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HISTORY 
 
 OP 
 
 THORNBURY CASTLE. 
 
 BY RICHARD ELLIS. 
 
 j I) < I > 9 
 
 LONDON: ; 
 
 PUBLISHED BY HAMILTON, ADAMS, & CO. 
 
 PATERNOSTER ROW. 
 AND R. ELLIS, THORNBURY. 
 
 1839. 
 
ENTERED AT STATIONERS HALL. 
 
 
 <k9 k 
 
 
 o^ 
 
 XJ* 
 
 JOHN WRIGHT, PRINTER, AVON-STREET, BRISTOL. 
 
/ 
 
 HISTORY 
 
 OF 
 
 THORNBURY CASTLE. 
 
 Thornbury Castle, in Gloucestershire, seated in the 
 Manor and Hundred of Thornbury, claims a very 
 distinguished place, if not the most distinguished, on 
 the list of those Castellated remains which, while they 
 aimed at the comforts of an advancing stage of civiliza- 
 tion, still hesitated to surrender those means of defence 
 which were deemed to be essential to the safety, not 
 less than to the dignity, of the English Noble. 
 
 We shall commence our account by showing, as 
 concisely as possible, the descent of the Manor, and, 
 after noticing the ancient surveys of the Castle, con- 
 clude by a short description of its present remains. 
 
 Brictric, the son of Algar, a Saxon Thane, is stated, 
 
 
 
in Doomsday, to have held this Manor in the reign of 
 Edward the Confessor, but having given offence to 
 Maud, the daughter of Baldwin, Count of Flanders, 
 previous to her marriage with William, Duke of Nor- 
 mandy, by refusing to marry her himself; his property 
 was seized by that Monarch on the conquest, and 
 bestowed, seemingly in revenge, upon the Queen. 
 
 Her Son, William Rufus, granted the Manor to 
 Robert Fitz Hamon, a a Norman adherent, whose 
 fourth daughter and co-heir (Mabel or Sibilla) became 
 wife of Robert, commonly called the " Consul," a 
 natural son of King Henry the first, by Neste, a 
 daughter of Rees ap Tudor, Prince of South Wales. 
 
 Fitz Hamon died about 1107, and the King created 
 
 a This Norman chieftain came to England with the con- 
 queror, and was himself descended from Duke Rollo. He 
 was lord of Astremeville and other possessions in Normandy. 
 His wife was Sibill one of the daughters of Roger de Mont- 
 gomery, Earl of Arundel and Shrewsbury. He died of a 
 wound received at Falaise, and was buried, according to 
 Dugdale, first in the Chapter House, and afterwards between 
 two pillars on the north side of the choir of the Abbey of 
 Tewkesbury, of which he was the founder. 
 
Robert " the Consul," Earl of Gloucester. 6 He was 
 father of William, also Earl of Gloucester, who left 
 at his decease, in 1173, — -three daughters, his co-heirs, 
 of whom Amicia, married to Richard De Clare, Earl 
 of Hertford, became eventually the sole heiress, and 
 in her male descendants the Manor of Thornbury was 
 vested for four generations; and until the death of 
 Gilbert De Clare, the last Earl of Gloucester of that 
 family, who was killed at Bannockburn, in 1313. The 
 inheritance of the Clares was then partitioned among 
 his sisters and co-heirs, when Margaret the second 
 sister, became possessed of the Manor of Thornbury. 
 She was first married to the notorious Piers Gaveston, 
 
 b The Castle and Manor of Thornbury formed part of 
 the Honour of Gloucester, which was possessed by Earl 
 Robert, in right of his wife. His courtship is celebrated in 
 monkish rhyme, by Robert of Gloucester. He became a 
 strenuous supporter of the Empress Maud, and was the chief 
 cause of her success. He built the Castles of Cardiff and 
 Bristol, and dying in 1147, was buried in the choir of the 
 Priory of St. James, at Bristol, of which he was the founder. 
 Some curious sculptures in the abbey church of Romsey are 
 supposed to relate to this Robert. 
 
 c This noble family were Counts of Brion in Normandy, 
 and descended from its Dukes. Gilbert, the Son of this mar- 
 
by whom she had no surviving issue ; and secondly, to 
 Hugh de Aldithley, d or Audley, by whom she had an 
 only daughter and heir, Margaret, who became the 
 wife of Ralph de Stafford, Earl of Stafford, 6 and 
 
 riage, was Earl of Gloucester and Hertford, and he, as also 
 his father, was one of the Barons who enforced Magna Charta. 
 He died in 1229, and was buried in the midst of the choir at 
 Tewkesbury. His son Richard succeeded, and dying in 1262, 
 was buried on the right of his father in the same Abbey. 
 Gilbert, his son, the next Earl, previous to his marriage with 
 Joan de Acres, the daughter of Edward the 1st, surrendered 
 to that monarch all his Castles and Manors, and amongst them 
 the Manor of Thornbury, which however were all regranted 
 and settled on their issue. He died in 1295, and was buried 
 on the left of his grandfather, at Tewksbury. His eldest 
 daughter became the wife of Hugh Le Despencer the younger. 
 
 d The father of this Hugh de Audley, was one of the great 
 opponents of the Spencers, and the feud was continued by the 
 son, who armed all his adherents in a fierce contest against 
 William la Zouche, of Mortimer, who had married Hugh 
 le Despencer's widow the daughter of Gilbert de Clare. The 
 Earldom of Gloucester was held by Hugh de Audley, and 
 became extinct at his death, in 1347. 
 
 e Their son Hugh succeeded to the inheritance. This Hugh 
 is stated in an old MS. to have done " manie noble dedis" 
 
carried the inheritance of her ancestors into that 
 family. In their male descendants it- continued for 
 eleven generations, until Henry, Lord Stafford, f the 
 
 under Edward 3rd and Richard 2nd, as well in Scot- 
 land, as in other places. " Also at Roodis, where he died, 
 "and after his body was brought into England, buryed at 
 " Stone, (Staffordshire) with his wyfe, daughter of the Erie of 
 " Warwyk." The line was carried on by his younger son 
 Edmund, who married Anne the daughter of Thomas of 
 Woodstock, and being killed in the famous battle of Shrews- 
 bury, in 1403, was buried in the choir of the Friars Augustines 
 at Stafford. Humphrey his son was created Duke of Buck- 
 ingham, and he also was slain in the battle at Northampton, in 
 1459, being succeeded by Henry his grandson, " high reaching 
 Buckingham," who after helping Richard to his crown, " to 
 buckle fortune on his back," became his first victim. Duke 
 Edward, of whom hereafter, was his son and successor, and 
 doomed to perish, like his father, on the scaffold. 
 
 f Henry Stafford, son and heir of Duke Edward, was sum- 
 moned to parliament as Baron Stafford, by Edward the 6th, in 
 1548. He was succeeded by Edward his son, who was suc- 
 ceeded by Edward his son, who in turn was succeeded by his 
 grandson Henry, son of his son Edward, who died in his 
 father's lifetime. Henry died without issue, in 1637, when 
 the title devolved to his cousin Roger Stafford, but of which 
 
fifth, in descent from Edward, Duke of Buckingham, 
 (the founder of the Castle) died in 1637; when Mary, 
 his only sister and heir succeeded, and became wife of 
 
 he was most unjustly deprived on account of his poverty. 
 At his decease, in 1 640, this Barony terminated in default of 
 male issue. 
 
