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2arwe/ 
 
 SHANAHAN'S 
 
 Guide to WfiSHiNGTON 
 
 AND ITS 
 
 EINVIROINS, 
 
 TOGETHER WITH 
 
 Concise Historical Sketches of Many Things 
 
 and Places of Interest to the Visitor 
 
 to the Nation's Capital. 
 
 WASHINGTON: ^> ^T$" 3 !T^"Z^ 
 
 WM. M. WRIGHT, PUBLISHER. 
 1894. 
 
Copyright 1894 
 
 BY 
 
 Wm. M. Wright and Daniel Shanahan. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 In presenting - this little book to the public, and to the 
 visitor in particular, it is with the assurance of a host 
 of friends and others that a field is open for just such a 
 work as is presented in the following- pages. Matters of 
 interest and information, not only to the stranger, but 
 to the oldest citizen as well, are treated in a clear and 
 concise way, enabling anyone to go to the place or obtain 
 the information sought in the quickest manner possible. 
 
 The design is to have this first edition appear in good 
 season for the coming Conclave of the Knights of Py- 
 thias this month, and in commenoration of this event 
 a historical sketch of that organization and notices of its 
 principal offices are given. 
 
 Besides the pertinent data relative to all the public 
 buildings and parks, attention is directed to the statues 
 of distinguished Americans scattered through the city, 
 and details are furnished about distances from Wash- 
 ington to other important points throughout the country. 
 
 Questions are constantly arising to the visitor to the 
 capital city respecting the foundation and nature of the 
 Government, and experience has shown that the Consti- 
 tution of the United States is not as well known as might 
 be thought, and that a knowledge of its contents is often 
 desired. For such visitors the Constitution is repro- 
 duced. 
 
 Washington, D. C, August, 1894. 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 Page. 
 The National Capital. . . 5 to 16 
 Capitol Building and 
 
 Park 17 
 
 Greenough Statue of 
 
 Washington 17 
 
 Statue of Marshall 17 
 
 Botanical Garden 18 
 
 Naval Monument 18 
 
 Judiciary Square 18 
 
 Smithsonian is 
 
 National Museum 18 
 
 Army Medical Museum is 
 
 Agriculture Departm'nt l'J 
 
 Bureau Engraving and 
 
 Printing 19 
 
 Monument and Grounds 19 
 
 President's Grounds 20 to 21 
 
 Treasury, State, War 
 and Navy Depart- 
 ments 21 
 
 Lafayette Park, Monu- 
 ment, Statue of Jack- 
 son 21 to 22 
 
 Statues of Washington, 
 Scott, Farragut, Du- 
 pont, McPherson 
 
 Rawlins 22 
 
 Thomas, Green, Gar- 
 field, Lincoln, ( Lin- 
 coln Park) 23 
 
 Corcoran Gallery 23 to 21 
 
 Interior Department 21 to 25 
 
 Patent Office 25 
 
 Rock Creek and Zoo 
 
 Park 25 to 26 
 
 Soldiers' Home 26 to 27 
 
 Page. 
 Government Printing 
 
 Office 27 
 
 Navy Yard 27 
 
 Insane Asylum, Con- 
 gressional Cemetery 27 
 Baltimore & Ohio R. R., 
 
 and Long Bridge ... 28 to 29 
 Burning of the Capitol 
 and other Public 
 Buildings, Popula- 
 tion of Washington. 2 ( J to 31 
 Review of Army, En- 
 campment G. A. R., 
 
 K. T. Conclave 31 to 33 
 
 Distances from Wash- 
 ington 31 to 35 
 
 Constitution of the 
 
 United States 36 to 64 
 
 Washington's Will 64 to 80 
 
 Mount Vernon 81 to 83 
 
 Arlington 83 to 86 
 
 Executive Department, 
 information and Du- 
 ties 86 to 10'J 
 
 Chesapeake, Cabin John, 
 Indestructibility of 
 
 Government 109 to 113 
 
 Library Building ill 
 
 City Post Office 116 to 119 
 
 Places of Amusements. 118 
 
 How to Get There 119 to 121 
 
 Knights of Pythias 122 to 133 
 
 Cuts 133 to 155 
 
 Advertisements 155 to 165 
 
 Churches, Colleges, and Hotels 
 will be found on back of map. 
 
The National Capital. 
 
 ^^*HE beautiful and progressive city of Wash- 
 \^ ington, on the banks of the Potomac, 184J 
 miles above the mouth of the Chesapeake 
 Bay, is the capital of the great American nation 
 and gives promise of being the greatest capital in 
 the world. 
 
 Soon after the Revolutionary War the question 
 of a permanent seat of government began to be 
 agitated. The Continental Congress had to bold 
 its sessions in eight different places, and the Con- 
 gress of the Confederation was driven from Phila- 
 delphia, after being located there five years, to 
 Princeton, N. J., because the proceedings were 
 interrupted by a mob of turbulent soldiers, who 
 were not promptly checked by the city authorities. 
 This event exercised undoubted influence in 
 causing the permanent seat of government to be 
 located in a territory over which Congress would 
 have exclusive jurisdiction. 
 
6 
 
 On the 23d of December, 1784, a resolution was 
 adopted by the Congress of the Confederation for 
 the appointment of commissioners to lay out a dis- 
 trict on the Delaware river near the Lower Falls 
 for a " Federal town, a Federal house for Congress 
 and for the executive officers thereof, and houses 
 for the President and for the Secretaries of Foreign 
 Affairs, War; the Marine and the Treasury. " It 
 was moved to substitute "Georgetown on the Po- 
 tomac'f as the site of the Federal town, but all the 
 States except Virginia voted against the motion. 
 
 The resolution was not carried into effect, and 
 the whole matter remained sleeping until May 10, 
 1787, when an effort was ma.de in Congress, then 
 sitting in New York, to take up a resolution for 
 the erection of government buildings at George- 
 town. This effort did not succeed, and nothing 
 further was done in the Congress of the Confedera- 
 tion towards establishing the permanent seat oi 
 government. 
 
 During the session in Philadelphia, in the sum- 
 mer of 1787, of the convention to revise the Fed- 
 eral system of government, it was proposed that 
 
the new Constitution of the United States should 
 provide' "against choosing for the seat of General 
 Government any city or place where a State govern- 
 ment might be fixed, because it was believed that 
 disputes would continually arise concerning juris- 
 diction." The matter was generally discussed and 
 when the draft of the Constitution was being con- 
 sidered a motion was made by James Monroe that 
 the following clause be added to the enumerated 
 powers of Congress : •" To exercise exclusive legis- 
 lative authority at the seat of the General Govern- 
 ment and over a district around the same not 
 
 exceeding square miles, the consent of the 
 
 State or States comprising the same being first ob- 
 tained." The motion was adopted and the proposed 
 clause went into the committee on style, and was 
 arranged in the form it now has in the Constitution : 
 " To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases what- 
 soever over such district (not exceeding ten miles 
 square) as may by cession of particular States, and 
 the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of gov- 
 ernment of the United States." 
 
 The first Congress of the United States under 
 
8 
 
 the Constitution assembled in New York on the 
 4th of March, 1789, but it was not ready for busi- 
 ness until the 4th of April of the same year. A 
 short time after the session begun many memorials 
 were received praying for the settlement of the 
 question of the permanent seat of government 
 The claims of New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, 
 Reading, Germantown, Alexandria, Georgetown, 
 Harrisburg, Lancaster, Carlisle, Trenton and other 
 places were strongly urged, and Congress was very 
 much divided on the question. However, a bill 
 acted on by the Senate on the 28th of June, 1790, 
 passed by the House on the 9th of July, 1790, and 
 approved by President Washington on the 16th of 
 July, 1790, established the District of Columbia as 
 the permanent seat of government. At this time 
 Alexandria was a part of the District of Columbia, 
 but it was retroceded with all the lands of the dis- 
 trict on the western bank of the Potomac to the 
 State of Virginia in 1846. 
 
 Three commissioners, Gen. Thomas Johnson and 
 Hon. Daniel Carroll, of Maryland, and Dr. David 
 Stewart, of Virginia, were appointed to run the 
 
9 
 
 lines and survey and lay out the new Federal Ter- 
 ritory. 
 
 They laid the first boundary stone at Jones' 
 Point, Virginia, on the 13th of April, 1791, and 
 named the district the " Territory of Columbia." 
 
 In the latter part of 1790 Major Pierre Charles 
 L'Enfant was commissioned by the President to 
 prepare the plan of the city of Washington. He 
 immediately set to work to perfect his plan, and 
 day after day for several weeks General Washing- 
 ton, Major L' Enfant and the commissioners^ met 
 at Suter's Tavern in Georgetown to confer about 
 the plan of the capital.city. Washington generally 
 rode from Mount Vernon to Suter's on a highly 
 spirited horse, which he galloped up the Alexandria 
 turnpike at a very rapid pace. 
 
 On the 14th March, 1792, Thomas Johnson, Da- 
 vid Stewart and David Carroll, who were the three 
 commissioners appointed by President Washington 
 to lay out the Federal Territory, and who were 
 charged by act of Congress with the erection of a 
 suitable building (i for the accommodation of Con- 
 gress," advertised in Dunlap's Daily Advertiser of 
 
10 
 
 Philadelphia, for plans for the Capitol, the name 
 given to the building intended for the national leg- 
 islature by Major L' Enfant in his plan of Wash- 
 ington City. 
 
 A number of designs were soon submitted in re- 
 sponse to the advertisement, but they were all 
 promptly rejected. A little while after an outline 
 of a design was submitted by Stephen Hal late, a 
 talented French architect, resident of New York. 
 It was satisfactory in its general features, and he 
 was invited to confer with the commissioners about 
 it. He came to the city of Washington, examined 
 the site chosen for the Capitol, and then made a 
 series of sketches for the purpose of elaborating his 
 design. The commissioners were pleased with his 
 sketches, desired him to finish his design, and they 
 would accept it. Agreeable to this understanding 
 Mr. Hal late returned to New York to do the work. 
 
 There was then living in New York an English- 
 man named William Thornton, who was a clerk of 
 patents in the Government service ; he drew a hand- 
 some plau of the Capitol which he submitted to 
 Thomas Jefferson, then Secretary of State. The 
 
11 
 
 plan was approved by the high officials, and Presi- 
 dent Washington requested the commissioners to 
 adopt it. 
 
 The commissioners then notified Hallate of the 
 action taken and sent him a copy of Thornton's 
 plan. When Hallate saw it he became indignant 
 and declared that Thornton had stolen it from his 
 sketches. However, Thornton's plan was accepted, 
 and Mr. Hallate was appointed one of the archi- 
 tects of the Capitol, with a salary of $2,000 a year. 
 
 James Hoban, an Irishman, the architect of the 
 President's house, was appointed supervising archi- 
 tect of the Capitol. Stephen Hallate felt displeased 
 with the commissioners on account of being de- 
 prived of the honor of designing the Capitol, and 
 so plainly did he show his displeasure that the com- 
 missioners had to dismiss him. They then ap- 
 pointed George Hatfield, a resident of Washington, 
 to finish the north wing of the Capitol. But Mr. 
 Hatfield and the commissioners could not agree, 
 and Mr. Hatfield was forced to resign his position 
 after about two months' service. James Hoban 
 was then compelled to carry the work to comple- 
 
tion by himself. He did so, and had it ready for 
 occupancy by Congress in November, 1800. 
 
 Two years afterwards the commissioners secured 
 the services of Benjamin Henry Latrobe, and gave 
 him full power to complete the Capitol after his 
 own plans. He soon demolished the greater part 
 of the north wing, and then began to build on a bet- 
 ter plan. He finished both wings of the Capitol 
 in 1811, and connected them by a wooden bridge. 
 
 Mr. Latrobe resigned in 1817. He was suc- 
 ceeded by Charles Bulfinch, a Boston architect, who, 
 in 1827, worked on Mr. Latrobe's plans. 
 
 Under the architect Robert Mills' administra- 
 tion nothing of consequence was done to the exte- 
 rior, and only a few slight improvements made to 
 the interior. 
 
 The corner stone of the south extension was laid 
 on the 4th of July, 1851. 
 
 Thomas U. Walter, of Philadelphia, was the 
 architect of the extension. He prepared the plans 
 for it and also the plans for the present dome/ The 
 work was done under the supervision of Gen. M. 
 C. Meigs. The extension was finished in 1867. 
 
Eight years were required to build the dome. It 
 is made of the strongest cast iron, about four thous- 
 and tons having been used in it. The work is so 
 well done that it is thought it will never need to be 
 repaired. 
 
 Important sanitary improvements were made in 
 the Capitol during 1892 and 1893, under Mr. Ed- 
 ward Clark, the present architect. 
 
 On the 1st of March, 1792, Major L'Enfant's 
 public services were dispensed with by President 
 Washington, and Mr. Ellicott was ordered to finish 
 the work of laying out the city. 
 
 During the month of October, 1800, the govern- 
 ment took possession of Washington. John Adams 
 was President; John Marshall, Secretary of State ; 
 Oliver Wolcott, Secretary of the Treasury ; Samuel 
 Dexter, Secretary of War, and Benjamin Stoddart, 
 Secretary of the Navy. 
 
 The government of the District by Commission- 
 ers was continued from 1791 to 1802. On the 3d 
 of May, 1802, Congress granted a charter to the 
 City of Washington. By this charter the Council 
 was elected by the citizens and the Mayor appoint- 
 ed by the President. 
 
14 
 
 The first Mayor appointed was Robert Brent and 
 by a succession of appointments he held office till 
 June, 1811, when he declined to serve any longer. 
 The first election was held on the 7th of June, 1802, 
 and on Monday, June 14th, 1802, the Council con- 
 vened at the Capitol. 
 
 In compliance with the request of a committee of 
 citizens Congress passed a supplementary act on 
 May 4, 1812, making the corporation to consist of 
 a Mayor, a Board of Aldermen, and a Common 
 Council, the Board of Aldermen and the Com- 
 mon Council to be elected by the people and the 
 Mayor to be elected b} r both bodies in joint session. 
 Under this act an election was held June 1, 1812, 
 and Daniel Rapine was elected Mayor. A new 
 charter granted to the city by Congress, May 15, 
 1820, provided that the Mayor should be elected by 
 the people to serve for two years from the second 
 Monday in June, the Board of Aldermen to be 
 composed of two members from each ward, to serve 
 for two years, and the Board of Common Council 
 to be composed of three members from each ward, 
 to serve for one year. By this act the city was 
 
15 
 
 divided into six wards. Samuel 'N. Smallwood was 
 the first Mayor under the charter of 1820, and he 
 was succeeded by Thomas Carberry, who was elected 
 in 1822. M. G. Emery was the last Mayor of 
 Washington. He was elected in 1870, and his 
 term expired in June, 18 71, on account of the 
 abolition of the three municipal governments then 
 existing, and the establishment of a Territorial 
 form of government in place of them. The three 
 forms in existence in the District prior to the estab- 
 lishment of the territorial government were a 
 Mayor and City Council for Washington, a similar 
 system for Georgetown and the county was gov- 
 erned by the Levy Court. 
 
 The Territorial form consisted of a Governor 
 and other executive officers, and a legislature com- 
 posed of seventeen members of the Legislative As- 
 sembly and forty-six members of the House of 
 Delegates. There was also a Delegate in Congress. 
 Tiie Governor and other executive officers and the 
 members of the Legislative Assembly were appoint- 
 ed by the President. The Delegate in Congress 
 and the members of the House of Delegates were 
 blected by the people. 
 
16 
 
 On June 20, 1874, Congress abolished the Ter- 
 ritorial form of government, and instead of it gave 
 a temporary form of government by three Commis- 
 sioners, and by act of Congress passed on the 11th 
 of June, 1878, this form of government gave way 
 to the form of government by three Commissioners, 
 which is now in existence. 
 
 -4¥- 
 
Statues, Public Buildings and Parks, 
 
 The Capitol covers very nearly five acres. It is 
 751J feet long and 324 feet wide. There are very 
 many fine statues and paintings in it. The statue 
 of Freedom is on the dome and on the portico are 
 groups representing many interesting American 
 subjects. There is a delightful forty-six acre park 
 around the Capitol, in the eastern part of which is 
 Green ough's statue of Washington, ordered by 
 Congress in 1832 for the purpose of placing it 
 over a tomb, in which was intended to put the re- 
 mains of General Washington. But the heirs of 
 Washington declining to allow the removal of his 
 remains from Mount Vernon the tomb was not 
 built. 
 
 The bronze statue of John Marshall, who was 
 Chief Justice of the United States from 1801 to 
 1835, adorns the western grounds of the Capitol. 
 It bears the following inscription : " Erected by 
 the Bar and the Congress of the United States, 
 A. P. 1884." 
 
18 
 
 Tlie National Botanical Garden is adjacent to 
 the western part of the Capitol Park. There are 
 a great many rare plants and trees in this garden. 
 
 The Naval Monument is on Pennsylvania ave- 
 nue, near the main entrance of the western grounds 
 of the Capitol. It was designed by Admiral Por- 
 ter and its elaborate granite foundation was de- 
 signed by Mr. Edward Clark, the present architect 
 of the Capitol. 
 
 Judiciary Square, in which the City Hall and 
 Pension Building are located, is one of the very 
 beautiful parks of Washington. It is about twenty 
 acres in extent. There is a 'monument of Abra- 
 ham Lincoln in front of the City Hall, facing Four- 
 and-a-half street. 
 
 The Smithsonian National Museum and Army 
 Medical Museum are on the Smithsonian grounds. 
 There is no place in which much time could be 
 more pleasurably and profitably spent. The Na- 
 tional Museum is possessed of more objects of 
 interest than any other institution in the world. 
 The Smithsonian Park extends from Seventh to 
 Twelfth streets southwest and fro in B street south- 
 
19 
 
 west to B street northwest. The Smithsonian is the 
 bequest of James Smithson, a native of London, 
 England. 
 
