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BLOOD STAINED RUSSIA 
 
^ii^^ 
 
 MARIA BOCHKARIEVA— THE JOAN OF ARC OF RUSSU 
 
 About this time, Maria Bochkarieva, on leave from the front, saw that Russia was in danger. She 
 conceived the idea of forming an armj' of women. Kerensky, recognizing the good that might come of 
 this, gave his consent and recruiting began. This woman was the wife of a peasant from the Volga district 
 who joined his regiment the day of mobilization. After he was killed at the front she demanded permission 
 from the Czar to take his place in the regiment. After many months, the desired permission was received 
 and she joined the regiment at the front. She suffered many hardships and proA'ed herself a good soldier. 
 She was several times decorated for bravery, once for rescuing men who were caught on barbed wire, she 
 herself being wounded. 
 
BLOOD STAINED 
 
 RUSSIA 
 
 BY 
 
 CAPTAIN DONALD C. THOMPSON 
 
 i^ 
 
 LESLIE-JUDGE COMPANY 
 
 PUBLISHERS, NEW YORK 
 
 M CMX V I I I 
 
t 
 
 J' 
 
 A^ 
 
 r 
 
 Copyright, igiS, by 
 
 DOUBLEDAY, PaGE & COMPANY 
 
 AH rights reserved, including that of 
 
 translation into foreign languages, 
 
 including the Scandinavian 
 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 WHEN Captain Donald Thompson and I were in Petrograd, he as photogra- 
 pher and I as correspondent for Leslie's Weekly, in the midst of the Feb- 
 ruary revolution which overthrew the Czar, one day on the Nevski 
 Prospekt we withdrew into a doorway to dodge a burst of bullets. Apro- 
 pos of nothing in particular the Captain suddenly exclaimed: "A photographic record 
 of the French Revolution would be beyond price. This is my chance. I am going to 
 record the story of this revolution in pictures." 
 
 And so, constantly dodging bullets in the execution of his idea as in its inception, 
 Captain Thompson set to work to capture on the lenses of his cameras the scenes of con- 
 flict and terror in the streets of Petrograd, followed by the parades, the solemn funeral 
 pageants, and the tumultuous demonstrations of the bewildered people. Then came the 
 crowds who gathered to listen to the subtle poison of the German propagandists, who were 
 reducing to dust and ashes the fair hopes born of the revolution. 
 
 After the labor demonstrations in May, when the people of Petrograd impotently 
 settled down to listening to speeches and marching in parades as their daily avocations, we 
 learned that the soldiers at the front were forming committees to usurp the functions of 
 their officers. Immediately Mr. Thompson set out for the front and for two months, from 
 the Black Sea to the Baltic, he photographed the typical scenes of life and death along the 
 great eastern front as it began to crumble — not before German strength and bravery — 
 but before German guile and trickery. 
 
 In short, there was no important scene in the great Russian drama from the time of 
 the overthrow of the Czar and the brief triumph of the unhappy Russian people, down 
 through the various stages of their undoing by the m.alignant forces in Berlin until the 
 final overthrow of the Provisional Government, that Captain Thompson did not see and 
 record. Then we had to fiee from Russia and finally, after many and great difficulties, 
 succeeded in reaching Japan safely and with the cherished pictures intact. The best ex- 
 amples of these pictures which Captain Thompson thus obtained at the risk of his life are 
 given in this book. 1 have added such descriptions as seemed necessary to make clear the 
 meaning of each picture. 
 
 We knew at the time that we were witnessing the stupendous spectacle of a nation of 
 170,000,000 people winning and losing its liberty, but we little realized what a tremendous 
 effect upon the struggle for the freedom of the world the Russian tragedy was to have. 
 
 Florence MacLeod Harper. 
 
