H # %& 5 9 ^ <3* \# * r£ * S ^ 5> = ^ ^4. ^\4 . >«. C " . %. \/' %•/ :* ^ <£ ^ <£ ^ c\ V %, ^ v . ^ 3* • <% \#* s r ^ % ' S -t * * s s aV> s ^ <*> * * * s ^ F° \* ^ ****** ,\* *■ o & - r ' ^ A^ J? ^ •/■% ^ "^ •/^ C * S^t ^o^ *, v * v . ^ z ^0^ ^ ^ > o ^ * o ,- ^> \y „ -v * o „ '^ # ":^^ V ^0^ ^ ^ O ,^ ^0^ V* ^ ^ ^ : , ^ V v* ,# ** V ROMAIC MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. BY E. A. SOPHOCLES. JLdiC BOSTON: HICKLING, SWAN, AND BREWER. 1857. Y^\tf> a *(**> Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1857, by HICKLING, SWAN, AND BREWER, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts. CAMBRIDGE : ELECTROTYPED BY METCALF AND COMPANY. £>?* INTRODUCTION u Greek is read almost everywhere," says Cicero. 1 And the Greek inscriptions of the Alexandrian and Roman periods, found in regions widely remote from each other, in Spain, in Mesopotamia, and from ^Ethiopia to Sarmatia, attest the cor- rectness of this statement. When, in the course of time, its turn came to stand on the defensive, the language of Greece was enabled by its singular tenacity to resist all external at- tacks. The modern pronouns, personal endings, case-endings, and numerals, clearly show that the combined forces of barba- rism could make no impression upon its centre. The Latin con- quered the West ; but it retreated somewhat precipitately from Greek ground. The Bulgarians were compelled to adopt the language of their neighbors, the Slavi ; but the Slavic had to yield to the Greek wherever it came in immediate contact with it. As to the Turkish population of Greece, they are indebted to their creed rather than to their native pride for the preserva- tion of their Tatar dialect. The Romaic or Modern Greek, the language of the modern Greeks, and the leading language of the Levant, is the offspring of Mediaeval Greek. In its orthography and etymology it is essentially the same as Ancient Greek. But it diifers from the parent stock in many particulars. Thus, I. All its vow el-sounds are isochronous, no distinction being made between long and short. 1 Cicer. pro Arch. 23. Nam siquis minorem gloriae fructum putat ex Graecis versibus percipi quam ex Latinis, vekementer errat : pro- pterea, quod Gracca leguntur in omnibus fere regionibus, Latina suis finibus, exiguis sane, continentur. IV INTRODUCTION. II. Its rhythm depends not on quantity, as in Ancient Greek, but on accent. III. In general, the meanings of its words do not belong to the ancient language, although for the most part legitimately developed from it. IV. In its syntax it is essentially different from classical Greek. V. It has discarded the dual number. VI. Masculines and feminines of the classical third declension are inflected after the analogy of the first. Y1I. The ancient diminutives have taken the place of their primitives. VIII. It has no nouns of the common gender. IX. The relations which, in Ancient Greek, are denoted by the genitive and dative, are, in Modern Greek, generally ex- pressed by the accusative with prepositions. X. Its pronouns, with the exception of the personal, demon- strative, and interrogative, are periphrastic. XL Its future, perfect, and pluperfect are periphrastic, as in English. XII. The third person of the imperative is periphrastic, as in English. XIII. It has no middle voice, the passive supplying its place. XIV. It has no optative mood ; its place being supplied by the subjunctive and indicative. XV. It has no infinitive; its place being supplied by the subjunctive with ud, or by the indicative with on. Except the infinitive after the auxiliary verbs 6e\s. But important as are these deviations from the classical stand- ard, the modern dialect is so intimately connected with the an- cient, that a critical knowledge of the former without a corre- sponding knowledge of the latter is wholly out of the question. In fact, a Greek's mastery of his mother tongue is just in proportion to his acquaintance with Ancient Greek. Dialects, in the usual sense of the term, do not exist in Ko- INTRODUCTION. V maic. Provincial vulgarisms, however, are very common. Further, every district has its acceM, that is, its peculiar modulation of voice. As to the jargon of Tsakonid, in Pelo- ponnesus, it is so unlike the national language that it has no title to be called a genuine Greek dialect. For although a bar- barous Romaic, some of its characteristics seem to connect it with the Slavic. And if it can be shown ethnologically that the Tsakoniots belong to the Slavic type, they must be regarded as the lineal descendants of the Slavi who settled in Peloponnesus in the eighth century, and finally lost their original language without being able to substitute the Greek in its place. Previously to the late Greek revolution the best Romaic was spoken at Constantinople, and particularly at Phanari, not be- cause the Constantinopolitans were of purer descent, but simply because, as a body, they were less ignorant than the inhab- itants of the provinces. At present the cultivated Modem Greek is not confined to any particular place. It is the lan- guage of the educated generally, and of scholars in particular ; of course the language of books and newspapers. And as Athens is now the centre of Modern Greek literature, it is natural that the number of those who speak it and write it well should be greater there than in any other city. Antiquity of the ^Romaic. As languages, during their natural development, pass from one stage to another by imperceptible degrees, it is impossible to fix the precise period when Greek began to assume its mod- ern form. The dialogue, preserved by Theophanes, in which the Greens, the Blues, and Justinian's spokesman appear as interlocutors, affords direct proof that, as late as the sixth century, the lan- guage of the common people was Ancient Greek. 2 The style 2 Theophanes, p. 279 [A. M. 6024. A. D. 524]. y Ave\66vTa to. peprj ev rco iTnriKcct dveKpa^av ol tu>v Tlpacrivcov. " Kkto. [acta]. Aid KaXonoo'iov [v. 1. KaAa7roSioj/] tov KovfiiKovXdpiov [cubicularium] Kai uivaQapiov. Ol Updcnvoi • ""Ett; 7roAAa, 'lovoriviave avyovare • tov fiiKas [Justiniane auguste, tu vincas]. 'AdiKovpai, pove aya#e, ov j3acrra^a) • oidev 6 Beds- Qofiovpai ovopdaai, pr} ir\eov evTv^rjcrr} ko\ jue'XXa) Kiv8vvev€iv." Mai/Sarwp [mandator]. "Tiff io~Tiv ovk olba." u '0 7rkeov€KT(0V pe, TpicravyovcrTe , els to. T^ayydpia eupi'crKerai." 'Mavo'aTcop. " Oudels vpds dStKel." Ol Updaivoi. u Ei$ Kal pdvos ddiKel pc 0eoro/ce, p,rj dvaKeCpaXicrr] /" MavSarwp. "Tis eWw e'/cei- VI INTRODUCTION. of a Procopius was of course superior to that of an ordinary person. But there is a wide difference between style and dialect. John Lydus, indeed, intimates that the words dnaKapia, plate, avyrj, morning, pavrlov, cloak, belonged to the language of the many, or the multitude, that is, the common people. 3 And we add here, that they are still heard in Greece. But from these three specimens no inference can be drawn that the uneducated Greeks of the sixth century spoke Romaic. For in all highly cultivated languages there are words and forms of words which - good speakers and writers avoid. Thus, d^dpiov (modern -^dpi), for lx&vs> fish, and the verbal forms cpdyecrai, iriecrai, ohvvacrai, Kavxao-ai, occur in the New Testament. 4 And in a barbarous Greek inscription, found in Nubia, vypov stands for vbcap, water ; 5 which shows the antiquity of the mediaeval and modern vepov. In Malchus (A. D. 500 ?) we find a genitive singular in - rj, from -r]s, analogous to the Doric -a and -co, from as, -oj. Thus, p. 231, Aeovros rov MaKeXXr). Theophylactus Simocata informs us that the masses gave to apftav the meaning of vy\rrj\bv prjpa, high stage. The modern word for pidpit is 6 dpficovas. He observes also, that, in the modern language, the Teppauoi were called $pdyyoi ; which means simply in the Greek of the period in which he lived. Procopius in the same connection uses vvv, now. 6 vos ovk o'lSapev" Ol Tlpdcnvoi. "2u kcu povos oidas, rpicravyovaTe, rls TrkeoveKTei pe arjpepov" Mavftdrcop. " Et tis iav earlu ovk 018a- pev" Ol Tlpdcnvoi. " KaXoTrodtos 6 cmaBdpios aSiKei pe, decrnora 7rdvTa>v" k. r. A. The words "A/cra. Aia. Ko\o7t68lov top Kovj3iKov\dpiov kcu cnra- Bdpiov seem to form the title of the record or document copied by Theophanes ; and if so, they do not belong to the narrative. 3 Joannes Lydus [born about A. D. 490], pp. 11. Papalois de to Kavovv eVl peu tg>i> Upcov aarovpav [saturamj, cnl be t&v evco)(icou enovXapiav [from epularis], r/u dnaXapiav ol 7roXKo\ e£ dyvoias 7Tpoo~ayopevovcriv • enovXas [epulasl yap tcis cvcdxuis Pcopaiois eBus KciXelu. 82. 'Avio~xcov 6 tjXlos rov opBpiov diaaKopiri^ei Kcupbv, bu ol 7to\Xo\ avyt]v ovupd^ovcriv. 178. 'O di pavdvrjs ^Aa/u^oy eldos eVrt, to Trapci ra> ir\r)Bei pavriov Xeyopevov. 4 Nov Test. Joann. 21, 9. 13. 5 B. n. 5072, 20. Ovk errcoKav vrjpov ecrcd els ttjv oiklciv avrcov. The classical vapos, flowiny, fluid, is derived from vda>, to flow, after the analogy of Xaprrpos, \j/vxp6s, from Xdpnco, ^uyw. Its Ionic form would be vrjpos, whence vrjpdv, and Nrjpevs, (he Water-God. c Theophylactus Simocata [A. 1). 610-629], pp. 333. 'Ai/els- INTRODUCTION. vii With Theophanes (A. D. 758 - 816) we enter the confines of Modern Greek. Besides a host of new words, and ancient words with new meanings, most of which are now actually in use, he has the following grammatical innovations : — I. The endings -dbes, -docov, -ddas, in nouns in -ds: pp. 699, 1 ol dp,r]pd8es, emirs. 698, 21 tovs dprjpddas. 689, 13 tcov d/3/3acW, fathers, as a title. (§ 10, n. 2.) II. Genitive in -i from -is: p. 572 tov Advanpi, tov Advao-Tpi. (§ 10, 1 , 2.) III. Metaplastic da- tive plural: p. 624, 9 reus p.vpid8ais, v. 1. p,vpido~i. (§ 10, 2, 2.) ■ IV. The endings -is-, -iv, for -io s, -iov: pp. 691, 19 6 Kvpis. 696, 19 tov Kvpiv. 351, 11 to p.apyapiTapiv. 545, 19 tydpiv. 489, 4 awa- 6Lv. 260, 2 o-Tixaptv. (§ 11, 1, 2.) These endings are, strictly speak- ing, ancient, for they occur in inscriptions referred to the first three centuries of our era. Thus, B. nn. 284, 40 Arj^Tpis- 704 to 'EXeu- Gepiv. 942 tov c E\Xa8iz>. 1781 tov 'Acppobetaiv. 4866 [A. D. 115] 'Avtcovis, to iv6pp.iv. 5013 'lovkis. 5031 Kvpis. V. The ending -e'a, denoting the effect produced by an instrument: p. 490, 6 kovtci- pea, anadea. (§ 16, 1.) VI. The ending -or for -p.evos. 495, 13 irvpiroXrip.e'vos. 553, 9 pivoKoirr]p.evos. 682, 12 aayp.aTCdp.evos. (§ 44, 3.) IX. The verbal ending -ao~i for -av : p. 725, 8 eTreipacn v. 1. dvrrjpacn, write enrfpaai ; from enaipvco, to take, of which the imperfect eirepvev (write eiraipvev) occurs in p. 348, 6. (§ 33, n. 4 : 45.) Compare Villoison's Anecdot. Vol. II. p. 122 eTiQeaui, for eTideov. X. Periphrastic future: pp. 197, 15. J/ E^et elvai. 416, 13. "E^ei 6 ^ayai/o? v-noaTpe^rai. (Compare §33,6.) XL The auxiliary defies, contracted a s : pp. 281,8. "Ap.ev. 606, 8. *As elo-iXdcoo-L. (§§ 84, 4 : 35.) XII. Apposition for adnomination: pp. 699. Avo ^iXtaSes^Apa^f?. 691, 19. AcoSem X iXia'Sas: AaoV. (§§ 31, 1: 49, 3.) XHI. The accusative for the dative: p. 604, 19. ArjXol avTov otl, v. 1. a&Tcp. (§ 63.) XIV. The accusative with ye/zco : p. 231, 7. Qrjo-avpov evpov yep.ovTa TavTa. XV. The present for the future : pp. 280, 11. "Ovtcos, elp.rj j^cru^acrere, aTTOKecpaXl^co vp.ds. 346. Et viKrjcrco tov 'Op.T]piTr)v, XpiaTiavos yivop.ai. (§ 71, 2.) XVI. "iva after 6eX8e. (§ 78, 1.) XVII. "Iva in apposition with ovtcos : p. 555, 9. 'Ecttoi^^a; rj elprjvr) ovtoos • Iva 6 fiaaiXevs Travar), k. t. X. (Compare § 78, 8.) XVIII. "Oraz/, em tcov (Br}p.aTcov tcov v\jsr]Xcov (ap,ficova TavTa tci nX-qdr] aTTOKaXeT) to tov Tvpdvvov 7rp6o~Taypa tco Xaco peraSt'Scocn. 245. payyoi oe dpa ovtoi tji vecorepa yXcoTTj] KaTovop.d&vTai. (Compare p. 47. Ovs kou Tovpxovs OTro/caXeti/ rot? 7roXXo7s yvcopip-coTepov.) PltOCOPIUS, Vol. I. p. 319. Tep- pavovs re, oi vvv Qpdyyoi mXovvrai. Vlll INTRODUCTION. for ore: pp.499. 18. "Orav ecpvyev 6 Xoo-porjs. 503,3. "Otclv tt)v lepovo-aXrjp rrapeXaftev. 759, 10. "Orav .... e^avearrj. (§ 81, 1.) XIX. The aorist subjunctive in wishing : Geord/ce, prj avaKecba- ^ia-rj. See above, n. 2. (§85,2.) XX. "Qcrre, for Iva: p. 417, 5. "Eirep\j/ev coare .... KaAvo-y. XXI. "E- pios els 'AdpLavovTToXiv. (§ 65, 1.) XXVI. IIp6 tov, before, with the subjunctive: p. 489, 11. Upo tov ivcoOao-iv avTo7s oi rptcr- x'lXlol. (§ 87, 4.) XXVII. 2u v, with the genitive: pp. 454, 9. 2vVTv(3ao-ikiiv\avpeaT(ov. 657,12. 2uy tcoj/ ret^eW. The age of Malalas cannot be determined with certainty. As, however, most of the grammatical innovations contained in the work that bears his name belong to the language of the eighth and ninth centuries, it may be assumed that he was contemporary with Theophanes. It would seem, further, that Greek was not his mother tongue. I. The ending -es for -a^: pp. 170 ol AlveidSes. 331, 7 ol Tlepaes v. 1. Uepcrai. (§ 10, n. 1.)" II. Genitive plural proparoxytone : pp. 26 7, 6 : 285, 4 Kavbrjkvv from r) KavBrfKa. (§ 10, n. 3.) III. Metaplastic dative plural : p. 223, 19 rals nXd/cais, from r) rrXaKa, clas- sical 7rAa£ nXaicos. (§ 10, 2,2.) IV. The endings -is, -iv, for -los, -tov. pp. 293, 13 Kvpis, tov Kvpov. 395, 12 to rrapcovvprjv in- correctly for Trapeovvpiv, and that for jrapavvpiov. (§ 11, 1, 2.) V. "H/xio-v, half, indeclinable: p. 158, 1. 2/f^7rrpa he dvo rjpiav. 158,4. Ta be evvearjpio-v. (§ 60, 11.) VI. Elpl, p. 401, 6 rjpeOa, for ecrpev. (§ 32, 2.) VII. Participle active in -ovra, fov-ov, and -evTa, for -ev: pp. 211, 18 neaovTa. 60, 22 dlnovvra. 212,2 ovTa. 217, 3 peXXovra. 235, 12 rrapexovTa. 38,11 Kareve- X&evTa. (Compare Kovy Kecrra, XVIII.) VIII. The accusative for the dative : p. 273, 6. Ta nep\ tov rro\e- fiov eprjvvaev avTov Tifiepiavos- (§ 63.) IX. The present indica- tive for the imperative: p. 271, 16. 'Avatpel ovv eKacnos ovs e\ei Uepo-as els'lbLov avTov oiKov. (§71,5.) X. The article before interrogative words: pp. 206, 17. Kcu yvovs nepl tu>v 'lovbaloov Ttjs 'lepovaaXrjp. to tl Treirpaxav. 231, 17. Kal eVqpom/o-e ttjv Uv&iav to biarl ovk eh68n avTols dnoKpicns- (§80, 8.) XL Kav (teal civ) after a conditional relative word : p. 33, 2. Tory tg>v ttoo^citcov epeas olai Kav r/aav, TavTas enoLOW ipaTia. (§ 81, 3.) XII. A/xa, with the genitive : pp. 219, 22. "Apa tco avTcp 'AyptWa orpaTrjya kq\ orpa- INTRODUCTION. IX tmotikcov dvvdpeav ovtov. 51, 15. Qovevcras dpa roils [write rrjs] av- rrjs noXXovs- 95, 10. "Apa rrjs A'iOpas. XIII. "Ewy, as far as, up to, with the accusative : p. 309, 7. "Ea>s to ydw tov tWou. (§ 65, 5.) XIV. 'A7ro , by, for viro, after passive forms : pp. 26, 6. 'Ek- Xrjdrjo'av curb rav Tlepaav Ildpdoi. 26, 13. 'EkXtjOt] curb to>v AlyvnTi- tov Hpicrpey lottos 'Epprjs. 69, 6. AiOLicovpevr) de dnb tSv vlatv ILikov. (§ 64, 6.) XV. Els for iv, in: pp. 94, 3. 'Averpdcpr} els to. /3a- cr/Xeta tov 'Arpecos. 29, 21. "Epeivav avToX i/cel els ttjv ~2,vpiav. (§ 65, 1.) XVI. Merd, with, followed by the accusative: p. 90, 11. Tcov de Kopiv6l (§ 63.) III. The auxiliary as for defies: p. 354, 21. 'As kutu- fido-copev i for x ei P ^V^ 7 'l s - (§18, 3.) II. '18 ik 6s, own, as in Romaic. 11, 22. Kat Tivas Idixovs o~ov dvBpcoirovs ttio'tovs. 14, 93. Ata ra>i> Idi- kodv avToov dpypvT&v. (§26.) HI. The ending -eo~ai: 9. 40 iniyeo-e (write eVetyecrat), from ineiyopai. (§ 38, n. 1.) IV. r 'lv a with the indicative : 12,51. "iva prj KaTonvaTovvrai. 12, 55. "iva avo-reXXovaiv. V. "iva forming the subject of earl : 9, 1. Aeov crot ro'ivvv .... Iva napayyeXXns, sc. iartv. 12, 53. Upenov eo-TLv Iva .... e'xn. (§ 78, 6.) VI. "iva in commands or de- crees : 9, 28. 'Eai/ de 81a paKpas odov peXXr/s nopeveadai, .... 'iva edi(r]S Ta o~TpaTevpaTa ixepmare'Lv iv Ta£ei. 12, 55. 'A7r6 Tore de Iva avo-reXXovacv avrd dpyovTi tov TaypaTOs TrpoaeXBrj. 8, 7. Et tis eXeyx@fi . . . . TJj ea\aTn Tipa>p'ia v7roj3Xr]d^. 9, 38. 'A7roo~TeXXr)S de icai Tivas Ka[3aXXapiovs. VIII. Ov for prj, in the protasis: 9, 40. 'EcW ov peXXrjs- 9, 75. 'Eay de ov x (0 P 0VVTai ' 12> 41. Et pev . . . . ov dv~ vavTai (pQd^eiv. (§ 88, 9.) X INTRODUCTION. Constantine Porphyrogenitus distinctly tells us that lie wrote in the common and spoken language; 1 which implies that, in his time, the language of scholars was neither spoken nor com- mon. In fact, in his "Life of Basil," probably his earliest work, he himself employs the artificial style of that period. His other productions abound in Romaic words. In most of his grammatical innovations he has been anticipated by his pre- decessors. We notice the following : — I. The ending -a Is for -at. De Basil, p. 318 o-evBals. See note 7. (§ 10, n. 1.) II. The ending --qs, for -is, -los. De Adm. p. 236, 22 'Appevrjs. (§ 11, 1, 2.) III. Neuters in -ipov G. -ifiov or-i'jtiaroj. De Cer. pp. 779, 2. 12 dXXa&paTos, dXXatji- ixdrcov. 157, 14 dXXa^tpaTa. (§ 11, 1, 3.) IV. The ending -ea tor -La. De Cer. p. 752, 12 rrodea. (Compare § 16, 1.) V. The ending -rj for -es. De Cer. p. 325, 11. Movoyevrj Xoye tov Ilarpos. (§ 12, 2.) VI. The ending -lkos proparoxytone. De Adm. p. 72, 2 7rdpdiKos. (§ 20.) VII. The ending -e'ivos for -ivos. De Cer. p. 670, 15 treT&'lvos. (§ 20, -evios.) VIII. 2 as, for vfxcov. De Cer. pp. 36, 11 : 38, 22. TLoXvxpoviov iro^a-ei [write 71-0117077] 6 6ebs rr\v dy'iav (3ao-iXeiav acts els 7roXXa errj. (§ 23, 1.) IX. Tcoi/, for avTu>v. De Cer. p. 295, 10. HoXXa tcov ra err]. 295, 15. TloXXd koI iccika tcov to. err). (§ 23, 4.) X. "'Eva for ev, one. De Cer. p. 121,1. Ka#' eva eKaaTov (3r)pa. (§ 31, 1, 1.) XL Eitre (write elaai), from elfii. De Cer. p. 250, 10. Eure Trarpiiaos. De Adm. 139, liJfTov, for fjv. (§§ 32, 2: 38, n. 1.) XII. Periphrastic future. De Cer. p. 489, 9. Ovs e'xei bpicreiv, for Spiaai. (§ 36.) XIII. Subjunctive with the ending of the indicative. De Cer. p. 7 Porphyrogenitus [A. D. 905-9591, De Cer. pp. 5,2. 'Qs av de aacprj Kal evdidyvcoara elev ra yeypappeva, Ka\ KaOcopiXnpevrj Ka\ inrXovarepa (ppdcrei Kexprjpeda, Kal Xe^eai raxs avrals Kal ovopaai rois e(j> eKacrrco irpdypari ndXat TrpocrappoadelcrL Kal Xeyopevois. 619, 3. lariov otl dub rf) irpcoTrj ypepa [sicj rijs yevvrjaeccs tov 7rop(pvpoyevvr)Tov naibbs u(peiX6pevov earl ylveo~8ai, b f) kolvy] o~vvr\6eia Xoxb^epa KaXel. De. Adm. pj). 68, 8 Aid kolvtjs ko.1 KadcopiX-qpev^s dnayyeXias dibd^ai ere eo-Trevaa. 152, 21 2e'p/3Aoi [servuli] de rfj tcov Pcopaicov diaXeKTco dovXot, TrpnaayopevovraL • odev Kal aepftovXa tj kolvt) pav aov, fleXy? dXXaxov. (§ 82, 6.) XXII. "Apa with the subjunctive. De 'Cer. p. 391, 19. "Ap.a elaeXBfl, As soon as he enters. (§ 81, 3.) XXIII. r/ Et»r, as far as, with the accusative. De Adm. p. 99, 1. 'AvrjXQev etos ttjv Ka>vaTavTivov7ro\i,v. (§ 65, 5.) XXIV. 'An tKelae, thence. De Adm. p. 148, 9. (§ 88, 2.) XXV. Mera, icith, followed by the accusative. De Adm. 144, 11. ^.vpireOepias pera tovs Tovpicovs Kai dydiras e'xovTes. (§67, 2.) One of the successors of Theophanes (tenth century) makes use of the expression, the common and impure language* which evidently means the language of the illiterate. In the collec- tion entitled " Theophanes Continuatus " we find the following grammatical innovations : — I. Genitive in -v , from -vs, analogous to -77 from -ns: p. 427, 4 "AXv TfOTapov. Compare B. A. p. 1195 Kapvs, Aapdvs, KXavavs, Kap- SOs-, Aiovvs, G. Kapv, D. Kapv, and so on. (§ 12, 2.) II. Voca- tive in -i, for -ie : pp. 72, 19 Kvpi oli/3o£eo-ra. 181, 8. Kai Xifiddiov TrapdiceiTai Tvpiv dypuiKiKrj (pcoufj naXovpevov. Xll INTRODUCTION. Cedrenus (A. D. 1057) attempted to write in Ancient Greek, but with indifferent success. His work contains but few gram- matical innovations. I. Genitive in -?), from -rjs. Vol. II. p. 171, 5 rod ^lavvrj. (§ 10, 1, 2.) II. Augmentative ending -as. Vol. I. p. 472, 24 Tpaxq- Xas, Bullneck, Constantine's nickname. Vol. II. p. 607, 3 MixarjXas, big Michael. (§ 16, 3, 3.) III. The numeral adverb enrm, seven times. Vol. I. p. 305, 20. 'Enrol O' 3', Seven times eighty are Jive hundred and sixty. (§ 31, 3.) IV. -Apposition for adnomination. Vol. II. p. 19, 13. 2vpovs 'laKcofiiTos 7r\r)do$ ttoXv. (§ 49, 3.) Scylitzes recognizes the existence of the common dialect, from which he cites the following proverb : s Ea> oe cktioo, (povpve • i ; 9 in the Romaic of the present day, 'Eyo> o-e cktioo, (povpve, eya> va. (or da) o-e ^aXao-co, I built thee, O oven, I will de- molish thee. Anna Comnena also alludes to the common dialect.™ She has preserved the following popular tetrastitch (§ 91, 3) : To cra/3/3arov ttjs Tvpivrjs Xapfjs, ' AXe'^ie • evorjoes to • Kai ttjv bevrepav to rrpco't Etiva, " KaXcos, yepdniv pov." In two of his poems, Ptochoprodromus uses a language which is fundamentally the same as the Romaic of the present day. So that he may with propriety be regarded as the earliest Mod- ern Greek author of whom we have any knowledge. The pro- logues and epilogues of these effusions are in what may be called barbarous Ancient Greek. 11 We give here some of his grammatical peculiarities. I. N annexed to words ending in a vowel : (fiopetv, aiTevio-drjv, yei- Tovav, Tivdv, vnodrjpav, fipao'vv, eKade£ovv, ioev. II. The ending 9 Scylitzes [eleventh century], pp. 643, 12. T6 Brjpatbes tovto ko\ KaBrjpat-evpevov e7rtXeya>u • " 'Ec5 ere eKTioa, (povpve • ea> iva oe %a- Adcrco." 644, 1. 'Srl.cpos o~TpaTia>TtKov dirooTeiXas (Bapayyovs ovtovs i) Koivr) ovopd^ei 8tdXeTTrj9 "To o~d(3(3aTOv ttjs Tvpivrjs x a P e ^ s [write %a- pjjs~\, 'AXe£ie , evorjoes to, ko\ ttjv bevTepav to TvpaX etna KaXcos yepaKiv pov." 11 Tiieodorus PTOcnornoDROMiis (A D. 1143-1180). His o-Tixot TtoXiTiKoL are contained in the first volume of Coray's Atakta. Paris, 1828. INTRODUCTION. xiil -ey or -a is for -a i : res Tecrcrapes yoovicus- (§ 10, n. 1.) m. The accent of proparoxytone nouns and adjectives retains its place : 6 or -&vg>, from the classical -6 KecpaXaicp eiroincrev 6 6ebs crvv tov ovpavbv Ka\ crvv ttjv yrjv. XXI. Ovdev for o v, not. The form Aev occurs only as a various reading: thus, 1, 71 iroTe 8ev eKTevicrdrjv, v. 1. iroTe tov ovk eKTevladrjv, probably the true reading. The " Book of the Conquest of Romania and of the Morea " by the Franks (French, Italians), now ascertained to be a translation from the French, belongs to the fourteenth century, and represents the Romaic of that period. 12 From the abuse it heaps upon the Greeks, because they on more than one occa- sion deceived the truth-loving Franks, but chiefly because the Latins were unable to induce that stiff-necked, perfidious, lying people to recognize the apostolic claims of the Holy Father, it is 12 Bi/3Aioi> Trjs Kovypes, rod Nr£e<£pe, rov Nr£e(ppeV, Geoffroi, pas- sim. VIII. The article 77 for at. K. 1059 r) avpcpcovials. 4631 {] iKKk-qaUs. IX. 'Atos or 'An ar 6s, self, in several places X. The relative 6 ir o I o s with or without the article. II. 1332 tovs 07TQLOVS, V. 1. TOt)J OTTOLDVS. K. 4831 TO OTTOLOV. 1440 TO. OTTOta KCHTTprj. 5223 pe ouolov e^ei (povo-crdrov. XI. E I a 6 a i or E I err a i, infini- tive of elpai. XII. Periphrastic future. II. 168 BeXei clo-6at. K. 4831 6eXev etcrrai. II. 367 OeXovv apparooaoven. 825 6a rovs in- ctt€vo-t]. 248 BeXovv opiaei. 260 bid va pas BeXrjs i'Set. 600 BeXovv Koariaet. K. 1846 deXco iravcrei. XIII. Continued future indica- tive. K. 645 6eXow dovXevet. XIV. Pluperfect active, n. 81 eixe dpoaei. K. 3608 eiy/s /3aXet. 3611 et'^e's rovs viKrjpevovs. 360 ei^acri ^aXatracrt. By means of eipai : II. 390 rjcrav eirdpovra, for eixav errdpei. 1274 rjrov drrodavoiv. K. 1093 rjrov 7roir)o~ovra, for ei- Xav 7rou']aei. 2500 rjrov dnoareiXovTa. XV. Future subjunc- tive. II. 170 rjBeXev elcrdai. 368 rj6eXev evepeivei. K. 1205 bei^ei ro ijdeXe. XVI. Periphrastic future subjunctive, equivalent to the aorist subjunctive. II. 8 ocrris aTrrjXBe 's rr)v "2,vpidv va exu npoaKwr)- crei. 64 va e'xovv pe'ivei. 73 va. ret e'xco acorapx^jcrei {cnrapxr/crei). 531 va o~e e'xco etVei. XVII. Infinitives in -ei. K. 660 tovXevei. 6 78 iKirX-qpel. 2169 apxivev XaXet. XVIII. Participle active inde- clinable. II. 18 Idovras. 28 Bprjvcovras. 89 Kovpaevovras, Kep§i£ov- ras. 390 eirdpovra. 1048 dia(36vra. K. 847 iXni^ovra. 1093 noir)- aovra. According to Msizaris, the aorist participle in -ovra first made its appearance in Laconia. He gives the following specimens (Boissonade's Anecd. Vol. III. p. 164): irinaovra, acpl^ovra, doaovra. XIX. Imperfect indicative passive. K. 4220 eBvpdaovv. 4221 €Kavxr]o-eaovv. 3432 eKaBerov for eKaBero. 3486 eaKOirifyvTOV for eo-Konifcro. 1441 epxovrav for epxovro. II. 1259 eylvovrav ibr ey'ivov- ro. Third person plural in -rjaav. II. 538 epxdvrrjaav. K. 2148 i]ya7rovvrrjo-av. 2860 evptcrKovrrjcrav. 4693 eKa6e£dvrr)0~av. Mazaris refers this ending to the dialect of Laconia, and gives rjpxdvrrjaav, kci- 6€(ovvrr](rav, as "examples. (Boisson. Anecd. Vol. III. p. 164.) XX. Periphrastic future indicative passive. K. 4526 BeXovaiv fiaXdr). XXI. Periphrastic pluperfect passive. K. 7747 ijaav aTroara- Bevra. XXII. Aorist imperative passive in -cro v. K. 7596 ttXtj- INTRODUCTION. XV poTepov crvp.j3s(BnKe r<5 vBcltl to eivai otoiy/io) 7rapo rfj yjj. XXV. *Av ev otl. II. 566. *Ai/ ev ore dpeaovv tov, If so be they will (or may) please him; If so be they please him. XXVI. The article r d followed by the infinitive is equivalent to the modern Evdvs -kov, as soon as. II. 333. Xapdv p.eyd\r]v e'Xa,3e to dicovcrei to pavTcWov. 859. To tSel Tes cricaXes ebpap.av. K. 4455. To i'Set tov 6 pur) Macppes iirpoo-^KOiOnKe tov. Sometimes to is followed by the aorist subjunctive, n. 554. To Ihovv to TrXrjdos tcdv QpayKwv .... ehpap-aaiv. -XXVII. "Ea>s ov vd, or'fls ov vd, with the subjunctive, n. 1065. "Ecus ov va tovs npocpepcoenv. K. 906. c i2? ov va p.d8rj TLUOTe. ■ XXVIII. "Ecos els, until. K. 6661. "Eons els t-)v Ccorjv tov. XXIX. Me^pt els, as far as. II. 647. Me^pi V 'Av~ 8piavov7ToXiv. Ov&iv for ov, not, passim. Emmanuel Georgilas ( y Ep.p.avovrj\ TeapyiWas), a native of Rhodes, belongs to the latter part of the fifteenth century. He wrote several insipid poems in Romaic verse. About the same time, the story of Apollonius of Tyre ('AttoWcovlov tov ev Tvpcp) was translated into Romaic from the Latin romance Apollo- nius Tyrius, the supposed prototype of Shakespeare's Pericles Prince of Tyre. The Romaic portion of the Turcograecia n represents the language of the sixteenth century. The participle eo-ovras, from elpai, occurs in it perhaps for the first time (pp. 79. 111). In the same century Demetrios Zenos (Ar]p,^Tpios 6 Zrjvos) translated the Batrachomyomachia into the common language (koivt) ykwo-- a-a), as he calls the Romaic. This translation Martin Crusius (A. D. 1526-1607) translated into Latin. It appears, then, that, as soon as ignorance rendered the spoken language unfit for elaborate composition, those who made any pretensions to scholarship began to conform their style to the earlier models ; and the result was a dialect resem- bling the ancient Attic chiefly in its external form. Such is the language of Cedrenus, Scylitzes, Anna Comnena, Bryen- nius, Ptochoprodromus (except his Romaic verses), Tzetzes, Eustathius, Nicetas, Xicephorus Gregoras, Acropolites, Pachy- meres, Cantacuzenus, Ducas, Codinus, Phrantzes, Chalcocondy- 13 In the Hisioria Politica et Patriarchica Constantinopoleos. Bonn, 1849. XVI INTRODUCTION. les, find other later Byzantine writers. This artificial and often barbarous Greek continued to be used by the educated from the tenth century until quite recently. And because, after the fall of Constantinople, learning among the Greeks had been almost exclusively confined to the clergy, it received the appellation of the ecclesiastical style (to eKKkrjo-iao-TiKov vs 6 XycTTrjs opoXoyco aoi, Mvr)aOr)Ti pov, Ki'pie, "Orav eXdrjs 'Ei/ tt) (3ao-iXeiq crov. The following distich is, by the Byzantine chronographers, referred to the age of the emperor Phocas the Tyrant : 19 16 TriKorriANES, p. 177 [A. M. 5957. A. D. 457]. 17 Joannes Lydus, p. 141, 14. 18 Cedrenus, Vol. I. p. 684,23 [A. D. 558 -571]. ( 19 TlIEOPllANES, p. 457, 19. c O be p.aTOvp,ev6v ae 6epa>v, Kvpie, 'E^/oraro koX tcrraro Kpavydfav rrpbs avTrjv TOiavra • Xaipe, 81 rjs f) x a P a eKXdpyJAei, XaTpe, di rjs t) dpd e/cXet'-v^et • XaTpe, tov jrecrovTOS 'ASap. 77 dvdicXrjcriSi XaTpe, t5)v daupvcov ttjs ~Evas f) XvTpcocris. XaTpe, vy^os hvcravdfiaTov dvdpam'ivois Xoyicrpols-, XaTpe, (3d6os dvcr8ed>pr)TOV kcll 'AyyeXcov 6(pdaXu.o1s. The following is its tcovrdiaov. (It is mentioned by Porphyro- genitus, De Cer. p. 609, 6.) T77 VTrepp-dxco arpar-qyco to. VLKt]T7)pia 'Qs XvTpcoOelaa rcov deivcov evxapio-Trjpia 'Avaypd(p(D o~oi fj ttoXis o~ov, OeoroKe. 