 Among the Lansdown MSS. in the British Museum, is a 
 letter from Henry Lord Stafford, son of Duke Edward, to 
 Lord Burghley, which is characteristic of the times, and shows 
 how much reduced were the fortunes of this family after the 
 Duke's execution and attainder. 
 
 "May this please your Lordship to understand, that 
 " whereas my good Lord and cheefist of my kynne th' Erie of 
 " Huntingdon, not only too yeeres past, hut also within this 
 "fortnight, dealt with a riche citizen for his only daughter 
 " and heire to he niarryed unto my sonne, (wch citizen pre- 
 " tending that he will not matche with any other than of his 
 " own trade. I presume that my old adversary, Alderman 
 M Heyward, doth drawe him from herkenyng to th' onorahle 
 " motion of my said Lord,) and therefore my peticion unto 
 " yr. Lp. is no otherwis, hut that it may please you to send 
 " for the man at such tyme as yor pleasure shalbe to appoint 
 " him and me to wayt upon you, at wch tyme I will in few 
 " words make him so reasonable an offer, as I trust he will 
 " not dys allowe, so humbly I leave your good Lp. to the 
 " protection of the Eternall God. Stafford." 
 
7 
 
 Sir William Howard, K. B.= second surviving son of 
 Thomas, Earl of Arundel and Surrey, who, in 1640, was 
 created Viscount Stafford. His son, Henry Stafford 
 Howard, inherited the Castle and Manor, and was cre- 
 ated Earl of Stafford in 1688. 
 
 g This ill fated nobleman fell a victim to the testimony of 
 the notorious Titus Oates, and was executed as a traitor, 
 on Tower Hill, December 29, 1680. Xo one, we think, can 
 read the trial of Lord Stafford, the account of his demeanour, 
 and the report of his last speech, (which is given at great 
 length in the State trials) without an entire conviction, that 
 he was sacrificed to the heated passions, and intolerant pre- 
 judices of the times. Four Catholic Peers, namely, the Earl 
 of Powis, Lord Perre, Lord Arundel, of "Wardour, and Lord 
 Bellasys were committed to the Tower, together with Lord 
 Stafford, October 1678, but were not brought to trial. Lord 
 Petre died in the Tower, the others were detained till the 22nd 
 of May, 1685. All this in defiance of the Great Charter, 
 and of the common Law of England. Sir William Howard 
 and Mary his wife, were created Baron and Baroness Stafford, 
 12 Car. I. and he was immediately afterwards created 
 Viscount Stafford. The rank of Countess was given to his 
 widow in 1688, and she died in 1693. Tardy justice was 
 rendered to his memory, by reversal of his attainder in June, 
 1824. 
 
8 
 
 In 1727, his Grandsons, William Earl of Stafford 
 and John Paul Stafford Howard, 11 (who eventually suc- 
 ceeded, and was the last Earl of Stafford,) conveyed the 
 Castle and Manor of Thornbury to Edward Howard, 
 Duke of Norfolk, by whom they were, in 1776, settled 
 on Henry Thomas Howard, second son of Henry 
 Howard of Glossop, in the County of Derby, Esquire. 
 Mr. Howard represented Gloucester, of which City he 
 was elected High Steward, from 1794 to 1818. On the 
 succession of his elder brother, the present Duke, to 
 the Dukedom of Norfolk, in 1815, he was placed in 
 the precedency of a Duke's younger son ; and officiated 
 as Deputy Earl Marshal of England, until his death, 
 in June, 1824, when the Castle and Manor of Thorn- 
 bury devolved on his only son Henry Howard, of 
 Greystoke Castle, in the County of Cumberland, 
 Esquire, the present possessor. 
 
 h Henry Stafford Howard, eldest son of William Viscount 
 Stafford, was created Earl of Stafford, with remainder to the 
 male issue of his brothers. He died in 1719, and was suc- 
 ceeded by his nephew, "William Stafford Howard, to whom 
 succeeded "William Mathias Howard, his son and heir, at 
 whose death in 1751, S.P. the title devolved on his uncle, 
 John Paul Stafford Howard, who died in 1762, when the 
 Earldom became extinct. 
 
It may here be observed that, although Edward 
 Duke of Norfolk acquired this property by purchase, 
 (the lineal representation of Edward Duke of Buckingham 
 being vested in the present Baron Stafford. 1 ) he (as 
 is also the present owner, Mr. Howard of Greystoke) 
 was descended from the Duke of Buckingham, by the 
 marriage of that Duke's eldest daughter, Elizabeth 
 Stafford, to Thomas Howard, third Duke of Norfolk. 
 
 The building of this Castle, now in ruins, was begun 
 by Edward Duke of Buckingham, in the 2nd year of 
 the reign of Henry the 8th, in which year he had 
 
 1 Sir George Jerningham, upon the reversal of the attainder of 
 William Howard Viscount Stafford, succeeded, in 1824, to the 
 Barony of Stafford, created in 1640. His grandmother, Mary 
 Plowden, being daughter, and heir of Francis Plowden, by 
 Mary Stafford Howard, sister, and eventually sole heir, of 
 John Paul Stafford Howard, last Earl of Stafford. 
 
 The Ancient Barony of Stafford, created by writ, in 1299, 
 as also the other titles, became forfeited by the attainder, not 
 since reversed, of Edward Duke of Buckingham. The 
 Viscountcy, and the subsequently created Earldom, expired 
 in default of issue male.— Vide Nicolas s Synopsis of the 
 Peerage. 
 
10 
 
 license to impark 1000 acres within his Lordship of 
 Thornbury. 
 
 There is nothing very remarkable in the early history 
 of this distinguished nobleman. He was employed 
 against the rebels, who sided with Perkin Warbeck, 
 and is then described by Hall, as " a Younge Prince 
 of a greate courage, and of a syngular good wit." 
 
 At the famous field of the Cloth of Gold, he far 
 outshone the splendour of his brother nobles. Although 
 in the words of Shakespeare he says, 
 
 ie An untimely ague 
 (i Stayed me a prisoner in my chamber, when 
 " Those suns of glory, those two lights of men, 
 " Met in the vale of Arde." k 
 
 Lord Herbert of Cherbury relates, in his life of 
 Henry the 8th, that " about this time, Edward 
 " Stafford, Duke of Buckingham, eminent for his high 
 " blood, and large revenue, drew on himself a dangerous 
 " suspicion ; which, though it was again fomented by 
 "the Cardinal, 1 who disaffected him for some speeches 
 
 k Henry the 8th, Act 1. Scene 1. 
 1 Thomas Wolsey, the son of a Butcher at Ipswich, by his 
 
11 
 
 M he had cast forth, yet could not have overthrown him ; 
 " but that some indiscretion of his own concurred. 1 ' 
 
 arrogant demeanour, and the state he assumed, gave, accord- 
 ing to the Historians of the time, great offence to the ancient 
 nobility; and Buckingham, expecially, seems not to have 
 concealed his contempt and dislike. The speech -which 
 Shakespeare puts into his mouth, may therefore be fairly sup- 
 posed to represent his feelings. 
 
