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LIBRARY OF AMERICAN LINGUISTICS. 
 III. 
 
/ 
 
 GRAMMATICAL SKETCH 
 
 OF THE £ *S \& 
 
 HEVE LANGUAGE, 
 
 TRANSLATED FEOM AN UNPUBLISHED 
 SPANISH MANUSCRIPT. " 
 
 EY 
 
 BUCKINGHAM SMITH 
 
 NEW YORK: 
 
 CRAMOISY PRESS. 
 
 1861. 
 
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NOTICES OF THE HEVE; 
 
 The Language Spoken by the E u d e v e , a People of the Dóhme.' 
 
 BY BUCKINGHAM SMITH. 
 
 HISTORICAL. 
 
 This tongue was spoken in the middle of the last century over a region of country 
 principally within Sonora, the northernmost of the seven Provinces then comprising 
 the kingdom of New Galicia under the Viceroyalty of New Spain. The limit of 
 Sonora on the east was continuous along the chain of mountains that divides it 
 from Taraumara, — from Sateche, the farthest of the Indian settlements in that dis- 
 trict, southwardly eighty leagues to Bacoa Sati the first of its towns. On the west 
 the Province was washed by the sea of Cortez from the mouth of the Hiaqui to the 
 Tomosatzi, or Colorado, the waters of the Hiaqui forming its limit to the south ; 
 and on the north by a course from the Mission of Baseraca westwardly through 
 the Presidio de Fronteras to that of Pitic (Terrenate), a distance of seventy leagues. 
 According to the opinion of a Jesuit Father, the author of an anonymous work in 
 manuscript on that countrj 7 , written in the year 1762 at Alamo, it was thought 
 also to be the most important among the many Provinces of Mexico, whether 
 for fertility of soil, gold washings, or silver mines; and not less distinguishable for 
 the docility and loyalty of those aboriginal inhabitants who had early given their 
 adhesion to the government to secure religious instruction. 
 
 The Missions of Sonora included moreover a section to the south bounded 
 by the River Chico within the Province of'Ostimuri. To the north, within the 
 religious precinct, was the Pimeria Alta through the Sobahipuris Up to the 
 junction of the river of that name, (otherwise the San Pedio,) with the Gila ; 
 thence for a distance of more than one hundred and thirty leagues, after passing 
 
 *The title of the work, in manuscript, from which the grammatical notices have been elaborated, 
 is Arte y Vocabulario de la lingua Dohema, Heve ó Eudeva ; the adjective termination of the 
 last and first name being evidently Spanish, as is also the plural terminations used elsewhere in 
 some of the modifications of those words. "We have only the definition of Heve with certainty 
 given as " people ; " to the word " nation " in the vocabulary, there being attached the remark : 
 "I find no generic term: each (nation) has its specific name ; the Eudeves are called Dóhme." 
 Another like work, also unpublished, with the title Arte <le hi lengua Pima has the dictionary 
 inscribed Vocabulario enlengua Xerome. 
 
 : In the uncertain relationship of the tribes to each other, better marked and measured perhaps 
 by the proximity of their idioms than by any other means with which we are acquainted, a 
 thought has been taken from the indistinct manner in which these different people are spoken of 
 by those who have been among them to advance in the present title, (since we may not be at 
 liberty to reject,) the word Dóhme for the family ; and Pima generally for the common language, 
 under which the Opata, Heve, Nevóme, Sobahipuris and the rest may be placed, as they shall be- 
 come known, each by its separate dialect. 
 
6 NOTICES OF THE HEVE. 
 
 among rancherías of Pima, Opa, and Cocomaricopa, and having received in its 
 course the Asumpcion, or Compuesto — from its being formed by the united waters of 
 two streams, the Salado and Verde — it enters the Tomosatzi, closing that Pimeria 
 of innumerable tribes described by the missionaries as seated in productive places 
 and in a genial climate. Other Indians of the same names, the Yuma also and 
 Papapootam (Papago) lived beyond, as appears from the accounts given by the 
 spiritual invaders of those remote regions, chiefly the Fathers Kino, Keller, and 
 Sedelmayer. 
 
 The two principal nations of Sonora are spoken of as the Opata and Pima, since 
 the Eudeve should be reckoned with the Opata, for the reason that its language 
 differs as little from that of the other as the Portuguese from the Castilian, or the 
 Provencal from the French; and likewise should also be added the Jove, who, 
 having mingled with the Opata, no longer use their own tongue, except in some 
 instances of the aged. It is one difficult to acquire, and different from any other 
 in the Province. 
 
 The Opata are the best of the native Christians, having never turned upon their 
 teachers, nor once risen against the royal authorities; nor do they, like other In- 
 dians, make the women bear the heavier share of the labor in the fields. They are 
 industrious husbandmen ; but they are not any the less wanting in valor on that 
 account, having oftentimes shown their good conduct when bearing arms with the 
 king's forces at the expense of the Missions. Individuals there were, and perhaps still 
 are, who did the work of blacksmiths, carpenters, tailors, stone cutters, masons, learn 
 ing any craft readily, and practicing it with skill. They and some of the Eudeve, 
 although in a less degree, are to the other Indians what the people who live in 
 towns are to those in the country, still for all it was remarked, they were none the 
 less Indians. Such was the general character of the Opata, which is the same 
 that is given of them in our time by that curious and instructive observer, John R. 
 Bartlett, in his narrative of an expedition into that country. 
 
 The Jove were a rural people, quite the greater number of them, unwilling to 
 be brought together in communities, lived in chasms among the ridges where they 
 were born, proof to the solicitations of kindness and conveniences of civilized life. 
 The other portion of them dwelt in Ponida, Teopari and Mochoba. The good 
 missionary at Bacadeque endeavored to bring into towns those who inhabited 
 the rancheria of Sathechi and the margins of the Mulatos and Arcos, rivers to the 
 south, without avail. They live among briars, owning a few animals, subsisting 
 on wild fruits and vegetables, gathering an occasional stalk of maize or a pump- 
 kin that nature suffers to grow in some crevice here and there made by torrents 
 bursting from the mountains. 
 
 These nations, the Pima and the Opata, Eudeve, Jove, forming two people, occupy 
 the greater portion of Sonora, seated far inward to the west from the Cordillera. 
 The limit on the south is where stood the deserted town of Natora thence to Ari- 
 vetze, Bacanora, Tonitzi, Soyopa, Nacori ; on the west from Alamos, through parts of 
 Ures and Nacomeri to Opedepe, and Cucurpe; on the north from Arispe, Chinapa, 
 Bacoquetzi, Cuquiaratzi to Babispe, and from that Mission of Babispe on the east 
 by mountains of low elevation returning to Natora. 
 
 The Pima occupy a still wider territory, extending on the south into Cinaloa, on 
 the east into the Province of Taraumara. The Upper Pima are found far to the north 
 
NOTICES OF THE HEVE. 7 
 
 living by the Sobahipuris to its outlet, and on both banks of the Gila to the 
 Tomosatzi, in vales of luxuriant beauty, and in wastes of sand and sterility 
 between those rivers and the sea, — having still other tribes beyond them using the 
 same language in different dialects. The Lower Pima are in the west of the 
 Province, having many towns extending to the frontier of the indomitable Seri, who 
 live some thirty leagues to the north of the mouth of the Hiaqui and have their 
 farthest limit inland, some dozen leagues from the sea, finding shelter among the 
 ridges, and in the neighboring island of Tiburón.* Those of the Pima who reside on 
 the south, in the Province of Cinaloa, the history of their migration thither is of 
 the earliest, and belongs to that which should relate the closing scene in the journey 
 of Cabeza de Yaca, with the strange success that eventually, at the close of a cen- 
 tury, attended his Christian purpose. 
 