20 TipdcrivoL vftpiaav clvtov XeyovTes, " UaXiv [read IlaAt] els tov kcivkov ernes-, ndXiv tov vovv dneXenes fv. 1. aTroAea-es]." GLYCAS (p. 511, 1) has dnooXeaas for dneXeKes- CEDREXUS, Vol. I. p. 709, 6. HaXiv tov oivov ernes-, rrdXiv tov vovv aTrcoXecras. 20 The Byzantines assert that Constantinople was dedicated by its founder to the Virgin. Accordingly, we find her frightening away the Khan of the Avars and the Caliph of the Arabs, from the pre- cincts of her favorite city. It appears, however, that, in the year 1453, she could not keep off the Sultan of the Turks, partly on account of the wickedness of the Christians, but chiefly because he was too much for the theological puppet-shows of Byzantium. (Horologium, May 11. Cedrexus, Vol. I. p. 495, 22. Theophaxes, pp. 487, 7: Gil, 14. ClIRONICON PaSCHALE, p. 725, 9. PoilPIIYROGEXI- tus, De Adm. p. 102, 12.) XX INTRODUCTION. AXX cos €)(ovv "Hicrxyvas, oXfiov Ttjs Becocrecos cfiepcov Mopcpovp.evos vvv, tjcttivos oV eXnida *Ava>6ev els Kevdpcovas rjXOopeu £6 KXeiviov. Tbv yepovra tco yepovTi rov veov be tco veco. Ho'iKrjp.evai yap vplv p.ep.cpdpeo-Q' evavriov. Tr)v OpvaXkio* els eavrbv evOecos £vve\Kvaas. 23 EuSTATIIIUS, p. 11, 35. Ot br/uoTiKol crri'^oi, ol to naXaibv p.ev rpoxaUcos irob'L^op.evoi, Ka6a kox AlcrxvXos iv TlepoaLs SnXot, cipri de iro- XitlkoX 6vop.a£6p.evoi. This merely shows that the loyhidiaii of the twelfth century were by no means in advance of their age. XXU INTRODUCTION. Accentual Trochaic. Id. Nub. 1045. Vesp. 241. 244. Lys. 313. 365. Kciitol Tiva yvcoprjv e^oov -^eyeis ra Oeppd Xovrpd ; "EipfiXou Se s KoXovpevovs cov rj^LK-qcrev • dXXd. Tts £vXXdftoir dv rov tjvXov rcov ev 2auw crrparrjycov ; "Atttov povov SrparvXXibos r<5 daKrvXco irpoo~eX6u>v. Rhyme. Rhyme is recognized by the classical poets, although they never seem to go after it. They only use it when it comes to them. Sophocles, Aj. 765. 766. 3/ Eyva>K.a yap §// r6s quart] pevrj, Kal rrjs TraXacas xdpiros eicfiefiXqpevr}. In the longer olkol of the aKaBio-ros vpvos, rhyme is of frequent occurrence. In its Kovrdniov, the second line rhymes with the first, and the fifth with the fourth. (See above.) In long poems rhyme began to be regularly employed about the latter part of the fifteenth century. The earliest produc- tion in rhyme is the Description of the Plague of Rhodes, by Emmanuel Georgilas, already mentioned. Origin of the Name Romaic. When Constantine the Great transferred the seat of empire to Byzantium he called it Nea Pco/^, 24 New Rome, in contradis- tinction to npeafivrepa Pcon^, 25 Elder Rome, or simply Vetfirj, Rome. The popular name, however, was, and still continues to be, Kcov- (TTavTLvov7ro\is, Constantinople, that is Kcovaravrivov noXis, 26 the city of Constantine. The appellation Neiv Rome is now obsolete, except in connection with the titles of its bishop. Thus, rprj- yopios tXto) 6tov dpxienio-Konos KcovarravrivovnoXecos Near Pa>pqs Kal oUovpeviKos Trarpidpxqs, Gregory by the mercy of God Archbishop of Constantinople which is New Rome, and universal Patriarch. After that memorable event, the name of PcopaToi," 27 Romans, was applied to the Greeks, as well as to the genuine Romans. 24 Concil. Constant. I. can. r'. Joannes Lydus, p. 193, 21. Tiieophanes, p. 42 [A. M. 5821. A. D. 321]. Chronicon Pas- ciiale, p. 529 [A. D. 330]. 26 Menander, p. 328, 2. 26 Eunafius, p. 93, 20. 27 Cedrenus, Vol. I p. 454, 16 [A. D. 268 - 270]. Compare Zo- naras, Vol. II. p. 605, 5. INTRODUCTION. XX111 The subjects of the Byzantine emperor were sometimes distin- guished from the eWe/not Pco/ialoi, 28 Western Romans, by the ad- jective eaoi? 8 Eastern. The emperor's domain was known as Pcofiavia,^ Romania, the country of the Romans, a derivative of Poifiavos, 30 Romdnus, Roman. The Greeks being thus changed into Romans, it was natural that the name of their language should undergo a corresponding transformation. The adjective PcopaliKos (trisyllabic), less cor- rectly Pay/xalKos, is derived from Poopaios, after the analogy of the classical 'A^an/cos 1 from 'Abator. Hence tj PcopaiiKr) yXcoacra, or simply to. Po/xauxa, 31 Romaic, the language of the Romans. The educated Greeks in general, and the loghiotati in particu- lar, have an instinctive aversion to the word Papaios, with its deriv- atives, not because it makes them Romans, but because it is asso- ciated with bondage, ignorance, and degradation. Consequently the spoken language has been designated by the following adjec- tives : r) cittXtj, r) aTrXoeWrjviKr), j) xvdala, r) awpepivr), r) Tcopivr), tj koivt), tj vea, f) vecorepa, tj TpaiKiKr), r) veoeXkrjviKr). The last of these ap- pellations is evidently the most appropriate. As to the expres- sion 17 'eWtjvlkt) ykwaaa, or simply to. 'EWrjvim, it is regularly applied to the ancient language of Greece. The name which the ancient Greeks gave themselves was that of "EWrjves, Hellenes. During the Ptolemaic and subse- quent periods, the Jews of Alexandria and other places out of Palestine used this term also in the sense of pagans, idolaters, gentiles, heathens, 32 apparently because they regarded the Greeks as the most prominent Gentile nation with which they were acquainted. This signification passed into the works of the Fathers and other Christian authors. 33 Theophanes and his successors apply the epithet 'EXAaSiKoi, 34 natives of Hellas, to the inhabitants of Greece ; "EXkrjves being used in its Jewish acceptation. The late Greek revolution has restored the an- 28 Priscus, p. 151, 12. 16. 29 Theophanes, p. 532, 12. 30 Porphyrogenitus, De Adm. p. 125, 19. Pvpavoi, the colo- nists sent from Rome to Dalmatia by Diocletian. 31 KovyiceoTa, 2805. PcapaUa top aireKpidr). DuCAS, p. 138, 8. T17V kolvtjv y\ SYCHIUS, TpaiKicrri, 'EXXqiwri. TpaiKos, "EXXt/i/. Paucor, "EXKtjp. StepiIANUS BYZANTIUS, TpaiKos, 6 r, E\Xrjv. Eustatiiius, p. 81)0, 14. 36 Priscus, p. 190, 20. Procopius, Bell. Goth. pp. 93. 136. Tijeopiianes, p. 705. 37 Tiieopiianes, p. 34, 9. 38 Porphyrogenitus, Do Them. p. 13, 2. Trjv irdrpLov kol Vwpa'i- Krjv yXeoTTtiv a.7roj3a\6uTes. 39 Idem, De Cer. chapters 74, 75. INTRODUCTION XXV -citos, -at us. Joannes Lydus, p. 169, 22 XayKioXdros, from lan- ceola. -drov, -atum. Theophaxes, pp. 375, 2 fiavdarov, man datum. 361, 12 (poaadrov, from f o s s a t u s. -ov\a, -ula: nopTovXa, p or tula. -ovpa, -ura. Procopius, Vol. I. p. 290, 6 Kkeio-ovpa, a narroio pass. -dt(op, -dropas, ator: (Siykdropas, watchman, (pvkaKaro pas, jailer. -irov\os, pullus (puer). Theophaxes Continuatus, p. 379, 3 Taj3pir)\67rov\os. Cedrexus, Vol. II. p. 434, 23. Knfinros ovres 7raides nai did tovto Kop.rjr67rovXoi 6vopa£6p.€voi. The Venetians left behind them a large number of Italian words, and the following endings : -dvos, -ano (Latin -anus), paroxytone. Bevercridvos, Ilepa-cdvos, Na7ToXiraj/os. -dp a, -are, used only in verbs of Italian origin : ^oXravradpa, to beat, a nautical term, from volt a. -tpco, -ire: (paXipai, to fail. -e£os, -ese: 'EyyXe£os, In glese, Englishman, ®pavrcre£os, Francese, Frenchman. The Kovy Keo-ra contains a small number of French words, most of which are now obsolete. Words of undoubted Spanish origin are of very rare occurrence in Romaic. The Gothic Element of the Romaic. The Goths, Vandals, and Gepidae were different tribes of the same race. 40 Dexippus and Eunapius apply to them the ge* neric term Scythians i^Kvdai), which means little else than North- ern Barbarians. The Goths made their first appearance in Greece in the third century. 41 In the latter part of the fourth, they overran Thrace, Macedonia, and Thessaly. 42 And under Alaric they devastated Megaris and Peloponnesus. 43 About the middle of the fifth they appear in Illyria. 44 The Vandals under Genseric plundered the greater part of Greece in the fifth century. 45 The Gepidce are mentioned in connection with the 40 Procopius, Vol. I. p. 312. 41 Zosimus, p. 28 [A. D. 253]. 42 Eunapius, p. 51 [A. D. 376]. Id. p. 77 [A. D. 378]. Id. p. 79 [A. D. 380]. 43 Zosimus, pp. 252, 253 [A. D. 396]. 44 Priscus, p. 160 [A. D. 467]. 45 Procopius, Vol. I. p. 335, 5 [A. D. 429-477]. c XXVI INTRODUCTION. Avars, who made an attempt upon Constantinople in the early- part of the seventh century. 46 The Franks were a branch of the Germanic family. 47 After they conquered the country now called France, 48 the Byzan- tines confounded them with the Celts and Celtiberians. 49 And in Modern Greek, QpayKos means Western JEuropean in general, and Italian or Roman Catholic in particular. The 'Ayyi'Xoi of Procopius are the ancient Angles. In the tenth century the Bapayyoi 50 appeared at Constantinople as mercenaries. Their true name was 'iyyXtW, 51 of which the root is IyyX-, the same as that of Engl-ish. And as they were Britons, it is natural to infer that they w r ere English. If so, Bapayyoi may be regarded as the Greek form of the Anglo-Saxon warig, bulwark, that is, the Guard. Only a small number of Romaic words can with any degree of certainty be referred to the Gothic group. The Slavic Element of the Romaic. In the reign of Justinian the Slavi crossed the Danube and overan Illyria. 52 In the latter part of the sixth century they devastated Thrace and Greece. 53 A century later they appear as soldiers in the army of Justinian the Second. 54 In the eighth century we find them permanently settled in Greece. 55 The Russians, at the instigation of the Byzantine emperor, devas- 4G THEornANES, p. 485 [A. M. 6117, A. D. 617]. 47 Procopius, Vol. I. p. 319. 43 Theophanes, p. 618, 19. Porphyrogenitus, De Adm. p. 115, 2. 43 TlIEOPHYLACTUS SlMOCATA, p. 245. PORPHYROGENITUS, De Them. p. 28, 12. 50 Cedrenus, Vol. II. p. 613. Scylitzes, p. 644. Axxa Com- NKXA, p. 120. 61 Eustatiiius, p. 372, 22. To 'iyKXifca, the country of the English. Nicetas, p. 54 7. Bpfrravcoi/, ovs vvv u, rjyovv 'iyyXiwort, in English ! 62 Procopius, Vol. II. p. 397, 18. 63 Menander, p. 327 [A. D. 577J. Id. p. 404, 15. Theophanes, p. 360 [A. M. 6051. A. D. 551]. 54 Theophanes, p. 559 [A. M. 6183. A. D. 683]. 65 Porphyrogenitus, De Them. p. 53 [A. D. 741 - 775]. De Adm. p. 217 [A. D. 802-811]. Ibid. p. 220 [A. D. 829-867]. Theophanes, p. 707 [A. M. 6272. A. D. 775]. INTRODUCTION. XXVli tated Bulgaria in the early part of the ninth century. 56 In the reign of Basil, they, together with other Slavic nations, adopted the ritual and the alphabet of Byzantium. 57 In the latter part of the twelfth century they assisted the emperor against the Co- mani and Blachi. 58 The Slavic bequeathed to the Greek a small number of words, and the following diminutive endings : — -clklos, from -€K, -ijk. Theophanes, p. 706, 10 [A. D. 774]. ^ravpaKios, the diminutive of Sravpos. 6.kt]s, syncopated from -clklos. Theophanes Continuatus, p. 361, 1 1 . Qeo8oTaKr]s from Qeodoros. -clkiov, the neuter of -clklos. Theophanes, p. 582, 16 [A. D. 703] klovclklov, from klcov. Porphyrogenitus, l)e Cer. pp. 20, 23 (TTevaKiov. 341, 5 KamorpaKiv. -clklvos, modern - a k l a v 6 s, the Slavic - e k and the Greek -lvos com- bined. Malalas, p. 232, 12 XeTrraiavos, rather thin. -LTo-a, -lt£cl, Slavic -r]T(ra. Cedrenus, Vol. II. pp. 435, 19 Pa- IxeravLTCa. 436, 20 Tpia8iY£a, the Slavic Tp6r)T(ra. 459, 14 2rpou- -Irans, -ir£r)s, the masculine of -Ircra. Theophanes Continua- tus, p. 379, 3 Bao-iXiTfys. Porphyrogenitus, Vit. Basil, p. 224, 22. *Op [0eo(piAoi/J vTroKopi^ofxevoi Qeocpikir^rjv eKaXovv. -ltctlv, -lt£lv, the neuter of -iro~a. Symeon Magister, p. 713, 17 irpoaarir^v, write TrpoacrTiT&v, from Ts-podo-reiov. Common'in PTOCHOPRODROMUS ; as KapvdLTcriv, Kpop,p,vdiraLv, piKporepiro-iv. -oicas, Russian -ok, -lok, heard in jvlokcls, from yvios, vlos, son. -ovtctikos, Slavic -rsheic, -rjrsheK, in adjectives: fUKpovraiKos, Xt- yovraiKos. Common in PTOCHOPRODROMUS. The Tatar Element of the Romaic. The Hunns, Avars, Turks, and Bulgarians belong to the same family. The first three of these appellations are by the Byzantines sometimes confounded with each other. The Hunns appeared in Europe in the fourth century. 59 In the middle of the fifth, they overran Thrace. 60 About a hundred years later, they proceeded as far as Greece. 61 In the early part of the seventh century we find them before the walls of Constantino- 66 Cedrenus, Vol. II. p. 372 [A. D. 802-811]. 57 Glycas, p. 553, 4. Scriptor Anonymus in Bandurii Animadv. in Porphyr. p. 362 et seq. 68 NiCETAS,p. 691 [A. D. 1195-1204]. 69 Eunapius, p. 75 [A. D. 374]. Priscus, p. 141, 8. Porphy- rogenitus, De Adm. p. 123, 7. Theophylactus Simocata, p. 47 22. *° Tiieophanes, p. 186, 1 [A. M. 5966. A. D. 466]. 61 Agatiiias, p. 301 [A. D. 558]. XXVH1 INTRODUCTION. pie in conjunction with the Avars . 62 According to Theophylac- tus, the name of "Afiapoi was improperly given to the inhabi- tants of Pannonia. 63 Porphyrogenitus speaks of certain Slavic tribes that were called also "A/3apot. 64 The Turks sent ambas- sadors to Constantinople about the middle of the sixth century. 65 In the time of Porphyrogenitus, the country now called Hun- gary was inhabited by Tovptcoi. 66 The Bulgarians first became known to the Byzantines in the latter part of the fifth century. 67 Conjointly with the Avars they attacked Constantinople in the seventh century. 68 In the reign of Constantine Pogonatus they crossed the Danube and invaded Thrace. 69 In the eighth cen- tury they were converted to Christianity. 70 The Bulgarians of the present day speak a Slavic dialect, which circumstance is the origin of the current opinion that they are of Sclavonic descent. In addition to a large number of words of Tatar origin, the following formative endings have crept into the vulgar Romaic through the medium of the Turkish : — -A?}?, -AiKt, -rays, from -li, -lik, -dzJii, respectively. (§ 16. 1.) . 62 Theophanes, p. 485, 5 [A. M. 6117. A. D. 617]. 63 Theophylactus Simocata, pp. 283. 284. Nicephorus Con- STANTINOPOLITANUS, p. 38, 19. 64 Porphyrogenitus, De Adm. pp. 126. 141. 65 Menander, p. 295, 19 TA. D. 568]. Theophanes, p. 378, 19 [A. M. 6064. A. D. 564]. ^Compare Id. p. 485, 12 [A. D. 617]. 66 Porphyrogenitus, De Adm. pp. 81. 141. 168. 177. Zona- ras, XVI. 12 [A. D. 886-911]. 67 Theophanes, p. 222, 3 [A. D. 494]. Zonaras, XIV. 3. Com- pare Genesius, p. 85, 22. 68 Georgius Pisides, Bell. Avar. 197. 409. 69 Theophanes, p. 544 [A. D. 671]. Porphyrogenitus, Them, p. 46, 1 [A. D. 668-685]. 70 Porphyrogenitus, Vit. Basil, p. 342, 7. ABBREVIATIONS. B. stands for Boeckh's Corpus Inscriptionum Graecanim. B. A. Bekker's Anecdota Graeca. C. Curtius's Anecdota Dclphica. Et. M. Etvmologicum Magnum. R. Rossius's Inscriptiones Graccac incditae. Fasciculus I. Naupliae, 1834. THE ALPHABET. The Modern Greek letters, breathings, accents, and marks of punctuation are the same as in classical Greek. 1. Letters. Figures. Representatives. Names. A, a a V A\cf>a A Ipha b, /3, e bh, or v Brjra Bhita r,y gh Ta/jL/na Ghdma A, 8 dh Aekra Dhelta E, e e 'E yjriXoi E'psilon z.e z Zrjra Zita H, rj i *Hra Ita 9,0,% th OfJTCt, Thita 1 1 i lcoTa Iota K, K h Kdirira Kdpa A, \ i Ad/jL{3$a Ldmbhdha M,p m MO Mi IV, v n m Ni A*5, or x Hi Ksi 0, o U fJLLKpOV Omilzron JT, 7T, W P m Pi P.P r Pu Ro X 0-, 5 final 5 Uly/jba Sighma T, T t Tav Taph r,v i 'T yjrckov Tpsilon $, * ph, or/ $2 Phi x > % kh XI KM y,* ps Wl Psi 12, 6) 1 SI fieya Omega , THE ALPHABET. 2. Breathings. Smooth breathing ( ' ), as in aicovw, e^w, rj\0ov, oIkos, clvtos Rough breathing ( ' ), as in oXotckrjpos, lepa^ ottov, alfia, eiTra/xev. 3. Accents. Acute ( ' ), as in airiaTos^ dirl(TTOV, fcaXos avOpcoiros, av0p(O7ro<; tcaXos. Grave ( % ), as in Tifir), rca/coi, ^v^poi. Circumflex ( " \ as in e/celvos, rtfiaTe, Tifia, /caXois. 4. Marks of Punctuation. Comma . Colon and Semicolon Period Interrogation Apostrophe Coronis Diaeresis . Parenthesis . . . . • ( } Exclamation . Pronunciation. §3. 1. Pronunciation of the Vowels. The Modern Greek has but five elementary vowel-sounds, represented by A, E, I, O, OT. Three of these, namely A, OT, I, may be called independent. The remaining two may be denomi- nated intermediate. PRONUNCIATION. 3 A. The full utterance of A requires the mouth to be opened as much as possible, and the breath to come up freely, that is, without any effort to check its progress or change its direction. It is essen- tially the same as a in far, farm, calm, father. After I, it is preceded by a sound resembling a weak y consonantal ; as in ftap&la, dXrjOeta, vyela. Represented by the Italian a ; as /cardpa, katara, d'jrdp'xpiLai, apdrkhome, diro, apo, la, sophia. or. The utterance of OT requires the corners of the mouth to be brought as near each other as possi- ble, and the breath to strike against the upper teeth, and not against the extremities of the lips. It is the same as the English oo in moon, spoon, soon. Represented by the Italian u ; as ovpavd^ uranos, tovtov, tutll, avyovarov, abhgllUStU. I. The utterance of I requires the corners of the mouth to be kept as far apart as possible, and the breath to strike against the upper teeth. It cor- responds to the English i in marine, machine. Represented by the Italian i ; as irlvw, pino, Tt/jLovcrc, timusL E. E is intermediate between A and I. It requires the mouth to be moderately opened, and the breath to proceed horizontally. It is approxi- THE ALPHABET. mately expressed by the English e in spend, ferry. Represented by the Italian e ; as ^g), ekho, alfiaTWfjbivo^, ematomtnos, Xeyercu, leghete. O. O is intermediate between A and OT. It re- quires nearly the same position of the vocal organs as OT ; the breath, however, must strike against the extremities of the lips, and not against the upper teeth. It is approximately expressed by the English oh. Represented by the Italian o ; as 07r&>?, opos, 7roraf6o?, potamos, Xeyo/juevcx;, leghomenos. h, r. As to the vowels H and T, they are now each pronounced like I. Represented by the Italian i; as Orj/crj, thiki, Kvpios, kirios, 1x66s, ikhthis. The vowels can be divided also into hack-vowels and front-vowels. Thus, E is a front-vowel in relation to A and O, but a back-vowel in relation to OT and I. The relative position, in the vocal apparatus, of the vowel-sounds, may be illustrated by the fol- lowing diagram. Of course, it is not to be sup- OT PRONUNCIATION. 5 posed that such a figure is actually formed in the mouth. 2. Pronunciation of the Diphthongal Sounds. The classical diphthongs, with the exception of av, ev, 7]v, cov, are monophthongs in Modern Greek. Thus, ai is sounded like e. Represented by e ; as al/xa, ema, alrrjai^, etisis. ai or a, like a. Represented by a ; as aocpla, sophia, aSo), ddho. av, ev, 7)v, cov. Before a vowel, or semivowel (ft y, 8, f, X, fju, v, p), the v in these diphthongs has the sound of /3 ; as /cava, kdbho, cpevyco, phebhgho, 7]vpa, ibhra. In all other cases, the v has the force of (f> ; as avros, aphtos, evdvs, ephthis, rav, tdph. The diphthong cov does not occur in Modern Greek. ev, like i. Represented by %•■; as elira, ipa, e/celvos, ekinos. 7)i or rj, like c. Represented by i ; as ry rtpfih ti timi. oi, like c. Represented by i ; as oltcoi, iki, fcoikia, kilia, TOiouro?, tiutos. ou, see above, 1. vi, like i. Represented by i ; as vlds, ids, opyvid, orghid. The Modern Greek nevertheless has nearly all the ancient diphthongal sounds. Thus, when, in the same word, or in two contiguous words, a back- vowel is followed by a front- vowel, these two vowels 1* THE ALPHABET. admit, especially in poetry, of forming a diphthong- al sound, that is, of being uttered in one syllable. AE. AE, the same as the Bceotic ae (Latin ae), ap- pears in the forms ae, aai. It is heard in deros, when a dissyllable ; also in the verbal ending -ae when pronounced in one syllable. Not unfre- quently, the first element (A) belongs to the end of a word, and the second (£) to the beginning of the word following. Ka\ '? T7]V ^rfkri fiov tt]V KOp(f>r] aero? elv /caOtcrfievos. 'O Xpovw avaTplyiace, tov ecj)ae fiavpo cfyelBi. Na evrpoTridfyrj tt]V yeveav tov, va evTpoir lateral fcao avros. Me tcl povya cufiaTay/uLeva gepco ore efSycuves repvefrd. AI. AI is of frequent occurrence. The forms under which it appears are ai, ay, ay, aei, aoi, ai). The diaeresis shows that a'C, ai) are to be distinguished in pronunciation from ac, av. Thus, ai, ai) are each sounded like ai in aisle ; but ai, av, like e, a/3 or a$, respectively (§ 2). To) fcaprepco tt^ avoc^t, to jjlu'C to leaXofcalpL, " Md'Cva" repo to yei yal'ravo(j>pvBi. T' ap/JLara tmv XovXiwriaacnv ttj<; f^a/cova fie'vys XaiBoos. K r) yXcoaaa tov arjBovoXaXel kclI tceXai'Bei Kal Xe'yei. PRONUNCIATION. Krvirdeu fcdi to /caXiyi, o~ov nai fias voaei, o Xapos. Tcopa i) epopees avxyokaXovv kcll Xeyovv. c 07roi5 rr]v fcXelBcoae 6 Xpiarros k Tj Uavayid y pueyaXrj. Awheica Ypdvovs hcafia ra fiarta tt?? Bev ra elBa, AO. AO is heard in the verbal ending -dco. It results also from the union, in pronunciation, of two con- tiguous words. Maaropa, firjv iriKpaLveaai, k eyco Traco va cr to po. %av to afcopirio-fia tov ave/iov ? rov ireXaov ttjv fiovafya. EI. EI, sounded like ei in reign, freight, but a little fuller, appears under the forms e'C, eei, erj, erj. The diaeresis shows that it is not the same as u (pro- nounced I). In certain cases it results from the union, in pronunciation, of two contiguous words. Ilap-qyopta yj=i Oavaro^ k eXerj/ioavvrj 6 Xapos. Uov KeXa'ihei /cade irovpvo, to Xeei teal icaOe j3pdBv. IIov elaat, Kvpi, va fie L&r)s, fxdvva pov, vd pk /eXafyn?? ; Nd ae iBco k eyco 6 Kavp,evo<$ /cal va yaipovpuai. 8- THE ALFHABKT. 01. 01, pronounced like oy in boy, nearly, appears under the forms oi) orj, oei, wet, coy, ov. The diaere- sis shows that oi, oi) are different from ot, ov. It often results from the union, in utterance, of two contiguous words. Ho X ovv r °v po'ihov tt]V f3acj)r), tov jjbrjkov ttjv yXv/caSa. Kcu fivpoXot Bev tov XaXei fca/jb/jua /xvpoXoytaTpa. f Ayte fiov Teaopyt, (3or)0a fie air tgdv TovpKwv tcl ytpta. Tov Xoyo Blv airoacoae, tov Xoyo Bev arroetire. Wco/jlI tov Btvco fcac Bev Tpcoet, icpaat teat Bev to Trivet. To iBrj kcu r) ptavvovXa /jLOv kcli air tov Kalfio ireOavrj. X Tou? ovpavovs to Btd^erat, ? ttjv irepareta to vcpatvet. EBco ve to arj/JtaBt fiov, k eBa) r) airofyaat /jlou. Xav ftpa-ftps etv rj irXaTe? tov, gov Kaarpo r) KecfraXr) tov. 'H crfcoTcofievo rj ^covravo ? ttjv Ho'\i va ere 7ra/jue. OT-I. OT-I appears under the forms ovet, ovrj, ovrj ; as aicovei dissyllabic. It results also from the union, in utterance, of two contiguous words. Tov Ktraov r) \xavva kclOovvtclv ? tt)v atcpr) ? to itotcl/jll. Tov Nitcov tt€(J>t r) UoTCLfiia, tov Xp7]aTov r) AXaerawva. Mr)T€ a is to f. Represented by bh, and often by v ; as fiaOos, bhdthos, efiyalvoi), ebhgheno. As the sound of the English b is heard only in the combination MIT, the Greeks employ Mil as an approximation to it ; as Byron, Mirdipcov, Boston, Mwoo-tov, Birmingham, M t irepiuyx a f J " ( See IT, below. ) Note 1. In Scylitzes (p. 720, 5), Robert is written YovfiTrepros \ in Anna Comnena, Pofiirepros. is the aspirate of the sound represented by g pala- tal (as in go, get, give). Before I and E it is pro- nounced like y in ye, yes, but a little stronger. Before the other vowel-sounds it is guttural. Represented by gh ; as yaros, ghettos, yepw, gheron, yrj, ghi, yovn-a, ghupa. After r nasal, it does not differ from the English g palatal ; as ayyapla, angaria, ayyeko?, dngelos. As the sound of the English g palatal is heard only in TT or TK, the Greeks use TT or TK as an approximation to it ; as Grey, TtcpeC, Graham, TtcpeCyap** (See K, below.) Note 2. In the KovyKeara we have, 1944 YKiirep, for Gilbert. 5200 TyaXepdv, for Galeran. T nasal occurs only before the palatals K, T, X, H (that is, KX), and is pronounced like n in angle, or ng in hang. Represented by n ; as ayyekos, dngelos, aytceiov, angion, o-Jy%upd£a>, phrdzo, fa)?}, Zo-i. & like th in thin, thorn. Represented by th ; as 0eo'?, theos, avdpwiros, dnthropos, adeos, dtheos. K like k. Represented by k ; as tca/cd?, kakos, rcpafa, krdzo. After T nasal, or JV nasal, it is sounded like g palatal ; as dy/cXid, anglid, dyfcelov, angion, crvyfcaia), sing to, av Kalco, angeo. like I in last, all. Represented by I ; as XaXa>, lalu, Xeyw, legho, Xoyos, loghos, Xovco, luo. Before the sound I, it is generally pronounced like Hi in William. Represented by 11 ; as Xvtcos, llikos, KaXrj, kalli. Compare N before I. PRONUNCIATION. 11 M like m. Represented by m ; as fiovos, monos, fievo- fiev, menomen. N like n in nard, nest. Represented by n ; as vdfios, nomos, 7r2ve, pine, vovs, nus. Before the sound I, it is regularly pronounced like ni in opinion, onion. Represented by n ; as VL7TTCO, hipto, irovel, poni. Compare A before I. N nasal occurs chiefly in the proclitics av, lav, 8ev, eV, crvv, t6v, rrfv, twv, before K, or H (that is, KX), and is sounded like T nasal ; that is, like n in angle, or ng in hang ; as av fcdirrco, angopto, Sev gepco, dheng- sero. (See also T nasal.) In the same words, this letter before TI or W (that is, TJX) is pronounced like M ; as 9, dksios, feVo?, kstnos. After r nasal, or N nasal, it is sounded like gs ; as crak-my^ov, sdlpingson, tcov %evcDv f tongsenon. (See K, above.) n like p in park, pet, pin. Represented by p ; as iraTras, papas, ttltttcd, pipto, inwcri*;, ptosis. After M, it is pronounced like b ; as o-vfiircvco, simbino, efiirpds, embros. So also after N in the above-mentioned proclitics ; tov iroXe^ov, tombole- mon, av irayalvo), ambagheno. (See N nasal.) 12 . THE ALPHABET. like s in soft. Represented by s ; as o-wo-to?, so- stos, crrifjbepovy simeron. Before a semivowel (B, T, A, Z, A, M, N, P) it is sounded like Z; as Xjuvpvrj, Zmirni, x" a f jLa > khdzma. So also in the proclitics tovs, t«?, before the same consonants ; tou? PaaCkeis t?5? 7^?, tuzbha- silis tizghis, tovs \vkovs, tuzllikus. T like/ in tell, tin, tart. Represented by t ; as rl^ore, tipote, tovtov, tutu. After JV it is generally sounded like d ; as evTipLos, endimos, Gvvrpofyos, sindrophos. So after JV in the above-mentioned proclitics ; rbv ti^iov, tondimion, av rbv TLfjuas, andondimds, Bev rpe^ei^ dhendrekhis. (See JV nasal.) 7% formerly also TZ, like ts. Represented by ts ; as Taapovyi, tsarukhi, TGipmw, tsimbo. After JV, it is sounded like dz ; as ydvro-os, ghdnd- zos, vraafil, dzami. The combinations TX, TZ approximately express the English ch (tsh) before the vowel-sounds E, I; as cherry, raepo, cheap, tow, chip, ralir. But before A, O, OT, ch can be approximately represented only by T2I ; as charm, To-iapfi, choke, rcnofc, choose, T(TLOv£. The combinations JV7% NT2I are employed to express the sound of the English j or g lingual (dzh) ; as jet, vro-e'r, gem, vro-e/j,, jib, vTo-lpLTr, gibbet, VTaifJLTreT, jar, vratap, joke, vratoK, jury, vrcnovpc. Notk 4. In the KouyxeVra, Geojjroi, that is Godfrey, is written PRONUNCIATION. 13 Note 5. In ancient Greek, T2, TZ occur only in foreign words. Thus, rcrabr], tsade, the name of the eighteenth letter of the Hebrew alphabet (Septuagixt. Thren. passim). B. n. 4945 To-tvo-fxfjT, of the age of Diocletian. Procopius, Bell. Yand. 1, 11, p. 361 T£d£cov, brother of Gelimer. Bell. Pers. p. 78, 10 ol T£avol, an Asiatic people. The Latin ti before a vowel began to be pronounced like TZI about the sixth century. Thus, Theophanes, pp. 451 Aufxevr^ioXos, 454 Ao/xez/r^t'a, Domentia (A. D. 599). Compare Isidorus, 1, 26, 28. YetZ Uteris sola Grseca nomina scribuntur. Nam cum justitia sonum Z literae exprimat, tamen quia Latinum est, per T scribendum est, sicut militia, malUia, neguitia, et cetera similia. Malalas has Beve- r£ia, for Venetia (p. 176). The Latin C retained its ancient power as late as the same century. Thus, John Lydus writes fxayicnres for mancipes (p. 69, 16), 7rappiKidas for parricidas (p. 141, 13), (paicirjs for facies (p. 145, 3). The sounds now given to it by the Italians and Germans, when it stands before e or i, seem to be recognized by Porphyrogenitus. Thus (De Adm. p. 125), he writes T£i/3tra No,8a, for Civita Nova. He remarks also (De Them. p. 32) that the Latin r^alo-ai (v. 1. r^eVe) is equivalent to the Greek dvarofiT], where the true reading seems to be rCaicno, caesio. requires the mouth to be rounded as in blowing moderately. The English f, that is, the letter which comes nearest to it, is formed by pressing the upper teeth against the lower lip. (Compare Represented by ph or f ; as e^aya, cphagJia, fypovTi^w, phrontizo, evfypalvoo, ej)hphreno. the aspirate of K, is sounded like the German ch, or the Spanish j. Represented by kh ; as %ao?, khaOS, XP° V0(; i khronOS, avyx vaL S> Sinkhisis, evairXay- %i>o?, ephsplankhnos. like IIS. ."Represented by ps ; as a^ro?, dpsitos, TJrrpjQ), pshlO. 