V -■N' 0>^ • O "oo'* - /'''^:<. '^ % ■^ ,\ r> •= » \y >. - -■^'J.^-^ \ ^^ ■ , . >■ \ tO ' .1 i "■ '/ > 1 >0 c 0- •N :: (^^ V- V" :^ (f .0 ,\ .0 v'^ aV' N' A-^^ -O .-^ \\^ I i v^ ^.^ « \ \^' ..^^ ,.v ''■>•>' . .■•s^- . > -i^ - ■s^^^ ^ - sK^ ^x^^ ..^ JO^ \^ -^^ vV vS>^ * v^ •^^ /- * \v- "Of >?> American PopuJcir PubilwUtons No. 1 1^92 1 r «« San Salvador" A STORY OF COLUMBUS AND HIS DISCOVERIES By n. J. K. American Popular Publication Co. Chicago TW'nNTY'M*r\'ii CJ32VTS American Popular Publicdtiofis. No. i. 1492--1592 %k San Salvador:" A Story of Columbus and His Discoveries AND A SHORT ACCOUNT OF THE Mound Builders, Visits of the Norsemen, Modern Disc©very AND THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION By Mrj^^^Ji^H American Popui^ar Pubi,ication Co. CHICAGO « 1 CONTENTS, \S'tU(ti)r,<:iit,ti . . .... 'j VuzhhUfrU: Af^c A Ku\At. A WWu,r\ of the l'a»t. 11- Vfunr HtJifhf'iUft ViHVrrykH r^ J'rom I'rozen J'iord and Rocky Shore. The Nf/r<*emen. The Terrr/r of Huro^A:, lyief Rrick.Hon. VinJanrl. Skeletr^ in Armour. J 11. ThK CAS'/f^ft ftV THJ5 SHA 23 spectre Cape. BartlioUmiewDia/.. Mf^l- ern Dmiovcry. Prkic*: Utnry% Useful Jvife, Vaftco de <^>ama. hhh(m, the Rcftort of the Adventurous. TV.- TffH Mai'-Makkr 01* Gknoa 29 Itnj;f:rJ,shaWe Works of Italy's Sonji. Trained in a i. Visits the Ultima Thule. Ciains an Audience, leaves Portugal, Cofifmfs. Paok VI. — FKRDINANP and ISABKl.l.A. ^^"^ Voriod of Great Proi^perity. ^Migrations of a Military Court, ^louiitaiti Fortress of the Moors. Pinchiiiii rovertv. Vlans Prouoxiuced Imju^ssiMo. 1. eaves tor France. VII. — ISLVUKI^LA IMMORTAUZES SlWTN .... 43 A Boiigar at the Gate. CoUunbus Re- called. Fall of Granada. Negotiations Broken OtT. Isabella Undertakes the Knterprise. rriucoly Rewards Protnised and Continued. Vlll. ThK ApMIKAI. IIOl.^TS HIS b'l.AG V^ Fitting chit a Fleet. Three Caravels and One Hundred and Twenty men. Third of August, 1492. Delay at theCat\aries, On the Atlantic. nitVicnlties. Dangers and Disturbance, ^lystery of the Ocean Solved, l^and, Aheail ! IX. Coi.vMurs IX THK Xv:\v Wi^kt.d .... 5.} Twelfth of October, 14*.).'. San Salvador. Naked but Hospitable Savages. Search for Cipango. Cu^lden Dreams. Hamacs. Native Cigars. Shipwreck. A Fortress Built. Left in an Unknown I,and. X. "Sick. THK Conoiu<:rino IlKRO CoMRS." m Homeward Voyage. Violent Storms. A Mes.sage from the Sea. Arrival at the Azores. Jealousy of the Portuguese. Reception at Palos. A Roman Triumph. Coat of Arms and a Legend . Conlcnls. 7 XI. "In 'fill', SuNSiiiN'i', OK koVAi, Favok 6>'. SccoikI Voyaj^c. Iii'lia lloujic. A Motley Crow'l. 'i'lic Anchor wci^^licd. Maftsacn: at. X/a. Navirlad. Aiiionj^ the CaribH. The I'irst City. A Stain on the K.HCUtcheon. XII. — Tm, rAKAniSK, uv 'nii, Indian , 76 I'lirnnit of Oohl. Di.scontent and Mu- tiny. Discovery of Jamaica. The Cacique's Hracelets, Calumniators at Court. Aquado'H Arro^^ant Assumj)tion. Voyage Home. XIII,— A I'UIS(mi',k IN ClfAINS 81 I'rojecterl Ivnterprises. 'Jhird Voyage. Criminals r*)r Colonists. A Cdimpse of the Continent. Roldan'» Rebellion, Uabadilla Ai>iKjin4.(:t5'«7^ Salvador y his journey until he had time to communi- cate with Queen Isabella. Columbus readily consented and the good prior's letter was favor- ably answered by the queen. She invited Colum- bus to return, sent him money to defray the expenses of his journey and assured him of her help in his projected enterprise. Columbus was favorably received at the court, where he arrived in time to witness the memor- able surrender of Granada, by the last of the Moorish kings, and one of the most brilliant tri- umphs of Spanish chivalry. On every side were military rejoicings, the glitter of arms and the sound of music and festivity. Columbus, ob- scure, melancholy and dejected, beheld these rejoicings with indifference, so deeply was he imbued with the greatness and grandeur of his own enterprise. The time had now arrived when the monarchs of Spain stood pledged to attend to his proposal of a western expedition. They kept their word and appointed persons, with full authority, to negotiate with him. For his services in the un- dertaking, Columbus demanded that he should be invested with the titles and privileges of Isabella Inimortalizes Spain. 45 admiral and vicero}" over the countries he should discover, together with one-tenth of the gains either by trade or conquest. In these negotia- tions he felt that he was treating of an empire and demanded princely conditions. His terms w^ere refused, and many were indignant at what they considered the exorbitant demands of a needy adventurer. Other rewards were offered to him but he would not cede one point and the negotia- tions were broken off. Nearly twenty 3^ears had elapsed since Col- umbus had first announced his theory of discov- er}^ in the West, during that time he had applied in vain to various courts, had suffered poverty, neglect, ridicule and disappointment, but noth- ing could shake his confidence in his theory or weaken his determination. In February, 1492, he set off for Cordova, with the intention of visiting France. The friends of Columbus, filled with distress at his departure, and prompted by ^. zeal in his cause, obtained an audience with the queen. They explained to her the irreparable loss that it would be to the nation to allow him to depart ; they pointed out the soundness and practicability 46 '' Sa?i Salvador.'' of his plans ; and the}^ assured her that it was not only worth the trouble and expense but that it was her duty to explore the wonders and the secrets of the universe. The generous spirit of Isabella was enkindled and she declared with enthusiasm, " I undertake the enterprise and will pledge my jewels to raise the necessary funds." Columbus had pursued his lonety journe}^ about two leagues from Granada when he was overtaken b}" a courier from the queen, who summoned him to return. He hesitated, but being informed of Isabella's promise, he re- turned confiding in her noble and generous character. The benignit}^ with which Columbus was received on his return, atoned for all past neglect. A perfect understanding was arrived at, articles of agreement were drawn up and signed by the king and queen in which the titles, dignities and prerogatives of viceroy and admiral were confirmed and made hereditary in his family. The kindly Isabella conferred a favor on Columbus before he left the court that pleased him very much. She appointed his son, Diego, page to Prince Juan, the heir apparent, an honor Isabella Immorlalizes Spam. 47 granted only to the vSons of persons of distin- guished rank. Thus the sordid, calculating policy of Ferdinand was counteracted by the generosity and grandeur of a woman's noble nature. To Isabella, Spain owes her share in the discovery of the New World. CHAPTER VIII. THE ADMIRAL HOISTS HIS FLAG. FITTING OUT A FI,EET. — THREE CARAVELS AND ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY MEN.« — THIRD OF AUGUST 1492. — DELAY AT THE CANARIES. — ON THE ATLANTIC. — DIFFICUL- TIES, DANGERS AND DISTURBANCE. — MYSTERY OF THE OCEAN SOLVED. — LAND, AHEAD ! COLUMBUS hastened to his good friend, the prior of La Rabida, not as a mendicant, this time, but as the admiral, chosen by the sover- eigns of Spain and authorized b}^ them, to fit out a fleet and to command it, in a vo^^age of West- ern discovery. After 3'^ears of vexatious delaj^ pinching poverty and continuous struggle, he was about to carry out, in his fifty-sixth year, the great object of his life's labor. On the morning of the twent3^-third of May, 1492, Columbus proceeded to the church of St. George, where the alcalde, the regidors and the inhabitants of Palos, had been notified to meet him. In the porch of the church a royal order was read, by a notary public, commanding them 48 The Admiral Hoists His Flag. 49 to furnish ships and men and to place them at the disposal of Columbus ; and further orders were read instructing them to furnish sup- plies and assistance to him, at reasonable prices. At first the authorities promised to obey, but when the nature of the expedition became known, dismay fell on the whole community. The owners of vessels refused to furnish them, and the boldest sailors shrank from a cruise on the unknown ocean. No stronger proof can be offered of the boldness of this undertaking than the extreme dread shown by this community made up of the bravest seamen of the age. At length Martin Alonzo Pinzon and his brother, both navigators of great Experience, volunteered and others were compelled to serve, and by the beginning of August every difficulty had been overcome and three vessels were ready for sea. The largest of the three caravels was decked and called the Santa Maria. On board this ship Columbus hoisted his flag. The second was called the Pinta and the third, the Nina. There were on board a physician, a surgeon, the royal notary, private adventurers, servants and ninety mariners, making in all one hundred and twenty 50 ** Sail Salvador y persons. Columbus and his crew entered upon their hazardous enterprise with the mOvSt devout and affecting religious ceremonials, committing themselves to the guidance and protection of heaven. On the third of August, 1492, Columbus sailed from the little port of Palos, steering directly for the Canary Islands. His exultation at finding himself at last under way, was checked by his want of confidence in his crew. His apprehensions were correct. He was de- tained three weeks at the Canaries repairing the Pinta's rudder, which, he surmised, had been injured, in order that she might be sent back. On the sixth of September they left the Cana- ries and steered west across the unknown parts of the Atlantic. When his crew lost sight of land their hearts failed them. Behind them were country, family, friends and life ; before them chaos, m3\ster3^ and peril. The admiral tried to inspire them with his own glorious anticipations of a land teeming with gold and precious stones, nor were these hopes held out for mere purposes of deception, Columbus believed that they would realize them all. The Ad?)ural Hoists His Flag. 51 The variation of the compass, which he first noticed about two hundred leagues west of the Canaries, filled his crew with fear of being left on the trackless ocean without a guide. Colum- bus taxed his science and his ingenuity to allay their fears but had only partial success. At one time the sight of a bird filled them with hope, then the flash of a meteor, struck them with awe ; the trade winds prevailing from the east they thought would prevent them from ever returning. Fields of weeds one day were proofs of the nearness of land and the next they filled them with fear of' certain destruction. The admiral with great patience tried ta dispel these fears. Terror, however, multiplies and varies imaginary dangers, particularly on the ocean. They fed each other's discontent, and in secret they called him a desperado, bent upon mak- ing himself notorious. Every league traveled brought him nearer to the realization of his hopes, filled them with terror. W^re they to sail on and be the authors of their own destruc- tion ? Why not throw him into the sea ? The situation was dail}^ becoming more critical, but Columbus maintained a severe and steady 52 " Sail Salvador.''