u Qass Tl | ) Book ."K£4 L tit. GPO AN INDEX OF DATES. COMPREHENDING THE PE1NCIPAL FACTS IN THE CHRONOLOGY AND HIS- TORY OF THE WORLD, FROM THE EARLIEST TO THE PRESENT TIME. / A l? ALPHABETICALLY AKKANGED. BEING A COMPLETE INDEX TO THE ENLARGED EDITION OP BLAIR'S CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES. BY J. WILLOTJGHBY ROSSE. IN TWO V YOL. I. X— J. ^g OCT 20 1899 m LONDON: GEORGE BELL & SONS, YORK ST., CO VENT GARDEN, AND NEW YORK. 1892. Uii LONDON : EEPBINTED FBOM THE STEREOTYPE PLATES BY TO. CLOWES & SONS, LTD., STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS. Transfer NOV 10 ; ii25 \ r R E F A C E. This Index is intended as a companion to the Chronological Tables, published by Mr. Bohn in 1856, and was announced in the Preface to that volume. To render it as complete as possible, it has been thought desirable to introduce many- additional details, for which the ' Tables' afforded neither opportunity nor space. Among these will be found the origin of countries, states, dynasties, and eminent families ; synop- tical views of the succession of sovereigns, and of public functionaries, civil and ecclesiastical ; together with many supplementary notices of battles, sieges, shipwrecks, eruptions, fires, floods, and other events, which had not found a place under their respective dates. The authorities for the facts and dates have been generally stated in the Preface to the ' Chronological Tables,' to which few of importance have been added, excepting some government publications, especially the Liber Munerum Pub- licorum Hibernw, which, for all that concerns the official lists of Ireland, is invaluable. The labour of collecting, investigating, and arranging such a mass of materials as are compressed into this Index, and the time required to read it through the press with sufficient care, have retarded its completion considerably beyond the period IV PBEFACE. originally contemplated. It has therefore been determined to publish as much of it as is ready — about one-half — without further delay. The remainder is fast advancing, and will follow, it is expected, in the course of the year. December 28, 1857 INDEX OF DATES. The Dates before the Christian Era are denoted by B.C. ; where a series of such dates occur under one name, this prefix is not repeated ; all other dates are those of the Christian Era. B. before a date signifies according to Bunsen ; CI. Clinton ; H. Hales ; L. Leptius ; and La. Layard. ABB Aahmes, queen of Egypt, B.C. 1638 (B. and L.). See Abmats, b.c. 1490. Aargau, dissension in Switzerland re- ap*- he convents of, 1844. Aaj te Prussians defeated at, May 31. 184i>. Aabon, b. B.C. 1574 (1731 H.; 1708 C.) —made high priest, 1490— d. 1451 (1608 H. ; 1585 C.) Abas, king of Sicyon, b.c. 1384 (1353 C.) Abba Salama, or Fremonatos, the Abys- sinian name of Frumentius, 329. Abbas the Great, sultan of Persia, defeats the Turks and takes Van, 1585— dies, 1628. Abbas, uncle of Mohammed. See Abbas- sides. Abbas Pasha, viceroy of Egypt, 1848 — invested by the sultan, Jan. 12, 1849 — contracts with Mr. Stephenson fur a railway from Alexandria to Cairo, July 12, 1851. Abbassides, origin of the ; black is adopted as their colour, 746 — Abul-Abbas, or SafFah, is their leader, 747 — their dy- nasty established, 750— extinguished by the Mongol Hulagou, 1258. Abbeville, treaty of, between Henry III. of England and Louis IX. of France, 1259. Abbeys, foundation of, see under their re- spective heads. Abbo, founds and endows the monastery of Novalesa, at the foot of Mount Cenis, 739. Abbo, a monk and astronomer, d. 1003. Abbot, George, archbishop of Canter bury, 1610, d. 1633. Abbott, Charles, b. 1757— Speaker of the House of Commons, Feb. 10, 1802 — speaks (in committee) against the Ca- tholic claims, 1813 — resigns the speaker- ahip, and is created a peer, 1817. See I COLCHBSTEB, LORD. ABD Abbott, Charles, b, 1762— appointed chief- justice, 1818 — created a peer. See Tkn- terden, Lord. Abbruzzo, a Neapolitan province, receives Alfonso as king of Naples, 1436. Abdallah, son of Said, appointed to go- vern Egypt, 644— advances from Egypt into Roman Africa, 647. Abdallah, son of Zobeir, proclaimed caliph at Medina, 680— still supported by a powerful party, 684— taken prisoner, 686— d. 692. Abdallah, son of Musa, succeeds him in Spain, 714. Abdallah, succeeds as caliph in Spain, 888 — his sons rebel, 889— supported by his son, Abderahman, 892—894 — main- tains peace with Alfonso III. of Spain, 900 — sends an embassy to him, 901 — un- popular in consequence, 902 — puts his son Alcasim to death, 902 — d. 912. Abdallah Mohamad, Saracen king in Spain, deposes Abulmelic, king of Mur- cia, 1224 — succeeded by Abulola, 1227. Abdallah el Zagal, obtains the crown of Granada, 1484— is defeated by Ferdi- nand of Spain, 1486— gives up his terri- tories, and retires to an estate allotted to him, 1490. Abdallah, son of Abderahman I., con- spires against his brother, the caliph Hixem, 788 — surrenders Toledo, and is reconciled to him, 789— conspires against his nephew, Al Hakem, when Toledo de- clares in his favour, 797 — defeated and driven into Muicia and Valencia, 799 — capitulates, and retires to Tangier, 800 — endeavours to raise another rebellion, submits, and is pardoned, 821. Abdallah, son of Abderahman III., con- spires against his father, and is put to death, 949. Abdalmklik, caliph, 685 — his treaty with Justinian II., 686 — defeats and kill* ABD ABD Araron, 688 — as also Musab, 690— reco- vers Persia, 691 — undisputed caliph, 692 — coins the first Arabian money, 695 — d. 705. See Arabia, caliphs of. Abdarehamak, son of Caled, poisoned in Syria, 666 Abdarrhaman, son of Mohammad, rebels at Bassorah, is defeated, and kills him- self, 701. Abdelaziz, son of Musa, makes a treaty with Theodemir of Murcia, and marries Egilona, widow of Roderic, 713— com- mands in Spain, 714 — assassinated at Cordova, 716. Abdelhamid, Gen. of the Saracens, taken prisoner, and his army cut to pieces, 885. Abd el Kader, maintains war with the French in Algeria — Mar. Clauzel sent against him, 1835 — continues his incur- sions, 1843 — is abandoned by his men, 1844 — instigates the Kabyles to attack the French, 1845— surrenders, 1847 — is ' set at liberty by Louis Napoleon, 1852 — arrives at the residence assigned to him, Boursa, in Asia Minor, 1853. Abdelmelic, son of Almansor of Toledo, kills Calib in single combat, 979 — de- feats Zeir Ben Atia, 997— succeeds to his father's offices, and defeats the Chris- tians at Lerida, 1003 — his defeat and death, 1008. Abdelmelik, successor of Abderahman, remains inactive in Spain, 732 — put to death at Cordova, 743. Abdelmumen, succeeds El Mehedi as chief of the Almohades, 1129 — totally defeats Taxfin in Africa, 1144 — takes Morocco, and sends an army into Spain, 1145 — makes conquests in Africa, 1151 — takes Tunis, 1158 — passes over from Africa to Spain, 1160— d. 1163. Abdera, a town of Thrace, built b.c. 654 — birth-place of Protagoras, 470— and of Democritus, 460. Abderahman Ben Moawiyah, escapes from the massacre of the Ommiades, into the valleys of Mount Atlas, 750 — chosen ruler by the Saracens in Spain, 754 —lands there, defeats Yussef and Saraail at Musara, takes Cordova, and is acknowledged king. See Abderah- man I. Abderahman I., caliph of Spain, 755 — compels Yussef and Sama.il to a peace, which the former soon breaks — birth of his son Hixem, 756— invites his friends from Syria and Egypt,gives them honour- able appointments, and makes Cordova his capital — Samail enters into his ser- vice, but Yussef still persists in rebel- lion, 757 — gives a letter of protection to the Christians in Spain, and fixes an annual tribute to be paid by tb em— de- feats Yussef, who is slain, and puts Sa- mail to death, 758— recovers Toledo and Seville from Yussef 's sons, 759 -subdues the rebel, Hixem Ben Adra, at Toledo, 760— defeats an African expedition sent against him, and kills AH, the com- mander, 762— again recovers Toledo from insurgents, 765— receives tribute from Aurelius, kiug of the Goths, 769— fits out a fleet, and appoints an admiral to guard his coasts, 772— provides for the education of his sons, and institutes academies of learned men, 773— still dis- turbed by his rebellious subjects, 782— gains a victory over them at Castalona, 784— in a progress through Spain, build;! and endows mosques, 785 — builds the great mosque and court of justice at Cor- dova (Aljama), 786— d. 787. Abderahman II„ son of Al Hakem I., de- livers Tortosa, 808— proclaimed as his father's vicegerent and successor, 815 — called from war with the Franks on the Ebro to Cordova by his father's illness, 820— succeeds as caliph, and quells the rebellion of Abdallah, 821— takes Barce- lona and Urgel, 822— receives an em- bassy, and a proposal of alliance from the emperor Michael, 823— establishes schools, constructs public works, and pa- tronizes the learned, 826— revolt of Me- rida, 827— quelled ; Toledo revolts, 828 —and Merida again, 831 — he defeats the rebels, 832, 833 — and finally subdues them, 834— is invited by Theophilus to assist him against Al Motassem, 839 — fits out a fleet to protect Cadiz and Se- ville against the Danes, 844 — relieves the distress caused by a great drought In Spain, 847— paves Cordova, builds pa- laces there, and punishes Christians who speak against Mahomet, 850— d. 852. Abderahman III., caliph of Spain, 912— equips a fleet against the African pirates —obtains Saragossa, 917— overcomes the Christians of Leon and Castille, in the valley of Junquera, 921 — obtains Toledo from Giafar Ben Hafsun,927 — assists the Edrisites in Fez, 929— occupies Ceuta and Tangier, 930— is proclaimed king at Fez, 931 — builds his magnificent pa- lace of Azahra, 936--said by Arabian writers to have gained a victory at Al- handic, and captured Zamora,938 (doubt- ful) — makes a five years' truce with Ramiro, 941 — improves the harbour of Tortosa, 944 — puts his son Abdallah to death for a conspiracy, and renews his attempt to conquer Fez, 949— assists to restore Sancho 1. to the throne of Leon, 957— d. 961. Abderahman IV., caliph of Spain, opposed by Alcasim, 1017 — withstands the Afri- ABE 3 ABI can Moors in Valencia, 1019— is killed in battle near Granada, 1021. Abderahman V. Ben Hixkm, caliph of Spain, 1022 — assassinated, 1023. A bde rahman, a Saracen commander in Spain, 721— overcomes and slays Munusa at Cerdagne, 731 — defeated and slain by Cbarles Martel and Eudes, 732. Abderahman, son of the caliph Abdallah, leads the royal army against his brother, Muhamad, 892 — overcomes his rebel- lious brothers, 894. Abderahman brother of Abdelmelic, and son of Almansor, d. 1008. Abdilban, conspires with Abdallah against Abderahman III., and is put to death, 949. Abdon, Judge of Israel, b.c. 1165 (1232 H. ; 1212 C.) Abdul Ahmed, sultan of Turkey, 1774 — perseveres in war with the Russians ; submits to the treaty of Kntchuk Kai- nardji, July 21— d. April 7, 1789. Abdul Medjid, sultan of Turkey, June 30, 1839 — by a firman, admits Christians to office in Turkey, Jan. 8, 1849 — invests Abbas Pasha with the viceroyalty of Egypt, Jan. 12 — encouraged by England and France to resist the demands of Rus- sia, Oct. 3, 1849— his propositions accept- ed by Nicholas, Dec. 19 — forbids the con- struction of a railway from Alexandria to Cairo, Sept. 4, 1851 — grants a firman for it, Nov. 4— agrees to a treaty with France for the protection of the Holy Places in Palestine, Feb, 13, 1852 — dismisses, and soon after recalls, Res- chid Pasha, Jan. — March — issues a fir- man for the rights of the* Greek and Latin churches in Palestine, May 4, 1853 — protests against the Russian occupa- tion of the principalities, July 14 — decides on war against, Russia, Sept. 18 — invites the British and French fleets to enter the Dardanelles, Oct. 8 — enters into a treaty of allianqp with England and France, March 13, 1854 — places Christians on an equality with Moham- medans, Jan. 26, 1856— joins with his allies in the Treaty of Peace, Apr. 27. Abel, assassinates his brother, Erik IV., king of Denmark, and usurps the throne, 1250— falls in battle against the North Frisians, 1252. Abelard, builds the convent of Paraclete, of which his mistress, Heloise, is ap- pointed abbess (see Heloise), 1121 — accused of heresy at the council of Soissons, and condemned to burn his writings, 1122 — controversy with Ber- nard, 1125— his doctrines condemned by the council of Sens, 1140 — d., and is bu- ried in the monastery of Paraclete, 1142. Aben Abed, k. of Seville, takes Murcia, 1078— captures his revolted vizir, Aben Omar, and executes him, 1085. Aben Hud, Moorish k. in Spain, takes Granada, 1232— murdered by his gene- rals, 1237. Aben Ishac Ben Omeya, gov. of Santa- rem, leagues with Ramiro, 935. Aben Omar, vizir of Aben Abed, king of Seville, conquers Malaga, and makes an alliance with Alfonso VI., king of Cas- tile, 1079— accused of treachery, takes refuge among the Christians, 1084 — cap- tured by Aben Abed and executed, 10535. Abergonway Castle, built 1282. Abbrcrombie, General, repulsed by the French at Ticonderoga, July 8, 1758. Abbrcrombie, Ralph, b. 1738 — defeats Tippoo Saib, 1792— takes Trinidad, 1797 — lands with a British army at the Helder, Aug. 27, 1799— succeeded in the command by the duke of York, Sept. 13 — lands with an army in Egypt, Mar. 8, 1801 — defeats the French at Alexandria, and falls mortally wounded, Mar. 21. Abercrombie, James, brings scurrilous publications for political purposes under the cognizance of the Commons, 1822 — chosen Speaker in opposition to Mr. Manners Sutton, Feb. 9, 1835 — resigns the office, May, 1839. Aberdeen, University of, founded, 1497. Aberdeen, Charles, earl of, lays the Household Book of James V. before the Society of Antiquaries, 1826— appointed foreign secretary, Jan. 1828 — resigns, Nov. 16, 1830 — becomes colonial secre- tary, Dec. 10, 1834— resigns, Apr. 8, 1835 — attempts, in vain, to form an adminis- tration, Feb. 22-27, 1851 — becomes the head of a coalition ministry, Dec. 128, 1852— resigns, Feb. 1, 1855. Abebnethy, John, an eminent surgeon and popular lecturer on medical sub- jects, d. 1831. Abgarus, k. of Osrhoene, submits to Se- verus, 199- -expelled by Caracalla, 216. Abijah, k. of Judah, b.o. 959-956. Abilene, a province of Judaea, placed under the jurisdiction of Agrippa, 53. Abilius. See Alexandria, bishops of. Abimelsch, Judge of Israel, b.c. 1236 (1311 11. j Abingdon, Lord, moves a resolution, that it is unconstitutional and illegal to raise troops by private subscriptions, Jan. 16, 1778. Abingdon, Mrs., the actress, d. 1815. Abtnuer, James Scarlett, Lord, attorney- general, 1829— created a peer and chief baron of the exchequer, 1834 — d. 1844. Abishua, Jewish high-priest, b.o. 1374 (1320 C.) b 3 ABU ACA Ablavius, consul of Rome, 331— praetorian prefect, put to death, 338. Abo, capital of Finland, built by Erik IX., king of Sweden, 1157— its university founded, 1640— peace concluded at, 1743. Abo, Samuel, usurps the throne of Hun- gary, 1041-44. Aboukir, a Turkish army routed at, by Bonaparte, July 24, 1799. See Nile, Battle of the. Abou Nokta, the Wahaby, plunders the towns of Yemen, 1804— surprised and killed by the Turk Sherif Hamoud, 1809. Abraham, birth of, B.C. 1993 (2153 H. : 2130 C.)— visits Egypt to buy corn, 1920 (•-077 H. ; 2031 C; about 1480 L)— res- cues Lot from the Assyrians, 1912 (2070 II.)— birth of Ishmael, 1910 (2044 C.)— birth of Isaac, 1896 (2053, H. ; 2030 C.) —death of Abraham, 1821 (1978 H. ; 1955 01) Abraham, Era of, begins Oct. 1, 2016 B.C.— To reduce it to the Christian era, sub- tract 2015 years and 3 months. Abraham, Heights of— Gen Wolfe defeats the French there, Sept. 13, 1759. Abrantes, Laura Junot, Duchess of, d. 1838. Absalom, rebellion of, B.C. 1023. Absimar. See Tiberius III., 698—705. Absolutists (partisans of Don Miguel, in Portugal), take arms, 1826 — are driveu into Spain, assisted by Ferdinand VII., but checked by a British auxiliary force. See Carlists. Abu Abdallah (or Boabdil), revolts against his father, Abul Hassan, 1482 — caken prisoner, but released, 1483 — con- tends with his uncle, Abdallah el Zagal, for the throne of Granada. 1484 — main- tains himself against Ferdinand of Spain, 1490 — surrenders Granada, and retires with a pension into Africa, 1492. Abu Ayub, or Suleiman, the Arabian his- torian, d. 909. Abu Beker, b. 571 — first caliph or succes- sor of Mohammed, sends an army into Syria, under Abu Obeidah and Caled, 632— d. Aug, 23, 634. See Arabia, ca- liphs of. A bu Bekir, ameer of Lamtuna, founds Mo- rocco, 1069. Abu Jusef, k. of the Merines, assists the k. of Granada against the Christians, 1275— truce with Alfonso X. of Castile, 1276— J. 1285. Abu Jyub, Ayub, or Job, killed in the attack on Constantinople, 66S. Abul Abbas, or Safkah (descendant of Mohammed's uncle. Abbas) emerges from obscurity and claims the caliphate, 746 — leader of the Abbassides, 747— ca- liph, 750— d. 754. See Arabia, caliphs of. Abulfaraji Ali, hist, of the Omeyan ca- liphs, d. 967. Abulfeda Ismail, prince of Ilamah, Arab, hist, and geog., d. 1331. Abul Hassan, king of Granada, 1466 — re- fuses tribute, and renews the war with Castile, 1478 — revolt of his son, Abu Abdallah, 1482 — raises the siege of Loxa, 1483 — resigns the crown to his brother. Abdallah el Zagal, 1484. Abulkatur, or Husam, a Saracen com- mander in Spain, 743. Abulmblic, after a reign of eight months in Murcia, is deposed by Abdallah Mo- hamad, 1224. Abulola, Moorish king in Spain, 1227 — retires into Africa, and d. 1232. Abulpharagjus, primate of the Jacobite Church, and hist.— d. 1286. Abul Walid, deposes his uncle, Nazar, and becomes king of Granada, 1313 — slain in a revolt, 1325. Abundant lus, consul of Rome, 393 — ba- nished, 396. Abu Obeidah, b. 581 — leads an army into Syria, reduces Anbar and Hira, 632 — lays siege to Emesa, 635— d. 639. Abu Said, kills Ismail, and usurps the throne of Granada, 1360— visits Peter of Castile to ask his friendship, and is treacherously slain by him, 1362. Abu Taher, the Carmathian leader, plun- ders Mecca, and massacres the pilgrims, 929. Abydos. a Milesian colony, founded B.o. 715— the Athenian fleet driven from, by Antalcidas, 388. ABYSSiNiA,Peter Covilham detained there, 1469 — expulsion of the Portuguese, 1632. See Bruce. Abyssinian Era. The same as the later Mundane Era of Alexandria, which See. Abyssinians, Frurnentius preaches Chris- tianity to them, 329— Justinian leagues with them, 531 — request the assistance of the Portuguese in India against the Mohammedans, 1508 — are referred to Lisbon, 1509 — detain Rodrigo de Lima, the Portuguese ambassador, 1520. Acacius, bp. ofCsesarea, 340— contest with Cyril of Jerusalem, 357. Acacius, bp. of Antioch, 458 — of Constan- tinople, 471 — excommunicates Felix III. bp. of Rome, 484— d. 489. Academie Francaise, founded, 1635. Academie des Sciences, founded. 1666. Academie des Inscriptions, founded, 1663, Academies of learned men, instituted by Abderahman I„ 773 — founded at Home, Florence, and other cities, 1470. Academcs, grove and school of Plato, B.c 374 — continued by Speusippus, 347. Academy of Berlin, 1702. AC It ACH Academy Delia Crusca, originated at Flo- rence, 1582. Acadhmy of Music, at Paris, founded, 1672. Academy, Royal, of the Fine Arts, in Lon- don, founded, 1768— of Music. 1823. Academy of Sciences, at Petersburg, founded, by Katharine I., 1725. Acanthus, a city of Greece, founded, B.C. 654. Acapulco Galleon. See Anson. Acaenania, part of Epirus, attacked by the Athenians, B.C. 454 — again, 426— by the Lacedaemonians, 391 — submits to them, 390 — occupied by an Athenian army to oppose Philip of Macedon, 343. Acastus, Athenian archon, B.C. 1024. Acca, bp. of Hagulstad, or Hexham, 710 —expelled, 733— d. 737. Acca, daughter of iElla, married to Ethel- frid ; unites Deira to Bernicia, 588. Accession, Hanoverian, Aug. 1, 1714. See Geokge I. Accho. See Ptolemais. Acciaiuoli, Antonio, duke of Athens, 1394 — d. 1435. Acciaiuoli, Nerio, gov. of Corinth, ob- tains possession of Athens and Thebes, 1386 — made duke of Athens ; d. soon after, 1394. Acciaiuoli, Nicolo, a Florentine banker, acquires lands in the Morea, 1334 — prime minister to Katharine of Valois, 1339 - returns from the Morea to Italy, 1341 — hereditary grand-marshal of Naples, and count of Amalfi, 1348 — conquers a large part of Sicily for the king of Naples, 1354 — raises the siege of Catania, and returns to Naples, 1357 — the barony of Corinth is granted to him, 1358— d. 1365. Accius. See Attius. Accounts, Commission of, established, 1780. Acenchebes, king of Egypt, B.C. 1549. Acebba, the Count of, put to death in Si- cily, 1196. Acestoeides, Athenian archon, B.C. 504, 474. Achjean League revived, B.C. 280— joined by other cities, 276 — Marcus of Cerynea praetor, 255 — Sicyon joins, 251 — Aratus praetor, 245 — joined by Corinth, Megara, and other states, 243 — supported by An- tigonus Doson, and joined by Athens, 229 — at war with Lacedeemon, 227 — Ar- gos rejoins, 195 — Sparta joins, 192 — Pto- lemy Epiphanes, of Egypt, renews his alliance, 187 — attempt to revive the League, 149— broken up by the Romans, 146. See Acheans. Achjbans, found (Jrotona and Locri, in Italy, B.C. 710 — are assisted against the jEtolians by Agis IV. of Lacedsemon, 241 — support the ^Etolians against De- metrius II., king of Macedon, 239 — call upon Antigonus Doson to assist them against Cleomenes III., 223 — Timo- xenus praetor, 221 — defeated by the ^Etolians, at Caphyse, 220 — a Roman fleet co-operates against them, 208 — Phi- lopoemen praetor, 201 — detached from Philip by Flaminius, 198 — altercations with the Lacedaemonians, and embassy to Rome, 1S8 — to Egypt, 187— Lycorta's praetor, 182 — Polybius ambassador to Rome, 181 — alliance with Rome, 177 — Polybius commands their cavalry, 169 — a thousand hostages taken to Koine, 167 — fruitless embassy to solicit tlieir return, 155 — 300 restored, 151 — Diteus praetor, 149— quarrel with the Lacedae- monians, when Rome interferes, 148 — retire to Corinth before Metellus, 147 — defeated at Leucopetra by Mummius, and Corinth taken, 146. AchuEus, of liretria, tragic poet, b. B.C. 484. Ach^us, rebels in Lydia against Antio- chus, B.C. 216 — assisted by Attalus I., of Pergamus, 215 — overcome, and Sardis taken, 214. Achaia, a State in the Peloponnesus, said to have been founded by Achaeus (a fa- bulous person, C), B.C. 1080 — invaded by Epaminondas, 366. See Achaean League. Achaia, principality of, in the Morea, founded by William de Champlitte, 1203 — obtained by Geoffrey de Villehardouin the Younger, 1210— by Geoffrey II., 1218 — by his brother, William, 1246— con- quest of the Morea, 1248 — war with the emperor Michael, 1259 — three fortresses ceded to him, 1262 — betrothal of Isabella to Philip, son of Charles of Anjou, 1267 — death of William, 1277 — Isabella, princess, marries Florenz of Hainault, 1291 — Maud, their daugnter, and heiress of the principality, 1297. ' See Isabella and Maud, Katharine of Valois, regent, 1339. Achepsion. Athenian archon, B.C. 482. Achebbes, k. of Egypt, B.C. 1512. Achillas. See Alexandria, bishops of. Achilles, statue of, placed in Hyde Park, J line 18, 1822. Achilleus, revolts in Egypt against Dio- cletian, 297. Achilli prosecutes the Rev. J. H. New- man for a libel, 1852— defendant con- victed and fined, Jan. 31, 1853. Achmed I., sultan of the Ottomans, 1603 -1617. Achmed II., sultan of the Ottomans, 1691 -1695. Achmkd III., sultan of the Ottomans, 1703 declares war against Russia, 1710 — de- posed by the Janizaries, 1730. ADA ADD Achmet, son of Bajazet II., rejected by the Janizaries, 1511 — put to death, 1512. Acholius, bp. of Thessalonica, baptizes Theodosius, 380. Achobis, k. of Egypt, B.C. 1537. Achoris, k. of Egypt, B.C. 389 (Blair). Achulga, a Circassian fort, captured by the Russians, Aug. 29, 1849. Achyeona, a village near Nicomedia, where Constantine dies, May 22, 337. Ackermann, R., introduces lithography in London, 1817. Acrazanes, k. of Nineveh, or Assyria, b.c. 860. Acre (See Ptolemais), taken by Baldwin, k. of Jerusalem, 1104 — by Saladin, 1187 — besieged by Guy of Lusignan, 1189 — his army succoured by a fleet of Danes, Frisians and Flemings, 1190— the kings of England and France arrive, to whom the city surrenders, July 17, 1191 — given to the Knights Hospitallers, and called St. John d'Acre, 1193 — battle between the Genoese and Pisan fleets in the har- bour of, 1223 — Frederic II., emperor of Germany, lands, 1228 -the Genoese fleet defeated by the Venetians and Pisans, 1258 — Prince Edward of England lands, 1270 — drives Bibars from the siege of, 1271 — capture of the city by Chalil, May 18, 1291 — besieged by Bonaparte, March 18, 1799— defended by Sir Sidney Smith ; the siege raised, May 20 -taken by Ibra- him Pasha, 1832 — by the allied fleet, Nov. 3, 1840. ACRiaros, first king of Mycense, b.c. 1344 (1313, C ) Acropolis of Athens, the Greeks fail in an attempt to relieve the, 1827. Acropolita, George, the historian, chan- cellor to Theodore Lascaris II., 1254 — made prisoner by Manuel, despot of Epi- rus, 1256— released, 1259. Acrotatus, k. of Lacedsemon, B.C. 265 — falls in battle against Aristodemus, of Megalopolis, 264. Actium, battle of, Sept. 2, b.c. 31 . Aounha, Tristan d', visits Madagascar, 1507. Aoyndinus, consul of Rome, 340. Adair, Sir Robert, d. 1850. Adalard, abbot of Corvey, a grandson of Charles Martel, is counsellor and vice- gerent of Pepin, in Italy, 798— restored to his abbey, 821. Adalbert, son of Berenger, crowned with his father, king of Italy, Dec. 15, 950 — ou the d°feat of his father, escapes to Corsica, 964— returns to Lombardy, is defeated, and conceals himself in the mountains, 965. Adalbert 1., duke of Tuscany, acts for Carloman, 878— d. 890. Adalbert II., duke of Tuscany, conspires with Berenger against Arnulf, 896 — re- bels against Lambert, duke of Friuli, is made prisoner, released, and reinstated by Berenger, 898—d. 917. Adalbert III., duke of Tuscany, 1001-1014. Adalbert, archbp. of Bremen, favourite of Henry IV., emperor of Germany, 1063 —banished, 1066. Adalbert, brother-in-law of the emperor Henry II., prevented by him from ob- taining the archbishopric of Treves, 1008. Adalbert, bishop of Prague, killed in Prussia, 997. Adalwald, k. of Lombardy, 615—625. Adam, Adm. Sir Charles, governor of Greenwich Hospital, dies 1853. Adam, Gen. Sir Fred., dies, 1853. Adam, Mr., introduces the Begum charge against Warren Hastings, Apr. 15, 1788. Adam, Sir Philip Villers de l'lsle, grand- master of the Knights of Rhodes, 1521 — surrenders to the Turks, and retires into Sicily, 1522— visits Henry VIII., 1528. Adam, of Bremen, writes his History, 1063. Adamnan, abbot of lona, presents his book on the Holy Places, to Alfrid, k. of Nor- thumberland, 703. Adams, Gen. H. W. dies, 1855. Adams, John, American ambassador at the Hague, Apr. 19, 1782— presented to Geo. III., June 1, 1785 — vice-pres. of the U.S., Apr. 14, 1789 -pres., 1797— d. July 4, 1826. Adams, John Quincy, b. 1769 — pres. U.S., 1825— loses his re-election, 1828-d. 184S. Adams, Mr., calculates the elements of an unknown planet, 1845. See Neptune. Ad Autolycum. See Theophilus, bp. of Antioch. Adda, k. of Bernicia, part of Northum- berland, 560-567. Adda, a river in Italy — Odoacer defeated there, Aug. 11, 490, and the French, by Suvarof, May 27, 1799. Addington, Dr. Antony (father of Lord Sidmouth), d. 1790. Addington, Henry, b. 1757 — Speaker, June 8, 1789— becomes premier, Mar. 17, 1801 — created a peer. See Sidmouth, Lord. Addington, ministry, Mar. 17, 1801— joined by Tierney and Hobhouse, June, 1803 — opposed by Pitt and Fox, Apr. 16, 1804 — displaced, May 12. ADDrsoN, Joseph, b. 1672— Irish secretary, 1708— first performance of "Cato," Apr. 14, 1713 — secretary to the council of re- gency, 1714 — of state, 1717 — resigns, Mar. 14, 1718— d. June 17, 1719. " Additional Act," of Napoleon, June 1, 1815. ADI ADR Adela, wife of Baldwin IV„ count of Flanders, hospitably receives Emma, the widow of Canute, 1037. Adelaide, daughter of Rudolf II., ex-king of Italy, affianced to Lothaire, 938 — married, 947 — she remains in Pavia after the death of her husband, 950 — ill-treated by Berenger, solicits the protection cf Otho, the emperor, who rescues, and marries her, 951 — is crown- ed empress of the West, 962 — visits Rome, 981— d. 999. Adelaide, a Russian princess, widow of Otho, marquis of Brandenburg, married to the emperor Henry IV., 1089— ac- cuses him before the council of Con- stance, 1094. Adelaide, daughter of Robert, count of j Flanders, and widow of Roger, count of Sicily, guardian of her two sons, 1101 — marries Baldwin, k. of Jerusalem, 1113 Adelaide, of Sardinia, marries Enzio, natural son of the emperor, Frederic II., 1239. Adelaide, of Louvain, married to Henry I., of England, Feb. 2, 1121. Adelaide, of Saxe-Meiningen, marries the duke of Clarence, July 11, 1818— queen, 1830 — crowned, 1831 — visits Ger- many, July 5, 1834— d. Dec. 2, 1849. See Amelia. Adelard, Wm., a citizen of Ferrara, raises troops to relieve Ancona, 1174. Adelgiso, prince of Benevento, surprises the emperor Louis, and the empress Angilberga, 871 — saved by the pope, and the emperor Basil, from the venge- ance of Louis, 873 — defeated by the Sa- racens, 875. Adelgisus, son of Desiderius, k. of Lom- bardy — a marriage proposed for him with the daughter of Bertha, 770 — es- capes to Constantinople, 774 — claims the crown of Lombardy, 775 — totally de- feated, 788. Adelphi. See Terence Adelphius, Fl. consul of Rome, 451. Adelung, John Christopher, prof, at Leipzig, and librarian to Frederic Au- gustus III., elector of Saxony, 1787 — d. 1806. Aden, on the coast of Arabia, taken pos- session of, by a British force, 1839. Adeodatus, pope, 672—676. Adhebbal, defeats the consul Claudius, off Drepanum, bc 249. Adhebbal, expelled by Jugurtha from Numidia, B.C. 118 — restored by the Ro- man senate, 117 — killed by Jugurtha, 112. Adiabene, conquered by Sept. Severus, 195. Adimantus, Athenian archon, b.c. 477. Administrations, English. See the names of the respective premiers. Admiral, appointed by Abderahman I.. 772. Admibalty, droits of, inquiry into, refused. May 5, 1820. Ado, abp. of Vienne, 856— d. 875. Adolphus, or Ataulphus, k. of the Visi- goths, 410— leaves Italy for the south of Gaul, 412— overcomes Jovinus and Se- bastian, 413 — marries Placidia, and founds the Gothic kingdom iu Spain, 414 — assassinated at Barcelona by Sigeric 415. Adolphus, of Nassau, crowned k. of Ger- many, at Aix-la-Chapelle, June 24, 1292 —ally of Edward I., 1294— defeated and slain by Rudolf's son, Albert, 1298. Adolphus, Fred., duke of Holstein Got- torp, and bishop of Eutin, chosen suc- cessor to the throne of Sweden, 1743 — becomes king, 1751— d. Feb. 12, 1771. Adolphus, Fred., seventh son of Geo. III., b. Feb. 24, 1774. See Cambbidge, duke of. Adoptians, heresy of, 792. Adorno, Gabriel, doge of Genoa, 1363-^- deposed, 1370. Adorno, George, doge of Genoa, 1413. Adorno, Prospero, defeats a revolt in Ge- noa, 1477. Adosinda, sister of Aurelius, k. of the Goths in Spain, married to Silo, 771 — inaugurated, with her husband, at Ovi- edo, 774. Adrameles, or Sammughes, k. of Nineveh or Assyria, B.C. 687. Adbammelech I., k. of Nineveh or Assy- ria, b.c. 1000, La. Adbammelech II., k. of Nineveh or Assy- ria, B.C. 840, La. Adrastus, k. of Sicyou, b.c 1215 (1192 C.) Adrian. See Hadrian. Adrian IV., pope, 1154— quarrels with Frederic I., emperor, and burns Arnold of Brescia, 1155 — gives Ireland to Henry II., 1156 — asserts Germany to be a papal benefice, 1157 — puts a different interpre- tation on his letter, quarrels again, and d. 1159. Adrian V., pope, 1276. Adrian VI., pope, Jan. 19, 1522— d. Sept. 14, 1523. Adrianople, battle of, July 3, 323— taken by the Bulgarians, 813,914, 922— storm- ed by Frederic I., emperor of Germany. 1190— Baldwin I. made prisoner by the Bulgarians, 1205— taken by Theodore, emp. of Thessalonica, 1224— Koger di Flor assassinated, 1307 — taken by Amu- rath, and made his residence, 1361 — Charles XII. prisoner there, 1718— thi Russians advance to, 1829 — treaty con- cluded, Sept. 14. .EMI -2ET0 Adriatic, its shores plundered by the Ge- noese fleet, 1351. Adrymettum, council of, 1283. Adulis (now Arkeeko), a port on the Red i Sea, where Ptolemy Euergetes erected ! a statue, B.C. 225. Adventus, consul of Rome, 218. Advertisements, duty on, repealed, July 21, 1853. -Eaces, reinstated in Samos, B.C. 494. -Ebotas, Olympic victor, B.C. 756. -Edesius, pupil of Iamblichus, succeeds him in the chair of philosophy, 329— visited by Julian, and d. 355. JEdui, resist Caesar, B.C. 52. JEgje. See Philip II., of Macedon. JSgeus, k. of Athens, B.C. 1283 (1284 H.) -Egialeus, k. of Sicyon, B.C. 2089 (1S13 C.) -iEgidius, resists Ricimer, in Gaul, 461 — k. of the Franks, 462— defeats the Visi- goths, near Orleans, 463— d. 464. -Egina, war with Athens, B.C. 491— taken by the Athenians, 455— asylum of De- mosthenes, 324. -Egistheus, k. of Mycense, b.c. 1183. -Egospotamus, battle of, b.c. 405. -Egvdrus, k. of Sicyon, B.C. 1891. -Elia Capitolina, built, 131. ^Elian, the sophist, fl. 222. -Elianus, consul of Rome, 187. -Elianus, Cn. Papirius, consul of Rome, 184. -Elianus, L. Roscius, consul of Rome, 223. -'Elianus, Tactions, fl. 97. -Elius Spar ti anus (supposed to be the same as ./El. Lampridius and Vulcatius Gallicanus), writes his Augustan His- tory, 297. jElius Verus, adopted by Hadrian, 135 — receives the title of Csesar, 136 — d. Jan. 1, 138. -Ella lands in the south of Britain, 477 — lung of Sussex, 490 — takes Andreads- ceaster, 491 — first Bretwalda, 506. - 26 — ba- nished, 30— put to death, Sept. 17, 33. Agripp na, daughter of Germanicus, ii married to Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, 28— to Claudius, 49— prevails on him to adopt Nero as his successor ; founds Co- lonia Agrippina, 50— poisons Claudius, Oct. 13, 54 — courts Britannicus, 55 — murdered by Nero's order, Mar. 20, 59. Agrippina. See Cologne. Agrippinus, bp. of Alexandria, 168. Aguero and the insurgent Cubans defeat the Spanish troops, July 4, 1851 — their rebellion suppressed, Sept. 1. Aguesseau, D', chancellor of France, d. 1751. Agyrrhius, replaces Thrasybulus, B.C. 389. Ahab, k. of Israel, b.c. 919— slain, 896. Ahala, C. Servilius, consul of Rome, B.C. 478. Ahala, Q. Servilius, consul of Rome b.c. 342. Ahala, C. Servilius Struct., murders Sp. Mselins, b.c. 439— exiled, 438— consul, 427— military tribune III., 402. Ahala, Q. Servilius, consul of Rome, b.c. 365, 362. Ahasuerus. See Artaxerxes, b.c. 462. Ahaz, k. of Judah, b.c. 741—726. Ahaziah, k. ot Israel, b.c. 896. Ahaziah, k. of Judah, b.c. 886. Ahenobarbus, Cn. Domitius, consul of Rome, B.C. 192. Ahenobarbus, Cn. Domitius, consul, b.c. 162. Ahenobarbus, Cn. Domitius, consul, B.C. 122— defeats the Arverni, 121. Ahenobarbus, Cn. Domitius, consul, b.c 96. Ahenobarbus, Cn. Domitius, marries Agrippina, daughter of Germanicus, 28 — consul, 32. Ahenobarbus, L. Domitius, consul of Rome, b.c. 94. Ahenobarbus, L. Domitius, consul of Rome, b.c. 54. Ahenobarbus, L. Domitius, consul of Rome, b.c. 16. Ahimaaz, Jewish high priest, B.C. 990. Ahmed, Mohammedan k. of Saragossa, slain by Alfonso VII., k. of Castile, 1109. Ahmed, the Turk, establishes the office of Emir al Omra, at Bagdad, 944. Ahmed Ben Gehaf betrays Valencia to the Almoravides, 1092— burnt alive, 1094. Ahmednuggur, captured by Sir Arthur Wellesley, Aug. 12, 1803. Aidan, bp. of Lindisfarne or Holy Island, 635— d. 650. Aigues Mortes, interview of Charles V. and Francis I. at, 1538. Aiguillon, due d', tried by the parliament of Paris, 1770. Aikin, Arthur, d. 1854. Aikin, Dr. John, d. 1822. ALA 12 ALB Ailesbury, earl of, d. 1856. Ailly, Peter d', abp. of C&mbray, and chancellor of the university of Paris, urges, at the Council of Constance, the reforms recommended by the university, 1414— d. 1425. Aimoin, the monk-historian of France,, d. 1008. Aimon, the Pacific, count of Savoy, 1329, Ainsworth, W. H., b. 1805. Aire, taken by the allies, Nov. 9, 1710. Aislabie, chancellor of the exchequer, im- plicated in the South Sea fraud, resigns his office, 1721. Aix, the first Roman colony in Gaul (Aqusa Sextise), founded by C. Sextius Calvius, B.C. 122— defeat of the Teutones, 102— treaty between Aragon and France, 1291 — massacre of royalists, 1791. Aix, the Isle of. taken. Sept. 23, 1757. Aix-la-Chapelle, enriched with mosaics and marbles from Ravenna, 784— Char- lemagne makes it his capital, 795 — council of, 809 — diet of, 831 — plundered by the Danes, 851 — council of, 862 — Henry, son of Conrad II., crowned, 1028 — diet of, 1099 — Frederic II., crowned, 1215— William, count of Holland, 1247- Richard, earl of Cornwall, 1257- — Rudolf of Habsburg, 1276 -Adolphus of Nas- sau, June 24, 1292 — Albert of Austria, 1298— Sigismund, 1414 — Albert II., of Austria, 1438 — peace between Fiance and Spain, May 2, 1668 — negotiations commenced, 1747 — cessation of hostili- ties proclaimed, Aug. 10 ; peace con- cluded, Oct. 7, 1748 — congress, Sept. 9 to Nov. 22, 1818. A jnadin, battle of; Heraclius defeated by the Saracens, 633. Ajo, duke of Reneventum, slain in battle against the Sclavonians, 642. Akbah, or Okbah, sent to conquer Africa, 665— defeats the exarch, Gregory, and penetrates into Mauritania, 667— founds Cairoan, 670. Akbar Khan, joins the Afghan insurgents, Nov. 25, 1841 — invites Sir Win. M'- Naghten to an interview, and assassi- nates him, Dec. 25 — massacres the Bri- tish in their retreat, Jan. 1842— restores Lady Sale and other captives, Sept. 21. Akenside, Mark, b. 1721 — d. 1770. Akerman, taken by Potemkin, 1789 — treaty between Russia and Turkey, 1827. Alabama, twenty-first State of the Ame- rican Union, 1819. Alachis, duke of Trent and Brescia, rebels against Cunibert. and falls in battle, 690. Alaeddin, sultan of Iconium, 1222 — gives a settlement for 400 families of Oghusian Tartars in Asia Minor, 1231 — poisoned by his son, 1236. Alaeddin II., last of the Seljukian sul- tans, 1297. Alaftas, k. of Badajos, repels Alfonso VI., of Castile, from Toledo, 1081. Alahman. See Muhamad and Ytjsef. Alalia, founded, in Cyrnos (Corsica), by the Phocseans, B.C. 564. Al Amin, caliph, 809 — dethroned by his brother, Al Mamun, 813. See Arabia, caliphs of. Alamundarus defeats Belisarius, 531. Alan, son of Mathuedoi, regent of Bri- tanny, takes refuge in England, 913 — returns, 931 — is established in Britanny by Athelstan, 937. Aland, the Isles of, taken by the czar Peter, 1714 — conquered again by Russia, 1809— occupied by the allied fleets, 1854. Alani, invade Parthi'a, 75 — enter Spain, through Gaul, and establish a kingdom for themselves, 409 — attacked by Wal- lia, 417 — overcome by the Vandals, 419. Alarcos, battle of, July 19, 1195. Alaric, leader of the Visigoths, 382 — as- sists Theodosius against Eugenius, 393— plunders Thessaly, 395 — takes Athens, 396— overcome by Stilicho, retires into Epirus, 397 — master-general of Eastern lllyiicum, and k. of the Visigoths 398 — enters Italy, 400 — advances, 402 — de- feated at Pollentia and Verona, and leaves Italy, 403— returns and besieges Rome, 408 — receives a large ransom, and withdraws, takes Ostia, forms the second siege of Rome, and again spares the city 409 — after a third siege, takes Rome, Aug. 24, and marches to the south <>t Italy, where he dies, at Consentia, 410. Alaric II., k. of the Visigoths, 485 — con- tracted toTheudegotha, daughter of The- odoric, 495— legislates for his peopie, and employs Anianus to adapt the The- odosian code to his purpose ; war with Clovis ; Theodoric mediates. 506 — de- feated and slain, at Vougle, near Poitiers, 507. Alava, taken from Sancho VII., of Na- varre, by Alfonso VIII., of Castile, 1200. Alba, on the lake Fucinus. the prison or Syphax, B.c. 204 — of Perseus, 168— and of Bituitus, k. of the Arverni, 121. Alba. See Alva. Albaida, battle of; Musa defeated, 852. Albas, Mount, held by the Senones, b.c. 360. Albani, cardinal. See Clement XI., pope. Albania, near the Caspian Sea, winter- quarters of Heracliu; , 623. Albania, in Epirus. invaded by Robert Guiscard, 1081-1084 — conquered by Amurath I., 1387 — independent under Scanderbeg, 1443. See Scanderbeg. — ALB 13 ALB earthquake in, 1667— revolt of Ali Pasha in, 1820. Albanians, of Epirus, defeated by Andrc- nicus III., 1337 — under Scanderbeg, sup- port Ferdinand in Naples, 1461. Alban's, St., Abbey built by Offa, 793— battle of; the Lancastrians defeated, May 23, 1455 — they conquer in the se- cond battle, Feb. 17, 1461— borough dis- franchised, for bribery, 1852. Alban's, St., Hall, Oxford, founded, 1547. Albany, the duke of, brother of Robert, k. of Scotland, puts to death his nephew, Uavid, 1405— regent, 1406. Albany, John, duke of, escapes from his brother, J as. Ill , into England, 1479 — invades Scotland with an English army. 1482. Albany, duke of, l'egent of Scotland, 1514 — war against England, and truce, 1522 — killed at the battle of Pavia, Feb. 24, 1525. Albany, duchess of, natural daughter of the Pretender, d. 1789. Albategni, Arab, astron., observes the autumnal equinox, Sept. 19, 882. Albemarle, earl of, defeats David I., k. of Scotland, in the battle of the Standard, Aug. 22, 1138. Albemaele, duke of, d. 1670. See Monk. Albemarle, lord, commanding part of prince Eugene's army, defeated by Vil- lars, at Denain, July 24, 1712. Albemarle, lord, and admiral Pococke, conquer the island of Cuba, 1762. Alberada, wife of Robert Guiscard, di- vorced, 1058. Alberche, a river of Spain ; battle near it. 832. Ai.bergati, Nicholas, cardinal, opens the council of Ferrara, Jan. 8, 1438. Alberia, daughter of Alfonso VIL, k. of Castile, married to Roger, count of Si- cily, 1120. Alberic, son of Marozia, expels her hus- band, Hugh, and governs Rome, 932 — they are reconciled, and he marries Alda, daughter of Hugh, 936 — again recon- ciled, 939— d. 954. Alberico, marquis of Camerino, first hus- band of Marozia. 925. Alberico, count of Tusculum, purchases the papal chair for his son, 1033. Alberoni, b. 1664 — prime minister hi Spain, 1714— intrigues against Great Britain, 1716 — fails in his attempt to prolong the war between the Turks and the empire, and in a plot against the duke of Orleans, 1718— dismissed, 1719 — d. 1751. Albert L, made duke of Austria, by his father, the emperor, Rudolf, 1282— re- jected as emperor by the nobles of Ger- many, 1291 — elected and crowned, Aug. 24, 1298 — oppresses the Swiss, 1304 — assassinated, 1308. Albert, of Mecklenburg, son of Magnus Smek's sister, invited by the Swedes, 1363— k. of Sweden, 1364-1389— defeats Haco VIII. of Norway, and takes his father prisoner, at Enkioping, 1365 — defeated by Margaret, at Falkioping, captured, and loses his crown, 1389. Albert the Younger, of Mecklenburg, son of Margaret's sister, aspires to the throne of Denmark, 1375. Albert, duke of Austria, assists Fran cisco da Carrara against Venice, 1373 Albert II., of Austria, marries Elizabeth, daughter of Sigismund, 1422 — k. of Hun- gary, Germany, and Bohemia, 1437 — crowned, and defeats Casimir of Poland, at Tabor, 1438 — his expedition against the Turks stopped by his sudden death, Oct. 27, 1439. Albkrt III., duke of Bavaria, 1550-1579. Albert of Brandenburg, Culmbach, Ten tonic grand-master in Prussia, 1512- - embraces Lutheranism, and becomes duke of Prussia, 1525 — marries the princess Dorothea, of Denmark, 1527 — is put to the ban of the empire, 1532 — d. 1568. Albert the Younger, margrave of Bran- denburg, defeated at Sievershausen, 1553. Albert, made by the pope marquis of Tus- cany, 1127. Albkrt, count of Biandrate, leads his cru- sade, 1100. Albert, brother of the emperor Frederic IV., rebels, 1460. Albert, archduke of Austria, surprises Calais. 1596 — marries Isabella, daughter of Philip II., who resigns the sovereignty of the Netherlands to them, 1598— de- feated by prince Maurice, 1600— besieges Ostend, 1601 — negotiates for peace, 1607 — unable to continue the war, he con- cludes a truce with the United Provinces, Mar. 30 (Apr. 9, n.s.), 1609— d. 1621. Albert, prince of Saxe-Coburg Gothn, b. Aug. 26, 1819— marries Queen Victoria Feb. 10, 1840— lays the first stone of the Infant Orphan Asylum, at Wanstead, 1841; and of the new Royal Exchange, Jan. 17, 1842— embarks at Woolwieh for Scotland ; returns, Sept. 17 ; embarks at Southampton, and visits Falmouth, Aug. 28. 1843 — visits the royal family <.f France, and lands again at Brighton, Sept. 9 — visits the king of the Belgians at Ostend, Sept. 13 — elected chancellor of Cambridge, Feb. 28, 1847— installed at Buckingham Palace, Mar. 25, and at Cambridge, July 6 — lays the first stone of the Grimsby docks, April 18, 1849— ALB 14 ALB opens the new Coal Exchange, London, Oct. 30 — lays the foundation stone of the Edinburgh National Academy, Aug. 30, 1850— promotes the Great Exhibition ; dinner at the Mansion House, Mar. 21 — at York, Oct. 25. 