14 ACCENTS. After M, it is sounded like bs ; as e^u^o?, em- bsikhos. (See U, above.) 4. Pronunciation of the Breathings. The smooth breathing is a weak consonant, hay- ing A for its kindred vowel ; that is, it is to A what y in ye is to e in the same word. In classical Greek the rough breathing corre- sponds to h. In Modern Greek it does not differ from the smooth; as al/jua, "EXkTjves, pronounced €fia, E\i,ve<>. ACCENTS. 1. The acute accent is specifically (not merely generically) the same as the English acute; as prjrcop, ritor, TjOe%<», trtkllO, aOeos, CltllCOS, avdpcDTros, anthropos, Kaico?, kakos. The grave is the same as the acute, though somewhat weaker ; as kclXos avOpooiros, kalbs dn- thropos. In Modern Greek the circumflex cannot be dis- tinguished from the acute, all the modern vowel- sounds being isochronous ; thus, AraXw?, r^tf}, ^ovcra are sounded «a\o?, njul, p,ovaa. The circumflex inflection, however, is heard in the diphthongal sounds a'C, ao, aov, el', o'C, ovi', when the stress falls upon the first element (§ 2, 2) ; as fid'iva, maina, ^dchw, khaidho, irekdov, pelau, Xeec, lei, aoi, soi, ydi'Sapo?, ghdidharos. As quantity is not recognized in Modern Greek, a proparoxytone admits of ending in a syllable ACCENTS. 15 which in classical Greek would be long. For ex- amples, see nouns, adjectives, and verbs, below. Such forms as Koviaprj^;, Koiuacre, errrcaaa, efipaSeiacre, eXoytaaa, eXoyapiacra, with the accent on the fourth syllable from the end, are not exceptions to the general rule, since the antepenult is contracted, by synizesis, with the penult. Enclitics. 2. An enclitic is a word, which, in respect of accent, is pronounced as if it were an integral part of the preceding word. The most striking enclitics are the personal pronouns /jlov, /ue, /xa?, aov, ere, «ja?, and all the parts of tos ; as Sdere jjlov, KTvir^ae tov, Trpdyfxd tov. Proclitics. 3. A proclitic is a word, which, in respect of accent, is pronounced as if it were an integral part of the word before which it stands. The proclit- ics are, — (1) The article; as 6 dvOpwrros, tov dvOpwirov, pronounced 6dv6pco7ros, TovavOpOTrov. (2) The pronouns /jlov, fie, /-ta?, aov, ere, era?, and all the parts of tos, except the nominative and the genitive plural tu>v ; as jjlov ypdfai, eras etira, pro- nounced /Jiovypd(f)ec aaerelira. (3) The particle vd ; as vd e^G), vd tov efiXeira, pronounced zW^g), vaTove/3\e7ra. (4) The relative adverb or pronoun ttov or oirov ; as etcei 7rov rpayovhovera, avrov ttov 7ra?, pronounced tKel 7rovTpayov$ovo~a, avrov iroviras. (5) The auxiliary verb 6d or 6e; as 6d ypdfco, 6d eypaevrr} fiov, ctt pai ion t] KaftaXkdpi. Kal [Aid €OpT7], jULLCL KVpia/CT] KCLl fJLld Xa/jLTTpT) ?]fJL€pa. Aeovrapofcapho to arrjdo^ tcaQevo^ aas a? <^avrj. Me yepdvTicraa firjrepa Kau fie avrfkiica iraihta. Kal KciOovvrav '? to gttiti tov, fca/co $€v er^e 6 vov$ tov. Elirdv fie, Md6e Oirirtavov, irelvav ovhev air e/cecva. Mtd Xvyrjprj /3aptd appcoaTa yid evos ayovpov dydirr). X T7]v ' Ecfrecro eirrjyave, /cac atyov 6 aSepcfros ytaTpevdr}. K ol okToj ahepOL Bev r)6e\av icai o KcocrTavTivos OeXei, Akovco fcovcpia Ta Tovcfiefcca, a/covco o-fAi^ifio GTraOiwv. 2. Peculiarities of I in case of Synizesis. (1)1, after K, t, X, Z, A, M, IV, P, X, H, W, in case of synizesis, is a weak y consonantal ; as in yjrapd/aa, \dyca, Tayid, ftovtya, irovXia, iravta, /caXdyprja, Kpacriov, fieTa^iou, ya-tyia. (2) IT, in case of synizesis, does not differ es- sentially from I consonantal, that is, y in ye, yarn, yet, you ; as in \6yia, naivovpyios, ayia. Conse- quently, this combination is regarded as the repre- sentative of I consonantal. Thus, IA, 10, IOT can be written also VIA, TIO, TIOT. (3) XI, when pronounced by synizesis, is not unlike h, followed by a weak y consonantal; as Tayid, tahyd. This being the case, XI is regarded as the representative of the sound hy. (4) NI, before a vowel-sound, in case of synize- sis is sounded like ni in onion, opinion (§ 2, 3) ; as (frovias, phohds, ovpdvios, urdnOS, yKp€jJbVieTai y gre- mnete. (5) PI, when it stands between two vowels, is sounded like PIT, TI being the representative of 2* 18 ELISION. y consonantal ; as /caOdpia, Orjpid, pronounced xaOdp- yca, 07)pyio. (6) I, at the beginning of a word, or after a vowel, or after B, A, Mil, NT, in case of synizesis, has the sound of I consonantal, which sound can be represented by TI; as iarpos, va\i, fiid, /capSid, Kovpmidy dfevreid, -x/rin^o-uto?, pronounced ytarpos, yvaXi, (3yio, naphyia, (cov/juryta, afavryeid, tyvy/oyvios. (§ 4, 2, 2.) As r before E or I does not differ essentially from I consonantal, it can take the place of TI before these vowel-sounds ; thus, lepdia, if a trisyl- lable, admits of being written yepdta. (7) I, after T, 6>, IT, $, in the same word, in case of synizesis, is not unlike a weak y consonan- tal preceded by A, which combination can be ex- pressed by XI (§ 4, 2, 3) ; as (pcond, Oetdfa, iridvw, kov eao eyvpiare vd yiarpevOfj rj irXrjy^ tov. ELISION. §5. 1. When a word ends in an accented vowel- sound, and the next word begins with the same vowel-sound, the latter sound admits, especially in poetry, of being dropped in pronunciation (and ELISION. 19 even in writing). If the second sound also is ac- cented, it makes no difference which one is omitted in pronunciation ; as, * Apya vtvctov, apya aXXa^e, apya va 7ra? 5 to ybo/xa. Kal t)vb v / p,€0- 9 TO aiTLTV. 6. The adverb p,6vo, for p,ovov, often loses its final o; as, Mov GTetXTe Xoyo 9 tt) $paytcia va ' pOovve Tpcd KapajBua. 7. The preposition dird often drops the o before the forms of the article beginning with t ; as rTro PX^ Tai '> ' iro PX €Tai " 3. For contract verbs, see below. COMMUTATION OF LETTERS. § 7. 1. Commutation of A, E. 1 ' Appa^oavid^co appe/3a)i>ia£co, (3aXdvi /SeAaw, Kpdfiaros Kpeftdrt., pdcpa- vos pendvii rdXapos raXepi. 'E-yyi£a> cryyt'£e(pa\o, impaired Tvaparoa. 2. Commutation of A, O. 'Opdi>G> dpoi>a>, oppid appidi, 6ppa66s app,adt.d, opepapos dpepapos, SXoKXrjpos aXaKepos-, dpaXoyelou dvaXayeios. 3. Commutation of A, AI. Tdbapos yat'Sapo?, Kapa tcd'tpa, Kapos Ka'ipos, Kapevos Ka'ipepos, KeXa- §<5 KeXa'ibci), icXdp.a. KAai'pa, ^aSeuco ^aVSeuw, x^®* X a '^/*° y » x a H-* vos Xa'ipevos. 4. Commutation of E, O. 'E(3paios 'OftprjoS) e£co o£ou, epprjpevat opprjpevco, cvmipos oCpKaipos^ Zpopcpos opopepos. "OXvpnos *F.Xvp7TOS) oyp-e cN/z-e, ttovtvotc itovitera. 5. Commutation of E, I. HepovL 7Ttpovvi, errpeepco (rrpi(pa), raeKovpi rcriKovpi. HinTO) 7re'(pTa>, crti'Sdi'i aevrovi. Kr]pi Kepi, prjpi p(pi, Qrjpio Oepio. aTrjKca crreKco, £r)pos £epos, vyirjpos yiepo? yepd?, cridrjpos aibepov, p-qrivt] percrLvr), arjiropai aeTropat. Tvouta yepveo, avpw aepvai, tevpd fcepa, 7rAvJ>a) 7rAei>a>, pixpvPCD piKpevco. Mdyeipos pdyepus, Ct COOK. 22 COMMUTATION OF LETTERS. (1) Before a vowel, E is regularly changed into I ; as pr/Xea, [xrfkid, crvKea crvKid, j3apea fiapid, irXiov ttXio. (2) When AI (sounded E) is changed into the sound I, it is more correct to represent the latter sound by 77, after the anal- ogy of the later Boeotic dialect ; which orthography satisfies the classical eye without offending the modern ear; as alpa rjpa, copalos aipr/os, 'Ipvpvaios Spvpvrjos. (See also § 5, 2.) 'Efipaios 'Ofiprjos. So the article fj for al. 6. Commutation of OT, I. KivS) kovi/q), 7rp1va.pt. rrovpvapi, nXe^ida TrXe^ovda. ZrfXevco £btiXeua>, (rrjTria crouma, (prjicdpi ayovmpi, (pdcrrjXos (pacrovXi, (prjplfa ) arjo-apiov aovadpi. 'AyicvXos dyKovXa, ayKvpa ayizovpa, (Spvaivia (Spovvid) rvKavr] dov- Kavrj, kvXXos kovXXos, KoXXvpa KoXXovpa, pvo~Ta£ povaraKi, pvKavrj povicdvr), (tkvXos o-kovXos, avpi£a> aovpi£co, avpai aoi/pvco, avcpap aovcppa, (TTVTrelov , XV M axvftaSa* (1) n before T is regularly changed into $ ; as pdnrco pdcprto, KOTTTCO KO(pT, e), has all the properties of B and $. Kavcris Kcr^a, e, cvvoaros epvucxTos, evvovx os p-uov^os or /xowoi^os, after the analogy of aep.vos from o-e(3opai. Nevo yvecpco, analogous (SXrjXM PXtjctkovpi cpXrjo-KOVVi. (4) When EY loses its first letter, B or $ is used for Y in order to preserve the true pronunciation. EvayyeXiov /3ayyeAto, evyevqs fiycvrjs, evXoyi'a /3Xoyid, ivplcTKco /3pto"/ cprdva), €ypdcp6r]Ka eypdcpTTjKa : e^Oes tyres, tyOpos oxrpos, pox&f]pov povxrepov. So €K.av8r]K.a eicavTrjKa, eXevdepos eXevrepos (§ 7, 7, 3). (2) A after N is regularly changed into T, pronounced like d (§ 2, 3) ; as bevdpov hevrpov, evdvvco evrvvco vtvvco, avbpas avrpas, V7rav8peva> navrpeixo, pavbvas pavri. 9. Commutation of T, 6, Z, 2, K, $K, T2. T , K . TevrXov o-eanXov, dvrXia dyicXid, (pretdvco (pKeidva, (prvdpi (pKVapL, OTtX/3oQ) 0"kAi/36cO. T , T 2 . Tayyos raayyos, KXrjparis KXrjparidos KXr)paTo~i8a, pryrivr) peraivr]. , T 2 . 'AmvBoxoipos o-Kavrcroxoipos or ayavro-oxoipos. Z , T 2 • Ziyylfiipis To-ivrcrifiepis, £i£v(pos To-ivravcpov. 2, T2. 2v o-iXr}7ropda> TaiXrjTrovpdco, cricpXos ralpnXa, situla Tcnrovpa, SUgo tctov£g), ser- vulus To-ep(3ovXi, sergia (Italian) raepya. 2 K , T 2 . UecrKos nerai, o-Kipos ralpos. 10. Commutation of K, T, X. K , r . "Oprvf; opTvyos oprvKi, SiaKopigco diayovpifa, eicdepco yBep- vco, €k8vco yftvvco, enXvoo yXvco, koXlkl KaXiyi, Kapis yaplba, Karos ydros, icXvo~Tr)p yXvorrjpi, Ka>(3ios yovftios, o~KavTo~6xotpos cryavTcroxoipos. K , X . AeiKvvpi 8eixvu>, Sicokco ftidoxvco, Kdnrco ^a^roj, X°P$V «6p8a, Kapxr](riov Kapiceo-i. r , X . Tlaiyv'181 iraixvihi, pr\yvvpi prjx va> ' (1) K before T is regularly changed into X ; as Krkvi x T * v h prjKTOs prjxros. 24 ADDITION AND OMISSION OF LETTERS. (2) X after 2 is changed into K ; as aKifa, axoXelop o-*oXei6, (rxoXrj (tkoXtj^ (TKokaa-fia. 11. Commutation of B, T, A. B , r . BXeVco yk€7Toc>, fiXecpapop yXe(papop, fiovna yovna, aovfiXa trovyXa, KaXiyopai KaXi(36pa>. B , A . Kovpddi Kovvdfii, from the classical Kipados. 12. Commutation of O, $, X. , $ . 'ApapidprjTos dpicpvrjros, vrdOpr) a-Ta^vrj, 0r]Kapi cprjicdpi (povKapi, BpLaaa (pplacra. , X . "A.xva a0i/r). $ , X . &ox>XTa x°t' ( P Ta '> XfiX 40 yAei^G). 13. Commutation of A, M, IV, P. A , N . 'AinxpavTrjS dXvtpaprrjs aXvcpavrdicos. A , P . 'AdeXifios dftepcpos, dpeXyco dppeyco, dXpvpos dppvpos, ftaXfjapos (3dps oyXrjyopos^ Kpocraoi kXo- via dftpowid, Kivdpa dyKivdpa, and many others. Before a vowel, this prefix becomes dp- ; dyaXXidopat dvayaX- Aia'£a>, alwpios dpaiojpios, dpaios dpdprjos, dpTpapifa dpaPTpapifa, v 7rcudia>z/e, ierevav ierivave, ypap.p.ivov ypafXfxevove. (2) Particularly rov, ttjv, p.ds, eras, rods, before a consonant, very often take this suffix, which is usually written as if it be- longed to the next word ; as rov iridvei, rove iridvei, rov etndvei ; eras yXerrcd, erase yXeVco, eras eyXiirco ; rovs Krv7rdei, rovse KTVTrdei, rovs iKTvivdei. 5. E omitted from the beginning of a word. 'E/cSepoj y8epi>a>, €k8vvco ybvvco, irraipveo 7raipvoz>, epcorco peorw, eprjfxla pr]nid, kerrid ernd, and many others. 6. AT, ET, before M. Before M, these diphthongs drop the Y ; as Kadfia Kapa, Kavp.evos Kap.evos, nXavpLa icXdp.a, yevp,a yep.a, evfiopcpos efxopcpos^ ^/evfia ijf€p.a, Traidevpevos irai8ep.evos. 7. O prefixed. Aelva 6h)e1va, yia oyict, kcittolos oklittoios, Kairoeros OKaTToeros, Karrov OKUTVOV, KUTl OKCITI, v6o~np,OS 6v6o~Tip,OS) 7TOV OTTOV. 8. O omitted from the beginning of words. 'OXiyos Xiyos, 6p,iXco p.tXa>, ovop.a vop.aroi, oeriririov enriri. 9. T prefixed. Alp,a yalp-a, XvKocpcos yXvKoepeyyei yXvKoxapdgei, \ana> yXaKeb, Xet^a) yXetcpco, vfjdoi yvedco^ vevco yveepco, u r n a yovpva, ovXa yovXia. 10. T inserted. Aepas'dyepas, oXierOrjpos ayXiorpco, acopos ciyovpos, evavrlos dyvdv- rios, bov ovov avyapid, wov avyov, evvoia eyvoia, p,vta p.v7ya, ervvveebov ervyveebov, rvpavvos rvpayvos, fieXeos p.eXeyos, erep.l8a\is erepuyddXi, 7m- Xaios 7ra.Xat.y6s- In verbs r is inserted before w when this ending is preceded o 26 ADDITION AND OMISSION OF LETTERS. by a VOWel, or by the Sound B ; 7repvda> Trtpvdyco, aicove* aKovycO) Kaico Kaiyco, p.€Tavoa> p,€Tavoy£>, Tpifico Tpifiya), yvpeva yvpevyoo. 11. r omitted. Aeyta Xeeo, \ayrjvt \arjvi, pvpohoyi pvpokoi, 7rpo(r(payi 7rpoo~cf)d'i, cra- yiTTa craiTTa, rayifa rai^oo, rpayco rpaxo, cpv\dya> cpvXdco^ and some others. It is regularly omitted before M ; as irpaypa Trpdp.a, Tayp,a Tapa, a(paypevos acpapevos. 12. T nasal inserted. *A.Kavda dyicddt, d<[s dyKida, Kivdpa dyKivdpa, p,vpp.rj£ pvpp.r}yKi, ap,l- \a£ crp-ikdyKa. 13. T nasal omitted. r nasal is regularly omitted before X ; as eyx^ vs X*^ L > ™yxP 0S K-tXPh pe^dyxpovs p-eXaxpivo;;, (Tvy\oipu> cri^copco. 14. N omitted. (1) N before is usually omitted ; avOos adds, ai/n/3oXr; dBifioXr), KokoKvvOr} KokoKvOi, ityivdos d^n&id. So in the aorist passive of verbs ; epapdvdrjv p.apddr)Ka, iinK.pdv6rjp iiVLKpdOrjKa. (2) In nouns and adjectives, the endings av, ev, rjv, iv, ov, w, ow regularly drop the N. For examples, see below. (3) Particularly, the articles tov, ttjv, and the negative SeV, omit the N before a semivowel (B, r, A, z, A, M, N, P), or as- pirate (0, , X) ; as to /3acriXta, to yepovTa, to Xaipd, de 6e\w, Trj (pvXaKr]. 15. N annexed. N is annexed to the second and third persons singular, and to all the persons of the plural, of the imperfect passive. See the jDaradigm. 16. N prefixed. The ignorant, imagining that the N of the article, in expres- sions like the following, belonged to the noun, have formed a ADDITION AND OMISSION OF LETTERS. 27 number of curious words. Thus, from rfju Alvov, Trjv"lov, rfjv Tr)~ vov, rqv "Ybpav, tou olo, t) Nio, f) Nr^i/o, fj NuSpa, 6 voLKOKvpis, 6 vinrvos, 6 va>pos. Also 6 yKpepvos, from rov Kprjpvov, by substituting T nasal for N. On the other hand, confounding the initial N with that of the article, they changed Ndgos, NavnaKTos, into 'A^a, "Ettclxtos. The Italian names Negroponte and Stalimni or Stalimeni owe their existence to the expressions ttjv "Eypnro, '$• rrj Arjfivo. The illiterate say '$• ttjv ndAi, \ ttjv K£>, for Els rf]v TLokiv, to the City, that is, Constantinople, els rfjv K&>, to Cos. The Turks, sup- posing that els and rqu were parts of the noun, have made 2rap,- irovX or 2ra/i7rdA, Stambul or Stambol, 2ravKi6'i, Stankioi. Also j I£Wk, Iznik, from els NUaiav. 17. N inserted. When MI, followed by a vowel, is to be pronounced by syni- zesis, it becomes MNI ; as pia p,vid, Qvp,ios Qvpvios, Foopaios Vcoprjos Fcopvrjds. 18. IT inserted. When MA would arise from syncope, the labial n (pronounced b, § 2, 3,^1) is inserted betwen M and A ; as Kafie'Xdcpi KapnKdcpi, KopoprjXo KOpopiiko, ^a/z^Aos ^a/x^Aos. Compare the classical insertion of B in p.ep^ka>Ka, p,ep(3XeTai, pecrrjp^pia, yapiipos, apftporoS) rjpfipoTOV, ep.(3pcip.a.i. 19. S prefixed. Kovis (tkovl, Kop(3os dva-(TKovp.Tr6vco, npocoBa) o"7rpa>xi>c«>, TTVpylrr]s rcov t /cXecfrrcov 3* sailor vavrr]? vavry vavrif]{y) vavrrj vavre? vavrcov, vavrcov 30 NOUNS. Oxytones in rrjs are inflected like npirrjs. Paroxytones in ttjs, like icketfiTrjs, if the vowel of the penult is, in classical Greek, short ; and like vavrrjs, if the vowel-sound is long by nature. A few paroxytones in ttjs are declined like deo-noTrjs ; as acpiv- rrjs, iirjrpoT:6\irr]s. Note 1. The plural ending -es is borrowed from the third declen- sion. • The usual, but less analogical, orthography is -at s ; as xapals for ga- pe's-. Some write.-ats- in the accusative, and -es in the nominative, imagining at the same time that they follow the classical iEolians. But as the iEolic ending -ais of the accusative plural arises from -avs and corresponds to -ois (arising from -ovs) of the second declension, it is obvious that there is no immediate connection between the iEolic and modern accusative plural. Further, the iEolic never accents nouns on the last syllable. (1) Modern 'and foreign names in AX have a'Se? in the plural. And if the accent is heard on a?, the a is circumflexed. doctor waiwode priest S.K yovTcras /3oi'{3ovTa<; iraTras G. yOVTGd {3oi(3ovTa iraira A. yovTaa{y\ f3ol'/3ovTa(v^ ira7ra(v^ V. ypvicra /3oi'/3ovTa iraira P.N.A.V. yovTcra&es {3oi'/3ovTa8e epcores G. ApaflcDV Xapvyycov epcorcov D. Apayjro Xapvyyc epcoai A. Apaftas Xapvyya? epcoras S.X.V. EXXrjv Xifirjv. % nrarpacn, fiaacXeixrt, A. dvSpa? 7ra,Tepaa<; G. aepa 7]pcoa firjva A. aepa ypcoa [Jirjva V. aepa yjpwa firjva P.N.A.V . aepe$ r/ rjpcoe 1 ? pLTjves G. aepcov rjpGXQV fl7]V(OV giant old man demon S.N. yiyavra^ yepovra^ prjropas G. ytyavra yepovra prjropa A. yiyavra yepovra prjropa V. yiyavra yepovra prjropa P.N.A.V i yiyavre^ yepovres prjrope? G. yiyavrcov yepovrcov pyropcov Plural also, N.A.V. yuyavrdhe^ yepovraBes G. yiyavraScov yepovraBcov man father king S.N. av$pa$ irarepa<; ftacriXea? {3av (TO'filCOV aXrjdeccov D. Xapcus erotica? d\7)0ecat<; A. %apaias a\r]0€iafACi$ NOUNS. &0 Modern. • 3°y t wisdom truth S.N.V. %apa crocfica dX^Oeta G. X a P^ arotyias aXrjOeia^ A. x a pj( v ) ao(j)la(vJ akr]6eLa(^v^ P.N.A.V. yapk cro^te? a\r)d ei,€<; G. %ap(0V L(OV a\r)6eLQ)v glory muse sea s. n. v. Sofa fiovcra OdXaaaa G. Sofa? /jLovcra<; OaXao-aas A. $ofa(z/) /jbovaa(v^ OaXaacrayv) P.N.A.V. So'fe? fiovaes OdXacraes G. So^cov, [lovacov, OaXacracov, Sogcov fiovacov OaXdaacov honor trial opinion S. N. V. TL/JbT] Blktj ryVW/jLT} G. Tl/jLTJ? BlfC7]$ yVCDfjLT)? A. TlflTl(v) TI/JL6S $lfC7)(v) yVC0/jL7}(v) P.N.A.V. Slfces ryvcofies G. TlflWV Sc/ccov yVCQfjLCOV (1) Modern feminine proparoxyl .ones ending in the sound I are com rnionly written with an 77. sugar S.N.A.V. &X a PV P.N.A.V. &x a P e *- G. K^x a P^ G. ^ayapwv (2) Modern feminines in -4, formed by annex- ing this ending to the root of nouns of the third declension, retain the classical inflection in the plural ; except that the accusative is like the nominative. 36 NOUNS. The accent of the nominative singular is the same as that of the classical accusative singular. Classical. S. N. V. Xa/jL7Ta<; CUj; vv% xn v /- G. \a/jL7ra$o<; cuyos VVKTOS XV V0( * D. XafiTTaSo aiyi VVKTL xnvl A. Xaparaha alya Wfcra yrjva P.N.V. Xa^iraSe^ alye? VVKT6? Xfives G. \ctfjL7ra8cov 5 ^ aiycov VVKTtoV yrivwv D. XajJLiraaL aigc VV%1 xv™ A. JiafjLTTaSas alyas 1 'wtcTas XVVW S.N. eXiTis opvcs prrryp G. e\7ri8os bpviOos firjTpos D. eXwiBt OpVlOi fJLTjTpi A. eXircSa bpviOa ( -IV^ firjTepa V. eX,7rt opvi fJLrjrep P.N.V. eXiriBe? opviOeq fArjre'pes G. eXwiBcov opvlOwv fX7]Tep(0V R eXlTLGL OpVKTl /jLrjrpacrt A. ekirihas opvida<$ firjrepas Modern. S.N.A.V. Xa/niraBa aXya t'vfcra XV va G. XajLLTraSas auya? WKTa<$ XV va< * P.KA.V. Xa/jL7ra8es alyes vvkt€<; X^ v€( * G. Xa/jiiraScov aiywv VVKT03V yT)VU>V S.N.A.V. eX7riBa bpviQa fl7)T€pa G. eXTriSas opviQas lirjrepas P.N.A.V. eXiriSe? opvi6e<$ Hrjrepes G. eXTriScov opvtOcov i /U,7)T6pCDl> Note 4. Theocritus has alyav (5, 148), as if from rj alya] Herodotus, xtAiaSeW (7, 103), as if from 17 X i\ia8a. (3) Modern feminines formed from nouns in -t? G. ew?, by dropping the 9, are written with an c or NOUXS. 37 i]. Those from 77? G. ijtos drop the ?; or they are inflected like b'pvuOa. Classical. P.X.A.V. G. D. S.N. G. D. A. V. S.X.Y. G. D. A. Suva/its 8vva/jL€i, Svva/juv hvvafJLL 6eoT7)<; OeOTTJTL 6eoT7]Ta hwafAeLS hwafjuecov hwafAGGL P. X. ^ . OeoTTjres G. 6€OTT]T(OV D. 6e0T7]O-L A. 0eOT7)TCL$ Modern. strength S. X. V. hwa/Jii, SvvafZT} P. X.A. ^. G. hwafiis;, hvvafjur]) 7ToStOV SiKTVOV P.N.A.V. trachea irohia SlKTVa G. iraihtwv TTohiWV SlfCTVCOV 40 NOUNS. The endings are pronounced by synizesis when two vowels come together. (§ 4, 2.) Note 2. The accent of nouns of this class is the same as that of the original form ; as 'Avtoovls, Arjprjrpts, fxa.xa.Lpi, not 'Avraivis, Arjprj- rpis, paxaipi. Compare the Doric ibeipav, e5, G. Kco, D. Kco, A. Kco(v). NOUNS. 41 Modern. Amorgho Khio SMro Kdristo S. N. V. 'Afiopyo Xco Xicvpo Kapvaro G. 'A/jLopyos Xios Xicvpos Kapvaros A. 'Afiopyd^v) Xlo(v^ Hlfcvpo(v^ Kapvarofv^ Leto Marigho Dhespo Khaidho 8. N. A. V. ArjTco Maptyco Aeairco Xdl'Sco G. Atjtg)? Mapcycos Aeanrco? Xdi'Sco? S. N. A. V. Ka>, G. Kw?, Co5, an island. ' The Modern endings occur chiefly in proper names. Common substantives belonging here have -69 in the plural; as chain &N.V. dXvcro P.N.A.V. aXvaes G. aXuaos G. aXuacov A. a\vcro(v) So decline 77 a/z/Ao (dfifios), sand, rj o-vvobo (avvodos), meeting. Note 3. For nouns like Mapiyco, compare B. nn. 13G5 Eevcos. 138G 'Ac^poSoos- 1710 NeiKaaais- 1 763 KoWlcttcos • 2481 'A/cevcrcos 1 . 2554, 55 es Aaron/. R. 81, 15. 18 Aa/zwy, Aa^cdv. 3. Masculines in OT2, and Feminines in OT. Nouns of this class are of modern or foreign origin. grandfather Mokhoghlus S.N. ircnnrovs Mo^oykov? G. ircnnrov Mo%oy\ov A. iraiTTrovfv^ MoftoyXov^v) P.N.A.V. ircnnrovhes G. irairirovDaiv 4.* 42 NOUNS. fox S. N. V. dXconrov P. N. A. V. d\(07rovSe. Third Declension. § i». 1. In Modern Greek, the nominative of mascu- lines of the ancient third declension is formed by- annexing AS to the root ; that of feminines, by annexing A. The inflection then proceeds as in the first declension, which see. Note. The classical ending -cov G. ovtos, is, in a few instances, changed into -oy. Thus, yepcov, dpaKcov, Xapav, modern yepos, old man, dpaKos, dragon, Xdpos, Death. So diaKos, deacon, from the mediaeval Siaicwv, for diaKovos. Por- phyrogenitus, de Adm. p. 138 dpxt-SiaKOOV. Upoeo-Tos, ov, 6, the Christian chief magistrate of a Greek village, or the prior of a monastery, for the classical npoeaTais, cotos. Keparov, ov, to, horn, from the classical Kepas, aros. 2. Masculines in HS, IS, TS are, in Modern Greek, inflected after the analogy of the first de- clension. Classical. S. 1ST. "Apr]? Ilept.fcXrjs IldpK e AXvs G. ' Apeos nepifcXeovs IlapiSos ' AXuos D. ' Apei Uepiickel TJapuht ' AXvi', -vi A. Apr\(y) TlepLfcXrj, -e'a Uapiv r AXvv V. Apes IlepifcXet,? Hapi ° AXv NOUNS. 43 S.N. G.A.V. Modern. Ares Pericles Paris Halys Apr)? UepiKkr)? Uapi<$ ' A\v$ ' 'Apr) HepLKkr) Ildpc ' A\v 3. Neuters in A, AS, OS. Classical. S.N.A.V. G. D. PJ.iV. G. D. Trpay/xa 7rpdeSe$ AairovreSes G. KaeBcov AajrovreScov 44 NOUNS. Fatimah S.N.V. Qar/te P.N.A.V. QarfieSe? G". <£<2Tyl6€? GL ^CLTfJieScOV A. $aT{ie(v) Proper Names. § IS. A proper name can have a regular plural form when it designates more than one individual per- son ; as ' * Avavias, AvavU?, Ananias XraOas, %Ta6ahe<;, Stath&S Tiavvrjs, TLavv7)he$, John M7roTcraprj<;, M7roTv Ke- Kp07T€(0V, TOVS KvptOVS. Indeclinable Nouns. § I*. 1. In classical Greek, the names of the letters of the alphabet are indeclinable ; as to, tov, to> aX(f>a. NOUNS. • 45 In Modern Greek, those ending in a are regular feminines; as rj aXe?. Except to, tov aiy/jia. 2. All foreign words not Grecized are indeclin- able ; as 6 Me^/MET, 6 Ma^ovr nraaas, 6 Ifiep Bpco- vrjs, 6 BaaLyfCToov, 6 T/ct^co, 6 £ov/3apo(p. Irregular Nouns. § 15. 1. A few nouns in AS, especially such as are derived from the. classical third declension, are in- flected, in the plural, after the analogy of the second. Their genitive singular ends in a or ov. See apxovras, (BpovKoXaKas, yeirovas, yepovras, daipovas, KovaovXas, KopciKas, fidyeipas, pdaropas, below. Note. Compare the ancient datives, B. n. 1693 ivrvyxavdvTois, dyoouots, C. nn. 3 avivioiS' 1G TrcoXeovrois- 30 ovtols. 43 Aa/xt- eoLS. 2. ndiras, the pope, has TraV^Se?, -7]0(ov, in the plural; the regular TrairaZe^ belonging to naira^, priest. r^e'/ca?, a Geh, has TtceicqSes, -TjScov, in the plu- ral, after the analogy of TVa/x^Se?, Alclitt)^, T6a/cr)- Se?, Albanian tribes. 3. A few feminines of the first declension have aSe?, ahcov, in the plural. See dhepLp7j Koviapr) A. [Aovaatylprj^v^ K.6viapr)(v} V. /JbOVcrac^Lpr) Koviaprj NOUNS. 47 P. N. V. fiovcracpcpeoc Koviapot G. {JLovacKfupecov Koviapwv A. fjLovo-acpLpeovs Koviapovs Plural also, N.A. V. fMovcracjjip7]Se<; Koviaprfies Gr. fiovcracplprjScDV Kouiaprjhcov 7. Sometimes the genitive plural of dissyllabic paroxytones of the second declension throws the accent on the last syllable. See &pdyv, -eovs, chieftain. (Compare § 15, 5.) 2. A captain, as of a vessel. Kacrrpov, ov, to, (Latin ca strum) PI. KaaTpa, Kdorpcov, also Kao-Tpn, KaoTp&v, fort. (§ 15, 7, 8.) Koviaprjs, n, 6, QIkoviov) PL Kovidprjbes, -dpndeov, or Kovuipoi, -apcov, -dpovs, a Turk. (§ 15, 6.) KovcrovXas, or KovcroXas, a, 6, PI. kovctoXoi, -oXcov, -oXovs, a consul. KopaKas, a, 6, (<6pa£) G. also KopaKov, PI. KopdKoi,-aKG)V,-dKovs, crow. (§ 15 * 1 ) . . Kvp {Kvpios), 6, indeclinable, Blister, as a title. r O nvp Kooo-tos, tov Kvp JJavXov, tov Kvp Ilerpo. Kvpd, as, fj, (Kvpia) PI. icvpdBes, Kvpdhwv, lady, mistress. C H Kvpa. Ku>- a-Taiva, ttjs Kvpas JJavXaivas- [xdyeipas, or fidyepas, a, 6, (jxdyeipos) PI- p,ayeipoi, -eipcov, -eipovs, cook. (§ 15, 1.) fidvva, as, f), PI. fxdvves or fxavvdBes, -ddcov, mamma, mother. (§ 15, 3.) [It is the primitive of the ancient derivative fxavvdpwv.] fxdo-Topas, a, 6, (fiataTcop, Latin magister) G. also p,ao~rupov, PI. p.a- oropot, -opcov, -opovs, architect. (§ 15, 1.) 2. TJie master-workman. [HESYCHIUS. Mayiorcop, emoTaTns, SiSaovcaAo?. — Maylvrpovs, §i$ao~KaXovs, imoraTaS'] fxdo-Toprjs, 77, 6, PI. iiao-Topoi, -opcov, -opovs, another form of the preced- ing. (§15,6.) fiolpa, as, fj, PI. fioipes, p.oipddcav, fate, fortune. (§ 15, 3.) fjiovaacpip-qs, n, 6, (Turkish) PI. p.ovcra(fHp£oi, -eoov, -eovs, or p.ovcrav, a Frank. (§ 15, 7.) Xpovos, ov, 6, PL G. xpovcov or j^povaiv, year. (§ 15, 7.) Derivation of Nouns. § 16 « 1. Common Substantives, from the classical -as G. -a8o?, is equivalent to the English -ness : yXvuos, siceet, yXvicdda, sweetness, Trpdawos npaacvdba, greenness, dyXr)- yopos oyXnyopdda, quickness, voo~Tip.os voo-rifidda, agreeableness . -aiva signifies the wife of, in proper names : Kdxrras Kwaraiva, the wife of Kostas, Ar]p.T)Tpis Arjp.rjTpai.va, Ilerpos TLerpaiva, NiicoXas NucoXawa. See also -iva. r -apio^^ from the Latin -arius, most commonly syncopated into -apt?, as Ka(3d\\r)s KafiaWdpis, horseman, 7repi/3oAt TrtpifidXdpis, gardener, ndpra iropTapis, door-keeper, porter, rafiepva rafiepvdpis, tavern-keeper. -a? denotes seller of, dealer in, maker of, keeper of: fiovrvpov (3ovTvpas t butter-seller, •v/z-wpi yj/cop-as, baker, icpacri Kpaaas, vintner, wine-merchant, KTevi KTevas, comb-maker, Xddi Xatas, oil-merchant, p,vXos (jivXeov) p.v- Xoavas, miller. See also -ov. r -ea, for -1 a: (BLra-a (3traia, pa/38i pa/3Sea, o~ovfiXa aovfiXea. Now obso- lete. -r]Xa or -v\a, probably from -r]X6s (as in virvr)\6s), occurs in some nouns denoting color: axrrrpos d rpe^ipov, running, devco deo-i/iov, binding, rpifico rpi^nfiov, rubbing. See also -pa. •iv a, the same as - a i v a , is used when the masculine is accented on the last syllable. Qodaprjs OoScopiVa, NiKoXrjs NtKoXiVa. -era, from the Italian -ita (Latin -itas) : dpyos apyira, delay, ex@p6s c^" Optra, enmity, 7n)8i]pa, jumping, leap, nXrjpovco (nXvpa) 7rXr)pa)p,a, paying, ldpov, or -« paroxytone, in feminine proper names : 'AyycAiKco, 'Apyvpa, 'Ao-^/ao), BaaiXco, Ae- cnrco, MaXdpa>, Mdpco, Xpv, from dyyeXiKos, apyvpos, do-rjjJLi, BaaiXns, beanoLva, p.dXap.a, Mapia, xpvaos. 2. Diminutives. The classical diminutive endings tov, IScov, apiov, acnov, dcJHov have generally lost their diminutive force in Modern Greek ; as ttoSiov iroBc, foot, %«- plov yjuptb, village, town, ofelStov (j>ec8i, snake, iro^a- piov 7r0Ea.pt, foot, Kopaatov KOpacri, girl, ^copa^cov %(D- pa(j)t, field. -aica, the feminine of -d*K 77? or -duos: yiuyid yiayidna, dear grandma, \idwa p.avvdm, dear mamma. OZ NOUNS. -a/c^7?, formerly also -a*; jo?, from the Slavic -ek, or -ik, chie% in proper names : Teapyi? Teap- ya.Kr]s, dear George, Ni/coXas Nt/coXa/c^s, Tidvvrjs TiavvdKTjs, Tovpnos TovpKciKrjS' -aid, formerly -d/ciov, the neuter of the preceding: /naya/pt paxaipdici, little knife, Kpaat KpacraKi, a little, or dear, wine, iroTrjpi. irornpaKi, little cup, arop.a aro- HaraKc, little, or dear, mouth. -a/to?, the same as -d/cns, is heard chiefly in Laconia: Bevera-idvos Bevercna- vaKos, Tiarpos Tiarpdicos, Mi^a^X Mt^aqXa/cos. -?}?, in proper names, does not differ materially from the primitive : Tidv- vrjs Tiavvrjs, Kcooras Keoor?)