'XtH^x^- 50V ^WUMMU R^Mb. ^ramwiBKi ;v^'\yAMW >'^\^M ^M« LIBRAS uitESS. %J^^^\S^'^\j^^^^^^^' .\^.\^,V J w. i^MuU . iUH\^ i Si^W*»'^ vwv j*,«aui 1 CONVERSATIONS HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS, FIRST SETTLEMENT THE PRESENT PERIOD^ rOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS AND FAMILIES. A FRIEND OF YOUTIjL, BOSTON : MUNROE & FRANCIS, 128, VVASHX^J^TON 183 1. DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS, TO WIT T District Cleric's Offic*. Be it remembered, that on the third day of December, A.D. 1830, in the fifty-fifth year of the Independence of the United States of America, Munroe & Francis, of the said district, have deposited in this Office, the Title of a Book, the right whereof they claim as Proprietors, in the words fol- lowing-, to wit : Conversations on the History of Massachusetts ; from its First Settlement, to the Present Period. For the use of Schools and Families. By a Friend of Youth." In conformity to the act of the CongTess of the United States, entitled " An act for the encouragement of learning,- by securing the copies of maps, charts, and books, to the au- thors and proprietors of such copies, during the times therein mentioned ;" and also to an act entitled, " An act supplemen- tary to an act entitled, an act for the encouragement of learn- ing, by securing the copies of maps, charts and books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies during the times there- in mentioned; and extending the benefits thereof to the arts of designing, engTaving, and etching historical and other prints." JOHN W. DAVIS, Ckrk of the Dis- trict of Massachusetts, ADVERTISEMENT. That mind must be possessed of uncom- mon apathy, which can contemplate the history of Massachusetts, (for fourteen years the history of all New-England,) from the day when the little band of Pilgrims, in search of " a faith's pure slii-ine," first land- ed on the inhospitable shore of Plymouth, through the eventful two hundred years which have since rolled away, without deep emotion ; without some kindlings of enthu- siastic admiration of the pure and lofty aim, the all-sustaining piety and fortitude, the unquenchable love of liberty which inspired the Fathers, and the spirit of freedom and of patriotism which, in later times, animated the sons, leading both to glorious deeds and great achievements ; without acknowledg- ing the protecting Power whom the Pilgrim Fathers came hither to worship unmo- IV ADVERTISEMENT. lested, who has caused " a httle one to be- come a thousand," a feeble colony to become " a great nation." It is hoped that no apology will be deem- ed necessary for an attempt to furnish the YOUTH of Massachusetts with a History of their native state in so condensed a form, as shall put it in the power of every one to obtain a knowledge of the leading facts. Such is the object of the compiler of this little work. To facilitate the acquisition of this knowledge, by young learners in schools and famihes, the interrogative form has been adopted, and the events arranged in chrono- logical order. The best authorities have been consulted, and care has been taken to render the w^ork as correct as possible. The immediixte answers to the questions are as brief as can well be, and printed in larger type- The passages in small type may be attentively read by the pupil, and so much of them recited by him on going through the book a second time, as shall be deemed proper by the judicious teacher. Boston, December, 1830- CONVERSATIONS ON THE HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS. CONVERSATION I. Discovery of New England by Gosnold. — Coast explored by Capt- Smith. — Former name of New-England. — Settlement of New- England. — Puritans. — Mr. Robinson's congregation. — Reasons for their emigration to America. — Preparatory measures. — Voy- age ami landing. — Events and discoveries after their arrival. — Plymouth founded.— Character of the First Settlers. Q,. When and by whom was New-Eng- land discovered ? A- In 1602, b}^ Bartholomew Oosnold, the first English coininander who reached Ameri- ca by sailing on a due west course. Q,. What was the circuit of former naviga- tors ? A. By the West-India Isles and the Gulf of Florida. d. What part of New-England did he first discover ? A. A promontory in Massachusetts Bay, to which, from the great quantity of codfisli ta- ken by him there, he gave the name of Cape Cod. Q,. What further discoveries did he make ? A. Sailing along the coast to the southwest, he discx)vered and gave names to several pla- 1* b CONVERSATIONS ON THE ces, and loucbecl at two islands, one of which he named Manila's Vineyard,* and the other Elizabeth Island. t From this place he returned to England in less than four months from the time of his departure : having made the quickest voyage to the new woM then knovvn4 Q,. What celebrated navigator next visited New-England ? A. Capt. John Smith, who, in the year 1614, explored with accuracy that part of the coast reaching from Penobscot (in Maine) to Cape Cod. On his return to England he laid a map of it before prince Charles.^ and gave such a splendid description of the beauty and excellency of the country, that the young prince, in the warmth of his admiration, declared it should be called New- England, Cape Ann was so named by the prince from respect to his mother, Anne of Denmark, wife of James I. Q.. What had this part of North America previously been called ? A. North Virginia. Q.. Was New-England inhabited at that time ? A. It was, by a race of men called Indians or savages, who lived wild in the woods. Savage, s. a wild, uncivilized man. * Now called Neman's Land. + The westernmost of the islands that bear the name of Elizabeth. I He resided three weeks on the most western of the Eliz- abeth islands, on which he built a fort and storehouse. Want of provisions induced him to give up the design of a settle- ment. The cellar of his storehouse was discovered by Dr. Belknap in 1797. ^ Afterwards King Charles I. HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS. 7 Q. When and by whom was the first settle- ment made in New England ? A. In 1620, by a comjDany of Dissenters or Puritans,* a part of the congregation of Rev. John Robinson of Ley den, in Holland, who with his people emigrated to that place from England, in the year 1608, to enjoy that re- ligious freedom which was denied them in tlieir own country. The principal reasons of tiieir dissent from the established church were, objections to its rites and ceremonies, which they conceived were not wholly free from the corruptions of the Romish church, and the low stale of piety among its dig' nitaries and ministers. Q.. What were their declared reasons for removing from Holland to America ? A. " The unhealthiness of the low country where they resided ; the hard labours to which they were subjected ; the dissipated manners of the Hollanders, particularly their lax obser- vance of the Lord's day ; and the apprehen- sion of war" between Holland and Spain. They were also animated with the hope of spreading- the gospel in the remote parts of the earth, and forming a sys- tem of civil goverimient unfettered with the arbilrarxj institu- tions of the old world. Q,. What measures did they take prepara- tory to their removal ? Emigrate, v. to remove from one place to another. Dissent, v. to disagree in opinion. Dignitary, s. a clergyman of higher rank. Arbitrary, a. despotic, absolute. * So called because they dissented from the Church of Eng- land, and sought greater purity in simple forms of worship and church discipline. a CONVERSATIONS ON THE A, They first sent agents to England to procure a patent^ and ascertain whether the king would grant them liberty of conscience in the distant country of America. Q,. Did those agents effect their object ? A. They did not ; but, the following year, (1619,) agents were again sent, who, after long attendance, and much expense and la- bour, obtained a patent under the seal of the Virginia company.* But they could prevail with the kiug no further than to en- gage he would not molest them, provided they were peace- able subjects. Q,. What further preparations did they make ? A. They agreed that some of their num- ber should go to America to prepare a place for tlie rest. Mr. Robinson, their minister, was persuaded to stay in Ley den with the greater part of the congregation, and Mr. Brewster, their elder, was to accompany the first adven- turers. Several of them sold their estates and made a common bank. This, with money re- ceived from other adventurers, enabled them to buy the Speedwell, a ship of 60 tons, and to hire in England the May-Flower, a ship of 180 tons, for the intended enterprize. Patent, s. a writing comprising some right or privilege. Molest, V. to disturb, to trouble, to vex. Enterprize, s. a hazardous undertaking. * A company which had been formed in England, and had obtained grants of American territory, from King James I. HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS. i* Q,. When did they leave Leyden ? A. On the 2 of July 1620, and sailed from Southampton, England, on the 5 of August, same year. On the 10 of November, they ar- rived in Cape Cod harbour. The adventurers, 120 in number, after an affecting parting" with their brethren and friends,* left Leyden and sailed to England, in July, and embarked for America from Southamp- ton, August 5 ensuing. On account of the leakiness of the small vessel, they were twice obliged to return, and at length dismissing it as unfit for service, the passengers, to the num- ber of lOi (19 being obliged to remain behind for want of ac- commodaiion in the ship) put to sea in the May-Flower on {he 6 of September. After a boisterous passage', they, at break of day on November 9, discovered land at Cape Cod. Q,. Was this the place of their destinatio7i 7 A. It was not. They had intended to settle near Hudson's river, but the captain, having been bribed in Holland, steered his course northward, and after encountering dangers from shoals and breakers, near the coast, a storm coming on, they dropped an- chor in Cape Cod harbour. Here they were secure from winds and shoals^ and as the season was far advanced, and sickness raged among them, it became necessary that they should take up their abode at this place, . Q.. What did they do previously to their landing ? A. They drew up a civil compact, in which they agreed to be governed by the majority.f This was signed by 41 of their number, on Destination, ». purpose for which any thing is appointed. Shoal, s. a shallow, a sand bank. Breaker, s. a wave broken by rocks or sand bankst. Compart, s. a contract, an agreement. * On this occasion Mr. Robinson preached to them from Ezra viii. 21. t This was the more important on account of their he'mg \withaut the limits of their patent. 10 CONVERSATIONS ON THE the 11 of November, and Mr. John Carver was chosen theh' governor for one year. Q,. What was their next proceeding ? A. To explore the adjacent country. The same day, 16 men, well armed, with a few others, were sent on shore to make discoveries, but they returned at eight without having found any person or habitation. On Monday the 15 the company again disembarked, for further discoveries, and on Wednesday, Myles Standisli and others, in searching for a convenient place for settlement, saw 5 or 6 Indians, whom they followed until night, and not overtaking-, they were constrained to lodge in the woods. Next day they discovered heaps of earth, which they dug open, and finding within implements of war, concluded they were Indian graves j replaced what they had taken out, and left them inviolate. Li different heaps of sand they found baskets of corn, a large quantity of which they carried away, in a great kettle,* found at the ruins of an Indian house, intending to pay the owners when they should find them. This providential discovery gave them seed for future harvest, and preserved the colony from famine.! Q,. What other event took place among them during the month of November ? A. The birth of Peregrine, son of WiUiam and Susanna White. This was the first Eu- ropean child born in New -England. Q,. What were some of the most important events in the ensuing month ? A. The discovery of a place for settlement, their landing, and building a house for com- mon habitation. On the 6 of December, the shallop was sent out with seve- Adjacent, a. lying close, bordering on. Constrain V to compel. Inviolate, a. unhurt, unbroken. Shallop, s a small sail-boat. * Some ship's kettle, and brought from Europe, t It is remarked, by Gov. Bradford, that for this corn, six aaoQths after, the owners were paid to their satisfaction. HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS. 11 ral of tho principal men, Carver, Bradford, Winslow, Stand' ish, and 8 or 10 seamen, to sail round the bay in search of a place for settlement. The next day they separated, part of them travelling on shore, and the others coasting in the shal- lop. On the morning of the 8, those on the shore were sur- prised by a flight of arrows, from the Indians 3 but on the dis- charge of the English muskets, they quickly disappeared. The shallop, after imminent danger from the loss of its rudder and mast in a storm, and from shoals which it narrowly escaped, reached a small island on the night of the 8, and the next day, which was the last of the week, the company here reposed themselves, with pious gratitude for their preservation.* On the same island they kept the Christian sabbath. The day following, December ll,t they sounded the harbour and found it fit for shipping, went on shore, and explored the adjacent land, where they saw cornfields and brooks, and, judging the situation fit for settlement, they returned with the welcome in- telligence to the ship. On the 15, they weighed anchor, and proceeded with the ship to the newly-discovered port, where they arrived the following day. On the 18 and 19, they went on shore for discovery, but returned at night to the ship. On the morning of the 20, after imploring divine guidance, they went on shore and fixed on a place for settlement on a high ground, facing the bay, where the land was cleared and the water excellent. On Saturday the 23, they commenced fell- ing and carrying limber to the spot for the erection of a build- ing for common use. On Sabbath day the 24, the people on shore were alarmed by the cry of Indians, and expected an assault, but they continued unmokstcd : and on Monday, £5, they began to build the first house. On the 28, they began a platform for their ordnance upon a hill, which commanded an extensive prospect of the plain beneath, of the expanding bay, and the distant ocean. t In the afternoon, they divided their whole company into 19 families, measured out the ground, and Imminent, a. impending, near. Unmolested, a. free from disturbance. Ordnance, s. cannon, great guns. * This was afterwards called Clark's island, " because Mr. Clark, the Master's mate, first stepped ashore thereon j" which name it still retains. + Corresponding to Dec. 22, N. S. which is annually .ob- served at Plymouth, in commemoration of the Landing of the Fathers. } The fortification was made on the summit of the hill, on which Plymouth burying grouncT now lies, and the relics of it are still visible. 12 CONVERSATIONS ON THE assigned to every person, by lot, half a rod in breadth, and' three rods in length, for houses and gardens. Although most of the company were on board the ship on the Sabbath, Dec. 31, yet some of them kept sabbath for the first time in their new house. d. What precise time may be fixed as the epoch of their settlement ? A. December 31, 1620, the first day of oc- cupying their new house. (i. What name did they give their infant plantation ? A. Plymouth. Probably in grateful remembrance of the Christian friends •whom they found at the last town they left in their native country j or, as some suppose, from respect to the company within •w\[o%Q jurisdiction they found themselves situated. This was the foundation of the first English town in New-England. Q,. What were some of the most prominent traits in the character of the early Plymouth settlers, who are now spoken of by the char- acteristic appellation of The Pilgrims ? A. Wisdom, patience, perseverance, energy and decision, courage, fortitude, self-denial^, fei-vent and rational piety, conscientious adhe- rence to what they believed to be right, and an unconquerable attachment to civil and reli- gious liberty. They were strictly a religious people. They voluntarily made the greatest of all earthly sacrifices, in forsaking friends, borne and country, and relinquishing the comforts of civilized Epoch, s. the time at which a new computation is begun, troati which dates are numbered. Jurisdiction, s. extent of power, district Adherence, s. attachment. Rtlinguiaky.v.- to forsake, to q,uit. HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS. 13 life, to enjoy the privilege, which man in power often denies to his fellow man, viz. khkedom to worship God agreeably to the dictates of conscience. Many were martyrs in the no- ble cause ; but those who survived obtained the reward of this glorious privilege, which was transmitted to succeeding gene- rations, and is now enjoyed by the people of New-Kngland in the greatest perfection that civil authority has power to bestow. CONVERSATION 11. New Patent. — Plymouth town built. — Sickness at Plymouth. — Mili- tary arrangements. — First Indian visit. — Visit from Massasoit. — Death and character of Governor Carver. — First marriage at Plymouth. — First duel. Q., When was granted the new patent to the Plymouth Company ? A. It was dated the 3 of November, 1620^ and granted by king James to the Duke of Lenox, the Marquises of Buckingham and Hamilton, the Earls of Arundel and Warwick^ and Sir Ferdinando Gorges, with 34 associates and their successors : Styling them " The Council established at Plymouth ii> the county of Devon, for the planting, ruling, orcfering, and governing of New-England in North America." Q.. What part of the territory was put in their possession by this patent ? A. That which lies between the 40 and 48 degree of north latitude in breadth, and " in length by all the breadth aforesaid, through- Marquis, s. an order of nobility next to a duke, £arlf t. an order of nohility next to a marquis. 2 14 CONVERSATIONS ON THE out the main land from sea to sea," with cer- tain powers and privileges. This patent was the sole basis of all the subsequent patents and plantations, which divided this country. a. When did the Pljanouth colonists pro- ceed to the erection of their ])rojected town ? A. On the 9 of January, 1621, and built it in tw^o row^s of houses for greater security. On the 14, their common house took fire from a spark whicb fell ou its thatched roof, and was entirely consumed. Several persons were sick in the house at the time, but they all effect- ed a lin>ely escape. d. Was there much sickness among them during the winter ? A. There w as a mortal sickness, which commenced soon after their arrival, and, with- in the first three months, swept off hah" their number. It was probably owing to their unusual exposure and hard- ships, the severity of the winter, and the want of such provi- sions as they had been accustomed to. Yet their submission to the will of God, their readiness to help one another, and their bright hopes of another and better world, sustained them in all their distresses, and enabled them to persevere through all the difficulties of their situation. When did they first meet for the purpose of making military arrangements ? A. On the 17 of February, wdien Myles Standish was chosen captain, and invested with power pertaining to that office. Q,. When did they receive the first Indian visit ? Project, V. to scheme, to plan. Thatch, s. straw laid upon the top of a house to keep out tb»' weather. HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS. 15 A. March 16, when an Indian came boldly, alone, into the street of Plymouth, and surpri- sed the inhabitants by caUing out, " Welcome, Englishmen ! welcome. Englishmen !" His name was Samoset, a sagamore of the country lying at the distance of about 5 days' journey. Having conversed with the English fishermen who had come to the coast, and learned of them to speak broken Eng- lish, he informed the Plymouth people, that the place where they were situated was called by the Indians, Patuxel ; that all the inhabitants had died of an extraordinary plague about four years since, and that there was neither man, woman, nor child, remaining. No natives, therefore, were dispossess- ed of this territory to make room for the English, except by the providence of God previous to their arrival, Q,. \¥hat was the effect of the visit upon Samoset ? A. Such as to conciliate his friendship and good will. Being hospitably treated by the white people, he was dispo- sed to preserve an intercourse with them, and on his third visit, March 22, was accompanied by Squanto, a native, who had been carried oflfby Hunt in 1614. and afterwards lived in En- gland.* They informed the English, that Mas«asoit, the great- est king of the neighbouring Indians, was near, with his broth- er and a number of his people ; and within an hour he ap- peared on the top of a hill over against the English town, with 60 men. Mutual distrust prevented, for some time, any ad- vances from either side. Squanto, at length, being sent to Massasoit, brought back word tliatilie English should send one of their number to parley with him. Mr. Edward Winslow was accordingly sent. Two knives and a copper chain were sent to Massasoit at the same time, and to his brother a knife and a jewel, with " a pot of strong watwr," a quantity of Dispossess, v. to deprive, to disseize. Hospilably, ad. with iiindness. * Hunt was the master of a ship, who visited New-England and carried off several of the natives, whom he took into Spain j but Squanto escaped to England. 