name. Cooperstown contains two fine hotels, the Cooper House and Feni- niore House. The former is open only in summer. A fine new steamer makes frequent excursions on Otsego Lake. Pleasure boats are to be obtained near the hotel, and the sailing, and excursions to the various nooks and pleasure-grounds around the lake, are delightful in the extreme. ST. JOHNSVILLE, St. Johnsville, Montgomery County, New York, 64 miles from Albany, named from the ancient church of St. John, the site of the Revolutionary forts. House and Hill. The 'first settlement was made in 1776, and suffered greatly during the Revolution. Two forts were erected here, which withstood every attack of the British and Indians in their murderous raids through this valley. The battle, between Johnson's and Van Rensselaer's army was fought here in 1780. The village contains several extensive manufactories. EAST CREEK, Manheira, Herkimer County, New York, is near the mouth of East Canada Creek, which is crossed by an iron bridge 76 SVAV YORK fKNTUAL RAILROAD. two huiulred feet in length. Wo now jniss along the iMiinheim inter- vales, with the Dannbe hills across the river. At Indian Castle, on the left, Sir William Johnson, who lived so long among the Indians, bnilt a mission church in 1768, and the great Mohawk chiefs, Brandt and King Ilendrick, and the American General, Herkimer, who was mortally wounded at Oriskany. resided in Danube, close l)y. Ten miles from St. Johnsville is the busy town of — LITTLE FALLS, Little Falls, Herkimer County, New York, 74 miles from Albany, a busy manufacturing and market town, romantic- ally situated, in a deep valley or gf>rge of the mountain chain which extends through the State, from Pennsylvania to Lake Champlaiu, where it is connected to the Adirondack Mountains. The gorge is about three-quarters of a mile in width, and affords a passage to the Mohawk River, the Erie Canal, and the Central Railroad. The village, built against the sides of an abrupt acclivity, which rises four or five hundred feet, overlooks the Mohawk, which at this point descends forty-five feet in half a mile, forming a series of cascades and rapids, from which its name is derived. Geologists account for tliis remark- able chasm by supposing that long before the creati(m of man the whole valley west of this chain of mountains was submerged by an elevated lake; an overflow occurred at Ijittle Palls, and by process of erosion a broad channel was cut, forming the present valley of the Mohawk. In 1886 the valuable water privilege was turned to account by tlie erection of several manufactories upon the place. Woolen and cotton factories, paper mills, flour and grist mills, planing and saw mills, machine shops, foundries, and stores of eveiy description, were soon in operation. Farm produce in large quantities is transported from the surrounding districts, especially butter and cheese, and is thence for- warded to the Eastern markets. Herkimer County is famous for its rich cheese. The Little Falls Academy and Union School indicate the interest felt in education, and the large ntimber of churches marks the moral sentiments of the community. Population about 7,500. About three miles below Little Falls still stands the residence of Gen- eral Herkimer — a corruption of " Erghemar," his right name — who died from wounds received at the battle of Oriskany. It was built in 1763 of imported brick. His remains were interreil on a knoll about one hundred and thirty yards from his house, and his grave is marked by a plain white tombstone. 77 NEW YORK CP:NTRAL RAIl.KOAI). HERKIMER, Herkimer, Herkimer County, New York, 81 miles from Albany. This is the county seat, situated on the bank of the Mohawk, near the West Canada Creek, and receives its name from General Herkimer. It was incorporated in 1807, and was formerly called "Stone Ridge." It is principally noted for its production of cheese, butter, and broom-corn. The earliest settlers were Palatinates, in 1722, refugees from the fury of Louis le Grand. A large paper-mill is in operation, making principally straw })aper. A short distance from the present court-house stood Fort Dayton, erected just before the Revolution, which in those troublous times was a refuge for the defenseless people in that vicinity, when the fiendish Brandt hunted them for their scalps. Here connection is made with the Herkimer, Newport & Poland Railroad to Newport and Poland. Two miles from Herkimer the cars stop at — ILION, Herkimer County, New York, 83 miles from Albany, a beautiful village, having a population of 4,000, surrounded by sloping and wooded hills. Among its industries are the large factories of the Remington Company, producing firearms, sewing-machines, and agri- cultural implements. At least 750,000 breech-loading rifles have been made here, including 50,000 for the United States, 60,000 for Egypt, 10,000 for Rome, 3,000 for Japan, 42,000 for Denmark, 30,000 for Sweden, and 75,000 for Spain. During several months of the Franco-Prussian War, the Remington works were kept perpetually in operation, no less than 155,000 rifles being made and despatched to France. Several of the South American republics have been fitted out with firearms from this place. Immense quantities of agricultural implements have been made by th« same company, which includes sewing-machines and cotton-gins among its productions. Eight hun- dred rifles can be made in one day at the factory if required. Both the railway and the Erie Canal pass through the village, greatly facili- tating business. FRANKFORT, Herkimer County, New York, 86 miles from Al bany. Nearly a million pounds of excellent cheese are exported from this place each year. After speeding through a beautiful landscape region for twelve miles, the train glides through the suburbs of a city, and goon draws up in the station at — NEW YORK CKXTRAL RAILKOAO. UTIOA, Oneida County, New York, 95 miles from Albany, and 203 miles from Buffalo. It is the county seat of Oneida County, and contains about 40.00;) inhabitants. Utica is a handsome and prosperous city, regularly built, and the second in size in Central New York. It was incorpo- rated in 183"3. It lies on the south bank of the Mohawk, on the eastern border of the county. The site of the city slopes from the river to an elevation of 150 feet. With Rome it shares the county seat of Oneida, each having its court-house, jail, and county officers. Besides the New York Central & Hudson River Railroad, which passes through its northern border, the Rome, Watertown & Ogdensburg Railroad, bringing in the travel from Watertown, Sackctt's Harbor, Clayton, Ogdensburg, Ottawa, and points on St. Lawrence River and in Can- ada, and the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad, and the Utica, Chenango & Susquehanna Valley Railroad, contribute to the city's prosperity. Stages communicate with the surrounding country, which IS rich in agricultural productions, and abounds in villages. The Erie Canal, the great waterway connecting the Hudson River with Lake Erie and the other great lakes, runs through Utica. It formerly connected here with the Chenango Canal, the latter running through the Oriskany and Chenango valleys to Norwich and Binghamton. This branch has since been abandoned. Utica is largely engaged in manufacturing cotton and woolen goods, millstones, screws, musical instruments, telegraph apparatus, and a great variety of other articles. Two large steam woolen- mills and a steam cotton-mill give employment to at least 1,000 men. Several other manufactories afford occupation to fifty and sixty hands each. The Washington ville Iron Works employs a large number of men. "Excelsior engines," intended especially for oil works, are manufactured here. Ornamental articles in iron are manufactured by two establishments. The city contains over 30 churches, a public library, and 7 banks with a combined capital of $2,000,000. There are 3 daily and (i weekly newspapers. The State Lunatic Asylum stands upon a fine farm of 130 acres, on the western border of the city. The building is a spacious and costly 79 NEW YORK CENTRAL RAILROAD. structure, with accommodations for 600 patients. The institution is admirably managed. Gardens, shops, and places for diversion are pro- vided for those who are able to engage in manual labor; and well- chosen amusements and objects tending to arrest the attention and bring back the wandering mind, are supplied. Among other amuse- ments, a monthly publication, "The Opal," is conducted by them. The statistics show tiiat a large portion of the inmates have received essential benefit from the treatment and discipline of the institu- tion. The public schools of Utica are of an excellent character. The district libraries contain several thousand volumes. The new Free Academy building, erected at an expense of $31,500, is the finest academy in the State. The Female Seminary, destroyed by fire, has been rebuilt. The Academy of the Assumption, under the care of the Christian Brotliers (R. C), is an imposing edifice. The City Hall is a fine brick building, at the top of the hill, on Genesee Street, contain- ing a large hall, council rooms, and city offices. The City Eospital, on Moliawk Street, is a fine building, as well in regard to internal ari'ange- ments as to external appearance. The city water works cost $400,000. There is a strong and efficient fire department maintained. Utica derives much of its importance from being the market for rich and extensive rural districts, from which several railroads converge on this point. At the time of the Revolution, Utica was a frontier trading-post, and the site of Fort Schuyler, built to guard the settlement against the French and Indians. Connection is made here, by means of the Black River Division of the Rome, Watertown & Ogdensburg Railroad, with Trenton Falls, Lyons Falls, and the North Woods. Connection is also made with the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad for Richfield Springs, Norwich, and Binghamton. Forest Hill Cemetery, a few miles soutli of Utica, is well laid out, and has many handsome monuments. Tourists will find it an interesting place to visit. Deerfield, just across the river from Utica, is mentioned by Bancroft as one of the centers of the Indian wars and massacres. 80 BIKU'S-EYE VIEW, TliENTON FALLS, K. V isrf:w YORK cp:ntral railroad. TRENTON FALLS may be visited by taking the Rome, Water- town & Ogdensburg Railroad from Utica. Tliey are about twenty miles distant. These falls, now a great place of resort, were scarcely known to tourists until 1822, when the first hotel was erected. Although the Falls appear small when compared with the Niagara, or the Genesee Falls at Rochester, the rugged wildness of the surrounding scenery, and the picturesque character of the valley and stream, render it a spot of extraordinary attraction. The river forming the Trenton Falls is called West Canada Creek. There is no cataract at Trenton which in itself is pre-eminently grand or beautiful. It is more the position, form, and rapidity of the river which give the charm and make it considered by many as one of the most picturesque spots on the continent. There are five cascades in the series, with a total fall of two hundred feet. The stream flows through a romantic ravine bordered by walls of Trenton limestone from 70 to 200 feet in height. The water is of a singular variety of brown hues, — from amber and topaz in the shal- lows to a dark umber in the deeper parts, "forming a rich effect when flecked with lines of foam and lighted by the sunshine." There is ample accommodation for tourists in the immediate neigh- borhood, and in the village near by may be found a fine collection of fossils. Specimens are for sale at reasonable prices. There are few cabinets in the world which have not drawn upon this collection. Three miles southwest of Utica is New Hartford, a fine growing vil- lage, containing several churches, cotton factories, a batting factory, flour-mill, tannery, and about 900 inhabitants. Clinton, eight miles southwest, is the seat of Hamilton College, incorporated in 1843. This institution is located upon a hill overlooking Oriskany Valley. The course of study embraces a collegiate and law department. A preparatory department is connected with the college. It has a library containing about 10,000 volumes, and a large cabinet. The Clinton Liberal Institute, under Universalist control, is a flourishing school ; it has a male and female department. Houghton Female Seminary (Presbyterian) is also located here. It is in the midst of fine natural scenery; and, enjoying the favor of the professors of Hamilton College, and communicating by steam cars with Utica, this institution possesses unusual advantages, and is deservedly popular. 81 NEW YORK CENTRAL RATLKOAI). EIOHFIELD SPEIJSTGS, Otsego County, N. Y., 34 miles south of Utica, on Delaware, Tjacka- wanna & Western Railroad. Hotels — Spring House, Hotel Earlington, Gary Cottage, Tunnicliffe Cottage, Canadarago House, Darrow House, Davenport, and others. Richtield Springs is situated on an elevated plateau 2,000 feet above the sea, with high hills on the north, east, and west, which offer a barrier to high winds and aiford a climate at once invigorating and delightful. To the south, open gorges reveal a num- ber of beautiful lakes among the hills. These constitute a panorama of restful beauty, while they invite the strong to rambles on their shores, and fishing, boating, and bathing in their waters. The popularity of Richfield Springs as a resort is due to the invigorating climate, pure atmosphere, and the virtue of its mineral springs. The curative power of the strong sulphur sjirings in rheumatism and diseases of the blood has been abundantly demonstrated. Commodious bath-houses have been erected, and all the necessary appliances for hot sulphur baths and other methods of using the waters are supplied. Outdoor exercise 82 NEW YORK CENTRAL RAILROAD. is made possible and delightful to all by the well-kept highways and the charming drives in the neighborhood. The twelve-mile drive around Oanadarago Lake is very beautiful. The lake is about three fourths of a mile south of the Springs, and is five miles long and about one and a half miles wide. It is one of the most beautiful little lakes of the State, and abounds in a variety of fine fish. The road is near the shore, but sufficiently high to give commanding views. The valley south of the lake affords an extended drive. Sunset Hill is an eminence ^t ci'^'i^:?,..^.^^^ VIEW OF CANADARAOO LAKK AND RICHFIELD SPRINGS, N. Y. near by, much frequented by reason of its ease of access and the views there obtained. Waiontha Observatory, on a mountain of the same name, two miles east of the Springs, affords charming and distant pros- pects, including views of the Adirondacks, and six beautiful lakes, one of which, six miles east from Richfield Springs, is the historic Otsego Lake, at whose foot is Cooperstown, famous as the home of J. Fenimore ("ooper, America's great novelist. The whole region is full of points of interest to the lover of nature. Several hotels and boarding-houses offer board at varying prices. The Spring House, owned and conducted by T. R. Proctor, and the Hotel Earlington. are the largest. NKW YORK TKN'TRAL I{ A I Li;() A I). The traveler resuming his journey west iroui Utiea over the New York Central & Hudson River Railroad passes through the hamlets of — WHITESBORO, Whitcstone, Oneida County, New York, 99 miles from Albany, a jilensant village, with streets finely shaded, and — ORISKANY, Whitestone, Oneida County, New York, 102 miles from Albany, situated near the mouth of Oriskany Creek, and the scene of a disastrous battle fought in August, 1777, between General Herkimer and 1 he Indians, the train arrives at the city of — ROME, Oneida County, New York, 109 miles from Albany; 25;J miles from New York. Fort Stanwix, which was besieged by the British in 1777, occupied a site which is now in the center of the city of Rome, and the battle of Oriskany was fought in the vicinity. Not a trace of the fort now remains. Here was also a mile of portage, which kept asunder the waters of the Mohawk and Wood Creek, and interrupted the navigation from Albany to the lakes. The Indians called it " De-o-wain-sta " — or " carrying-place for canoes." Over this interval all merchandise to and from the distant West had to be con- veyed by men and ox-teams. Then, by way of Wood Creek and Oneida Lake, it reached Lake Ontario. In 1796 a canal was cut through this portage by the Western Canal Co., who deepened many of the shallows in the Mohawk, and constructed a lock at Little Falls, so that passage was afforded for boats of ten tons burthen. When going with the cur- rent, propulsion was easy ; but on the return the tedious journey through the windings of the Mohawk was effected by sheer strength, with the aid of " setting-poles." It is here that cheese was first made in factories, and that industry is still largely pursued. Other manufactures are — railroad iron, loco- motives, and agricultui'al implements. The population of Rome is 12,000, and the city contains a handsome courthouse, 13 churches, a high school, 3 national banks, 2 savings banks, an academy, public library. Three newspapers are issued weekly. It is the junction of the New York Central, the Rome, Watertown & Ogdensburg, and the New York, Ontario & Western Railroads. The Erie Canal was begun in 1817 at this point, and in 1837 the Black River Canal was made from Rome to Lyons' Falls, connecting with navigable waters to the north. It ascends from Rome to the summit Ijy seventy locks, occurring in a rise of 693 feet, whence it descends 38() feet in thirty-six locks. The canal 84 NEW YORK CENTRAL RAILROAD. is 35 miles long, and cost $8,325,000. Travelers going to Albany, New York, Boston, and the East take the New York Central R.R. at this place, and touinsts from New York, Boston, Albany, Saratoga, etc., en route to Watertown, Ogdensburg, Thousand Islands, and north- ern New York, leave the New York Central R.R. at this point, and take the Rome, Watertown & Ogdensburg line. Sleeping-cars are run from New York to C^ape Vincent, where connection is made with steamer for the Thousand Islands ami Alexandria Bay. The New York Central & Hudson River Railroad runs southwest from Rome, passing— GREEN'S CORNERS, Rome. Oneida County, New York, 113 miles from Albany, a small station in the southwestern corner of the township, and — VERONA, Verona, Oneida County, New York, 117 miles from Albany. East of the station ai*e the Verona Springs, whose waters contain 720 grains of muriate of soda in each gallon, and are saturated with sulphuretted hydrogen gas, resembling the springs at Harrogate in England. ONELDA, Lenox, Madison County, New York, 122 miles from Albany. Built upon a portion of the territory of the Oneida Indians. The word signifies "The people of the stone. " This tribe had a tradi- tion that a certain stone followed them in their wanderings. This animated stone at length rested upon a lofty hill, upon which the Indians afterwards always held their councils. A boulder of gneiss, lying upon a farm at Stookbridge, was pointed out as the object of their veneration, and a few years since was removed to the entrance of Utica cemetery, where it still remains. The village is on Oneida Creek, and was incorporated in 1848. It has a population of 4,000, and is the center of a flourishing country trade. The Oneida Seminary is a well- conducted school. On the banks of the creek, and about three miles from the village, a society called the "Oneida Community" is located upon a well-tilled farm of 390 acres. The Association, which includes both sexes, was organized by John H. Noyes, who originated their peculiar religious and social tenets in 1847. They do not marry, but live in common, and have a common property in all things, and afl'ect to be guided in all their actions by inspiration. They are principally engaged in garden- 85 TOURISTS' IDEAL ROUTE, NIAGARA TO THE SEA. ROME, WATERTOWN & O&BENSBURG R. R. Great Highway and Favorite Route for Fashionable Pleasure Travel. Only All-Rail Route to Thousand Islands. 