 All these nations, save the last, and all others who inhabit the country excepting 
 the Apaches — including a numerous people on the Gila and on the farther bank of 
 the Colorado — speak the same language, with so slight differences, say the mission- 
 aries, that they who shall have attained the one of the Opata and Eudeve with little 
 difficulty will master the rest. And for this we have that early authority referred to, 
 of three centuries since : " They made known to us what they would say by means of 
 a language they have among them through which we and the}" understood each other. 
 Those to whom it properly belongs w*e call Primahaitu, which is equivalent to when 
 we say Biscayans. AVe found it in use over more than four hundred leagues (miles?) 
 of our travel, without another in the whole extent." The name thus given by the 
 narrator of the Naufragios seemingly exists in these words, their definitions taken 
 from a dictionary in MS. of the Pima language written by a missionary. Xo, pima : 
 Xothing, pirn' haitu. Que?. AYhat, Ai? Ans. Pimahaitu (nihil). 
 
 * The Guaima speak nearly the same language as the Seri, are few in number, and lire among 
 the Hiaqui in Belen and elsewhere, having retreated before the sanguinary fury of their congeners. 
 
 MS. 
 
GRAMMAR OF THE HEVE LANGUAGE. 
 
 PART I. 
 ORTHOGRAPHY. 
 
 It has been thought proper to use nineteen characters in the language, among 
 which are not included f, j, k, w, x, y, nor 1, although the sound of 1 is somewhat 
 heard in the soft enunciation given by the Indian to the letter r. 
 
 The k is sufficiently supplied in the syllabic sounds que and qui, where the u is 
 silent, although gue and gui are each of two syllables. There has been a disposition 
 to omit the g also, the sound of which, as in go, if the natives had not originally, 
 they certainly possess at present, got from the Spaniards. This should excuse its 
 appearance here. The sound of z is strong as he rd in fits. 
 
 The vowels are sounded as in tar, bear, silk, doe, vue. 
 
 PART II. 
 
 ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 SUBSTANTIVE. 
 
 Substantives in this language are declined without the use of articles. 
 
 2. Those which may be called verbal, from their origin in verbs, are much used : 
 hiósguadauh, painting, or writing, is the passive (is painted) of the present active 
 hiósguan, I paint. They have their times : hiósguadauh is in the present, express- 
 
10 NOTICES OF THE HEVE. 
 
 ing the picture I form now of the passive preterite hiésguacauh, the work I have 
 executed, of which hiósguatzidaugh the picture I will make, is the future pas- 
 sive : and when to these verbal substantives is added the particle gua, it denotes 
 place, as, No hiósguadauhgua, the place where I paint, etc. 
 
 3* But words signifying kindred, have their termination usually in gua also, 
 for which see section 16. 
 
 SIVEN, RINA. 
 
 4, 5. Other verbal substantives, signifying instruments, are made from the future 
 active : thus, the verb métecan, I chop, having métetze in the future, receives siven 
 in lieu of the final syllable, and makes the substantive, métesiven, axe or tool with 
 which to chop. Many of these words likewise terminate in rina, as bicusirina, 
 flute, from bicudan, I whistle, and bihirina, shovel, from bihán, I scrape. 
 
 RAGUA, SURA. 
 
 6, 7. Many abstract nouns are formed by the addition of the particle ragua, as 
 vade, joyously ; váderagua, joy ; déni, good; déniragua, goodness; dúhme, man, or 
 people; dóhmeragua, humanity; and so diosragua, divinity. Others, substantive 
 nouns, applied to certain places end in súra, as, omásúra, canebrake, from om, 
 cane, and sura, in or among ; huérigosúra, reedfield ; húparosúra, mesquitscrub : and 
 so a town is called Opósúra, because it is among some trees called opó, elm. 
 
 8. The verbs are substantives likewise, and as such are declined as much so as 
 the same words are conjugated when verbs: thus, nemútzan, I bewitch, is also 
 wizard, and hiósguan, I write, is scrivener ; but it is to be observed of these sub- 
 stantives, as well as of those which end in claugh, that they too have equally their 
 times, as nemútzan, the wizard — that is now, in the present ; nemútzari, the pre- 
 terite that has ; nemútzatze, the future that will, with the difference that these ter- 
 minations are active, while those in claugh, etc., are passive. 
 
 ADJECTIVE NOUNS. 
 
 TERI, EI, RAVE, E, I, O, U. 
 
 9, 10, 11, 12. The many adjective nouns ending in téri, and ei, signify qualhVv, 
 as, bavitéri, elegant ; aresumetéri, different or distinct ; tasúquei, narrow ; asoquei, 
 thick ; sútei, white ; and so of the rest signifying color. Some ending in ráve, de- 
 note plenitude ; for example, sitoráve, full of honey ; composed of sitóri, honey, and 
 ráve, full ; seborráve, full of flies ; ateráve of até, louse, etc. ; others, ending in e, 
 , o, u, signify possession, as, ese, she that has petticoats ; cune, she that has a hus- 
 band ; guásue, he that has land for planting ; húvi, the married man, from hub, 
 woman ; nono, he that has a father, from nónogua, father, and sutúu, he that has 
 finger-nails, from sutú : and they, moreover, have their times like verbs, since, from 
 ese is formed esei, preterite, she that had petticoats ; cúnetze, future, she that will 
 marry, etc.; and afterwards they are declined as nouns, as, Nom., eséi; Gen. 
 eséigue (For other form of the possessive, see section 19.) 
 
NOTICES OF THE HEVE. 11 
 
 CA, SARI, SCOR, SGUARI. 
 
 13, 14. It is usual for the want of many positive affirmatives in the language to 
 express by the positive of the opposite signification, adding the negation ca, as, 
 nucuatéri, perishable ; canucuatéri, everlasting ; cune, married, f. ; cacune, not mar- 
 ried ; húbi, married, m. ; cahúbi, not married, etc. Those ending in sari, and scor, 
 mark a bad, or vicious quality, as, dedensári, tobacco-smoker, from déinan, I suck ; 
 and hibesári, gluttonous, from hibáan, I eat ; nehrisári, talker, from néhren, I 
 talk ; capasári, old rags, from capát ; baníscor, weeper, from báanan ; cotzíscor, 
 sleeper, from cotzom ; dióscor, vagabond, from dion, I walk, or vacosári, which has 
 the same signification, from vácon. The termination, sguari, is used in this sense : 
 dotzi, old man ; dotzisguari, very old man ; hóit, female of middle age ; hoisguari, 
 very old woman. 
 
 DECLENSION". 
 Substantives of the First Declension form their genitive in que, and usually are 
 such as terminate in a vowel. 
 
 Nominative, Siibi, hawk, 
 Genitive, Siiibique, of hawk, 
 Dative, Siibt, to hawk, 
 Accusative, Siibic, hawk, 
 Vocative, Siibi, hawk, 
 Ablative, Sibil ze, in, ) 
 
 Sibide, b} 7 , [-hawk. 
 
 Sibiquema, with ) 
 The plural of substantives (requiring a special notice) will be treated of hereafter. 
 Substantives of the Second Declension form their genitive in te and t, 
 iV. Mavirot, Lion. 
 G. Mavirote, 
 D. an d A. Ma v í rol a , 
 I". Mavirot, 
 A. Mavirotze, in, 
 Mavirode, by, 
 Mavirolema, with lion. 
 The verb-noun hiósguadauh, painting, is thus declined. 
 N. lliósguadauh, 
 67. Hiósguadauhte, 
 D. and A. Iliósguadauhta 
 Ah. Hiósguadautze, in, 
 Hiósgüádaühde, by, 
 Iliósguadauhtema, with painting. 
 And so likewise decline the preterite passive hiósguacauh, and the future passive 
 hiósguatzidauh. 
 
 Bul verbs in the present time, when they serve as substantives, are thus decline 
 N. Nemútzah, wizard. 
 a. Nemutzante, 
 
12 NOTICES OF THE HEVE. 
 
 D. and A. Nernúfczanta, 
 V. Nemútzan, 
 A. Nemútzantze, in, 
 Nemútzade, by, 
 TsTemútzantema, with wizard. 
 Some ending in t while they form the genitive in te, part with a vowel, as 
 follows: 
 
 JV~. Arit, Ant. 
 G. Arte, 
 
 D. and A. Arta, 
 V. Arit, 
 A, Artze, in, 
 Arde, by, 
 Artema, with ant. 
 Nónoguat, father, belongs to this declension, and forms the gpnitive nónanhte; 
 but when preceded by a possessive pronoun, it loses the final gnat, as has been 
 stated, and the termination is left in o, to form the genitive in the first declension, 
 as, no, my, no nónoque, of my father, which rule applies equally to other names 
 of kindred. 
 