^ countenance. He had overcome the difficult}^ of fitting out his fleet, had passed, so far, safely through ocean dangers, was he now to be thwarted by the disturbance of a mutinous crew ? "Land! land! I claim \^\j reward, senor," shouted a voice from the Pinta. The admiral, who had been studying his map, threw himself on his knees and the whole crew joined him in repeating the Gloria in Excelsis. The convic- tion became general and the j 03^ excessive, but the morning light put an end to their hopes as to a dream, and as a consequence they sank into a dejection even greater than before. They said that thej^ had done enough to show their courage and the^^ insisted upon turning home- ward and abandoning the voj^age as hope- less. Columbus endeavored to pacif}' them but could not. He then assumed a bold and decided tone and told them that the expedition had been sent out by the Sovereigns of Spain and he was determined to persevere to the end. He was now at open defiance with his crew and the situ- ation was desperate. The next day, fortunately, the evidence ^of land in their immediate vicinity, no longer The Admiral Hoists His Flag. 53 admitted of doubt. After picking up a branch with berries on it, and then a staff artificially carved, Columbus made an impressive address. From present appearances, he said he thought it probable that they would make land that very night. Gloom and mutiny now gave way to hopes of discovery. At 2 o'clock in the morn- ing a gun gave the joyful signal of land. The reaction was sudden, complete and extraordinary. The gloom and terror of the voyage was for- gotten, and the sailors vied with each other in thanks and gratitude to their commander. It would be difficult to conceive what were the thousrhts of Columbus at such a moment. The great mystery of the oce^n had been revealed, his theory had been triumphantly established and he had secured a glory as durable as the world itself ; but what was the land before him covered with darkness — would the morning light reveal a savage wilderness or the gilded cities of Oriental civilization ? CHAPTER IX. COI.UMBUS IN THE NEW WORLD. TWELFTH OF OCTOBER, 1492. — SAN SAIyVADOR. — NAKED BUT HOSPITABI^E SAVAGES. — SEARCH FOR CIPANGO. — GOI.DEN DREAMS. — HAMACS. — NATIVE CIGARS. — SHIPWRECK. — A FORTRESS BUILT. — LEFT IN AN UNKNOWN LAND. IT was on Friday morning, the twelfth of October, 1492, that Columbus first beheld the New World. He saw as the day dawned, a level island, several leagues in extent, covered with trees, and although it was uncultivated, it was inhabited. Richly attired in scarlet and carrying the standard of Spain, he landed and solemnly took possession and gave the island the name of San Salvador. The natives beheld the ships with astonish- ment and supposed them to be monsters but when they saw the boats approach the shore and a number of strange beings clad in garments of various colors or in shining armour, they fled in terror. To the Spaniards the natives were no 5+ Coluvibus in the New World. 55 less objects of curiosity. They were copper- colored with agreeable features, disfigured by paint ; they were well shaped, of moderate stature, had long coarse hair and were perfectly naked. The only weapons the}?- had were lances pointed with flint or bone. They were friendly and gentle and after they recovered from their first terror they approached the Spaniards with timidity and admiration. Columbus supposed that he had landed at the extremity of India, and called the natives Indians, a name which has since been extended to all the aborginals of the New World. "^ The admiral having examined the island, dis- tributed beads and small bells tos the natives, set off on the fourteenth, taking seven of the natives with him, that they might learn the Spanish language and serve as interpreters. The next day Columbus took possession of an island to which he gave the name of Santa Maria de la Concepcion. The natives mani- fested the same astonishment, gen4;leness, and simplicity as those of San Salvador, but they appeared to be more ingenious and intelligent. Their habitations were constructed in the form 56 *' San Salvador.'^ of circular tents, made of branches of trees and palm leaves. They were kept very neat and clean and were usually sheltered under spread- ing trees. For beds they used nets of cotton, which extended from two posts. They called them hamacs, a name which has since come into general use. Next he visited an island which he named Fernandina, in honor of the king. " The coun- try," says Columbus, "was fresh and green as Andalusia in the month of May." Cotton was the article of the greatest value, and the natives as in the other islands seemed to enjoy their simple mode of life. Sailing south, according to the directions of his native guides, in search of a mine of gold and a monarch of vast wealth, he found an island of great beauty, but neither mine nor monarch. Here he saw birds of great variety and beauty, trees of a thousand species, and an abundance of fishes which rivaled the birds in the brilliancy of their color. To this island he gave the name of his royal patroness, Isabella. For several days the admiral coasted about seeking in vain for the wealthy island of Columbus in the New World. 57 Cipango, described by Marco Polo. From the natives he heard of an island called Cuba, which he concluded to visit, and after exploring it he would go to the mainland of India, which he thought must be within easy distance. He would there deliver in person to the Grand Khan, the letters of the Spanish Monarchs and then return to Spain, trimphantly, having ac- complished the great object of his voyage. He thought that he was on the eastern shores of India, as Asia was then called, whereas he was on the vShores of a new continent. After four days' sail from Isabella, they arrived at an island of vast size with high mountains, fertile valleya, and n6ble rivers. Here he landed and gave it the name of Juana in honor of prince Juan. He no longer doubted that it was the looked for Cipango. His desire now was to find its magnificent city and its wealthy king. One of the natives told him that there was a place in the interior abounding with gold. Anxious to reach there he sent two envoys to seek the monarch and present to him letters and presents from the monarchs of Spain. At the present day many will smile at this 58 ** Sa7t Salvador,'''' embassy to a naked savage chieftain in Cuba, in mistake for an Oriental potentate, but such was this voyage, a series of golden dreams, built on the deluding volume of Marco Polo. On this island, the mariners found the potato, little valued at that time, but a more precious acquisition to man than many of the rare spices of the East. Here they also saw the natives with certain dried herbs which they rolled up in a leaf, and lighting one end put the other in their mouths and puff out the smoke. A roll of this kind the}^ called a tobacco, a name since given to the plant of which the roll was made. When the two ambassadors returned their re- port put an end to many of the splendid fancies of Columbus. The}^ informed him that there was no appearance of gold or gems, they saw fields of potatoes, maize or Indian corn and large quantities of cotton. From Cuba the admiral turned back ; had he continued his course he might have discovered Florida or Mexico, cer- tainly he would have found his mistake in con- sidering Cuba as a portion of the mainland. When Columbus left Cuba, his signals were unattended to by the Pinta, which was consid- Columbus in the Nezv World. 59 erably to the eastward. He suspected that her commander, Pinzon, either intended to take upon himself a separate command or to hasten back to Spain and carry oif the glory of the dis- covery. While steering beyond the extremity of Cuba the admiral descried land, the general features of which he thought resembled Spain, hence he called it Hispaniola. The natives came to the ships in their canoes, bringing presents from the cacique and a friendly invitation to vivSit him. About midnight, Christmas eve, the sea being calm the admiral retired to rest. The steers- man taking advanta'ge of his absence gave the helm to one of the ship boys and wejit to sleep. The current soon carried the ship on a sand- bank. Columbus was the first on deck but it was too late to save her. When the cacique heard of the misfortune of his guest he sent the natives in their canoes to his assistance. All the ship's effects were saved but she became a total wreck. The rites of hospitality were scrupulously observed and houses were built to shelter the seamen. The shipwrecked crew grew fond of their easy 6o '^ Sa7i Salvador.^' and idle mode of life on the island. They told the admiral that, from the wreck they could con- struct a fortress and maintain themselves for a year, until he returned from Spain. Since the desertion of one vessel and the wreck of another had left him but one old caravel, he determined to return to Spain, lest some disaster would de- stroy every record of his discovery. In ten days the fort was completed. Ammu- nition was stored in the vault and the guns were mounted on the tower. Columbus selected thirty-nine of his best men to remain on the island, among them a carpenter, a physician, a tailor and a gunner. The admiral made an earnCvSt address to them on their duties. The parting was a painful one between the little gar- rison and their companions who were returning home. The signal gun was fired, the anchor weighed, the ship's crew gave a parting cheer, and left their companions in the wilderness of an unknown world, where they became the first victims of European greed and lust, in the New World ; and the first holocaust offered to Indian revenge. CHAPTER X. "SEE, THE CONQUERING HERO COMES." HOMEWARD VOYAGE. — VIOIvENT STORMS.— A MESSAGE FROM THE SEA. — ARRIVAL. AT THE AZORES.