1889. NEW FAST TRAINS, AVOIDING STOPS. 1889. WAGNER PALACE SLEEPING CARS. NEW YORK AND PAUL, SMITH'S, 15 Hours. NEW YORK AND CLAYTON, 11 Hours. NIAGARA FALLS AND CLAYTON, 9k< Hours. NIAGARA FALLS, PORTLAND AND BAR HARBOR, MAINE. Via Norwood, Fabyans, Crawford Notch, and all White Mountain Resorts. WAGNER PALACE DRAWLNG-ROOM CARS. NIAGARA FALLS AND CLAYTON. ROCHESTER AND CLAYTON. SYRACUSE AND CLAYTON. ALBANY AND CLAYTON. UTICA AND CLAYTON. Direct and immediate connections are made at Clayton ^vith powerful steamers for Alexandria Bay and all Thousand Island Resorts, also with Rich. & Out. Nav. Co. Steamers tor Montreal, Quebec and River Saguenay, passing Jill of the Thousand Islands and Rapids of the River St. Lawrence by day- light. Fur tickets, time-tables and further information apply to nearest ticket agent or correspond with General Passenger Agtnt, Oswego, N. Y. ROUTES AND RATES FOR SUMMER TOURS. A beautiful book of 200 pages, profusely illustrated, contains maps, cost of tours, list of hotels, and describes over 400 Combination Summer Tours via Thousand Islands and Rapi'ls of the St. Lawrence River, Saguenay River, Gulf of St. Lawrence, Lake Champlain, Lake George, White Moun- tains, to Portland, Kennebunk, Boston, New York and all Mountain, Lake, River and Sea Shore Resorts in Canada, New York and New England. It is the Best book given away. Send ten cents postage to General Passenger Agent, Oswego, N. Y. , ftr a copy before deciding upon your summer trip. THEO. BUTTERF^ELD, E. S. BOWEN, Gen'I Passenger Agent, Acting Gen'I Manager. Oswego, N. Y. THE ELMIRA, CORTLAND AND NORTHERN ROUTE As will be seen on above map, this line runs iliugonally across New York Stale from Camden, wliere it intersects the Rome, Wateitown, and Ogdensburg Railroad to Elmira, its junction with the Erie. Lehigh Valley, Pennsylvania, and Delaware and Lackawanna Railroads, crossing I he New York Central and West Shore Rail- roads at Canastota, and following the beautiful, fertile valleys of the Chittenango. Tioughnioga, and Chemung. Si.\ miles north of Canastota. at the east end of Oneida Lake, is Sylvan Beach, a beautiful and popular summer resort, noted for its magniflcent beach of- white sand, offering bathing facilities e.xcelled only by Coney Island Beach. Twenty-five miles south is Cazenovia, on Cazenovia Lake. 1,-.J00 feet above sea level, for many years a famous summer resort. The line crosses the Syracuse, Binghamton and New York Railroad at Cortland, a thriving man- ufacturing town of 10.000 Inhabitants, noted for \tv immense wagon factories and wire cloth mills, and one of the State Normal schools. Twenty miles south, and fifty miles from Elmira. the line touches Ithaca, the seat of the magnificent Cornell University, with its L200 students, founded by Ezra Cornell, and best described by his words, "I would found an institution where any person can find instruction in any study ! " North of the University is the wonderful Ithaca Gorge, one and a half miles long, containing seven or more waterfalls, the highest of which, Ithaca Fall, is 156 feet high, only 4 feet less than Niagara. Within ten miles of Ithaca are 150 waterfalls. These with the celebrated McGraw-Fiske Mansion, and the Cornell University, make Ithaca one of the most interesting places to the tourist. The line runs westerly from here through Spencer and Van Etten, climbing the mountain from Swartwood. at a grade of 12.3 feet to the mile, rising 1,-100 feet in eiyht miles to Park Station, the summit. Thence it runs by easy grade to Elmira. NEW YORK (KXTRAL RAILROAD. in^, mirsorv business, milling-, und tlu' iiKUiuriicture of steel traps, sewing-silk, tnivelinji-bti^^s, enivats, and palni-lcaf hats. The men are chiefly engaged upon the land, and the women in other profitable pur- suits. They also publish a weekly paper called tiie "Circular." There is a junction of the New York Central and the New York, On- tario & Western railroails at Oneida. v WAMPSVILLE, Lenox, Madison County, New York, 125 miles from Albany, is a small way-station. Two miles west we reach — CANASTOTA, Lenox, Madison County, New York. 127 miles from Albany. This village contains several churches, a newspaper office, a bank, and a manufactory of astronomical and optical instru- ments. The microscopes and other instruments made here have acquired merited celebrity. The equatorial telescope of Hamilton Col- lege was made here. On a marsh near the village is a salt spring. Passengers for Oneida Lake, Cazenovia, Cortland, Ithaca, Elmira, and ]ioints near them, take the Elmira, Cortland & Northern Railroad at Canastota. This railroad runs from Canastota southwest through Madi- son, Cortland. Tompkins, and Chemung counties. New York State, After passing the hamlet of — CANASERAGA, Sullivan, Madison County, New York, l:U miles from All)any, we arrive at — CHITTENANGO, Sullivan, Madison County. New York, 133 miles from Albany. This pretty village of about 1,000 inhabitants has several woolen and other factories. The settlement lies on the right bank of the Erie Canal, at the entrance to the narrow valley through •which the Chittenango Creek, the outlet of Cazenovia Lake, makes its way to the great plain which extends from Syracuse to Rome. About a mile from the village, near the east bank of the stream, the famous sulphur springs of Chittenango are found. In their medicinal proper- ties they closely resemble the celebrated White Sulphur Springs near Warrenton, Virginia. There is evidence that they possess considera- ble healing powers, especially in diseases of the skin, liver, stomach, and bowels. In cases where the patient has a tendency to pulmonary affection, the waters, like all that contain sulphuretted hydrogen gas, seem to have an injurious effect. The scenery in the neighborhood of the springs is highly picturesque, and is best enjoyed from the hotel. The southern view is renuxrkably 86 NEW YORK CENTRAL RAILROAD, fine. The water, in its passage from the fountain-head to its appear- ance in tlie large basin, is made to pass through several artistic arrange- ments, which produce a pleasing effect ; again, disappearing lor some distance, it is seen next on the opposite side of the road, rising in several jets, and falling upon a rude heap of stones, which it has encased with a crystal covering resembling hoar-frost. A little further south is a room for refreshments and recreation, and in a nook of the cliff, fifty feet above the fountain, leached by a wind- ing path, is the gymnasium, sliaded by birches, maples, and oaks. Across the creek, in the groves, are four pleasant cottages, belonging to the establishment, where families reside during tlie summer season. This is the narrowest part of the valley, and from an eminence on the opposite side are seen C'azenovia and Oneida lakes. About two miles above the spring the valley is suddenly terminated by a precipice, over which the Chittenango falls perpendicularly 140 feet into the deep gorge below — a scene of extraordinary beauty. It contains a woolen and other factories, tannery, and several churches, and the Yates Polytechnic Institute. Chittenango can hardly be called a fashionable resort, but it is vis- ited anntially by many invalids, who use the medicinal waters with great benefit. Besides the hotels there are several cottages for summer resi- dents, near the waters. From a hill in this vicinity is obtained a pleas- ing view of the Oneida and Cazenovia lakes and the intervening coun- try. The Canaseraga Creek has a waterfall 130 feet high. The next two stations are — KIRKVILLE, Manlius, Onondaga County, New York, 137 miles from Albany, and — MANLIUS, Manlius, Onondaga County, New York, 140 miles from Albany. This latter village contains several mills and factories, several ehui'ches, and 1,000 inhabitants. It is situated on the border of Lime- stone Creek, where a branch of the river falls over a precipice 100 feet high, forming a fine cascade, and a pleasant summer resort. Near this place are sulphur and other mineral springs, but they have not yet attracted public attention. In the vicinity are three peculiar ponds, called the " Green Lakes," from the color of their waters. Passing — IDE WITT, a small way station, we are soon wending our way through the suburbs of the enterprising and prosperous city of — NEW YORK CENTRAL RAILROAD. SYRACUSE, Onondaga County, New York, 148 miles from Albany, situated at the head of Oiioiida^a Lake. It is the county seat of Onondaga County, and covers 8,500 acres. The population of the city has grown, since 1830, from 'J, 500 to nearly 100,000. Syracuse is built mostly of brick, and has wide and well-paveil streets; and from its central situation has attained considerable politi- cal and commercial eminence. There are one hundred and forty-four miles of streets within the municipal limits. Prom a very modest beginning, Syracuse has become one of the most important manufac- turing centers in the country. As a place of residence it is desirably located and possesses a delightful climate. There is a good system of rapid transit by means of horse cars and electric railways. Schools of every grade, colleges, libraries, and reading-rooms abound. In addition to the excellent system of public and private schools, Syracuse boasts of a university of high standing among institutions of the kind. More than five hundred students are in attendance. There are three departments : the College of Pine Arts, the Medical College, and the College of Liberal Arts. A splendid library has been established in connection with the university, containing 13,000 volumes, exclusive of the Von Ranke library, recently donated, and placed in a handsome stone structure specially built to contain them. The John Crouse College for Women is one of the greatest architec- tural ornaments in the city. Its utility is thoroughly appreciated. Theaters and other places of amusement are not wanting. Every religious denomination is well represented, and amply accommodated with buildings for devotional purposes, the total number of churches being sixty-two, with a seating capacity of thirty thousand. Syracuse maintains a well-equipped fire department, an efficient police service, Board of Health, Public Works, and three companies of State militia ; the armory stands within spacious grounds, and is large and substantial. " As a manufacturing center." says the author of " Syracuse and its Surroundings," " it proves an advantageous and inviting field to capi- NEW YORK CENTRAL RAILROAD. tal in the establishment of new industries. In the manufacture of agricultural implements, mowing-machine parts, and knives, plows, power hammers, carriages, carts, wagons, and sleighs, Syracuse is not surpassed; while the steel works, rolling mills, blast-furnaces, tube, iron pipe, car-wheel, and sheet-iron works contribute to the city's pros- perity. The cutlery, guns, hardware specialties, wagon and carriage springs, patented buckles, saddlery, hardware, and malleable iron goods manufactured here are used throughout the country. " The vast sand beds of Oneida Lake furnish the material for making the manufacture of window and plate glass a profitable and growing industiy. The building of steam engines, boilers, and the manufacture of stoves, furnaces, brick, tile, lime, cement, shoes, clothing, etc., are promi- nent features, while the products of hei' flour mills, canning factories, beer and ale breweries have achieved a wide reputation for their excellence." Syracuse is celebrated for its salt-works, and stands upon ground somewhat more elevated than the marsh which is the source of its wealth. This marsh is rich in springs of brine, that yield salt in the proportion of 50 pounds from 35 gallons of brine. The existence of this brine is attributed to the constant dissolution of the saline crystals in the substrata. More than 500 acres are covered by solar works, or a surface of 8,40:5,840 square feet. The solar salt is much coarser than that i)roduced by boiling. A grinding establishment improves it for dairy and table use. Works are erected at Liverpool and Geddes, as well as Syracuse and Salina. The annual amount produced collectively is about 8,000.000 bushels. The railroad commimications of Syracuse are extensive and impor- tant. The New York Central & Hudson River Railroad connects hei-e with the Rome, Watertown & Ogdensburg Railroad, New York, West Shore & Buffalo Railway, Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad, and the Syracuse, Ontario & New York Railway. The West Shore Railroad passes through on the north side of the canal, and has erected a handsome depot — one of the finest in the State. The Erie Canal is an important accessory to the business facilities of Syracuse, and the Oswego Canal here unites with the Erie, of which it IS a branch. From Syracuse westward the New York Centra,! & Hudson River Railroad has two routes. Through passengers take the main line, but travelers going to Auburn, Geneva, Seneca Lake, Watkins Glen, NKW YOIIK CENTIiAL HAILKOAD. Canandaifjua. and other points ou or connecting with the old division, change cars. As the train draws out from Syracuse .to continue its journey on the direct line, we have an excellent view of the innumerable salt sheds that line the shore of the lake, and see on every hand evidences of the enterprise and thrift which have made this city what it is. West of Syracuse the railway runs tiirough — AMBOY, Camillus, Onondaga County, New York, a small village. WARNER'S, or VAN BUREN CENTRE, Van Buren, Onon- daga County, New York, 157 miles from Albany. JORDAN, Elbridge, Onondaga County, New York, 16") miles from Albany. This village is pleasantly situated on Skaneateles Outlet. Besides the railroad the Erie Canal passes through it. It contains five churches, two flour-mills, an extensive wheelbarrow and barrel factor- ies. It also contains a capacious warehouse, many stores, and has about 1,500 inhabitants. The Erie Canal is fed from the outlet at this place. WEBDSPORT, Brutus, Cayuga County, New York, 169 miles from Albany. It is on the Erie Canal, and contains a foundry, distillery, several flour-mills, several churches, and about 2,000 inhabitants. The Southern Central Division of the Lehigh Valley Railroad crosses the New York Central & Hxulson River Railroad here. PORT BYRON, Mentz, Cayuga County, New York, 173 miles from Albany. This place is located on the Owasco Outlet and the Erie Canal, and contains, besides several churches, a woolen factory, a flour-mill with ten run of stones, and other manufacturing establishments. After passing Port Byron the train traverses the great Montezuma marshes, and crosses the Seneca River near the Great Bend. SAVANNAH, Savannah, ^Vayne County, New York, 180 miles from Albany ; from Buffalo, 118. Named from the resemblance of 2,000 acres of low, marshy land, which produces abundance of long, coarse grass, to the Spanish savannas. The village is small, and con- tains about twenty dwellings. CLYDE, Galen, Wayne County, New York, 186 miles from Albany. This village, on the Clyde River, received its present name in 1818. It contains ample church accommodation, banks, extensive distilleries, 90 NEW YOKK CENTRAL RAILROAD, steam flour-mills, furnaces, and shops, for the manufacture of agricul- tural implements, a large cooperage, brewery, malt-houses, tannery, and other manufactories, as well as extensive forwarding and commis- sion establishments. Glass of an excellent quality is made here. To- bacco of good quality is raised in the vicinity. Extensive fields of peppermint are seen beside the railroad. The plant is grown for mak- ing the essence, and is said to be one of the most remunerative crops that can be cultivated. About one third of all the peppermint grown in the United States is raised in this neighborhood. Seven miles beyond Clyde is — LYONS, Lyons, Wayne County, New York, 193 miles from Albany, the county seat of Wayne County, and the junction of the New York Central and the Syracuse, Geneva & Corning railroads. This town is situated at the conflux of Mud Creek and Canandaigua Outlet, and is one of the finest in the State, with a population of about 5.000. It is one of the oldest towns in Western New York, nearly midway between Syracuse and Rochester, and was settled in 1789. It contains many fine edifices, including a court house of tasteful cut stone, with a fine portico and dome. There are several churches, a union schoolhouse, banks, a variety of stores and manufactories of different kinds, including a furnace, machine-shop, and agricultural- implement shop, tile manufactory, brickyard, pottery, brewery, fan- ning-mill establishment, a saddle-tree factory, and a variety of others. Peppermint oil, apples, tobacco, cider, cherries, and grain are the principal exports. Ten thousand pounds of peppermint are annually distilled here. Railway connection is here made for Geneva, Seneca Lake. Ithaca, Watkins Glen, and points in Northern Pennsylvania. The stations on the branch of the New York Central Railroad run- ning froui Lyons to Geneva, are Thompson's, Cuddeback's, Mitchell's, Bennett's, and Geneva. NEWARK, Arcadia, Wayne County, New York, 199 miles from Albany, is the next station west of Lyons. It is a thriving town, having about 3,000 inhabitants. The surrounding rich and fertile soil has made this a prosperous place and an important railroad and canal station. It contains several churches, furnaces, manufactories, and an improved plow factoiy. Spiritualism made its first "rap" near here, at Hydesville, a small place two miles distant, where it was first 91 XEW YORK (KXTFIAL RAILROAD. heard by tlii' noted " Fox Family," on the night of March 31, 1849. Connection is made here with the Sodus Bay Division of the Lehigh Valley Railroad, which extends from Gorham to Lake Ontario. Pass- ing the small way-station of — EAST PALMYRA, where the "Long Island Company" in 1791 purchased 5,500 acres of land for twenty-five cents per acre, we stop at— PALMYRA, Palmyra, Wayne County, New York, 306 miles from Albany. This place has a popiilation of more than 3,000. Its streets are broad and handsomely shaded. Within its limits are several churches, a union school having a large number of pupils, a bank and several considerable manufactories. The parents of " Joseph Smith," the Mormon prophet, settled near here in 1819. Hunting for gold with his spade, Joseph, one day, ac- cording to his own account, " laid bare tlie golden plates of the Mor- mon Bible." He transcribed and published these as the " Book of Mormon." A convert mortgaged his farm to pay the printer. The tradition of the neighborhood says he was a "vagabond" and "scamp" from his youth. Marrying a respectable woman, he neglected his family, defrauded liis friends and proselytes, but finally obtained his deserts at the hands of a mob in Nauvoo, Illinois. After leaving Palmyra, the New York Central cars run parallel with the Erie Canal, through the village of Walworth, to — MAOEDON, Macedon, Wayne County, New York, 210 miles from Albany. Contains two churches, a grist and saw mill, furnace and machine shop. FAIRPORT, Perinton, Monroe County, New York, 219 miles from Albany ; from Buffalo, 72. Contains five churches, three flouring- mills. two saw-nulls, a plaster- mill, two planing-mills, a saleratus establishment, machine-shop, and carriage shops. The train passes Pcnfield and Brighton, touches at East Rochester, and then enters the station at — 93 SENESEE FALLS, ROCHESTER, N. Y. NEW YORK CENTRAL RAILROAD. EOOHESTEE, Monrop County, Ncav York, 7 miles from Lake Ontario, 07 miles from Buffalo, 22'.) miles from Albany, the fourth city of the Empire State in extent and population. Rochester, named after the original proprietor, Colonel Nathaniel Rochester, is a modern city on the Genesee River, seven miles south of its entrance into Lake Ontario, where it is crosse. ». a:- G. W. J.OVJ:, l'roi>rietor.s. Only fire-proof hotel in the jjlace. It is newly refitted and refurnished and has running spring water. Free "Bus to and from all trains and boats. KiRST Class in Every Respect. SCUDDEK/S i History of United States. PKECEDEU BT A NARRATIVE OF THE DISCOVERY AND SETTLEMENT OF NORTH AMERICA, A)i(l of the Events which led to the Independence of the 13 Enfjlish Colonics. By HORACE E. SCUDDER. WITH HIAPS AND Il.LT fSTUATIONS. PRICE, ONE DOLIiAR, The leading characteristics of this esceUent work are : FinsT.