16 CONVERSATIONS ON THE biscuit, and some butter, all which were gladly accepted. Mr. Winslow, in a speech to Massasoit, sig-nified that king' James saluted hira with words of love and peace, and that the Eng- lish governor desired to see him, to trade, and confirm a peace with him as his next neighbour. The Indian king heard this speech with attention and approbation. After partaking of tJie provision sent by the English, and imparting the rest to his company, he looked at Mr. Winslow's sword and armour, in- timating his wish to buy it. but found him unwilling to part with it. At the close of the interview, Massasoit, leaving Mr. "Winslow in the custody of his brother, went over the brook •which separated him from the English, with a train of 20 men, whose bows and arrows were left behind. Here he was met by Capt. Standish and Mr. Williamson with 6 musketeers, who conducted him to a house then building, where were pla- ced a green itig and 3 or 4 cushions. The governor now ad- vanced, attended with a drum and trumpet, and a few mus- keteers. After mutual salutations, the governor called for refreshments, which the Indian king partook himself and im- parted to his followers. A league of friendship was then agreed on, and it was inviolabbj observed above 50 years. Q.. What were tiie next public acts of the colonists ? A. On the next day, March 23, they con- cluded their military business, made some laws adapted to their present state, and confirmed Mr. Carver as their governor tlie succeeding year ; but he died soon after, to the great re- gret of the colony. Q,. What was his character ? A. He was a man of great prudence, in- tegrity, and firmness of mind, of distinguished piety, humility, and condescension. He possessed a considerable estate, the greater part of which he expended in promoting the interests of the infant colony. Q,. Who was his successor ? Muslcetter, s. a soldier whose weapon is his musket. Inviolably, ad. without breach or failure. HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS. 17 A. Mr. William Bradford ; and Mr. Isaac Allerton was appointed his assistant : both of w^honi, by renewed elections, were continued in office several years. Q,. When was the first marriage solem- nized at Plymouth ? A. On the 12 of May, 1621, between Mr. Edward Winslow and Mrs. Susannah White. Q. When was the first duel fought in New-England ? A. June 18, same year, by two servants, both of whom were wounded. They were sentenced to the punishment of having the head and feet tied togethei-, and of lying 24 hours without meat or drink. But, after suflering in that painful posture for one hour^ at their master's intercession and their own huntible request, with promise of amendment, they were released by the governor, CONVERSATION III. Embassy sent to Massasoit. Their reception. Conspiracy against the E-nglish. Submission of tlie Indian sachems. Bay of Massa- chusetts explored. Arrival of new settlers. Scarcity of provi- sions. Threat of war from Canonicus. Fortification of Plymouth. Death of Squanto. Excursion of the governor among the na- tives. Q,. What v/as one of the first official acts of Governor Bradford ? A. Sending an embassy to Massasoit, Solemnize, v. to dignify by particular formalities. Official, a. pertaining to a public charge. Embassy, s. a public message. 2* 18 CONVERSATIONS ON THE consisting of Mr. Edward Winslow and Ste- phen Hopkins, with Squanto for their guide, to confirm the league ; to explore the country ; to learn the strength and situation of their new friend ; to carry presents ; to apologize for some supposed injuries ; to establish a friendly intercourse, and procure seed corn for the en- suing season. They found in many places marks of the plague which had' desoUted the neighbourhood of Paluxet ; and passed through fine old cornfields and pasture grounds, destitute of cattle and inhabitants. Skulls and bones appeared in many places where the Indians had dwelt, d. How were they received by Massasoit ? A. On their arrival at Pokanoket, his place of residence, about 40 miles from Plymouth, they were kindly welcomed by the Indian sov- ereign, who renewed his assurances of contin- uing the friendship, which, as his influence w^as very extensive, it was liappy for the colony that they had secured. Qi. When was mischief meditated against the colonists by Corbitant, and who was he ? A. In August, 1621. He was a petty sachem of Massasoit, who, becoming discon- tented, endeavoured to alienate the affections of Massasoit's subjects from him that they might join the Narragansets, who were hostile to the English. Q,. Did he succeed in his designs ? Desolate, a. solitary, deprived of inhabitants, laid waste. Sachem, s. a chief. Alienate, v. to transfer. Hostile, a. adverse, at enmity. HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS. 19 A. He did not. Squanto and Hobomock, two faithful friends of the white people, going to Namasket where Corbitant then was, to make observation, were threatened with death by him, and he seiz- ed and detained Squanto 5 but Hobomock escaped. To coun- teract the evil machinations of Corbitant, and liberate Squan- to, Myles Standish with 14 men, and Hobomock for their guide, were sent to Namasket. On their arrival, Corbitanl's Jaction fled. The design of the English expedition was ex- plained to the natives, with threats of destruction in case of insurrection against Massasoit, or violence to any of his sub- jects. This resolute enterprise itruck the neighbouring Indians with such terror, that, on the 13 of September following, nine -sachems voluntarily came to Plymouth, and acknowledged ■submission to king James, and their example was followed by - other chiefs. Q,. When, and for what purpose did the colonists first explore the Bay of Massachusetts ? A. In September, 1621, to see the country, make peace, and trade with the natives, Q,. When was the first arrival of new set- tlers at Plymouth ? A. November 11, 1621 ; w^ien 35 persons arrived, with a charter procured for the Plym- outh colonists by the adventurers in London, who were originally concerned in the enterprise. Q,. How did the governor and his assistant . dispose the people who came over for residence? A. Into several families ; and, on account of the scarcity of provisions, the people were restricted to half-allowance. Q,. Did the colonists suffer for want of sustenance ? Machination, s. artifice, scheme. Faction, s. a party. Insurrection, s. a rebellion. Dispose, V. to place, to adjust. RestricL, v. to limit. 20 CONVERSATIONS ON THE A. They did. For two or three months, beino^ destitute of bread, they were obhged to subsist on fish and spring water. As the ship, which brought over the new settlers, came with scanty supplies, the colonists were obliged to victual her home j and in consequence of this, and the accession to their number, before the next spring they were reduced to great straits. Q.. What contributed to heighten their distresses ? A. A threat of war from Ganonicus, the Narraganset chief, expressed by a message " in the emhlem^atic style of the ancient Scythians, viz. a bundle of arrows, bound to- gether by the skin of a serpent." Q.. How was this message answered by Governor Bradford ? A, By returning the skin filled with pow- der and ball. This had the desired efiTect, The Indians were afraid to let it remain in their houses, and at length sent it back to Plymouth unopened, and remained quiet. Q,. Did the Enghsh judge it necessary to take measures for further security ? A. They did ; and accordingly impaled and fortified the town. Q,. What loss did the colony sustain in 1622, A. That of their valuable friend, the faith- ful Squanto, who had rendered them many essential services. He had accompanied Gov, Bradford on an excursion to purchase corn of Accession, s. increase by something' added. Emblematic, a. comprising an emblem, allusion. Impale, v. to fence with a pale, to inclose. HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS. 21 the Indians, and during their absence, he fell sick and died. On his death-bed, he requested the governor to pray for him that he might ''' go to Uie Englishman's God in heaven." Q,. Had the governor success in tiie object of his excursion ? A. He had. He was treated with great respect by the several tribes which he visited ; he purchased in the whole, 28 hogsheads of corn, for which he paid in goods received from England ; and the trade was conducted with mutual justice and confidence. CONVERSATION IV. Settlement at Wessagusset. — Conspiracy against it. — Measures ta- Iten to suppress it. — Drought. — Arrival of new settlers. — First neat cattle. — Settlement at Cape Ann. — Plymouth colony.— Mount WoUaston settled. — Discovery of Naumkeak. — Loss of a trading vessel. — Death of Mr. Robinson.— His character. — Disorders at Mount WoUaston. — Friendly messages from the Dutch. — Trade at Manomet. Q,. When and by whom was the first set- tlement made in Massachusetts Bay ? A. In 1622, b}^ a company from England under the direction of Tliomas Weston. d. What was the name of their plantation ? A. Wessagusset. Q,. Were they in danger from hostile in- tentions of the Indians ? A. They were. A conspiracy was formed against them, of which they were .apprized by the following means. In the spring of 1623, iu- Coiispiracy, s. a. plot. 22 CONVERSATIONS ON THE tellig'ence came to Plymouth that Massasoit was sick, and the governor sent Edward VVinslow and John Hampden,* with Hobomock, to visit him. They found him very ill, but, by cordials administered by Mr. Winslow, he revived. After their departure, Hobomock informed them, that Massasoit had pri- vately charged him to tell Mr. Winslow that there was a plot of the Massachusetts (Indians) against Wessagusset ; that, lest the Plymouth people should avenge their brethren, they also were to be destroyed } and that he advised to kill the conspir- ators, as the only means of security. On receiving this intelligence, the governor ordered Stand- ish to take with him as many men as he judged sufficient, and if a plot should be discovei-ed, to fall on the conspirators. Ac- cordingly Standish, with 8 men, sailed to the Alassachusetts, discovered and killed the conspirators, and returned, bringing the head of one of them, Wittuwamat, which, for a terror to the Indians, was set up on the fort. This so terrified the others, who were concerned in the conspiracy, that thej fled into swamps and desert places j and thus their design was entirely frustrated. Q,. For what was the spring of 1623 re- markable ? A. A severe drought. For 6 weeks after planting there was scarcely a drop of rain. At this time they had discontinued their mode of labouring in common, and each laboured on his own ground. This change was made with a view of exciting the idle to diligence, and all to greater exertions. But the drought threatened to blast all. At this melancholy crisis, the government appoint- ed a day of fasting and prayer. In the morning the sky was clear, and the earth parched ; but, before the close of the re- ligious exercises, the clouds gathered, and the next morning began soft and gentle showers, which continued, with intervals of fine weather, for 14 days ; on which account, a day of pub- lic thanksgiving was soon after observed. Q.. What important events took place in Avenge, v. to revenge. Frastratc, v. to defeat, to disappoint. Crisis, s. critical time. * Supposed to be the Hampden afterwards distinguished in England by his spirited resistance to the arbitrary impositions of Charles J, HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS. 23 the colony during the months of July and Au- gust, 1623 ? A. The arrival of two ships from England with necessary supplies, and a number of new settlers. In Septeinber, the same year, one of them returned, in which Mr. Winslow went over as agent for tlie colony. Q,. When were the first neat cattle brought to New-England ? A. In March, 1624, by Mr. Winslow. Q,. When was the first settlement made at Cape Ann, and by whom ? A. In 1624, by persons from England, sent over by some merchants and other gen- tlemen, at the instance of Mr. White, a cele- brated minister of Dorchester. Q,. W^hat alterations were made in the Plymouth colony during this year, and what was the state of the town at this time ? A. On motion of the governor, there were appointed him five assistants instead of one, as had hitherto been the case. Every man was allowed an acre of land for himself and family, for perinanent use. Plymouth con- tained at this time 32 dwelling-houses, and about 180 persons. Beside their cattle brought by Mr. Winslow, their stock consisted of a few goats, and plenty of swine and poultry. Tlieir town, half a mile in circumference, was impa- led, and on a high mount within it was their Instance, s. importunity, solicitation. PtrmanentyO. durable. 24 CONVERSATIONS ON THE fort, made of wood, lime and stone, and a,. handsome watch-tower. Q. What was the state of the plantation at Wessagusset ? A. Its few inhabitants received this year an accession to their number from Weymouth,. England, and the town is supposed to have been hence called Weymouth. Q. When and by whom was Mount Wol- laston settled ? A. In 1625, by Captain Wollaston and a* few persons of some eminence, with 30 ser- vants, from England. Among them was Thomas Morton, afterwards the cause of great trouble to the sober inhabitants of the country., Q. AVho v/as at this time chosen agent to- manage affairs at Gape Ann ? A. Mr. Roger Conant, then of Nantasket *,; and Mr. Lyford, of the same place, having been invited to be minister to the plantation,, they removed to Cape Ann, and in the autumn were followed by Lyford's people. Q. When and by whom was Naumkeak discovered ? A. By Roger Conant, who, conceiving that it might be a convenient place for settlement,, gave notice of it to his friends in England. This information gave rise to a project for pro- curing a grant to settle a colony iri Massachu- setts Bay. Q,. What other events arc recorded con^ HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS. 25 cerning the colonists as happening during the year 1625 ? A. The loss of a trading vessel, which had been sent from London, and was laden back by the Plymouth people with codfish and with beaver and other furs, to make payment for goods previously received. Also the departure of Myles Standish to England, as agent for the colony ; and the death of Rev. Mr. Robin- son, whose memory is yet precious in New- England. Q. What was his character ? A. That of a truly good and excellent man ; distinguished by his natural abilities, highly cultivated mind, liberality of sentiment, and exalted piety, blended with the mild and amiable virtues. His decease was deeply lamented by his people in Holland and America. He was highly respected and esteemed by lh« •whole city and university of Leyden. Q,. What was the state of affairs at Mount WoUaston in 1626 ? A. Un prosperous. During the absence of Capt. Wollasion, and through the in-- fluence of Morton, the lieutenant was deposed, and great dis- order, dissipation, and waste of goods ensued. Q.. When did the Plymouth colony pur- chase all the property of the adventurers ? A. In 1627, through the agency of Isaac AUerton, who had been sent to England for that purpose. To effect the payment, new arrangements and a new divi^ Depo$e, V. to degrade, to divest of office.- 26 CONVERSATIONS ON THE sion of lands were made among the colonists, though without affecting the previous divisions. Q. When did messengers with amicable letters arrive at Plynioutli from the Dutch col- on v at Hudson's river ? A. In 1627. Their propositions of friendly intercourse were reciprocated by the governor, and a grateful sense of kindnesses received from the Dutch in their native country, was expressed ©n be- half of the colonists. Q. When and wh)^ did the Plymouth peo- ple establish a place for trade at Monamet ?* A. In the same year, for the greater con- venience of trade with tlie Dutch, and to avoid the dangerous navigation around Cape Cod. CONVERSATION V. Colony ol Massachusetts founded.— Arrival of John Endicott at Naumkeak. — Salem founded. — Correction of abuses at Mount WoUaston. — Massachusetts patent confirmed. — Form of govern- ment established. — Progress of Naumkeak. — Charlestown foundcil. — Plymouth patent. — Population of Plymouth. Q,. When was laid the foundation of the colony of Massachusetts ? A. On the 19 of March, 1628. At this time, a patent was obtained by Sir Henry Roswell, Sir John Young, and four others, for all that part of New-England lying between 3 Amicable, a, friendly. * Now Sandwich. HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS. 27 miles north of Merrimac river, and in length within the described breadth from the Atlantic ocean to the South sea. Wiih this company were afterwards associated John Win- throp. Isaac Johnson, Matthew Cradock, Thomas Goffe, and Sir Richard Saltonslall. Q. Who were first sent over by this com- pany, and to what place ? A. A few persons, under the command of John Endicott, to carry on the plantation at Naumkeak. Q. Which was the first permanent town in Massachusetts, and when and by whom was it founded ? A. Salem : founded in 1628, by John Endicott, on his arrival at Naumkeak. Q,. When were the abuses corrected at Mount Wollaston ? A. In 1628. The ringleader, Morton, having^ been found incorrigible. Captain Standish was sent with a military force, who dispers- ed the worst of the company, and brought Morton to Plymouth, from whence he was sent to England. Q. When was the patent of the Massachu- setts colony confirmed by the king ? A. On the 4th of March, 1629. d. Was the form of government for the colony settled the same year ? A. It was, on the 30 of April, John En- dicott was chosen governor, and Francis Hig- ginson, with six others, were appointed his council. Ificornsihle^ a. b{\d, beyond correction or amendment. 28 CONVERSATIONS ON THE Q. What town was settled in 1629 ? A. Lynn. " By two brothers of the name of Edmund and Francis Ir- galls, from Lincolnshire, England."* Q. What had been the progress of the in- fant colony at Naumkeali in the summer of 1629? A, It contained at that time six houses, besides that of Governor Endicott ; and the number of planters was 300. From this tim« it was called Salem. Q,, When was Charlestown founded, and "by whom? A. In June, 1629, by Thomas Graves and others to the number of 100, who remo- ved from Saiem to Mishawum, and there laid the foundation of the town.t Q. When were the first ministers ordain- -ed at Salem, and who were they ? A. August 6, 1629 ; they were Mr. Fran- cis Higginson and Mr. Samuel Skelton. Q. When was the last Plymouth patent obtained, and in whose name was it taken out ? A. In January, 1630, in the name of •^' William Bradford, his heirs and assigns." Q. What additional lands did it convey ? A. A considerable territory around the * See History of Lynn, by Alonzo Lewis. t A small settlement had been made there, in the summer of 162H. by three brothers, of the names of Ralph, Richard, and William Sprague, with the voluntary consent of the Indian sagamore residing in the place. (See Everett's Centennial Address. Charlestown, 1830.) HISTORY OP MASSACHUSETTS. 29 original settlement of Plymouth, and a large tract of land on Kennebeck river in Maine. Q. What was the number of inhabitants in Plymouth at that time ? A. Nearly three hundred. CONVERS/VTION VI. Arrival of Gov. Winthrop. — Dorchester founded. — First day of tlianksgiving. — Watertown, Boston, and Roxbury settled — First general court at Boston. — Death of Mr. Johnson. — Death of Fran- cis Higginson. — Newtown [Cambridge] founded. — Ipswich founded. —Sumptuary laws.— Settlement at Connecticut river.— Small-pox among the Indians. Q,. When did Governor Winthrop and his company arrive at Massachusetts, and at what place did they first land !■ A. June 12, 1630, and landed first at Sa- lem, wlience they soon after passed to Charles- town.* Q,. What was the whole number of per- sons attached to this company ? A. They were in all 1500 persons, of va- rious occupations, who came in a fleet of 17 vessels, ten of which arrived at nearly the same time with Governor Winthrop, and the other 7 before the end of the year. Q,. Did they all proceed to Salem ? * Governor Winthrop removed from Cbarlestown to Bostoi) in the autumn ol" 1631. 30 CONVERSATIONS ON THE A. Four principal men, Warham, Mav- erick, Rossiter, and Ludlow, arriving sooner than the rest, were put ashore at Nantas- ket, and in a few days removed to Matapan, where they began to buikl a town. Q.. What was the name of the town thus founded ? A. Dorchester, Q,. When and on what account was the first day of pubhc thanksgiving kept in the Massachusetts colony ? A. On the 8 of July, 1630, for the safe arrival of the fleet. Q,, Who was the first minister of Charles- town, and when was he installed 7 A. Mr. John Wilson, installed August 27, 1630. Q,. When was the first court of assistants hold en at Charlestown ? A. August 23, same year. The first question proposed was, How the ministers should be maintained. Q.. When and by whom w^ere Watertown, Boston, and Roxbury settled ? A. All in the summer and autumn of 1630 ; Watertown, by Sir Richard Saltonstall and Mr. Phillips ; Boston, by Mr. Johnson and some of the principal inhabitants of Charles- town ; and Roxbury, by Mr. Pynchon and others.* Install, V. to invest with office. * There was residing on the peninsula, [Boston,] at that HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS. 31 Q. When was the first general court hol- den at Boston ? A. October 19, 1630. Q,. Were the Massachusetts colonists visit- ed with sickness, soon after their arrival at Charlestown ? A. They were, of whom several died. Among- these was the Lady Arbella Johnson,* and, a month afterwards, her husband, Mr. Isaac Johnson. He was the first magistrate who died in Massachusetts, and was distin- guished for piety, wisdom, and public spirit. Q,. What other eminent man died in the colony this year I A. Francis Higginson, one of the minis- ters of Salem, a zealous and useful preacher. He was mild in doctrine, but strict in discipline j grave in his deportment 5 cautious in his decisions : firm to his purpo- ses j and exemplary in his life. Q,. When was Newtown [afterward Cam- bridge] founded ? A. In 1631. Q. When was the first considerable acces- sion made to the settlers at Newtown ? time, a Mr. William Blackstone, who cajne and invited the Charlestown settlers thither, on account of an excellent spring of water on that side of the river. The peninsula was then call- ed by the English, Trimountain, and by the Indians, Shawmut. Mr. Blackstone was an Episcopal clerg-yman, who had pre- viously settled at Shawmut, and being the first English inhabitant there, was the rightful owner of the whole peninsula. He would never join any of the N. E. churches, alleging as a reason, " I came from England, because I did uot like the lord bishops, and I cannot join with you, because I would not be under the lord brethren." He finally removed to Rhode-Island. * A daughter of the Earl of Lincoln. She came "from a par- adise of plenty to a wilderness of wants," and was unequal to the trials of so great a trausiliou. '32 CONVERSATIONS ON THE A. In 1632, by a company from England, In this year tlicy built their first meetinghouse. Deputy-g"overnor Dudley, secretary Bradstreet, and other gentlemen of note, also settled there about this time. Q,. When was the first meetinghouse be- gun to be built in Boston ? A. In 1632, by the congregation of Boston and Charlestown. Q,. Who was their minister ? A. John Wilson, also the first minister of Charlestown. The church in the latter place having become large, the pnembers amicably divided themselves into two churches, one of which was in Boston and the other in Charlestown, where Mr. Thomas James became the pastor. Q. When and by whom was Ipswich founded 1 A, In 1633, by John Winthrop, son of the governor, and twelve others. Q,. Who was the first minister of Ips^\^ch ? A. Rev. Nathaniel Ward. Q,. What su7npUiary laws were passed this year in Massachusetts ? A. Laws against idleness, luxury, and extortion. The?court ordered, that no artificers, such as carpenters and masons, should receive more than two shillings a day, and labourers but 18 pence, and proportionably j and that no com- modity should be sold at above 4 pence in the shilling above the cost of the gopds in England. Q,. When was tlie first settlement made at Connecticut river, and by whom l Sumptnnry, n. relating: to •■xpcns*«. HISTORY OP MASSACHUSETTS. 33 A. Ill 1633, by a company sent from Ply- mouth, who were invited thither by the natives. Q. What remarkable calamity befel the Indians in Massachusetts in 1633 ? A. Tlie breaking out of the small-pox among them, of which several of their chiefs and very many of their people died. Above 30 of John Sagamore's people of Winisimet were buried in one da}', John Sagamore, by his own desire, was brought among the English, where he died in the persuasion that he should go to the Englishman's God, leaving his son to t>e brought up by Mr. Wilson. The colonists visited them ia their sickness, administered to their necessities, buried their dead, and took home many of their children. Q,. What were some of the most important results of labour in the Massachusetts colony in 1633 ? A. A ship of 60 tons was built at Medford ; the first water-mill in the colony was erected in Dorchester, and another at Roxbury ; and rye w^as produced for the first time. CONVERSATION VII. Change in the government of Massachusetts.