 The Department of Agriculture is separated 
 from the Smithsonian Park by Twelfth street. The 
 Department building is handsome and the grounds 
 are beautiful. 
 
 The Bureau of Engraving and Printing, in 
 which all the money issued by the government is 
 printed, is only a couple of blocks southwest of the 
 Department of Agriculture. A visit to this bureau 
 will repay anyone. 
 
 The Monument Grounds adjoin the Bureau of 
 Engraving and Printing. These grounds and the 
 " White Lot," adjacent to them, form a splendid 
 park. The grounds, perhaps, are better known 
 than any other public grounds in Washington, on 
 account of the many organizations that have en- 
 camped on them. 
 
 The Washington Monument is on the Monu- 
 ment Grounds. 
 
 The corner-stone of the Washington monument 
 was laid on the 4th of July, 1848, and on the u'th 
 
20 
 
 of December, 1881, the capstone which completed 
 it was set. The shaft is 555 feet 4 inches high. It 
 rests on a foundation 36 feet 8 inches deep, making 
 an aggregate height from the foundation bed of 592 
 feet. The base of the monument is 55 feet square, 
 the lower walls 15 feet thick and at the 500-feet 
 elevation, where the pyramidal top begins, the walls 
 are only 18 inches thick and about 35 feet square. 
 The weight of the monument is 81,120 tons. It 
 is the highest shaft in the world. The next in 
 height are the Pyramid of Cheops in Egypt, 543 
 feet ; the Cologne Cathedral in Germany, the central 
 spire of which is 524 feet; the Antwerp Cathedral 
 in Belgium, 476 feet, and St. Peter's at Rome, 448 
 feet. The City Hall at Philadelphia, when com- 
 pleted, will be 535 feet. 
 
 The corner-stone of the President's House was 
 laid on the 13th of October, 1792. The house is 
 a little north of the Monument. It was in good 
 condition for occupancy in 1800. It has two 
 stories and basement. It is 175 feet from east to 
 west and 86 feet from north to south. There is a 
 large portico at the main entrance and a circular 
 
21 
 
 colonnade on the south side. There is a charming 
 view of the Potomac and the lands along its bor- 
 ders from the south side. The East Room, the 
 Green Room, the Blue Room and the Red Room 
 are called the state parlors of the White House. 
 These rooms are nicely furnished and exquisitely 
 decorated. 
 
 Visitors to the White House in day time are 
 allowed to enter the East Room at pleasure. But 
 entrance to the other parlors is allowed only by 
 escort at certain intervals during the morning 
 hours. 
 
 The second story contains the business offices of 
 the President and his private apartments. The 
 library room, where the President receives his 
 callers during the day, and the Cabinet room, where 
 the members of the Cabinet consult with the Pres- 
 ident, are the principal public rooms. 
 
 The Treasury Department is a few hundred feet 
 east of the White House, the Monument sou,h of 
 it, the magnificent State, War and Navy Building 
 a few hundred feet west of and about the same 
 distance north of it is the beautiful Lafayette Park, 
 
22 
 
 in which there is an equestrian statue of General 
 Andrew Jackson and a monument to General Lafay- 
 ette, and in which there ought to be monuments 
 to Thomas Jefferson, Patrick Henry, James Mon- 
 roe, General U. S. Grant and Major L'Eufant. 
 
 There is an equestrian bronze statue of General 
 Washington in the Washington Circle, Pennsylvania 
 avenue, near Twenty-fourth street, N. W. This is 
 one of the most choice spots in the city, and after 
 the extension of the Mail and the arching of Rock 
 Creek it will be the most desirable part of Wash- 
 ington. Washington's statue in the Circle and 
 Jackson's statue in Lafayette Park are the work of 
 Clark Mills. 
 
 Admiral Farragut's statue is in Farragut Square, 
 Connecticut avenue, near K street. 
 
 There is an equestrian bronze statue of General 
 Scott in Scott Square, Sixteenth and N streets, N. W. 
 
 Admiral Dupont's statue is in Dupont Circle, 
 near P and Nineteenth streets. 
 
 General McPherson's statue is in McPherson 
 Square, in the square at Fifteenth and I streets. 
 
 General Rawlins' statue is opposite the Centre 
 Market, between Seventh and Ninth streets. 
 
23 
 
 General Thomas' statue is in Thomas Circle, 
 Fourteenth street and Massachusetts avenue. 
 
 The Garfield statue is in the small circle at the 
 intersection of First street and Maryland avenue, 
 adjoining the Capitol grounds on the west. In it 
 General Garfield is represented in three types of 
 manhood, namely, student, warrior, and statesman. 
 
 Garfield Park is from South Capitol to Third 
 street, below E street, southeast. 
 
 In Lincoln Park, about seven acres in extent, 
 one mile east of the Capitol, at East Capitol and 
 Eleventh streets, there is a bronze monument, of 
 beautiful design, cast in Munich in 1875 and dedi- 
 cated to President Lincoln on the 14th of April, 
 1876. 
 
 There is an equestrian statue of General Na- 
 thaniel Green, of the Continental Army, in Green 
 Square, Capitol Hill. 
 
 The Corcoran Gallery of Art is at the corner of 
 Pennsylvania avenue and Seventeenth street, oppo- 
 site the State, War and Navy Building. Mr. W. 
 W r . Corcoran deeded it to trustees on the 10th of 
 May, 1869, to be held forever as a gallery of art 
 
24 
 
 for the use and benefit of the public* The build- 
 ing is open to visitors free two days in the week and 
 on the other days a small admission fee of 25 cents 
 is charged. By act of Congress the institution is 
 exempt from taxation forever. Some of the finest 
 works of art can be found in it. A new gallery 
 will soon be erected on New York avenue, corner 
 Seventeenth street. 
 
 The Department of Justice is opposite the Treas- 
 ury Department. 
 
 The General Post Office occupies the square 
 between Seventh and Eighth, E and F streets. 
 There is annexed to it a large building on the west 
 side of Eighth street. The City Post Office is 
 located on G, between Sixth and Seventh streets, 
 but there is a new City Post Office in the course 
 of construction which will be numbered among the 
 finest public buildings in Washington. The struc- 
 ture is on the south side of Pennsylvania avenue, 
 immediately west of Eleventh street. 
 
 The Department of the Interior, generally known 
 as the Patent Office, extends from Seventh to Ninth 
 streets and from F to G streets. It is opposite 
 
25 
 
 the General Post Office. There are many valuable 
 models in the Patent Office. The Indian Bureau, 
 the General Land Office and such other bureaus, ex 
 cept the Pension Office, as come under the Secretary 
 of the Interior are in the Interior Department. 
 
 The Patent Office building was commenced in 
 1837 and completed in 1364, under the supervision 
 of Mr. Edward Clark, assistant to the architect oi 
 the Capitol at that time. In 1836 the Patent Office 
 was where the general post-office is now, and in 
 that year the building and all the models in it were 
 destroyed by fire. The models destroyed had been 
 accumulated during forty-six years of the office's 
 existence. 
 
 A fire occurred in the present Patent Office on 
 the 24th of September, 1877, which destroyed many 
 thousands of models, and burned out the greater 
 portion of the upper story of the whole building. 
 
 Rock Creek Park, a few miles from the centre 
 of the city, northwest, comprises nearly 200 acres. 
 Walks and drives add much to the beauty bestowed 
 upon it by nature. It cost $1,200,000. Nearby 
 is the Zoological Park, one of the most extensive 
 
2G 
 
 of its kind in the world. In 1607 buffalo, elk, 
 deer and other animals of the forest were found 
 roaming without restraint where many of their kind 
 are now confined. Captain John Smith wrote 
 interesting letters relative to the abundance of 
 fish and wild fowl he found in the Potomac, the 
 wild animals he found along its borders and the 
 pleasure the Indians found in hunting them for 
 food and covering. 
 
 The Soldiers' Home, a few miles north of the 
 Capitol, was established by act of Congress in 
 1851 at the suggestion of General Scott. Soldiers 
 of the United States army having served twenty 
 years arc entitled to reside in it during the remainder 
 of their lives without cost. Those disabled in. the 
 service can also live in it. The governor of the 
 Home is a retired army officer, appointed by the 
 President, The inmates are. well provided for. 
 They have good quarters, good board and means of 
 all kinds of rational amusement. A tax of 12 
 ecnts a month is assessed on each soldier in the 
 army to aid in paying the expenses of the institu- 
 tion. The grounds are extensive, attractively laid 
 
27 
 
 out and covered with groves of oak trees. They 
 are a favorite place of resort in the vernal season. 
 
 The Government Printing Office is located on H 
 and North Capitol streets. More than 3,000 peo- 
 ple arc usually employed in it. It costs the gov- 
 ernment more than $2,000,000 a year to run it. 
 
 The Washington Navy Yard is located on the 
 Eastern Branch of the Potomac river, about a mile 
 southeast of the Capitol. It was established shortly 
 after the government took possession of the cit\ . 
 Many of the finest ships of war possessed by the 
 United States were built in it. Some of the largest 
 guns of the country have been manufactured in ii, 
 and in the great workshops and foundries some arc 
 now being constructed. The Marine Barracks arc 
 quite close to the Navy Yard. 
 
 The Barracks, formerly the Washington Arsenal, 
 are a little to the west of the Navy Yard. 
 
 The Government Hospital for the Insane is sit- 
 uated on a hill which rises from the banks of the 
 Eastern Branch. It ranks very high among insti- 
 tutitions of the kind. Its management is as nearly 
 pcrfect as it is possible for an institution of the 
 kind to be. 
 
28 
 
 The Columbia Institution for the Deaf and Dumb 
 is situate on " Kendall Green," Seventh street, 
 northeast. 
 
 The Columbia Hospital for Women and Lying- 
 in-Asylum is at the eorner of L and Twenty-fifth 
 streets, northwest. 
 
 The Congressional Cemetery, which was laid out 
 in 1807 with 10 acres, now embraces 30 acres. The 
 remains of a great many of the nation's distin- 
 guished men lie there. The tombs of all bear be- 
 coming inscriptions, as do also many empty tombs 
 erected to the memory of members of Congress 
 whose remains are sleeping in other places. 
 
 The Washington branch of the Baltimore & 
 Ohio Railroad was opened on the 25th of August, 
 1835, and in 1836 the Long Bridge across the 
 Potomac was made a connecting link between the 
 city of Washington and the State of Virginia. 
 The bridge is serviceable yet- It is one mile long 
 and cost $100,000. On the night of May 23, 
 1861, a column of Union soldiers marched over 
 it into Virginia. On the same night two other 
 columns of Union soldiers entered Virginia, one 
 
29 
 
 by way of the Georgetown aqueduct jriclge and 
 the other by way of Alexandria, and on the fol- 
 lowing morning a system of works for the defence 
 of the National Capital was commenced in the 
 State of Virginia, and very soon after works of 
 defence were built around the entire city. 
 
 Fortunately, the places that then wore appear- 
 ances of war now present features of peace, unity, 
 industry and prosperity. 
 
 On August 21, 1814, very shortly after the bat- 
 tle of Bladensburg, the British marched for Wash- 
 ington, arrived on the eastern ground of the Capitol 
 early in the evening and after having fired a few 
 volleys through the windows of the building, 
 marched into the wing used by the House of Rep- 
 resentatives. Admiral Cockburn then took the 
 Speaker's chair, called the assemblage to order and 
 shouted : " Shall this harbor of Yankee Democracy 
 be burned?" The motion was unanimously carried. 
 By order of Gen. Ross, all the books and pictures in 
 the Congressional Library were then piled in heaps 
 on the floor of the House of Representatives, fire 
 set to them and in about half an hour the Capitol 
 
30 
 
 was in ruins. The army then marched to the Pres- 
 ident's House and burned it. Many other build- 
 ings, public and private, the workshops at the Navy 
 Yard and the fort at Greenleaf Point were also 
 destroyed by this army of invasion. The loss to the 
 government was about two million dollars and the 
 citizens' loss was more than half a million. 
 
 In place of the burned Capitol there is now one 
 of the grandest, if not the grandest, structures in the 
 known world, and the Congressional Library build- 
 ing, when completed, will excel any other building 
 in the world erected for library purposes. 
 
 The cost of the Capitol is estimated at about 
 thirty-one million dollars, which is considered very 
 little in proportion to the grandeur of the building 
 and highly complimentary to all the architects con- 
 nected with its construction. 
 
 It would be rather difficult to estimate the cost of 
 the Library building just now, but it is very safe 
 to say that no dollar appropriated for its construc- 
 tion will be misapplied. 
 
 In the year 1800 the population of Washington 
 was 3,210; in 1808, 8,208; in 1820, 13,247; in 
 
31 
 
 1830, 18,826; in 1840, 23,364; in 1850,40,001; 
 in 1860, 61,122; in 1870, 109,199 ; in 1880, 177,- 
 624; in 1890, 230,392, and in this year of our 
 Lord, 1894, it is not very much less than 270,000. 
 
 Washington is the seat of government of the 
 greatest country that ever was governed, because it 
 is, as a rule, governed by people who know how to 
 govern themselves. Washington will surely excel 
 all other cities in the world in all things that go to 
 make a city great. Its beautiful public and private 
 buildings, its clean, well paved, well shaded streets 
 and avenues, its well systematized sewerage, its de- 
 lightful and well cared for public parks, the hospi- 
 tality, intelligence and integrity of its citizens will 
 attract to it lovers of elegance, science, literature, 
 arts and religion, from all parts of the world. 
 
 The events of interest in Washington during the 
 war were completed by the grand review of the 
 Union army on the 23d and 24th of May, 1865, 
 on which occasion the city was profusely decorated, 
 arches, banners and floral embellishments being at 
 every point, and the school children of the city, 
 with their teachers, assembled on the eastern por- 
 
32 
 
 tico and grounds of the Capitol, greeting the pass- 
 ing soldiers with songs, cheers and garlands. 
 
 The Knights Templar held their conclave here 
 in September, 1889, and they were so much 
 charmed with the city and its hospitable people 
 that they regretted the duties of life called them 
 away. 
 
 The twenty -sixth National Encampment of the 
 Grand Army of the Republic was held here in Sep- 
 tember, 1892, and it was only excelled by the grand 
 review of May, 1865. The managers were capa- 
 ble and the management a great success. The old 
 soldiers, to the number of about 80,000, took part 
 in the parade. A striking feature of it was the 
 civic escort of one hundred, which took the right of 
 line and presented so fine an appearance. Mr. 
 Louis D. Wine was the head of the escort commit- 
 tee, and on his staff were ex-Confederate and Union 
 soldiers who acted harmoniously together; indeed, 
 the ex-Confederates acted as zealously for the suc- 
 cess of the encampment as did those whom they 
 had formerly met in many well-fought battles. The 
 animosities engendered during the war are now en- 
 
33 
 
 tirely obliterated, and the country is more re-united 
 and powerful than it ever was before. The twenty- 
 sixth National Encampment Grand Army of the 
 Republic is a credit to those who have taken part 
 in it, a credit to Washington, and will make a 
 bright page in American history. 
 
 Washington had so much transformed since the 
 old veterans marched through it in 18G5 many of 
 them were perfectly amazed. 
 
 ;gHj/fe_ | 
 
 II 
 
DISTANCES 
 
 ON THE 
 
 Potomac from Sirtb Street Wbarf, 
 
 WASHINGTON, 
 
 flDoutb of Gbesapeafee Bas- 
 
 To Naval Magazine Wharf. 3^ 
 
 To Ferry Slip at Alexandria 4 7 « 
 
 To Port Washington Wharf nv 3 
 
 To Mount Vernon Wharf UU 
 
 To Marshall Hall 15 l i 
 
 To Glymont Wharf 21 ?« 
 
 To Quantiea Railroad Wharf 32% 
 
 To Upper Cedar : oint Light. House 62% 
 
 To Lower Cedar Point Light House 60% 
 
 To Port Tobacco Landing •• Gi J a 
 
 To Colonial Beach 68 'i 
 
 To Blackistone Light House • , 78 L a 
 
 To Piney Point Light House 91 'a 
 
 To St. Mary's 105 
 
 To Point Lookout Light House I05 l a 
 
 To Smith Point Light House lie. 1 * 
 
 T«» Month of Chesapeake Bay (the Capes) 184 '* 
 
 To Fortress Monroe Wharf i87 l . 
 
 To Boston Wharf, Norfolk . 199', 
 
 Distances from Washington to Other Points of Interest. 
 
 Albany. N. Y 370 
 
 Atlanta, Ga 653 
 
 Baltimore, Md 40 
 
 Bismarck, N. Dak i,6io 
 
 Boise City, Idaho 2,602 
 
 Boston, Mass 44r> 
 
 Buffalo, N. Y 437 
 
 Cape Mav, N. J 226 
 
 Carson City, Nev 2,900 
 
 Charleston, S. C 676 
 
 Chattanooga, Tenn 625 
 
 Cheyenne, Wyo 1,762 
 
 Chicago, 111 79i 
 
 Cincinnati, Ohio 55:5 
 
 Cleveland, Ohio 440 
 
 Columbus, Ohio 487 
 
 Concord, N. H 491 
 
 Deadwood, S. Dak 1,848 
 
 Denver, Col 1,766 
 
 Des Moipes, Iowa - 1420 
 
35 
 
 Detroit, Mich 615 
 
 Galveston, Texas- 1,561 
 
 Harrisburg, Pa ~ 125 
 
 Hartford, Conn 390 
 
 Helena, Mont 2,295 
 
 Hot Springs, Ark 1,139 
 
 Indianapolis, Ind 611 
 
 Jacksonville, Fla MQ 
 
 Kansas City, Mo 1,138 
 
 Louisville, Ky 6S3 
 
 Memphis, Term 935 
 
 Milwaukee, Wis 857 
 
 Montgomery, Ala 829 
 
 Montnelier. Vt 565 
 
 New Orleans, La 1,116 
 
 Omaha, Nebr. 1,246 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa 138 
 
 Pittsburg, Pa 303 
 
 Portland, Me 553 
 
 Portland, Oreg - 3,072 
 
 Prescott, Ariz 2,560 
 
 Providence. R. 1 417 
 
 Rich mend, Va 116 
 
 St. Louis, Mo 894 
 
 St. Paul, Minn 1,172 
 
 Salt lake City, Utah 2,324 
 
 San Francisco, Cal 3,141 
 
 Savannah, Ga 677 
 
 Tacoma, Wash 3,100 
 
 Topeka, Kans 1.206 
 
 Trenton, N. J 171 
 
 Vicksburg, Miss 1,050 
 
 Vinitia, Ind. Ter 1,258 
 
 Wheeling, W, Va 353 
 
 Wilmington, Del Ill 
 
 Wilmington, N. C 365 
 
 -m^> 
 
Constitution of the United States. 
 