— A Well Considered Test. Second.— A New and Logioil Sivision into Periods, with a Suggestivf Method of Treatment. Tbiud. — The inserrion of Topical Analyses for Review, as well as a full set of questions on Text aud Maps. Fourth.— Accurate, Clear, and Dis- tinct Maps, most carefully drawn :ind engraved, including Six Double Page and Six Single Page Colored Maps. Teachers say : "It is the best equipped school book ever issued in the U.S." '• Will both interest and profit oiir young folks." ■• The most useful and enjoyable school history." " Simple, accurate, inter sting, ;ind imjiartial. ' TAINTOR BROTHERS &l CO., Publishers, 18 Astor Place, New York. Fifth.— Eighty Beautiful Illustra- tions by eminent artists. Also Superb Portraits of the following representa- tive men: Columbus, the Discoverer; Penn the Founder; Franklin, the Philos- opher; Washington the Patriot; Web- ster, tiie Statesman, Longfellow, the Poet ; engraved by Closson, Johnson, and Kruell, with fifty other Portraits. Sixth. — Superior Mechanical Exe- cution, and Low Price. N'KW VOKK (EXTUAL RAILROAD. and a h;ilf iKirlhwcsl of the villag-c is a plot ol' ground called "Old Castle." It t'Oiitaius an Indian buiying-ground, and in giving up the country the Indians stipulated that these i'ew sacred acres should never be plowed. This jilcdge has not been violated. The Episco- pal Church is a tine ediiiee, costing ^^ 25,000. Here, on a bluff over- looking the lake, is Hobart College, founded in 1823, and under the care of the Episcopalians. It has a niedicai department. The college property is valued at $160,000. A powerful sulphur spring has recently been discovered at Geneva. Connection is made with the Fall Brook Coal Company's system of railroads, reaching VVatkins, Penn Yan, Corning, and Williainsport. Hei-e, too, tourists and others can leave for Ithaca via the Lehigh Valley Railroad. Steamboats ply daily between Geneva and Ithaca. Passing Oaks Corners and Phelps, formerly Vienna, after a run of twelve miles, we arrive at — CLIFTON SPRINGS, Manchester, Ontario County, New York. 212 miles from Albany. Here is a thriving village; several mineral springs here draw thousands of health and pleasure seekers to the town annually. Dr. Foster's Sanitarium, capable of accommodating two hundred and fifty guests, is a well-known and largely patronized insti- tution. The doctor's skill and the virtues of the waters make these springs fountains of health. The water here abounds in the sulphates of lime and magnesia, and its use internally and externally is followed liy the happiest results. Continuing our journey, and passing the hamlets of Shortsville and Chapinville, the train stops at the beautiful village of — CANANDAIGUA, Canandaigua, Ontario County, New York, 223 miles from Albany. This name is a corruption of " Gan-a-dar-gue," a chosen spot named by the Seneca Indians. The village is on the out- let of Canandaigua Lake, and is the county seat. Population about 6.000. It is distinguished for the picturesque beauty of its situation, and the elegance of its buildings. The -iiew down Main Street, ending in the lake, has a peculiar charm. Besides the county buildings, it has several churches, a State arsenal, and an academy. There is here also a private asylum for the insane. In a room of the court house are the portraits of many of the most distinguished pioneers and most impor- tant men of the country. 99 NEW YORK CEXTRAL RAILROAD. Brigham Young once resided liere; and at Fayette, in the adjoining county of Seneca, the iirst Mormon society was formed in 1830, three years after the pretended unearthing of the golden plates. Besides its railroad connections with the N. Y. Central and the Northern Central railroads, it enjoys the use of two steamers on the lake plying between Canandaigua and the head of the lake, and stopping at the various charming resorts on the shores. The lake that bears the name of the town is 15 miles long, 1 mile wide, 668 feet above tidewater, and 437 feet above fiuke Ontario, into which it is emptied by the Clyde and Seneca rivers. One mile east of Canandaigua, on a symmetrical hill, are the remains of the round fort which was held sacred by the Senecas as the place of their origin. Eight miles northwest is the fortress which was destroyed in 1687 by Hurons and several French regiments. The American army of General Sullivan destroyed the Senecas' town at Canandaigua in 1779, then proceeded on in a southwesterly direction, sacked and burned Honeoye and Conesus, drove the Indians before them at Conesus Lake, and destroyed Genesee Castle and town. This army was the means of razing at least forty Indian villages, and rendering useless 160,000 bushels of corn in the fields or granaries. A ride of ten miles through a fertile section of country, passing on our way Paddleford, Farmington, and West Farmington, brings us to — VICTOR, Victor, Ontario County, New York, 233 miles from Albany, the site of an old battle-ground. In 1687 the Governor of Canada, with 1,600 soldiers and 400 Indians, met and defeated a hos- tile tribe, burned their village and several surrounding villages. The Senecas, in return, the following year, slaughtered one thousand of the conquerors, and took twenty-six prisoners, whom they tortured to death. Between Victor and Rochester, a distance of eighteen miles, we pass Fisher's, Pittsford, Bryton, and East Rochester. Rochester, our des- tination by this route, is described on page 93. 100 NEW YORK C'EXTUAL IIAILKOAI). ROCHESTER AND CHARLOTTE BRANCH. The Rochcslor & Charlotte bnuieh, Western Division of the New York Centnil & Huilson River Railroad, runs from Rochester depot to Ontario Beach. The stations im route are Center I'ark, Ames Street, Otis, Driving Park, Barnard's Crossing, Double Track Junc- tion, Roberts' Dock, Yates' Dock, Charlotte — described on page 122 and the Rome, Watertovvn & Ogdensburg Railroad Crossing. ONTARIO BEACH, Charlotte, 7 miles from Rochester, and the terminus of this branch, is an attractive summer resort. The sur- rounding country is as fertile as a garden, and a ride or walk in the vicinity presents scenes of beauty and varied color that none can fail to admire and enjoy. The village itself, with its well-shaded streets, tasteful houses, and public-spirited citizens, makes an ideal summer home. Directly upon the shore of the lake, about a half-mile distant from the village, is the Hotel Ontai-io, erected in 1884. There are ample facilities for bowling, billiards, boating, fishing, dancing, and other amusements. The trains of the New York Central, after making a detour about the grounds, stop in front of the main entrance. ROCHESTER TO BUFFALO AND NIAGARA PALLS. Niagara Falls may be reached from Rochester by either the "Falls " Division or the Buffalo route. The distance from Rochester to Buffalo by the main line is sixty-nine miles. Passing in succession the stations and villages of Coldwater, Chili, Churchville, Bergen, and Byron, we reach — BATAVIA, Batavia, Genesee County, New York, 32 miles from Rochester, 261 miles from Albany, which is delightfully situated in one of the richest and most fertile sections of the State. It is a town of 8,000 inhabitants, the capital of Genesee County, and is noted for its broad and handsome streets, beautiful shade-trees, and pleasant drives. Here is located the State institution for the blind, a ladies' seminary, and several manufactories. The surrounding district origi- nally belonged to Massachusetts, and afterwards passed into the posses- sion of Robert Morris and the Holland Land Company. This company opened roads, and disposed of their lands on liberal terms, until 101 NEW YORK CENTRAL RAILROAD. the county became well populated and prosperous. Batavia was founded in ISOO. Here the first meeting to advocate the construction of the Erie Canal was held in 18l)9. The abduction of Morgan, the alleged betrayer of the secrets of Freemasonry, took place here. He came to Batavia to write and print his book. He made no secret of this work, and soon an excitement was raised, during which, on the pretense of taking him to Canandaigua for trial for money loaned him, he was carried off, none knew where. Some say he was executed at the mouth of Niagara River. The publication went on under one Miller. A civil war arose, men armed with clubs met to demolish the office, but a cannon in the hands of the citizens kept them off until the book was publislied, when violence ceased. Connection is made at Batavia for all points on the Canandaigua, Batavia & Tonawanda branch, also the Batavia & Attica branch of the New York Central R.R., and the New York, Lake Erie & Western Railroad. The first station on the branch road to Attica is — ALEXANDER, eight miles from Batavia, which contains three churclies. ATTICA, in Wyoming County, 11 miles from Batavia, is situated on Tonawanda Creek. The Oak Orchard Acid Springs are situated about twelve miles northwest of Batavia, in the town of Alabama, on Oak Orchard Creek. These curious springs are nine iii number, all located within a circle fifty rods in diameter ; three of them issuing from a mound within ten feet from each other. In no two of them is the water alike. They are found, by analysis, to contain, besides other mineral substances, a quantity of free sulphuric acid. Large quanti- ties of the water are bottled and sold for medicinal purposes. Continuing on the main line to Buffalo from Batavia, we pass the village stations of West Batavia, Pembroke, Corfu, Crittenden, Wende, Looneyville, Grimesville, Forks, and East Bufl'alo, in running 35 miles through a fertile farming region. 102 NEW YORK CENTRAL RAILROAD. BUFFALO, Erie County, New York, 298 miles froiri Albany, a large anil thriv- ing city, the capital of Erie County, with a popuhition of more than 200,000. It is located at the mouth of Buffalo Kivor, iit the foot of Lake Erie, and the head of Niagara River, whieli is hero crossed by an iron bridge. The city has a water front of about five miles, running two and a lialf miles along tlie shore of the lake, and two miles along Niagara River. '• The climate is pleasant and health- ful ; the streets are broad and generally lined with trees, and well paved, lighted, and supplied witli sewers. There are many fine resi- dences with attractive grounds, and numerous squares and public places. A combination of parks and pleasure-grounds has been laid out, extending over 500 acres. It comprises three sections, situated respectively in the northern, western, and eastern parts of the city, which, with the connecting boulevard, afford a drive of nearly ten miles." Buffalo is the western terminus of the Erie Canal. From its geo- graphical position it is at once the natural key to the commerce of the great lakes and the great Nortliwest, and also the artificial gate through which the boundless grain-fields of the West pour their treasures into Eastern markets. Next to New York city, Buffalo is the most impor- tant commercial city in the State. The French, who were its first visi- tors, named it "Buffle" — English, Buffalo — from the wild oxen which they saw in great droves around. In 181B, during the war with Great Britain, this place suffered greatly ; every house was destroyed, but one, which is still standing near the corner of Mohawk and Main streets. " The town was sacked and burned by the Royal Scots Regi- ment, on December 30, 1813. Fort Erie was captured in 1813 by the Americans, and again in 1814. After the heavy battles at Chippewa and Niagara Falls, the American army fell back to this point, and strengthened the defen.ses. The British army advanced to and besieged Fort Erie, and after a long cannonade made a determined night attack on several points. The assault on Towson's battery was repulsed by the 21st U. S regulars, after five successive charges, during which *.he British ranks were swept with canister." In 1815 buildings were 103 JTEVV YORK CENTRAL RAILROAD. again erected, and in 1825 Congress voted $80,000 for the sufferers. The principal influence in producing the rapid growth of the city was exerted by the construction of the Erie Canal, completed in October, 1825, which has its western terminus here. Prom the time when the quarrel between Buffalo and Black Rock, as to which should have the terminus, was decided in favor of Buffalo, to the present, it has been rapirlly increasing in size and importance. Buffalo Harbor, formed by the great Buffalo Creek, was, before the construction of the Erie Canal, obstructed by the washing in of sand from the lake ; but by the energy and enterprise of the citizens a pier or breakwater was, after several failures, extended so far out into the lake as to control its " wash," and to enable the spring freshets in the creek to scour out the deposits, and maintain a deep and lasting channel. It was this success that decided the location, at this place, of the canal terminus. A continuous iine of wharves extends along Buffalo Creek. The Erie Basin, just north of Buffalo Creek, is protected by a break- water from the lake storms; and the Ohio Basin, a little more than a mile up the creek, contains ten acres of sufficient depth to float the largest lake vessels. The Blackwell ship-canal extends more than a mile between Buffalo Creek and the lake, and is connected with the creek, the basins, and the Erie Canal, by numerous slips. At the end of the pier, which extends 1,500 feet into the lake, is a lighthouse, strongly built of stone and iron, and furnished with a first-class Fresnel dioptric light. The city is about sixty feet above the level of the lake, and the ground rises gradually as it recedes fi'om the harbor. The more elevated portions afford fine views of the city, Niagara River, Lake Erie, and the Canada shore. The business portion of the city is near the lake and river. Wharves, elevators, and extensive warehouses line the harbor; the largest of the latter is that of the Central Railroad, u.sed exclusively for its own con- signments. At the back of these immense buildings flows the Erie canal, with only narrow towpaths between its waters and the lofty warehouses. The number of vessels continually arriving and departing from this port is very great. Business is greatly facilitated by the elevators. There are twenty-two of these, which have an aggregate transfer power of 82,000 bushels per hour, and a warehouse capacity of 4,415,000 bushels. They were erected at a cost of 11,000,000. By the promptitude of their action fleets have been unloaded and enabled . 104 \ !;\\' Y(»I(K ( KNTIiAl, IiA I IJiOA I>. to leave (he iiarl)or iti lliirty-six liours after arrival. (Jreat miml)ers of cattle I'rotn the West are ship|)eil from Buffalo both liy water and by rail. Manufactures. The inanufaetiires of BiitFalo have already attained considerable magnitude. There are twenty establishments engaged in manufacturing iron, whicli employ 3,000 j)ersons. The most impor- tant are those of the Union Iron Co.. which has three blasting-furnaces, using 50.000 tons of iron ore and 50,000 tons of coal, — the Fletcher Furnace making upwards of 9,000 tons of pig-iron annually. Pratt & Co.'s iron and nail numufaetory, turning out 41 tons per day; the Shephard Iron Works, Buffalo Stcam-Eiigine and Iron Shipbuilding \\'orks, and the Eagle Iron Works. The Niagara & Buffalo Steam Forge Works manufacture anchors and car-axles. There are ten flour- ing-mills that annually manufacture from :55.),r'.0!) to 45;), 000 barrels. Among other manufactures are establishments for leather work, agri- cultural implements, distilled spirits, and cement. Shipbuilding is also extensively carried on. There are, besides, eleven establishments for the refining of " petroleum," capable of producing 70,000 barrels per annum. Public Buildings. — Among the principal public buildings is a large and handsome edifice at the corner of Seneca and Washington streets, in which is conducted the business of the post-office, the custom house, and the United States courts. It was constructed by the Federal Government at a cost of $140,00f). The old and new court-houses, the former of which faces Lafayette Park on Main Street, are fine build- ings The United States Arsenal is in Batavia Street. There are also several admirably built markets in different parts of the city. The City \A'ater Works Co. have constructed a reservoir on Niagara Street, eighty feet above the level of the lake, capable of containing nearly 14,- )0,000 gallons. Powerful engines are erected on the banks of the river to supply the i-eservoirs, the aggregate cost amounting to $500,- 000. There are about one hundred churches in Buffalo, many of which are spacious and handsome. The Roman Catholic Cathedral of St. Joseph is built entirely of stone, in an elegant and expensive style. It is without galleries, and at the back of the altar is a tripartite window of stained ghibs, liianufactured at Munich, representing the birth, crucifixion, and 105 NEW YOltK (lENTllAL 15 A Il.UOAT). ascension of the Saviour. The Protestant Episcopal Cliurch of St. Pau' is an imposing edifice, and has a chime of bells which cost ll.'SjOOO. The principal cemetery is Forest Lawn, about three miles from the city. It is a spacious and well-chosen location, somewhat undulating in surface, and is tastefully laid out. The public schools htive a high reputation. In the highest depart- ment a complete academic course is taught, excejiting the classics. Institutions, etc. — The benevolent institutions include the Church Charity Foundation, the Buffalo and St. Vincent Orphan asylums, the ( ity Hospital, a Marine Hospital, founded in 18:^3, the Hospital of the Sisters of Charity, the Boatmen's Friend Society, Association for the Relief of the Poor, Buffalo Industrial School, Martha Industrial School, the Firemen's Benevolent Association, the Benevolent Society of the Evangelical Ijutheran St. John's Clinrch, the Soldier's Rest, the Mutual Benefit Catholic Temperance Society. the Buffalo City Dispensary. There are many Masonic lodges, and lodges of the Order of Odd Fellows. Besides these are the Medical Society of the County of Erie, the Buffalo Horticultural Society, and many other associations. The Young Men's Christian Association is a flourishing society, and has a fine building, with conveniently fitted rooms, containing a library of 10,000 volumes. The German Young Men's Association has 2,000 works, chiefly in German, The Medical College, on the corner of Main and A'^irginia streets, maintains the usual course of lectures. In the building of the Young Men's Association, besides their own I'ooras, are tlie rooms of the Society of Natural Sciences, the Buffalo Law Library, the Historical Society, and the Buffalo Fine Arts Gallery. Connection is here made with the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern, and the Michigan Central Railroad for the West. A branch of tlic New York Central & Hudson River Railroad extends from Buffalo, along the Niagara River, to Niagara Falls, and thence to Lewiston. The Buffalo Belt Line, connected with the New York Central & Hudson River Railroad, starts from Exchange Street in that city, and forms the belt by means of tracks having stations at Terrace, Georgia Street, Porter Avenue, Water Works, Ferry Street, Clinton Avenue, Black Rock, Amherst Street, Austin Street, Cross Cut Junc- tion, Delaware Avenue, Villa Park, Main Street, Steele Street, Driving Park, Genesee Street. Broadway, William Street, and Seneca Street ; thence to the starting-points. m KEW YORK CENTRAL RAILROAD. ROCHESTER TO NIAGARA PALLS. The trij) over the Ni.ignra Falls Division, the direct route from Rochester to Niagara, is made through a picturesque section of the State. Leaving the station at Rochester, tlie train runs west across the city, past the freight depot, crosses the Erie Canal, and traverses — GATES, Gates, Monroe County, New York, 23:5 miles from Albany. The town of Gates adjoins Rochester on the west, and contains the suburban residences of some of the leading men of the city and State. Ex-Judge Addison Gardiner, of the Court of Appeals, and Gen. John H. Martindale, Attorney-General of the State, and other distinguished men, resided in this town. The business of the town is mainly agri- cultural, and from its gardens and orchards the markets of Rochester receive large supplies. SPENCERPORT, Ogden, Monroe County, New York, 2o8 miles from Albany. This place derives its name from William Spencer, the pioneer settler. It is surrounded by a fine wheat-growing country, and contains four churclies, a furnace, tannery, grist and saw-mills, and a population of 601). ADAM'S BASIN, a canal village, is passed; and we reach^ BROCKPORT, Sweden, Monroe County, New York, 245 miles from Albany, "' beautifully situated in the midst of a country teeming with abundant harvests, and inhabited by a prosperous and contented popu- lation;"' the seat of a large normal school. The normal scliool build- ing is built of red Medina sandstone, and is 400 feet long and four stories in height. Brockport is a busy town, and contains ample church and school accommodations. There are a number of mills and factories in Brockport, including shoe factories and manufactories of reapers, mowers and binders. Crossing the Sandy Creek ravine, we arrive at Ilolley, near which are two sulphur and several salt springs. Still proceeding westward, we soon reacli Murray, and then — ALBION, Barre. Orleans County, New York, 259 miles from Albany, the capital of Orleans ("ounty, attractively laid out with wide streets, shaded by large trees, and containing many handsome resi- dences. It contains a court house, erected in the center of the park, at a cost of $20,000. Albion is quite a busy and prosperous place. 