— Dangers from the government abroad. — Dangers from the natives at home. — Banish- ment of Roger Williams. — Surrender of Plymouth charter. — New- bury, Concord, and Hingham settled. — Sir Henry Vane. — Emigra- tion to Connecticut. — Murder of John Oldham. — Ann Hutchinson. — Harvard College founded. — Ancient and Honourable Artillery Company. — Earthquake. — First printing press. — Southampton settled. — Extreme cold. — Hugh Peters. — Progress of New-England* Q,. When were the first representatives Assembled in Massachusetts .? 34 CONVERSATIONS ON THE A. May 13, 1634 ; the government being thus changed from a simple to a representa- tive democracy. Q,. Was the colony in particular danger this year ? A. It was, ])oth from the tyranny of gov- ernment abroad, and from the natives at home. The Indians in Connecticut manifested their hostile disposition by murdering Capts. Stone and Norton, who went in a small hark to Connecticut river to trade ; together with the men who accompanied them, Q,. Was it supposed that the Pequots were concerned in this murder ? A. It was, and messengers were accord- ingly sent to treat with them, but without sat- isfaction. The Pequots, however, afterwards sent messengers with gifts to the Massachu- setts colony, and the governor and council con- cluded with them a treaty of peace and friend- ship. Q,. When and why w^as Roger WiUiams, a minister of Salem, banished from the colony of Massachusetts ? A. In 1634, on account of his religious opinions ; principally for his insisting that ^' the magistrate had no right to deal in mat- ters of conscience and religion." Democracy^ s. a government lodged with the people. A democ- racy is simple, when the people assemble to make their own laws; represenfdtixjc, when they choose, or elect a small part of their number ro assemble and make laws for the whole, J^iirk, s. a small ship. HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS. 35 Q,. What other important events took place in the colony in 1034 ? A. The erection of a fort on Castle Island, and the death of Samuel Skelton, one of the first ministers of Salem. Q . What was the character of Mr . Skelton? A. He was eminent for learning and vii'- tue ; " a man of gracious speech, full of faith, and furnished with gifts from above." Q,. When was the charter of Plymouth Council surrendered to the crown ? A. In 1635. d. W^hat arbitrary measures were taken by the king and his ministry against Massa- chusetts ? A. Soon after the surrender of Plymouth charter, a quo loarranto was brought by Sir John Banks against the governor, deputy- governor, and assistants of the corporation, and it was finally adjudged that their fiber- ties and franchises should be seized into the king's hand. Q.. What towns were settled in 1635 ? A. Newbury, Concord, and Hingham. Qi, When was Sir Henry Vane chosen governor of Massachusetts ? A. In 1636. ^uo warranto. A Avrit, issuing from the crown, against tbe members or officers of a corporation, upon ibe presumption or supposition that the corporation has forfeited its charter. Tbe writ is called a quo warrunto, because it demands hy what warrant, or authority, the corporation, or the members there- of exercise their corporate power, having foifeited their charter. Franchises^ s. inHnunilies, privileges^ 36 CONVERSATIONS ON THE" Q,. How long did he continue in office 7 A. But one year ; at the expiration of which time. Gov. Winthrop was again elected. Q,. Who emigrated this year from Massa- chusetts ? A» Mr» Hooker and Mr. Stone, the minis- ters of Cambridge, [then Newtown,] with their whole church and congregation, men, women^ and children ; travelling 100 miles, with no guide but their compass, through a hideous, trackless wilderness, to Connecticut. Mrs. Hooker was carried on a litter. They drove 160 cattle, and subsisted on the milk of the Gows during the journey. Q,. How was the government of Con- necticut organized ? A. Under a commission from Massachu- setts, granted to Roger Ludlow and seven oth- ers, who were invested with all the powers of government. d* What act of the Massachusetts legisla- ture in 1636, manifested their regard for the interests of education ? A. The act appropriating £400 for the erection of a public school in Newtown [Cam- bridge.] Q,, What murder was jjerpetrated by the Iiidians this year ? A. That of John Oldham, of Massachu- Organize, v. to construcU- Ferpttratt v. to commit. HISTORY OF IMASSACIIU81«:TTS. 37 setts, who was murdered in his bark near Block Island U. Wliat measures were taken by the gov- ernment on this occasion ? A. They sent 80 or 90 men, under the command of John Endicott, to obtain satisfac- tion of the Pequots, who were considered as abettors of the murder, but the expedition was imsucccssful. And ftirther, to prevent the Narragansets from joioing the Pequots, a treat}' of peace was concluded with them. The Narrag-ansets were at this time estimated at 3000 fighting- men. Q. What circumstance occasioned consid- erable excitement in the colony of Massachu- setts in 1637 ? A. A great theological disturbance, caus- ed by Mrs. Anne Hutchinson. A woman of talents and influence, who, for endeavouring to disseminate her peculiar religious tenets, was banished by the court, and excommunicated by the church of Boston, of which she was a member. John Wheelwright, a brother-in-law to Mrs. Hutchinson, afterwards minister of Exeter, N. H. and Samuel Gorton, were also banished from the colony this year, on account of their religious opinions. Q. When was Harvard College founded, and by whom ? A. In 1638, by John Harvard, a worthy minister of Charlestown. Jhcttor, s. supporter or encourager. Theological, a. relating- to the science of divinity. Disseminate^ v. to scatter, to spread. 38 CONVERSATIONS ON THE He deceased this year, and left a legacy of about 850 pounds* to the school at Newtown, which soon after, in honour of its earliest benefactor, took the name of Harvard College. Q,. What was the principal object in found- ing tliis college ? A. Besides promoting the interests of gen- eral hterature, to provide for posterity an edu- cated ministry " when the learned ministers, they then enjoyed, should sleep in the dust." Thus careful were the venerable founders of New-England to cherish the interests of learning and religion, as the main supports of all good government. Q,. What colony owes its rise to the reli- gious differences at tlii^ time existing in Mas- sachusetts ? A. Rhode-Island. John Clark and some others went to Providence in 1638, in search of a place where they might have liberty of conscience, and, by the aid of Roger Williams, purchased Aquit-neck [Rhode-Island] of the natives, whicli attracted so many set- tlers, that, in a few years, it became very populous. Q. Were arbitrary measures still pursued in England against the American colonies? A» They were. An order was issued, May 1638, to prevent the departure of 8 ships for New-England, then in the Thames, B3' this order, Oliver Cromvvell, Sir Arthur Haslerig, John Hamp- den, and other patriots, were hindered from coming to America. Q,. When was the origin of the Ancient and Honourable Artillery company in Boston ? A. In 1638. Boston at that time "was rather a village than a town," containing no more than 20 or 30 houses. The same year 3000 settlers arrived there, who came in 20 ships. * About 3200 dollars. HISTORY OP MASSACHUSETTS. 39 Q, When was the first earthquake re- corded in the annals of New-England ? A. On the first of June, 1038. The earth shook with such violence, that in some places the people in the streets could not stand without difficulty, and most moveable articles were thrown down. Q,. What instance of justice towards the Indians occurred in Plymouth colony in 1638? A. The execution of three Englishmenj for the murder of an Indian near Providence. Q,. When was the first printing-press set up in New-England ? A. In 1639, by Stephen Day ; and this was also the first in North America. Q. When was Southampton, Long-Island, settled, and by whom ? A. In 1640, by several of the inhabitants of Lynn ; with Mr. Abraham Pierson for their minister. Q.. How long did Southampton continue under the jurisdiction of Massachusetts ? A. Until the year 1663, w^hen it was an- nexed to the government of Comiecticut. Q,. What rendered the winter of 1641 remarkable ? A. Its extreme cold. The harbour of Boston, where ships ordinarily anchored, was so deeply frozen over, as to be passable for horses, carta and oxen, for five weeks. Q,. What persons were sent to England this year, on business for the colony 'I A. Hu?^li Peters, minister of Salem : 40 CONVERSATIONS ON THE Thomas Welde, minister of Roxbury ; and William Hibbins, of Boston. Q.. Did these ministers ever return to New- England ? A. They did not. Mr. Welde was ejected in the reign of Charles II. and Mr. Peters, by busying himself too much in the political affairs of that time, rendered h\Kise]f ohioxious to the finally victorious party, and was executed in 1660. He was a useful, business man, and Salem had rapidly increased during his ministry. Q.. When were Dover, Portsmouth, and Exeter assigned to Massachusetts' jurisdiction? A. In 1641. Q. Wlien did Governor Bradford surren- der to the freemen of Plymouth colony, the patent which had been taken out in his name ? A. Also in 1641 ; reserving to himself no more than an equal right among the colonists. d. What was the progress of New-Eng- land down to the year 1643 '!■ A. Fifty towns and villages had been planted ; forty cliurches had been erected ; a castle, several prisons, and forts. Ships had been built, of from 100 to 400 tons ; and five of them were at sea. The expense of settling the single colony of Massachusetts was about £200,000. Eject, V. to expel from an office or possession. Obnoxious, a. liable to punishment. HISTORY OP MASSACHUSETTS. 41 CONVERSATION VIII. Union of the colonies.— Myantonomoh.—Uncas.— Division of Mas- sachusetts into counties.— Persecution of the Baptists.— Nantasket, Eastham, and Rehoboth settled.— Iron work at Braintree.— Passa- conaway.— John Elliot. — His mission to the Indians.— First in- stance of execution forwitchcraft.— Singular combination.— Death and character of Governor Winthrop. d. For what was the year 1643 remarkable ? A. For being tlie memorable epoch of the union of the New-England colonies. Q,. What were some of the reasons for this union ] A. The dispersed state of the colonies ; the vicinity of the Dutch, Swiss, and French ; the hostile disposition of the Indians ; the im- possibility of obtaining aid from England in any emergence ; and in fine, the alliance al- ready formed between the colonies by the ties of rehgion. d. What were the advantages of it ? A. It rendered them formidable to their neighbours ; maintained harmony among themselves ; and was probably the grand iii- stmment of their preservation as a people ; besides being serviceable in civilizing and christianizing the Indians. Soon after this Disperse, v. to scatter. Emergence, s. sudden occasion, pressing necessity. Formidable, a. terrible, dreadful. 42 CONVERSATIONS ON THE union, several Indian sachems came in and submitted to the Enghsh government, among whom were Myantonomoh the Narraganset, and Uncas the Mohegan chief. a* What is said of Myantonomoh ? A. That he was " a very goodly person- age, of tall stature," politic, and of high de- signs. He was slain in 1643, by Uncas, be- ing taken prisoner by him in a war between the two tribes. Gov. Hopkins says of Myantonomoh, that he was " the most potent prince New-Eng-land had ever any concern with," and remarks, that "the sava2:e soul of Uncas doubted whether he ought to take away the life of a great king, who had fallen into his hands by misfortune," but by the advice of the com- missioners for the united colonies, and, to the regret of suc- ceeding generations, he was cruelly put to death in cold blood.* Gov. H. adds, " Surely a Rhode-Island man may be permitted to mourn his unhappy fate, and drop a tear on the ashes of Myantonomoh, who, with his uncle Canonicus, were destructive of the first principles of liberty 5 and combinations Were every where formed against its execution. In Boston, much tumult and riot occurred, and the officers, concerned in executing the act, were particularly obnoxious to the rioters, who destroyed their property, and committed many deeds of violence. The house ot Lieut. Gov. Hutchinson, one of the •best in the province, was left completely in ruins, nothing re- gaining but the bare walls and floors. The plate, family pic- 'tures, most of the furniture and wearing apparel, with about j£900 sterling in money, and the manuscripts and books which Virtually^ adv. in efl*ect 92 CONVERSATIONS ON THE Mr. Hutchinson had been 30 years in collecting, besides many public papers, were either carried off or destroyed, and him- self was obliged to escape by secret passages to save his life* To the honour, however, of the town, they voted unanimously to use all means for preventing such disorders for the future, thereby expressing their disapprobation of what had been done. Q. What important measure was proposed in the Massachusetts legislature in 1765 ? A. The assembling of a general congress^ which was accordingly adopted by the several states, and their first meeting holden at New- York in October, same year. Timothy Rug- gles of Massachusetts was chosen president. Q» What work, contributing essentially to promote the cause of liberty and independence, was published this year in Massachusetts ? A. A Dissertation on the Canon and Feu- dal Law, containing very just sentiments on the rights of man, by John Adams. Q. How many houses were in Boston at this time ? A. 1676, and 2069 families. Q. What effect did the resistance of the colonies to the stamp act produce in England ? A, Such as to procure, by the assistance of that friend of America, the great Mr. Pitt, the repeal of that odious measure in March, 1766. Q. How was the news received in America ? A. With the usual demonstrations of joy, ringing of bells, fire-works, and festivals. Q. What act of parliament in 1767 gave great offence to the colonies ? HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS. 93 A. The act imposing duties on paper, glass, painters' colours, and teas, imported into the colonies. Also acts providing' quarters for soldiers, and establishing a customhouse in America, To these acts, none of the Slates were more decided iu their oppositilion, than that of Massa- chusetts. Q. Does it appear, from facts in the histo- ry of Massachusetts, tliat the general conduct of the government towards the Indians was justifiable ? A. It does. In an address to the governor in 17G7, on an occasion when the subject of the Indian trade, &c. was brought before the as- sembly, they remark, " that greater care was taken of the In- dians, by our pious ancestors, during the old charter, and by this government under the new, even to this day, than was ever required of us by the British government. Nothing hath been omitted by the province, since 1633 to this day, which justice or humanity required, for their interest, within this ju- risdiction." Q. What important vote was passed in the general court of Massachusetts in 1768 ? A. To petition tlie king for redress of grie- vances. And, to secure the co-operation of the other colonies, the court drew up a circular letter and addressed it to the repre- sentatives and bnroessesofihe people throughout the continent. Q. What agreenient was entered into b}- the merchants and traders of Boston at this time ? A. An agreement of non-importation. By this they were not to import, nor purchase any kind of goods or merchandize, imported from Cireal-l>ritain from Jan. 1769 to Jan. 1770, excepting a few enumerated articles ; nor to import or purchase of any who shall import from any other Burgess, s. a citizen, a freeman of a city, a represesentative of a town corporate. 94 CONVERSATIONS ON THE colony, any tea, paper, glass, or other goods commonly im- ported from Great-Britain. Q,. What Other occiirretices in 1768 indi- cated the approaching- revolution ? A. Disorders ensuing" the seizure of a wine vessel by the custom-house otficers ; a conven- tion in Boston ; and the quartering of British troops in that place, the object of which was to protect the revenue officers in the collection of the duties. Q.. Why did the convention meet in Boston ? A. To deliberate on constitutional meas- ures for a removal of their difficulties ; the general court having been dissolved in the pre- ceding year by Gov. Bernard. The day before the convention rose, advice was received that a man of war and transports from Halifax, wiih about 900 troops, under cover of the cannon of the ships, landed without molestation, and to the number of 700 men, marched with muskets charged, bayonets fixed, martial music and the usual military parade, to the common. In the evening, the selectmen were required to quarter the two regiments in the town, but they positively refused. A temporary shelter, how- ever in Faneuil Hall was allowed to one regiment, and the next day the Slate House, by order of the governor, was opened for their reception, and two field pieces with the main guard were stationed in its front. The lower floor of the State House, which had been used by gentlemeu and the merchants as an exchange, the representatives' chamber, the court house, Faneuil hall, — places intimately associated with ideas of justice and freedom, as well as convenience and utility, were now filled with regular soldiers. Guards were placed at the doors of the Slate House — the common was covered with tents — soldiers were constantly marching and countermarching to relieve the guards, and the ceniinels chal- lenging the inhabitants as they passed. The Sabbath was profaned, and the devotion of the sanctuary was disturbed, by the sound of drums and other martial music. In Novem- Q,uarter, v. to station or lodge soldiers. HISTORY OP MASSACHUSETTS. 95 ■ber, several large transports arrived with more troops. But the colonists, though disgusted and injured, were not overawed. Q,. Wlieii was the first newspaper pub- lished in Salem l A. In 176S ; the Essex Gazette. CONVERSATION XVII. Ministerial measures approved by Parliament. — Act of the General Court. — Opposition of Gov. Bernard. — He is recalled. — Massacre in Boston. — Disputes between the Legislature and Lieut. Gov. Hutchinson. — Repeal of Duties. — Bell Foundry at Stoughton. — Storm and Tide. — Gov. Hutchinson. — Committee of Correspond- ence. Tea destroyed. — Boston Port-bill. — Gov. Gage. — General Congress proposed. Q,. Were the rigorous measures of the Brit- ish ministry towards the colonies approved by parliament ? A. They were. In the year 1769, resolves were passed by that body, cen- suring the whole course of proceedings in Massachusetts, and declaring that the election of deputies, and the meeting of the convention, were daring insults to his majesty's authority, and audacious usurpations of the powers of government. In an address to the king, they recommended that the names of offending persons in Massachusetts should be transmitted to him, and their offencesj heard and determined in England. This article gave great offence to the colonists. Q,. What was stated to the governor by the general court at their session in 1769 ? A. Their expectation that he would "give effectual orders for the removal of the troops from the town and harVr«r, during the session of the assembly." ^ Audacious, a. bold, impudent. Usurpation s. forcible, unjust, unlawful seizure. 96 CONVERSATIONS ON THE The governor answered that he had no power over his Ma- jesty's ships in the port, or the troops in the town. But the house persisting in its complaints, and firmly declining- to do business, while surrounded by an armed force, the governor adjourned it to Cambridge. Q. What act of the governor denoted his continued attachment to iiis royal master ? A. On the 6 of July, he sent a message to the comt, desiring funds to be provided for discharging the expenditures incurred by quar- tering his majesty's troops, and requiring pro- vision for the fuither quartering of them at Boston and Castle Island. Q,. Did the assembly comply with his de- mands ? A. They did not. So far from it, they passed resolves, among others, to this effect ; — that the establishment of a standing army in this col- ony in a time of peace, is an in\a.sion of natural rights. That sending an armed force into this colony under prelence of as- sisting the civil authority, is highly dangerous to the people, unprecedented and uncovstituiioiiaL And on the 12 of July, in reply to the governor's question, whether they would or would not provide for ihe troops, the house replied :— ''As we cannot, consistently with our own honour or interest, much less with our duty to our constituents ; so we never shall make any provision of funds for the purposes stated in your several messages." On receiving this reply, the gox&Twov prorogued the court to the 10 of January, to meet at Boston. But he was recalled in August, and the management of public affairs left with Lieut. Gov. Hutchinson. Q. When did the massacre, by the British soldiers, take place in Boston ? A. On the 5 of March, 1770. ' ^> "" ~~ Unprecedented, a. not justilrible by any example. Unconstitutional, a. not according to the constitution. Prorogue, a. to put off. HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS. 97 The inhabitants having- contined to feel it an indignity to have soldiers quartered among- them, mutual insults and inju- ries prepared the way for more serious ditticullies. On the 6 of March, the soldiers while under arms, being pressed upon and insulted by the popiuace, dared to fire ; one of them, who had received a blow, lired at the aggressor, and a single dis- charge from six others succeeded. Three of the inhabitants were killed, and five dangerously wounded. The lov\n was instantly thrown into commotion. The drums beat to arms, and thousands of the inhabitants assembled in the adjacent streets. 'I'he next morning, the Lieut. Governor summoned a council, by whom a messege was received from the town which had convened in full assembly, declaring their unani- mous opinion, " that nothing could rationally be expected to restore the peace of the town, and prevent blood and carnage, but the removal of the troops."' This was agreed to, and the tumult subsided. One of the wounded men died, and the four killed were buried in one vault with the highest marks of respect. Such an immense concourse attended the funeral, that they were obliged to go in ranks, six a-breast, and a long train of carriages closed the procession. Q. What was done with Capt. Preston, the commander of the soldiers ? A. He was committed with them to jail, and all w^ere afterward tried. The captain and six of the men were acquitted, and the other two were brought in guilty of manslaughter. The result of the trial reflected great honour on John Adams and Josiah Quincy, who were the counsel for the prisoners, and also on the integrity of the jury. Q.. What was the next official act of Lieut. Gov. Hutchinson ? A. To postpone the assembly from Janua- ry (to which it had been prorogued by Gov. Bernard) to the middle of March, then to meet at Cambridge. Populace, s. the common people, the multitude. ^Unanimous, n.beinp of cue mind, agreeing in design or opinion. Concourse, s. a multitude. 