1850 — vindicated from false charges brought, against him, Jan., 1854 — visits Boulogne to meet the French emperor, Sept. 5 — visits Hull, and inspects the new works at Grimsby, Oct. 13; visits the emperor and empress at Paris, Aug. 18-27, 1855. Albert, a leader of the Parisian Commu- nists, arrested, May 15, 1848— condemned by the tribunal of Bourges to transpor- tation for life, April 2, 1849. Albert the Bear, created marg-ave of Brandenburg, 1142. Albert the Great, teaches at Cologne, 1249 - d. 1280. Albert Azzo of Canossa, protects Ade- laide, widow of Lothaire, 951— besieged by Berenger in Canossa, 953 — relieved by Otho, 956 — created count of Reggio and Modena, 962. Albert Azzo II., marries Cunegunda, sister of Guelph III., duke of Carinthia, 1047— d. 1097. Albigenses, heretics in the south of France, first persecuted as Manicheans, 1163 — crusade against, 1208— defeated by Simon de Montfort in the battle of Muret, 1213— close of the Crusade, 1229. Albinus, Sp. Postumius, consul of Rome, b.o 334. Albinus, Sp. Postumius, consul of Rome, b c. 321 ; surrounded by the Samnites at Caudium. Albinus, A. Postumius, consul of Rome, B.C. 242. Albinus, L. Postumius, consul of Rome, B.C. 234—229, II. Albinus, Sp. Postumius, consul of Rome, b.c. 186. Albinus, A. Postumius, consul of Rome, b.c. 180 — 151, IL, writes history in Greek. Albinus, L. Postumius, consul of Rome, b.c. 173. Albinus, L. Postumius, consul of Rome, b.c. 154. Albinus, Sp. Postumius, consul of Rome, b.c. 110 — commands in Africa, where he leaves the conduct of the war to his brother Aulus, who concludes a treaty with Jugurtha, not ratified by the senate, 109. Albinus, P., Roman gov. of Juc'jea, 63 — recalled, 64. Albinus, Clodius, gen. to Commodus, settles commotions in Dacia, 183— gov. of Britain, 192 — proclaimed emperor, 193— receives the title of Caesar, and is made consul, 194 — takes his forces into Gaul, 196— is defeated and slain by Severus at Lyons, Feb. 19, 197. Albinus, Nummius, consul of Romo, 206. Albinus, consuls of Rome of this name, 227, 246, 263, IL, 345, 444, 493. Albinus, Rufius, consul of Rome, 335. Albinus, the senator, put to death by The- odoric, 523. Albinus, Abbot of St. Augustin's, Canter- bury, friend of Bede, 709— d. 732. Albion mills, near Blackfriars bridge, destroyed by fire, Mar. 3, 1791. Albius. See Tibullus. Alboin, chief of the Longobardi, subdues the Gepidae, kills their king Cuni- mund, and marries his daughter Rosa- mund, 567 — invades Italy and founds the Kingdom of Lombardy, 568— takes Milan and conquers Liguria, 569— Pavia besieged, 570 — surrenders, 571 — grants to his chief captains lands and titles, 572 — murdered by Rosamund, 573. Alboin, a Saxon chief, submits to Charle- magne, and professes Christianity, 785. Albornoz, Cardinal, restores order in Rome, 1354— recalled to Avignon, 1357 — again legate at Rome, 1358 — Bologna given up to him, 1360— d. 1367. Albret, John D', in right of his wife Katharine De Foix, k. of Navarre, 1483 — expelled by Ferdinand, 1512— d. 1516. Albret, Henry D', son of John, allowed by Francis I. to retain Lower Navarre, with the title of king, 1516 — taken prisoner at Pavia, 1525— marries Margaret, sister of Francis, 1527— d. 1555. Albret, Jane D', daughter of Henry, mar- ried to Antony de Bourbon, 1548— her son Henry born, 1553— Queen of Lower Navarre, 1555— encourages the Refor- mers, 1562 — issues an edict in favour of Calvinism, 1567 — poisoned, June 10, 1572. Albuera, Alfonso V. of Portugal, de- feated, Feb. 24, 1479— John IL, king of Portugal, d. at, Sep. 14, 1495— battle of; Soult defeated by Beresford, May 16, 1811. Albuquerque, a Portuguese commander, discovers Zanzibar, 1503 — founds a settlement on Ormus, 1507— sends the Abyssinian envoy to Lisbon, 1509— su- perseded and d. 1515. Albuquerque, duke of, Spanish ambas- sador in London ; d. 1814. Albus, Aulus Postumius, consul of Rome, B.C. 496. Albus, Aulus Postumius, consul of Rome, B.C. 464. Albus, Sp. Postumius, consul of Rome, B.C. 466. Albus, Sp. Postumius, consul of Rome, B.C. 432. ALC 15 ALE Alcadir, k. of Valencia, slain, 1092. Alc^us I., Athenian archon, B.C. 537. Aloeus II., Athenian archon, B.C. 422. Alceus, the lyric poet, fl. B.C. 611— ba- nished by Pittacus, from Mitylene, 589. Alcsus of Messenia, poet, fl. B.C. 197. Alcala de Henares (olim Complutum), taken by the Moors, 1197 — Birth-place of Katharine, afterwards Qu. of England, 1485 — university founded, 1510 — Com- plutensian polygot, 1517 — Loyola studies there, 1526. Alcamenes, Agidan king of Lacedsenion, B.C. 783. Alcantara taken by the earl of Galway, 1706. Alcasim, put to death by his father Ab- dallah, 902. Alcasim, brother of Ali Ben Hamud, opposes Abderahman IV., 1017 — driven from Cordova by Yahye, 1019 — agrees to share the kingdom with him, 1020 — expelled by the people of Cordova and imprisoned by Yahye, 1021. Alcazarquivir, battle of, Sebastian of Por- tugal killed, 1578. Alcetas, king of Macedon, B.C. 572. Alchama or Alhaur, a Saracen commander in Spain, 718— defeated by Pelayo and slain, 719. Alcibiades, saved by Socrates, B.C. 429 — takes part in public affairs, 423— nego- tiates an alliance between Athens and Argos, 420 — leads an Athenian expedi- tion into the Peloponnesus, 419 — to Sicily ; recalled and takes refuge in Sparta, 415 — adviser of the Lacedaemo- nians ; 413 — negotiates an alliance be r tween them and Persia, 412 — recalled by the Athenians and placed at the head of the army in Samos, 411 — defeats the Lacedaemonians near Cyzicus, 410 — takes Selymbria and Byzantium, 408 — again banished, 407 — killed by Persian soldiers, 404. Alcide and Lys, two French frigates, cap- tured by admiral Boscawen, 1755. Alcisthenes, Athenian archon, B.C. 372. Alcmson, Athenian archon, b.c. 754. Alcman, the Lydian poet, fl. B.C. 671. Alcoba^a, royal sepulchre of Portugal. See Peter I. of Portugal, and Inez de Castro. Alcobriga, taken by Almansor, 987. Alcock, John, bishop of Ely, founds Jesus , college, Cambridge, 1496. Alcoran. See Koran and Mohammed. Alcoraza, defeat 01 the Mohammedans by the Cid, 1087. Alcred, king of Northumberland, 765 — ' expelled, 774. Alcuin, born, 735 — studies at York, 760 — teaches theology in England, 768- in- vited to France by Charlemagne, 782— writes against Felix of Urgel, and Eli- prand, abp. of Toledo, 794 — obtains the release of the Saxons from slavery, 796 — d. 804. Alda. See Alberic, 936. Aldermen first elected in London, 1242. Alderson, Amelia (afterwards Mrs. Opie), b. 1769— d. 1853. Aldhelm, abbot of Malmsbury, bishop of Sherborne, 703— d. 709. Aldred, bp. of Worcester, brings Edward, son of Edmund Ironside, from Cologne, 1054 — abp. of York, accompanied to home trv Tostig, earl of Northumberland, 1061 — d. 1069. Aldrovandino, marquis D'Este, 1212— d. 1215. Aldrovandino HI., marquis D'Este, 1352 — d. of the plague, 1361. Aldruda, countess of Bertinoro, relieves Ancona, 1174. See Adelard. Aldus Manutius sets up his press at Ve- nice, 1494. Aldwich, bp. of Sidnaceaster, 733. Aldwulf, k. of East Anglia, 664-713. Aldwulf, bp. of Rochester, 727. Al Edrisi, writes his Nubian geography, 1153. Alemanni. See Allemanni. Alembert, D', b. 1717 — commences the publication of the " Encyclop^die," 1751 — d. 1783. Alencon, duke D', taken prisoner, 1424 — revolts against Charles VII., 1440 — arrested, 1473. Alencon, Francis, duke D', joins the Hu- guenots, 1574 — created duke d' Anjou, 1578. See Anjou. Aleppo, the ancient Bercea, surrenders to the Mohammedans, 638 — attacked by Baldwin II., 1127 — taken by Saladin, 1193— sacked by Timour, 1400— battle of; Khansou Ghori, sultan of Egypt, de- feated and killed, 1516— plague at, 1797 — earthquakes at, 1822-1830 — massacre of the Christian inhabitants at, Oct. 16, 1850. See Ber great cruelty in quelling a sedition of the Jews, 86— d. 79. Alexander Severus, emperor (See Alex- ianus), succeeds Elagabalus, 222 — U guided by his mother Julia Mamsea, selects for his counsellors Ulpian, Julius Paulus and other eminent senators, 223 — marries Sulpitia Memmia, 225 — repairs the baths of Nero, thenceforth called Alexander's, 226— at Antioch prepares to resist the Persian demands by arms, 231 — after a campaign in Mesopotamia, without any decisive results, claims a victory, and returns to Antioch, 232 — celebrates a triumph at Rome, and dis- tributes money to the people, 233 — musters his forces in Gaul to repel the German invaders, 234 — murdered with Mama^a by his soldiers, Feb. 10, 235. Alexander, proclaimed by the army in Africa, 308 — plunders Carthage, and falls, 311. Alexander, brother of Leo VI. and col- league of Constantine X., emperor of the east, 911- d. 912. Alexander 1., k. of Scotland, 1107-1124. Alexander II., k. of Scotland, 1214 — marries Jane, daughter of k. John, 1221. Alexander III., k. of Scotland, 1249-1286 — his only child Margaret married tc Erik, k. of Norway, 1281. Alexander I., Newski, made grand duke of Russia by the Golden Horde, 1252 — intercedes with them for the people of Novogorod, d- on his journey homeward, 1263. Alexander II., grand duke of Russia, 1327 — offends the Golden Horde, and is ex- pelled, 1328. Alexander I., emperor of Russia, March 23, 1801 — concludes a friendly treaty with England, June 17 ; appoints the duke of Richelieu governor of Odessa, 1803 — urges the German states to de- mand satisfaction for the violation of the territory of Baden, May 7, 1804 — requires the French to evacuate Hanover and Naples, and make com- pensation to the k. of Sardinia, July 21 ; his ambassador leaves Paris, Aug. 28 ; joins the third coalition against France, April 11, 1805— War with Tur- key, 1806 — meets Napoleon at Tilsit, July 2, 1807 — breaks off all intercourse with Great Britain, Sep. 28 ; meets Na- poleon at Erfurt, Sep. 27, 1808 — offers to treat for peace, which England refuses, Oct. 12 ; alienated from Napoleon, 1809 —his contingent arrives too late to assist in the Austrian war; his army is de- ALE 17 ALE feated by the Turks near Silistria, Sep. 26 ; breaks up the continental system, admits colonial produce and excludes French manufactures, 1810— relaxes in his operations against Turkey, to collect his forces for war with France, 1811 ; (for the events of this war, see France and Russia) -makes peace with Turkey, May 28, 1812— visits the prince regent in London, June 7 ; departs, 27, 1814— persuaded by the baroness Valerie de Krudener to form the " Holy Alliance," Sep. 26, 1815 — obtains the duchy of Warsaw, calls it the kingdom of Poland, and gives it a new constitution, Nov. 27 ; prohibits almost all British manufac- tures, 1816 — establishes schools through- out Russia, 1817— visits Louis XVIII. Oct. 28, 1818 —convokes the Polish diet and closes the session abruptly, 1820— having no issue, he gives the succes- sion by a secret family treaty to his second brother Nicholas, 1822— recalls his ambassador from Madrid, 1823 - d. at Taganrog, Dec. 1, 1825. lexander II., emperor of Russia, March 2, 1855, adheres to the policy of Lis father Nicholas ; accepts the terms pro- posed as the basis of peace, and sends count Brunow to the congress of Paris, Feb. 16, 1856. Alexander, k. of Poland, 1501-1506. Alexander de' Medici, expelled with the family from Florence, 1527 — restored and made chief magistrate for life, 1530 — duke, 1532 — uses his power tyranni- cally, 1535 — assassinated, Jan. 6, 1537. Alexander Farnese, son of Octavius duke of Parma and Margaret of Austria, takes the command of the Spanish army in the Netherlands, 1578 — the ten southern provinces submit to him, 1579 — is joined by his mother in the govern- ment, 1580 — objects, and she retires ; he raises the siege of Cambray, 1581 — re- stores the authority of Philip in the ten provinces, 1583— besieges Antwerp, 1584 — reduces the garrison by famine, 1585 — succeeds his father as duke of Parma, his resignation of his command not ac- cepted, 1586— relieves Paris, 1590— and Rouen, 1591— d. at Arras, Dec. 2, 1592. Alexander, bp. of Rome, 109—119. Alexander II. (Anselmo da Badagio, bp. of Lucca), pope, elected without the imperial consent, 1061 — the papacy se- cured to him by Godfrey of Tuscany, par- dons the empress Agnes, 1062— d. 1073. Alexander III. (Rolando da Siena, chan- cellor of the church), pope, 1159— excom- municates the antipope Victor IV., and the emperor Frederic I., 1160 — acknow- ledged byHenry II. of England and Louis VII., 1161— escapes to France, 1162— he declares void all the acts of his opponents, and fixes his residence at Sens, 1163 — condemns the "Constitutions of Claren- don," 1164 — returns to Rome, 1165— his Sicilian auxiliaries defeated by the em- peror, 1167 — Alessandria named in honour of him, 1168— joins the Lom- bards against Frederic, rejects his pa- cific overtures, 1170 — inquires into Becket's death, 1171— meets the emperor at Venice, concludes a treaty of peace, 1177 — returns to Rome, allows the senate to remain, but subordinate to him, 1178 — urges a new crusade, 1180 — d. 1181. Alexander IV. (Rolando di Segna, bp. of Ostia), pope, 1254 — refuses to ratify the peace with Manfred, and offers Sicily to Edmund, son of Henry III. of England, 1255— condemns William de St. Amour's book against the Dominicans, 1256 — places Portugal under an interdict, 1257 — mediates a peace between Genoa, Ve- nice, and Pisa, 1258 — excommunicates Manfred, 1259 — dispenses Henry 111. from observing the "Provisions of Ox- ford," 1260-rf.May25, 1261. Alexander V. (Pietro FilHigo da Candia, abp. of Milan), pope, elected by the coun- cil of Pisa, and obeyed as the true pope by the greater part of Europe, 1409 — obtains possession of Rome, encourages Louis of Anjou to revive his claim to Naples, d. 1410. Alexander VI., pope (Rodrigo Borgia), 1492 — divides the New World between the Spaniards and the Portuguese, 1493 — quarrels with Ferdinand of Naples, 1493 — confines Zizini in St. Angelb, 1494 — leads a scandalous life ; makes a treaty with Charles VIII. of France; leagues against him ; retires to Perugia, 1495 — secularises church lands for a duchy for his son John, 1497 — creates his son Caesar, Duke of Romagna, and assists him to seize Faenza and other cities, 1501— d. 1503. Alexander VII. (Fabio Chigi), pope, Apr. 7, 1655 — aids the Venetians against the Turks, 1657— offended by the peace of the Pyrenees, 1659 — dissensions with Louis XIV. 1662-1663— he submits to all the demands of Louis, and hostilities are averted bv the treaty of Pisa, Feb. 12, 1664- d. May, 1667. Alexander VIII. (Pietro Ottoboni), pope, 1689— regains Avignon from Louis XIV., 1690— d. 1691. Alexander, bp. of Alexandria, 313 — calls the council against Arius, 321— attends the council of Nice, 325— d. 326. Alexander, first bp. of CP., 326-340. Alexander, bp. of Antiocb, 413—420: c ^ ALE 1! ALE Alexander, bp. of Jerusalem, founds a library there, 214 — martyred, 250. Alexander, Michael, a converted Jew Protestant bp. of Jerusalem, Nov. 7, : 1841, d. 1845. Alexander the iEtolian poet, patronised by Antigo'nus Gonatas, B.C. 272. Alexander Polyristor comes to Rome, B.C. 83. Alexander of Cotyleum, the Galatian sophist, Greek secretary to M. Aure- lius, 170. Alexander of Aphrodisias writes com- . mentaries on Aristotle, 200. "Alexander the Impostor," written by Lucian, 182. Alexandra, widow of Alexander Jannaeus, governs Judaea, b.c. 79— d. 70. Alexandra. See Lycophron, b.c. 360. Alexandria, founded by Alexander the Great, b.c. 332 — his body entombed there, 322 — many thousand Jews trans- planted to, by Ptolemy, 312 — Euclid the mathematician fl. at, 300 — Pto- lemy adorns it with the Museum, the Serapeum, the Pharos, and other edificed, and begins the library, 298 — Demetrius Phalereus takes the chair of philosophy at, 296 — Ptolemy Philadelphus com- pletes his father's works, 283 — besieged by Antiochus, 169— relieved by the Ro- man victories in Macedon, 168 — Ptolemy Physcon expeiled,130 — the library burnt, 48 — Antony replaces it by the library of Pergamus, 32 — dissensions between the Jews and Greeks at, a.d. 40 — Claudius Ptolemy observes the vernal equinox, March 22, 139, 140— visit of Caracalla and massacre of the inhabitants, flight of Origen, 215 — he returns and writes . many of his works, 229 — withdraws again, 231 — the Bruchion and its library destroyed by a tumult, 263 — besieged by Diocletian, and slaughter of the people, 297 — Meletius, bp. of Nicopolis, degraded by a synod for heresy, 302 — a council condemns Arius, ejects him from the church, 321 — tumults of the sectarian factions, bp. Gregory killed, 349 — Atha- nasius expelled, 356— George of Cappa- docia killed and Athanasius restored, but almost immediately banished again, 362 — again returns, 363 — Theon takeB observations to regulate the calendar, 364 — a synod held, 430 — seditious tu- mults, 516— conquered by the Persians, 616 — taken by the Saracens, Dec. 22, 640 — seized by the Andalusian emi- grants, who are prevailed upon to go to Crete, 822— surprised and plundered by the k. of Cyprus, the Knights Hospi- tallers and others, 1365— occupied by the French, July 2, 1798 — battle of; the French, defeated by Sir R. Abercrombie, March 21, 1801— taken by the British under general Fraser, March 20, 1807— evacuated, Sep. 23— Railway to Cairo, 1851. Alexandria, Bishops of:— 1. Annianus, 63. 2. Abilius,85. 3. Cerdon, 96. 4. Primus, 109. 5. Justus, 120. 6. Eumenes, 131. 7. Marcus, 143. 8. Celadion, 153. 9. Agrippinus. 168. 10. Julianus, 180. 11. Demetrius, 190— he recalls Origen, 215 — condemns some of his opinions, 229. 12. Heraclas, 233. 13. Dionysius, 249. 14. Maximus, 265. 15. Theonas, 283. 16. Petrus I., 301 — suffered martyrdom 312. 17. Achillas, 312. 18. Alexander, 313 — instigated by Atha- nasius against Arius, 321 — at the coun- cil of Nice, 325. 19. Athanasius, 326 — favours the mo- nastic system, 328 — disregards the vote for his deposition, 334 — resides at Treves, 335— returns, 338— deposed, and retires to Rome, 341. 20. Gregorius, 341 — Athanasius restored, 347 — Gregory killed in a sectarian tumult, 349 — Athanasius expelled con- 4 ceals himself in Thebais, 356. 21. George of Cappadocia, 356 — killed, 362 — Athanasius comes back, is again banished, but finally reinstated, a63 — d. 373. 22. Petrus II., 373. 23. Lucius nominated by the emperor Valens, 373. 24. Timothy I., 377. 25. Theophilus, 385 — destroys the Se- rapeum and its library 390— enemy of Chrysostom, 401 — supported by Jerome, 402. 26. Cyril, 412— connives at the murder of Hypatia, 415— persecutes Nestorius, 430 — procures his banishment, 435. 27. Dioscorus, 444 — violence at the " Robber synod," 449 — his acts an- nulled, he is deposed and banished, 451. 28. Proterius, 452. 29. Timothy II., ^Elurus, 457— expelled,' 460. 80. Timothy III., Salophacius, 460— de- posed and Timothy II. restored 476 — Timothy III. again. 477. ALE 19 ALF Alexandria, bishops of : — 31. John I., Talaia, 482 — expelled, 483. 32. Peter III., Mongus, 483. 33. Athanasius II., 490. 34. John II., 496. 35. John III., 506. 36. Dioscorus II., 517. 37. Timothy IV., 519. 38. Gaianus, 537. 39. Theodosius, 537— banished, 538. 40. Paulus, 538— deposed, 541. 41. Zoilus, 541— deposed, 551. 42. Apollinaris, 551. 43. John IV., 569. 44. Eulogius, 580. 45. Theodoras, 607. 46. John V., 609, flies from the Persians to Cyprus, 616. 47. George II., 616. 48. Cyrus, 630— expelled by the Sara- cens, 640. Alexandria, libraries of, commenced by I Ptolemy Soter, b.c. 298— enlarged by Ptolemy Philadelphus, 266— Zenodotus, librarian, 240— Eratosthenes, 223— Apol- lonius Rhodius, 194 — Aristonymus, 183 — destroyed in Caesar's war, 48 — re- stored by Antony and Cleopatra, 32— that of the Bruchion burnt in a popular tumult, a.d. 263— that of the Serapeenm by bp. Theophilus, 390— asserted, but doubtful destruction of another by the Saracens, 640. Alexandria, Mundane Era of, commenced 1498 years before 4004, the generally believed date of the creation, so that A. Alex. 5503 corresponds with our a.d. 1. In a.d. 285 ten years were sub- tracted and 5787 was called 5777. There- fore, to reduce the Alexandrian to the Christian era, deduct 5502 years till a.d. 285, and afterwards 5492. Alexandria, Greek era of. See Era of the Seleucid^;. Alexandria on the Issus (Scanderoon), Heraclius lands at, 622. Alexandrina Victoria, princess, b. May 24, 1819— attains her majority, May 24, 1837— queen, June 20, 1837. See Victo- ria, queen of Great Britain. Alexianus, cousin of Elagabalus, studies under Julius Frontinus and the most eminent philosophers of Rome, 220 — de- clared C«?sar under the name of Alex- ander Severus, 221. See Alexander Severus, emperor of Rome. Alexias, Athenian archon, B.C. 405. ' Alexis, czar of Russia, pernicious influence of his tutor the boyarMorouzoff, 1645— , d., 1676. Alkxis, eldest son of Peter the Great, persecuted by his father, compelled to ■ renounce the succession and put to death, July 7, 1718. Alexis, patriarch of C.P., 1025. Alexis, the comic poet, fl. b.c. 356. Alexius I. (Comnenus), drives Nicephorus Botoniates, emperor of the East, info a monastery, and occupies his throne, 1081 — defeated by Robert Guiscard, at Du- razzo — by Bohemond, 1083 — sends am bassadors to the council of Placentia, 1095 — obtains from the Crusaders an oath of fealty, and secures for himself the city of Nicaea, conquered by them, 1097 — claims Antioch, 1106— attacked by Bo- hemond in Epirus. 1107 — aided against him by the Venetians, and concludes a treaty of peace, 1108— d. Aug. 15, 1118. Alexius II. (Angelus), marries Agnes, daughter of Louis VII. of France, 1178 — succeeds his father, Manuel, 1180— murdered, 1183. Alexius III., emperor of the East, dp- thrones his brother, Isaac Angelus, 1195 —expelled by the Crusaders, 1203. Alexius. See Strategopulus. Alexius Comnenus, founds the empire of Trebizond, 1204— d. 1222. Alexius II., ninth emperor of Trebizond. 1297 — concludes a commercial treaty with the Genoese, 1316— d. 1330. Alexius Comnenus III., seventeenth em- peror of Trebizond, 1349 — endows the monastery of Sumelas, 1365 — defeated by the Turkoman tribes, 1366— d. 1390. Alexius IV., nineteenth emperor of Tre- bizond, 1417 — murdered by his son, John, 1446. Alexius, son of the deposed emperor Isaac Angelus, escapes and goes to Italy, 1201 — he joins the Crusaders, 1203— pro- claimed with his father, as Alexius IV., 1203— put to death, 1204. Alexius, son of John IV., emperor of Tre- bizond, set aside by his uncle, David, 1458. Alfieri, b. 1749— d. 1803. Alfitna, the civil war of the, begin* among the Almohades, 1223. Alfonso I., a descendant of k. Recared, joins the Asturians, and marries Pe- layo's daughter, 722— elected k., 739— extends his kingdom in Gallicia and Castile, 740 — conquers the north-west of Spain, along the Douro, from Sentica toCalle, 751- d. 757. Alfonso II., k. of the Goths in Spain, or of Oviedo, son of Froila, taken by Silo as his colleague, 775— excluded from the throne by Mauregatus. 783— obtains it by the resignation of Veremundus, 791 — refuses to pay the stipulated tribute to the Saracens, and defeats them,, at Ledos, 793— adonis Oviedo with palaces c2 ALF 20 ALF and churches, 802— makes a treaty with Al Hakem, 805 — founds Santiago de Compostella, 808 — gains another victory, and makes peace with Al Hakem, 810— d. 843. Alfonso III., the Great, k. of the Goths in Spain, 862— extends his conquests be- yond Salamanca, 867 — successfully re- sists Almondhir, 872— defeats him near the river Urbicus, 874 — foils Almondhir in Gallicia, 876 — drives him from Za- mora, 878 — his victories are followed by the embassy of Dulcidius, and a truce for three years, 881 — maintains peace with Abdallah, and defeats an irregular force of Arabians, at Zamora, 900 — Ab- dallah sends an embassy to renew his treaty, 901 — defeats a rebellion of his son, Garcias, at Zamora, 907 — he resigns his crown to his sons, 910 — takes the field again to assist them, and gains his last victory, soon after which he dies, at Zamora, 912. Alfonso IV., k. of the Goths in Spain, or of Leon, 924 — retires from the throne, 931, Alfonso V., k. of Leon, Gonsalvo is his guardian, and regent, 999— his lost ter- ritories regained through the dissen- sions of the Saracens, 1010— killed at the siege of Viseu, 1028. Alfonso VI., k. of Castile, 1072 — pope Gregory VII. exacts an annual tribute from him, 1077 — makes an alliance with Aben Omar, 1079 — driven back fiom .Toledo by Alaftas, king of Badajos, 1081— takes it, 1084— defeated at Za- lacca, 10S6 — drives the Mohammedans irom the siege of Alid, and compels Yussef to re-embark for Africa, 1089 — marries his daughter to Henry of Be- sancon, and makes him duke of Portu- gal, 1095 — defeated at Ucles; his son, Sancho, slain, 1108— d. 1109. Alfonso VII., k. of Castile. See Alfonso I., el Batallador, k. of Aragon ; and Al- fonso, k. of Gallicia. Alfonso VIII., k. of Castile, 1158— de- feated by the Moors, at Alarcos, 1195 — takes Biscay, Alava, and Guipuscoa from Sancho VII., of Navarre, 1200— marries his daughter, Garsenda, to Al- fonso IX., of Leon, 1201— d. 1214.— The schools founded by him at Palencia, are transferred to Salamanca by his grand- son, Ferdinand III., 1240. Alfonso IX., k. of Leon, 1188 — marries Garsenda, daughter of Alfonso VIII., of Castile, 1201 — his kingdom is laid under an interdict, because he refuses to annul his marriage, 1202 — after a struggle of twelve years, he is compelled to divorce his queen ; the pope acknowledges the legitimacy of their children, 1214— on his death, Leon is re-united to Castile, 1230. Alfonso X., the Philosopher, while prince of Asturias, concludes the treaty which establishes the supremacy of his father, Ferdinand III., in Murcia, 1240— succeeds him on the throne, 1252 — the Astrono- mical Tables of, framed, 1253 — conquers Xeres, Medina Sidonia, and other cities in the south of Spain, 1254 — knights Edward, son of Henry III., at Burgos, and affiances his sister, Eleanora, to him, 1255 — chosen k. of the Romans by some of the German nobles, 1257 — Muhamad, k. of Granada, breaks his alliance with him, and encourages the Moors in An- dalusia and Murcia to rebel, 1261 — Xeres and other revolted cities submit, 1263 — makes peace with Muhamad, who pays tribute, 1264— continues to claim the title of k. of the Romans, but has no authority, 1271 — some Castilian no- bles detected in a conspiracy, retire to Granada, 1272— has an interview with Muhamad II., at Seville, and concludes a treaty, 1273— assists in the taking of Alessandria, 1274 — has an interview with the pope, at Beaucaire, and asserts his title as k. of the Romans, 1274 — being threatened with excommunication, re- nounces his claim ; stops the progress of the Merines in Spain, 1275 — concludes a trace with Abu Yusef, 1276 — repulsed at the siege of Algesiras, 1278 — leagues with the Merines against his son, San- cho, who had seized Cordova, in alliance with the k. of Granada, 1281 — d. June 21, 1284. Alfonso XI.,k. of Castile, 1312— he takes the government into his own hands, 1324 — involves himself in many troubles by his illicit attachment to Eleanora de Guzman, 1330 — besieges the Merines of Africa, who had taken Gibraltar, 1333 — relieves Tarifa when besieged by the Moors, and defeats them near the river Guadacelito, 1340 — Algesiras besieged by him, 1342 — taken, and a truce made for ten years with the k, of Granada, 1343 — dies of the plague in his camp before Gibraltar, Mar. 26, 1350. Alfonso I. (el Batallador), k. of Aragon and Navarre, 1104— is acknowledged in Castile as Alfonso VII., 1109 — defeats and slays Ahmed, the Mohammedan k. of Saragossa, 1109 — repairs Soria, Uxama, and other cities; quarrels with his queen, Urraca, and imprisons her, 1111 — defeats her partisans in Castile, 1112 — leagues with the Moorish k. of Saragossa; the Almoravide gen., Mez-deli,is defeat- ed and slain by them ; they take Lerida, ALF 21 ALF . 1117 — he takes Saragossa, 1118 — Calata- yud, 1119 — Roger, count of Sicily, mar- ries his daughter Alberia, 1120— makes an incursion into Murcia and Granada, 1123 — on the death of Urraca, he resigns Castile to her son, Alfonso, k. of Gal- licia, 1126— defeats Taxfin in Andalusia, 1130— bequeaths Aragon to the Knights Hospitallers and Templars, but his will is not carried into effect, 1131 — lays siege to Fraga, 1132— defeated and slain there, 1134. Alfonso II., k. of Aragon; regency of his mother, Petronilla, 1162— d 1196. Alfonso III., k. of Aragon, 1285— takes the Balearic Islands from his uncle, who had assisted the French invasion of Ara- gon, 1286 — concludes a treaty of peace, with France, at Aix, but before it can be executed, dies, June 18, 1291. Alfonso IV., k. of Aragon, 1327 — 1336. Alfonso V., the Wise, k. of Aragon, 1416 — adopted as heir by Joanna II., queen of Maples, 1420 — engages Braccio in their service, 1421 — puts an end to the hosti- lities of pope Martin V., by threatening to recognize again Benedict XIII., 1422 — his adoption annulled ; he attacks and plunders Marseilles, 1423 — ap- points the ex-pope Clement VlII. bp. of Majorca, 1429— arrives in Sicily with a fleet, and renews his project of obtaining the succession to Naples, 1432— on the death of Joanna takes the title of k. of Naples; lays siege toGaeta ; in a naval battle with the Genoese, Aug. 5, he is defeated and taken prisoner; sent to Milan; the duke releases him without a ransom, and enters into a league with him against the pope, Eugenius IV.. 1435— arrives at Gaeta, and is acknow- ledged by many towns in the Abbruzzo and other provinces, 1436 — takes Aversa, and besieges Naples, 1440 — takes the city of Naples, and the whole kingdom submits to him, 1442 — Eugenius ac- knowledges him, and employs him to recover the March of Ancona, 1443— dis- putes the possession of the states of the late duke of Milan with Francesco Sfor- za, 1447 — pope Nicholas V. mediates peace between him and the republics of Florence and Venice, 1450— visited by the emperor Frederic IV., 1452 — op- posed by Kegnier d' Anjou, 1453 — he re- fuses to agree to the treaty of peace con- cluded at Lodi, 1454 — pope Nicholas V. prevails upon him to assent to the peace of Lodi, and to join the league against the Ottomans, 1455 — redresses griev- ances in the diocese of Sienna, 1456— he makes war on Genoa, and quarrels with pope Callistus, 1457 — he besieges Genoa ; dies at Naples, June 27, 1458. Alfonso, k. of Gallicia, 1109 — protects his mother, Urraca, 1112 — obtains possession of Castile on her death, and continues the title of Alfonso VII., 1126— protects the kings of Aragon and Navarre, 1132 — invades Murcia, 1146 — assists in tak- ing Almeria, 1147— d. 1157. Alfonso I., k. of Naples. See Alfonso V., king of Aragon. Alfonso II., k. of Naples, conciliates the pope, 1494 — resigns the crown to his son, Ferdinand, Jan. 23, 1495 — retires to a monastery at Mazzara, where he dies, Nov. 19. Alfonso I., k. of Navarre, 1104. See Al- fonso (el Batallador), k. of Aragon. Alfonso I., count of Portugal, his mother, Theresa, regent, 1112— gains a victory over the Moors at Ourique, on the river Corbes, and assumes the title of king, 1139— takes Lisbon, 1147— Evora, 1166— defeats Yusef Abu Jakub, 1184—^. 1185. Alfonso II., k. of Portugal, 1211-1223. Alfonso III., k. of Portugal, 1248— his kingdom placed under an interdict in consequence of his having divorced his queen and married another, 1257 — he ac- quires the sovereignty of Algarve, 1269 -d. 1278. Alfonso IV. the Brave, k. of Portugal, 1325 — defeats the Moors of Fez and Gra- nada, when besieging Tarifa, near the river Guadacelito, 1340 — orders his son's wife, Inez de Castro, to be put to death, 1354-d. 1357. Alfonso V., the African, k. of Portugal, 1438 — regency of his uncle, Henry of Viseu ; marriage of his sister, Eleanora, to Frederic IV., of Germany, 1452 — conquers Tangier and Arzilla, forms the province of Algarve beyond the sea, and receives the name of the African, 1471 — affianced to Joanna, daughter of Hen- ry IV.; he claims Castile; takes Zamora, 1474 — is defeated by Ferdinand of Cas- tile, near Toro, and applies in vain to Louis XI ., of France, for assistance, 1476 —defeated, at Albuera, Feb. 24 ; makes peace with Castile, 1479— d. at Cintra, July 28, 1481. Alfonso VI., k. of Portugal, 1656 — set aside for imbecility ; his brother, Pedro, marries his destined queen, Maria Fran- cisca, of Savoy, and assumes the govern- ment as Pedro VI., with the title of re- gent, during the life of Alfonso, who is secluded in Cintra, 1667— till his death, 1683. Alfonso, brother of Louis IX., of France, affianced to the only daughter and heiress of Raymond, count of Toulouse, 1229— ALF 22 ALG csi their death, without issue, their l.e- , phew, Philip III inherits their lands, 1271. Alfonso de la Cerda, son of Ferdinand, the deceased eldest son of Alfonso X., of Castile, is excluded from the throne by • his uncle, Sancho IV., 1284— his right is supported by a strong party, 1289— coali- tion of many States in his favour, 1296 , — by the treaty of Campillo, a suitable provision is made for him and his bro- . ther Juan, and they acknowledge their cousin, Ferdinand IV., 1305. Alfonso, prince of Castile, is declared by . the grandees to be the legitimate heir of his brother, Henry IV., 1464 — pro- claimed k. by them, 1465— his death opens the wav to his sister, Isabella, to the throne, 1468. Alfonso, prince of Portugal, son of John II., marriage and death of, 1490. Alfonso, of Aragon, duke of Biseglia, third husband of Lucretia Borgia, mur- dered by her brother, Csesar, 1500. Alfonso d' Este, duke of Ferrara, d., and his States are claimed by pope Clement VIII., 1597. Alfokd, battle of, the Covenanters defeat- ed by the earl of Montrose, July 2, 1645. Alfred the Great, b. 849— sent to Rome, and anointed by the pope, 853— taken by his father, Ethelwulf, to Rome, 855— as- sists his brother, Ethelred, against the Danes, 868 — " secondary," or assistant regent to his brother, 869— k., Apr. 23, 871 — defeats the Danes in a sea-fight, 875 — gains another victory at Swanewic (Swansea), and concludes a treaty with them at Exeter, 877— obliged to with- draw into the Isle of Athelney ; defeats the enemy at Ethandun (Eddington), 878 — makes a new treaty with the Danes, giving them equal rights, and they ac- knowledge his supremacy, 880 — defeats an attempt at invasion by Hasting, 882 — his missions to Rome and India, 883 — defeats the Danes at Rochester, 884 — his ships defeated by the Danes at the mouth of the Stour, in East Anglia, 885 — repairs London; is said to have founded the university of Oxford; he improves the laws and government of ■England ; patron of John Scotus Eri- gena, 886 — begins his translations from Latin into Anglo-Saxon, 888— his wise -measures produce security and order, 890 — marriage of his daughter, Elfrith, 891 — defeats the Danes at Farnham and Bemfleet; compels them to raise the siege of Exeter, and restores to Hasting his wife and son, who were made pri- soners, 894 — the Danes avoid an en- counter with him, 895— he constructs a powerful navy, defeats them near the Isle of Wight, and puts a final stop to their incursions, 897— his death, Oct. 28, 901— death of his widow, Elswith, 905— thousandth year commemoration of his birth, at Wantage, Oct. 25, 1849. Alfred, the Etheling, lands at Sandwich with a body of Normans, is made pri- soner by Godwin, earl of Kent, and put to death, at Ely, 1036, Alfred, son of George III., b. Sept. 22, 1780— d. Aug. 20, 1782. Alfred, Ernest Albert, second son of Queen Victoria, b. Aug. 6. 1844. Alfric, the grammarian, abp. of Canter bnry, 995— d. 1006. Alfrid, k. of Northumberland, 685 — re- stores bp. Wilfrid to York, 686 — expels him again, 691 — encourages learning, 703 — resists the papal mandate to restore Wilfrid, 704— d. 705. Alfwold, k. of Northumberland, 778 — slain, 789. Alfwold, usurps Northumberland, 806 — Erdulf restored, 808. Alfwuld, k. of East Anglia, 746-749. Algar, the ealdorman. defeats the Danes, in Kesteven, on St. Maurice's day, Sept. 22 ; slain in a second battle, 869. Algarottt, Count, d. 1764. Algarve. See Alfonso III. and V., kings of Portugal. Algeria, a French province, 1834 — war with Abd el Kader, 1835 — his incursions renewed, 1843— victory of Isly gained by marshal Bugeaud, 1844— attacked by the Kabyles, 1845 — Abd el Kader sur- renders, and hostilities cease ; the duke d'Aumale gov., 1847 — gen. St. Arnaud gov., defeats the Kabyles. May 11, July 17, 1851 — a submarine electric telegraph to connect it with France, projected, May 24, 1853. Algesiras. first incnrsion of the Saracens, 710— besieged by AlfonsoX., 1278 — given up to the k. of Granada by the Merines, 1294— besieged by the Castilians, 1342 — surrenders, 1343 — naval engagements in the bay. July 6-13, 1801. Algidus, a height held by the Senones, b.c. 360. See Alban, Mount. Algiers, a piratical State, founded by Horuc and Hayraddin Barbarossa, 1518 — attacked by the emperor Charles V. 1541 — expedition against, under Gian- andrea Doria, dispersed by adverse winds, 1601 — Blake compels the dey to give up his English captives and de- sist from piracy, 1655— the fleet of Louis XIV. defeats the Algerines, 1665— they release their French captives and re- nounce piracy, 1670— he sends another expedition against them, 1681 — Du- ALI 23 ALK quesne bombards the fortress, 1682 — again, June 27, 1683— bombardment by Lord Exmouth, and submission of the dey, Aug. 27, 1816 — France commences hostilities, 1827 — the city taken and the dey deposed by count de Bourmont, July 5, 1830. See Algeria. Algineb, or Holy War is proclaimed in Spain by Hixcm, 791. Al Hadi, caliph of Bagdad, 785. Alhaitan, a Saracen commander in Spain, 728. Al Hakem I., caliph of Spain, 795 — his uncles Suleiman and Abdallah raise a civil war, 797 — he recovers Uuesca and Lerida, 798 — defeats and expels his uncles, 799— pursues them into Tadmir; they retire into Africa, 800 — recovers Saragossa, Pampeluna, and Huesca, 802 — returns to Cordova, and makes an alliance •with Edris Ben Edris, k. of Fez, 804 — makes a treaty with Al- fonso II., k. of the Goths, 805 — a plot at Cordova against him, 806" — his son Ab- derahman delivers Tortosa, 808 — makes peace with Alfonso and Charlemagne, 810 — proclaims Abderahman as his vice- gerent and successor, disaffection begins to prevail at Cordova, 815 — his cruelty drives many thousand Andalusians into Africa, 817 — becomes insane, and Ab- derahman takes the government, 820 — d. 821. Al Hakem II., caliph of Spain, 961 — em- ploys agents in Africa and Arabia to purchase or copy MSS., and forms a large library, 962 — attacks the frontiers of Leon, on the Douro, 963 — destroys the vine-grounds in Spain, to check the drinking of wine ; concludes a treaty of peace with Sancho I., 965 — sends a pow- erful army into Africa, under Calib, 973 — his authority restored in Fez and Western Africa, 974— d. 976. Alhama taken from the Moors, 1482. Alhambra at Granada, founded by Mo- hamad I., 1253. Alhandic, victory gained at, by Abderah- man III., according to Arabian writers, 938. Alhasan Ben Edris, k. of Fez, struggles against Muza, 924. Al Hassan, the last Edrisite k. of Fez, surrenders, and is treacherously be- headed by Almansor, 984. Alhaug Yahix fortifies Gibraltar, 1160. Alhaur or Alchame, commands in Spain, 718. Alhmund, bp. of Hexham, 766— d. 780. Ali, supposed time of his birth, 597 or 599 — Mohammed's vizir, 613 — venerated by the Persian Mohammedans, 644. See Shiites. — Elected caliph, 655 — Moawi- yah revolts : Ali's victory, on the " day of the camel," 656 — campaign on the plain of SefFein ; vain efforts to settle their quarrel by single combat or arbitration ; insurrection of the Karegites, 657 — his partisans ai'e expelled from Egypt by Amrou, 658— he subdues the Karegites, 659 — is assassinated by one of them, 660. Ali, gov. of Africa, lands in Spain with an army, and proclaims Almansor, 761— the expedition fails, he is killed, and his head sent to Cairoan, 762. Ali. See Hyder Ali. Ali Pacha, gov. of Albania, is resisted by the people of Parga, 1817 — obtains the town from the English, May 10, 1819 — revolts, and urges the Greeks to assert their independence, 1820— captured and put to death, 1822. Ali, vizir, assassinates the British envoys at Benares, Jan. 14, 1799. Ali Ben Hamud, takes arms against So- leiman, caliph of Spain, 1014 — defeats and slays him, and becomes caliph, 1016 — drowned in a bath by his attendants, 1017. Ali Ben Yussef, recognized as heir to the thrones of Spain and Africa,l 103— caliph, 1105 — defeats the Christians at Urcesia, 1108 — repulsed at Toledo, returns to Africa, 1109 — drives the Almohades from the siege of Morocco, 1123— defeated by them, 1130 — sends for his son, Taxfin, from Spain, to support him, 1138— d. 1143. Alibaud attempts to assassinate Louis Philippe, June 25, 1836. Alicant, ceded to the Saracen?, by Theo- demir. 713 — bombarded by the French fleet, 1691. Alice Maud Mary, second daughter ot Queen Victoria, b. April 25, 1843. Alio, near Lorca, besieged by the Moham- medans, relieved by Alfonso III., 1089. Alien Act, introduced by lord Grenville, Dec. 19, 1792. Alien priories, in England, suppressed by parliament, 1414. Alifia, Musa Ben Abi, invades Fez, 917. Alighieri. See Dante. Alimentus, L. Cincius, the hist, contem- porary of Q. Fabius Pictor, b c. 225 — taken prisoner by Hannibal, 218. Alisbona. See Lisbon. Alison, Archibald, death of, 1839. Aliwal, battle of, defeat of the Sihks, Jan. 28, 1846. Aljama. See Abderahman I., 786. Aljcbabrotte, near Leyria, battle of, July 29, 1385. Al Kader, caliph of Bagdad, restores the power and dignity of his office, 981— A 1081. ALL 24 ALM At, Kaher, caliph of Bagdad, 932— de- posed, 934. Al Kaim, caliph of Bagdad, 1031-1075. Alkalies, fixed, decomposed by Hum- phrey Davy, by means of galvanism, 1808. Alkmaab, resists the duke of Alva, 1573— battle of, duke of York defeated, Sept. 19, 1799. Allahabad, treaty of; Bengal, Bahar, and Orixa, ceded to the East India Com- pany, Aug 12, 1765. Allan, Sir Wm., R.A, death of, 1850. Alleotus, treacherously murders Carau sius, and assumes the government of Britain, 293— defeated and slain by As- clepiodotus, 296. Allegiance, a new oath of, imposed on occasion of the Gunpowder Plot: pope Paul V. forbids the English Romanists to take it, 1606 — controversy concerning it, between James 1. and cardinal Bel- larmine, 1607. Allemanni, their lands, on the river Maine, invaded by Caracalla, who de- feats them, 214 — they appear on the bor- ders of Italy, 256— penetrate into Italy and are defeated by Claudius, near Lake Benacus, 268— repelled from Gaul, by Constantine, 309 — again, by Crispus, 320— infest Gaul, under Gundomad and Vadomar; are repulsed by Constantius 1 1., and agree to peace, 354 — attack Ju- lian, at Sens, but are defeated. 356 - again, at Strasburg, and Chnodomar, their chief, taken prisoner, 357 — again defeated by Julian, and Vadomar, their ciiieftain, taken, 360 — harass Gaul, 365 — are defeated by Jovinus, 366— surprise and plunder Mentz ; defeated by Valen- tinian, at Soiicinium, 368— Burgundian mercenaries assist in repelling them, 370 — their incursions in Gaul, are de- feated by Gratian, at Argentaria (Col- mar), and they make peace,378 — defeated by Clovis I , at Tolbiac (Zulpich), 496— repulsed with the Franks, in Italy, by N arses, 554. Allenius, Sex. Papinius, consul of Rome, 36. Alleyne, Edward, founds Dulwich Col- lege, 1619. Allia, battle of the ; the Romans defeated by the Gauls (Celtse), B.C. July 16, 389. Alliance, the Holy. See Alexander I., of Russia. Allifje. battle of; the Samnites defeated by Fabius, B.C. 308. Allobroges, the, defeated by C Sextius Calvinus. B.C. 122. and on the Isaras, near Vindalium, 121. All Souls' College, Oxford, founded by Chicheley, abp. of Canterbury, 1437. " All the Talents," an administration so called, formed, Feb. 5, 1806. Alma, river in the Crimea, battle of the; defeat of the Russians by the British and French, Sept. 20, 1854. Almagest of Ptolemy, translated wo to La- tin, by order of the emperor, Frederic II., of Germany, 1231 . See Ptolemy, Clau- dius. Almagro, with Pizarro, discovers Peru, 1524— attacks Chili, 1535— is killed by Pizarro, 1538 -Almagro, the son, assas- sinates Pizarro, and is executed by De Castro, 1541. Al Mahoi, caliph of Bagdad, 775— expends 666,000 gold crowns in a pilgrimage te Mecca, 784— d. 785 Almamoun, k. of Toledo, seizes Valencia, and deposes his son-in-law, Almudafar, 1064. Al Mamun, caliph of Bagdad, dethrones his brother, Al Amin, 813 — protects the Shiites, and patronizes literature, 814 —employs astronomers to observe the sun's greatest declination, 816 — revolt against him 817— d. 833. Almanacs, first printed at Bnda, 1472 — in England, by Pynson, 1497 — Moore's first printed, 1713. Almansor, caliph, introduces learning among the Arabians, 754 — builds Bag- dad, 758 — proclaimed in Spain, by Ali, gov. of Africa, 761— d. 775 Almansor, or the Illustrious; under this name, Muhamad Abdallah governs Spain during the minority of Hixem II., 977 — he collects an army against the Chris- tians of Leon, 979 — defeats them, and captures Zamora, 981 — takes Leon and Astorga, 983 — defeats Borel, count of Barcelona, and takes the city, 984 — treacherously beheads Al Hassan, the last Edrisite k. of Fez, 984 — invades Na- varre, 986 — takes Osma and Alcobriga, in Castile, 987 — takes Coimbra and San- tiago, 988 — sets apart a fund to promote literature ; learned men from the East resort to Cordova, 989 — a poetical tour- nament held in his palace, 991 — invades Gallicia, and carries away the bells from the church of Santiago as trophies, 993 — invades Navarre, 994 — after gaining two victories, makes peace with Bermudo, k. of Leon, 995 — his son. Abdelmelic, defeats Zeir Ben Atia, 997 — defeats the Christians at Hisn Dhervera, 1000 — to- tally defeated by the Christian princes, at Calat Anosor, is wounded, and dies soon after, 1002. Almansor, Jakub, k. of the Moors in Spain, 1184— defeats Alfonso Vlll., ol Castile, at Alarcos, 1195— d. 1198. Almarez, taken by gen. Hill, May 19, 1812. ALM 20 ALr Almazan, treaty of, between Castile and Aragon, 1374. Almeida, captured by Massena, Aug. 27, 1810 — retaken by Wellington, May 10, 1811. Almeida, Lorenzo de, forms a Portuguese settlement in Ceylon, 1507. Almeira, Francesco de, Portuguese vice- roy in India, establishes factories in Malabar, 1505. Almenara, battle of, gained by the com- bined army, under Charles of Austria and gen. Stanhope, July 27. 