 
 ^ 
 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 Maria Bochkarieva — the Joan of Arc of Russia Frontispiece 
 
 PAGE 
 
 BEFORE THE REVOLUTION 
 
 A typical stretch of the blealt marshland 3 
 
 The remains of the village of Kolky 4 
 
 OfTicers of a captured Prussian Guard regiment ... 5 
 The battle flag which the Kaiser had presented to the cap- 
 tured regiment 6 
 
 The Russians saw their own men fall hy the hundreds of 
 
 thousands 7 
 
 Some typical soldier graves 8 
 
 A well-kept section of the Russian front 9 
 
 Pointed stakes were used to supplement the scanty supply 
 
 of wire in making the wire entanglements 10 
 
 An anti-aircraft gun ready for the enemy 11 
 
 A German plane brought down by a Russian anti-aircraft 
 
 gun 12 
 
 German prisoners of war in Siberia 13 
 
 Wounded menwalkingfromdressing station to field hospital 14 
 
 A typical group of Cossacks 15 
 
 There are more dead than living Cossacks — here are some 
 
 of the dead 16 
 
 The Duma in session 17 
 
 Madame Breshkovskaya iS 
 
 The Monk Rasputin, the evil genius of the old regime in 
 
 Russia, surrounded by admiring women. . . ' . 19 
 
 The Princess Virubova, lady-in-waiting to the Czarina . 20 
 
 A Russian bread-line guarded by the imperial police . . 21 
 
 REVOLUTION OF MARCH 
 
 The first victims of the Russian Revolution 22 
 
 Police barracks after being stormed and sacked ... 23 
 Police spies rounded up to be tried by the Duma ... 24 
 Revolutionists marching to the Duma to swear allegiance . 25 
 Duma messengers protected by armed guards .... 26 
 Revolutionists starting from the Liteiny Prospekt to at- 
 tack a police barracks 27 
 
 The same body of revolutionists being cheered by the 
 
 crowds 28 
 
 Police barracks captured after a life-and-death struggle . 29 
 The empty cartridge cases show how desperately the police 
 
 defended themselves 30 
 
 Some of the frozen dead after a street fight 31 
 
 The hotel Astoria, after it had been sacked by a mob of rev- 
 olutionists 32 
 
 The lobby of the hotel Astoria after it had been sacked. . 33 
 
 Captain Thompson's room in the hotel Astoria .... 34 
 
 Bodies marked for identification by friends 35 
 
 A group of city militia, with an armoured car .... 36 
 
 A court lady camouflaged as a Sister of Mercy .... 37 
 
 A truckload of excited soldiers firing into the air ... 38 
 
 "The little grandmother of the Revolution" .... 39 
 
 One of the ever-swelling bread lines 40 
 
 A great public demonstration in the dispute between the 
 
 Duma and the Soviet 41 
 
 Burying on the Field of Mars those who fell in the Revolution 42 
 
 PARADES AND LABOUR RIOTS OF MAY 
 
 The beginning of a quarrel that divided a regiment . . . 43 
 A parade in advocacy of a vigorous offensixe against Ger- 
 many 44 
 
 A so-called socialist "Stop-the-War" meeting .... 45 
 Loyal soldiers about to break up a disloyal meeting. . 46 
 An unarmed regiment protesting against German propa- 
 ganda 47 
 
 A loyal officer addressing his men 48 
 
 A typical Moujik soldier 49 
 
 To make and listen to speeches became the chief occupa- 
 tion of the people of Petrograd 50 
 
 A Labour Day loyalty demonstration at the hotel Astoria . 51 
 
 Volunteers for the front 52 
 
 Departure of a regiment that had volunteered to go to the 
 
 front 53 
 
 Russian soldiers on the firing line 54 
 
 A silent gun and idle gunners 55 
 
 The Russian front was quiet while the poison gas of Ger- 
 man propaganda was doing its deadly work .... 56 
 One of the demonstrations against the Provisional Gov- 
 ernment which alarmed Maria Bochkarieva .... 57 
 The first of May — the day of the anarchists .... 58 
 