 " This Butcher's cur is venomed mouth'd, and I 
 
 " Have not the power to muzzle him ; therefore best 
 
 " Not wake him in his slumber, a Beggars book 
 
 " Outworth's a Noble's blood." 
 
 Again 
 
 " I'll to the King ; 
 " And from a mouth of honour quite cry down 
 " This Ipswich fellow's insolence, or proclaim 
 " There's difference in no persons." Act 1. Scene 1. 
 
 The Cardinal certainly did not practise the christian virtues 
 of meekness and forbearance. A ridiculous incident is said 
 on one occasion to have occurred, which might have tended to 
 exasperate their quarrel. The Duke one day after dinner, 
 was according to the accustomed ceremonial, on his knees 
 holding a bason of water to the King, who had just finished 
 washing, and turned away. The Cardinal, before the Duke 
 could alter his posture, sportingly dipped in his hand, which 
 
12 
 
 He was arrested in April 1521, and accused of high 
 treason, " for certain words spoken" — " inferring that 
 " the said duke intended to exalt himself, and to usurp 
 " the crowne, royale power, and dignitie of the Realme 
 "of England, and to deprive the King thereof." Of 
 the " words spoken," we have the following record, 
 viz. that, being at Thornbury, he spoke these words unto 
 Ralph, Earl of Westmoreland. " Well, there are but 
 "two Dukes created in England, but if ought but 
 c good comes to the King, the Duke of Buckingham 
 " should be next in blood to succeed to the crow r ne." m 
 
 so offended the haughty Buckingham, that rising in a rage, 
 he threw the water into Wolsey's shoes. The Cardinal in his 
 turn being greatly incensed, threatened that he would sit on 
 his skirts. On the morrow the Duke came to court without 
 shirts to his doublet, the King demanding the reason thereof, 
 Buckingham related the Cardinal's menace, saying, he had 
 taken this method to prevent his putting it in execution. 
 
 m Henry Duke of Buckingham, the father of Duke Edward, 
 had some crude and indefinite notion of a right to the throne, 
 which Hall details in a discourse between him and Morton, 
 Bishop of Ely. Henry the 8th's title was clear through his 
 mother, and even if we were to " infer the bastardy of 
 Edward's children," the Poles were the next in succession, after 
 the murder of Clarence's son, by Henry the 7th. 
 
13 
 
 The principal witness against him was his steward, 
 Charles Knyvett." The account given by Hall, in his 
 Chronicles, of the Duke's deportment, on hearing his 
 sentence, is as follows. 
 
 n Of Charles Knyyett we find that he was first cousin to 
 the Duke, being the younger son of Sir William Knyvett, 
 by Joan, daughter of Humphrey, the Duke's grandfather, and 
 brother of Sir Edmund Knyvett, of Buckenham in Norfolk. 
 Vincent, in a note to the Pedigree of Knyvett, contained in 
 his visitation of Norfolk, says, " This Charles was Steward 
 "to Edward Stafford, Duke of Buckingham, who, anno 1520, 
 " being discharged by him from his service, upon the Exita- 
 " tion of his Tenants for exacting on them, became instru- 
 " mental to the overthrow of the great Duke ; so fatal was it 
 " to the House of the Staffords to suffer by their servants." 
 
 The Duke is made by Shakspeare to say, after his 
 arraignment, 
 
 " I had my trial, 
 " And must needs say a noble one ; which makes me 
 " Happier than my wretched Father, 
 " Yet thus far we are one in fortunes, — Both 
 " Fell by our Servants, by those men we lov'd most ; 
 " A most unnatural and faithless service ! 
 " Heaven has an end in all. Yet you that hear me, 
 " This from a dying man receive as certain : 
 
14 
 
 " The Duke was brought to the barre sorre chafyng 
 " and swette mervaillously ; after he had made his 
 " reverence, he paused awhile — 
 
 " The Duke of Norfolke as a judge sayd, Sir 
 " Edward, you have heard how you be endited of high 
 " treason, you pleaded thereto not giltie, puttyng your- 
 "selfe to the Peres of the Realme, the which have 
 ''found you giltie. Then the Duke of Northfolke 
 " wept and sayd, you shall be ledde to the Kynge's 
 " Prison, and there layde on a her dell, and so drawen 
 " to the place of execution, and there to be hanged, 
 " cutte downe alive, your members to be catte of, and 
 "cast into the fyer, your bowells burnt before you, 
 "your heade smytten of, and your bodie quartered 
 " and devyded at the Kynge's will ; and Gode have 
 " mercie on your soule. Amen." 
 
 " When you are liberal of your loves, and counsels, 
 
 "Be sure you be not loose, for those you make your friends 
 
 " And give your hearts to, when they once perceive 
 
 " The least rub in your fortunes, fall away 
 
 " Like water from ye, never found again 
 
 " But where they mean to sink ye." 
 
 Act 2. Scene 1. 
 
15 
 
 The Duke's conduct on this occasion, is represented 
 to have been manly and dignified. His reply to the 
 awful sentence was, 
 
 " My Lord of Norfolk, you have said as a traitor 
 " should be said unto, but I was never one ; but, my 
 6i Lords, I nothing malign for what you have done unto 
 " me ; and may the eternal God forgive you my death 
 " as I do ; nor will I ever sue to the King for life ; so I 
 " desire you my Lords, and all my fellows, to pray for 
 " me."" Whereupon he was conducted back to the 
 Tower, where all the favour he received was a messuage 
 from the King, declaring his sentence was mitigated 
 so far,that instead of receiving the death of a traitor, he 
 should have only his head cut off. 
 
 Thus fell by the hand of the executioner, on Tower 
 Hill, the 17th May, 1521, " Bounteous Buckingham, 
 the mirror of all courtesy," being the fourth of his 
 family in succession who had perished by a violent 
 death. Full particulars will be found in the State 
 Trials, and in Stowe's Chronicles, also in Lord Herbert of 
 Cherbury's Life of Henry the 8th, printed in Kenneths 
 History. 
 
 After the Execution of Duke Edward, the Castle 
 
16 
 
 remained in an unfinished state. The whole of his 
 vast possessions had been seized by the Crown, and 
 though his Son Henry had a grant of the Castle of 
 Stafford, and other lands, 23rd Henry 8th ; it was 
 not till the reign of Queen Mary that this Castle 
 was restored to him. No doubt in the interval, great 
 dilapidations must have taken place. We are told 
 by L eland, who performed his Antiquarian journeys 
 in the reign of Henry the 8th, and saw this Castle 
 about twenty years after the Duke's death, that, 
 " There was of aunciente tyme a maner place, but of 
 " no great estimacion, hard by the Northe syde of 
 "the Paroche Churche. p Edward, late Duke of 
 " Bukkyngham likynge the soyle aboute, and the site 
 " of the Howse, pullyd downe a greate parte of the olde 
 M Howse and sette up magnificently in good squared 
 
 ° This may possibly have been part of the residence of 
 Lord Audley. 
 
 p Leland says, " the Paroche Churche is in the north ende 
 " of the Towne a fayre pece of worke. "Whereof the holle, 
 " savinge the Chaunsell hathe been builded in hominum me- 
 "moria." Itin. Vol. vii. Fol. 74. The Church was erected 
 in the reign of Edward 4th, and affords a fine example of the 
 beautiful light Towers of that period. 
 