107 NEW YORK CENTRA 1> RAILROAD. The Tonawanda Swamp begins about five miles south of Albion; ' and the lake ridge, about three miles north, is about 165 feet above the lake, and marks its ancient shore-line. It is many leagues in length, and is from 100 to 300 feet wide at the top, along which runs the old highway. Eagle Harbor and Knowlesville are villages on the way to — MEDINA, Ridgeway and Shelby, Orleans County, 268 miles from Albany. This village, on Orchard Creek, where it is crossed by the Erie Canal, contains several fiouring-mills and stores, five churches, an academy, and a national bank. Prom quarries worked in the vil- lage is extracted the Medina sandstone, excellent for paving purposes. There are several salt springs in the vicinity. It has a population of 3,500. MIDDLEPORT, Royalto, Niagara County, New York, 273 miles from Albany. This place contains five churches, fourteen stores, a furnace, steam stave-mill, one saw-mill, and two flouring-mills. Pop- ulation, about lj200. GASPORT, Royalto, Niagara County, New York, 278 miles from Albany. Derives its name from a curious spring, which emits an in- flammable hydrocarbon gas, or vapor. An enterprising storekeeper has succeeded in converting this vapor to a useful purpose by lighting his store with it. The place contains a church, an academy, and 300 inhabitants. IjOCKPORT, Lockport, Niagara Cbunty, New York, 284 miles from Albany, a city of nearly 20,000 inhabitants. At this point the rail- road crosses the Erie Canal by a bridge 500 feet long and 60 feet in height. The canal falls 60 feet in a short distance and has five combined double locks. Its surplus water is distributed, through a hydraulic canal three fourths of a mile long, to the various manufactories of the city. This immense water power is the chief source of the city's prosperity. Fine limestone and sandstone flaggings and building-materials are quarried here, affording employment to several hundred men. One stratum of the limestone is filled with fossils, and when polished presents a singular and beautiful appearance. It is used for ornamental pur- poses. Lockport has flouring-mills, saw-mills, iron foundries, cotton and woolen factories, a stave and shingle factory, a plow manufac- tory, a distillery, a plaster-mill and many stores. 108 Xi:\V YORK CKN'TUAL liAlLKOAn. LOCKPORT TO BUFFALO. A bninch of tlio New York Cent nil & Hudson Rivor Railroad runs between Lockport and liuffalo, a distanec of 26 miles. The stations and viiiai^es on this line are West Loekport, Lockport Junction, Maple- ton, Hall's Station, Sawyer's Creek, North Tonawanda, Tonawanda, North Buffalo, and three othea- stations within the limits of Buffalo city, before the Union Depot in that city is reached. Snuill stations on the main line following Lockport are West Loek- jiort, Lockjtort Junction, and Sanborn. We then come to — SUSPENSION BRIDGE, a port of entry on the Niagara River, and described on page 113 CANANDAIGUA TO BUFFALO AND NIAGARA. This line, the Canandaigna, Batavia & Tonawanda branch of the New York Central & Hudson River Railroad, runs west across an open farming country. Wheeler's, East Bloomfield, Miller's Corner, West Bloomfield, one and a half miles from the village of that name, Honeoye Falls, a busy manufacturing town on Honeoye Creek, and West Rush, are the stations thus far in their order. Beyond West Rush the line crosses the Rochester Division of the Erie Railroad, the Genesee River, and the Genesee Valley Canal. There are stopping-places at the Genesee Valley Canal and Buffalo, Rochester & Pittsburg junctions, and at Caledonia the Attica Division of the Erie Railroad is approached and it runs parallel with the present route to Batavia. At — liE ROY, Genesee County, New York, a village on Oatka Creek, is Ingham University, a school for young ladies, and the Staunton Con- servatory, a massive stone building, containing a lai-ge collection of minerals and South American curiosities, with a collection of paintings. Before arriving at Batavia, described on page 101, we pass Stafford ; and the stations between Batavia and Niagara Falls are Pierson's, East Pembi-oke, Richville, Falkirk, Akron, East Clarence, Clarence Centre, Transit, Getzville, Tonawanda, and North Tonawanda. 109 NEW YOIiK (KXTItAL 1{ A I LltOAD. NIAGARA FA L 1.8, Niagara County, New York, 30.") miles from Alljany, 21 miles from Buffalo. 'I"he Palls of Niagara, the grandest specimen of nature's handiwork on the continent, are equally magnificent at all seasons and under all circumstances. Whether viewed by sunlight, or moonlight, or the dazzling glare of electricity, their wonderful proportions are always sublime. The whirling floods, the unvarying thunderous roar, the vast sheets of spray and mist that are caught in their liquid depths by sunbeams, and formed into radiant rainbows, as if homage was paid by the skies to creation's greatest cataract. The Niagara River, extending from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario, a distance of thirty miles, has a total fall of 384 feet ; the greater part of the descent is confined to a distance of seven or eight miles, within which space are the grandest rapids and falls in the world. The rapids are so strong two miles above the falls as to entirely prevent naviga- tion. There are three distinct cataracts. The Horseshoe Pall, so called from its crescent shape, is by far the largest, and is in the direct course of the river ; it is 2,000 feet wide and 154 feet high. The American Pall is 669 feet wide, and the Central Fall 243 feet, each having a fall of 163 feet. The two latter are separate from each other, and from the former, by Goat Island. The aggregate width of descending water is thus 2,900 feet, and the flow is unceasing and nearly uniform in amount througliout the year. The amount of water discharged is computed to be 100,000,000 tons per hour. More water passes in these fearful torrents in seven seconds than is conveyed through Croton Aqueduct in twenty-four hours. At the Horseshoe Fall the concussion of the falling waters with those in the depths below occasions a spray that veils the catai'act two thirds up its height. Above this impenetrable foam, to the height of fifty feet above the fall, a cloud of light spray rises, which, when the sun shines upon it in the proper direction, displays magnificent solar rainbows. Charles Dickens describes liis first impression of Niagara Palls in the following characteristic style : •• I hardly know how I got down, but I was soon at the bottom, and no NEW YORK CENTRAL RAILROAD. olimbing over some broken rocks, deafened by the noise, half blinded by the spray, and wet to the skin. We were at the foot of the Ameri- can Falls. I could see an immense torrent of water tearing headlong- down from some great height, but had no idea of shape or situation, or anything but vague immensity. When we were seated in the little ferry-boat and were crossing the swollen river immedijitely before both ciitaraets, T began to feel what it was; but I was in a measure stunned, and unable to comprehend the vastness of the scene. It was not until I came on Table Ro(!k and looked — Great Heaven! on what a fall of bright green water ! — that it came upon me in its full might and majesty. Tlien, when I felt how near to my Creator I was stand- ing, the first effect and the enduring one — instant and lasting — of the tremendous spectacle, was Peace. Peace of mind, tranquillity, calm recollections of the dead, great thoughts of eternal rest and happiness ; nothing of gloom and terror. Niagara was at once stamped upon my heart, an image of beauty, to remain there changeless and indcilible until its pulses cease to beat forever." No just or adequate impression can be conveyed by language of the grandeur and sublimity of Niagara. The artist's pencil alone can give a faint conception of the scene, but even this is inadequate to express intelligently the charm of perpetual changing which absorbs the spec- tator. GOAT ISLAND is midway between the American and Canada shores, in the midst of these boiling waters, and divides the American and Horseshoe Falls. It is separated from Bath by a narrow stream, and the latter island is connected with the American shore by a wooden bridge, 700 feet long, over the wildest [)art of the rapids. It is said the first white person who ventured to cross the rapids at Goat Island was Israel Putnam, in 1755. On the shore of the island, and beneath the smaller of the American Falls, is the Cave of the Winds, a cavern formed by the decay of the softer substratum rock, whilst the hai'd superincumbent limestone still forms the roof. In front of the cave the center fall descends, 240 feel in width, and compresses the air to such a degree that a fearful din continually reigns within the watery cavern, which is heightened by the foaming spray, which rushes along the stony floor, mounts up the darkened sides, spreads over the roof, and thence descends in continued 111 1 NEW YORK CENTRAL RAILROAD. drenching showers. Luna Island and the Three Sisters should be visited, as each has peculiar attractions. The first white visitor looked upon the falls in 1640. The Cat Indians, who dwelt near it, endeavored to propitiate the spirit of its waters by annually sacrificing a human victim at its shrine. The most beautiful Indian maiden was selected for this honor. In the presence of a great assemblage she was placed in a white canoe, with the finest fruits and flowers, and the fragile bark, pushed out into the stream, carried her over this awful portal to eternity. The Niagara River, below these stupendou < falls, rushes through a deep cliasm of 200 feet in height. Three miles below the falls is the Whirlpool. Just here tlie scenery is wild and somber, and the banks of the river are steep. It is caused by the abrupt turn of the river at this point, the waters of which rush with such violence against the cliff on the Canadian side as to occasion a severe reaction and rotary motion, drawing everything that flows down the river within the vortex; below the Whirlpool is another series of rapids. The most comprehensive view of the falls is obtained from the Canada side, where the descending water of the three falls can be seen at the same time. The river is crossed just below the falls by a magnificent suspension bridge for car- riages and foot passengers. A ferry at the foot of the American Falls also transports foot passengers over the raging river. In 1885 the Legislature of the State of New York passed a law pro- viding for the purchase of the property around Niagara Falls, and the establishment of the Niagara Park, owned and controlled by the State of New York through a State Commission. Thus the greatest of American wonders is to be preserved for the free enjoyment of the American people and tourists who visit the grandest and most sublime waterfall of the known world. No charge for admission to any pai't of the Park is permitted, and all obstructions to an uninterrupted view of these marvels of natiire are removed. The grounds are being suit- ably arranged and beautified. The railroad connections at Niagara Falls are as follows, viz. : To the West via Suspension Bridge and Canada, by the Michigan Central R.R., Grand Trunk Railway, and via Buffalo, by the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern R.R., and New York, f'hicago & St. Louis R.R. (Nickel Plate), Buffalo, New York & Philadelphia R.R., and the Buffalo & Pittsburg R.R. 112 KTAGAllA FALLS, NEW YORK CENTRAL RAILROAD. To the East via Rome. Watertown & Ogdensburg li.R., New York Central & Hudson River R.R., New York, West Shore & Buffalo R.R., Delaware, Lackawanna & W^estern R.R., Lehigh Valley R.R., New York, Lake Erie & Western R.R. The steamboat connections are via Lewiston, N. Y., with the steam- ers of the Richelieu & Ontario Steam Navigation Co. to Toronto, and through Lake Ontario and down the St. Lawrence River to Montreal and Quebec. Passengers have the choice to go to points in eastern Canada from Toronto by the Grand Trunk Railway, or by Richelieu and Ontario Navigation Co.'s steamers, on the tickets of the steamer line. From Buffalo steamers run westward through Lakes Erie, Huron, Michigan and Superior. SUSPENSION BRIDGE, Niagara County, New York, 303 miles from Albany, an incorporated village of 2,000 inliabitants, situated on Niagara River, two miles below the cataract, of which it commands a fine view. The International Suspension Bridge crosses the river at this point, and connects the Canada railway.s with those of the States. The length of the bridge is 800 feet ; height above the water, 2;)0 feet ; width, 24 feet; supported by four wire cables 9^ inches in diameter, and has a sustaining capacity of 12,400 tons. The towers are 88 feet on the American side, and 78 on the Canadian. Its total weight is 800 tons, and its cost $400,000. There are two floors, the upper for the railroad track, and the lower for wagons. It was commenced in 1854, John A. Roebling, of Trenton, New Jersey, being the engineer. The east end of the bridge commands a fine view of the river above up to the Falls, and of the rapids under and below the bridge, for three- quarters of a mile to the Whirlpool. The water of these rapids runs at the rate of 25 miles per hour, with breakers dashing from 10 to 20 feet in height. When seen from the shore, they present one of the grandest sights of the kind seen in the world, and the tour- ist has not seen all of Niagara until he has stood on the shore, 150 rods below the bridge. Deveaux College is a charitable institution under Episcopal management, and was established by the munificence of Hon. Samuel Deveaux, who bequeathed property amounting to upward of $200,000 in value for that purpose. The building was erected in 1855-56. The village contains several hotels, of which the Monteagle is the largest and best. 113 NEW YORK CENTRAL RAILROAD. PROSPECT PARK, twelve acres in extent, adjoins the American Fall, with a frontage of several hundred feet along the gorge. Descent to the water's edge can be made by means of an inclined railway. It may be useful to know what it is necessary to pay in the way of fees etc., during a visit to the sights in this vicinity: — Goat Island — Guide and suit to go through "Cave of the Winds " |1 00 Prospect Park — Down and up the inclined railway (each way). . 10 Prospect Park — Round trip on "Maid of the Mist," including rubber suit 50 New Bridge — Niagara Falls to Canada and return — each person (carriage 25 cents) 25 Museum— On Canada side near the Falls 50 Under Horseshoe Falls -Canada side — guide and suit 1 00 Burning Springs 50 Old Suspcsnsion Bridge — over and return 25 Whirlpool Rapids and Park — inclined railway, Canada ::ide. . . . 50 Whirlpool Rapids and Park — Elevator, American side 50 Whirlpool — Stairs, American side 50 Whirlpool — Inclined railway, Canada side 50 Niagara Falls to Suspension Bridge, street car, over old bridge, in Whirlpool Rapids Park (Canada side), return same way 55 If each is paid separately 85 Niagara Falls to Suspension Bridge, street car, walk to Buttery's Uhirlpool Rapids, elevator, return same way 40 If each is paid separately 60 Niagara Falls to Suspension Bridge, street ear, transfer from Suspension Bridge to old Whirlpool (American side), and return 55 If each is paid separately 85 Hack hire — regular rate, per hour 1 50 Hack hire to take in all places of interest for party of four (4) or more in each hack, each 1 00 No charge is made for entrance to the park. The small steamer "'Maid of the Mist " makes regular trips to the foot of the Falls, affording advantageous views of the cataract. 114 NEW YORK CP:NTRAL RAILROAD. BUFFALO TO NIAGARA FALLS, SUSPENSION BRIDGE, AND LEWISTON. One of the routes traversed by the New York Central & Iludson River Railroad is from Union Dejiot, Buffalo, to Lcwiston, via 'Pona- wauda. After leaving the depot, and passing Buffalo Terrace, Ferry- Street, Black River, and North Buffalo we reach — TONAWANDA, Tonavvanda, Erie County, New York, 11 miles from llutlalo. Tliis place is at the confluence of the Niagara River and Touawanda Creek, and lies partly in Niagara County. The Canandaigua & Niagara Falls branch of the Central Railroad terminates here, as does also the branch extending to Lockport. The village contains several churches, a number of manufacturing establisliments, also an iron foundry and machine works, saw-mills, shingle-mills, a planing- mill, and a population exceeding 3,000. It has a good harbor, and store-room for 350,000 bushels. Much lumber received from Canada is sa,wed and reshipped. Beyond NORTH TONAWANDA, and GRATURCK, on the same line, is — LA SALLiE, Niagara, Niagara County, New York, 5 miles above Niagara Falls. At this port was built, two centuries ago, the first ves- sel that ever navigated the waters of Lake Erie ; she was sixty tons bui-den. Salvos were fired at its launch, and a Te Deum was sung. Niagara Falls and Suspension Bridge are described on page 110. LEWISTON, Lewiston, Niagara County, New Y^ork. 7 miles from Niagara Falls, at the north base of the mountain range through which, according to Lyell, the Niagara has cut its way during the past thirty- five thousand years. This village is at the head of the luivigation of Lake Ontario. It contains four churches and about 1,200 inhabitants. The R., W. & 0. R. R. connects here with the New Y''ork Central & Hudson River Railroad. During the summer steamboats ply daily between Lewiston and ports on Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence Rivei', reaching Montreal in twenty-seven hours. It is a place of active trade. Besides the county buildings, it contains an academy and numerous stores. In 1813 the tavern at Lewiston was conducted by Mr. and Mrs. Hastier, the former of whom is said to have been '"Ser- geant Hollister," and his wife the "Betty Flannagan" of Cooper's 115 NEW YORK CENTRAL RAILROAD. "Spy." River View, two iiiilos from I,ewiston, is at the summit, where a fine view of the Niagara River and the Canadian shore may be obtained. Opposite may be seen the splendid monument erected to the memory of the gallant General Brock, who was killed at Queens- ton in the war of 1812. A fine suspension bridge, 60 feet in height, and having a span of 1,045 feet, was built from Lewiston to (jueens- lon in 1850, but this was subsequently capsized during a heavy gale and has been replaced. The Tuscarora Reservation is three miles east of this place, and still gives inhabitation and sustenance to several hundreds of the tribe. The Tuscai'oras were driven by hostile tribes from their home in North Carolina in 1712 and migrated to New York, where they Joined tlie Iroquois confederation, afterward known as the Six Nations. 