 A "Down-with-the-Capitalists!" parade 59 
 
 A " Down-with-the-Government!" parade 60 
 
 Radical orators financed by Berlin 61 
 
 Those who spoke for Russia had no money to back up their 
 
 arguments 62 
 
 Groups of Russians listening to the Pro-German arguments 63 
 
 The Winter Palace as a hospital 64 
 
 Russians marching with banners "Made in Germany ". . 65 
 
 Listening to speeches on freedom instead of working. . 66 
 Gradually the loyal soldiers such as these were sent to the 
 
 front 67 
 
 Cossacks going to take over a position on the front which 
 
 had been abandoned by other Russian troops 68 
 
 Wounded men from the front hearing of the overthrow of 
 
 the Czar 69 
 
 Loyal Russian soldiers at mess 70 
 
 A throng of excited and bewildered people whom Ger- 
 many was perverting and the Allies neglecting ... 71 
 
 HOSPITAL CONDITIONS AT THE FRONT 
 
 Colonel Eugene Hurd, who did much for Russia ... 72 
 Peasant women bringing their sick children to the Amer- 
 ican doctor 73 
 
 Dr. E. H. Egbert, an American surgeon, and his staff .' . 74 
 The motor ambulances of the American hospital service in 
 
 Russia 75 
 
 Lieut. Col. Malcom C. Grow, a Philadelphia doctor, who 
 
 was decorated for bravery in the Russian Army ... 76 
 Small jolting cars — The. makeshift for ambulances on the 
 
 Russian front 77 
 
 Sometimes there was not room for the wounded even in 
 
 these rough carts — then they had to walk 78 
 
 A forest dressing station with a line of ambulance carts 
 
 approaching with wounded 79 
 
 Unloading the wounded from the makeshift ambulances 
 
 at afield hospital 80 
 
 Carrying wounded from a primitive ambulance to a field 
 
 hospital tent 81 
 
 Ordinary freight cars were used as ambulance trains. 82 
 
 Donald C. Thompson with three of Colonel Hurd's orderlies 83 
 
 Waiting to be put on board the evacuation train ... 84 
 
 The Sister of Mercy in charge of the evacuation train . . 85 
 
 After a gas attack — to combat which they had no gas masks 86 
 
 In tents such as this the slightly gassed were treated . . 87 
 
 A typical Austrian prisoner 88 
 
 Florence MacLeod Harper, staff war correspondent for 
 
 Lcs/jc'j fKefi^/)', as a nurse in Russia 89 
 
 Patients and orderlies in front of a typical field hospital. . go 
 
 WOMEN'S BATTALION 
 
 Someof the women soldiers in the Battalion of Death . . 91 
 
 Drilling the Battalion of Death 92 
 
 Mrs. Emmeline Pankhurst and Maria Bochkarieva . 93 
 
 Three peasant girls brought by their old father to volunteer 94 
 
Vlll 
 
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Their old father who had no sons to fight for Russia . . 95 
 A former street walker and a college professor's daughter as 
 
 comrades in arms 96 
 
 Some had uniforms and some had not 97 
 
 Drilling with and without equipment 98 
 
 A sergeant drilling two squads of women 99 
 
 Maria Bochkarieva was a strict disciplinarian .... 100 
 
 A section of the Battalion of Death at physical drill . . 101 
 
 The dinner squad of the Battalion of Death .... 102 
 
 Some of the women soldiers off duty 103 
 
 Maria Bochkarieva watching two of her girl soldiers wrestle 104 
 
 An early lesson in rifle practice 105 
 
 Women soldiers learning to shoot 106 
 
 After a month's training 107 
 
 Passing in review before Bochkarieva, their commanding 
 
 ofTicer 108 
 
 Men officers visiting and encouraging the women soldiers. 109 
 
 A group of the first to volunteer for the Battalion of Death 1 10 
 Maria Bochkarieva with a woman soldier friend who had 
 
 fought for two years 11 1 
 
 Types of those who enlisted in the women's battalions . 1 12 
 
 A Kronstadt sailor and his enlisting wife 113 
 
 Maria Bochkarieva and Florence Harper watching the wo- 
 men soldiers dance 114 
 
 The Battalion of Death having their banners blessed at the 
 
 Cathedral of St. Ysaaks 115 
 
 One of the men's Battalions of Death 116 
 
 The farewell mass for the Battalion of Death . . . 117 
 
 Captain Thompson and a nurse of the Battalion of Death 1 18 
 The wounded back in Petrograd less than three weeks after 
 