1710. A i.MERi a, conquered by Yussef. the Almora- vide, 1091 — taken by the kings of Castile, Aragon, and Navarre, assisted by a Genoese fleet, 1147 — recovered by the Moors, 1157 — besieged by Ferdinand, 1488— captured, 1489. Almeric, Amalrich, or Amaury, k. of Cy- prus, and titular k of Jerusalem, marries Isabella, 1198— d. 1206. Almetuakel, k. of Badajos, put to death by Yusef, 1093. Almoatamad, Muhamad, takes Cordova, and is the most powerful of the Moorish kings in Spain, 1060— d. 1068. Almogavares, or Adventurers, sail from Lisbon to explore the Atlantic,1014 Almohades, partisans of El Mehedi, in Africa, 1121 — lay siege to Morocco, and are repulsed by Ali, 1123 — El Mehedi dies, and is succeeded by Abdelmumen, 1129— defeat of Ali, 1130— his son, Tax- fin, supports him, 1138 — is defeated. 1144 — the Almohades conquer Morocco, and enter Spain, 1145 — take Seville, 1146 — Cordova, 1 148— Granada, 1156 — rule in Africa and Spain, 1163 — decline in Spain, 1212 — divided by civil war in Africa, 1223 — end of their dominion in Spain, 1232— -finally extinguished in Africa by the Merines, 1278. Al Mohtadi, caliph of Bagdad, 869 — mur- dered by the Turkish guards, 870. Al Moktad, caliph of Bagdad, 1075-1094 Al Moktader, caliph of Bagdad, 908 — deposed and blinded, 932. AlMoktafi, caliph of Bagdad, 902-908. Al Mokta, a supporter of Abdallah, son Df Zobeir, killed at Cufa, 686. Alsion, John, tried for selling Junius's Letters, June 2, 1770— d. 1805. Almondhab, the Moorish k. of Saragossa, assassinated at Granada, 1031. Almondhir, son of the caliph Muhamad, blockades Toledo, 854— storms Rosas, and disperses the army of the rebel, Omar. 866— is successfully resisted by Alfonso III., 872 — defeated by him, near the river Urbicus, 874 — foiled by him in Gal- licia, 876 — besieges Zamora : driven by him from the siege of Zamora, 878— caliph, 886— slain in battle by Cahb, 888. Almoravides, founded in Africa about 1050 — extend their conquests, 1067 — in- vited into Spain, 1086 — Valencia betray- ed to them by Ahmed Ben Gehaf, 1092— recovered by the Cid, 1094 — retaken by them, 1100 — general insurrection of the Moors in Spain against them 1143 — over- come by the Almohades, 1145. Al Mortader, caliph of Bagdad,1094-1118. Al Mostadhi, caliph of Bagdad, 1170-1180. Al Mostain, raised to the caliphate by the Turkish guards, 862 — murdered by them, 866. Al Mostakfi, caliph of Bagdad, 944. Al Mostanjid, caliph of Bagdad, 1160-1170. Al Mostanser, instigates the Turkish guard to murder his father, Al Motawak- kel, and is raised by them to the cali- phate, 861 — assassinated by them, 862. Al Mostanser, caliph of Bagdad, 1226- 1243. Al Mostarshed, caliph of Bagdad, 1118- 1135. Al Mostasem. last caliph of Bagdad, 1243 — put to death by Hulagou, 1258. Al Motadhed, caliph of Bagdad, 892-902. Al Motaki, caliph of Bagdad, 940-944. Al Motamed, caliph of Bagdad, 870-892. Al Motassf.m, caliph of Bagdad, 833 — de- feats Theophilus, and destroys Amo- rium, 838-839— d. 841. Al Mojtavvakkel, caliph of Bagdad, 847 — assassinated, 861. Al Motaz, caliph of Bagdad, 866 — endea- vours to remove his Turkish guards; is deposed and slain by them, 869. Al Moti, caliph of Bagdad, 945-974. Almuatedid Muhamad, caliph of Spain, 1068 — sent a prisoner to Africa by Yussef, the Almoravide, 1091. Almudafar, k. of Valencia, deposed by his father-in-law, Almamoun, 1064. Almutaraf, son of the caliph Abdallah, rebels, and defeats his father's army, at Jaen, 889 — assassinated, 894. Al Naser, caliph of Bagdad. 1180-1225. Alnwick, battles of; Malcolm III., k. of Scotland, killed by Roger Mowbray, 1093 — William the Lion defeated and made prisoner, 1174 — the Castle taken by the French, 1462 — abandoned after the battle of Hexham, 1463. Alopo, Pandolfo, the chamberlain and fa- vourite of Joanna II., of Naples, put to death by her husband, James of Bourbon, 1415. Alost, siege of, 1128. Aloysius, an architect, employed by The- odoric to repair and preserve the public edifices of Rome, 500. Alp Arslan, succeeds his uncle, Togrul ALP 26 AMA Beg, 1063- -conquers Armenia, 1065 — Ge- orgia., 1068 — defeats and captured Ro- manus Diogenes, 1071 — assassinated, 1072. Alphabet, Egyptian, invented by Mem- non, B.C. 1822 (ascribed by Lepsius to Amenemhe III., about 2120) — the Ionian adopted at Athens, 403. Alpine, k. of Scotland, 833-836. Alps, the, crossed by Hannibal, B.C. 218 — by Hasdrubal, 207 — first crossed by the Romans, 154 — by theFrench army, under Bonaparte, May, 1800. Al Radhi, caliph of Bagdad, 934-940. Al Rashid, caliph, 1135. Alric, k. of Kent, 760 — fights the battle of Otford with Offa, k. of Mercia, 773. Alsace, traversed by the army of Gusta- vus Adolphus, 1631 — occupied by the French, 1638 — ceded to France by the peace of Westphalia, 1648 — Louis XIV. makes new claims, 1680 — feudal rights of the German princes abrogated by the National Assembly in France, Aug. 4, 1789 — their restoration demanded, 1791 — formally refused, Sept. S3. Alsama, or Zama, a Saracen commander in Spain, invades Southern Gaul, 720 — defeated by Eudes, and slain in the battle of Toulouse, 721. Alstan, bp. of Sherbourne, forces Ethel- wulf to resign the crown of Wessex, 854 — d. 867. Altades, k. of Assyria, b.c. 1702 (1808 C). Altai, Mount, the original seat of the Turks, mission of Zemarchus to them, 569. Al Tai, caliph of Bagdad, 974-991. Altenburg, battle of ; the Austrians de- feated by the Hungarians, May 7, 1849. Altenkirchen, defeat of the Austrians at, June 4, 1796. Althoepe, lord, b. 1782 — chancellor of the exchequer, Nov. 1830 — announces the Reform Bill, Feb. 3, 1831— the abolition of the taxes on coals, candles, and printed calicoes, and reduction of other duties, 1 1 ; carries up the Reform Bill to the House of Lords, Sept. 19 ; resigns, May 9, 1832— resumes office, 18 ; presented with a gold cup, Nov. 6; announces a large surplus revenue, Feb. 14, 1834 — brings in a bill to amend the poor laws, April 17 ; also a plan for the abolition of church rates, 21 ; announces a further surplus of revenue, and reduces more taxes, July 25 ; succeeds his father, as earl Spencer, Nov. 19. See Spencer, John Charles, earl. Altieri, cardinal. See Clement X. pope, 1670. Alton, in Hampshire, battle of, victory of the Danes, 1001. Altona, in Holstein, burnt by the Swedish gen. Steinbock, 1713 — the duke of Bruns- wick dies there after the battle of Jena, Nov. 10, 1806. Altranstadt, treaty of, dictated by Charles. XII. to Augustus, k. of Poland, Sep. 14, 1706. Alum, manufactured at Phocaea by Domi- nico Catagna and a Genoese colony, 1330 — their works removed to Pera, and thence to the isle of Ischia ; others established at Tolfa, for pope Pius II. by John di Castriot, 1459 — a bed dis- covered at Volterra, is claimed and ap- propriated by the government of Florence, 1472 — discovered by Sir Thomas Chaloner at Guisborough near Whitby, and manufactured there, 1608. Alva, Francis Alvarez de Toledo, duke of, b. 1508— sent by Philip II. to invade the papal territories, 1556 — holds a con- ference at Bayonne with Katharine de' Medici, for the destruction of the Protestants, 1565 — sent into the Nether- lands, 1567 — governs there in a san- guinary manner, 1568 — continues his barbarous course, 1569 — opens a secret intercourse with Mary, qu. of Scots, 1571 — takes Haarlem, and puts the inhabit- ants to the sword ; fails before Alkmaar, and is recalled, 1573— d. 1582. Alvanley, lord ; see Arden, Pepper, d. 1804. Alvarez, chaplain to Roderigo de Lima in his embassy to Abyssinia, 1520 — re- turns and misrepresents the religious sentiments of that country to the Con- ference at Bologna, 1533. Alvinzi, Austrian general, defeated by Bonaparte at Areola, Nov. 15, 16, 17, 1796. Al Wathek, caliph of Bagdad, 841 — the splendour of the office declines, he d. 847. Alvvyn, bp. of Winchester, 1032— d. 1045. Alyattes, k. of Lydia, expels the Cimme- rians, B.C. 617 — makes peace with Thra- sybulus of Miletus, 612 — war with Cyax- ares, k. of Media, 603— d. 560. Alypius, a Roman governor of Britain under Constantius II., afterwards em- ployed by Julian to rebuild the temple or Jerusalem, 363. Al Zaher, caliph of Bagdad, 1225. Amadeus, count of Maurienne, becomes count of Savoy, 1109 - d. in Cyprus, 1148. Amadeus III. or IV., count of Savoy. 1233 -1253. Amadeus IV. or V„ count of Savoy, 1285 — assists the Knights Hospitallers to defend Rhodes against Othman, 1315 — d. 1323. Amadeus V. or VI., the Green, Count of Savoy, 1343— peace concluded through AM A. 2/ AMB his mediation, between Venice and Genoa 1381— d. of the plague, 1383. Amadeus VII., the Bed, count of Savoy, 1383-1390. Amadeus VIII., count ot Savoy, 1391 — re- ceives the title of duke, 1416 — joins the league against the duke of Milan, 1426 — — secedes on obtaining Vercelli. 1427 — saves the marquis of Montferrat from Francesco Sforza, 1431 — retires into a hermitage at Ripaglia,1434 — elected pope by the council of Basle as Felix V., 1439 — the German electors threaten to de- clare for him, 1446 — resigns his papal title and goes back to Ripaglia, 1449— d. Jan. 7, 1451. Amadeus IX., duke of Savoy, 1465 — nego- tiations for the marriage of his sister Bona to Edward IV. of England broken off, she marries Galeazzo Maria, duke of Milan, 1468 — death of Amadeus, 1472. Amauis de Gaul, written by Vasco Lo- beira, 1308. Amalaberga, niece of Theodoric, marries Hermanric, k. of the Thuringians, 500. Amalafrida, sister of Theodoric, married to Thorismund, Vandal k. of Africa, 499 — murdered by Hilderic, 527. Amalarich, the infant son of Alaric II.. proclaimed jointly with his natural brother, Giselich, k. of the Visigoths, Thiodes their guardian, 507— by the flight of Giselich, he is left sole king; marries Clotilda, daughter of Clovis, and makes Seville his residence. 528 — falls in battle against Childebert, 531. Amalasontha, daughter of Theodoric, marries Eutharic, 515 — is left a widow with one son, 523 — on her father's death, governs as guardian to her son, Athala- ric, 526 — after his death, associates her cousin, Theodatus, in the govern- ment, and is murdered by hirn, 534. Amalfi, begins to flourish by commerce with the East, 776— repels the attack of Arigisius, duke of Beneventum, 786 — arms against the African and Spanish corsairs, 813 — assists in the defeat of the Saracen pirates, 849 — leagues with Bene- ventum and Capua, against the Sara- cens, 908 — conquered by Robert Guis- cardl, 1077 — recovers its independence, 1096— submits to Roger, k. of Sicily, 1131 — taken by the Pisans, when a copy of Justinian's Pandects is said to have been discovered there, 1135 — gives the title of Count to Nicolo Acciaiuolo, 1348. Amalgamated Society of Engineers in Manchester, make demands which their masters resist, Jan. 2, 1852 — submit to their employers' terms, April 26. AM4.LI, the royal race of the Ostrogoths; Tulum, one of them, 504 — Eutharic also, 515. Amalphi. See Amalfi. Amalrich, or Amauby, k. of Jerusalem, 1162 — invades Egypt, and takes and pil- lages Heliopolis, 1168— d. 1173. See Ai.- MER1C. Amand, St., the French defeated at, Mav 8, 1793. Amantius, consul of Rome, 345. Amantius, put to death for conspiracy by Justin I., 518. Amariah, Jewish high priest, B.C. 840. Amasis, k. cf Egypt, B.C. 569 (F. \l.) — death of. five months before the invasion by Cambyses, 526. Amauby, k of Jerusalem. See Amalkich. Amaury, son of Simon de Montfort, con- tinues the war against the Albigenses, 1218. Amaziah, k. of Judah. B.C. 837. Amazon, West India Mail ship, destroyed by fire at sea, Jan. 4, 1852. Amazons, river of the, explored by Ovel- lana, 1540. Ambibulus, L. Carius, consul of Rome, 126. Ambiorix, a leader of the Eburones, B.C. 54. Ambisa, a Saracen commander in Spain. 722— slain, 725. Amblef, battle of; Charles Martel defeats Raginfried, mayor of Neustria, 716. Ambleteuse, James II. lands at, 1688. Amboise, Charles VIII., k. of France, dies at, April 7, 1498— league of, 1560— com- promise of, between the Romanists and the Huguenots. March 19, 1563. Amboyna, colonized by the Portuguese, 1511 — taken from them by the Dutch, 1620 — who massacre the English there, 1624— taken by the English. Feb. 16, 1796— restored to Holland, 1802— again taken, Feb. 21, 1810 — and again restored, 1814. Ambbacia, receives an Athenian embassy to counteract the designs of Philip, B.C. 343 — given up to the Romans by the -tfStolians, 189 — battle of Actium in its gulf, 31 — on its site Augustus builds Ni- copolis (now Prevesa), 30. Ambbose, bp. of Milan, 375 — holds a synod at Aquileia against Palladius and Se- cundianus, 381 — pleads against the re- storation of the Altar of Victory to the senate-house, 384 — refuses the empress Justina one church for Arian worship at Milan, 385 — persuades Theodosius to re- scind the order for rebuilding the Jews' synagogue at Callinicum, 388 — enjoins penance on him at Milan; encourages monachism, 390 — d. 397. Ambrosius, the friend and disciple of Ori- gen, assists him by paying clerks to copy for him, 235. AMR 28 AMO Ambustus, Q. Fabius, military trioune of Rome, b c. 390. Ambustus, C. Fabius, consul of Rome, B.C. 358. Ambustus. M. Fabius, consul of Rome, b.c. 360, 356,' 354. Ambustus, Q. Fabius, consul of Rome, B.C. 412. Ameers of Scinde, defeated by Sir Charles James Napier, Feb. 17, 1843. Ameinias, Athenian arclinn. BXJ. 423. Amelia Adelaide Louisa Theresa, princess of Saxe Meiningen, b. 1792 — marries the duke of Clarence, July 11, 1818 — gives birth to a daughter, which soon dies, Mar. 27, 1819— becomes queen, June 26, 1830— visits Germany, 1834 — d. Dec. 2, 1849. See Adelaide. Amelia, daughter of George III., b. Aug. 8, 17S3— d. Nov. 2, 1810. Ameltus. a disciple of Plotinus, writes Ex- positions of their philosophy, 264. Amenemhe III., k. of Egypt, about b c. 2120, Leps. — the invention of the Egyp- tian alphabet and the construction of Lake Moeris ascribed to him by Lep- sius. Amenophis L. k. of Egypt, B.C. 1821 (about 1580 B. and Leps.) Amenophis II.. k. of Egypt, B.C. 1686(1625 C, about 1500 Leps.) Amenophis III., k. of Egypt, bx>. 1618 (about 1460 Leps.) Amenophis, k. of Egypt, B.C. 933. America, the northern part, first disco- vered by two Icelanders, Biorn and Leif, 1001 — discovered by Columbus, 1492 — divided by the pope between the Spani- ards and Portuguese, 1493 — North Ame- rica discovered by Cabot, 1497 — the name imposed by Amerigo Vespucci, 1499 — the N.E. coast explored by Corte Real, 1500 — first Spanish settlement on the mainland, 1510 — the western coast first reached, 1513 — introduction of the Inquisition, 1570 — Davis explores the north-eastern coast, 1585 — and Hudson, 1608 — first British settlements, by Sir Geo. Somers and others, 1606-1609 — dis- sensions between the Spaniards and Por- tuguese colonists, 1736— encroachments of the French, 1754— commencement of the dispute between the British govern- ment and the colonists, 1765— renewed, 1772 — the N.W. coast explored by Cook, 1778 — by Vancouver, 1791 — unsettled state of South America, 1824. See Uni- ted States, Spanish America, British America, and Canada. American Congress, meets at Philadel- phia, and issues its Declaration of Rights, Sept. 5, 1774 — the second assem- bles, May 10, 1775 — the third proclaims independence, July 4, 1776— first session at Washington, 1800. American Stamp Act. See Stamp Act, American. Amerigo. See Vespucci. Ames, Joseph, secretary of the Antiquarian Society, d. 1758. Amherst, gen., Jeffrey, b. 1717 — takes Louisbourg and Cape Breton, July 27, 1758— Montreal surrenders to him, Sept. 7, 1760— d. 1797. Amherst, William, lord, departs on an em- bassy to China, Feb. 8, 1816 — returns from his mission, unsuccessful, July 30, 1817— arrives in India, as governor-ge- neral, Aug. 1, 1823— recalled, 1828. Amida, taken by Sapor II., of Persia, 359 — by Cabades, 502 — besieged by Celer, 504 — recovered by him, 505 — relieved from all taxes by Anastasius for seven years, 506 — taken by Heraclius, 625. Amiens, the cathedral of, commenced. 1220 — the league between England and the duke of Burgundy is renewed there, Apr. 17, 1423 — surprised by the Spaniards, Mar. 11, 1597 — recovered by Henry IV., Sept. 15 — treaty of peace signed, Mar. 27, 1802— railway to Boulogne opened, Mar. 13, 1847. Amintinus, P. Volumnius, consul of Rome. B.C. 461. Amisus, founded by the Phocians, B.C. 563 — besieged by Lucullus, 72— surrenders, 71. Ammenemes, k. of Egypt, B.C. 1215. Ammenephtheb, k. of Egypt, B.C. 1255. Ammianus. See Marcellinus. Ammonites conquer Israel, B.C. 1206 (1263 H., 1256 C.)— defeated by Jephtha, 1188 (1245 H., 1238 C.) Ammonius, Olympic victor, B.C. 256. Ammonius, preceptor of Plutarch, 66. Ammonius Saccas, founder of the new Pla- tonism at Alexandria, 201— teacher of Origen 206— of Plotinus, 232. Ammonius, a Greek poet, celebrates the. war of Gainas, 438. Amnesty, proclaimed by Thrasybulns at Athens, b.c. 403 — by Radetzkv in Italy, Aug. 18, 1849— by Napoleon III., Feb. 4, 1853. Amon, k. of Judali, b.c. 644. Amorgcs. See Simonides. Amorites settled in Palestine, at least as early as B.C. 1965 (2088 C.) Amorium, in Phrygia, birth-place of Mi- chael II., who becomes emperor of the East, 820 — destroyed by Al Motassem. 838 Amos, prophesies, b.c. 795. Amos, bp. of Jerusalem, 594. Amour, William de St., condemned by Alexander IV., for his book against th« ATMS 29 AMY Dominicans, and is obliged to take flight from Paris, 1256. Amoy, taken by the English, Aug. 27, 1841 — by the Chinese insurgents, Mar. 18, 1853 — recovered from them, Nov. 11. Ampfing, or Muhldorf. battle of, 1322. Amphictyon, k. of Athens, B.C. 1497 (1499 1 1., fictitious, C.) A MPHiCTYOfic League instituted b.c. 1113 I'.— make war on the Cirrhssans, 595 — take Cyrrha, 591 — Philip of Macedon elected chief, 346 — he leads them against the Locrians, and conquers at Chseronea, B.C. 338. Amphigyes, k. of Sicyon, B.C. 1107 (doubt- ful). Amphilochius, recommended as bp. of 1 coui wm by Basilius, 373 — presides at the synod of Side, in Pamphylia, against the Messalians, 383. A mphion, British frigate of 38 guns, blown up in Plymouth Sound, with loss of all (more than 250) on board, Sept. 22, 1796. Amphipolis, on the river Strymon. an Athenian colony planted by Agnon, B c. 437 — captured by Brasidas, 424 — Lace- demonians engage to give it up, 421— retained by them, 420— held by the Olyn- hians, 360— taken by Philip of Mace- don, 358. Amphitheatre, See Colosseum, Titus, and Fidenje. Amphitrite, the planet, discovered by Marth, Mar. 3, 1854. Amphitrite, convict ship, 103 women, 12 children, and 16 crew, all lost (excepting 3 of the crew) on the Boulogne Sands, Aug. 30, 1833. Ampthill, Katharine of Aragon retires to, 1531. Amrou, invades Egypt, aided by the Jaco- bite or Monophysite Copts, 639 — re- ported interview with Joannes Philopo- nus, 640 — Egypt flourishes under him ; recalled, 644 — supports Moawiyah against Ali, 656 — sent into Egypt by Moawiyah, and expels Ali's partizans, 658— gov. of Egypt, 661— d. 663. Amrou, son of Said, revolts, is defeated and killed by Abdalmelik, 688. A mru. See Jusuf. Amsterdam, taken by the Hollanders, 1578 — supplants the commerce of Antwerp, 1609— repulses the statholder, William II., 1650— gives currency to a French translation of the Scriptures, 1667 — taken by the French, Jan. 19, 1795— de- clared the third city of the empire by Napoleon, July 9, 1810 — entered by the Prussian gen. Bulow, and the prince of Orange proclaimed, Pec. 6, 1813. Amsterdam, New. See New York. Amund, the Dane, establishes himself at Cambridge, 875 Amurath, or Murad I., sultan of the Ot- tomans, 1359 — takes Ancyra and Demo- tica. 1360 — takes Adrianople, and makes it his residence, 1361 — turns his arms against the Bulgarians and Servians, takes Philippopolis and Serres, 1363 — makes a treaty of commerce with the republic of Ragusa, 1365— his progress alarms John V., emperor of the East. 1368— punishes his son, Saoudgi, for re- bellion, by blinding him, 1375 -protects John V., 1381 — his conquests extend from Cilicia in the East, to Albania in the West, 1387— defeats the Servians at Kossova, and is assassinated, 1389. Amurath, or Muead II., sultan of the Ot- tomans. 1421 — fails in his siege of Con- stantinople, 1423 — takes Thessalonica, 1430 — negotiates with Chalcocondylas and Phranza, 1435-37— conquers Servia, but fails in his attempt on Belgrade, 1439 — resigns the throne to his son, Mahomet II., and retires to Magnesia, 1442- re- called from his retirement and resumes the command. 1443 — concludes the treaty of Segedin with Hungary ; the truce being broken by Ladislas, he defeats him in the great battle of Varna, Nov. 10, and retires again to Magnesia, 1444 — the insubordination of the Janizaries compels him again to leave his retire- ment ; he leads them to attack the Mo- rea, imprisons Chalcocondylas for his arrogant demands, 1445 — breaks through the fortified hexamilion of the Isthmus of Corinth, 1446 — fails in his war with Scanderbeg, 1447 — he defeats John Hu- niades at Kossova, 1448 — d. 1451. Amurath III., sultan of the Ottomans, murders his brothers,1574— Queen Eliza- beth enters into a treaty of commerce with him, 1579— long war with Persia, 1580— invasion of Hungary, 1592 — con- quest of Raab, 1594— d. 1595. Amurath IV., sultan of the Ottomans, 1623 — war with the Cossacks; Asof taken by them, 1637— d. 1640. Amyntas, k. of Assyria, B.C. 1480 (1450 C.) Amyntas I., k. of Macedon, b.c. 540 — called upon to do homage to Darius Hys- taspes, 506— d. 500. Amyntas II., k. of Macedon, B.C. 393— unsuccessful in wars with the Illyrians, 392 — ally of the Lacedaemonians in their war against Olynthus, 382— d. 369. Amy-ntianus dedicates to the emperor Marcus Aurelius a work in praise ot Alexander the Great, 167. Amy'rt^eus, prolongs the revolt against Persia, and maintains himself in Lower ANA 30 ANC Egypt, B.C. 455 — restores the indepen- dence of Egypt, 414. Anabaptists, under. John of Leyden, gain possession of Munster, 1534 — suppressed, 1536 — burnt, in England, 1538. Anacharsis, the Scythian (Gothic) tra- veller, arrives at Athens, B.C. 592. Anacharsis the Younger, Travels of. See Barthelemy. Anacletus, bp. of Rome, 79-91. Anacletus 11., set up as anti-pope, gains possession of the Lateran, and is conse- crated there, 1130 — still retains all the fortified posts in Rome, 1133— d. 1138. Anacreon, writes lyrics, B.C. 557 — invited to the court of Polycrates, in Samos, 532 — goes to Athens, 525. Anafestus, the first doge of Venice, 697 — 717. Anagni, treaty of, 1295 — pope Boniface VIII. is surprised at, by William de Nogaret, 1303 — Gregory XI. fixes his re- sidence at, 1377. Anakbarbeth-Hira, or Shimishbal-Bith- kira, k. of Nineveh or Assyria, B.C. 1180 La. Anaku Merc-dak Shimish Bar, k. of Ni- neveh or Assyria, B.C. 960 La. Anapa abandoned by the Russians, July 15, 1855. Anastasius I., emperor of the East, 491 — accords liberty of conscience, and re- mits oppressive taxes; consul I., 492 — his statues are thrown down at Constan- tinople, 493 — consul II., 497 — sends Sa- binianus against Mundo, 505 — remits all taxes to Amida for seven years, 506 — builds the long wall for the protection of Constantinople, and fortifies Dara, in Mesopotamia; consul III., 507 — con- eludes a treaty of peace with Theodoric, 508 — sends the ensigns of consulship to Clovis ; receives Theodoric's announce- ment of Felix being appointed consul for the ensuing year, 510 — expels and banishes Macedonius, bp. of Constanti- nople, and appoints Timotheus, 511 — accused of heresy and persecution, 512 — having relieved his subjects from many taxes, still by his economy accumulates a large sum in his treasury ; panegyrized by Procopius, of Gaza, 513 — religious war excited against him by Vitalianus, 514 — treaty between them, 515 — redeems the captives led away by the Goths, 517 .4. July 9, 518. Anastasius II., emperor of the East, 713 — prepaies an armament against the Sa- racens, 714 — resigns to Theodosius III., 716 — attempts to regain his throne with the aid of the Bulgarians, who give him up to Leo III., and he is put to death, Anastasius I., bp. of Rome, 398-402 Anastasius II., bp. of Rome. 496-498. Anastasius III., pope, 911-913. Anastasius IV., pope, 1153 — d. 1154. Anastasius 1., patriarch of Constantino- ple, 730-754. Anastasius I., bp. of Antioch, 559 — ha« nished 570— restored, 593 — d. 599. Anastasius II., bp. of Antioch, 599 — mur- dered by the Jews, 610. Anastasius, bp. of Jerusalem, 458-478. Anastasius, unsuccessful candidate for the papacy, 855. Anastasius, the librarian, writes the Life of pope Nicholas I., 868. Anastasius, Fl., consul of Rome, 517. Anatolia, or Asia Minor, the Southern Mongols advance to, 1214 — re-united to Romania, by Mahomet, son of Bajazet, 1413. Anatolico besieged by Omer Vrioni, re- lieved by the Suliotes and Mavrocordato, 1822. Anatolius, consul of Rome, 440 — checks an invasion of the Persians, 441. Anatolius, bp. of Constantinople, 449. Anatolius, bp. of Laodicea, noted for his study of philosophy, 279. Anatomy, prohibited in Bologna by pope Boniface VI 1 1., 1297— taught by Mon- dini de' Luzzi, 1316— about 1516 by Bar- tolomeo Eustachi, and Gab. Fallopio, and by And.Vesalius, of Brussels, with plates from drawings made by Titian; about 1750 by Albinus— John Hunter author of the modern system, about 1770. Anaxagoras, phil., b. B.C. 500— teaches at Athens, 480— leaves Athens, 450— re- turns, is accused of impiety, and retires to Lampsacus, 432 — d. 428. Anaxander, Agidan k. of Lacedaemon, B.C. 676-637. Anaxandrides, Agidan k. of Lacedaemon, B.C. 560-520. Anaxandrides, poet of the middle co- medy, fl. at Athens, B.C. 375. Anaxicrates, Athenian archon, B.C. 307 — again, 279. Anaxidamus, Proclidan k. of Lacedaemon, b c 686-648. Anaxilaus, k. of Rhegium, B.C. 494— d. 476. Anaximander, the phil., b. at Miletus, b.c 610— first designer of maps, 547. Anaximenes, the phil., fl. B.C. 548. Anaxippus, the comic poet, fl. B.C. 303. Anazarbus, in Cilicia, overthrown by an earthquake, 525 — John II., emperor of the East, dies of a wound received while hunting there, 1143. Anbar, conquered by the Mohammedans, 632. Anchialus, in Thrace; Maurice leaves AND 31 AN J) his troops there, 592 — Justinian II. de- feated by Terbelis, 708 — plundered by the Bulgarians, 1193. Anchises, Athenian archon, B.C. 488. Ancient Historians of the Realm, com- plete editions of, ordered by parliament to be printed, July 24, 1822. Ancients, Council of, established in France, Oct. 28, 1795. Ancona, the harbour of, constructed by Trajan, 107 — given up to the pope by Desiderius, 756 — invested by Frederic, 1167 — the siege raised by William Adei- ard, a citizen of Ferrara, and Aldruda, countess of Bertinora, 1174 — annexed to the papal States, 1198 — governed by Milo, bp. of Beauvais, 1230 — the ex- pope, Gregory XII., made gov. of the March, 1415 — occupied by Francesco Sforza, 1433 — ceded to him for life by pope Eugenius IV., 1434 — recovered by Alfonso, k. of Naples, 1443 — pope Pius II., while collecting an armament there against the Turks, dies, Aug. 15, 1464 — seized by Gonzaga, the papal gen., 1532 — destroyed by an earthquake, 1672 — surrenders to ihe French, Feb. 9, 1797 — taken by the Austrians, Nov. 13, 1799 — occupied by the French, Feb. 22, 1832 — evacuated, 1838 — bombarded and cap- tured by the Austrians, June 18, 1849. Ancre, Concini, marshal d', assassinated, 1617. Ancus Martius, k. of Rome, B.C. 640-621. Ancyra, or Angora, Council of, 314 — ta- ken by the Persians, 620 — pillaged by the Paulicians, 868 — captured bv Amu- rath I., 1360— battle of, defeat of Baja- zet I., July 28, 1402. Axdalusia occupied by the Vandals, 419 — abandoned by them, 429 — invaded by Alfonso VII. ; Taxfln, son of AH Ben Yussef, defeated, 1130— part conquered by Ferdinand III., 1236— rebellion of the Moors against Alfonso XII., 1261. Andalusians, many thousands are driven into Africa by Al Hakem's cruelty ; some settle at Fez, others in Egypt, 817 — whence they obtain Crete, and build Candia, 822. A ndernach, battle of; Charles the Bald is defeated by Louis II., Oct. 8, 876. Anderson, lieut., murdered by the Sikhs, at Mooltan, April 21, 1848. Andhun, gen. of Ethelwalcb, defends Sus- sex, 686. Andians, or Quartodecimans, begin their dispute about the time of celebrat- ing Easter, 197. A.vdjca, k. of the Suevi in Spain, 583 — subdued by Leovigild, 584. Andocides, orator, b. B.C. 467 — commands the Athenian ships at Corey ra, 432— ac- cused of having broken some statues ct Mercury, imprisoned and exiled, 415 — returns, 403— takes part at Athens with Archinus and Cephalus, 402 — banished from Athens for advising peace, and dies in exile, 391. Andoria ; the army of Robert, k. of Na- ples, defeated at, 1321. Andover Union inquiry, Mar. 5, 1846. Andragathius, murders Gratian, at Ly- ons, Aug. 25, 383— kills himself, 388. Andre, major, hanged by the Americaus as a spy, Oct. 2, 1780. Andre a dce aster, or Anderida, taken by ^Ella, 491. Andreossy, the French ambassador, ar- rives in London, Nov. 6, 1802 — departs, May 16, 1803. Andrew I., called by the people to be k. of Hungary, 1046 — war with the em- peror Henry III. ; pope Leo IX. mediates between them, 1052 — killed by his brother, Bela, 1060. Andrew II., k. of Hungary, 1205 — obliged by pope Honorius III. to begin the fifth crusade, 1217 — returns and finds his son Bela in rebellion against him, 1220 — ap- peases the troubles of Hungary by his Golden Bull, granting privileges to the nobles and clergy, 1222— death of his daughter, Elizabeth, 1231 — he marries Beatrice of Este, 1234— d. 1235. Andrew III., the Venetian, k. of Hungary, 1290 — defeats Charles Martel, who had been set up against him, by the pope, at Zagrab, 1292 — last of the race of Arpad, d. 1301. Andrew I., son of George Dolgorucki, be- comes prince of White Russia, 1157 — attacks Mstislav II., and storms Kiow, 1169— killed by his subjects, 1176. Andrew II., grand duke of Russia, 1249 — expelled by the Golden Horde, 1252. Andrew III., grand duke of Russia, 1294- 1304. Andrew, second son of Charles Robert, k. of Hungary,is affianced to Joannajgrand-' daughter of Robert, k. of Naples, and sent into Italy to be educated, 1333— she manifests extreme aversion for him, and is crowned without him, 1343 — he is murdered at Aversa, Joanna is accused of having instigated the deed, Sep. 18, 1345. Andrew's, St., university of, founded, 1411 Andrews, Henry, maker of "Moore's Al- manack," d. 1820. Andria, the count of, imperial general de- feated and slain at Ascoli, 1190. " Andria," the. See Terbnck. Andriscus, Pseudo-philippus, pretends to be a son of Perseus, and lays claim to '• Macedon, B.C. 149— defeats and kills the AM) 3:2 ASO prastor P. Juventius; is himself defeated and slain by Metellus, 148. Anoroclus, Olympic victor. B.C. 768. Awdromaque. See Racine. " Andromeda." See Euripjdes. Andromenes, Olympic victor, B.c. 308. Andronicus I., second son of Constantine XIII. Ducas, was proclaimed Augustus by his father with this title, and nominal colleague of his eldest brother, Michael VII., but had no real power, 1071. Andronicus I., grandson of Alexius I.Com- nenus, acquires the administration of the Greek empire for Alexius II., 1182 — mur- ders him and usurps the throne, 1183 — deposes the patriarch Theodosius ; is killed in a popular tumult, 1185. Andronicus II. Palseologus, emperor of the East, breaks the union of the Eastern and Western churches, 1282 — marries Violante, or Irene, daughter of William, marquis of Montferrat, 1284— defeated by Othman at Baphaeon, 1301 — employs Roger di Flor and the Catalans, 1303— his son Theodore inherits Montferrat, 1305 — assassinates Roger di Flor, is at- tacked by the Catalans and defeated at Aspros, 1307 — civil war with his grand- son Andronicus, peace made at Rhegion, war renewed in the autumn, 1321 — treaty of Epibates between them, 1322 — third rebellion, Constantinople taken by An- dronicus the younger, and the old em- peror resigns the crown to him, 1328 — he dies in a monastery as the monk Antony, Feb. 13, 1332. Andronicus III. (for his previous history see Andronicus II.), emperor of the East, 1328 — is defeated by the Ottomans at Pelekanon, reconquers Chios from the Genoese, 1329 — concludes a treaty of peace with the Ottomans, 1330 — defeated in an attempt on Phocsea, 1334 — conquers the Albanians and takes the despotat of Epirus, 1337— d. 1341. Andronicus IV. conspires against his father John V., is overcome and his eyes put out; cedes the island of Tenedos to the Genoese to gain their support, 1375 — shut up in the tower of Anemas, 1376 — escapes ai>d again rebels, 1378 — makes his father prisoner, 1379 — shares the empire with him, and resides at Selym- bria, 1381 — gives way to his brother Manuel II., 1391. A ndronicus, consul of Rome, 310. Andronicus Ghidos, emperor of Trebizond, 1222-1235. Andronicus II., emperor of Trebizond, 1263-1266. Andronicus III., emperor of Trebizond, 1330— d. 1332. Andronicus, president of Libya, excom- municated by Synesius for oppression recalled and punished, 411. Andronicus. See Livius. Andronicus of Rhodes, employs Tyrannio to copy Aristotle's works, B.C. 68. Andros, taken by the Venetians, 1125. Androtion, becomes conspicuous as an orator at Athens, B.C. 385. "Anecdota." See Procopius. Anemas, the Tower of. See Andronicus IV Angari, public messengers or postmen employed in Persia, B.C. 513. Angelo, Sanudo, second duke of Naxos, 1220. Angelo, son of Niccolo Acciaiuoli, mort- gages Corinth to Nerio, 1370. Angelo, Michael, born, 1474 — d. 1564. Angelo, St., the castle of, the site of the Moles Hadriani, built by Hadrian as his sepulchre, 137 — the anti-pope Cadalo gains possession, and is besieged, 1063 — escapes, 1065 — Pope Gregory VII. be- sieged there, 1084 — it is held by the party of Guibert, 1092 — pope Urban II. gets possession of it, 1099 — taken by Urban VI., 1379— by Ladislas, king of Naples, 1413 — pope ClementVII.,a prisoner there, receives the envoy of Henry VIII., 1527. Angelus, Michael, founds the Greek des- potat of Epirus, 1205. Angelus. See Alexius, Isaac, and Theo- dore. Angers, taken by John, k. of England, 1206 — prince Edward, son of Henry VI., educated there by Sir John Fortescue, 1467 — taken by theVendeaus, June, 1793. Angerstein, John Julius, death of, 1823 — his collection of pictures purchased for the National Gallery, 1824. Angilberga, wife of Louis, emperor of Germany, accompanies him to Venice, 856 — surprised and captured with him in Beneventum by Adelgiso, 871. Ai\iGLESEA,Ethelwulf penetrates to the isle of, 853. Anglesey, Henry, marquis of, b. 1768; lord lieutenant of Ireland, Mar. 21, 1828— re- called for encouragement given by him to agitation, Dec. — reappointed by lord Grey, 1830— d. 1854. Anglia. See East Anglia and England. Anglo-Saxon poetry of Csedmon, 680— translation of the four Gospels by Egbert, abbot of lona, 721 — of Boethius, Orosius, and other Latin writers by Alfred, com- menced, 888 — Chronicle, the early part of it supposed to have been compiled by Plegmund, archbishop of Canterbury, 890 — completed, 1154: — School at Rome endowed by Ina, king of Wessex, 728 — by Offa, king of Mercia, 792— burnt, 816 —restored by Ethelwulf 855— Laws of ANJ 33 ANJ Ethelbert, 606— of In a, 692— of Alfred, 886— of Edward the Confessor, 1065. Angola, settled by the Portuguese to supply Brazil with slaves, 1578. Angora. See Ancyea. Angouleme, occupied by the Saracens, 731. Angouleme, Isabella, daughter of the duke of, married to king John of England, 1200. Angouleme, Francis, count of, affianced to Claude, daughter of Louis XII., 1506 — married, 1514 — he becomes king, 1515. See Francis I., king of France. Angouleme, duke of, son of Francis I., the emperor Charles V. offers Milan to him, 1536. Angouleme, Louis Antony, duke d', born 1765, marries his cousin Maria Theresa, June 10, 1799 — endeavours to raise the French departments in favour of the Bourbons, but fails, April 11, 1815" — leads a French army into Spain, and over- throws the constitution, 1823 — d. 1844. Angouleme, duchess d'. See Maria The- resa, daughter of Louis XVI Angria, the East Indian pirate, taken prisoner, and his stronghold on the Ma- labar coast destroyed by Adm. Watson and Col. Clive, Feb. 11, 1756. Angus, the earl of, captured by the Percies at Homedon Hill, 1402. Angus, Archibald Douglas, earl of, marries Margaret, sister of Henry VIII., and dowager queen of Scotland, 1514. Anhalt Dessau, Maurice, prince of, Prus- sian general, obliges the Austrians to retire from Berlin, 1757. * < V > Anholt, defended by a Brtflsm gaffison of 150 men, against 4000 I|anes, 1811. Anianus, bp. of Antioeh, 3A£ — goes back to Provence, 1411. ** ^ ms^«b^»HidKNT^s encouraged by pope Martin "v\ tAeteiOTtthe throne, 1420 — defeated- by Braccio,^aBl — returns to Rome, 1422— is adoptecn&y Joanna as her heir J 1423— d. 1434. His brJrn«T,^'"Heg^?er ^(Renatus or Rene),_now of Anjou, is declared k. ot Naples by the will of Joanna, 1435 — being a prisonerin tlu- hands of the duke of Burgundy, he sends his wife Isabella, and his son Louis, to claim the suc- cession ; they are opposed by Alfonso of Aragon, 1436 — he regains his liberty, and arrives at Naples,1438 — expelled by Alfonso and returns to Provence, 1442 — marriage of his daughter Margaret to Henry VI. of England, contracted, 1444 — solemnized, Apr. 22, 1445. See Henry VI., king, and Margaret, Queen, of Eng- land. Regnier is invited by Francesco Sforza to claim Naples. 1453 — returns to France, 1454— his son, John, renews the war in Naples, 1459 — withdraws to the Isle of Ischia, 1463 — returns to France. 1464 — the throne of Aragon offered to Regnier by the Catalonians, 1466 — ha sends his son, John, with a French anx- ANN 34 ANN AVJOC — continued, iliary force, 1468 — who dies at Barcelona, Dec. 16, 1470 — Regnier is expelled from Anjou by Louis XI., 1474 — his daughter JVIargaret is restored to him, 1475 — d. 1480— when she resigns all claim on his states to Louis XL, and receives a pen- sion from him — the duchy given to Fred- eric, the expelled king of Naples, 1501 — and held by him till his death, 1504. Henry, duke of, younger brother of Charles IX. of France, defeats the Hu- guenots at Jarnac, March 13, and at Moncontour, Oct. 3, 1569 — delusive ne- gotiations for a marriage between him and Elizabeth, queen of England, 1571 — is obliged to raise the siege of La Rochelle, June 25 — elected king of Po- land, 1573 — becomes king of France, May 30, 1574. See Heney III., king of France. His brother Francis, duke d' Alen- con, is created duke of Anjou, and in- vited by the ten southern provinces of the Netherlands, to be their gov., 1578 — he visits queen Elizabeth and makes her proposals of marriage, 1580 — fallaci- ous negotiations between them ; he is nominated by the Seven United Pro- vinces to be sovereign of the Nether- lands, 1581 — finally dismissed by Eliza- beth ; he is received as sovereign at Antwerp, but acquires no real power, 1582 — fails in an attempt on Antwerp, and retires into France, 1583 — d. 1584. Philip, duke of, second son of the dau- phin, and grandson of Louis XIV., re- ceives the dominions of Spain by bequest of Charles II., 1700. See Philip V., k. of Spain. Ankarsteom, assassinates Gustavus III. of Sweden, March 6, 1792. Anlaf, totally defeated by Athelstan and Edmund at Brunanburh, 937 — is chosen king by the Northumbrian Danes, 941 ^rf.942. Anlaf, son of Sihtric, governs Northum- berland, 942— defeated by Edmund, 943. Anlaf Cwiban lands in the north of Eng- land, 949. Anna, king of East Anglia, 635 — enlarges and endows the monastery of Fursey, at Cnobersburg, 639 — falls in battle against Penda, 654. Anna, daughter of Romanus II., and sister of the Greek emperors Basil II. and Con- stant! ne XL, married to Wolodomir, grand-duke of Russia, 988. Anna Comnena, writes the history of her father's reign, 1099 — detected in a con- spiracy against her brother, is pardoned, 1118. Aire a, daughter of Ladislas VI., k. of Hungary, betrothed to Ferdinand of Austria, 1506 — their marriage, 1521— unites Hungary and Bohemia to Austria, 1526. Anna Maria Maubicia. See Anne at Austria. Anna, Santa, defeats the Spanish invasion of Mexico, 1829 — elected president, 1833. Annales Ecclesiastici. See Baeonius. Annan, battle of, Edward Balliol is defeat- ed by Sir Archibald Douglas, 1332. Annapolis, the name given by Colonel Nicholson to the French settlement of Port Royal in Acadia, after its capture, 1710. Annats, or first-fruits, paid to the pope, abolished by the Council of Basle, 1435 prohibited by the English parliament, 1532. Anne of Savoy, widow of the Greek empe- ror Andronicus III. Pa laeologus, regent for her son, John V., 1341 — opposed by Jolni Cantacuzene,1343 — assisted by the Servians, who are defeated by the Turks, 1344 — concludes a treaty, by which he shares the throne, Feb. 8, 1347 — he breaks the treaty, 1353. See John V. Palae- ologus. Anne, sister of Wenceslas of Germany and Bohemia, married to Richard II., k. of England, Jan 14, 1382 — protects Wicklifte, intercedes for John of Ghent, 1386— for the citizens of London, 1392— dies at Shene, June 7, 1394. Anne Neville, daughter of the earl of Warwick, married to Edward, son of Henry VI., 1470 — to Richard, duke of Gloucester, 1473— queen, 1483— d. 1485. Anne, queen of Henry VIII. See Boleyn, Anne, and Clevks, Anne of. Anne, daughter of Frederic II., k. of Den- mark, married to James VI., k. of Scot- land, 1589— q. of Great Britain, 1603— visited by her brother Christian IV. of Denmark, 1607 — she intercedes in vain for Sir Walter Raleigh, 1618— dies at Hampton Court, March 3, 1619. Anne, daughter of James, duke of York (afterwards James II.), and Anne Hyde, born 1665 — married to prince George of Denmark, July 28, 1683 — abandons her father, Nov. 26, 1688 — at variance with her sister, queen Mary, 1692 — reconciled with king William, March 5, 1695. Queen of Great Britain, Mar. 8, 1702— in her first speech to parliament recom- mends the Union of England and Scot- land, Mar. 11 — crowned, Apr. 23 — war declared against France and Spain, May 4 — Cadiz unsuccessfully attacked, Aug. 15— the Spanish galleons captured or de- stroyed at Vigo, Oct. 12 — commissioners appointed to treat for the Union, 28— ANN 35 ANN Ann e — eon tinned. Marlborough, command* r-in-chief of the English and Dutch armies, is successful in Flanders, Aug. to Oct. — storms the citadel of Liege, Oct. 23. Disputes in parliament respecting the public accounts, Feb. 4, 1703 — violent de- bates in the Scottish parliament regard- ing the Hanoverian succession, May 6 — Marlborough captures Bonn, May 14 — Huy, Aug. 27 — Limburg, Sept. 27 — the k. of Portugal joins the alliance against France and Spain, 1703. The fund termed Queen Anne's bounty instituted, Feb. 7, 1704 — Marlborough takes Donawert, July 2, and gains the battle of Blenheim, Aug. 2 (o.s. 13 n.s.) — Gibraltar captured, July 22 — besieged in vain by the French and Spaniards, Oct. 22 — the English and Dutch forces in Spain are ill-supported, and cannot make head against the duke of Berwick, 1704. The queen is attached through the duke of Marlborough to the Whig party, 1705 — visits Cambridge, and confers knighthood on Isaac Newton, Apr. 10 — the siege of Gibraltar raised, Mar. 10 — the earl of Peterborough reduces Catalo- nia and Valencia for Charles III. — Marl- borough forces the French lines at Tirle- mont, July 18— he visits the emperor at Vienna, concerts a plan for the operations of the next year, and returns to England in Dec. — the Tories and Jacobites alarm the queen for the safety of the church. Meeting of the commissioners to treat for the Union with Scotland, Ap. 10, 1706 — Marlborough gains the victory of Ra- millies, May 12, o.s. — the allies are suc- cessful in Spain, and enter Madrid, June £4, but it is recovered by Philip V., Aug. 5 — Louis proposes to treat for peace, but his offers are rejected, Oct. 21 — Mrs. Masham begins to obtain the queen's favour. The allies, under the earl of Galway, are totally defeated at Almanza, Ap. 14, 1707 — the earl of Peterborough soon after withdraws from Spain — the Union with Scotland takes effect, May 1 — Marl- borough, unable to gain any advantage in the Netherlands from the cautious generalship of Vend6me, puts his army into winter quarters, Oct. 8 — the first United parliament assembles, Oct. 23 — the mismanagement of the late cam- paign inquired into, Nov. 19 — a clerk in secretary Harley's office detected in be- traying secrets of state to the French government, Dec. 31. Harley dismissed, Jan. 1708 — the pre- tender attempts to land in Scotland, but Anne — continued. is driven back by Sir George Byng, Mar. — Marlborough defeats the French at Oudenarde, July 11 — destroys their lines between Ypres and the Lys, July 15, and lays Artois and Picardy under contribution — Lisle besieged by the allies, Aug. 11 — the town surrenders, Oct. 23, and the citadel, Dec. 9 — the whole of Flanders recovered by the al- lies, Dec. Louis XIV. again makes proposals for peace, Feb. 28, 1709 — the negotiations are broken off, June 9 — Marlborough and Prince Eugene collect their forces at Lisle, June 18 — take Tournay, July 30 — gain the battle of Malplaquet, Sept. 11, and capture Mons, Oct. 21 — Dr. Sacheverell preaches a sermon at St. Paul's, Nov. 5, for which he is impeach- ed by the House of Commons, Dec. 15 — the Whig ministry become unpopular, and are undermined at court by Mrs. Masham and Harley, the ex-secretary — the Copyright Act passed. Overtures for peace by Louis XI V.again rejected, Jan. 2, 1710 — Sacheverell's trial commences, Feb. 27 — he is condemned, March 25, to silence for three years, and his sermon burnt by the hangman, Mar. 27 — the conferences of Gertruydenburg commence, Mar. 11 — broken off, July 20 — Marlborough and prince Eugene are successful in Flanders — the Whig mi- nistry dismissed, Aug. 8 — Marlborough retains his command — the allies are de- feated in Spain, Dec. The duchess of Marlborough sup- planted at court by Mrs. Masham, Jan. 18, 1711 — the late ministers formally accused of mismanagement, June 4 — the South Sea Company established, under a royal commission, June 27 — Marlbo- rough drives the French from the lines of Arleux, Aug. 5, and captures Boii- chain, Sept. 13 — negotiations for peace privately entered into, and the prelimi- naries settled in London, Oct. 6— Marl- borough returns to England, is accused of peculation, and dismissed from all his offices, Dec- -twelve new peers created ,, for a political purpose, Dec. 31. The duke of Ormond appointed captain- general of the British army, in place ot Marlborough, Jan. 1, 1712 — conferences for peace opened at U trecht, Jan . 