 Tho fu!l text of the Constitution of the United States and the 
 Amendments thereto are printed below. Its insertion in this 
 work seoms to oe the proper place for an instrument in weich 
 every American citizen is vitally interested, and with which he 
 should be entirely familiar. 
 
 We, the people of the United States, in order 
 to form a more perfect Union, establish justice., 
 insure domestic tranquility, provide for the com- 
 mon defence, promote the general welfare and 
 secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our 
 posperity, do ordain and establish this Constitu- 
 tion for the United States of America. 
 ARTICLE I. 
 
 Section 1. All legislative powers herein granted 
 shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, 
 which shall consist of a Senate and House of Rep- 
 resentatives. 
 
 Section II. 1. The House of Representatives 
 shall be composed of members chosen every second 
 year by the people of the several States, and the 
 electors in each State shall have the qualifications 
 requisite for electors of the most numerous branch 
 of the State Legislature. 
 
 2. No person shall be a Representative who 
 
37 
 
 shall not have attained the age of twenty-five years 
 and been seven years a citizen of the United States, 
 and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant 
 of that State in which he shall be chosen. 
 
 3. Representatives and direct taxes shall be ap- 
 portioned among the several States which may be 
 included within this Union according to their re- 
 spective numbers, which shall be detarmined by 
 adding to the whole number of free persons, in- 
 cluding those bound to service for a term of years, 
 and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all 
 other persons. The actual enumeration shall be 
 made Within three years after the first meeting of 
 the Congress of the United States, and within every 
 subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as 
 they shall by law direct. The number of Repre- 
 sentatives shall not exceed one for every thirty 
 thousand, but each State shall have at least one 
 Representative; and until such enumeration shall 
 be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be en- 
 titled to choose 3; Massachusetts, 8 ; Rhode Island 
 and Providence Plantations, 1; Connecticut, 5; 
 New York, G; New Jersey, 4; Pennsylvania, 8; 
 Delaware, 1; Maryland, 6; Virginia, 10; North 
 Carolina, 5; South Carolina, 5, and Georgia, 3.* 
 
 4. When vacancies happen in the representation 
 
 *See Article XIV., Amendments. 
 
38 
 
 from an)- State, the Executive Authority theroof 
 shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. 
 
 5. The House o{ Representatives shall choose 
 their Speaker and other officers, and shall have the 
 sole power of impeachment. 
 
 Section III. 1. The Senate of the United States 
 shall be composed of two Senators from each State 
 chosen by the Legislature thereof, for six years; 
 and each Senator shall have one vote. 
 
 2. Immediately after they shall be assembled in 
 consequence of the first election, they shall be 
 divided as equally as may be into three classes. 
 The seats of the Senators of the first class shall be 
 vacated at the expiration of the second year, of 
 the second class at the expiration of the fourth 
 year and of the third class at the expiration of the 
 sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen every 
 second year; and if vacancies happen by resigna- 
 tion or otherwise during the recess of the Legisla- 
 ture of any State, the Executive thereof may make 
 temporary appointments until the next meeting of 
 the Legislature, which shall then fill such vacancy. 
 
 3. No person shall be a Senator who shall not 
 have attained to the age of thirty years, and been 
 nine years a citizen of the United States, and who 
 shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that 
 State for which he shall be chosen. 
 
39 
 
 4. The Vice-President of the United States shall 
 be President of the Senate, but shall have no vote 
 unless the\ be equally divided. 
 
 5. The Senate shall chose their other officers, 
 and also a President pro tempore, in the absence of 
 the Vice-President, or when he Khali exercise the 
 office of President of the United States. 
 
 6. The Senate shall have the sole power to try 
 all impeachments. When sitting for that purpose, 
 they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the 
 President of the United States is tried, the Chief 
 Justice shall preside; and no person shall be con- 
 victed without the concurrence of two-thirds of 
 ilie members present. 
 
 7. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not 
 extend further than to removal of office, and dis- 
 qualification to hold any office of honor, trust, or 
 profit under the United States; but the party con- 
 victed shall nevertheless be liable and subject to 
 indictment, trial, judgment, and punishment, ac- 
 cording to law. 
 
 Section IV. 1. The times, places, and manner 
 of holding elections for Senators and Representa- 
 tives shall be prescribed in each State by the Legis- 
 lature thereof; but the Congress may at any time 
 by law make or alter such regulations, except as to 
 the places of choosing Senators. 
 
40 
 
 2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in 
 every year, and such meeting shall be on the first 
 Monday in December, unless they shall by law ap- 
 point a different day. 
 
 Section V. 1. Each House shall be the judge 
 of the elections, returns, and qualifications of its 
 own members, and a majority of each shall consti- 
 tute a quorum to do business; but a smaller num- 
 ber may adjourn from day to day, and may be 
 authorized to compel the attendance of abseil 4 
 members in such manner and under such penalties 
 as each House may provide. 
 
 2. Each House may determine the rules of its- 
 proceedings, punish its members for disorderly 
 behavior, and with the concurrence of two -thirds 
 expel a member. 
 
 3. Each House shall keep a journal of its pro- 
 ceedings, and from time to time publish the same, 
 excepting such pirts as may in their judgment re- 
 quire secrecy ; and the yeas and nays of the mem- 
 bers of either House on any question shall, at the 
 desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on 
 the journal. 
 
 4. Neither House, during the session of Con- 
 gress, shall, without the consent of the other, ad- 
 iourn for more than three days, nor to any other 
 place than that in which the tvyo Houses shall be 
 Sitting. 
 
41 
 
 Section VI. 1. The Senators and Representa- 
 tives shall receive a compensation for their services, 
 to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the 
 Treasury of the United States. They shall in all 
 cases, except treason, felony, and breach of the 
 peace, be privileged from arrest during their attend- 
 ance at the session of their respective Houses, and 
 in going to and returning from the same; and for 
 any speech or debate in cither House they shall not 
 be questioned in any other place. 
 
 2. No Senator or Representative shall, during 
 the time for which he was elected, be appointed to 
 any civil office under the authority of the United 
 States, which shall have been created, or the emol- 
 uments whereof shall have been increased during 
 such time; and no person holding any office under 
 the United States shall be a member of either 
 Houre during his continuance in office. 
 
 Section VII. 1. All bills for raising revenue 
 shall originate in the House of Representatives, 
 but the Senate may propose or concur with amend- 
 ments, as on other bills. 
 
 2. Every bill which shall have passed the House 
 of Representatives and the Senate shall, before it 
 come a law, be presented to the President of the 
 United States; if he approve, he shall sign it, but 
 if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to 
 
42 
 
 that House in which it shall have originated, who 
 shall enter the objections at large on their journal, 
 and proceed to reconsider it. If after such recon- 
 sideration two-thirds of that house shall agree to 
 pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the ob- 
 jections, to the other House, by which it shall 
 likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two- 
 thirds of that House, it shall become a law. But in 
 all such cases the votes of both Houses shall be de- 
 termined by yeas and nays and the names of the 
 persons voting for and against the bill shall be en- 
 tered on the journal of each House respectively. 
 If any bill shall not be returned by the President 
 within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall 
 have been presented to him, the same shall be a law 
 in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the 
 Congress by their adjournment, prevent its return ; 
 in which case it shall not be a law. 
 
 3. Every order, resolution, or vote to which the 
 concurrence of the Senate and House of Repre- 
 sentatives may be necessary (except on a question 
 of adjournment) shall be presented to the President 
 of the United States; and before the same shall 
 take effect shall be approved by him, or being dis- 
 approved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds of 
 the Senate and the House of Representatives, ac- 
 cording to the rules and limitations prescribed in 
 the case of a bill. 
 
43 
 
 Section VIII. 1. The Congress shall have 
 power : 
 
 To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and ex- 
 cises, to pay the debts and provide for the common 
 defence and general welfare of the United States ; 
 but all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform 
 throughout the United States. 
 
 2. To borrow money on the credit of the United 
 States. 
 
 3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, 
 and among the several States, and with the Indian 
 tribes. 
 
 4. To establish an uniform rule of naturalization 
 and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies 
 throughout the United States. 
 
 5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and 
 of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and 
 measures. 
 
 6. To provide for the punishment of counter- 
 feiting the securities and current coin of the United 
 States. 
 
 7. To establish post-offices and post-roads. 
 
 8. To promote the progress of science and use- 
 ful arts by securing for limited times to authors and 
 inventors the exclusive right to their respective 
 writings and discoveries. 
 
 9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the Su- 
 preme Court. 
 
44 
 
 10. To define and punish piracies and felonies 
 committed on the high seas, and offences against 
 the law of nations. 
 
 11. To declare war, grant letters of marque and 
 reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on 
 land and water. 
 
 12. To raise and support armies, hut no appro- 
 priation of money to that use shall be for a longer 
 term than two years. 
 
 13. To provide and maintain a navy. 
 
 14. To make rules for the government and regu- 
 lation of the land and naval forces. 
 
 15. To provide for calling forth the militia to 
 execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrec- 
 tions and repel invasions. 
 
 16. To provide for organizing, arming, and dis- 
 ciplining the militia, and for governing such part 
 of them as may be employed in the service of the 
 United States, reserving to the States respectively 
 the appointment of the officers, and the authority 
 of training the militia according to the discipline 
 prescribed by Congress. 
 
 17. To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases 
 whatsoever over such district (not exceeding ten 
 miles square) as may, by cession of particular States 
 and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of 
 the Government of the United States, and to exer- 
 
45 
 
 cise like authority over all places purchased by the 
 consent of the Legislature of the State in which 
 the same shall he, for the erection of forts, maga- 
 zines, arsenals, dock-yards, and other needful 
 buildings. And 
 
 18. To make all laws which shall be necessary 
 and proper for carrying into execution the fore- 
 going powers, and all other powers vested by this 
 Constitution in the Government of the United 
 States, or in any department or officer thereof. 
 
 Section IX. 1. The migration or importation 
 of such persons as any of the States now existing 
 shall think proper to admit shall not be prohibited 
 by the Congress prior to the year one thousand 
 eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be 
 imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten 
 dollars for each person. 
 
 2. The privilege ot the writ of habeas corpus 
 shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of 
 rebellion or invasion the public safety may require 
 it. 
 
 3. No biU of attainder or ex post facto law shall 
 be passed. 
 
 4. No capitation or other direct tax shall be 
 laid, unless in proportion to the census or enumera- 
 tion hereinbefore directed to be taken. 
 
 5. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles ex- 
 ported from any State. 
 
46 
 
 6. No preference shall be given by any regula- 
 tion of commerce or revenue to the ports of one 
 State over those of another, nor shall vessels bound 
 to or from one State be obliged to enter, clear, or 
 pay duties in another. 
 
 7. No money shall be drawn from the Treasury 
 but in consequence of appropriations made by law ; 
 and regular statement and account of the receipts 
 and expenditures of all public money shall be pub- 
 lished from time to time. 
 
 8. No title of nobility shall be granted by the 
 United States. And no person holding any office 
 of profit or trust under them shall, without the 
 consent of Congress, accept of any present, emolu- 
 ment, office, or title of any kind whatever from any 
 king, prince or foreign state. 
 
 Section X. 1. No State shall enter into any 
 treaty, alliance, or confederation, grant letters of 
 marque and reprisal, coin money, emit bills of 
 credit, make anything but gold and silver coin a 
 tender in payment of debts, pass any bill of attain- 
 der, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obliga- 
 tion of contracts, or grant any title of nobility. 
 
 2. No State shall, without the consent of the 
 Congress, lay any impost or duties on imports or 
 exports, except what may be absolutely necessary 
 for executing its inspection laws; and the net pro- 
 
47 
 
 duce of all duties and imposts, laid by any State on 
 imports or exports, shall be for the use of the 
 Treasury of the United States; and all such laws 
 shall be subject to the revision and control of the 
 Congress. 
 
 3. No State shall, without the consent of Con- 
 gress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops or ships 
 of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement 
 or compact with another State, or with a foreign 
 power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, 
 or in such imminent danger as will not admit of 
 delay. 
 
 ARTICLE II. 
 
 Section I. 1. The executive power shall be 
 vested in a President of the United States of 
 America. He shall hold his office during the term 
 of four years, and, together with the Vice-President, 
 chosen for the same term, be elected as follows : 
 
 2. Each State shall appoint, in such manner as 
 the Legislature thereof may direct, a number of 
 electors, equal to the whole number of Senators or 
 Representatives to which the State may be entitled 
 in the Congress ; but no Senator or Representative or 
 person holding an office of trust or profit under 
 the United States shall be appointed an elector. 
 
 3. [The electors shall meet in their respective 
 States and vote by ballot for two persons, of whom 
 
48 
 
 one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same 
 State with themselves. And they shall make a list 
 of all the persons voted for, and the number of 
 votes for each, which list they shall sign and certify 
 and transmit, sealed, to the seat of the government 
 of the United States directed to the President of 
 the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in 
 the presence of the Senate and House of Repre- 
 sentatives, open all the certificates, and the votes 
 shall then be counted. The person having the 
 greatest number of votes shall be the President, if 
 such number be a majority of the whole number of 
 electors appointed, and if there be more than one 
 who have such a majority, and have an equal num- 
 ber of votes, then the House of Representatives 
 shall immediately choose by ballot one of them for 
 President; and if no person have a majority, 
 then from the five highest on the list the said 
 House shall in like manner chose the President. 
 But in choosing the President, the votes shall be 
 taken by States, the representation from each State 
 having one vote. A quorum, for this purpose 
 shall consist of a member or members from two- 
 thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States 
 shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after 
 the choice of the President, the person having the 
 greatest number of votes of the electors shall be 
 
49 
 
 the Vice-President. But if there should remain 
 two or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall 
 elioose from them by ballot the Vice-President.]* 
 
 4. The Congress may determine the time of 
 choosing the electors and the day on which they 
 shall give their votes, which day shall be the same 
 throughout the United States. 
 
 5. No person except a natural-born citizen, or a 
 citizen of the United States at the time of the 
 adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to 
 the office of President; neither shall any person 
 be eligible to that office who shall not have attained 
 to the age of thirty-five years and been fourteen 
 years a resident within the United States. 
 
 6. In case of the removal of the President from 
 office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to 
 discharge the powers and duties of the said office, 
 the same shall devolve on the Vice-President, and 
 the Congress may by law provide for the case of re- 
 moval, death, resignation, or inability, both of the 
 President and Vice-President, declaring what offi- 
 cer shall then act as President, and such officer shall 
 act accordingly until the disability be removed or a 
 President shall be elected. 
 
 7. The President shall, at stated times, receive 
 for his services a compensation, which shall neither 
 
 *T14s clause is superseded by Article XII, Amendment. 
 
50 
 
 be increased or deminished during the period for 
 which he shall have been elected, and he shall not 
 receive within that period any other emolument 
 from the United States, or any of them. 
 
 8. Before he enter on the execution of his office 
 he shall lake the following oath or affirmation : 
 
 " I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will 
 faithfully execute the office of President of the 
 United States, and I will, to the best of my ability, 
 preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of 
 the United States. 
 
 Section II. 1. The President shall be Com- 
 mander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy of the 
 United States, and of the militia of the several 
 States, when called into the actual service of the 
 United States; he may require the opinion, in 
 writing, of the principal officer in each of the 
 executive departments upon any subject relating to 
 the duties of their respective offices, and he shall 
 have power to grait reprieves and pardons for 
 offences against the United States except in cases 
 of impeachment. 
 
 2. He shall have power, by and with the advice 
 and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, pro- 
 vided two-thirds of the Senators present concur ; 
 and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice 
 and consent of the Senate shall appoint ambassadors, 
 
51 
 
 other public ministers and consuls, judges of the 
 Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United 
 States whose appointments are not herein other- 
 wise provided for, and which shall be established 
 by law ; but the Congress may by law vest the ap- 
 pointment of such inferior officers as they think 
 proper in the President alone, in the courts of law 
 or in the heads of Departments. 
 
 3. The President shall have power to fill up all 
 vacancies that may happen during the recess of the 
 Senate by granting commissions, which shall expire 
 at the end of their next session. 
 
 Section III. He shall from time to time give to 
 the Congress information of the state of the Union, 
 and recommend to their consideration such meas- 
 ures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he 
 may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both 
 Houses, or either of them, and in case of disagree- 
 ment between them with respect to the time of ad- 
 journment, he may adjourn them to such time as 
 he shall think proper; he shall receive ambassadors 
 and other public ministers ; he shall take care that 
 the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commis- 
 sion all the officers of the United States. 
 
 Section IV. The President, Vice-President, and 
 all civil officers of the United States shall be re- 
 moved from office on impeachment for and convic- 
 
52 
 
 tion of treason, bribery, or other high crime and 
 misdemeanors. 
 
 ARTICLE III. 
 
 Section I. The judicial power of the United 
 States shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in 
 such inferior courts as the Congress may from time 
 to time ordain and establish. The judges, both of 
 the Supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their 
 offices during good behavior, and shall at stated 
 times receive for their services a compensation 
 which shall not be diminished during their contin- 
 uance in office. 
 