— JE Algous Y OF THE PORTUGUESE. — RECEPTION AT PALOS. — A ROMAN TRIUMPH. — COAT-OF-ARMS AND A LEGEND. IT was on the fourth of January, 1493, that Columbus set sail on kis homeward voyage, during which he met with storms of such vio- lence, that had but one-tenth part of them at- tended him in his outward voyage, he never would have discovered the new world. When they had been out two days they sighted the Pinta, whose captain informed the admiral that stress of weather and not wilful desertion had separated the ships. On the ninth they anchored in an extensive bay. Here they found the natives of ferocious aspect and hideously painted ; they were armed 61 62 '^ San Salvador.' '' with war clubs, bows and swords made of palm wood, as heavy as iron. When a boat was sent ashore, the crew was attacked by a^ band -of fifty natives. The Spaniards wounded two and put the rest to flight. This is the first record of na- tive blood shed by white men in the new world. Columbus gave this place the name of the Gulf of Arrows ; it is now the Gulf of Samana. A few days after leaving this gulf, they were caught in a violent wind and heavy sea and it was with the greatest difficulty and danger that they continued their course. The frail car- avels labored terribly and they were obliged to take in all sail. The Pinta again was lost sight of. Columbus feared that she had foundered and that his own feeble bark might at any mo- ment be engulfed. He wrote an account of his discoveries, placed it in a barrel, which he flung into the sea, in the hope that it would reach the Spanish coast ; and both he and his crew made a vow, that if spared, they would go in proces- sion barefooted when they landed to some church dedicated to the Holy Virgin. On the morning of the fifteenth of February they sighted land in the east-north-east. It was ''See, the Conquering Hero Conies y 63 St. Mary's, one qf the Azores. The governor at first treated them kindly and sent fresh provis- ions on board, but when half the crew went ashore to perform their pilgrimage to the chapel of the island, he had them arrested. Columbus was indignant and produced his letters patent showing his rank and dignity as a Spanish ad- miral and viceroy. After examining the papers, the Portuguese governor liberated the prisoners. Such was the discoverer's first reception in the old world, forming a striking contrast to sym- pathy and hospitality he received from the naked savages of the new world. After putting to sea, the admiral again en- countered contrary gales and a boisterous sea and was driven by the violence of the storm, with all his sails rent, into the mouth of the Tagus. He immediately sent a courier to the monarchs of Spain with tidings of his discovery. He also wrote to the king of Portugal. Curiosity be- came excited and boats and barges crowded round the caravel, freighted with the people and the productions of a newly discovered world. While in Portugal Columbus visited the king, who received him with great ceremony. Many 64 " Sa7i Salvador y of the courtiers present at the reception weie those who had only a few months before scoffed at him as a dreamer and now they considered the honors heaped upon him a humiliation to them. This was an indication of the perpetual jealousy with which Columbus was to be requited throughout his life for one of the greatest bene- fits that ever man conferred upon his fellow beings. Some went so far as to suggest his assas- sination. Provoke him into a quarrel, said they, and then dispatch him as if in honorable encoun- ter. Others suggested that Portuguese mariners should be sent out before he could fit out a second expedition. The latter advice the king secretly but promptly resolved to put into exe- cution. After an absence of nearly seven months and a half, Columbus arrived at the little seaport of Palos, on the fifteenth of March, 1493, amid the shouts and acclamations of the people. Bells were rung, stores were closed and a holiday observed ; and in a transport of joy and grati- tude they formed a procession to the church to return thanks for the wonderful discovery. The letter of Columbus produced a great sen- '^ See, the Conqueri7ig Hero Comes. ^'' 65 sation at the Spanish Court. Western discovery, following so closely on the conquest of Granada, dazzled even the monarchs themselves, by the acquisition of a new empire of indefinite extent and boundless wealth. Columbus received an invitation to the court addressed to him by the title of "Don Christopher Columbus, our Ad- miral of the Ocean Sea, and Viceroy and Gover- nor of the Islands discovered in the Indies." The fame of his discovery had spread through the nation, and his journey to the court was like the progress of a monarch. His entry into Bar- celona has been compared to a Roman triumph. The procession was headed by ,the Indians, painted according to their savage fashion, and decorated with their rude ornaments of gold ; after these came birds, animals, plants and the gold brought from the newly discovered islands. Columbus, on horseback, surrounded by a caval- cade of Spanish noblemen, was greeted as a conquering hero. To receive him v^ith suitable pomp, the throne was placed in public, under a rich canopy of brocade of gold. "When the ad- miral approached, the king and queen arose, as if receiving a person of the highest rank, and 66 * ' San Salvador, ' ' ordered him to seat himself in their presence, a rare honor in this proud and punctilious court. When he had given an account of his expedi- tion, the sovereigns went on their knees, and all present followed their example, while the Te Deu7n was chanted by the choir of the royal chapel. Columbus was the object of universal praise, and wherever he appeared he was sur- rounded by an admiring multitude. Notwithstanding the universal enthusiasm, no one was aware of the real importance of the dis- covery ; no one knew that this was a totally dis- tinct portion of the globe, separated by oceans from the ancient world. The erroneous opinion of the discoverer was universally adopted, that Cuba was the extreme end of the Asiatic conti- nent, and that the adjacent islands were in the Indian seas. The lands were therefore called the West Indies, and as they were unknown to the ancients, they were called the New World. Columbus received instructions to prepare for a second voyage, and he lost no time; in making out a memorandum of the ships, men and sup- plies necessary. During his stay at Barcelona, the admiral had access at all times to the royal ' ' See^ the Conquering Hero Cotnes. ' ' 67 presence, and marks of personal favor were con- stantly bestowed upon him. To perpetuate in his family the glory of his achievements, a coat-of-arms was assigned him, in which the royal arms, a castle and a lion, were quartered, with his proper bearings, which were a group of islands surrounded by waves and the motto: "To Castile and lyeon, Columbus gave a new world." It would be well, for the credit of the human race, had the story of Columbus ended here. No greatness was ever acquired b}^ more incontesta- ble benefits conferred on mankind, yet none ever drew on its possessor more unremitting jealousy, or involved him in more unmerited distress and difficultv. CHAPTER XI. IN THE SUNSHINE OF ROYAL FAVOR. SECOND VOYAGE. — INDIA HOUSE. — A MOTLEY It CROWD. — THE ANCHOR WEIGHED. — MASSACRE AT LA NAVIDAD. — AMONG THE CARIES. — THE FIRST CITY. — A STAIN ON THE ESCUTCHEON. AFTER receiving ever}^ mark of royal favor and public honor, and having his titles and prerogatives confirmed, Columbus left the court on the twenty-eight of May, to prepare for a second voj^age. His departure from Bar- celona, like his entry, was made the occasion of every demonstration of honor, gratitude and confidence. To assist Columbus in his preparations, and to regulate the transaction of business with the new world, Juan Rodriquez de Fonseca, a high ecclesiastical dignitary, was appointed to super- intend Indian affairs. This position he held for nearly thirty years. An office and custom- house was established at Seville for this purpose 68 In the Sunshine of Royal Favor. 69 and was the origin of the Royal India House. Fonseca early became a secret but active oppo- nent of the admiral and frequently impeded the progress of his expeditions. Columbus hastened to Andalusia where he secured a fleet of seventeen ships which were prepared with speed for the expedition. The pilots and seamen were chosen with great care ; mechanics and husbandmen were engaged ; horses, cattle and domestic animals of all kinds were provided ; and an abundant supply of provisions, seeds and merchandise were taken on board. The number of 'persons permitted to embark was fully twelve hundred. The^war with the Moors being over, many restless spirits were eager for employment ; the account of a land teeming with gold and gems excited the cupidity of others ; to all was open a vast field for wild adventure and romantic enterprise. Probably no fleet ever carried so motley a crowd. The hardy mariner, the punctilious cavalier^ the roving adventurer, the greedy speculator, the industri- ous husbandman and the pale and pious mis- sionary, each earnest in his vocation, were there. 1 yo ^' Sa7i Salvador.'^ Enterprise, ambition, novelty, profit and relig- ious zeal, each had its representative. The departure of Columbus on his second voyage was very different from his departure on the first. Now all was confidence and anima- tion, then all was gloom and fear. On th€ twenty-fifth of September, 1493, three large ships and fourteen caravels, answered the admiral's signal by weighing anchor and before sunrise the whole fleet was under sail from the Bay of Cadiz to the New World. About the first of October the fleet arrived at the Canaries. Having taken in a supply of water and provisions, the voyage was resumed on the seventh. The commander of each ship received from Columbus a sealed letter of in- structions to be opened only in case of separa- tion. The voyage was prosperous and without any incident of note. On Sunday, the third of November, land was sighted. On account of the day on which it was discovered, it was called Dominica. Not finding good anchorage here Columbus con- tinued his voyage through the archipelago, until he reached the island to which he gave In the Sunshine of Royal Favor. 