98 CONVERSATIONS ON THE In his message to them at the latter place, he took no notice of the tragical event at Boston, but in a few days after, he sent a special message to the house, informing them of a tri- fling affair at Gloucester, in which a petty officer of the cus- toms was said to have been abused, and called on them to afford assistance in bringing the agents to justice. The reply of the assembly indicated their deep sense of injury from their own executive government, as well as from the parent slate. In their reply, they also express the hope that the military power would soon be removed from the province, until which time they had nothing to expect but that tyranny and confusion would prevail. Q,. What controversy occupied a great part of the session ? A. A dispute concerning the removal of the general court. The Lieut. Governor asserting his authority from the minis- try, peremptorily refused to yield to their wishes to assemble at their usual place in Boston, and they were obliged to continue at Cambridge. Q,. What important bill passed in parlia- ment in 1770 ? A. The act repealing all duties on goods exported to the colonies, except the duty of three pence per pound on tea. Q,. Was this act satisfactory to the colonies ? A. It was not. As it was not merely the amount of ihe duties, but the prin- ciple of taxation to which the colonists were opposed, the duty on tea gave them great disquietude 5 and an association was immediately formed not to drink any tea until the act imposing the duty, should be repealed. Q,. What manufactory was erected this year in Massachusetts ? A. A bell foundery at Stoughton. Extcuiivt^ a. active, not legislative. HISTORY OP MASSACHUSETTS. 99 Q. What other remarkable event took place in 1770 ? A. A great storm in October, which swell- ed the tide at Boston higher than had been known for nearly 50 years. It filled the stores and cellars, and did much damage j 50 or 60 sail of vessels were cast ashore at Plymouth and elsewhere, and many lives were lost. Q.. Wlien was Lieut. Gov. Hutchinson appointed to the office of governor ? A. In 1771. Q,. What circumstance in his conduct was considered by the people as a dangerous iniio- vation ? A. The refusal of his salary from the prov- ince, and receiving it out of the revenue chest, thus being made independent of the people. At the session of the legislature in 1772, they passed resolu- tions expressing- their dissatisfaction with this new regulation of the British government, by which the governor derived his support from the crown, calling it an ^Hnfraction of their charter." The governor replied to these resolutions in a laboured message, in which he attempted to invalidate the reasoning they contained, and assumed that the charter was a mere grant from the king, which he had a right at any lime to alter or vacate, even without a charge of violation or non-per- formance on their part. Q,. What course was pursued by the in- habitants of Boston at this crisis 7 A. They first requested the governor to allow the general court to meet them, and, be- ing denied, they held a town meeting in No- Innovation, a. to change by the introductiun of novelty. Infraction's, breach, viulaiion. Invalidate, r. to weaken, to deprive of force. [height. Crisis, s. the point of time at which any affair comes to the 100 CONVERSATIONS ON THE vember, at which Avas chosen a large commit- tee of respectable citizens. This committee drew up a report, which was printed, and 600 copies of it with an impressive letter were circulated Ihroug-h the towns and districts of the province. Gl. What was this committee called 1 A. The Committee of Correspondence ; and it was the basis of the subsequent union of the colonies. Q,. AVhen was tlie tea destroyed at Boston ? A. In 1773. Three ships laden with this article arrived in the harbour, and the inhabitants tried every measure to send them back, but without effect. The destruction of the tea was therefore the only alternative. Accordingly a number of armed men, disguised like Indians, on the evening of the 16 of December, boarded the ships, and threw their whole cargoes, consisting of 240 chests and 100 half chests of tea into the dock, without tumult, and without doing any damage to the vessels or any other effects. Q,. What transpired this year to increase the disaffection of the people towards Gover- nor Hutchinson ? A. The discovery of certain letters written by him to persons in England, by which it ap- peared that he was altogether opposed to the in- terests of the colonists. The assembly there- upon voted to petition the king for a removal of Gov. Hutchinson and Lieut. Gov. Oliver forever from the government of the province. Q,. What other remarkable events happen- ed in 1773 ? A. A violent tornado was experienced in August, at Salisbury, Mass. and its vicinity, HISTORY OP MASSACHUSETTS. 101 which lasted about 3 minutes, and destroyed about 8 buildings in Salisbury and Amesbury. Q,. How did the intelligence of proceedings in Boston affect the British parliament ? A. It so enraged them, that they shut up the port of Boston, by passing an act called the Boston Port Bill. By this act the port of Boston was legally precluded from the privilege of landing and discharging, or lading and ship- ping goods, wares, and merchandize. This act was followed by two others, equally unjust and oppressive. These three acts were considered, in America, as forming a complete sys- tem of tyraimy. d. Who was appointed successor to Gov. Hutchinson, after the removal of the latter from office ? A. Gen. Gage, the commander-in-chief of the royal forces in North America. He arriv- ed in Boston, May 13, 1774. Q., When did the port bill go into operation ? A. On the 1 of June, 1774, which, in many of the principal towns in the colonies, was observed as a day of mourning. Q,. Did it distress the inhabitants of Boston ? A. It did exceedingly. But, animated by the spirit of freedom, they endured theil' privations with inflexible fortitude, and their sufferings were soon mitigated by the sympathy, and relieved by the charity of the other colonists. Contributions were every where raised for their relief, corporate bodies, town meetings, and provin* cial conventions sent them letters and addresses, applauding' their conduct, and exhorting them to perseverance. Preclude. V. to shut out, or hinder. Privations, s. removal or destruction of any thing'i Miti^ate^ v. to soften, to alleviate. 9* 102 CONVERSATIONS ON THE Q,. What important resolve was passed in the general court in June, 1774 2 A. A resolve proposing a general congress or meeting of committees from the several col- onies. Five deleg'ates were accordingly ciiosen, and the speaker was directed to send information of this resolve to the other colonies, by whom it was gradually adopted. CONVERSATION XVIII. Fif^t continental congress.— Affairs in Massachusetts.— Streets first lighted in Boston. — Apprehension of hostilities — Preparations for defence. — Leslie's expedition — Lexington fight. — First provincial army. — Authority of Gov. Gage renounced. — Troops arrive from England.— Battle of Bunker-Hill.— Death of Dr. Warren.— Wash- ington appointed chief general. — He arrives at Cambridge. — Dis- posal of British and American armies. — Armed vessels. — Depar- ture of Gov. Gage. — Death of Josiah Quincy. Q,. When was assembled the first conti- nental congress ? A. On the 5 of September, 1774, at Phi- ladelphia. Q.. Did tlie aspect of affairs in Massachu- setts still continue inauspicious ? A. It did. Soon after Gov. Gage's arrival, two regiments of foot, with a small detach- ment of artillery and some cannon, were land- ed at Boston and encamped on the common. These were gradually reinforced by others ffom Ireland, New-York, Halifax, andQ^uebec. HISTORY OP MASSACHUSETTS. 103 The jealousy of the inhabitants was thereby excited, and increased by the stationing of a British guard on Boston Neck, and by the perseverance of the British in rcjjairing and man- ning the fortifications at the entrance of the town. On tiie 1 of September, Gov. Gage sent two companies and took posses- sion of the powder in tlie arsenal at Charlestown, and withheld from the proprietors what was lodged in Boston. At a meeting of delegates from the several towns in ihe county of Suffolk, it was resolved " that no obedience is due from the province to either or any part of the late acts of par- liament ; but that they should be rejected as the attempts of a wicked administration to enslave Amei-ica.'" These resolves, the boldest that had been adopted, being forwarded to the con- tinental congress, were sanctioned by that augizst body. Q,. What important change took place re- specting the legislature of Massachusetts in 1774? A. They assumed the name and char- ncter of a provincial congress. Having been prevented by tlie governor from assembling as a legislature, they resolved themselves into a provincial con- gress, and adjourned to Concord, Mr. John Hancock was chosen president, and measures were adopted for the defence of the province. Q,. When Avere lamps first used in the streets of Boston ? A, In 1774. The following publications issued from the press in Boston the same year : — Observations on the Boston Port Bill, Sec. by Josiah Quincy ; A summary View of the rights of British America; and the Royal American Magazine, the last peri- odical published there before the revolution. Q,. What information was communicated to the people, by the Massachusetts provincial cono^ress in 1775 ? Arsenal, s. a repository of things requisite to war. Au gtist, n. great, grand. 104 CONVERSATIONS ON THE A, That there were signs of approaching war. That, from the large reinforcement of troops expected in the colony, from the tenor of intelligence from England and from the general appearance of things, they had reason to apprehend that the destruction of the colony was intended ; and they urged the immediate necessity of military prepara- tions, discipline, &c. They also passed" resolutions for procur- ing and making fire-arms and bayonets. Those preparations were accordingly made, and provisions and military stores were collected and stored at different places. Q. Who was sent by Gov. Gage to seize the mihtary stores deposited at Salem ? A. Colonel Leslie, with a detachment of soldiers. Having landed at Marblehead, they proceeded to Salem, and, not finding the stores, they passed on to the drawbridge leading to Danvers, where a large number of people were assembled, and on the opposite side of which, Col. Pickering had mustered 30 or 40 men, and drawn up the bridge. Leslie ordered them to let it down, but they peremptorily refused. He then determined to ferry over a few men in a gondola } but the people perceiving iheirdesign, sprang into the gondola, and scuttled it with their axes. There was danger of in- stant hostility, but it was prevented by the prudent interposi- tion of Mr. Barnard, minister of Salem. Leslie at length pledged his honour, that if they would let the bridge down, he •would march but a few rods over it, and return without doing any thing further. The line was marked, the bridge was let down, Leslie marched to the bounds prescribed, returned, and embarked for Boston. Q.. When did hostilities actually commence? A. On the 19 of April, 1775, at Lexing- ton. The circumstances were as follows : — Gen. Gage, having' purposed to destroy a quantity of military stores, which had been deposited at Concord, detached Lieut. Col. Smith and Major Pitcairn with 800 grenadiers and light infantry, who, at Scuttle, V. to sink by cutting open the bottom. HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS. 105 1 1 o'clock in the evening of the 18, embarked in boats at the bottom of Boston Common, crossed Charles river, and landing at Phipps' farm in Cambridge, commenced a silent and expe- ditious march for Concord. Dr. Warren, having received no- tice of their design, sent messengers to Lexington, the day previous, who gave an alarm, which was rapidly spread by church bells, signal guns, and vollies. On the arrival of the British at Lexington, at 5 in the morning, almost 70 men, be- longing to the minute company in that town, were found on the parade, under arms. Major Pitcairn, galloping up to them, cried out, " Disperse, disperse, you rebels ; throw down your arms and disperse !" 'I'he sturdy yeomanry not instantly obeying", he advanced nearer, fired his pistol, flourished his sword, and ordered his soldiers to fire. A discharge of arms from tlie British troops with a huzza, immediately followed j several of \\ie provincials fell, and the rest dispersed. The firing continued, and the /u^i/ft&s stopped and returned the fire. Eight Americans were killed, and several wounded. Q.. Did the British troops succeed in their attempt to destroy the niihtary stores at Con- cord ? A. They did. The inhabitants drew up in order for defence, but observing the superior number of the British, retired to a little distance to wait for reinforcements. The troops then proceeded to the town, and destroyed the stores. The militia being reinforced, approcached, and were fired upon by the regulars ; a skirmish ensued, and the regulars were torced to retreat, with some loss. Q. Were they pursued as they retreated towards Boston ? A. They were. All the people in the ad- jacent country were hy this time hi arms, and attacked tlie retreating troops in every direc- tion. Volley, s. the simultaneous discharisfe of several muskets. Yeomanry, s. collective body of farmers. Provincials, s. a term applied to the American soldiers to dis- tinguish them from the British, who were called Regulars. Fugitive, s. a runaway. 106 CONVERSATIONS ON THE Some fired from behind stone walls, and other coverts, others pressed on their rear and harassed them until they reached Lexington. Here they were joined by Lord Percy, with a detachment of 900 men, and 2 pieces of cannon. Hav- ing halted as iiour or two, they recommenced their march, but the attack of the provincials was renewed at the same time, and a galling fire kept up by them. The close firing from behind stone walls by good marksmen, put the regulars in no small confusion, yet they kept up a brisk fire upon the militia and minute men. A little after sunset they reached Bunker-Hill, where, exhausted with fatigue, they re- mained during the night under the protection of a man of war, and next morning returned to Boston. Q,. What was the number of killed and wounded m this excursion ? A. Seventy-three of the regulars were kill- ed, 184 wounded, and 26 made prisoners ; total 283. Of the provincials, 50 were killed, 34 wounded, and 4 missing ; total 88. Q,. What did the provincial congress do immediately after the Lexington battle ? A. Being in session at the time, they sent an account of the battle to England, with dep- ositions to prove that the British troops were the aggressors. They also sent an address to the people of England pro- fessing their loyalty to the king, but expressing their determi- nation ''not tamely to submit to the tyranny of his evil minis- try." They also say, " Appealing to heaven for the justice of our cause, we determine to die or be free." Q,. When and where was the first provin- cial army assembled ? A. Soon after the battle of Lexington, near Boston ; consisting of 20,000 men, who form- ed an encaiiipuient from Roxbury to the river Mystic. HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS. 107 This army was increased by a large body of troops from Connecticut, under tlie command of the celebrated Col. Put- man 5 and by these joint forces, the king's troops were closely blocked up in Boston. Q,. When did the provincial congress re- nounce the authority of Gov. Gage ? A. In May ensuing Lexington fight ; and his jurisdiction from this time was confined within the hmits of Boston. Q,. What distinguished generals arrived at Boston in the same month from England ? A. Howe, Burgoyne, and Clinton, with a considerable reinforcement. a. What proclamation was issued by General Gage at that time ? A. Of pardon, in the king's name, to all persons " who shall forthwith lay down their arms," and become peaceable subjects, Samuel Adams and John Hancock excepted. Q.. When was the famous battle of Bunker-Hill.^ A. June 17, 1775. The movements of the British army having excited an ap- prehension that General Gage intended to penetrate into the country, it was recommended by the provincial congress, that measures should be taken for the defence of Dorchester neck, and to occupy Bunker-Hill. On the 16 of June, a de- tachment of 1000 American troops took possession of Breed's (since called Bunker) Hill, and laboured during the night with such diligence, that by the dawn of day they had thrown up a redoubt about 8 rods square. The British at daylight began a heavy firing from their ships, and from their fortifica- tions at Copps' Hill, and an incessant shower of shot and bombs was poured upon the American works, yet but one man Redoubt, s. a ridge or mound of earth, behind or within which soldiers are protected from musket or cnniion shot. 108 CONVERSATIONS ON THE ■was killed. About noon, 3,000 troops, the flower of ike British army, were sent to dislodge them from their post. The roofs and steeples of Boston were crowded with British troops and citizens, to witness the doubtful conflict. The American army and the country people thronged the sur- rounding hills. Charlestown was now set on tire by order of the British commander, and 400 houses, including die meeting- house with its towering steeple, were soon in a blaze. The slow approach of the British gave time for General Putnam to address his men, whom he charged to be cool, and reserve their fire, " until they could see the whites of their eyes." The order was obeyed, and on the near approach of their enemies, they began such a furious discharge of small arms, that the royal tfoops retreated \\ iih precipitation. A second time they were driven back with great confusion. They then redoubled their efibrts, and General Clinton arriving at this critical moment, united his exertions with those of the other ofticers, and they succeeded in renewing the attack. The powder of the Americans beginning to fail, they were at length compelled to abandon their post. Fifteen hundred Americans were engaged in this action, and their loss amount- ed to 145 killed and missing, and 305 wounded. The royal army lost 1054, of whom 226 were killed, including 19 offi- cers ; and 828 wounded, including 70 officers. Col. Prescott of Massachusetts commanded the Aniericans within the redoubt. Q. What distinguished officer, on the A- merican side, was among the slain ? A. The accompHshed Dr. Joseph Warren, a general in the army, who fought that day as a volunteer. A man whose memory will be endeared to his countrymen, and to the worthy in every part and age of the world, so long as virtue and valour shall be esteemexl among mankind. Q,. Who was appointed by the continental congress, commandei-in-chief of the American army ? A. George Washington, a native of Virginia, whose subsequent illustrious charac- HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS. 109 ter and services gained for liim the appellation of Father of iiis countr}^ Q. When did he arrive at Camhridge to take the command of the forces '? A. On the 2 of July, 1775, and was joy- fully received. (i. What was the state of the government in Massachusetts at this time ? A. Pursuant to the advice of the continent- al congress, the people had chosen represen- tatives, who elected a council, and the two branches proceeded to legislation. Q. How were the British and American ar- mies disposed after the arrival of Washing- ton ? A. The main body of the Britisii was entrenched on Bunker-Hill ; the other division occupied Boston Neck. The American army lay on both sides of Charles river. Its right occupied the high ground about Roxbury, whence it extended towards Dorchester, and its left was covered by Mystic river, a space of 12 miles. Winter, Prospect, Plough- ed and Cobble hills, were each occupied by the American troops. Q,. When were the first armed vessels fitted out by Massachusetts ? A. In 1775, and in the same year a law was passed to encourage a naval armament. Q,. Did the armed vessels succeed in ma- king ^ny captures ? A. They did, 10 110 CONVERSATIONS ON THE Capt. Manly of Marblehead, who was early out, took an ordnance brig, containing" a large mortar, several pieces of cannon, a large quantity of small arms and ammuniiion 5 with all kincis of tools, utensils, and machines necessary for camps and artillery J and also 3 ships laden with varioas stores for the British army. Q,. What other notable events occuned this 3' ear ? A. The departure of Gov. Gage for Eng- land, and the death of Josiah Qumcy. Mr. Quincy was an estimable man and inflexible patriot, and was etlucated at Harvard college, where he was gradua- ted in 1763. He was son of Josiah Q,uincy, merchant of Boston, who having acquired a handsome fortune, retired to the family seat at Braintree. Josiah Quincy, jr., was sent to England to promote the interests of America in 17745 but his health failed, and on his return homeward, he died on the 20 of April, 1775, within sight of that beloved country which he vras not permitted to reach. " He expired, not as afterwards did his friend and copatriot, Warren, on a field ever memora- ble and ever glorious, — but in solitude, amidst suffering, with- out associate, without witness 3 yet breathing forth a dying wish for his country, desiring to live only to perform for her a !ast and signal service." Memoirs of him have been pub- lished. Q,. What memorable observation was made, early in 1775, by Lord Chatham, in the Brit- ish parliament ? A. After having enlarged upon tlie ruinous events, which were coming upon the nation in consequence of the present dispute, and the ar- bitrary measures of the ministry, and observ- ing that his majesty would be undone, if those measures were persisted in, he said, " His majesty may indeed wear his crown, but, the American jewel out of it, it will not be worth the wearing. The veiy first drop of blood will HISTORY OP "MASSACHUSETTS. Ill make a wound, that years, perhaps ages, will not heal." CONVERSATION XIX. Declaration of Independence. — British Troops evacuate Boston. — Vote of Thanks to Gen. Washington. — National Fast. — Capture of Col. Bauni. — Capture of Col. Burgoyne. — Aid from France. — Surrender of Cornwallis. — Constitution of Massachusetts. — First Governor. — Dark Day. — Peace, — Definitive Treaty. — Character of James Otis. — Instrumental Music introduced into N. E. Churches. — Shays' Rebellion. — Mint. — Charles River Bridge. — Dispute Set- tled.— Events in '87. — Cannon. — Beacon-HHl Mon-ument. Gl. What great event began a new era in American history ? A. The declaration of Independence, by the continental congress, on the 4 of July, 1776. It was set forth in a written manifesto drawn up by Thomas Jefferson, who was at the head of the committee, which had been a[jpoinled lor that purpose.* Q. What were the concluding words of tliis important state paper ? A. " And for the support of this declara- tion, with a lum reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to Era, s. time from a particular date, or epoch. Manifesto, s. public protestation, declaration in form. * This committee consisted of Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert R. liivinjcston. 