 Sometimes an ablative is formed in u, as teópatu, in the church, from teópa, 
 hecátu, in the shade, from hecát. 
 
 Substantives of the Third Declension end in s, r, z, and form the genitive by the 
 addition of e, and the accusative by i. 
 
 .IV. Utzvor, Pitahaya. 
 G. Utzvore, 
 D. and A. Utzvori, 
 V. Utzvor, 
 A. Utzvortze, in, 
 Utzvorde, by, 
 Utzvorema, with pitahaya. 
 In this way decline tatas, crabapple, — gen. tatáse, dat. and ace. tatási, <fcc, also, 
 porótz, wildcat, gen. porótze, dat. and ace. porótzi, &c. 
 
 To Adjective Nouns there has been an inclination to assign a separate place, but 
 they terminate in a vowel, and there appears to be no reason why they should not 
 go with substantives of the first declension. 
 N. Sóvei, obscure. 
 G. Sóveique, 
 D. and A. Sóvee, 
 V. Sóvei, 
 
 A. Sóvetze in, 
 Sóveide, by, 
 Sóveiquema, with obscure. 
 
 OF THE PLURAL. 
 
 15. Substantives, especially those animate of rational beings, usually form the 
 
, NOTICES OF THE HEVE. 13 
 
 plurai Dy doubling the first syllable, as, dor, man, or male ; dódor, men ; hóit, woman, 
 pi. hóhoit ; déni, good, pi. dedéni. 
 
 Some other words form their plural irregularly, as, doritzi, boy, pi. vus, applied 
 to both sexes, though when intended only for males dódorus is used ; hoquis, large 
 girls, pi. hórquir ; temátzi, big boj'-, pi. tetemtzi ; to which when the particle te is 
 added it marks the absence of any of the other sex, as dodórte, men only ; hohóite, 
 women only; hórquirte, girls only. The declension of these plurals is according 
 to the rules before given. 
 
 OF KINDRED. 
 
 16. The language is remarkable for another peculiarity, which is, that the females 
 in many instances employ different words from the males: the father says to his 
 son, Nognát, to his daughter, Mórqua ; the mother to either says, Nótzgua ; the son to 
 the father says, Nonógua, and the daughter says, Mósgua. The elder brother like- 
 wise is called Vátzgua, pi. Vapátz, the younger Vángua, pi. Yopon, the elder sister 
 Cotzgua, pi. Cocátz, the younger Vingua, pi. Vipim, to which adding the possess- 
 ive pronouns no, amo, and the like, the gua is omitted to such as have that termi- 
 nation. There is much to be learned about the names of the kindred, but the sub- 
 ject is one too wide for present explanation. 
 
 PRONOUNS. 
 
 17. The Personal Pronoun nee, I, followed by another word becomes ne; nap, 
 thou or you, becomes na, tamide becomes ta ; emet or emide becomes em, veride 
 and iride become ver and ir ; meride becomes mer. 
 
 SINGULAR. PLUliAL. 
 
 N&m. Nee, T, Tamide, we, 
 
 Gen. No, of me, Tamo, of us, 
 
 Bat. and Ace. Netz, to me, Tame, to us, 
 
 Voc. (if there be any,) Nee, 0, Tamide, O we, 
 
 All. Noma, with me, Tamóma, with us, 
 
 Node, by me ; Tamóde, by us. 
 the ma in this case being that of cause, manner and instrument, 
 
 N. Nap, thou, Emet, or Emide, ye, 
 G. Amo, of thee, Emo, of you, 
 
 D. and A. Erne, to thee, Eme, to you, 
 
 V. Nap, thou, Emét, ye, 
 
 Ah. Amóma, with theo, Emóma, with you, 
 Amóde, by thee, Emóde, by you. 
 
 N. Yeride, or Iride, this, Meride, these, 
 
 G. Vére, of this, Mere, of these, 
 
 J), and A. Vera, to this, Mera, to these, 
 
 Ah. Veréma, with this, Meréma, with these, 
 
 Veréde, by this, Merede, bj' these. ' 
 N. Vete, that, 
 <!. Vete, of that. No more appear to exisl 
 
14 NOTICES OF THE HEVE. 
 
 JV. Id, At, or Ar, that, (he, she), Araét, or Met, these, 
 G. Ide, or Are, of that, Ame, or Mere, of those, 
 
 D. and A. la, to that, Ame, to those, 
 
 Ab. Arema, or Idema, with that, A mema or Meréma, with those, 
 Aréde or Idéde, by that Améde, or Meréde, by those. 
 
 No aráoade, by my will, is more used than Nóvide, by my will, 
 Amóvide, by your will, Tamóvide, by our will, 
 
 Verévide, by the will of this, Einóvide, by your will. 
 
 Arevide, by the will of that, Merevide, by the will of these, 
 
 Amóvide, by the will of those, 
 Nosa, Nósava, I myself, Tomósa, Temosa va, we ourselves. 
 
 Amósa, Amósava, thou thyself, Em osa, Emósava, ye j'ourselvcs. 
 
 Arésa, Arésava, he himself, Amétva, they themselves. 
 
 These are all without inflections save this last, which has its genitive améva, be- 
 ing declined like amet. Nee vasu, likewise means I myself. 
 
 Nee senéva is, I alone; the plural, tamide amove, we alone; but neither senéva 
 nor améve are declined, only the pronouns that accompany them. 
 
 GUAGUA, VUT. 
 
 18, 19. Possessive Pronouns are the genitives of the primitive ; thus, no vónama, 
 means, my hat, no being the genitive of nee, and the same with the rest. But in 
 order to say, this is mine, guagua is used applied to inanimate things, as, veride 
 quit no guagua, this is my house; or vut applied to animate, as, veride cavadu no 
 vut, this horse is mine; and with the change of person those genitives of the 
 primitive must be added, as, no guagua, mine; amo guagua, thine, are guagua, his, 
 <fec, no vut, mine, &c. (Another manner of expressing the possessive has been 
 
 given in section 12.) 
 
 VERB. 
 
 Here opens a very broad field whereon may be observed the excellence of this 
 language that is considered barbarous. 
 
 Conjugation of the verb hiósguan, I write, or paint. 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. PRESENT TIME. 
 
 active voice. Singular. passive voice. 
 
 Nee hiósguan, I write, Nee hiósguadauh, I am written, 
 
 Nap hiósguan, You write, Náp hiósguadauh, You are written, 
 
 Id, or At, hiósguan, He writes, Id, or At, hiósguadauh, He is written. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Tamide hiósguame,, We write, Tamide \ 
 
 Emét hiósguame, Ye write, Emét s- hiósguadagua, 
 
 Amet *hiósguame, They write, Amet ) We are written, <fcc. 
 
 * In all moods and tenses when the person is put afterward, which it is very common to do, the 
 
 form is this : active. passive. 
 
 Singular, hiósguamne, hiósguadauhne, 
 
 hiósguanna, hiósguadauhna, 
 
 hiósguanar, hiésguadauhar, 
 
 Plural, hiósguameta, hiósguadaguata, 
 
 hiósguametem, hiósguadaguatem, 
 
 hiósguametam, hiósguadaguatam, and so on, accord- 
 
 ; ing to their condition. 
 
NOTICES OF THE HEYE. 
 
 Active. 
 
 Nee ) I wrote, 
 
 Nap \ hiosguamru, You wrote. 
 Id, orAt, ) He wrote, 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Nee 
 Nap 
 Id, or At, 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Passive. 
 
 Tamide ) We wrote, Tamide 
 
 Emét V hióso-uameru, Ye wrote, Emét. 
 
 Amet ; They wrote. Amet 
 
 hiósguadauhru, 
 I was written, Ac. 
 
 hiósguadauaru, 
 
 We were written, &c. 
 