116 ROME. \VATERTOW]sr & OGDENSBURG RAILROAD. THE HOMK. WATERTOWN & OGDENSBURG RAILROAD is tlie cliief connectine^ railway between Western and Central New York and Northern New York and Canada. Beginning at its western ter- minus, Niagara Falls, it runs northwesterly to Suspension Bridge and Lewist-on, and thence easterly along the southern shore of Lake Ontario to Charlotte, Windsor Beach, Oswego, Richland, Watertown. The Thousand Islands. (Jgdensl)urg, and IVJassena Springs, opening up a rich and beautiful country along the shore of Lake Ontario and northern New York. With its various branches it touches many important cities and towns, including Niagara Falls, Rocliester, Oswego, Syracuse, Rome, Utica, Watertown, Ogdensburg. and many other large towns, and forms an important line connecting Niagara Falls and the West with Northern New York, Montreal, the Adirondacks, and the Green and White Mountain regions, and Canada. At Suspension Bridge, railroad connections are made with the Michi- gan Central and Grand Trunk Railways for Canada, Detroit, Chicago, and the West, and with the New York Central Railroad for Buffalo and points west via Lake Shore & Michigan Southern R. R. ; also with the New York, Lake Erie & Western R. R. At Lewiston, N. Y., it connects with steamers on Lake Ontario for Toronto and other points on the Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River, and with the New York Central R. R. From Charlotte, N, Y., a branch of the R. W. & 0. R. R. runs to Rochester, where it connects with the New York Central and the Rocliester & Pittsburgh railroads, and New York, Lake Erie & Western for points south. Steamers run to points on Lake Ontario. At Sterling Junction it connects with the Southern Central Division of the Lehigli Valley Railway for Auburn, Elmira, Mauch Chunk, New York, and Philadelphia; at Wallington with the Sodus Bay and South- ern Division of the Pennsylvania Railroad for Clifton Springs, Penn Yan, Watkins, Elmira, and points south. At Oswego it connects with its Phcenix Ijine, running to Syracuse via Fulton and Phcenix, and also with the Delaware, Lackawanna & West ern Railroad, leading to Syracuse, Binghamton, Scranton, and New York City, and with the Ontario & Western Railroad, leading southeast through New York State to New York City. From Richland Junction a branch runs through Pulaski to Central 117 EOME. AVATERTOWN & OGDENSBURG RAILROAD, Square, where it connects with the New York, (Ontario & Western R. R., and to Syracuse, connecting with the New York Central, the New York, West Shore & Buffalo, the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western, and the Syracuse & Ontario Railways for points east, west, and south. Another branch leads from Richland Junction to Rome, N. Y., where it connects with the New York Central & Hudson River R. R. It runs north, through the fertile regions of Oneida, Jefferson, and St. Lawrence counties, to Watertown, Cape Vincent, Ogdensburg, and Norwood, and forms the direct line with the New York Central & Hudson River R. R., from New York and Albany to Thousand Islands, St. Lawrence River, and Lake Ontario. From Watertown, N. Y., bi-anches diverge to Sackett's Harbor and Cape Vincent on Lake Ontario, and to Carthage, Harrisville, and the Oswegatchie fishing grounds near the North Woods. At ("ape Vincent a fine steamer connects with the railroad for Thou- sand Islands and Alexandria Bay, whence steamers run down the St. Lawrence River to Montreal and Quebec. The northern connections of the Rome, Watertown & Ogdensburg Railroad are at Ogdensburg and Norwood, on the Ogdensburg & Lake Champlaiu Railway, with which it connects for northern New York, Adirondacks, Lake Champlain, Montreal, Quebec, St. Albans, Burling- ton, and other towns in Vermont, White Mountains, Boston, Portland, and other points in New England, and at Massena Springs, whei-e it connects with the Grand Trunk Railway for Montreal and Quebec. At Ogdensburg it connects by steamer with Prescott, Canada, where connection is made with the Grand Trunk Railway, the St. Lawrence and Ottawa Division of the Canadian Pacific Railway for Ottawa City, the capital of the Dominion of Canada, and with steamers for the route of the St. Lawrence through Lachine Rapids to Montreal, Quebec, and the provinces eastward. It will thus be seen that the Rome, Watertown & Ogdensburg is a very imiwrtant line of railway. It i-uns through the fertile and pro- ductive portions of the Empire State, and is the great route to the most famous and interesting resorts of the United States. The railway is equipped with elegant palace and sleeping coaches and fine passenger cars, and has an excellent train service. Competent management, and courteous attention from employees, and thorough equipment have made the road popular and brought it to the front rank of railways. 118 r ROMK, WATERTOWN & OGDENSBURG RAILROAD. ROME, WATERTOWN & OGDENSBURG RAILROAD. PA(iKS NiA(iARA Falls to Massexa Springs 1 15-130 Lewistox Junction to Lewiston 131 Rochester. Windsor Beach, and Ontario Beach 132 Syracuse to Pulaski 126, 127 RUHLAND TO RoME 137 Watertown Junction to Cape Vincent 129-131 De Kalb Junction to Ogdensburg 134 Syracuse to Oswego 125 Utica (to Clayton 109 miles) to Ogdensburg 138-152 Carthage, Watertown, and Sackett's Harbor 131-133 Clayton to Theresa Junction 144 ^ CONNECTIONS. All Home, Watertown & Ogdensburg Railroad trains run solid to and from New York Central & Hudson River Railroad Station at Niagara Falls via Suspension Bridge Station. At. NIAGARA FALLS, with N. Y. C. & H. R. R. R. ; West Shore R. R. : Michigan Central R. R. ; N. Y., L. E. & W. R. R. At SUSPENSION BRIDOE, with N. Y. C. & H. R. R. R. ; Michigan Central R. R. : Grand Trunk R'y (6t. Western Div.); N. Y., L. E. & W. R. R. ; West Shore R. R. At WINDSOR BEACH, with Rochester Line, R., W. & 0. R. R. At ROCHESTER, with N. Y. C. & H. R. R. R. ; West Shore R. R. ; B., R. & P. R. R. ; N. Y., L. E. & W. R. R. ; W., N. Y. & P. R. R. At WALLINGTON, with Penn. R. R. (Sodus Bay & So. Div.). At STERLING, with Lehigh Valley R. R. (So. Cent. Div.). At OSWEGO, with N. Y., 0. & W. R'y; D., L. & W. R. R., also PHCENIX LINE; R., W. & 0. R. R. to Syracuse. At CENTRAL SQUARE, with N. Y., 0. & W. R'y. At SYRACUSE, with N. Y. C. & H. R. R. R. ; West Shore R. R. : D., L. & W. R. R. ; S., 0. & N. Y. R'y. At ROME, with N. Y. C. & II. R. R. R., and N. Y., O. & W. R'y. 119 EOME, WATERTOW]S & OGDENSBURG RAILROAD. At CAPE VINCENT, with St. Lawrence River Steamboat Co. tor Kingston, connecting at Kingston with Grand Trunk R'y and M Kingston & Pembroke R'y ; also with steamer to Alexandria Bay i ^ and Thousand Island resorts. i, At UTICA, with N. Y. C. & H. R. R. R. ; West Shore R. R. ; I)., L. '' & W. R. R. ; N. Y., 0. & W. R'y. At SACKETT'S HARBOR, during summer season only, with steamer for Henderson Harbor. At CLAYTON, with palace steamer "St. Lawrence "for Alexandria Bay, Thousand Island Park, Round Island Park, Westminster Park, etc. ; also with steamboat for Gananoque, connecting at Gananoque with Thousand Islands R'y for Grand Trunk R'y Junction without transfer. At CLAYTON, with Richelieu & Ontario Navigation Co.'s Royal Mail Line Steamers for Montreal, Quebec, and River Saguenay, passing all of the Thousand Islands and Rapids of River St. Lawrence by daylight. Trains run to steamboat dock at Clayton. Connec- tion is also made with this line at Alexandria Bay, Brockville, and Prescott. At MORRISTOWN, witli ferry for Brockville. At BROCKVILLE, with Grand Trunk R'y ; also Canadian Pacilic R'y for Toronto, Montreal, Ottawa, and points on the Upper Ottawa River. At OGDENSBURG, with Central Vermont R. R. (0. & L. C. Div.); also with ferry to Prescott. At PRESCOTT, with Grand Trunk R'y ; also with Canadian Pacilic R'y for Ottawa. At NORWOOD, with Central Vermont R. R. (0. & L. C. Div.) and connections for Paul Smith's, and Adirondack Mountain resorts ; Fabyan's, and all White Mountain resorts; Portland, Bar Har- boi-, and the sea-coast resorts of Maine, St. Andrew's, N. B., and all Eastern resorts. At MASSENA SPRINGS, with Massena Springs & Ft. Covington R'y. 120 yk3 ,3ivion '■: I M 'j an alls the ,,;x CXirig nouu^.BI oJ iiolJuniil uoJ 1',- f},Q OOU-JflUl. IlltJlfrfoiH u)< -I/ l;;>"^ "■ U - ■- -■- •A'jqn'J\lU>' 'uu vUara <.r.u.;[^- utica, from Syracuse, from Rochester, from Niagara h\h and from Suspension Bridge to Clayt at which point immediate connection is made with Palace Steamer ■'St. Lawrence," for all Thousand Island^esorts from ;on, ^ r BEC f"<"« Jo. 1 V' \ _|^^ ■ jfArthabaska /Danville ^|j, Johns/ rt ^\jf^ .LenoxvlUe ,^J^^X\\K r^ i '^ K O-o^'V^^^^^^a^-- , «''t»^"t>'§%7^ '^^Wl"""'' -/^Si*.^^ Roxbm-y Vljeieeater ^ ''•"y' If'! o V ^""''^ "ii^^^ ^' ''1 \Civ«^^"^""»"<' ''^•l^oS? «,(»TERTOWN 4 i|foQDCN8B.>Xt|w«"'urg >^ Metuclae'/ H A H R i^nrtO^ ^L iiiii- York! >\ Plirkloiueu^ .Ic. , Coates vlN^Cheste^ ■Wllmliigfi ill \/ I ■I Vestt'leV, BTlvoll-yv+i— ..Sf.'ilS ,l„.iik)| Eif'^w '/I IpoubW fe " ART FORD, Ikeepsle Ihlnlsipt BTarfj f ;S^ WATERTOWN & OGDENSBURG ' ^ RAILROAD AND CONNECTIONS. H-u-l V.'Rl £■6 Koib Junction to Oedensbumr - liioo DISTANCE IPR.OA(r— -, „ ... „ . Rochester* WInrlffor B*«ch N '^"5^J*''f*^_M*^89ena Springs -300.80 [ Syracuse to Oswejro ewiston Junction to Lew '- - sIm UicartoClaytoiTlWMUesj'to'Og- "■"-sbu - (to Richland Junction , uc^uouu™ k-hn'mf tlf*lff" ^"^^ - - - - «.2.2 I Cartha«e ,to Watertown 18 UUm) Vt'atertown Junction to Cape Vln- Total Miles, <^M EXCURSION TICKHTS at reduced rates will be on sale at all stations DRAWING KOOM (JARS ON DAY TRAINS. ^m. -^.^ ..^^ SLEEPING (JARS ON NIGHT TRAINS. At_3ajfJ[IW^_gHT^ HOME, WATERTOWN AND OGDENSBUUG RAILROAD. NIAGARA PALLS LINE. With Niagara Falls — described on page 110, as a starting-point on the line, the first station eastward is Suspension Bridge — described on page ll;J. All through trains of the Konie, Watertown & Ogdensburg Railroad, both east-bound and west-bound, allow ample time for passengers to view the Falls. The NIAGARA RIVER, through which the waters of all the great lakes, except Ontario, and all their tributaries — the whole draining an area of at least 150,000 square miles — flow on their way to the sea, falls 836 feet in its course of 36 miles. The descent from Lake Erie to the Palls of Niagara, a distance of 22 miles, is 15 feet. At the verge of the cataract, GOAT ISLAND, formerly called Iris Island, parts tlie channel into two courses, the larger of which, with an average width of 2,000 feet, plunges down 165 feet at the HORSESHOE FALL. The other, known as the AMERICAN FALL, is 800 feet wide, with a plunge of 159 feet. It is estimated that 100,000,000 tons of water pass over the falls every hour. The channel of the river turns abruptly about three miles below the Falls. The famous WHIRLPOOL is formed here, the surging waters being enclosed by cliffs 350 feet high. The depth of the channel at this point is about 400 feet. After passing Suspension Bridge we are treated to a delightful pano- rama picture of wild and picturesque scenery. The summit of the mountain is reached at RIVER VIEW station, whence is obtained an unobstructed prospect of the river and the Canadian shore. LEWISTON is seven miles below the Falls. On the Canadian side, directly opposite, is Queenston. After leaving Ijewiston, the road skirts Lake Ontario, passing through what is considered to be one of the finest farming sections of the State. Passing the stations and villages of Hay- 121 li ROME, AVATERTOWN & OGDENSBURG RAILROAD. wards, Ransomville and Wilson, we reach, after a thirty-five minutes' run, the station and hamlet of — NEWFANE, where stages are waiting to convey intending visitors to Olcott, a favorite boating and fishing resort on Lake Ontario. Between Newfane and the next station of interest are Hess Road, Somerset, County Line, Lyndonville, and Carlyon. WATERPORT, forty-five minutes from Newfane, is a pleasant little village, largely engaged in flouring, and the manufacture of plows and other agricultural implements. Thence, along the same route, we pass Carlton, East Carlton, Kendall, East Kendall, flamlin. East Hamlin, Parma, and Greece, whence, twelve minutes later, we reach — CHARLOTTE, Monroe County, New York, 82 miles from Suspen- sion Bridge, and about 7 miles north of Rochester. In the vicinity are several watering-places, including Windsor Beach and Ontario Beach, both popular and pleasant summer resorts. Charlotte is the port of Rochester on Lake Ontario. ROCHESTER LINE. For purposes of easy reference, the branches of the Rome, Watertown & Ogdensburg Railroad will be described as nearly as possible in the order in which they occur, commencing from the western terminus of the Niagara Falls line, and running eastward from Niagara Falls to Massena Springs. The first of these is termed the Rochester Line, seven miles in length, running southward from Windsor Beach, on the Niagara Falls line, to State Street Station, Rochester city. The intermediate stations are Rifle Range and Brinker Place, Rochester. Tourists and others traveling by this line from Rochester can con- tinue, after reaching Windsor Beach Station, in a westerly direction to Suspension Bridge and Niagara Falls, or in an easterly direction, to Oswego, Watertown, Cape Vincent, Philadelphia, Clayton, Morris- town, Ogdensburg, Norwood, and Massena Springs. The R., W. & 0. R. R. service of trains on this route is regular and frequent. Running eastward from Windsor Beach are the stations — SEA BREEZE, a well-known and attractive summer resort, near Irondequoit Bay, Pierce's, Webster, Union Hill, Lakeside, Ontario, and Sodus. 122 IRONDEQUOIT BAY, LABJi QNTABIO. ROME, AVATERTOWN * OrxDENSBrRa RAILROAD. At Wallington, 32 miles east of Charlotte, and 113 miles from Buf- falo, the Sodus Bay & Southern Division of the Pennsylvania Railroad connects for Sodus Point, a noted summer resort on the lake, and about three miles distant. Sodus Point is delightfully situated on Lake Ontario and the west shore of Sodus Bay. The fishing is excel- lent, there being abundance of bass and pickerel. The boating privi- leges are also satisfactory. On the east shore of Sodus Bay is awell-knovFn summer home, "The Bluffs," accessible from Alton station, two miles past Wallington. Five miles beyond this last-named station is — ROSE, from which Lake Bluff is reached by carriage from Port Glasco, and steamer to destination. Ten roinutes" journey from Rose brings us to — WOLCOTT, a stopping-station for those bent on piscatorial pur- suits. There is excellent pike, pickerel, and black-bass fishing in Port Bay throughout the year. The next station is Red Creek, and five miles to the eastward is — STERLING, where the Southern Central Division of the Lehigh Valley Railroad connects for Fair Haven on Lake Ontario, and Auburn, Sayre, Maucli Chunk, and all points in the Lehigh Valley region. Following Sterling on the route eastward are Sterling Valley, Hanni- bal, Wheeler's, and Furniss. Then, after a run of five miles from Furniss, we come to — OSWEGO, Oswego County, New York, population 25,000, 151 miles from Suspension Bridge. Hotels — Doolittle House and Lake Shore Hotel. The charming city of Oswego is upon the shore of Lake Ontario, and almost heading the famous Thousand Islands of the lovely St. Law- rence River. It has the natural advantages of both lake and river. The pure air, excellent drainage, and other natural advantages con- tribute to make Oswego the third healthiest city in the United States. The city is built on ground sloping to the Oswego River on either side. The streets are 100 feet wide, and laid out in right angles, making blocks 200 by 400 feet, and affording frequent opportunity for public parks, of which there are two large ones and several of lesser size. The streets in the residence part of the city are really magnificent 123 ROME, WATERTOWN & OGDENSBURG RAILROAD. avenues, bordered by grand old trees, and presenting a delightful vista of shade, with a glimpse of both lake and river. jVlong the lake shore west for three miles is a wide and cultivated road for carriage and bridle, with all of nature's grandeur of beach and bluff. The Oswego Yacht Club has a fleet of yachts, sailboats and steam yachts, which, with the excellent sailing and fishing which Lake Ontario affords, contributes to the fascinating pleasure of the summer sportsman. The Oswego Canoe Club has a fleet of canoes. The city, has 10 grain elevators, 17 churches, 3 daily and 3 weekly newspapers, an opera house, a public library of 30,000 volumes, and imj)ortant manufacturing interests. The foreign commerce aggregates $8,000,000 annually. The principal buildings are the United States Custom House and Post Office, built of Cleveland limestone, and the City Hall, a very ornate building of Onondaga limestone. The old and historic fortification. Fort Ontario, stands on the right bank of the river, in the middle of a high plateau commanding the town, the harbor, and its approaches. The principal hotels are the Lake Shore House (capacity 150), and the Doolittle House (capacity 350). The former is ably managed by Mr. James G. Bennett, and is the property of the Rome, Watertown & Ogdensburg Railroad Company. The station and general offices of that company occupy a part of the hotel block. Tourists will find this house very pleasaTit and convenient to railroads. The Doolittle House is first-class in all respects. Under this hou.se is located the famous "Deep Rock" mineral spring, celebrated for the health-giving properties of its waters. Oswego is the diverging point of the Phoenix Line of the Rome, Watertown & Ogdensburg R. R., which forms a direct line from Oswego to Syracuse ; of the New York, Ontario & Western Railway, and the Oswego and Syracuse Division of the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad, leading to Syracuse, Binghamton, Scranton, and New York. Beyond Central Square the New York, Ontario & Western Railway continues southward, skirting the eastern shore of Oneida Lake, passing North Bay and Fish Creek — popular summer resorts — and finally terminating at New York. The Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad affords a direct route from Oswego to Binghamton, Scranton, and New York. 124 ROME, WATERTOWN & OGDENSBURG RAILROAD. PHCENIX LINE. The branch of the Rome, Watertown & Ogdensburg Railroad, which runs from Oswego southward, 37 miles to Syracuse, is called the Phoenix Line. The intermediate stations are Bridge Street in Oswego City and — FULTON, Oswego County, New York, a thriving town of about 5,000 itihabitants, situated on the east side of the Oswego River. On the west side of tlie Oswego Hiver is Oswego Palls. Botli these towns are largely engaged in manufacturing industries, and the combined popu- lation of the two towns is about 7,000. Traius stop at Cayuga Street and at Oswego Falls in Fulton. PHCENIX, Oswego County, New Yoi'k, the next station southward, is a pretty village, containing about 3,000 inhabitants, and is located on the boundary line between Oswego and Onondaga counties. The Oswego Canal passes through the place. THREE RIVER POINT, the next station, is in the midst of attractive natm-al scenery ; the confluence of the Oneida, Seneca, and Oswego rivers presenting a view at once striking and beautiful. WOODARD, Onondaga County, New York, is the junction point of the Phcenix line with the Syracuse Division of the Rome, Watertown & Ogdensburg Railroad. Three miles south of Woodard Junction is Liverpool, described on page 126, and seven miles south of Woodard is the city of Syracuse, see page 88. Resuming the journey on the main line of the Rome, Watertown and Ogdensburg Railroad, eastward from Oswego, we pass through the agricultural town of — SCRIBA, Oswego County, New York, and then arrive at — NEW HAVEN, Oswego County, New York, a pretty village of five hundred inhabitants, eleven miles east of Oswego, and one and a half miles south of Lake Ontario. There are fine opportunities for black-bass fishing in the lake off New Haven. MEXICO, Oswego County. New York, is a beautiful village of about 500 people. Mexico Point and Port Ontario on Lake Ontario are about four miles from Mexico station. They are much frequented as I'esorts. 