112 CONVERSATIONS ON THE each other, our hves, our fortunes, and our sa- cred honour." Q.. When and by whom were the British compelled to evacuate Boston ? A. In the spring of 1776, by the provin- cials, under the command of Gen. Washing- ton. The Americans having succeeded in diverting the attention of the British garrison, gained possession of Dorchester heights in the evening of the 4 of March, 1776, and 1200 men im- mediately commenced erecting breast-works to shield them from the enemy. The ground was extremely hard, but the night was mild, and, by labouring with great diligence, at break of day they presented lines of defence which astonished the British garrison, to whom nothing remained but to aban- don the town, or dislodge the provincials. The latter was attempted, but a tremendous storm at night hindered the exe- cution of their design, and it was agreed in a council of war next morning, to evacr.ate the town as soon as possible. The Americans proceeded in strengthening and extending their works, and on the morning of the 17 of March, it was judged by the British that delay was no longer safe, and by 10 o'clock, A. M. the king's troops, with those Americans, (then called Tories,) who were attached to the royal cause, were all under sail. General Washington then marched triumphantly into Boston, where he was received as a deliverer. He soon after fixed his head quarters at New-York, where the greater part of the troops rendezvoused. A few were left in Massachu- setts. Q.. What resolve was passed in congress on the 25 of the same month ? A. That thanks be presented to General Washington, and the officers and soldiers un- der his command, for their wise and spirited conduct in the siege and acquisition of Boston : and that a irold medal be struck in commem- Rcndezvoiis, v. to meel at a place a]i>)oiiited. HISTORY OP MASSACIIUSKTTS. 113 oration of the event, and presented to his ex- cellency. Q,. What was recommended by congress at this time l A. A national fast : " Publicly lo acknowledge the overruling- providence of God, to confess and deplore our ofTonces against him, and supplicate his interposition for averting the threatened danger, and prospering our strenuous eflbrts in the cause of freedom, "virtue, and prosperity." The 17 of May was observed accordingly. Q,. What event, in the language of Presi- dent Jefferson, was the " Ihst link in the chain of successes that issued in the surrender of Saratoga," and the capture of Burgoyne ? A. The capture of Colonel Baum, near Bennington, Vermont, on the 16 of August, 1777, by General John Stark, with 33 officers and more than 700 privates taken, besides 226 left dead on the field. Q.. When was the captnie of Burgoyne ? A. On the 17 of Octobf^-, Avhen the royal army under this general, consisting of more than 9000, surrendered themselves prisoners of war. Gl. What foreign aid did the United States receive in 1778 ? A. That of France, which formed an alli- ance with the United States, sent hither a minister pZe/?ijL'o/e/i^/ary, and received one Plenipotentiary , s. invested with full power. 10* 114 CONVERSATIONS ON THE from this country, and contributed land and naval forces for their assistance. Q.. When was the constitution of Massa- chusetts framed and adopted 7 A. In 1780. Q,. Who was the first governor under the new constitution ? A. John Hancock, the inflexible patriot who had been proscribed by the British gov- ernment. Q.. What day in the year 1780 has ever since been referred to as the Dark Day ? A. The 19 of May. The darkness commenced between the hours of 10 and 11, A. M., and continued until the middle of the next night. The wind was in the South-west, and the darkness appeared to come in with clouds in that direction. It extended from Falmouth, (Maine,) and was greatest in Essex county, Mas- sachusetts, in the lower part of New-Hampshire and in Maine. "Candles were lighted up in the houses, birds sung their even- ing songs and disappeared} the cocks crowed as at break of day, and every thing wore the appearance and the gloom of night." Q,. When did Lord Cornwallis surrender his army ? A. On the 19 of October, 1781. Q.. What was the number of prisoners sur- rendered ? A. About 7,000, including rank and file. Gi* How large was the allied army, to which that of Cornwallis surrendered ? A. It has been estimated at 16,000 men, of whom 7,000 were French, 5,500 continen- tal troops, and 3,500 militia. HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS. 115 Q,. Was the surrender of this army con- sidered as deciding the contest between Great- Britain and America ? A. It was. Though several hostile movements continued to be made by the remaining British forces for some months, yet no additional army was sent to invade the country. Q.. What was the number of troops fur- nished by Massachusetts in the revolutionary war ? A. Eighty-three thousand one hundred and eighty-two ; nearly one-third of the troops employed in the war, d. A\ hen was the joyful news of peace proclaimed in America ? A. In 1783 ; being officially annoimced to the army on the 19 of April, precisely 8 years from the day of the first effusion of blood at Lexington. Q. Wlien and wliere was the definitive treaty of jieace concluded, and b}^ whom, on the part of America, was it signed ? A. On the 3 of September, 1783, at Paris, liy John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and John Jay. Q.. What distinguished patriot died in Massachusetts this year 7 A. James Otis ; of whom President Adams remarked, that he laid the foundation of the American revolution, " with an energy, and with those masterly abilities, which no other 116 CONVERSATIONS ON THE man possessed." He was liigbly distinguish- ed for genius, eloquence, and learning. No American, perhaps, had more extensive information. Besides his legal knowledge, he was a complete master of classical literature. tie published Rudiments of Latin Pro- sody, w ith a dissertation on letters, and the power of harmo- ny in poetic and prosaic composition, 12mo., 1760; which has been considered a most clear and able treatise on the subject. Vindication of the conduct of the house of representatives, 1762 j rights of the British colonies asserted, 1764 ; consid- erations on behalf of the colonics, 1765. His powerful mind was laid in ruins in September, 1769, in consequence of wounds received in an assault from some officers belonging to the British party, with whom he had been engaged in dispute. He was finally killed at Andover, on the 25 of May 1783, by a stroke of lightning, at about the age of 60 years. Q,. When was instrumental music first in- troduced into Congregational churches in New- England ? A. In 1785, an organ being at that time set up in the First church in Boston. Q.. By what was the year 1786 rendered memorable ? A. An insurrection in Massachusetts, head- ed by Daniel Shays. Q,. What were the immediate causes of the insurgeiicyl A. Heavy taxes, necessarily imposed at the time. Q. Was it quelled without capital punish- ment ? Insnvrtctinn. J .... . . Insurgency^ 3 ^ Insurgents, s. pcisons wlio rise in u .seditious or rebellious nianner . HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS. 117 A. It was, though so great was tiie distur- bance, occasioned by the insurgents, that it was judged necessary to call out a body of 4000 troops, by whom tlie insurgents were surprised and discomfited, and lied with great precipi- tation. One liundred and fifty were made prisoners, and the princi- pal officers sought refuge in the neighbouring slates. They were finally pardoned on certain conditions. Q,. When was the second mint established in Massachusetts '? A. In 1786, for the coinage of gold, silver, and copper. Charlestown bridge was opened for passengers the same year. Ci. When was the dispute between New- York and Massachusetts respecting certain lands, brought to an amicable conclusion ? A. In 1787. Q.. What other events are worthy of notice in 1787? A. l^he publication of Adams's Defence of American Constitutions ; a fire in Boston, south part, which consumed 100 houses ; and the deatli of Thomas Gage, the last governor of Massachusetts who was appointed by the crown. Gl. To whom belonged the four first can- non used inthe revolutionary war ? A. Two of them belonged to a number of citizens in Boston, and two to the government of Massachusetts. These constituted the 118 CONVERSATIONS ON THE whole train of artillery , possessed by the colo- nies at the commencement of the war. In the year 1788, historical inscriptions were placed on them by order of cong^ress. Q. What important political event distin- guished the year 1788 in Massachusetts ? A. The adoption of the federal constitu- tion. The convention for this purpose in Massachusetts met in January, and after several weeks discussion adopted the con- stitution at the beginning- of February, on which occasion the citizens of Boston formed a numerous procession, composed of mechanics, with their respective badges, who were joined by the farmers from the neighbourhood wiih appropriate implements of husbandr3^ To add to the novelty of the scene, a small ship with mounted cannon, manned b}' seamen, was drawn by horses in the procession, and tired salutes. The dates of the most important events of the revolutionary war were soon after inscribed on a monument erected on Bea- con-Hill. This was '■' a plain column of the Doric order, rais- ed on its proper pedestal, substantially built of brick and stone." The height was about 60 feet. Upon the erection of the new State-house, the monument was taken down, and its site is now occupied by buildings and a street. The following- was the inscription on the south side : — " To commemorate that train of events which led to the American revolution, and final- ly secured liberty and independence to the United States, this column is erected by the voluntary contributions of the citizens of Boston." On the west and north sides of the column, the re- markable occurrences of the war were chronologically re- corded ; and on the east side,— " Americans, while from this eminence, scenes of luxuriant fertility, of flourishing com- merce, and the abodes of social happiness meet your view, for- get not those, who by their exertions have secured to you these blessings." Inscription, s. sometliin p written or engraved. Sitty s. local pushiun, situation. mSTOJlY OF MASSACHUSETTS. 119 BEACON-illLL MONUMENT. 120 CONVERSATIONS ON THE CONVERSATION XX. Federal Government.— First President.— Washing-ton visits New- Kngland. — Encouragement of learning. — Influenza. — Biography of P'ranklin and Bowdoin. — First American edition of the Bible. Biography of Gov. Hancock. — Fire in Boston. — National Thanks- giving.— First Methodist Church in Boston.— Events of '97— Mu- nicipal Court of Boston. — Vaccination. — Merino sheep. — Death and Character of Samuel Adams. — State Prison.— Stoughton Hall. — Great Solar Eclipse. Q. When did the Federal Government go into full operation ? A. On the 30 of April, 1789, when George Washington was biaugnrated president, and John Adams vice-president of the United States. Q,. When did President Washington visit Massachusetts .^ A. In October, same j-ear, and was receiv- ed by the people with the most unccpdvocal tokens of respect and affection. Q. What w\is particularly recommended by Governor Hancock in his message this year to the legislature ? A. The encouragement of learning, as ne- cessary to the support of a free government. Q,. What law was passed accordingly ? /naugitrnfe, v. to invest with office, or to induct into office. Uiiequivocnl, a. certain, undoubted. HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS. 421 A. A law requesting all towns with 200 families to maintain a grammar school, agree- ably to former usage. All towns with this number and upwards, were required to Employ as instructers. tliose who had been educated at some college, and were able to teach the Latin and Greek lan- guages. Q,. What disease prevailed extensively in America in 1789 ? A. The influenza. d. What distinguished men died in 1790 ? A. Benjamin Frankhn, and James Bow- doin, governor of Massachusetts. Benjamin Franklin was born in Boston, Jan. 17, 1706. His advantages for school education were few. At the age of 12 years, he was bound as an apprentice to his brother, who was a printer, and in this employment he made great proficiency. His talents were early developed, and he diligently employed his leisure hours in improving his mind by reading, thus lay- ing the foundation of his future eminence. About the year 1724, he went to Philadelphia, and from thence to London, where he resided as a journeyman printer two years ; practi- sing such economy as to save the greater part of his wages. In 1727, he was established in business as a printer and con- ductor of a newspaper in Philadelphia, and was distinguished for his efforts in the cause of literature and science, and in the promotion of the general good. After having been eminently useful in a variety of public of- fices in the service of his country, both here and in Europe, he was sent as ambassador to France in 1776, and had much influence in forming the treaty of alliance and commerce, from which such advantages were derived to America in the revolutionary struggle. He was also one of those who signed, the definitive treaty between Great-Britain and the United States, in 17H3. His distinguished attainments in science and literature, gained for him the reputation of a scholar and phi- losopher, as did the wisdom of his political conduct the fame of a great statesman, and his unwearied exertions in the cause of benevolence, the character of a philanthropist. He died ia 11 122 CONVERSATIONS ON THE Philadelphia, on the 17 of April, 1790, in the 85 year of hfs age ; and so wonderfully did he retain his menial faculties, that it was said of him near the close of life, " he was an or- nament to human nature." A collection of his works in Phi- losophy, politics, and morals, with a memoir of him, in 3 vols. 8vo., was published in London, in 1806. Governor Bowdoin was born in Boston, Aug^ust 18, 1727, and graduated at Harvard college in 1745. In '53, be was chosen representative from Boston to the general court, where he was a conspicuous member until 1756, when he was chosen into the council. Here he was eminently useful, but was neg- atived by Governor Bernard in 1769, and again elected repre- sentative. In 1775, he was president of the council, and con- tinued in that office most of the lime unlil the adoption of the Stale Constitution, of which he contributed much to the forma- tion. In 1785 he was chosen governor, and was re-elected the following year. It was during his administration, and owing principally to his energy and perseverance, that the danger- ous insurrection ot Shays was quelled. He was a learned man, a constant and generous friend of literature, was charit- able to the poor, lived a religious life, and died a peaceful and happy death, Nov. 6, 1790, in the 64 year of his age, Q. When were the first foho and the first quarto editions of the bible pubhshed in the United States ? A. In 1791, by Isaiah Thomas ; printed at his press in Worcester, Massachusetts. Q,. Who was the successor of Gov. Bow- doin. A. John Hancock, who had been the first governor under the new constitution. Q,. How long did he continue in office as Gov. Bowdoin's successor ? A. From the year 1787, when he was- elected to office, until October 8, 1793, the day of his decease, being 56 3^ears of age. He was the son of Rev. Mr. Hancock of Braintree, and was born about the year 1737. On the death of his unci© HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS. 123 Thomas Hancock, he received a ver}' considerable fortune, and became an eminiMit merchant. He \vas president of the Provincial Cong^ress in 1774 j and, in 1775, was with Samuel Adams exempted in Gov. Gag-e's proclamation of pardon, as their offences were therein declared to be " of too JIagitious a nature, to admit of any other consideration than that of con- dign punishment." He was at this time a member of the con- tinental congress, and in May, the same year, vvas chosen pre- sident of that body, in which capacity, in the year 1776, he sig'ned the declaration of independence. In consequence of ill health, he took leave of congress in 1777, and received their thanks for his attention and impartiality in discharging the du- ties of his office. On the adoption of the present constitution of Massachusetts, he was chosen the first governor, and was annually re-elected until 1785, when he resigned. His ad- ministration was very popular. Though not favoured with ex- traordinary powers of mind, nor remarkable for his personal attachment to literature and science, he was easy in his ad- dress, polished in his manners, affable and liberal, could speak with ease and propriety- on every subject, and as president of congress, he exhibited a dignity, impartiality, quickness of perception, and constant attention to business, which secured him respect. In private life he was charitable and generous, and devoted much of his large property to useful and benevo- lent purposes. The poor shared liberally in his bounty, and he was a generous benefactor of Harvard college. Gl. What remarkable event occuried in Boston in 1794 ? A. A destructive fire, wliich l)roke out near Milk-street, July 30, and consumed 7 rope- walks, and 43 dwelling-houses. Ninety-six buildings in all were consumed, and the amount of losses was estimated at nearly $200,000. Q. How was the 19 of February, 1795, observed, agreeably to a proclamation of Pres- ident Washington ? FhigitioHS, (I. wicked, alrcu-ioii^; Condi^tiy n, deserved, meritwl. 124 CONVERSATIONS ON THE A. As a day of national thanksgiving. Q,. When was tlie first Methodist cliurcb opened in Boston ? A. In 1796, by a Methodist missionary. d. What were some of the events of the year 1797 in Massachusetts ? A. The launching of the frigate Constitu- tion, a 44-gun ship, at Boston ; the alteration of the name of Castle William to Foit Inde- pendence ; the appearance of the yellow fever for the first time in Boston ; and the first oc- cupation of the new State-house. STATE HOUSE IN BOSTON. Q,. When and for what purpose was a monument erected at Lexington '! A. In 1799, by the inhabitants of Lexing- ton, under the patronage and at the expense of the legislature of Massachusetts, to the mem- HISTORY OF MA«SACHUSETTS. 125 cry of their fellow-citizens, " vv4io fell, on this field, the first victims to the sword of British tyranny and oppression." MONUMENT AT LEXINGTON. r-^ ir 126 CONVERSATIONS ON THE a. What of the year 1860 ? A. The estabhshment of the municipal court at Boston, and the introduction of vac- cination into New-England, by Dr. Benjamin Waterhouse of Cambridge. Q,. When and by whom were merino sheep first introduced into New-England ? A. In 1802, by David Humphreys, min^ ister to Spain. For this patriotic act, the Massachusetts Society for promo* ting- Agriculture presented him with a gold medal. Q.. What distinguished citizen of Massa- chusetts died in 1803 7 A. Samuel Adams, the firm and decided patriot, who was selected as an object of ven- geance by the British government. He was born in Boston, September 27, 1722, and gra- duated at Harvard college in 1740. In 177G, he was one of the delegates who signed the declaration of independence. On the adoption of the constitution of Massachusetts, he was cho- sen a member of the senate, of which he was elected president. In 1789, he was chosen lieut. governor of the state, and was continued in that office until 1794, when he was elected gover- nor as successor to John Hancock, and was annually replaced in the chair of state until 1797, when he retired from public life. Mr. Adams was a man of incorruptible integrity, of christian principles and profession, and of exemplary piety. Though his countenance was majestic, and his manners digni- fied, he was possessed of a stiavitij of temper, which conciliated the alfection of his acquaintance. He faithfully discharged the duties of social life, and died on the 2 of October, 1803, in the 82 year of his age. Q,. When was the State-prison built at Charlestown ? faccinatio7i, s. inoculation for the kine-pox. Suavity, s. sweetness. HISTORY OP MASSACHUSETTS. 127 A. Ill 1805. Stoughton Hall was also erected for Harvard university the same year j the former edifice of that name having- fallen into decay. Q. For what was the year 1806 remark- able ? A. For a solar edipse on the 16 of June, by which the sun, near mid-day, was totally obscured for several minutes. The scene was at once beautiful and sublime. " The sky Was unusually serene } not a leaf was in motion. Just before the greatest darkness, all nature seemed verging to a slate of repose. The animals hastened to their nocturnal retreats. The birds sang their evening lays." The stars were some lime visible. The return of light was instantaneous, but the full blaze of the sun was gradual. CONVERSATION XXI. Interdict. — Attack on the Chesapeake. — Embargo. — Theological Seminary at Andover. — Embargo repealed. — Catholic bishop at Bos- ton. — Reparation for the attack on the Chesapeake. — Second em- bargo. — War declared.— Gov. Strong. — First missionaries. — Peace. — North-American Review. — Boat navigation. — Seamen's meeting. — Sandwich Island missionaries. Q,. What event in 1807 induced President Jefferson to interdict the harbours and waters Nocturnal, a. nightly. Instantaneous, a. done in an instant. Interdict, v. to prohibit, to forbid. 128 CONVERSATIONS ON THfi of the United States to all armed British ves- sels, and forbid all intercourse with them ? A. An attack on the American frigate Chesapeake, by the British ship of war Leopard, in consequence of the refusal of Com- modore Barron of the Chesapeake to have his vessel searched for British deserters. A firing" was commenced by the Leopard, by which 3 were killed and 18 wounded on board the Chesapeake. The latter* being) unprepared for action, at length surrendered to the commander of the Leopard, who took possession of the Ches- apeake, mustered her crew, and, carrying" off four of tlie men, abandoned the ship, which was much injured by the attack. Q. To what was this outrage a prelude 7 A. To a series of difficulties, which finally led to open war between the two countries. On the 22 of December, ensuing this outrage, a general embargo was laid by the American government. Q.. What were the effects of this interrup- tion of commerce upon the people of Massa- chusetts ? A. Exceedingly distressing to all classes of the community, more especially in the sea- port towns. Q,. When was the Theological Seminary opened at Andover ? A. In 1808. Phebe Phillips, widow of Lieut. Gov. Samuel Phillips of Andover, and their son, John Phillips} Samuel Abbot of An- dover; Moses Brown and William Bartiett of Newburj'port J Prelude, i. something introductory. HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS. 129 and John Norris of Salem, were the principal benefactors of the institution. Q,. When was the embargo repealed 7 A. On the 1 of March, 1809. Q,. Who succeeded Thomas Jefferson as president of tlie United States ? A. James Madison, in March, 1809. Q.. Wlio was the first Roman CathoHc bish- op in Boston, and when was he consecrated 7 A. The Rev. John Cheverus, a worthy prelate, consecrated in 1810, by Archbishop Carroll. Q.. Was reparation ever made by the Brit- ish for tlie attack on the Chesapeake ? A. It was, in 1811. The men who were forcibly taken from the frig-ate were then restored. But as hostilities were evidently approaching, a force of 25,000 men was raised by the American government, and preparations for defence were made throughout the country. Q,. When was the second embargo laid by the president, and how long did it continue ? A. On the 3 of April, 1812, for 90 days. Q. Wlien was war proclaimed by Presi- dent Madison '] A. On the 18 of .Tune, 1812. Q,. What were some of the principal events during the war ? A. The surrender to the British of 2,000 men by General Hull ; the battle of Fort George ; Commodore Perry's victory on lake Emhargo, s. a prohiliition to ]mss ; a stop put to trade. Rtpe.nl, t). to revoke, to reverse. Consecrate, v. to dedicate to sacred purposes. 