29 — the House of Lords disapprove the proposed > terms, Feb. 16, Mar. 4 — the duke of Or- mond is ordered not to undertake hosti- lities, May 10 — on the complaint of the Dutch, the order is countermanded, May 28 — he besieges and captures Quesnoy, June 8, July 4 — he separates his forces o 2 ANN 36 ANS A nne — continued. from the allies, July 10 — a cessation of arms with France proclaimed, July 17 — prince Eugene is defeated at Denain, July 24, and Quesnoy and other towns recaptured by the French — the Dutch agree to terms of peace, but the emperor (Charles VI.) continues the war — stamp duty first imposed on newspapers, 1712. The treaty of Utrecht signed, Mar. 30, 1713 — rivalry of Harley (now earl of Oxford) and Bolingbroke ; the latter pre- judices the queen against the elector of Hanover (afterwards George I.) for not agreeing to the treaty of Utrecht — the opening of the parliament is deferred in consequence of the queen's illness, Dec. 1 — she recovers, and opens the parlia- ment, Mar. 2, 1714 — the electoral prince of Hanover summoned to parliament, as duke of Cambridge, April 12 — by the death of the electress Sophia, her son, the elector, becomes heir to the throne under the Act of Settlement, June 3 — altercations of the ministers, and dis- missal of Oxford, July 27 — illness of the queen, 29 — she makes the duke of .Shrewsbury lord treasurer, 30 — d. at Kensington, Aug. 1, 1714. Anne, sister of Philip, duke of Burgundy, married to the duke of Bedford, 1423 — d. 1432. Anne Hyde, daughter of lord chancellor . Clarendon, married to James, duke of York, Sept. 3, 1660 — mother of queen Mary II., 1662 — of queen Anne, 1664 — d. Mar. 31, 1671. Anne, princess royal, daughter of George II., o. 1709 — married to William Charles Henry, prince of Orange, Mar. 15, 1734 — leaves England for Holland, Apr. 22, regent for her son, William V., 1751— d. Jan. 12, 1759. Anne, daughter of Louis XI. of France, regent for her brother, Charles VI II., 1483 — assembles the States General at Tours, 1484 — quarrels with the duke of Orleans, and makes war on the duke of Britanny, 1486 — rejects the offered me- diation of Henry VII., of England, 1487 — defeat of the Bretons ; death of their duke, and captivity of the duke of Or- leans, 1488. See Beaujeu. Anne of Britanny, daughter of the de- ceased duke, is sought in marriage by many, 1488, 1489— betrothed to Maxi- milian, k. of the Romans, 1490 — com- pelled to marry Charles VIII., of France, and annex her lands to his, 1491 — on his death, she marries Louis XII., 1498 — d. Jan. 9, 1514. Anne, daughter of the emperor Maximi- lian, married to Philip II., of Spain, 1570. Anne, sister of Sigismund Augustus, for- mer k., is married to Stephen Bathori, k. of Poland, 1576. Anne of Austria (Anna Maria Mauricia), daughter of Philip III, of Spain, and Margaret, archduchess of Austria, b. 1601 — marries Louis XIII., of Franc , 1615 — regent for her son, Louis XIV. ; makes cardinal Mazarin her minister, 1643 — her regency ends, 1651 — d. Jan. 20, 1666. Anne, second daughter of Iwan V., b. 1693 — empress of Russia, 1730 — her favou- rite, Ernest John Biren, rules in Rus- sia, 1732 — she interferes in the election of a king in Poland, 1733 — joins Austria in war against Turkey, 1736 — Oczakow taken — she makes Biren duke of Coin- land, 1737 — Orsova taken — the fortifica- tions of Oczakow demolished, and the place abandoned, 1738 — Choczim and Jassy taken — she concludes a treaty of peace with Turkey, at Belgrade, 1739 — compels prince Galitzin to marry a girl of low birth, builds them a palace of ice, and celebrates the wedding with many strange ceremonies — d, Oct. 28, bequeathing the empire to her great ne- phew, Iwan VI., and appoints Biren guardian and regent, 1740. Anne, grand-daughter of Iwan V., and mother of the czar, Iwan VI., regent, Nov. 28 — forms an alliance, first with the k. of Prussia, and then with the queen of Hungary, 1740 — her son is de- posed and she is imprisoned, 1741 — d. 1746. Aknic Duboueg, a magistrate and council- lor, the first Protestant martyr in France, Dec. 23, 1559. Anneau, battle of ; the German allies of Henry of Navarre repulsed by the duke of Guise, Nov. 24, 1587. Annecy in Savoy, attempted revolt at, 1830. Annianus, consul of Rome, 314. Annianus, first bp. of Alexandria, 63-85. Annianus, the chronologist, fl., 412. Annibaldeschi, the, claim to be senators of Rome, 1280. Annicerbis, phil. of the Cyrenafc school, fl. b.c. 315. Annius Rufus, Roman gov. of Judea, 13. Annual parliaments, a motion for, nega- tived in the House of Commons by 145 to 113, Jan. 24, 1745. Annual Register, suggested to Dodsley by Edmund Burke, 1759. Anselm, abp. of Milan, joins the first cru- sade, 1100 — escapes to Constantinople, and dies there, 1101. Anselm, a native of Aosta, and abbot of Bee, appointed abp. of Canterbury, 1093 — expelled from England by William II., ANT 37 ANT 1097 — takes a prominent part in the council of Bari, 1098 — reinstated at Can- terbury by Henry I., 1100 — disputes the right of investiture with Henry, 1102 — goes to Rome, 1103— d. 1109. Ansgar, a monk of Corvey, preaches Christianity in the North, 826— in Swe- den, 830 — abp. of II amburg, 834 — returns to Sweden and converts k. Olof, 853 — d. 865. Anson, George, 5. 1697 — sails for the South Seas, Sept. 18, 1740 — returns, having sailed round the globe, and made many rich prizes, June 14; the treasure brought home by him, amounting to £ 1,250,000, is conveyed to the Tower in 32 waggons, July 14, 1744 — he and adm. Warren de- feat the French off Cape Finisterre, May — is made a peer, 1747 — d. 1762. Anson, Sir William, d. 1847. Anspach and Bayreuth, purchased from the margrave by the k. of Prussia, 1791. Anspach, margravine of (Lady Craven)— d. 1828. Ansprando, the guardian of Liutbert, k. of Lombardy, 700 — defeated in an at- tempt to expel Aribert, 702 — driven from the Lake of Como, is protected, with his son, Liutprand, by the Bavari- ans, 703 — assisted by them, defeats Ari- bert — d. after a reign of seven months, 712. Ansprando, duke of Spoleto, succeeded by Lupo, 746. Antagoras, the Rhodian poet, favoured by Antigonus Gonatas, B.C. 269. Antalcidas, the Lacedaemonian, drives the Athenian fleet from Abydos, and releases that of Nicolochus, B.C. 388 — makes peace with Artaxerxes, leaving the Ionian cities at his mercy, and main- taining the supremacy of Lacedusmon in Greece, 387. Antaradus, the Mohammedans are re- pulsed from, 700. Antequera surrendered by the Moors to Ferdinand, regent of Castile, 1410. Anteros, bp, of Rome, 235. Anteiul, M. d', and the French forces nnder his command, surrender to Law- rence and Clive, 1752. Anthemius, consul of Rome, 405 — prefect of the East, and minister of Theodosius II., 408. Anthemius FlaviusProcopius, consul, 455 — emperor of the West, 467 — his intend- ed religious toleration is prevented by Hilary; consul II., 468 — hires Riothamar and a Breton force to defend Gaul, 470 — quarrels with Ricimer, 471 — killed, July 11, 472. Anthemius, consul of Rome, 515. Anthemius of Tralles, the architect, em- ployed by Justinian to build the new church of St. Sophia. 532. Anthimus, bp. of CP., 535 — deposed by a council held at, 536. Anthologia, collected by Meleager, b.c. 95 — a second by Philippus of Thessalonica, about a.d. 100 - others by Diogenianus, about 120 — Strato, about 130— and Aga- thias, Mat., about 560. See Antipaj er. Anthropomorphite heresy, propagated by Audasus, 341. Axtias, Valerius, the hist., fi. B.C. 110. Anticles, Athenian archon, B.C. 326 H., 325 C. Anticles, Olympic victor, b.c. 748. Anticles, Olympic victor, b.c. 340. Anti-Corn-Law Association formed, Mar., 1841 — deputies meet in London, Feb. 8, 1842 — the League established, diffuses information by lectures, pamphlets, and monthly meetings in Covent Garden theatre, Sept. 28, 1843 — annual meeting, Jan. 22, 1845 — bazaar in Covent Garden theatre, May 4 — great meeting at Man- chester, where more than £60,000 is sub- scribed in four hours, Dec. 23 — meets at Manchester, and closes its operations, July 2, 1846 — revived on the appoint- ment of lord Derby's administration^ Mar. 4, 1852. Anticrates, Olympic victor, B.C. 600. Antidotus, Athenian archon, B.C. 451. Antigenes, Athenian archon, B.C. 407. " Antigone.'' See Sophocles. Antigonia, a defile between Epirus and Macedon, from which Flaminius drives Philip V., B.C. 19S. Antigonus, obtains a portion of Alexan- der's empire, b.c. 323 — defeats Eumenes, and extends his dominions in Asia Minor, 320 — besieges Eumenes in Nora, 319 — establishes his authority in Asia Minor, 318 — defeated while pursuing Eumenes, 316 — drives Seleucus from Babylon to Egypt, 315 — declares war against Cas- sander at Tyre, 314 — Tyre surrenders, 313 — his army, under his son Demetrius Poliorcetes, defeated at Gaza, by Pto- lemy and Seleucus, 312 — Phoenicia given up to him, 311 — fails in an attempt on Egypt, 306 — treacherously kills Mithri- dates Ctistes, of Pontus, 302 — defeated and slain at the battle of Ipsus, 301. Antigonus Gonatas, son of Demetrius Poliorcetes, succeeds Sosthenes, k. of Macedon, B.C. 277 — expelled byPyrrhus, 273 — regains his throne, 272 — patronizes poets and philosophers, 269 — takes Athens, 268— defeats Alexander of Epi- rus, 266— d. 239. Antigonus Doson, k. of Macedon, sup- ports the Achaean league, B.C. 229 — called upon by them to oppose Cleomenes, ANT 38 ANT 223— defeats him at Sellasia, 222— d. 220. Antigonus set up by Pacorns as k. of Judaea, B.C. 40— sent by Sossius a pri- soner to Rome, 38— put to death, 37. Antigonus, Olympic victor,B.c. 292 and 288. Antigua, West Indian Island, first set- tled, 1632. " Anti- Jacobin," the, commenced by Geo. Canning and his friends, 1797. Anti-Jacobin Review, edited by John Gifford, 1806. Anti- Jesuit controversy, afterwards call- ed Jansenist; pope Clement VIII. at- tempts to settle it, 1597. Antilochides, Athenian archon, B.C. 435. Antimachus, Olympic victor, b.o 772. Antimachus, the poet of Colophon, fi. B.C. 405. Anti-monastic spirit spreads in Italy, 1776. Antinoeion, the name given by Pancrates, in honour of Antinous, to the red lotus, 130. Antinomian doctrines discussed by Lu- ther and Agricola of Eisleben, 1538-40 — controversy revived in England, 1690. Antinopolis, in Thebais, built by Hadrian in memory of his favourite, Antinous, 130. Antinous, the favourite of Hadrian, drowned in the Nile, Oct. 30, 130. See Ajttinoeion, and Antinopolis. Antooch, a city of Syria, built by Seleu- cus Nicator, for his residence, B.C. 300 — battle of; Alexander Bala slain by De- metrius Nicator, 146— Germanicus dies at, Oct. 9, a.d. 19 — arrival of disciples who fled from Jerusalem, after the mar- tyrdom of Stephen, 35 — their doctrines are first taught to the Gentiles by some men of Cyprus and Cyrene, who produce so great an impression, that Saul and Karnabas come to inquire into it, 36 — after a year's conference, the believers take the name of Christians, and the first Greek Christian church is founded, 37 — Saul and Barnabas return to An- tioch, and are sent forth by the new church to preach the Gospel to the Gen- tiles, 38. The Olympic games celebrated at, 44 — Euodius, first bishop. See Antioch, bishops of. — Trajan, on bis march to the East, winters there, 114 — a de- structive earthquake at, 115 — L. Verus, colleague of M. Aurelius, resides there during the war in the East, 163 — Olym- pic games celebrated at, 212 — surprised and pillaged by the Persians, 262 — council of, to oppose the doctrines of Paul of Samosata, 264 — taken from Ze- nobia by Aurelian, 272. Revolt of Eugenius suppressed by the inhabitants, 303 — a synod held by the Arians, 328 — decree issued by Constantius II. prohibiting marriage between uncles and nieces, Mar. 31, 339 — synod of, assents to an Ariau creed, deposes Athanasius, and appoints Gregory, bp. of Alexandria, 341 — the Caesar Gal Ins, gov. of the East, 351 — visit of Libanius, 352 — massacre of the proconsul Theophilus, 353 — a synod deposes Meletius, and appoints Eu- zoius bp., 361 — contest between Paulinus and Meletius — orations of Libanius, 362 — a synod held by Meletius, 363 — perse- cution of magic by the emperor Valens, 372 — a council of, deposes all Arian bi- shops, 380 — Chrysostom ordained deacon at, 381 — contests of rival bishops : vio- lent tumults, and the statues of Theo- dosius are thrown down; his anger appeased, 387. NestoWus retires into a monastery at Antioch, 431 — another fatal earth- quake, 458— bloody encounters of the circus-factions, 507 — these disorders cause an ordinance which puts a stop to the Olympic games at Antioch, 520 — an earthquake begins, (Jet. 525, aud continues till the following May — ano- ther violent earthquake, 528 — taken by Chosroes, 540 — earthquake, 554 — the Jews of Antioch attack the Christians, and kill the bp. Anastasius ; the see re- mains vacant nineteen years, 610 — sur- renders to the Saracens, 638. Recovered by the Greek emperor, 966 — taken by Soliman, sultan of Ico- nium, which involves him in war with Thuthusch, 1086 — besieged by the Crusaders, Oct. 21, 1097 — sur- renders, June 3, 1098 — a Latin princi- pality, under Bohemond, 1099 — claimed by Alexius Comnenus, 1106 — Tailored dies there, 1112 — battle of; the Turks defeated by Baldwin II., k. of Jeru- salem, and the Knights Hospitallers, 1119 — given to Raymond of Poitiers, — claimed by Roger, k. of Sicily, and attacked by the emperor John II., who is repulsed, 1137 — he prepares ano- ther attack, which is stopped by his death, 1143— distress of the wreck of the emperor Frederic Barbarossa's army at Antioch, when conducted there after his death by his son Frederic, duke of Swa- bia, 1190 — Antioch taken by the Mame- luke Bibars, 1268 — by Ibrahim Pasha, 1832. Antioch, Mundane Era of, commenced 5492 years B.C. Geecian, or Seleucidan Era of (called by some Alexandrian) com- menced, Sept. 1, B.C. 132 (Olymp. 117, 1 ; ANT 39 ANT A.u.c. 442) from the taking of Babylon by Seleucus Nicator. Ahtioch, Pomj-eian Epoch of, b.c. 64, when Pompey drove Tigranes out of Syria. Cesarean Era of, B.C. 48 ; A.U.C. 706 — reckoned by the Greeks from b,c. 49; a.u.c. 70'i — to commemorate the battle of Pharsalia; this era is in general use by Evagrius and others. Augustan Epoch of, from b.c. 31, A.u.c. 723, to commemorate the battle of Actiura. Antioch, bishops of: — 1. Euodius ; time uncertain, but sup- posed to be a.d. 43. 2. Ignatius ; probably 70 — accused be- fore Trajan, sent to Rome, and killed by wild beasts in the amphitheatre, 115. 3. Heros, 115. 4. Cornelius, 129. 5. Eros, 143. 6. Theophilus, 171 — writes his three books, Ad Autolycum, 181. 7. Maximus I., 183. 8. Serapion, 190 — writes an accountof an heretical gospel, ascribed to St. Peter. 9. Asclepiades, 203. 10. Philetus, 218. 11. Zebinus, 229. 12. Babylas, 238 — suffers martyrdom, 250 — removal of his remains from the grove of Daphne by order of the em- peror Julian, 363. 13. Fabius, 250. 14. Demetrianus, 252. 15. Paul of Samosata, 260 — accused of heresy, 264 — condemned by a council, but refuses to submit, and is supported by Zenobia, 269— expelled by Aure- lian, 270. 16. Domnus I., 270. 17. Timseus. 272. 18. Cyrillus, 2S0. 19. Tyrannus, 302. 20. Vitalis, 315. 21. Philogonius, 320. 22. Paulinus I., 321 — deposed for Arian- ism, 325. 23. Eustathius, 325 — deposed by the Arians, 328. 24. Paulinus II., 328 — translated from Tyre — dies in six months. 25. Eulalius, 329 26. Euphronius,330. 27. Placillus, 332. 28. Stephen I., 342— ejected, 348. 29. Leon ti us, 348. 30. Eudoxius, 358— translated to C P., 359. 81. Anianus, 359. 82. Meletius, 360 — deposed by Constan.- tius, 361 — restored by Julian, 362 — again deposed by Valens, 376— rein- Btated by Gratian, 378— d. 381. 33. Euzoius, 361 — appointed by Constao tins, maintains the Meletian schism, till his death, in 376. 34. Paulinus III., 362— a third rival bp. 35. Dorotheus, 376 — Arian, appointed by Valens on the death of Euzoius — de- posed, 378— d. 407. 36. Flavianus, 381 — succeeds Meletius-— refuses to concur in the proceedings against Chrysostom, 403 — d. 404. 87. Porphyrius, 404. 38. Alexander, 413. 39. Theodotus, 420. 40. Joannes I., 429. 41. Domnus II., 442 — deposed by the " Robber Synod," of Ephesus, 449. 42. Maximus II., 449. 43. Basilius, 456. 44. Acacius, 458. See Acacius. 45. Martyrius, 459— resigns on account of the troubles created by Peter the Fuller, 471. 46. Julianus, 471. 47. Peter the Fuller, 476— expelled, 477 —restored, 485— d. 488. 48. Joannes II., 477 — expelled, 478. 49. Stephen II., 478. 50. Stephen III., 480— killed, 481. 51. Calandio, 481 — expelled, 485. 52. Palladius, 488. 53. Flavianus II., 498 — deposed by Ana*. tasius, and banished to Petra, 512. 54. Severus, 512 — deposed by Justin I., and condemned to have his tongue cut out, 519. 55. Paulus II., 519 — abdicates, 521. 56. Euphrasius, 521 — perishes in the earthquake, 526. 57. Ephraimius, 527. 58. Domnus III., 545. 59. Anastasius I., 559 — deposed and ba- nished by Justin II., 570 — restored by Maurice, 593— d. 599. 60. Gregorius, friend of Evagrius, 570-- d. 593 61. Anastasius II., 599 — slain by the Jews, 610. The see remains vacant, and Christianity yields to Mohamme- danism, 638. A ntiochenus, George, the Sicilian admiral, anchors his fleet before CP., and plun- ders its vicinity, 1148— rescues Louis "VII. of France from the Greeks, 1149. Antiochianus, consul of Borne, 270. Antiochis. See Ariarathes IV. Antiochus I., Soter, son of Seleucus Ni- cator, receives Upper Asia from bin father, B.c, 294 — on his father's death, becomes k. of all Syria, 280— unsuccess- ful in his war against iN'icomedes of Bi- thynia, 278 — patronizes Berosus, 276 — supports Mas;as of Cyrene in his war wittt Ptolemy Philadelphus, 264 — de* ANT 40 ANT feated by Eumenes, near Sardis, 263 — killed in battle with the Galatians, 261. Antiochus II., Theus, son of Antiochns I., k. of Syria, b.c. 261 — repudiates Laodice, and marries Berenice, 249 — divorces Berenice, and is poisoned by Laodice, 246. Antiochus III., the Great, brother of Se- leucus Ceraunus, k. of Syria, B.C. 223 — makes war on Ptolemy Philopater, k. of Egypt, and conquers Palestine, 218 — de- feated, and stripped of his conquests, 217 — assisted by Attalus, k. of Pergamus, quells the rebellion of Achaeus, in Lydia, 216-14 — attacks the Parthians and Bac- trians, 212 — recognizes the independence of Parthia, 210 — endeavours to dismem- ber Egypt by war, 205 — defeats Scopas, and the JEtolian allies of Egypt, at Pa- nium, and conquers Ccelo-Syria and Pa- lestine, 198 — seizes the Thi*acian Cher- sonesus, 196 — receives Hannibal, who endeavours to reform the Syrian army and its tactics, 195 — marries his daugh- ter, Cleopatra, to Ptolemy Epiphanes, and restores to him Ccelo-Syria and Palestine, 193 — enters Greece, 192 — defeated at Thermopylae, his fleet de- stroyed, he returns into Phrygia, 191 — defeated by L. Scipio, at Magnesia, 190 — makes peace with the Romans, and resigns to them all Asia Minor, from the Taurus to the iEgean Sea, 188 — dis- misses Hannibal — d. 187. Antiochus IV., Epiphanes, brother of Seleucus Philopator, k. of Syria, b.c. 175 — defeats the Egytian army, near Lake Sirbonis, 173 — invades Egypt, and takes Memphis, 171 — negociates with Perseus a league against Rome, 170 — besieges Alexandria, 169 — evacuates Egypt, and plunders Jerusalem, 168 — is resisted by the Jews, 166— d. 164. Antiochus V., Eupator, son of Antiochus Epiphanes, k. of Syria, admitted, when only seven years old, to share his father's throne, B.C. 166 — succeeds him, under the guardianship of LysiaR, 164 — loses a great part of his kingdom, conquered by the Parthians — is murdered by Deme- trius Soter, 162. Antiochts VI., Sidetes, or Euergetes, son of Demetrius Soter, defeats and slays the usurper Trypho, b.c. 139 — oc- cupies the throne of Syria on the capti- vity of his brother, Demetrius Nicator, 137 — besieges Jerusalem, 134 — grants peace and immunities to the Jews — sends valuable gifts to P. Cora. Scipio Africanus ^Emilianus, 133 — invades Par- thia, 129 — defeated and slain, 128. Antiochus VII., Grypus, son of Deme- trius Nicator and Cleopatra, k. of Syria, on his accession, has to contend with Alexander Zebina, and with his mother, B.C. 125 — overcomes and slays Zebina, 123 — puts his mother to death, 121 — ex- pelled by his half-brother, Antiochus Cy- zicenus, 113 — shares his kingdom with him, 111 — slain in a contest with him, 96. Antiochus VIII., Cyzicenus, son of Anti- ochus Sidetes and Cleopatra, claims Syria, b.c. 114: — drives Antiochus Grypus to Aspendus, 113 — shares Syria with him, 111 — defeated by Seleucus, son of Grypus, and kills himself, 95. Antiochus IX., Eusebes, son of Antiochus Cyzicenus, obtains the greater part of Syria, b.c. 94 — years of confusion and civil war follow — he is dispossessed by Philippus, 85, and his fate uncertain. Antiochus X., Asiaticus, son of Antiochus Eusebes, goes to Rome, to obtain aid in expelling Tigranes from Syria, b.c. 75 — made k. by Lucullus, 69 — expelled by Pompey, 65— d. 49. Antiochus, son of Alexander Bala, set up as a competitor for the crown of Syria, by Diodotus Trypho, B.C. 143 — murdered by him, 139. Antiochus, the nominal k. of Commagene, deposed by Vespasian, and sent to Rome, 72. Antiochus, of Syracuse, concludes his History of Sicily, B.C. 423. Antiochus, alieut. of Alcibiades, defeated by Lysander at Ephesus, B.C. 407. Antiochus, the phil. acad., fl. B.C. 87 — teaches Cicero at Athens, B.C. 79. Antiochus, consul of Rome, 431. Anti-Orange party prevails in the Uni- ted Provinces, on the death of William II., 1650 — compelled by the popular voice to appoint William III., 1672 — prevails again on his death, 1702 — com- pelled to appoint William IV., 1747 — supported by France, attempts to curtail the statholder's power, 1783 — expels him, but is overpowered by Great Britain and Prussia, 1787. Antipater, a gen. of Alexander, makes war on Lacedsemon, and kills Agis 111. in battle, b c. 331 — defeated by Sosthe- nes, the Greek leader, takes refuge in Lamia, 323 — assisted by Craterus, sub- dues iEtolia, takes Athens, and trans- plants 3000 citizens into Thrace, 322 — regent of Macedon, 321— d. 318. Antipater and Alexander, sons of Cas- sander, contend for Macedon, b.c. 296— invite foreign aid, 295 — are killed by Dometrius Poliorcetes, 294. Antipater, the father of Herod, becomei an ally of Rome, B.C. 47. Antipater, Athenian archon, b.c. 389. Antipater, Athenian archon, 45. ANT 41 ANT Antipater of Tarsus, the stoic, succeeds Diogenes, and writes against Carneades, B.C. 144. Antipater Sidonius, writer of the epi- grams in the Anthologia, B.C. 127. Antipater, L. Cselius, writes a history of the Punic wars, B.C. 123. Antipater TyRius, stoic phil., and friend of Cato, d. B.C. 44. Antipater, the sophist, secretary to Sept. Severus, and tutor to his sous, 199 — writes a monody on the death of Geta, 212. Antipatris, built by Herod, B.C. 10. Antiphanes, writes comedies, B.C. 387. Antiphates, Athenian archon, b.c. 297. Antiphemus of Rhodes, founds Gela, a town in Sicily, B.C. 690. Antipho, the framer of the " government of 400," at Athens, put to death, B.C. 411. Antiphon, Athenian archon, b.c. 318. Antipodes, the existence of, taught by the priest Virgilius, for which he is con- victed of heresy, 748. Antipopes. See their transactions under the respective dates in the Chronological Tables. Felix II., 355-358. The bishops of Home were not then styled popes ; but he was called the first pretender or intruder. Constantine, 767. Anastasius, 855. Sergius, 898. Boniface VII., 974. John XVI., 997. Gregory, 1012. Sylvester, 1044. Benedict IX., 1044-48. X., 1058. Honorius II. (Cadalo), 1061-67. Clement III., 1080. Gregory VIII.. 1118. Anacletus II., 1130-38. Victor III., 1138. IV., 1159-64. Pascal III., 1164-68. Callistus III., 1168-78. Innocent III., 1178-80. Schism of the West. Clement VII., 1378-94. Benedict XIII., 1394-1424. Gregory XII., 1409-15. Clement VIII.. 1424-29. Felix V. (Amadeus, duke of Savoy), 1439-49. The following are by some added to the list: — Anastasius II., 496-497. Dioscorus, 530. PAscal 687 (Irregularly elected in gius 1. Antipopes — continued. Theophylactus, 767. Zizimus, 824. Antiquarian Society of London incorpo- rated by Geo. II, 1751 — of Edinburgh founded, 1780. Anti-reformers, ejected by most of the large constituencies, at the election of May, 1831 — many of them burnt in effigy, and their property destroyed, Sept. Anttsthenes, disciple of Socrates, and preceptor of Diogenes, fl. B.C. 365. Antisthenes, hist., relates the event3 of his times, B.C. 198. Anti-Trinitarian doctrines of Photinus condemned by the synod of Sirmium, 351 — disseminated in Lithuania by Simon Budseus, 1584. Anti-Tkinitarian Society', founded by Socinus in Italy, 1546. Antium, taken by the Romans, b.c 468 — restored to the Volscians, 457 — made a i Roman colony and municipium ; but de- prived of armed ships, 338. Antoinette, queen of France. See Marie. Antonina, wife of Belisarius, accompanies him to Africa, 533 — obtains supplies at Naples to relieve Rome, 538. Antoninus, Marcus, son of the emperor M. Aurelius, and twin-brother of Coin- modus, b. at Lanuvium, Aug. 31, 161 — d. 165. Antoninus, T. Pius, proconsul of Asia, 121 — adopted by Hadrian, Feb. 25, succeeds him as emperor, July 10, 138 — adopts M. Aurelius, and marries him to his daugh- ter Faustina, 139 — gives a king to the Armenians— his wall in Britain built, by Lollius Urbicus, 140 — death of his wife, Faustina, 141 — bestows salaries and dis- tinctions on the teachers of philosophy and rhetoric in the provinces, 142 — de- dicates a temple to Hadrian, and distri- butes money to the people, 145 — cele- brates his decennalian games, 148 — forbids all persecution of the Christians — his reign the happiest period in Ro- man history, 151 — punishes Atilius Ti- tianns with death for a conspiracy, 156 — d. Mar. 7, 161. Antoninus, Marcus Aurelius, the name assumed by Caracalla, consul of Rome, 202, 205, 208, 213— again by Elagabalus, as consul, 219, 220, and 222. Antoninus, the bridge of, destroyed by an inundation of the Tiber, 791. Antonio, duke of Athens. See Acciaiuoij. Antonio, natural son of Emanuel, late k. of Portugal, defeated by the marquis Santa Croce, in his expedition against the Azores ; the prisoners taken aie massacred by order of the duke of Alvaj ANT 42 APE 1582— expedition of Drake and Norris to support him, 1589. Antonius, M., the orator, b. B.C. 143 — de- fends Aquilius, 98 — killed in Cinna's struggle for the consulship, 87. Antonius, consul of Rome, 382. Antonius. See Constantinople, patri- archs of. Antonius, C, son of the orator, joins Ca- tiline in opposing Cicero's election to the consulship, B.C. 64 — consul of Rome, and Cicero's colleague, 63 — hanished, 59. Antonius, L., expelled from the Roman senate for irregularly divorcing his wife, B.C. 307. Antonius, L. Pietas, brother of Mark An- tony, consul of Rome, B.C. 41 — opposes Octavius, and is besieged by him in Pe- rusia- -taken and pardoned, 40. Antonius, M., son of the orator, and father of Mark Antony, maritime prefect, B.C. 75 — attacks Crete, 74 — d. there, 69. Antonius, M. See Antony, Mark. Antonius, M. Gnipho, rhetorician — Cicero, when praetor, attends his lectures, b.c. 66. Antonius, Qu. Haterius, consul of Rome, 53. Antony, Mark, tribune of the people, ex- pelled from Rome, joins Caesar, B.C. 49 — master of the horse to him, 47 — consul, 44— quarrels with Octavius, after Caesar's death : tries to make himself master of Cisalpine Gaul, and is declared an enemy of his country, 44 — besieges Mutina ; defeated by the consuls, joins Octavius and Lepidus to form the second trium- virate, and murders Cicero, 43— remains in the East, attacks and kills Ariobar- zanes, k. of Cappadocia, 42 — summons Cleopatra to answer for having assisted Brutus ; they meet at Tarsus ; he con- sents to the murder of her sister Arsinog, 41 — accompanies her to Egypt; recon- ciled to Octavius, and married to his sister, Octavia, 40 — concludes the treaty of Misenum with Octavius and Sextus Pompeius, 39 — arrives in Italy to ar- range a renewal of the triumvirate, 38 — concerts with Octavius the means of op- posing Sextus Pompeius, 37 — advances into Media, is defeated, and retreats into Egypt, 36 — invades Armenia, and brings Artavasdes a prisoner to Egypt, 34 — divorces Octavia, 33 — detaches himself wholly from Rome, and celebrates a triumph in Egypt; removes the library of Pergamus to Alexandria ; prepares for war with Octavius, leads his forces as far as Corey ia, and passes the winter with Cleopatra, at Patrae, 32 — defeated at Actium, 31— d. 30. Antony, the founder of monachism, b. 252 — introduces it into Egypt, 305 — patro- uizedby Athanasius, 328— called by him to Alexandria to assist in the conversion of Arians, 352— d. 357. Antony, the monk, the name assumed by the deposed emperor Andronicus II., 1332. Antony of Bourbon, marries Jane D'Al- bret, heiress of Lower Navarre, 1548 — birth of their son, the future Henry IV of France, 1553 — they inherit Lower Na- varre, 1555 — lieutenant-gen. of France, 1560 — joins the Guise faction, 1561 — takes Rouen from the Huguenots, and dies of a wound received there, 1562. Antony Clembnt, k. of Saxony, succeeds, May 5, 1827 — shares his power with his nephew Frederic, and gives his people a constitution, Sept. 13, 1830 — d. June 6, 1836. Antony's, St., Fire, the disease so called breaks out in Lorraine, 1089. Antwerp, given to Godfrey of Bouillon, 1076 — the name of Lollards first used there, 1300 — Edward III. lands his army there, July 22, 1338— building of its church, 1422 — of its exchange, 1531 — plundered by the troops of John of Aus- tria, 1576 — resists the duke of Parma as Spanish viceroy, 1579 — recognizes the duke of Anjou, as sovereign, 1582 — de- feats his attempted seizure, 1583 — be- sieged by the duke of Parma, 1584 — reduced by famine, surrenders, 1585— its commerce transferred to Amsterdam and Rotterdam, 1609 — the Barrier Treaty signed there, 5(16) Nov. 1715 — taken by the French, 1746 — a military council of the allies held there, Apr. 8, 1793— held by the Dutch gen. Chasse against Leopold, k. of Belgium ; the citadel in- vested by mar. Gerard, Nov. 15 — cap- tured, Dec. 23, 1832 — railway to Cologne, Oct. 13, 1843 — visit of queen Victoria, Sept. 7, 1845. Anulinus, consul of Rome, 295. Anullianus, P. Corn., consul of Rome, II, 199. Anullinus, Corn., consul of Rome, 216. Anund, Jacob, k. of Sweden, 1024-1051. Anxur, a city of the Volsci, taken by the Romans, b.c. 406. Aodh, k. of Scotland, 880 ; uncertain. Aosta, its valley occupied by the Sa- lassi, a wild Alpine tribe, b.c. 143. Apamea, taken by the Persians, 611. Apelles, the painter, fl. b.c. 332. Apellicon, the library of, brought from Athens to Rome by Sylla, b.c. 84 — con- tained the works of Aristotle which Tyrannio copies, 68. Aper, consul of Rome, 207. Aper, assassinates Numerianus, and him- self falls by the hand of Diocletian, 284. Aper, M. Flavius, consul of Rome, 130— 176, II. APO 43 APS Aphdal, the Fatiniite, expels the sons of Ortok from Jerusalem, 1096. Aphelion of Venus, observed by Theon of Smyrna, Oct. 10, 128 — of Mercury, July 5, 131. Aphides, k. of Athens, b.c. 1137 (1138 H., 1134 C). Apion of Alexandria, fl. 39 — sent as an ambassador to Rome, 40. Apis, k. of Argos, b.c. 1747 (1693 C). Apis, k. of Sicyon, B.C. 1973 (1734 C.J. A pocalypse. See John, St. Apochas, Olympic victor, b.c. 520. Apocryphal and canonical books of the Scriptures, distinguished by Gelasius, 494— declared by the Council of Trent to be of equal authority, 1550. Apokaukus, the grand admiral, supports Anne of Savoy, regent for her son, John V., emperor of the East, 1341 — he fails in his attempt against Cautacuzcne at Demotica, 1344: — he is murdered, 1345. Apollinakis, P. Ccelius, consul of Rome, 169. Apollinaris, Sidonius, celebrates the con- sulship of his father-in-law, the emperor Avitus, 456 — addresses his panegyric to Majorian, 458 — to Anthemius, 468 — bp. of Clermont, 469. Apollinarius. See Alexandria, bps. of. Apollinarius, bp. of Hierapolis, 172. Apollinarius, bp. of Laodicea, writes against Porphyry, and at last deviates into heresy, 366. Apollo, Commodus places a head of him- self on a statue of, 189. Apollodorus, Athenian archon, B.C. 430. Apollodorus, Athenian archon, b.c. 350. Apollodorus, Athenian archon, b.c. 321. Apollodorus, chronologist, fl. b.c. 145. Apollodorus of Damascus, the architect, constructs Trajan's bridge over the Da- nube, 105 — designs and executes Trajan's column ; is also employed on the Odeum temples, triumphal arches, &c, 113. Apollodorus of Gela, the comic poet, fl. b.c. 326. Apollodorus of Pergamus, fl. b.c. 63 — preceptor of Octavius, 44. Apollonius, consul of Rome, 460. Apollonius, writes against the Monta- uists, 212 — answered by Tertulliau, 213. Apollonius of Athens, the sophist, sent ambassador to Sept. Severus, 196. Apollonius of Naucratis, the sophist, fl. 196. Apollonius Rhodius, is appointed libra- rian at Alexandria, B.C. 194. Apollonius of Tyana, begins to distin- guish himself, 17— visits Persia and India, 45 — present at the Olympic ^ames, 61 -ordered to leave Koine, 66 — quarrels with Euphrates in Egypt, 69 — meets Titus in Cilicia, 71 — returns to Rome; accused of conspiracy; suffered to es cape, and goes to the Olympic games, 93-^d. 97. For his biography, see Phi- lostratus of Lemnos. Apologeticus. See Tertullian. Apologies for Christianity. See Aris- tides, Quadratus, Justtn Martyb, Athenagoras, Melito, and Miltiades. Apology for Quakerism. See Barclay. Apostolicals, a sect, headed by Sega- relli, denounce the licentiousness of the clergy, 1261 — they are prohibited by the pope, 1286 — again persecuted, 1290 — their leader burnt at Parma, and they retire into Dalmatia, under a new leader, Dolcino, 1300 — return to Italy, and fix themselves on a mountain near Vercelli, 1304 — crusade against them, 1306 — dis- persion of the sect, 1307. See Segarelli, and Dolcino. AppelljEus. Olympic victor, B.C. 540. Appenzel, invites the protection of the Swiss cantons against the abbot of St. Gall, 1411— joins the Swiss League, 1513. Appian of Alexandria, becomes known to Hadrian, and follows him to Rome, 130 — writes his Histoiy, 147. Appian Road (Via Appia), constructed by the censor Appius Claudius Caecus, B.C. 312. Appiano, Gherardo d', sells Pisa to Jo. Galeazzo Visconte, duke of JM ilan, 1399. Appius, Sp. Decemvir, dies in prison, B.C. 449. Appius Claudius. See Claudius. Apprentices, tumult of the, in Westmin- ster, Dec. 28, 1641. Appropriation Clause, in the Irish Church Bill, thrown out by the Lords, 1835— again, July 25, 1836. Appuleius, M., consul of Rome, B.C. 20. Appuleius, Sex., consul of Rome, B.C. 29 — subdues Pannonia, 8. Appuleius, Sex., consul of Rome, 14. Apraxin, the Russian adm., defeats the Swedish adm. Erenschild, and takes him prisoner, 1714. Apiies, k. of Egypt, b.c. 594 C. Apronianus, C. Vipstanus, consul of Rome, 59. Apronianus, Vipstanus, consul of Rome, 117. Apronianus, C. Ventidius, consul of Rome, 123. Apronianus, consul of Rome, 168. Apkonianus, consul of R.me, 191. Apronius, defeated by the Frisians, 28. Apsandrus, Athenian archon, B.C. 702. Apsephion, Athenian archon, B.C. 470 II., 469 C. Ai seudes, Athenian archon, B.C. 433. Apsines of Uadara, the sophist, fl. 236. AQU 44 AQTJ Apuleius, leaves Madaura, studies at Cai*- thage and Athens, and afterwards settles at Rome, 149 — composes his works there, 174. Apulia, a province in Southern Italy, oc- cupied by Hannibal, who passes an idle winter there, b.c. 215 — be returns after a march to the gates of Rome, 211. See Italy, Southern. Apulia, part of the new Greek province, called the Theme of Lombardy, a.d. 890 — revolt of Melo ; he engages a band of Normans to assist him, 1017 — Basilio Bugiano sent against them, 1018 — they are defeated, 1019— inva- sion of Henry II., emperor of Ger- many, 1022 — more Normans arrive, 1026 — obtain A versa, 1029 — divide the pro- vince among them, making Melfi their common capital, 1042 — visit of pope Leo IX,, to hear the complaints of the people against them, 1050 — Humphrey suc- ceeds Drogo as their leader, 1051 — on his death Guiscard assumes the command, 1057 — he receives the title of duke of Apulia from pope Nicholas II., 1059 — revolt of Cannae and other cities, 1083 — Edgar Atheling retires among the Normans, 1086 — treaty with pope Rascal II., 1110 — invasion of Roger, count of Sicily, 1121 — acquired by him, 1127 — he is acknowledged duke of Apulia, 1128 —and Rainulph created count, 1137 — pope Innocent II. taken prisoner by Roger, restores Apulia to him, and creates his son duke, 1139— the province revolts, aided by Michael Palseologus, 1155 — conquered by Tancred, 1190 — reconquer- ed by the Sicilians, 1191 — conquered by the emperor Henry VI. of Germany, 1194— by the emperor Otho IV., 1211— pope Gregory IX. declares a crusade against Frederic II., and sends John de Brienne to reduce it, 1228-1229— the car- dinals and prelates captured by the em- peror on their way to hold a council at Rome, are confined by him in Apulia, 1241 — papal agents form conspiracies, which he puts down in person, 1246 — he dies there, Dec. 13, 1250 — pope Inno- cent IV. excites a rebellion, which Man- fred quells, 1251 — Conrad arrives, 1252 — the pope advances with a strong force, which Manfred defeats, 1254— Apulia, with Sicily, given to Charles of Anjou, brother of Louis IX., by pope Urban IV., 1263 — they form the kingdom of Naples, of which h* is crowned k., 1265. See Naples, and Sicilies, the Two. Aqua Appia, the first Roman aqueduct, constructed by Appius Claudius, the blind, B.C. 312. Aqua Claudia, an aqueduct of Rome, com- menced by Caligula, 38 — completed by Claudius, 52. Aqua Curtia, an aqueduct of Rome, re- stored by Titus, 81. Aqu^e M attiace, reached by Valentinian, 371. See Wjsbaden. Aquje Sextije, the first Roman colony in Gaul, founded by C. Sextius Calvinus, b.c. 122 — battle of; Marius defeats the Teutones, 102. See Aix. Aquaviva, author of the school system of the Jesuits, d. 1615. Aqueduct. See Aqua. — Of New Athens, constructed by Hadrian, 140 — of Raven- na, by Theodoric, 502 — of Ecija, com- pleted by Abderahman III., 949 — of the Ellesmere canal, in the vale of Llangollen, completed by Mr. Telford. 1805. Aqueducts, public, of Rome, superintend- ed by Domitius Afer, 49 — by Frontinus, 97 — constructed in Spain by Abderah- man II., to relieve a great drought, 847. Aquila, battle of; Braccio defeated and slain by Francesco Sforza, 1424. Aquileia, winter-quarters of the consuls, while conducting the war in Istria, b.c. 178 — head-quarters of the emperors M. Aurelius and Verus against the Marco- manui, a.d. 167 — besieged by Maximin, who is assassinated there, 238— battle of; Constantine II. defeated and slain by his brother, Constans, 340 — synod of, held by Ambrose of Milan, against Palla- diusand Secundianus,381. SeeRuFmus. — siege and destruction of, by Attila, 452 — battle of; Theodoric defeats Odoacer, Aug. 28, 489 — taken by the Lombards, 568— ceded by Berenger, k. of Italy, to Otho I., emperor of Germany, 952 — Richard I., of England, shipwrecked near, 1192. Aquilinus, consul of Rome, 162. Aquilinus, consul of Rome, 249. Aquilinus, Lart. llerminius, consul Rome, b.c. 448. Aquilinus, T. Herminius, consul of Rome, b.c. 506. Aquilinus, T. Vettius, consul of Rome, 125. Aquilinus Vettius, consul of Rome, 286. Aquilius, M., consul of Rome, resisted by the slaves in Sicily, B.C. 101 — restores tranquillity, 99 — accused of malversa- tions, and eloquently defended by the orator Antonius, 98. Aquinas, Thomas, studies at Paris, 1245 — ■ called " the angelic doctor" — dies on his way to the council of Lyons, 1274. Aquino; Gregory VII. retires to, 1080. Aquitaine, given to Wallia, kingdom of the Visigoths founded, 418 — conquered by Clovis, 507 — independent under Eudes, 717 — the Saracens expelled from, 732 — occupied by Charles Martel, 735 — ARA 45 ARA Aquitaine — continued. Iield by Hunald, son of Eudes, as duke, 736 — Waifar, son of Hunald, maintains himself against Pepin, 762 — is slain, and his duchy conquered, 768 — Louis, son of Charlemagne, crowned k. of Aqui- taine at Rome, 781 — gives the title to his son, Pepin, 815 — who dies, 838 — his sons claim the inheritance, 840 — the eldest of them, Pepin, acquires posses- sion of it, 845 — Charles the Bald takes him prisoner and seizes Aquitaine, 851 — the people offer it to a son of Louis of Germany, but Pepin escapes and places himself again at their head,854 — reduced i;y Charles, 865 — governed by his son, Louis the Stammerer, 867 — given by Lothaire to Hugh, count of Paris, 955 — becomes an appendage of the English crown, through the marriage of Henry (1 1.) Plantagenet to Eleanor of Guienne, 1152 — Edward III. founds the princi- pality of, for the Black Prince, 1362 — the nobles of, refuse to pay the taxes levied by the prince for his Castilian campaign, and appeal to the k. of Erance, 1368. See Guienne. Aquitania, disturbances in, settled by Messalla, B.C. 27. AyuriANus, Victorius, writes his Canon Paschalis, 457. Arabia; Ptolemy Euergetes extends his empire on the western coast, B.C. 225 — unsuccessful expedition of JElius Gal- lus, gov. of Egypt, 24 — part of Arabia Petrsea conquered by Corn. Palma, a.d. 106 — visit of Hadrian, 130 — Sept. Seve- rus gives the name of Arabia to Adia- bene, which lie forms into a new province, 195 — the native land of Mohammed, in which he announces himself as a pro- phet, 610 — conquered by him, 630— his successors take the title of caliphs, 632 — their first money coined by Abdelmelik, 695 — their empire extends from Tartary and India in the East, to the shores of the Atlantic, 718— learning introduced by Almansor, 754 — its magnificence un- der Haroun Al Raschid, 786-809— de- clines, 841 — conquered by the Bcwide Ahmed, who makes himself Emir Al Omra, 944 — MSS. purchased in Arabia for the caliph of Spain, Al Hakem, 962 — Hulagou murders Al Mostasem, and puts an end to the caliphate, 1258 — conquered by the Ottoman, Seliml.,1518 — conquest completed by Soliman II., 1538 — esta- blishment of the British at Aden, 1839. Arabia, caliphs of: — Abu Beker, 632—634. Omar I., 634—644. Othman, 644— 655. Aii. 655-661. Arabia, caliphs of: — continued. Hasan, 661. Ommiades. Moawiyah I., 661—680. Yezid I., 680—683. Moawiyah II., 683. Merwan I., 684. Abdalmelik, 685—705. Walid I., 705—715. Soliman, 715 — 717. Omar II., 717—720. Yezid 11., 720— 724. Hashan or Hixem, 724 — 743. Walid II., 743—744. Yezid III., 5 months. 