''TV !^F COISfKIJC'l LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. Chap. :______. Copyright No. Shelf— 'IS-4S UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. Construction Work CARDBOARD AND PAPER GRADES I to IV WITHOUT THE USE OF TOOLS; WITH A COURSE IN WOODWORK FOR THE FIFTH GRADE. COMPILED BY ROBERT M. SMITH SUPERVISOR OF MANUAL TRAINING, CHICAGO PUBLIC SCHOOLS. A. FLANAGAN CO. CHICAGO. 45003 Library of Conarest Twu Copies Kta Folding Bristol, white, dark blue, green, red, cherry, tea, orange, yellow. Cardboard 2^" x i^", 2 ply, Folding Bristol, white, dark blue, green, red, cherry, tea, orange, yellow. Cardboard 3^" x 22" 2 ply Folding Bristol, white. " 2l/"X22" " 10 CONSTRUCTION WORK. No. 23. Cardboard i}£" x 22" 2 ply Folding Bristol, white. " 24. " lX"X22" " " 25. Paper 12" x 14" olive green, white, and dark brown. " 26. " 22" x 30" " " " " " 27. " !${'' X22" white. " 28. " I^"X22» " 29. " ^"X22" " 30. " ^" X 22" " I gladly acknowledge my indebtedness to M. Martin, of Paris, France; M. Grandchamp, of Geneva, Switzerland, for aid in harmonizing the work with the kindergarten, and also to "Le Journal du Travail Manuel," Paris, and "Blatter ftir Knabauhandarheit, " for many designs and hints which are embodied in the course. The book has been interleaved for the benefit of those teachers who m.2ij wish to add the more minute directions of a teacher, or to note and draw any special designs which may be originated by the teacher or the pupil. It would be very advantageous if each pupil were provided with a copy of the course, as he could then originate designs at home, draw them on the blank leaves, and sub- mit them to the teacher. 12 CONSTRUCTION WORK. HAND TRAINING WITH NARROW BANDS OF PAPER. Materials. — Strips of different colored paper of various widths, and small sponge. The exercises with narrow bands of paper, which have already been used in the kindergarten, may be used to so great advantage in the primary grades, that we think it well to begin with this form of training. These exercises may be divided into three classes: the first includes exercises where the narrow band is simply placed on a sheet of paper and is fashioned into common forms; the second includes weaving; and the third, con- structions in elevation. c* <*? EXERCISES OF FIRST CLASS. 15 EXERCISES OF THE FIRST CLASS. Figures i to 8 include the exercises of the first class. This series of exercises is specially fitted to provoke the initiative of the child, whose imagination will furnish the most beautiful designs. Those given here are merely suggestive. Fig. i. Combinations of several bands of paper; ver- tical, horizontal, and oblique positions; right angles, cross, letters, etc. Fig. 2. Folding angles from a single band. Fig. 3. Common forms: stool, tables, chairs, glasses, ladders, hat rack, etc. fio <0 EXERCISES OF FIRST CLASS. 17 Materials. — Nos. i, 2, and 25. Figs. 4 to 8. Forms of beauty: hourglass, running ornaments, denticles, Grecian pattern, etc. "Hi 1 B so SI aa S3 Bl 2-4- CARDBOARD WORK A FEW COMBINATIONS OF FOURCUBES as 2© 28 S3 30 31, 3.2 33 3-4 35 36 n mm m 37 3© 39 CARDBOARD WORK AFEW COMBINATIONS OF FOURCUBES -3-0 m ",/:,. M 1 I k. -4-1 -4-S m ^-5 w, H & % 1 \ \ -4-3 f,'f ^m A-4- ^-O *rT ^-e -43 SO /xgl n \y y— 44 PAPER WORK. 89 Materials. — Nos. 25, 26, 13, 14, 15, and 16. Fig. 43. The same cube surmounted by a long paral- lelopiped forming base and column. The band of paper passes through the whole construction. Fig. 44. A parallelopiped surmounted by a cube and another long parallelopiped, forming a monument. Fig. 45. Running ornament composed of parallelopi- peds of two kinds. Fig. 46. Parallelopipeds strung on two bands and forming a combination. [•I i 4? ±s PAPER WORK. 93 Materials. — Same as preceding. Fig. 47. Parallelopipeds strung on a band, forming denticles. Fig. 48. Cornice. 