 Section II. 1. The judicial power shall extend 
 to all cases in law and equity arising under this 
 Constitution, the laws of the United States, and 
 treaties made, or which shall be made, under their 
 authority ; to all cases affecting ambassadors, other 
 public ministers and consuls, to all cases of admi- 
 ralty and maritime jurisdiction ; to controversies 
 to which the United States shall be a party ; to con- 
 troversies between two or more States, between a 
 State and citizens of another State, between citizens 
 of different States, between citizens of tiie same 
 State claiming lands under grants of different Stales 
 and between a State, or the citizens thereof, and 
 foreign States, citizens, or subjects. 
 
 2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other pub- 
 
53 
 
 lie ministers ami consuls, and those in which a State 
 shall be party, the Supreme Court shall have origi- 
 nal jurisdiction. Jn all the other cases before men- 
 tioned the Supreme Court shall have appellate jur- 
 isdiction both as to law and fact, with such excep- 
 tions and under such regulations as the Congress 
 shall make. 
 
 3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of im- 
 peachment, shall be by jury, and such trial shall be 
 held in the State where the said crimes shall have 
 been committed ; but when not committed within 
 any State the trial shall be at such place or places 
 as the Congress may by law have directed. 
 
 Section III. 1. Treason against the United 
 States shall consist only in levying war against them, 
 or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid 
 and comfort. No person shall be convicted of 
 treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to 
 the same overt act, or on confession in open court. 
 
 2. The Congress shall have power to declare the 
 punishment of treason, but no attainder of treason 
 shall work corruption of blood or forfeiture except 
 during the life of the person attained. 
 
 ARTICLE IV. 
 
 Section I. Full faith and credit shall be given 
 in each State to the public acts, records, and judi- 
 cial proceedings of every other State. And the 
 
54 
 
 Congress may by general laws prescribe the manner 
 in which such acts, records, and proceedings shall 
 be proved, and the effect thereof. 
 
 Section II. 1. The citizens of each State shall 
 be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citi- 
 zens in the several States. 
 
 2. A person charged in any State with treason, 
 felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice, 
 and be found in another State, shall, on demand of 
 the executive authority of the State from which he 
 fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State 
 having jurisdiction of the crime. 
 
 3. No person held to service or labor in one State, 
 under the laws thereof, escaping into another shall, 
 in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be 
 discharged from such service or labor, but shall be 
 delivered up on claim of the party to whom such 
 service or labor may be due. 
 
 Section III. 1. New States ma) be admitted 
 by the Congress into this Union ; but no new State 
 shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction 
 of any other State, nor any State be formed by the 
 junction of two or more States, or parts of States, 
 without the consent of the Legislatures of the States 
 concerned, as well as of the Congress. 
 
 2. The Congress shall have power to dispose of 
 and make all needful rules and regulations respect- 
 
55 
 
 ing the territory or other property belonging to the 
 United States; and nothing in this Constitution 
 shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of 
 the United States, or of any particular State. 
 
 Section IV. The United States shall guaran- 
 tee to every State in this Union a republican form 
 of government, and shall protect each of them against 
 invasion, and, on application of the Legislature, or 
 of the Executive (when the Legislature cannot be 
 convened), against domestic violence. 
 
 ARTICLE V. 
 
 The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both Houses 
 shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments 
 to this Constitution, or, on the application of the 
 Legislatures of two-thirds of the several States, 
 shall call a convention for proposing amendments, 
 which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents 
 and purposes, as part of this Constitution, when rat- 
 ified by the Legislatures of three-fourths of the sev- 
 eral States, or by conventions in three-fourths there- 
 of, as the one or the other mode of ratification may 
 be proposed by the Congress ; provided that no 
 amendment which may be made prior to the year 
 one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any 
 manner affect the first and fourth clauses iu the 
 ninth section of the First Article ; and that no State, 
 
56 
 
 without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal 
 suffrage in the Senate. 
 
 ARTICLE VI. 
 
 1. All debts contracted and engagements entered 
 into before the adoption of this Constitution shall 
 be as valid against the United States under this 
 Constitution as under the Confederation. 
 
 2. This Constitution and the laws of the United 
 States which shall be made in pursuance thereof and 
 all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the 
 authority of the United States, shall be the supreme 
 law of the land ; and the judges in every State shall 
 be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution or 
 laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding. 
 
 3. The Senators and Representatives before men- 
 tioned, and the members of the several State Legis- 
 latures, and all executive and judicial officers, both 
 of the United States and of the several States, thai I 
 be bound by oath or affirmation to support this 
 Constitution ; but no religious test shall ever be 
 required as a qualification to any office or public 
 trust under the United States. 
 
 ARTICLE VII. 
 The ratification of the Conventions of nine States 
 shall be sufficient for the establishment of this Con- 
 stitution between the States so ratifying the same. 
 
57 
 
 AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. 
 
 ARTICLE I. 
 
 Congress shall make no law respecting an estab- 
 lishment of religion, or prohibiting the tree exercise 
 thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech or of 
 the press ; or the right of the people peaceably to 
 assemble, and to petition the Government fur a re- 
 dress of grievances. 
 
 ARTICLE II. 
 
 A well-regulated militia being necessary to the 
 security of a free State, the right of the people to 
 keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. 
 
 ARTICLE III. 
 
 No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered 
 in any house without the consent of the owner, nor 
 in time of war but in a manner to be prescribed by 
 law. 
 
 ARTICLE IV. 
 
 The right of the people to be secure in their per- 
 sons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreason- 
 able searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and 
 no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, 
 supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly 
 describing the place to be searched, and the persons 
 or things to be seized. 
 
58 
 
 ARTICLE V. 
 
 No person shall be held to answer for a capital 
 or other infamous crime unless on a presentment or 
 indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising 
 in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when 
 in actual service, in time of war or public danger ; 
 nor shall any person be subject for the same offence 
 to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall 
 be compel ltd in any criminal case to be a witness 
 against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or 
 property, without due process of law; nor shall pri- 
 vate property be taken for public use without just 
 compensation. 
 
 ARTICLE VI. 
 
 In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall 
 enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an 
 impartial jury of the State and district wherein the 
 crime shall have been committed, which district 
 shall have been previously ascertained by law, and 
 to be informed of the nature and cause of the accu- 
 sation ; to be confronted with the witnesses against 
 him ; to have compulsory process for obtaining wit- 
 nesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of 
 counsel for his defence. 
 
 ARTICLE VII. 
 
 In suits of common law, where the value in con- 
 troversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of 
 
59 
 
 trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried 
 by a jury bhall be otherwise re-examined in any 
 court of the United States than according to the 
 rules of the common law. 
 
 ARTICLE VIII. 
 
 Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excess- 
 ive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punish- 
 ments inflicted. 
 
 ARTICLE IX. 
 
 The enumeration in the Constitution of certain 
 rights shall not be construed to deny or disparage 
 others retained by the people. 
 
 ARTICLE X. 
 
 The powers not delegated to the United States 
 by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the 
 States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to 
 the people. 
 
 ARTICLE XI. 
 
 The judicial power of the United States shall not 
 be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, 
 commenced or prosecuted against one of the United 
 States, by citizens of another State, or by citizens 
 or subjects of any foreign State. 
 
 ARTICLE XII. 
 The electors shall meet in their respective States, 
 and vote by ballot for President and Yice-Presi- 
 
60 
 
 dent, one of whom at least shall not be an inhabi- 
 tant of the same State with themselves ; they shall 
 name in their ballots the person voted for as Presi- 
 dent, anil in distinct ballots the person voted for as 
 Vice-President; and they shall make distinct lists 
 of all persons voted for as President, and of all 
 persons voted for as Vice President, and of the 
 number of votes for each, which list they shall sign 
 and certify, and transmit, sealed, to the seat of the 
 government of the United States, directed to the 
 President of the Senate; the President of the Sen- 
 ate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House 
 of Representatives, open all the certificates, and 
 the votes shall then be counted ; the person having 
 the greatest number of votes for President shall 
 be the President, if such number be a majority of 
 the whole number of electors appointed ; and if no 
 person have such majority, then from the persons 
 having the highest numbers not exceeding three, 
 on the list of those voted for as President, the 
 House of Representatives shall choose immediately, 
 by ballot, the President. But in choosing the? Pres- 
 ident, the votes shall be taken by States, the repre- 
 sentation from each State having one vote ; a 
 quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member 
 or members from two-thirds of the States, and a 
 majority of all the States shall be necessary to a 
 
61 
 
 choice. And if the House of Representatives shall 
 not choose a President, whenever the right of 
 choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth 
 day of March next following, then the Vice- Presi- 
 dent shall act as President, as in the case of the 
 death or other constitutional disability of the Pres- 
 ident. The person having the greatest number of 
 votes as Vice-President shall be the Vice-Presi- 
 dent, if such number be a majority of the whole 
 number of electors appointed, and if no person 
 have a majority, then from the two highest num- 
 bers on the list the Senate shall choose the Vice- 
 President; a quorum for the purpose shall consist 
 of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, 
 and a majority of the whole number shall be neces- 
 sary to a choice. But no person constitutionally 
 ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible 
 to that of Vice-President of the United States. 
 
 ARTICLE XIII. 
 
 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, 
 except as a punishment for crime whereof the party 
 shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within 
 the United States, or any place subject to their 
 jurisdiction. 
 
 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this 
 article by appropriate legislation. 
 
62 
 
 ARTICLE XIV. 
 
 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United 
 States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are 
 citizens of the United States and of the State 
 wherein they reside. No State shall make or en- 
 force any law which shall abridge the privileges or 
 immunities of citizens of the United States ; nor 
 shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, 
 or property without due process of law, nor deny 
 to any person within its jurisdiction the equal pro- 
 tection of the laws. 
 
 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among 
 the several States according to their respective 
 numbers, counting the whole number of persons in 
 each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when 
 the right to vote at any election for the choice of 
 electors foi President and Vice-President of the 
 United States, Representatives in Congress, the ex- 
 ecutive and judicial officers of a State, or the mem- 
 bers of the legislature thereof, is denied to any of 
 the male members of such a State being of twenty- 
 one years of age, and citizens of the United States, 
 or in any way abridged, except for participation in 
 rebellion or other crime, the basis of representation 
 therein shall be reduced in the proportion which 
 the number of such male citizens shall bear to the 
 whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of 
 age in sueh State. 
 
63 
 
 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representa- 
 tive in Congress, or elector of President and Vice- 
 President, or holding any office, civil or military, 
 under the United States, or under any State, who, 
 having previously taken an oath, as a member of 
 Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or 
 as a member of any State legislature, or as an ex- 
 ecutive or judicial officer of any State, to support 
 the Constitution of the United States, shall have 
 engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the 
 same, or given aid and comfort to the enemies 
 thereof. But Congress may. by a vote of two- 
 thirds of each House, remove such disability. 
 
 4. The validity of the public debt of the United 
 States, authorized by law, including debts incurred 
 for payment of pensions and bounties for services 
 in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not 
 be questioned. But neither the United States nor 
 any State shall assume or pay any debt or obliga- 
 tion incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion 
 against the United States, or any claim for the loss 
 or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, 
 obligations, and claims shall be held illegal and 
 void. 
 
 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce by 
 appropriate legislation the provisions of this arti- 
 cle. 
 
64 
 
 ARTICLE XV. 
 
 1. The right of the citizens of the United States 
 to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the 
 United Suites, or by any Slate, on account of race, 
 color, or previous condition of servitude. 
 
 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce the 
 provisions of this article by appropriate legislation. 
 
 -41^ 
 
Wcishingtoo's Last Will 
 
 ;i In the name of God, Amen. I, George Wash- 
 ington, of Mount Vernon, a citizen of the United 
 Stntcs, and lately President of the same, do make, 
 ordain, and declare this instrument, which is writ- 
 ten with my own hand, and every page subscribed 
 with my name, to he my last Will and Testament, 
 revoking all others. 
 
 " Imprimis. — All my debts, of which there are 
 but few, and none of magnitude, are to be punctu- 
 ally and speedily paid, and the legacies, hereinafter 
 bequeathed, are to be discharged as soon as circum- 
 stances will permit, and in the manner directed. 
 
 " Item. — To my dearly beloved wife, Marl ha 
 Washington, I give and bequeath the use, profit, 
 and benefit of my whole estate, real and personal, 
 for the term of her natural life, except such parts 
 thereof as are specially disposed of hereafter. My 
 improved lot in the town of Alexandria, situated 
 on P and Cameron streets, I give to her and her 
 heirs forever ; as I also do my household and kitchen 
 III 
 
66 
 
 furniture of every sort and kiwi, with the liquors 
 and groceries which may be on hand at the time of 
 my decease, to be used and disposed of as she may 
 think proper. 
 
 " Item. — Upon the decease of my wife, it is my 
 will and desire that all the slaves whom I hold in 
 my own right shall receive their freedom. To 
 emancipate them during her life would, though 
 earnestly wished by me, be attended with such in- 
 superable difficulties, on account of their intermix- 
 ture by marriage with the dower negroes, as to ex- 
 cite the most painful sensations, if not disagreeable 
 consequences to the latter, while both descriptions 
 arc in the occupancy of the same proprietor; it not 
 being in my power, under the tenure by which the 
 dower negroes are held, to manumit them. And 
 whereas, among those who will receive freedom 
 according to this devise, there may be some who, 
 from old age or bodily infirmities, and others who, 
 on account of their infancy, will be unable to sup- 
 port themselves, it is my will and desire that all 
 who crime under the first and second description 
 shall be comfortably clothed and fed by my heirs 
 
67 
 
 while they live ; and that such of the latter descrip- 
 tion as have no parents living, or, if living, are un- 
 able or unwilling to provide for them, shall be 
 bound by the court until they shall arrive at the 
 age of twenty-five years; and, in cases where no 
 record can be produced whereby their ages can be 
 ascertained, the judgment of the court, upon its own 
 views of the subject, shall be adequate and final. 
 The negroes thus bound are (by their masters or 
 mistresses) to be taught to read and write, and to 
 be brought up to some useful occupation, agreeably 
 to the laws of the commonwealth of Virginia, pro- 
 viding for the support of orphan or other poor chil- 
 dren. And I do hereby expressly forbid the sale 
 or transportation, out of the said commonwealth, of 
 any slave I may die possessed of, under any pre- 
 tence whatsoever. And I do, moreover, most point- 
 edly and most solemnly enjoin it upon my execu- 
 tors hereafter named, or the survivors of them, to 
 see that this clause respecting slaves, and every part 
 thereof, be religiously fulfilled a! the epoch at which 
 it is directed to take place, without evasion, neglect, 
 or delay, after the crops which may then be in the 
 
68 
 
 ground are harvested, particularly as it, respects the 
 aged an 1 infirm; seeing that a regular and perma- 
 nent fund be established lor their support; as iong 
 as there are subjects requiring it, not trusting to the 
 uncertain provision to be made by individuals. 
 And to my mulatto man, William, calling himseli 
 William Lee, 1 give immediate freedom, or, if he 
 should prefer it (on account <>f" the accidents which 
 have befallen him, and which have rendered him 
 incapable of walking, or of any active employment), 
 to remain in the situation he now is, it shall be 
 optional in him to do so ; in either case, however, I 
 allow him an annuity of thirty dollars during his 
 natural life, which shall be independent of the vic- 
 tuals and clothes he has been accustomed to receive^ 
 if he chooses the last alternative; but in full with 
 his freedom, if he prefers the first; and this I give 
 him, as a testimony of my sense of his attachment 
 to me, and for his faithful services during the Rev- 
 olutionary war. 
 
 " Item. — To the trustees (governors, or by what- 
 soever other name they may be designated) of the 
 Academy in the town of Alexandria, I give and 
 
69 
 
 bequeath, in trust, four thousand dollars, or in 
 other words, twenty of the shares which I hold in 
 the Hank of Alexandria, towards the support of a 
 free school, established at and annexed to the said 
 Academy, for the purpose of educating such orphan 
 children, or the children of such other poor and 
 indigent persons as are unable to accomplish it 
 with their own means, and who, in the judgment of 
 the trustees of said seminary, are best entitled to 
 the benefit of this donation. The aforesaid twenty 
 shares I give and bequeath in perpetuity; the divi- 
 dends only of which are to be drawn for and ap- 
 plied, by the said trustees for the time being, for 
 the uses above mentioned ; the stock to remain en- 
 tire and untouched, unless indications of failure of 
 the said bank should be so apparent, or a discon- 
 tinuance thereof should render a removal of the 
 fund necessary. In either of these cases, the 
 amount of stock here devised is to be vested in 
 some other bank or public institution, whereby the 
 interest may with regularity and certainty be drawn 
 and applied as above. And to prevent misconcep- 
 tion, my meaning j s , and is hereby declared to be, 
 
70 
 
 that these twenty shares are in lien of, and not in 
 addition to, the thousand pounds given by a mis- 
 sive letter some years ago, in consequence whereof 
 an annuity of fifty pounds has since been paid to- 
 wards the support of this institution. 
 