130 CONVERSATIONS ON THE Erie ; battle of Williamsburg in Upper Cana- da ; the burning of Newark and Buffalo ; the battle of Chippewa ; capture of the city of Washington, and the burning of tlie capitol ; capture of a British squadron on lake Cham- plain by Capt. Macdonough ; and the battle of New Orleans. Q. How was Boston defended, when threat- ened by the British ? A. By the state militia, a part of whom were stationed at the forts in Boston harbour, and a part at South Boston. Q,. Who was governor of Massachusetts during the war ? A. Caleb Strong. Q. When Avere the first missionaries or- dained under the patronage of tlie American Board of (.■otninissioners for Foreign Missions? A. In 1812, when 5 missionaries were or- dained at Salem, with a view of preaching the gospel in Asia. Q,. W^lien was the treaty of peace between England and America ratified by tlie president? A. On the 17 of February, 1815. d. How long had the war continued ? A. Two years and eight months. Gl. What periodical work was commenced at Boston in the year 1815 ? A. The North-American Review. Q,. When was boat navigation commenc- HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS. 131 ed between Boston and Concord, N. H. by way of the canals on the Merrimack ? A. In June, 1815. Q. When was the Seamen's meeting open- ed in Boston ? A. In 1818, by Rev. Dr. Jenks, on Cen- tral-wharf. Q,. What edifice was erected at Worcester, in 1819, and at whose expense ? A. A building for the library and cabinet of the American Antiquarian Society, at the expense of Isaiah Thomas, Esq. the first pres- ident of the society. Q,. What missionaries embarked from Bos- ton this year ? A. The first who were sent to the Sand- wich Islands, and also the first to Western Asia. CONVERSATION XXII. Separation of Maine from Massachusetts. — Governor. — Plymouth anniversary. — City of Boston incorporated. — First mayor. — Presi- dent Adams's donations. — John M'Lean's legacy to the Massachu- setts General Hospital.— Josiah Quincy elecled mayor.— Visit of . Lafayette.— Anniversary of Bunker-Hill battle.— Do. of Concord battle.— Gov. Brooks.- Gov. Eustis — Events in 1826. Q.. When was Maine separated from Mas- sachusetts, and formed into a distinct state ? A. In 1820 ; on which occasion a conven- 1S2 CONVERSATIONS ON THE tion met in Boston to revise the constitution of the state. d. Wlio was governor of Massachusetts at the time of the separation ? A. John Brooks, who succeeded Governor Strong in 1816, and remained in office until 1823. d. Wiiat were some of the most noticeable events during the last years of his adminis- tration ? A. The celebration of the 200 anniversa- ry of the Landing of the Fathers at Plym- outh ; the incorporation of the city of Boston ; and the donation of lands, &c. b}' President Adams, to Quincy, his native town. Q. By whom was the anniversary cele- brated ? A. By the Pilgrim Society, joined by the Massachusetts Historical, and the American Antiquarian Societies, and attended by a vast concourse of people. A " Discourse in Commemoration of the First Settlement of New-Enffland was delivered in the Old Church, by the Hon. Daniel Webster, with thrilling effect. The day, the occasion, the hallowed place, the surrounding objects, the grave-yard, every thing, conspired to give it a deep and in- aelible impression." Gt. When was the city of Boston incorpo- rated ? A. In 1822. d. Who was the first IVIayor 1 A. The Hon. John Phillips. HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS. 133 On the 1 day of May, the commencement of the municipal year, the ceremonies of inducting' the mayor and other officers were attended at Faneuil-Hall. d. What were the donations of the former President, John xYdams, to his native town ? A. Nearly 200 acres of hind, the whole proceeds of which to be apphed to rehgioiis and hterary purposes from generation to gene- ration ; also his whole library, consisting of many highly valuable books, in various lan- guages. Q,. By whom was a valuable legacy be- queathed to the Massachusetts General Hos- pital in 1823 ? A. By John M'Lean, of Boston, who at his decease left §5100,000 in aid of that emi- nently useful institution.* d. Who succeeded Mr. Phillips in the Diayoralty of Boston ? A. The Hon. Josiah Q^uincy, son of the revolutionary patriot of that name. Q.. W^hat distinguished personage visited Boston in the year 1824, the first year of Mr. Quincy's election to the office of mayor ? A. General Lafayette, the French noble- man who left his country and engaged in the cause of American freedom in 1776, and ren- Mayorally, s. the office of mayor. * A legacy of ^20,000 has this year [1830] been left to the Massachusetts General Hospital, from the estate of the late Francis Lee, of Boston j and ^1,000 by Mr. Joseph Belknap. 12 134 CONVERSATIONS ON THE dered many important services to the young nation in its struggle for independence, at a time when such services were peculiarly valu- able. The manner of his reception by the same nation, after the lapse of nearly half a century, when it had become free and happy in its institutions, great in power, resources, and num- bers, and extensive in territory, is a sufficient proof that at least one republic has not been ungrateful. Q. How was he received in Boston ? A. As in every other place which he visit- ed in America, with the livehest demonstra- tions of joy, respect, and affection. He was welcomed at the town line, by the city magistrates, and a procession was formed which moved through several streets and entered the common at the south end of the mall, and there it passed between two lines formed by the children of both sexes belonging to the public schools, and proceeded to the State House, where the General was welcomed in the name of the State, by Gov. Eustis. " The appearance of the entire of this truly grand procession, was august and im- posing. As it passed, Lafayette .' Lafayette! sprang from the voice of multitudes that rolled on and on, like wave after wave of the ocean. Lafayette beat in every heart, glowed on every cheek, glistened in every swimming e3'e ; every tongue vibrated Lafayette. The whole city and country appeared to have arrayed themselves in all their glory, beauty, and strength, at once to witness and adorn the majesty of the spectacle." d. Who was elected president of the Uni- ted States in 1825 ? A. John Quincy Adams, son of John Ad- ams, who succeeded President Washington in 1797. Q. What anniversaries were celebrated this year in Massachusetts ? HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS. 135 A. The fiftielli anniversary of the hattles of Concord and Bunker-Hill ; the former on the IV) of April, and the latter on the 17 of June, Q,. Where was the anniversary of the Con- cord battle celebrated ? A. On the spot where the battle was fought. Nearly 60 of those who bore arms ihat day were present. The corner slone of a monument was laid, prayers were offer- ed in the church, and an eloquent and intercsling oration was pronounced by professor Everett. d. Was the anniversary of tlie battle of Bunker-Hill also celebrated on the battle- ground ? A. It was, and the venerable Lafayette, being present on the occasion, assisted in lay- ing the corner-stone of the Monument, about to be erected on the spot. After which ceremony, the assembled multitude, amonff whom were many of the veterans of the revolution, who had come on this interesting occasion to revive their remembran- ces of that trying period, and to take a last look of the es- teemed Lafayette, having- occupied seats erected on the Norih-easlern side of the hill in the form of an amphithea' ire, listened to an address delivered by the Hon. Daniel Webster. The enthusiasm excited by the intrinsic character of the oration was heightened by the presejice of the " nation's guest" and the nation's benefactor, and the hoary-headed veterans who shared with him the dangers and the glories of the revolutionary contest. At the close of the exercises, in- vited guests, and others to the number of between 4 and 5,000 persons, dined under an awning- at tables set on the summit of Bunker Hill. The address by Mr. Webster, " already bears an established character in the classical literature of our country." Amphitheatre, s. a building having rows of seats one above another. 136 CONVERSATIONS ON THE BUNKER-HILL OB£LISK. The obelisk, according to the plan of a building committee of the Bunker-Hill Monument Association, is to have a base of 30 feet diameter, and 10 at the top, with a height of 220 feet. A hollow cone will rise from the centre, around which, a flight of winding stairs is to ascend to the very summit. The walls are to be constructed of 77 courses of stone, of 2 feel 8 inches in thickness, and each block weighing probably from 3 to 5 tons. Seven feet will be the diameter of the base of the cone, and 4 at its apex. Several courses of stone are laid. HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS. 137 a. What distinguished men died in Mas^ sachusetts in the year 1825 J A. Governor John Brooks, aged 72 ; and his successor in office, Governor WilUam Eustis. also aged 72. John Brooks, M.D. LL. D., was born at Medford, in 1752. Af- ter finishing a course of medical studies, he commenced practice in the town of Reading-, and was chosen commander of the company of minute men raised in that town, at the approach of the revolution. On the news of the expedition of the British to Concord and Lexington, he instantly marched his company to Concord, and contributed much to {he panic with which the troops retreated to their quarters in Boston. He now devoted himself to the cause of his country and the pro- fession of arms, and was distinguished during the war of the 1-evolution for his courage and discipline, especially at the cap- ture of Burgoyne, when he was colonel, and at the battle of Monmouth, when he was acting adjutant-general. He uni- formly had the confidence of general VV^ashington. At the close of the war, he resumed his profession, and sustained the character of " the conscientious, the skilful, and the benevo- lent physician ;" a character far more desirable than that of the highest proficient in military science. He was a delegate in the State Convention for the adoption of the Federal Con- stitution, and was one of its most zealous advocates. He was successively elected to the senate and executive council of the state ; and on the retirement of Governor Strong from office in 1816, was elected his successor. After having been con- tinued in this office for seven successive years, he retired to private life, followed by the love and blessings of a grateful people. He died at his residence in Medford. William Eustis, 31. D. M. M. S. S. and LL. D., Was born at Boston, in 1753, and graduated at Harvard college in 1772. At the commencement of the revolution, he was a student in medicine with Dr. Joseph Warren, on whose recommendation he was early appointed surgeon of the regiment of artillery then at Cambritlge. " In all the duties pertaining to his office. Dr. Eustis was faithful, humane, and indefatigable." At the termination of the war, he began his professional practice at Boston. He was two years a member of Gov, Panic, s. sudden and violent fear. 138 CONVERSATIONS ON THE Sullivan's council, and in 1800 was elected member of con- gress. In 1809, he was appointed Secretary of War, but soon retired from that department. In 1815, he was appointed ambassador to Holland; and in 1821, was chosen member of cong'ress. He succeeded Gov. Brooks in the chair of state, under circumstances peculiarly auspicious to a happy adminis- tration, and died in February, 1825, while in attendance at the General Court. Q, What were some of the occurrences and public improvements in Massachusetts in the year 1826 ? A. The estabhshment of the boundary line between Connecticut and Massacliusetts, east of Connecticut river ; the opening of the Quincy rail-road ; and the completion of the New Faneuil-hall Market. " This building is 536i feet in length, about 50 feet wide, and two stories high 5 and is probably " one of the boldest, most useful, and most splendid public improvements that have recently taken place in the Eastern States." Divinity Hall for the Theological School at Cambridge, was this year fin- ished and dedicated. The Quincy rail-road was constructed for the transpei-ta- tion of heavy granite stone for building purposes, more espe- cially for the erection of the Bunker-Hill monument. This rail-road is said to have been the first experiment of the kind in America, and is in length about 3 miles from the most dis- tant of the two quarries to the navigable waters of Neponset river, which empties into Boston bay about 8 miles south- easterly of the city. One horse on the railway draws a weight which on ordinary public roads requires 4 or 6 horses, and,the ground having a gradual descent most part of the way, im- mense blocks of beautiful Quincy granite are by means of this improvement conveyed to the landing-place, whence they are taken by water to Boston and other places. Transportation, s. removal, conveyance, carriage. Qua/ri/, i. a stone mine, a place where labourers dig, blast, or »plit the granite or other kind of stone ISTORY OP MASSACHUSETTS. 139 QUINCY RAILWAY. Q,. What remarkable occurrence took place on the 4 of July, 1826 I A. The decease of the venerable John Adams, at his seat in Q^uincy, in the 91 year of his age ; and of Thomas Jefferson, at Mon- ticello in Virginia, in his 83 year. Both were in the foremost rank of statesmen and patriots who vindicated the rights of their country, and having lived to receive the gratulations of the 50 anniversary of iier inde- pendence, both expired. Without the aid of pajiegyric, of painting and of sculpture, their names will be preserved in the Declaration of Independence, and interwoven with the national history; their actions will present their truest portraits to posterity, and the respect of the republic to their memory will be their noblest monument. Q,. Who was the successor of Governor Eustis ? A. Levi Lincoln, who has been annually 140 CONVERSATIONS ON THE elected to the office of governor from the year 1825. He was lieut* governor during the administration of Gov- ernor Sullivan, in 1807, and the last year of Governor Brooks, in 1823. Q.. What has been the state of agriculture, commerce, and manufactures m Massachusetts during the five 3^ears of Governor Lincoln's administration ? A. Prosperous and flourishing. Gt. What national edifice for benevolent purposes was erected in Massachusetts in the year 1827 ? A. The United States' Marine Hospital, or asylum for sick and disabled seamen ; an elegant stone building, in the town of Chel- sea, about 3 miles from Boston. MARINE HOSPITAL AT CHELSEA. HISTORY OP MAS8ACHDSETTS. 141 Q,. What improvements have been made in education dining the last five years ? A. Very considerable improvements ; a- mong which are the establishment of infant schools ; the adoption of new methods and systems of histruction ; and the introduction of additional apparatus into the primary school:^. Great improvements have been made in agriculture, by means of associations for the purpose, which have been formed in nearly every county in the state ; commerce, especially the coasting' trade, has been very much increased ; and manufac- tures of almost every kind, have rapidly advanced towards perfection, and many of them are conducted on an extensive scale, particularly the manufacture of cottons at the thriving village of Lowell. The institution of Sabbath Schools during the last ten years, may also be reckoned as an importeuU auxiliary to the interest of education. Q,. What event may be regarded as a presage of good to the moral interests of the community ? A. The formation of Temperance Socie- ties ; Which, since the year 1826, have multiplied and extended not only in the stale of Massachusetts, but throughout all New-England, and in many other parts of the Union.* Q,. What remarkable events have occur- red in Massachusetts since the commencement of the year 1830 ? Auxiliary^ a. helping, assisting'. * The Massachusetts Temperance Society was formed in 1815. 142 CONVERSATIONS, &C. A. A very great tide at Boston in the month of March, and the celebiation of the second centennial anniversaries of the settle- ment of Boston, and several of the adjacent towns. This tide was higher than anj which had been known since the year 1724, and occasioned much loss, damage and incon- venience to the inhabitants of the less elevated parts of the city. The celebration of the centennial anniversary at Boston, was attended with many circumstances of interesting display. Q,. Into how many counties is Massachu- setts divided ? A. Fourteen : viz. Suffolk, Essex, Mid- dlesex, Hampshire, Plymouth, Bristol, Barn- stable, Duke's County, Nantucket, Worcester, Berkshire, Norfolk, Franklin, and. Hampden. The 3 first were incorporated in 1643, and the last named in 1812. APPENDIX. I APPENDIX. ABSTRACT OF THE CONSTITUTION OF MASSACHUSETTS. The legislature of Massachusetts, called the General Court, consists of a Senate and a House of Representatives, which (together with the Governor and Lieutenant-Governor) are elected annually by the people. The Senators are chosen on the first Monday in April, and the Representatives in May, at least ten days pre- vious to the last Wednesday in the month ; that being the day of the assembling of the legislature, or the General Election. The votes for Governor and Lieutenant-Governor are given on the first Monday in April. To be eligible to the office of Governor or Lieuten- 13 146 ABSTRACT OF THE ant-Govemor, the candidate must have resided in the state seven years, and during that time have been seized, in his own right of a free- hold of the value of £1000, ($3333,33,) and profess the Christian religion. To that of Senator, he must have resided in the state five years ; be, at his election, an inhabitant of the district for which he is to be elected, and seized of a freehold estate to the value of £300 ($1000), or possessed of personal estate to the value of £600 ($2000) ; to that of Rep- resentative, he must have resided one year in the town which he is chosen to represent, and seized therein of a freehold estate to the value of £100 (§333,33), or possessed of personal estate to the value of £200 ($666,66). Every male citizen of 21 years (except paupers and persons under guardianship) who have resided within the commonwealth one year, and with- in any town or district six months, and shall have paid any state or county tax, which shall kave been assessed upon him within two years CONSTITUTION OF MASSACHUSETTS. 147 next preceding an election of the above offi- cers, is qualified to vote. Every corporate town, containing 150 rate- able polls, may elect one representative ; con- taining 375, two ; containing 600, three ; and so on, electing one for every 225 rateable polls as the towns increase. From the persons, returned as senators and counsellors, being 40 in the whole, nine are annually elected by joint ballot of both houses, to constitute a council for advising the Gover- nor in the execution of his office. The Gov- ernor is ex officio president, and the Lieut. Governor is a member of the council. All Judicial officers, the Attorney General, Solicitor General, Sheriffs, Coroners and Re- gisters of Probate, are nominated, and with the advice and consent of the council, appointed by the Governor. The Secretary, Treasurer and Receiver General, are annually elected by Ex officio, Lat. By virtue of one's office. 148 ABSTRACT OF THE joint ballot of both houses ; but the Treasurer and Receiver General cannot be elected for more than five years successively. Major- Generals are also elected by both houses, but not annually ; Brigadier Generals are elected by the field officers of their Brigades ; Colonels and Majors by their Captains and Subal- terns ; and Captains and Subalterns by their companies respectively. The Governor ap- points the Adjutant General ; Major Generals their Aids ; and Brigade Generals their Brigade Majors ; and the commanding officers of Regi- ments their Adjutants and Gluarter-Masters. The Justices, (except Justices of the Peace, and Notaries Public whose commissions ex- pire once in 7 years, but may be renewed,) hold their offices during good behaviour ; and Judges of the Supreme Court, are, ex officio, justices of the peace through the State. The General Court have power to constitute Svhaltern, n. an inferior officer, acting under the immediate direction of anotlier, as lieutenants, cornets, ensigns, &c. CONSTITUTION OP MASSACHUSETTS. 149 a City Government in any town which contains 12,000 inhabitants, if a majority of its inhab- itants vote therefor, at any legal meeting holden for that purpose. Amendments may be made to the Consti- tution, if agreed to by a majority of the Sena- tors and two thirds of the House of Represen- tatives voting thereon, of two successive General Courts, and approved and ratified by a majority of the qualified voters, voting there- on in meetings legally holden for that purpose, in the several towns in the Commonwealth. The Constitution was formed in 1780, and amended in 1821. 150 APPENDIX. SALARIES OF OFFICERS IN MASSACHU- SETTS GOVERNMENT. Governor, $3666,67 Lieut. Governor, 533,33 Chief Justice of the S.J. Court, . . . 3500,00 Threeother Justices of the S.J. Court, each, . 3000,00 Attorney-General, 2000,00 Solicitor-General, 2000,00 Secretary, 2000,00 Treasurer, 2000,00 Adjutant-General, 1500,00 Reporter of Decisions in S. J. Court, . . 1000,00 Counsellors, Senators, and Representatives, $2,00 each for each day's attendance, and $2,00 for every ten miles travel. — President of the Senate and Speaker of the House, $4,00 per day, for each day's attendance. GOVERNORS. GOVERNORS OF THE COLONIES OF PLYMOUTH AND MASSACHUSETTS. Tear. Kings of En- Governors of Governors of Mas- gland. PlTftnouth. sachusetts. 1620. James I. John Carver. 1621. „ William Bradford. 1625. Charles L 55 1630. „ 55 John Winthrop. 1633. » Edward Winslow. 55 1634. j» Thomas Prince. Thomas Dudley* 1635. » William Bradford. John Haynes. 1636. » Edward Winslow. Henry Vane. 1637. ■>■) William Bradford. John Winthrop. 1638. » Thomas Prince. 5) 1639. » William Bradford. 55 1640. „ » Thomas Dudley. 1641. „ » Richard Bellingham 1642. „ 55 John Winthrop. 1644. >i Edward Winslow. John Endicott. 1645. „ William Bradford. Thomas Dudley. 1646. „ 5» John Winthrop. 1649. The Commonwealth. „ John Endicott. 1650. » 5> Thomas Dudley. 1651. j> M John Endicott. 1654. 5> 55 Richard Bellingham 1655. „ „ John Endicott. 1657. „ Thomas Prince, 55 1660. Charles IL „ 5» 1665. » 5» Richard Bellingham 15)i APPENDIX. Year. Kings of En- Governors of Governors of Massa- gland. Plymouth. ckxisetts. 1673. Charles II. Josiah Winslow. John Leverett. 1679. „ n Simon Bradstreet. 1630. „ Thomas Hinckley. „ 1685. James II. » 51 1686. « 51 Joseph Dudley. 