?, NiKoXas NtKoX?)s, Qodoopos Qodcoprjs, Ka>- aravrlvos KtoaTavTrjs. -iTcra, formerly ~lr£a, from the Slavic -rjra-a: (BdpKa /3ap/aVo-a, little, or dear, boat, yvvcuKa yvvaiKiTaa, 'lEXevr) '~E\evircra, "v^uv^ 'v/ru^trcra. Kvpdra-a or Ke par formerly -It£i(v), the neuter of -iro-a, is now obsolete, except perhaps in Kopirai, girl, with the diminutive sense lost, from Koprj. another form of -ircrr;s, occurs in the obsolete Kvpiraos, for Kvpircrrjs, master, lord, as a title. -/eo?, a modification of -dicos, occurs in a few proper names : Ttdwrjs Tidu- kos, Jack, Johnny. -KCD, the feminine of the preceding : ' EXevrj ' EXeWco, Karepivrj KarivKay. i -otca<;, from the Russian -ok,-ik, heard in yvioicas, dear son, from vlds, yvLos. -ovBa, the feminine of-ovdi: KomXa tconeXovba, dear lass, aa7rprj danrpovda, raovudXa rcrovKaXovda. NOUNS. 53 -ovSa/ci , double diminutive : ayyeXos dyyeXovdi dyyeXovbdia, dear little angel. -ovSi , from the classical -Lbiov : ydra yarovbi, kitten, yvtos yviovbi. Vovbi, sumac, from poos, and (pXovSi, bark, from (pXoos cpXoios, have lost their diminutive sense. -ovXa, from the Latin -ula : \idvva pavvovXa, dear mother, ddepcpr] dftepcpovXa, /3dpK.a (3apK.ov\a, kovtt) KovrovXa, dear little woman, iropra noprovXa, portula. -ov\r)<;, the masculine of the preceding : dcpevrrjs dcpevrovXvs, dear master, Ka^ra Ka\j/ovXr]S, poor fellow, Kvpidicos KvpiaK.ovXr]S> -ouA,t, the neuter of -ovXa : dbepcpos ddepcpovXi, TratBi 7rai$ovXi, x*P L X e ~ povXi, pvaXo pvaXovXi. -o vtctos, from the Italian -uzzo , in proper names 'Abpeas ' AvbpovTcros, Ildvos IiavovTo-os. 3. Augmentatives. (1) Augmentatives are formed by changing neuters into feminines or masculines, and femi- nines into masculines ; as Koppdn, piece, rj Koppdra, big piece : cnraOi, sword, f) o"rrdda, big sword; KecpdXi, head, tj necpdXa, big head ; naXXnicdpi, youth, 6 iraXXr)Kapos, fine- looking youth ; aXoyov, horse, 6 dXoyds, large horse ; irobdpi, foot, rj no- ddpa, big foot ; x e 'p i > hand, rj x e P a ) la r (X9, -apas, -apo?; as QeocbiXos 6eod>iXas, big Theophilus, Tprjyopios Tprjyopds, Kcooravrrjs 5* 54 NOUNS. KcacrravTas, Srddis ^raSas : ' A7roaToXr]s ^AnooToXapas, NiKijraff Nt/c^Ta- pas, Uavay (.earns Havayioirapos. Composition of Nouns. § I*. 1. "When two nouns are united into one by composition, the first component part has the force of the adnominal genitive ; as BaXaacrovepov, sea-water, from OdXacro-a, vepdv Kpaa-oiroTnpov, wine-cup, Kpaal, Trorrjpt poXvftoKovdvXov, lead-pencil, poXvfii, kovSvXl i-vXdvdpcoTTos, block-head, i-vXov, avdpezTros 2. When the first component part is an adjec- tive, it retains its original force ; as iraXndv6pa>TT09, worthless fellow, from ivaXnos, avBpamos yepovTOKopcra-o, old maid yepovras, Kopircn 3. Certain nouns, when they are used as titles, are united with the proper names ; as HcnraOvpvios, Priest Thimnios, from nanas, Qvpvios (Evdvpios) UcrrravTowis, Priest Anthony, iraims, 'Avravis HaivahtaOvpviaiva, Priest Thimnios's wife, Tvcmabid, Qvp.viaiva Mao-Topoyidvvrjs, John the artist, pdaropas, Yidvvns Tepoyepdcripos, Father Gherdsimos, Tepos, Tepdaipos AiaKaypnyopios, Deacon Gregory, didnos, Tpnyoptos AaaKaXonauayioiTrjS, Panaghiotis the teacher, ddaicaXos, Uavayi- WTTJS XaTanxprjVTos, KJirlstos the pilgrim Some write these words with a hyphen ; as Ilcnra-Qvp.vios, Uaira- bia-Qvp.via.iva, XaTan-Xprjo-Tos. Others accent the last syllable of nana, xaro-q ; as Hana Qvpvios, Xaro-J) XprjaTos. 4. The baptismal name and the surname are sometimes united into one word ; as Tia>pyo6a>p,os, from Teu>pyis, Qcopos NiKoradpas, Njkos, Tadpas MapKop.7roT, 57. When OS is preceded by a vowe , the feminine ends ] in a. Further, the accent in adjectives in OS always retains its original place. Classical. Masc. Neut. Fern. S.K 6s N. A.V.0"o<£oz/ "N.V.tTotf G. f} A. al G. crocfhoov O~00)V D. ao(f)ol$ ao(j>ais A. crocpovs as S.N. fiovos N. A.V.fiovov N. V. fiovrj G. / flOVOV f * flOVT]^ D. flOVG) flOVTj A. flOVOV fiovrjv V. fiove 56 ADJECTIVES. P N. V. fiovoo N. A. Y.fiova G. . /novcov D. flOVOLS A. flOPOV? 7rerptvo<; N. A. Y .irerpivov irerpivov TT€TpLV(t) irerpcvov irerpive P. N. V. nrerpLvoL N. A. V .irerpiva G. ireTplvcav D. TreTpivoi? A. Trerplvov? S.N. G. D. A. V S.N. G. D. A. V. P.N.Y. G. D. 6elo$ Oeiov 6ele Oecoc N.A.V.0e^ Oelov decay N.A.V.0e^ 0€l(OV A. 0e/ou? N. V. ^.oi/at fioveov i fiovats i N. V. 7T€TplV7) Trerpivrjs irerpcvp 7T6rpiV7]V N. V. 'jrerptvat, irerpLvwv Trerpivais TreTpivas ~N.Y.0ela 6ela$ 6ela Oelav N.V.tfem* #€£&)!> Oeicus 6eia$ S.N. G D. A. V. P.N.V. G. D. A. agLos agiot a};iovs N.A.V.a^a 5*./ a£LQLci)v crotywv A. (7O0OU? S.X. G. A. V. P.X.V. G. A. S.N. G. A. V. alone novo? X. A. "V.fidvo^v) X. V. fidvrj fidvov /iovt)<; fidpo(v) fiovrj^v^ fiove Hovoi X. A. V.yu.oz/) 6eia(v) V. 0616 P.N.V. , 0erot N.A.V.0e£a N.A.V.6fe G. 6el(ov Oelwv A. Oeiov? iff. agio, agio,? ctf;ia{y) ivorthy S.N. a^o? N.A.V.3f«o(y) N.V. G. aftou A. a%io(v} V. a'?*£ P. N. V. a^oi N. A. V.5f *« N. A. V. £f«s G. a%MDV agicov A. atJLOvs bitter S. N. ITLICpoS N. A. Y.1TlKpb(v ) N. V. TTlKpr) G. TTlKpOV ITLKpY)^ A. TUKpo(y) TriKpj)(y) V. TTLKpe P. N. V. Tr^po/ N. A.Y. irifcpd N. A. Y. Tree's G. TTLKpWV TTLKpWV A. TTlfCpOVS Note 1. A few adjectives in P02 change os- into vs, in Modern Greek : thus, dopo?, eXacbpos, fxaicpos, Modern dSpv'?, iXacppvs, pxiKpvs- Compare the classical fxaKpos, length, as if from fiwcpvs. (Aris- tophanes, Av. 1124.) Note 2. The feminine of some adjectives in K02 ends in -Kid ADJECTIVES. 59 (in one syllable) : thus, dyanrjTiKos dyanrjTLKid, kokos naiad, vt)(TTIk6s vrjOTiKid, KprjTiKos KprjriKid, TrjPiaKos TrjviaKiA. 2. Adjectives in rs. Classical. Masc. JSFeut. Fern. BL-N. /3a6v<; N.A.V.£a0«5 N.V. fiaOela G. fiaOe'os /3a6eia$ D. fiaOel fiaOelq A. fiaOvv fiaOelav V. j3a66 P.N.A.V.£a0efe j3adea N.V. fiadeccu G. fiaOecov fiaOeiwv D. fiaOk worse, KaKararos, worst Ka\6s, good KaXrjrepos, KaXXiorepos, neuter koXXlov, better, KaXa- tutos, best. kovtos, short Kovrorepos, Kovrrjrepos, shorter, Kovroraros, shortest. fjLeyaXos, great, large p,eyaXr]Tepos p-eyaXeiorepos, fieyaXodTaros. noXvs, much, many nXeiorepos, TrepiacroTepos, more, noXXoraTos, most, very many. Trparos, first 7rpa>Tr)T€pos, less correctly 7rporfjTepos, former. Ob- solete irpcoroTepos. rpavos, big Tpavrjrepos, rpavitraros. Xovdpos, thick, fleshy xovftporepos x ov ^P^Tepos, x ov $P° TaT0 ?' Note. If we assume that they presuppose a positive in -vs, this ending should be written -vrepos. But if it be admitted that it arose from -airepos, we must write -rjrcpos (§ 7, 5, 2). As to -jjrepos, with an i under the rj, it is contrary to all analogy. (2) The comparative is sometimes formed by means of irXeov, more, and the positive ; as ifkeov fjueyakos, larger. (3) Sometimes ifk'eov precedes the regular com- parative ; as ifKeov dcnrporepos, whiter. 2. Comparison of Adverbs. Adverbs of all degrees of comparison, derived from adjectives, are, in Modern Greek, the same 6 62 ADJECTIVES. as the accusative neuter plural of those adjec- tives. Classical. (rodeos, wisely, aodjeorepov, more wisely, o-ocfxoTaTa, most wisely. fiaOews, deeply, ftaOvrepov, fiaOvTara. Modern. croefxx, wisely, crofywrepa, ao^wrara. fiadid, deeply, fiaOvrepa, fiaOvrara. (1) The comparative of adverbs also (1, 2) ad- mits of being formed by means of irXeov and the positive ; as irXeov ticucpia, for fiaicpvTepa, farther. (2) A few adverbs derived from adjectives are the same as the accusative neuter singular of the adjectives; thus, Mo *>oi>, only, iroXv, much, ttoo-ov, how much ? too-ov, so much, oaov, as much as. Derivation of Adjectives. § 2»- -aiciavos, a prolongation of the diminutive ending -dici (§ 16, 2) : £rjp6s or gepos, ^paKiavos or gepaKiavos, rather spare or lean. -aros, from the Latin -at us, corresponds to the English -ed in participial adjectives: avro-a, the calf of the leg, avradros, having stout legs, pov- (TTaKi fiovaraKciTos, having large moustache, dpvydakov dp.xry8dX.dTos, as big as an almond, ykp.a> yep-dros, filled, full. -evios, a modification of -ivos, corresponds to the English -en: £v\ov £i>Xe- vios, wooden, pdXapa pa\ap.arepios, golden, ncrai 7rero-eVior, leathern, do~r)p.i do-qpUvios, of silver. ADJECTIVES. 63 ?70?, from the classical -oios, later Boeotic -^oj: Spvpvaios 2pvpvrj6s, Po>- pOLOS PoipVOS, ^aXovtKT] TZaXoVUCTjOS. -7]- pa'uKos, ^revrqs yj/evTiicos, KXe(pri]s icXe(pTiK.os. -IfJLCLLO?, -1/47)0$, from the classical -tpos: dvabeijipcuos dvabe^tprjds, godson, fidirridr)s), is a sort of diminutive ending: dcrirpos da-irpovhepos, rather white, sufficiently white, kokklvos KOKKivovbepos, p,avpos papovbepos. -oi/\o?, a sort of diminutive ending : vepov vepovXds, rather watery, fiaOvs /3a- BovXos, rather deep, p.aicpvs paicpovXos, longish. -ovo-cra, from the classical -6 e era a , used substantively: yXvuocpeovovo-o-a, sweet- voiced female, pavpopaXXova-a, black-haired woman, pavpoparovo-aa, black-eyed woman, KOKK.ivo-, corresponds to the English un-, or to the suffix -less : aicaKos, harmless, from kcikos, bad. ama-Tos, unfaithful, faithless, from mo-ros, faithful. dvd£ios, unworthy, from ci£ios, worthy. Note 1. In dptyvnros, numberless, countless, for dvapidfirjros, and ayyiKTos, untouched, for dveyyiKros, da- are contracted into d-. Note 2. In dvdfiados, shallow, the negative is doubled. Also, in dva- /xeXd), to neglect, implying dvafieKos, for the classical a/xeX^s, negligent. 2. The negative adjective corresponding to the perfect participle passive is the verbal adjective in -t6s (sometimes an adjective in -o?) with the pre- fix a-: aypanros or aypacftos, unwritten, corresponding to ypap.pJvos, written. d\jrr]Tos, not roasted yjsqpivos, roasted. dvakaros, not salted akaTLorfxeinys, salted* THE ARTICLE. § as. Classical. M. N. F. M. N. R S. N. 6 N. A. ri N. f, P.N.oi N.A.«S N.ol Gr. TOV T?}? G. TOW TtDV D. Tft) T7J D. TO?? Tttt? A. TOV TTjV A. tovs rd? PRONOUNS. G5 Modern. the S. N. o N. A. t6 N. *? G. TOU T^9 A. ro(y) TT)(v) P.N. oZ N.A.ra' N.*? G. TW A. TOU9 TWV T€9 Note 1. In some parts of Greece, the uneducated use ^ for 6 ; as 17 ddo-KoKos, f) avhpas. This peculiarity does not extend beyond the nominative singular. Note 2. The nominative plural of the feminine is sounded I, and is written 17, after the analogy of the Bceotic dialect (§ 7, 5, 2). S.N. G. D. A. P.N. G. D. A. S.N. G. A. P.N. G. A. PRONOUNS. Personal Pronouns. § 33. . %<*> I. 2v, thou. Classical. j r eyco ejiov, fiov (TV GOV e/JLOl)' fJLOl GOl ejie^ fie G€ vfiec? 7}fl(OV VfJLCOV rjfiiv VfllV r}fias Modern. vfia$ 1 r r eyco, yco efieva, fieva, fiov efieva, fieva, fie Tjfieh, efiels, fiel? rjfias, efias, fias rjfias, efias, fia? 6* 1 f eav eaeva, aeva, gov j / / / eaeva, Geva, ae eGels, Gels ecra9, aa$ 6(7(39, 0"«9 66 PRONOUNS. Other forms : G. iaov for aov. A. ifUvav, ifiwavc : eVe, iaevav, eaevave. Note. The accusative plural aas, eaas is formed from the accusa- tive singular fta? avTov<$ vfia? avTa? / 68 PRONOUNS. 'Eavrov or Avtov, of himself. Masc. Neut. Fern. S.G. iavrov iavryjs D. iavrcp iavrrj A. iavrov iavro iavrr\v P.G. iavrcov eavrcov D. 4avTois iavral? A. iavrov? iavrd iavra? Modern. The modern reflexive pronoun iavrov, self, is preceded by the article, and followed by the enclitic genitive of the personal pronoun. It is not used in the nominative. G. tov iavrov pov, of myself ': tov iavrov gov, of thyself: tov iavrov tov, of himself of itself ; tov iavrov T77?, of herself : tov iavrov /xa?, of ourselves, and so on. A. tov iavrov fiov, myself: tov iavrov o~ov, thy- self ': tov iavrov rrjs, herself: tov iavrov /-ta?, ourselves, and so on. Reciprocal Pronoun. § 35. Classical. P. G. dWrjXav, of one another, all genders. A. dWrjXovs, a\\r]\a, dw-qXas, one another. Modern. The modern reciprocal pronoun is formed by PRONOUNS. 69 means of 6 eW9 or 6 eh, the one, and the oblique cases of 6 «X\o?, the other. For examples, see Syntax. Possessive Pronoun. § 26. Classical. eyuo?, ifiov, ifirj, my, mine r)jj,eT€po$, rffiirepov, rjfierepa, OUT, ours tro?, gov, err), thy, thine vfjuerepo^, vfierepov, vfierepa, your, yours 09, ov, 7], his, her or hers, its a(j>€Tepo<;, <7 wz> D. ot? at? A. of? a? Modern. The modern relative is 6 nolo?, inflected like the adjective Oeio? (§ 18, 1). It is* always pre- ceded by the article. Thus, 6 ottoIos, r) oirota, to ottolov, and so on. 2. r/ 0, oVa)?, ottov, from t\s 7 rov, rw, 7to)s, ttov. 4. 'Ottoioo-Stj'tt ore (ottolos, SrjTrore) is a little more indefinite than ottolos. 5. TIov or 'Ottov, that, who, which, is an inde- clinable nominative or accusative. Note 2. n o v is nothing more than the relative adverb ttov or 67ro0 with the force of a pronoun. Compare the English where in where-as, where-at, where-fore, and the like. 6. ''Ottov, indeclinable, is equivalent to ottoios. It is the same as the adverb ottov with a pronomi- nal sense. 7. JToto?, in the sense of ottolo?, he who, who- ever? is now obsolete or obsolescent. NUMERALS. 75 NUMERALS. § 31. 1. Cardinal Numbers. Classical. F. N. fila fiias fjiia fiiav N. pa fjLias fiia(y) (1) KaOels or Kad evas , KaOeva or tcadev, Ka6ep.ia, G. Ka6evos y Ka6ep,ids, A. nadevav, KaOeva or KaBev, Kade fiiav, (icard, els) every one. Kdde , every, a corruption of KaOeis, is indeclinable. (2) Kdveis or Kavevas (ko.v eh, or k&v evas), at least one, any, anybody, any one, is inflected as follows : — M. N. F. N. kdveis, Kavevas N. A. Kaveva N. Ka\i\ua G. fcdi/ei/ds Kap.p,ias A. Kavevav Kd\x\ua(y) Classical. P.N. A. Svo, Suo), G. 8vv D. rpio-4 rpia Modern. P. N. A. rpels, three G. rptaJj/ Tpla 76 NUMERALS. Classical. M. F. N. P. N. Tecro-apes N. A. reaa-apa G. Tecradpav D. reacrapai A. Teaa-apas Modern. P.N. A. rea-o-€p€S,four G. recrcrepcov reave pa Also, PI. A. masculine reo-aepovs. The cardinals from 5 to 100 inclusive are indeclinable ; except beKarpels, deKareo-o-epes- 5. 7Tevre,five 70. efiBoprjKovra, modern 6. eg, modern egi efidoprjvTa 7. €7TTa, modern ecfyrd 80. oyboTjKovra, modern 6y- 8. 6kto>, modern o^ra> dorjvra or 6y8a>vTa 9. evvea, modern evvid 90. ivvevfjKovra, modern ev- 10. deKa vevr\vTa 11. evdeKa 100. eKOTQV 12. 86>8eKa 200. biaicoo-ioi, cu, a 13. deKarpets 300. TpiaKoaLoi, modern rpa- 14. deKarea-arapes, modern deica- Koaiot rearaepes 400. TerpaKoaioi 15. heKcmevTe 500. TrevraKoaioL 16. demeg, modern 8endgt 600. e£a.KO(noi 17. deKaenrd, modern SeKcuprd 700. enTaKoo-ioi 18. deKaoKTO), modern SeKo^rd) 800. OKTdKOaLOl 19. deicaevvea, modern SeKaevpid 900. evvaKoa-LOL, modern evve- 20. e'tKoav a/cocrtot or evutaKoaioi 21. e'lKoai eh, modern e'Uoa-i evas 1000. X&ioi 30. rptaKovra, modern rpiavra 2000. Stcr^iAtot 40. Teaa-apaKovra, modern dpa>7roi, two thousand men. NUMERALS. 77 2. Numeral Substantives. Classical. Modern. 1. fiovas, unit jiovdba 2. bvds, the number two 3. rpids, triad 4. rerpds, quaternary 5. irevrds, the number Jive 6. egds, the number six 7. efibopds, the number seven 7. oybods, the number eight 9. evveds, the number nine 10. bends, the number ten beKaptd 11. evbends, the number eleven 12. deadends, dozen bcobeKapid 1 5 . beKarrevTapia 20. elicds, score elicocrapid 30. rpiavrapid 40. reaaapaKovrds o-apavrapid 100. eKarovrds eKaroarr) 200. SiaKoo-apid 1,000. ^lAia's, a thousand XiAtaSa 10,000. pvpids, myriad (1) The ending -apid, from the Latin -arius, as in binarius, de- narius, vicenarius, denotes a multiple of ten or Jive. Acobeicapid is the only exception. (2) The ending -dp a, a modification of the preceding, is used in names of certain coins : Trevrdpa, a Jive-lepta piece, beicdpa, a ten-lepta piece. (3) The neuter ending -dpi applies to certain Turkish coin's: bvdpi, a two-piastre piece, rpiapi, beicdpi, boobendpi, eiKocrdpi, elnoanrev- rdpi. 3. Numeral Adverbs. Classical. 1. a7ra£, once 2. bis, twice 3. rpis, thrice 4. rerpdicis, four times 6. ££-dias 7. ilTTaKLS 8. oicraKis 9. evveaKis 10. beicd/cis 11. ivbenaKis 12. bcobeKUKis 20. elKoo-dias 30. rpiaKovTcuus 40. TeaaapaKovrdias 60. et-rj/covrdias 70. i^boprjKovrdKis 100. eKarovraKis 200. biaicoo-idias 1,000. X iXiaias 10,000. (ivpidicis 78 VERBS- Add to these iroo-aKis, how often? how many times? roaaKis, so often, so many times ; 6a-dias, as often as, as many times as ; noXKaKis, often- times, many times ; oXtyaKiy, a few times. In Modern Greek this relation is expressed by means of the cardi- nal numbers, and opes ; how many times ? plav (popdv, once ; dvo roff 3d. rp'iros 30th. rpiaKocrros 4th. rerapros 40th. reaaapaKoaros 5th. 7re/z7rros 50th. irevrnKoaros 6th. CKTOS 60th. e^rjKoaros 7th. eftdopos 70th. e(Sdop.r)Koo~r6s 8th. oydoos 80th. 6ydoT]Koo~ros 9th. evvaros 90th. evvevrjKoo-ros 10th. deKaros 100th. eKaroaros 11th. evdeKaros 200th. diaKoo~ioo~Tos 12th. dcodeKaros 300th. rpiaKoaioaros 13th. deKaros TpLros 400th. rerpaKoorioaros 14th. deKaros rerapros 500th. TrevraKoo~i.oo~r6s 15th. deKaros ire pnros 600th. e^aKoatoo-ros 16th. deKaros cktos 700th. enraKocnoaros 17th. deKaros e(3dop,os 800th. oKraKoaioarog 18th. deKaros oydoos 900th. evveaKocrioaros 19th. deKaros evvaros 1000th. xtXiooros 5. Multiplicatives. Classical. Modern. 1. dnXovs cnrKos, simjjle, fiovos, single 2. dirrXovs SwrXo?, double 3. rpinXovs rpwrXoy, triple 4. rerparrXovs rerpanXos, fourfold 5. Ttevraiikovs, and SO on. VERBS. § S2 - 1. The Modem Greek verb has three simple tenses ; the present, imperfect, and aorist VERBS. 79 The formation of the imperfect presents no dif- ficulty whatever. The characteristics of the aorist and perfect participle passive are exhibited in the following table : — Pres. Aor. Aor. Pass. Perf. Part. aivco a'XAo> ova aWa dvdrjv, d0r]v dXOrjV appevos, ao~p.evos a\p,evos dvco dpco aaa aprjera do~0r)v apr]cr6r)v acrpevos aprjerpevos ova avcra, avOrjv avpAvos, /3a> ayj/a tya cp0rjv apAvos p,pevos yco $" X drjv ypevos, yyco & %fm pAvos ypevos 610) eKvco polysylL eXvco dissyll. etcra eika eika €lO~0r]V dXdrjv eicrpAvos eXpevos aXpAvos even eivd evco (yv & X) qcra, r)6r)v, Tjfievos, ao-a, dcrOrju, aapevos, 7?£a VXfyv rjyfxevos w (eto) T^o-a, rjfievos, ecra eaOrjv efievos, T]o-fxevos Note 1. In some parts of Continental Greece the uneducated use Ka for era in the aorist active ; as rndvoa eVta/ca, (ra7ri£(o eo-dmica, (p6eu- dva> e e£vfi(OKa. 2. The future, perfect, and pluperfect are formed by means of the following auxiliary verbs and the infinitive or perfect participle passive. 6e\ eladai, shall be, will be. Indicative of elfjuac. Present Indicative. Classical. S. elfii P. cafiev S. et/xai P. e'lfieda ei (els) ecrre Modern. Ho~6e €LV€ eive Other forms: 1 pers. plur. e'l/xecrTe, e'lfiacrre, elfieOev, etpeaQev, e'ifieada, e'lfxearav. 2 pers. plur. eiare. Note 2. The third person elve is usually written eivai, and is confounded with the classical infinitive chat. It is strictly a modifi- cation of the Doric ivri (Theocritus, 19, 5. tvt6ov Qrjplov £vr\ fxeXiao-a, for eerrt). Its original form is ev, eve, found in PTOCUOPRO- dromus. Compare § 33, n. 1. VERBS. 81 Imperfect Indicative. Classical. s. p. r/s (rja6a) f}T€ Modern. f (?) r\(rav s. p. fjfxovv TJfieOa W°> rjaovv rjrav TJTOV, rjTCLV, r)(rav Other forms : 1 pers. sing, rffiovve, rjiiovva. 2 pers. sing, fjcrovve, ?otch>, fja-rave. 3 pers. sing, rjrove, rjrave. - 1 pers. plur. rj^xa- orav, fj fiacre, rjixdo-reve. 2 pers. plur. rjaraaTav, rjaaa-Te. — — 3 pers. plur. fjroue, fjrave, rjaaai. Future Indicative. Modern. S. 6a r}fj.ai 6a rjcrai 6a%ve P. 6a T]fxe6a 6a r}o~6e 6a r\vz Also, S. 6eka> eladat 6e\et,s eiadai 6e\et €L(j6ai P. 6z\ojx€v €ia6ai tfeAere elo~6ai 6k\ovv eladai Subjunctive. Present Subjunctive. Classical. S. Z> fjs 3 P. &fiep ?re &(Tl Modern. S. rjixai rjaac f]V€ P. %uh w 0c rjve The variations as in the indicative: thus, 1 pers. plur. jj/xeore, ^/xacrre, and so on. 82 VERBS. Future Subjunctive. Modern. S. fjdtka eladai rjdekes elaOai rjdikeu etaBai P. T]6e\afj.€V eiaOai rjdeXere eicrdai rjdikav eiadai Also, S. 6a. rjjiovv 6a rjcrovv 6a rjrov P. 6a rj fie 6a 6a r}a6e 6a rjaap Imperative. Present Imperative. Classical. S. 'lade (ecro) eVrca P. core eoraxrau Modern. S. €. Participle. Present Participle. Classical. Masc. Neut. Fem. . N. V. &p N.A.V. 6V N.V. oZaa G. OVTOS OVOTjS D. OVTL 01/077 A. ovra ovaav VERBS. P.N.V. ovres N.A.V. '6vra N. V. odaai G. OVTOW ovcrcov D. overt ovcrcus A. OVTCLS oviras 83 Modern. ovras, formerly i'o-ovras, eo-TovTas, being, all indeclinable. Indicative Active of yp defray, to write. § 33. 1. Present Indicative Active. Classical. S. ypdefrco ypaerai/. 3 pers. plur. iypdtyav, eypdyjrave, eypd\jra(n, iypd>\ra. Second Aorist Active of fjuavOdvco. Classical. S. ep,a0ov efiaOes efiaOe P. ifjuaOofiev e^aOere efiadov Modern. efiaOa inflected like eypa^a. Note 3. For the connecting vowel of the modern second aorist, compare the classical tlna, ijveyKa. Herodotus, 1, 80 axr(ppavTo. Also the later forms, Orph. Argon. 133 edpciKa. 119 el8a. Septua- GINT. Reg. 2, 19,42 e(pdyafiev. 2, 17, 20 eSpav. 2, 23, 16 eXa/3av. Amos 4, 4 dp. B. n. 2266, 1 1 evpciav optative. According to Heraclides (apud Eustath. ad Od. 14, 352, p. 1759, 10), forms of this description were used by the Asiatic Greeks. Note 4. The ending -a at of the third person plural of the im- VERBS. 85 perfect and aorist may be compared -with the classical tado-i, c'lgdo-i, which have the characteristic of the aorist and the personal ending of the perfect. Note 5. For the accent of forms like iypdcpav, iypd-^av, compare the Doric iXeyov, e\dj3ov, eo-Taaav, edeipav, for the original iXeyoaav, iXdficxrav, eordo-ao-av, ideipacrav. (APOLLONIUS de Synt. 3, 7, p. 213. Gregoritjs Cokixth- 127, p. 316. Scholiast, ad Theocrit. 7, 60. Et. M. p. 119, 45.) 4. Future Indicative Active. The future indicative active is formed by sub- joining the aorist subjunctive to 6 a (also to OeXec, Be vd, 0a va)\ as S. 6d ypatyay, 6a ypayfrr)?, 6a ypd^ry P. 6a ypayfrcDfjiev, 6a ypayfrere, 0a ypa^ovv It is formed also by subjoining the aorist infini- tive to 6e\co inflected ; as S. 6eXa> ypmfrei, 6e\et, compare Herodotus, 1, 109. Et 8' ide\f)(rei .... dvafirjvai. 2, 11. El &>v 8rj edeXrjcrei eKTpe- y\rai. 7, 49. Et eOeXot, rot p.r)$ev dvri^oov Karao-TTJuai. 5. Continued Future Indicative Active. The continued future indicative active is formed by subjoining the present subjunctive to 6 a (also to 6eXec, 6e vd, 6d va) ; as S. 6a ypacpco, 6a ypar)$* 6a ypa(f>y P. 6a ypa(f)CD/jL€v, 6d ypa(f)6T€, 6a ypdcpovv 8 86 VERBS. It is formed also by subjoining the present in- finitive to OeXco inflected ; as S. OeXco ypafyev, 6eXei$ ypafei, OeXei ypacpet P. OeXo/juev ypa ypatyei, e^et? ypatyei,, e^ei ypayjrec P. e^ofjuev ypatyet,, e^ere ypayjrec, eypvv ypayjrei, It is also formed by means of ey» and the accu- sative of the perfect participle passive ; in which case the participle is predicative ; as To ey« ypa/jLfievov to ypa^fxa^ I have the letter writ- ten ; not I have ivritten the letter. 7. Future Perfect Indicative Active. The future perfect indicative active is formed by subjoining the accusative of the perfect participle passive to the future of eyw ; as 0a to e^o) ypafijxevov to ypapiia, I shall have the let" ter written ; not I shall have written the letter. 8- Pluperfect Indicative Active. The pluperfect indicative active is formed by subjoining the aorist infinitive to efya ; as VERBS. 87 S. el^a ypa-tyet,, el^e? ypaifrei, el;ye ypayjrei P. el^afjuev ypatyei, et^ere ypayjrec, el^av ypatyec It is formed also by means of el^a and the ac- cusative of the perfect participle passive ; as To eiya ypapufjuevov to ypap,/j,a, I had the letter writ- ten ; not I had written the letter. Subjunctive Active. § 34. 1. Present Subjunctive Active. Classical. S. ypacf)co r)$ JP^J} P. ypd(j)a)fjL6v ypcMprjre ypa$r)<; ypaovfAe(v^ ypa€Te ypafyovv Other forms: 3 pers. plur. ypdcpovve, ypdcpov. Note 1. The modern present subjunctive, so far as sound is con- cerned, coincides with the present indicative. 2. Aorist Subjunctive Active. Classical. S. ypayjrco ypafyr}*; ypayfrrj P. ypayjrcofiev ypayfnjTe ypayjreoo-i Modern. S. ypayfrco ypatyrj? ypayjrT) P. ypayjrovfie(v) ypa-^rere ypayjrovv Other forms : 2 pers. plur. ypctyre, syncopated. 3 pers. plur. ypd-^ovve, ypd\jrov. 88 VERBS. Second Aorist Subjunctive Active. Classical. s. p. fia6(D fidOcofiev fiadr]T6 Modern. fiadrj fiaOaxri, /jbdOoo, inflected like ypd-frco. Note 2. The subjunctives eiVcS, iSco, i\8a>, evpa>, -ma, from Xeyo), /3AeVa>, epxofiat, €vp[(rKa), nivct), take the circumflex on the last syllable, because they are commonly pronounced Vco, '&3, 5 X0o3, '/3p<3, 7r«o monosyllable. 3. Future Subjunctive Active. The future subjunctive active is formed from the future indicative by changing 6d into rjOeke in- declinable; as S. rjOeke ypa'frco, 7j6eXe ypa-frrj^, rj6eXe ypd-fri) P. 7]de\e rypaylrcDfJLev, rjOeXe ypa"frere, Tj6eXe ypa-frovv It is formed also by changing 6eXco into rjdeXa inflected ; as S, r)6e\a ypd-fret, rjOeXes y pa-fret, r}6eXe y pa-fret P. rjOeXafxev ypa-fret, rjdeXere ypa-fret, rjOeXav ypa-fret It is formed also by subjoining the imperfect indicative to 6d ; as S. 6a eypacjya, 6a eypafas, 6a 'eypafe P. 6d eypdcpa/jtev, 6d eypdcpere, 6a eypafyav Sometimes it is formed by subjoining the im- perfect indicative to vd ; as S. vd eypacfra, vd eypacjyes, vd eypacf>e P. va eypdcj)afjLev, vd iypdcfrere, vd eypa(j>av VEEBS. 89 4. Continued Future Subjunctive Active. is The continued future subjunctive active formed from the continued future indicative by changing 6d into r^eXe indeclinable ; as S. rjOeke ypdcf)G), rjOeke ypctffrrjs, rjOeXe ypd(f>r) P. rjOeXe ypd€Te ypacf)dvrcov, ypa(f)eTcoaav 8* 90 VERBS. Modern. S. rypacfre a? ypacfrr) P. ypacpere a? ypdcpovv The third person of the imperative is formed by subjoining the subjunctive to a? (for a$e$), let. 2. Aorist Imperative Active. Classical. S. ypdtyov ypatydrcD P. ypd^are ypayjravTcov, jpayfraTcoaav Modern. S. ypdyfre a? ypa^rrj P. ypdyjrere a? ypdyfrovv The second person plural is often syncopated ; as ypd\jrTe, Selgre, mda-re. Note. For the modern aorist imperative, compare II. 3, 103 oto-ere. 105 a'£er7recr\ Od. 22, 482 oicre. ARIS- TOPHANES, Ach. 1099 olae. Av. 842 Kara7reo-\ Second Aorist Imperative. Classical. S. fiaOe fiaderco P. iidOere /AaOovrcov, fjLa6ercoaav Modern. S. fJbdOe a? fJbdOr) P. pudOere as paOovv VERBS. 91 Infinitive Active. § 36 - 1. Present Infinitive Active. Classical, ypdfaw Modern, ypdfei, only after the auxiliary deXco. 2. Aorist Infinitive Active. Classical. ypd-xfrac Modern. ypdtyei, formerly also ypd^etv, only after the auxiliaries 0e\co and e%&>. Second Aorist Infinitive Active. Classical. ^aOeiv Modern. /maOec, only after 6e\co and e^a). Note. The modern aorist infinitive takes the ending and accent of the present infinitive. As to the infinitives et7ret, iSeT, e\0et, evpe7, 7net, they are circum- flexed because they are commonly pronounced Vet, 'Set, 'Atfet, * (3ptl, 7rtet (monosyllabic). Compare § 34, n. 2. Participle Active. § St. 1. Present Participle Active. Classical. Masc. JNTeut. Fern. S. N. V. ypdcfxcv . ~N. A. \.ypd<\>ov "N. ^V.ypdcj)oucra (jr. ypa(f)0VT0$ ypaovTa ypdcfrovaav 92 VERBS. P. N. V. ypdfovre? N. A..*V.ypd6vTQ)v ypa(f)ovao ypa(f>ovTCiovacov ypacf>ovorai<; ypacpovcra? ypafyovraS) writing, indeclinable. (§ 12, 1.) 2. Aorist Participle Active • Classical. S'.KV. ypdyjra<; N. A. Y.ypatyav "N. V .ypa^raaa G. ypayfravros ypayjrdaT]? D. ypa-^ravrt, ypayjracrr} A. ypayjravra ypa^raaav P. N. V. ypdtyapreslN.A.V.ypdtyavTa N.Y.ypd-yjracrai, G. ypayfrdvTGOV ypa-^raawv D. ypa-^raat ypa-tyacraLS A. ypdyjravras ypa^daa^ Modern. ypd-frovras, rarely ypd^avras, having written, in- declinable. Second Aorist Participle Active. Classical. S. N.V. padm T$.A.Y.fia0ov ^.Y.fiadovaa G. fJLaOdvTO? fiadovarjs D. fiaOovrt fiaOovar) A. fiaOovra fiaOovcrav P. N.V. /Jua6dvT€<; N. A.V./-ta#oWa N. Y.fiaOovaau G. fiaOovTCou fxaOovawv D. fiadovat, fiadovo-acs A. fiaOovTcis fiaOovaas VERBS. 93 Modern. fiaOovTas, having learned, indeclinable. Indicative Passive. § 38. 1. Present Indicative Passive. Classical. S. ypacfiOfjLai, ypa^V ypafyerai P. ypa(f)op,6da ypafeaOe ypa^ovrat, Modern. S. ypaeo-at, ypa^eare ypafarai ypacpovvrac Other forms: 1 pers. plur. yparpovpea-re, ypafpovfiaare, ypaov eypcKpeade Modern. S. eypdfyovfJLOW eypd(f>ovaouv, eypcKpecro P. eypacfrovfiaaTav eypa^ovaaarav eypacfaeTo eypdcfrovTO eypdcpovvTav eypdcfrovvTav 94 VERBS. Other forms : 1 pers. sing, cypdcpopovv, eypacf)6p.ovv, eypa(povp.ovv, eypacpovp-ovva, iypdxpovpLva. 2 pers. sing, eypdcpoaovv, eypcKpovovv, iypacpovaovv, eypdcpovo-rav. 3 pers. sing, iypacpovvrav, eypaCpovv- rave, eypdcfcovrav, iypa67]fca eypdcfiOrjfces eypacfiOrj/ce P. eypafyOriicafJLe^v} iypa(f)6r)K6T€ eypdcfrOrj/cav Other forms : 2 pers. sing. iypacpOrjiccs. 3 pers. sing. iypafyOrjKe. 1 pers. plur. eypa(pdr)6r)v. Modern. eypd(f)7]ica inflected like eypacfrOyfca. 