49 S2 55 i i 53 THE CUBE- 97 THE CUBE— THIRD AND FOURTH CONSTRUO TIONS. Materials. — Same as preceding. Third and fourth construction of the cube : Take two sheets of paper in the ratio of about 3 : 8 inches, or any multiple of these numbers ; fold them twice on themselves in the lengthwise direction (Fig. 49). Place the two bands at right angles (Fig. 50), in order to determine on each of them the width of the band or muff. Bring AB to CD to form fold GH ; AB to GH, to form fold I J ; and CD to GH, to form KL (Figs. 49 and 50). Slip the part CDEF into the double fold AB, forming a muff, so that CD coincides perfectly with AB (Figs, 49 and 51). Having thus obtained two cubic rings, slip the one in the other so as to have a cube perfectly smooth over the six faces (Fig. 52). Take a square ABCD, divide it into sixteen small squares by carrying AC to BD, and then AC on the fold which ) r ou make, etc. (Fig. 53). Tear the seven sides of the small squares, from E to the points where they meet the first fold, and make a long tear E' to the center. Fold a diagonal in each square on the outside in order to obtain a cross inscribed in the large square (Figs. 53, 54). Slip the little square, which is at the angle A of the large square (Fig. 53), and which is marked by an x, on the little square adjoining and marked with ay. You thus form an angle at 0, having three equal sides, which will bind together if you turn down to the interior of the angle, the two superposed triangles marked by hatched lines. 98 CONSTRUCTION WORK. Proceed in the same way for each branch of the cross. Fig. 54. This being done, superpose a branch of the cross marked x, x, .r, x } on the adjoining branch y y y,y, y, and bind the construction by the return of the small tri- angles. A triangle having three equal sides is formed at the center of the square. Materials. — Nos. 25 and 26. The cube is made and it is only necessary to pinch the corners to make it firm. u*c r - \ ' V^ r 1 \ \l /■ |\ / \ / \ \ \ / i 1 / o s

M y/C / 1 1 1 56 57 58 APPLICATIONS* 101 APPLICATIONS. A slight modification in the preceding construction gives a cube of which one of the angles is concave, and thus forms in the inside a triangular pyramid (Figs. 57 and 58). Before superposing one of the two branches of the cross on the other, make the folds ABCD (Fig. 56) ; then by superposing the point C on the point B, make a hollow angle of which the vertex is in O. To form angles with the three other branches, proceed as before. RSii ilSj^ to 61 60 S3 APPLICATIONS. 105 APPLICATIONS OF THE THIRD CONSTRUCT TION. Materials. — Nos. 13, 14, 15, 16, 25, and 26. Fig 1 . 59. Bind the cubes together by passing- a band of paper along the interior faces. We thus form the first running ornament. Fig. 60. By passing the band through the diagonals of the cubes, we obtain the second running ornament. Fig. 61. Two square rings constituting the cube being bound together so as to form a chain. v ^i. t>k €2 63 APPLICATIONS. 109 APPLICATIONS OF THE THIRD CONSTRUCT TION (Continued). Materials. — Same as preceding. Fig. 62. Chain the same as the preceding, but in which the rings are attached to each other by a third ring inside of the other. Fig. 63. Another form of the chain is shown in 60. 64 6* ¥ — IT li i if 6€ THE CUBE. 113 THE CUBE— FIFTH CONSTRUCTION. Materials. — Nos. 25 and 26. Take a square of paper (Fig. 64). Fold on the four sides a uniform border of about one-half an inch. Divide the square, after having turned down the bor- ders, into three rows in both directions, and thereby obtain nine squares. In order to avoid too many thicknesses of paper, remove the parts shaded and marked with a C. Make the four cuts AB, which must terminate at B. In order to facilitate the construction of the cube, num- ber the squares from 1 to 9, Erect square 3 perpendicularly to square 2, and retain- ing the angle, having two sides, thus formed, erect the square 2 perpendicularly to square 5, which is the base of the construction. Do the same thing with squares 9 and 6. Be careful that