17 
 
 " Stone, the Sou the syde of it, and accomplishyd the 
 " west Parte also withe a right comely Gate-Howse to 
 " the first soyle ; and so it stondithe yet with a Rofe 
 "forced for a tyme. 
 
 " This inscription on the Fronte of the Gate 
 " Howse : This Gate was begon in the yere of our Lorde 
 " God 1511. the 2. Yere of the Beigne of Kynge Henry 
 " the viii. by me, Edward Duke of Bukkingham, Erie of 
 " Hereford, Staforde and Northampton. 
 « The Duke's Worde 
 " Dorene savant. 
 
 " The foundation of a very spacious base Courte was 
 " there begon, and certeyne gates, and Towres in it 
 " Castelle lyke. It is of a iiii or v yardes highe, and 
 " so remaynithe a token of a noble peace of worke 
 " purposid. 
 
 " There was a Galery of Tymbre in the Bake syde 
 " of the Howse joyning to the North syde of the 
 " Paroche Churche. 
 
 "Edward Duke Bukkyngham made a fayre Parke 
 " hard by the Castle, and tooke muche faire grownd 
 " in it very frutefull of Corne, now fayr launds for 
 
18 
 
 " Coursynge. The Inhabitants cursycl the Duke for 
 " thes lands so inclosyd. 
 
 " There cummithe an Armelet of Sevrne ebbyng*e and 
 " flowyng into this Parke. Duke Edward had thought 
 " to have trenchyd there, and to have browght it up 
 "to the Castle. 
 
 " There was a Parke by the Maner of Thornebyry 
 tf afore, and yet is caullyd Morlewodde. 
 
 " There was also afore Duke Edward's tyme a 
 " Parke at Estewood a myle or more of : but Duke 
 "Edward at 2 tymes enlargyd it to the conipace of 6 
 4t myles not without many Curses of the poore Tenaunts." 
 
 The 25th Volume of the Archoeologia contains an 
 interesting paper respecting Thornbury, communicated 
 by Mr. Gage, now Mr. Gage Rokewode. He gives the 
 following extract from a Book of the Survey of the 
 Duke of Buckingham's lands now preserved in the Chap - 
 ter House at Westminster. 
 
 " Thornbury e. The Manor Place. The Manor or 
 tfi Castell ther standeth on the north side of the P'ishe 
 "Churche, having an ynnerwarde, and an utterwarde 
 
19 
 
 "iiii square, the commyng and enterring into the said 
 " ynnerwarde is on the west side. The South side is 
 " fully fynished w fc curious workes and stately Loggings. 
 " The said weste side and north side be but buylded to 
 " oon chambre height. All thees works being of fair 
 " assheler and so coverde w l a fals rove of elme, and 
 " the same coverde with light slate. 
 
 " The Este side conteyning the Hall and other 
 " howses of Office is all of the oolde buylding and of an 
 "homely facon. 
 
 " The utterwarde was intended to have been large, 
 " w l many loggings, whereof the foundacon in the north 
 6 'and west side is taken and brought up nigh to laying 
 "ona floor ; the window frames, and cewnes with other 
 "like things are wrought of freestone, and the residue 
 " of rough stoon caste with lyme sande. 
 
 " Garden. On the south Side of the said ynnerwarde 
 
 "is a proper garden, and about the same a goodly 
 
 " Galery conveying above and beneth from the principall 
 
 " loggings booth to the Chapell and P'ishe Churche, the 
 
 " utterpart of the said gallery being of stoon imbattled, 
 
 " and the ynner parte of tymbre covered w* slate. 
 c2 
 
20 
 
 " On the Este side of the said Castell or Manor is a 
 u goodly gardeyn to walke ynne closed with high walles 
 cc imbattled. The conveyance thider is by the Gallery, 
 " above and beneth, and by other privie waies. 
 
 ** Beside the same privie gardeyn is a large and 
 "a goodly orcharde full of younge grafftes well loden 
 if w l frute, many rooses, and other pleasures ; and in 
 ' f the same orcharde ar many goodly alies to walke ynne 
 ' ( oppenly ; and rounde about e the same orcharde is 
 " covered on a good height, other goodly alies with 
 " roosting places coverde thoroughly with white thorne 
 " and hasill, and wWt the same on the utter parte the 
 " said orcharde is inclosed w l sawen pale, and w'oute 
 " that, ditches and quickset heggs. 
 
 q " The New Parke. From out of the said orcharde 
 '" ar divers posterns in sundry places, at pleasur to goe 
 " and entre into a goodly parke newly made, called the 
 " New Parke, having in the same no great plenty of 
 %e wood, but many heggs rowes of thorne and great Elmes. 
 
 q Now the property of Henry Wenman Newman, Esq. 
 who has recently built a large modern mansion contiguous to 
 the ruins, from which it forms a conspicuous object. 
 
21 
 
 " The same Parke conteynneth nigh upon iii niyles 
 " about, and in the same be vij c der or mor. 
 
 " The herbage ther is goodly and -plentious, and 
 " beside finding of the said vij c dere by estimacon, being 
 " none otherwise charged, woll make ten poundes to- 
 u wards the keepers wags and fees. 
 
 " The late Duke of Bukkyngham hath inclosed into 
 " the said parke divers mennes landes as well of freeholde 
 w as copyholde, and noe recompence as yet is made for 
 " the same, and lately he hath also enclosed in the same 
 " parke ij fair tenements w l barnes and other houses 
 " well buylded with stone and slate, with v c acres of 
 e< lande, and as yet the tennts contynue in, wherein of 
 " necessitie some redresse muste be, either in removing 
 ' 4 the said tennts from out of the Parke with convenient 
 " recompence, or elles in taking inne the pale as it stode 
 " afore, &c. 
 
 " The Park called Marlwood. Nigh to the said 
 " Newe Parke there is another parke called Marlwood 
 " noething being between them but the bredth of an high 
 " waie, which parke is proper and a parkely grounde 
 " conteyning about nigh iij myles, and in the same parke 
 " at the leaste be iij c dere, &c. 
 
22 
 
 " The Parke called Estewood. There is another goodly 
 " Parke called Estewood, which is ij myles of the said 
 u Castell, or Maner, conteyning about vij myles, being a 
 ' 6 goodly and a parklike grounde, and having in hit at the 
 " leiste v c fallow dere and fifty red dere, &c. 
 