71 the name of Guadaloupe. This he found to be one of the islands of the Caribs, a fierce and warlike tribe that made war on the inhabitants of the neighboring islands. These predatory savages were the terror of the seas, and from human bones found in their houses, the Span- iards were convinced that they were cannibals. As the fleet sailed further through this beauti- ful archipelago, many islands rose to view and were taken possession of by the Spaniards. The admiral sent a boat, well-manned, on shore at Santa Cruz to get water and gather information. While at the village, which was deserted, they saw a canoe arrive' in view of the ships. The Indians, in the canoe, were so ^amazed and entranced by the sight of the ships, that the Spaniards in the boat came close to them, unper- ceived. The Indians attempted to escape, but failing they used their bows with the dexterity of trained archers. There were two women in the canoe, who fought as fiercely as the men. W len the canoe was capsized the ravages con- tinued to fight while swimming and discharged their arrows, with as much effect and facility as if on land. In this skirmish these fierce Caribs 72 " San Salvador.'' used posioned arrows and one of the Spaniards died from a slight wound by a poisoned arrow. Continuing his course, the admiral arrived at a great island, since known as Porto Rico. It was fertile and populous but during the visit of the fleet not a human being was seen. After a couple of days at this island, Columbus sailed for Hispaniola, where he arrived on the twenty- second of November. The ferocity of the Caribs, who were the terror of the natives, made the admiral anxious about his companions of the first voyage, who were left at La Navidad. Having arrived opposite the fort he anchored and as it was night he ordered signal guns to be fired but there was no response. All was darkness and deathlike silence. The next day the fortress was found in ruins and pre- sented the appearance of having been sacked and burned. The story learned from the natives and afterwards confirmed was, briefly, the Spaniards had quarrelled and separated, those in the fort had been surprised and massacred and those who had strayed away met a like fate. So ended the first Spanish colony of the New World. To build a city and to found a settlement, hi the Sims /line of Royal Favor. 73 Columbus considered his first and most important duty and as he could not find a favorable loca- tion where he now was he determined to go to lya Plata. Stress of weather, however, obliged him to put into a harbor before he reached there, and the natural advantages that the locality pre- sented convinced him that he could not find a place more suitable for his purpose. The soil was fertile, the climate temperate and a plain of great extent and verdure was watered by two rivers which flowed into the spacious harbour. An encampment was formed, and in a few days the whole scene was one of great activity ; stores and merchandise were landed, artisans were busy, streets and squares were laid out and a church, storehouse and dwellings were erected ; every one exerted himself in building the first Spanish city of the New World, which, in honor of his patroness, Columbus named Isabella. The arduous duties and incessant vigilance imp' sed on Columbus at this time overpowered his trength and for several weeks he was con- fined to his bed. He was therefore prevented from personally exploring the interior of the country as he had intended. From amongst the 74 ^^ Sa7i Salvador y cavaliers who had accompanied the expedition, he chose Alonzo de Ojeda, a daring soldier and a man of great personal endowment, to explore the interior of the island. The information was necessary as he was about to send back ten of his ships to Spain and he felt sure that the report of the expedition would confirm the statements which he had already made to the Spanish mon- archs. Ojeda set out with a small force and struck directly into the interior, where the natives received them with kindness and hospi- tality. They saw evidence of gold in the streams and mountains, and received many presents of the precious metal. Ojeda 's report confirmed the admiral's conjectures of the wealth of the country. Twelve of the ships were sent to Spain, carry- ing specimens of the gold, found by Ojeda, with an account of the expedition and the labors of the colony in founding the city of Isabella. In his letters to the sovereigns, Columbus proposes to establish an exchange, where the Carib cap- tives could be bartered as slaves to those who would furnish live stock to the colony. The admiral yielded to this practice of the time in In the Sunshine of Royal Favor. 75 hope of lessening the expense of the colony and improving the cannibal natives. The sophistry of improving the savage by enslaving him in a Christian country, has been productive of the most pernicious results. Many circumstances tend to mitigate the brutality of this proposition, nothing can fully excUvSe it. CHAPTER XII. THE PARADISE OF THE INDIAN. PURSUIT OF GOIvD. — DISCONTENT AND MUTINY.— DISCOVERY OF JAMAICA. — THE CACIQUE'S BRACELETS. — CAI.UMNIATORS AT COURT. — AQUADO'S ARROGANT ASSUMPTION. — VOYAGE HOME. COLUMBUS having dispatched the greater part of his fleet to Spain, and having re- covered from his recent illness determined to make an excursion into the interior of the coun- try, partly for the purpose of impressing the natives by an exhibition of Europern power, but principally for the purpose of opening up with the new city commercial relations and making it the depot of the golden products of the country. The admiral took with him four hundred well armed men. The rude road, constructed during this expedition from Isabella across the mount- ain of Ciboa, still exists. He was hospitably received by the natives, and having informed 76 The Paradise of the Indian, 77 himself fully of the country and its products, he built a fort, placed in it a garrison of fifty-six men, and gave it in command to Pedro Margarite. This was the first important visit of v^hite men to the interior, and the first step in the march of civilization into the luxuraht' paradise of the In- dian. The city of Isabella was now assuming form, but the exposure and privation, inevitable in the new colony, produced sickness and discon- tent. Many were disappointed in their hopes of immediate wealth, and annoyed with the labors imposed upon them ; some of the most daring even resolved to seize the ships in the harbor and return to Spain. This mutiny was dis- covered by the admiral and the ring leaders pun- ished. Columbus then sent all the men that could be spared to visit the Caciques and explore their territories, and he determined to make further expeditions with the fleet. It was on this voyage that he took possession of a vast and lofty island, to which he gave the name of San- tiago, but which has retained its Indian name of Jamaica. The Indians, led by, Caonabo, a warlike and 78 ' * San Salvador, ' ' fearless Cacique, decended from the Caribs, gave the colony at this time much trouble. Ojeda, who led the expedition into the interior some time before, offered to capture him and deliver him into the hands of Columbus. He selected ten bold horsemen and started for the Cacique's territory. He found Caonabo, whom he ap- proached with great respect, as if paying a friendly visit. He invited him to visit Isabella and was astonished to find that though the wily chieftain consented, he did so only in company with a powerful force of his warriors. After several days' march, Ojeda persuaded the Caci- que to mount a war-horse and to adorn himself with what he assured him were regal ornaments, but which were highly polished manacles. Caon- abo fell into the trap and Ojeda rode with him in triumph to Isabella and delivered him into the hands of the admiral. The capture of this chieftain led to a war with the Indians which ended by the viceroy imposing tribute. Four ships brought from Spain an ample sup- ply of provisions, and an invitation from the sovereigns asking Columbus to return to Spain and assist them with his advice in adjusting the The Paradise of the Indian. 79 claims of Portugal to the lately discovered lands. Columbus was unable to go, but he determined, to send his brother Diego, with letters and all the gold he could collect. He also sent about five hundred Indian prisoners, whom he sug- gested might be sold as slaves. The custom of the times only can be pleaded in extenuation of this act. Many of those who returned to Spain, disap- pointed and discontented, accused Columbus of deceiving the monarchs by extravagant state- ments and charged him with cruelty to the common people ar^d of treating with indignity Spanish gentlemen of rank. Friar Boyle and Commander Margarite, each of whom deserted his post of duty, were active in this endeavor to lessen the popularity of Columbus. To some extent they were successful. The result of the calumniations was that the king instructed Juan Aquado to visit the colony and there collect information as to the govern- ment of Columbus, the conduct of persons in office and if any abuses existed, the measures by which they could be remedied. Aquado had been recommended by Columbus to the sover- 8o " San Salvador.'" eigns, and he was appointed by them as a mark of confidence in the viceroy. Aquado not only forgot his gratitude, but mistook the nature of his commission, and instead of collecting infor- mation, assumed an air of arrogant authority. Columbus was, at this time, in the interior of the island. When he returned he found that the as- sumed authority of Aquado had increased the discontent, and that every culprit in the colony had become an accuser. He resolved to go im- mediately to Spain. He set out on the tenth of March, 1496, with two caravels into which he crowded two hundred and twenty-five persons. After working his way slowly against the trade-winds and suffering much from want of provisions, he arrived in the Bay of Cadiz, on the eleventh of June. Soon after his arrival the admiral received an invita- tion to the court, where he was received with distinguished favor. CHAPTER XIII. A PRISONER IN CHAINS. PROJECTED ENTERPRISES. — THIRD VOYAGE. — CRIMINALS FOR COLONISTS. — A GLIMPSE OF THE CONTINENT.^ROLDAN'S REBELLION. — BOBADILLA APPOINTED COMMISSIONER. — CO- LUMBUS A PRISONER. AT court, Columbus gave not only an ac- count of the discoveries that he had made, during his voyage, but he also gave in detail a statement of the enterpri-ses which' he proposed to make in the future, in which he was confident of making even more important and more exten- sive discoveries. For that purpose he asked for ships and supplies. This request the sovereigns promised to comply with, but the king lavished the revenues in operations, which were of more importance to the ambitious monarch than the acquisition of distant and uncultivated islands. It had taken Columbus many years to convince princes that there was undiscovered land, and 8i 82 " Sa?i Salvador.''' now that it had been discovered he seemed to have almost equal trouble to prove to them the advantages of it. The proposals of Columbus were postponed and neglected until the vSpring of 1497, even then it was with difficult}^ that he procured ships or men. The difficult}^ of finding volunteers led to the adoption of a measure that was a fruitful source of trouble. The sentences of criminals were commuted and they were taken to the new settlements. The death of Prince Juan, and the enmity of Fonseca, combined to delay and em- barrass Columbus. .At length, on the thirtieth of May, 1498, he set sail with a squadron of six vessels and took a course much further to the south than he had done in his previous voyages. The weather was cloudy and opprCvSsive, the seams of his ships were leaky, provisions were spoiled and the sup- ply of water almost exhausted when, fortunately, at the end of July, land was seen ahead. The three high peaks of one mountain suggested its name to Columbus who called it I^a Trinidad, which it still bears. While coasting around the newly discovered A Prisoner ifi Chains. 