square 6 comes against square 3, and that the part of the border X turns down easily towards the interior by enclosing square 3 under its fold. Repeat this operation with squares 8 and 7, and then with squares 4 and 1. We now have a cubic box without a cover. The same box may be constructed more solidly with the square divided into twenty-five squares. The mode of construction is the same, omitting, however, the folding of the border around the square, which is super- fluous (Fig. 66). We form a second similar box with a square whose sides are smaller by six times the thickness of the paper (with light paper this thickness is trivial), and we drop it into the first so as to obtain a stronger cube. 6% A x : z 3 ' V / \ 4-j 5 6 ? . _ „ . v- - . - - - 1; 4f 69 .^HiMffflf 10 Bwl'lllffl pvV''! 11 APPLICATIONS. 117 APPLICATIONS OF THE FIFTH CONSTRUO TION OF THE CUBE. Materials. — Nos. 25 and 26. When we wish to obtain a very solid box by this con- struction, with or without a cover, or which is intended for constant use, or which we wish to use in the class- room for the purpose of teaching' measures, we double it, which strengthens it and renders it reasonably indestruc- tible. We make two boxes as in the construction of the cube; only, for the second box, which is to be inserted in the first, the fold instead of being on the interior, is on the exterior. The annex falls back on the outside on the superposed square, and the interior of the box is pre- vented from being crushed (Fig. 68). To construct the cover, take a square of paper of such a size that by dividing it into nine squares, as shown in a previous exercise, each square may be several thick- nesses of paper larger than the square face of the box. Make the four cuts marked and fold them over on them- selves in the direction of the length; rectangles are formed by the squares 2 and 3, 6 and 9, 8 and 7, 4 and 1 (Fig. 69). Erect rectangle 2-3 perpendicularly on the square of base 5, then the rectangle 6-9, being careful to take square 3 under its fold; then rectangle 7-8, which encloses square 9, etc. (Fig. 70). If necessary, double the cover as we did in the case of the box. In these constructions it is necessary to have fixed dimensions betw r een the different parts. In the cubic box, the height equals the two other dimensions; in the cover, it is the half of it. Many new combinations may be deduced from this con- struction. A ! ^«=j I Z ■>- - . — -, =i=; SK fl I £s f>' 7—-^ 1 SS.-I -< — »- I 1 — -f — 1 -- J G H 1 £ 73 n i T 75 ^ iS ii 1G THE CUBE. 121 THE CUBE-SIXTH CONSTRUCTION. Materials. — Nos. 25 and 26. Take six squares of stiff paper about 4x4 inches. Make a uniform fold on each of their sides, about three- eighths inch, which then unfold. Take four of these squares and place them exactly over each other. The folds that have been made form, at the interior of these squares, another square about 3*4 inches on the side. Indicate on these folds two points which divide the 3^ inches into three equal parts (Fig-. 72). By the depression of the nail, or any hard substance, the four squares are marked at one time. Cut AB, CD, CH, EF, and IJ. Set the squares on edge at right angles to each other. The part to the left of AB and that to the left of CD are partly detached. Fold them over on the part not detached between B and C, so as to form the tenon indi- cated by the arrow (Fig. 73). The tenon folded in this way is the same size as the cut opposite at EF. It can then be engaged in the cut of another square whose tenon is engaged in its turn in the cut of a third square, and so on to the last of the four squares, which has the cut of the first square to hold it. After this tenon is passed through the cut, unfold it so that it cannot unlock. In closing the construction with the fourth square, two different methods present themselves. You may turn the chain of the four squares either in one direction or the other, and you get a ring, with the folds either at the exterior (Fig. 74) or at the interior. These two methods give us different applications. Let us select the second method — it is the most difficult — and let us continue the construction of the cube with the folds to the interior. 