4. Future Indicative Passive. The future indicative passive is formed by sub- joining the aorist subjunctive passive to Od (also to 6e\€i, 6e vd, Od va) ; as VERBS. 95 ' S. 6a ypa ypa6rj, 6eXei$ ypa$6r\, 6eXeu ypa(f>6rj P. 6eXofJL6v ypacf)6r], 6eXere ypacj)6rj, 6eXovv ypa(f)6rj Sometimes it is formed by subjoining the aorist subjunctive to vd; as S. va ypacf)6co, vd ypa(f>6fj^, vd ypacj)6jj P. va ypa(f)0cop,ev, va ypa^>6rjre, va, ypa6ovv 5. Continued Future Indicative Passive. The continued future indicative passive is formed by subjoining the present subjunctive pas- sive to 6 a (deXet, 6e vd, 6a vd, or simply va) ; as S. 6a ypacfxo/juai,, 6a ypdcpeorai, 6a ypdtyerat, P. 6a ypa(tifjLe6a, 6a ypd(f)€a0€, 6a, ypdcjxovrac It is formed also by subjoix g the present in- finitive passive to 6eXco ; as S. 6eXco ypafaadai, 6eXeis ypdcj>ea6ai, 6eXeu ypdtye- a6au P. 6eXopuev ypd$ea6ai, deXere ypdfeaOai, 6eXovv ypd- (f)6cr6ac 6. Perfect Indicative Passive. The perfect indicative passive is formed by means of etfiac and the perfect participle passive ; as S. elfjbai, ypa/jbjuLevos, o, 77, elaai ypa/JL/jLevos, 97, ov, and so on. 96 VERBS. P. el/neOa ypafifievoi, a, cu, elaOe ypafifievoL, a, ai, and so on. 7. Future Perfect Passive. The future perfect indicative passive is formed by subjoining the perfect participle passive to the future of elfMat; as vS. 6a rjfjbat ypafifievo?, ov, rj, and SO On. P, 6a rjfieOa ypa/uLfievoi, a, at,, and SO on. 8. Pluperfect Indicative Passive. The pluperfect indicative passive is formed by- means of Tjfjqv and the perfect participle pas- sive; as S. rjjjbrjv ypafi/jLevos, ov, tj, fjao ypafifievos, ov, r), and so on. P. rj[ie6a ypafi/jLevoc, a, at, rjcrde ypa/JLfievot, a, ai, and so on. It is formed also by subjoining the aorist infini- tive passive to e?^a; as S. et%67]; el%av ypa(f)6rj. Subjunctive Passive. § 3SK 1. Present Subjunctive Passive. Classical. S. ypacpco/nac ypa(f>y ypacprjrac P. ypa(f)co/jb€6a ypd(pr]o-66 ypacjxovrat, VERBS. 97 Modern. ypd(j>ovpcu, like the present indicative (§ 38). 2. Aorist Subjunctive Passive. Classical. S. ypa0co ypa(f)6r}s ypacj)0r} P. 0co. Modern. ypacj>(o inflected like the modern ypacj>0a>. 3. Future Subjunctive Passive. The future subjunctive passive is formed from the future indicative by changing 6a into rjOeKe in- declinable ; as S. rjOeke ypa(f)0a), r)0e\e ypa0fj P. rj0e\e ypa(f)0cofjLev, rj0e\e ypa^>0rjre^ rj0e\€ ypa- (j)0OVV. It is formed also by changing 0€\a> into y0e\a declined ; as 9 98 VERBS. S. 7)0e\a rypcMpdr}, rj6eXes ypacf)6rj, r)6eXe ypa(j)6rj P. rjOeXa/xeu ypafydri, rjdeXere ypacpdr), rjOekav ea6€, 6a eypdo/ie6a, va eypa€a6ac, rfieXe ypd- ov ypafacrOco P. ypdcpeaOe ypac^eaOcov, jpa6crT€ a? ypdfyovvTCLt, 2. Aorist Imperative Passive. Classical. S. ypdcpOrjn 0r)TO) P. ypdcj)6r)T6 0r)v into tyov, and yQr)v into tjov ; as eTLfJLT]6r)v Ttfirjaov, ehdpOrjV Sdpaov, ecrrdxOrjv (TraXaov, eireLadrjv Treccrov, eypcupOrjv ypatyov, eirXe^drjv ifke^ov. 100 VERBS. Second Aorist Imperative Passive. Classical. S. ypdcpTjOi, ypacfrrjTCD P. ypdcfrrjre ypacpevrcov, rypacj>riTQ)crav Infinitive Passive. § 41. 1. Present Infiiiitive Passive, Classical and Modern. ypdfeo-Oai. The Modern only after the auxiliary 6e\o. 2. Aorist Infinitive Passive. Classical. ypacj)6rjvac. Modern. ypacpOr), formerly also ypacj>0rjv, only after the auxiliary verbs 6e\co, e^a>. Second Aorist Infinitive Passive. Classical, ypafyrjvai. Modern. yparj, formerly also ypaffiv, only after the auxiliary verbs OeXco, e%G>. Note. The modern infinitive in -rj was suggested by the sub- junctive, and should be written, strictly speaking, with an-et. Thus, ypa(f)d(d, ypcxpOet are analogous to <^hAg>, (piket It cannot be regarded as a modification of the iEolic -rjv; for in this dialect, infinitives in -r\v are paroxytone ; thus, jxedvaBrju, in Alcseus. VERBS. 101' Participle Passive. § f* 1. Present Participle Passive. JL Classical. rypcufcofievos, ov, 77, inflected like iriipivo^ (§ 18, 1). Modern. ypaovfAevo$, ov, v n inflected like Trerpivo? (§ 18, 1). Ill some verbs, it ends in -ap.evos\ as K€Lrdp.evos, Xeyafxevos, Xaipdjievos. 2. Perfect Participle Passive. Classical. yey pa/ji/ievos, ov, rj, inflected like fzdvos (§ 18, 1). Modem. ypafifievos, ov, ??, written, inflected like /novo? (§ 18, 1). The ending -a\xivos (pronounced -£p.evos) sometimes becomes -£6fievos or -£ov(j.evos in Romaic ; as 7repaa-pevo9 7repa£6p.evos, o/3t- o-fxevGS 6evTa ypacpOelaav 102 VERBS. Modern. ypa(j)0evTa, indeclinable and obsolete. Contract Verbs. § 43. 1. In the following verbs, contraction is effected by simply dropping one of the vowel-sounds : — gkovo), hear — clkovzis cikovs, aicovei dnov, aKovovjie d, Kpovs* Kctia), burn tcaUis nals, Kalovfxe Kaifie, Kaiovv kcllv. So kXcu'co, (praico. Xew (Xeyeo), say \eeis Xe'y, Xeoupe \ep.e, Xeere Xere, Xiovat \ecri, \eovv \eu. So #eAoo, 6es, #eiie, flere, 6ev. 7rd(o (jraya>) , go 7raeis 7ras, Traei 7ra, naov/xe 7ra/ie, Traere Ttdre , ndovu ixdv. So (pda> (^xxyo)), from rpcoya>. rpcoov(Ti rpaxri, rp&ovv rpa>v. 2. The classical endings eco, oco are generally changed into aw, -6vco, respectively. Indicative Active. Present Indicative Active. Classical. s. p. rip,co Tip.cop.ev rip.ds rip-dre Modern. Tifid Tifiaxn s. p. Tipco Tip.o0pe(i/) Tip-ds rifidre ripa np,ovv Other forms : 1 pers. sing, rt/zaco, Tt/zayco. 2 pers. sing, rifideis, rifidyeis. 3 pers. sing. ripdei, Tip,ayei. 1 pers. plur. rtitaite. 3 pers. plur. rip-oiive, rt/xuj/e. VERBS. 103 Classical. S. 170X0} irare7s Trarei P. irarovfiev irarelre Modern. iraroixn S. 7rarS) 7rare7s irarci P. traToviieCv ) Trarelre TTOTOVV Also, 3 pers. plur. narovve. Imperfect Indicative Active. P. eVi/nco/xei/ Classical. irLfxas irifAaTe Modern. S. irifiovo-a irifiovaes P. iTifxovo-afieiv) eTifiovaere eTLJJLOiV €Ti[j.ov(re irifjiovo-av The variations as in eypcnjra, the aorist of ypdcjxo. Other forms : 1 pers. sing, erlfxaya. 2 pers. sing, eri'/iayeff. 3 pers. sing, irifiaye. 1 pers. plur. eYt/xaya/xe. 2 pers. plur. ert/xayere. 3 pers. plur. irlfxayav. Classical. S. iiraTovv P. cVaroG/xej/ eTrareire Modern. S. iiraTovaa inaTovcres P. eTraTovaafiefv) irraTovaere eirarei endrovv €7raTovv Xapirrj- arioov. 1585. 'Evei/ccoy eirl <&\aovi(oi Havkelvm. Subjunctive Active. Present Indicative Active. Classical. rt/xo>, like the indicative. Modern. TLjxco, like the indicative. Other forms: 1 pers. sing, ri^aa, ri\iaya>. 2 pers. sing. Ttfidfls, Ttfxdyys- 3 pers. sing. Tijua/7, rifxayrj. 1 pers. plur. rifiafie. 3 pers. plur. ri/JLovve, Tijiave. Classical. s. p. rrara> Karris 7raTT]T6 Modern. Trarfj Trarwcn s. p. Trarovfie(v) Trarfjs TTarrjTe Trarfj irarovv Also 3 pers. plur. irarovve- Imperative Active. Present Imperative Active. Classical. S. rifxa Tijjidray P. Tifxare rijxcovTOiv, TLfidrcoaav Modern. S. rifxa as rifia P. rtjiare as Tipovv VERBS. Classical. s. 71-arei irareirco p. 7rarelTe TrarovvraiV, iraTeiTGMTav Modern. s. p. 7rdrie hs irarfi Trarelre as ttotovv 105 Infinitive Active. , Present Infinitive Active. Classical, rifxap. Modern, ri^ia, honor, only after the aux- iliary 8e\a). Classical irareiv. Modern. 7rarel, tread, only after the auxil- iary 0e\o>. Participle Active. Present Participle Active. Classical. Masc. Neut. Fern. S. N. V. rifxcov N. A. V. Tifiav N. V. Tijxoia-a Gr. TLJJLeoVTOS TlfJ.G)(rT}S D. TificovTi Tifxaxrrj A. Tin&vra rifxaxrav P. N. V. rificovres ~N. A.V. Tifiavra 'Q "V. Tifxoiaai Gr. TlfiaVTCOV Tl^COCTOiV D. TLfiaxri Tifiuxrais A. Ti[ifxeda rtfiaade Modern. , eypacpov, iypcKpoprjv, eypa\j/a y}/€v8opai, He, eyjrevdoprjv, i-^evadrju pcnvToa, sew, eppxirrov, £ppa(P&r)v. As a common rule, the uneducated omit the syllabic augment in verbal forms of more than two syllables ; as ypdcpovpovv, ypa- cprrjKave. Kote 1 . The illiterate usually change the augment i- into rj- in dis- syllabic verbs ; as f/ypacpa, fjyparpes, ijiua. This is simply substituting the sound I for E, and should not be regarded as analogous to rjfiovkrj- drjv, TjdvvfjOrjv. 2. When the verb begins with a vowel-sound, it generally retains that sound throughout ; as aKovco, hear, iikovcl, aKOvovpovv, aKovcra, aKovadrjKa epcoTa, ask, epcoTovcra, epcoTovpovv, epcoTrjva, ip, ptp-pcvos ■ eppiphos The classical form is used by scholars. 4. In Romaic no distinction is made between simple and compound verbs ; as KCLTCLKOCpTGi, cut up, eKaraKocpra, eKaraKonvKa. Scholars commonly follow the classical rule ; that is, they put the augment after the preposition ; as KareKoirra, KareKdirnv. Note 2. The omission of the augment belongs to Epic, iEolic, and Doric poetry. In Ionic prose, the temporal augment is often omitted. Note 3. For the augment of compound verbs, compare the an- cient rjvoiyov, eKa8e£6pr]v, and the like. Irregular and Defective Verbs. § 45 < aKpifiaivec), A. aKplftrjva, (a.KpLJ36s) enhance (lie price of anything ; become dear, dpaprdvu), apapralvco, A. qpapTnaa, rjpaprov, Pp. i]paprrjpevos, sin. ape, plur. dpere or dpere, (dpeuco) go, f/o ye. [HesYCHIUS. ' Apevcracrdai, dpelfieadai, dteXOeu', nepaLcocracrdaL. Et. M. pp. 82, 12 : 88, 28. 'Apevco, to nopevopai.] dpTTu>6(0, dprrdovco, dpirdoxvco, A. cipnw^a, dp.7rd>x8r)v, Pp. dp7rcoypieuos, (dncudeco) push. See also o-7rpa>x V(1) - dvaj3aii>co, dve(Saivu>, A. dvefinvov dvefinKa, subj. dvafta), aVe/3a>, or «W,3co, imperat. dvefia, dvej3dre, or dvefirjre, infin. dvafirj, part. dvafOds, coma or f/o up, ascend. dvafidvco, A. subj. dvafid\a>, (dra/3aXXco) mention. dvayivuxTKco, dvayvovco, dvayvccOco, A. dvdyvcaaa or dveyvco era. dveyvdoaBrjv, Pp. dvayvcjtrpivos , ran/. dvacrraiva , a va or/; jaw, A. dudo-rrjaa, dva(TTi)6r)v , Pp. dvaar-qpevos , (arai- va, 0T171/C0) raise from the dead, resuscitate. Mid, avaaralvopai, rise from the dead. dve[3aiuoo, see aVa/3aiVa> . aVotrrati/co, A. aVoarqcra or aVocrTT/va, Pp. dvoariipevos, (Jivocrros) fin- der insipid, become insipid-. VERBS. Ill arredaivo}', see diroOaivco. an epvco, see 7repva>. a7T€T(5, see 7rerc3. aTrodalvco, aTredalvco, a7rodur)(TKco, A. airoOava or dividava, infin. aTrodavei, part. a7ro^aj/a)i/, Pp. diroBapivos or diteQapkvos, die, be dying ; put to death. Pp. dnoOapivos or dneBapivos, dead. Substantively, a dead per- son : ol dncBapzvoi, the dead. d7roXapl3dvco, A. drroXavcra, dneXavaa, (XapfSdvco) enjoy. dnoXvco, dnoXco, -as, A. aTrdXvcra, (clttoXvco) let go, let loose. a7roo-ratj/a), dnn, A. dcprjaa, dcprjaa or a(pr]Ka, A. Pass, dcpednv, Pp. d. (Sapvvopai, fiapivopai, A. ej3apvvBrjv, (ftapvvco) be iceary, be tired of. /3apc3, -et?, A. efidpecra, ifiapiOnv, Pp. fiapepevos, (/3apeco) &e heavy. Mid. (Bapiovpai, -Uaai, be tired of. (3d(pa>, see (SdrrToo. (3yd£oc>, fiydvco, see e/3ya£a>. ftyaiva), see efiyaivw. (3Xa7rr(B, jSXdcprco, /3Xa/3w, A. e,3Xa\^a, i($Xa, /3o, A. tf&pef-a, eftpdxnv. Pp. (Bpeypiuos, Wet. Bpe^et, & rains. Ta fipexapeva, between wind and water. (§42, 1.) (3pLO~KG>, fiplxvoj, sec eupicrKco. [3v£dva>, (3v£aivu>, A. e(3v£acra, i$v£a%a, Zfiv(dxBr]v, Tp. (3v£aypevos, (pv- Cd"a>) suckle ; suck. yhipvoi, A. Zyhapa, iyhdp&nv, Pp. yhappivos, (eKoepooi) fay, skin. yovvco, A. eycWa, eydvBrjv, Pp. yhvpivos, (eicbvpeo) strip naked, un- dress. Mid. yhvvopai, put off one's own clothes, undress one's self. yeXco, -as, A. eyeXaaa, iyeXda-Bnv, Pp. yeXaapivos, laugh. ykvopai, see ylvopai. 112 VERBS. yepva>,yepva>, -as, yvpvco, A. eyvpa, Pp. yvppevos, (yvpds) incline, give a leaning to, lean on one side, yivopai, yevopai, A. eyiva, subj. yevco, ylvco, irnperat. yeve, yive, A. Pass. iylvnv, iyivrjKa, subj.yeyc5, yivco, irnperat. yivov, plur. yeuijre, Pp. ye- vcopevos, become. ykvTovu), A. iykvTaxra, Pp. y\vrcopevos, (e/cXvros) deliver, save, rescue; escape. j> y\v(o, A. eykvcra, (e/cXuco) deliver, save ; escape. bayKavco, etdynaaa, ihayKaaQ-qv, Pp. dayKaapevos, also SctKoVco, Say/coVo), A. edaKoxra, i§a.K6nv, Pp. 8aKcop,evos, (Sawcc, SaKeu/) Sei^i/a), Set/era), A. e'6Vi|a, ideL^Bnv, Pp. Seiypsvos, (deLKvvoo, Beiicvvfju) show. Seven, A. eSeo-a, iheBnv, Pp. bepevos, (8ea>) bind, fasten, tie. depvco, A. edapa, eddpdrjv, Pp. bappevos, (67pa>) whip, flog. Mid. bepvopai, toil, bia^aiva, A. ibiefir)v, e'Sta/3^., -as, A. idi\jrao-a, Pp. biyjsao-pevos, (Sn/z-ao)) Je thirsty. e/3ya£a>, ifiydvoo, /3ya£co, (Bydvoo, A. e(3ya\a, e(3yd\6rjv, Pp. (Sya\p.evos, (e/) come out, go out. eftydvco, see £(3yd£co. eiba, see /3A.e7ra>. ef/xai, Imperf. ^/x?;i/, F. 0a ^/mi, 5, UTrcuVco, A. epfirjica, epirrjKa, subj. e/x/3c5, epnco, irnperat. ep/3a, ep,7ra, plur. epfiare, epfirjre, or epirare, ep,nrJTe, infill- e/xjS^, part, epftds, enter, go in, come in. epnopco, see rjpTropw. evreaa, es, e, happened, happened to be, a defective aorist. evrpeiropai, A. eurpdirnv, (ev, rpe7rco) &e ashamed, be ashamed of; be diffident or bashful, e^evpeo, see r)£evpa>. enaLvai, naivco, -els or -a?, A. enaiveaa, erraivedr^v, Pp. e waive p,evos, (eVati/eca) praise. Mid. enaivovpai, praise one's self, pride one's self upon. eTTalpvu), see Tvaipvoz. epxopai, epdopai, A. jyX&i, ^p#a, subj. Tkdco, epdeo, e\6a>,epdG>, irnperat. e'Xa, eXare, come. [The imperative e'Xa, eXare, belongs to the classical e'Xao), eXavvco, drive.] VERBS. 113 evplaKca, /Spicr^o), fipixvco, A. evprjKci, evpijKa, rjvpa, subj. evpco, evpai, '/3p<5> imperat. evpe, evpe, plur. evpere, evpere, evprjre, infin. eupet or cupel, part. evpa>v, A. Pass, evpednv, Pp. evpnp-evos, evpep.evos,Jind. ev^op-ai, A. ehyr)Qnv, bless, pray. e^oo, imperf. eiy/i, F. #a e^o, Aai - e. £co £7;? Imperf. e£coi/ e^jys e^, plur. e£d>p,ev e^rjre e^cov, A. efya-a, ({a 05 ) ^" oe - Tjprropa, ip.7ropa), p.7ropco, -els, A. rjp.nopecra, (ev, Trope)?). &e a&/e, ca/2. ij^evpco, e^evpco, tjevpoi, £epco, Imperf. rj^evpa, (e^evpelv) know. 6d or <9f, indeclinable, ibr all the parts of the auxiliary #eXa>. § 33, 4. ^a.-rco, dd^rco, A. Wa^ra, A. Pass. idd(p8r)v, erd(pr]v,Y]). 6ap.p.evos, bury, inter. 6avpd£co, 6ap.d£a, A. iBavuaaa, e0dp.a£a, A. Pass. edapd^dr/V equiva- lent to the active, Pp. 6avp.aap.kvos, iconder, be astonished at. 6L see &i. #eXco, Imperf. fjdeXa, A. rjGeXvcra, subj. de\fjo-(o, imperat. BeXncre, infin. 6eXi)o-ei.. part. 6eXr t aas, wish, leant: will, shall. § 33, 4. £er<», A.e#ecra, e6e, A. iKuSiaa e., -els, A. exaXefra, ex.aXeo~8qv, Pp. KaXeo~p.evos, invite. Kap.va>, Kap.a>, Kavco, A. e/capa, Pp. Kapcopevos, make, do. Kara^aivco, KarejSaLvco, A. Karejjrjv, eKarefirjKa, subj. Kara/3c3, Kare^co, Kare,3a>, imperat. Karefia, plur. Karefidre, Karefirjre, infin. KaTafirj, Karefir), part. Karafids, come down, go down. Kavco, see kcu'co. Kepba'iva), A. eKephntra, Pp. Kep8rjp.evos, also Kepdifa, A. eKspdi^a, Pp. Kep8tcrp.evos or Kephiyp.evos, gain, win, earn. kXou'co, /cXaryco. A. eKkavaa (eK.Xa\j/a), iceep. Mid. Kkaiopai, complain. Kpep.vco, Kpep.5), -as, Kpep.dya>, Kpep.d£a>, A. eK.pep.acra, eKpep-dcrdnv, Pp. Kpepacrp.evos, (Kpepdvvvp.i) hang. Mid. Kpep.vi6p.ai, suspend one's self, take hold of. Kpepop-ai (Kpep.ap.ai), hang, be hanging. KpVfiai, KpvTTTO), A. eKpv\j/a, A. Pass. eKpixpdrjv, eKpvfir)8nv, Pp. Kpvp.- p.evos, Kpvj3r]p.evos, hide, conceal. Mid. Kpvfiopai, hide one's self, simply 7) ?*oW. Mid. Kv\iovp.ai, -teo-ai, roll one's self. KVTTa^co, kvttco, -as, A. eKVTTatja, eKVTrdyQrpj, Pp. KVTrayp.evos, (ku- 7TTa£a> ? ?) .see. Xafiaivco, Xap.,3dvco, A. eXa/3a, subj. Xa/3co, imperat. Xa/3e } infin. Xa/3ei, part. Xaficov, A. Pass. eXr], elnoZ, imperat. elne, clnes, -ne, TTes, plur. €L7T€T€, A. Pass, elneodnv, rarely elnrjdvv, say, tell. /xaSt^co, pa8d>, -as or -els, A. epddcaa, ipahiaOnv, Pp. p.adnp.evos, pluck, as a fowl, /xa^ev'co (6/iaSet'co), regular. Also /xa^oVto, A. e/xa£a)£a, epao-a, A. Pass, epa^xdnv, Pp. pafapivos, gather, collect, padaivco, fxavdavco, fj.a6a.vco, A. epaOa, part, p.ada>v, Pp. paOnpevos, learn / teach. fjedco, -as, A. cfxedvora, Pp. pedvapevos, (pedveo) be drunk, get drunk, ixekei, it concerns, it is a care to. pevco, fiveo~Kco, /j,vio~k.o>, A. epeiva, Pp. peivepevos, remain. fxrjvco, -as, A. eprjvvaa, ipnvvQifV, Pp. prjvvp,evos, (fxnvvco) give notice, send icord to. pveo-KG), see peva. vd (fjv, Tjvi), lo ! behold! see! see there ! As a verb, i/a, plur. pare, there it is ! tedee ! tjepvco, -as, A. e^epacra, i^epdadijv, Pp. £epacrp,evos, (e'^epaco) vomit, puke. £epa), ^evpco, see r]£evpa>. ^xdvco, £ex v "' £ e X<"' ~? ? > A* e|e^a(ra, Pp. ^exacrpevos, ^xapivos, forget. Pp. ^exacrpevos, ^xapevos, stupid, adjectively. £wa>, £ug3, -els, P. e£ucra, i^vaOnv, Pp. £vcrpevos, (£vcd) scratch, as the skin for the sake of relieving irritation. Mid. ^vvopai, ^vovpai, scratch one's self, opovco, dpovco, opveoo, A. opoaa, (opvvoo) Sicear. Trayaivco, inrayaivco, irayoo, naco, rravoi, TTnyaivoo, A. inrjya, vTrrjya, ijrd- yncra, subj. vndyco, Trdyco, Pp. Ttayaipevos, Trnyaiuevos, (v7rdya>) go. 77a6aivoo, A. enada, part. iraBozv, (jraOelv) suffer. iralpvoa, formerly iiraipvoo, A. iirrjpa, subj. Trdpoo, imperat. enape, nape, A. Pass, irropdnv, Pp. irappevos, (eVntpco) fafo?. 7rau&), cease, regular. A. Pass. subj. dva-nabl), dva-nayco, rare for dva- 7rav8a>. Traxevoi, A. eirdxwa, (jraxvvo)) fatten. 7re6aivco, see aTToOaivui. vreivco, -as, A. eifeivacra, Pp. 7veivacrp.evos, hunger, be hungry. Pp. ireivacrpevos, ov, 7/, hungry, adjectively. TrepvcD, dnepvoo, -as, A. inepacra, direpacra, Pp. irepaapevos, dnepacrpevos, pass. 7T€tco, dneTco, -as, A. enera^a, iireTaxG^v, {ncrdopai) fly like a bird. Mid. -neriovpai, -ucrai, equivalent to the active. 7T€to), -as, A. e7T€Ta£a, Pp. Tterapevos, throw aicay, cast, cast out. 7Tc(pT(d, A. eneaa, Pp. Treapevos, (jriiTTa>) fall. 7Tnyaiv(o, see Tvayaivco. TTidvoj, A. i'mao-a, inuio-dnv, Pp. 7naapevos, (ttu^co, 7na£oo) catch. ttivo), A. eVta, fjma, subj. tti'co, 7ria>, imperat. nu, ttu, infin. 7rtet, part. 7tlo)v, A. Pass. iiroOnv, inioBrfv, Pp. mopevos, drink. Pp. mopevos, ov, rj, drunk, intoxicated, adjectively VERBS. 115 nXevco , ttXvvco, A. en\vva, eTrXvdrjv, Pp. ifkvpevos, wash, cleanse, as clothes, the hands, or the feet. rfkew, 7rXeya>, A. eVXeucra, eVXe^a, float. 7ri>ea>, A. errvevcra, breathe, irviyco, A. eirvi^a, A. Pass. iiivtxOr}V, enviyrjv, Pp. nviypevos, choke, strangle ; drown. 7rote3, -els-, A. enoiKa, eiroiKa, eiroicra, male, do Obsolete. ttovco, -els, A. enoveaa, Pp. novepevos, ache- nprjcTKOfiaL, A. eir pr\o-&r\v , Pp. Trpnupevos, (jrprjOco) swell, being swollen, as applied to a living being. palvco, A. eppava, sprinkle, sprinkle on. paiiTO). pdcprco, A. eppava, A. Pass, eppdcpdrjv, eppdcpnv, Pp. pappevos, sew. prj^vco, pf]KTGi, A. eppnga, eppr}y6r\v, Pp. prjypevos, (prjyvvpi) throw, cast, (rairi^a), A. iaaTvicra, Pp. craTuorpevoSi o-cnrnpevos, (ar]7ra>, eadnnv) rot. aenupai ((nj 7r0p.cn), rot. aipvco, avpvco, aovpvco, A. eavpa, l. a-piyco, A. ecrpig'a, e<7p.ix0rjv, Pp. upiypevos, (picryai, piyvv<£) mix, unite, aovpvco, see crepvco. cnrd£(x>, (Jiidvd), A. ecnzacra., Pp. cnracrpevo?, ((maco) break. Pp. tnrao-pevos, ov, rj, ruptured, ajflicted with the hernia, adjec- tively. anepvoi, A. ecnreipa, emrapdnv, Pp. (rrvappivos, (o7reipa>) SOW. a7rpcoxvo), A. ecnrpco^a, io-Trpoix^nv, Pp. anpcoypevos, (jrpomdeai) push. [Petrus Patkicius, p. 126, 5 dtrcoypevov, for diraxTpevov, imply- ing the root , see araiPCD. (TTpeCpa>, A. ecrrpex/m, earpdcpwv, turn. avpfiaivei, A. i awe fin, awe fin, subj. avpfifj, infin avpfirj, it happens, avpco, see aepvoo. (Kpiyyco, imperat. acp'iyye or acpiyya, A. eacpL^a, eacpixdnv, Pp. cr, -ay, rpafiifa, A. erpdfiiq'a, irpafiix^nv, Pp. rpafiiypevos, (Latin t r a h o) draw, drag, pull. Mid. rpafiiovpat., withdraw, retrace one's steps rpepco, Imperf. erpepa, tremble. Tpe'7rco, A. erpepa, eTpdrrnv, turn, rpecpco, see &pe. rpepco, imperat. rpexa, rpexdre, A. erpepa, run. Mid. part. Tpexovpei/or, rpexdpevos, running, adjectively. 116 verbs; rpcoyco, A. ecpaya, part. (paycov, A. Pass. i, see rpoayco. (patvopat, A. £(pdpr)v, appear, seem. (peXco, -ay, A. i(peXecra, (dxpeXeco) benefit, do good : get on in the world. (pepvco, A. ecpepa, ii>, flee. (pSeidvco, (pTtiavco, (pKetdvco, A. e) /a?e: destroy. Pp. ^a^aevos, oy, 7;, a worthless person, substantively. § 7, 3. xdcvKco, imperat. ^acnca, A. e^aa-K^cra, gape. Xopraivco, A. e'xopracra, Pp. ^opracr/ieVos, (xoprd£co) satiate. y\fivco, \j/r]vco, A. e^rjcra, i-^n'jOrjv, Pp. 4n-jpepos, roast, parch. SYNTAX SUBJECT AND PREDICATE. Nominative. § 46. 1. In fashionable style the second person plural is used for the singular. Has e'x fre ! How do you do ? Has elade ; How are you f Tt m- fivere ; How do you do ? or What are you doing ? 2. The number and person of a verb agreeing with a title of honor or respect is determined by the genitive of the personal pronoun following that title. 'Ayiaavvn, r}, Reverence, strictly Holiness, of priests, used chiefly by the uneducated. AldeaifJLOTTjs, rj, Reverence, . of married priests. 'H albecrifj-orvs aov ri \iyeis els tovto ; What does your Reverence say to this ? C H albeaifioTrjs rav 8ev to iyKpivovai, Their Reverence does not approve of it. Corresponding adjective 6 aldeo-L^aTaros, Reverend, literally Most Reverend. 'Acpevreid, f], Lordship, Ladyship, Worship. Obsolete or obso- lescent. 'Evdogorrjs, r), Eminence, of princes. Corresponding adjective 6 ivho^oTaTos, Most Eminent. 'Evtihottjs, 17, Honor, of public functionaries. Corresponding adjec- tive 6 evTL[ios, Honorable. 'E^oxorns, f), Excellency, of ministers of state. Formerly, of physi- cians. Corresponding adjective 6 e^ox^raros. Evyevta, Nobility {Noblesse), of gentlemen in general. 'H evyevla eras ri \eyere ; What does your Nobility say ? Tt elnev tj evyevia tov ; What did the gentleman say ? 118 SYNTAX. AoytoTrjs, r), Learning, Scholarship, of scholars. Corresponding adjective 6 Xoytcoraros. Aoyov, rod, followed by the enclitic genitive of the personal pro- noun, forms a pronominal phrase denoting respect. It is used chiefly as nominative or accusative. Efam rov XSyov aov 6 Kcipapozvpis ; Are you the captain, sir? ILov etve rov \6yov rov ; Where is the gen- tleman? — After did, for, rov is commonly omitted. Aev ehai bia Xoyov (tov, This is not for you. [Compare Porpiiyuogenitus, do Them. p. 72. 'kva&nv em^rfTovai ■£evdXia luava, oi \xlv oxides aXXa pey Xoyco avraiv, kol (iXXa Ao'yoj rcoy avratu yvvaiKcov.] Maaaptorns, r), Beatitude, of the patriarchs of Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem, of the Pope of Rome, and of the archbishop of Cyprus. Corresponding adjective, 6 p.axapid>rarcs. For the title of the patri- arch of Constantinople, see HavayiorrjS. MeyaXecorrjs, r), Majesty. C H avrov avroKparopLKi) p.eyaXeu'r7]s 6 "2ovXrdv Maxp-ovr Xav %api£ei els rovs dvrdpras TrXrjprj dp.vrj(rriav, Ihs Imperial Majesty Sultan Mahmud Khan grants plenary amnesty to the rebels. C H avrtjs peyaXeLorrjs i] ^aaiXicraa rr)s MeydXrjs Bperavias eXaj3e peydXrjv evxapio-rnaiv, Her Majesty the Queen of Great Britain feet ived great satisfaction. Corresponding adjective 6 peyaXeioraros, r) peya- Xeiordrr)- c 6o-l6tt]s, rj, Sanctity, of monks Corresponding adjective, 6 oaioi- raros. Havayiorns, r), All-Holiness, of the patriarch of Constantinople. Cor- responding adjective, 6 navayiooraros. It is the highest ecclesiastical title. Uavteporns, r), All- Sacred n ess, of bishops. Corresponding adjectives, 6 7ravL€pd>raTos, of metropolitans and archbishops ; of suffragan bish- ops 6 OeocpiXeararos. Uavoo-i6rr,s, fj, Ail-Sanctity, of monk-priests (Upopdvaxoi) • Corre- sponding adjective, 6 Travoaiooraros. Ti/mottis, r), Respectability, of gentlemen. Corresponding adjective, 6 ripaoiraros- Obsolescent. c Y\lrr]X6rrjS, r), Highness. C H avrov v^rjXorrjs 6 p.eyas (Se&prjs Fealr 7rao-as, His Highness the Grand Vizer Resliid Pasha. Corresponding adjective, 6 v\l/rjXoraros. 3. A collective noun in the singular sometimes takes the verb in the plural. 6a p-ds Karr/yoprjcrovv 6 Koo~p.os, The world wUl censure us. To abik- cpdrov o-vvd(opLev Sta rb cnnrdXi, We the brotherhood (trustees) collect for the hospital. 4. The subject of verbs denoting the state of the weather, or the operations of nature, is not ex- pressed. SYNTAX. 119 'AcrTpciTTTeL, ao-rpaTrre, ija-Tpairre, A. ucrrpa^e, ijo-rpa^e, it lightens. Bpadeid^et, it grows late, it draws towards night, A. ifipddeiao-e, it is late: it is evening. Bpe^et, e^pa^e, A. e/3pe£e, it rains. Bpovra, ifipovrovcre, A. ijSpovTTjcre, it thunders. KaXooavvevei, it is clearing off, A. iKaXcoo-vvevae, it has cleared off. 2K0T€Lvid^€i, it grows dark, A. e cr score [viaae, it is dark. 2ovpov7Tuv€t, A. iaGvpov7Tova€, equivalent to the preceding. <&eyyei, it grows towards daylight, A. e ^7"' V t 1 " '^ 1 ?? Thou and I and the state shall perish. "AyvaxTTos eive Kal 6 tokos Kal 6 xpovos, Both the place and the time are unknown. 9. A nominative in the singular followed by fie, with, takes the verb in the singular or plural. e O Kapa(3oKvpi$ /ue tovs owTpocpovs rov e/xeive e/cei, The captain with his crew remained there. *0 Ka-nndvios p.e ra 7raX\nKdpia rov eKTVirnaav tovs TovpKovs, The chieftain with his men attacked the Turks. 10. When two or more nominatives of differ- ent persons are separated by rf, either, or, ovre, neither, nor, firjre, neither, nor, the verb agrees with the most prominent nominative, and is un- derstood after the rest. *H rip-cls 6a xa0e3juei>, f) eKelvoi, Either we shall perish, or she will. OvTe o~v rjaovv e/cet, ovt cko-vol, Neither thou wast there, nor were they. Mrjre civtos, firjTe aels va nnyalveTe, Neither must he nor you go. Ovt avTos bev top eiSe, ovt€ ami}, Neither he nor she saw him. 11. When two or more nominatives in the third person singular are separated by ovre or p-nre, the verb admits of being put in the plural, provided it precede or follow all these nominatives. Aev tou eldav ovTe tovtos, ovt eKe[vr), Neither he nor she saic him. Ovtc tovtos, ovt €Ke7vos Bev to eo-ToxdcrOrjo-av, Neither this man nor that man thought of it. Position of the Predicate. 12. The nominative regularly precedes its verb, as in English. It is, however, commonly (not always) put after the verb, when the predicate is more prominent in the mind of the speaker ; as ADJECTIVES. 121 Uoios eive alros ; Who is he ? Hov irrjyaiveis ivra- vov, They buried him alive. 'Erac^ favravos, He was buried alive. Kcipe to Kifiovpi pov nXaTv, Make my grave broad. Tpels rjpepas eica/xa vrjariKT], I fasted three days. To KaTeo~TT)o-ev an6p6r)Tov, He rendered it impregnable. "EpaBa yv- p.v6s k ivrpeiropai evdvpevos, I have learned to live naked, and therefore am ashamed to appear clad. 2s Kal to aip.a ov 7rpoaKo\Xr]p.evoVf The sweat and the blood ad- hering. APPOSITION. 123 Comparative Adjectives. § 48. The comparative with the article before it has the force of the superlative. 'O x et porepo9 avdpanos tov K.6o~p.ov, The ivorst man in the world. 'O nkiov rifiKarepos avOpconos tov Koarp.ov, The most honorable man in the world. APPOSITION. § 49. 1. A substantive annexed to another substantive or to a pronoun, whether attributively or predica- tively, is (by apposition) put in the same case, if it refers to the same person or thing. Attributively. 'G vop.oi.6dov evprjp-a!' laws, invention divine! C H ayta 2o T °v KaniTav Mikiovr), Khrxstos Milionis the chieftain. Na oreiXere ttjv £ayopa p,ia eicaTOOTr) novyyia aanpa, You must send one hundred purses of money for (as) the ransom. At'Sei cpopov dvo TaKapa tov p,rjva, He pays a tax (fine) of two dollars a month. Awpea kKorov dpaxp-di, A reward of one hundred drachmas. Predicatively. Tov dnedaga ^revo-rnv, I have proved him a liar ; J have convicted him of falsehood. 'hntheLxGn ^vo-ttjs, He has been convicted of lying. Bake tcl x*P La o~ov Kovirta, to. o~Tr]6n aov TipAvt, Make thy hands oars y thy breast a rudder. T6 banpv p.ov /3dVa> vcpo, I use my tears as a sub- stitute for water. "E-yive nanus, He has become a priest. "Eyti/e /co/i/xarta, Was broken 124 APPOSITION. to pieces. Tt va yivnice 6 Xprjo-Tos 6 MtKiovns ; What do you imagine has become of Khristos Milidnis f Ot KXecpres yivrjicav /zd£o>£i /cat yivnicav fiirovkovKi, The Klephts assembled together and formed one body. 'EdiopiaOrj dpxnyds, He was appointed leader. 'EftyrJKe KkttpTns, He has turned Klepht. . Avtos elve fiaaikevs, He is a king. Tt eive to ovopd rj, Regai^d me not as a bride just married. Gecopetrat ao(p6s, He is counted as a wise man. Tov Kapvovv fiacriXea, They make him a king. Ta 'icapa Tpeis X"^ L ~ dbes, I made them three thousand. Tou cicafiav mppdria, They made him pieces ; They cut him to pieces. Oct KarauTTjo-ovv ovcXd/3oi, They will become slaves ; Tliey will be re- duced to slavery. Na o~e nepvdyco fiao~ikia, prjya va a ovopd^co, To hand the cup to thee as a king, to call thee sovereign. Kat rcbpa Keiropai *s ttj yi] KoppX bLxus KecpdXtf And now I am lying on the ground, a body with- out a head. T6v Xeyovv Mi^dX^, They call him Mikhdlis. Aeyerai Mixd\ns, He is called Mikhdlis. "Epeive neTol Kal kokoXo, He is nothing but skin and bones ; literally, He has remained skin and bone. Tov vopifa K\e7rnjv, I deem him a thief Tov ovopao-av'loodvvnv, They called him John. 