125 ROME. WATERTOWX * OGDENSBFRG RAILROAD. and offer, among other attractions, excellent bass fishinij. These; points may also be reached by private conveyance from — SAND Hlljli, Oswego County, New York, the first station east of Mexico, and five miles from it. PULASKI, Richland, Oswego County, New York, 105 miles from Ogdensburg, a flourishing village of 2,000 inhabitants on Salmon River, a half-shire town of Oswego County. It has several churches, an academy, court house, newspaper offices, banks, and several manu- factories. RICHLAND JUNCTION, Oswego County, New York, 29 miles east of Oswego, is at the junction of the main line of the Rome, Watertown & Ogdensburg Railroad, with two of its important branches — one running from the south and west from Syracuse, and one from the south and east from Rome. It is the converging point of the R. , W. & 0. system. These two branches form a V, with its apex at Richland. Richland Junction is 100 miles from Ogdensburg, 42 miles from Rome, 180 miles from Suspension Bridge, 41 miles from Syracu.se, and 29 miles from Oswego. In describing the Syracuse branch we begin at Syracuse (see page 88), and follow the line northeastward to Richland. The first town, north and four miles from Syracuse, is — LIVERPOOL, Salina, Onondaga County, New York, 37 miles from Richland. This is a flourishing village of 2,000 inhabitants, on the east bank of Onondaga Lake. It contains extensive salt works and other industries, a union school, and several churches. It was first settled in 1795 by John Danforth and his three sons, from Worcester. Mass. Three miles north of Liverpool is — WOODARD, Onondaga County, New York, at the junction of the Syracuse Di\asion with the Phoenix Line to Oswego. CLAY, Clay, Onondaga County, New York, 31 miles from Richland. A hamlet iipon Seneca River, with about 300 people. A very fertile counti-j' surrounds this village. BREWERTON, Cicero, Onondaga County, New York, 27 miles from Richland. A flourishing village of 500 inhabitants, on the out- let of Oneida Lake. Fort Brewerton, one of the line of English forts between Oswego and Mohawk Valley, was situated on the south shore 12G UOMF.. WATEKTOWX i^- OODEXRBrRG RAILROAD. of Oneida Oiitlel, opposite the present village of Brewerton. French- man's Island and South Bay are places of resort for pleasure-seekers. CENTRAL SQUARE, Hastings, Oswego County, New York, 24 miles from Uichland. An important village of 500 people in the south part of the town of Hastings, where the R., W. & O. 11. R. crosses the X. Y., Ontario & Western. HASTINGS, Oswego County, New York, is 18 miles from Richland .Junction, and has a village population of about 300 people. PARISH. Oswego County, New York, is a flourishing village of about 500 inhabitants. It is 15 miles southwest from Richland. Between Parish and Richland Junction the railroad passes through the small villages of Holmesville, Union Square, 11 miles from Richland, and the large town of Pulaski, described on page 126. Starting from Rome (see page 83) on the New York Central Railroad, the eastern branch of the V of the Rome, Watertown & Ogdensburg Railroad extends in a northwesterly direction through the village of Tabei-g, 7 miles from Rome, thence to— McCONNELLSVIIjLE, Oneida County, New York, 13 miles Tiorthwest of Rome, a small village, largely engaged in the manufac- turing of chairs. It also does a large corn-packing business. CAMDEN, Oneida County, New York, is a flourishing village, widely known for its chair factories and corn-packing establishments. WIIiLIAMSTOWN, Oswego County, New York. Eight miles from this place is Redfield Square, where there is excellent trouting and good boarding accommodations. KASOAG, Oswego County, New York, is a small station. ALBION, Oswego County, New York, is a small \-illage. Only six miles from it are Salmon River Falls, which are 110 feet high, and well worth seeing. Passengers from Rome and intermediate stations on this section, and from Syracuse and intermediate stations on the opposite side of the V, can, on arriving at Richland Junction, continue on to Watertown, Cape Vincent, Philadelphia, De Kalb Junction, Ogdensburg, Norwood, or Masseua Springs. 127 ROME, "WATERTOWN * OftDENSBURG RAILROAD. Ten minutes from the time we leave Richland Jiiiiction we pass Sandy Creek. Five miles beyond is Mannsville, and two miles farther on is Pierrepont Manor. Then, after a rapid journey of six miles, we arrive at — ADAMS, Jefferson County, New York, 82 miles from Ogdensburg, an incorporated village of 1,500 inhabitants, on North Sandy Creek, containing several churches, two banks, a seminary, printing-offices, and several manufactories. From here stages run daily to Henderson Harbor, a resort on Lake Ontario noted for fine fishing and its hand- some cottages, where many wealthy people spend their summers. From Adams the railroad runs north through Adams Center, Rice's, and — WATERTOWN, Jefferson County, New York, 68 miles from Ogdens- burg. Hotels — Woodruff, Kirby, Globe, Crowner, Harris, and City. An im[)ortant city of 1 3,000 inhabitants, beautifully situated on Black River. Its railroad connections are with the several branches of the Rome, Watertown & Ogdensburg Railroad. The Cape Vincent Branch of the latter unites here with the main line. The city is in the midst of a very rich agricultural community, and has derived much of its wealth from the extensive dairying business carried on in Jefferson County. The city was incorporated in May, 1809, and is noted for the enterprise, wealth, and culture of its inhabitants. The county seat of Jefferson County is in tliis city, and the County Court House on Arsenal Street is a fine brick and stone building, containing the offices of the clerk and other county officers. It is handsomely laid out, and contains many elegant and costly residences and two good hotels. The city has ten banks, three newspaper offices, two or three insur- ance companies, and a variety of manufactures, embracing sewing- machines, paper, flour, pearl barley, portable engines, tools, machines, pumps, carriages, harnesses, tinware, etc. The Black River, with its falls here, furnishes abundant water-power, which is largely utilized. The city has 13 or 15 churches, an academy, and a Young Men's Christian Association, which maintains a reading-room and literary entertainment. Black River is crossed in the city by 3 carriage and 2 railroad bridges. One of the carriage bridges is a beautiful wire suspen- sion bridge, with iron girders, which, with the falls of the river, pre- sents an interesting and picturesque view to the traveler visiting the 128 BKIOGIO AND b'AM-S AT WATKULOWN, N. Y. ROME, WATERTOWN & OGI)BN"SBURG RAILROAD. city. The city is supplied with water from Black River through a reser- voir 200 feet above the level of the town, which also supplies a beauti- ful fountain in the public square. The city is underlaid by the Black River limestone, and on both sides of the river there are extensive caves whieli may be explored at will. Numerous fossils peculiar to this lime- stone formation are found here, and this whole region is very interesting to the scientist, who would enjoy exploring its cavernous rocks and select- ing fossilites, and to the tourist who appreciates the wonders of nature as seen in its marvelous geological formations. The Cape Vincent Division of the R.., W. & 0. R. R. runs from Watertown Junction westward through the hamlets of Brownville (500 R., W. AND O. R. R. STATION. HOTEL AND DOCK. CAPE VINCENT. population), Limerick, Chaumont, Three-mile Bay (500 population), Rosiere, carrying the tourist in 45 minutes to — CAPE VINCENT, Jefferson County, New York, 30 miles from Watertown. Population, 1,500. Hotels — St. Lawrence, Rathbun, and Cape Vincent. Here the magnificent chain of great fresh-water lakes, Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario, which stretch 139 SURG RAILROAD, Muir iT.M . and ) tlie ve or lered dsof reiice M-cial rtant Ijake ence, cool, idred I'S to .yage , tho 3 the , w. icent ail of iiany afcly odies '. pro- -..^ieu Can the °e »1 will terf lertt, the 'i from .Marys- _^^e wet^t I which |ie head 3 many city voir ful Kiv( whi( stou toti iiig as St T Wai ROME, WATERTOWN & OGDENSBFRO RAILROAD. I i '^i-ei, h K. • >«0,. , V/ * -^ t ^■ R }^GANillVOauE THE TOURieX'S IDEAL ROUTE. ROME, WATERTOWN & OGDENSBURG RAILROAD. XIIK ONLV ALL-HAIL HUUTK TO TUK XIIOUMAND litLANDN. Tilt tJKKAT IIIUinVAV ANU FAXKlTK KOIITK FOR KA!«HIONAIILK I'LKASl'KK THAVKI,. rl..?""'' ''.'1""" *'"' "'"B""" Sl,u|,ii,|f Cm Icuv,. Niiijjia Fall, .lully 8.1(1 p. ill. lor Tlii.u.iili.l [Hlaiul.. li«kl)i(l ImiiioiliMi, ranneotlon. nt u.'JIon, wiUioul IrainliT, mlh i.i.wcrlul »U.«iiii.n. of 8ili«li,Mi * Ontari.. Nnvicaliou Co. for AU'smidriu Itaf . Muutruiil, Quolioo aua th. Sp'i thfi?°15' ''*"'"* "" "■" Tli""»»'"l l«liui.l» uiij (iniiine all the KapiJ« of the River St. Lawrence by Saj-light, Uw ino«t attraolive P.ll.\'l'p'onuS''"""f"'''^°'"™'' Eipross loaves NiaAa I'all».Iaily, ejcopt Saturday, at S.lOn. m., with UlnnighSleepiug Oars Nlanari rami w ruiMuuu, UiaklD^ (Milinnntiikti.: al N.'..r.. I t-..-1_. nu C.n..«-. ..• u..i.. r..- 1j„..1 0...:>V' I i .tl-^„.\a„i, ^„-.. .1 ^. .^ ItaUUadt ^^ ol.l orchiml, Kon„„i,ump„„ „" .'i .„„ ,,„„, , ^, „^^. i Springs if, at 8. 10 p. n Paul Smili'B ith iiiiine(liat«ionDeotion« for liar Harbor^ pi« at all priiioipal rosortH in tin White MonntniiiH 'NX>STONB ^^' \« ^^ l^ t E S L Y 2) \gJHOUSAND ISLAND -^^OIIO«ClobHoua»" ^A PROSPECT PARK 7^ iTbou-afa ..land.. , „i„' i^si^-; i^'S'e'trrirt.s ™ti%Tsr.jr„r'^!^,a':rie"!tr.'?i«rd ririi:^;,::^"^- WESTMINSTEnS;.';*;' '-"JjT -.• ^ in ■■'^*^ .«o«»i»4 1.- vj^ pabkX* LEXANDBIA BAY CENTRAL PARK. w %^^ o Nlmes of Points indicated by F,i,u 1. OirUnn l.lud ^ K LOCAL DISTANCES. i, nr-r - I CniwVlllowitta AlPiiindrUBtT ' Proajiect I'Mk.... IS I •' " ■■ ki«,«w. ^■ .'apoVliWGnltoC&rltiin tfUnd ■' " " Proaiiect I'ark Mr. Chu. < 1. N. Hoh Ffcderltl I Occ t, J.J. Kinney, Dr. Jom, Ooo. Jones, WllllAm Coooer, and oUivn, ^in- Nuw York. 13. Bella VietA Lodge 7. J. Bosworth, NcwiwrV R T- " " . -. . . A. B. f l»fli. Chiwo. ,.U. II. Wwnor, ItochMiM.STl J A.B.riilln»ii,lMeit<^i': SHERMAN FALLS. TRENTOU FALLS, N, T. HOME, AVATERTOWN & OOxDENSBURG RAILROAD. REMSEN, Remsen, Oneida County, N. Y., 21 miles fromUtica. A village of about 700 inhabitants, first settled in 1794. In 1808 several WeL^h immigrants settled in this place, who were soon followed by- more natives of Wales, and the town of Remsen contains more Welsh- men and descendants born in America than any other town in N. Y. State. The Welsh number more than one half of the inhabitants of the town, and of 13 churches 10 hold services in the Welsh language. EAST STEUBEN, Steuben, Oneida Co., N. Y., 25 miles from Utica. A flag station in east part of town of Steuben. The town- ship of Steuben is sparsely settled, and was named in honor of Baron Steuben, to whom the State of New York, in 1786, gave 16,000 acres of land known as Steuben's Patent. ALDER CREEK, Boonville, Oneida County, New York, 28,^^ miles from Utica. A station for the village of Alder Creek, one mile east. This village is quite a favorite point of departure for tourists to the Adirondack region. BOONVILLE, Boonville, Oneida County, New York, 34^ miles from Utica. Hotel — Hurlbert House. This town was named from Gerritt Boon, agent of the Holland Land Co. It is an important vil- lage of 1,600 inhabitants, in the northwest part of the township of same name, and contains several churches, banks, a printing-oflSce, and several manufactories. It is on the summit level of the Black River Canal, and contains most of the navigable feeder which supplies this summit. This village is one of the great starting-points of visitors to the Adirondack region, and large numbers of tourists fit out every summer from Boonville for the tour through the North Woods. The Hurlbert House is the favorite hotel, and parties can arrange in advance for accommodations and guides, by addressing the proprietor, who will furnish particulars to tourists and visitors on application. LEYDEN, Leyden, Lewis County, New York, o8{ miles from IJtiea. A flag station in town of same name. PORT LEYDEN, Leyden, Lewis County, New York, 41^ miles from Utica. Port Leyden is the chief village of the town, having about 1,000 inhabitants. The village lies partly in the town of Greig. Iron ore is found near the village, but attempts to manufacture it into pigs have thus far been unsuccessful on account of the sulphur in the ore. 141 ROME, WATERTOWN & 0(;DEN.SHURa RAILROAD. LYONS FALLS, West Turin, Lewis County, New York, 44], miles Ironi Utica. Lyons Falls is a small village near which are the High ii'alls of the Black River, which {)lunge over a gneiss rock 63 feet in height, and form a wild, pictui-esquc scene, much visited by lovers of the romantic and wcii'd phases of nature. The township of West Turin rises from the intervale along the Black Kiver, by successive terraces, to the hills on the west about 1,000 feet above the valley of the river. Dairying is the principal occujiation of the farmers, and there are several cheese factories in the township. GLEjNDALE, Martinsburgli, Lewis t'ounty. New York, 51 miles from LTtica. A small village on the railroad, containing two hotels and a few houses. Another small village of the same name is about thi'ce fourths of a mile distant. MARTINSBURGH, Martinsburgh, Lewis County, New York, 544 miles from Utica. Quite an important village of 500 inhabitants, with an academy, several churches, a printing-office, with several stores and mills. Named from General Walter Martin. The town is largely engaged in daii-ying. Whetstone Gulf, near the south border of the town, is a deep ravine, 3 miles long, which has scenery of great beauty. Chimney Point, 2 mdes west of Martinsburgh, is another ravine, worn by Roaring Brook into the Utica slate underlying the town, from 200 to 250 feet deep. The Chimney is a pyramidal mass of slate, left by the wearing action of the two streams that here unite, one falling in a beautiful cascade. Above this point the stream is bordered by pre- cipitous walls, and the ravine is finally obstructed by a cascade pre- venting further ascent. These localities are well worthy of a visit by the toiirist who loves to see the marvelous works of nature. LOWVILLE, Lowville, Lewis County, New York, 58^ miles from Utica. Hotel — Kellogg House. This is one of the prettiest villages in northern New York, and has a population of about 3,500. It abounds in well-shaded streets, handsome residences, fine drives, and excellent hotels. It is the county seat of Lewis County, and is the seat of Low- ville Academy, an institution of high educational standing, which has been long established, and maintains a separate male and female department. Lowville is the principal village of Lewis County, and contains 2 banks, 2 newspaper offices, several churches, two or three large hotels, and a number of manufactories of various kinds, embrae- 142 ROME, WATERTOWX & OGDENSBURO RAILROAD. ing scythe, snath, sash and blind factories, a foundry and other varie- ties The leading hotel is the Kellogg House, which is one of the largest in northern New York. It is built of brick and is furnished in good style, and its table is excellent. An omnibus runs to and from the railroad station to meet trains, and a first-class livery is connected with the house. The Kellogg House is a proper headquarters for parties visiting the celebrated North Woods, or Adirondack Region. Guides and all the appurtenances required can be obtained in Lowville. About Lowville are many beautiful drives. The wonderful curiosities of Whetstone Gulf and Chimney Point, alluded to in descriptions of Martiusburgh, are only a few miles from this village. Hough's History describes the former as follows : " The chasm, extending about three nules, is bordered by precipitous banks 200 to 300 feet in height. The stream is quite irregular in its course, present- ing sharp angles and sudden turns, which afford at every step new points of interest, and a constant succession of magnificent views. The walls approach nearer as we ascend the stream, until they may be reached by the outstretched arms, and the torrent is compressed into a deep, narrow chasm, which forbids further progress without difficulty and danger." Chimney Point has acquired the name from a vast triangular pyra- mid of slate rock formed by the junction of two gulfs. To the left of this, as seen from the banks above, a stream of moderate size falls in a beautiful cascade about 60 feet high, breaking into a sheet of foam upon the rough bed down which it glides. The finest views are presented from the banks, but such as prefer to descend will find them- selves amply rewarded by the pleasing variety of scenery which the locality presents. CASTOR LAND, Denmark, Lewis County, New York, 68^ miles from Utica, is a village in the east corner of the township of Denmark, opposite the Black River bridge, below the junction of Beaver and Black rivers. DEER RIVER, Denmark, Lewis County, New York, 70 miles from Utica. A village of about 40 houses, on the river of same name. Copenhagen, a village of about 700 inhabitants, lies about 3 miles west of the station. Dairying is the chief business of the town. This brings us to CARTHAGE, described on page 133. 143 ROME, AVATERTOWX A OnDEXSBl'Rf; RAILROAD STERLINGVILLE, Philadclpliiu. Jefferson County, N(!W York, 83^ miles fmm Ulieii. PHILADELPHIA, Philadeli.hia, Jefferson County, New York, 86.! miles from Utica. This village of about 500 inhabitants is at the junction of the Eastern Division with the main line of the Rome, Watertown & Ogdensburg R. R., running to De Kalb Junction, Ogdensburg, and Norwood, on the Ogdenslnirg & Lake Champlain Division of the Central Vermont R. R. Passengers for Gouverneur, Canton, I'otsdam, Norwood, and Massena Springs should change to main line here, althougli parties going to Massena Springs may con- tinue on to Ogdensburg and take the steamer there for Massena. Pass- ing Shurtlitfs, a flag station, we reach — THERESA JUNCTION, Theresa, Jefferson County, New York, 92t miles from Utica, the junction of the Clayton Branch with the Morristown Division, which runs to Morristown and Ogdensburg. From Theresa Junction to Clayton is 16 miles. The Clayton Branch runs west through Stroughs, Orleans Corners, a small village, to — LAFARGEVILLE, Orleans, Jefferson County, New York, 101 miles from Utica, containing an academy and several houses. CLAYTON, Clayton, Jefferson County, New York, 108 miles from Utica. Hotels— Hubbard House, Walton House, and New Windsor Hotel. This village, with a population of 1,700, is on the southeast bank of the St. Lawrence River, at the mouth of French's Creek, by which name it was formerly called. Clayton contains four churches, an academy, a number of stores, and is an important river and ship- ping town. The R., W. & O. R. R. connects here, without transfer, for Alexandria Bay and other points. The St. Lawrence Steamboat Express carries a solid train, making direct and immediate connections with the principal resorts and summer homes in the entire Thousand Island region. The Royal Mail Line of steamers for Montreal and Niagara Falls touch at this point also. Clayton is the base of supplies for the cottage people all along the river. It is quite accessible to most of the popular resorts in the Thousand Island region. 144 Thousand Islands, River St Lawrence. THE NEW WINDSOR, GL.-A.