 " The Conyngry. Item, there is a Conyngry, called 
 " Milborowe heth, grannted by the King to John 
 " Houteleye, whereof ther is great exclamacon for clos- 
 " ing ynne of freeholdes and copyholdes, now being lette 
 " by the said John for iiij h and by the* old presidents 
 " was but at iiif iiij d ." 
 
 "The rents and farms," says Mr. Gage, "decayed in 
 "the Lordship of Thornbury by the inclosures taken into 
 "the three Parks amounted to £48. 19. 4. The total 
 "value of the Lordship, was £238. 11 5§ exclusive of 
 "Filmer wood, containing 100 acres, valued at £66. 
 " 13. 4. The number of the manrood was 175, and 
 "there were many bondmen of good substance." 
 
 In the same paper, Mr. Gage has given some 
 curious extracts from the Stafford Household Book, for 
 the Christmas quarter of the year 1507, and now in the 
 library of Lord Bagot. 
 
 It will be sufficient, without enumerating the quantity 
 
23 
 
 of viands, to state the nnniber of the guests on some 
 of these festive occasions. For instance, On Christmas 
 day, there dined at my Lord Duke's cost, 95 gentry, 
 107 yeomen or valets, and 97 garcons, or grooms; and 
 supped 84 gentry, 114 valets and 92 garcons. At the 
 feast of the Epiphany, there dined 134 gentry, 188 
 yeomen or valets, and 197 garcons, 'or grooms; and 
 supped 126 gentry, 176 valets, and 98 garcons. 
 
 It does not appear that there were any very distin- 
 guished guests at Christmas, but, at the feast of the 
 Epiphany, we find (besides " the Lady Anne,'" the 
 Duke's daughter,) Sir Robert Poyntz, Sir Edmond 
 Gorges, Sir John Rodney, Maurice, Richard, and James 
 Berkley, Anthony Poyntz, and others, all of whom 
 appeared attended by retainers. On the 28th of 
 February, the Duke journeyed to Richmond, and 
 thence to London ; sleeping the first day at Chippen- 
 ham, the second at Newbury, the third at Reading, 
 the fourth at Brentford, and reaching Richmond on 
 the fifth. He travelled, attended by 20 gentry, 14 
 valets, and 29 grooms ; and had 59 horses used by his 
 
 household, and 28 by himself. 
 
 « 
 
 We shall now give a very particular and interesting 
 description of Thornbury Castle, which was printed 
 
24 
 
 from a Manuscript, in the possession of Thomas Astle, 
 Esq. at the end of Vol. 2nd, of the " editio altera" of 
 Leland's Collectanea, published in 1770. It is stated 
 to be found by the jury at a Court of Survey, on the 
 6th, 7th, 8th, and 9th days of March in the 5th year 
 of the reign of Queen Elizabeth in the year 1582. But, 
 as the Queen's reign commenced November 17th A.D. 
 1558, if this Survey was made in 5th year, it must 
 have been in 1562 ; or if the year 1582 be correct, 
 the survey was made in the 25th of Elizabeth. 
 
 Mr. Gage, however, in his paper in the Archoeologia 
 states that the survey was made in the reign of James 
 the 1st. He refers to Rudder's History of Gloucester- 
 shire, who says, " I have been favoured with a more 
 " particular description of this Castle, written as I con- 
 " jecture about the time of King James the 1st." 
 
 That our readers may the better understand, and be 
 enabled to apply this survey to the present condition of 
 the Castle we annex a ground plan ; the index to which 
 specifies the principal rooms therein described. 
 
 THE HOUSE OR CASTLE OF THORNBURY, 
 
 Containing these Booms following. 
 "The house or Castle of Thornbury aforesaid, is stand- 
 
I- 0cta$ 'tnal Zrfer, u.rt^Us-hy.i- 
 
 fitm; a/" Offices en; Jeuffi.Jidr, i-md tseneral frraun-d ' jota 
 
25 
 
 " ing, and being within two miles of the river Seaverne 
 " which runeth on the north thereof, and is bounded, and 
 " adjoyned unto the Church-yard of the Parish Church of 
 " Thornbury aforesaid on the south part ; the Park there, 
 " called New Park on the U North and East part ; and 
 "one small parcel of ground called the Petties, on the 
 " West part. 
 
 " At the first entry towards the said Castle is a fair 
 " base Court/ containing by estimation 2J Acres, com- 
 " passed about with buildings of stone for servants' 
 " lodging, to the height of 14 or 15 feet left unfinished 
 " without timber or covering, set forth with windows of 
 " freestone, some having bars of iron in them, some none. 
 
 ff At the entry into the Castle, on the West side of 
 
 r A Bird's Eye view of Thornbury Castle, was published 
 by S. and N. Buck, in 1732 ; which shows this Court in a 
 more perfect state than it is at present. It was to have had 
 large arched gates, on the North and South Sides, with a 
 postern door to each, and various turrets projected from the 
 front walls of the buidings. The accompanying Lithographic 
 Drawing is copied from Buck's print. In the edition of 
 Leland above-mentioned, is also a small Yiew of the inner 
 Court, looking towards the gateway. 
 
26 
 
 " the same, are two Gates a large, and a lesser, with 
 44 a Wyck gate. On the left hand there is a Porters 
 " Lodge, containing three rooms, with a dungeon under- 
 " neath the same, for a place of imprisonment. Next 
 " adjoyning unto the same is a fair room, calFd the 
 *' Dukes Wardropp, with a Chimney therein. Within 
 66 the same is a fair room, or lodging Chamber, with 
 " a Cellar or Vault underneath the same. Over all 
 " which are four lodging Chambers with Chimneys. 
 
 fc< On the right hand of the said gates are two fair 
 *' rooms, called the Duchess's Wardropp, and over them 
 u are two fair Chambers, called the Steward's Chambers, 
 " Within all which is a court quadrant, paved with 
 " Stone, containing by estimation half an Acre, enconi- 
 a passed with the Castle buildings, and leading from 
 6i the gates aforesaid to the great Hall, at the entry 
 " whereof is a porch, and to the right hand of a small 
 46 room called the [sic orig.~\ On the left or North 
 64 side of the said Court is one fair wet Larder, a dry 
 6i Larder, a Privy, a Bakehouse, and Boyling house, 
 " with an entry leading from all the same rooms of 
 4 ' Office, to the Great Kitchen ; over ail which are 
 ''Chambers for ordinary Lodging, and over the same 
 ii again is one long room, called the Cock-loft. The 
 " Great Kitchen having two fair flues or Chimneys, and 
 
27 
 
 " one lesser Chimney, and within the same Kitchen is 
 " a privy Kitchen, over which is a lodging chamber 
 " over which is a lodging chamber for Cooks. 
 
 " On the back side of which last recited building, are 
 " certain decay 'd buildings, sometimes used for a Bake- 
 " house, and Armery, s with certain decay M lodgings 
 " over the same. 
 