 " Item. — Whereas by a law of the Commonwealth 
 of Virginia, enacted in 1785, the legislature thereof 
 was pleased, as an evidence of its approbation of 
 the services I had rendered the public during the 
 Revolution, and partly, I believe, in consideration 
 of my hoving suggested the vast advantages which 
 the community would derive from the extension of 
 its inland navigation under legislative patronage, 
 to present, me with one hundred shares, of one hun- 
 dred dollars each, in the incorporated company es- 
 tablished lor the purpose of extending the naviga- 
 tion of James River from the tide water to the 
 mountain ; and also with fifty shares, of £100 ster- 
 ling each, in the corporation of another company, 
 likewise established for the similar purpose of open- 
 ing the navigation of the River Potomac from tide 
 water to Fort Cumberland ; tin; acceptance of 
 which, although the offer was highly honorable and 
 
71 
 
 grateful to my feelings, was refused, as inconsistent 
 with the principle which I had adopted, and had 
 never departed from, viz., not to receive pecuniary 
 compensation for any services I could render ray 
 country in its arduous struggle with Great Britain 
 for its rights, and because I had evaded similar 
 presents from other States in the Union ; adding to 
 this refusal, however, an intimation that, if it should 
 be the pleasure of the legislature to permit me to 
 appropriate the said shares to public uses, I would 
 receive them on those terms with due sensibility; 
 and this it having consented to, in flattering terms, 
 as will appear by a subsequent law, and sundry 
 resolutions, in the most ample and honorable man- 
 ner : I proceed after this recital, for the more cor- 
 rect understanding of the case, to declare that, as 
 it has always been a source of serious regret with 
 me to see the youth of these United States sent to 
 foreign countries for the purpose of education, often 
 before their minds were formed, or they had im- 
 bibed any adequate ideas of the happiness of their 
 own ; contracting too frequently not only habits of 
 dissipation and extravagance, but principles un- 
 
72 
 
 friendly to republican government, and to the true 
 and genuine liberties of mankind, which thereafter 
 are rarely overcome; for these reasons it has been 
 my ardent wish to see a plan devised, on a liberal 
 scale, which would have a tendency to spread sys- 
 tematic ideas through all parts of this rising em- 
 pire, thereby to do away with local attachments 
 and State prejudices, as far as the nature of things 
 would, or indeed ought to admit, from our national 
 councils. Looking anxiously forward to the ac- 
 complishment of so desirable an object as this is 
 (in my estimation), my mind has not been able to 
 contemplate any plan more likely to effect the meas- 
 ure than the establishment of a University in a 
 central part of the United States, to which the 
 youths of fortune and talents from all parts thereof 
 may be sent for the completion of their education 
 in all the branches of polite literature, in arts and 
 sciences, in acquiring knowledge in the principles 
 of politics and good government, and, as a matter 
 of infinite importance in my judgment, by asso- 
 ciating with each other, ami forming friendships in 
 juvenile years, be enabled to free themselves in a 
 
73 
 
 proper degree from those local prejudices and 
 habitual jealousies which have just been mentioned, 
 and which, when carried to excess, are never-failing 
 sources of disquietude to the public mind, and preg- 
 nant of mischievous consequences to this country. 
 Under these impressions, so fully dilated, I give 
 and bequeath, in perpetuity, the fifty shares which 
 I hold in the Potomac Company (under the afore- 
 said acts of the legislature of Virginia) towards the 
 endowment of a University, to be established 
 within the limits of the District of Columbia, un- 
 der the auspices of the general government, if that 
 government should incline to extend a fostering 
 hand towards it ; and until such seminary is estab- 
 lished, and the funds arising on these shares shall 
 be required for its support, my further will and 
 desire is, that the profit accruing therefrom shall, 
 whenever the dividends are made, be laid out in 
 purchasing stock in the Bank of Columbia, or some 
 other bank, at the discretion of my executors, or by 
 the Treasurer of the United States for the time be- 
 ing, under the direction of Congress, provided that 
 honorable body should patronize the measure ; and 
 
74 
 
 the dividends proceeding from the purchase of such 
 stock are to be vested in more stock, and so on un- 
 til a sum adequate to the accomplishment of the 
 object is obtained; of which I have not the smallest 
 doubt before many years pass away, even if no aid 
 or encouragement is given by the legislative author- 
 ity, or from any other source. 
 
 "Item. — The hundred shares which I hold in the 
 James River Company I have given, and now con- 
 firm in perpetuity, to and for the use and benefit 
 of Liberty Hall Academy, in the County of Rock- 
 bridge, in the Commonwealth of Virginia.'' 
 
 Jared Sparks says in his life of Washington : 
 "The donation to Washington College (formerly 
 known as Liberty Hall Academy) has been produc- 
 tive, and the proceeds arising from it have con- 
 tributed essential aid to that institution. No part 
 of the other fund has been employed for literary 
 purposes. The Potomac Company seems to have 
 been merged in the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal 
 Company. The shares appropriated by Washing- 
 ton's will are doubtless held in trust by the latter 
 company for their destined object." 
 
75 
 
 The will directs that the estate of his deceased 
 brother, Samuel Washington, shall be released from 
 the payment of money due for land, and also that 
 the balance due from the estate of Bartholomew 
 D^ndridge shall be released. Sundry legacies were 
 given to the nieces and nephews of Washington. 
 His papers and library were given to his nephew, 
 Judge Bushrod Washington, the son of his brother, 
 John Augustine Washington. Legacies were given 
 to friends, such as " To my companion in arms and 
 old and intimate friend, Dr. Craik, I give my bureau 
 (or as the cabinet-makers call it, my tambour sec- 
 retary) and the circular chair, an appendage of my 
 study. " " To General de Lafayette, I give a pair 
 of finely-wrought steel pistols, taken from the 
 enemy in the Revolutionary war." "To Tobias 
 Lear, I give the use of the farm which he now 
 holds in virtue of a lease from me, free of rent dur- 
 ing his life.'' He gave each of his five nephews a 
 sword, with the injunction " not to unsheath them 
 for the purpose of shedding blood, except it be in 
 self-defense, or in defense of their country and its 
 rights ; and in the latter case to keep them un- 
 
76 
 
 sheathed, and prefer foiling with them in their 
 hands to the relinquishment thereof." 
 
 To his nephew, Bushrod Washington, and his 
 heirs, he gave a certain part of the Mount Vernon 
 estate, with the mansion and other buildings, as, lie 
 says, "partly in consideration of an intimation to 
 his deceased father while we were bachelors, and he 
 had kindly undertaken to superintend my estate 
 during my military services in the former war be- 
 tween Great Britain and France, that, if I should 
 fall therein, Mount Vernon, then less extensive in 
 domain than at present, should become his prop- 
 erty ." His estate of 2,027 acres east of Little 
 Hunting creek he gave to his nephews, George 
 Fayette Washington and Lawrence Augustine 
 Washington. 
 
 The will continues: " And whereas it has always 
 been my intention, since my expectation of having 
 issue has ceased, to consider the grandchildren of 
 my wile in the same light as I do my own relation, 
 and to act a friendly part by them > more; especially 
 by the two whom we have raised from their earliest 
 infancy, namely, Eleanor Parke (Just is and George 
 
17 
 
 Washington Parke Custis ; and whereas the former 
 of these hath lately intermarried with Lawrence 
 Lewis, a son of my deceased sister, Betty Lewis, 
 by which union the inducement to provide for them 
 both has been increased; wherefore I give and be- 
 queath to the said Lawrence Lewis and Eleanor 
 Parke Lewis, his wife, and their heirs, the residue 
 of my Mount Yernon estate not already devised to 
 my nephew, Bushrod Washington." This portion 
 consisted of about two thousand acres, and em- 
 braced his flour mill, distillery, and other buildings. 
 
 The will continues: "Actuated by the principle 
 already mentioned, I give and bequeath to George 
 Washington Parke Custis, the grandson of my 
 wife, and my ward, and to his heirs, the tract I 
 hold on Four Mile Run, in the vicinity of Alexan- 
 dria, containing one thousand two hundred acres, 
 more; or less, and my entire square, No. 21, in the 
 city of Washington." 
 
 The remainder of his estate, real and personal, 
 was to be divided into twenty-three equal parts, 
 and disposed of to his nephews and nieces accord- 
 ing to a division he describes in detail — that is, so 
 many parts to each. 
 
78 
 
 The will concludes as follows: "The family 
 vault at Mount Vernon requiring repairs, and being 
 improperly situated besides, I desire that a new one 
 of brick, and upon a larger scale, may be built at 
 the foot of what is commonly called the Vineyard 
 Enclosure, on the ground which is marked out ; in 
 which my remains, with those of my deceased rela- 
 tions (now in the old vault), and such others of my 
 family as may choose to be entombed there, may be 
 deposited. And it is my express desire that my 
 corpse may be interred in a private manner, without 
 parade or funeral oration. 
 
 " Lastly, J constitute and appoint my dearly- 
 beloved wife, Martha Washington, my nephews, 
 William Augustine Washington, Bushrod Washing- 
 ton, George Steptoe Washington, Samuel Washing- 
 ton, and Lawrence Lewis, and my ward, George 
 Washington Parke Custus (when he shall have ar- 
 rived at the age of twenty-one years), executrix and 
 executors of this my will and testament, in the con- 
 struction of which it will be readily perceived that 
 no professional character has been consulted or has 
 had any agency in the draft; and that although it 
 
79 
 
 has occupied many of my leisure hours to digest 
 and to throw into its present form, it may, notwith- 
 standing, appear crude and incorrect; but having 
 endeavored to be plain and explicit in all the devises, 
 even at the expense of prolixity, perhaps of tautol- 
 ogy, I hope and trust that no disputes will arise 
 concerning them. But if, contrary to expectation, 
 the case should be otherwise from the want of legal 
 expressions or the usual technical terms, or because 
 too much or too little has been said on any of # the 
 devises to be consonant with law, my will and direc- 
 tion expressly is that all disputes (if, unhappily, any 
 should arise) shall be decided by three impartial 
 and intelligent men, known for their probity a id 
 good understanding; two to be chosen by the dis- 
 putants, each having the choice of one, and the third 
 by those two ; which three men, thus chosen, shall, 
 unfettered by law or legal constructions, declare 
 their sense of the testator's intention ; and such 
 decision is, to all intents and purposes, to be as 
 binding on the parties as if it had been given in the 
 Supreme Court of the United States." 
 
 The will is dated July 9, 1799, and is signed in 
 
80 
 
 a hold, clear hand, every page having Washington's 
 name. The original manuscript is preserved in the 
 record office of the Fairfax county court-house, in 
 Virginia. 
 
 After Mrs. Washington's death, Bushrod Wash- 
 ington resided for some years at Mount Vernon, 
 lie was a member of the Supreme Court of the 
 United States, and a jurist of profound learning and 
 inflexible honesty. He died in 182(3, and the Mount 
 Vernon estate became the property of his nephew, 
 John Augustine Washington. At his death, in 1832, 
 his son, John Augustine Washington, was the heir. 
 He held the estate until 1860, when he disposed of 
 it to the Mount Vernon Asssociation. 
 
The Home of Washington. 
 
 Mount Vernon is sixteen miles below the Capitol, 
 in Fairfax county, Virginia. Originally it com- 
 prised about six thousand acres, and was divided 
 into five farms. What is now known as Mount 
 Vernon is but a lew acres in extent, and is pari of 
 what was formerly the mansion-house farm. 
 
 The Mount Vernon Association was incorporated 
 in 1856 and purchased Mount Vernon in I860 for 
 $200,000, contributed in large and small amounts 
 by people in all the States. The object of the Mount 
 Vernon Association in purchasing the place was to 
 keep it forever for the benefit of the American 
 people. George Washington inherited Mount Ver- 
 non when he was about twenty-one years of age. 
 His half-brother, Lawrence Washington, received 
 the estate at the death of his father, and named it 
 Mount Vernon in honor of Admiral Vernon of the 
 British navy. It was the home of Oeorge Wash- 
 ington for more than forty years, and in it he en- 
 
82 
 
 tertained Lafayette and many other distinguished 
 people. 
 
 The mansion in which Washington lived is a 
 wooden building, two stories and an attic, ninety 
 feet long and thirty feet wide. . A portico of pan- 
 elled columns extends across its whole eastern front. 
 It has a peak roof with a cupalo. It is surrounded 
 by beatiful lawns, gardens and driveways. 
 
 The old family vault is about three hundred yards 
 south of the family mansion. Washington's body 
 remained in this vault for many years. In 1828 a 
 new tomb was constructed a short distance from 
 the old tomb and the remains of Washington and his 
 wife and other members of the family were deposited 
 in it. 
 
 On October 7, 1837, the remains of Washington 
 were put in a marble coffin eighteen feet long, three 
 feet wide and two feet high. The coffiu was ex- 
 cavated from a block of Pennsylvania marble, and 
 its cover is Italian marble. 
 
 The arms and insignia of the United States and 
 the name "Washington" are plainly sculptured on 
 the lid or covering stone, 
 
83 
 
 The remains of Mrs. Washington are deposited 
 in a similar marble sarcophagus, and on the lid is 
 inscribed "Martha, consort of George Washington, 
 died May 21st, 1801, aged 71 years." 
 
 General Washington was born February 22, 1732, 
 in Westmoreland county, Virginia. On January 
 7, 1759, he was married to Martha Dandridge 
 Custis, widow of Daniel Parke Custis. On Decem- 
 ber 23, 1783, he resigned his commission as com- 
 mander of the army, at Annapolis, was elected first 
 President of the United States in 1789, re-elected 
 in 1793, and died at Mount Vernon December 14, 
 1799. 
 
 Arlington is directly opposite Washington on the 
 Virginia bank of the Potomac. The estate com- 
 prises 1,160 acres. About 200 acres are used for 
 the cemetery and most of the remainder for a cav- 
 alry station, known as Fort Myer. John Custis 
 first gave the name of Arlington to this estate. 
 He paid £1 1,000 for it. This Custis married the 
 daughter of Colonel Daniel Parke, of Virginia. By 
 this marriage there were two children, a son and a 
 daughter. The daughter married an English army 
 
84 
 
 officer. The son, Daniel Parke Custis, married 
 Martha Dandridge, of Williamsburg, Virginia. 
 After marriage they lived at the White House farm 
 in Virginia until the death of the elder Custis, 
 when they removed to Arlington. Daniel Parke 
 Custis died before he was thirty-five years old, 
 leaving two children, a boy and a girl. Arlington 
 was left by will to the boy, John Parke Custis, and 
 I lie White House estate to the girl, Eleanor Custis. 
 The remainder of Daniel's property, $100,000, was 
 left by will to the widow Custis. George Wash- 
 ington met the widow Custis, they fell in love witli 
 each other and on the fall of January, 1759, they 
 were married. Washington gave great attention to 
 the management of the Arlington estate, and him- 
 self and Mrs. Washington spent many pleasant days 
 there. 
 
 John Parke Custis grew to manhood, but his sis- 
 ter died at the age of seventeen. John married 
 Miss Calvert, of Maryland. He was an aidc-de- 
 camp to Washington at the battle of Yorktown, 
 and died of fever soon after the battle. He left. 
 two infant children and they were adopted by Gen- 
 
85 
 
 eral Washington. They were named Washington 
 Parke Cnstis and Nelly Custis. 
 
 Nelly Custis married Major Lawrence Lewis, of 
 Virginia. George Washington Parke Custis re- 
 mained at Mount Vernon till he was twenty-one, 
 when he took possession of the Arlington estate. 
 When he came into possession of Arlington he im- 
 mediately began the erection of a grand mansion 
 on the brow of the hill and expended a good deal 
 of money in its construction. He oecupied it in 
 1803. In about a year after he married Mary Lee 
 Fitzhugh. Four children were born to them, all 
 girls, but only one survived infancy. George 
 Washington Parke Custis died in 1857. His wife 
 died in 1853. Their only child, Mary Randolph 
 Custis, was married to Lieutenant Robert E. Lee 
 in 1832. Lieutenant Lee, now well known to the 
 reading world as General Robert E. Lee, was the 
 son of Governor Lee, of Virginia, who, in de- 
 livering the oration at the Congressional funeral 
 ceremony in honor of Washington, said: "First 
 in peace, first in war, first in the hearts of his 
 countrymen. " 
 
86 
 
 The Arlington estate was left to Mrs. R. E. Lee 
 for life ; after her death to descend to her eldest son. 
 
 Arlington remained in possession of the Lee 
 family till 1861, at which time Colonel Lee decided 
 to join the Confederacy. It was then taken pos- 
 session of by United States troops. It was sold 
 for taxes in 1864. It could not he confiscated, se 
 taxes were levied on it, and the Government bo ugh I 
 it for $23,000. 
 
 General George Washington Custis Lee sued for 
 the recovery of the property, the case went to the 
 Supreme Court of the United States and General 
 Lee gained it. He then proposed compromise with 
 the Government. His proposal was accepted by 
 Congress, and in 1884 he transferred all his right 
 title and interest in the Arlington estate to the 
 United States for $150,000. * 
 
 The remains of more than 16,000 soldiers of the 
 late war repose in Arlington cemetery. 
 
The Executive. 
 
 THE PRESIDENT. 
 
 Grover Cleveland, President, was born in Cald- 
 well, Essex County, N. J., March 18, 1837. On 
 July 8, 1884, he was nominated for President, and 
 was elected, receiving 219 electoral votes against 
 182 electoral votes cast for James G. Blaine; was 
 renominated for the Presidency in 1888, and was 
 defeated by Benjamin Harrison by an electoral vote 
 of 233 against 168 ; was again nominated for the 
 Presidency in 1892, and was elected, receiving 276 
 electoral votes against 145 electoral votes for Ben- 
 jamin Harrison, and was inaugurated March 4, 
 1893. 
 
 MEMBERS OF THE CABINET. 
 
 Walter Quinton Gresliam, of Chicago, 111., was 
 born near Lanesville, Harrison County, Ind., March 
 17, 1832; was prominently before the National Re- 
 publican Convention in 1888 as a candidate for 
 President. He was appointed to his present posi- 
 tion by President Cleveland March 6, 1893. 
 
88 
 
 John Griffin Carlisle, of Covington, Ky., Secre- 
 tary of the Treasury, was born in what. is now 
 Kenton County, Ky., September 5, 1835 ; was 
 elected to Congress for six consecutive terms ; was 
 elected Speaker in the Forty-eight, Forty-ninth, 
 and Fiftieth Congress, and was elected to the United 
 States Senate May 17, 1890, resigned, and became 
 a member of President Cleveland's Cabinet March 
 7, 1893. 
 