-^'TOisr, 3sr. ■^. n~'HIS Hotel has been newly re-built and furnished tliroughout ; is located centrally, with magnificent river frontage, within fifty feet of the St. Lawrence, affording beautiful views of the River and Islands from its verandas. Is guarded against fire, and is supplied with hot and cold water. Tourists and pleasure seekers will find this a first-class Hotel. Delightful scenery, pure air, good boats, fishing-tackle, and experienced oarsmen always in attendance FI^H PACKED AND SHIPPED FOR PARTIES WHEN DESIRED. W. p. HAWES, Manager. Fhousand Islands, River St. Lawrence. ISAAK WALTON HOUSE. The Largest and Kinest House at Clayton, N. Y. Has fine view of the St. Lawrence, and is the oldest fishing resort on the river. Good boats, fishing-tackle, and experienced oarsmen always in readiness. Steam yachts provided when desired. For terms and circulars, address S. D. JOHNSTON, Proprietor, CLAYTON, N. Y. THOUSAND ISLANDS, RIVER ST. LAWRENCE. HUBBARD HOUSE, CLAYTON, N. Y. Lovers of Delightful Scenery, Pure Atr, and Excellent Fishing Will find every facility afforded them at this House. GOOD BOATS, FISHING TACKLE, AND EXPERIENCED OARSMEN Will always be in attendance, AND FISH PACKED AND SHIPPED FOR PARTIES WHEN DESIRED, The Table is supplied daily with fresh VEGETABLES and MILK from the Hubbard House Farm. J. T. HUBBARD, - - Proprietor. ROME, WATKIITOWN & OGDENSBURG RAILROAD. THE THOUSAND ISLANDS. The region covered by the name " The Thousand Islands " is a portion of the St. Lawrence River extending some 30 miles from Cape Vincent, N. Y., to Alexandria Bay. The noble St. Lawrence is here studded with islands of various shapes and sizes, giving rise to the name of the "Thousand Islands," and forming one of the most beautiful and juc- turesque portions of American scenery. The broad St. Lawrence, expanded here to the width of a large lake, studded with these thou- sands of rocky, wooded islands with their myriad rocks, inlets, and ]U"ouiontories, and washed by the beautiful, clear, marine-colored waters of this mighty river, presents to the appreciative lover of nature one of the most charming and fascinating resorts that the world affords. It is doubtful if, among all the places of popular summer resort in this country, any one of them has within the late few years sprung into such favorite prominence as has the River St. Lawrence, along that section embracing the Thousand Islands. In the old Indian days this beautiful extent of the river went by the name of Manatoana, or Garden of the Great Spirit ; and indeed, when the islands were covered with thick forests, and the wild deer swam from isle to isle, and each little lily-padded bay, nestling in among the hills and bluffs of the islands, teemed with waterfowl that were never disturbed by the report of a gun, it seemed appropriate that the Indian, in his half-poetic mood, should dedicate this beautiful region to his Supreme Deity. It was emphatically a wilderness garden ; and to-day, although Alexandria Bay exhibits many phases of active life, the Thousand Islands are not in the least tinctured with the common appearance of ordinary watering-places. There are hundreds, thou- sands of places, rugged, wild, and solitary, among which a boat can glide, while its occupant lies gloriously at ease ; little bays, almost laud- locked, amid the resinous odors of hemlock and pine, where Nature charms with resistless fascination, and solitude holds its captive spell- bound. Such scenes as these may be found in that beautiful, placid Lake of the Isle, lying amid the piney hills of Wellesley's Island, reflecting their rugged crests in its glassy surface. Soon after leaving Cape Viiicent, the steamer touches at CARXJE!- 145 ROME, WATERTOWX X OGDEXSIU-RG RAILROAD. TON ISLAND, t(!Ti miles down the river, and several miles from Alexandria Bay, where several pretty club houses and cottages, owned by residents of Rome, Utica, and Ithaca, are seen. Bluff Island, in the Canadian channel, rises abruptly 80 feet above a depth of 100 feet of water at its feet, and affords a magnificent view of the islands of both channels of the river. The reader should note the huge stone chimneys which stand out boldly against the sky, upon the bluff at this place. They mark the site of old Fort Frontenac, built here, during the Revolutionary war, by British engineers, and which is still well preserved, as it must be for centuries to come, its trenches being cut in the solid rock. The scenery from this point to the neighborhood of Clayton, where a stop is made, is very attractive ; several handsome cottages are seen upon Prospect Park, a short distance below, and immediately opposite are the notable summer homes of ex-Lieut. -Governor Alvord and Mr. Chas. G. Emery of New York. The latter is an expensive place. " ROUND ISLAND PARK occupies the entire island from which it takes its name. ROUND ISLAND is situated in the American channel of the river St. Lawrence, one and a half miles below Clay- ton, and one-fourth of a mile from the south shore of the river. The island is about one mile long and 1.400 feet wide, and takes its name from its shape, which is nearly oval. It is undoubtedly the gem of the Thousand Islands, and with its elegantly appointed first- class hotel, now in its ninth season and greatly enlarged, the many beautiful cottages along the shore, splendid drives, beautiful grounds, luxuriant foliage, substantial docks, and peerless water front, there is no doubt that it will verify the confident prediction of the originators of the enterprise, and be the favorite resort among the Thousand Islands. " The great charm of Round Island Park is its freedom from repres- sive conventionalities. Guests at the hotel and cottages vie in the general effort to promote the enjoyment of all. Flannels are in order at all times, and yet there is an abundant opportunity for the display of costumes at the hops, which occur almost nightly at the hotel, an excellent orchestra being maintained throughout the season." PROSPECT PARK. Prospect Park is a projecting point of main- land, one mile above Clayton, formerly known as Bartlett's Point. Its 146 ROME, WATERTOWN & OGDENSBURG RAILROAD. peculiar configuration gives it advantages which are not possessed by any other park on the St. Lawrence River. " Projecting into the water, it commands an unbroken view, in either direction, of the river and its scenery. It rises as a bluff in one place to the height of 85 feet, and at another spot attains an altitude of 100 feet above the water. The view from this bluflf on a clear day is enchant- ing in its loveliness. To the westward, Lake Ontario, 17 miles distant, and Carleton Island, may be seen in pale outline ; looking down the river, Alexandria Bay and the miniature world of parks, hotels, and island homes are witliin the range of vision ; to the north the spires of Gananoque, and farther west those of Kingston, stand in sharp relief against the cloudless sky. " Turning from all this, a glance southward captivates the beholder with the beauty of the landscape, gentle slopes, wooded hills and fruit- ful fields indicating thrift and intelligent husbandry, spread out before liim. The glow of sunset is the finishing touch which Nature gives to this delightful picture. Tlie visitor at the Park will soon make this elevated spot his favorite haunt." THOUSAND ISLAND PARK, 3 miles below Round Island, is an extensive tract at the head of Wellesley's Island, which forms tlie contracted American channel leading to Alexandria Bay. Several hundred summer homes are ranged along the water front and hidden amid the dense groves, which afford shade and seclusion. The Thou- sand Island Park Hotel, which occupies a commanding site, is one of the largest on the river. A system of educational and religious meet- ings, somewhat similar to that in vogue at Chautauqua, serves to attract a large number of visitors to this place, an extensive tabernacle having been built for the purpose. A picturesque lighthouse marks tlie American channel, which continues for 7 miles to Alexandria Bay. WELLESLEY'S ISLAND is one of the more prominent islands, and extends from a point five miles below Clayton to a point a little below Alexandria Bay, and is nine miles long, with an average width of one and one-half miles. On the lower part, directly opposite and half a mile from the village of Alexandria Bay, is located Westminster Park, comprising 500 acres of land, and now in the hands of an asso- ciation which is rapidly improving it and disposing of lots. Prom the summits of this island, which are reached by easy slopes either in car- 147 ROME, WATERTOWN * OGDENSBURfi RAILROAD. nages or on foot, tlie whole group of the Thousand Islands, extending along the river for a distance of twenty miles, is brought into full view. MARY ISLAND is about 1,600 feet in length, oval-shaped, and of about the same elevation as the adjacent portion of Wellesley's Island. A narrow passage, \ised by the fishing-boats, separates it from the east- ern extremity of Wellesley's Island. A short rustic bridge connects the two islands. BONNIE! CASTLE is a charming island, formerly the country seat of the late J. G. Holland. Before reaching Alexandria Bay, Central Park, a popular resort on the American shore, is seen. LOCAL DISTANCES. FROM CAPE VINCENT. To Carlton Island 3 mile.- " ProBpect Park 13 " " Clayton 14 " " Round Island 16 " " Thousand Island Park 18 " " Fisher's Landing 20 '" " Alexandria Bay 26 " " Kingston 10 " " Gananoque L5 " FROM ALEXANDRIA BAT. To Westminster Park 1 mile. '■ Rochfort Smiles. " Central Park 2 '■ " Carlton Island 24 " " Prospect Park 1.3 " " Thousand Island Park 8 " " Fisher's Landing 6 " " Ogdt-nsburg 32 " " Montreal 140 " ALEXANDRIA BAY, Jefferson County, New York. Hotels- Thousand Island House, Crossman's. Alexandria Bay is on the south- east shore of the St. Lawrence River, 30 miles from Cape Vincent, 12 miles from Clayton, and 32 miles from Ogdensburg. It has been re- garded as the leading tourist point among the islands, having been noted as a resort for anglers for many years. Here, as at other points along the river already referred to, excellent boats, manned by professional fishermen, will enable visitors to enjoy the exciting sport of trolling for the large fish in which these waters abound. At Alexandria Bay, the large passenger steamers of the Richelieu and Ontario Navigation Com- pany stop and take on board the tourists destined for the voyage of twelve hours down the rapids of the St. Lawrence River to Montreal and beyond. Passengers going to the White Mountains via Rouse's Point, over the 0. & L. C. R. R., also take these boats as far as Ogdens- burg. The Thousand Island House commands many of the grandest views 148 mm .,ifflii:ii,;ii¥i,i]il!iiiiniin!ii,M m liiwBr^n^:.i™.i'N, ',iMiiiii;i.i iH'iTi iirjinnfliTMiiiiiiiuiiiii. M'.m '""*"■"'""" " '^ I r .1 m % ROME. WATERTOWN * OGDENSRUKG RAILROAD. of the river in both directions. The hotel will accommodate abont ."300 guests. Those who stop here will find the rest, comfort, and attention which they seek in going from city to country, and every facility will be afforded them for seeing and enjoying the rare scenery and varied amusements of the river and islands. Families and parties can be ac- commodated with desirable suites of rooms at reasonable prices, with private dining-rooms if desired. Invalids can have fire in their rooms when wanted, and whatever else the hotel can provide in the way of special comforts and attention. There are numerous country seats and cottages scattered upon the various islands of this famous region, and presenting an indescribable charm to one of the loveliest of Nature's pictures. Of this favored locality an able writer has said : ' ' The air is light, dry, and mellow, and is adapted to the constitution of almost every one, producing a kind of peace-withall-the- world feeling, and endow- ing one with a new and wondrous activity. Fogs rarely occur here, and you can remain day and night out of doors without peril to health. Neither is the night atmosphere damp and heavy, as it is near the sea- shore and at many of the inland resorts ; it is generally with tardy steps that one withdraws indoors at meal-time or for the night. Many a time have we, after retiring to our bed, opened the blinds and windows of our room so as to obtain one more view of Nature in her evening dress, before closing our eyes for the night. Our room commanded a pro- longed view of the river. A delicate breeze would be rippling the waters, which, through the mingled light of moon and stars, looked like countless spangles of silver. The islands across the channel threw their black shadows upon the scene, from out the darkness of which peered here and there the light of some islander, who, like ourselves, was loath to go to bed. Then a strain of music would be heard coming from some happy craft, far enough away to prevent all discord, and permit only the harmony to reach our ears. And then, with such soothing strains filling our souls, with all serene without, Nature's sweet restorer. Sleep, would steal away our senses." The Rome, Watertown & Ogdensburg R. R., after reaching Clayton, makes direct and immediate connection for Alexandria Bay and other points, without transfer, at steamboat dock. Passengers by the Rome, Watertown & Ogdensburg R. R. leave New York at Grand Central Depot on the 6 p. m. train of the New York Central & Hudson River 149 UWIilTHGOW. XMDUSAND ISLANDS ROME, WATERTOWN & OOtDENSBURG RAILROAD. R. R. on through Wagner sleeping-car, and arrive at Clayton at 5.45 A. M. next day, and Alexandria Bay at 6.55 A. m. Ogdensburg is the terminus of the R., W, & 0. R. R., connecting with the Lake Champlain Division of the Central Vermont R. R., for Vermont and the East. One of the Canadian mail line of steamers leaves Toronto at 10 o'clock every morning, except Sunday, for Montreal, stopping at Kingston, Clayton, Alexandria Bay, BrockvUle, Prescott, and ports beyond. These boats leave Alexandria Bay at 8 a. m. and arrive at Montreal at 6 P. M. By the same line, travelers and tourists may take a sleeping-car at night from New York Central depot, breakfast at Watertown, continue by rail to Cape Vincent, then run, without transfer, to Alexandria Bay for dinner. Trains leaving the Grand Central station, New York, in the morning, reach Thousand Islands late in the evening. From Theresa Junction the route to Morristown and Ogdensburg is through — THERESA VILLAGE, Theresa, Jefferson County, New York, 94f miles from Utica. A village of about 1,000 inhabitants, near High Falls of the Indian River, where the river falls in rapids about 85 feet within one fourth of a mile. REDWOOD, Alexandria, Jefferson County, New York, 101 miles from Utica. Hotel — American. This village contains about 800 inhabitants, and is six miles from Alexandria Bay, to which stages run on arrival of the passenger trains on this railroad. The scenery around Redwood is picturesque, and abounds in numerous lakes, which afford excellent fishing for pike, pickerel, lake trout, and various kinds of bass. The " American " is an excellent hotel. ROSSIE, Rossie, St. Lawrence County, New York, 108i miles from Utica. A small village of 200 inliabitants, at the head of naviga- tion on the Indian River. The township is rich in minerals, such as graphite, heavy spar, calcite, zircon, phlogopite, celestine, spirelle, carbonate of iron, arsenical pyrites, etc. HAMMOND, Hammond, St. Lawrence County, New York, 112A miles from Utica. This village is in the midst of a fertile agricultural region. 150 GLIMPSES OV NOBBY ISLAND, TUOUSAND ISLANDS. ROME^ WATERTOWN & OGDENSBURG RAILROAD. 1 BRIER HILL, Morristown, St. Lawrence County, New York, 118 miles from Utica. Quite an important business center in the town of Morristown, a little west of the central part of the town. MORRISTOWN, Morristown, St. Lawrence County, New York, 123i miles from Utica. Morristown is an important village on the east bank of the St. Lawrence River. It contains about 500 inhabitants, and is opposite Brockvillo, Canada, with which it is connected by steam- ers, and at which point connection is made with the St. Lawrence River steamers, the Canadian Pacific Railroad, and the Grand Trunk Railroad for Ottawa and various parts of Canada. Steamers also run i from Morristown to Ogdensburg, Alexandria Bay, the Thousand Islands, and other points on the St. Lawrence River. Morristown Park, one mile from Morristown, is a delightful resort on the river shore, with an elegant hotel called the Terrace House. Trains stop directly in front of this hotel. The Rome, Watertown & Ogdensburg Railroad extends from Morristown along the east bank of the St. Lawrence River to Ogdensburg, where connection is made witli the Ogdensburg & Lake Champlain Division of the Central Vermont R. R., and by steam ferry with Prescott, Canada, the Montreal and Quebec steamers, and the Grand Trunk Railway. OGDENSBURG, Oswegatchie, St. Lawrence County, New York: population, 13,000; 406 miles from Boston, 285 miles from Niagara Falls. Hotels — Seymour House, Windsor House. The city of Ogdensburg is on the St. Lawrence River, at the termini of the Ogdensburg & Lake Chamj)lain and the Rome, Watertown & Ogdens- burg Railways. It is on a hillside and plateau just at the mouth of the Oswegatchie River, which drives the machinery of several factories, large dams having been built for the purpose. Ogdensburg is a United States port of entry and delivery, and has a custom-house and post- office built of Ohio sandstone, at a cost of about $250,000. Among the several churches may be mentioned the First Presbyterian, a handsome structure of stone. Along the east bank of the Oswegatchie are fine private residences, many of which are surrounded by handsome gardens and ornamental grounds. The city is supplied with water on the Holly System by a corporate company. The main street is lined with hand- some stores. There are three banks, three daily newspapers, and sev- eral manufactories. 151 ROME, WATERTOU'N" & OfiDENSBURG RAILROAD, Prom the wharf of the passenger station may be seen, on the oppo- site side of the St. Lawrence, the stone windmill where the last scene of the Mackenzie Rebellion of 1838 was enacted. There a little band of brave though mistaken " patriots " held out for nearly a week against several times their number of royal troops and militia. Ogdensburg was one of the points selected for a base of operations dur- ing the Fenian invasion of Canada in 186G. At Ogdensburg connections are made with Ogdensburg & Lake Champlain Railroad; also with ferry for Prescott. At Prescott, with Grand Ti'unk Railway; also with Canadian Pacific Railway for Ottawa. 