 " From the great Kitchen (leading to the great Hall) 
 66 is an Entry on the one side, whereof is a decay 1 d 
 '* room called the Scullery, with a large flue or Chimney 
 " therein, and a Pantry to the same adjoyning. On 
 " the other side of the entry are two old decay' d rooms, 
 " heretofore used for Clerks, on the back side whereof 
 "is a little Court adjoining to the said Kitchen, and 
 '* in the same is a fair well or pump for Water, partly 
 ie ^lecay'd; between which decay'd cellars, at the lower 
 " end of the said Hall is a Buttery, over all which 
 " recited rooms are four Chambers, called the Earl of 
 " Stafford's lodgings, partly decay'd, with one room 
 " callM the Clerk's Treasury thereunto adjoyning. 
 
 s The Almery or Almonry, was an office in which Alms 
 were distributed to the poor. It is erroneously called the 
 Armery in the printed copy. 
 
28 
 
 " From the lower end of the great Hall is an entry 
 • leading to the Chapel : at the corner of the entry is a 
 * " cellar. The upper part of the Chapel is a fair Room for 
 * ; people to stand in at service time, and over the same 
 %i are two rooms, or partitions, with each of them a 
 ** chimney, where the Duke and Duchess used to sit 
 u and hear service in the Chapel ; the body of the 
 •'* Chapel itself fair built, having 22 settles or wains- 
 " cotes, about the same for Priests. Clerks, and 
 ** Querist ers : the great Hall fair and large, with a 
 * * hearth to make fire on in the midst thereof. 
 
 • • Adjoyning to the upper end of the same Hall is one 
 ,; other room calTd the old Hall, with a Chimney in 
 " the same. Next adjoining to the same is a fair 
 " Cloyster or walk, pared with brick paving leading 
 " from the Duchess's lodging to the Privy Garden, 
 •• which garden is four square, containing about the 
 •• third part of one acre, three squares whereof are com- 
 " passed about with a fair Cloyster or walk, paved with 
 ; " brick paving, and the fourth square bounded with the 
 • ; principal parts of the Castle, called the new-building; 
 *• over all which last recited Cloyster is a fair large 
 " Gallery and out of the same Gallery goeth one other 
 4 - Gallery leading to the parish Church of Thornbury 
 '' aforesaid, at the end whereof is a fair room with a 
 
'-'• Chimney, and a window into the said Church, where 
 " the Duke sometimes used to hear service in the 
 
 H same Church. Near adjoyning unto the said large 
 
 :; Gallery are certain rooms, and lod^\ .-.,•- ' 
 "Earl of Bedford's * lodgings containing 13 rooms, 
 st whereof 6 are below, 3 of them Laving s in 
 
 " them ; and 7 above, whereof 4 have chimneys likewise. 
 " All of which houses, buildings and room- : i ; in •-.-:. - 
 " tioned are for the most part built with freestone, and 
 " covered with Slate or tile. 
 
 ' i The lower part of the principal building of the Cas- 
 " tie is called the New-building at the West end there- 
 
 " of is a fair Tower : in which lower building is con- 
 " tained one great Chamber, with a chimney in the 
 " same, the ceiling and timber work thereof decay'd, 
 ' ' being propped up with certain pieces of other timber ; 
 
 * It seems difficult to account for these apartments being 
 called " The Earl of Bedford's lodgings." Jasper Tudor, the 
 uncle of Henry the 7th, by whom he was created Duke of 
 Bedford, married Katherine the widow of Henry Stafford. 
 Duke of Buckingham, beheaded by Richard the o 1 . \~'<i 
 Jasper died in 1495 : and from that time the title was extinct, 
 until Edward the 6th created Sir John Russell. Earl of Bed- 
 ford in 1549. 
 
30 
 
 " within the same is one other fair Chamber with a chini- 
 
 w ney therein; and within the same again is one other fair 
 
 u lodging Chamber with a chimney therein called the 
 
 "Duchess's lodgings w r ith one little room or closet between 
 
 fc< the two last recited Chambers: within all which is one 
 
 " room, being the foundation or lowermost part of the said 
 
 " Tower, called the Duchess's Closet, with a Chimney 
 
 " therein, from the which said Duchess's lodging, lead- 
 
 " eth a fair Gallery paved with brick, and a Stayer at the 
 
 " end thereof, ascending to the Duke's lodging being 
 
 " over the same, used for a privy way. From the upper 
 
 ' ; end of the great Hall, a stayer ascending up towards 
 
 " the great Chamber, at the top whereof are two 
 
 " lodging rooms. Leading from the Stayers head to 
 
 " the great Chamber, is a fair room paved with brick ; 
 
 " and a chimney in the same, at the end whereof doth 
 
 " meet a fair gallery leading from the great chamber to 
 
 6C the Earl of Bedford's lodging on the one side, 
 
 66 and to the Chapel on the other side ; the great 
 
 " Chamber very fair, with a chimney therein. Within 
 
 " the same is one other fair chamber, called the dining 
 
 H chamber, and a chimney therein likewise and within 
 
 " that again is one other Chamber with a chimney 
 
 6< therein also, called the Privy Chamber and within the 
 
 " same again is one other Chamber or Closet, called the 
 
 " Duke's Jewell Chamber. Next unto the privy 
 
31 
 
 " Chamber, on the inner part thereof, is a fair round* 
 " Chamber, being the 2nd Story of the Tower, called 
 " the Duke's bed chamber (like unto the same,) being 
 " the 3rd Story of the Tower, and so upwards, 
 " to answer a like chamber, over the same, called 
 u the same again, where the Evedeuts do lye. 1 
 66 All which last recited buildings, called the New 
 V buildings, are builded fair with freestone, covered 
 " with lead, and [sic orig.~\ 
 
 16 On the East side of the said Castle is one other 
 u Garden, containing by Estimation! of an acre, adjoin- 
 c; ing upon the Earl of Bedford's lodging ; at the West 
 tc corner whereof is a little void Court of waste ground. 
 66 On the North side of the Castle adjoyning upon the 
 " Chapel, is a little Orchard, containing by estimation 
 M half an Acre, well set with trees of divers kind of fruits. 
 " All which Castle Buildings, Courts, Orchards, 
 " and Gardens Aforesaid are walTd round about with 
 " a wall of Stone, part ruined and decay'd in divers 
 " places thereof, containing in circuit and quantity, by 
 "estimation, 12 Acres of ground or thereabouts. On 
 
 * The uppermost Chamber in a Tower, was commonly 
 chosen as a place of security for Title-Deeds, Charters, and 
 other valuable documents. 
 
44 the East side of the said Castle, adjoining to the 
 " utter side of the Wall thereof is one fair Orchard 
 " quadrant, containing by estimation 4 Acres, paled 
 " about well, and thick set with fruit trees of divers 
 " kinds of fruit." 
 
 Since the period of this Survey, all the older parts 
 of the Castle, comprising a great number of rooms 
 as therein mentioned, have been wholly destroyed ; and 
 much injury has unfortunately been done to the orna- 
 mental parts within the last Century. The remarks made 
 by Horace Walpole, in a letter to his friend the Rev. 
 Wm. Cole, dated August 15, 1774, and published in vol. 
 75 of the Gentleman's Magazine, may be interesting. 
 