 PERFECT. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Nee } I have written, Nee 
 
 Nap V hiósguari, Thou hast written, Nap 
 
 Id, orAt,; He has written, Id, or At, 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Tamide, \ We have written, Tamide, 
 
 Emét, V hiósguarim. Ye have written, Emét, 
 Amet, ) They have written, Amet, 
 
 hiósguacauh, 
 
 I have been written, &c. 
 
 We have been written, etc. 
 
 ANOTHER PERFECT. 
 
 Nee, hiósguarit, &c 
 
 Tamide, hiósguarit, &c 
 
 , I have been written, &c. 
 , We have been written, &c. 
 
 TamicU 
 
 Emét 
 Amet 
 
 PLLPERKI'.CT. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Nee i I had written, Nee, 
 
 Nap > hiósguariru,Thouhadst written, Nap, 
 
 Id, orAt, ; He liad written, Id orAt, 
 
 Plural. 
 
 We had written, Tamide 
 hiosguarimru, Ye liad written, Emét 
 They liad written. Amet 
 
 hiósguaeauhrutu, 
 
 I had been written, etc 
 
 hiósguacaguaru, 
 
 We had been written, etc. 
 
 Nee i 
 
 , orAt, S 
 
 Singular. 
 
 I will write, Nee 
 
 You will write, Nap 
 He will write, Id, orAt, 
 
 hiósgualzidauh, 
 
 I will be written, Ac. 
 
16 
 
 NOTICES OF THE HEVE. 
 
 Active. 
 
 Tamide ) 
 
 Emét V hiósguatze, Ye will write, Emét 
 
 Amet ) They will write. Amet 
 
 Plural. 
 We will write, Tamid< 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 hiósguatzidagua, 
 
 We will be written, etc. 
 
 WantinG;. 
 
 Hiósgua, write thou. 
 
 Plural. 
 Hiósguavu, write ye. 
 
 Another form of the Imperative made with asma, to see. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Asmane \ Asmane ) 
 
 Asmana l hiósguatze, Asiriana Mriósguatzidauh, 
 
 Asmair ) I will see that I write, &c, Asmair ) I shall see that I be written, &c 
 
 ANOTHER IMPERATIVE. 
 
 Venésmana hiósguam, Even though you write. 
 
 Vencsmatze em hiósguame, Even though ye write. 
 
 Nee eme hiósguaco naquém, 
 I will that you write. 
 
 Nee eme hiósguaco noquím, 
 I will that they write. 
 
 ANOTHER IMPERATIVI 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Nee eme hiósguarico naquém. 
 I will that thou be written. 
 
 Nee ame hiósguarico naguém, 
 I will that they be written. 
 
 OPTATIVE MOOD. 
 
 This mood appears to have been anciently used with cáne, would that it might 
 be ! but now in general it is not so understood. The phrase may be deemed to 
 be in the Optative, although it does not express that entirely, being formed by the 
 union of the Imperative above with vcnesma, even though. 
 
 Venésmane hiósguam, 
 
 I would that it might be, or, 
 
 Even though I may write. 
 
 Venésmane hiósguadauh, 
 I would that it might be, or, 
 Even though I may be written. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
 
 This mode of speech, If I should write, I should have w r ritten, &c, the natives ex- 
 press by adding the particle ru to the future. 
 
 Singular. 
 Nee \ Nee "} 
 
 Nap > hiósguatzeru, Nap 
 
 Id ) If I should write, &c. Id 
 
 hiósquatzidauhru, 
 
 If I should be written, &c. 
 
NOTICES OF THE HEVE. 17 
 
 Active. 
 Tamide ) 
 
 Etnét v liiósguatzern, Emét l hi.ó?guatzidauru, 
 
 Araet ) If we should write, tfec. Amet \ If we should be writt 
 
 INFINITIVE MOOD. 
 
 Although this mode does not exist in the language, still the natives have ways to 
 express the thought, some of which are these : 
 
 One mode is by the verb erám, I wish or think ; so that to say, I wish to write, 
 Nee hiósguavaerám may be used, which is the future hiúsguatze, with the final 
 syllable omitted for the particle va, and followed by the erám. In the same man- 
 ner, other verbs may be proceeded with, they remaining stable through all the 
 mutations that erám undergoes, as in the following : 
 
 ACTIVE VOICE. 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present, Erám, I wish. Pluperfect, Ehritu, I had wished. 
 
 Imperfect, Eramtu, I wished. Future, Erátze, I shall wish. 
 
 Perfect, Ehri, I have wished. 
 Subjunctive, (Impt?) Erátzern, I might wish, etc. 
 
 In the passive erám is not used, but naquém, which also means, I wish, and with 
 the preterite particle, in the manner that is stated in the fourth form of the impera- 
 tive, the infinitive mood in this voice is expressed, as, Nee no hiósguarico naquém, I 
 desire to be written. 
 
 Another mode that serves for the Infinitive, is that after a verb of motion, the fu- 
 ture of the verb is used, as to express, I come to you to say, Nee erne queitudetze 
 giierem : here, Nee is I ; erne, to you ; giierem, or üerem, I come, and queitudetze 
 the future of the verb queituden, I say, or make known. 
 
 The gerund in cli is found in the expression : Already arrived the time of 
 labor; for which, taking the preterite panauhri, the verb pánauan signifying labor, 
 add dagua, time, and for arrived use hasside, the preterite of hássem, followed by 
 the de, particle, signifying already, and the phrase is formed pánauhridagua hasside. 
 
 The gerund in do is found in the phrase Vus hóquedo panavame, the boys play- 
 ing, work, in which vus is boys, hóquedo or hóqueco, the gerund of hoqucn, play ; 
 and panavame, the plural of pánavan, work. The passive voice has likewise the 
 gerund, as for example : Nap sícriuhdo cotzóm, Whilst thou art shorn, sleepest ; 
 here nap cotzóm is, you sleep, sícriuhdo is the gerund in do passive of the verb 
 sic in, and toasquilo, hair. 
 
 The gerund in (lain, and supine joined to a verb of motion is equivalent to the 
 future as before stated in the second mode of the infinitive ; but should there be no 
 verb of movement with the gerund in dum, the particle betzéuai, for, is used, as 
 
 * Conjunctions, corresponding to aunque, paraqwe, cuando, and the like which it is common 
 to make use of with the subjunctive in Spanish do not exist in the language, 
 
18 NOTICES OF THE HEVE. 
 
 this suffices for payment, (hoc ad solvendum sufficit,) Veride hasem ovíde betzéguai ; 
 veride meaning this, hasem, suffices ; ovide betzévai, for payment ; oviden signifying 
 pay. 
 
 Thus much it has been found necessary to say of the verb in its active and pas- 
 sive voice, of its modes and times, which will serve as a paradigm for the conjuga- 
 tion of any verb observant of the form of its preterite and future (the roots whence 
 rise the other tenses) to be discovered in the vocabulaiy. 
 
 FREQUENTATIVE VERB. 
 
 21. This verb signifies the frequent repetition of the same action, and is formed 
 by adding the adverb tátze, peace-meal, as, I write often, tátze ne hicsgan. 
 
 COMPULSIVE VERB. 
 
 22. It is thus called because it signifies to cause or compel to do any thing, and is 
 formed by taking away the last syllable of any verb and replacing it with tudem or 
 tuden, which alone is conjugated, and has the perfect tudari, and future tudetze, as 
 varuhtúden, I cause to sin ; verúhtze being the future of varúuen. 
 
 APPLICATIVE VERB. 
 
 23. When the action is for, by, or through, (" para ó por,") this verb is used, 
 having its termination in dem or den, perfect, deri, and future, detze; as pánauan, 
 work; whence is formed pánauiden, which is the applicative, so that to say, I work 
 for you, the phrase is Nee eme pánauiden ; and the mother to express, My son has 
 failed me, (died), says, No nótzi múquideri ; although in the place of this applicative 
 the preposition betzéguai, for, is used likewise, or de, by ; as, Christ died for us, 
 Cristo tamo betzéguai, or tamóde múqui. 
 
 CONTINUATIVE VERB. 
 