'Ovo- pd^erai 'ltodvvns, He is called John. 'En-rjpe o-*Xd/3o tov narr}, He has taken the cadi as a prisoner. 2/cXa- /3oy payidhav «recre, He has become a prisoner of the raghids (subjects). Tlpoa-icvvnTr] pe crTciXave '« ev aXXo povao-rrjpi, Tliey sent me as a pil- grim to another monastery. 2dv Bepia-Trjs €e Bavpa o-Ti\ovpx6s, He is a wonderful versifier. Et^e Bavpa cu- yXaTTiav, He had a wonderful degree of eloquence. 3. The thing measured, weighed, or otherwise THE ARTICLE. 125 estimated is put in apposition with the noun de- noting the measure, weight, or amount. "Eva ^apeXi fioaxaro 2a/xta>riKo, A barrel of Samian muscat wine. To /3apeXi to fj-oaxdro to Sa/itcoriico, The barrel of Samian wine. Aena fiapcXia Kpacrl 2K07reXiVt/co, Two casks of Skopelowine. Ta Se/ca fiapeXta to 2Kojre\iTiKo Kpao~i, The ten barrels of Skopelo wine. "Eva fiapeXi v p)Xa, A barrel of apples. To fiapeki to. p}Xa, The barrel of apples. Words to which this rule applies are fiape\i, barrel, cask, Papua, boatful, fiovKKid, mouthful, yafidda, bowl, dpdp.i, dram, ^vydpi, pair, £vyr}, pair, Ka'iiad, boatful, icapafiid, shipful, navici, cup, KecpdXi, head, Kkoivdpi or kXcovl, branch, Kop.p.dTi, piece, Konrj, flock, Xirpa, pound, p.iro- K.d\i, bottle, \moTikia, bottle, 6nd, oka or oke, iv^xi^ ^l* m6ap,r), span, TTiaTo, dish, plate, ifkaKa, slab, cake of anything, irkrjBos, abundance, plenty, noTrjpi, cup, novyyi, purse, pi£a, root, o-aKici, sack, bag, o~aKKov\a, purse, Tpovfids, satchel, TaavaKi, dish, (povKTa or (povKTid, handful, 7ros tive £T€pov duo to KpiOdpi, Wheat is more nutricious than bar- ley. l O Kanvbs elve i\aa KivovvTai, Animals move ; have the power of locomotion. 'O yl/(op.ds £vp,6vei, The baker kneads ; it is his trade to knead. 2. Abstract nouns and names of sciences take the article. 'H fJL€0T] eu/e pavla dXtyoxpouios , Drunkenness is madness of short 11* 126 THE ARTICLE. duration. e H dXr}0eia elve pta, Truth is one. *H (movbr) tt}? Yeape- rplas, The study of Geometry. 3. Proper names generally take the article ; as, 6 rewpyios, George, rj 'AyyeXuca), Angelica. 4. The article admits of preceding Belva or rdSe, KaOels, toiovtos, rocros. Tov cldes tov belvu (or tov -rade) ; Have you seen such a one 1 "Hpovv els to ra.de ^copto, / was at such a place. SvpftovXevco tov KaBiva va yevrj nXovaios, I advise every one to become rich. Kara rr)v ai-iav tov TvpeireL va Tipdrat 6 icaOeva?, Every one should be honored according to his worth. Tt tovs enapve toxjs toiovtovs ; What was he in the habit of doing to such persons ? 'H Toarj rapa;^, This great tumulL 5. When a noun, which has just preceded, would naturally be repeated, the article belonging to it is alone expressed. 'O lirnos pov ical 6 tov ddeXcpov pov, My horse and that of my brother. Some writers, following the idiom of Western Europe, use itcetvos for the article. To nXolov pov Kol itcelvo tov (fi[\ov pov, My vessel and that of my friend. 6. "When the masculine article is followed by a genitive denoting a city or province, one of the following words is to be supplied. 'Apx<-c7rio-K07ros, archbishop. c O 2ivuiov, The archbishop of Mount Sinai. 'Enio-Konos, bishop. 'O 'EpvBptov, The bishop of Erythroz. Mr)Tpo7ro\iTr)S, Metropolitan. c O Spvpvns, The metropolitan of Smyrna. ncuras, pope. e O Poipns, The pope of Rome. The bishop of Alex- andria is styled na7ras na\ 7rarptap^?y?, Pope and patriarch. HaTptapxns, patriarch. c O 'AAelai/opei'as, The patriarch of Alexan- dria. The adjective ayios, holy, is often inserted between the article and the genitive ; as c O dyios 'EcpeVou, His Holiness the metropolitan of Ephesus. Note 1. Before the introduction of the titles dpxienio-Konos, prj- TponoXiTns, TraTpiapxns, ivairas, the genitive depended on cnlo-Konos, expressed or understood. Further, the article was often omitted. THE ARTICLE. 127 *• CONCIL. NlCAEN". Can. 6. Tov iv 'A\e£av8pcta eirlaKcmov. Tea iv Po> prj tirio-KOirat. SOCRATES, 1, 6. ' AXet-avbpos 6 'AXe^avBpelas. 'EmaToXrj 'AXe£-av8pov 'AXe^av&pelas- 1, 8. TLvaefiios 6 NiKoprjheias €7TL(TKOTros- Qeoyvts NtKaiay. Mapiy XaXK^SoVos. 2, 7. Kcoyoraj/riVou TrdXecos 1 eirlaKonov. Sometimes dp^ifpeu?, or lepevs, was used. Pbocopitts, Histor. Arcan. p. 25, 15. 'Avdpeas Se o TJ7S 'EcpeVou apxiepevs. De Bell. Goth. pp. 17. Ilapa t6i> P&prjs dpxtepea. "O re xt)? *Ev he tls iepeav, ovs drj hnaiconovs koXovctlv. 7. In grammar and lexicography, every word regarded as an independent object takes the article of the word denoting the part of speech to which it belongs. 'H eyo>, sc. avrwwpia, The pronoun iyu>. To 6, sc. apBpov, The article 6. To povo~a, sc. ovopa, The noun povcra. To ypa(pa>, sc. prjpa, The verb ypacpco. 'H ypcxpav, sc. pero^r], The participle ypdcpav. *H an, sc. npodeats, The preposition eirl. To ava>, sc. eirtppnpa, The adverb civco. 'O ical, sc. avvheo-pos, The conjunction kclL 8. Any word or expression regarded as a neu- ter substantive, admits of being preceded by the neuter of the article. (1) Words explained or quoted. M^Ta^eipi^rai to eyco, He uses the word " 7." So To eav io/3arai / How much he deserves to suffer what he fears ! Position of the Article. 11. When a substantive appears without the article, the adjective agreeing with it most com- monly precedes it. KaXos- civBpamos, less common *A.vdpcoiros Kakos, A good man. Kpvo vepo, Cold water. But when the substantive is accompanied by the article, the article must precede the adjective ; otherwise the adjective loses its attributive charac- ter and becomes predicative. This applies to adjectives, possessive pronouns, and partici- ples. c O Ka\6s avBptoTTos, The good man. But KaXos- 6 avdpconos, or '0 av- Opconos KaXos, The man is good : or The man being good. c O ihiKos p.ov tows, My place. But c O tottos edi<6s fxov, The place is mine. 12. In formal style, the adjective with its arti- cle admits of being put after the substantive with or without the article. 'O (ivdpconos 6 koXos, or "KvOpcoiros 6 koXos. *0 toitos 6 eSiicos /xov, or Tottos 6 c8lk6s fiov. 13. The uneducated commonly put the adjec- THE ARTICLE. 129 tive with its article before the substantive and its article. *0 Kakos 6 avQpamos. 'O Sikos pov 6 tokos- Note 2. The last arrangement is by no means modern. Com- pare HerODOT. 7, 196. 'O pep dr) vavriKos 6 tcop /3ap|8ap arparos. THUCYD. 1, 23. C H ovx rjici.o-Ta /3Xa\^atra .... 17 Xoipo>br)S poo~os. PLATO. Ga*rg. p. 502 B. C H aepprj avrn kcu Oavpaorr) 77 Trjs rpaycodlas 7roir)cris. Symp. p. 213 E. Trjp tovtov Tavrnpl ttjp 8avpxio~Tr)P K€(pa\r]p. Sophist, p. 225 E. Top OavpacrTop ttoXlp ckzIpop .... top /xeraStco/cd- pepop v(f) rjpcop 0'OCpio'TrjU. De Rep. 1, p. 328 D. Ai aXXai al Kara to aa>pa r}8opai dnopapaiPOPraL. Ibid. 2, p. 368 B. *Ek tov aXXou tov rjpeTepov Tponov. Ibid. 8, p. 565 D. To ei> 'ApKaftiq to tov Atos tov AvKaiov Upop. 9, p. 590 A. To beipop to peya ckcIpo kol vroXvaSes Bpeppa. 14. In elevated style the article admits of being separated from its substantive by the adnominal genitive, by a preposition, or an adverb, with the words connected with them. 'O tov dpdpu>TTov povs, The mind of man. *H (pvcriKr) tov dp3payirov kKio-is, or 'H tov dpOpamov (pvcriKr) k\'io~is, Man's natural tendency. Tr)s eic tovtov 7rpoo-8oKapepr)S oxpeXet'as, Of the benefit expected from, this measure. Top epirpoaOep pov neipevov veiepop, The dead man that lies before me. 15. Attributive substantives, or national appel- latives, have, in respect to the article, all the prop- erties of ordinary adjectives. 'O dyios Tewpyios, Saint George. 'O prjTccp Anpoadepns, or Anpo- arOeprjs 6 prjTcop, or 'O Arjpoo-depns 6 prjrcop, Demosthenes the orator. 'H Xdpi Evcppocrvprj, Euphrosyne the Grace (one of the Graces). 'H povo-a, rj ^aXrpa 'Eparco, The songstress Erato, the muse. *H *Ap(pi- Tp'iTn 77 ydXrjpr) 6ed, Amphitrite the serene goddess. 'O Aiukos 6 (pofiepos 6 K\e(pTt)s, Dhidkos the terrible Klepht. 'O TaWos o-vvTaypardpxqs, The French colonel. *0 6e6s Kaipbs 6 yepos, The old god Time. 'O ircmovTo-r)s 6 ¥1(09, Rizos the shoemaker. Tov (peftpovaplov prjpos, Of the month of February. To novW r drjftopi, The bird the nightingale. 'O "EXvpnos teal 6 Kio-a(3os to. 8vo fiovpd, E'limbos and Kisabhos, the two mountains. Ta bvo Tpayia to <£X Bpiovns, Imer Bhridnis. 17. Turkish titles come after the proper name. c O 'AXJ7 iraa-ds, Ali the pasha ; simply All Pasha. c O Xaaav dyas, Khasdn aglid; Lord Khasdn. 2o vXrdv , sultan, precedes the proper name ; as 'O 2ovXrav Ma^- povTrjs, Sultan Malimud. But when it applies to the sultan's daugh- ter it follows the name ; as 'E/uve aovXrdv, Emine the sultana. 18. A substantive in apposition with a personal or demonstrative pronoun, or with o\os, all, is, with respect to the article, treated like an adjec- tive. *Ey- 7ros ovtos, This man. 'EKeivqv tt)v yvvaiKa, or Tf]v yvvaiica iKe'ivqv, That woman. "oXos 6 Koapos, All the world; The whole world. "oXoi oi av6poi7roL,All men; All the men. Tovres f) Kpves f) (pavraaUs, These cold fantasies. 19. When a substantive denoting any kind of measure or weight takes the article, the noun in apposition with it also takes the article. (§ 49, 3.) PRONOUNS. Personal Pronouns. § «. 1. The nominatives eyco, rjfiets, , It is I who say; or I say, emphasizing I. But Aeyco, simply I say. 'H/xets \eyopev, It is we who say; or We say, emphasizing we. But Aeyopev, simply We say. 'Eav Xe'yets, It is thou that sayest; or Thou sayest, emphasizing thou. But Aeyety, simply Thou sayest. 'Eveis Xeyere, .ft is 2/ow who say. But Aeyere, simply You say. Antithetic. 'Eov to cines kcu o^t eyw, Pbw said it, and not I. 5 Eyo> aas Xeyo) d«/ e^w, k eVets fioO Xere " Aoo-e," I tell you Ihave not, but you tell me, "Give." 'H/ieis tovs cviKr)o~apev kcu o^t ckclvos, We conquered them, and not he. 'Eav rjo-ai iav, If it is thou. Aev 6/iiXctre eaeis, dX\ct 6 6e6s, It is not you that speak, but God. 2. The longer forms of the oblique cases of the first two persons of the personal pronoun are usu- ally emphatic or antithetic. Tipa> iaeva, I honor you, emphatically. But 2e TipS, simply I honor you. Tipa eVeW kcu ox l ttjv Trarpiba o~ov, I honor you, and not your country. 3. After a preposition, the longer or accented forms of the oblique cases of the same pronouns are used. 'A7ro ipeva, From me, not 'Arco pe. 'A7ro rjpcts, or 'Atto pas accented, From us. Els ecreva, To you. 'Avrls ipeva, Instead of me. Aia fjpds, For us. Me ipeva, With me. lipbs io~ds, Towards you. 4. The genitives ifieva, eaeva, and their modi- fications, are used chiefly in connection with the enclitic forms /* o S , a- o v . 'Epeva to Kecpaki pov, kcu oreva to. Ka\d o~ov, Of me (on my part), my head, and of thee (on your part), thy estate, &eyydpi pov XapTrporaro, £rj\evei a r) Kaptjia pov, TicltI Boapeis tov dyairco, kcu piva Ve paKpid pov, My most bright Moon, my heart enviolh thee; for thou beholdest him Hove, but he is far away from me. *As cikovo-v k ipeva ttjv yvcopn pov, Let him hear my opinion also. Kopn, u'eva r ddepcpia o~ov els t6 x°P° Xopevow, Maid, as to thy brothers, they are dancing in the dance. Ao" fi to pkva tov XeftevTT], Give it me the brave boy. 5. The genitive of the first two persons of the personal pronoun is used also reflexively. EtSa tov naTepa pov, I saw my (own) father. Elhes tov iraTepa pov, You saw my father. KaXkiepyels tov Krjrrov aov, You cultivate your 132 PRONOUNS. (own) garden. KaWiepyel rbv kt^ttov o~ov, He cultivates your garden. 'EviKujo-apev tovs exSpovs /way, We conquered our enemies. 6. The accusative of the personal pronoun is sometimes used instead of the reflexive. To 6e\co tovto 81a. ifieva, I want this for myself. E?$e s fie x a P& v vov avrls eWra wftcpiov rbv vlov crov, You saw with pleasure your son made bridegroom instead of yourself. 7. The nominative of out o? is either emphatic or antithetic. Autos 1 Xeyet, It is he that says , or He says, emphasizing he. But Ae'yei, simply He says, She says, or It says. Airy Xeyei, It is she that says. Avrol Xeyow, Avra \iyovv, Avral \iyovv, It is they that say. But Aeyovv, simply They say. Avrrj to eypayjre na\ ox 1 ^Kelvoi, It was she that wrote it, and not they. Atari ovtos va. ex?}, k eyci> va p.rjv c'^o) ; Why should he have, and I not have ? 8. The oblique cases of euro? are usually em- phatic or antithetic. Tiu<5 avrov, I honor him, emphatically. Ttfia avrbv, Kai o^t tovs ovyyeveis tov, I honor him, and not his kinsmen. 9. The oblique cases of avros are used after -a preposition. *Ak avTov, From him. * Avrls avrfjv, Instead of her. At' avTo, For it. Ai clvtovs, AC avras, For them. Els avTov, To him. Me avrfv, With her. npos avrd, Towards them. 10. The genitive of avr oTos ; Who is that man f To 6e\eis avro ; Do you want that ? 12. '^to?, or '^7raTo?, self, is always followed by the enclitic genitives of eyw, o-u, to?. 'Ato's fxov to tzKafia, I did it myself. To KaTakapfidveis koL cltos crov, You yourself understand this. Kal 6 dprjpds tlo-efinice tiro's tov icafiaX- Aa'pis, The emir himself (in person) entered the city on horseback. 'Exa- T}K€ dnaTos tov, He burned himself. 13. The monosyllabic to? expresses the third person in its simplest conception. Tov cl8a, I saw him. AeV ttjv etSa, I did not see her . Uov 6a to cvpns ; Where shall you find it ? Tovs dyanas ; Do you love them ? 14. The nominative of to? is used chiefly after ehe, is, are, or after va, behold ! Uov Ve to? ; more elegantly, IIoO elve avTos ; Where is he ? Be/3ata 7ra>s 8ev elve tt] aov Xeya>, niaTevae to, That she is not sincere, I assure you, believe it. Na tos koa 6 TidvvTjs no 'px^rai ! Behold John coming ! Na res oXes epxovvTai i] p.avpopaTes I Behold them ! all the black-eyed damsels are coming. 15. In the phrase To Kal to, This and that, So and so, to is demonstrative, and retains its accent in pronunciation. E?7re r6 Ka\ to, He said this and that. Note. Compare Demosthenes, Phil. 3, p. 128, 16. *e8« yap to Ka\ to Trotrjcrai., K.a\ to prj TroiTJo-ai. Mid. p. 560, 17. Ta Kai to. 7re7rov6a>s. Coron. p. 308 1 3. Et to ko.\ to tTvoinartv dv6p(07ros ovtoo\, ovk av dne- Bavev. 12 134 PRONOUNS. 16. The proclitic personal pronoun usually ac- companies the object of the verb in the same sen- tence, for the sake of greater perspicuity. Ti 6a to Kafxrjs aiiro ; What are you going to do with that ? 'Hpas TiTTore bev p,as eicape, As to ws, he did us nothing. Ti o~e peXei iaeva ; What do you care ? What is that to you ? 0a o~ov to kX^ow to •novyyi o~ov, They will steal your purse. 'EKetvov 8ev 6a. top ireipd^ow, Him, — they will not trouble him. Tov KaniTaviov dev tov eirtao-av, The captain, — they did not catch him. 17. The proclitic or enclitic forms of the per- sonal pronoun are usually put in apposition with the relative in the same sentence. Updypa to onolov dev to vovTipevopai, A thing which I do not relish. Tcou otto'lcov 6 ipxypos tcov pas €x. a P 07TOir l (T€ i Whose arrival has cheered us up. 'AvorjTe, ttov ere KaTacppovovv 6Xoi, Foolish man, whom all per- sons despise. Position of the Proclitic and Enclitic Forms. 18. The monosyllabic genitive of the personal pronoun is enclitic when it depends upon a sub- stantive or adverb. 'O hoxiXos pov, My servant. EiW BovXos pov, He is a servant of mine; or He is my servant. c O npooTos aovav6ivTns, Your former master. Tcov Kapafiicov pas, Of our ships. Ta fiifiXiaTovs, Their books. Kddov kovtcl p.ov, Sit near me. TLoTe pov 8ev tov fj/xev, We do not like him. Mr)u tov KaTTjyopfjs, Do not censure him. ■ 21. When the immediate and remote object of a verb are both monosyllabic pronouns, the remote object is put first. Mot) to e8ei£e, He showed it to me. AeZ£e tov to, Shoio it to him. Tov to. e, I will not give it to them. *As tovs to docry, Let him give it to them. Ti aov ehe; What did he say to you f AeV /xe eare TLuore, He did not say anything to me. Reflexive Pronoun. § S2. The reflexive pronoun refers to the subject of the sentence in which it stands. Tpe(f)€ tov iavTov aov, Support thyself. EtTre? fxe tov iavTov aov, You said to yourself; You said in your heart. Reciprocal Pronoun. § 53. In Classical Greek, the reciprocal pronoun re- fers to the subject of the sentence in which it stands. Tt/z<3o-iv aWrjXovs, They honor one another. In Modern Greek, the verb agreeing with the first component part (6 eW?) is not expressed. 13G PRONOUNS. Karrjyopovv 6 evas tov aXKov, They accuse one another. "Q,ppr}o-av 6 evas Kara tov a\\ov, They rushed against each other. 2Te<6p,e0a /xa- Kpav 6 els tov aXKov e'Uoo-t /3^/xara, We stand twenty paces from each other. Possessive Pronoun. §54. 1. The possessive pronoun is equivalent to the genitive of the corresponding personal pronoun. To IBlkov jjlov fiifiXtov, the same as T6 /3i/3\iW /xov, My book. 'EoV kov /xov j3cj3\iov, the same as Bi/3Xtov tiou, A book of mine, la Ttaiha ra edited aov t Thy children. TLaibia edocd crov, Children of thine. 2. The possessive pronoun is used in answer to a question beginning with the genitive of the in- terrogative pronoun. Tlvos elve tovtq ; Whose is this ? Answer, 'ESikoV fiov, Mine. 'EoV kov tovs, Theirs, and so on. Demonstrative Pronoun. §55. 1. Tov to ?, this, refers to that which is near the speaker. Tovtoi ol cpiXoi, These friends. To paxatpi roOro, This knife. 2. \E*:e£z/o?, that, refers to a person or thing remote from both the speaker and the person ad- dressed. BXeneis epos, Some one was icont to say that he who was born a fool remained always a fool. Hl- (TTevovv tlvZs otl 6 tjXlos elve tyvxpos, Some believe that the sun is cold. 12* 138 PRONOUNS. TtVore, adjectively, any, some; substantively, anything, property. EtSes TiVore dvOpoMovs ; Have you seen any men ? Kvrra^e va firjv ko^ow tl7tot€ devBpa, See that they do not cut down any trees. AeV ads eareike TiTrore ; Did he not send you anything ? 2' ipcornae rinoTe 8ia ipeva ; Did he ask you anything about me ? TiVore bev pas K.dp,vovv, They will not do us anything ; They can do us nothing. 'Aicopr) rinore deu i'yive, As yet not anything has been done ; Nothing has been done as yet. "oXa ra tltvoto. tov, All his property. Tov dicpifiov to T'nzore els ^apo/con-ov ^epia, The miser's properly falls into the hands of the spendthrift. Relative* Pronoun. § 58- 1. The relative pronoun agrees with its antece- dent, that is, the word to which it refers, in gen- der and number ; its case being determined by the nature of the clause in which it stands. 2. TIov or 'Oirov is almost always a nominative or accusative. Further, it never comes after a preposition. Tt 6a to Kaprjs avTo ttov KpaTeis etp to x*P c > What are you going to do with the thing which you hold in your hand ? Uov inrjye cuelvcs nov tjtov e'Scb npoxOes ; Where has the man, who was here the day before yes- terday, gone] 3. The antecedent of ttov or 6 ttov is often omitted. 'Eyo> 'pai ttov aov Ta '(ficpva to. prjXa 's to tiXi, / am he who used to bring you apples in my handkerchief. 4. In expressions like the following, ttov or oirov is apparently superfluous. ti avonTos Snov elaai, Ka'ipeve t Y'hat a fool you are, my good fel- low ! Tt KecpdXi ttov ex ei • What a head he has got ! Tov eTraivovaav ju.' okrjv tovs ttjv bvvapiv a>adv vnoKpiTaX oirov rjaav, They praised him with all their might like hypocrites as they were. 5. Sometimes, for the sake of greater perspicu- ity, the antecedent is repeated after the relative. PRONOUNS. 139 Ta. (ppovpia rrjs Movoftacrias rat Trjs Kopivdov rat tov NavnXiov, to. onoia (ppovpta e^ovj/ naXovs Xipevas, The forts of Monobhasid, Corinth, and Ndphplion, which forts have good harbors. 6. Sometimes the relative takes, by attraction, the case of its antecedent. 'YirepaaTTi^ovTai oaovs Karacpevyovv els avTovs, They protect those who go to them for refuge. To eXeye els onoiov rat av epxovvTav, He would say it to whatever person would come. KardXoyos t. dXXeas or dXXoias (aXXolos), otherwise, differently . dXXoiTiKos, different. Adverb dXXotcoTira. aXXos, o, rj, other, another, else. Irregular forms, G. dXXovvov, dXKrjvrjsy Plur. G. dXXwvatv, A. dXXovvovs. 140 PRONOUNS. aXKore, another time, at another time, at some other time, at other times. dXXov, elsewhere, elsewhither. dnaWov (an aXkov) , from another place. dnavrov (an avTov),from there, from near you. dnedco or dnoha> (an edco), hence ; on this side; henceforth. dneKel, dneicei or dnoKel (an e/cei), thence; on that side; thereupon. dneKelde or dnoKelde, for dneKel. dnoeKel (dno e/cet), the same as dneKel. dnonov (dno nov), whence? dnonov (an onov), whencesoever, from what place soever. avrov, there where you are ; thither where you are ; then, just. avrovde (avTo6ev),from there, from where you are. dcporov (dcf> orov), since, from the time when. d 6 'idios, I myself. "Epx^rai 6 'Idios, He is coming himself Also, the same. e O i'Sio? avBpconos, The same man. KaBccs, as, just as. Often preceded by cos. *E\a cos Kadios elcrai, Come as you are. Kafxnoaos or Kapnoaos, some. Kanore (kciu, nore), sometimes. Kanov (kciv, nov), somewhere, somewhither. Kancos {kclv, nebs), somehow, in some manner. fxepiKoi, some- fiovaxos or povdxos, alone, only. Also, self, followed by the enclitic genitive of the personal pronoun. "Eneae povaxo rov, It fell of itself Mov&xoi rovs rpexovv, They run of their own accord, fiovos, the same as the preceding. 66e(v), whence. bnoTav or onore, whenever, whensoever, onov, see nov relative. onov, wherever, wheresoever, whithersoever, oncos, as, just as, in whatever manner, oa-os, as, as much as, as many as. orai/, when, ovrcos, so, thus. noBev, whence? noaos, how much ? hoiu many? nore, when ? Sometimes, whenever, as soon as. NUMERALS. 141 irore, ever, at any time. In answer to a question, never. 7tov, where f whither f irov or 6-nov, relative, where, in which place, whither; when. irovOevd, anywhere, anywhither. In answer to a question, nowhere. 7rov7roT€, anywhere, anywhither. rdde (ode), indeclinable, such, such a one. reroios, more elegant toiovtos, roiavTq, toiovto(v), such. rocros, or toctovtos, TocravTt], too~ovto(v), so much, so many. rove, then. cos, as, of manner or time. cocrdv or crdv (c\>s, av), as if; like, as. acrov (cos ov), for icotrov, until; before. cos Trot), or cos otvov, the same as coaov. coo-re, so that, so as, that, as; until. cbcrT€ ttov, or wore orrov, until; while. Correlative Pronominals, Interrogative. Indefinite. Demonstrative. Eelative. iroOev o6ev, oirodev 7TOCTOS rocros, otros, irore KaiTOTCy TOCTOVTOS TOT€ OTTOCTOS orai/, JTOTC onorav, TTOV KOLTTOV, novBeva, OTTOTC TTOV, oirov, 07T0V, ds, ertri O7TC0S NUMERALS. § «©. 1. "Evas, a, an, is often used with a substantive, when that sub- stantive would alone express the same thing. t Htoj> fxiav cfiopav evas ftatrikevs, There was once a king. Mia copaia vea. A beautiful young woman. 'Exparct ha pa/3§l els to ^epi tov i H e held a staff in his hand. 2. The expression *ai o! (rarely without the *ai) preceding a cardinal number means every one of, all. Kai oi dvo ecpvyav, Both went away. But Oi 8vo ecpvyav, The tico went away. Kai rovs nevre rovs eVpe fiacre 6 iracras, The pasha hanged 142 NUMERALS. every one of iliefive ; all Jive. Xvverai crdv ttjv do-Tpairr), tovs TpetsTovs 7T€to-ok6j3€l, He rushes like lightning, he despatches all three. 3. A cardinal number prefixed to words denoting eatables or drink- ables means dish, plate, cup, glass, or draught. $>epe fiia aovira, Bring a plate of soup. Aocre eva vepo, Give me a cup of water. "Eme rpia Teaaepa paicia, He drank three or four glasses of brandy. 4. The distributive relation is expressed by means of d tt 6 , followed by a cardinal number. 'En-ijpav cltto dvo ypoaia, They received two piasters apiece. KaOevas ef^e dirb dvb maToXia, Each one had a pair of pistols. 'EXare va 7rLoiip.€ dirb yaa novrra Kpaai, Let us drink a cup of wine apiece. 5. Combinations are expressed by means of airo and the repetition of the cardinal number. "EpxovTcu. airo evas evas, They come one after another ; one by one. Tovs €K.oy\rav anb evav evav, They beheaded them one by one. Unyaivovv dirb dvo dvo, They go two and two. Tovs eareiXe drrb dvo dvo, He sent them forth by two and two. Tovs dpadtaaav dnb rpets rp'els, They ar- ranged them three and three. 'Anb dvo dvo Kov[3evTia£av, They con- versed by two and two ; tivo in one place. So 'A7r' okiyo okiyo, By little and little : By degrees, or gradually. Sometimes an 6 is omitted. ^iXqcrre fi has evas, Kiss me one after another. 6. In certain connections, a cardinal or ordinal number preceded by the article denotes a fraction, of which the numerator is that num- ber, and the denominator the same number plus one. EvprjKa rpels k enr^pa tovs dvo, 1 found iliree', and took away iwo of them. c O evas irrjye 's to vepb, Ka\ dXXos yjrcopX va cpepy, 'O rpiros 6 ica- XrjTepos crre'/eerai '$■ to tov(J)€kl, One of them went to get water, the other to bring bread ; the third and best stands at his gun. 7. In dates, the cardinal numbers are used, fjixepa, copa, eros, xpovos, or xpovia being understood. Scholars regularly employ the cardinal numbers. ^HXde els ttjv filav tov aXcovdpi (*HX6e tijv irpuiTnv tov iouXi'ov), He came on the first of the Thresher (July). *E\a els ttjv y.iav, Come at one o'clock. 'Anedave els to. ^iXia oKTaKoaia Ttevrjvra eva {'AneOave to X^Xloo-tov oKTaKoaioaTov TrevTnK.oo~Tbv npcoTov), He died in the year eighteen hundred fifty-one. 8. The substantive in connection with numerals like twenty-one, thirty-one, forty-one, fifty-one, is put in the singular or plural. EiKoa-i eva xp° via i Eucoo-i ev Utos, Twenty-one years. 'EKapTe'p^aa Tpidvra evav xpovov, I wailed thirty-one years. 2apdvra fiia efidofidda, Forty-one weeks. NUMERALS. 143 Note 1. Compare Septuagint. Reg. 3, 14, 1. TeoraapaKovra kcu ev6s eviavrcov. 3, 15, 10. TeacrapaKuvra Kal ev eras. 9. Kdv , at least, about, nearly, admits of being placed before a car- dinal number. Kdv deKcKpra kclv SeKo^rcb vopdroi, About seventeen or eighteen men. Kdveis or Kdvevas (§ 31, 1, 2), adjectively any, one, some; sub- stantively, any one, anybody. Eides Kavevav dvBpm-nov ; Have you seen any man ? SreiXe pas Kavevav dWov av6evTr\v, Send us some other master. Kcucos avOpajiros SeV yiverai navels els piav crriypr^v, JSo one becomes bad in a single moment. Tt vd Kapn Kaveis ; What can one (I) dof — In answer to a question, it is apparently negative, nobody, no one. Aev eldes Kavevav ; Have you not seen anybody ? Answer, Kavevav, No ; nobody, not any one. 10. Numeral substantives in -apt d are used only in the singular, and are always preceded by pia or k dp pia, some, about. The other numeral substantives are preceded by pia, Kappia, when they do not take the article. Further, the noun to which a numeral substantive belongs is put in apposition with that numeral (§ 49, 3). T H\6av Kappia deicapid icapdfiia, Some ten ships have come. Me clvto to ovopa evp'io~KovTca. pia e^vrapid oiKoyeveies els ttjv Meo-ar/viav , There are threescore and ten families of that name in Messenia. Srei'Xere pas pia eKaroarri irovyyid ao-rrpa, Send us one hundred purses of money. 'Eo-KOT&drjo-av rpels x i ^ L ^ €S Pcoo-o-ot, Three thousand Russians were killed. Note 2. Compare Lysias, Epitaph, p. 192, 27. "EoreiXe -KevTr)- Kovra pvpid8as o~TpaTidv. 11. A mixed number of which the fractional part is one half is expressed by subjoining Kal piaos, and a half, or by annexing - rj u i o~ v or - p i crv to the whole number. • r/ Evas Ka\ piaos, "Eva ku.1 piao, Mia Kal piar], One and a half. Tpels Kal piar), Three and a half. 'Evdpiav { c Evd 'uteri;), Midpiav (Mid 'uioV), One and a half . Avo- piav, Two and a half Tpeiafjpiav (Tpels rjpiav),Tpidpiav (Tpid 'piav), Three and a half 'Efiooptjvra icprdpiav, Seventy-one and a half. Note 3. For the form piaos, compare C. n. 38, to rjpiaov, implying rjpiaos, for rjpiavs, half. 12. Kadeis or KaOevas (§ 31, 1, 1), every one, each one, substan- tively. J/ EX' as irivovpe pa£i 6 Kadevas oao £fi, Let us, each of us, drink as long as we live. Kdd e , every, each, adjectively. Kd6e dvOpconos, Every man. Ka8e yvvalKa, Every woman. Kd6e irpdypa e'^et Kal t6v Kaipov tov, E eery- thing has its time. 144 THE CASES. THE CASES. Genitive. § 61- 1. A substantive, or substantive pronoun, at- tributively or predicatively annexed to another substantive, for the sake of limiting or restricting its meaning, is put in the genitive (called adnomi- nal), if it refers to a different person or thing. Attributively. 