1 brahim, 3 months. Merwan II., 744 — 750. Abbassides. Abul Abbas, or Saffah, 750—754. Almansor, 754 — 775. Now styled Caliphs of Bagdad, Al Mahdi, 775—785. Al Hadi, 785. Haroun Al Raschid, 786—809. Al Amin, 809—813. Al Mamun, 813—833. Al Motassem, 833—841. Al Wathek, 841—847. Al Motawakkel, 847—861. Al Mostanser, 861. Al Mostaiu, 862—866. Al Motaz, 866—869. Al Mohtadi, 869. Al Motamed, 870— S92. Al Motadhed, 892—902. Al Moktafi, 902—908. Al Moktader, 908—932. Al Kaher, 932—934. Al Radhi, 934—940. Al Motaki, 940—944. Al Mostakfi, 944. Al Moti, 945—974. Al Tai, 974—991. Al Kader, 991—1031. Al Kaim, 1031—1075 Al Moktadi, 1075—1094. Al Mortader, 1094—1118. Al Mostarshed, 1118—1135. Al Raschid, 1135. Al Moktafi, 1136—1160. Al Mostanjed, 1160—1170. Al Mostadhi, 1170—1180. Al Naser, 1180—1225. Al Zaher, 1225. Al Mostanser, 1226—1243. Al Mostasem, 1243 — 1258. Arabian numerals, introduced in Franc* by Gerbert, from Cordova, 991. Arabic, taught in Spain by schools which Hixem the caliph establishes for that purpose, 794. Arabissus, a town of Cappadocia, to which Chrysostom is banished, 406. ABA 46 ARC Arabs (Saracens) invade Syria, and are repulsed by Eugenius, 497 — invade Pa- lestine, 502. See Saracens and Mo- hammedans. Aradus, the island of, on the coast of Phoenicia, taken by Moawiyah, 649. Arago, D. F., b. 1786— d. 1853. Arago, Etienne, b. 1803. Aragon, an independent power, under Az- nar, son of Eudes of Aquitaine, 737. See Aragonese. — Attacked by Muhamad, caliph of Spain, 860 — the kingdom of, founded by Ramiro I., 1035 — he adds Sobrarba to it, 1038— bequeathed by Al- fonso I. to the Templars and Hospital- lers, but the gift does not take effect, 1131— Ramiro II. resigns his kingdom to Raymond, count of Barcelona, and retires into a monastery, 1137 — pope Martin IV. declares the kingdom for- feited by Peter III., and offers it to Gharles de Valois, 1283— treaty of peace with France, 1287— concluded, 1288— pope Innocent VI. endeavours ineffectu- ally to restore peace between Castile and Aragon, 1359— they are reconciled by the treaty of Almazan, 1374— a con- test arises between John II. and his nobles — they invite Pedro, prince of Portugal, to take the throne, 1464— on his death, they offer the crown to Reg- nier d' Anjou, 1466. See Anjou, Reg- nier d'. — United to Castile, under Ferdi- nand and Isabella, 1479— Don Carlos carries on a harassing warfare in, 1838. Aragon, sovereigns of: Ramiro I., 1035—1067. Sancho I., 1067—1094. Pedro I., 1094—1104. Alfonso I., el Batallador, 1104—1134. Ramiro II., 1134—1137. Petronilla and Raymond, 1137—1162. Alfonso II., Petronilla, regent, 1162— 1196. Pedro II., 1196—1213. James I., 1213—1276. Pedro III., 1276—1285. Alfonso III., 1285—1291. James II., the Just, 1291—1327. Alfonso IV., 1327—1336. Pedro IV., 1336—1387. John I., 1387—1395. Alartin I., 1395—1410. One year Inter-regnum. Ferdinand the Just, 1412 — 1416. Alfonso V., the Wise, 1416—1458. John II., king of Navarre, 1458 — 1479. Ferdinand and Isabella, 1479. — United to Castile. Aragonese, the, regain their lost terri- tory from Mnhamad, 862 — are defeated by the Merines, at Mastos, in Jaen, 1275 alliance with the Venetians, send an army into the Archipelago, 1351 — defeated by the Genoese in a naval battle in the Bosphorus, Feb. 13, 1352 — defeat the Genoese off Linghiera, in Sar- dinia, Aug. 29, 1353 — they appoint nine judges to examine and decide on the claims of the candidates for their crown, 1411 — they decide in favour of Ferdi- nand, regent of Castile, 1412 — are ex- cited to revolt by the severities of the Inquisition, and put to death the chief inquisitor, Peter Arbue, I486! — unsuc- cessfully attempt to regain their ancient privileges, 1725. Araleus, k. of Assyria, B.C. 1897 (2020 U.J Aram, Eugene, convicted of murder, Aug. 3, 1759 — executed, Aug. 6. Aranda, count, prime minister of Spain, 1766. Aranie, battle of; Mr. Clive defeats the French and their Indian allies, Dec. 3, 1751. Aranjukz, insurrection at, Mar. 17, 1808. Araric, the Gothic chieftain, is compelled by the Caesar (Jonstantine to make peace with the Sarmatians, and give his son as a hostage, 332. Araros, the son of Aristophanes, poet of the middle comedy at Athens, B.C. 375. Aratus, restores freedom to Sicyon, B.C. 251 — praetor of the Achaean league, 245 — sets Corinth free, 243 — involves the La- cedaemonians and the Achaean league in war, 227 — again prsetor of the Achaeans, 217— poisoned by Philip V.,k. of Mace- don. 213. Aratus, the poet, fl., patronized by Anti- gonus Gonatas, B.C. 272. " Araucana." See Ercilla, Alonzo de. Abaxes, a river between Armenia and Media, from which the Massagetse drive the Cimmerians, B.C. 635 — Justinian, a general of .lustin II., penetrates to its banks, a.d. 575. Arbela, battle of, between Alexander and Darius, B.C. Oct. 1, 331. Arbetio, consul of Rome, 355. Arbiter, Petronius, d. 66. Arbogastes, left by Theodosius to assist in the defence of the West, 391— kills Valentinian II. at Vienne, and sets up Eugenius as emperor, 392— is defeated and slain, Sept. 6, 394. Arbue, Peter, chief inquisitor, put to death for his cruelties by the Aragonese, 1486. Arbuthnot, Dr., d. 1735. Arc, Joan of. See Joan. Arc de i/Etoile, at Paris, constructed, 1806. Arcadia, governed by the sons of Areas, B.C. 1335 (C. 1333)— Megalopolis is found- ed by the Thebans, 371— invaded by ARC 47 ABC Agesilans, 370 — alliance with Athens, 366— war with Elis, 365— invaded by Archidaraus, 364. Arcadiopolis, battle of ; the Bulgarians defeat the emperor Isaac Angelus, 1194. Arcadius, son of Theodosius I., b. 377 — receives the title of Augustus, 383 — becomes emperor of the East, and mar- ries Eudocia, daughter of the Frank, Bauto, 395— birth of his daughter, Pul- cheria — oration of Synesius addressed to him, 399— his son, Theodosius, b. 401 — Arcadius d. M ay 1, 408. Arcas. See Arcadia. Arcesilaus I., son of Battus I., k. of Cy- rene, b.c. 591-575. Arcesilaus IV., last of the race of Battus, killed, B.C. 431. Arcesilaus, consul of Rome, 267. Arcesilaus, of the New Academy, fl. B.C. 299— head of the school, 278— us, obtains the prize for comedy, b.c. 415. Architecture, flourishes in Greece, b.c. 552 and 442— the pointed Gothic, intro- duced, a d. 1180. Archons, first appointed at Athens on the death of Codrus, hold their office for life, b.c. 1044 (1070 II.)— limited to ten years, 752 — made annual, 683. \.rchytas of Tarentum, philosopher and mathematician, redeems Plato when sold as a slave by Dionysius, b.c. 360. Arcola, victory of Bonaparte over Al- vinzi at, Nov. 15, 16, 17, 1796. Arcot, taken by Mr. Clive, 1751 — the na- bob of, submits to Lally, Oct. 4, 1758 — taken by Col. Coote, Feb. 9, 1760— by Hyder Ali, Oct. 30, 1780— the nabob of, applies to the court of Chancery against the East India Company, July 27, 1791. Arctic Expeditions. See Franklin, Ross, Parry, Back, Lyon, and M'Clure, and North West Passage. Akctinus, poet, fl. at Miletus, B.C. 776. Ardaburius, consul of Rome, 427 — com- mands the Roman army in Persia, 420 — defeats the Persian gen. Narses, 421 — sent by Theodosius against John Primi- cerius, 424. Ardaburius (called by some Ardabures), son of Aspar, consul of Rome, 447 — killed with his father and brother by the emperor Leo I., 471. Ardea, a Latin town to which Camillus re- tires, when banished from Rome, B.C. 391. Arden, Pepper, appointed solicitor-gene- ral, July 10, 1782 — master of the Rolls, 1788 — created a peer, and Chief Justice of the Common Pleas, 1801. See Al- vanley, Lord. Ardisheer. See Artaxerxes. Ardisheer II., or Artaxer, k. of Persia, 379— d. 383. Ardouin, marquis of Ivrea, declared a public enemy and deprived of his states, 999— obtains the throne of Italy, 1002— defeated by Henry II., emperor of Ger- many, 1004 — regains Pavia and other parts of Italy, 1008— d. 1015. Ardres, near Calais, where Henry VIII. meets Francis I. of France, in the Field of the Cloth of Gold, 1520. Ardshir, k. of Persia, 628— slain by Shak- riah, 629. Arduasdes III.,k. of Armenia, b.c. 10 a.d. 13. Arduin, leader of the Normans, 1039 — esta- blishes his head quarters at Melfi, 1040. Ardulf, Aloulf, or Eadulf, abp. of York, 992-d. 1002. Ardys, k. of Lydia, B.C. 678-628. Akechis. See Arigisus. Arklate. See Arx.es. Areobinda, consul of Rome, 434 -another, 506. See Areobindus. Areobindus, father of Dagalaiphus, called Areobinda, as consul, 434 — commands in the African expedition sent by Theodo- sius II., 441. Areobindus, son of Dagalaiphus, sent against the Persians, 503 — called Areo- binda, as consul, 506— engaged in the circus-factions at CP., 507. Areobindus, defeated and slain by Gon- tharis, in Africa, 545. Areopagus, an Athenian court of justice ; its power limited by Pericles, b.c. 461 — St. Paul appears before it, ad. 52. Arete, daughter of Aristippus of Cyrene, teaches the philosophy of Socrates in the Cyrenaic school, b.c. 365, Aretino, Guido, invents his musical scale, 1022. Aretino, Leonardo Bruno, the future his- torian of Florence, is epistolary secretary to pope John XXIII., 1413— d. 1444. Areus I., Agidan k. of Lacedaemon, b.c. 309 — foils the attempt of his uncle, Cle- onymus, to supplant him, 272— slain at Corinth, 265. Areus II., posthumous son of Acrotatus, Agidan k. of Lacedsemon, B.C. 264 — d. 256. Arfberg, Henry Dusner Von, grand master of the Teutonic Knights in Prussia, 1345. Arg^eus, the mountain on which the Pauli- cians defend themselves, and fortify Tephrike, 845. Arg^eus, k. of Macedon, B.C. 684-646, ace. Eusebius; uncertain, C. Arg^eus, the first opponent of Philip II. of Macedon, defeated by him at Me- thone, b.c. 359. Argaum, battle of ; Scindiah and the rajah of Berar defeated by Sir Arthur Wel- lesley, Nov., 1803. Argentaria (Colmar), battle of; Gratian defeats the Allemanni, 378. Argives, at war with the Lacedaemonians, b.c. 718— defeat them at Hysiae, 669 — destroy Mycenae, 468 — attack Epidaurus, 419. Argolis, invaded by Agesipolis, k. of La- cedaemon, b.c. 390. See Argives and Argos. " Argonautica." See Valerius Flaccus. Argonauts, their expedition to Colchis, B.C. 1263 (1225 C.) Argos, kingdom of, founded by the Pe- lasgi, time uncertain — its first known ruler, Inachus, is said to have lived B.o. 1856 (1803 C.) — division of, 1344 (1313 C.)— Themistocles banished from Athens, retires to Argos, 471 — the Tem- ple of Juno burnt, 423 — an alliance with Athens made by Alcibiades, 420 — diu- ARI 49 ARt solved, 418— distracted by factions, 417— joins with Athens and other States, de- feats the Lacedaemonians at Haliartus, 895— stormed by Pyrrhus, 272— set free by Flaminius, to rejoin the Achaean league, 195. Abgcelles, the Spanish patriot, condemn- ed by Ferdinand VII. to serve as a private soldier, May 23, 1815. Argus, k. of Argos, b.c. 1712 (1658 C.) Argyle, Archibald, marquis of, beheaded, May 28, 1661. Argyle, Archibald, earl of, convicted of high treason in Scotland, escapes from prison, 1681— rebels, is defeated, and be- headed at Edinburgh, June 30, 1685. Argyle, John, duke of, b. 1678 — sent as ambassador to Charles III., and com- mander of the British forces in Spain — returns to England, 1711 — fights the battle of Dumblaine, or Sheriffmuir, Nov. 13— recovers Perth and Dundee, 30, 1715— deprived of his places and pen- sion, 1716— d. 1743. Argyle, Archibald Campbell, duke of, b. 1682-d!. 1761. Argyle, John Campbell, duke of, d. 1770. Argyle, John Campbell, duke of, d. 1847. Argyrus, son of Melo, ordered to oppose the Normans in Italy by Constantine XII., 1051. Argyrus. See Romanus III. Ariadne, wife of the emperor Zeno, ac- companies him in his flight to Isauria, 475— marries the silentiary Anastasius, and makes him emperor, 491— d. 515. Arian creed, assented to by the synod of Antioch, 341— subscribed by Hosius, bp. of Cordova, 357. Arianism prevails in the East, 335— con- formed to by Liberius, bp. of Rome, who is restored to his see, 358— taught to the Goths by Ulphilas, 373— supported in Africa by the edict of Hunneric, 484— renounced by the Suevi in Spain, 562 — by Hermenegild, son of Leovigild, 582 —by the Lombards, 602. See Asians and Arius. Ariano, given to Francesco Sforza by Jo- anna II., qneen of Naples, 1416. Arians, condemned for heresy by the coun- cil of Alexandria, 321 — Eustathius, bp. of Beroea, writes against them, 324— con- demned by the council of Nice— the writings of Arius publicly burnt, and all in whose possession they are found capi- tally punished, 325— the severe laws against them are relaxed, and the exiles recalled ; they hold a synod at Antioch, when Eustathius is deposed, and Pauli- nusll.madebp.,328 — hold a council at Cte- sarea, and vote the deposition of Athana- sius, which he disregards, 334 — Asteriua writes in favour of the Arians, 335— th« emperor Constantius II., and the synof parliament, April 17, 1647 — refuse to lay down their arms ; conduct the king to the camp and demand compensation for their services, June 5; occupy London, Aug. 7; demand that the king be brought to justice, Nov. 30, 1648 — after Crom- well's death, commanded by Lambert, depose the Rump parliament, and ap- point a military Committee of Safety, Oct 26, 1659— desert him and join Fair- fax and Monk, with whom they march into London, Feb. 4, 1660. Army of the Faith, organized by the priests in Spain, 1821. Army of Reserve, proposed to parliament, June 18, 1803. Arnaud, St., General, b. 1801 — command- ing in Algeria, subdues the Kabyles and the Beni Aissa, 1851 — made minister of War. Oct. 27 ; leaves Paris to command the French army in the East, April, 15, 1854 — resigns his command from ill health, and d. Sep. 29. Arnaui.d, the Abbess, refounds the con- vent of Port Royal, 1626. Arnauld, Antony, expelled from the Sor- bonne, 1656. Arne, Dr. d. 1778. Arno, Hannibal passes through the marshes of the, b.c. 217. Arnobius, teaches rhetoric at Sicca, 284 — writes " Adversus Gent.es," 296. Arnold, General, burns New London, in Connecticut, Sep. 8, 1781. Arnold, Mr., precipitated into the Thames in a balloon, 1785. Arnold, Samuel, Mus.'D., d. 1802. Arnold, Thomas, (afterwards) master of Rugby school, b. 1795-d. 1842. Arnold, of Brescia, denounces at Rome the corruptions of the church, 1140— endea-. von rs to restore the senate and ancient form of government, 1143 — given up to pope Adrian IV., and burnt, 1155. Arnold von Melchtiial, of Unterwalden, one of the three founders of Swiss inde- pendence, 1308. Arnold von Winkelried, falls in the battle of Sempach, 1386. Arnulf, natural son of Carloman of Ba- ARE 53 ART Abnulf — continued. varia, inherits Carinthia, 880 — elected k.of Germany, 887 — gives Bohemia to his natural son Zwentibold, duke of Mo- ravia ; Ermengarda obtains his protec- tion for her son Louis,890 — he defeats the Normans near Louvaine, 881 — employs Hungarian mercenaries to suppress the violence of Zwentibold ; Berenger ap- plies to him for assistance, 893 — success- ful campaign in Northern Italy, 894 — extends his conquests to Lucca ; gives Lotharingen to Zwentibold, 895 — takes possession of Rome, and is crowned Emperor of the West ; besieges Spoleto ; Berenger, and Adalbert II., duke of Tus- cany, conspire against him, and he re- tires into Bavaria, 896— d. 899. Arnulf, duke of Bavaria, is invited into Italy, and retires, defeated, 934. Arnulf I., count of Flanders, 918-965, takes Montreuil, 937. Arnulf II., count of Flanders, 965-989. Arnulf III., count of Flanders, 1070, 1071. Arnulf, chaplain of Robert, duke of Nor- mandy, elected first patriarch of Jeru- salem by the crusaders ; soon displaced by Daimbert, 1099. Arnulf, archbp. of Rheims, deposed, 991. Arpad, leader of the Magyars, joins the Ungri, and settles in Hungary, 889; his line becomes extinct, 1301. A rphaxad or Phraortes, k. of Media, b.c. 656. Arpinum, birth-place of Cicero, B.C. 106. Arqua. near Padua, Petrarch d. at, July 13, 1374. Arques, near Dieppe, battle of; Henry IV., k. of France, defeats the duke de May- enne, Sep. 21, 1589. A bran, Charles, earl of, brother of the duke of Ormond, elected chancellor of Oxford against the prince of Wales, Sep. 9. 1715 — chosen high steward of West- minster by the dean and chapter, Feb. 28, 1716. Abbas, treaty of, between the royal party in France and the duke of Burgundy, 1414 — congress of, 1433 — treaty of, con- cluded, Sep. 22, 1435 — Alexander Far- nese, duke of Parma, d. there, Dec. 2, 1592— taken by the French, 1640. Aebest of the Russian ambassador in London for debt, July '27, 1708— apology made for it to the czar Peter, Feb. 16, 1710. Arrkstb, numerous, in France, on a charge of conspiracy. Sep. 3, 1851. Arretinum, battle of, in which the consul Metellus is defeated and slain by the Senones, b.c. 284. Abeia, wife of Carina Paetus, death of, 42. Abbian, studies under Epictetus at Nico- polis, 103 — governor of Cappadocia, 136 — patronized by Antoninus Pius, 148. Abrianus, consul of Rome, 243. Arrius, Qu., praetor of Rome, defeated by Spartacus, B.C. 72. Abruntius, L., consul of Rome, 6. Arsaces, revolts against Antiochus Theus, b.c 254 — founds the dynasty of the Arsa- cida? in Parthia, 250. See Parthia. Arsacius. See Constantinople, bps. of. Arsenite Schism, which divides the Greek, church nearly 50 years, begins, 1267. Arsenius I., Greek patriarch, 1255 — the guardian of John Lascaris, emperor of Nicaea, 1258— excommunicates the em- peror Michael VIII. 1262. Arses, k. of Persia, b.c. 338— killed by Bagoas, 336. Arsinoe, sister of Cleopatra, murdered, B.C. 41. Arsouf, battle of, Saladin is defeated, 1191. Art, Ancient. See Winckelmann. Art, literature, and philosophy, Greek, Athens the principal seat of, B.C. 448 Art de verifier les Dates apres Jesus Christ, the first volume, published by the Benedictine, Francis Clement, 1783 Art of poetry. See Boileau. Arta, Mavrocordato defeated at, 1822 — its gulf bounds the new kingdom of Greece, 1832. See Actidm and Ambracia. Artabanus, assassinates Xerxes and is killed after an usurpation of 7 months, b.c. 465. Abtabanus. See Parthia. Aetabazus, rebels in Persia against Ochus, b. c. 355 — assisted by 5,000 Thebans, gaLis two great victories, 354: — submits to Ochus, 349. Abtaphernes, left by Darius Hystaspes to govern Sardis, B.C. 505 — invades Greece, and is defeated by Miltiades at Marathon, 490. Artasires, kills Gontharis, a Moorish chief, at a banquet, 545. Artavasdes, k.of Armenia, B.C. 56 — in al- liance with the Parthians, against Cras- sus, 53- assists Pompey against Caesar in Greece, 49 — defeats Antony, 36 — taken prisoner by him and sent in chains to Egypt, 34— led in chains of gold at the triumph of Antony in Egypt, 32. See Armenia and Armenians. Artavasdus, rebels against Constantine V., 741— finally defeated, 743. Artaxer or Ardisheer II., k. of Persia, 379- d. 383. Arta xerxes Longimanus kills Artabanus, the assassin of Xerxes, and obtains the throne of Persia, B.c 465 — supposed to be the Ahasuerus who, at the request of his queen, Esther, spared the Jews, 462 — Inarus revolts in Egypt, 460— Ezra ART 54 ARZ permitted to return to Jerusalem. 458 — the Egyptian rebellion quelled, 455— the Persian fleet defeated by the Greeks at Salamis in Cyprus, peace concluded, 449 — Artaxerxes d. 425. Artaxerxes Mnemon, k. of Persia, B.C. 405— defeats the rebellion of Cyrus, his brother, at Cunaxa, 401-continues the war against Greece, 399— defeated by Agesilaus near Sardis, 395 — obtains absolute dominion over the Ionian cities by the treaty with Antalcidas, 387— the historian Ctesias leaves his court, 384— Artaxerxes d. 360. Artaxerxes (Ardisheer), begins the Per- sian revolt against the Parthians, 224— founds the new Persian kingdom, 226 - extends his dominion over Media, Armenia, &c, 227 — threatens Mesopo- tamia and Syria, and claims all the former territories of Persia, as far as the Hellespont and iEgean sea, 230 — war with Alex. Severus, 232-d. 241. Artaxias, k. of Armenia, B.C. 33-30. See Armenia. Arte Amandi, de. See Ovid. Artemidokt/s, of Daldis, in Lydia, writes on dreams and auguries, 158. Artemiooriis, the Ephesian geographer, fl. B.C. 103. Artemisia, erects the splendid tomb at Halicarnassus to the memory of her brother and husband Mausolns, k. of Caria, and d. 2 years after, B.C. 352. Artemisium, sea fight at, between the Greeks and Persians, B.C. 480. Artemius, secretary of the emperor Phi- lippicus Bardanes, succeeds hira on the throne, 713. See Anastasius II., empe- ror of the Eas*. Artemon, denies the doctrine of the Trinity, 201. Artevelde, James Van, a brewer of Ghent, drives Louis I., count of Flanders, into France, and rules that province, 1336— supports Edward III. of England, 1337 —slain in a popular tumult, 1345. Arthur, son of Geoffrey, duke of Britanny, b. 1185 — excluded from tlie English throne by John, but acknowledged in Maine, Poitou, and Touraine, 1199— his cause abandoned by Philip Augustus, 1200 -death of his mother, Constance, 1201 — aiade prisoner by John, and murdered, 1202. See Bretagne. Arthur, prince of Wales, son of Henry VII., b. Sep. 20, 1486— marries Katharine of Arragon, Nov. 14, 1501— d, April 2, 1502. Arthur Patrick William Albert, prince, third son of Queen Victoria, b. May 1, 1850. Arthur, Sir George, d. 1855. Artichokes, introduced into England, from Holland, 1602. Article*, of peace, the proposed bases of the Treaty of Utrecht, are laid before parliament by the queen, June 6, 1712. Articles of Perth, in favour of religious ceremonies, reluctantly agreed to by the General Assembly of Scotland, 1618. Articles, Law of the Six, passed, 1537 — repealed, 1547. Articles, Thirty Nine, adopted as the rule of the church of England, 1571— petition of some clergy and others against them, 1712. Artillery. See Bombs and Cannon. Artois, Robert, count of, regent of Naples, fails in his attempt to recover Sicily, 1287— defeats Guy, count of Flanders, and takes Fumes, 1297 — defeated by the Flemings at Courtray, and falls, July 11, 1302. Artois, Robert, III., count of, brother-in- law of Philip VI., banished from France, 1330 — received in England by Edward III., urges him to claim the crown of France, 1334— repulsed with a Flemish army at St. Omer, 1340— joins the En- glish in Britanny, and is killed atVannes, 1342. Artois, laid under contribution by the duke of Marlborough, 1708. Artois, Charles, count of, afterwards Cliarles X. of France, b. Oct. 9, 1757— flies from Paris, July. 1789— becomes k. 1824. See Charles X., k. of France. Arunpel, the earl of, beheaded, 1397. Arundel, the earl of, commands an aux- iliary force sent by Henry IV. to support John, duke of Burgundy, 1411. Arundel, the earl of, committed to the tower, 1626. Arundel Castle, recovered from Lord Hopton by Sir William Waller, 1644 — queen Victoria visits the duke of Nor- folk, Dec. 1, 1846. Arundelian Marbles, first date on the, B.C. 1582. Aruntius, L., consul of Rome, B.C. 22. Aruspices, ordered by the emperor Con- stantine to be consulted in certain cases, in an edict of March 8, 321. Arvandus, prefect of Gaul, is banished for extortion and treachery, 469. Arverni, the, defeated by the Romans on the lsaras, B.c 121 — their king,Bituitus, going to Rome to make peace, is kept a prisoner for the rest of his life ; they endeavour to drive Csesar out of Gaul, 52. Arvina, P. Cornelius, consul of Rome, B.C. 306, 288. Arzilla, conquered by Alfonso V., king of Portugal, 1471. ASH 55 ASI Asa, k. of Judah, B.C. 956-915 — leagues with Benhadad, k. of Syria, B.C. 940. Abaha, Saracen governor of Egypt, erects a new Nilometer, 716. Asan, k. of Bulgaria, defeats, makes prisoner, and blinds, Theodore Angelus, emperor of Thessalonica, 1230— expels Manuel, releases Theodore, marries his daughter, and places her brother John on the throne, 1232— leagues with John Vataces, 1234— withdraws from Romania to protect Bulgaria against the Mongols, 1236 — changes his policy, and supports the falling empire of the Latins in Ro- mania, 1237— d. 1241. Asander, k. of Bosporus, kills Pharnaces II., of Pontus, after his defeat by Caesar, B.C. 47. See Bosporus. Asardinus, k. of Babylon, B.C. 680. A scalon, battle of; the Fatimite army from Egypt is defeated by the Crusaders, Aug. 12, 1099 — unsuccessful siege of, by the Christians, 1148 — taken by Baldwin III., k. of Jerusalem, 1153 — surrenders to the Christians, 1191. Ascatades, k . of A ssyria, B.C. 1520 (1490 C.) Aschaffenburg, the town where George II. takes the command of the combined army, June 9, 1743. Ascham, Koger, tutor of Elizabeth, 1545 — of lady Jane Grey, 1551— d. 1568. Asclepiades, the elder, of Mylea, in Bi- thynia, fl. B.C. 196. Asclepiades. See Antioch, bishops of. Asclepiodotus, consul of Rome, 292 — as lieutenant of Constantius, lie defeats and kills Allectus, and regains Britain, 296. Abclepiodotus, consul of Rome, 423. Ascoli, the ancient Asculum, battle of; the count of Andria, general of the em- peror Henry VI., defeated by Taucred, and slain, 1190. Ascoli, Cecco d', burnt at Florence for heresies discovered in his poetry, 1327. Asculum, a town of Picenum, battles of ; defeat of the Romans by Pyrrhus, B.C. 279— by the Picentines, 90— taken by Totila, a.d. 545. See Ascoli. Asellio, Sempronius, the historian, serves under Scipio in the Numantine war, B.C. 134. Ashantees, attack the British colonies on the gold coast, 1824: — defeated by Col. Purdon, Aug. 7, 1826. Ashburton, lord (Alexander Baring), sent on a special mission to the United States, Dec. 31, 1841 — concludes a treaty at Washington, Aug. 9, 1842— d. 1848. See Baring, Alexander. Ashley, lord, one of " the Cabal," and cre- ated earl of Shaftesbury, 1670. See Shaftesbury, earl of. Ashley, lord (now earl of Shaftesbury), procures the passing of an act to prohibit the employment of females in mines and collieries (4 and 5 Victoria, c. 99), 1842 — tells the electors of Dorsetshire that "the destiny of the corn laws is fixed," Oct. 10, 1845 — succeeds his father as earl of Shaftesbury, 1851. Ashmole, Elias,the antiquary, and founder of the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford, d. 1692. Ashurakhbal, or Sardanapalus I., k. of Nineveh or Assyria, leads an expedition to Carchemish, to the country of the Kha- bour and Euphrates, and to Syria, b.c. 930 (La.). Ashurakhbal, or Sardanapalus III., son of . Ezarhaddon, k. of Nineveh or Assyria, B.C. 663 (La.). Ashurkish, k. of Nineveh or Assyria, B.C. 782 (La.) Asia, the first seat of civilization and empire. See Assyria, Babylon, Media, Nineveh, Pale6tjne, Persia, PhEschines, defeated by Demosthenes, " De Corona," retires into Asia, 330— Athens — continued. Demades defends his twelve years' *d* ministration, 326 — Demetrius Phalereus begins to interfere in politics ; Har- palus brings his stolen treasure to Athens, 325— is accused of giving bribes; Demosthenes retires to Trcezen, 324 — comes back, and rouses the Athenians to regain their freedom ; they overpower Antipater, 323 — are defeated by him at Cranon ; admit a Macedonian garrison ; give up their orators ; Demosthenes poisons himself — 3000 citizens trans- planted to Thrace, 322. The attempts of Nicanor to obtain power are defeated by Polysperchon ; Demades put to death, 318- and Pho- cion, Hegemon, and Pythocles ; Deme- trius Phalereus establishes an oligarchy; census, 317. See Attica. — The philoso- phers, forbidden to lecture, leave Athens. 316 —the decree repealed, and they re- turn, 315 — Demetrius Phalereus ex- pelled by Demetrius Poliorcetes, and the democracy restored ; Dinarchus banish- ed, 307 — Demochares banished, 302 — Lachares makes himself master of Athens; is driven out by Demetrius Poliorcetes, 299 — Dinarchus returns, 292 — the Pythian games held at Athens, 290— Gorgias, archon ; a statue raised to Demosthenes, 280 — Anaxicrates, archon, 279 — Democles, archon ; the four schools of Athens are headed by Strato, Zeno, Epicurus, and Arcesilaus, 278 — Pytha- ratus, archon, 271. Athens taken by Antigonus Gonatas, 268 — Diognetus, archon, 264 — Athens joins the Achaean league, 229 — attacked by Philip V., k. of Macedon, seeks aid from Rome, 201 — visited by Attalus L, k. of Pergamus, 200— declared free by the Romans, 188 — embassy of Carneades, Diogenes, and Critolaus, to Rome, to ob- tain remission of a fine, 155— Crassus, while Roman praetor, hears the philoso- phers of the New Academy and the Pe- ripatetics, 111 — Athens, having declared in favour of Mithridates, is besieged by Sylla,87— taken, 86— the library of Apel- licon removed to Rome, 84 — Cicero stu- dies at Athens, 79 — Theophimus, archon, 62— Herocles, archon, 60— Cicero sends hisson to be educated there by Cratippus, 44 — Horace taken from his studies at, to join the army of Brutus, 42 — Antony re- mains there with his bride, Octavia, 39. Dinophilus, archon, A.n. 49 — Paul de- fends himself before the Areopagus, 52 — Dionysodorus, archon, 53 — Conon, archon, 56 — Thrasyllus, 61 — Demostratus, (\H — Hadrian," 112 — Macrinus, 116 — Ha- drian winters there, 122 — again, and ATH 62 ATT Athens — continued. adorns the city with the Olympeium, theatres, and other edifices, 125 — pre- sides there at public games, 126 — again winters there, patronizes the learned and enlarges the libraries, 129 — Hadrian again visits and dedicates the temple of Jupiter Olympius, and makes the gift of Cephalonia, 135 — Herodes Atticus constructs a stadium of white marble and other splendid buildings, 143 — Apu- leins studies there, 149 — M. Aurelius delivers popular lectures there, 176. Plundered by some Gothic tribes, who are expelled by Dexippus. 267 — Libani- us declines an invitation to Athens, 352 — Julian visits, 354-355 — Gregory of Nazianzus, and Basil of Cassarea, study there, 355 — Julian addresses his letter to the citizens, 361 — taken by Alaric, k. of the Visigoths, 396 — Justinian's edict closes the schools of philosophy at Athens, 529. Visited by the emperor Basil II., 1019 — plundered by Roger, k. of Sicily, 1146 — made a Latin duchy by Otho de la Roche, 1204 — Walter de Brienne, duke, 1308 — conquered by the Catalans, who make Roger Deslau duke. 1311 — Man- fred of Sicily invited, 1326 — taken by Nerio Acciaiuoli, gov. of Corinth, 1386 — Phranza is sent by Constantine, despot of the Morea, to negotiate for its sur- render, 1435 — conquered by the sultan, Mahomet II., 1456 — taken by the Vene- tians, under Victor Capello, 1466 — re- stored to the Ottomans by the treaty of peace, 1479 — taken by the Venetians; during the siege, the Parthenon is in- jured by the explosion of a powder- magazine, 1687 — the Greeks fail in an attempt to relieve the Acropolis — besieged by the Turco-Egyptians, 1827 — becomes the capital of the kingdom of Greece, 1833— blockaded by a British ' fleet, 1850 — occupied by a French force, 1854. Athens, New ; its aqueducts commenced by Hadrian; completed by Antoninus Pius, 140. Atherades, Olympic victor, B.C. 700. Athlone, gen. Ginkel created earl of, 1691— destroys the French magazines at Givet, 1696. See Aughrim, battle of. Athol, the earl of, murders James I,, k. of Scotland, at Perth, Apr. 20, 1437. Athol, duke of, his sovereign rights in the isle of Man purchased by parliament, 1765. Athos, Mount, disaster- of the Persian fleet when passing it, B.C. 491 — the foolish superstition of its monks ex- cites a controversy with Barlaam, 1341 — Cantacuzene retires among them, 1360. Athotks, invention of hieroglyphics by, b.c. 2112 (known in the time of Menes, Leps.) Athv, operations of the Irish peat company commenced at, Dec. 8, 1851. Atilianus, consul of Rome, 135. Atilius, praetor, Roman ambassador to Greece, B.C. 192. Atilius, L., one of the first military tribunes of Rome, B.C. 444. Atlantic, explored by the Almogavares, or Adventurers, who sail from Lisbon, 1014. Atlas, the supposed era of, b.c. 1580 (1180 C.) Atlas, Mount, Abderahman conceals him- self in its valleys, 750. Atmospheric Railway, between Kings- town and Dalkey (Ireland), opened, Mar. 29, 1844. Atea, besieged by Sept. Severus, 199. Atratinus, A. Sempronius, consul of Rome, b.c. 497, 491. Atratinus, C. Sempronius, consul of Rome, b.c. 423. Atratinus, L. Sempronius, consul of Rome, b.c. 444. Atratinus, A. Sempronius, military tri- bune of Rome, B.C. 425, 416. Atratinus, A. Sempronius, one of the first military tribunes of Rome, abdicates in three months, b.c. 444. Atratinus, A. Sempronius, consul of Rome, 89. Atsiz, Malek Shah's lieutenant, conquers Syria from the Fatimites of Egypt, and takes Jerusalem, 1076. Attalus I., k. of Pergamus, attacked by the Galatians, whom he defeats, k.c. 241 — assists Antiochus against Achseus, 215 — the Romans send a fleet to assist him, 208 — he defeats Philip V. of Macedon in a naval battle, 201 — visits Athens, 200 — d. 197. Attalus TI., k. of Pergamus, b.c. 159 — supported in war against Prusias by the Romans, 156— d. 138. Attalus III., k. of Pergamus, B.C. 138— d. 133, having bequeathed his kingdom and all his wealth to the Romans. Attalus, appointed emperor by Alaric on the condition of his sparing Rome, 409 — deposed by him, 410 — sent a prisoner to Ravenna, and afterwards banished to Lipari, 416. Attendolo. See Sforza. Atterbury, Francis, b. 1662 — made bp. of Rochester and dean of Westminster, July 3, 1713— committed to the Tower, Aug. 24, 1722— banished, May 27, 1723— d. 1732. ATJB 63 AUG Attica, kingdom of, founded by the Pe- lasgi, time uncertain ; first known king, Ogyges, b.c. 1796— flood in his time, 1764. See Athens.— Invaded by the Lacedae- monians, 445, 431, 430', 428, 427, 425, 413 —total population, 527,000,. . 317. Atticus, T. Pomponius, b. B.C. 109 — goes to Athens, 87 — returns to Rome, 65 — Cicero sends him a history of his own consulate in Greek, 60— d. 32. Atticus, consul of Home, 397. Atticus. See Constantinople, bps. of. Atticus, A. Manlius Torquatus, consul of Rome, b.c. 244, 241. Atticus, C. Vettius, consul of Rome, 242. Atticus, M. Vestinus, consul of Rome, 65. Atticus. See Herodes. Attigni, in Ardennes, Diet of, 822. Attila, son of Mundzuk, succeeds with his brother Bleda, their uncle Rugilas, as joint kings of the Huns, and dictates terms of peace to the Eastern empire, 433 — attacks the Burgundians, 435— in alliance with the Romans, defeated by the Visigoths at Toulouse, 439 — takes Singidunum and Naissus, 441 — murders Bleda, and reigns alone, 444 — makes a treaty of peace with Theodosius II., 447 — receives ambassadors from him, 448 — a plot of the Romans to murder him is atoned for by a heavy tribute, 449 — de- mands the princess Honoria in marriage, and determines to support the claim made by a brother of Meroveus to the throne of the Franks, 450 — invades Gaul, commits great havoc, and besieges Or- leans ; defeated at the battle of Chalons (sur Marne) by Aetius, retires into Pan- nonia, 451 — having recruited his army, he advances into Italy, and destroys Aquileia ; Leo, bishop of Rome, and two other ambassadors, by paying a large sum of money, induce him to withdraw beyond the Danube, 452 — d. 453. Attius, or Accius, writes tragedies, B.C. 140— his " Tereus " appears, 103. Attock, taken by the Affghans, Jan. 10 — evacuated by them, March 17, 1849. Attwood, Thomas, the banker, heads the Birmingham Political Union, Feb. 1, 1831 . Atyras, a river of Thrace, near which Belisarius repels the Bulgarians, 559. Aubeboche, battle of; Henry, earl of Der- by, defeats the Count de Lisle, and takes him prisoner, 1345. Aubigne, Francoise, &. 1635 — married to Scarron, 1651 — Louis XIV. gives the lands of Maintenon to her after her hus- band's death, 1674. See Maintenon, Madame de. Aubriot, provost of Paris, lays the first stoue of the Bastile, April 22, 1370. Aubusson, Sir Peter d' ; grand master of Rhodes, 1476— repels the assault of tha Turks, July 26, 1480 — is elected a car- dinal, 1489— d. June 30, 1503. Auca (Occa) on the Ebro ; the Saracens are defeated near, by Ramiro II. and Fer- dinand, count of Castile, 934. Auchmuty, Sir Samuel, takes Montevideo. Feb. 2, 1807 — captures Batavia and all the Dutch settlements in Java, Aug. 26, 1811. Auckland, Lord, dinner of the E.I.C. directors to, on his appointment to be Governor-general, Sept. 5, 1835— returns to England, 1842— d. 1849. Aud^us, propagates the Anthroporaor- phite heresy, 341. Audefleda, sister of Clovis, married to Theodoric, Ostrogothic k. of Italy, 496. Audley, Lord, killed in the battle of Blore- lieath, Sept. 23, 1459. Audley, Lord, heads the Cornish insur- rection, marches into Kent, is defeated on Blackheath, June 22— and executed 1497. Audley, Sir Thomas, appointed lord chan- cellor, 1532. Audubon, I. J., 6. 1775— d. 1851. Auerstadt, battle of, Oct. 14, 1806. See Jena. Auerswald, Majrr Von, murdered, Sept. 18, 1848. AuGEREAu,Gen.,establishestheascendancy of the moderate party in France, 1797. Aughrim, or Athlone, battle of ; the Irish defeated by Gen. Ginkel ; the French gen., St. Ruth, slain, July 12, 1691. Augsburg, Diet of, 952— battle of; the Hungarians defeated by Otho I., 955 — taken by Guelf IV., duke of Bavaria, 1088 — Diet of, 1275 — Protestant confession of, presented to the Diet, June 25, 1530 — de- cree of the Diet against it, Nov. 19 ; Diet, where an interim is prepared which satisfies neither Protestants nor Catholics, 1548 — Diet of, confirms the treaty of Nassau, Sept. 25, 1555 — league of, by which the principal continental states unite to resist France, 1686 — taken by the French, 1703 — recovered by Marlborough and prince Eugene, 1704 — taken by the French, Oct. 10, 1805. Augur, consul of Rome, 121. Augur, Cn. Corn. Lentulus, consul of Rome, b.c. 14. Augurinus, C. Minucius, consul of Rome, b c 458— besieged in his camp by the JEqu\, 458. Augurinus, M. Genucius, consul of Rome, B.C. 445. Augurinus, M. Minucius, consul of Korae, b.c. 497, 491. Augurinus, P. Minucius, consul of Rome, b.c.492. AUG 64 AUM Augurinus, Q. Minucius, consul of Rome, b.c. 457. Augurinus, Tib. Minucius, consul of Rome, b.c. 305. Augurinus, L. Minucius, appointed prse- fectus annonse, B.C. 439. Augurinus, C. Serius. consul of Rome, 156. Augurinus, consul of Rome, 132. Augusta, title given to the mothers and wives of some of the emperors ; to Ma- maea, mother of Alex. Severus, 223 — to Helena, mother of Constantine, 317 — to Eudoxia, wife of Theodosius II., 423. Augusta of Saxe Gotha, marries Frederic, prince of Wales, April 27, 1736— d. Feb. 8, 1772. Augusta, daughter of Frederic, prince of Wales, and afterwards duchess of Bruns- wick, b. Aug. 11, 1737— d. March 23, 1813. Augusta Sophia, daughter of George III., b. Nov. 8, 1768— d. 1840. Augusta, princess of Bavaria, marries Eugene Beauharnais, Jan. 14, 1806. Augusta, princess of Hesse Cassel, marries the duke of Cambridge, May 7, 1818. Augustan History, written by Trebellius Pollio and Flavius Vopiscus, 291 — by ^Slius Spartianus, 297. Augustine, b. Nov. 13, 354 — visits Rome, 383 — Milan, 385— writes "De Beata Vita," 386 — ordained bp. of Hippo Re- gius. 395 — begins to write " De Civitate Dei," 411 — writes against Pelagius, 415 — names Eradius as his coadjutor and successor, 426 — completes " De Civitate Dei," 428— d. at Hippo Regius, Aug. 28, 430. Augustine, sent to preach Christianity in Britain, well received by Ethelbert, k. of Kent, and a dwelling is assigned him in Canterbury, 596— goes to Aries, and is ordained bp. of the English, 597 — epistle of Gregory to, 601 — founds the cathedral and abbey of Canterbury, 602 — d. May 26, 604. Augustine order of mendicant friars, es- tablished, 1256. Augustodunum. See Autun. Augustus. See Octavius. — He takes the title of Augustus in the fifth year of his reign, B.C. 27, in which year he visits Spain and Gaul, and projects only an incursion into Britain; checks a revolt of the Cantabri and Astures, returns to Rome, and again closes the temple of Janus, 25 — the tribunitian power voted to him for life ; refuses to give up Tiri- dates to the Parthians, 23 — the sixth book of the jEneid recited to him and his sister Octavia by Virgil, 22— regulates the police of Rome, and appoints Agrip- pa prefect, of the City, 21 — travels through Italy and Greece and winters at Augustus — continued. Samos, 21 — regulates all the dependent states of Greece and Asia, sends Tiberius into Armenia ; puts an end to the con- fusion there, and makes Tigranes king ; recovers the trophies and prisoners taken by the Parthians from Crassus and An- tony ; again winters at Samos, 20 — re- turns to Rome, Oct. 12, 19 — the empire again voted to him for five years, renew- able at its expiration, 18 — celebrates the secular games ; adopts the two sons of Agrippa ; orders the .dSneid to be pub- lished ; visits Greece, 17 — repairs the Roman road in Spain, and extends it to Cadiz, 14 — returns to Rome, 13— assumes the office of Pontifex Maximus, 12— com- pletes the theatre of Marcellus, 11 — again visits Gaul, 10— his imperial power again renewed for ten years, and the name of the month Sextilis changed to that of August in his honour, 8 — orders a general survey and reparation of the water courses, 5 — divides Judaea among the sons of Herod, 3— provides splendid games for the people, and a representation of a naval battle ; banishes his daughter Julia to the isle of Pandataria, 2 — sends his grandson Caius to frustrate the designs of Phraates in Armenia, 1 — ap- pointed for a fourth term of ten yearn, a.d. 3 — adopts Marcus and Tiberius, 4 — banishes Archelaiis, and makes Judaea a Roman province, 6 — banishes Ovid, 8— defeat of' Varus, 9 — a fifth ten years' term of imperial rule voted to him, 13— d. Aug. 9, 14. Augustus, the imperial title of all future sovereigns of Rome ; distinguished from that of Caesar by Vespasian to Titus, 71 — by Hadrian to JElius Verus, 136 — by Antoninus Pius to M. Aurelius, 139 — by Diocletian to Constantius Chlorus and Galerius, 292 — and thenceforth perma- nently. Augustus, duke of Brunswick, 1633-1636. Augustus, elector of Saxony, 1553 — settles the differences among the princes of the family by the treaty of Naumburg, 1554 — d. 1586. See Saxony, electors of, and kings of; and Poland, kings of. Augustus Frederic, hereditary prince of Hesse Homburg, marries the princes* Elizabeth, May 7, 1818. Augustus Frederic, sixth son of George III., b. Jan. 27, 1773. See Sussex, duke of. Aulic Council, the, established by the emperor Maximilian, 1501. Aulus. See Albi.nus. Aumale, count of, slain at Verneuil, Aug. 16, 1424. Aumale, duke d', son of Louis Philippe* AUR 65 AUS attempt to assassinate, Sept. 13, 1841 — appointed governor of Algeria, 1847. Aubay, battle of, Bertrand du Guesclin de- feated and captured by the Breton forces under John Chandos, Sept. 29, 1364. Aubelian, b. 214 — lieutenant of the em- perors Valerian and Gallienus, repels the Goths, 257 — on the death of Clau- dius II., is acknowledged emperor, 270 — makes peace with the Goths and re- linquishes Dacia to them, transferring that name to another province ; confirms the decree of the council of Antioch, and expels Paul of Samosata, 270 — drives the Marcomanni and Gutungi over the Danube, and grants peace to the "Vandals ; rebuilds the walls of Rome, 271— pro- ceeds to the East against Zenobia, en- counters some Goths in Thrace, and drives them out of the empire ; takes Tyana, Emesa, and Antioch, 272 — Pal- myra surrenders to him, he takes Ze- nobia pi'isoner, and puts Longinus to death; returns to Europe, 273 — defeats Tetricus at Chalons; having reunited all the broken-up parts of the empire, he celebrates a splendid triumph at Rome, and treats generously his captives Ze- nobia and Tetricus; dedicates a temple to the sun, improves the city, and re- gulates the general system of govern- ment, 274 — marches to attack Persia, and is assassinated by Mucapor, between Heraclea and Byzantium, March 20, 275. Aurelianus, consul of Rome, 400. Aurelius, M., b. 121 — educated by M. Fronto, Sextus of Chseronea, and all the most celebrated teachers in Rome, 133 — adopted by Antoninus with the title of Caesar, and married to his daughter Faustina, 139 — invested with the Tri- bunitian power, 147 — becomes joint em- peror with L. Verus, 161 — Hermogenes lectures before him, 163 — sends his daughter Lucilla to Ephesus, where she is married to Verus; corresponds with his former tutor Fronto, 164 — celebrates a triumph with Verus for the Parthian war, 166 — proceeds to Aquileia against the Marcomanni accompanied by Verus, 167 — secures Italy against invasion; hears and acquits Herodes Atticus, 168— bj the death of Verus becomes sole em- peror; his over-indulgence blinds him to the vices of Faustina and Commodus, and he allows her to introduce a court exclusiveness, 169 — the war against the Marcomanni continued, he resides at Carnuntum ; appoints Alexander of Co- tyaeum his Greek secretary,170— receives Melito's apology for Christianity, 172 — makes a short visit to Rmue ; after his return to the army, the German tribes Aurelius — continued. are entirely defeated, which gives rise to the fable of the " Thundering Legion," 174 — goes to the East, accompanied by the empress, who dies near Mount Tau- rus, where Faustinopolis is built, in honour of her, 175 — settles the affairs of the East at Smyrna, where the philo- sopher Aristides is presented to him, and he attends his lectures ; gives lectures himself at Athens, then returns to Rome and celebrates a triumph, 176 — allows the Christians to be persecuted in Gaul, 177 — the aggressions of the Germans re- quire his presence ; he purposes to keep them in check by constituting two new provinces to the north of the Danube, 178 — successful campaign against the Marcomanni, 179 — d. March 17, 180. Aurelius, Victor, fl. 358 — completes his " De Csesaribus," 360 — proconsul of Pan- nonia, and is honoured by Julian with a statue, 362. Aurelius assassinates Froila, and makes himself k. of the Goths in Spain, 768 — too weak to control the intestine divisions of his kingdom, obtains peace by paying a tribute to Abderahman, 769 — gives his sister Adosinda in marriage to Silo, and makes him heir to the throne, 771 — d. 774. AuREOLUS,defeats and slays Macrianus, and is