122 CONSTRUCTION WORK. We have thus obtained a square ring, similar in form to that of the third construction of the cube. It is no longer necessary to build from the base to have the cubic box. The open faces of the ring present on their sides four folds cut in the middle. The square for covering each of these faces is supplied with four folds, forming a tenon (Fig. 75). These folds should be locked in the cuts from the outside, and this is easily done if we are careful to erect the tenons perpendicularly on the square and to bring down towards the interior the four side folds. When the tenons are in the cuts, unfold them and the face cannot be removed without tearing. The unfolding of the tenons on the last face presents some difficulty, because of the impossibility of getting the finger into the cube already completely closed. The thing is, however, very simple if we use a band of stiff paper, a paper cutter or a knife. This cube, if well constructed, is very strong (Fig. 77). Its construction very much resembles some of the methods used in carpentry. All of the elements are met again, and the thought or calculations necessary to make the tenons, cuts or mortises, come together exactly in the same way. It will be noticed that of the six faces of the preceding construction, the first four are cut in a different way from the last two. If we use six faces cut in the same way as indicated in Fig. 76, the construction of the cube represents a higher degree of skill and a greater intellectual effort. The danger to be avoided in the arrangement of the different pieces, is in the junction of the sides with similar cuts. The applications which result from the sixth construc- tion of the cube are very numerous, and only a few which are directly connected with it, are given. 89 APPLICATIONS. 125 APPLICATIONS OF THE SIXTH CONSTRUCT TION. Materials. — Nos. 25 and 26. Fig. 79. Arrangement of four rectangles cut by oblique lines, with the tenons. going from the interior to the exterior, and forming a square boat. For the bot- toms, place inside a square greater than the lower open- ing, and press it down. Fig. 80. Assemblage of six panels with tenons going from the exterior to the interior, forming a basket. Fig. 81. Assemblage of five panels, with tenons going from the exterior to the interior, and forming an orna- mental flower-pot cover, We may ornament these different constructions by cut paper work, etc. Fig. 82. Lamp shade formed of six panels. The obliquity of the panels of this construction is much more than that of the preceding exercises, and ought to be cal- culated from its superior and inferior openings. The best dimensions are as follows: The small end (superior), about ij{ inches. The large end (inferior), about 6}{ inches. Distance between the two ends, about 7^ inches. Designs of any kind may be pricked on each face with a special needle, or pictures may be drawn or pasted on them. The designs may be varied, but the prettiest design is that made by the child himself. Fig. 83. A chalk box or egg box obtained by attaching four faces to a curved line. Cords are fixed at its angles to hang it by. Observe that the tenons and borders or folds, are interior. Fig. 84. A suspended box of the same kind as the preceding, but the panels, six in number, are of an elongated, elliptical form. Here also the folds and 126 CONSTRUCTION WORK. tenons are towards the interior, and they must be flat- tened well against the sides of the box. Fig. 85. A box or boat. The straight panels have curved cuts, and combine with a rectangle whose two opposite sides are provided with tenons. The rectangle alone is curved and its tenons necessarily pass to the exterior of the construction. This arrangement is con- cealed by pasting pictures over it. APPLICATIONS. 