 they started 119 
 
 KRONSTADT 
 
 The grave of six Kronstadt men 120 
 
 An officer's house after it had been shelled by the sailors. 121 
 
 The City Hall of Kronstadt in the hands of the mutineers. 122 
 
 The dock at Kronstadt 123 
 
 Kronstadt sailors marching in Petrograd 124 
 
 The great white and gold cathedral of Kronstadt ... 125 
 
 FUNERALS 
 
 Men who died in defense of the Provisional Government 126 
 Bolsheviki turning out in full force to honour their dead . 127 
 The American Ambassador waiting for a funeral proces- 
 sion to pass 128 
 
 CZAR 
 
 The former Czar and his son, the former Czarevitch . . 129 
 
 ORPHANED CHILDREN 
 
 A group of children orphaned by the Re\olution . . 130 
 
 Orphaned children learning to sew 131 
 
 The orphans forgetting their troubles in a swimming hole 132 
 
 JULY RIOTS AND FUNERALS 
 
 With German money whole families were paid to parade. 133 
 
 A Pro-German speaker hard at work 134 
 
 A loyal officer trying to counteract the German propaganda 135 
 Here are seen some of the banners which Lenine had had 
 
 made in Germany 136 
 
 Bolshevik agents preaching death, destruction, and 
 
 dishonour i^-j 
 
 The great Bolshevik parade 138 
 
 Typeof machine gun used by the Bolsheviki 139 
 
 A typical crowd in front of the Winter Palace .... 140 
 
 An ambulance picking up dead and wounded .... 141 
 
 Some of those killed in street fighting 142 
 
 Rival parades in conflict 143 
 
 Cossack regiments brought from the front to restore order 144 
 
 A small Cossack patrol in the Ne\sk Prospekt ... 145 
 
 A typical slovenly Bolshevik parade 146 
 
 A typical loyal parade in good marching order. . . . 147 
 
 PAGE 
 
 An armoured car — the determining factor in the street 
 
 fighting 148 
 
 Kerensky reviewing a regiment of Cossacks 149 
 
 Indifferent crowds passing looted shops 130 
 
 The usual parades were resumed as soon as order was re- 
 stored 151 
 
 The great public funeral for the loyalists 152 
 
 Distinguished citizens joined in this memorial parade . 153 
 
 Priests marching in the memorial procession 154 
 
 Kerensky marching behind the coffin of one of the victims . 155 
 Priests in the gorgeous robes of the Greek church . . . 1 56 
 The American Ambassador, paying tribute to the dead 1 57 
 Red Cross representatives carrying wreaths to the ceme- 
 tery 158 
 
 Captain Thompson's truck 159 
 
 RETREATS, GAS ATTACKS, AND 
 "FRONT STUFF" 
 
 A loyal regiment forced to retreat 160 
 
 Russian machine gunners who held the enemy at bay 161 
 
 Members of a machine-gun corps who refused to retreat . 162 
 
 Russian gas tanks, stored in a forest, ready for removal [63 
 These men said the Germans were their brothers and would 
 
 no longer kill them 164 
 
 The Russian's primitive typeof gas mask 165 
 
 The result of their faith in their German "comrades" . . 166 
 
 They died frothing at the mouth and in intense agony , 167 
 
 Russian soldiers deserting first-line trenches 168 
 
 A disorganized hospital hut 169 
 
 In their panic they left their dead half buried .... 170 
 An assault battalion charging in a brave attempt to check 
 
 the German advance 171 
 
 A Russian shock battalion taking some German trenches. 172 
 Remnant of the shock battalion of which the last remain- 
 ing officer shot himself rather than retreat . . . . 173 
 
 MEN ON WIRE AND "FRONT STUFF" 
 
 Dying on the wire — the worst death of all 174 
 
 Captain Thompson with the officers and men of his party 175 
 
 An ingenious lookout iy6 
 
 A reserve regiment taking the place of one that had been 
 
 demoralized lyy 
 
 A bomb bursting on the edge of a wire entanglement . . 178 
 Advancing to the partially destroyed wire in skirmish for- 
 mation 179 
 