proclaimed emperor by his army, 262 — Gallienus treats with him, 263 — in- vades Italy and takes Milan, 267 — be-, sieged there by Gallienus, taken and put to death by Claudius, 268. Auricular Confession, enforced by the Fourth Lateran Council, 215. Auroka frigate lost on her passage to the East Indies, 1771. Auruncus, Post. Comin., consul of Rome, B.C. 501, 493 II. Aurungzkbe, dethrones his father Shah Jehan, and occupies the Mogul sove- reignty of India, 1658— d. 1707. Ausonius, D. Magnus, the poet, preceptor of Gratian, son of Valentinian, 370 — pre- fect in Gaul and consul, 379 — concludes his Fasti, 382 — friend of Paulinus, 393— d. 394. Austerlitz, battle of; total defeat of the combined Austrian and Russian army, by Napoleon I., Dec. 2, 1805. Austealia, first discovery of gold in, May 14, 1851 — more extensive, Dec. 10. See New Holland, New South Wales, Van Dieman's Land, and Botany Bay. Austrasia, East France, or kingdom of Metz, on the death of Chlotair, is the por- tion of his son Sigebert I., 561— he is slain by his brother, Chilperic, and succeeded by his son, Childebert II., 575— on who«A death his son, Theodebert II., takes AUS 66 AUS A ubts abia — conti n ued. Austrasia, 596 — reunited with Burgundy to Neu stria by Chlotair II., 613 — again divided on the death of Dagobert I., and Austrasia is inherited by Sigebert II., 638 — Grimoald, mayor of the palace, attempts to place his son on the throne, falls in the struggle, and Chlotair III. becomes sole king of France, 656 — years of confusion and intestine war follow ; Dagobert II., son of Sigebert II., is placed upon the throne of Austrasia, 674 — murdered, and his dominions are ruled by Pepin of Heristal, and Martin, with the title of dukes, 680— Pepin gains the battle of Testry, and is master of France, allowing nominal kings in Neustria, 687 — having founded the Carlovingian dy- nasty, he dies, 714 — his son, Charles Martel, retains the same ascendancy as duke of Austrasia, 715 — defeats the Neustrians at Amblef, 716 — at Vincy, 717 — the Saracens near Tours, 732 — oc- cupies Aquitaine and Gascony, 735 — sole ruler of France, 737 — exacts tribute from the Saxons of the Lippe, 738 — unites with Liutprand of Lombardy to expel the Saracens, 739 — d. Oct. 22, 741 — his son Carloman takes Austrasia ; retires to Monte Casino, and gives up his terri- tories to his brother Pepin the Short, 747. See Pepin, Charlemagne, East France, and Franconia. Austregildis, wife of Gontran, k. of Or- leans and Burgundy, d . ; her physicians, Nicolaus and Donatus, are put to death, 580. Austria, the Noricum of the Romans, con- quered and made a province during the Pannonian wars of Augustus, between B.C. 8 and a.d. 9 — in the decline, and after the fall of the Western Empire, occupied successively by different tribes till the Avars or Huns obtain perma- nent possession, 568— taken from them by Charlemagne, peopled by him with a German colony, and called the Eastern March, or Oesterrtieh, whence its present name, 799 — in the division of his empire, attached to Bavaria, and held by the Guelph family. See Bavaria. Taken from Henry II. by the empress regent Theophania, and given to Leo- pold, count of Bamberg, with the title of margrave, 984 — reunited when the mar- grave Leopold III. receives Bavaria from the emperor Conrad III., 1138^he is succeeded by his brother, Henry IX., 1142 — the emperor Fred. Barbarossa, in his pacification of Germany, erects Aus- tria into a separate duchy for Henry IX., who resigns the rest of Bavaria to Hen- ry the Lion, 1153. Austria — continued. Duke Frederic attempts to obtain the crown of Hungary, and is defeated by Bela IV., 1235 — defeated again, and slain, 1246 — Austria annexed to Bohemia by Ottocar II., 1253— resigned by him to the emperor Rudolf of Habsburg, 1276 — he endeavours to recover it, 1277 — finally annexed to the House of Habs- burg, 1278 — Rudolf invests his son, Al- bert, with the duchy, 1282. See Gbb- many, and Switzerland. Acquisition of the Tyrol, 1363 — treaty of Union between Bohemia and Austria, 1364 — invaded by the Hungarians, 1446 — created an archduchy by the empe- ror Frederic IV., 1453 — the Netherlands acquired by the marriage of Maximilian to Mary, heiress of the deceased duke of Burgundy, 1477 — the marriage of their son, Philip, to Joanna, daughter of Fer- dinand and Isabella, forms the connection with Spain, 1496 — treaty for the marri- ages designed to unite Hungary and Bohemia with Austria, 1506 — they are solemnized, 1521— the union effected, 1526. On the death of Maximilian, his eldest grandson, Charles, k. of Spain, succeeds in the Netherlands, and the youngest, Ferdinand, in the States of Austria, 1519— the Thirty Years' War begins, 1618. See Germany and Aus- trians. — To check this growing power, a league is formed by Venice, Savoy, and the United Provinces, 1619 — alliance with Spain and Savoy to resistthe claims of France on Mantua, 1628— troops 6ent to occupy the Valteline, 1629 — incorpora- tion of the Tyrol, 1665— the archduke Charles claims the crown of Spain ; his brother, the emperor Leopold, in alliance with Great Britain and Holland, com- mences the Spanish succession war, 1701. See Germany, and Austrians. Charles succeeds his brother, Joseph I. ; is elected emperor of Germany, and relinquishes Spain, 1711 — by the treaty of Rastadt, the Netherlands are re-an- nexed to Austria, and Naples, Sardinia, and Milan acquired, 1714 — Barrier treaty with the United Provinces, 1715 — Charles obtains the assent of his heredi- tary States to his Pragmatic Sanction, which secures the succession of his daughter, Maria Theresa, 1723 — it is ac- knowledged by Spain, 1725 — guaranteed by Great Britain, 1731 — Maria Theresa marries Francis Stephen, duke of Lor- raine, afterwards grand duke of Tuscany, 1736— succeeds her father, 1740— is at- tacked by Prussia, France, Bavaria, and Saxony ; appeals to the loyalty of oei AUS AUT A ustma — con tinued. subjects ; enthusiasm in her cause ; George II. of Great Britain, and Charles Emanuel, of Sardinia, are the only sove- reigns who respect their obligations as guarantees of the Pragmatic Sanction, 1741. See Germany, and Austrians. Secret alliance with Russia, 1753 — alliance with France, and Seven Years' War, 1756. See Germany, and Austri- ans. — Maria Theresa joins the combi- nation against Poland, and marches an army into the country, 1771 — receives her share of the first partition, 1772 — d. 1780— her son, Joseph II., attempts great reforms, 1781 — is opposed by his nobles and the pope, 1782 —Francis II. shares in the second partition of Po- land, 1793. For the coalitions against France, in 1792, 1799, 1805, 1809, and 1813, see Germany; Austria, Charles, Archduke of, and Austrians. Francis II. relinquishes and abo- lishes the title of emperor of Germany, and takes that of Francis I. as heredi- tary emperor of Austria, 1804 — joins the "Holy Alliance," 1815— sends an army, and crushes the revolution in Naples ; imprisons Alexander Ipsilanti on his flight from Greece, 1821 — recalls his am- bassador from Madrid; Great Britain agrees to accept from him £2,500,000 in full payment of loans of £30,000,000, 1823 — he releases Ipsilanti, 1828 — d. 1835. His son and successor, Ferdinand, confides in his minister, Metternich ; Cracow annexed to Austria, 1846 — the Italian provinces demand reforms ; Met- ternich declares against them ; general insurrection ; he resigns and takes flight; the emperor Ferdinand leaves Vi- enna, and gives up his crown to his brother, Francis Joseph, 1848. Assisted by Russia to put down the revolt in Hungary ; defeat of Charles Albert by Radetzky ; the grand duke of Tuscany restored by Austrian troops, 1849 — Austria requires Turkey to give up Kossuth and other fugitives, Aug. 23 — meeting of the emperors of Aus- tria and Russia at Warsaw ; the com- motions in Hesse Cassel repressed by an Austrian army; threatened collision with Prussia; the emperor Francis Jo- seph proposes a mutual disarming, 1850 — unites with Prussia to restore the authority of the king of Denmark in Holstein and Schleswig, 1851 — visits Berlin, 1852 — wounded by an assassin ; meets the emperor Nicholas at Olmutz, 1853 — enters into a treaty of alliance with Great Britain and France ; occupies i Austria — continued. the principalities, 1854— proposes four conditions of peace, and sends count Alexander Esterhazy to Petersburg to urge their acceptance, 1855 — joins in the negotiations in Paris, and concurs in the treaty of peace ; resists the inter- ference of the pope with heretical books, 1856. Austria, Charles, archduke of, o. 1771 — takes the command of the Austrian army in Suabia; falls back on the Danube, July 1796 — is defeated by Moreau at Ne- resheim, Aug. 10 ; defeats Bernadotte at Neumarck, Aug. 23, and Jourdan at Wtirzburg, Sep. 3 ; lays siege to Kehl, Oct. 26 — captures it, Jan. 9, 1797 — takes the command in Italy; is defeated by Bonaparte on the Tagliamento, March 16— crosses the Lech, March 4, 1799 — defeats Jourdan at Stockach, March 22 ; and drives him back to the Rhine ; re- signs the command of the Austrian army April, 1800 — passes the Inn, April 9, 1809— d. 1847. Austria, archduke John, defeated by Mo- reau on the Traun, Dec. 3, 1800— elected regent of Germany, 1848— resigns. 1849. Austrians, defeated at Breitenfeld by Tors- tenson, 1642— at Villa Viciosa, by the Duke de Vendome, Dec. 20, 1710— recover Messina, and all Sicily, 1719— defeated by count Montemar at Bitonto, May 27, 1734— by the k. of Prussia at Molwitz, 1741 — and in Saxony, 1745 — in con- junction with the k. of Sardinia, drive the French out of Italy, 1746— besiege Genoa, March 31; raise the siege, June 10, 1747 — invade Prussia; advance to Berlin, Oct. 17 ; retire before the prince of Anhalt Dessau; take Schweidnitz, Nov. 12 ; defeat the prince of Bevern, 22 ; take Breslau, 25 ; are defeated by Fre- deric the Great at Lissa, Dec. 5, 1757 — lose Schweidnitz ; defeat Frederic at Hochkirch, 1758 — take Leipsic and Dres- den, 1759 — in concert with the Russians, take Berlin, Oct. 9, 1760 — reduce Schweidnitz, 1761 — sanguinary cam- paigns in Italy, Germany, and Switzer- land, 1796, 1799— defeated at Marengo, June 14, 1800— at Austerlitz, Dec. 2, 1805 — peace concluded at Presburg, Dec. 20 — battles of Aspern and Essling, May 22, 1809— and of Wagram, July 5, of Leipzic, Oct. 16-19, 1813 — repulsed at Goito, May 30, 1848 — reoccupy Milan, Aug. 6 — invest Comorn, Jan. 3, 1849. Autharis, k. of Lombardy, 574 — recog- nized by the turbulent dukes, 584: — d. 591. Auto da fe at Lisbon, where Malagrida and fifty others are burnt, Sep. 29> 1761. v 2 AYE 68 ATO Automenes, last k. of Corinth, B.C. 746. Autosthenes, Athenian archon, B.C. 668. Autronius, P., elected consul of Rome, hut set aside and punished for bribery, B.C. 65. Autun, the ancient Augustodunum, En- menius, professor of rhetoric there, en- deavours to restore its schools, 299 — addresses his Orat. Panegyric, to Con- stantine there, 310— obtains from him a remission of taxation for Autun, 311 — Magnentius revolts, 350— reduced by the Saracens, 725 — Ermengarda, queen of Provence, after surrendering Vieune, returns to Autun, 882 — council of, ex- communicates Philip of France, 1094. Auvergne, invaded by Euric, k. of the Visigoths, 470— ceded to him by Ecdi- cius, 474. Auximum (now Osimo), surrendered to Belisarius, 539. Ava, a British embassy received at, Sept. 17, 1855. Avars, send an embassy to Justinian, 557 —to Justin II., 565— succeed the Longo- bardi and Gepidse in Pannonia, 568— in- vade Thrace, but are repulsed by Tibe- rius, 570— defeat him on the Danube, 574 — under their khan Baian, they harass Thrace and threaten the empire, 587 — Maurice marches against them, 592 — Priscus drives them across the Danube and compels them to make peace, 593 — Peter, brother of Maurice, breaks the peace, and they defeat him, 594 — are de- feated by Priscus, and remain inactive .some months, 595 — repulsed by him at Tomi, 598— defeat Comentiolus ; 12,000 prisoners massacred. 599 — they are again defeated by Priscus,600— occupy Thrace, 609— treacherously attack Heraclius, 619 — make peace with him, 620 — break through the long wall, advance to the gates of CP., and after many unsuccess- ful attacks, retire ; from this time their power declines, 626 — Bertaridus, the Lombard, expelled by Grimoald, seeks their protection, 662— Grimoald employs them in his service, and is obliged to expel them from his kingdom, 666 — called by some historians, Huns ; they invade Bavaria and Friuli, and are re- pulsed, 788— campaign of Charlemagne against them ; are defeated by the duke of Friuli, 791— finally subdued by Char- lemagne, and their accumulated spoils seized by him, 799. Avkin, near Luxemburg, prince Thomas of Savoy defeated there by the marshals de Chatillon and de Bresse, 1635. Aventinensis, Cu. Genucius, consul of Jtiome, B.C. 363. A ventinensis,L. Genucius, consul of Rome, B.C. 362. Aventinensis, L. Genucius, consul of Rome, B.C. 303. Aventinus, L. Genucius, consul of Rome, B.C. 365. Avernus, Lake, destroyed by a volcanic eruption, B.C. 1538. Averroes, the Arabian physician, fl. at Morocco, 1199. Aversa (the ancient Atella), granted to the Normans, 1029 — Conrad II. confirms them in their fortress, 1038 — Andrew of Hungary, husband of queen Joanna, murdered there, Sept. 18, 1345 — taken by Alfonso V. of Aragon, 1440. Avicenna, Med. Arab, fi. 1003— d. 1037. Avirnus, Faustus, junior, consul of Rome, 502. Avienus, Gennadius, consul of Rome, 450. Avienus, Rufus Magnus Faustus, consul of Rome, 501. Avignon, possessed by Okbah, who is ex- pelled by Charles Martel, 737 — removal of the papal see to, 1309 — confirmed, 1316 — visit of Robert of Naples to pope John XXII., 1319 — sold by Joanna, queen of Naples, to pope Clement VI., 1348 — Clement VII. resides at, and begins the schism of the West, 1378 — taken posses- sion of by Louis XIV., 1663 — restored by him to the pope, 1690 — seized by Louis XV., 1768— restored to Clement XIV., 1769— annexed to France, by the National Assembly, Sept. 23, 1791 — many royalists massacred there — ceded to France by the pope in the treaty of Tolentino, Feb. 19, 1797. Aviola, Acilius, consul of Rome, 122. A viola, M. Acilius, consul of Rome, 54. Aviola, consul of Rome, 239. Avisa, daughter of the earl of Gloucester, divorced by king John, 1200. Avitus, consul of Rome, 144. Avitus, consul of Rome, 209. Avitus, proclaimed emperor of the West, 455 — sends count Fronto to negotiate with the Spanish Suevi ; abdicates, and dies soon after, 456. Avitus, bp. of Vienne, noted for his elo- quent homilies, letters, and poems, 496. Axerdis, k. of Nineveh and Assyria, B.C. 670. Aybar, battle of; victory of Muhamad over Garcias, k. of Navarre, 882. Ayesha, daughter of Abu Beker, marries Mohammed, 619 — supports Moawiyah against Ali ; made prisoner and sent to Medina, 656— d. 677. Aylesford, battle of, between the Britons and Saxons, 455. Aylmer, Lord, gov. of Canada, d. 1834. A youb, a Saracen commander in Spain, 717. BAB 69 BAC Ayoubites, defeated near Gaza, by the Carismians, 1243. Ayr, commemoration of the poet Burns at, Aug. 6, 1844. Aye steamer runs down the Comet steamer, in the Clyde, Oct 21, 1825. Ayub. See Abu Ayub. Azahra, the magnificent palace of Abder- ahman III., at Cordova, built, 936. Azake, or public hospital, erected at Gra- nada by Muhamad V., 1376. Azariah, Jewish high-priest, B.C. 959. Aznar, son of Eudes, drives out the Sara- cens, and erects an independent power in Aragon, 737. Azof. See Asof. Azores, the, discovered by the Portuguese, 1432— colonized by them, 1450 — expedi- tion of Antonio of Portugal against, 1582 — the authority of queen Maria esta- blished there, 1830. Azzo, marquis of Este, leads the Guelph faction in Ferrara, 1196 — expelled by Sa- linguerra, leader of the Ghibelines, 1209 — he recovers his power in Ferrara, 1211 — d. 1212. Azzo VII., marquis of Este, 1215-1221— expelled from Ferrara by Salinguerra, 1222 — the emperor Frederic concerts measures against bim, 1232 — defeated at Padua, 1238 — takes Ferrara, 1240 — re- covers the Este territories, and takes the city of Padua, 1256— d. 1264. Azzo VIII., marquis of Este; his sister, Beatrice, married to Galeazzo, son of Matteo Visconte, 1300 — marries Bea- trice, daughter of Charles II. of Naples, 1305 — loses his ascendancy in Modena and Reggio, 1306— d. 1308. Azzo, duke of Spoleto, 651. Azzo, son of Galeazzo Visconte, defeats the Florentines and their allies at Cappi- ano, 1325 — he succeeds his father, 1328 — he and his brothers repulse the papal legate from Ferrara, 1333 — he obtains possession of Como and Crema, 1335 — takes Brescia, 1337— d. 1339. £ Baasha, k. of Israel, b.c, 953. Babbage invents his calculating machine, 1822. Baber, a descendant of Timour, reigning in Cabul, takes Lahore, 1524 — Bengal, 1529. Babeuf, forms a conspiracy against the French Directory. May 10, 1796 — exe- cuted, May 25, 1797. Babington, Antony, plots to assassinate qu. Elizabeth, and release Mary, qu. of Scots ; detected and punished, 1586. Babington, Dr., b. 1757— d. 1833. Babylas. See Antioch, bishops of. Babylon, conquest of (bv what people uncertain), B.C. 2059 (2233 C.)— date of earliest astronomical observations at, 2234 (2230 H., 2233 C.)— of the first re- corded eclipse of the moon, observed at, Mar. 19, 721— subdued by Cyrus, 538— revolts ; taken after a siege of twenty months, by Darius, 518 — by Alexander, 331 — Harpalus flees from, with great treasure, to Athens, 325 — Alexander re- turns to, 324: — Seleucus, gov. of, 321 — expelled by Antigonus, 315 — restored, 312. Babylonian empire commences, under Nabonassar, B.C. 747 — followed by — Nadius, 733. Chinzirus, and Porus, 731. Jugseus, 726. Mardocempadus, or Merodach Baladan, 721. "War with Assyria, 713. Archianus, 709. Anarchy, 704. Hagisa. Baldanes. Belibus, 702. Asordanes, or Apronadius 699 Regibalus, 693. Mesesimordachus, 692. Anarchy, 688. Asaridinus, 680. Saosduchinus, 667. Chinaladanus, 647. Nabopalassar, 625. Nebuchadnezzar, 606. Capture of Nineveh. See Assyria. . Conquest of Judah, 605— of Tyre,572. Evilmerodach, or Elvarodam, 563. Neriglissar, 559. Laborosoarchod, 556. Belshazzar, or Nabonadius, 555. Overthrown by Cyrus, 538. Baccancelde (Beckenham) ; Wictred holds a council at, 694. Bacchanalian orgies interdicted at Rome, and in all Italy, by the senate, B.C. 186. Bacchis, k. of Corinth, B.C. 925. Bacchus, the theatre of, at Athens, the first of stone in Greece, built, B.C. 478. Bacchylides, lyric poet, fl. b.c. 450. Bacchylus, bp. of Corinth, 196. Bacciocchi, husband of Napoleon's sister, Elise, is made prince of Lucca and Tus- cany, June 23, 1805. Back, capt., returns from his arctic expe- dition, Sept. 9, 1835. Bacon, Francis (afterwards lord), b. 1561 — first distinguishes himself by his con- duct in the trial of the earl of Essex, 1600 — defends monopolies in the House of Commons, 1601 — debates with Sir Ed- BAD 70 BAH ■ ward Coke on the Union of England and Scotland, 1607 — created viscount St. Al- ban's, and appointed lord chancellor, 1617 — confesses his acceptance of presents or bribes, is deprived of his office, fined, and imprisoned ; James I. restores him to liberty, remits his fine, and allows him a pension, 1621 — he writes his " Novum Organum," and " De Augmen- ts Scientiarum," 1624 — d while on a visit to the earl of Arundel at High- gate, Apr. 9, 1626. Bacon, Sir Nicholas, appointed lord keep- er, 1558— d. 1579. Bacon, Roger, b. 1214 — proposes to pope Clement IV. a reformation of the ca- lendar, 1267 — is forbidden to teach at Ox- ford, and confined to his monastery, 1269 — d. 1292. Bacon, John, b. 1740 — his group repre- senting the Thames and its attributes placed in the quadrangle of Somerset House, Apr. 13, 1789— d. 1799. Bactea, now Balkh, taken by Alexander, B.C. 330. Bactkia, or Bactetana ; Alexander passes the winter in, B.C. 329 — revolts against Antiochus, 254 — Theodotus founds the kingdom of, 250 — treaty of alliance with Parthia, 243— Theodotus II., d. 221— and is succeeded by Euthydemus, who is at- tacked by Antiochus Magnus, 212 — his son, Demetrius, k., 200 — Menander fol- lows ; his time not accurately known ; Eucratides 1. conquers part of India ; is assassinated by his son, Eucratides II., who allies himself with Demetrius Ni- cator against Mithridates I. of Parthia, 140 — is defeated, and loses a large por- tion of his territories, 138 — is expelled from the rest by the wild Tartars, and the kingdom of Bactria ends, 127. Badajos, Ordonio II. pursues the Sara- cens to, and compels tliem to make peace, 918 — Kamiro II. and Aben Isaac Ben Omeya advance to, 935 — conquered by Yussef, 1093 — taken by the Moors, 1161 — recovered by Alfonso, k. of Por- tugal, 1168— taken by Alfonso IX., 1229 — besieged by the Portuguese, but with- out success, 1705 — treaty of, between the prince regent of Portugal, and Prance and Spain, Sept. 29, 1801 — taken by Soult, Mar. 11, 1811— by Wellington, Apr. 6, 1812. Baddesdown Hill. See Badon, Mount. Baden, erected into a margraviate, by count Bernhard, 1430 — the margrave joins the Protestant League, 1608— com- mands their army, and is defeated by Wallenstein, 1627 — treaty of, between the German empire, France, and Spain, signed Sept. 5, 1714 — the margrave makes peace with the French republic, 1796 — takes the title of elector, after- wards exchanged for that of grand duke, 1803 — gives his people a representative government, 1818 — joins the commercial union (Zollverein), and completes the frontier, 1835 — driven from Carlsruhe by his subjects, May 14, 1849 — restored, June 23 — the grand duke Chas. Leopold Frederic, d. Apr. 24, 1852 — his eldest son, Louis, relinquishes the succession to his brother, Frederic William, May 4. Baden, prince Louis of, takes Landau, 1702 — with Marlborough, forces the Ba- varian lines at Schellenberg, and takes Donawert, July 2, 1704 — and recovers Landau ; drives Villars back over the Rhine, and takes Hagenau, 1705. Baden, Dr. Richard, founds Clare Hall, Cambridge, 1326. Badon, Mount, called by Bede Baddes- down Hill, and a victory said to have been gained there by the Britons over the Saxons in 493 — by others in 511 and 520. Radonicus See Gildas. Badvila. See Totila. Baffin explores the Bay to which his name has been given, 1616. Bagadius claims the bpric. of Bostra, 394. Bagaud^e of Gaul are repressed by Maxi- mian, 285. Bagdad, built by Almansor, 758 — the ca- liphs of, sink into insignificance, 936 — Togrul Beg drives the Bowides from, 1055 — stormed by Hulagou, and its ca- liph put to death, 1258— taken by Ti- monr, 1401 — first hostilities between the pasha of, and the Wahabys, 1797. Bagnal, Sir Edward, defeated by Tyrone on the Blackwater, 1598. Bagnalo, treaty of, between the Italian States and Venice, Aug. 7, 1484. Bagoas, minister in Persia, places Arses, the youngest son of Ochus, on the throne after his father's assassination, b.c 338 — kills Arses, places Darius Codomanas on the throne, and is put to death for his crimes, 336. Bagot, Sir Charles, governor-general of Canada, unites the most popular leaders of all parties in official situations, 1842. Bagot, Dr., bp. of Bath and Wells, b. 1783 — d. 1854. Bagsac, a Danish k., defeated by Alfred, and slain, 871. Bahama Islands, the first discovery of Columbus, 1492 — English settlements in 1629 — taken by the Spaniaids, 17S2— restored, 1783. Bahar, ceded to the East India Co.. by the treaty of Allahabad, Aug. 12, 1765. BAHAEAM,or Varanes. See Peesia, kings of. BAL 71 BAL Baheam, the Persian gen., repels the Turks, 586 — at the head of a Persian army, receives a total defeat from the Roman gen.Comentiolus; is reproved and insulted by Hormisdas, and revolts, 589 — usurps the regal power for a time, 590 — retires among the Turks, and d. 591. Baian, khan of the Avars, harasses Thrace, and threatens the empire, 587 — compelled to make peace by Priscus, 693— conference with Priscus, after which hostilities are resumed, 595 — attacks Tomi, which is defended by Priscus, 598 — holds a conference with Heraclius, 619 — fails in his attacks on CP., 626. Baillie, Joanna, b. 1763— d. 1851. Bailly, president of the National Assem- bly, urges it not to separate at the command of the king, June 20, 1789 — mayor of Paris, July 16 — assists La Fayette to disperse a tumultuous assem- blage calling for the deposition of the king, July 17, 1791— executed, Nov. 11, 1793. Baines, E., 5. 1774— d. 1848. Baied, Sir David, captures the Cape of Good Hope, Jan. 8, 1806— d. 1829. Bajazet 1. (Ilderim), sultan of the Otto- mans, 1389 — compels the emperor John V. to destroy his new fortifications, and his son, Manuel, to attend him at the Biege of Philadelphia, 1390 — defeats Si- gismund, k. of Hungary, with a con- federate army of French princes and nobles, and the knights of Rhodes, at the battle of Nicopolis, Sept. 28. 1396— his designs against CP. are interrupted by the appi'oach of Timour, 1400 — to- tally defeated, and made prisoner at the battle of Angora, July '28, 1402— d. in captivity. Bajazet II., sultan of Turkey, succeeds to the throne after a contest with his brother, Dschem, 1481 — makes war on Kaitbai, sultan of Egypt, 1490 — resigns the throne to his son, Selim, 1511 — put to death, 1512. Bakee, Sir Richard, the chronicler, 5. 1568 — d. 1645. Baker, Sir Robert, censured for having allowed queen Caroline's funeral to pass through the city, resigns his office of magistrate, 1821. Bakewell, Robert, 5. 1726— d. 1795. Bala, Alexander, rebels in Syria, b.c. 153 — establishes himself at Ptolemais, is recognized by Rome, and supported by Jonathan Maccabseus, 152. See Alex- ander Bala. Balaam, the prophet, lived b.c. 1480. Balaguier, taken by the count D'Har- court, 1645. Balak, k. of Moab, b.c. 1480. Balakiava, capture of, Sept 26, 1854— battle of, Oct. 25. Balbec, the ancient Heliopolis in Syria ; temple of the Sun built by Sept. Severus, 200— held by Odenathus and Zenobia, 262-72— taken by the Saracens, 637— destroyed by the Carmathians, 900. Balbinus, D. Ccelius, consul of Rome, II. 213 — elected emperor by the senate, is murdered by the praetorians, 238. Balboa, Vasco Nunez de, reaches the American coast of the Pacific Ocean, 1513. Balbus, M. Acilius, consul of Rome, b.c. 160. Balbus, M. Acilius, consul of Rome, b.c. 114. Balbus, D. Lselius, consul of Rome, b.c. 6. Balbus, L. Norbanus, consul of Rome, 19. Balbus, Qu. Julius, consul of Rome, 129. Baldasi, k. of Nineveh or Assyria, B.C. 800 La. Baldimeb. See Bulgaeians. Baldeed, k. of Kent, 805 — conquered and expelled by Egbert, 823. Baldulf, bp. of Witherne, 791. Baldwin 1., emperor of the East, 1204 — defeated and made prisoner at Adriano- ple by the Bulgarians and revolted Greeks; he dies in captivity, 1205. See Baldwin IX., count of Flanders. Baldwin II., brother of Robert de Courte- nay, succeeds him as emperor of the East, with John de Brienne as acting colleague, 1228 — takes the government into his own hands, and visits Flandms to implore assistance from Western Europe, 1237 — returns to Constantinople with a large army, raised by the sale of the holy crown of thorns,and other relics, to the k. of France, 1239 — campaign against Vataces ; loses almost all his pos- sessions in Asia; his Latin auxiliaries, receiving no pay, abandon him, 1240 — again visits the West to beg support, 1244 — pleads before the Thirteenth General Council at Lyons for assistance, 1245 — truce with Michael Palseologus, 1260— expelled from Constantinople, 1261 — cedes the suzerainty of Achaia to Charles of Anjou, 1267— d. 1272. Baldwin, count of Hainault, brother of Godfrey de Bouillon, joins the first cru- sade, 1096 — quarrels with Tancred, se- parates from the army, and obtains for himself the principality of Edessa, 1097 — on the death of Godfrey, succeeds him as Baldwin I., k. of Jerusalem, 1100— defeats the Turks, and takes Ptolemais, 1104— assisted by a Venetian fleet, takes Tripoli, 1109 — marries Adelaide, widow of Poger, count of Sicily, 1113— taken by Ceawlin, k. of Wessex, 577 — the abbey of, built by Offa, k. of Mercia, 783 — Edgar anointed at, by Dunstan and Oswald. 972. Bath, William Pulteney, created earl of, loses his influence, 1742— d. 1764. See Pulteney, William. Bath, the Order of Knights of the, origi- nally instituted by Henry IV., 1|399 — re- vived by George I., 1725 — new-modelled and extended by George IV., 1815— the grand cross of the, bestowed on Omar Pasha, Aug. 11, 1855. Bathobi, Sigismund, succeeds in Transyl- vania, 1586 — gives it up to the emperor Rudolf II., 1597. Bathobi, Stephen, succeeds John Sigis- mund in Transylvania, 1571 — elected k. of Poland, 1575 — marries Anne, sister of the late k. Sigismund Augustus, 1576 — enters into alliance with Sweden against Russia, 1578 — drives the Russians out of Livonia, Esthonia, and Ingria, 1579 — Iwan IV. requests the pope to mediate, 1581 — truce concluded; Stephen retains his conquests, 1582 — d. 1586. Baths of Titus erected, 80 — of Nero, re- paired and called Alexander's, 226 — of Diocletian, are converted by pope Gre- gory XIII. into a granary, 1580. Bathuest, in Australia, first discovery of gold near, May 14, 1851. Bathuest, Allen, lord, b. 1684— d. 1775. Bathuest, Henry, made baron Apsley and lord chancellor, Jan. 1771 — succeeds afterwards as earl Bathurst — d. 1794. Bathuest, Henry, earl, b, 1762— d. 1834. Bathuest, Dr. Henry, appointed bp. of Norwich, March 9, 1805 — supports the Bills for the removal of Catholic dis- abilities, 1821 — one of the two bps. who vote for the Reform Bill, 1831— d. 1837. Bathyany, Count, an insurgent in Hun- gary, captured by Haynau, June, 1849 —shot, Oct. 6. Bathyany, Count Casimir, a Hungarian exile, b. 1S09— d. 1854. Batou, grandson of Dschingis-khan, estab- lishes the Golden Horde in Kapzak, 1235 — invades Russia, 1236 — conquers Kiow, drives Wladimir from the throne, and sets up Iaroslav as a vassal of the Golden Horde, 1238— ravages Hungary, Poland, and Silesia, 1241 — repulsed at Olm utz, 1242 — returns to Kapzak, 1243. " Bateachoi." See Abistophanes. Batteeies, Floating. See Gibbaltab. Battle Abbey, founded by William I., 1067. Battles ; the date of every important battle, with its result, the parties en- gaged in it, and all other material cir- cumstances, may be found in this Index, by referring to the name of the place where it was fought, of the sovereign in whose reign it took place, or of the general who commanded. Batto, continues the revolt in Apulia after the defeat ofMelo, 1019 — taken prisoner in the fort of Garigliano, and killed by the Greek catapan,Basilio Bugiano, 1021. Battus, arrives in Africa, B.C. 640 — second settlement on the island of Pl»- tea, 637— founds Cyrene, 631. BAY 7l) BAT Battus IT., the Fortunate, king of Cyrene, b.c. 575. Baudin, Admiral, takes S. Juan de Ulloa, and Vera Cruz, from the Mexicans, 1838. Bauge, in Anjou, battle of. the duke of Clarence defeated and slain, 1421. See Heney V., k. of England. Bauto, a descendant of the royal Visi- gothic Balji, consul of Rome, 385 — his daughter Eudocia married to Arcadius, 395. Bautzen, battle of, May 19, 1813. See Napoleon I. Bavaria, Christianity preached in, by Emmeran, 651 — becomes an independent state, 674— Ansprando and his son Liut- prand take refuge in, when driven out of Lombard y, 703 — subdued by Charles Martel, 725 — invaded by the Avars, who destroy Lorch, 737 — reduced by Pepin, 750 — Thassilon, its duke, does homage to Charlemagne, 781— freed from an in- vasion of the Avars by Charlemagne and added to his empire, 788. Given by Louis I. le Deoonnaire to his son Lothaire, with the title of king, 815 — transferred to his youngest son Louis, 821 — Louis rebels and is desert- ed by his army, 839 — in the division of the empire on his father's death, he makes Bavaria part of his kingdom of Germany, 840 — allotted to Carloman, s;on of Louis, 876 — on his death seized by Louis of Saxony, 880 — occupied by Charles the Fat, 882. See Arnulf, na- tural son of Carloman. Invasion of the Hungarians; Arnulf elected duke to oppose them, 907 — Henry I. duke, 942 — Henry IT., 958— leagues with the Bohemians and Poles against the emperor Otho II., 975 — de- feated and takes refuge in Bohemia, 976 — recovers his states and claims the wardship of Otho III., 984— d. 995— Henry IIT. succeeds, elected k. of Ger- many, 1002. See Henry II. of Germany. Bavaria transferred by him to Henry IV.,brother of his queen, Cunegonda, 1004 —resumed, 1008— Henry V. duke, 1025 —Conrad I., 1047— Henry VI., 1052— Conrad II., 1054— given by the emperor Henry III. to his empress Agnes, 1056 — by her to Otho of Nordheim, 106i— by the emperor Henry IV. to Guelph IV., count of Carinthia, and Guelph I. of Bavaria 1071. See Albert Azzo, Cu- negonda, and Guelph IV. — he joins the crusaders and dies in Cyprus, 1101. Guelph II. succeeds ; Henry VII. (Guelph) duke, 1120— Henry VIII., the Proud (Guelph), 1126 — invested with the duchy of Saxony by the emperor Lo- thaire II., 1126— with Tuscany and its Bavaria — ccntinued. dependencies, 1133 — he opposes the emperor Conrad III., and is deprived of his German states, 1138— d, 1139— his son Henry, the Lion, preserves Saxony ; after a long struggle, Bavaria is given to Henry IX. of Austria, 1142— restored to Henry X., the Lion, 1153— a league of the princes of North Germany against him, repressed by the emperor, 1166 — he withdraws from the imperial army in Lombardy, 1166— is ejected from all his states except Brunswick and Lunenburg, by the diet of Wurzburg; Bavaria given to Otho I. of Wittelsbach, 1180 — who is succeeded by Louis I., 1183 — Henry, the Lion, d. at Brunswick, 1195. The Palatinate of the Rhine united to Bavaria; Otho II. duke, 1231— he sup- ports the emperor, Frederic II., against pope Innocent IV., 1246 — his son, Louis II., duke of Bavaria and elector Palatine, 1253— joins Ottocar II. of Bo- hemia in opposing the election of Rudolf of Habsburg, 1273— changes sides, 1275 — the Palatinate separated ; Louis III. duke of Bavaria, 1294— elected k. of Ger- many, 1314. See Louis IV. of Germany. Treaty of Pavia settles the Bavarian succession, 1329 — Stephen, duke .of Bavaria, 1347 — war of six years with Austria for the Tyrol, without gaining it, 1363-69— John I. duke, 1375— Ernest, 1397— Albert I., 1438 — John II. and Sigismund, 1460 — Albert II., 1465 — William 1., 1508 — Albert III., 1550— William II., 1579— Maximilian, 1596— head of the Catholic League of Wurz- burg, 1609 — overthrows the Bohemian Protestants in the battle of Prague, Nov. 9, N.s. ; his general, Tilly, defeated at Wiesloch by Count Mansfeld, de- vastates the Palatinate of the Rhine, with horrid barbarity, 1622— the Pala- tinate annexed to Bavaria, 1623 — Gus- tavus Adolphus defeats Tilly at Breit- enfeld, Sept 7, n.s. ; and penetrates to Bavaria, 1631— Turenne and Wrangel compel Maximilian to a treaty of neu- trality, 1646 — the Palatinate of the Rhine restored, and Bavaria made the eighth electorate, by the peace of West- phalia, 1648- -Maximilian d. 1651. Ferdinand Maria succeeds ; disputes with the elector Palatine the vicariate of the empire, 1657 — Maximilian Emanuel elector, 1679— serves against the Turks in Hungary and takes Belgrade, 1688— joins the league of Augsburg against Louis XIV., 1689— commands the allied army in Flanders during the absence of William III.; and relieves Charleroi, 1692- his army unites with the French BAV 80 BAT Bavaria — continued. in the war against the emperor, Leopold I., and defeats the imperialists in the first battle of Hochstadt, Sep. 20, 1703— is driven from the lines of Schellenberg by Marlborough, July 2, 1704 — and totally annihilated by him in the second battle of Hochstadt (See Blenheim); after which the elector takes flight into the Spanish Netherlands, of which he is made governor ; the electress surrenders Bavaria to the emperor, and retires to Venice ; the elector put to the han of the empire, 1706— attacks Brussels and re- treats precipitately, 1708— relieved from the ban, 1712— his states restored to him by the treaty of Baden, 1714— d. 1726. Charles Albert succeeds, resists the Pragmatic Sanction, and claims the hereditary states of Austria, 1740 — joins France in the war against Maria There- sa ; invades Bohemia, and is crowned king at Prague, 1741 — elected emperor at Frankfort, Jan. 24, 1742 See Charles VII. of Germany. The Austrians expel him from Bohemia, take MUnich, and conquer Bavaria, 1742 — Charles Albert solicits peace ; Maria Theresa rejects the preliminaries ; he recovers Bavaria, 1744 — d. 1745. His son Maximilian Joseph makes peace with Maria Theresa, and secures his states by voting for her husband Francis as emperor ; d. 1778 — the elector Palatine, Charles Theodore, inherits Ba- varia ; the two states are again united ; the emperor Joseph II. claims and seizes a portion of them ; the k. of Prussia resists ; impending war averted by the peace of Teschen, May, 13, 1779 — the project of Joseph to obtain Bavaria in exchange for Belgium, thwarted by Prussia and other states, 1785 — Bavaria joins the coalition against France, 1793 — invaded by Morean, and saved by the archduke Charles of Austria, 1796 — Charles Theodore d. 1799. Maximilian Joseph II. succeeds ; Mo- reau conquers Bavaria, and takes Mu- nich, July 2, 1800 — restored by the treaty of Luneville, 1801 — receives WUrtzburg, Bamberg, and Augsburg, in compensation for territories lost on the left bank of the Rhine, 1803 — in alliance with France, occupied by the Austrians under gen. Mack ; recovered by Napoleon ; the elector takes the title of king, and the Tyrol is an- nexed to his dominions, 1805— gives the princess Augusta in marriage to Eugene Beauharnais, 1806 — attends the congress of Erfurt, 1808 — in alliance with France •gainst Austria, 1809— gives up South Bavaria — continued. Tyrol to the kingdom of Italy, and re ceives in exchange Bayreuth, Salzburg. Ratisbon, and other lands, 1810 — joins the allies, and sends an army under gen. Wrede to intercept Napoleon in his re- treat at Hanau, 1813 — assists in the in- vasion of France, and concurs in the treaties of Paris and Vienna, 1814 — abolishes serfdom and introduces a re- presentative government in his states, 1818— d. 1825. His son Louis Charles Augustus suc- ceeds ; founds the university of Mu- nich, 1826 — allows many of his officers to assist the Greeks, 1827 — joins the Zollverein, 1829 — his son Otho ap- pointed k. of Greece ; anniversary of the Bavarian constitution, celebrated at Hambach, May 27, 1832— the king erects the temple of Walhalla near Ra- tisbon, to commemorate the great men of Germany, 1842 — dismisses Lola Montes, and resigns his crown to his son, Maxi- milian Joseph II. (as king), Mar. 20, 1848 — dissents from the election of the k. of Prussia as emperor of Germany, 1844 — sends troops in conjunction with Aus- tria to put down the commotions in Hesse Cassel, 1850 — withdraws them, 1851. Bavius, the poet, d. b.c. 35. Baxter, Richard, b. 1615— d. 1691. Bayard, the Chevalier, distinguishes him- self in Flanders, and saves Mezieres, 1521 — serves under Bonnivet in Italy, 1523 — killed in the retreat of the French army, 1524. Bayazid, in Asia, the Russians defeat the Turks at, July 30, 1854. Bayeux, in Normandy, taken by Henry I. of England, 1105— Odo, bp. of. See Oix>. Bayeux, tapestry of, the work of Matil- da, qu. of William I., preserved in the abbey there, and first mentioned, 1476. Bayle, Peter, b. 1647 — begins his journal, " Nouvelles de la Republique des Let- tres," 1684 — his Dictionary first pub- lished at Rotterdam, 1697— d. 1706. Baylen, battle of; surrender of Dupont and his army, to the Spanish gen., Cas- tahos, July 28, 1808. Baylen, Castaiios, duke of, d. 1852. Bayonets, first made at Bayonne, about 1690— supersede pike3, and are in ge- neral use in the French army, 1703. Bayonne, conference at, between Katharine de' Medici and the duke of Alva, to plot the destruction of protestantism, 1565 — the royal family of Spain meet Napoleon, and resign the kingdom to his brother Joseph, 1808 — Soult driven back to, rrom the Pyrenees, 1813 — sally of the French from, April 14, 1814. BEA 81 BEA Bayreuth. See Anspach. — Annexed to Bavaria, 1810. Baza, taken from the Moors by Ferdinand of Spain, 1489. Bazaar. See Anti-Corn-Law League. Beadan-head, battle of; Escwin, k. of Wes- sex, defeats Wulf here, k. of Mercia, 675. Bean, , presents a pistol at Queen Vic- toria, July 3, 1842 — on which an Act is passed for the better protection of her majesty's person. Beandune, battle of; the Cymri are de- feated by Cynegils, k. of Wessex, and his son, Curchelm, 614. Beaton, cardinal, archbp. of St. Andrews, causes theexecution of Patrick Hamilton, as a heretic, 1528-regent of Scotland, 1542 — opposes the marriage-treaty with Eng- land, 1543 — is assassinated, May 28, 1546. Beaton's Mill, James III., k. of Scotland, is murdered in, June 11, 1488. Beatrice, dau. of Frederic, duke of Upper Lorraine, married to Boniface II., duke of Tuscany, 1036 — he d. 1052— marriage of his widow to Godfrey, duke of Lorraine, 1054— guardian of her daughter Matilda ; Henry III. of Germany claims Tuscany, and detains her in captivity, 1055 — re- stored to her husband, 1057-governs Tus- cany in the name of her dau. Matilda, after Godfrey's death, 1070— d. 1076. Beatrice, daughter of Aldrovandino, late marquis of Este, married to Andrew II., k. of Hungary, 1234 — imprisoned by her son-in-law, Bela IV., she escapes to her family in Italy, where she gives birth to a son named Stephen, 1235. Beatrice, dau. of Charles II. of Naples, married to Azzo VIII., marq. of Este, 1305. Beatrice, dau. of Rinaldo, count of Bur- gundy, married to Frederic I., emperor of Germany, 1156. Beatrice, dau. of Philip of Swabia,late em- peror of Germanv, married to Otho IV., 1209. Beatrice, dau. of Ferdinand, k. of Portu- gal, married to John I., k. of Castile, 1383. Beatrice, sister of Azzo VIII., marquis of Este, married to Galeazzo, son of Matteo, Visconte, 1300— d. 1335. Beatrice, duchess of Milan, beheaded for alleged infidelity, 1418. Beatrice of Ferrara marr. Ludovico Sforza, 1490-her rivalry with Isabella, her sister- in-law, leads to discord in Milan, 1491. Beatrice of Naples marries Matthias Cor- vinus, k. of Hungary, 1476. Beatrice of Modena. See Mary Beatrice. Beattie, James, b. 1735— d. 1803. Beaucaire. See Alfonso X., k. of Castile. Beaucamp, Richd., earl of Warwick, ap- pointed by Hen. V. guardian of his son, 1422— compelled to abandon the siege of Montargis by the bastard of Orleans, 1426 —succeeds the duke of York as regeut of France, and d. soon after, 1440. Beauchamp, William Seymour, lord, mar ries lady Arabella Stuart, for which they are committed to the Tower, 1611. See Hertford, marquis of. Beauchamp of Holt, lord, unjustly executed for treason, 1388. Beaufort, John, son of John of Gaunt and Katharine Swinford, legitimized by the king and the pope, 1396 -his son, John, first duke of Somerset, leaves only a dau., Margaret, who marries Edmund, earl of Richmond, eldest son of Owen Tudor and qu. Katharine, 1455. See Henry VII., k. of England. Beaufort, Edmund, duke of Somerset, younger brother of John, inherits his title, and is governor of Normandy, 1447 — surrenders Rouen, and retreats tollar- fleur, Nov. 4, 1449— succeeds William de la Pole, earl of Suffolk, as adviser of queen Margaret, and is very unpopular, 1450— the parliament petitions for his removal, 1451— committed to the Tower, 1454 — released, and slain at the battle of St. Alban's, May 23, 1455. Beaufort, Henry, bishop of Winchester, son of John of Gaunt, quarrels with Humphrey, duke of Gloucester : recon- ciled by John, duke of Bedford, 1425— made a cardinal, 1426 — intrigues against the duke of Gloucester, 1442 — prevails over him in the English councils; and promotes the marriage of Henry VI. to Margaret of Anjou, 1444 — d. 1447. Beaufort, the duke de, a French admiral, gains a victory over the Algerines, 1665 —unable to join the Dutch, shelters his fleet in Brest, 1666. Beaufort, the duke of, b. 1791 — d. 1853. Beaufort, Fort, repulse of the Caffres at, Jan. 7, 1851. Beaufoy's motion for the relief of dissent- ers negatived by a majority of 78, Mar. 28, 1787 — his second motion negatived by a majority of 20, May 8, 1789. Beaugency, synod of, divorces Louis VII. from Eleanor of Guienne, 1152. Beauhaenais, Eugene, b. 1781— made vice- roy of Italy, 1805 — marries the princess Augusta of Bavaria, Jan. 14, 1806— com- mands the army of Italy and takes Trieste. May 18, 1809— defeats Jellach- ich, May 25 —joins the grand army, May 27 — receives from Murat the com- mand of the French troops in Prussia, Jan. 16, 1813 — and conducts them tc Berlin, Feb. 21— d. 1824. Beauharuais, Hortense de, married to Louis Bonaparte, Jan. 9, 1802. BED 82 BED Beaujeu, Pierre, Sire de, brother of John, duke of Bourbon, and husband of Anne, daughter of Louis XI., 1483. See Anne. Inherits the title of duke of Bourbon, 1488 ; leaves no male posterity. See Bourbon. Beaulieu, a sanctuary in the New Forest, where Perkin Warbeck takes refuge, Sept. 21, 1497. Beaulieu, or Loches, a fifth treaty signed at, gives the Huguenots religious liberty, 1576. Beaumarchais, b. 1732— his edition of the works of Voltaire suppressed in France, 1783— d. 1799. Beaumont, lord, falls in battle, at North- ampton, July 10, 1460. Beaumont, lord, b. 1805 — d. 1854. Beaumont, Francis, b. 1555 — a popular dramatist conjointly with Fletcher, 1614 — d. 1615. Beaumont, Sir George, gives his pictures to the National Gallery, 1824. Beausobre, b. 1659— d. 1738. Beauvais, Vincent de, the compiler of the Speculum Majus, the first attempted En- cyclopaedia, d. 1264. Beccaria, marquis, 6. 