129 APPLICATIONS OF SIXTH CONSTRUCTION (Continued) . Materials. — Nos. 25 and 26. Fig. 86. Represents a roll for music constructed in the same way. Figs. 87 and 88. Round table-napkin rings, similar in construction to the preceding exercises, but the rectangle of paper which is used to make them has first of all, to have two double folds in order to get the relief moldings. After folding, in order to make the paper bend more easily, we should pass a pencil or some hard body over the face intended for the inside. Figs. 89 and 90. This is a wrapper for mailing printed papers. Take a band of paper of the required size, enclose in it the printed matter folded as desired, and ou the side where the two extremities fall on each other, mark by means of the nail or some hard substance, two points dividing the width into three equal parts. At one of the extremities cut the paper at C and D, just to the points marked; at the other extremity, cut the paper between the two points in order to obtain on the one side, a tenon and on the other side, a mortise, as in Fig. 90. Slip the tenon from the exterior into the mortise and when it is there, fold it as in previous exercises. In first presenting the series of six primary construc- tions of the cube, it has been my eadeavor to submit to the observation of the child, an idea in a concrete, tangible form; to interest him in it by having him reproduce it by easy and rapid means, where the mechanical effort never absorbs the intellectual effort, and by teaching him to know and analyze in all its aspects, in all its types, in all its applications, the abstract idea of size, form, and number. Or c l&sS —#l CO ( Q h-,H f- ">!+ «£ v -^ |CTMB=I I ' ±2&i&4 I r WOOD WORK. 133 PREPARATORY COURSE IN WOOD WORK. I. Practice in use of knife in whittling objects based on the cylinder and cone. MODEL NO. J-FLOWER STICK. Material. — 24x^x^4 inches. Pine. Tools. — Knife, rule, pencil, file, sandpaper, dividers. Exercises. — Long cut, cross cut, finishing. Drawing — Parallel and converging lines. Educational Value. — Training in dexterity of hand through drawing and cutting; sense of form trained (rectilineal and curvilinear) ; cultivates care and practice; promotes accuracy and neatness. Directions. — 1. Smooth both ends. 2. Draw design on ends, circle one - half inch in diameter. 3. Trim both ends down to the circle. Then trim piece between. Test from time to time by laying on the bench or on a flat board. 4. Smooth with file and sandpaper. This is done by wrapping sandpaper around the stick, holding with one hand and drawing stick back and forth with a rotary motion. In this way it may be perfectly rounded. 5. Round upper end to hemispherical form and point other end according to the drawing. 134 CONSTRUCTION WORK. MODEL NO. 2- AWL HANDLE (Scratch Awl). Materials. — 7x1^x1^ inches. Pine. New Tool. — Saw. Exercises. — Long cut, cross cut, sawing off, finishing, filing. Drawing. — Converging and straight lines. Educational Value. — Training in dexterity of hand through drawing and neat cutting; training of eye to curvilinear form; promotes neatness, accuracy, patience and attention. Directions. — 1. Cut out cylinder as in No. 1. 2. Reduce size of one end to receive ferrule. 3. Round other end. 4. Sandpaper. 5. Fasten awl in end — or fasten old writing pen point, to be used in cutting groove to receive pen in penholder (next exercise). n. ' i & < re* mi : -k * t ¥+ '"ote £ fol <* jc- rscsv VO q: it T -lot lU-L:_ ^ WOOD WORK. 137 MODEL NO. 3-PENHOLDER. Materials. — 9 x^x^ inches. Maple, taken from piece of wood sawed from a board ; rough. New Tools. — Awl, brace and bit, hammer. Exercises. — Long cut, cross cut, filing, oblique cut. New: Boring with bit; boring with awl (made in last exercise). Drawing. — Parallel and converging lines, geometrical curves. Educational Value. — Training in dexterity of hand ; cul- tivates sense of touch; training of eye to sense of form (cylindrical and tapered) ; training in neatness, accuracy, and carefulness. Directions. — 1. Cut cylinder y 2 inch in diameter. 