83 island, Columbus got a glimpse of the continent, but supposing it to be an island, he gave it the name of La Isla Santa. Like another great leader of men, he viewed from a distance the Promised Land which he was doomed never to enter ; but unlike the Hebrew lawgiver, he knew not on what he gazed and was deprived of the pleasure which that knowledge would have af- forded him. When Columbus returned to Spain, two and a half years before, he appointed his brother, Don Bartholomew, Adelantado, a title equivalent to deputy-governor. ' Bartholomew brought the natives into subjection by sagacious manage- ment, but the European colony presented a con- tinual scene of misery and discontent. Great trouble was made by Francisco Roldan, a man who was under great obligations to the admiral, who from obscurity had raised him to the posi- tion of alcalde, or justice of the peace. Roldan gathered around him the,- vicious and the discontented and increased his forces by promises of free living and of sensual enjoyment among the Indians. Emboldened by success he threw off all allegiance to the government. The 84 ^' San Salvador y adelantado was in desperate straits but the timely arrival of troops and provisions from Spain enabled him to check the conspiracy. When Columbus arrived he found the natives in revolt, incited and directed by the ungrateful alcalde. Hordes of savages in war paint, under the crafty influence of Roldan and his lieuten- ants, threatened the young colony with destruc- tion. Columbus, conscious of the danger threat- ened by the insurgents, made terms with Roldan and his followers, to whom he made grants of land. Roldan he reinstated in office. Four ships, under the command of Alonzo de Ojeda, the daring cavalier who distinguished himself by the capture of Caonabo, arrived se- cretly at the western part of the island. The crafty character of Roldan pointed him out as a suitable person to ascertain the objects of Ojeda's visit. After many interviews between these wily antagonists, it was ascertained that Ojeda had been authorized by the Superintendent of Indian Affairs, Fonseca, to explore the rich lands before Columbus could reach them, with the hope of thus lessening the glory of the dis- coverer. A Prisoner in Chains. 85 While the admiral was engaged with the affairs of the colony and allaying disturbance in the island, his enemies at home, headed by Fonseca, were making accusations and insinua- tions against him at court. Ferdinand was con- vinced, Isabella doubted, and they resolved to send out some person of ability and honesty to investigate. Columbus had recently sent home many of the followers of Roldan, who, when leaving the island, induced some of the young native women to accompany them. They reported on their arrival in Spain, that the admiral had given them the women. The womanly nature of Isabella was shocked at the outrage of hand- ing these innocent natives over \o lewd and irresponsible men. "What power," she indig- nantly exclaimed, ' ' has the admiral to give away my vassals ?" Don Francisco de Bobadilla was chosen to make an investigation of the government of the new colony and of the conduct of Columbus and his brothers, and, if the charges against them were proved, he was to divest them of the com- mand. Diego Columbus was in command at San 86 ^^ San Salvador.^ ^ Domingo and the admiral and Don Bartholo- mew, were at Fort Conception, when Bobadilla arrived. He announced himself as Royal Com- missioner, sent to investigate the affairs of the colony. The next da)^ he ordered his letters patent to be read, and deinanded from all present obedience, and from Diego the surrender of all fortresses, prisoners and royal property. These Diego refused to give up without authority from the viceroy. This refusal incensed Bobadilla, who attacked the fortress, which had no garri- son, entered in triumph and took possession of the prisoners. This arrogant assumption of office, he followed up by taking possession of the admiral's house and seizing everything in it, even private papers. When tidings reached the admiral of these in- sulting and high-handed proceedings, he wrote to Bobadilla, cautioning him against hasty meas- ures, assuring him that he was about to go to Spain and would leave him in command. He soon after started, almost alone, for San Dom- ingo. When he arrived he was arrested, put in irons and placed in solitary confinement in the fortress, by order of the commissioner. Diego A Prisoner m Chains. 87 and Bartholomew were also imprisoned. No charges were made, no inquiry instituted and no opportunity for defense offered, and the prison- ers were cut off from intercourse with each other, and from all communication with their friends. This violence and indignity offered to Colum- bus and his brothers, by the royal commissioner, may be set down to a false estimate of his del- egated authority, but the extensive and unde- fined powers conferred on him by the crown, seem to point to him as the agent of Ferdinand's jealousy and ingratitude. Columbus had been for a long time in declin- ing health, and his imprisonment was, under the circumstances, exceptionally cruehand produced a state of chronic melancholy and deep despond- ency. When the ofiicer appointed to take him to Spain came to conduct him to the ship, Col- umbus feared that it was to the scaffold, but when he was assured that he was to sail imme- diately for Spain, he was much pleased and felt like one restored to life. * Early in October, 1500, shackled like a male- factor, amid the scoffs of the rabble, Columbus departed from the shores of the island which he 88 '' Sa7i Salvador y had so recently added to the civilized world. The master of the caravel, on which he sailed would have taken off his irons, but to this the admiral would not consent. "No," said he, "their majesties commanded me, by letter, to obey Bobadilla, he has put upon me these chains, I will wear them until they order them taken off, and then I will keep them as memo- rials of the reward of my services. ' ' CHAPTER XIV. I.AST VOYAGE OF THE ADMIRAI,. THE AGKD PRISONER IN SPAIN. — INDIGNATION AND SYMPATHY. — ^ISABELI^A IN TEARS. — THE AGED mariner's defense. — INGRATITUDE OF THE KING. — THE PHANTOM STRAIT. — FATE OF THE ENEMIES OF COI.UMBUS. AN old man, dignified in demeanor, vener- erable by age and wasted by sickness, was landed in Cadiz, a ^prisoner in chains. This re- puted malefactor excited the curiosity of the crowd ; but when they reeognized tlie discoverer of the New World, their idol of eight years ago, their indignation was even greater than their astonishment. Tidings of the indignities and sufferings of Columbus reached the court at Granada, and there the sensation was as great and the sympathy as generous as that of the populace. The alcalde, into whose custody he had been delivered by order of Bobadilla, treated the admiral with great kindness and respect, while awaiting the orders of the monarchs. 89 90 '^ San Salvador ^ The kindl}^ heart of Isabella was full of sym- pathy, Ferdinand, however he might secretly feel against Columbus, could not resist the tide of popular feeling, and without waiting for any documents from Bobadilla, orders were sent to have the prisoner instantly set at liberty. The sovereigns declared that his imprisonment had been without authority, and contrary to their wishes; to Columbus, they wrote in affectionate terms, expressing their grief at what had hap- pened, and inviting him to the court. On the seventeenth of December, 1500, Colum- bus presented himself at court where he w^as re- ceived with every mark of respect and honor. At the sight of the aged mariner the kindly queen burst into tears. Columbus threw him- self on his knees and his emotions were so great that he could not utter a word. When he re- gained self-possession, he entered into an elo- quent defense of his conduct and an able vindication of his loyalty to the Spanish crown ; he told of his zeal for its interests, and of the services he had rendered. The sovereigns de- clared their indignation at the conduct of Boba- dilla, who, they informed Columbus, would be Last Voyage of the Admiral. 91 immediately dismissed from their service and they assured the admiral, that he would be re- instated in all his titles, dignities and privileges. This reception of Columbus at court made amends for the many insults and sufferings he had endured. He had implicit confidence in the promise of his sovereigns, but he was doomed to disappointment. The politic, cold- hearted Ferdinand, delayed the promised resti- tution and his neglect and ingratitude, threw a gloom over the last 3^ears of a life that had shed a lustre on the Spanish throne, more glorious than would the conquests of an Alexander and as lasting as the eternal mountains of the world. Public and private expeditions^ to the new world had been undertaken either by order or with the consent of the king, while Columbus was engaged in the new colony. Not only were there Spanish explorers but foreign enterprises were also numerous. Columbus had shown the way and a swarm of adventurers followed. The boundless regions opened up inflarned the ava- rice of Ferdinand to whom the titles and emol- uments granted to Columbus became daily more repugnant. Able navigators were willing to fit 92 ^^ San Salvador.^ ^ out private expeditions, at their own cost, and to yield a large share of the profits to the crown. Columbus was no longer necessary to the un- grateful monarch, who, therefore, delayed re- instating him. To convince Columbus that such delay was necCvSsary, the king sent a man of talent and discretion to supersede Bobadilla in the govern- orship, and to investigate the recent disorders, after which Columbus should resume the com- mand. The person chosen was Don Nicholas de Ovando, a man of prudence and experience, but who, in his transactions with Columbus, was both ungenerous and unjust. His instructions were to send ^obadilla home immediately and to enter at once upon the exercise of his office as governor. Ovando was conveyed by the largest fleet that had yet sailed to the New World. It consisted of thirty ships and twenty-five hundred men. This fleet put to sea on the thirteenth of Feb- ruary, 1502. After a stormy voyage, in which one ship was lost, they arrived at San Domingo on the fifteenth of April. Columbus was detained in Spain, inactive, Last Voyage of the Admiral. 