 24. This verb serves to continue the action, and is made from the future, omitting 
 the tze and substituting sem or sen, as nenérsem, I am continually talking, frcm 
 nehren, I speak; the future, nenértze ; biquesen, I am thus singing, from biquen, I 
 sing ; future, bequetze, for which there appearing to be no perfect, the imperfect, 
 biquesenru may be used, and the same is the case with the words that end in hon, 
 as merihon, go running ; nenerhon, be speaking ; biquehon, be singing, of which the 
 future termination is sintze, as nenérsintze. 
 
 COMPLETIVE VERB. 
 
 25. This gives completeness to the signification of the word out of which it is 
 made so full that nothing remains further, and is formed of the future taking away 
 the final tze, and placing suam instead, as, baán, I eat ; bétze, I will eat ; besuam, I 
 eat until I have finished it all ; todam, I leave ; todetz, I will leave ; todesuam, I 
 leave forever, — at once. The penitent may say, Oquine haóna no cananacemca to- 
 desuatze, Now, forevermore, I will leave m}' sins ; the perfect being formed in coari, 
 and the future in uatze. 
 
 ESTIMATIVE VERB. 
 
 26. This denotes the judgment that one forms of anything, as, dénitzem, I judge 
 it good ; déni meaning good ; hana Diosi denitzem, perhaps you esteem God ? nee 
 
NOTICES OF THE HEVE. 19 
 
 eme deosaritzem, I judge you happy ; deosari meaning happy; nee eme náventzem, 
 I consider you poor — pity you ; náven meaning poor : and they form the perfect, 
 tziui, and future tziúhtze. 
 
 COXVERSIVE VERB. 
 
 27. When a thing changes so as to pass from one to another form or quality, this 
 verb is used. Earth, tevat ; genitive, teuhte ; accusative, teuhta, whence comes the 
 verb teúhtium, I make me earth, — as do the sticks become, and bodies that rot. So 
 dóhmetum, make man, explains the mystery of the incarnation, as, God the Son 
 made himself man for us, Dios noquát tamóde, or tamo, betzeguai dóhmetui. So 
 batuum, is made water, bat, water ; nasórtaan, I throw away ; nasórtuun, is thrown 
 away, to become corruption ; of which the perfect is tui, the future, tutze. 
 
 28. There are some Compound Verbs which end in donon, signifying to go to do 
 something, which appear to be formed from the future, omitting the last S3'llable 
 tze, and substituting donon, as amúdonon, I go to hunt ; amún being, I hunt ; the 
 future amútze ; cumándonon, I go to gather wood, from cumánan, I gather wood, 
 future cumantze ; baudónon, I go to bring water, formed of bat, water ; vun, the 
 future of vtze, bring, and donon, which has the perfect doni, and future dontze. 
 
 29. The termination guan, is usually a sign of the Active Verb, as in mótzguan, 
 I begin : maguan, or máhuan, I plough, and is added by the natives to some Span- 
 ish words they use, such are perdonároguan, I pardon ; ayunároguan, I fast ; velá- 
 roguan, I watch. Some form the perfect in guari, and future in guatze ; others the 
 perfect in uhri, and future in úhtze, úitze, or in guatze. 
 
 30. To form Compound Neuter Verbs, the verb dáan, I go, is frequently used, as 
 bahiitunan, I melt (active) ; bahútudaan, I melt, or am melting, the neuter, barinan, 
 I soften ; baricdaan, I go on to soften ; zicónan, I break ; zicócdaan, I break (neu- 
 ter) ; the perfect being dai, the future, détze. 
 
 31. Other Neuters are formed of active A'erbs ending in an by changing it into 
 en, as sebAn, I freeze ; seben, freeze ; basin, I ripen ; basen, ripen ; sepan, cool ; 
 sepen, cool ; nacuan, hurt ; nacuen, hurt. To form the perfect, the en is changed 
 into i ; but the future, although it always ends in tze, differs, as will appear by the 
 vocabulary. 
 
 32. In the same manner as of Active Verbs in an, Neuter Verbs in en are made, 
 so from other actives in an, neuters are made in un, as, busán, I awake another ; 
 busun, I awake me ; tutzan, I quench ; tucún, I quench me, in the perfect changing 
 the un to i, and the future to tze. 
 
 PLURAL OF VERBS. 
 
 33. This language has the notable peculiarity of the verbs oftentimes differing 
 greatly in the plural from the singular, as, vaquen, enter one ; miiume, enter many ; 
 v.')on, one to lay down; medAguame, lay down many; méran, one to run; vóome, 
 many to run ; batémucun, to drown oneself; betécoome, many to drown themselves ; 
 batemean, drown one ; batecódan, drown many. 
 
 34. There are many Compound Active Verbs ending in puguan or punan, which 
 signify to pluck, as beguút, skin, genitive; beúhte, accusative; beiihta, whence 
 beuhpuuun, tear oil' the skin is formed, and from mo, hair of the human head comes 
 mópuuan, pluck the hair, etc.; sequát, flower, genitive, Beúhte; accusative, seúhta 
 
20 NOTICES OF THE HEVE. 
 
 gives seuhpuuan, to pluck flowers ; nagua, root, genitive, naúlite ; accusative, nauhta, 
 when naúhpuuan, eradicate, is formed, their perfect being in uhri, their future in 
 uatze. 
 
 ZEM, ZEN. 
 
 35. Estimative Verbs it has already been said end in tzem, but there are other 
 verbs of that termination that signify certain passion, failing, or quality, as, hisumt- 
 zem, I am hungry ; veráctzem, I am thirsty ; vrutzen, I am hot ; vtétzen, I am cold, 
 which form their perfects in tziui, the futures in tziuhtze. 
 
 TAAN. 
 
 36. The Particle taan compounded with a substantive, signifies to do, as, sibúrtaan, 
 to make girdles composed of sibura, band ; zántaan, to make arrows, zamát signify- 
 ing arrow ; vacotaan, to make bow, from vácotzi, that instrument ; but when it is 
 component of the verb it signifies, I say that I wish, thus from ncsquen, I return, 
 nósquitaan is made, signifying, I say that I wish to return, and from pánauan, 
 labor, is pánauataan, I say that I wish to labor. 
 
 ENI, MANI, HABI, 
 
 Being the English substantive verb am. 
 
 3*7. Such is the condition of this part of speech : yonder is a man, anát sei dor 
 eni, and if he live there, or is there standing, anát catzí, etc., which catzi is used 
 only for persons. Yonder is water, anát, or aguát bat maní, yonder is grass, anát 
 dósa habí, and also may be said, bat eni, dosa eni, but bat habí, dosa mani would 
 not be correct. Further than this the substantive verb am appears not to show itself 
 clearly : thus that utterance of God, I am that I am, has no corresponding words 
 in the tongue : it could seemingly be made somewhat intelligible in this wise : Nee 
 uehva nee, which word for word means, I greatly I, and am is not expressed though 
 understood. So in asking, Who is it, the answer is, Nee, and not I with the verb. 
 This method of speaking should be regarded : to say the house of Pedro was my 
 house, it should be, Pevroque qui no quiru, of which qui means house, and Pevroque 
 qui, house of Pedro. The verb was, does not now exist in it apart, but in expres- 
 sion it appears, or nearly so, in the substantive qui, which is put in the imperfect 
 by the termination of that tense, ru being added, as, quiru, was house ; no quiru, was 
 my house. The same is otherwise said : Pevroque qui no guaguaru, the house of 
 Pedro was mine ; the guagua, if alone, signifies, is mine. 
 
 MAGUAN. 
 
 38. There are several Compound Verbs that end in maguan, which signify, to 
 throw something to another, as, ermaguan, to throw blood (erát) on him ; dósmaguan, 
 to throw grass (dosát) on him ; teúhmaguan, to throw dirt (tevát) on him ; sitcri- 
 maguan, to throw honey (sitúri) on him, which form the perfect in guari, the future 
 in guatze. 
 
 TADEX. 
 