 David Scott Lamont, of New York city, Secre- 
 tary of War, was born in Cortiandville, N. Y., 
 February 9, 1851 ; was private secretary and mili- 
 tary secretary to drover Cleveland, of New York, 
 from February, 1883, to March, 1885, and private 
 secretary to President Cleveland from March, 1885, 
 to March, 1889. He was appointed to his present 
 office by President Cleveland in March, 1893. 
 
 Richard Olney, of Boston, Mass., Attorney - 
 General-, was born in Oxford, Worcester County, 
 Mass., September 15, 1835. lie was appointed to 
 his present position by President Cleveland in 
 March, 1893. 
 
 Wilson Shannon Bissell, of Buffalo, N. Y., Post. 
 
89 
 
 master-General, was born in New London, Oneida 
 County, N. Y., December 31, 1847; served as 
 presidential elector at large in 1884, and was ap- 
 pointed Postmaster-General by President Cleve- 
 land March 6, 1893. 
 
 Hilary A. Herbert, of Montgomery, Ala., Sec- 
 retary of* the Navy, was born at Lawrence ville, S. 
 C, removed with his father at the age of twelve 
 years to Greenville, Butler County, Ala. ; served 
 in the confederate army, was disabled in the battle 
 of the Wilderness, May 6, 1864; afterward prac- 
 ticed law at Greenville till 1872, when he removed 
 to Montgomery; was elected to the Forty-fifth, 
 Forty-sixth, Forty-seventh, Forty-eighth, Forty- 
 ninth. Fiftieth, and Fifty-second Congress; was 
 appointed Secretary of the Navy by President 
 Cleveland, and entered upon the discharge of the 
 duties of the office on the 7th of March, 1893. 
 
 Hoke Smith, of Atlanta, Ga., Secretary of the 
 Interior, was bom in Newton, N. C, September 2, 
 1855, and never held a public office until ap- 
 pointed Secretary of the Interior by President 
 Cleveland in March, 1893. 
 
90 
 
 Julius Sterling Morton, of Nebraska City, Nebr., 
 Secretary of Agriculture, was born in Jefferson 
 County, N. Y., April 27, 1832; located at Bel- 
 view, Nebr., in 1854; was nominated for governor 
 in 1866, and was defeated by 145 votes; has been 
 the Democratic candidate for governor three times 
 since, and been the candidate of his party several 
 times for United States Senator. 
 
 'Ni 
 
Departmental Inforroatior). 
 
 Executive Mansion, Pennsylvania avenue, be- 
 tween Fifteenth and Seventeenth streets: Presi- 
 dent of the United States, Gfover Cleveland ; pri- 
 vate secretary, Henry T. Thurber ; U. S. District 
 Marshal, Albert A. Wilson. 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF STATE. 
 
 Department of State, Seventeenth street, south 
 of Pennsylvania avenue. Secretary of State, Wal- 
 ter Q. Gresham. 
 
 Tli E A S U II Y DEP A RTM ENT. 
 
 Treasury Department, Fifteenth street and Penn- 
 sylvania avenue. The following-named offices are 
 in the Treasury Building: Secretary of Treasury, 
 John G. Carlisle. Supervising Architect's Offiee, 
 in Treasury Building. Supervising Architect, Jere- 
 miah O'Rouke; First Auditor, Third Auditor, 
 Fourth Auditor, Fifth Auditor, Treasurer of the 
 United States, Comptroller of the Currency, Com- 
 missioner of Internal Revenue, Director of the 
 
92 
 
 Mint, Bureau of Navigation, and Light House 
 Board* 
 
 Secret Service Division, Treasury Building. 
 
 Office of Steamboat Inspection, Maltby Building, 
 New Jersey avenue and B street N. W. 
 
 Bureau of Statistics, Adam's Building, 1335 F 
 street N. W. 
 
 Life-saving Service, Treasury Department Build- 
 ing. 
 
 Commissioner of Customs, in Treasury Depart- 
 ment Building. 
 
 Register of the Treasury, in Treasury Depart- 
 ment Building. 
 
 The Bureau of Engraving and Printing is sit- 
 uated at Fourteenth and B streets S. W. 
 
 The Second Auditor's Office, in Winder's Build- 
 ing, corner of Seventeenth and F streets N. \V. 
 
 The United States Coast and Geodetic Survey 
 in the Coast and Geodetic Survey Building, south 
 of the Capitol. 
 
 The Marine Hospital Service office is o B street 
 S. E. 
 
93 
 
 WAR DEPARTMENT. 
 
 War Department, Seventeenth street, south of 
 Pennsylvania avenue. Secretary of War, Daniel 
 S. Lament. 
 
 Headquarters of the Army, in War Department 
 Building. 
 
 Office of the Inspector General, in War Depart- 
 ment Building. 
 
 Office of the Judge- Advocate-General, in War 
 Department Building. 
 
 Office of the Quartermaster-General, in War 
 Department Building. 
 
 Office of the Adjutant-General, in War Depart- 
 ment Building. 
 
 Office of the Commissary -General of Subsistence, 
 in War Department Building. 
 
 Office of the Surgeon-General, in War Depart- 
 ment Building. 
 
 Office of the Paymaster-General, in War De- 
 partment Building. 
 
 Office of the Chief of Engineers, in War De- 
 partment Building. 
 
94 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE. 
 
 Department of Justice. Pennsylvania avenue, 
 between Fifteenth and Sixteenth streets. Attorney- 
 General, Richard Gluey. 
 
 Officer of the Solicitor of the Treasury, Treas- 
 ury Building. 
 
 POST-0 FFIOE D El> A RTM ENT . 
 
 Post-Office Department, corner of Seventh and 
 E streets N. W. Office of the Postmaster General. 
 Postmaster-General, Wilson S. Bissell, the Arling- 
 ton. 
 
 Office of the First Assistant Postmaster-General, 
 Post-Office Department Building. 
 
 Office of the Second Assistant Postmaster-Gen- 
 eral, Post-Office Department Building. 
 
 Office of Third Assistant Postmaster-General, 
 Post-Office Department Building. 
 
 NAVY DEPARTMENT. 
 
 Navy Department, east wing State, War, and 
 Navy Building. Secretary of the Navy, Hilary A. 
 Herbert. 
 
 Bureau of Ordnance, first floor, east wing. 
 
95 
 
 Bureau of Equipments, third floor, east wing. 
 
 Bureau of Navigation, second floor, east wing. 
 
 Hydrographic Office, basement, Navy Depart- 
 ment. 
 
 Bureau of Yards and Docks, third floor, east 
 wing. 
 
 Bureau of Supplies and Accounts, first floor, east 
 wing. Paymaster-General Edwin Stewart, 1315 
 New Hampshire avenue. 
 
 Bureau of Steam Engineering, third floor, east 
 wing. 
 
 Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, first floor, 
 south wing., 
 
 Office of the Judge-Advocate-General, second 
 floor, east wing, room 278. 
 
 Nautical Almanac, office, room K66, Navy De- 
 partment, and northwest corner Nineteenth street, 
 and Pennsylvania avenue, N. W. 
 
 Naval War Records Office and Library, fourth 
 floor, east wing. 
 
 Board of Inspection and Survey, basement, Navy 
 Department, room 86. 
 
 Office of Naval Intelligence, Navy Department? 
 fourth floor. 
 
96 
 
 Navy- Yard and Station, foot of Eighth street 
 S. E. ' 
 
 Navy Pay Office, 1425 New York avenue N. W. 
 Pay Inspector T. T.. Caswell, 1609 Thirty-fifth 
 street N. W. 
 
 Naval Hospital, Pennsylvania avenue, between 
 Ninth and Tenth streets, S. E. 
 
 Steel Inspection Board, Navy Department, third 
 floor, room 364. 
 
 Museum of Hygiene, 1707 New York avenue. 
 
 Naval Dispensary, 1707 New York avenue. 
 
 Naval Examining Board, room No. 87, basement, 
 east wing. 
 
 Naval Retiring Board, room No. 87, basement, 
 east wing. 
 
 Naval Medical Examining Board, room No. 89, 
 basement, east wing. 
 
 State, War, and Navy Department Building, 
 Superintendent's room, No. 148, first floor, north 
 wing. 
 
 Naval Observatory, Georgetown Heights. 
 
 Headquarters U. S. Marine Corps, Eighth street 
 S. E. 
 
97 
 
 Marine Barracks, Was) 11112, ton, D. C, Eighth 
 street S. E. 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR. 
 
 Department of the Interior, corner of Seventh 
 and F streets N. W. Secretary of the Interior, 
 Hoke Smith, 1412 Massachusetts avenue N. W. 
 
 General Land Office, Interior Department Build- 
 ing. 
 
 PATENT OFFICE. 
 
 Patent Office, Interior Department Building. 
 
 Bureau of Pensions, New Pension Building, Ju- 
 diciary Square. 
 
 United States Pension Agency, No. 308 F street 
 N. W. 
 
 Office of Indian Affairs, seventh floor, Atlantic 
 Building, F street, south side, between Ninth and 
 Tenth N. W. 
 
 Office of Education, northeast corner of Eighth 
 and G streets N. W. 
 
 Office of Commissioner of Railroads, third floor 
 new Pension Building, Judiciary Square. 
 
 Office of the Geological Survey, Hooe Building, 
 1330 F street N. W. 
 
 IV 
 
98 
 Census Office, No. 512 Ninth street, northwest. 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 Department of Agriculture, the Mall, between 
 Twelfth and Fourteenth streets. Office of the 
 Secretary of Agriculture. Secretary of Agricul- 
 ture, J. Sterling Morton, the Cochran. 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. 
 
 Department of Labor, National Safe Deposit 
 Building, corner Fifteenth street and New York 
 avenue N. W. 
 
 United States Civil-Service Commission, offices, 
 City Hall Building. 
 
 Building for the Library of Congress, office, L45 
 East Capitol street. 
 
 Government Printing Office, corner North Cap- 
 itol and H streets. 
 
 United States Fish Commission, office, corner 
 Sixth and B streets S. W. 
 
 The Soldiers' Home. Board of Commissioners. 
 Office No. 55 War Department, north wing. 
 
Department Duties. 
 
 THE DEPARTMENT Or' STATE. 
 
 The Secretary of State. — -The Secretary of Suite 
 is charged, under the direction of the President, 
 with the duties appertaining to correspondence with 
 the public ministers and consuls of the United 
 States, and with the representatives of foreign 
 powers aeer edited to the United States ; and to ne- 
 gotiations of whatever character relating to the 
 foreign affairs of the United States. He is also the 
 medium of correspondence between the President 
 and the chief executive of the several States of the 
 United States; he has the custody of the great seal 
 of the United States, and countersigns and affixes 
 such seal to all executive proclamations, to various 
 commissions, and to warrants for pardon, and the 
 extradition of fugitives from justice. He is regarded 
 as the first in rank among the members of the 
 Cabinet. He is also the custodian of the treaties 
 made with foreign states, and of the laws of the 
 United States. He grants and issues passports, 
 
100 
 
 and exequaturs to foreign consuls in the United 
 States are issued through his office. He publishes 
 the laws and resolutions of Congress, amendments 
 to the Constitution, and proclamations declaring the 
 admission of new States into the Union. He is 
 also charged with certain annual reports to Con- 
 gress relating to commercial information received 
 from diplomatic and consular officers of the United 
 States. 
 
 The Assistant Secretary of Stale becomes the Act- 
 ing Secretary of State in the absence of the Secre- 
 tary. Under the organization of the Department 
 the Assistant Secretary, Second Assistant Secretary, 
 and Third Assistant Secretary are respectively 
 charged with the immediate supervision of all cor- 
 respondence with the diplomatic and consular offi- 
 cers in the countries named in the divisions of those 
 Bureaus, and of the miscellaneous correspondence 
 relating thereto, and, in general, they are intrusted 
 with the preparation of the correspondence upon 
 any questions arising in the course of the public 
 business that may be assigned to them by the Sec- 
 retary. 
 
101 
 
 THE TREASURY DEPARTMENT. 
 
 The Secretary of the Treasury. — The Secretary 
 of the Treasury is charged by law with the man- 
 ngement of the national finances. He prepares 
 plans for the improvement of the revenue and for 
 the support of the public credit; superintends the 
 collection of the revenue, and prescribes the forms 
 of keeping and rendering public accounts and of 
 making returns; grants warrants for all moneys 
 drawn from the Treasury in pursuance of appro- 
 priations made by law, and for the payment 01 
 moneys into the Treasury; and annually submits to 
 Congress estimates of the probable revenues and 
 disbursements of the government. He also con- 
 trols the construction of public buildings; the coin- 
 age and printing of money ; the collection of statis- 
 tics ; the administration of the coast and geodetic 
 survey, life-saving, light-house, revenue-cutter, 
 steamboat inspection, and marine hospital branches 
 of the public service, and furnishes generally such 
 information as may be required by either branch 01 
 Congress on all matters pertaining to the foregoing. 
 
 The routine work of the Secretary's office is 
 
102 
 
 transacted in the offices of the Supervising Archi- 
 tect, Director of the Mint; Superintendent of En- 
 graving and Printing, Supervising Surgeon-Gen- 
 eral of Marine Hospitals, General Superintendent 
 of Life-Saving Service, Supervising Inspector -Gen- 
 eral of Steamboats, Bureau of Statistics, Light- 
 House Board, and in the following divisions : War- 
 rants, Estimates, and Appropriations ; Appoint- 
 ments; Customs; Public Moneys; Loans and Cur- 
 rency ; Revenue-Marine ; Stationery, Printing, and 
 Blanks ; Mails and Files ; Special Agents and 
 Miscellaneous. 
 
 THE WAft DEPARTMENT. 
 
 The Secretary of War.— The Secretary of War 
 is at the head of the War Department, and per- 
 forms such duties as the President may enjoin 
 upon him concerning the military service. 
 
 He has supervision of all the estimates of appro- 
 priations for the expenses of the Department, of 
 all purchases of Army supplies, and of all expendi- 
 tures for the support and transportation of the 
 Army, and of such expenditures of a civil nature 
 as are by law placed under his direction. 
 
103 
 
 He also has supervision of the United States 
 Military Academy at West Point ; of national ceme- 
 teries ; of the publication of the Official Records 
 of the War of the Rebellion, and of the Board of 
 Ordnance and Fortification. 
 
 He has charge of all matters relating to river 
 and harbor improvements; the prevention of ob- 
 struction to navigation; the establishment of har- 
 bor lines, and approves the plans and location of 
 bridges authorized by Congress to be constucted 
 over the navigable waters of the United States. 
 
 THE DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE. 
 
 The Attorney -General. — The Attorney-General 
 is the head of the Department of Justice, aud the 
 chief law officer of the Government. He repre- 
 sents the United States in matters involving legal 
 questions ; he gives his advice and opinion on ques- 
 tions of law when they are required by the Presi- 
 dent or by the heads of the other Executive Depart- 
 ments, on questions of law arising upon the admin- 
 istration of their respective Departments ; he exer- 
 cises a general superintendence and direction over 
 
104 
 
 United States Attorneys and Marshals in all judi- 
 cial districts in the States and Territories ; and he 
 provides special counsel for the United States when- 
 ever required by any Department of the Govern- 
 ment. 
 
 He is assisted by a chief clerk and other clerks 
 and employees in the executive management of the 
 business of the Department. 
 
 A law clerk, who is also an examiner of titles, 
 assists the Attorney-General in the investigation of 
 legal questions and in the preparation of opinions. 
 
 The Solicitor-General. — The Solicitor-General as- 
 sists the Attorney-General in the performance o* 
 his duties, and in case of a vacancy in the office of 
 Attorney -General, or in his absence, exercises all 
 these duties. Except when the Attorney-Genera] 
 otherwise directs, the Attorney-General and Solici- 
 tor-General conduct and argue all cases in the Su- 
 preme Court and in the Court of Claims in which 
 the United States is interested; and, when the At- 
 torney-General so directs, any such ease in any court 
 of the United States may be conducted and argued 
 by the Solicitor-General ; and in the same way the 
 
105 
 
 Solicitor-General may be sent by the Attorney-Gen- 
 eral to attend to the interests of the United States 
 in any State court or elsewhere. 
 
 THE POST-OFFICE DEPARTMENT. 
 
 The Postmaster-General. — The Postmaster-Gen- 
 eral has the direction and management of the Post- 
 Office Department. He appoints all officers and 
 employees of the Department, except the four As- 
 sistant Postmaster-Generals, who are appointed by 
 the President, by and with the advice and consent 
 ot the Senate ; appoints all postmasters whose com- 
 pensation does not exceed one thousand dollars ; 
 makes postal treaties with foreign governments, by 
 and with the advice and consent of the President, 
 awards and executes contracts, and directs the man- 
 agement of the domestic and foreign mail service. 
 
 THE NAVY DEPARTMENT. 
 
 The Secretary of the Navy. — The Secretary of the 
 Navy performs such duties as the President of the 
 United States who is Commander-in-Chief, may 
 assign him, and has the general superintendence of 
 construction, manning, armament, equipment, and 
 employment of vessels of war. 
 
106 
 
 The Chief Clerk has general charge of the records 
 and correspondence of the Secretary's Oinee. 
 
 The Assistant Secretary of the Navy. — The As- 
 sistant Secretary of the Nav}' performs such duties 
 in the Navy Department as shall be prescribed by 
 the Secretary of the Navy, or may be required by 
 law. 
 
 THE DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR. 
 
 The Secretary of the Interior. — The Secretary of 
 the Interior is charged with I he supervision of pub- 
 lic business relating to patents for inventions ; pen- 
 sion and bounty lands ; the public lauds and sur- 
 veys ; the Indians ; education; railroads; the geo- 
 logical survey; the census; the Hot Springs Reser- 
 vation, Arkansas ; the Yellowstone National Park, 
 Wyoming, and the Sequoia Parks, California ; dis- 
 distribution of appropriations for agricultural and 
 mechanical colleges in the States and Territories ; 
 the custody and distribution of certain public docu- 
 ments ; and certain hospitals and eleemosynary in- 
 stitutions in the District of Columbia. He also 
 exercises certain powers and duties in relation to 
 the Territories of the United States. 
 