93 when the accounts of new discoveries were the theme of every tongue. He desired now to make a voyage round the southern coast of Cuba, to find the strait which he believed ex- isted there, and which led into the Indian Sea. If he could discover this passage he would con- nect the New World he had discovered with the wealthy cities of the east, and close, with this magnificent achievement, the labors of his life. This scheme aroused the cupidity of Ferdi- nand and he authorized an expedition to be fitted out in the autumn of 1501. The prepara- tions for this voyage went on but slowly, and it was on the ninth of May, 1502, that Columbus, then in his sixty-sixth year, set sail on his fourth and last voyage to the New World. His squad- ron consisted of four caravels of from fifty to seventy tons each, and carried about one hun- dred and fifty men, including his son, Fernando, . and his brother, Bartholomew. Columbus arrived off San Domingo on the twenty-ninth of June, and immediately sent one of his captains to Ovando to ask permission to enter the harbor. He excused himself for doing so, on the ground that one of his caravels was 94 " '5'<2;z Salvador y unseaworthy, and further, that he apprehended a storm and desired to shelter. Ovando refused permission . Bobadilla, Roldan and a number of their fol- lowers were in the port preparing to sail to Spain. They scoffed at the prediction of the admiral and hurried out to sea. In less than two days, their fleet was caught in a tempest that burst on it with awful fury. Many of the ships were lost, some returned in a shattered condition and only one continued her voyage to Spain. Bobadilla, Roldan and many of the admiral's most inveter- ate enemies perished in this storm. The poor, leaky caravels of Columbus suffered severely during this terrible storm, but owing to the timel}^ precautions taken by the admiral and the experienced seamanship of the Adelantado, they weathered th i gale. Having repaired his ships, the admiral resumed his expedition. i I CHAPTER XV. THE DAYS ARE DARK AND DREARY." YUCATAN AND MEXICO. — A FRUITLESS SEARCH. — FORTRESS IN THE SEA. — PERILOUS VOY- AGE IN A CANOE. — A TIMELY ECLIPSE.— MUTINY. — A YEAR ON A WRECK. — RESCUED. SMARTING under the insult of his impris- onment, grieved by the neglect of his sovereign, and irritated by Ovando's insulting refusal, Columbus' left San Domingo in pursuit of the phantom strait, the discovery of which was to close his laborfous and useful career. The search was vain and the voyage disastrous. Buffeted by storms, starving in leaky ships, re- fused provisions by the natives, threatened by his crew and disabled by infirmity, the aged admiral suffered, in his last voyage, from anxiety, danger, hunger, mutiny and bodil}^ pain. *' The hopes of youth fall thick in the blast, And the days are dark and dreary." Columbus, after leaving San Domingo, in a 95 96 ' ' Sa7i Salvador, ' ' * few days reached a group of islands off the coast of Honduras. Had he contmued his journey west, he would have arrived at Yucatan, Mexico would have been disclosed to him, and he would have made such discoveries as would have shed a fresh glory on his old age, but he followed a southeast course, however, and encountered con- tinual and violent storms. He visited many islands, the natives of which he found to be superior in their manners and customs to those he had previously seen. He was disappointed in his search for the strait that he hoped would connect him with the cities of Asia, and he re- re^olved instead to seek for the vast gold mines of which the natives had informed him. The little fleet of Columbus was in very bad condition, and the continual storms in the tropics, to which it had been exposed, made him anxious to find a harbor of refuge. The ships were soon after anchored at the mouth of the Veragua, and while they were being repaired, the Adelantado, with sixty-eight men, proceeded up the river in boats and explored an extensive tract of the country. He returned with much gold but did not find the rich mines for which he was looking. " The Days are Dark arid Dreary.^* 97 It was decided to found a colony here as Col- umbus believed that it was the richest country- he had visited. " I have seen more signs of gold," he writes, " in two days than in Hispan- iola in four years." When the houses were built, eighty men were selected to remain, and the ships prepared to depart. The colony, how- ever, was doomed to disaster and was soon obliged to withdraw, after much loss and great suffering. It was with difficulty that the ad- miral succeeded in taking the survivors and their effects on board the ships. After another struggle with the elements, the shattered ships were taken into Port ^anta Gloria, where the admiral ordered that they should be run aground. He had them lashed together and as they filled with water, he erected cabins on the prow and stern for the crews. The supply of provisions was soon exhausted and he had to depend on the natives for food. The ships were beyond repair, and the only hope w^s to send a message to Ovando, governor of Hispaniola, ask- ing for assistance. Diego Mendez volunteered on this perilous journey in a canoe, probably the most dangerous ever undertaken by any man for 98 ' ' San Salvador. ' ' the safety of his comrades. Shut up in a wreck, on the shore of a remote and savage island, forty- eight of his crew mutinied and left the wreck, under the leadership of Francisco de Porras, one of the captains. Many threats were made and were it not for the bravery of Don Bartholomew, the admiral would have been brutally treated. Provisions began to grow scarce as the Indians brought in onl}^ small quantities. Later they refused an}^ supplies and starvation was inevita- ble. An interpreter was sent to the Caciques of the neighborhood inviting them to a conference with the admiral, who knowing that the time of an eclipse of the moon was near, determined to use that knowledge to frighten the savages. When they assembled, he told them that the great Deity was angry with them for refusing to suppl}^ his followers with provisions but that be- fore punishing them, he would give them a last warning that very night : the moon would change its color and lose its light ; and that if they neglected the warning, terrible punishment w^ould follow. The eclipse had the desired effect and a plentiful supply of provisions was sent to the wreck. " Tlie Days are Dark and Dreary.'' 99 More than eight months had now elapsed since Mendez set out on his perilous journey, yet there were no signs of relief. This was not the brave sailor's fault. After suffering terrible privations and encountering great dangers he reached His- paniola. Ovando received him with kindness, but delayed sending a ship to the admiral's re- lief for eight months, when he sent a small cara- vel to Columbus, to say that he regretted not being able to send a ship to his relief, and ex- pressing great concern at his misfortune. Ovando' s delay, in sending assistance to the admiral, attracted the attention of the colonists and excited their indignation and at the end of twelve months two vessek arrived at Jamaica. It had been a year of suffering, privation and danger. The crews were taken off the wreck, the mutineers were forgiven and taken home but Porras, the ringleader, was held a prisoner. The admiral hoisted his flag for the last time, and sailed for San Domingo, but remained there only a short time on account of the treatment of the governor. During the voyage home, they experienced, as they had done throughout the voyage, the loo " San Salvador y most tempestuous weather. Fortune seemed to Irown on the admiral from the beginning to the end of this, his last and most disastrous voyage. He arrived in Spain on the seventh of Novem- ber, 1504. CHAPTER XVI. NUNC DIMITTIS. DEATH OF ISABELLA. — FERDINAND, EVASIVE AND DILATORY. — life's TIDE FAST EBBING. — PEACEFUL PREPARATIONS. — DEATH OF COLUM- BUS. — FUNERAL OBSEQUIES. — A MONUMENT AND A LEGEND. WHEN Columbus arrived in Spain, he was shattered in health, and worn out by the anxieties and troubles which he had encountered in his late voyage. He no;^ looked forward to a period of rest and repose. Again he was doomed to disappointment. Since the time of his imprisonment and the seizure of his property by Bobadilla, his dues were either uncollected or were retained by the governor. His affairs were, therefore, in a state of confusion. He had enriched the monarchs of Spain, and spent many years in their service, yet in his old age he was suffering for want of his in- come. He applied to the king for the money lOI io2 " Sa7i Salvador.''^ due to him, but while doing so, he laid still greater stress on the restoration of his offices and dignities. He received unsatisfactor}^ replies from the court and his bodily infirmities prevented him from visiting the king. The discoverer of the new world pleaded in vain for his dignities and his rewards. Ferdinand treated him with indiffer- ence ; Isabella was dangerously ill. Domestic calamities, which the queen had suffered, induced a deep melancholy, which increased her in- firmities and hastened her death. She died on the twent3^-sixth of November, 1504, in the fifty-fourth year of her age. By the death of the queen, Columbus lost his only shield from the ingratitude of Ferdinand. Columbus, whose rugged and robust health had carried him through so man}^ labors, now presented himself at court, a broken-down old man, accompanied by his brother, Bartholomew, who acted as nurse and companion. The admiral laid his claims before the king and reminded him of his promises made under the ro3^al word and seal. Ferdinand acknowledged his great services with mau}^ courteous expressions, but put off any Nunc Dimittis. 103 settlement by evasive answers and dilatory promises. The king hoped to induce Columbus to waive his claim to the titles conferred on him .and to accept others instead. Columbus rejected the offer of substitutes, however honorable, with indignation ; his titles he looked upon as the trophies of his discoveries, and the most valuable inheritance he could bequeath to his children. The king finding his efforts unavailing, to induce Columbus to accept other rewards, now looked forward, with hope and confidence, to the time, not far distant, when the aged discoverer would cease to demand earthly titles. The cold and politic king had not long to wait. Care, hardship, infirmitjrand years of toil, had shattered the aged mariner's strong frame ; in- gratitude, enmity and defamation were now com- pleting the wreck. Life's tide was fast ebbing, as he lay neglected by the king, and forgotten by the people. Finding his infirmities increase and his strength fail, he prudently prepared for the final voyage which all must make across the great unknown. Feeling the approach of death, he set his worldly affairs in order and attended with the i04 *' San Salvador ^ minutest care to every duty of affection and ever}^ claim of justice. He then peacefully de- voted his last hours to the exercises of religion and breathed his last with the words: "Into thy hands, O lyord, I commend my spirit." He was about seventy years of age at his death, which occurred on the twentieth of May, 1506. The distinguished mariner had followed a life on the sea for fifty-six of the vSeventy years of his life. In early manhood he had evinced a passion for discovery; in advanced years, when his plans were completed, he had to beg of princes to accept the gift of a new world; in old age, when the discovery was made, he had equal trouble to convince them of its importance. In an age when the ocean was a mystery, and the bravest sailor would not dare its dangers, he made a pathway across its unknown waters, and by his courage, genius, and constancy, opened up the vast treasury of the West, not only to the House of Castile and Leon, but to the brave, the daring, and the adventurous of the world. The glory of his achievement, when compared with that of the navigators who followed him, is as the effulgence of the sun in his noonday Nunc Dimittis. 