'O vlos rov Tcapyiov, George's son; The son of George. c O naripas rov iraidiov, The child's father ; The father of the child. *0 vlos rov irarpos, The son of the father. 'O Krjnos pov, My garden. Krjnos p,ov, A garden of mine. Td trrrtVt rov (piXov pas, Our friend's house ; The house of our friend. Ta woddpta rav, Their feet. Ti Xoyrjs au0pa>7ros ehe ; What sort of a man is he f Eive avOpeonos rov ctkolvlov Kai rov ttoXovkiov, He is a man of the rope and the pole ; that is, He deserves to be hanged or impaled ; simply, A scape-gallows. 'Ewia irrjxaiv fiavriXi, A handkerchief nine ells long. Avo ypoaia>v navi, Tico piasters' worth of cotton cloth. Bapica cikoo-i reaaafKov KGmioav, A boat with twenty-four oars. f E(pra. xpovwv naibi, A child seven years old. Tpi- tov fjpepaiv 7r€p7rarr)o~id, Three days' journey. Ilevre pepwv vv or %a)piov. l H noXis rod Aovhivov, The city of London ; the same as 'H ttoXcs to Aovhivov, The city London. 5. Certain adjectives denoting a jmrt are fol- lowed by the enclitic genitives of the personal pronoun denoting the whole. c O Kadevas pas, 'H KaOepia pas, To icadeva pas, Every one of us. Ka- 6eis o~as, Every one of you. 'Ano Kaviva eras, From any one (or no one) of you. "OXoi pas, All of us ; We all. "OXoi tovs, All of them. Kal ol bvo pas, Both of us. Kal oi rpeis tovs, All three of them. (§ 60, 9. 12.) 6. The genitive is used after certain adverbs of place and time having the force of substantives. 'AyvavTia to>v TpiKK&Xcov, Opposite Trikala. 'Avdpecra tcov 8vo, Be- tween the two. HoTe p.ov (aov, Tov),Ever (or never) in my (youv, his) life. Adverbs belonging here are dyvdvria, avdpecra, avapeTa^v, dvrjptpa, dwdvco, dnavoodio, direpivpos or aTTopnpoo-rd, yvpco, eprrpos or ipirpoard, Karapeais, Kararrdva), Karanohi or Karoin, KOVTa, pa£i, panpid, pera^v, drriadi, TTore, aripd, Tpiyvpco. 7. In certain phrases the genitive has appar- ently the force of an adverb. "Oo~o V 6 paKpos t ovpavov, k f] 6dXao*o~a tov fiddov, As the heavens for their height, and the sea for its depth; As high as heaven, and as deep as the sea. Tov Bavd\ov 7re(f>Tei } He fell as if he had received his 13 146 THE CASES. death-blow. M' epprjgc tov Oavarov, It brought me near death. Tov kclkov Komd^ets, You labor in vain. 'AnrjXOov tov narncpopov, They went down hill. Tov IcwrXcoo-e tov paicpov, He stretched him on the ground ; He floored him. Toi\ov roi^ou aepvovvTav, He was dragging himself along the walls ; from wall to wall. 'E7ri}ye rov yjsrjXov (ytyn- Xov), He went high up in the sky. Genitive of Place and Time. 8. In a few instances the genitive denotes the place within which anything happens. Srepias Kal tov rreXdyov va Xdp.yj/rj 6 oravpos, TJiat the cross may shine by land and by water. Ttjv x < *>P av cTpiyvpio-av ttjs yrjs koI rrjs BaXdaarjs, They surrounded the town on the land side and on the sea side. 9. A Saint's day is denoted by the genitive of the name of that Saint, ttjv rjfiepav being under- stood. Uov fjaovv tov dyiov Ba, tremble at, fear. 3. A transitive verb admits of being followed by a kindred noun in the accusative. '2 tov vnvo ttov Koip.ovp.ovv, In the sleep ichich I was sleeping ; In my sleep. '2 ty] o-TpaTci ottov ndyatve, On the way which he tea* going. Ilai- £ovv ttjv TriXdXa, They play" Hun and catch." Aev e(f>Tai£au Kaveva (pTai^ipo, They cununiticd no fault. THE CASES. 147 4. Certain active verbs are followed by two ac- cusatives, the one of a person and the other of a thing. In the passive they retain the accusative of the thing. BoAe fie dvbpiKia pod^a, Put on me man's clothes. 'EybvdrjKe ra p'ov^d tov, He put off his clothes. Tov diddaicei noinriKa, He teaches him poetry. 'O fxaOrjTrjs diSdaiceTai 7roir)Tticr)v, The pupil is taught poetry* Tov ev8v~ aav KOKKiva, They clothed him with red garments. 'EvdvOrj to (pope/id tov, He put on his garment. Tov iv6vp.io-e tt)v crvvd^Krjv tcov, He re- minded him of their agreement. Tt a epoiTrjae ; What did he ask you ? Verbs belonging here : dpp.aTov, fivfaivai, iyhvvw, diddaKa), ivbvva>, £vdvp.i£(o, epcorco, fr)T(d, £6vco, ttotl^co, , rayi^co, (poprovco, and the like. 5. Some passive verbs are followed by the accu- sative of the remote object, although the active construction is inadmissible. 'AppaPavigouai or 2u/3a'£o/xai tov or ttjv, be betrothed or affianced to, said of the man or woman. But dppafiavifa or o-vfid£a> ttjv p.e tov, betrothe, affiance, said of the parents or guardians. Ev\oyovp.at. tov or tt)v, marry, said of the man or woman. But eu- XoydJ tt)v p,e tov, marry to, unite in matrimony, said of the priest. 2Te9, welcome, de- pends on euprfKa/jLev, OV airo\avaa^ev. " KaXr) aov pipa, Arjpo p.ov." " Ka\a>s tovs Sia/3aVe?" "Good morning to you, my Dhimos " " Welcome, travellers." Limiting Accusative. 7. After words denoting measures of length, the dimension is put in the accusative. 148 THE CASES. Sometimes Kara, in, as to, in respect to, is put before this accusative. To irnydbt eTve e'Uocri iroftas to fidBos (§ 62, 12), Tlie well is twenty feet deep (or in depth). Also To fiddos rod irnyabiov elve e'Uocn nodes, The depth of the well is twenty feet. Also, To nnydoi e^ei eUoai nddas fiddos, The well has the depth of twenty feet. The accusatives to which this rule applies are ftdBos, depth, pdicpos, length, ttuxos or ^oj/Spos-, thickness, rrXdros or breadth, width, v\}/os, height. 8. After comparatives, the accusative denotes the measure of excess or deficiency. 'Eicetvos elve rpla irohdpia paKpvrepos cltto aeva, He is three feet taller than you. 0a crov o-rjKcoaco rqv rayr) aapdvra nevre cpovKres, I will increase your allowance by forty-fve handfuls. 'EmBvp-ovv va no- \ep.r)o~ovv plav copav apxyrepa, They are eager to fight as soon as pos- sible. 9. In the following construction, the accusative arises from apposition. Xepca nodia 6a ads deaaj, I will bind you hand and foot. 10. The accusative ra i k a rhv, per centum, de- notes the rate of interest. The educated usually employ rots i detcmrevTe rd (rots) e with or without 8p6p.ov, is to be regarded as denoting space rather than time. Hifyaivei dvo apes hpupov, He travels two hours. 'E^ye pia &pa pa- Kpia dnb eicel oirov rjpao~Te r pels, He went an hour's distance from where we were. Duration of Time. 13. The time answering to how long is put in the accusative. This rule applies to the natural and artificial divisions of time ; as rjpepa, day, vvKxa, night, ica\o winter, p.r)vas, month, xpouos, year, aTiyprj, moment, instant, topa, hour, Kcupos, time. KoipciTcu oXnv Trjv rjpepav, He sleeps the whole day. Acodena pepes eXenra, I was absent twelve days. Uoaov Kaipbv eo~Td8ns els to Bovko- peo-TL ; How long did you stay at Bucharest 1 ? Tpels ptrjves cr eKapTep-qae, He waited three months for you. How long since, 14. The time answering to the question how long since is put in the accusative preceded by Tcopa, now, l&co real, or a,7re8(6 /cal,from this time reckoning backwards. 13* 150 THE CASES. ^AnriQavz roapa rpe7s xP° V0VS i & ?s now three years since Tie died ; He has been dead these three years past. 'Anedave e'Scb kol rpeTs xp°~ vovs, He died three years ago. Eive T&pa rpels XP ()V0L dcpov (improp- erly 7rov or oirov) direOavs, It is now three years since he died. 'Ane- paaav rpels XP° V0L dcpov dneBave, Three years have passed away since he died. Tov yvoc>pi£u> direba) kcu Se'fca xP° v0VS i I have known him these ten years past. Tov civdpa '^a> 'j rrjv £eviTeid e'fia) kcu dena XP° V0VS > -^fy husband has been absent from home these ten years. Dative. § 63- 1. In Modern Greek, the functions of the da- tive (strictly so called) are performed by the geni- tive or accusative. The genitive here is more analogical than the accusative. (Com- pare the classical genitive dual, which, so far as form is concerned, coincides with the dative dual.) As the genitives p,ds, ads, tovs, do not differ in form from the corresponding accusatives, it makes no difference whether, in expres- sions like AoVe tovs r/z-copi, Give them bread, they are regarded as gen- itives or accusatives. Tt crov (or o~e) edccKe ; What did he give you ? Aoae to t^s yvvaUas, Give it to the woman. EiVe to tov dv6pa>7rov, Say it to the man. 2ov apeae rj dvSpeia uov ; Did my valor please you ? "Eypayjsa rpi'a ypdp- jiaTa tov (piXov aov, I wrote your friend three letters. Aoae tov to, Give it him. Verbs belonging here: dtroKplvopai, dpefa or dpeo-Kto, dcpiepovai, 0apa>, ypdcpco, Save'ifa, fiasco, fit'Sco, ddonoico, eTOipd£a), €i>pio~K(t), Kapva>, Xeyco, AetVco, pe'Aet, pevco, pvpifa, void£ei, opovw, 7rapa§i5co, 7re'i ra^co, Tvxaivoi, viroaxopai, (paivopai, (pai/epoVco, cpepvco, (pSdvco, (piXevco, (paivdfa, xaipera), X a P^i Xpeid(opati ^pfoooraj, and the like. Adjectives belonging here : dvayKalos, necessary, dpKtTos, enough, sufficient. Aev tovs eii/e dvaymlov, It is not necessary to them ; They do not need it. 2. In examples like the following, the genitive of the personal pronoun, although apparently ad- nominal, is felt after the verb. Mod dy Health and joy to you, Sirs. Xaptcrua crov, Take it as a present, from me ; Take it and welcome ; I make you a present of it. 5. In formal style, the accusative with eU, to, takes the place of the classical dative. TO Tovto bev dvrjKei els avTovs, This does not belong to them. Els Tiva ewes ,• Whom did you say it to f 'EdoOn els avTovs, It was given to them. *Ek§otos els Tcts rjdovds, Devoted to pleasure. TLXvpacreTe els tov e7npav, A tax paid to the town ; simply town- tax. 6. In general, that for which anything is or is done is put in the accusative with Bod, for. Tovto to cfiayl Bev elve did. ecreva, This dish is not for you. Aid ra ypoaia Ka\ tov narepa tov irovXel, He will sell even his own father for piasters (money) . 152 THE CASES. Ablative Relations. § 64, Place Whence. 1. The place whence is put in the accusative preceded by air 6, from, out of "Ep^erai dirb rr]v KcovaravTivovTrokiv, He comes from Constantinople. Got (pvycopev dub ttjv 'AXe£aVSpeiai>, We shall go away from Alexandria. 'EftyrJKe aivb to o-ttIti tov, He has come (or gone) out of his house. Time From. 2. The time from is put in the accusative with a it 6 , from. 'E7ToXeuoG(rai/ utto to 7rovpvb cos rb j3pddv, They were fighting from morning till evening. 'A/copa dev dnepao-av rpia xp^ vta otto tov Ktupbv 7vov ae etSa, Three years have not elapsed yet from the time (when) I saw you; It is not three years since I saw you. 'Anb tov naipov oirov dnedave k'cos Tcopa noaot -^povoi eive ; From the time she died until now how many years is it? 'Anb tovs doibeKa xpovovs k ocei tov eiSoj From the twelve years onward I saio him. 'Anb tovs ^kclto k efnrpbs vd yn- pdo-T]$, After the hundred years may you grow old. 3." The expression airo fic/cpos means from a child, ivhen a child. 'Anb /jLiKpbs opcpdveyj/a, I became an orphan when a child. Separation, Procession, Cessation. 4. The accusative with airo, from, of, is put after words denoting separation, departure, pro- cession, source, cessation. 'Aykio-rpdci aV to otcovtcXXi, It slips out of the dish. Ttjv dyvdvT€\lse dwo "^77X77 paxovXa, He espied her from a high ridge. 'Atto nolov r dyo- pao-cs ; Whom did you buy it off AeV to tjkovo-ci dnb ndvevav, I did not hear it from anybody. M' edeixvav aWoiayruea aV o ti p edeixvev tKelvos, They made me look different from what that one did. 'Avaaai- va dirb to avTi, He breathes through the car. 'A7re\mcr6r)Ka dnb tovs THE CASES. 153 £evovs. I have despaired of obtaining aid from foreigners. 'Ana tovto apxio-ere, Begin with this. Words belonging here : ayXi(rrp<3, dyvavreva, dyopdfa. aKovco. aX- ~\olg>tik.os, dvacralvcii, a7re\77 i£op.ai. d7ropaKpe'i/co, dpxifa. /SXeVaj, (3orj8, yevvcop.ai. y\vr6va>, yi>oopi£oo, 8avel£op.aii 8e i'y^o), $Laj3a.LV(o, (j3yaivco, ei'pai, eXevdepovoo, evKaipco, fora*, £co. Kp€p.vco. K.pv7TT(0, Xap/3az/<0, XetVco, p.avddi/u>, ^e^cop/^co, Tralpvco, 7rav(>),7repv&, Trecprai, vo~re- pov, (Pa>vd£(o, ^coptora, and a number of others. 5. J/%dr)(rav, Only two of us were killed. "Evas air avrovs, One of them. "Oiroios dirb tray, Whoever of you. "Ocroi cltt avrovs, As many of them. Tives air avrovs, Some of them. 10. The accusative with airo admits of being put after any verb, when the action refers to a part. aye dno tovto to ^ra>pX, Ka\ nte cltto tovto to Kpaal, Eat of this oread, and drink of this wine. "E^ei airo to 18101/ Kpacri, He has (some) of the same wine. 'A7r6 7rpo(pdo-eis oaas deXei evpio-Kei icdveis, One can find as many pretences (excuses) as he pleases. Na dyopdo-ys dir avrd, You must buy some of them. 'And icXe(j)Tia 8iv £epei, He knows nothing of the Klephtic profession. Comparison. 11. The comparative is followed by the accusa- tive with cltt o, than. KaXrjTepos dno oXovs, Better than all. To yva)pi£ei KaXyrepa diro Kade aXXov, He knows it better than anybody else. 12. But when the comparative adjective has the force of a substantive, it is followed by the adnom- inal genitive. 3>iXoz/eiK€i fie tovs KaXnrepovs tov, He disputes with his superiors. K' €ai/t drro Xovkovdia, A wreath of flowers. 2upbs dnb irerpes, A heap of stones. 2na6l dnb £v\o,Asivordofwood; A wooden sword. STetyava faro npivovs Kai pvpnes, Wreaths of lilies and myrtles. 'A^o ri yivovrai ra fiovkivia; What are wafers made off Cause, Reason. 15. The cause of an action or state is put in the accusative with air o, from, of for, because of on account of by reason of 'Airedave dnb rr)v irelvav, He died of starvation, tyocpco dnb to icpvo, I am dying with cold. "Earnae air ra yeXia, He burst his sides with laughing. 'Anb ttjv x a P^ v T0V e 's top totto fias \ ttjp ep-qp-n ttjp Kidcpa, Return hither to our coun- try, to our dear Kidpha. Note. Compare Herodotus, 1, 193. 'Eo-e'x" Se «■ aXXop iroTa- jxbp e< tov Ev es top Tiypip. THE CASES. 157 Place how Far. 5. The place how far is expressed by means of ew? or »?, as far as, and the accusative. Hotres copes elve dnebco cos rrj Aapicrcra ; How many hours is it from here to Ldrisa? Tov inrjyav cos ttj fipixn, They carried him as far as the fountain. Qa TrqyaLvco ecos rrjv Kprj-rnv, I will go as far as Crete. Time When. 6. A noun denoting the time when is put in the accusative without a preposition. This rule applies to nouns denoting the natural and artificial divis- ions of time ; as irovpvo, morning, /3paSu, evening, f]p.epa, day, vvktci, night, %povos, year, XpiaTovyevva, Christmas, yeO/xa, dinner-time. Tov eida ttjv irepacrpsvnv avoi$-iv, I saw him last spring. ""EXa to dnoyevpa, Come after dinner. To d7ropear)pepov 6a tovs heipovv SXovs, They will beat them all in the afternoon. 'HdeXncra va eXdco to fipdbo, I wished to come this evening. "EXa /3pa§u, Come this evening. 7. In dates, the accusative is preceded by the preposition eU, on, in. (§ 60, 7.) 'EKu/770-e '$• res beKanevre tov fia'iov, He started on the fifteenth of May, Tovto rjKoXovdnae els tov TrpcoTov PcocraLKov v:6Xep.ov, This happened in the first Russian war. 8. A noun or adverb denoting time admits of being put in apposition with a larger division of time. s Htov o-a/3/3aro a7ro/3pa§Js, It teas Saturday evening. "Eva trafifiaTo fipddv, uta Kvpiaicr] Taxv, One Saturday evening, one Sunday morning. Ti T]Ko\ovdrjae tt)v devrepav to ienrepas ; What happened on Monday evening? Ttjv dvoit-i pia pepa, One day in the spring. T6j/ elda ttjv Tpl-rnv to irpcot, I saw him on Tuesday morning. Time Until. 9. The time until is expressed by means of the accusative with ecu? or &>?, until, till. 'EKOipLTjOrjKa cos to. p.etrdwKTa, I slept till midnight. See also § 64, 2. 14 158 THE CASES. Time how Soon. 10. Th£ time hoiv soon is put in the accusative with eU, in (more elegantly ivros with the geni- tive). Ek Tpels jjpepas CEvtos rpiwv rjpepav) (fiOdvei els to x^P 1 ^ In three days he Will arrive at the village. Eis oXiyov Kaipbv tov TeXetovovv, They will finish him in a short time. Els oXiyovs prjvas epx^rai, He will come in a few months. ^HXdav els rfjv Movofiao-iav els detcanevre rjpepes, They came to Monobhasid in fifteen days. Time how Often. 11. The accusative of op d or /3o\d, tune, ac- companied by a numeral adjective, answers to the question how often. (§ 31, 3.) Further, this accusative admits of being limited by the accusative of a noun denoting the division of time. (§ 65, 6.) Hoaes (popes rov fiXeTreis ; How many times (or How often) do you see them? Ilivei piav (popav top p.rjva, It drinks once a month. Krv- ivnve rov dicopa p.ia (popd, Strike him once more. lievre fioXes dcpevre- yjres, You have been appointed governor five times. 12. KdOe, every, followed by the accusative of time, answers to the question how often. Urjyaivei Kade prjva, He goes every month. Tov eftXene Ka&e f)p.epav> He used to see him every day. KdOe copav 6a o~ov to Xey pi, /coXXeo tov els, 6/xtXco pe, opoiafa p.e, 7raXata) p.e, mdvopat pi, o-Kavda\i£opai pi, o-vpnedepidfa pi, e'xco avp-TveOeplav pe, o~vp(p rpayerai, wpov, Meat cannot be eaten (by man) raw. Aev tov vnocpepa nXeov, I cannot endure him any longer. Tov evpicrK(o *s to o-7riTi ; Can I find him at home f Note. Compare Lucian. Dial. Mort. 2. Ov cpepopev, <» UXovtcov, Mevi7T7ruv tovtovl tov Kvva TrapoiKovvTa. 5. Sometimes the present indicative has the force of the imperative. 'Ok™ fjpepas dev TpatTe ti7tot€, For eight days you must eat nothing. 6. The imperfect expresses continued action going on in past time, without reference to its be- ginning or end. MOODS AND TENSES. 163 "Ey pao-o~av, The Turks at that time were not in the habit of learning any foreign language. 8. The aorist indicative expresses a finished past action, the time required for its completion being left out of view. It simply narrates that which happened. "Ey pafya, I wrote ; I did write. Aev eypa-^a, I did not write. Tov ctdes ; Did you see him ? 'H 'AXapdva ixaXdaOn drro rovs Tovpicovs, Alamdna was destroyed by the Turks. 9. The aorist indicative is used also where, in English, the perfect would be more appro- priate. To eVeXeuocra, I have finished it. 'Aicopa bev rjXde, He has not come yet. 9 HX6a vd ere i§a>, / have come to see you. *Ep.a6es to p-ddvp-d aov ; Have you got your lesson ? Answer, To ep.a6a, I have got it. U6aa p.ds ecpepes ; How many have you brought us? 10. The aorist indicative often supplies the place of the pluperfect. Eirrev otl eypayj/e rpia ypdppara np\v az^a^cop^o"^, He said he had written three letters before he departed. 11. The aorist indicative is used for the future, to denote the certainty or speedy completion of an action ; that is, when that which is expected to happen is conceived as having already hap- pened. *Eav ere aKovarji eWpS^cres" tov dbe\(pov o~ov, If he shall hear thee thou hast gained thy brother. 12. Verbs, of which the signification includes the idea of continuation, have, in the aorist indie- 164 MOODS AND TENSES. ative also, reference to the time required for the completion of the action. Atarpt^a), spend one's time, bieTpiyjra ; £a>, live, e&ara ; pevta, remain, epeiva. 13. The future indicative expresses that which will take place in future time. Avptov 6a rbv tSco, / shall see him to-morrow . Hot* 6a. to Kafirs; When shall you do it ? Aev 6a to Kufjuo ttotc, I will never do it. 14. After orav, iv hen, the auxiliary 6 a means I am about to do anything, I am on the 'point of doing anything. Na napaTrjpovv t'l cr^/xara ndpvet to (3p£(pos OTav 6a to @a7rrio~ovv, They shall observe ivhat gestures the infant makes when they are about to baptize it. "O ti 6a SpiXrjcrvs Trpenet irp&Tov va to o-v\Xoyur6fjs KaXd, Whatever you are going to say, you must first consider it well. 15. The future indicative beginning with va is used chiefly in the apodosis of a conditional clause. Ai> (7 aicovcrr) va optkrjs eTai, va Ibys tot€ t'i 6a o~e naprj, If he hear you talk so, you iviil see what lie tvill do to you. 16. The continued future indicative expresses that which will be going on in future time. It is simply the present transferred to the future. Ot av6pa>7roi iv ocrco £ovv 6a irveovv tov depa, Men will breathe air. as long as they live. Avptov 6a Tvo\epa>p,ev, To-morrow we shall be fighting. Note 2. Compare N. T. Matt. 24, 9. *Eo~eo-6e ptaovpevot. Luc. 1, 20. "Earj o-icoTroiv K.a\ pr) Svvdpevos XaXtja-at. b, 10. "Ear) £ayyp ?8«, I have not seen him. To %«$■ iroifiao-fievov to oAo- yov ; Have you got the horse ready f "e X g> dyopao-^uov top f'XaKff tov, I have bought off his watchman. Eive dnonecpaXio-uevos, He has been beheaded , He is beheaded. 18. The future perfect expresses that which will be completed in future time. It is the perfect transferred to future time. 0a tovs e'xovv dnoKecpaXio-p.evovs avpiov to ixearjfxepi, Tliey will have beheaded them to-morrow noon ; that is, to-morrow noon we shall be able to say, "Efi/e a7roKe(pcikLo-p,evoi," They are beheaded. Mer okiyas fjfie- pas 6a rjve Tekeicopevov, In a few days it will be completed. 19. The pluperfect expresses an action which was completed at some past time. It is the past of the aorist. "Otclv rjXdes to elxa Tekeia>p,evov, When you came I had finished it (had it finished). To et^a Kajxei nplv i'XOrjs, I had done it before you Subjunctive Mood. § »». The subjunctive mood expresses the action of a verb, not as a fact, reality, or certainty, but sim- ply as a conception. Accordingly, it is employed to denote what is possible, probable, conditional, contingent, doubtful, uncertain. 1. The present subjunctive expresses continued action, without reference to its beginning or end. It regularly points to the future. (For examples, see below.) 2. The aorist subjunctive expresses momentary action (not continued). As to time, it points to the future. (For examples, see below.) 3. The future subjunctive is the future of 166 MOODS AND TENSES. the past ; that is, the action it expresses is future with reference to past time. (For examples, see below.) 4. The future subjunctive beginning with 6 a is used only in the apodosis of a conditional clause, of which the protasis is hi the imperfect. (For examples, see below.) 5. In an apodosis, the future subjunctive takes the place of the future indicative, when the speaker or writer wishes to avoid the directness of the latter tense. (For examples, see below.) 6. The continued future subjunctive is the con- tinued future of the past ; that 'is, it is to the past what the continued future indicative is to the present. (For examples, see below.) 7. The perfect subjunctive does not differ essen- tially from the perfect indicative. Imperative Mood. § *»• 1. The imperative is used in commanding, ex- horting, or entreating. 2. The second person singular of the impera- tive, in certain connections, has the force of the corresponding verbal noun in -hlov or -//.a. Ae'ye Xe'ye Kadrjpe'pav to e7rt(rre\//e kcu 6 i'Sto?, By saying it every day, lie finally believed it himself. Tplfie rpifie to eWao-e, By con- Stantly rubbing it, he broke it. TeXo? ndvTcov, nea-e crrjKov, epada kcu KafiaWtKevcd, Finally, by constantly falling and rising, I hare learned to ride. Me to rivayj/e afivae rnrore t)ev KdTopOoveis, By constantly kindling and extinguishing (by opposite acts), you can accomplish nothing. MOODS AND TENSES. 167 3. The present imperative expresses continued action, without reference to its beginning or end. The time to which it points is present or future. Tpdcpe, Be writing ; Write on; Continue to write. KovBxjXi Trap ml ypdcpe, Take a pen and begin to write. Kd8ov, Keep your seat. 4. The aorist imperative expresses momentary action (not continued). It regularly points to the future. Tptt^e, Write. KdQio~e, Sit down. Enre rov va eXBv, Tell Mm to come. Infinitive Mood. § *4. ' The classical infinitive with the article admits of being used in Modern Greek. To e'x«i/, property. . To Xeyeiv, speaking, saying. To fxdxccrdai, fighting. Aeivos els to ypdcpeiv, Poiverful in writing ; A powerful luriter. Ids dpecrei avrbs 6 rponos rov gqv ; Do you like this mode of life? Participle. § ™. 1. The present participle expresses continued action without reference to its beginning or end. The time to which it refers is determined by the context. 2. The aorist participle, in respect to action and time, has all the properties of the aorist indicative ; that is, it expresses a finished past action with- out reference to the time required for its comple- tion. 168 DEPENDENT SENTENCES. 3. The perfect passive participle denotes an action which is now completed. 4. A participle preceded by the article is ana- lyzed into the indicative preceded by the relative pronoun. 'O cpvycbv oTpaTKarrjs, same as 'O aTpaTioDTrjs 6 o7tolos ecpvye, The soldier ivho fled. But <£uyo>i/ 6 o-rpaTKarrjs, or 'O arpaTioiTrjs v, The soldier having fled. (§50,11.) If the substantive is understood, the participle with the article acquires the force of a substan- tive. 'O vt,KT)p.evo?, The vanquished one. 'O xopracr/xeW tov ireivao-pevov Bev tov 7rto-reuei, He ivhose belly is full does not believe the hungry man. c O avbpap.ivos, The brave man. Case Absolute. 5. In Classical Greek, the case absolute regu- larly appears in the genitive. In Modern Greek, it is put in the nominative, as in English. Scholars always prefer the classical construction. ' Anodavovros tov ~2a>Kpa.Tovs 6 TLXcitcov eV?5ye els Trjv Atyvrrrov, in popular Romaic, ' AnodavovTas 6 2a>icpaTr)$, 6 HXciTccvas Trrjye 's ttjv Ai- yvirro, Socrates having died, Plato went to Egypt. DEPENDENT SENTENCES. § *«• A sentence is independent, or absolute, when it requires no other sentence for its completion. *0 rfkios Xd/X7rei, The sun shines. 'O avOpanos etve Ovtjtos, Man is mortal. A sentence is dependent when it necessarily implies the existence of another sentence ; as DEPENDENT SENTENCES. 169 "Onoios eXdy, Whoever comes. 'Eav eXdy avpiov, If he come lo- morroic. 1. When the leading sentence denotes present or future time, the dependent sentence is put in the indicative or subjunctive ; the tense being de- termined by the exigencies of the case. Ae'yei (0a 617177, "E^ei 6i7ret) on rj^evpei ; on 6a (pvyrj ; on eypayjse ; on eixc ypaS/z-ei, He says (He will say, He lias said) that he knows; that he will go away ; that he wrote or has written ; that he had written. Ae- yovv on 6 avSpamos ttov ei^ey eXdei 6a VTrdyy € on eypacpes, They said that you were tenting, or They said that you had been writing. Corresponding to Ae'yovv on eypacpes, They say that you were writing, or Aeyovv on ypdcpeis, They say that you are writing. "Orav elx*-i erpaye, When he had, he ate (would eat). Correspond- ing to ''Orav %xHi Tpayei, When he has, he eats. (2) The pluperfect in a dependent sentence cor- responds to itself, to the perfect indicative, aorist indicative, or to the perfect subjunctive. Ei7rez> on elx^s ypa\/m, He said that you had written. Correspond- ing to Aeyet on et^es ypdyjsei, He says that you had written ; Aeyet on e^etff ypd^-6t, He says that you have written; or Aeyet on eypa\jses, He says that you wrote. 15 170 DEPENDENT SENTENCES. (3) The aorist indicative in a dependent sen- tence is analogous to itself. Elnev on eypa-^res, He said that you had written. Corresponding to Ae-yei on eypayjses, He says that you wrote. (4) The future subjunctive is analogous to itself, to the aorist subjunctive, or to the future indicative. Eltvcv on av rbv efiXene, 6a rbv 6p,iXovo~e, He said that if he had seen Mm, he would have spoken to him. Corresponding to Aeyei on ftp rbv e/3\e7re, da rbv Sp-iXovo-e, He says that if he had seen him, lie would have spoken to him ', Aeyei on av rbv Ibrj, da rbv 6p.iXi]o-r) (or 6a rbv opiXy), He says that if he see him, he will speak (or ivill be speaking) to him. Eirrev on av fj6e\av rbv mdaet, rjdeXav rbv oTconocrei, He said that if they had caught him, they would have slain him. Corresponding to Ae'-yei on av rbv Tndcrovv, 6iXovv rbv o-Korobcrei, If they catch him, they will slay him. . Elite on fjdeXe ypdyp-et, He said that he would (or should) write. Cor- responding to Aeyei on 6eXet ypdtyei. He says that he will (or shall) write. Elnav on 6 civOpanros rrov eix* v eX6ei ?)'