 " From Berkeley Castle I went to Thornbury, of 
 " which the ruins are half ruined, it would have been 
 " glorious if finished. I wish the Lords of Berkeley had 
 " retained the spirit of deposing till Harry the 8th's 
 u time. The situation is fine, though that was not the 
 44 fashion ; for all the windows of the great apartment 
 44 look into the inner Court. The prospect was left to the 
 < 4 servants, Here I had two adventures ; I could find no- 
 " body to shew me about. I saw a paltry house that I took 
 44 for the sexton's at the corner of the Close, and bade 
 44 my servant ring, and ask who could shew me the 
 
33 
 
 ct Castle. A voice in a passion flew from a casement, 
 " and issued from a Divine : ' What ! what ! was it his 
 " business to shew the Castle ! go look for somebody else ! 
 if What did the fellow ring for, as if the house was on 
 " fire !' The poor Swiss came back in a fright, and said, 
 cl the Doctor had sworn at him. Well, we scrambled 
 " over a stone style, saw a room or two glazed near the 
 " Gate, and rung at it. A damsel came forth and 
 " satisfied our curiosity. When we had done seeing, I 
 " said, c Child, we dont know our way, and want to be 
 " directed into the London road ; I see the Duke's 
 " Steward yonder at the window ; pray desire him to 
 " come to me, that I may consult him. She went, he 
 " stood staring at us at the window, and sent his footman. 
 " I do not think courtesy is resident at Thornbury. As 
 " I returned through the close, the Divine came running 
 " out of breath, and without his beaver or band, and 
 " calls out, ' Sir, I am come to justify myself, your 
 " Servant says I swore at him ; I am no swearer — Lord 
 " bless me ! (dropping his voice) is it Mr. Walpole '? 
 " ' Yes Sir, and I think you was Lord Beauchamp's 
 " Tutor at Oxford ; but I have forgot your name/ 
 " ' Holwell, Sir ;' ' Oh yes. 1 And then I comforted him, 
 " and laid the ill-breeding on my footman's being a 
 " foreigner ; but could not help saying, I really had 
 " taken his house for the Sexton's. ( Yes, Sir, it is not 
 
34 
 
 " very good without ; won't you please to walk in V I 
 " did, and found the inside ten times worse, and a lean 
 " wife suckling a child. He was making an Index to 
 w Homer ; is going to publish the chief beauties ; and 
 " I believe, had just been reading some of the delicate 
 " civilities that pass between Agamemnon and Achilles, 
 " and that what my servant took for oaths, were only 
 " Greek compliments." 
 
 We trust that strangers have now no cause to com- 
 plain of a want of courtesy at Thornbury. Hundreds 
 of persons during the summer months are induced to 
 visit these ruins, especially on the occasion of the Horti- 
 cultural shows which, by permission of the owner, have 
 lately been held in the South Court. 
 
 The picturesque features which the Castle and the 
 Church present, form undoubtedly the chief attraction, 
 but there is also much deserving the attention of those 
 who take an interest in the study of English Archi- 
 tecture. 
 
 With this view, the late Mr. Pugin devoted to this 
 Castle much time and labour. His excellent work, 
 u The examples of Gothic Architecture," (which has 
 been continued by his son, Mr. A. Welby Pugin,) con- 
 
So 
 
 tains in Vol. 2nd, several drawings, plans, and details, 
 as also a short notice of the Architecture, &c. from 
 which we have already made some, and in conclusion, 
 shall give further extracts. He truly says, " the elabo- 
 " rate and beautiful style of the Windows, Chimneys, 
 " and other ornaments, has often formed the subject 
 " of picturesque views, but the details have never before 
 " been displayed in a manner calculated for practical 
 " imitation." 
 
 The whole extent of the western front is about 205 
 feet. It would doubtless have exhibited a magnificent 
 elevation, had not the untimely fate of the founder 
 put a stop to the work. The height of the Southern 
 Tower was about 67 feet, with its battlements complete, 
 and the Northern Tower would of course have correspond- 
 ed with its fellow in the elevation as it does in the plan. 
 The Tower of the Gateway in the centre would have 
 been of the same height, and its turrets would have 
 risen to the same altitude as that attached to the 
 Southern Tower. 
 
 The intermediate parts would probably have been 
 only about half the height of the Tower, according to 
 the proportions we find in other Mansions, Colleges, &c. 
 
36 
 for instance, Magdalen" and other Colleges at Oxford. 
 
 At present, the front only rises to the height of 20 
 feet, with the exception of the South Tower, and a 
 Turret on that side of the Gateway. The Steward's 
 Chambers Southward of the entrance are still covered 
 with the temporary roof, mentioned by Leland, and have 
 been kept in a habitable state. 
 
 Of the South front, Mr. Pugin considers the larger 
 Windows to be particularly worthy of notice, as ex- 
 amples of the last and most elaborate style of tracery, 
 adapted to domestic Architecture. 
 
 The Bay' Windows of the two Eastern Rooms, 
 exhibit a studied dissimilarity of ornaments ; v each of 
 
 u The Duke founded Magdalene College, Cambridge, but 
 the endowment was not completed by him, and afterwards 
 merged in the establishment formed by Sir Thomas Audley, 
 in 1542. 
 
 v A capricious taste in Windows was characteristic of the 
 latest style of Gothic Architecture. We find Bay Windows 
 esembling these in the Aisles and Oratories, of Henry the 
 Seventh's Chapel. 
 
37 
 
 them very curious. The plan of the lower Window 
 has several angular projections, whilst that of the 
 upper one is composed of five circular compartments. 
 
 The Upper Window which gave light to the room, 
 called in the survey the Great Chamber, is profusely 
 studded on the inside with the Armorial badges of 
 the Duke's family. 
 
 The Bay Windows in the two central rooms corres- 
 pond to these in elevation, but are narrower and less 
 elaborate in their plans, particularly the upper one 
 which has a simple angular projection. 
 
 All the details must have been designed by men 
 who were well versed in the most complicated forms 
 of Masonry, and are worthy of the Architect's careful 
 examination. 
 
 The Chimneys in the front are most elaborately 
 decorated. Those on the Tower are of Stone. The 
 double one, on the right hand, is of brick. The single 
 tunnel, ornamented with spiral mouldings, had origi- 
 nally a cover which was perforated at the sides, for 
 letting out the smoke, and finished at the top by a 
 slender pinnacle. It seems rather extraordinary that 
 
38 
 
 brick should have been adopted as the material for 
 Chimneys placed on stone, but it was evidently not 
 done with a view to economy, as the construction is 
 extremely elaborate and costly ; for instance, in the 
 brick Chimneys of the North front belonging to the 
 " Dining Chamber," and the room beneath. The 
 Shields on the left hand are charged,, alternately, with 
 the Stafford Knot, and an Antelope sejant. The date 
 of this curious piece of workmanship is carved in brick 
 at the base, Anno Christi, 1514. 
 
 The Western Gateway requires some notice. 
 