1735 — publishes his Treatise on Crimes and Punishments, 1764— d. 1793. Beche, Sir Henry de la, b. 1796— d. 1855. Beckenham. See Baccancelde. Becket, Thomas a, chancellor to Hemy II., 1155 — archbp.of Canterbury; resigns the chancellorship and opposes the king's ecclesiastical reforms, 1162 — gives a pro- mise of submitting to the ancient laws of the realm, 1163 — refuses to observe the Constitutions of Clarendon, and flies to France, 1164 — excommunicates Henry II. and all who conform to the Constitu- tions, 1165 — enters into a compromise with the king ; returns to his see ; is as- sassinated, Dec. 29, 1170 — two cardinals sent by the pope to investigate the cir- cumstances of his death, 1171 — Henry involved in much trouble in consequence, receives absolution, 1173 — does penance at his tomb, 1174. Beckford, Wm., b. 1705 — his mansion at Fonthill destroyed by fire, Feb. 12, 1755 — elected lord mayor of London, 1762 — again, 1769 — his reply to the king's an- swer to the address of the London corpo- ration, May 23, 1770— d. 1770— his statue placed in Guildhall, June 11, 1772. BECKFORD,Wm., author of Vathek,&. 1760 — sells Fonthill, 1822— d. 1844. Beckwtth, General, captures Guadaloupe, Feb. 5, 1810. Beddoks, Dr., b. 1760— d. 1808. Bf.de, b. at Wearmouth, 673— educated by Benedict Biscop, 680— also by Ceolfrid, abbot of Wearmouth, 689 — ordained a deacon, by John bp. of York, 692— priest, 703— ends his Hist. Ecc., 731— d. in the monastery of Jarrow, May 26, 735. Bedeau, general, banished from France, Jan. 10, 1852. Beder, battle of, Mohammed overcomes the Koreish, 623. Bedericsworth (St. Edmund's Bury), the abbey of, rebuilt and endowed by Canute, 1029. See Burv St. Edmund's. Bedford taken from the Five-burghers by Edward the Elder, 919. Bedford, John, duke of, brother of Henry V., repels an attempt of the French to recover Harfleur, 1416 — arrests Queen Joanna of England, 1419 — regent of France, 1422 — maiTies Anne, sister of Philip, duke of Burgundy, 1423 — me- diates between the dukes of Gloucester and Burgundy, 1424 — composes differ- ences between the former and Beaufort, bp. of Winchester, 1425 — forces the duke of Britanny to break off his alliance with Charles VII., 1426 — marries Jacqueline of Luxemburg, 1432— d. 1435. Bedford, earl of; title given to lord Russel, 1549. See Eussel, lord. Negotiates the peace with France, 1550 — suppresses Sir Peter Carew's insurrection, 1554 — one of Queen Elizabeth's council of state, 1558 — sent by her to attend at the baptism of prince James of Scotland, 1566. Bedford, Russel, earl of, sides with the parliament, and at the head of a detach- ment of their army drives the marquis of Hertford from Somersetshire into Wales, 1642 — abandons their cause and joins Charles I. at Oxford, 1643 — fails to obtain from Charles II. a mitigation of the sentence against his son, lord Wm. Russel, 1683 — made one of the privy council by William III., 1689 — created duke of Bedford, 1693. Bedford, John, duke of, b. 1710 — censures the sacrifice of British to Hanoverian interests, 1742 — opposes the employment of Hanoverian troops in British pay, 1743 — first lord of the admiralty in the " Broad Bottom " ministry, 1744 — secre- tary of state, 1747 — lord lieutenant of Ireland,1759 — signs the preliminaries of peace at Fontainebleau, Nov. 8, 1762 — president of the council and head of the ministry, Sept. 9, 1763— d. 1771. Bedford, Francis, duke of, b. 1765 — d. Mar. 2, 1802 — Fox's oration in praise of him, Mar. 16 — his statue erected in Russell Square, 1S09. Bedford, John, duke of, lord lieutenant of Ireland.1806 — fights aduel with the duke of Buckingham, 1822. Bedford, Georgiana, dow.-duch. of, d. 1858. BEL 83 BEL Bedmar, Spanish ambassador at Venice, encourages a conspiracy there, and dis- turbs all Italy, 1618. Bbecher, Mr. (now Sir W. W.) marries Miss O'Neil, the actress, 1819. Beechy, Sir William, b. 1753— d. 1839. Beethoven, b. 1770— d. 1827 — a statue of, erected, and festival in his honour, at Frankfort, 1845. Beet-root, sugar extracted from, by the Prussian chemist Achard, 1799. Beffart, Karl, of Treves, grand-master of the Teutonic knights in Prussia, 1312. Beggars' Opera. See Gay. Beghards and Beguines, religious sects in Flanders, condemned by the fifteenth general coimcil held at Vienne in Dau- phiny, 1311 — persecuted by the Inqui- sition, 1341. Begum Charge. See Oude, Begums of ; Adam, Mr. ; Hastings, Warren ; and Sheridan, E. B. Behring discovers the Straits to which his name is given, 1728. Beira, taken by the Moors, 1161. Beja, (Pax-Julia) besieged by Froila, k. of the Goths, 761 — taken by the Moors, 1161 —by Sancho I. k. of Portugal, 1189. Bela I., kills his brother Andrew in battle and obtains the throne of Hungary, 1060 —d. 1063. Bela II., k. of Hungary, 1131-1141. Bela III., k. of Hungary, 1173 — takes Zara, and recovers all Dalmatia and Croatia, 1181— d. 1196. Bela IV., rebels against his father An- drew II., 1220— submits to him, 1222— succeeds him as k. of Hungary, 1235 — defeats the duke of Austria, to whom some nobles had offered the crown, and imprisons his mother-in-law, Beatrice, 1235 — permits the Cuman fugitives to settle in Hungary, 1239 — the Mongolians of the Golden Horde invade his do- minions, and oblige him to retire into Dalmatia, 1241 — recovers his kingdom, 1245— defeats the Mongols, 1260— d. 1270. Belcher, Sir Edward, sails in search of Sir John Franklin, April 21, 1852. Belfast, Queen's College, endowed by Act of parliament 8 and 9 Victoria, c. 56, 1845— opened 1849. Belfast and Dublin junction railway opened, June 1852. Belg.e, the, resist Caesar, B.C. 57. Belgian Railway, commencement of the, 1S34. Helgians, the, revolt against the measures of the emperor Joseph, 1719 — declare themselves independent, 1790 — their privileges are restored by his successor Leopold, and they submit, Dec. 3, 1790. Belgium, occupied by the Danes* SS0. See B elgium — continued. Netherlands, Spanish and Austrian. Conquered by Dumourier, who enters Brussels, Nov. 13, 1792 — abandoned by him after his defeat at Neerwinden, Mar. 18, 1793— jnvaded by Pichegru, Apr. 26 ; and conquered by him, Nov. 30, 1794 — united to France and divided into nine departments, 1795 — recovered by the allies, and combined with Holland to form the kingdom of the Netherlands, 1814 — scene of Wellington's short cam- paign and Napoleon's final overthrow at Waterloo, 1815— general revolt of, Sept. 1830 — declared independent by the gua- rantee states, Nov. 2 — Leopold of Saxe- Coburg chosen king, July 21, 1831 — sur- render of Antwerp, Dec. 23, 1832— pre- liminaries of peace with Holland, June 5, 1833 — fresh discussions arise respect- ing Luxemburg and Maestricht ; visit of Queen Victoria, 1843 — treaty of com- merce with England, Sept. 2, 1844: — ir- ruption of French revolutionists into, repulsed, Mar. 29, 1848— death of Louisa, queen of Belgium, Sept. 11, 1850 — visit of Queen Victoria, Aug. 1852. Belgrade, (see Singidunum,) taken by the Huns, 441 — by Solomon, k. of Hungary, from the Greeks, 1064 — by Stephen Du- shan, k. of Servia, 1345 — given up to Sig- ismund k. of Hungary, by the Servians, 1433 — Amurath II. attempts to take it butfails, 1439 — besieged by Mahomet II., who is repulsed by John Huniades, 1456 —taken by Soliman II., 1521 — by the elector of Bavaria (Maximilian Einan- uel),1688— by the Turks, 1690— by Prince Eugene, Aug. 22, 1717— treaty of peace between Turkey, Austria, and Russia is concluded at, Sept. 22, 1739— taken by Laudohn, Oct. 6, 1789. Belibus, k. of Babylon, B.C. 702. Belisarius first employed, 524 — conducts the war in Armenia, 526— ordered to construct a strong fortress at Mindona, 528 — defeats the Persians at Dara, 530 — is defeated by the Saracens and Per- sians, but maintains his ground ; takes the command of the expedition preparing against Gelimer, 531 — quells the violent Nike contest of the circus-factions, 532 — lands in Africa and achieves his first victories, 533 — returns to Constantinople and triumphs, 534 — occupies Sicily, 535 quells a mutiny in Africa, returns to Sicily, takes Naples, and enters Rome, 536— is besieged in Rome by Vitiges, 537 — forces him to retire, and takes Clu- sium and Urbino, 538— Fsesulse and Aux- imum surrender to him ; he prepares to besiege Ravenna, 539 — takes Ravenna and is recalled from Italy, 540— eon* BEL 84 BEN Bslisarius — continued. mands against the Persians, 541 — com- pels them to abandon their conquests and recross the Euphrates, 542 — recalled from the East, 543— sent again to Italy, but -without supplies and with very in- adequate forces, 544 — while he is wait- ing for reinforcements, Totila lays siege to Rome, 545 — joined by fresh troops, but too late to save Rome, 546 — re- takes the city and repairs its walls, 547 — takes Crotona and Tarentum, after which he is recalled to Constantinople, 548 — drives the Bulgarians out of Thrace ; his last achievement, 559 — falsely accused of having been concerned in the conspiracy against Justinian, 562 — acquitted of the charge and restored to his honours, 563— d. Mar. 13, 565. Bell, Andrew, b. 1752 — introduces his system of education, 179S— d. 1832. Bell, Sir Charles, b. 1778— d. 1842. Bell, T. S., Mr. Layard's coadjutor at Nineveh, d. 1851. Bell Rock, at the mouth of the river Tay, in Scotland ; a light-house erected on it, 1806. Bellarmine, Cardinal, b. 1542— writes in defence of the measures of Pope Paul V., against the Venetians, 1606 — maintains a controversy on the oath of allegiance with James I., 1607— <2 1621. Bellasis, the governor of York, taken by lord and Sir Thomas Fairfax, at Selby, April 11, 1644. Belleisle, admiral Hawke defeats the French fleet off, Oct. 14, 1747— taken by commodore Keppel, June 7, 1761. Belleisle, afterwards marshal, b. 1683 — brought a pi'isoner to Windsor castle, Feb . 19, 1745 — exchanged, Aug. 12 — d. 1761. Belleisle, chevalier de, defeated and slain at Exilles, July 8, 1747. Bellemare, attempts to assassinate the emperor of the French, Sept. 8 ; confined as a lunatic, 1855. Bellepares, king of Assyria, B.C. 1410 (1380 CI.). Belles Lettres, professorship of, at Edinburgh, founded, and given to Dr. Hugh Blair, 1762. Bellingham, assassinates Mr. Perceval, May 11, 1812 — is tried, May 15— ex- ecuted, May 18. Bellini, Vincente, b. 1802— d. 1835. Bellona, the planet discovered, by Luther, March 1, 1854. Bellot, Lieut., b. 1826— d. 1853. Bells, introduced in churches by Pau- linus, bp. of Nola in Campania, 402 — in Crowland Abbey by Thurcytel, 945 — carried away from Santiago by Almau- sor as trophies, 993— from Damietta by the men of Haerlem, 1218. Belluno, conquered by Eccelius da Ro- mano, 1249 — taken by the Venetians, 1419. Belluno, duke of. See Victor, marshal. BELOCHUS,k. of Assyria, B.C. 1789 (1912 C). Belochus II., k. of Assyria, B.C. 1435 (1405 C). Belsham, Thomas, b. 1749— d. 1829. Belsham, William, b. 1752— d. 1827. Belshazzar, or Nabonadius, k. of Babylon B.C. 555 — conquered by Cyrus, 538. Belts, at the entrance of the Baltic, crossed by Charles Gustavus, king of Sweden, on the ice, 1658. Belus, or Nimrod, k. of Assyria, B.C. 2245 (2554, H. : 2235, C.) Belvoir Castle, nearly destroyed by fire, 1816 — visit of queen Victoria to the duke of Rutland at, 1843. Belzoni, commences his travels in Egypt, 1815 — conveys the statue of Memnon from Egypt to London, 1818— d. 1823. Belzunce, bp. of Marseilles, benevolence of, during the plague, 1720. Bem, a Hungarian insurgent, b. 1795 — de- feats the Austrians at Hermannstadt, Jan. 21. 1849— is defeated by the Rus- sians, Feb. 4 ; flies into Turkey, Aug. 12 ; his surrender demanded, but refused, Aug. 23— d. 1850. Bempo, Giovanni, doge of Venice, 1615 — 1618. Bembo, Peter, b. 1770 — appointed secretary to Leo X., 1513— created cardinal, 1538 — d. 1546. Bemfleet, battle of; Alfred defeats the Danes, 894. Benacus, lake (now Lago di Garda). battle of; the Allemanni defeated by Claudius II., 268— meeting of Attilaand Leo I., bp. of Rome, on its banks, 452. Ben Amru. See Samail. Benares, ceded to the English by the nabob of Oude, 1775— the British envoys at, assassinated by Vizir Ali, Jan, 14, 1799. Benares Charge. See Hastings, War- ren, Fox, C. J., and Grey. Benbow, commodore, bombards St. Malo, Sep. 19,1693 — unsuccessful, and mortally wounded, in the West Indies, Oct. 8,1702. Bender, Charles XII. escapes to, 1709 — besieged by the Russians, 1769 — taken, 1770— taken by Potemkin, 1789. Benedict I., bp. of Rome, 574-578. Benedict II., pope, 684. Benedict III., (cardinal di San Calisto) pope, 855-858. Benedict IV., pope, 900-903. Benedict V., chosen pope to set aside Leo VIIL, 964— they both die, 965. BEN 85 BEN Benedict VI., pope, 972— imprisoned and strangled, 974. Benedict VII., pope, 975-983. Benedict VIII., pope (John, bp. of Porto), driven from Rome by Gregory, the anti- pope, takes refuge in Germany, 1012 — conducted back by Henry II., 1014— ex- pels the Saracens from Luni in Tuscany, 1016 — visits the emperor ; takes Rudolf and a band of Normans into his service, 1020— d. 1024. Benedict IX., pope, (Terfilacto, son of Alberico, count of Tusculum;, the papal dignity purchased for him, set. 10, by his father, 1033 — expelled by the people and restored by the emperor Conrad II., 1038— again expelled for his vices, 1044 — maintains his pontifical title as an an ti pope, till the election of Damasus II., 1048. Benedict X., pope (John, bp. of Velletri), irregularly elected, 1058 — deposed, de- graded, and shut up in a monastery, 1059. Benedict XI., pope (Nicholas Boccasi, bp. of Ostia), 1303— reverses many of the acts of Boniface VIII. ; and endeavours to restore peace ; d. after a reign of nine months ; the see remains vacant, 1304. Benedict XII., pope (James Fournier, car- dinal Blanc), 1334 — receives overtures from the emperor Louis IV., which he wishes to accept, but is over-ruled by the kings of France and Naples, 1335— at the instigation of Philip VI., he re- news the excommunication of Louis, 1338 — d. 1341. Benedict XIIL, the name assumed by Peter de Luna, antipope, when elected during the great schism of the West, on the death of Clement VII., 1394— Charles VI. of France ceases to recognize him, 1398 — besieged by a French army in Avignon, he makes a conditional offer of abdication, 1399 — refuses to abdicate, and prolongs the schism, 1404 — agrees to a conference at Savona, which Gre- gory XII. evades, 1407 — renounced by France, he takes flight to Perpignan, 1408 — deposed by the council of Pisa, he is still upheld by Martin I. of Arragon, and holds a council at Perpignar, 1409 — fulminates new excommunications against his opponents, 1410 — in a con- ference with the emperor Sigismund and Ferdinand of Arragon, he refuses to resign, 1415— resists the council of Constance and opposes Martin V., 1417 — d. 1424. Benedict XIII. (Vicenzo Marco Orsino, abp. of Benevento), pope, 1724-1730. Benedict XIV. (Prospero Lambertini, abp. of Bologna), j._pe, 1740 — receives Charles Edward Stuart and creates his brother Henry Benedict cardinal of York, July 3, 1747— he d. 1758. Benedict, I. at Nursia in Umbria, 480 — founds his new monastic order, the principal seat of which is Monte Casino in Campania, 529 — d. 556. Benedict, abbot of Peterborough, Avrites his Chronicle, 1192. Benedict, or Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, founded, 1351. Benedict, of Aniaue, introduces stricter rules of monastic discipline, 817. Benedict. See Biscop. Benedictine abbey of Clugny founded, 910 — congregation of St. Maur, receive their statutes from the pope and begin their literary labours, 1621 — monasteries placed under sequestration by Edwy, 957 — priories, regulated by the council of Aix-la-Chapelle, 816 — rule promoted in England by Ethelwolf, bp. of Win- chester, 963 — they are supported by Dunstan in their contest with the secular clergy, 977 — Rome contains 40 monasteries and 20 nunneries of this rule, 988. Benevente, president of Chili, 1827-1831. Benevento, the ancient Beneventum, battle of; the consul M. Curius Denta- tus defeats Pyrrhus, B.C. 275— made a Roman colony, 268 — the road from, to Brundusium constructed by Trajan, a.d. 109— erected into a duchy by Alboin, k. of Lombardy, 572— its duke, Ajo, slain in battle by the Sclavonians, is succeeded by Radoaldo, who repels them, 642 — its duke, Grimoald, murders Gondibert and is made k. of Lombardy, 662 — repels the invasion of the duchy by Constans II., 663— hissonRomoald acquires Tareutum and Brundusium, 668— Grimoald brings a colony of Bulgarians, 670. Remains independent of Charlemagne under Arigisus, 774— Paul Warnefrid re- sides at his court and writes his history of the Lombards, 782 — Arigisus repulsed at Amalfi, 786— does homage to Charle- magne, gives his son Grimoald as a hostage, and d. soon after, 787 — Grimoald released and made duke, repeats the homage,788 — an attack of Charlemagne's sons Louis and Pepin repulsed, 793 — Grimoald asserts his independence, 802 — d. 806 — his treasurer, Grimoald Store- saiz, is elected duke ; treaty between him and Charlemagne, 812. Siconolfo and Radelgiso rival claimants to the duchy, 841 — Radelgiso invites the support of the Saracens, 842 — besieged by Siconolfo, 843 — the Saracens expelled and the duchy divided between the rivals by Louis, k. of Italy, 848— they fail in an attempt to recover Bari from BEN 86 BEE Benevento — continued. the Saracens, 856 — the emperor Louis and empress Angilberga are treacherously surprised in, by Adelgiso, 871 — he is de- feated by the Saracens, 875. The ducby conquered by Simbaticius, genera), of the emperor Leo VI.,and added to the new Greek province of Lombardy, 891 — regains independence under its duke Radelgiso, 896 — ravaged by the Sa- racens, 906 — leagues with Capua and Amalfi against them, 908 — applies to the emperor Leo VI. for aid, 909 — Otho I., emperor of Germany, establishes his. supremacy, 967 — ceded to pope Leo IX., in exchange for lands given to the bishop of Bamberg, 1052 — besieged by Robert Guiscard, 1078 — pope Pascal II. driven from Rome by the emperor Henry V. : retires to Beneventum, 1117. Taken by the emperor Frederic II.,1241 — battle of; Manfred, k. of Sicily, defeat- ed and slain by Charles of Anjou, Feb. 26, 1266 — secularized by pope Alexander VI. ; and made a duchy for his son John Borgia, who is murdered and his lands taken by his brother Caesar, 1487 — re- sumed for the church by pope Julius II., 1503 — seized by Ferdinand IV., k. of Naples, from pope Clement XIII.. 1768 — restored to his successor, Clement XIV., 1769 — Talleyrand made prince of, 1S06. Benevolence, or forced loan levied by Henry VII., 1491. Benfield, Paul, once so wealthy, d. at Paris, in the deepest indigence, 1810. Bengal, conquered by the Turks of Delhi, 1220 — frequented by the Portuguese traders, 1518 — subdued by the Mongol, Baber, 1529 — first British factory estab- lished, 1656 — invaded by the Rajah al Dowlah, 1756 — recovered from him, 1757— ceded to the East India Company, by the treaty of Allahabad, Aug. 12, 1765 — desolated by famine, 1771 — War- ren Hastings appointed governor, 1772 — the governor made governor-general of all the settlements, 1773— new court of judicature established there, 1774 — first section of the railway opened, Aug. 15, 1854. Benhadad, k. of Syria, leagues with Asa, k. of Judah, B.C. 940. Benhadad II., k. of Syria, makes war on Israel, B.C. 837. Beni Aissa, aii African tribe, defeated by general St. Arnaud, June 9, 1851. Bennington, battle of ; the Hessians de- feated by the American general, Starke, July 16, 1777. Benjamin of Tudela travels, 1160-1173. Bensington, battle of; uffa, k. of Mercia, defeats Cynewulf, k. of Wessex, and takes the town, 777. Bent, J. H., chief justice of Guyana, 6. 1780— d. 1852. Bentham, Jeremy, b. 1749 — receives an address of thanks from the Cortes of Portugal for his writings, 1822— d. 1832. Bentinck, William, created earl of Port- land, 1689 — negotiates the treaty of Ryswick, 1697 — signs the Spanish Suc- cession or Partition treaty, 1699 — im- peached bv the Commons, and acquitted, 1701— d. 1709. Bentinck, lord George, b. 1802 — brings forward his plan for railways in Ireland, Feb. 4,1847 — rejected, Feb. 14; d. Sept. 21, 1848 — his statue raised in Cavendish Square, Nov. 4, 1851. Bentinck, lord William, b. 1774 — captain- general of Sicily, promotes the estab- lishment of a free constitution there, 1812 — Genoa surrenders to him, April 17, 1814 — appointed governor-general of India, July 4, 1828 — returns from India, 1835— d. 1S39. Bentivoglio, Ercole, commands the Florentine army, 1505. Bentivoglio, Giovanni, excites a revolt in Bologna against pope Julius II., 1506. Bentivoglio, cardinal, b. 1579 — d. 1644. Bentley, Richard, b. 1662— publishes his Dissertation on the Epistles of Phalaris, 1699 — is expelled from the master- ship of Trinity College, Cambridge, by the Senate, Oct. 17, 1718 — appeals to the privy council, Oct. 30; restored by a mandamus, Feb. 7, 1724— the proceed- ings against him revived, June 2, 1729 — deprived of his mastership by the bishop of Ely, April 27, 1734— the vice- master refuses to read the sentence against him, which was therefore never enforced, June 14, 1735. Beorn, brother of Sweyn, k. of Denmark, murdered at Dartmouth, by Sweyn, God- win's son, 1049. Beorna, joint king of East Anglia with Ethelred, 749 — reigns alone, 758-761. Beornmod, bp. of Rochester, 802. Beort, the ealdorman, sent into Ireland by Egfrid, k. of Northumberland, with an army, and lays waste the country, 684 — defeated and slain by the Britons of Strath-cluyd, 699. Beortwulf, titular k. of Mercia, 838— put to flight by KSric, S51— d. S52. Beotibata, a pass in the Pyrenees, battle of; Philip V. of France defeated by the Navarrese, 1322. Beranbyrig. See Banbury, Bi. hanger, the French lyrist, b 17S0- prosecuted for some of his Odes, 1821. BER 87 BER Berab, the rajah of, defeated hy Sir Ar- thur Wellesley, at Argaum, Nov. 1803 — and at Gawulghur, Dec. 13 — a treaty of peace follows, Dec. 30. Berbers, Hyksos, or Shepherd Kings, establish themselves in Egypt, B.C. 2080 (2159 H., 2100 L.)— finally expelled hy Tuthmosis II. ahout 1500 L. — wild shep- herds of Mount Atlas resist successfully the progress of the Mohammedans, a.d. 699^are overcome by them, 707. Berengaria, daughter of Sancho, k. of Navarre, married to Richard I. of Eng- land, in Cyprus, 1191 — on his death re- tires into a monastery, 1199. Berengaria, sister of Henry I., late k. of Castile, married to John de Brienne, 1224. Berengarius. See Berenger of Tours. Berenger I., duke of Friuli, on the death of Charles the Fat, claims the throne of Italy, and is opposed by Guy of Spoleto, 888 — defeated by his rival, 889 — applies to the emperor Arnulf for assistance, 893 — supported by Adalbert, duke of Tus- cany, agrees to divide Lombardy with Guy's son, Lambert, 896 — their treaty ratified by the congress of Pavia, 897 — on the death of Lambert, he conquers Spoleto, becomes sole king of Italy, and restores Tuscany to Adalbert, 898— re- pulses Louis, k. of Aries, but is defeated by the Hungarians, 899 — again attacked by him, retires into Germany, 901 — sur- prises Louis, and allows him to retire to Provence, 902 — takes him prisoner, and puts out his eyes, 905 — pays the Hun- garians to leave Italy, 906 — grants licences for fortifying monasteries and baronial castles, 912 — declared emperor of the West, 915 — crowned, March 24, 916 — opposed by Rudolf, k. of Aries, brings in Hungarian auxiliaries, 921 — defeated by him at Fiorenzuola, 923 — assassinated at Verona, 924. . Berenger II., marquis of Ivrea, escapes the hostile designs of Hugh, k. of Italy, and takes refuge in Germany, 940 — re- turns and is welcomed by all the nobles of Italy, leaves Hugh and his son Lo- thaire the title of king, 945 — sends Liut- prand on an embassy to Constantinople, 948— crowned, with his son Adalbert, k. of Italy, Dec. 15, 950 — ill treats and im- prisons Adelaide, widow of Lothaire, 951. See Adelaide and Albert Azzo. Otho restores Italy to him and his son ; they do him homage at the diet of Augs- burg, and cede the Marches of Verona and Aquileia, 952 — Berenger besieges Albert Azzo in Canossa, 953 — raises the siege, 956 — many of his nobles repair to Otho for protection, 960 — who conquers Italy, except Pavia, 961— Berenger and his queen Willa surrender, and are sent prisoners to Bamberg, 964 — he dies there, and she takes the veil, 966. Berenger's fraud on the Stock Exchange, Feb. 22, 1814. Berenger of Tours, or Berengarius, con- demned and imprisoned for denying the doctrine of Transubstantiation, 1050 — subscribes at Rome a recantation, which he retracts on his return to France ; fresh controversy between him and Lanfranc, 1059 — compelled by Gregory VII. to re- cant again, 1079— d. 1088. Berenice, daughter of Antigonus k. of Asia Minor, second queen of Ptolemy Soter, and mother of Ptolemy Philadel- phus, B.C. 311. Berenice, daughter of Ptolemy Philadel- phus, married to Antiochus Theus, k. of Syria, B.C. 249 — put away by him, and murdered by Laodice, 246. Berenice, daughter of Magas, k. of Cyrene, married to Ptolemy Euergetes, k. of Egypt, and mother of Ptolemy Philo- pater ; on her husband's return from a victorious war, dedicates her hair in the temple of Venus, which the flattery of the astronomers makes a constellation, about B.C. 237 — murdered by her son under the evil influence of Sosibius, 220. Berenice, daughter of Ptolemy Soter II., (called generally Cleopatra), reigns in Egypt six months after her father's death, B.C. 81 — murdered by her cousin Alexander IL, 80. Berenice, daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, placed with her sister Tryphseua on their father's throne by the Egyptians, B.C. 58 — reigns alone, 57 — Ptolemy restored by the Roman general Gabinius, and Berenice put to death, 55. Berenice, brought to Rome by her brother Agrippa, and admired by Titus, 74. " Berenice." See Racine. Beresford, general, b. 1770 — takes- pos- session of Madeira, Dec. 24, 1807 — defeats Soult at Albuera, May 16, 1811 — enters Bordeaux, Mar. 12, 1814 — created a peer, May 17— d. 1854. Beresina, a river in Russia, crossed by Napoleon after a destructive battle, during his retreat from Moscow, Nov. 26-29, 1812. Berg, struggle for the duchy of, 1610 — assigned to the duke palatine of Neii berg, 1666 — Joachim Murat made grand- duke of, March 15, 1806— added to the kingdom of Westphalia, 1808. Bergamo regained by Philip Maria Vis- conte, duke of Milan, 1419 — ceded to Venice, 1428 — captured by Gaston ds BER 88 BER Foix, 1512— recovered by the Venetians, 1515. Bergen built by Olaf III., k. of Norway, 1070 — the first Norwegian parliament or Storthing held there, by Haco V. 1223. Bsrgen, near Alkmaar, battle of; the duke of York defeated by gen. Brune, Sept. 19, 1799. Beegen-op-Zoom, saved by prince Maurice from the attack of Spinola, 1622— one of the barrier fortresses constructed by Hol- land under the treaty of 1715— surrend- ers to the French, Sept. 16, 1747— at- tacked unsuccessfully by Sir Thos. Graham, Mar. 8, 1814. Bkrgerac, in Guyenne, battle of, the count de Lisle defeated by the earl of Derby, 1344 — treaty signed at, between Henry 111. of France and the Huguenots, 1577. Beegetio, or Virgetio, the place where Valentinian dies, Nov. 17, 375. Berkeley Castle built, 1108— Edward II. murdered in, Sep. 21, 1327. Berkeley, lord, bombards St. Malo, July 5, 1695. Berkeley Peerage Cause decided by the House of Lords; the claim of William Fitzharding Berkeley disallowed; Thomas Morton Fitzharding Berkeley succeeds to the title, 1811. Berkeley, Sir Robert, one of the judges of the King's Bench impeached and arrested in his court in Westminster hall, Feb. 14, 1641— released, Sep. 12, 1643. Berkeley, George, b. 1684— publishes his " Principles of Human Knowledge," 1710 — dean of Derry, fails in an attempt to found a college in the Bermudas, 1728 — i>n his return is made bishop of Cloyne, 1733— d. 1753. Berkshire, elects the earl of Pembroke knight of the shire, after the abolition of the House of Lords, 1649. Im.rkhamstead, Richard, earl of Cornwall, and k. of the Romans, dies at, Dec. 12. 1271. Berlin, built by Albert the Bear, margrave or' Brandenburg, 1163— enlarged and im- proved by the elector Frederic William, chiefly through the settlement of French protestant refugees in 1685— Academy of Sciences founded by the new k. Frederic 1 ., under the superintendence of Leibnitz, 1702 — visited by the duke of Marl- borough, 1704, 1705— the Austrians ad- vance to, and are repulsed by the prince of Anhalt Dessau, Oct. 17, 1757— taken by the Austrians and Russians, Oct. 9, 1760 —entered by Napoleon, Oct. 28, 1806— return of the wreck of the French army from Russia, Feb. 21, 1813— deputies from the provincial states summoned to Ber- lin by the king ; the first approach to- wards a parliament, June 21, 1842— ex- hibition of German art and industry at, 1844 -conflict between the military and the people at, Mar. 18, 1848— insurrec- tion, June 15, 1848 -the Burgher guard disarmed, Nov. 14— trial by jury intro- duced, 1849 — visit of the emperor of Austria to, Dec. 17, 1852. Berlin decree for the blockade of England, issued by Napoleon, Nov. 21, 1806. Berlin to Magdeburg railway opened, Sept. 10, 1841. Bermondsey convent appointed by the duke of Gloucester for the retirement of Katharine, widow of Henry V., on her separation from Owen Tudor, 1436 — she dies there, 1437 — Elizabeth, widow of Edward IV. resides there, 1490 — dies there, 1492. Bermudas. See Berkeley, George. Bermudez, a Portuguese physician de- tained in Abyssinia with Rodrigo de Lima, 1520. Bermudo, or Veremundus, k. of the Goths in Spain, 788 — said to have gained a victory near Burgos, 791 — resigns his throne to Alfonso II. 791. Bermudo II. or Veremund, k. of Leon, 982 — concludes a treaty of peace with Al- mansor, 995— d. 999. Bermudo III. or Veremund, k. of Leon, 1028 — unites his family by a treaty of marriage with Sancho III., k. of Na- varre, 1033 — falls in battle against Fer- dinand I., who conquers Leon and an- nexes it to Castile, 1037. Bernadoni, Francis John, founds the Franciscan order of Mendicant Friars, 1207— d. 1226. Bernadotte, John Baptiste Julius, b. Jan. 26, 1764 — defeated by the archduke Charles, at Neumarck, Aug. 23, 1796 — leads the French army over the Rhine, March 4, 1799 — made prince of Ponte Corvo, 1806— chosen heir to the Swedish crown, and takes the name of Charles John, Aug. 21, 1810— lands with an army of Swedes in Pomerania ; defeats Oudinot at Grossbeeren, Aug 23; and joins the allies in the battle of Leipsic, Oct. 16, 1813 — besieges Davoust in Hamburg and occupies Holstein, Nov. ; becomes k. of Sweden, Feb. 5, 1818. See Charles XIV., k. of Sweden. Bernal, Ralph, d. 1854. Bernard, duke of Languedoc, the guardian of Charles, son of Louis I., 829 — retires into Spain, 830 — becomes independent in Catalonia, with the title of count or mar- quis of Barcelona, 834 — d. 839. Bernard, b. 1090 — becomes a monk in the convent of Citeaux, 1113 — abbot of Clairvaux, 1115 — holds a con- BER 89 BttR Bernard— continued. troversy with Abelard, 1125 — endea- vours to mediate between Roger, k. of Sicily and Ranulph, count of Apulia, 1137 — employed by pope Eu genius 111. to preach the second crusade, 1146 — re- proached for the failure of the crusade preached by him ; is defended by Otho of Frisingen, 1149 — dedicates to pope Engenius his five books " De Considera- tione," insupport of the papal authority, aud against Arnold of Brescia, 1150— d. 1153. Bernard, abbot of St. Anastasius at Rome. See Eugenius III., pope. Bernard, St., the Great and the Less ; two mountains of the Alps ; the first is sup- posed to have been the scene of Hanni- bal's passage, b.c. 218— Bonaparte con- ducts his army over it, May 23, 1800. Berne, in Switzerland, built, 1191 — the canton of, joins the Swiss league, 1353 — the people of, assist the Genevese against the duke of Savoy, 1531 — and acquire the Pays de Vaud, 1536 — capitulates to Brune, April 12, 1798 — extraordinary Diet convoked at, Dec. 25, 1830. Berncrs, Sir James, unjustly executed for treason by Richard II., 1388. Berners, Lady Juliana, one of the earliest English authoresses, writes on Hawking, Hunting, and Heraldry, 1481. Bernhard, an illegitimate son of Charle- magne's second son Pepin, b. 798 — made titular k. of Italy, 812 — is deprived by hi.s uncle Louis I. of his ministers and advisers, 814 — plots against his uncle, and is imprisoned, 817 — put to death, 818. Bernhard, of Saxe Weimar, completes the victory of Liitzen after the death of Gus- tavus Adolphus, Nov. 16, 1632 — main- tains the ascendancy of the Protestants in Germany, 1633 — defeats the impe- rialists at Rheinfeld, and takes Brisach, 1638, d. 1639. Bernicia, in Northumberland founded by Ida, 547— separated from the other con- quests of that chief by iElla, 560 — on his death united to Deira, to form the king- dom of Northumberland, 588. Bernini, G. L. the sculptor, b. 1598, d. 1680. Bkkxouilli, Daniel, b. 1700, d. 1782. Bernouilli, John, b. 1744, d. 1807. Bernred, kills Ethelbald of Mercia, usurps the throne, and is slain by Offa, 755. Bernstork, count J. Hartwich Ernest, prime minister ^n Denmark, 1751 — sup- planted by Struensee, 1770 — reinstated, and dies of an apoplectic fit soon after, 1772. BjiBnstorf, count Andrew Peter, appointed chief minister in Denmark, 1772. BERxuLrn. k. of Mercia, 821— defeated and slain. 823. Bercea, gives the emperor Julian a cold reception, 362. See Aleppo. Berosus, the Babylonian, dedicates his history of Chaldea to Antiochus Soter, k. of Syria, B.C. 276. Berry, Charles, duke of, grandson of Louis XIV., d. 1714. Berry, Charles Ferdinand, duke of, son of Charles X. of France, b. 1778, marries Maria Carolina, grandaughter of th6 king of Naples, June, 17, 1816— assassi- nated, Feb. 14, 1820. Berry, duchess of, his widow, fails in an attempt to excite an insurrection in La Vendue, is arrested at Nantes, and sent prisoner to the castle of Blaye, Nov. 7, 1832 — gives birth to a daughter there, May 10, 1833— is liberated, and returns to Sicily, June. Bertaridus, son of Aribert, k. of Lom- bardy, inherits the kingdom jointly with his brother Gondibert, 661— quarrels with him, and seeks the protection of the Avars in Pannonia, 662 — surrenders him- self to Grimoald, and is well received by him ; but fearing for his life, he with- draws to France, 664— his attempted re- storation by Chlotair is defeated by Grimoald, 665— leaves France, to seek protection in Britain, 670 — recalled and set on the throne of Lombardy, 671 — makes his son Cunibert joint king with himself, 678— d. 688. Bertario, abbot of Monte Casino, poet and grammarian, fl. 865 — murdered by the Saracens, 883. Bertgils, or Boniface, bp. of the East An- gles, 653 Bertha, daughter of Charibert, k. of Paris, and queen of Ethelbert of Kent, favours the preaching of Christianity by Augustine and his companions, 596. Bertha, or Bertrada, widow of Pepin the Short, reconciles her two sons Charle- magne and Carloman ; visits Bavaria and Lombardy, for the maintenance of peace, and proposes to Desiderius treaties o f marriage, none of which take place but that of Charlemagne, to his daughter Desiderata, 770—6!. 783 Bertha, widow of Rudolf II. of Burgundy, marries Hugh, king of Italy, 938. Bertha, natural daughter of Hugh, k. of Italy, married to Komanus, son of (Jon- stantine Porphyrogenitus, 943. Bertha, a distant relation of Hugh Capet, married to his son and successor, Robert II., k. of France, 996 — pope Gregory V. annuls the marriage, and by excommuni- cation compels her iiusband to resign her, 998. BEE 90 BET Bertha, daughter of Otho, marquis of Susa, married to Henry IV., emperor of Germany, 1067— d. 1088. Bertha of Holland, queen of Philip I. of France, deserted by him, 1094. See Philip I. Bbrthier, gen., takes possession of Rome, Feb. 15, 1798— made prince of Neufchatel, 1806 — commits suicide by throwing him- self from a window at Bamberg, 1815. Berthold, marquis of Homburg, guardian of Conradin, young k. of Sicily, resigns the trust to Manfred, 1254. Berthold founds the Carmelite order, 1156. ' Berthollet, the French chemist, b. 1758 — d. 1822. Berthun, the general of Ethelwalch, expels Caedwalla, aud with Andhun rules Sus- sex, 686. Berthwald, first Saxon abp. of Canter- bury, 690— d. 731. Bertin, M., editor of the "Journal des De- bats," b. 1761— d. 1841. Bertin, Armand, d. 1854. Berton, gen., executed for an attempted revolt at Saumur, 1822. Bertrade, countess of Anjou, taken from her husband, married by Philip I., k. of France, 1094. See Philip I. Bertram or Ratramn, writes against Transubstantiation, 845 — d. 868. Bertric, k. of Wessex, 784— marries OrTa's daughter Eadburga, 787 — poisoned, 800. Beeville, founds the order of the Fathers of the Oratory at Paris, 1611. Berville, M., alleges in the French Cham- ber of Deputies, that the Orleans dynasty had not performed its promise to the nation, Jan. 22, 1848. Berwick-on-TVeed, Scotch parliament held there, does homage to Edward I., 1296 -taken by Robert Bruce, 1315— be- sieged by Edward III.; surrenders and is annexed to England, 1333— surprised by Robert Stuart, regent of Scotland, 1354 — recovered by Edward III., 1355 — given up by Henry VI, to obtain succours from Scotland, 1461 — recovered by the English, 1482 — occupied by Charles I. against the Covenanters, who agree to the pacification of Dunse, 1639 — passage of the Scotch armv under the earl of Leven, Jan. 19, 1644— of the English under Cromwell, 1648 — secured by Monk, 1659 — railway from Edinburgh opened, June 18, 1846— from Newcastle, 1847. Berwick, duke of, James Fitzjames, na- tural son of the duke of York (James II.) and Mrs. Churchill (sister of the duke of Marlborough), b. 1670 — receives his title from his father, Mar. 11, 1687 — accom- panies him on his expedition into Ire- land, 1689— assists in the defence of Lim- erick, 1690 — serves in the French army, and is made prisoner by his uncle Marl- borough at Landen, 1693 — repairs- to England to concert another attempt for his father's restoration, 1695 — commands the French and Spanish forces in Spain, against the English, Dutch, and Portu- guese, 1704 — they take Alcantara from him, 1706 — he defeats them at Almanza, 1707 — guards France on the side of the Alps, 1710 — takes Barcelona, Sept. 12, 1714— Fontarabia, St. Sebastian, and the province of Guipuscoa, 1719 — leads the French army over the Rhine and takes Kehl, 1733 — lays siege to Philipsburg, where he is killed by a cannon ball, June 12, 1734. Berylltjs, bp. of Bostra, 227. Berytus, now Beyrout, the most celebrated law-school of the East, founded about the time of Alex. Severus, 222 — Constantine issues an edict there to suppress the combats of gladiators, Oct. 21, 325 — de- stroyed by an earthquake and its school broken up, 551. See Beyrout. Berzeltus, Jacob, the Swedish chemist, b. 1779— d. 1848. Besika Bay, the English and French fleets arrive in, June 13, 1853. Bessarion, Mark, cardinal, promotes the study of Plato's philosophy, 1446 — gives his large collection of MSS. to found the library of Venice, 1468— d. 1472. Bessas. See Bessus. Bessborough, John William, earl of, b. 1781 — appointed lord lieutenant of Ireland, July 9, 1846 — orders the execution of public works, to relieve distressed dis- tricts, Sept. 4, Oct. 2— d. May 16, 1847. Bessel, the astronomer, d. 1846. Bessieres, the French marshal and duke of Istria, defeats the Spanish patriots at Medina del Rio Secco, July 14, 1808. Bessus, the Persian, murders Darius Co- domanus, and is punished with death, b.c. 330. Bessus, or Bessas, a Goth, serves in Italy under Belisarius, 540 — commands iu Colchis, and besieges Petra, 550 — takes it, 551 — is recalled, 554. Best, Sir William Draper, chief justice of the Common Pleas, 1824, decides that a court of law can give no compensation for labour employed on the " Memoirs of Harriette Wilson," 1825. See Wyn- ford, lord. Best, Capt., kills lord Camelford in a duel, 1804. Bestia, L. Calpurnius, consul of Rome, B.C. 111. Betham, Sir W., Ulster-king-at-snns, & 1779— d. 1852. BIA 91 BIB Bsthleheh, Jerome, retires to, 385— in- vites the crusaders, 1099. Bethlehem, a suppressed convent in Moor- fields, London, appropriated by Henry VIII., as a hospital for lunatics, 1546 — rebuilt, 1675 — first stone of the new- hospital in St. George's Fields, laid Apr. 20,1812. Bethlem Gabor, obtains the sovereignty of Transylvania, 1613 — invades Hun- gary, 1619 — elected king of that country by the protestant nobles, 1620 — renounces the title, and makes peace with the em- peror Ferdinand II., who gives up to him Katibor and Oppeln, 1624— d. 1630. Bethlem, Stephen, his cousin, succeeds him ; is dispossessed by George Racoczy and the Turks, 1631. Bethune, taken by the duke of Marl- borough, Aug. 30, 1710. Bethune, Maximilian de,marquisdeRosny, afterwards duke of Sully, b. 1560 — be- comes the prime minister and adviser of Henry IV., 1596 — restores order in the fi- nances of France, 1599 — interview with queen Elizabeth at Dover, 1601 — embassy to James I., 1603 — is treated with cold- ness and neglect after Henry's death, 1610 — retires into private life and writes his Memoirs, 1611 — d. 1641. Betterton, Thomas, the actor, b. 1635— d. 1710. Betty, the young Roscius, makes his first appearance on the stage, 1804. Bevebidge, bp. b. 1637, d. 1708. Bevern, the prince of, a Prussian general, defeated by the Austrians under prince Charles of Lorraine, and marshal Daun, at Breslau, Nov. 22, 1757 — and soon after taken prisoner. Bewick, Thomas, wood-engraver, b. 1753, d. 1828 Bexfield, W. R., Mus. D., b. 1823, d. 1853. Bexley, Lord — See Vansittart, Nicho- las — becomes chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster, 1823— d. 1851. Beyrout, taken by the crusaders, 1111 — by Chalil, 1291 — attacked by the allied fleet, Oct. 10, 1840. See Berytus. Beza, Theodore, b. 1519, d. 1605. Bezabde, battle of; Sapor II., k. of Persia, repulses Constautius II., 360. Bhurtpobe, battle of; lord Lake defeats Holkar, Apr. 2, 1805 — revolts, 1825— stormed by lord Combermere, Jan. 18, 1826. Bianxa, daughter of Philip Maria Vis- conte, duke of Milan, married to Fran- cesco Sforza, 1441 — disgusted by the misgovernment of 'her son Galeazzo Maria, retires into a convent and d. 1468. Bianca. See Capello. Bianchi, (Whites), a faction of Florence, headed by Vieri de' Cerchi, opposed to the Neri (Blacks) headed by Corso de'Donati, the former have the ascendancy, and re- ject the offered mediation of pope Boni- face VIII., 1300— expelled by the Neri, 1301. See Floeence. Bianchi, or White Penitents, produce a great impression in Northern Italy ; the hymn " Stabat mater dolorosa? is first composed and sung by them in their processions, 1399— pope Boniface IX. for- bids them to enter Rome, and suppresses their processions, 1400. Bianco, Ugo, cardinal, maintains the cause of the anti-pope Cadalo, 1061. Bibars, or Bondocdar, sultan of the Mame- lukes in Egypt drives the Mongols out of Syria, and takes Damascus and Jeru- salem, 1260— Antioch and Joppa, 1268 — Edward of England drives him from the siege of Acre, 1271— d. 1277. Bibebach, battle of; victory of Moreau over marshal Kray and the Austrians, May 9, 1800 Bibilis, or Bilbilis, now Baubola, near Calatayud, in Spain ; Martial born at, March 1,43— he retires there, from Rome, 100. Bible ; the Hebrew Scriptures collected by Ezra, and some books added by him, B.C. 458-450 — translated into Greek (Septu- agint version) under the direction of Ptolemy Philadelphus, 283 — the original gospel of Matthew composed in He- brew, a.d. 38 ; rendered into Greek by an unknown translator, 62 — those of Mark and Luke, written in Greek, 63 — that of John in the same language, 98 — those of Matthew and Mark, first men- tioned by Papias, bp. of Hierapolis, 118— Quadratus and others travel among the churches to deliver to them copies of the Gospels, 123 — Melito,bp. of Sardis, travels to Judsea to obtain a correct list of the books of the Old Testament, 177— the whole Bible translated into Latin about this time ; the precise date not known ; ordered by Diocletian to be burnt, 303 — translated into Gothic by Ulphilas, 373 — into Latin (the Vulgate) with many commentaries and homilies, by Jerome, 405 — into Sclavonian, 864— the transla- tion made by the Waldenses suppressed by pope Alexander III., 1179 — translated into English by Wickliffe, 1380— the printing of the first edition commenced by Guttenberg,1444 — finished. 