#eAe virdyei eWi ttov eyi- vev vj p-d)(rj dia. va paOrj n 7]vyn, iav SeV ip.Trobia6r]-, He said he should go a tea*/, if he were not prevented. He said, 0a (pvya>, iav bev ep7rodio-6co, I shall go away, if I be not prevented. (2) When the dependent sentence involves a permanent fact or truth. "EXeysv on fj noXvpddeia oev eive cocpia, He used to say that learning was (is) not wisdom. DEPENDENT SENTENCES. 171 The Moods with "Otl. § rz. 1. After verbs signifying to say, think, know, be- lieve, hear, see, show^ and their synonymes, otl, negatively otl Sep, with the indicative, or with the future subjunctive, is the immediate object of those verbs, the verb following it being in apposi- tion with it. Aeyei otl av eXenrev avrrj 6a rjp.ovv ^a/xei/o?, uxrav va. rjpaL rwpa crap?- vos, She says that, but for her, I should be a lost man, as if I were now a saved man. AeV ivofii^a otl fjtieXes bvvqBr) va to evpys, I did not think you could have found it out. Verbs to which this rule applies: aladdvopaL, clkovco, dp.(pLJ3dXXa>, a7ro5ei^i/a>, dTTOK.pivop.aL, /3e/3aiov, yva>pl£co, ypdcpco, Sei'^j/oo, dia- TaTTCo, (Wra£co, etSoTrotcS, eX7ri£a>, iv8vp.ovp.ai,- ivvoa>, iirayyiXXopaL, evpicrKcD, rj^evpco, 6appS>, KaTaXap-fidvco, Kav)(G>p.ai, KnpvTTco, Xeyco, Xn- crpovco, pavddvco, p.eTavoa>, p.nvva>, vopi^co, voa, 7rapa7rovovp.ai, napaTvpa, Ttaprjyopco, Treidco, TTLa-Tevco, Trpocnvoiovp.ai, 7rpop///ce dqt>opp.r)v otl Si\|/-a, lie got up the pretence that he was thirsty. Words belonging; here: au,'' He says, "You must go away hence" 11. At on (Sl otl), because, for, follows the anal- ogy Of OTL. i-vye a-n-eSob btori bev ae QeXovv, Depart hence, for they do not want- you. M' enpocrTatje va (pvya dneicel Start bev /xe rjdeXav, He commanded me to go away thence, because they did not want me. The Moods with Na. § ™. Nd, negatively Na pr\, with the subjunctive, or with the past tenses of the indicative, in connec- tion with certain verbs, adjectives, substantives, and prepositions, has the properties of an indeclin- able neuter pronoun. The English in this case usually employs the infinitive mood. 1. Na with the present or aorist subjunctive, after certain verbs, particularly such as signify desire, intention, ability, or endeavor, denotes the immediate object of those verbs, not as an existing fact, but as a desire. With the same tenses, after verbs signifying to command, request, compel, permit, cause to do, and some others, it forms the remote (and sometimes the immediate) object of those verbs ; the immedi- ate object being in the accusative. 0eXo) va ypdyj/aj, I ivish to write- Ge'Xto va (frvyrjs, I wish you to flee. QeXeis va nrjyaivco ; Do you wish me to go ? Are you willing that I should 15* 174 DEPENDENT SENTENCES. go ? EtVe tov vd e\9r), Tell him to come. 'AyanSy vd dta/3u£o>, Hove to read. 'AvdytcaaeTov vaTroXeprjarj, Compel him to fight. 'HvajKaaQr) vd noXeprjo-j], He ivas compelled to fight. 'EX7ri£a> va , dvvapat, bvanoXevopai, e'X7ri'£a>, epirodi^ca, ev- OappvvG), evdvpi£a>, €^aKoXov8a>, iiriOvpu), €7rtrpe7ra), €7rt^etpi'^op.ai, iiri- ^eipGo, eToipd£op.ai, rjp7Topa), t]^€vpco, BeXcc, Kapva>, KarabexopaL, Kara- Treidco, Karopdovoj, Kivbvvevo), kivw, kottw, Xeyco, Xvnovpai, pavddvto, p.eX- Xco, 68r]ya>, opeyopai, 6p/a£co, dcpei'Xco, napayyeXXoa, 7rapa, 7rdcr^a), 7ra, 7rpo/cptVco, 7rpoo"p.eVco, Trpoo-TraQw, 7rpocrrd£co, 7rporipco, o~Kid£opai, o~Koneva>, cnrevdoo, avyKaTaveva>, avpftovXeva), o~vp,- (po)v(o, aweiS i£(o, roXpco, virocrxopaL, viroxpeovco. XP eoy > &P a - 5. N a with, the present or aorist subjunctive, or with the past tenses of the indicative, is the sub- ject of a number of verbs (called impersonal) ; the verb always preceding va. Upei7€i va eXQys, You must come; It is necessary that you should come. IIw yiverai va prjv tov yvcopt^co ; How is it possible that I should not know him? 'Anecpao-iadr] va Kpepaadovv o\oi ol npoeo-Tot, It was decided that all the primates should be hung. Impersonal verbs belonging here : dirayopeveTai va pr), dTrocpaai^e- rai, yiverai, eVSe^erai, Xeinei, TT\rjO~id£ei, 7rpe7rei, avyx^opelrai, crvpfiai- vet, avpcpepei, TU^atVet, (paiverai, (pddvei, ^petd^erat, coCpeXel. 6. Nd with the same moods (5) is the subject of elve, ytveTcu, or (paivercu, followed by certain ad- jectives and substantives. When a sentence of this description becomes the object of a verb signifying to think, consider, regard, find it to he, vd is in apposition with a substantive or pronoun. E«/e cibiKov vd ireivovv ol cpLXo-rrovoi, It is unjust that the industrious should starve. To vopi^co dbiitov vd neivovv ol (piXoTrovoi, I consider it unjust that the industrious should starve. Blve dbvvarov vd prjv rbv etdav, It is impossible that they should not have seen him. Elve bwarbv va p,qv to xpetao#o3, It is possible I may not need it. Avvarbv vd pr/v to etTrer, It is possible you may not have said it. To npwTov pov %pyov tjtov vd eXdeo vd ads t'3a>, J\I)j Jirst business was to come and see you. Aev rJTov evuoXov vd tov iSco, It was not easy that I should see him. KdXXiov vd eVouve? tovto rrapd ckcIvo, It were better if you had done this rather than that. EiW (ppovipdiTepov vd oicotto tcdvels irapd vd cpXv- aprj, It is reiser to be silent than to talk nonsense. (§ 64, 13.) Adjectives and substantives belonging here : ddtKov, ddvvaTov, dvay- 176 DEPENDENT SENTENCES. kcuov, avoarov, a-rrpeirov, SUaiov, cWardV, SuctkoXoz;, ev8e%6pevov, ivrporrr), eTvifiXafies, epyov, evKokov, evTV^la, et^, rjdtKuu, kclkov, koXov, ctkottos, airdviovi avy)((opr)pevov, avvrjdeia, avcrrnpa, and the like. 7. Na admits of being preceded by the neuter of the article. To va r)£evpr] Kave\s ra aTrodrrjpara twv 7r\avr}Ta>v bev elve cro(pia, To know the distances of the planets is not wisdom. *H didra^is rod va dava- T(od(ho-iv oXot oi Trpov\ovTes rod eOvovs, The decree that all the first men of the nation should be put to death. 'A^e^ei noXv dirb to va. rjve dv- Spelos, He is very far from being brave. Karayivovrai els t6 va ypd- cpovv, They are engaged in writing. 'Ej/acr^oXetrat els to va diddaKj], He devotes his time to teaching. After dvrl and ^cop is the article is not used before va. 'Avrt va TovsTrknpooo-y, Instead of paying them. Xcopls va t6 r^evpa), Without knowing it; Without my knoivledge. 8. Frequently va is in apposition with a sub- stantive, or with touto, this, to, it. (§ 51, 16.) "lEva povov pe pevei tarptfco, *s top Tiodnrbv \ipeva va e\6(o va a evpco, Only one remedy is left me, — to come to the wished for haven to find thee. * AXXo dev ere \eyco, elpr) tovto • v dnexrjS " 7ro Ta 7Tuevpard>8r] irord, I say nothing more to you than this : that you should, abstain from spirituous liquors. Aev to 'Xni^ev r) Tantivr] utt'lct(o va yvpian, She did not expect ever to return, — poor lass ! 9. Na with the present or aorist subjunctive is used in exclamations denoting disappointment. T £2 ayioi, va vnocpepa) Toaovs koitovs ! ye Saints ! that I should suf- fer so much ! Kpipa eva Teroio novXi vd rjve dqjecvov ! What a pity that such a beautiful bird should be voiceless ! Purpose, End. § *»• 1. Nd, more emphatic Aia va, negatively Na firj, Ata va fir), that, in order that, to the end that, for the purpose of, takes the present or aorist sub- junctive. After verbs denoting time past, it may be followed by the future subjunctive. DEPENDENT SENTENCES. 177 Aid tovto, for this reason, admits of being used in connection with Aud vd. <£>epe pov \|/s to evodevcrav, I suspect they have adulterated it. 'O (pofios prjv dvax<^pwovv, The fear lest they depart. <$o[3ovpai prj cpv- yws, I fear lest you go away. 'E ; Do you wish me not to stay here ? Tis to elire ; Who said it ? Tt avdpooTroi elve avToi ; What men are they? Tt deXeis va aov SoVco ; What do you wish me to give you ? At- ari 8ev r irr}yaiveis eitei ottov ere areXvco ; Why do you not go whither I send you? ILolos elve uvtus ttov epx^rai; Who is this that comes? nolos Xeyeis va to eKape ; Who do you think did (or has done) it? Holav deXere va. acts ^apt'erco ; Which of them do you wish that I should give you? AoVe pov to fiifiXiov. TLoiov ; Give me the bool: Question, Which booh? Tiddev epxecrai; Whence comest thou? Where do you come from? Uoaov pa ; Whom shall I believe first? notos- va to Kapy ; Who shall (can, must) do it ? notos- va rjv avTos ; Who do you think this man is? noto? va tov eloe ; Who do you think saw him ? TLodev va epx*~ rat ; Whence do you think he comes ? Hodev va to (pepy ; Whence do you wish him to bring it? ILocra va (pepco ; How many shall I bring ? noVoi va eKpep,do-dr)crav ; How many do you think were hanged ? ILoTe va nnyaivco ; When do you wish me to got When must I go ? ILoTe va (pdyco, When can I eat? Uov va tov evpa ; Where can I find him ? DEPENDENT SENTENCES. 179 TIov va poidcrr) tov dBeXcpov tov ; How can you say that he resembles his brother ? Hov va eViyye ; Where do you think he has gone ? Tlcbs vd to , Tell me tchy I should not do it. 2vXXoyi£eTai ttoiov vd 7rpu>TOTTiCTTevaT], He is deliberating which of them to believe first. Tov ipooTrjaa ivoOev va fjp%e- ro, / asked him whence he teas coming. 3. When permission or advice is asked, the first and third persons of the present or aorist subjunc- tive are used with v a , negatively v a p -r] , in which case the answer is val, yes, or oxh no. Na Tx6a> ; Wilt thou that I come ? Shall I come ? Are you willing that I should come? Do you give me leave to come? Na pt]v e'Xdco ; Shall I not come ? Na Tx6n ; Shall he come ? May he come ? Are you willing that he should come? Do you give him leave to come ? Na prjv eXdrj ; May he not come ? Are you not willing that he should come? 4. The same tenses (3) are used also in expres- sions of indignation or contempt. 'Eycb vd cpvyco ; Am I to go away ? Do you mean to say that I must go away ? 'Epeva va KTvirr)o-n ; To strike me ? Avtos v dnoddvn ; He to die ? Avtos Bvtjtos cos fjpeis ; He a mortal like us ? 'Ecru vd /3acrt- Xevcrvs ; You rule over us ? C H Ovyarepa pov va vnavbpev6fj pi avrov ; To think that my (laughter should have to marry him! 5. The subject of a dependent interrogative sen- tence may become the object of the verb of the leading sentence ; in which case, the dependent interrogative sentence is in apposition with that object. "Alcove Ta 7rovXia t'l Xeve, Hear what the birds say. 'l8e rovs ncos rpe- Xow, See them, how they run. 2e rj^evpeo ttoIos elarai, I know thee who thou art : I know who you are. Kvrra^e tov ttcos rpcoyei, Look at hi)n, how he eats. Merpara Kapdj3ia Troaadve, Count the shij)S, — how many they are. 6. An indirect interrogative sentence admits of becoming the subject of certain impersonal verbs. Uot€ iyevvrjdr] Ka\ ttotc $ tovs Botttovv, You see with your own eyes how they bury strangers. 'Eav rjve diicaiov ivcoinov tov deov va v7raK.ovcop.ev iaas pdXXov irapd tov deov, Kpivere to eaels ol idioi, Whether it be right in the sight of God to hearken unto you more than unto God, judge ye. M' eTrpo^evqo-e kol tovto dnoplav, nodev €7rpe7T€ v dpxio-(o, This also put me into some doubt, namely, where I ought to begin. 8. Not unfrequently, an interrogative sentence is preceded by the article, r 6 . To ti Kakb pod 'pde prrpocrTa va nal^co va yeXdaco ; What good has come before me that I should play and laugh ? Avtos 6d aov elirfj to ti irpeivei va Kapys, He loill tell you tohat you must do. To ir66e etve f/ fxdvva aov, ypa(prj ytd vd ttjs ypdyjrco, Tell me what country your mother belongs to, that I may write her a letter. 9. The interrogative particles a pa, Tdx<*> often introduce a question. ^Apa to ti va yivnte 17 pdvva tov TvcpTaKt] ; What has become of the mother of Ghiphtdkisf does anybody know? Ta^a 6d yiaTpevdco ; Shall I get well? 10. In negative inter rogatives, Sev, not, expects vat, yes ; j^tto)?, or ^ va, expects o%t, no. Aev tov j3XeVeis ; Do you not see him f Mr)7rcos avTos povos elve dv- dpelos ; Is he alone brave ? M?) va fiovfidXia a(pd£ovvTai ; Can it be that buffaloes are slaughtered ? 11. Sometimes a question beginning with Bev has the force of a mild imperative. Aev pov Xeyrjs tl 7rpdypa elv avTo ; Will you not tell me what that is? 12. Sometimes a question beginning with Sev implies 8 vaTt, tvhy? Zdxo, dXXovvov Bev edives tyj xpv7ro$, 6 otto'ios rj\de x@* s i && fayi) a ^P i0V T0 "^pcal, The man who came yesterday will go away to-morrow morniny. 'O avyypacpevs, tov ottolov to o~vyypap,p,a 6avp,d^€rai, KaTedindo-dr) ei? Sdvarov, The au- thor whose 'work is admired has been condemned to death. EvOvs nod (or v A[xa) rov eiSa ecpvya, As soon as I saiv him I went away. Elve rpzls firjves dcpov rj\6 'a, It is three months since I came. Aev elve pia copa dcpov rov ei§a, It is not an hour since I saiv him. ' KKopn dev eW- pao-av rpia err) dcpov p.ds a6fj, With ichomsoever of us the cup be found, let him be put to death. "O ti 7ndaj]S, va to (ptpys e'Sd), Whatever you shall catch, you must bring it hither, "o ti koI av aov 8o6j), tovto (pdye, Whatsoever shall be given to thee, even that eat thou. ~Els tcdOe Xe|t 8ikt) tov ttov rjBeka 7rpo, tov opiXai, As soon as I see him, I will speak to him. Eldvs ottov rjdeXes tov Idei, 86ae pov e'idnaiv, As soon as you should see him, give me notice. 'A, Whatever you have caught,bring it hither. "Oaarjvpa, Toaa e^co, As many as I have found, so many have I. "Ottcos to €Kap.e, ercri 6a to Kap.rj ttoXiv, As he has done it, so will he do it again. (4) When the conditional clause expresses that which happens often, customarily, or habitually, or that which is permanently true, the protasis is in the present indicative or subjunctive, in the aorist subjunctive, or in the future indicative, if the apodosis refers to present or future time. But when the clause refers to time past, both parts appear in the imperfect indicative. "Ottoios 7T€iva€i Kopp.aTia oveipeueTai, He who is hungry dreams of slices of bread. "Ottolos ttoti&i 6d 7T0Tia6fj, He that waters shall himself be watered. 'O aovXravos eKpep-vovaev oTroiovfjdeXev, The sultan hanged -whomever he pleased. "Oo~o 6a epirooi&Tcu, Toao da datpovl^Tai, The more it is checked, the fiercer it will become. "Oaes (popes Ka\ av to Xp€iaa6r}, to Traipvei, He takes it as often as he wants it. Tov yp-evaTrjv 8ev tov iTio-Tsvovv Kol otov Xeyy ttjv dXrjdeiav, They do not believe the liar even when he speaks the truth. "OTav tov efiXerres v, tovto $ev pas Treipd^ei rjpas, Whatever their disposition may be, this docs not trouble us. Conditional Sentences. § m. A protasis beginning with lav or av (sometimes va), if, negatively lav or av hev, if not, unless, is a species of conditional relative sentence, lav being regarded as a kind of orav, when. (§ 81, 3.) The protasis is put in the subjunctive, or indica- tive, except the present indicative. The apodosis admits of appearing in any verbal form. 1. When the protasis refers io present time, it is put in the subjunctive. 'E«i> tjv€ ftaaiKevs rod , Iaparj\, as Karafij} rapa curb rov aravpov, If he is the Icing of Israel, let him come down from the cross. 'Eai/ jueXe- ras va to Kapns, irpiirei va doays et'S^crtv, If you do intend to do it, you must give notice. *Av rovs ay arras, hiari rovs Trepnvai^eis ; If you love them, why do you ridicule them ? 'Eai/ e^, 6a hoarj, If he has, he will give. 2. When the protasis refers to future time, it is commonly put in the aorist subjunctive, and some- times in the future indicative. *Ai/ bev Kapovv o tl rovs elTrrjs ripaprjo-e rovs, If they ivill not do what you will tell them, punish them. "Av ris rod elnj) on peWei va. 6ava- ra>6fi hia. rr)v ttlo-tlv tov, ttoctov 6a x a PV • \t an D one ^ ^ llin ^ l $<* V ve ayrodafxevos kcu avpiov, If he died yesterday, he will be dead to-morrow also. *Av rov i^copiaev, et^e rovs Xoyovs rov, If he banished him, he had his reasons. 'Eai> rov h'xns ypd\j/€L, 6a. e\6rj, If you hare icrltten to him, he will eome. Elue dovvarov va p.rjv tov eidev, eav vnriyev et? tt)v oIk'lov tov, It Is impossible that he should not have seen him, if he had gone to his house. 4. If the protasis refers to time past, and the apodosis to the future of the past, the former is put in the imperfect indicative, and the latter in the future subjunctive. In animated speech, however, the apodosis also is put in the imperfect indicative. *Ai> tov efiXeira, 6d tov 6p.Ckovo-a, If I had seen him, 1 should have spoken to him. Corresponding to ,v Av tov I8a>, 6a tov opiXrjo-co, If I see him, I shall speak to him. *Av tov evpto-, If I find him, you will see what I shall do to him. *Av ae eiriave, rjdeXe ere Kpep-daet, If he had caught you, he would have hanged you. Corresponding to *Aj/ ere Tndan, 6e\et tcadoos k eVei?, eav evplcrKede els ttjv Bicnv fxov, I also might speak like you, if you were in my place. (2) The protasis may refer to the past, and the apodosis to the present. 'Eav tov icpovevav, dev 6a yjtov Tcopa e'Sa>, If they had murdered him, he icould not be here now. (3) An apodosis in the future subjunctive, or in the imperfect indicative, admits of appearing with- out its protasis ; the time to which it refers being determined by the preceding rules. Me peyaknv pov evxapicrTno-iv rj6e\a to icdpei, / would do icith great pleasure. *H8e\ev eicrBat, dbvvarov va evpr) tls dvBpamov tov ono'iov to dvdaTnpa va i^icrovTai pi to tov 'AttoXXcovos (§ 81, 2), It icould be im- possible to find a man whose stature should answer to that of Apollo. C H &pa Ttjs (fivyrj? 6a tjtov apxh itvaiv?) tis tov iavTov tov, 8ev tov iriaTevovv • iav KaTr]yopr)Tai fiovos tov, iruTTevovv TreptcraoTepa, If one praises himself they do not be- lieve him: if he blames himself, they believe more than he says. 6. Sometimes eav is omitted for the sake of emphasis. To 6e\co,To Traipvee, I want it, I take it. 'Eireivaaes, - yei oncrav va fjBeXev dnoOdvei avpiov, He eats as if he should die to-mor- row. 'Y-rreprjCpavevero coadv vd tjtov (3a, Please let. me not see it. Na to i'Sco/xef, Please let us see it. Na pi)v to 'l8(op.eu, Let us not see it; We must not see it. Note 2. Compare Nov. Test. Matt. 7, 4. "A(pes eKJ3d\(o. 27, 49. "Acpes 'lda>pev. 5. Ilayacvovjjbe, irrjy atvo {lev, or irapbe, Let us go, often appears without va. 6. *A ? , negatively Ms jjl rj , with the imperfect or aorist indicative, forms a kind of past imperative. *As tJtov kol TovpKos, ri p.e tovto ; Suppose he teas a Turk, what of that? Beit that he teas a Turk; What if he was a Turk? "Ay tov expepaaav, Suppose they have hanged them; let him remain hanged. 'Efceivo onov dnepaae as dnepaae, Let that which has happened be con- sidered as having happened : let there be no more talk about it. *Ai» p eaicoTove, as inrjyaiva, If he had killed me, I should not have objected; let me have been killed. 7. Sometimes a? is to be translated even if, though, although. *As aKovan Ka\ ipiva Tr)v yvtopr)V pov, Ka\ as pijv rjpai .' Would that thou wert here! MaKapt va rov evpLaica ! Would that I could find him ! EWe va yevovfiovv irovW, y\rr]ka va cnreTovaa ! that I might become a bird, that I might soar! As yevovfiovv Kadpecprns va. y\eTrecrai 's epeva ! Would that I might become a mirror, that thou mighiest see thyself in me! 2. When the wish refers to future time, the aorist or present subjunctive, generally with va, is used ; the former implying momentary, the latter continued action. Na x a ^U s ' hfayest thou perish ! Perish thou! "O tl (pvrevoo eWe va. eKpifadfj ! What I plant, may it be rooted up ! Na ^a-at KaXa ! J\Ihy you continue to be well ! Na \ns koXo ! May you prosper ! God bless you ! Qebs aov to lAnpcoarf ! May God requite thee this kindness ! "Ap.- Tiore va evTvxrjo-rjs I Would that you may prosper ! 3. When the wish refers to past time, the plu- perfect indicative with va, negatively va fir/, is used. The imperfect indicative can be used in this case when no ambiguity ensues. Uore va u?) ef^e (pe£ei ! that it had never dawned ! 2repvrj pov 190 DEPENDENT SENTENCES. yvcocri, vd a e?x a npcora ! My afterthought, would that I had thee first! E'ide v dnedvrjo-Ka eyco dvrl aou ! Would God Iliad died for thee ! "Ap- ttot€ v d7re8vrjo-K.es 7xp\v ere mdo-ovv I Would God you had died before they caught you ! The Moods with Qa. § 8©. 0a, negatively Aev 3d, in the sense of must, probably, perhaps, takes the subjunctive or the past tenses of the indicative. Kavovies aKovovrai • kcittov 6a yiverai ivoXepos, Guns are heard : there must be fighting somewhere. Kdvevas rvxooLcoicrns 6a rjve kou avrds ?, "flare, TJplv, "Ic-a?. ' § 87. 1. "Ecos ov, "Ecos o t o v , written also 'Ecocrov, 'Ecoaorov , till, until, takes the aorist indicative when that which happened is stated. "Es vd, negatively "l a cos bev, "laws vd firj, perhaps, takes the indicative, or the subjunctive. "icrcos rbv ftXenco, Perhaps I see him. "la-cos rbv eniacxav, Perhaps they have caught him. "icrcos vd rbv iyvcopicra, Perhaps I may have known him. "icrcos 6d rbv lda>, or "icrcos rbv Idea, Perhaps I shall see him. "icrcos vd prjv eXOn, Perhaps he will not come. ADVERBS. §88. 1 . Adverbs answering to the questions where and whither have the same form. Thus, 'AAXoG, elsewhere, elsewhither, idco, here, hither, eicei, there, thither, indveo, up, Kara, down, pecra, in, into. 2. Adverbs answering to whence, or from what time, are regularly formed by putting d n 6 , from, before those answering to where and when ; in which case dno admits of being written as one word with the adverb. Thus, 5 'Anavrov , from there, from where you are, dnedco, hence, dne '? r?) 'Po'So, Here, at Rhodes. 'E§cb \ epeva, Hither, to me. 'Exet *s ttjv BXaxiav, There, in Wallachia. 'E/cel \ Trjv KprjTnv, Thither, to Crete. 'Epnpos or 'E/x- npoard 's rrjv nopra rov, Before his door. "e£co \ to nepifioXt, Out in the garden. Karoo 'y to yiaXo, Down by the sea-shore. Koi/ra or 2i/ua '? tj trmri, Near the house. Meaa '$• to cmiTi, In or Into the house. Ilepa 's to xopid, Over to the villages. Tpiyvpco 'sto Xaipo crov, Bound your neck. VrjXd *s to MciKpvKapni, On the heights of Makrikdmbi. ^rrjXu '$• Tov"EXvpno, Up to E'limbo. Akdpya diro ttjv e/acXncnd, Far away from the church. 'A7reSco an ttjv x°>pav, From here, from the town. 'Anexel an rbv totto pov, From there, from my place. 'Ano^co dnb ti)v eKKXnaid, On the outside of the church. ^AiroKarco dnb Tes eXrjes, Under the olive-trees. 'Anopecra dnb to o-ttltl, From within the house. 'Anondvco dnb to (3ovv6, From the top of the mountain. 'Anonicrco dnb rrj 6vpa, Behind the door. "Et*a> dnb 192 ADVERBS. to (tttlti, Out of the house. Maicptd duo tovto to ^copid, Far from tills village. Some of these adverbs are limited also by the genitive. (See § 61, 6.) 4. The comprehensive words eSo>, exet, avTov, admit of being followed also by any adverb answering to where or whither. 'ESco kovtci pov, Here, near me. 'Efico 's ttjv Kprjrr) /carco, Down here in Crete. 'EScb nepa, Here, on this side. 'Exei nepa '$• to x^pio, Over there, to the village. 'Efcet ep7rpos \ t^v ndpTa tov, There, before his door. Avtov kovtcl '$• to deikwo, Just about the middle of the afternoon. 5. Adverbs of time admit of being followed by the accusative, or genitive, of time. (§ 65, 6. 7: 61, 9.) Avpiov to irpat, To-morrow morning. 'Ex#e fipabvs, or 'Ex#« to fipddv, Last evening. 2r)pepov to pearjpepi, To-day at noon : This noon. Sryuepoz/ els ttjv piav oVo^copco, To-day at one o'clock I shall de- part. IIou fjo-ovv Trepvo-L tov dyiov Teccpyiov ; Where were you last Saint George's day? 6. The place how far is generically expressed by means of e, As far as up. "Eoos avTov, As far as there. "Eco? e§d>, As far as here. "Eco? ckcI, As far as there. r/ Ea>s e£co, As far as out. "Eco? Karoo, As far as below. "Egos 7repa, As far as across. "E pepos, The upper part. To aVe- KeiOe tov KaarTpov, The other side of the fort. T' dnio-Topa to eppn^e, He threw it down in an inverted position. 'H dno-rrepa yeiTovid. T' dno- Taxici o-r)K, By fall- ing and rising I have learned to ride. 3. After certain verbs, Kai with the indicative admits of taking the place of va with the subjunctive. Ua>s rjpiTTopel Kal irspnraTei ; How can he walk ? ' Airocpaa- laa Kai rbv €7r\r]pova icad' 7)p,epav, I resolved to pay him every day. "Ap^icre Kal eVpe^e, He began to run. 4. "H, or, is commonly omitted between two cardinal numbers. $epe [xov 8tKa deKanevre poida, Bring me ten or fifteen pomegranates. i; VERSIFICATION. §90. The Romaic rhythm depends wholly on accent, as in English. That is, in a verse, an accented syllable receives the metrical beat. Thus, the modern iambus consists of an unaccented followed by an ac- cented syllable ; as avros, Kakf), newa. The trochee is the reverse of the iambus; as Aeyo), rpcoyo, Aeye, ifive. The pyrrhic consists of two unaccented syllables ; as the last two syllables of o-rjKo-vofiat. The spondee has two accented syllables ; as tI ei7res, Ka-\5>s r}p-6es, 7rou-Xia rco-pa. In Classical Greek, time being the basis of rhythm, isochronous feet admit, in many kinds of verse, of being interchanged with one another. In accentual rhythm, however, the number of syllables is fixed. If therefore a well-constructed verse apparently contains more than the requisite number of syllables, a contraction, in utterance, must take place according to the rules already given. (§§ 2, 2 : 3.) Rhyme, although now generally employed by versifiers, is not an indispensable element. And in popular poetry it occurs but seldom. Rule for Rhyme. The accented vowel-sound in the clausulas, to- gether with the sound or sounds following it (if there be any), should correspond exactly ; as kcikos tyvxpos, C^l - fiara (TTop-ara. The most common rhythms are the iambic and the trochaic. Iambic Vekse. § 9S - The fundamental foot of the iambic verse is the iambus. One of the feet of a dipody, however, admits of being a pyrrhic. Further, a trochee in the first place of a dipody does not seriously impede the iambic movement of a verse. But an arrhythmy ensues, if a trochee follows an iambus in the same dipody. 1 . The iambic dipody is used in connection with other short iambic verses; as Kcu TOV KeCTTOV. AovXoV TtHJTOV. 2. The iambic tripody consists of three iambuses ; as Trjv elfia x@e* cipyd. Acatalectic. Na 7TO/7 \ Tt]V $~€VlT€ia. Do. Vvxi s y"-M vl l v - Catalcctic. Xopovs 'Epcorcoj/. Do. IAMBIC VERSE. 195 Verses consisting of two iambic tripodies catalectic are not very un- common; as 'ExeT [xia p.epa 7Tov rpayovdovaa, Kat tov p,eydXov "Aprjv vfxvovaa. The iambic tripody acatalectic is often subjoined to the iambic di- meter catalectic : as Eva aappaTO ppaou, p.ia KvpiaKr) ra^u Hrjya vd aepyiaviaco p.ea 's ttjv 'EfipauK-q, Kat fipiv k rjXios 8e aov ttjv elde, '2 ra. crKOT€Lva Ttjv eXovyes, *s r dcpeyya rrjv enXeKes, '2 t aarprj kol 's tov avyepivb r 's ecpKeiaves ra cryovpa rr]s. C H yeiTovid t)ev rjtjepe ncos elx €S Qvyarepa, Kal npotjevid aov (pi pave dno rr) Baj3vXaivri, Na ttjv iravTpey\rrjs pas fJ-ov, va Bprjvrjcrco, Do. Has va dvvr]6co ; Catalectic. (1) The trochaic tripody acatalectic and the iambic monometer are sometimes united into one verse. C H TrepccrrepovXa | 17 vvcprj pas Kaderai 's rbv nopo j Kai rpayovba, Kai ovde vib (pofidrai \ ovde ayovpo. (2) Sometimes the trochaic tripody catalectic is subjoined to the trochaic dimeter acatalectic. Bpe MavoXr), fipe Xefievrrj, | /3pe Kako 7raiSt, "Ofiopcpr) yvvaiKa e^eis | Kai 8e ^ai'pecrat ; 2. The trochaic dimeter acatalectic consists of two feet. The trochaic dimeter catalectic is the same as the acatalectic without the last syllable. 2e yva>p[£a> dirb rrjv Ko^n, Acatalectic. Tov arradiov ttjv rpopepr), Catalectic. 2e yva>pi£co dnb rrjv oS/a, Tlov pe fiia perpaei ttjv yrj. 3. The trochaic trimeter consists of six feet. Its caesura regularly comes in the middle of the third foot, and sometimes in the middle of the fourth. Tcopa ra TrovXia, \ rapa ret x^Xidovta, Tyjv avyr) tjvnvovv \ Kai yXvuoKeXadovve, Tcopa r) epopepes \ crvxvoXaXovv kcu Xeyovv* "0\es 77 peXaxpives \ k t) pavpopdres. Els fiovvb 6eX aVe/3c3 \ va Kapco Kr)iro. KrJ7ro ko\ Trapd&-&? OCT 5 - 1950 V ^ ''* 9z \<0 •*> 3 »b 3 \W/^°\ ■ * v< ^ V $ 1# v s *b 3 1- iPV- ^■'lf;\»i F^ # .# * %, .A ... ^ y o # ^ ^ ^ A* - ^ / ,0 ^ V V •^ <&, j ■..^V ^•-♦V' v£\ ^a^" • Deacidified using the Bookkeeper process. a Neutralizing agent: Magnesium Oxide Treatment Date: July 2006 ^ PreservationTechnologies <7 ' A WORLD LEADER IN PAPER PRESERVATION 1 1 1 Thomson Park Drive Cranberry Township, PA 1606e (724)779-2111 #o %" *^x i : **x-. : A * ^ 4 ?£, ' * V "* A $-% % #" V V 7 - \V^ o ^ ' A ^. *^ n « v ^ A ^"^O^l . A ^ ' r; ', l * A 1 ', o Jp •% ♦ V %. ' <\ ^> 'o. x"* A %, *o. x^ A V-' >?-% ^ ^ ^ ' o ■ k * A ■&t>' ■ LIBRARY of CONGRESS °003 040 431 ■