 Men of a shock battalion who had sworn to die attacking. 180 
 
 A Red Cross orderly killed by a German sniper ... 181 
 
 Their ammunition gone, they await the arrival of the enemy 182 
 
 A German prisoner lying to his captors 183 
 
 A shell bursting just in front of a shallow Russian trench. 184 
 
 Rifles collected by assault battalions 185 
 
 Cossacks rallying at Korniloff's call 186 
 
 BOLSHEVIKI RIOTS, ARMOURED CARS, 
 AND CROWDS 
 
 Workmen armed by Kerensky to defend Petrograd against 
 
 General Korniioff and his Cossacks 187 
 
 Armoured cars were again brought out to defend the city 188 
 
 Thesquareof the Winter Palace 189 
 
 As General Korniloff's army approached, ihe city was in a 
 
 turmoil 190 
 
 The Nevski Prospekt was again crowded by excited and 
 
 apprehensive people 191 
 
 The passion for street speaking and parading continued 192 
 Lenine and Trotzky, leaders of the Bolsheviki, placing 
 
 wreaths on the graves of their followers 193 
 
 Some of the early victims of the reign of anarchy . . . 194 
 
 Burial squads removing the revolutionary dead. ... 195 
 
 Officers of the troops in Petrograd 196 
 
 The funeral of a naval officer who was killed by some of his 
 
 men and buried by others with full military honours 197 
 
 Peasants celebrating the anniversary of the Revolution 198 
 
 Old peasant whose bees were made angry by German shells 199 
 
 Types of Russian soldiers 200 
 
BLOOD STAINED RUSSIA 
 

 
 
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THE BATTLE FLAG WHICH THE KAISER HAD PRESENTED TO THE 
 
 CAPTURED REGIMENT 
 
 This was a regiment that had been decorated with the iron cross by the Kaiser's own hand. He gave 
 the cross with its black and white ribbon for the battle flag in honour of the glorious deeds which this regi- 
 ment had performed in the sacking of Belgium. It wasn't often that any army of the Allies had the luck 
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jNL^DAME E. C. BRESHK0VSK\YA— "THE LITTLE GRANDMOTHER OF THE REVOLUTION" 
 
 That another revolution was coming, everyone knew. The people must be free. Among the many 
 who fought and suffered for the cause of freedom one of the finest and most famous was "the little grand- 
 mother of the revolution," Madame Breshkovskaya. She was exiled to Siberia by the Czar. There she 
 lived for many years, praying that liberty and enlightenment might some day come to her country. 
 
 18 
 
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POLICE BARRACKS CAPTURED AFTER A LIFE-AND-DEATH STRUGGLE 
 
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A TYPICAL MOUJIK SOLDIER 
 
 Millions of men of this type were willing to be taught. For months, all they heard was the German 
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 men. It is no wonder that in the end they were contaminated and led astray. 
 
 49 
 

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FEASANT WOMEN BRINGING THElll SICK CHILDREN TO THE AMERICAN DOCTOR 
 Every day the nurses would find peasant women with babies looking for Dr. Hurd. He was never 
 too busy to help them. It was the first time many of these people had even seen a doctor, much less been 
 treated by one. 
 
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LIEUTENANT-COLONEL MALCOLM C. GROW. A PHILADELPHL4 DOCTOR. 
 
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 87 
 
A TYPICAL AUSTRIAN PRISONER 
 
 This one comes from Meran. He could speak French, Italian, German, English, 
 and was learning Russian. The Austrians are not hated in Russia, the hatred is kept 
 for the Germans. 
 