 39 The Particle táden, the terminal of several verbs, expresses the like or dislike 
 the good or evil appearance of anything according to the name or adverb to which 
 it is joined, as, neve sodóta nanactáden, or hidenatóden, I do not like this bower ; 
 tamide naven tamo tademe, we find ourselves poor ; nee deosári no taden, I find 
 myself fortunate, the perfect being found in taderi, the future in tadetze. 
 
NOTICES OF THE HEVE. 21 
 
 40. Of the Verb 3/ucú/i, I die, compounds such as these are made : vrumucún, I 
 die of heat ; vrúcóome, they die of heat ; hisú-mucún, I die of hunger ; hisum- 
 cóome, they die of hunger ; varótmucún, I die of thirst • varó-coóme, they die of 
 thirst ; cúmemucún, I die of envy ; cumecoáme, they die of envy. Vrútzen is, I 
 have heat ; hisúmtzen, I have hunger ; veráctzen, I have thirst ; cumen, I have 
 envy. The reason of changing mucún to form the plural may be seen in sec- 
 tion 36. 
 
 NEOQUEN. 
 
 41. Neóquen, means I command , and observe this method as respects its use : 
 Nee uneóquen, and I command to bring; nee nerta neóquen, and I command to 
 pray; nee ouít neóquen, and I command to call. Ytze is the future of vun, I 
 bring ; nertátze, I pray, the future of nértaan : ouictze the future of ouican, I call ; 
 so that the tze is taken from the future, and neóquen is placed in its stead. Notice, 
 likewise, this method : Nap ca istutándauh, It is commanded not to lie. 
 
 So far of the verbs, which as well other parts of speech all the Indians use 
 with nicety and elegance. For their conjugation, a single exemplar has been 
 given ; but their perfects and futures being differently formed, which are the 
 roots whence the other tenses spring, they have been placed in the vocabulary 
 added to the verbs, a knowledge of which will suffice to form all the other times. 
 
 PARTICIPLE. 
 
 42. The verbs become participles without undergoing change of form, as, hiós- 
 guam, I write, or he that writes, is the present participle ; hiósguari, I have writ- 
 ten, or he that has written ; hiósguatze, I will write, or he that will, is the pre- 
 terite (future ?) participle. The same in its proportion is to be understood of the 
 passive voice. 
 
 The Present Participle is of the second declension, forming the genitive in te, 
 thus Nominative, hiósguan ; Genitive, hiósguante, etc. The imperfect participle is 
 of the same declension, with the difference that the mark of the imperfect, ru, is 
 the final, as, Nom. hiósguamru, Gen. hiósguamteru, etc. 
 
 The Perfect Participle is of the first declension, having its genitive in que, as, 
 Nom. hiósguari, Gen. hiósguarique. 
 
 Pluperfect Participle is declined like the perfect, observing what has been said 
 of the imperfect, as, Nom. hiósguariru, Gen. hiósguariqueru, etc. 
 
 The Fufare Participle belongs to the second declension, the genitive ending in te, 
 preceded by n or m, as, Nom. hiósguatze, Gen. hiúsguatzente. 
 
 The plural, it appears, should be declined in the same manner as the singular in 
 respect of its termination in te or que. 
 
 PREPOSITION. 
 
 43. The prepositions that govern the genitive might with reason be called post- 
 positions, since they follow the ease ; for Pedro Pedroque betzégtiai, with you amó 
 in".. 
 
22 NOTICES OF THE HEVE. 
 
 ADVERB. 
 
 The adverbs are very many, and by them more especially is expressed the man- 
 ner of walking, of sitting, of sounding, etc., and oftentimes the enunciation copies 
 after the sense, as, causan, I sound ; catzcatze cúusan, clattering sound. 
 
 INTERJECTION". 
 
 45. Some of the interjections are these : Ari ! and when repeated ari, ari ! are 
 those of on3 feeling pain ; Asioma is of one that menaces, like, You will see ! and 
 Asma is like, I desire to see ! Hábesa matzi, Well, then ! Ahéue is exclaimed by 
 one who recollects himself ; Navehtzemne, Alas ! Woe to me ! 
 
 CONJUNCTION. 
 
 46. The conjunctions to the extent they can, will be treated of separately ; for 
 although the language of Indians is exact, there are difficulties to be encountered, 
 and from those not brought up in their use, requiring special study. 
 
 47. The word And is represented by aui, as, Nee aui nap, I and you, and also 
 by vai placed afterward used in this way, Nee nap vai. 
 
 48. Whether the sentence consist of one or of two parts, this conjunction If is 
 nowhere found, but the gerund in do or co is used ; and in this manner should it be 
 of a singlé part or an individual : If I do it well, I shall be content, hidénane éndo, 
 or éneo, nanacerátze ; when of two, thus : If I did it well, you will be content, 
 hidéna netzendo, or emco, nap nanacerátze : whence it may be seen that in the first 
 passage is put the nominative nee, having but one part, and in the second the da- 
 tive or accusative netz, since another member comes in which is nap, you. These 
 are other examples : If I should be well, I will go to see you, Nee hidéna erado, 
 osét eme teuhdontze, which is an expression of one proposition, for though two 
 persons enter there the action is single : If I shall have worked well you will pay 
 me, Nee hidéna pananhriuhco, nap netz ovidetze, which is of two positions, the 
 action being of two. 
 
 49. In the examples about to be given, it will be observed that I'hat is never 
 used, whether it correspond to the quod or the lit of the Latin. Nee eme vitzán, 
 nap hibe, I see that you are lax ; Nee aguáteran, Domincotze amo misa ca vitzaca, 
 I know that you have not heard mass Sunday ; where vitzaca or vitzácauh is pas- 
 sive perfect, and the literal rendering is, I know, on Sunday your mass was not heard. 
 I desire that you may live here, Nee eme iuide cateo naque m, in which cateo is an 
 active perfect participle, and the verb naquém, I desire, ever requires this construc- 
 tion. The verb óqueem, I command, is peculiar likewise in one respect : in order 
 to say I command you that you work, Nee eme panaúaoqueem is said ; panauao- 
 queem being composed of two words, of which panauatze, I will work, is from 
 panaúan, work, the tze final being taken away and substituted by cqueem. 
 
 50. The equivalent of Because, nanévari, can be thus shown. I become angiy ; 
 because you are lax, Nee zínauan, na néuari nap hibeen : with the particle aréde, 
 which means because, it may be elegantly expressed, Nap hibeen, aredene zínauan, 
 which, word for word, is, You are lax, for that I become angry. Here are other 
 
NOTICES OF THE HEVE. 23 
 
 instances: Because. I am sick I do not work, Nee ca panauan, nanéuarine cocotzem; 
 in another manner, Nee cocotzem, arédene ca panauan, or Nee no cócotzihdade ca 
 panauan, which corresponds to this, I, because of my infirmity, do not work. I 
 come, because you called me, Nee eue hasi, naneuari nap netz ouiqui. Eue, signi- 
 fying hither, is used because to the Indian ear, I came hither, is more euphonious 
 than only I came. Nap netzoúiqui, arédene hash I am glad, because you come to 
 see me, Nee nánaceran, nanéuari nap netzeue teúhdóniueren, or other-wise, Nap 
 netz eue teúhdóniueren arédene nánaceran. 
 
 51. The equivalent of Before is caque, the translation of which is not yet. Be- 
 fore you could come I was already here, Nap caque hasdo nee vínu iuide énitude, 
 of which hasdo is the gerund of hásem, that part of speech being thus used with 
 caque, when it signifies before, and is literally, You not arrived yet, already was I 
 here. Another instance : Before you can go, you will pay me : Caquena dado ; netz 
 ovidetze ; also, Before the wheat could be planted, it rained: Perilon caque étzih 
 dauh, duqui. 
 