1687. » Edmund Andros. Edmund Andros. 1689. William III. Thomas Hinckley. Simon Bradstreet. 1692. « The Colonies of Plymouth and Massachusetts united. GOVERNORS OF THE PROVINCE OF MASSA- CHUSETTS. 1692. William III. William Phips. 1699. Richard, Ea rl of Bellomont. 1702. Anne, Joseph Dudley. 1714. George I. . . . « 1716. „ ... Samuel Sbute. 1728. George II. William Burnet. 1730. „ ... Jonathan Belcher. 1740. » • ' William Shirley. 1757. n ... Thomas Pownal. 1760. George III. Francis Bernard. ■ 1770. » ... Thomas Hutchinson. 1774. n Thomas Gage. 1775. The British Government terminated, and was succeeded by a Provincial Congress, which, with the Council, governed during the Revolution. 4 APPENDIX. 153 GOVERNORS OF THE STATE OF MASSA- CHUSETTS. Year. Presidents of the United States. Governors, 1780. John Hancock. 1785. James Bowdoin. 1787. John Hancock. 1789. George Washington, . » 1794. jj Samuel Adams. 1797. John Adams, Increase Sumner. 1800. „ ... Caleb Strong. 1801. Thomas Jefferson, „ 1807. „ James Sullivan. 1809. James Madison, Christopher Gore* 1810. „ Elbridge Gerry. 1812. >5 Caleb Strong. 1816. « John Brooks. 1817. James Munroe, „ 1823. „ William Eustis. 1825. John Q. Adams, Levi Lincoln. 1829. Andrew Jaciison, . i> 164 APPENDIX. COUNTIES. Coonties. IncorpM. Cip. Towia. Suffolk May 10, 1643. Boston, Essex " 1643. Salem. Middlesex .... " 1643. Cambridge. Hampshire .... May 1, 1662. Northampton. Plymooth 1685. Plymouth. Bristol 1685. Taunton. Barnstable 1685. Barnstable. Duke's 1695. Edgartown. Nantucket 1695. Nantucket. Worcester 1732. Worcester. Berkshire 1761. Lenox. Norfolk 1793. Dedham. Franklin 1811. Deerfield. HiMPDEN 1812. Springfield. APPENDIX. 155 ANCIENT TOWNS. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF TOWNS, SETTLED BEFORE 1692, IN THE COLONIES OF PLYMOUTH AND MASSACHUSETTS. Amesbury. Andover. Auleboro',(p.) Barnstable, (p.) Beverly. Billerica. Boston. Boxford. Bradford. Bra in tree. Bridufewater,(p.) Brooktield. Cambridge. Charlestown. Chelmsford. Concord. Dartmouth, (p.) Dedham. Deerfield. Dorchester. Dunstable.* Duxbury, (p.) Easlham, (p.) Falmouth, (p.) Gloucester. Groton. Hadley. Cochituit, Chequocket, Coatuit, Shawsheen, Shawmut, Saughtuckquett, Squebaog, . Mishawum, Musketaquid, Coxit, Coquit, , Pocomluck, Maiapan, Mattakuset, . Nauset, . Succonuset, P. 1643. IDOO. 1646. 1694. 1639. 1639. 1626. 1668. 1653. 1655. al626. 1630. 1685. al643. 1675. 1330. 1640. 1651. 1656 1660. 1673 1630. 1630 1628. 1629 1653. 1655 1635. 1635 1664 1635. 1636 «1668. 1682 1630. 1630 1673 1637. 1637 1644. 1646 1686. 1686 1639. 1639 al655. 1655 1647. 1661 * The greater portion, and principal settlement now New- Hampsbire. 156 APPENDIX. Harwich, (p.) Hatfield. Haverhill. Hingham. Hull. Ipswich. Lancaster. Lynn. Maiden. Manchester. Marblehead. Marlborough. Martha'sVinevard Marshfield, (p.) Medfield. Medford. Mendon. Middleboro',(p.) Milton. Monamoy, (p.) Nantucket. Newbury. Newton. Northampton. Norlhfield. Plymouth, (p.) Reading. Rehoboth, (p.) Rochester, (p.) Rowley. Roxbury. Salem. Salisbury. Sandwich, (p.) Scituate. (p.) Sherburne. Springfield. Stowe. Sudbury. Swanzey, (p.) Taunton, (p.) Topsfield. Indian Name. Satuket, Penlucket, Nantasket, Agawam, Weshakim, Saugus, . Okonunakamesit, t Capewak. Namasseket, T Unquety. Coatuc, «Scc. Quascacunquen Nonantum, Nonotuck, Squakeag, Patuxet, Seakunk, Scipican, &c Naumkeag, Monamet, Satuit, Agawam, Shabbakin, &c Cohannet, 1641. 1633. 1641. 1633. 1643. 1629. 1148. 1640. 1631. al640. 1640. 1630. 1667. 1659. 1635. 1654 1673. 1620. 1640. 1644. 1639. 1630. 1626. ,1639. 1633. 1635. 1638. 1642. Inc'd. 1694. 1670. 1645. 1635. 1644. 1634. 1653. 1630. 1649. 1645. 1649. 1660. 1640. 1651. 1630. 1667. 1660. 1662. 1686. 1659. 1635. 1691. 1654. 1713. 1620. 1644. 1645. 1686. 1639. 1639. 1628. 1640. 1639- 1636. 1674. 1645. 1683. 1639. 1667. 1639. 1650. t Comprising Edgartown and Tisburjr, both incorporated in 1671. APPENDIX. 157 Iiidiau Nome. SetUed Watertown. ... 1630. 1630. Wenham. . . . 1639. 1643. Westfield. Waranoke, . . . 1659. 1669. Weymouth. Wessagusset, . , 1624. 1636. Woburn. . . . 1640. 1642. Worcester. Packachoog^orQuonsigomog, '83. 1684. Wrentham. WoUomonuppoag, . . 1673. Yarmouth, (p.) Nobscusset, " . . 1639. 1639. POPULATION OF MASSACHUSETTS AT DIF- FERENT PERIODS. 1701 70,000. 1749 220,000. 1755 234,000. *^65 -48,000.^ were 20,000. 1790 378,000. not including Maine 1800 422,000. 1810 472,000. „ 1820 523,287. 1830 610,000. „ 14 158 APPENDIX^ EMINENT MEN. A LIST OF EMESENT MEN. BELONGING TO MAS- SACHUSETTS, WHO HATE DECEASED. Abiel Abbot, D. D.. of Beverly} died at New York, on his return from Cuba. 7 June, 1&28, aged 58. Samuel Adams. Governor of Massachusetts, and patriot of the revolution ; died October 2. 1303, aged 81. John Adams, patriot of the revolution, and President of the United States} died July 4, 1S:!6, aged 90. John Alden. magistrate of Plymouth colony, one of the first settlers} died September 12, looT.aged 89. John AUin, minister of Deuham ; died Aug^ust 26, 1671. a^d 75. Jajnes Allen, minister of the first church in Boston ; died September -2, 1710. aged 78. Fisher Ames, statesman and orator, president elect of Har- vard college } died July 4. 1R08. aged 51. Nathaniel Appleton. D. D., a learned theolo^an, minister of Cambridge; died February 9, 1784. aged 93. Isaac Backus, D.D.. pastor of a Baptist church in Middle- borough } died November 20, 1 806. aged 82. William Balch, minister of Bradford } died in 1792,agedS8. John Barnard, minister of Marblehead} died January 24, 1770, aged 88. ' _ Thomas Barnard, minister of Salem } died in 1 i i6, aged 62, Edward Bass. D. D. bishop of Massachusetts, died Septem- ber 10, 1803. aged 77. Jeremy Belknap. D. D . ordained at Dover, N. H. Februa- ry 18. 17*67, installed at Boston, April 4. 1787 } died June 20, 1798. aged 54. Author of the History of New-Hamp- shire, and American Biography. Richard Bellingham, Governor of Massachusetts} died December 7, 1672, aged 80. James Bowdoin. Governor of Massachusetts, an eminent scholar and philosopher} died November 6. 1790, aged 63. Zabdiel Boylsioii. physician} died March 1. 1766. aged 86, Introduced innoculatiou lor small pox, into America. Willicun Brewster, one of the first settlers of Plynwulb, APPENDIX. 159 Tlieophilus Bradbury, judge of Ihc Superior Court j died September G. 1803, ;tged G3. William Bradford, .second Governor of Plymouth colony; died May 9. 1657. a?ed 68. Simon Bradstrcct, Governor of Massachusetts; died at Salem, March tl, 1697, affed 94. Simon Bradslreet, minister of Charleslown, an eminent Greek scholar; died December 31, 1741, aged 72. William Brattle, minister of Cambridge; died February 15, 1717, aged .56. Eleazer Brooks, Brig. General in the revolution ; died November 9, 1806, aged 80. Peter Bulkley, first minister of Concord; died March 9, 1659, aged 76. Jonathan Biut, minister of Dorchester; died August 9, 1641, aged 37. Nathaniel Byfield, judge of the Vice- Admiralty, and mem- ber of tht» council, and an eminent merchant; died at Boston, June 6, 1733. Mather Byles, minister of Hollis Street Church, Boston; distinguished for learning : died July 5, 1788, aged 82. John Brooks, Governor of Massachusetts, an eminent phy- sician ; died March 1. 1825, aged 73. Robert Calef, merchant of Boston, author of a book against the opinions of Cotton Mather, concerning Witchcraft; died April 13. 1719. John Car\ er, first Governor of Plymouth colony ; died at Plymouth in 1621. Charles Cliauncy, second President of Harvard College, an eminent scholar; died Feb. 19, 1672, aged 81. Charles Chauncy, D. D. minister of Boston ; died February 10, 1787, aged 82. Ezekiel Cheever, schoolmaster of Boston; died August 21, 1708, aged 93. Benjamin Church, of Duxbury, an officer in the Indian wars; died January 17, 1718. aged 79. Peter Clark, minister of Danvers ; died June 10, 1768, aged 72. Benjamin Colman, first minister of Brattle-Street Church, Boston ; died August 29, 1747, aged 72. Elisha Cooke, physician of Boston, member of the council of Massachusetts; died October 31, 1715, aged 78. Elisha Cooke, son of the preceding, member of council, and agent for the colony, in England; died August 1737, aged 59. William Cooper, minister of Boston, died December 29, 1743, aged 50. 160 APPENDIX. Samuel Cooper, D. D. son of the foreg^oing, minister of Boston, first Vice President of ilie A. A. S.j died December 29, 1783, aged 58. John Collon. minister of Boston, an eminent scholar j died December, 1652, aged 67. Thomas Gushing, LL. D., Lieut Governor of Massachu- setts j died Fehruary 28, 1788, aged 63. Robert Cushman, one of the first settlers of Plymouth j died in 1625. Tristram Dalton, one of the first senators of Massachusetts in Congress 5 died June 1817, aged 79. Samuel Danforth, minister of lioxburv 3 died November 19, 1674, aged 48. William Douglass, phvsician of Boston, and historian} died October 21, 1752. Thomas Dudley, Governor of Massachusetts; died July 31, 1653, aged 77. Paul Dudley, grandson of the preceding. Chief Justice of Massachusetts, and a benefactor of Harvard College; died January 21, 1751, aged 75. Jeremiah Dummer, agent for the Massachusetts colony, in England; died March 19, 1739. William Dummer, Lieut. Governor, and Governor pro tem. of Massachusetts; died October 10, 1761, aged 82. Founded Dummer Academy at Newbury. Henry Dunster, President of Harvard College ; died Feb- ruary 27, 1659. Jonathan Edwards, President of Union College ; died August 1, 1801, aged 56. John Eliot, minister of Roxbury, styled " the Apostle of the Indians ;" died May 20, 1690, aged 86. Andrew Eliot. D. D., minister of Boston ; died September 13, 1778, aged 58. John Endicott, Governor of Massachusetts ; died March 15, 1665, aged 26. William Eustis, Governor of Massachusetts; died February 6, 1825, aged 72. Peter Faneuil, founder of Faneuil Hall in Boston ; died March 3, 1743. Nathan Fiske, D. D., minister of Brookfield; died Novem- ber 24. 1799. aged 66. Jedidiah Foster, Justice of the Superior Court ; died Octo- ber 17, 1769, aged 59. Thomas Foxcrofl, minister of Boston, ordained November 2.0, 1717 ; died June 18, 1769, aged 72. Benjamin Franklin, born in Boston, January 17,^1706, and APPENDIX. 161 died at Philadelphia April 17, 1790, aged 84. " A Philoso- pher and Statesman." Daniel Gookin, author of Historical Collectionsof the Indi- ans, and IVlajor General of Massachusetts} died March 19, 1687, aged 73. William Gordon, D. D., minister of Roxbnry, and Histori- an of the American Warj died at Ipswich, Eng. October 19, 1807, aged 77. Samuel Green, one of the earliest printers in America, — Cambridge; died Januar)- 1, 1702, aged 87. Jeremy Gridley, editor of the Rehearsal, and King's Attor- ney General; died September 10, 1767. Elbridge Gerry, minister to France, Gov. of Massachu- setts, and Vice President of the United States; died at Wash- ington, November 28, 1814, Christopher Gore, Governor of Massachusetts, an eminent lawyer; died March 1, 1827, aged G9. John Hancock, Governor of Massachusetts, and President of the Continental Congress ; died October 8, 1793, aged 56. Jasou Haven, minister of Dedham; died May 17, 1803, aged 70. Francis Higginson, first minister of Salem j died in August, 1630, aged 42. John Higginson, son of the preceding; died December 9, 1708, aged 92. Leonard Hoar, M. D., President of Harvard College j died November 28, 1G75. Thomas Hollis, founder of the Professorship of Divinity and Mathematics in Harvard College ; died in February 1731, aged 72. Edward Holyoke, President of Harvard College ; died June 1, 1769, aged 80. Edward Holyoke, M.D. LL. D., son of the preceding; died March 31, 1829, aged 100. Thomas Hooker, minister of Cambridge, afterwards of Hartford, Conn., and one of the most eminent divines of New- England ; died July 7, 1647, aged 61. Samuel Hopkins, a distinguished theologian j died Decem- ber 20, 1803, aged 82. William Hubbard, Historian of Massachusetts, and of the Indian Wars ; died September 14, 1704, aged 83. Thomas Hutchinson, Chief Justice, and Governor of Massa- chusetts, and Historian; died in England in June, 1780, aged 69. 14* 162 APPENDIX. Rufus King, Representative in Congress, &c. j died April 29, 1827, aged 72. Henry Knox, Major General in the U. S. Army, and Sec- retary of War-, died in Maine, October 25, 1806. John Leverett, agent for the colony in England, and Gover- nor of Massachusetts', died March 16, 1678. John Leverett, President of Harvard College j died May 3, 1724. John Lowell, Judge of the U. S. Circuit Court j died at Roxbury, May 6, 1802, aged 68. John Lathrop, born in Boston, January 1772, educated as a lawyer. A poet of some note. John Mason, one of the first settlers of Dorchester, and author of a History of the Pequot War, aged 72. Richard blather, minister of Dorchester } died April 22, 1669, aged 78. Samuel Mather, son of the preceding, graduated at Har- vard College, and settled in the ministry in England} died October 29, 1671, aged 45. Increase Mather, D. D., brother of Samuel, President of Harvard College : died August 23, 1723, aged 84. Cotton Mather, D. D., son of Increase, minister of Boston, a man of vast learning j died February 13, 1728, aged 65. Thomas Mayhew, Governor of Martha's Vineyard j died in 1681, aged 90. Thomas Mayhew, son of the former, and minister of Mar- tha's Vineyard; lost at sea in 1657. John Mayhew, son of the preceding, minister of the Vine- yard ; died February 3, 1689, aged 37. Experience Mayhew, son of the preceding, held the same office ; died November, 29, 1758, aged 85. Jonathan Mayhew, D.D., minister of Boston, son of the pre- ceding ; died July 9, 1766, aged 46. George R. Miuot, Historian of Massachusetts, and Judge of Probate, Suffolk County; died January 2, 1802, aged 44. Zephaniah Swift Moore, first President of Amherst College 5 died June, 1825. Nathaniel Morton, secretary of Plymouth colon}', and au- thor of the New-England Memorial ; died 1685, aged 73. Jedidiah Morse, minister of Charlestown, Historian and Geographer; died at New-Haven, June 1826, aged 65. John Norris, merchant of Salem, one of the founders of the Theological Institution at Andover, member of the Senate of Massachusetts ; died December 22, 1308, aged 57. John Norton, minister of Boston, an eminent scholar and divine; died April 5, 1663, aged 57. APPENDIX. 163 James Norton, minister of Newbury, eminently skilled la the Greek language ; died October 22, 1656, aged 48. Nicholas Noyes, minister of Salem, a learned and useful man } died December 13. 1717, aged 70. Urian Oakes, President of Harvard College, a great Latin scholar ; died July 25, 1681, aged 50. Andrew Oliver, Lieut. Governor of Massachusetts 5 died March 2, 1774, aged 68. Peter Oliver, brother to the former. Judge of the Superior Court; died in England, October, 1791, aged 79. James Otis, statesman and patriot of the revolution j died by lightning, May 23, 1783, aged 58. Samuel Parker, D. D., several years an instrucler in New- bury, succeeded Bishop Bass, as Bisliop of the Episcopal Churches of Massachusetts; died December 6, 1804. Thomas Parker, first minister of Newburvj died April 1677, aged 82. Isaac Parker, Chief Justice of Massachusetts, President of the Convention of 1820 ; died July 25, 1830, aged 63. Jonathan Parsons, minister of Newburyport, a distinguished scholar; died July 19, 1776. Robert Treat Paine, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence; died May 12, 1814 aged 83. Robert Treat Paine, son of the preceding, a scholar and poet ; died November 13, 181 1 , aged 38. Elijah Parish, minister of Byfield ; died October 15, 1825, aged 63. Moses Parsons, minister of Byfield; died December 14, 1783. Theophiius Parsons, son of Moses, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court ; died May 1813, aged 60. Thomas Pemberton, merchant of Boston, member of the Massachusetts Historical Society, author of Massachusetts Chronology, &c. ; died July 3, 1807, aged 79. Hugh Peters, minister of Salem, sent to England as agent for the colony in 1641, and executed there for treason, Octo- ber 16, 1660. Samuel Phillips, Lieut. Governor of Massachusetts, and held several other offices ; died February 10, 1802, aged 30. William Phipps, knighted by king James II., and Governor of Massachusetts ; died February 18, 1695, aged 44. Timothy Pickerina", a statesman and political character; died January 29, 1829, aged 83. Thomas Pownal, Governor of Massachusetts, a friend to American liberty died in England, February 25, 1805. 164 APPENDIX. Thomas Prince, Goveruor of Plymouth colony ; died March 29, 1673, affefi72. Thomas Prince, minister of the Old South, Boston ; died October 22, 1758, as^ed 71. Israel Putnam, Major General in the U. S. Army, celebra* led for his adventure with a wolf in a cave; died at Brook- lyn, Conn. , May 29, 1790. aged 72. Josiah QuiiKy, an able lawyer and politician, and patriot of the revolution ; died at sea, April 24, 1775, aged 31. Ezekiel Rogers, first minister and leader of the settlement at Rowley; died January 30, 1661. aged 71. John Rogers, President of Harvard College ; died July 2, 1662, aged 53. Sir Richard Saltonstall, one of the promoters of the settle- ment of Massachusetts; died in England, in 1668. Richard Saltonstall, son of the preceding, assistant in 1637; died in England, April 29, 1694, aged 84. Nathaniel Salstonstall, son of Richard, assistant in 1679, and Judge of the Supreme Court; died 21 of May, 1707, aged 67. Simeon Strong, Judge of the Supreme Court, a scholar, civilian and theologian ; died December 14, 1805, aged 70. Caleb Strong, Governor of Massachusetts ; died Novem- ber 1820, aged 76. Nathaniel P. Sargent, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court; died October 1791. Samuel Sewall, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, an eminent scholar; died January 1, 1730, aged 78. Joseph Sewall, son of Samuel, minister of the Old South Church, Boston ; died June 27, 1679, aged 80. Stephen Sewall, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, a school-master and preacher; died September 10, 1760, aged 57. Stephen Sewall, first Hancock professor of Hebrew at Harvard College; died July 23, 1804, aged 70. Thomas Shepard, minister of Cambridge; died August 25, 1649, aged 44. William Shirley, Governor of Massachusetts; died March 24, 1771. Myles Standish, first military commander in Massachusetts; died in 1656. Samuel Stillman, D. D., Baptist minister of Boston; died March 13, 1807, aged 69. William Stoughton, Lieut. Governor of Massachusetts, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, &c ; died July 7, 1701 > aged 70. APPENDIX. 165 James Sullivan, Governor of Massachusetts, Attorney Gen- eral, (fcc. ; died Decemher 10, 1808, aged G4. Increase Sumner, Governor of Massacliuseils ; died June 7, 1799, aged 53. Thomas Svmmes, minister of Bradford ; died October 6, 1725, aged 47. Thomas Thacher, first minister of the Old South Church, Boston, also a learned physician, died October 13, 1678, aged 58. Benjamin Wadsvvorth, President of Harvard College; died March 16, 1737, aged 67. John Walley, counsellor, and Judge of the Superior Court j died January 11, 1712, aged 68. Nalhaiii«;l Ward, minister of Ipswich, a man of great w^it and humour J died in 1653, aged 82. John -Vard, son of Nathaniel, minister of Haverhill 3 died December 27, 1693, aged 87. Artemas Ward, first Major General of the American Army, and member of Congress ; died October 28, 1800, aged 73. Joseph Warren, Major General in the American Armyj slain at the battle of Bunker-Hill, June 17, 1775, aged 35. John Warren, professor of Anatomy and Surgery in Har- vard College, and President of the Massachusetts Medical Society ; died April 4. 1815, aged 62. Joseph Willard, D,D., President of Harvard College; died Septemiier 25, 1804, aged 65. Josiah Willard, secretary of Massachusetts 39 years ; died December 6, 1756, aged 75. John Williams, minister of Deerfield ; died June 12, 1729, aged 65. Roger \Villiams, minister of Salem, and founder of Rhode- Island ; died April 1683, aged 84. Ephraim Williams, founder of Williams' College, and officer in the French war; killed near Lake George, Septem- ber 8, 1755. John Wilson, first minister of Boston; died August 7, 1677, aged 78. Edward Winslow, Governor of Plymouth colony ; died in the West-Indies, May 8, 1655, aged 60. Joseph Winslow, son of Edward, first native governor in New-England, a brave soldier ; died December 18, 1680, aged 57. John Winthrop, first Governor of Massachusetts, a most worthy and useful man; died March 26, 1649, aged 61. 166 APPENDIX. John Winlhrop, F. R. S., Hollis professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy, in Harvard College, 40 years ; died May 3, 1779, aged 64.. John Wise, minister of Ipswich, (now Essex,) a distinguish- ed friend of civil and religious liberty, a scholar and orator ; died Aprils, 1725, aged 73. Samuel VVorcesler, D. D., minister of Salem, secretary of the American Board of Commissions for Foreign Missions] died June 7, 1821. 11 APPENDIX. 167 MANUFACTORIES. The legislature of Massachusetts has ever fostered the growth of manufactures ; but the attention of capitalists has been more especially diverted into this channel, within the last 20 years, from iho uncertain returns of invesiments in com- merce and navigation. Many associations within this period have been formed, duties have been laid by congress on im- ported goods, and acts of incorporation granted by the general court for the extensive manufacture of Hne and coarse wool- len cloths, calico goods, coarse and fine cottons, hosiery, cor- dage, flint and other kinds of glass, leather of various kinds, wrought and cast iron, nails, fire-arms, copper, brass, bell-metal and lead, paper, white lead and chymical colours. Many of the raw materials for these purposes have been cultivated or found in Massachusetts, and cotton imported from her sister states. The breed of sheep has been improved, and Saxon and merino fine wool raised in the state. Iron mines have been found in Plymouth and Bristol counties, and seve- ral in Berkshire 5 lead mines have also been found in the town of South Hadley and other places, and ochres and other fossils in various towns; quarries of marble and limestone in large quantities in Berkshire, slate inWorcester, and soap-stone in Hampshire county ; and granite for building in many places, particularly at Chelmsford, Tyngsborough, and Quincy. LIST OF INCORPORATED MANUFACTORIES IN MASSACHUSETTS. Name. Location. Incorporated Cai)iial Amesbury Nail Factory, at Amesbury. 1805. ^400,000 Appleton Cotton and Wool- len Factory, at Lowell. 1828. ,g;i,000,000 Amesbury Woollen and Cot- ton Manufactory, at Amesbury. 1813. ^100,000 Capital, s. money vested in the stock of a trading or manufac- turing company. Capitalists., s. monied men, lich men. 168 APPENDIX, Name. Location, I Amberst Cotton Factory, at Amherst. Adams Cotton and Woollen Manufactory at Adams. Adams Factory, south village at Adams. Adams Factory, north do. do. Agawam Mauufacturing Company, at West-Springfield. Atherton Cotton and Wool- len Factory, at Altleborough. Athol Woollen and Cotton Factory, at Athol. Atlleborough City Cotton Yarn Factory, at Attieborough. Ashburnham Leather Fac- tory, at Ashburnham. Annawan Cotton and Wool- len Factory. at Troy. Bridgewater Cotton Gin, at Bridgewater. Bridgewater Woollen and Cotton Factory, at Bridgewater. Bridgewater Iron Factory, at Bridgewater, Belvidere Cotton and Wool- len Factory, at Tewksbury. Braintree Iron and Ma- chine Factory, at Braintree. Bolivar Cotton and Wool Factory, at Canton. Bristol Cotton Factory, at Dighton. Boston Glass Manufactory, at Cheshire. Boston Woollen and Cot- ton Factory, at Bellingham. Boston Copper and Brass Manufactory, Boston and Braintree. Boston Soap-stone Manu- factory, at Ashburnham. Boston Copper Manufac- tory, at Boston and Cambridge. Boston and Canton Cotton and Wool Factory, at Canton. Boston and Ipswich Lace Manufactory, at Ipswich. Boston and Springfield Man- ufactory, at Springfield. Boston Brewery, at Boston. ncorporate d Capiul. 