105 splendor when compared to the lesser orb, that shines with a useful, but borrowed brightness. Columbus was buried in the Convent of St. Francisco, Valladolid, but in 1513 his remains were removed 'to Seville and placed in the chapel of the Carthusian Monastery. The remains of his son, Diego, who died in 1526, were also de- posited there ; the remains of both were after- wards, in 1536, transferred to Hispaniola and deposited in the cathedral of San Domingo. In 1795 they were removed, with regal cere- mony, as national relics, from San Domingo and taken to Havana in the Island of Cuba, where they were deposited 'in the cathedral, 'in the presence of the dignitaries of the church and high officers of state, with all the honors due to An admiral and Spanish Captain-General, It is a strange coincidence that from this same port of San Domingo, three hundred years before, Col- umbus had been taken a prisoner in chains to Spain, broken in health, ruined in fortune and deprived of his dignities. Horace says truly, Extindus amabitur idem. ' ' Ferdinand whose coldness and ingratitude had done much to em- bitter the last days of the Admiral's life, erected io6 " San Salvador'' a monument to his memory when dead, with the inscription : "To Castile and Leon, Columbus gave a New World." CHAPTER XVII. A CITY OF PALACES. CROWNING BVKNT OF THE NINETEENTH CEN- TURY. — COI.UMBIA ACTS THE HOSTESS. — INVITATION OF THE NATIONS. — ACT OF CONGRESS. — VAST OUTLAY. — GRANDEUR OF THE REPUBLIC REPRESENTED BY CHICAGO. WHY, arise these palaces, with fairy-like growth, on the banks of Lake Michigan ? Why, in the midst of one of Chicago's beautiful parks, are seen so rnan}^ ^omes, pinnacles and towers, crowning with appropriate architectural design, the magnificent structures of which they form a part ? Why these thousands of artisans, whose busy hands and fertile brains are develop- ing symmetry of form, grandeur of design and elegance of structure from apparent chaos ? Why this vast expenditure of laborj of time, of money ? The answer is : To celebrate the birthday of the New World, to mark an era in the world's 107 io8 ''Sail Salvador.''^ progress, and to be the closing and crowning event of the nineteenth century. Four hundred years ago the existence of this vast continent was unknown to the inhabitants of the Old World. Its existence was proclaimed by the genius and the daring of Christopher Col- umbus, who first beheld the New World on the twelfth of October, 1492. It has been decided by the United States Gov- ernment, to celebrate the four hundredth anniver- sary of this event, by a World's Fair, and that Columbia, the youngest among the nations of the world, shall act the hostess, and' invite her older sisters to an International Exposition of the products of the world. The unanimous endorsement of this project, by the people of this country, prompted the Gov- ernment to inquire into this vast undertaking, and the result of the inquiry has been the Gov- ernment's sanction and support. The Senate and the House of Representatives have passed a special act of Congress for the regulation and guidance of its promoters, and the President, in the name of the people of the United States, has invited the nations of the world to take part in it, A City of Palaces. 109 and to send such exhibits as will fully illustrate their resources, development and progress. By means of this Columbian Exposition, each nation will learn the point of development at v/hich it has arrived, and each will take a new starting-point for future exertion. To individuals, even more than to nations, this World's Fair is important. The present time is so full of th6 marvelous results of science and the rapid changes resulting from invention, that we are liable to allow them to pass un- heeded, unless our attention is aroused by an event like the Columbian Exposition. The bar- riers that separate nations are gradually vanish- ing. Great steamships cross the ocean despite the storm, and powerful locomotives cross the continents with wonderful speed, trailing after them in comfort and safety palace cars filled with people. Messages sent from one side of the globe are received at the other in less time than it takes to write them, and the wonders of inven- tion and discovery are daily astonishing the world. Science finds out the laws and Industry applies them, then Art steps in and clothes them with beauty. Formerly discovery or invention no ''San Salvador. ' ' was wrapped in mystery and kept a secret, now it is published to the world by the Daily Press, and competing effort often improves the new idea and surpasses it. We have pointed out very briefly the origin and object of the Columbian Exposition. We will now describe the friendly battle fought by the principal cities of this country, each con- tending for the honor of hoMing this birthday celebration within its boundaries. The competitors were, New York, the Empire City ; Washington, the Seat of Government ; St. Louis, the Pride of the Great Father of Waters ; and Chicago, the Metropolis of the Great West. The claims of each were ably and eloquently stated before a special committee of the United States Senate. After hearing the arguments it was decided to give Chicago the honor and to impose on her the duty of prepar- ing and conducting the great enterprise. The considerations which prompted the com- mittee to select Chicago may be briefly stated as follows : Her representative character as an American city. Her marvellous growth and prosperity. Her unrivalled accommodation and A City of Palaces. 1 1 1 transportation facilities, both for visitors and exhibits. Her unequalled site, in the midst of a spacious park on the shore of Lake Michigan. Her generosity in readily subscribing over ten millions of dollars toward the expenses. To which may be added the consideration that, the city itself will be one of the most wonderful ex- hibits that visitors will have presented to them. The Act of Congress, sanctioning the celebra- tion and giving it a national character was passed April the twenty-fifth, 1890, and begins as follows : An act to provide for 'celebrating the four hundredth anniversary of the discovery of America by Christo- pher Coluinbtis by holding an international exhibition of arts, industries, manufactures, and the product of the soil, mine, and sea, i7i the city of Chicago, in the State of Illinois. Whereas, It is fit and appropriate that the four. hun- dredth anniversary of the discovery of America be com- memorated by an exhibition of the resources, of the United States of America, their development, and of the progress of civilization in the New World : and Whereas, Such an exhibition should be of a national and international character, so that not only the people of our Union and this continent, but those of all nations 112 ^' Sa?i Salvador y as well, can participate, and should therefore have the sanction of the Congress of the United States : Therefore, Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Represent- atives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That an exhibition of arts, industries, manu- factures, and products of the soil, mine, and sea shall be inaugurated in the year eighteen hundred and ninety- two, in the city of Chicago, in the State of Illinois. An estimate of the appropriations, from every source, necessary to defray the cost of this vast undertaking, reaches the enormous sum of forty millions of dollars, with the prospect that it will exceed that amount. In this as in every other undertaking, Chicago, the representative city of the West, stands forth as the highest type of the characteristics that have made this 3^oung nation the wonder of the world, and she is determined that this celebration shall accord with the national character and be in keeping with the grandeur and the dignit}^ of this great Republic. GLOSSARY OF FOREIGN WORDS AND PHRASES, PROPER NAMES, AND WORDS NOT GENERAI,I,Y USED. AdeIvANTado, lieutenant-governor. Admirai,, a maritime commander-in-chief, the chief officer of a fleet. The word is said to have been intro- duced by the Genoese in the twelfth century. AlvCAivDE, a justice of the peace. Ai^GiERS, one of the Barbary states in the north of Africa, on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea. It is in possession of the French republic. AivHAMBRA, the red city, formerly the royal palace of the Moorish kings in Spain. (See Granada.) Arragon, a province of Spain, formerly an independent kingdom, but united under one Spanish monarch in the fifteenth century. Azores, a group of nine islands in the Atlantic ocean, directly west of Portugal to which country they belong, They are of volcanic origin ; St. Michael is the largest but Terceira is the capital. They do not possess a single good harbor and are therefore shunned by navigators. • t BABYI.ON, the city of Babel or Babylon was built on the river Euphrates, by Nimrod, about 2500 B. C. The period of its greatest glory was about 1000 B. C, when its power was considerably extended over the East. 113 114 Glossary, Camoens, a Portuguese poet and the ouly writer of that country, who has obtained much celebrity abroad ; his fame rests on the epic poem, " Os Lusiadas " or the Ivusitauians ; the ancient name of Portugal having been I^usitania. He died in 1579. Canaries, a group of islands in the Atlantic ocean, South of Madeira and much nearer to the African coast ; they are believed to be the the Fortunate Islands of the ancients. There are six islands, the most im- portant is Tenerifife, the peak of which, 12,000 feet high, is a well known landmark. CaraveIv, a light, round, old-fashioned ship. Caribs, the inhabitants of the Caribbee Islands, as some of the West Indian Islands are called. They are of an olive-brown color, paint their bodies red and devour . the flesh of their captives. Carthusian, a religious order of monks, founded by St. Bruno, in 1086, who derived their name from the desert of Chartreuse, near the city of Grenoble, in the southeast of France, where they built their first her- mitages. CastiIvE, a province in Spain, formerly an independent kingdom but was united under one Spanish monarch in the fifteenth century, CeuTa, a city on the African coast of the Mediterranean Sea, opposite to Gibraltar. Convent of Our L/ady of I^a Rabida, is situated about a mile from the town of Palos, in Andalusia. It re- ceived its name. La Rabida, from the protection said Glossary. 