107 
 
 THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 The Secretary of Agriculture.— The Secretary of 
 Agriculture is charged with the supervision of all 
 public business relating to the agriculture industry. 
 He appoints all the officers and employees of the 
 Department, with the exception of the Assistant 
 Secretary and the Chief of the Weather Bureau, who 
 are appointed by the President, and directs the 
 management of all the divisions and sections and 
 the bureaus~embraced in the Department. He ex- 
 orcises advisory supervision over the agricultural 
 experiment stations deriving support from the Na- 
 tional Treasury, and has control of the quarantine 
 stations for imported cattle, and of interstate quar- 
 antine rendered necessary by contagious cattle dis- 
 eases. 
 
 The Weather Bureau is organized for the pur- 
 pose of forecasting the weather ; for the issue of 
 storm warnings; the display of weather and flood 
 signals for the benefit of agriculture, commerce and 
 navigation ; the gauging and reporting of rivers ; 
 the maintenance and operation of seacoast telegraph 
 lines, and the collection and transmission of marine 
 
108 
 
 intelligence for the benefit of commerce and naviga- 
 tion ; the reporting of temperature and rainfall con- 
 ditions for the cotton interests ; the display of frost 
 and cold-wave signals; the distribution of meteor- 
 ological information in the interests of agriculture 
 and commerce, and the taking of such meteorologi- 
 cal observations as may be necessary to establish 
 and record the climatic conditions of the United 
 States, or as are essential for the proper execution 
 of the foregoing duties. 
 
 The principal officials of the bureau are Mark W. 
 Harrington, chief; Major H. H. C. Dunwoody, U. 
 S. A., acting assistant chief; James R. Cook, chief 
 clerk ; Cleveland Abbe, Frank H Bigelovv, Henry 
 A. Hazen, Charles F. Marvin, and W. L. Moore, 
 professors of meteorology. 
 
 THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. 
 
 The Commissioner of Labor. — The Department 
 of Labor was established by act of Congress ap- 
 proved June 13, 1888. It is placed in charge of a 
 Commissioner of Labor, who is directed to acquire 
 and diffuse among the people of the United States 
 
109 
 
 useful information on subjects connected with labor 
 in the most general and comprehensive sense of that 
 word, and especially upon its relation to capital ; 
 the hours of labor ; the earnings of laboring men 
 and women; and the means of promoting their 
 material, social, intellectual, and moral prosperity. 
 He is also especially charged, in accordance with 
 the general design and duties prescribed by the law, 
 at as early a date as possible and whenever indus- 
 trial changes shall make it essential, to ascertain the 
 cost of producing articles, at the time dutiable in 
 the United States, in leading countries where such 
 articles are produced, by fully specified units of 
 production, and under a classification showing the 
 different elements of cost of such articles of produc- 
 tion, including wages paid in such industries, etc, 
 
 SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 The Supreme Court of the United States is in 
 the Capitol Building. 
 
Discovery of Cf)esapeaKe Bay. 
 
 Captain Christopher Newport entered the Chesa- 
 peake Bay on the % 2(>th of April, 1607, and named 
 the headlands at its mouth Cape Henry and Cape 
 Charles, in honor of the Prince of Wales and the 
 Duke of York. He also gave to what is now known 
 as Fortress Monroe the name of Point Comfort on 
 account of the sale anchorage it gave to his little 
 fleet of three ships with their precious loads ol 
 emigrants. 
 
 Thirty of these good people explored the Pow- 
 hatan for forty miles from its mouth, and after a 
 search of seventeen days selected a spot which they 
 named Jamestown, and to its neighboring river 
 they gave the name of James River, both being 
 named in honor of King James. If Jamestown 
 is not the greatest, it is the oldest city of English 
 s< ttlement in America. 
 
 Improvidence, famine and disease reduced this 
 li tie band of early colonists from 100 to 38 inside 
 of one year, and these, too, would have perished but 
 
Ill 
 
 for timely supplies of corn which Capt. Smith, at 
 great risk, had procured from the Indians. 
 
 There were many vicissitudes in this little band, 
 and only for the timely arrival of Lord Delaware, 
 the first governor, with three hundred emigrants 
 and abundant supplies, the few survivors of the 
 expedition which sailed from England for the pur- 
 pose of settling in Virginia, agreeable to letters 
 patent issued on the 10th day of April, 1606, 
 would have abandoned the country and left Vir- 
 ginia without that great stock of which she is so 
 rightfully proud. 
 
 In June, 1608, Capt. Smith formed the design of 
 exploring the whole of the Chesapeake Bay for the 
 purpose of ascertaining the qualities and resources 
 of its territories and establishing friendly relations 
 with the Indians. With Dr. Walter Russell, seven 
 soldiers and six civilians, he performed in open 
 boats two voyages of discovery that occupied about 
 three months, and embraced a navigation of more 
 than three thousand miles, with prodigious labor 
 and great peril he visited every inlet and bay on 
 both sides of the Chesapeake from Cape Charles to 
 
112 
 
 the Susquehanna river ; he sailed up the Patapsco 
 and, it is supposed, entered the harbor of Balti- 
 more; ascended the Potomac to the Great Falls, 
 and carefully examined the territories into which he 
 penetrated and the various tribes of Indians who 
 possessed them. He brought back with him an 
 ample account and accurate plan of the part of 
 country he explored. His letters relating to his 
 explorations are very interesting reading. 
 
 CabiQ Jofyn Bridge. 
 
 Seven miles from West Washington, upon what 
 is known as the "Conduit Road," which follows 
 the line of the Washington aqueduct from the 
 Capitol to the Great Falls of the Potomac, is one 
 of the most noted structures ever reared by the 
 hand of man. This structure is the stone bridge 
 built by the United States Government over what 
 is called Cabin John creek. The Cabin John is a 
 stream of respectable volume, which rises at Rook- 
 ville, Md., tlows through a most picturesque and 
 beautiful section of country, and pours its limpid 
 
113 
 
 waters into the Potomac river a few hundred feet 
 below the point at which the former stream is 
 spanned by the great bridge bearing its name — a 
 bridge of national renown, which enjoys the dis- 
 tinction of being the largest single-arch span in the 
 world. The arch has a clear span of 220 feet. 
 The bridge is 480 feet in length and 105 feet in 
 height. It is built of granite, with a senica stone 
 coping along the roadway. 
 
 More financial and social revolutions have taken 
 place in the United States of America in 1893 and 
 1891 than were ever known of before. However, 
 so sound are the principles on which the Govern- 
 ment is founded that it is out of the power of shy- 
 locks or demagogues to overthrow them. The lit- 
 tle unpleasantness that commenced in 1861 and 
 terminated in 18(35 is a sure proof that Americans 
 can stand a little family quarrel without injury to 
 the nation and without ill feelings towards one 
 another, 
 
The Library Building 
 
 Office of Building for Library of Congress, 
 
 Washington, D. C, July 7, 1894. 
 Mu. Daniel Shanahan : 
 
 Sir: Your request of the 5th instant for infor- 
 mation of the construction of this building is rather 
 indefinite, but I give you below a few notes. There 
 is no general written description in existence as yet, 
 and it would be considerable work to make oik;. 
 
 The building for the Library of Congress is being 
 constructed under the direction of the Chief of En- 
 gineers of the U. S. Army, General Thos. Lincoln 
 Casey, in pursuance of acts of Congress approved 
 October 2, 1888, and March 2, 1881). It is about 
 470 feet in length by 340 feet in width, 197 feet <; 
 inches to top of finial on the dome, and covers 3| 
 acres of ground, exclusive of approaches and boiler 
 rooms. 
 
 Its architectural design is in style similar to the 
 Capitol, three stories high with cellar and attics. 
 Tbe material of the main walls is JS T ew Hampshire 
 
115 
 
 granite, and the structure is of fire-proof material 
 throughout. 
 
 The limit of cost is $6,000,000. The capacity 
 for books is about 5,000,000 volumes, with ample 
 space beside for reading rooms, work rooms, and 
 museum. 
 
 The work was practically begun in 1889, and will 
 be finished in IS 97. 
 
 There arc lour large open courts. The rotunda 
 interior is 100 feet in diameter, 125 feet high, and 
 constitutes the grand reading room of the Library. 
 Very respectfully, 
 
 Bernard R. Green, 
 
 Supt. and Engineer. 
 
 The Washington City Post-Office. 
 
 Postmaster, Henry Sherwood, 1017 East Capitol 
 street. Assistant Postmaster, S. H. Merrill, 920 
 P street N. W. 
 
 Money orders issued and paid as follows, Sun- 
 days excepted : 
 
 At main office, 9 a. m. to 5 p. m. 
 
116 
 
 At Georgetown, East Capitol and Stations C, D, 
 E, F, G, H, I, K, L, M, O, P, R, S, T, and South- 
 west Station, 8 a. m. to 6 p. m. 
 
 International money orders issued and paid at 
 main office, East Capitol, Georgetown, Station C, 
 and Southwest Station. 
 
 Money Order Hates. — In the United States: On 
 orders for sums not exceeding $2.50, 3 cents ; over 
 $2.50 and not exceeding $5, 5 cents ; over $5 and not 
 exceeding $10, 8 cents; over $10 and not exceed- 
 ing $20, 10 cents; over $20 and not exceeding 
 $30, 12 cents; over $30 and not exceeding $40, 
 15 cents; over $40 and not exceeding $50, 18 
 cents ; over $50 and not exceeding $60, 20 cents ; 
 over $60 and not exceeding $75, 25 cents ; over 
 $75 and not exceeding $100, 30 cents. 
 
 A single money order may include any amount 
 from one cent to $100, inclusive, but must not con- 
 tain the fractional part of a cent. 
 
 CITY POST-OFFICE STATIONS. 
 
 Georgetown Station, Thirty-first street, above M 
 street. 
 
117 
 
 East Capitol Station, corner Fourth and East 
 Capitol streets. 
 
 Southwest Station, 714 Four-and-a-half street 
 S. W. 
 
 Station C, No. 1413 F street N. W. 
 
 Station D, Fourteenth and P streets. 
 
 Station E, No. 426 Seventh street S. W. 
 
 Station F, No. 1921 Pennsylvania avenue N. W. 
 
 Station G, corner Connecticut avenue and L 
 street. 
 
 Station H, No. 2004 Seventh street N. W. 
 
 Station 1, No. 627 Pennsylvania avenue N. W. 
 
 Station K, No. 85 H street N. W. 
 
 Station L, No. 751 Eighth street S. E. 
 
 Station M, corner Fifteenth and G streets N. E. 
 
 Station O, Fourteenth and Park streets. 
 
 Station P, corner Fourteenth and Stoughton 
 streets N. W. 
 
 Station R, Ninth and H streets N. E. 
 
 Station S, 1501 Ninth street N. W. 
 
 Station T, Oregon and New Hampshire avenues. 
 
118 
 
 Places of Amusement. 
 
 Albaugh's Theater, corner of E and Fifteenth 
 streets. Main entrance from Pennsylvania avenue, 
 near the Randall. 
 
 National Theater, K .street, between Thirteenth 
 and Fourteenth streets. 
 
 Harris' Opera House, Ninth street northwest, 
 south of Pennsylvania avenue. 
 
 Academy of Music, Ninth and D streets north- 
 west. 
 
 Kcrnan's Theater, Pennsylvania avenue, near 
 Eleventh street northwest. 
 
 Georgetown was incorporated in 1789 under an 
 act of the Maryland Legislature, passed in 1851. 
 
 The remains of John Howard Payne, author of 
 u Home, Sweet Home," are entombed in Oak Hill 
 cemetery in Georgetown. 
 
Public Buildings, &c. 
 
 HOW TO GET TO THEM. 
 
 The Capitol is only a few minutes walk from the 
 Baltimore and Ohio depot and six blocks from Bal- 
 timore and Potomac depot. Take Avenue Cable, 
 Herdics, Metropolitan (F street), and Belt Line. 
 
 Executive Mansion (White House). — Take Ave- 
 nue Cable and Herdics. 
 
 Treasury Department. — Take Pennsylvania Ave- 
 nue Cable, Herdics, F Street Herdics, New York 
 Avenue Electric and Columbia Railways. 
 
 Bureau of Engraving and Printing. — Take Belt 
 Line and Pennsylvania Avenue Cable, walk three 
 blocks. 
 
 War and Navy Departments. — Take Pennsylva- 
 nia Avenue Cable, F Street Herdic and Metropoli- 
 tan (F Street) Line, walk one block. 
 
 Post-Office Department. — Take Seventh Street 
 Cable, F Street Herdic, Metropolitan Line, Ninth 
 Street Line and New York Avenue Electric. 
 
 Interior Department (Patent Office). — Take 
 
120 
 
 Pennsylvania Avenue Cable, change at Seventh ; 
 F Street Cars ; New York Avenue Electric, change 
 at Fifth Street N. W. ; Ninth Street Line and F 
 Street Herdic. 
 
 Pension Office. — Take F Street Car Line and 
 Herdic; New York Avenue Electric, change at 
 Fifth street N. W. 
 
 Bureau of Education. — Take New York Ave- 
 nue Electric, change at Fifth ; Ninth Street Line ; 
 F Street Car Line and Herdic to Eighth Street, 
 walk one block. 
 
 Geological Survey. — Take F Street Car Line 
 and Herdic; Pennsylvania Avenue Cable to Four- 
 teenth Street, walk one block north. 
 
 Department of Justice. — Take Pennsylvania 
 Avenue and Fourteenth Street Cable ; New York 
 Avenue and G Street cars; Pennsylvania Avenue 
 and F Street Herdics. 
 
 Interstate Commerce Commission. — Take F 
 Street Car Line and Herdic; Pennsylvania Ave- 
 nue Cable to Fourteenth Street, walk one block 
 north. 
 
 Department of Agriculture. — Take Belt Line ; 
 
121 
 
 Pennsylvania Avenue Cable to Twelfth Street, 
 walk four blocks. 
 
 Smithsonian Institution. — Take Seventh Street 
 Cable ; Belt Line. 
 
 National Museum. — Take same cars. 
 
 National Zoological Park. — Take Metropolitan 
 Cars to Connecticut Avenue and Nineteenth Street 
 extended, to Rock Creek Electric. 
 
 Washington Monument. — Take Belt Line, or 
 Pennsylvania Avenue Cable to Fourteenth Street, 
 and walk south three blocks. 
 
 Navy Yard. — Take Pennsylvania Avenue Cable, 
 or Anacostia Cars from Ninth and B northwest. 
 
 Departments open week days between 11 A. M. 
 and 2 P. M. 
 
 -41k 
 
Knights of Pythias. 
 
 The biennial convention of the Supreme Lodge 
 and the biennial encampment of the Uniform Rank, 
 ^nights of Pythias, to be held in Washington in 
 August, arc attracting national notice. It will be 
 the greatest assembly of Pythian Knights within 
 the annals of the organization, and promises to 
 draw to Washington one of the mightiest throngs 
 of people which the city has ever been called upon 
 to house. Washington is the birthplace of the 
 order. 
 
 The original meeting, when the work of the 
 Order of the Knights of Pythias was first read, 
 took place at the house No. 869 F street, between 
 Eighth and Ninth streets', the following gentlemen 
 being present (as the members of a musical associa- 
 tion known as the "Arion Glee Club)": Messrs. 
 R. A. Champion, E. S. Kimball, D. L. Burnett, 
 W. II. Burnett, Roberts and Driver. Each <»!' 
 these gentlemen were then and there duly obligated 
 by Mr. Rathbone, and afterwards resolved them- 
 selves into individual committees to obtain the 
 names of proper persons to form the first lodge. 
 This meeting took place Monday evening, Feb- 
 ruary 15, 1864, and on the following Wednesday 
 
123 
 
 morning Mr. Rathbone informed Mr. J. T. K. 
 
 Plant of the object of the meeting and solicited 
 him to join the order. Mr. Rathbone had, how- 
 ever, read the ritual to Mr. R. A. Champion 
 privately at his own room a few evenings previous 
 to the above meeting. 
 
 The ritual was written by Mr. J. H. Rathbone, 
 originally, in the town of Eagle Harbor, Houghton 
 (now Keeweenaw) county, Lake Superior, Mich., 
 in the winter of 1860 and 1861. 
 
 The first record appearing upon the books of 
 Washington Lodge, No. 1, reads as follows: 
 Wasixgton, I). C, February, 19, 1864. 
 a At Temperance Hall, 
 
 " Friday Evening. 
 
 " Upon agreement, a number of gentlemen met, 
 and after some conversation upon the subject, they 
 were called to order, and upon motion of Mr. J. 
 H. Rathbone, a chairman of the meeting was pro- 
 posed, and Mr. J. T. K. Plant was unanimously 
 called to the chair, and D. L. Burnett nominated 
 as secretary. After organizing as above, the object 
 of the meeting was stated by Mr. Rathbone to be 
 the organization or foundation of a society, its busi- 
 ness and operations to be of a secret character, 
 having for its ultimate object friendship, benev- 
 olence and charity. Before proceeding further, 
 
124 
 
 those present were requested to subscribe to an 
 oath laid down afterward in the initiatory. All 
 present having signified their willingness to do so, 
 the same was administered to them by reading the 
 same by J. H. Rathbone. After the taking of the 
 oath, on motion it was resolved that this order be 
 styled the Knights of Pythias." 
 