2. Determine thickest part of penholder by two lines \y*2 and ij4 inches respectively from lower end. 3. Whittle out as per drawing. 4. Cut groove in end with tool made in last exercise ; or bore a hole 3/ s inch deep with a ^-inch bit, and another hole % inch from end with a ^-inch bit. Make a plug T 5 6 x 3/Q inch on smaller end, ^ x ^ inch scant on larger end, and drive plug into lower end. 5. Sandpaper. 138 CONSTRUCTION WORK. MODEL NO. 4-ORNAMENTAL FLOWER STICK. i. This includes pyramid, truncated pyramid, cube, cylinder, and cone. Materials. — 24x^x34 inches. Maple; rough. New Tools. — None. Exercises. — Long cut, cross cut, filing, sandpapering. Neiv: Squaring up. Drawing. — Parallel and converging lines, right angles. Educational Value. — Training in dexterity of hand; training in care, patience, and perseverance; cultivates powers of observation (sight and touch) ; training of eye to sense of form (rectilineal and rectangular) ; promotes neatness, accuracy, attention, and carefulness. Directions. — 1. Whittling ornaments. (a) Four-sided pyramid, 2 inches high. (b) Truncated pyramid, 1 y 2 inches high. (c) Cube, 3/ Q inch. 2. Below the cube, a cylinder. 3. At lower end, a cone, 2 inches high. 4. Sandpaper. Use special care not to injure sharp edges. #— ' . I ^ *0 WOOD WORK. 141 MODEL NO. 5 (a, b, c,)— KEY TAGS. II. Knife practice on objects with curved edges. Materials. — nxi^x^ inches; s. 2. s. Maple. New Tools. — Gauge and dividers, square. Exercises. — Sawing off, squaring, boring, convex cut, filing, concave cut. Neiv: Gauging. Drawing. — Right lines and geometrical curves. Educational Value. — Training in dexterity of hand; training of eye to sense of form (flat and convex) ; train- ing in habits of neatness and accuracy. Directions. — 1. Sandpaper the wood so that it will be easier to draw on. 2. Saw into lengths for key tags a, b, and c. 3. Draw design on stock. 4. Whittle to line. Where a line curves inward, a cut perpendicular to grain must first be made as at b y to pre- vent splitting. 5. Finish rounding curved edges with file. 6. Bore holes. To prevent breaking, bore part way from each side, or fasten it in vise with a thicker board behind it. 7. Sandpaper. MODEL NO. 5 (d)—KEY TAG. Materials. — 7xi^x 1 3 g - inches. Maple; s. 2. s. Tools. — Same as preceding model. Exercises. — Sawing off, convex cut, concave cut. Drawing. — Converging lines, and geometrical curves. Educational Value. — Training in dexterity of hand; training of eye to sense of form (flat and convex) ; train- ing in habits of neatness and accuracy. Directions. — 1. Sandpaper the wood so that it will be easier to draw on. 142 CONSTRUCTION WORK . 2. Draw design on stock. 3. Whittle to proper length; whittle to line. 4. Finish rounding curved edges with file. 5. Sandpaper. T i i 8! L ._ I A 'T* I //\ 1 «M WOOD WORK. 145 MODEL NO. 6-PAPER KNIFE. Material. — i2xi^x^( inches; s. 2. s. Black walnut. New Tools. — Scraper, smoothing- plane. Exercises. — Sawing off, face planing", edge planing, gauging, concave cut, convex cut, filing, surface cut, scraping. Drawing. — Right line and free curves. Educational Value. — Training in dexterity of hand training of aesthetic faculty; cultivates sense of [form training in neatness, accuracy, attention, and carefulness develops interest and love of work ; promotes the devel- opment of the muscles. Directions. — 1. Plane and sandpaper the stock. 2. Draw design on paper, form a template by cutting it out with the knife, draw on the wood around the edges of the paper. 3. Whittle to line and finish with file. The edges must be at right angles to the faces and the curves regular and symmetrical. 4. Draw a center line from end to end to indicate thickest part of blade. 