 It has a postern door on the North side of the prin- 
 cipal Gates, but the Arch towards the inner Court 
 comprehends the breadth of both. The Groove for a 
 portcullis is shown, but the portcullis and Gates no 
 longer exist. The Scroll over the Gateway, which 
 is much defaced, bears this inscription ; 
 
 Cf)ga 6ate. foa£. az$an. in. tfje ^zxz. of. triors. ILaxaz @aaz 
 mcccccxi. fyz it Wzrt. at t^z. &z%nz. at %%n%z &znxi 
 fyz. biii. &g. tnz. Cfffo. 23uc at SSufcitgnijIja. dMl. at 3§er-- 
 faaz. gtzftaxaz. ante $0rtfjamj>t0. 
 
 On one of the Scrolls below, is inscribed $Bo ^enafeant :w 
 
 The Duke's Worde." Doresnavani, Dortnavant, or, 
 

 ..../.- . 
 
39 
 on the corresponding one, was probably Bta. <§rattag ; 
 but it is now effaced. Over the centre is a shield, charged 
 with the Duke's Arms Quarterly of four Coats, within 
 a Garter. 
 
 These quarterings are 1st. England within a border. 
 2nd. Bohun, Earl of Hereford. 3rd. Stafford. 4th. 
 Bohun, Earl of Northampton. 
 
 The accompanying Plate is taken from his Standard 
 as drawn in a book, at the College of Arms. It is 
 supported by an Heraldic Antelope argent, ducally 
 crowned and chained Or. The Crest of the Family 
 was a Swan argent. That, and the Antelope, were 
 cognizances used by Henry iv. The first being a badge 
 of the Bohuns ; the latter an ancient bearing of the 
 LancastersJ 
 
 Doresen-avant, an old french word, signifying ' hence forward/ 
 or 'hereafter;' the alleged import of this oracular motto, viz. 
 that the Duke looked forward to the Crown, proved most 
 unfortunate. 
 
 y The quarterings of Bohun, and the connection with 
 the house of Lancaster came through Eleanor, daughter and 
 co-heir of Humphrey Bohun, Earl of Hereford, and North- 
 ampton, married to Thomas of "Woodstock. Henry the 
 Fourth's Queen was the other co-heir. 
 
40 
 
 When Henry, as Duke of Hereford, entered the 
 lists against Thomas Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk, he 
 had the Antelope and the Swan embroidered on his 
 caparisons of blue and green velvet. 
 
 Anne, Duchess of Buckingham, widow of the first 
 Duke, and Daughter of Ralph Neville, Earl of West- 
 moreland, in her will proved in 1480, bequeaths to 
 her daughter the Viscountess Beaumont, who was 
 secondly married to Sir William Knyvett, " a bed of 
 " the Salutation of our Ladye, with the hangings of the 
 16 Chamber of Antelopes. 1 ' 
 
 Some ground for suspicion of Duke Edward's ambi- 
 tious projects may have been afforded by his assumption 
 (according to a Manuscript in the library of the College 
 of Arms) of the Royal Lion on a cap of maintenance for 
 his crest, as given in the vignette ; while, on the con- 
 trary, his younger Brother, the Earl of Wiltshire, has, 
 in the same Manuscript, the Swan argent, issuing from a 
 ducal crown, the ancient crest of the family. 
 
 At the " degradynge" of Duke Edward, after his 
 execution, there were present, (besides the Officers of 
 Arms,) the Marquis of Dorset, Deputy for the King ; 
 the Earl of Essex ; the Earl of Wiltshire (the Duke's 
 
41 
 
 Brother,) the Earl of Kent ; Sir Thomas Lovell ; and 
 the Lord Delaware. It took place in St. George's 
 Chapel, Windsor, Jnne 8th. The order was recited 
 by Garter King at Arms, standing by the desk in the 
 Choir, and when he came to the words "Expelled, 
 "and put from among the Arms,"' " Somerset Herald, 11 
 says the MS. " violently cast down into the quire his 
 " Creste, his banner, and his sworde." 
 
 "And when" it continues, "the publication was all 
 "•doone, the Officers of arms, spurning his sayde hatch- 
 " ment with theer fete out of the quire into the body of 
 " the Churche ; first the sworde, and then the banner, 
 "and then was the Crest spurned, out of the sayd quire 
 " through the Church out of the West doores, and so 
 " to the bridge where it was spurned down into the 
 " ditche, and thus was the sayd Edward Duke of 
 " Buckingham fully disgraded of the order." 
 
 When Henry Howard was created Earl of Stafford, 
 the grant of supporters was omitted ; they were, 
 therefore, granted by the Earl Marshal, in 1720, to 
 William Stafford Howard ; and Austin, then Garter King 
 at Arms, was ordered to " cause to be depicted the 
 badges of the noble family of Stafford " in the margin. 
 They are 18 in number, and as follow. 
 
42 
 1st. Argent, a cross potent, counter crossed Or. 
 
 2nd. Barry Argent and Vert, a Lion rampant Gules 
 ducally crowned, Or. 
 
 3rd. Party per pale Sable and Gules, on a wreath, 
 azure and argent, a Swan Argent ducally 
 go rged and chained, Or. 
 
 4th. Party per pale Sable and Gule s, a Lion passant 
 gardant, Or. ducally crowned and collared 
 Argent. 
 
 5th. Party per pale, Sable and Gules a Knot, Or. 
 
 6th. Party per pale Sable and Gules on a wreath 
 Azure and Argent, an Heraldic Antelope Ar- 
 gent horned and chained, ducally gorged Or. 
 
 7th . Party per pale Sable and Gules, a thunder- 
 bolt Or. 
 
 8th. Gules, a Griffin, a segreant, Or. 
 
 9th. Party per pale as before, a helmet in face, sur- 
 mounted by a Sun, Or. 
 
43 
 
 10th. Argent, a Lion rampant, Gules ducally crown- 
 ed, Or. 
 
 11th. Party per pale as before, a Mantle Azure, 
 lined Ermine, and tied, Or. 
 
 12th. Or se'mee of Estoiles, Gules, a Lion rampant, 
 gules, crowned Argent. 
 
 13th. Party per pale as before, an Eagle rising Azure 
 the wing bones tipped, Or. 
 
 14th. Gules, a Sun Argent. 
 
 15th. Argent, a fret. 
 
 16th. Azure. 2 Fleurs de lys, between two fish 
 hauriant, Or. 
 
 17th. Or 2 Strawberries, fructed proper. 
 
 18th. Gules, a Lion rampant, Argent ducally 
 crowned Or. 
 
 These badges are also sketched in an old Manuscript 
 Book, at the College of Arms, and described as having 
 
44 
 been taken " out of a book of my Lord Stafford^." 
 
 This long detail of Heraldry may be tedious to many 
 of our readers ; we have however introduced it, because 
 the more ornamental parts of the building are profusely 
 decorated with the Armorial cognizances and badges of 
 the family. 
 
 Cmit home fc» (£*tfoar&, £3ufie at 23ttdtutQf)am. 
 
 ;tnt$. 
 
 PRINTED BY J. WRIGHT, FOR R. ELLIS, THORNBURT. 
 
 iL.cfC. 
 
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