152 ST, LAWRENCE HALL MONTREAL. HENRY HOQAN, - - - Proprietor. For the past thirty years this HOTEL famiharly known as the "ST. LAWRENCE ' ' has been a household word to all Travelers on the Conti • nent of North America, and has l)een patronized by all the ROYAL and NOBLE Personages who have visited the City of Montreal. This HOTEL, including the entire block which is admirably situated, being in the very heart of the city and contiguous to the General Post Office, Public Buildings and other places of Interest and of Business, has recently been acquired by Mr. Henry Hogan, the former proprietor, who has handsomely and appropriately decorated and renovated the interior, and completely refitted the whole of the apartments with new furniture, comprising loo new rooms making the present number of apartments 250, A new and elegant Passenger Elevator has also been added, and the Halls and Public Rooms are lighted by the Electric and Incandescent Lights, iiiaking it the most attractively lighted Hotel' in the Dominion. The HOTEL is managed by Mr. Samuel Montgomery under the im- mediate personal supervision of Mr. Hogan, than whom no one is better qualified to conduct an hostelry of such magnitude as the ST. LAW- RENCE HALL, ar.d than wliom no one has gained a better reputation as an obliging, generous and considerate host. Hotel Coaches are in attendance on Arrival of all Trains and Steamers. All Baggage Checks shonld be gi^en to the Porters in Attendance. J. J. MiLLOY, TAILOR, 259 St. James Street, MONTREAL, CANADA. GENTLEMEN'S CLOTHING TO ORDER ON SHORT NOTICE. Ladies' Suits, Coats, Riding Habits? BXC, TEOM EXCLUSIVE STYLES AND PATTERNS, TO ORDER ON SHORT NOTICE TO Aeeommodate Transient Travel. THE YOST WRITING MACHINE. TYPE-EARS WITH ABSOLUTE AND PERMANENT ALIGNMENT. No Ribbon. Direct Printing. Unlimited Speed. Simple, Noiseless. Portable. MUIR, HAWLEY & MAYO CO., SALES AGENTS, 343 BROADWAY, NEW YORK. OPEN AIR SPORTS. The NEW YORK TRIBUNE has prepared an excellent volume on all tlie different open ah exercises and amusements in vogue in America, 500 large i)ages, 150 illustrations. Price, $1.00 per copy. Every one who goes into the country in the Summer would derive far more amusement from his stay among the hills, waters, and forests, from having one of these books for referen(!e, and the benefit is great to every one who rides horseback, sails, rows, ])iays tennis, shoots, or swims ; to say nothing of taking i)art in the multitude of other amusements described at length in the book. Many a gallant and successful yacht has been built fnnn lines laid down in this work. Many a man and woman have learned to ride horseback from its teachings. And readers of all ages and conditions have testified heartily to the great benefit this book has been to them. The topics are all treated by men who know what hey are talking about. There are chapters on Archery, Horsemanship, all kinds of Ball, Tennis, Fishing, Trapping, Yachting, Boating, Canoeing (with rules for building boats large and small), Swimming, Shooting, Bicycling, Photography, Winter Sports, etc., etc., etc. The distressing accidents of Summer can all be avoided by following the rules of this book. Price, ,fl.00 per copy. THE TRIBUNE. It is no trouble to change the address of the Tribune to readers in the country. Terms are : 1 year. 6 mos. ,3 mos. 1 mo. Daily, 7 days a week, $10 00 $5 GO $2 50 $1 00 Daily, without Sunday, 8 00 4 00 2 00 90 Sunday Tribune, 2 00 I 00 50 THE TRIBUNE, NEW YORK. BUSINESS I OR PLEASURE THE GREAT SCENIC ROUTE OF AMERICA. A continuous Panorama of magnificent scenery from the Seaboard to the Lakes. THE MAGNIFICENT PJJLLMAN SERVICE VIA TBE ERIE RAILROAD AND ITS CONNECTIONS IS UNSURPASSED BY ANY ROUTE TO AND FROM THE WEST. THROUOH SERVIfE TO CLEVELAND, CHICAGO. CINCINNATI, AND ST. LOUIS. If on a business trip, take the ERIE. If on a pleasure trip, take the ERIE. Under any circumstances, take the ERIE, AND YOU WILL TRAVEL OVER A RAILROAD UNEQUALED IN FACILITIES FOR COMFORT AND SAFETY. i CHAUTAUQUA LAKE is on tlic M;iiii Lino of the ERIE RAILKOAD ^ ^S Express Trains l)eiween New York. Bc>s.ton, ^| and Cleveland, Chicaiio, C'inciiinut', .Si. Louis etc., land passenfrers at Jaiiie<«toivii and liHkcwood. Pullman Buffet service. No extra charge for fast time. L. P. FARMER, Gen. Pass. Agent. GEO. De HAVEN, Ass't Gen. Pass. Agent. HUDSON RIVER BY DAYLIGHT. -'^^■iis^^ DAY LINE STEAMERS, "NEW YORK" AND "ALBANY," Leave Brooklyn, by Annex, 8 A m.. New York, Vestry St., Pier 39, N. K. (adjoining Jersey City Ferry), 8.40 A. m., and foot 22d St., N. R., 9 A. M., landing at Yonkers, West Point, Newburfjh, Poughkeepsie, Kbinebeck, Catskiil, and Hudson. Returniuji:, leave Albany, 8.30 A. M., from foot of Haniiltou .St., arriving in New York at o.80 P.M. CHOICE OF TWO ROUTES 10 THK RESORTS OF THE CATSKILLS. CON NECTIONS : WEST POINT— With Stages for Cranston's and Wfst Point Hot^lK, and with down boat at '^..^O. NEWBURGH With down boat at -J.l.-). POUGHKEEPSIE— With down boat l.'M. RHINEBECK— With Ferry for lUmdont.and THster and Delaware R. R fi.r Catskiil Mountain Resorts, and Wallliill Valley R. R for Lake Mohuiik. CATSKILL With Catskiil Mountain R. R. HUDSON— With Bo>iton and Albany R. R.. for Chatham, Fittsfleld, North Adams, Lebanon Springs, etc. ALBANY— With through trains for Utica. Alexandria Bay, Geneva, Xiiisfara Falls. ItufTiilo, Watertowii. Thousand Islands and Western points. Special trains from the Steamers' Wharf to and from Saratoga. Through tickets sold to all points. DINING SALOON ON THE MAIN DECK. MeeiT York. I make great use of the various mineral waters in my practice, and I regard the " Excelsior " Spring Water of Sarato;.;a as the best saline and alkaline laxative of this class. Sparkling with Carbonic Acid Gas. it is to most persons very agreeable to the taste, and prompt in action as a gentle Diuretic and Cathartic. FOEDYCE BAKKER, M. D. From Alfred L. Looinis, M. D., of New York. During my whole professional life I have been accustomed to use freely the Water of Congress and Empire Springs. About six months since, accidentally, I was furnished with a few bottles of the " Excelsior " hpring Water, and found it so much more agreeable to the taste and pleasant in its effects than either Congress or Empire Water, that I have since used it myself, and recommend it to patients rriiu'd, either by their family physician or surj^eoii, or supervised by liini, with suitable surroundinf?s aiul applianoes at the seaside in summer or winter. For such purposes, rooms, nurses, and attendants will be furnished members of the I'cgulflr profession, or they may witb confidence send patients, suffering- from any receivable condition, with prescription for a course of treatment; directions will be followed, and results reported. We are careful to avoid all appearances of a hospital, while we secure every attention to our [)atients. I refer by special permission to I). Hayes Agnew, M.D., and AVm. Hunt, M.O., of the University of Pennsylvania; J. M. DaCosta. M.D., of .Jefferson Medical College, J. E. Garretson, M.D., of Medico Chinirg-ical College, Philadelphia; Rev. E. H. Stokes, D.D., Rev. A. E. Ballard, Kev. Jos. H. Thornley, of Ocean Grove; Uev. G. W. Miller, D.D., and Rev. Geo. Lansing Taylor, D.D., Brooklyn; Rev. C. P. Masden, D.D., New York City. Our Methods embrace — 1st, Rest :— In the midst of Pine Groves, three hundred yards from the sea. 2d, Exercise :— Calisthenics— Gymnastics- Riding— Driving'— Boating— Bathing— Massage and Electricity. 3d, Diet : — Selected when necessary ; unrestricted in ordinarj'. 4th, Inhalation : —Gases of all medical virtues. Atmosphere medicated and of varied densities. APPARATUS— 1st, Three Buildings :— Steam Heat— Gas— Artesian Water and Sewer Connections. 2d, Baths :— In every form and character- Douche— Sitz— Shower— Plunge— Pool— Russian— Turkish- Roman—Packs and Thermo-Electricity— Hot Sand— Hot Clay or Mud Bath— Sulphur, etc.— Medicated Water Baths— Pine Needle and Rheumatic. CASES RECEl V A BLE— 1st, Light Mental Troubles. 2d, Nervous Pros- tration. 3d, The Opium or Alcohol Habit. 4th, Nervous Troubles- Neuralgia, Paralyses, Rheumatisms, and Hyperajsthesios. 5th, Catarrhs of Throat and Head, (ith. Lung, Liver, and Kidney Troubles. 7th, Dyspepsias and Chronic Intestinal Disorders. 8th, Scrofulous and other Constitutional Diseases. 9th, Troubles resulting from Pneumonia, Scarlet and other Fevers. 10th. Malarias. SPECIAL WO U K— Gynecology :— The Surgery of the Institute -will be confined to Gynecological cases, except in emergencies. THE OPTICAL DEPARTMENT— Chronic Troubles foi- the Eye, Fitting and Supplying Glasses, and Treating such Acute Conditions as are liable to ;u-ise at the Sea Shore. Acute or Contagious Diseases "Will Not be Received, except Childicn's Troubles, at our option. Rates :— For Board, ST.OO to S15.00 per week. For Board, Massage, and Full Baths, S20.00 to $30.00 per week. Medical Examination, upon request, with advice as to condition and Bath, $.5.00. Medical Care and Treatment, not including Surgical Operations, $5.00 to $15.00 per week. Special charge for operations or special cases. D. M. BARR, M.D., Proprietor, Member of the Pcnnsvlviiuia State :Me(li(al Society. Philadeljduft County MciiiiMi Soiictv, l'inlad<'lphi;i Obstitrical Soeiety, Consulting Physician to Philadelphia Methodist Orphanage, Surgeon to Post 77, G-. A. B., Philadelphia. IF I CAN ONLY AFFORD TO TAKE ONE WEEKLY PAPER THIS IS WHAT I WANT: I WANT To keep abreast of the current of Religious tliought and of the progress I WANT Of all the great reform movements. All the latest Home News, All the latest Foreign News, AH the Latest Political News. I WANT News of the doings of the Republican party. News of the doings of the Democratic part . I WANT The best Market Reports, The most reliable quotations of Farm Products, Live Stock Markets, Financial and Commercial. I WANT Sensible and seasonable Editorials On Political, Social, and Moral Questions. I WANT The Cream of the Best Editorials In the New York and other daily and weekly papers To let me know what they think of matters. I WANT Good, Reliable Farm and Garden Articles Written by Practical Men. I WANT To know something of the Home Life of The American people, and of their Life, thoughts, and experiences. I ^VANT Pleasant moral stories for the Young People, Then the children will look for the paper As they do for a friend. I WANT Stories of Interest for us Elders, For we, too, like our hours of leisIPSON. THE STORY OF liOUISIANA. The Story of Louisiana, by Maurice Thompson, is a history made romantic, and infor- mation made entertaining. A strong but picturesque presentation of one of the most dramatic of American commonwealths. $1.50. LUSKA. MY UNCLE FI.ORIWONJ). My Uncle Florimond, by Sidney Luska (Henry Harland), though written for young people, has been even more thoroughly enjoyed by the thousands of older readers who know the fascinating work of the author of "As It Was Written," and "Orandison Mather," A capital character study. $1.00. MOODEY. ALAN THORNE. Alan. Thome, by Martha Livingston Moodey, tells a simple story in a straightforward way. and should be read by the mass of readers who have been fascinated by the brilliancy of "Robert Elsmere." It shows "the other side" in a way to enlist sympathy and awaken thought. $1.25. HEATON. THE STORY OF VERMONT. The Story of Vermont, by John L. Heaton, is a practical but picturesque presentment of the history of that most sturdy American commonwealth — the noble Green Mountain State. The first history of the State in forty years. gl.50. LOTHROP'S SUMMER SERIES FOR 1889. PAPER COVERS. Some of the Best Things in Recent Fiction at 3Sc each. TILTING AT WINDAII LliS. Connelly. A story of Northern endeavor in Southern fields. An interstate romance. THE OOCTOR OF DEANE. Palmer. A tender and captivating love story of good women at cross purposes. A MODERN JACOB. Stiinit. One of the best of recent stories of New England village life. THE RUSTY LINCHPIN anil LUBOFF -. , , , ARCHIPOVNA. Kokhanovsky. Two c.tquisite idyls of Russian rur.il lilc. Send for a catalogue ; 2000 live American books, representing every department of literature, THE LOTHROP MAGAZINES. WIDE AWAKE. The best Magazine for Young People and the Family. Over 80 pages of choicest reading matter ami fine art every month. The best writersand artists contribute to make it a success. Serials by Charles R. Talbot and Margaret Sidney now running. Only SvJ.40 a year. BABYLAND. The one Magazine in the world for babies. Dainty stories, beautiful pictures, tender and amusing poems. Only 50 cents a year. OUR LITTLE MEN AND WOMEN. The little folks' own Magazine, which they can read for tliemselves. Little stories, games, pieces to speak, full-page pictures, large print. Otily $1.U0 a year. THE PANSY. Edited by " Pansy " — Mrs. G. R. Alden. Devoted to young people from eight to fifteen. Adapted to both Sunday and week-day reading. Full of " Pansy's ' m.agnetic spirit. Only $1.00 a year. Specimens of the four Magazines, 15 cents; any one, 5 cents, D. LOTHROP COMPANY, Boston, (Opiiosite Bronifieid Street.) 364 and 366 Washington Street. WILLARD'S HOTEL _ 1 ,i;iir)5l 111 \l '"^ . .=-. J. .a lia ns 1 itii im ».^S i ! fhi n c <:-ff AA^ASHINGTON, D. C. This old-established and chosen rendezvous and favorite abiding- place of the most famous men and women of America has, under the present management, been thoroughly renovated at an expense of over $100,000, and is now pronounced as the model Hotel in regard to luxurious apartments, cuisine, service and system for heat- ing and ventilation. The "Willard" is located within a stone's-throw of the Execu- tive Mansion, Treasury, War, Navy and State Departments, the De- partment of Justice, Corcoran Art Gallery, and other numerous points of interest, and can justly be called the most convenient Hotel for tourists and other travelers in Washington City. 0. G. STAPLES, Proprietor. Formerly of the Thousand Island House Also HOTEL, POMENAH, Milfoid Springs, W. H. Post Oflice and Telegraph address, Amlierst Station, N. H., B. & L. R. K., 48 Miles from Boston. Open from July to November. *jaqai0^oj^ o) X^np uiojj uado *uo)so{f iiiojjp sailK Si- '•« 'K *1 5? "a "H 'N '"onwjs »sJ3i|"iv 'ssejpp^ iidv.iS9i»x ptiw »9yio »soJ "H 'Jfl 'sSiiiJdg PJOJIIK 'H"VJfi:iIttOa HtaXOH o»lV HOTKL. POMl-lIVAH— Miiroi-d Springs, N. II. Post OHlce and Tele, giaptl address, Amherst Station, N. H., B. & L.. U. K. 48 Miles front Boston. Open July lo November, oj if z IS m p » r* 3 o EH ^»« aj3 n m« - >|o ==5H -"> rJ?a >5_ •jaqui0A.o;^ o| Xinf inoaj iiado 'iio^soa mojj sanifl 8^ ''H: "H 'TP "a ''H "N '«oi»«is rjsjexiiuv 'ssajpp« ndwaS -»1»X 1»"« o-»WO »soj -H *N 's2««!Jds pJojlHil— HVAiaittOtI laJiOH THE CONGREOATIONALIST. [Established 75 Years.] The Oldest Religious Netvspaper in the World. The National Denominational Organ. TERMS: $3.00 IN ADVANCE. The CoNGREGATiONALiST is a family religious journal (weekly) wliicb, in all its various departments, aims to Iteep fully abreast of the times. It makes a specialty of the prayer meeting, giving a topic which is used by multitudes of churches, and commenting on the same each week. If has a staff of seven editors in the home office, besides an editor in New York and in Chicago, and a list of contrib utors which includes many eminent men and women in all depart- ments of Christian thought and activity. The following classification will give some idea of the great variety of matter furnished by The Congregationalist. The endeavor is made to meet the tastes of each member of the family, young and old, so far as possible. News from the Churches. Literary Review. The Home. Our Young People. Editorials. Diary of Events. Poetry. Notes from Abroad. Education. The Sunday School. The Prayer-Meeting. Sketches. Farm and Garden. Missions. Selections. Secular News. Commercial. Public Opinion. New York Letter. Chicago Letter. Washington Letter. All these departments are edited with great care, it being our constant aim to furnish only the choicest reading on every page. For chtb rates, premiums, trial subscriptions, icrite to W. L. GREENE 8z: CO., Publishers, 1 Somerset Street, Boston. The Successful Remedy for Nasal CATARRH HAY-FEVER. Must be nou irritating, easy of application, and one that will, by its own action, reach all the remote sores and ulcerated surfaces. The efforts to treat catarrh during the ])ast few years demonstrate that only one remedy has met these conditions, and that is Ely's Cream Balm. This safe and pleasant remedy has mastered catarrh as nothing else has ever done, and ))oth physicians and patients freely concede this fact. The more distressing symptoms quickly yield to it, and a multitude of persons who have for years borne all tlie worry and pain that catarrh can inflict, testify to radical and permanent cures wrought by it. Ely's Cream Balm is soothing, excites no dread, dissolves the hardened accumulations, lessens the extreme sensibility of the mem- brane to cold and all external irritants, and is followed by no reaction whatever. A cold in the head is an inflammation of the lining membrane of the nasal passages, which, when unchecked, is certain to produce a catarrhal condition — for catarrh is essentially a ' ' cold " which nature is no longer able to resolve or throw off. I suffered fnm catarrh 12 yeai-s. Tlie droppinf/s into my throat 2ve)'e nause- ating. My none bled almost daily. Since the first day's use of Ely's Cream Balm have had no bleeding, the sm'eness is en- tirely gone.— D. (r. Davidson, with '■ The Boston Budget."" For eight years I suffered from ca- taii'h. After using Ely's Cream Balm for six weeks I believe myself cured. It is a most agreeable remedy. — Joseph Stewart, 624 Grand Avenue, Brooklyn, N. r. / had catarrh very badly and could hardly breaih". Suffered over lenyears. I am using Ely's Cream Balm; it is working a cure, svrely. I have induced several friends to u^e it, and tvith happy results in every case.—E. W. Sperry, Hartford, Conn. I used Ely's Cream Balm and consider myself cured. I suffered 20 years from ca- tarrh and catar7/ial headache. This is the first remedy that a forded lasting relief. — Z>. T. Higginson, 145 Lake St., Cliicago. I suffered from severe cold in my head for rriontfis without relief, Ely's Cream Balm has worked like magic in its cure, after using it one xeeek. — 8. J. Harris, Wholesale Grocer, ilQ Front St., JV. Y. I was -s'o 9n'uch troubled ivith catarrh it seriously affected my voice. One bottle of Ely's Cream Balm did the uwk. My voice is t'vlly restored. — B. F. lAepsner, A.M., Pastor of the Olivet Baptist Church, Philadelphia. 1 have been a great .sufferer from dry catarrh for m,nny years. Ely's Cream Balm cchnpletely cured me. — it. J. Lally, 39 Woodward Avenue, Boston. Ely's Cream Balm is not a liquid, snuff, or powder. Applied into the nostrils it is quickly af)S(/rbed. It cleanses the head, allays inflammation , heals the .sores, restores the senses of taste and smell. Sold by druggists or sent on receipt of price. 50c ELY BROTHERS, 56 Warren St., New York. / rofuf CO 50c The Kodak Camera. Every person who visits any oltlic numerous sumnuT resorts should include the Kodak Camera in his or her outfit. The Kodak nuiy be used hy anybody. To takea])ictureone has l)ut to "|>ress the button." We do the developinu- and finishing if desired. The Kodak is but six and one-half inches long, and weighs less than two pounds. A liandsome rtisset leather carrying ease is a part of each outfit. Each Camera is loaded for 100 pictures, which are taken instantaneously. The Kodak will enable you to secure a couiplete illustrated record of the many interesting sights and occurrences of your journey or visit. |^= Buy no Camera but the Kodak. There are cheap and ■worthless imitations. Ask for the " Kodak " and get it. For sale by all dealers in photographic goods. Price, $35.00. SENT) TO US FOR A COPT OF THE KODAK PRIMER, COXTAIXIXG SAMPLE PHOTOGRAPH. THE EiSTMM DRY PLATE A MD FILM CO., R OCHESTER, H. Y. TOBACCO AND CIGARETTES ESPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR TOURISTS. Fine Smoking Mixtures— Three Kings, Turk- ish and Virginia, Perique and Virginia, Mellow Mixture, Salmagundi, Granulated. KIMBALL'S SATIN STRAIGHT CUT CIGARETTES Are exquisite In style. Are dainty, and carefully made. Are extremely mild and delicate. Are always uniform and up to standard. Are put up In satin and elegant boxes. Are unsurpassed for purity and excellence. Are specially adapted to people of refined taste. Are composed of only the finest Virginia and Turkish leaf (4 FIRST PRIZE MEDALS. WM. S. KIMBALL & CO., Peerless Tobacco Works. Rochester, N. Y. JANUARY 1st, 1889. 69th Semi-Annual Financial Statement OP THE Phcenix Insurance Co OF HARTFORD, CONN., At close of Business, December 31st, 1888. CASH CAPITAL, - - $2,000,000.00 ASSETS AyAILABLE FOR FIRE LOSSES, $5,061,247.17 AS FOLLOWS Cash on Hand, in Bank, and with Agpnis. United Slates and State Stocks and Bonds, Hartford Bank Stocks. Miscellaneous Bank Stockf, Corporation and Railroad Stocks and Bonds, County, City, and Water Bonds, Real Estate. .... Loans on Collateral, . Real Estate Loans, Accumulated Interest and Rents, TOTAL CASH ASSETS, LI.\BILITIES. Cash Capital. ...... Reserve for Outsta' ding Losses, Reserve for Re-Insurance, .... NET SURPLUS TOTAL ASSETS, $566,677 07 149,300 00 582,150 00 330,739 00 2,255,370 00 103,510 00 231,594 10 33,922 50 785,550 00 22.4.34 50 ^,061,247 17 $2,000,000 00 246,175 25 1,642.656 49 1,172,415 43 $5.061 ,'247 17 Total Losses Paid since Organisation of Company, $24,085,463.63 H. KELLOOG, President. D. W. C. SKILTON. Vice-President. J. H. MITCHELL. 2d Vice-President. GEO. H. BURDICK, Secretaky. CHAS. E. GALACAR, Ass't Secretary. H. M. MAGILL. (i- neral Agent Western Department. Cincinnati, Ohio. THEO. F. SPE.\R, Assistant General Agent Western Department, Cincinnati. Ohio. A. E. MAGILL, General Agent Pacific Department, San Francisco, Cal. NEW YORK OFFICE, 166 BROADWAY, J. R. McCAY, Manager. ^'IZ^rv-j LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 014 112 766 4