5. Trim blade to center line on both sides and both faces, to make it sharp. 6. Whittle decorations on handle (based on semicircle). 7. Finish with file, scraper and sandpaper. 146 CONSTRUCTION WORK. MODEL NO. 7— PAPER KNIFE WITH OPENING IN HANDLE. Materials. — i2xi3,|x^( inches; s. 2. s. Birch. New Tool. — Coping saw. Exercises. — Sawing off, using coping saw, face planing, edge planing, gauging, concave cut, convex cut, filing, surface cut, scraping, boring with bit of small curves directed inward and too small for the knife. Drawing. — Converging lines and free curves. Educational Value. — Training in dexterity of hand; training of aesthetic faculty; cultivates sense of touch and form; training in neatness, accuracy, attention, and care- fulness ; develops interest and love of work ; promotes the development of the muscles. Directions. — 1. Plane and sandpaper stock. 2. Make template and use it to put design on wood. 3. Make the opening in the handle with bit, coping saw, and file. 4. Trim outer edge to line, using bit for the small inner curves at a and b. Finish with file. 5. Trim cutting edge with knife, file, and scraper. (The steel scraper, well sharpened, is, for many purposes, better than sandpaper.) WOOD WORK. 149 MODEL NO. 8-COAT'HANGER. IV. Exercise in use of plane and saw. Further prac- tice on curved edge lines, the chisel being introduced. Materials. — 20x5x34 inches; s. 2. s. Pine. Exercises. — Sawing off, face planing, edge planing, squaring, boring with center-bit, use of coping saw, per- pendicular chiseling, filing, smoothing up, scraping. Drawing. — Geometrical and freehand curves. Educational Value. — Training in dexterity of hand; training of eye to symmetry of form; cultivates patience, perseverance, and attention; cultivates neatness and accuracy; promotes uniform physical development. Directions. — 1. Plane and sandpaper stock. The plane is to be used here only for the purpose of smoothing the surface, and not yet for the purpose of planing to any definite thick- ness. 2. Make template and use it to put design on wood. 3. Draw on the wood around the edges of template. 4. Saw down to the line, making many parallel cuts, close together, as shown by the dotted lines. 5. Trim as closely as'may be with the chisel, and finish to line with knife, file, and sandpaper. 6. Bore hole to attach string for hanging up. 'ro'H- V WOOD WORK. 153 MODEL NO. 9— LAMP MATS. These afford good material for the drawing lesson as well as for the work-room. Materials. — 8x8x 3 \. Maple. Exercises. — Sawing off, long sawing, face planing, edge planing, squaring, gauging, use of coping saw, obstacle planing, boring with center bit, chamfering, perpendic- ular chiseling, punching, scraping. Drawing. — Right lines and geometrical curves. Directions. — i. Smooth wood with plane and sandpaper. 2. Draw the border lines. 3. Saw nearly to line in direction of arrows. 4. Trim to line with chisel. (The file here is not so good as in previous exercises.) 5. Draw straight lines with rule and knife and curved lines in center with compasses. 6. Cut out center with bit. 7. Punch parts indicated in drawing. (Punch may be made, if necessary, by inserting short pieces of stiff wire in a wooden handle.) In addition to carving, I have found the following to give excellent artistic results: 1. Smooth surface perfectly, and then, to prevent col- ors from spreading, treat with gelatine dissolved in warm water. When dry, run over lightly with sandpaper. 2. The design is drawn on paper, and then transferred to the wood. 3. Trace lines with India ink or burnt sienna; clean with rubber eraser. 4. Apply moist colors. It is best to apply light tints first. 154 CONSTRUCTION WORK. 5. When colors are thoroughly dried, shellac or var- nish. This must be done carefully and rapidty, in order to prevent spreading the colors. Use moist water colors. Best woods to use are maple, chestnut, pear, and birch. / 't / SEP 8 1900 mum pill LIB III ilsiil liiSi