115 to be afforded to the inhabitants of the district, partic- ularly from madness, by a miraculous image known by the name of Our Lady of La Rabida. The convent would have long since been forgotten but for the as- sistance afforded to Columbus by its prior. Copernicus, Nicholas, a native of Prussia, eminent for mathematical and astronomical knowledge, in his "De Revolutionibus Orbium " he argues that the sun is the center of the planetary system, from which cir- cumstance he is usually called the originator of the present system of astronomy, although it was largely the work of Kepler, Galileo, and Newton. He died in 1543- Egypt, called by the Hebrews, Mizraim, situated in the Valley of the Nile. 'Its history commences about 2500 B. C. ; but some believe that it began much ear- lier. The people were allied -to the Semetic and negro races. BscuTCHEON, the shield on which a coat-of-arms is rep- resented. The surface of the shield is called the field, distinguished by tinctures, supporters, etc. Scott in " Marmion " alludes to the royal banner of Scotland as " The ruddy lion rampt in gold." ** ExTiNCTus amabitur idem." The same, person (who was envied while alive) shall be loved when dead. Genoa, city in Italy on the Mediterranean Sea, became in the Middle Ages the capital of an independent re- public and was distinguished for its commerce and wealth. For some time it was the great rival of Ven- ii6 Glossary. ice, with which city it carried ou violent and destruc- tive wars. From its magnificence, Genoa has acquired in Italy the title of " La Superba." G1BRAI.TAR, a fortified promontory belonging to Eng- land, situated at the southern point of Spain. It was taken from the Spanish in 1704, and although several times besieged, has since remained a British posses- sion. It is the site of the "Pillars of Hercules," which, according to the myth, were formed by Hercu- les cleaving asunder a mountain which closed the Mediterranean and so opened that sea to the Atlantic. Granada, situated in the southern portion of the basin of the Gaudal quiver in Spain, built on two hills 2,200 feet above the sea level, one of them is crowned by the celebrated Moorish fortress, the Alhambra ; founded by the Moors and from whatever point it is viewed, it has an aspect of magnificance. It is an ob- ject of historical and architectural interest. Gutenberg, John, the inventor of printing at Mayence in Germany about 1437. It came into general use about the year 1500, and produced important social changes. Horace, a native of the South of Italy, born 65 B. C. He was a great favorite at Rome ; excelled as a lyrist. His pieces are exquisitly finished. He is the most popular of Roman writers. Iceland, which signifies island in the native language, lies near the Arctic circle, directly north of the British Isles. It has an area of forty thousand square miles ; Glossary. 117 its climate is like that of Northern Sweden. Its in- habitants are the direct descendants of the Norsemen and their language is the standard of the northern dialect of the Gothic. India, a name given to this country by Columbus on his discovery of America, under the impression that it was the eastern coast of Asia, that he had reached. Kepler, a native of Wurtenburg, Germany, who for some time acted as assistant to Tycho Brahe, the Dan- ish astronomer ; his fame rests on certain laws of plan- etary motions known as "Kepler's Laws." He died in 1630. LoNGFEivLOW, Henry Wadsworth, born in Maine in 1807, one of the sweetest of American poets, author of Evangeline, the Story of Hiawatha, and numerous other poems. LusiADAS, See Camoens. ^ Mammoth, the Russian name for an extinct species of animal of great size. The remains of one were found in 1799. The word is now used as an adjective to ex- press largeness. Marco Poi,o, a Venetian who travelled in the Bast and on his return in 1260 introduced the mariner's com- pass into Europe. The use of this instrument greatly facilitated maritime enterprise. « Mariner's Compass, an instrument for directing the course of ships at sea. It consists of a card marked with the points of direction, and a magnetic needle that always points to the north ; these are enclosed in ii8 Glossary. a case covered with glass and suspended so as to remain always in a horizontal position. It was introduced into Europe by Marco Polo. Mastodon, a genus of mammiferous animals resem- bling the elephant, now extinct and known only by their fossil remains. Madeiras, this group of islands consists of one princi- pal island and several smaller ones around it, lying about four hundred miles from the northwest coast of Africa in the Atlantic ocean. It is celebrated for its wine and for its peculiarly mild and uniform climate. The chief town is Funchal. Moors, the inhabitants of Morocco, in northwestern Africa ; they held dominion in Spain for eight hundred years ; but were conquered and their kingdom of Gra- nada subdued in 1491, after a ten years' war. NiJwTON, Sir Isaac, was born in Linconshire, England, on Christmas day, 1642, just one year after the death of Galileo. He holds, by universal consent, the high- est rank among natural philosophers ; his great work is the " Principia " (Mathematical Principles of Natu- ral Philosophy). In 1666, while sitting in his garden reflecting on the principles of gravity, the fall of an apple from a tree gave him the idea of universal gravi- tation which he applied to the planetary motions. He died in 1727. Normandy, a portion of the kingdom of France ceded by Charles the Simple, to the Northmen in 912, from whom it received the name, which it still retains. Glossary. ^ 119 Norsemen or Northmen, the inhabitants of Norway, Sweden and Denmark, who were so called in early times. Pai^OvS, a town in the south of Spain, in the province of Andalusia ; it was a good sized town, with a small harbor in the time of Columbus, but it is now a mere village of a few hundred inhabitants, who subsist by labor in the fields ; there is no landing place nor any- thing to indicate that from it, set out four hundred years ago, an expedition for the discovery of a new world. Pharaoh, a title equivalent to king ; it was given to a long line of sovereigns of different dynasties in Egypt. Porto Santo, an island off the coast of Africa, dis- covered in the time of Prince Henry, a portion of it was given to Bartolomeo Morios de Palestrello as a re- ward. Columbus married Palestrello's daughter, Doiia Felipa and went to reside there foV some time. Pyramids, are huge structures of masonry, with a square basis, terminating in a point, and are believed to have been erected as monumental tombs of the Pharoahs ; these wonderful buildings are supposed to be nearly four thousand years old. REGidors, magistrates of a city. RoMuivUS, the reputed founder of Rome, from whom it is said to have received its name. The mythic fable is that Romulus and Remus, twin brothers of royal parentage, were exposed when infants to perish, and were saved by being suckled by a she-wolf on the Pal- atine Hill, where Romulus subsequently founded the city of Rome. I20 , Glossary. Sagres, a headland ou the southwest point of Spain, on the Atlantic coast, south of Cape St. Vincent. Seneca, philosopher, born in the first year of the Chris- tian era, in Spain ; most of his life was spent in Rome where he acted as tutor to Nero. He was condemned to death as a conspirator, but was allowed to choose the manner of his death ; he took poison but was drowned in a bath. Tagus, an important river which flows through Spain and Portugal and empties itself into the Atlantic ocean. Lisbon, the chief city of Portugal, is situated at its mouth. Te Deum, a hymn of praise, frequently chanted on the occasion of some great national event. The commen- cing words are : Te Deum laudamus. We praise Thee, O Lord ! Titans, a name given to the sons of Coelus (heaven) and Terra (earth). They were all of gigantic stature and with proportionate strength. The wars of the Titans against the gods are very celebrated in mythol- ogy, where they are credited with having piled Pelion on Osso, two mountains in Thessaly, to enable them to reach the dwellings of the gods, Tripoi.1, one of the Barbary States, in the north of Africa, on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea. Tunis, one of the Barbary States, in Africa, on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea, between Algiers and Tripoli. UivTiMA ThuIvE, the most remote northern islands, known to the Romans ; probably the name was not always applied to the same place, but varied with the progress of discovery. Reference Reading. 121 University, an assembly of colleges, in wliich is taught all the branches of learning ; the first was that of Paris, established about the year 1200. Vasco de Gama, a Portuguese navigator, who was the .first to make a voyage to India round the Cape of Good Hope. This took place in 1497, and altered the whole current of trafiBc between Europe and India. He died at Goa, in the East Indies, in 1524. Viceroy, the governor of a couutr}', who rules in the name and with the authority of the king for whom he acts as substitute. REFERENCE READING. History : Shaler's "Time of the Mammoths." Squire and Davis' "Ancient Monuments." Foster's '• Prehistoric Races of North America." Anderson's " Discovery of Aiserica by Norsemen." Prescott's "Conquest of America." Biography : Harrisse's " Christophe Colonib. " Washington Irving's " Columbus." Poetry : Whittier's " Norsemen." Longfellow's "Skeleton in Armour." Lowell's "Columbus." Fiction : Matthew's " Behemoth : A Legend of the Mound Builders." Ballantyne's " Norsemen of the West." 825 ^ 4" 'V '^oo^' ^ \. A '^c^ •:7 a\ c « "^ ^ . '^ O^ V ^^ ■^^ ,^ o5 -7* . i^^^^/r \ \^ * " - 0^ ■ ,0- N^^ -% ■•> N O* . •^%' ,•>■ '^^ .^ / v\ ^^ \V \-^^' ^ ,^ % ^ r. " ^ '-■ « -o. ■^o 0^' V ^ N "'>- v^^ ^ ^i-:^^.- x^.^^. a: :l Sf'-.l'^^fK z 1 fi ^^ .>.*^^ V ^\ « ^ 1:2. ^ '^ ' ' U\\ . ON c , %^ ^ -O^' >^^ v\ •"oo^ l5 %^ .^ > s ^ "^ " ^ ,, ^> "> N -^ ■C<. <3 t^ -4 .^^ * 5^ C aO O x^^^. 00^ t * X^ ^^, -' <=isj»'.*«^- ^ / o O (• Ci L> -i ^i .^^ %. ^ « . ^ V .a;\ ci- .^^ ■"? >•% \- A \- 9 I -e. \^' 3<< ^^^c^^ oo' -^b. _-> ■'i' y '^ OO^ ^^ V" '^^«^'^' .^^' ''^/>. V' =i^' ■/ '^'^' , V 1 8 ^ •><, y ^ .^ V 8 1 A VP^ -.^V ^. 'i>. * s-v \#- r. .S^^ >^. v\>' '/■' LIBRARY OF CONGRESS f 011 271 355 4