 52. After is rendered likewise by the gerunds with the adverb vaar, after. After 
 he had sinned, he was converted to God : Yarúhruco vaár, Diosse vené are viranari, 
 that is, having sinned afterward, etc. ; and also it may be without vaár, as, After it 
 had rained much, the river carried away the earth : Muic duco, bata guasta udari. 
 Again : After the wheat had been cut, it got wet, and was lost : Pericón are tepú- 
 naricoua sánhruco nasúrtui, 
 
 53. When may be rendered hj héco, as, "When you had come to see me, I had 
 gone for wood : Hécona netz eue teuhdóni, nee cumandóniru. Another : When 
 Christ had died, so much as was man died, and had not died so much as was God : 
 Héco múcruco Cristo, are dóremcade muquí, are Dióserncade ca mu qui ; where also 
 mucruco is gerund, and likewise may be said, héco muquí Cristo etc. If the ques- 
 tion be asked, When ? the accent is placed upon the last letter. 
 
 NUMERALS. 
 
 54. 55, 57. The native having counted to ten, says ten and one on it, etc., and at 
 twenty says one man, sei dóhme, for the reason of that being his full number of 
 fingers and toes : for forty he says, two men, got dóhme, and so on to a hundred, 
 marqui dóhme. After tAventy the count is the same as with the ten, twenty and 
 one on it, etc. These numerals have also their inflections: 
 
 1, sei, once, ses, 6, vusani, six times, vusanis, 
 
 2, godum, twice, gos, 7, seniovusáni, seven times, seniovusánis, 
 
 3, veidum, thrice, veis, 8, gos návoi, eight times, gos návos, 
 
 4, nauoi, four times, návos, 9, vesmácoi, nine times, vesmácois, 
 
 5, marqui, five times, marquis, 10, macoi, ten times, mácois. 
 The word Already, de, is thus added : 
 
 (iosade, Márquisade, Gosnavosade, 
 
 Veisade, Vusánisade, Yesmácoisade, 
 
 Xavósade, Seniovusánisade, Mácoisade. 
 
 ORDIXU.S. 
 
 56. To form these the numerals are put in the ablative with in, tze, which is 
 placed afterward as the prepositions ever are. Sétze, first; góctze, second; véictze, 
 
24 
 
 NOTICES OF THE HEVE. 
 
 third ; návoctze, fourth ; márquitze, fifth ; vusánitze, sixth ; seniovásanitze, seventh ; 
 gosnávoctze, eighth; vesmácoitze, ninth; mácoitze, tenth. First is also called vat- 
 zút neréntze. 
 
 58. On the third day, is expressed, Veic queco; on the fourth day, Navoc 
 queco, etc. 
 
 THE LORD'S PRAYER, 
 
 IN SPANISH AND HEVE. 
 
 Nuestro Padre, que estás en el 
 cielo. Tu nombre sea grande- 
 mente creído. A nosotros venga 
 tu reino. Tu voluntad aqui en 
 la tierra se haga, come se hace 
 en el cielo. Nuestra comida 
 cotidiana dánosla hoj r . Ten nos 
 lástima limpiándonos nuestros 
 pecados, asi como tenemos lás- 
 tima á nuestros enemigos. No 
 descaras al Diablo, que nos hace 
 caer en el pecado ; mas guárda- 
 nos del mal. Amen. 
 
 Tamo Nono, tevíctze catzi, 
 canne tegua uéhva vitzua terá- 
 dauh. Tomo canne vené hasém 
 amo Quéidagua. Amo canne 
 hinádocauh iuhtépatz éndaugh, 
 teníctze endahtevén. Quécovi 
 tamo bádagua óqui tame mic. 
 Tame náventziuh tame piuide- 
 do tamo canáde émca ; ein 
 tamide tamo. Ovi tamo náven 
 tziuhdahteven. Cana tótzi Dia- 
 blo tatacóritze tame huétuden- 
 ta ; nassa tame hipúr cadéni- 
 tzeuai Amen. 
 
 ENGLISH FROM THE SPANISH. 
 
 Our Father, "who art in heaven. 
 Thy name be greatly believed 
 in. To us come thy kingdom. 
 Thy -will here on earth be done, 
 as it is done in heaven. Our 
 daily bread give us this day. 
 Have pity on us, cleansing us of 
 our sins, as we have pity on our 
 enemies. Leave us not to the 
 Devil, that he cause us to fall 
 into sin, but keep us from evil. 
 Amen. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 Acorn, tohátacat. 
 
 Adobe, sacmi % ; to make saamt- 
 taan. 
 
 Air, taheia. 
 
 Amoli, soap-plant, bardt, Gen. 
 bardie, Ac. barbta. 
 
 Arm, nocat. 
 
 Arrow, zamAt, to make zán- 
 taa?i, to poison with vege- 
 table hlthiitzaguan. 
 
 Arrowhead of stone, tavit. 
 
 Autumn, malmétete. 
 
 Axe, metetfiuen. 
 
 Bad, cadén!. 
 
 To bark, vüden. 
 
 Basket, huarit. 
 
 Bear, ma rár. 
 
 Beard, Mnsi. 
 
 Bee, mumiihao. 
 
 Belly, a'iguat. 
 
 Bird, viquitz. 
 
 Bitter, cliipúen. ■ 
 
 Black, sbcei. 
 
 Blanket, estári. 
 
 Blue, tadei. 
 
 Blood, erdt. 
 
 To boil, tonar i . 
 
 Bone, hdgua. 
 
 Bow, rcicotzi. 
 
 Boj*, doritsi. 
 
 Brother, the elder, rciizgua, 
 
 the younger, rangua. 
 
 Brown, temosei, vamei mai. 
 
 Buzzard, teco. 
 
 But, 710880. 
 
 Cane, omd. 
 Canoe, vrasguasiuen. 
 To cheat, istuden. 
 Chameleon, iizieamiir. 
 Clay, taarat. 
 Cloud, mo&it. 
 Coal, orí. 
 Cobweb, ritoroca. 
 Cold, «¿efi, tteragua ; it is 
 cold, vtéen, to feel cold trfei- 
 
 To come, verén. 
 Cotton, cMn. 
 Coyote, xoi. 
 Crane, coro. 
 Cricket, vaui sorbtz. 
 Crow, carat». 
 
 Dance, ddhdauh, to dúuen. 
 Daughter, the father says, mar- 
 gan ; the mother, notzffua. 
 Day, tout, to-day, oqui tüuitze. 
 Deaf, nacdp. 
 Deer, masut, nnputz. 
 Difficult, omtziteri. 
 Distant, mecil. 
 
 Ditch, vawat. 
 Dog, chuchi. 
 Dove, ococbi. 
 
 Drizzle, reiguat. bahú ragua. 
 Drown, see Water. 
 Drunkard, tutsan. 
 Dry, or thin, hvxiqv.i. 
 Duck, bavitz, a large black va- 
 riety, humuviri. 
 Dumb, nip'%. 
 Dust, bata. 
 
 Eagle, pave. 
 
 Ear, nacdt. 
 
 Earth, tovat. 
 
 East, sii-'in, from the east hither 
 sivitz-cue, for the east sivit- 
 zuai, to the east nearly sili- 
 con. 
 
 To eat, hibáan. 
 
 E--g, a i at ora. 
 
 Elm, vasdt. 
 
 Enemy, ov'zgua. 
 
 Eye, fusit. 
 
 Face, vvbsva. 
 
 To fall, huetzén. 
 
 Father, nonogua ; the woman 
 
 says másgua. 
 Feather, liunsa. 
 To fear, scuitzen. 
 Female, if a child, hoquitz ; if 
 
 large, hoquin ; if grown, hoit; 
 
 if aged, hoixguari. 
 Finger, mamát. 
 Fire. te. 
 
 To finish, biJiáu. 
 To fight, ncicodan, nahbdan. 
 First, batziit; first time, ró- 
 
 guat. 
 Fish-hook, seiuiqnirina ; fish, 
 
 Flesh, softer. 
 Flower, xequat. 
 To fly, meen. 
 Flea, ¡te/w. 
 
 Food, ¿¿'W, badagiia. 
 Foot, tarát. 
 Fox, Cf/os. 
 
 Frog, temat; small xicor. 
 Fruit, tacat, baságua ; of the 
 field, tdldaugh, tudahua. 
 
 Girl, hoquitzi. 
 
 To go, da int. 
 
 Good, f/e 5 ;/ >'. 
 