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92 
 
]MES. E:MMELIXE PANKHIRST AND MARIA BOCHKARIEVA 
 Mrs. Emmeline Pankhurst, who had arrived in Russia in June, showed her appreciation of the won- 
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 Maria Bochkarieva. The latter, in turn, appreciated Mrs. Pankliurst's sympatlij-, and a warm friend- 
 ship sprang up between these two leaders of \\'omen 
 
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A XJiOXSTADT SAILOR AND HIS ENLISTING WIFE 
 
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 113 
 
MARL\ BOCHKARIEVA AND FLORENCE HARPER WATCHING 
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AN OFFICERS HOUSE AFTER IT HAD BEEN SHELLED BY THE SAILORS 
 
 Some of the officers took refuge in their homes. The sailors of Kronstadt, too cowardly to risk a hand- 
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 suffer an ignominious death. 
 
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 123 
 
imONSTADT SAILORS 1VL4ECHIXG IN PETROGEAD 
 
 These sailors, tlie most radical of all in their views, paraded in Petro^rad all during the summer of 
 1917. On these occasions they carried banners inscribed, "Down with the ten capitalist ministers!" 
 
 124 
 
THE GREAT WHITE AND GOLD CATHEDRAL OF KRONSTADT 
 
 At f(jur o'clock every afternoon the cathedral bell would toll, not to call the people to prayer, but to 
 call them to listen to the most radical speeches made b,y German agents, from the little wooden stand 
 in the foreground. Here, any afternoon, one could hear: "Stop the war, divide the land, seize the banks, 
 kill the bourgeoisie, let us make peace with Germany; she is our friend, England is our enemy, and 
 now America is becoming our enemy as well. America is governed by the capitalists, they have forced 
 the President to make war. etc., etc.," and there was no one there to contradict these lies. The people 
 of Kronstadt have been revolutionarv for manv vears. 
 
 125 
 

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128 
 
THE F0R:\IER czar and his SOX, THE FORMER CZAREVITCH 
 
 The presence of the former Czar at Tsarskoe-Selo was a source of constant worry to the Provisional 
 Government. They not only feared a reaction in favour of the monarchy, but also an uprising of the Bol- 
 sheviki, with the killing of the whole royal family. Accordingly, Kerensky decided to have them quietly 
 removed to Tobolsk, Siberia. So Colonel Nicholas Romanoff with his family, including the former Czare- 
 vitch Alexis Nicholaivitch, made the journey to Siberia, that journey upon which so many thousands of 
 political prisoners had been sent in his name. 
 
 129 
 
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138 
 
TYPE OF MACHINE GUN USED BY THE BOLSHEVIKI 
 
 The Bolslieviki had mounted their machine guns on trucks and automobiles and were shooting up the 
 town. This picture was taken later on in the afternoon at the headquarters of the Bolsheviki where they 
 were distributing these macjiine guns to their agents. 
 
 139 
 
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 142 
 
RIVAL PARADES IN CONFLICT 
 
 Tuesday was a day of violent excitement. Rival parades would meet and the paraders fight and scatter, 
 only to meet again a few blocks farther away and add to the ever-increasing list of casualties. 
 
 143 
 
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THE XEVSKI PROSPEKT, AGAIN CROWDED BY EXCITED AND APPREHENSIVE PEOPLE 
 
 Truckloads of Red Guards were riding from one end of the city to the other. Those who were in 
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OLD PEASANT WHOSE BEES WERE MADE ANGRY BY GERMAN SHELLS 
 
 If all Russians were as sensible as this old man, the history of their country might be different. He 
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 didn't move, his bees were used to that country. He found, however, that the German shell-fire upset them 
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 calm again. 
 
 199 
 
TYPES OF RUSSIAN SOLDIERS 
 
 (a) This man is educated and knows what duty means. Although exempt because of wounds, he 
 joined one of the first assault battalions. He marched off with his comrades in a vain effort to defend Riga, 
 where he was killed, (b) This man is a splendid type of the Russian Moujik soldier, (c) Same type as 
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 chance for every man. He can neither read nor write but he has common sense and is not an extremist, 
 (e) A young Cossack. The tuft of hair bunched out under his cap is called "the love lock " Like 
 his comrades, he is a man of law and order, he will fight for them and he will die for them. From the few 
 Cossacks there are left, will come an influence that will be felt all over Russia. 
 
 THF, COUNTRY LTPE PRESS, GARDEN CITY, NEW YORK 
 
 
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