1814. 550,000 1809. 1814. 1814. 560,000 5100.000 5100,000 1810. 5100,000 1816. 570,000 1814. 550,000 1818. 540,000 1820. 530,000 1825. 1826. 5200,000 5100,000 1813. 1825. 5100,000 5100,000 1823. 5650,000 1832. 5100,000 1825. 181^ 1809. 575,000 5100,000 5200,000 1813. 5400,000 1825. 5350,000 1820. 520,000 1824. 5300,000 1824. 5600,000 1824. 5150,000 1823. 1826. 5400,000 5150,000 APPENDIX. lOD Name. Location. Incorporated Capital. Boston Iron Factory, at Boston. 1822. ;g:400,000 Boston Glass Boiile Manufacto- ry, at Boston. 1826. ^100,000 Boston and Sloneham Marble Company, at Stoneham. 1827. (^1100,000 Boston Flint Glass Manufac- turing Company, at Boston. 1830. ^125,000 Boston and Sandwich Glass JManufaclory, at Boston and Sandwich. 1826. ^fSOO.OOO Boston Boer JManufactory, at Boston. 1828. ^150,000 Boston and Lowell Wool- len and (^tton Manufac- turing^ Company, at Lowell. 1829. :^500,000 Boston Hat Manufactory, in Franklin CO. 1810. ^100,000 Boston Lead Manufacturing Company, at Boston. 1829. ^300,000 Boston and Gloucester Gra- nite Comt)anv. at Boston. 1829. ^50,000 Boston Cordage Manufactory, at Boston. 1828. ^ 180,000 Boston Chymica! Company, at Newton. 1828. 530,000 Bollomlv Cotton and Wool- len Factory, at Leicester. 1827. 5 100,000 Bemis Cotton and Woollen Fac- tory, at WateriownandNewtoH. 1827. ^300,000 Bellingham W^oollen and Cotton Manufactory, at Bellingham. 1814. 5150,000 Birmingham Factory, at Boston. 1812, §200.000 Central Woollen and Cot- ton Factory, at Seekonk, 1813. ^300,000 Canal Cotton and Iron Fac- tory, at Lowell, 1823, ^600 ,000 CummingtonCotton Factory, at Cummington.1816. ^70,000 Cumminglon Woollen Factory, at do, 1816. ^70,000 City Cotton and Woollen Factory, al Franklin. 1822. ^200,000 Columbian Cotton and Wool- len Factory, at Southbridge. 1825, 5 150,000 Chatham and Harwich Cotton and Woollen Factory, at Harwich. 1827. ^300,000 Canton Cotton and Woollen Factory, at Canton. 1829. ^500,000 Crown and Eagle Cotton Fac- iroy, at Uxbridge. 1830. ^300,000 15 iro APPENDIX. Name. Location. lacorporated Capital. Cheshire Glass Company, at Cheshire. 1809. ;^200,000 Chelmsford Glass Manu- factory, at Chelmsford. 1828. ^80,000 Diamond Cotton and Wool- len Factory, at Walpole. 1829. ;^30,000 Danvers Cotton Factory, at Danvers. ISiO. ^100,000 Danvers rotion Factory, at Danvers. 1824. ^150,000 Dudley Woollen Factory, at Dudley. 18--24. §150,000 Dudley Cotton Factory, at Dudley. 1816. ^50.000 Douglas do. do. at Douglas. 181G. ^100,000 Doug-Jas Cotton and Wool- len Factory, at Douglas. 1828. ^120,000 Dalton Cotton and Paper Manufactory, at Dalton. 1814. 550.000 Dean Cotton Factory, at Taunton. 1815. 560,000 Dedham Cotton and Wool Factory, at Dedham. 1814. ^400,000 Duxbury Cotton Factory, at Duxbury. 1813. ^100,000 Duxbury South-river Cot- ton Factory, do. 1315. 5100,000 Dorchester Cotton and Iron Manu. Company, at Dorchester. 1811. 5IOO.OOO Dover Iron and Nail Factory, at Dover. 1819. 5100,000 Dightoa Cotton Factory, at WeMlington and Taunton. 1822. 550,000 Easton Cotton and Wool Factory, at Easton. 1815. 5100,000 Easton Lead and Silver Mi- ning Factory, at Easton. 1825. 580,000 Elliot' Cotton Factory, at Newton. 1823. 5300,000 Enfield Cotton and Woollen Yarn Factory, at Enfield. 1826. 5IOO.OOO Eagle Cotton Factory, at Wrentham, 1818. 5100,000 East-Bridgewater Cotton Factory, at East-Bridgewater. 1828. 5I5O.OOO East Medway Factory, at Medway. 1827. 580.000 Fitchburg Cotton Factory, at Fitchburg. 1807. 5IOO.OOO Farmers Woollen Factory, at Lenox. 1815. 520.000 Foxborough Cotton Factory, at Foxboro'. 1815. 5-'50,000 Framingham Wool and Cot- ton Factory, at Framingham. 1813. 550,000 Franklin Cotton Factory, at Franklin. 1813. 520,000 Franklin Glass Manufac- tory, in Franklin County. 181^. 570,000 Al>PENDIX. 171 >'a!i'<- I.oo.ition. II r|Or..iP^l C.ipiial. Falls Cotton Factory, at Atllcboroug-h. 1813. ^lOO.OOO Fall RU-(>r (oiion Factory, at Trov. 1820. 5.">0,000 Fall River Iron Works, " at Troy. 1825. 5200,000 Grafton Cotton and Woollen Manufacturing Company, at Grafton. 1830. ^300,000 Gay Cotton Factory. at Stoughton. 1814. ^100,000 Globe Cotton and Wool- Jen Factory, at Sturbridge. 1814. ^30,000 Greenfield Cotton and Wool Factory, at Greenfield. 1829. ^123,000 Green-River Cotton and Wool Factory, at Green River. 1825. ^200,000 Hamilton Cotton and Wool- len Factory. at Lowell. 1825. ^600,000 Hampshire Leather Man- ufactory, in Hampshire county. 1809. ^^70,000 Hampshire Lead Manu- factory, in Hampshire county. 1812. ^200,000 Hampshire Cotton and Wool- len Factory, at Ware. 1829. ^500,000 Hopkinton Cotton Factory, at Hopkinton. 1811. ^100,000 Hopkinton and Framing- ham Cotton Factory, at Hopkinton. 1811. ^lOO.OOO Hampden Cotton Factory, at Monson. 1814. ^300,000 Haverhill Cotton and Wool- len Factory, at Haverhill. 1814. ^80,000 Hingham Woollen Factory, at Hingham. 1812. 1^100,000 Hingham Umbrella Manufactory, Hingham. 1825. ^75,000 Hadley Falls Cotton, Wool- len, «fec. Factory, at West- Springfield. 1827. ^36,000 Holliston Cotton and Wool- len Factory. at Holliston. 1813. ^^"100,000 Holliston Cloth Manufactory, do. 1814. ^100,000 Hosack Cotton, Woollen, and Linen Manufactory, at Adams. 18C9. $75fiO0 Housatonick Factory, at Pittsfield. 1812. f 50,000 Holden Cotton and Woollen Manufactory, at Holden. 1811. ^30,000 Ipswich Cotton and Wool- len Factory, at Ipswich. 1828. $150,000 James-river Cotton and Wool Factory, at Kingston. 1812. $100,000 Kingston Cotton and Wool- len Manufactory, at Kingston. 1811. $30,000 172 APPENDIX. Name. Location. Incorporated Capital. Kingston Cotton Factory, at Kingston. 1828. 580,000 Leiiox Cotton, Woollen, and Linen ftlanufactory, at Lenox. Lancaster Cotton Factory, at Lancaster. Linen and Duck Manufactory, at Lynn. Lynn Printing, Dyeing, and Glazing Manufactory, at Lynn, Lynn Wire Manufactory, at I..ynn. Ludlow Glass Manufactory, at Ludlow, Leicester Woollen Factory, at Leicestrr. Lead Pipe Factory, at Concord Lowell Cotton and Wool- len Factory, at Lowell. Lowell Brewery, at Lowell. Mansfield Cotton Factory, at Mansfield. Mansfield Cotton and Woollen Factory, at Bridgevvater. Massachusetts File Manu- factory, Sharon and Boston. Medvvay Cotton Manufactory, at Medway. Marshfield Cotton and Wool- len Manufactory, at Marshfield. Merino Wool Factory, at Dudley. Maiden Nail Manufacto- ry, in Hampshire county, Monson Woollen Factory, at Monson. Monson and Brimfield Cotton and Wool Factory, two at Brimfield and Monson united. Merrimack Printing Cotton Goods Manufactory, at Lowell.* * The manufactories at Lowell deserve particular notice, but we have neither the means nor the room to give a full account of their growth, or present stale. The town of Lowell, as incorporated by an act of the General Court, passed on the 1 of March" 1826, contains 4 square miles, formerly the North-eastern section of the town of Chelmsford. It is situa- at the coTifluence of the Merrimack and Concord rivers, the former of which separates it from Dracut on the north ; the latter from Tewksbury on the east. From its location and Chelmsford, and from observation they were both satisfied that the privilege was exactly what was wanted, 'I'he Pawiucket Conjluence, s. the junction or union of several streams. 1809. 1821. 1814. 5100,000 570,000 5150,000 1826. 1814. 1815. 1823. 1828. 5230,000 560,000 540,000 5150,000 570,000 1828. 1828. 1814. 5600.000 550.000 560,000 1814. 5100,000 1814. 1809. 5200.000 5100,000 1811. 1812. 5150,000 5100,000 1810. 1815. 5150,000 540,000 1821. 5200,000 1822. 5600,000 APPENDIX. 1T3 Name. l,oc;iilon. Iiir.rpoKLied C:i|.iial. Mount Pleasant Cotton and Woollen Factory, at Leicester. 1825. ^300,000 Midtlleborough Cotton Fac- tory, at Middleborough. 1815. 5100,000 other circumstances, it is reasonable to infer tliat it will claim a station among^ the first manufacturing towns in th^ United States. The first eflbrts in this place to promote man- ufactures, were made in 1813. In consequence of the restric- tions that were laid upon commerce, and of the war with Great Britain, the attention of many enterprising men was directed to domestic manufactures. Capt. Phineas Whiting, and Capt. Josiah Fletcher, having selected an eligible site on Concord river, at the Wamesil Falls, about 100 rods from the Merrimack, erected, at the expense of about 53,000, a large wooden building for a cotton manufactory. In the autumn of 1S18, ihey sold their buildings, and their right to the water power, to INIr. Thomas Hurd. JMr. Hurd soon after fitted up the woo'/en factor^', and erected also a large brick building, and several dwelling houses, and improved the same for fabri- cating woollen goods. He also commenced an extension of his l)usiness, by the erection of a factory at the foot of the Pawtucket falls, on the Dracut side of the Merrimack. But owing to pecuniary embarrassments, these establishments have since passed into other hands. " About the year IS'20, or 21, Messrs, Patrick T. Jackson, Nathan Applclon, and Kirk Boott, of Boston, entered into a design to fcirm a company for the purpose of manufacturing cotton goods, pariicularly calicoes. They accordingly com- menced an enquiry for a suitable water privilege. A large number of privileges were examined, and for various reasons rejected. At length Mr. Paul Moody, then connected with the manufacturing eslabli.shments in VVallham, while on a visit to his friends in Amesbury, mot with Mr. Worthen, a man of taste, views and feelings congenial to his own, to whom he mentioned that an extensive water privilege was wanted by the above named gentlemen. Mr. Worthen replied, ' why do they not purchase the canal around the Pawtucket falls, in Chelmsford ? They can put up as many works as they please there, and never want /or water.' This conversation resulted in a visit of those gentlemen to canal was immediately purchased by Messrs. Jackson, Apple- ton, and Boott. This canal was projected about the year 1790. and the proprietors were incorporated in the sunnner 1 r/^ 174 APPENDIX. Name. Location. Incorporated Caiji;al. Middlesex Cotton and Woollen Manufacturing Company, at Lowell. 1830. ^^600,000 Middlesex Iron Foundery, Boston and Cambridge. 1824. ^300,000 session of 1792, by the name of the Proprietors of Locks and Canals on Merrimack river. It was opened for the purpose of facilitating' the transportation of wood and lumber from the interior to Newburyport, It is about one and a half miles in leng'th, had four sets of locks, and was built at an expenditure of ^50,000. Its direction is nearly easi, and it enters the Con- cord river just above its junction with the Merrimack, where the water is 32 feet lower than at the head of the Pawtucket falls. The company made the fir.st purchase of real estate, Nov. 2, 1821. They began their work about the 1 of April, 1822. On the 10 of July they began to dig the canal broader and deeper, and let the water into it about the 1 of September, 1823. Five hundred men were constantly employed in dig- ging and blasting. The gun-powder used in blasting, amount- ed to ^6,000 at one shilling per pound. The whole expense of digging out the the canal was about 51''^0,000. It is now 60 feet wide, has three sets of locks, and the water in it is 8 feet deep, and is calculated to supply 50 mills, containing 3,600 .spindles each, (making, in all, 180,000.) The company •was first incorporated b}' the name of the Merrimack Manufac- turing Company. In 1825, a new company was formed, cal- led the Proprietors of Locks and Canals on Merrimack river, lo whom the Merrimack Manufacturing Company sold all the water privilege, and all their real estate, together with the Machine Shop and its appurtenances, reserving to themselves water power sufficient for five factories and tiie print works. The proprietors of Locks and Canals are incorporated with a capital of ^000,000. The Merrimack Manufarluring Com- ?any is now acting upon a capital of ^1,200,000." The lamilton Manufacturino; Company was incorporated in Janu- ary 1825, with a capital of 5600,000. Notwithstanding the abundance of water power at other places, that in use here possesses advantages which will probably bring together a great amount and variety of manufacturing business. " The most obvious of these are its proximity lo market, — l)eing 24 miles from Boston ; — the facility of communication by the Middlesex canal, by means of which the materials used in the factories can be put into a boat in Boston, and landed at the door of the factory, and their goods returned in the same way ; —which, compared with transportation by land, is a great APPENDIX. 175 Name. Location. Iiicor. Capital. Mickllesex Union Cotton and Woollen Factory, at Hopkinlon. 1828, 565,000 Massic Falls Colloa and Wool- len Factory, at Lowell. 1829. ^200,000 convenience, and a considerable reduction of expense; also the neighbourhood of other establishments for diHerent pur- poses, which afford various facilities to each other. But the principal advantage is in the permanency of the water power, compared with that on smaller streams, where, almost every season, a drought of some weeks, causes a serious interruption if not a total suspension of business; thus throwing a large number of hands out of employ. But here, in the driest sea- son, there can be but little doubt that the Alerrimack will sup- ply as much water as the present canal will carry, being cal- culated for 30 factories, of the size of those already erected. Compared with the extent of the water power, what has as yet been done, may be considered only as the beginning. When we take into view the natural advantages of the place, and the facilities that the establishment of one manufactory affords for the estal)lishmont of others, either for similar or different purposes, it is not unreasonable to suppose, that the place will continue to increase, if not with the same rapid strides with which it has commenced, yet keeping pace with the prosperity of the country, and the increase of manufac- ture, till the whole water power shall be brought into use. When this shall be the case, the population cannot be less than 23,000, as each factory will give employment, directly and indirectly, to 500 people. Fifty factories upon the plan now pursued, would put in operation 7,000 looms. — The number in use in Manchester, says the Q. Review, 1826, was estimated in 1823 at 30,000. In 1812 there was not a power loom used in Manchester. We state this fact, to show that our cal- culations as to the future growth of this place, are not alto- gether visionar}' ; especially when it is considered, that the manufactures this side of the Atlantic have the advantage over those on the other, not only for the supply of our own market, but for commanding the trade with South America, Mexico, and the West Indies. There arc many considera- tions in favour of the town of Lowell, coinpared with the great manufacturing towns of Europe. Most of those have grown up from small beginnings, and without any special provisions to secure to them a moral and intellectual character; the consequence of which is thai vice and ignorance have kept pace with the growth of the establishments. Here 176 APPENDIX. Name. Location. Incor. Capital- Nevv-Eiiglaud Lace Rlannfactory, Boston. 1857. ^80,000 New-England Crown Glass Manufactory, Boston and Cambridge. 1824. 5300,000 great attention is given to education and moral improvement. On this point, the lilieral and correct pi'oceedings of gentle- men who have established manufactures here, deserve espe- cial notice. One of the first buildings erected was a school house, where they have since regularly supported a school, and several other s-nninaries for elementary and more mature education have been added with the increase of inhabitants. These things afford very little countenance to the common- place remarks on the vice and ignorance of a manufacturing- population; which certainly cannot be applied with any cor- rectness in this country." In the year 18'-28, the Appleton Cotton and Woollen Man- ufacturins: C&mpany was incorporated at Lowell, with a capi- tal of ,$'1,000,000. in the same year, the Lowell Cotton Factory was incorporated, with a capital of ^G00,000 ; and the Lowell Brewery, whh a. capital of $50. 000; making a sum total during the year of 51,650.000. In 1829, the Boston and Lowell Woollen ayid Cotton Manufacturing Company, \\ ilh a capital of £500,000, and the Massic Falls Cotton and Woollen Factory at Lowell, witli a capital of £200.000, were incor- porated. The whole population of the town is now 6,500 3 Lowell is a very considerable market for the neighbouring towns, and is becoming more so daily; and from its location will probably have an extensive trade with the adjacent country. It ought, perhaps, to be mentioned that upon the op- posite side of Concord river, in 'J>wksl)iiry, the Bclvidere village containing 3 or 400 inhabitants, has grown up within a few years, in consequence of the establishments in Lowell. The Lowell Journal (Feb. 1831), in noticing the first meet- ing of the Suffolk Coiupavy, lately' incorporated, gives the names of the several companies in that town, incorporated for laanufactuihig- purposes, with their capitals, as follows : Merrimack t 'oiniKiiiy, $1,300,000 Locks and Canals do. liOO,000 Haniilton do 1,200,000 Appleton do 500,000 Lowell do 500,000 Widillesex do 500,000 Suffolk do 500,000 • Total, $5,300,000 APPENDIX. 177 Name. Location. Inc'd. Capital. New-England Glass RoUlo Manufactory, at East Cambridge. New-England Soap Sione do. at Boston. New-England Painted Floor Cloth Manufactory, at Roxbury. New-England Cotton, Wool- len, and Linen Factory, at Grafton. New Market Iron, and Cotton Cloth Manufactory, at Middleborough. Newburyport Hosiery Manu- factory, at Newburyport. Newburyport Woollen Man- ufactory, . at Amesbury. Newburyport Hosiery Manu- facufaciuiing Company, at Newburyport. Northborough Woollen and Cotton Factory, at Northborough. Northbridge Cotton Factory,at Northbridge.1814. Norlhbridge Clolh Factory, at do. Norfolk Cotton Factory, at Dedham. Norfolk Cotton Factory, at Dedham. North-Brookfield Woollen Factory, at North-Brookfield. Newion Wire Factory, at Newton. Northampton Cotton and Woollen Manufactory, at Northampton. Northampton Iron and Wool Factory. at Northampton. North Adams Cotton and Ma- chine Manufacturing Company, Adains. Neponset Cotton Factory, at Walpole. Oxford Central Cotton Factory, at Oxford. Oxford Cotton Factory, at Oxford. Oxford Woollen and Cotton Factory, at Oxford. Orr ("lotion Factory, at East-Bridgewater. Oakham village Cotton and Woollen Factory, at Oakham. Orange Cotton Factory, at Orange. Pontosack Woollen Factory, at Pittstield. Pawiucket Calico Factory,at Pawtucket. Pillsfield Woollen and Cot- ton Factory, at Pittsfield. 1809. 5130,000 1826. 1828. 5400.000 525,000 1829. 5150,000 1825. 5500.000 1813. 5100,000 1825. 5100,000 1794. 5266,000 1829. 500,000 1814. .1814. 1814. 1808. 1824. 5200,000 5100,000 5100,000 5100,000 5150,000 1816. 1812. 550,000 550,000 1810. 575,000 1823. 5100,000 1829. 1828. 1814. 1815. 5100,000 5100.000 5100,000 550,000 1828. 18i8. 5150,000 5150,000 1815. 1810. 1826. 18^26. 520,000 550.000 5240,000 5400,000 17S APPENDIX. Name. Locationr liu'd. Capital. Pillsfield Wooilen and Collon Factory, at Pittsfield. 1814. $100,000 Plymouth do. do. at Pivmouth. 1814. ^150,000 Plymouth Cordag-e Faclorv, at Pfymouth. 1824. $80,000 Plymouth Cotton Factory/ at Plymouth. 1808. $100,000 Plympton Iron Factory, at Plympton. 1825. $120,000 Plympton Woollon Factory, at Pl'ympton. 1814. $100,000 Palmer's river Cotton and Woollen Factory, at Rehobolh. 1813. $150,000 Patent Pin Manufactory. at Oxford. 1815. $.50,000 Pawiucket Cotton and 'Wool- len Factory, at Seekonk. 1813. $300,000 Pembroke Collon and Wool- len Factory, at Pembroke. 1814. $100,000 Pembroke Second do. at do. 1814. $100,000 Phillipston Cotton and Wool- len Factory, ' at Phillipston. 1815. $20,000 Quinabaug- Cotton and Wool- len Factory, at Sturbridge. 1826. $250,000 Roxbury Colour and Chvm- ical Works, ^ at Roxbury. 1826. $70,000 Rock-bottom Cotton and Wool Factory, at Slow. 1815. $30,000 Rivulet Woollen Factory, at Uxbridge. 1816. $100,000 Rovalslon Cotton and Wool Factory. at Royalston. 1813. $50,000 Revere Copper Factory, at Canton. 1828. $250,000 Salisbury Woollen Factory, at Salisbury. 1823. $100,000 Saxon Wool Factory, at Framlngham. 1824. $300,000 Saxon Wool and fcolton Fac- tory, at Framing-ham. 1829. $300,000 Saxon and Leicester Wool and Cotton Factory ,al Leicester &Framingh. 1825. $600,000 Salem Iron Factory. at Uanvers. 1800. $300,000 Salem Lead Manufactory, at Salem. 1824. $200,000 Salem Brewery, at Salem. 1829. $50,000 South- Boston Crown Glass Manufactory, at South Boston. 1824. $250,000 South Boston Flint Glass Works, at South Boston. 1825. $300,000 South Boston Iron Factory, at Boston. 1821. ,^250,000 Swift River Cotton and Wool Factory. at Enfield. 1825. $80,000 APPENDIX. 179 Name. Location. Inc'd. Capital. Springfield Cotton and Wool Factory, at Springfield. 1814. 5400,000 Springfield Ames Paper Man- ufactory, at Springfield. 1827. ^300,000 Springfield Card Manufac- tory, at Springfield. 1826. ^80,000 Sharon Cotton Factory. at Sharon. 1811. ^100,000 Sleep Brook Cotton and Woollen Factory, at Canton, 1815. ^50,000 Saugus River Bleaching Factory. Saugus. 18^27. ^ISO.OOO Stockbridge Cotton Factory,at Stockbridge.1815. $60,000 Storkbridge Cotton and Woollen Factory, at do. 1815. 580,000 Stony Brook Cotton and Wool- len Factory. at Wrenthnm. 1814. 570,000 Slou£:hton Woollen and Coiion Factory, ■ at Sloughton. 1815. 575,000 Stow Cotton Factory, at Stow. 1815. 550,000 Stratton Cotton Factory, at Foxborough. 1815. 560,000 Siurbridge Woollen and Cotton Factory, at Sturbridge. 1812. 5100,000 Swanzey Union Factory, at Swanzey. 1814. 550,000 Swaiizey Paper Manufactory, alSwanzey. 1828. 550,000 Soutlibridge Woollen Fac- tory, at Southbridge. 1816. 550,000 Suffolk Cotton, Silk, and Linen Factory, at Boston. 1819. ,f 200 ,000 Salt Manufactory, at Billingsgate island. 1821. 550,000 Sutton and Charlton Cotton, Woollen, and Linen Fac- tory, in Hampshire county. 1811. 5120,000' Tufts Woollen and Cotton Yarn and Cloth Factory. at Dudley. 1827. 5200,000 Three River Cotton and Wool- len Factory, at Palmer. 1826. 5I. 000.000 Type and Stereotype Foundry, at Boston. 18^6. 5100;000 Troy Cotton and Wool- len Factory, ,j at Troy. 1814. 5100,000' Taunton Iron and WooH len Factory, at Taunton. 1823. 5400,000' Union Cotton and Wool- len Factory, at Walpole. 1812. 550,000 Uxbridge Woollen Factory, at Uxbritlge. 1827. 51j0,000^ 180 APPENDIX. Name. Location. Inc'd. Capital. Village Cotton and Wool- len Factory, at Dudley. 1812. ^100,000 nalomopogge do. do. at Wrentham. 1814. 510l),000 Walpole Cotton and Wool- len Factory, at Walpole. 1814. ^100,000 Watertown Woollen Factory,atWaterlown. 1814. 5100,000 Welfleet Woollen and Cot- Jon Factory, at Welfleet. 1815. 5^10,000 Waitham do. do. at Uallliam. 1814. pOO.OOO Wellington Cotton Factory .at Wellington. 1814. *?60,000 Westport do. do at VVeslport. 1813. ^100,000 Western do. do. at Western. 1815. §100,000 Westport Cotton Yarn and Cloth Factory, at Westport. 1823. ^50,000 West-Boylston Cotton Fac- „