 Goodness, denirava, déniM- 
 
 béraua. 
 Grass, r/óso*. 
 Gratis, ncutsallitó/ua. 
 Great, ¿r/?-- 3 '/. 
 Green, s?'<7£?. 
 
 Half, nataio. 
 
 Hand, mamát. right, /¿?ft^ jnm- 
 
 «¿, left, ziebpeuai. 
 Happy, decsari. 
 Hail, ¿e/¿et 
 Hard, -*£e«. zeitera. 
 Hawk, tohauo, the large, ¿wft>, 
 
 the red, M&witocotz, the little 
 
 c7¿ inubpar, the little spotted 
 
 oris. 
 Head, so?i«'t. 
 Heart, hibés. 
 Heat, io'uri. 
 Heron, white batbsa, with dark 
 
 wings, bahéso. 
 Hole, hib'ihi. 
 Honey, riitzia. 
 House, quit, of stick ciiquit, of 
 
 adobe saamiquit, of grass 
 
 dosquit, of mud batoqv.it, of 
 
 mat hipequit. 
 Hunger, himmagua. 
 Husband, cftngua. 
 
 Ice, sutéuhoi. 
 
 Idol. ¿ós?¿. 
 
 Infant, r/cíte. 
 
 To irrigate, vanmin. 
 
 Knee, fo??ctf. 
 
 Language, nerit. 
 
 Lagune, báhri. 
 
 Lead, temésti. 
 
 Leaf, sagua ; of maize, so/not, to 
 
 leaf or bud, zvradaan ; to fall, 
 
 sauhdibrion. 
 Leg, morica. 
 Liar, istuneri: 
 To lie, isiun. 
 Lie, Uturagua. 
 Lizard, behbr. 
 Lime. (73í>¿. 
 Lip, ten pira. 
 Little, chúpji. 
 Love. Mnadodauh. 
 To love, naquén, liinádocon. 
 
 fl'aiden, náhua hoquis. 
 A'aizc, mnút. 
 
 Maizefield, efeéí. 
 
 niesquit, In/jxtro, the fruit ¡SO- 
 fia. 
 
 Metal, «a¿¿. 
 Moon, metzat. 
 Mother, degua. 
 Mouse, zievr. 
 Mouth, tenit 
 
 Night, chúgoi. 
 
 North, baten, from the North 
 hither bahitz-áue, to Jiiihitz- 
 uai, to the north nearly &?/<«- 
 
26 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 con. The Indian ever has 
 the points of the compass 
 present to his mind and ex- 
 presses himself accordingly 
 in words, although it shall be 
 of matters in his house. 
 
 No, qiiáta, ca. 
 
 Nose, dacdt. 
 
 Now, Óqili. 
 
 Oak, tohá, the red raddsor. 
 Old man, dotzl. 
 Orphan, iopini. 
 Owl, haropeudtz. 
 
 Parched, saquét. 
 
 Paroquet, zira. 
 
 Peak, cauitze mágica. 
 
 People, d'ohrae. 
 
 Petticoat, esdt. 
 
 Phesant, purdra. 
 
 Pigeon, macagua; the Avild 
 
 cuciir. 
 Pine, vocot, sirér. 
 Pine grove, vocsura. 
 Plant, ziiiadai, vehri. 
 Plume-crest, cumisa. 
 Poison, sarna. 
 Purple, hdcagua. 
 
 Quail, cue. 
 
 To quarrel, neriiden,nepiiden. 
 
 Rabbit, tdvu. 
 
 Rain, diiqui, to diicun. 
 
 Rainbow, raindra. 
 
 Rat, voiset. 
 
 Red, siquei. 
 
 River, haquit. 
 
 Rivulet, bariitzque. 
 
 Road, rouet. 
 
 Rock, evét, sib¿it. 
 
 Salt, ondt. 
 
 Sand, sa. 
 
 To say, teen. 
 
 Scorpion, tomiior. 
 
 Season of rain, badds; of heat, 
 cunes, cuiiesragtia ; of cold, 
 tomóragua, tomodagua. 
 
 Seed, suriitzi. 
 
 Squirrel, heretz. 
 
 Stomach, roquima. 
 
 Stone, tet. 
 
 Straw, moqudt. 
 
 String, tegdmi, fibre. 
 
 To seek, hiamun. 
 
 Shade, heias, heiagua. 
 
 Shower, diiqui. 
 
 Silver, teoquita. 
 
 Sister, the elder, cótzgua ; the 
 younger, r'tngua. 
 
 Skin, peguat. 
 
 Sky, teguica, teuica. 
 
 Sleep, cotzdt, cotz'iragua. 
 
 Smoke, mortigua. 
 
 Snow, sutéhri. 
 
 Son, the father says nbguat ; 
 the mother, notzgua. 
 
 Sour, zocden. 
 
 South tenúñ, to the south near- 
 ly, tenacon, tenauai, tañed, 
 from the south hither ténauai 
 due. 
 
 Speech, nerit. 
 
 Spring, time of drought, tusar, 
 euuesragua. 
 
 Star, s'ibora ; Venus, zarin ; 
 the three Marias, vauvóra 
 tdcsoi. 
 
 To steal, etzbaan. 
 
 Stick, cut. 
 
 To sting. MiJian. 
 
 Stream, haquit. 
 
 Summer, time of rain, badds. 
 
 Sun, tiiui. 
 
 Swallow, raidarus. 
 
 Sweet, quegiia-en, queguateri. 
 
 Tail, basit. 
 
 Tear, o 2 >et. 
 
 That, at, ar. 
 
 Thicket, churl. 
 
 Thief, etzbaan, etzibaras. 
 
 Thigh, mor tea. E 
 
 This, verido, vet, with this re- 
 re tn a, by this rérede. 
 
 Thrush, cháñate^ zaia. 
 
 Thorn, retzdt, of nopal, na- 
 cbuetzat. 
 
 Tiger, tntz'i. 
 
 Toad, cohar. 
 
 Tobacco, rircit. 
 
 To-morrow, queco. 
 
 Tongue, nenét. 
 
 Tooth, tanus. 
 
 Town, hoirúgua. 
 
 Track, darút, déruh. 
 
 Tree, cut. 
 
 Turkey, ziiii. 
 
 Turtle, rniiri. 
 
 Valley, haquit. 
 
 Viper, sarneior, the coral ma- 
 purr úcotz. 
 Virgin, naha hoquis. 
 Virmillion, or yellow, basca. 
 
 War, nahódadauh. 
 
 To wash, r acor an. 
 
 Wasp, huiquituniitz. 
 
 Water, bat, G. bate, Ac. bdta; 
 hot, bastiera warm, caméra- 
 basucrari, cold batutdeu. To 
 drown one bdtemeav, Per. 
 bateméari, Fut. bateméatze, 
 from mean to kill one : to 
 drown many batécodan, Per. 
 batécoi, Fut. batécoitze, from 
 codan to kill many : many to 
 become drowned batecéome, 
 Per. batécoi, Fut. batecotze, 
 from coome many to die : one 
 to become drowned, batému- 
 cun, Per. batémuqui, Fut. 
 batémuetze, from miicun one 
 to die. (See section 33,) 
 
 Watermelon, Minus. 
 
 To weep, batman. 
 
 Well, baiécori, to make, baté- 
 coran, from tecori. bowl. 
 
 West, huritzei ; to the west, 
 hurún, hurvcon, huritzuai ; 
 from the west hither huritz- 
 cue. 
 
 To whistle, bicudaguan. 
 
 White, siitei. 
 
 Wide, huena. 
 
 Wife, hiihgua. 
 
 Wild-cat, porbtz. 
 
 Wind, rahéca, 
 
 Winter, tomó, rtédo time of 
 cold. 
 
 Wolf, húrue. 
 
 Word, nerit. 
 
 Wood, cut. 
 
 Woman, hoquis. 
 
 Wood, citquit. 
 
 Wound, rilcat, to nacitan. 
 
 Year, betirragua. 
 
 Yellow, súvei. 
 
 Yes, heme, (more emphatically) 
 
 hai eco; woman says, heé. 
 Yesterday, tuut. 
 

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