 On motion a committee was appointed to prepare 
 a ritual of openi.ig and closing a lodge, and of ini- 
 tiation into the same. The chair appointed as said 
 committee Brother J. H. Rathbone, who reported 
 a ritual, which, upon being read, was adopted. 
 After the adoption of the ritual, the lodge went 
 into an election for officers, with the following re- 
 sult : 
 
 J. II. Rathbone, W. C. ; Joel R. Woodruff, Y. 
 C. ; J. T. K. Plant, V. P.; D. L. Burnett, W. S.; 
 A. Van Der Veer, B. ; R. A. Champion, A. B. ; 
 George R. Covert, A. 8. The following officers 
 were appointed by the worthy chancellor : M. H. 
 Van Der Veer, worthy guide ; A. Roderigue, in- 
 side steward, and Messrs. Kimball, Roberts, D. L. 
 Burnett, and W. H. Burnett as choral knights. 
 On motion, the worthy chancellor appointed the 
 following committee to prepare a ritual for the first 
 degree (now the second degree), signs, etc. ; Messrs. 
 Kimball, Champion and W. H. Burnett, V. P. 
 
125 
 
 J. T. K. Plant and \V. C. J. H. Rathbone, as chair- 
 man, added. Committees were then appointed to 
 procure regalias, appliances, etc. At the next meet- 
 ing the committee on degree ritual presented a re- 
 port, which was adopted. A committee was ap- 
 pointed to procure a seal. At the next meeting 
 various applications wera received for membership. 
 At a subsequent meeting the lodge elected offi- 
 cers, and in addition Messrs. Woodruff, Van Dei- 
 Veer and Rodrigue were elected representatives to 
 the Grand Lodge, which was organized on the 8th 
 of April by members of the Washington lodge. 
 
 HENRY G. WAGNER. 
 
 The highest office in the gift of the District 
 Knights of Pythias is held by Mr. Henry G. Wag- 
 ner, he being the grand chancellor of the order. 
 His term dates from last February, and until that 
 month in J 8 95 he will be acknowledged head of 
 nearly 1,700 knights. 
 
 Mr. Wagner is distinctly a Georgetown man, hav- 
 ing been born there forty-six years ago, and has 
 been engaged in the watchmaking and jewelry busi- 
 ness on M street, near 32d, since 1861, in connec- 
 tion with his brother, Mr. John E. Wagner. 
 
 JOHN M. KLINE. 
 
 John M. Kline, present master of finance, was 
 
126 
 
 born at Milroy, Miffin county, Ph., July 29, 1847, 
 and was educated at the public schools of his native 
 town. Mr. Kline became a member of Mount 
 Vernon Lodge, No. 5, Knights of Pythias, in De- 
 cember, 1870, and has been an active worker ever 
 since. 
 
 J. B. CONNER. 
 
 J. B. Conner, the junior past grand chancellor of 
 this jurisdiction, is a Washingtonian, having been 
 born here January 27, 1847. He became a mem- 
 ber of Excelsior Lodge, No. 14, Knights of Py- 
 thias, of this city, in October, 1871, and still holds 
 membership therein. From the beginning he 
 evinced a great interest in the order, serving his 
 lodge in the several offices as Grand Lodge repre- 
 sentative, &o. 
 
 JOHN W. HARDELL. 
 
 John W. Hardell, grand vice-chancellor of this 
 jurisdiction, is a successful merchant and one of 
 the most enterprising citizens, always being with 
 the business community in furthering the material 
 interest of this beautiful city. He is a native of 
 of England, but has lived here most of his life, 
 having come to this country in 1871. He has been 
 an active and zealous Knight of Pythias for twenty- 
 two years, and is one of the leading members of 
 
127 
 
 Equal Lodge, No. 17, Knights of Pythias. He 
 has always shown much interest in the order, and 
 is never absent from his post of duty at his lodge. 
 
 HENRY YENNEY. 
 
 Henry Yenney, grand prelate of this jurisdic- 
 tion, was born in Switzerland fifty years ago, and 
 came with his parents to this country when only 
 seven years of age, locating in Raleigh, N. J., 
 where he resided until he came to this city twenty- 
 nine years ago, and he has resided here ever since 
 that time. Mr. Yenney became a member of Mount 
 Vernon Lodge, No. 5, Knights of Pythias, in 1879, 
 and has been an active and zealous member of the 
 order ever since. 
 
 GEORGE W. BAUMANN. 
 
 George W. Baumann, grand keeper of records 
 and seal, is one of the youngest members of the 
 order to be honored with that office. He is a na- 
 tive of Maryland, born in Frederick, February 22, 
 1864, whence he came to Washington in 1887. In 
 1889 he became a member of the order, being a 
 charter member of Capital Lodge, No. 24, and its 
 first master-at-arms. In 1890 he was elected chan- 
 cellor commander of this lodge, and a representa- 
 tive to the Grand Lodge in 1891. He has served 
 as representative ever since. Elected to his pres- 
 
128 
 
 ent office in February, 1894, be is also serving his 
 third term as keeper of records and seal of Capital 
 Lodge, No. 24. 
 
 j. w. PALMER. 
 
 Mr. J. W. Palmer, grand master-at-arms, is a 
 native of Virginia, having been born in that State 
 in 1858. While a very young man he moved to 
 Alexandria, where he joined Oriental Lodge, No. 
 6. He received his card from this lodge in 1889, 
 and upon his arrival in Washington joined Excel- 
 sior Lodge, No. 14. He has been elected at various 
 times to represent his lodge in the Grand Council. 
 He is an enthusiastic Pythian woiker, and is also 
 a member of Franklin Division, No. 6, Uniform 
 Rank. 
 
 M. C. THOMPSON. 
 
 Mr. M. C. Thompson, grand inner guard, was 
 born in Washington August 22, 1858, was elected 
 a member and received the ranks in Anacostia 
 Lodge, No. 23, K of P, as a charter member ; was 
 elected master of finance in said lodge December, 
 1890, which position he still holds with credit to 
 the lodge and himself. 
 
 A. J. GUNNING. 
 
 A. J. Gunning, past grand chancellor, was born 
 
129 
 
 in Nova Scotia, Juno, 1832. He reached the city 
 of Boston, Mass., with his parents, at the age of 
 four months, where he lived until the age of seven 
 years. He came to Washington in March, 1865, 
 entered the government service, where he is still 
 employed. He became a member of Mount Ver- 
 non Lodge, No. 5, K. of P., May 26, 1866. He 
 was elected vice-chancellor and chancellor com- 
 mander in 1870, and elected grand chancellor, Jan- 
 uary, 1875, and a representative to the Supreme 
 Lodge in 1880, where he served until 1885, and 
 declined renomination. He has represented his 
 lodge in the Grand Lodge for the past twenty years, 
 with the exception of two terms, and has also been 
 a trustee of Mount Vernon Lodge for a longer 
 period. At the last session of the Grand Lodge 
 lie was elected a trustee of that body, and is now 
 serving as chairman of that board. 
 
 JOHN T. CLARK. 
 
 John T. Clark was born in Maryland in 1836. 
 When he was only eighteen months old his parents 
 moved to Washington. He learned the building 
 business with Charles B. Church, and after reach- 
 ing his majority went south. After the war Mr. 
 Clark returned to this city, and carried on the 
 building business sincj 1839, during which time 
 V 
 
130 
 
 he has become known as one of our most success- 
 ful and reliable builders. In 1871 he entered the 
 order of the Knights of Pythias, being initiated 
 and taking the degrees in Friendship Lodge, No. 
 X, filling the chairs with credit to himself an I to 
 his lodge. Circumstances compelling this lodge lo 
 give up her charter, he applied for membership and 
 was admitted as past chancellor to Union Lodge, 
 No. 22, and is at present serving his third term as 
 master of exchequer of that lodge. He is also 
 serving as sir knight treasurer of Union division, 
 No. 8, of the Uniform Rank of the Knights of 
 Pythias. Two years ago he was elected as one of 
 the Grand Lodge trustees, and at the session last 
 February of the Grand Lodge was re-elected. 
 Through the untiring exertions of Mr. Clark and 
 his brother knights, Union Lodge is now the ban- 
 ner looge of the District. 
 
 CHARLES W. STEERS. 
 
 Charles W. Steers, one of the Grand Lodge 
 trustees, was born in Fairfax county, Va., De- 
 cember 12, 1852. He has been a resident of the 
 District for the past twenty-four years. He is a 
 past chancellor of Capital Lodge, No. 24, being 
 one of the prime movers in the organization of that 
 lodge. He was elected its first chancellor com- 
 mander, and has served his lodge continuously since 
 
131 
 
 its organization as representative in the Grand 
 Lodge, has served one term as grand master-at- 
 arms, and was eleeted in February on the board of 
 trustees, also a member of the committee on ap- 
 peals. He has been, since his entrance into the 
 order, an earnest Pythian worker, standing always 
 ready to do whatever he could to advance its inter- 
 ests, and feels a deep interest in the coming encamp- 
 ment, and is confident of one of the largest civic 
 demonstrations that has ever been held in Wash- 
 ington. 
 
 A. F. MEDFOUI). 
 
 Ames Furbee Medford, supreme representative, 
 was born on the 2d day of February, 1841, in Del- 
 aware County, Ohio. In 1880 he was initiated into 
 Friendship Lodge, No. 8, Knights of Pythias, of 
 this city, of which he became a past chancellor. 
 When this lodge surrendered its charter he depos- 
 ited his card in Calanthe Lodge, No. 11, of which 
 he is still a member. He was elec'el grand chan- 
 cellor of the District of Columbia. During his term 
 of office as grand chancellor the order in this juris- 
 diction, which had been steadily losing in member- 
 ship for more than ten years, made a substantia 
 gain in membership, and has continued to gain each 
 year since then. Ever since he entered the Grandl 
 Lodge his counsel, advice and influence have left 
 
132 
 
 an impression on all the legislation of the Grand 
 Lodge. He is a Knight of Pythias in every sense 
 of the word, and the order has no more faithful 
 advocate of its principles, no stronger defender or 
 its rights, and no more consistent and conscientious 
 servant. 
 
 RICHARD GOODIIART. 
 
 • 
 
 Richard Good hart, who is the chairman of the 
 executive committee for the coming encampment, 
 is a native of the State of Pensylvania, having been 
 born in the city of Reading. He became a mem her 
 of the Knights of Pythias in this city twenty-eight 
 years ago. Pie is devoted to the interests of the 
 order, and loses no opportunity to promote the 
 principles in which lie so staunchly believes. lie 
 has passed through all the chairs and has iilbd all 
 the offices 'in the subordinate and grand lodges. It 
 was mainly through his efforts at Kansas City two 
 years ago that Wasoington was selected as the place 
 of meeting this year. He is the author of a paper 
 submitted to the Grand Lodge on the erection of a 
 Pythian Temple in this city, which have been favor- 
 ably reported on by the special committee to which 
 it was referred. 
 
 JOHN HUMPHREY. 
 
 John Humphrey was born in England in 1833, 
 
133 
 
 but settled in Washington in 1851, and has resided 
 here ever since. Uv, became a member of Svracu- 
 s in Lodge, K. of P., in 1878, passed through all 
 the chairs of that lodge and was master of ex- 
 chequer for seven years. 
 
 

 
 
 CAPITOL. 
 
NOKTH SIDE OF WHITE HOUSE. 
 
 SOUTH SIDE OF WHITE HOUSE. 
 
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AGE ICUI/TUB A L DRPAKTM KNT. 
 
WASHINGTON MONUMENT. 
 

 
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 POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT. 
 
 ARLINGTON. 
 
WiSaPr MM 
 
 I,A FA YETTE MON UMENT, 
 
FORD S THEATRE. 
 
 MCPHERSON STATUE. 
 
WASHINGTON'S TOMB. 
 
 '£±J'L±:: - ■ .' J ' ■ 
 
 WASHINGTON'S STATUK. JACKSON'S STATUK. 
 
THOMAS STATUE. 
 
 SCOTT STATFR. 
 
AMERICAN HOUSE, 
 
 WASHINGTON, D. C. 
 
 This old-established Hotel is situated on Pennsylvania 
 Avenue and 7th Street, midway between the Capitol and 
 the White House. We are surrounded by the Public 
 Building's, Places of Amusement, Hotels, Railroads, and 
 all the principal attractions of the city, making- the lo- 
 cation the most convenient for business and pleasure 
 seekers. 
 
 Our arrangements to furnish full information as to the 
 sights, and how to see them quickly and to the best ad- 
 vantage, will save you valuable time, and our low rates 
 will save you money. 
 
 Rates. 
 
 Room and Board, $2.00 per day. 
 
 Room only, $1.00 per day. 
 
 Meals and Lodging proportionately. 
 
 DUFFY <5c LEANNARDA, 
 
 Proprietors. 
 
 MEALS fKT ALL HOURS. 
 
B. H. Warner. 
 
 G. W. R SWARTZELL. 
 
 Louis D. Wine. 
 
 C. B. Rheem. 
 
 B. H.Warner & Co 
 
 Real Estate, 
 
 Warner Building, 916 F Street N. W. 
 
 We 
 
 We 
 
 We 
 
 sell 
 
 collect 
 
 rent 
 
 real estate. 
 
 interest 
 
 houses, 
 
 furnish 
 
 semi-annually 
 
 collect 
 
 money for 
 
 and 
 
 rents, 
 
 borrowers, 
 
 remit 
 
 place 
 
 builders, 
 
 promptly 
 
 insurance, 
 
 purchasers, 
 
 without 
 
 and 
 
 and 
 
 cost. 
 
 manage 
 
 investments for 
 
 Prepare 
 
 property 
 
 investors. 
 
 deeds. 
 
 generally 
 
 We refer to any bank or business house in 
 Washing-ton. 
 
 DO WE REPRESENT YOU? 
 
SILSBY & COMPANY, 
 
 BANKERS AND BROKERS, 
 
 STOCKS, GRAIN, COTTON. 
 
 FIFTEENTH STREET, 
 
 (Opposite Treasury.) 
 
 Telephone SOS. 
 
 Branch Office, 
 
 Central National Bank Bldg, 
 7th Street and La. Avenue. 
 
CHA5. MADE5' 
 
 Hotel ana Restaurant, 
 
 SOUTHWEST CORNER 
 
 PENNA. AVE. AND THIRD STREET, 
 
 Washington, D. C 
 
 Near B. & O. and B. & P. Depots 
 Opposite Botanic Garden _^«k. 
 
 HOTEL ON THE EUROPEAN AND AMERICAN PLANS. 
 
ESTABLISHED 1858. 
 
 HARVEY'S 
 
 Oyster Saloon and Restaurant 
 
 FOR LADIES AND GENTLEMEN. 
 Originator of the Celebrated Steamed Oysters. 
 
 SPECIALTIES : 
 Oysters. D'amond-back Terrapin, Canvas-back Duck, the three 
 most delicate dishes of the continent. 
 
 Summer delicacies, Broiled Lobster and all kids of Sea Food. 
 The largest and most complete Oyster House in its appoint- 
 ments, and the Best Conducted Restaurant in Washington. Visi- 
 tors will find its world-wide reputation fully sustained. 
 
 POLITE ATTENTION, REASONABLE PRICES. 
 
 Pennsylvania Avenue and nth Street, N. W., 
 
 Opposite site of New City Post Office. 
 
HOTEL EMRICH, 
 
 Nos. 485 to 489 Perm. Avenue, 
 
 One block from Pa. R. R. Depot, 
 U/ASHINGTON, D. C 
 
 American Plan, $2.00 per day; European Plan. 
 75 cents and $1.50 per day. 
 
 This House is one of the leading- Hotels in Washington, 
 completely remodeled and furnished throughout. Elec- 
 tric light plants, electric bells, steam heat, telephone 
 connection, etc. The bar is a perfect crystal palace. 
 Steam Lunch Cafe attached. Merchants' Dinner a spec- 
 ialty. 
 
 C 7VY. E7VYRICH, 
 
 PROPRIETOR, 
 
R. E. DAVIS, 
 LIVERY, HIRING AND BOARDING 
 
 STABLES, 
 
 Nos. 326 and 328 New Jersey Avenue, 
 
 Opposite B. and O. Depot, 
 
 TELEPHONE 228. 
 
 WASHINGTON, D. C. 
 
 Stylish Rigs of every description. 
 Light Hiring a specialty. 
 
THE, ANDERSON AND ANNEX, 
 
 Overlooking Penn. Av<>: with splendid view 
 of all parades. 
 
 Corner \y z and C Streets, Northwest, 
 
 WASHINGTON, D. C. 
 
 FiR3T-CLASS IN ALL ITS DEPARTMENTS. 
 
 Ivocated within one square of the Principal Lines of 
 
 Street Cars and within five minutes walk 
 
 of Railroad Depots. 
 
 Special Rates to Excursion Parties. 
 
 -Terms, $1.50 to $5.00 per Day. 
 
 Mary A. Anderson, 
 
 PROPRIETRESS. 
 
G. W. RUSHENBERGER, 
 
 Electrical Contractor, 
 
 All Limls of Electric Work Done Promptly. Mechanical 
 
 Belt-Hanging, Si leaking Tubes, Locksmithing, and 
 
 Electrical Gas-Lighting. 
 
 51b Third Street, 8. E.. WASHINGTON, D. C. 
 
 M. DIETZ, 
 
 239 New Jersey Avenue, N. W. 
 
 Between Baltimore and Ohio Depot 
 And National Capitol 
 
 WASHINGTON, D. C. 
 
 LOUIS BRANDT'S 
 
 CrOLDEN EilCLE M<0<ISE ; 
 
 400 anil 402 Jew Jersey Avenue. B. W., 
 
 (Opposite B. & (). Depot,) 
 Rooms 50c. and up. Washington, D. C. 
 
FRITZ REUTER'S 
 
 Hotel and Restaurant, 
 
 EUROPEAN PLAN, 
 
 45i. 453, 455 457 202, 208 and 210 
 
 PENN. AVE. FOUR-AND-A-HALF ST. N. W. 
 
 WASHINGTON, D. G. 
 
SEP 31340 
 

 
 
 
 w 
 
 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 
 
 D002554073fc,