1460— first attempt made to translate the Vulgate into German, 1477 — a more perfect Ger- man version published, 1490— the Com- plutensian Polyglot Bible printed by cardinal Ximenes, 1517— Luther revises his German version, 1521 — which is not BIL 92 BIM Bible — continued. published till 1534— a translation of the Bible circulated in the Netherlands, 1523 — Tyndal's English version of the New Testament published, 1526— bought up by Tonstal, bp. of London, and publicly burnt, 1534 — French translation by Olivetan, and Tyndal and Coverdale's English, published, 1535— Cranmer and Latimer ordered by convocation to pre- pare another, 1536; completed and pub- lished, 1539 — ordered by queen Elizabeth to be set up in every parish church, 1559 — the Geneva Bible, 1560 — the Bishops', or Parker's Bible, 156S — a new transla- tion adopted by James I., 1604— the present version brought into use, 1611 — Walton's polyglot. 1657— a French trans- lation by the scholars of Port Royal pub- lished at Amsterdam ; the translator persecuted, 1667. Bible Society, founded by Granville Sharpe, 1S04 — pope Pius VII. issues a Bull against all such societies, 1817. " Bibliotheque Oriextale." See D'Her- BELOT. Btbracte, Caesar winters at. B.C. 52. Bibulus, M. Calpurnius, consul of Rome, B.C. 59. Bickeksteth, Mr., created lord Langdale, and appointed master of the rolls, 1836. See Langdale, lord. Biclarexsis or Gerctnpensis, Joannes, writes his chronicle, 569 — ends it, 590. BrcoccA, La, battle of; Lautrec, gen. of Francis I., defeated by Prospero Colonna, the Spanish gen., April 22. 1522. Bidassoa, the river which separates France from Spain, crossed by the En- glish army under Wellington, Oct. 8,1813. Riddle, John, the father of English Uni- tarians, parliamentary inquiry into the opinions of, Nov. 30, 1654. Bieda, the Saxon, lands with his father Port, and their followers, at Portsmouth, 501. Biklawesch, battle of; the Golden Horde crushed by the Nogay Tartars, 1481. " Bikn Aime," Le, surname given to Louis XV., 1744. Biks-Bosch, a large lake near Dordrecht, formed by the dyke of the Meuse giving May, 1446. BinOD, Roger, earl of Norfolk, marshal of England, refuses to join the army of Edward I., 1297. Bilbao, taken by the French, July, 1795 — surrendered to Wellington after the battle of Vittoria, 1813— besieged by the Carlists and relieved by Espartero with the assistance of the British naval force under lord John Hay, Dec. 24, 1836. Bilbilis. See Bibilis. Bilichilda, queen of Childeric II., assas- sinated with him, 673. Bill, the form in which the Commons re- quire every statute to pass through their house, before it is enacted, 1414, —for the better observance of the Sunday, stolen from the House of Lords loses the royal assent, July 27, 1663 — another to the same effect brought in by lord R. Grosveuor, Apr. 27, 1855, with- drawn in consequence of the popular ex- citement against it, July 2 — brought in to exclude the duke of York from the throne, Nov. 2— the Lords reject it, Nov. 15, 16S0 — for triennial parliaments, passes both houses, but William III. re- fuses the royal assent, 1692 -for exclu- ding placemen from parliament, is denied the royal assent, Jan. 25, 1694 — for licen- sing the press rejected by the Commons, 1696— one introduced giving the care of the king's person (his father Geo. III.. to the duke of York, with an allowance of £10,000 a year, Jan. 25. 1819— for the relief of Catholics, is opposed by the speaker (Abbott), in a committee of the whole house, and thrown out, May 24, 1813 — to suspend the Habeas Corpus act, brought in, Feb. 21, 1S17— the citizens of Westminster petition against it, 24 — and the London common-council, 26 — receives the royal assent, Mar. 4, 1817. Bill of indictment against some of the Manchester yeomanry ignored by the grand jury at Lancaster, Sep. 5, 1819. Btll of Pains and Penalties, against Caroline, queen of George IV., brought in by lord Liverpool, July 5, 1820 — aban- doned, Nov. 10. Bill of Rights. See William III., k of England. Society of the, see Wilkes, John. Billattd Yarexnes, one of the instigators of the massacres at Paris, Aug. 10, 1792. Bille, M. De, Danish ambassador, death of, 1S53. Billingsgate, destructive fire in, 150 houses burnt down, and fifty lives lost, Jan. 13, 1715. Billington, Mrs., the vocalist, d. 1818. Bills to mitigate the criminal laws brought in by Sir James Mackintosh, May 9, 1820. Bills of exchange in favour of Italian merchants, drawn at Rome, on the En- glish bishops and abbots, which they are compelled to pay, 1255. Bills of indictment, thirty-five, found at the Old Bailey against utterers of forged notes, April 11, 1821. Bilxet, Thomas, burnt in the Lollard's Pit at Norwich, tor heresy, 1535. BiMARANUS, son of Alfonso I., murdered by his brother Froila, k. i 1 the Asturias,767. BIB 93 BIS Bingek, declaration of the French emi- grant princes issued from, Aug. 2, 1792. "Biographia Britannica." See Camp- bell, John. Bion of Priene, one of the seven sages of Greece, B.C. 593. Bion, Athenian archon, b.c. 458. Bion, the poet, fl. B.C. 275. Biorn, an Icelander, in company with Leif, discovers the northern coast of the con- tinent afterwards called America, 1001. Bi6rn, Jaernside, with Hasting, brings large bodies of Danes into Kent, and fortifies Milton, 893. Bird, William, composer of " Non nobis Domine" and other sacred music, fl. 1618— d. 1623 Biren, Ernest John, b. 1687 — favourite of the czarina Anne, rules in Russia, 1732— made duke of Courland, 1737— appointed guardian of Iwan VI. and regent; the general Munich conspires against and sends him to Siberia, 1740 —recalled by the czar Peter III., 1762 — restored by Katharine II. duke of Cour- land, 1763 — resigns it to his son, 1769 — d. 1772. Biren, Peter, receives Courland from his father, 1769. Birger, Jarl, restores the ascendancy of the Folkunger in Sweden, 1249 — he places his young son Waldemar on the throne of Sweden and makes himself regent, he introduces the mariners' com- pass among the navigators of the Baltic, 1250 — fortifies Stockholm and regulates the internal government of Sweden, 1254 — d. 1266. Birger, k. of Sweden, 1290 — murders his two brothers, which causes a rebellion of his people, 1317 — he is deposed and banished, 1319. Bibinus, preaches Christianity to the "West Saxons, 634 — bishop of Dorcic ("Dor- chester, near Oxford), 635 — d. 650. Birkbeck, George (afterwards Dv.),b. 1776, founds the Mechanics' Institute of Lon- don, 1823— heads a deputation to request of lord Melbourne the abolition of the stamp duty on newspapers, 1836— d. 1841. Birkenhead steam-ship, conveying troops to the Cape of Good Hope, wrecked on the coast of South Africa, Jan. 7, 1852. Birkenhead docks commenced, 1843. Birley, Captain, of the Manchester yeo- manry, tried for unlawful wounding at the great reform meeting and acquitted, April 4, 1822. Birmingham, Boulton and Watt establish their foundry at Soho for steam-engines, 1774 — riots, to prevent the celebration of the French revolution, July 14, 1791 — some of the rioters capitally convicted, Aug. 25; inquiry into the conduct of the magistrates refused ; the owners of property destroyed recover heavy da- mages from the county, April 5, 1792 • — buckle-makers petition against the use of shoe-strings, Dec. 21, 1791 — Poli- tical Union meets, headed by Thomas Attwood the banker, Feb. 1, 1831 — threatens to march to London, on the re- jection of the first Reform Bill, Sept. ; abandons its intended organization, Nov. 22 — increases its numbers, and re- solves to pay no taxes until the Reform Bill be passed, May 9, 1832— dissolves itself, May 10, 1834 — church rates re- fused, Dec. 13 ; distress of the operatives caused by the London panic, May 30, 1837 — riot in the Bull-ring, July 15, 1839 — railway from London, and to Manchester, completed, Sep. 17, 1838 — to Gloucester opened, Sep. 17, 1840. Birmingham, lord, defeats Edward Bruce at Dundalk, Oct. 5, 1318. Birnie, Sir Richard, b. 1761 — succeeds Sir Robert Baker as magistrate, Sep. 14, 1821— d. 1832. Biron, Marshal and duke, serves in the anny of Henry IV. k. of France, and is wounded before Rouen, 1592 — engages in a conspiracy against him, and is be- headed, 1602. Biscay, taken from Alfonso VII. of Na- varre, by Alfonso VIII. of Castile, 1200. Biscop, Benedict, abbot of Wearmouth, brings architects from France and in- troduces stone buildings in England, 676 — educates Bede, 680. Bishop, Sir Henry, b. 1787— d. 1855. Bishop, of the English. See Augustin. Bishops begin to attain such an eminence, that their office becomes an object of ambitious competition; Valentine one of the earliest examples of this, 144 — ap- pear at the imperial court in the time of Alexander Severus, 222-235 — acquire in the time of Cyprian an absolute com- mand over the conscience and under- standing of the laity, 251 — amount in the time of Constantine to eighteen hundred : one thousand in the eastern or Greek provinces, and eight hundred in the western or Latin ; their rivalry agi- tates the church, and divides it into sects, 313-318 — twelve in England die of a pestilential fever, 1558 — the survivors, being Catholics, refuse to crown queen Elizabeth, 1559 — in Scotland theirjuris- diction resisted, 1612 — some of them take refuge in England, 1637 — their office abolished in Scotland, 1638 — twelve En- glish impeached for denying the legality of acts passed in their absence, Dec. 30, 1641— resume their seats in the House BIT 94 BLA Bishops — continued. of Lords, Nov. 20, 1661— the seven, sent to the Tower by James II., June 8, 1688 — tried for a libel, and acquitted, Jane 29 ; nine refuse to take the oath of alle- giance to William III., Mar. 1, 1689— suspended, Oct. 13 — deprived, Feb. 1, 1691 — very unpopular, as opponents of the Reform Bill, Sept., 1831. Bisset, Dr., b. 1759— d. 1805. Bithynia, a country of Asia Minor, in a part of which an independent kingdom is erected, by Philetserus, b.c. 283. See Pekgamus. — The kingdom of Bithynia, obscure before, becomes known under Nicomedes I., who employs the Gala- tians in its defence, 278 — he rebuilds Astacus (see b.c. 712) and gives it the name of Nicomedia, 264 — is succeeded by his son, Zielas, 251 — Prusias I., 228 — assists the Rhodians against the By- zantines, 220— defeats the Galatians, 216 — gives an asylum to Hannibal, 187 — employs him in a war against Eumenes II. of Pergamus, 184 — is required by the Romans to give him up, 183— founds or rebuilds Prusa, 182 — Prusias II. suc- ceeds, 180 — is solicited by Perseus to assist him in his Roman war, 170 — visits Rome, and requests the restoration of lands taken from him, 167 — makes war on Attalus II. of Pergamus, 156 — mur- dered by his son, Nicomedes II., who obtains the throne, 149 — after a reign of 58 years, he is killed by his youngest son Socrates, whom Mithridates VI. of Pontus puts to death, and seizes the kingdom ; through the intervention of Rome, the eldest son, Nicomedes III., is reinstated, 91 — he is again expelled by Mithridates, 88 — restored by the peace which Sylla concludes, 84 — d., and makes the Roman people his heirs ; Bi- thynia becomes a Roman province, 74 — Pliny the younger appointed proconsul by Trajan, a.d. 103 — describes the Chris- tians in his province to the emperor, 104 — Julius Severus gov., 135 — first settle- ment of the Oghusian Tartars, between Mount Olympus and the river Sanga- rius, where they found the Ottoman empire, 1231. See Orthogrul. Bitonto, in Naples, battle of; the Span- iards, under Carlos, and count Montemar, defeat the Austrians, May 27, 1734. Bitschin, battle of; Sigistnund III., k. of Poland, defeats Ernest, archduke of Austria, 1588. Bituitus, k. of the Arverni, defeated on the Isaras by the Romans ; goes to Rome to make peace with the senate ; he is de- tained for the rest of his life at Alba, BXJ.121. Black, adopted as the colour of the Abas- sides, 746 — by the Protestant clergy,1532. Black Sea ; Swatislaus extends the do- minions of Russia to its shores, 966 — many important naval stations granted to the Genoese ; the Venetians are ex- cluded from it by the emperor Michael Palseologus, 1261 — from the emperor Cantacuzene, the Genoese obtain the entire command of it, 1352 — the Vene- tians pay a tribute to the Turks for trading in it, 1479 — free navigation of it conceded to Russia by the treaty of Aker- man, 1826— the Russians driven out of it by the British and French fleets, Dec, 1853— fearful storm in it, Nov. 14, 1854. Blackburn, Mr. Sadler killed near, by the fall of his balloon, 1824. Black Friars. See Dominicans. Blackfriars Bridge, London, first stone of, laid, Oct, 31, 1760. Blackheath, battle of; the Cornish in- surgents, under lord Audley, defeated, June 22, 1497. Blackstone, Sir William, b. 1723— d. 1780. Blackwall Railway from London,opened July 4, 1840. Blackwater, battle of the ; defeat of Sir Edward Bagnal, by Tyrone, 1598. Blackwood, Robert, d. 1852. Blackwood, William, b. 1776— d. 1834. Blackwood's Magazine, first No. pub- lished, 1817. BljESUS, C. Sempronius, consul of Rome, B.C. 253, 244 II. Bl^sus, Junius, sent to oppose the rebel- lion of Tacfarinas in Africa, 21. Blainville, M. de, d. 1850. Blair, Dr. Hugh, b. 1717— appointed to the newly-founded professorship of Belles Lettres at Edinburgh, 1762 — d. 1800. Blair, Dr. John, chronologist, d. 1797. Blair Atholl, queen Victoria visits, Sept. 9, 1844. Blake, Robert, b. 1599— defeats de Witt and de Ruyter on the coast of Kent, Oct. 22 — is surprised in the Downs by Van Tromp, Nov. 29, 1652— defeats the Dutch on the coast of Holland, July 29, 1653— commands the Mediterranean, ob- tains redress from the grand duke of Tuscany, compels Algiers and Tunis to give up their English captives and de- sist from piracy, 1655 — captures or de- stroys a Spanish fleet near Cadiz, 1656 — destroys a fleet in the harbour of Santa Cruz; returning home, dies within sight of the English coast, Aug. 17, 1657. Blakeney, gen., surrenders Minorca, July 7, 1756. Blanc, Louis, prosecuted in Franoe, e» capes to England, Aug. 25, 1848. BLE 95 but Blanca, Florida, becomes minister to Charles IV. in Spain, 1788. Blanchard, Mme., makes a fatal ascent in a balloon from Paris, 1819. Blanchard and Jeffries ascend in a bal- loon, Nov. 30, 1784— cross the straits of Dover, Jan. 7, 1785. Blanche, queen of Navarre, succeeds her brother, Sancho VII., but gives up the government to her husband, Theobald I., 1234. Blanche II., queen of Navarre, daughter of Charles III., succeeds him, and reigns conjointly with her husband, John II., brother of Alfonso V. of Aragon, 1425— d. 1441. Blanche, daughter of the earl of Lancas- ter, married to John of Gaunt, 1359 — d. 1369. Blanche, daughter of Henry IV., k. of England, married to the elector Pala- tine, Louis of Bavaria, 1400. Blanche de Bourbon, married to Peter the Cruel, k. of Castile ; in three days he deserts her, 1353 — imprisoned, 1354 — poisoned in her prison at Medina Sido- nia, by her husband's orders, 1361. Blanche, of Castile, widow of Louis VIII., regent for her son, Louis IX., 1226— re- gent during his absence in the Holy Land, 1248— d. 1253. Blanche, daughter of Louis IX., k. of Prance, married to Ferdinand, eldest son of Alfonso X. of Castile, who d. 1275— and their sons are excluded from the succession. See Alfonso de la Cerda. Blanche, of Navarre, inherits the rights of her brother, Charles, 1461 — betrayed by her father, John, into the hands of her sister, Eleanora, and poisoned, 1462. Blandford, in Dorsetshire, nearly de- stroyed by fire, June, 5, 1731. Blandford, marquis of, his motion for par- liamentary reform rejected, June 3, 1829. Blandy, Miss, executed for poisoning her father, April 6, 1752. " Blanketeers," on their way from Man- chester to London, dispersed, 1817. Blankets supplied by the British govern- ment to the Danish army in Schleswig, Nov. 22, 1850. Blanqui, a leader of the Parisian commu- nists, arrested, May 15, 1848 — sentenced to imprisonment, April 2, 1849. Blasio, Cn. Cornelius, consul of Eome,B.c. 270—257 II. Blaye. See Berry, Duchess de. Bleda, k. of the Huns, 433 — murdered by his brother, Attila, 444. Blemmyes, an African tribe, invade Egypt, and are overthrown by Probus, 279. Blenheim, battle of, Aug. 13, n.s. 1704— The French and Bavarian army, under marshal Tallard, annihilated by the duke of Marlborough and prince Eugene. Blessington, Lady, d. 1849. Blind, first school for the, established at Paris, by Valentine Hafjy, 1784— print- ing for them introduced, 1827. Blockade of the Elbe and Weser by Great Britain, June, 1803 — of England, at- tempted by Napoleon's Berlin decree, Nov. 21, 1806 — of Canton and other ports in China, by Sir Gordon Bremer, June 28, July 18, 1840— of the German ports in the Baltic, by the k. of Deumark, 1848, 1849— of the Gulf of Finland, by the British and French fleets, 1854. Blois, Theobald de, an elder brother of Stephen, is supported by his uncle, Henry I. of England, against Louis VI. of France, 1116. Blois, Charles de, receives the county of Bretagne from Philip VI. of France, and is opposed by John de Montfort, who is supported by Edward III., 1341— made prisoner at La Roche-Darien by Jane de Montfort — his countess, Jane de Pen- thidvre, continues the war, 1347— slain, 1364. Blots, treaty of marriage concluded at, 1504 — set aside by the states- general of France, 1506 — Katharine de' Medici dies at, Jan. 5, 1589 — Mary de' Medici sent there by Louis XIII., attended by Ri- chelieu, 1617 ; escapes, 1619 — residence of Bolingbroke in his exile, 1716-23 — the empress Maria Louisa retires there with her son, March 29, 1814. Blomfield, Charles James, b. 1786— bp. of Chester, 1824 — translated to London. 1828. Blood, attacks the duke of Ormond, Dec. 4, 1670 — attempts to steal the crown and regalia from the Tower, May 3— he is pardoned and pensioned by the k., 1671. Blood, circulation of the. See Sebvetus, Michael, and Harvey, William. Bloomfield, Sir Benjamin, envoy to the court of Sweden, 1822. Bloomfield, Robert, i. 1766 — d. 1823. Blore heath, battle of; the Yorkists, com- manded by the earl of Salisbury, defeat the Lancastrians, under lord Audley, who is slain, Sept. 23, 1459. Blount, Sir John. See South Sea Com- pany. Blucher, the Prussian field-marshal, 6. 1742— surrenders at Liibeck, Nov. 7, 1806 — defeats Ney on the Katzbach, Aug. 26, 1813 — crosses the Rhine at Manheim, Jan. 1, 1814— joins Schwartzenberg at Langres, 1-1 — visits the prince regent in London, June 7 ; departs, 27 — driven back to Wavre, June 16, 1815 — join* Wellington at Waterloo, 18; invest* BCEO 9G boh Bluchrr, continued. Paris with him, 29; and enters it, July 3 — d. 1819. Blue Faction. See Circus Factions. Blue-ooat School. See Christ's Hospital. Blum, Robert. See Flor, Roger di. Blum, Robert, a leader of the insurgents at Vienna, shot, Nov. 9, 1848. Blumenbach, Dr. b. 1752 — d. 1840. Boabdil. See Abu Abdallah. Boaden, James, b. 1762— d. 1839. Boadicea, queen of the British lceni, re- volts, and is defeated by the Roman commander, Suetonius Paulinus, 61. Board of Control established by Pitt's India bill, 1784 -of Trade, 1786; Charles Jenkinson, lord Hawkesbury, first presi- dent—of Agriculture, 1793. Boar's-head tavern, the old, inEastcheap, taken down, 1831. Boat, an ancient, discovered beneath the bed of the river Witham, in Lincolnshire, 1S16. Bobium, now Bobbio. See Columbanus— a school founded there by pope Sylvester II., 1002. Bocca Tigris, or Bogue, forts, near Canton, stormed by the British forces, Feb. 26, 1841— taken by Sir John Davis, April 5, 1847. Boccacio, b. 1313— the plague suggests to him the idea of his Decameron, 1348— he introduces Leontius Pilatus to teach Greek at Florence, 1360— d. 1375. Boccanegra, appointed captain by the commons of Genoa, 1257— deposed, 1262. Boccanegra, Simone, doge of Genoa, 1339 — expelled, 1344— re-elected, 1356 — con- quers Savona and other towns, 1357 — vi- sited by pope Urban V., 1362— d. 1363. Boccanegra, the Castilian admiral, cap- tures the earl of Pembroke, on his way to relieve La Rochelle, 1378. Bochart, Samuel, b. 1599— d. 1667. Bocchoris, k. of Egypt, b.c. 781 (743, B.) Bocchus, k. of Mauritania, betrays Jugur- tha into the hands of the Romans, and receives from them part of Numidia, B.C. 106. Bockhara, in Chorasan, taken from the Turks by Moawiyah's lieutenant, Obei- dolla, 672— occupied by Catibah, 707— destroyed by Dschingiskhan, 1219. Bode, baron de, the elder, d. 1846. Bode, baron de, the younger, d. 1855. Bode, professor, the German astronomer, b. 1747— d. 1826. Bodleian library at Oxford founded, 1598. Bodlf.y, Sir Thomas, d. 1612. Bodoni, the celebrated printer of Parma, b. 1740— d. 1813. Bosotia, occupied by part of the yEolian emigrants, B.C. 1123— contained fourteen separate states, three of which, Eleu- therae, Plataea, and Oropus, were attached to Athens; the others formed a con- federacy, of which Thebes was the head. See Thebes. Battle of GSnophyta ; the Boeotians defeated by the Athenians, 456 — battle of Coronea; the Athenians defeated and driven out of the country, 447 — invasions of the kings of Lacedse- mon, Cleombrotus and Agesilaus II., 378 -376. See Thebes. Dissolution of the confederacy, 172. Boerhaave, H., b. 1668; d. 1738. Boers, of Port Natal, Cape of Good Hope revolt, May 4, 1842 — they submit, June 26. Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus, 6.470 — makes a sun-dial and a water- clock, which are sent by Theodoric to Gundibald, 503 — chief minister of The- odoric, 504 — consul, 610 — writes com- mentaries on Aristotle; arrested, while in prison writes " De Gonsolatione Phi- losophice, 523 — strangled atCalvenzano, near Pavia, 524 — his work translated into Anglo-Saxon by Alfred, 888 — a MS. translation, by Queen Elizabeth, found in the State Paper Office, 1826. Boethius, Fl., consul of Rome, 487. Bogesund, battle of; Sten Sture, the younger, protector of Sweden, defeated and killed by Christian II. k. of Den- mark, 1520. Bogoris. See Bulgarians. Bogota. See Granada, New. Bogue Forts. See Bocca Tigris. Bohemia, occupied by the Wenden, a Slavonic tribe, about 550 — conquered by the Avars, 563— Samo shakes off their yoke and establishes an independent state, 623 — defeats the Saxons and Lon- gobardi at Voitsburg 630 — d. 658— the Czechen, another Slavonic people, form many separate communities, which are united into one by Premislas, who takes the title of duke and founds his dynasty, 722 — conquered by Charle- magne ; duke Lech falls in battle, 805 — attached to the kingdom of Germany ,843. Restored to independence by its duke Borzivoi, given by the emperor Ar- nulf to his natural son Zwentibold, duke of Bavaria, 890, who is expelled by Borzivoi. 891 — Christianity intro- duced, 894— Spitigneus I. 902— Wratis- las 1.907— Wenceslas L, 916 — struggles between the Christians and idolaters; the latter set aside Wenceslas and ap- point Boleslas I., 936 — Otho I. makes war on them, 938— conquers and exacts tribute from Boleslas, 950. Boleslas II. founds the bishopric of Prague, 967 — leagues with Henry II. of BOH 97 BOH Bohemi a — continued. Bavaria against Otho II., 975— affords a refuge to Henry> 976— Boleslas III., 999 — Jaromir, 1002 — attacked by Boleslas I., k.of Poland, defended by the emperor Henry II., 1005— Udalric, 1012— Bretis- las I., 1037 ; invades Poland, 1038— Spi- tigneus II.. 1055— Wratislas II., 1061— Conrad I., 1092— BretislasIL, 1093— Bor- zivoi II., 1100— Swatopolk, 1107 — La- dislas II., 1109— Sobieslas I., 1125— La- dislas III., styles himself king, 1140 — Sobieslas II., 1174— refuses homage to the emperor Frederic I., who deposes him ; takes possession of Bohemia, and gives it to Frederic, a son of Ladislas III., 1178— Conrad II., 1190— Wenceslas II., 1191— Henry Bretislas, 1193— Ladis- las IV., 1196. Premislas or Ottocar I. ; revives the title of king, which becomes permanent, 1197— Wenceslas III., 1230— Ottocar II., 1253 — heads the crusade against the pa gans of Prussia and Comiand, 1254 — builds Konigsberg, 1255— inherits Ca- rinthia and Carniola, 1270 — refuses the crown of Germany, 1272 — protests against the election of Rudolf of Habs- burg, 1273 — submits to him and cedes to him the duchy of Austria, 1276— en- deavours to recover it, 1277 — is defeated and slain at Marchfeld, 1278 — his son, Wenceslas IV., succeeds him ; obtains a part of Misnia and Eger, 1289— takes Cracow, 1290— elected k. of Poland, 1300 — See Poland — d. 1305— his son, Wen- ceslas V., siicceeds ; the last of the race of Premislas ; d. 1306. Rudolf of Austria claims the crown ; d. 1307 — Henry, duke of Carinthia, suc- ceeds ; d. 1310— the emperor Henry VII. obtains Bohemia for his son John of Luxemburg ; the marquisate of Lu satia given to him by Louis of Bavaria, 1319 — is invited to Brescia by the Guelfs, 1330 — recalls the banished Ghibelins and reconciles the two factions ; their leaders, jealous of his power, coalesce against him, 1331— goes to Avignon and confers with Pope John XXII., 1332 disappointed in his designs, returns to his own kingdom, 1333 — becomes blind, 1340 -falls in the battle of Cressy, 1346. His son Charles I. succeeds; fails in his attempt to conquer the Tyrol ; is elected k. of Germany, 1347. See Germany. Introduces a feudal constitution in Bo hernia, 1354 — treaty of union between Austria and Bohemia, 1364— d. 1378 — his son, Wenceslas IV. (VI.), succeeds as k. of Bohemia and is elected k. of Germany. See Germany. His sister, Anne, marries Richard II. of England, 1382 — his brother, Sigismund, with a Bohemian army releases his consort, Maria, qu. of Hungary, from captivity, 1387. See Hungary. His nobles rebel and im- prison him for a time, 1394— deprived of his German crown, he retains that ot ' Bohemia, 1400 — unpopular with his sub- jects ; he is again imprisoned and his kingdom offered to Ladislas of Poland, who refuses it, 1402 — Jerome of Prague and John Huss preach Wickliffe's doctrines in Bohemia, 1408 — their dis- ciples take up arms to defend liberty of conscience, 1416 — Ziska their leader, 1417— Wenceslas d. 1419. His brother Sigismund inherits Bohe- mia; the Hussites refuse to acknow- ledge him, and storm the town-hall of Prague ; they offer the kingdom to La- dislas, king of Poland, and to Witold, duke of Lithuania ; Korybut, nephew of Ladislas, is sent to them ; Sigis- mund's daughter, Elizabeth, married to Albert, duke of Austria, 1422 — death of Ziska ; Procopius Raza takes the com- mand of the Hussites, 1424 — they extend their conquests into Saxony and Misnia, 1426 — defeat the army of the empire at Mies, 1427 — enter Silesia, 1428 — refuse to treat with Sigismund, 1429 — again victorious at Tauss, 1431 — they divide into two parties ; the Calixtines, satis- fied with the concessions made by the council of Basle, secede from the league, 1433— join the imperialists, and defeat the Taborites at Bohmisch-Brod, 1434 — the two parties reunite; Sigismund grants their demands; they submit to him and allow him to enter Prague, 1435 — Sigismund d. 1437. His son-in-law, Albert, chosen k. of Bohemia ; some Hussites offer the crown to Casimir of Poland, who is defeated by Albert at Tabor, 1438— Albert d. Oct. 27, 1439— his infant son, Ladislas III., is chosen with two re- gents, Meinhard a Romanist,and Ptarsko a Hussite, 1440 — George von Podjebrad succeeds Ptarsko, as Hussite co-regent of Bohemia, 1444— expels his colleague Meinhard, and governs alone, 1449 — Ladislas crowned at Prague, 1453 — d. 1457 — George von Podjebrad elected to succeed him, 1458 — Matthias, son of John Huniades, detained a prisoner in Bohemia, is called to the throne of Hun- gary and released ; Silesia submits to Podjebrad,1459 — he relieves the emperor Frederic IV., when besieged by his own subjects in Vienna, 1462 — is excommu- nicated by Pope Paul II., who urgea Matthias, k. of Hungary, to attack him and claim the crown of Bohemia 1466— BOH 98 BOL Bohemia — continued. the Catholic party supports Matthias ; Podjebrad preserves his throne by the election of Ladislas, son of Casimir IV., k. of Poland, to succeed him, 1469 — d. 1471. Ladislas IV. becomes king; elected k. of Hungary, 1490. See Hungary. The double betrothment, with the object of uniting Bohemia and Hungary to Austria, 1506 — Ladislas d. 1516 — acces- sion of his son, Louis I. ; d. 1526 — his sister's husband, archduke Ferdinand, succeeds, and the Bohemians consent to the union with Austria ; the emperor Rudolf II. revokes the concessions made to the Protestants, 1578 — persecutes them, 1604 — gives up Bohemia to his brother Matthias, who is crowned at Prague, 1611 — resigned by him to his cousin Ferdinand, 1617 — the oppressed Protestants take up arms under count Von Thurn, and make themselves masters of Bohemia ; this commences the Thirty Years' War, 1618. See Ger- many. They elect Frederic V. elector Pa- latine for king, and lay siege to Vienna, 1619 — Maximilian, duke of Bavaria, overthrows them at the battle of Prague, and restores the kingdom to Austria, 1620 — it is invaded by the elec- tor of Saxony, John George, 1631 — re- covered by Wallenstein, 1632— peace of Prague, 1635 — the Swedish general, Banner, penetrates through Bohemia, 1639 — his successor, Torstenson, occupies it,1644 — Konigsniark takes Prague,1646. Bohemia obtains a vote in the Diet, 1708— invaded by the French, Bavarians, and Saxons; Prague stormed and Charles Albert crowned there, Dec. 9, 1741— the French and Bavarians are expelled by the Austrians, 1742 — invaded by Fre- deric the Great of Prussia; after taking Prague, he withdraws into Silesia, 1744 — again invaded by him, 1756 — he ob- tains a great victory at Prague, May 6, 1757 — retires there from Moravia, 1758— Austria l'etains Bohemia by the peace of Hubertsburg, 1763 — the nobles resist the attempt of the emperor Joseph II. to abolish the corvee, 1775 — congress of Prague ; the Austrian army assembles in Bohemia, under Schwart- zenberg, preparatory to the campaign against Napoleon, 1813 — insurrection at Prague, June 12, 1848. Bohemian Brethren, descendants of the Hussites, protected by Matthias Corvi- nus, in Moravia, 1478. Bohemond, son of Robert Guiscard and Al- berada, who is divorced, 1058— goes with his father to attack the eastern empire in Albania, 1081 — is left there by him to carry on the war, 1082 — he twice de- feats Alexius Comnenus ; besieges La- rissa, and is forced to retire, 1083— the enterprise abandoned, his father dies, leaving him only Tarentum, and giving the rest of Apulia to his younger son, Roger ; jealousy and discord between the brothers, 1085 ; appeased by their uncle, Roger, count of Sicily, 1088— joins the first crusade, 1096 — made prince of Antioch, 1098 — taken prisoner by the Turks, 1105 — released; retires to Eu- rope, and marries Constance, daughter of Philip I., k. of France, 1106— lands in Epirus, and besieges Durazzo, 1107 — abandons the siege, and concludes a treaty of peace with the emperor Alex- ius ; and returns to Otranto, 1108 — while preparing to return to Antioch, he dies, and is buried at Canosa, 1111. Bohemond II., count of Edessa, d. 1131. Bcehmish-Brod, battle of. See Bohemia. Bohun, H umphrey, earl of Hereford, con- stable of England, refuses, with Bigod of Norfolk, to join the army of Edward I., 1297 — the office of constable heredi- tary in the family, forfeited, 1521. Bo'ians, a Celtic tribe in the north of Italy, invade the Roman territories ; are defeated, B.C. 238 — submit to the Ro- mans, 224 — subdued by Scipio Nasica, 191. Boileau, Nicolas, b. 1636 — writes his first satires, 1660— his " Art of Poetry," 1669 — d. 1711. Bois-le-duc, taken by Frederic Henry, the statholder, 1628— the duke of York de- feated at, Sept. 14, 1794. Boissy d'Anglas, b. 1756 ; d. 1826. Bokhara. See Bockhara. BoljE, a city of the iEquians, taken by the Romans, b.c. 414. Bolanus, M. Vettius, consul of Rome, 111. Boleslas I., II., and III., kings of Bohe- mia. See Bohemia. Boleslas, prince of Lithuania, com- mences hostilities against Poland ; La- dislas II. deposes him, 1432. Boleslas I., II., III., and IV., kings of Poland. See Poland. Boleyn, Anne, an attendant on Mary, sister of Henry VIII., when she marries Louis XII. of France, 1514 — retained in the service of queen Claude, 1515 — re- called from France, and appointed one of queen Katharine's maids of honour, 1522 — admired by Henry, 1525— married to him, Nov. 14, 1532 — crowned, June 1. 1533 — the succession to the crown settled on her issue, 1534— aocused of infidelity EOL 99 BOL »nd committed to the Tower, May 2, 1536 ; beheaded, 19. Boleyn, Sir Thomas'! (father of Amie), created viscount Rochford, 1525 — created earl of Wiltshire, and sent with Cran- mer on a mission to the pope, 1530. Bolingbroke, Henry, earl of Derhy, son of John of Gaunt, b. 1367 — assists the Teutonic knights in Prussia, 1391 — cre- ated duke of Hereford, 1397 — quarrels with the duke of Norfolk, and is ba- nished, 1398 — returns to claim the lands of his deceased father ; dethrones Rich- ard II., and becomes king, 1399. See Henry IV., k. of England. Bolingbroke, Viscount — See St. John, Henry — negotiates the conditions of the peace of Utrecht, 1712 — is the rival of the earl of Oxford, and encourages queen Anne's displeasure against the elector of Hanover, 1713 — causes the dismissal of Oxford, and is himself removed by George I., 1714— withdraws to France, March 25, 1715 — is impeached by the Commons, July 9 — attainted, Aug. 20 — becomes secretary of state to the Pre- tender ; is displaced by him, and retires to Blois, Feb. 25, 1716— restored to his honours and estate but not to his seat in the House of Lords, 1723 — in league with Frederic, prince of Wales, directs the opposition to the treaty of Aix-la- Chapelle, 1748— d. 1751. Bolingbroke, Viscount, b. 1786— d. 1851. Bolingbroke, the confessor of the duchess of Gloucester, executed for alleged par- ticipation in her witchcraft, 1442. Bolivar, Simon, b. 1783— leader of the war of independence in Venezuela, 1816 — organizes its government, 1817 — de- feats Morillo at Sombrero, 1818 — vic- torious at Boyaca ; he forms the republic of Colombia by uniting New Granada with Venezuela, and is elected president, 1819 — assists in the liberation of Peru, 1820 — receives from the Peruvians the title of " El Liberador," 1823— war with Francia, 1824 — elected president of Peru for life ; Paez rebels against him, 1826 — the congress of Colombia refuses to ac- cept his resignation, 1827 — chosen dic- tator of Colombia, 1828— resigns all his offices, Jan. 20, 1830 — the president's chair again offered to him, and declined, April 27 ; he withdraws in triumph, May 9— d. Dec. 17. Bolivia, or Upper Peru, a separate State, founded, 1825. Bologna University founded by Charle- magne, 801 — receives a charter of mu- nicipal independence from the emperor Henry V., 1112 — school of jurisprudence, in which Guarnarius or Werner teaches the civil law, 1140— joins the Lombard League, 1164 — Frederic II orders the students to remove to his new university of Naples, 1225 — the decree is revoked, 1226 — alliance with Venice against him, 1238 — capture of Ravenna, 1239 — Enzio, his natural son, defeated at Fossalta, is kept in captivity at Bologna, 1249 — the orderor guild of the Virgin Mary founded, 1261 — the Bolognese merchants refuse to pay a toll levied on them by Venice ; war ensues between the two republics, 1270 — Enzio dies in his prison, 1272 — acquisition of Faenza, 1280— pope Boni- face VIII. forbids the dissection of dead bodies for the study of anatomy in the schools, 1297 — the" troubles of Italy enable Beltrando dal Poggetto, legate of pope John XXII., to gain possession of Bologna, 1332 — he is expelled, 1334— John Visconte, after threats of excom- munication, purchases the investiture from Clement VI., 1351 — besieged by Bernabo Visconte, 1359 — given up to the papal legate Cardinal Albornoz, Ber- nabo still persists in the siege, till he is driven away by a body of Hungarians, 1360 — renews the siege, and is again re- pulsed, 1361 — the Florentines obtain possession, for which they are excom- municated by pope Gregory XL, 1376 — John Galeazzo Visconte attacks it, 1390 — takes it, 1402 — recovered by pope Bo- niface IX., 1403— pope John XXIII. driven from Rome by Ladislas, king of Naples, retires there, 1413 — Ladislas threatens to besiege him, 1414 — re- covered for pope Martin V. by Braccio, 1420 — pope Eugenius IV. fixes his resi- dence at, 1436— pope Julius II. quell* the revolt of Giovanni Bentivoglio, and makes a triumphal entry, Nov. 11, 1506 — the French general Trivulce, assisted by the Bentivoglio party, takes the city,. May 21, 1511 — besieged by Raymond de Cardona, viceroy of Naples; it is re- lieved by Gaston de Foix, Feb. 7, 1512 — Francis I. and Leo X. hold a conference there, and conclude a treaty of peace, 1515 — Bologna remains from this time a part of the papal dominions ; the emperor Charles V. and pope Clement VII. meet there, Nov. 5, 1529— Charles crowned there as king of Italy, Feb. 22, and as emperor (the last crowned out of Germany) Feb. 24, 1530— another con- ference there between him and the pope Dec. 8, 1532 — occupied by the French general Massena, June 19, 1796 — retakeir by the Austrians and Russians, 1799 — annexed to the Italian republic, 1802— restored to the pope, 1814— attempted revolution repressed by Austrian troops, H2 BOH 100 BON 1831 — nniversity closed, 1833— placed under ecclesiastical magistrates, 1836 — their abuse, of power causes a revolt, 1843. Bolton, in Lancashire, the first place at which Mary, queen of Scots, is detained, under the care of lord and lady Scrope, 1568. Bomarsund bombarded by the combined fleet, June 21, 1854 — capture and de- struction of its fortifications, Aug. 16. Bombay ceded to England by Portugal, 1662 — presidency established, 1687. Bombs, first used by the Turks at Rhodes, 1522. Bona, in Africa, taken by the Pisans, 1035— by Roger, k. of Sicily, 1152— by Charles V. and Andrew Doria, 1535. Bona, daughter of Louis, duke of Savoy, proposed marriage of, with Edward IV. of England, 1464 — marries Galeazzo Maria, duke of Milan, 1468 — becomes regent,1476— withdraws from Milan,1480. Bonaparte, Caroline, Napoleon's youngest sister, marries Joachim Murat, Jan. 20, 1800. Bonaparte, Charles, father of the family, d. 1785. Bonaparte, Jerome, b. Nov. 15, 1784, mar- ries Miss Paterson, an American lady, who is not allowed by Napoleon to enter France, 1805— a kingdom of Westphalia constituted for him, 1807 — flees from Cassel, Oct. 26, 1813 — proposed to be excluded from the succession; resigns his post of president of the senate, Nov. 8, 1852 — is included in the Act of suc- cession, Dec. 24. Bonaparte, Joseph, b. Jan. 7, 1767 — am- bassador at Rome ; restores order there, Dec. 26, 1797 — seated on the throne of Naples, Feb. 15, 1806— leaves it for that of Spain, 1808 — enters Spain with a French army, July 9 ; abandons Madrid, and takes the crown jewels with him to Burgos, Aug. 1 ; returns to Madrid, Jan. 22, 1809 — driven out by Wellington, Aug. 12, 1812— defeated at Vittoria, June 21, 1813 — and retreats to the Pyrenees — d. 1844. Bonaparte, Louis, b. Sept. 2, 1778— marries Hortense de Beauharnais, daughter of Josephine, Jan. 9, 1802 — made king of Holland, June 5, 1806 — obliged to inter- dict all communication between his sub- jects and Great Britain, March 16, 1810 — abdicates, July 2— d. at Florence, July 25, 1846. Bonaparte, Elise, eldest sister of Napo- leon, b. 1777 — grand duchess of Tuscany, 1805— d. 1820. See Bacciochi. Bonaparte, Lucien, b. 1775 — prince di Canino, lauds with his family at Ply- mouth, Dec. IS, 1810— settles at Ludlowi in Shropshire, Jan. 3, 1811— d. 1840. Bonaparte, Pauline, second sister of Na- poleon, marries General Leclerc, who dies 1802 — marries prince Borghese, and is made princess of Guastalla, 1806 — d. 1S25. See Borghfse. Bonaparte, Marie Lsetiria, nee Ramolini, mother of Napoleon, d. 1822. Bonaparte, Napoleon, b. Aug. 15, 1769 — distinguishes himself at Toulon, and is appointed gen. of brigade, Dec. 19, 1793 — puts down the rising of some of the sections of Paris with his artillery, Oct. 4, 5, 1795 — appointed general-in-chief of the army of Italy, Feb. 23, J796— mar- ries Josephine Tascher, widow of Vis- count Beauharnais, March 8 — gains vic- tories at Montenotte, April 11 ; at Mil- lessimo, 14; at Mondovi, 22; and at Lodi, May 11 — concludes peace with Sardinia, June 3 — gains victories at Castiglione, Aug. 5, and at Roveredo, Sept. 4 — defeats Alvinzi at Areola, Nov. 15, 16, 17 — defeats the archduke Charles on the Tagliamento, March 16, 1797 — concludes the treaty of Campo Formio, Oct. 17 — returns to Paris, Dec. 5. Sails from Toulon on his Egyptian ex- pedition, May 19, 1798— takes Malta, June 12 — Alexandria, July 2 — gains the battle of the Pyramids, 21 — enters Cairo, 22 — commences his march towards Sy- ria, Feb. 4, 1799 — gains the battle of El- Arisch, 8— having captured Gaza and Jaffa, lays siege to Acre, March 18 — being repulsed by Sir Sydney Smith, he raises the siege May 20, and returns into Egypt — defeats the Turks at Abou- kir. July 24 — gives up the command to Kleber,'and embarks for France, Aug. 24 — lands at Frejus, Oct. 8 — concerts with Sieyes and Fouche a change of go- vernment, which is effected by military force, Nov. 9 — is appointed first consul, Dec. 13. Having collected his army of re- serve at Dijon, leaves Paris to take the command, May, 1800 — crosses the Great St. Bernard, 23 — enters Milan, June 2 — gains the battle of Marengo, 14 — agrees to an armistice, 16 — Genoa and all the fortresses of Piedmont and Lombardy given up to him — returns to Paris, July 2 — conspiracy against him detected, Oct. 10 — attempt to kill him by an infernal machine, Dec. 24 — orders the deportation of 130 republicans, ac- cused of being concerned in the plot, Jan. 4, 1801 — concludes the peace of Luneville with Austria, Feb. 9 — engages the king of Naples to exclude the En- glish from his ports, March 19— erects BON 101 BON Bow.4 paete — continued. the kingdom of Etruria, 21 — concludes a Concordat with pope Pius VII., and restores the Catholic church in France, July 15 — compels the regent of Portugal to shut his ports against the English, Sept. 29 — makes a treaty with Russia, Oct. 4 — with Turkey, 9 — ratifies the pre- liminaries of peace with England, 10 — gives new constitutions to the Batavian and Helvetian republics. Remodels the Cisalpine into the Italian republic, and is made president, Jan. 26, 1802 — confirms the definitive treaty of Amiens, Feb. 27 — inaugurates the Con- cordat in the church of Notre Dame, April 18— organizes a system of public instruction in France, May 1 — institutes the Legion of Honour, 19 — elected con- sul for ten years, May 6— for life, Aug. 2 — makes other changes in the constitu- tion tending to monarchy, 4 — prohibits English newspapers in France, receives Mr. Fox at the Tuileries, Sept. b — an- nexes Piedmont to France, 11 — occupies Switzerland with a French army, Oct. 21. Gives it another new constitution by his Act of Mediation, Feb. 19, 1803— tells lord Whitworth that England cannot, sin- gle-handed, resist him, March 13 — war between the two countries renewed, May 16 — he detains, as prisoners of war, all British residents and travellers in France, 22 — sends General Mortier to take possession of Hanover, June 3 — threatens to invade England, 18 — estab- lishes a censorship of the press in France, Sept, 27 — sells Louisiana to the United States ; accuses Pichegru and Moreau of a conspiracy, Feb. 15, 1804 — seizes the duke d'Enghien at Ettenheim, March 15 — murders him by a mock-trial at Vincennes, 20 ; Pichegru found stran- gled in his prison, April 5 — Moreau al- lowed to emigrate to America ; the Code Napoleon adopted ; Bonaparte proclaim- ed emperor, May 18. See Napoleon I., emperor of the French. Bonapaete, Napoleon Francis Charles Joseph, son of Napoleon I. and Maria Louisa, archduchess of Austria, i. March 20, 1811 — and created king of Rome ; conveyed by his mother to Blois, March 29, 1814 — his father proposes to abdicate in his favour, which the allies reject, April 3 — he is taken to Vienna, where he is afterwards (July 22, 1818) created duke of Reichstadt — d. at SchOnbrunn, July 22, 1832. He is now styled in France Napoleon II. Bonapaete, Charles Louis Napoleon, son of Louis, k. of Holland, and llortense Beau- harnais. 5. April 20, 1S08 — attempts are- volt at Strasburg, is captured and sent to America, Nov. 13, 1836 — goes to Switzerland, is ordered to leave, and re- pairs to London, Oct. 14, 1838— lands at Boulogne, Aug. 6, 1840 — condemned to imprisonment for life, Oct. 6; escapes from Ham, May 25, 1846 — arrives at Boulogne and offers his services to the republican government, March 2, 1848 — elected a deputy, June 8 ; admitted by a vote of the assembly, 13; takes his seat, Aug. 27 ; elected president of the repub- lic, Dec. 20; liberates Bou Maza, July 22, 1849— remonstrates against the pro- ceedings of the papal authorities atRome, Aug. 21; visits the departments, Aug. 12, Sept. 13, 1850— appoints Drouyn de l'Huys minister, displaces Changarnier, and gives the command of the army of Paris to Baraguay d'Hilliers, Jan. 9, 1851 — the assembly refuses to revise the constitution, July 19; numerous arrests on a charge of conspiracy, Sept. 3 ; Coup d'Etat, Dec. 2; the president dissolves the national assembly ; restores univer- sal suffrage ; appeals to the nation, and is reelected by a majority of nearly seven millions, 24; his effigy stamped on the French coin, Jan. 4, 1852 — ba- nishes Thiers and other leading repub- licans, 10 ; re-organizes the national guard, 12 ; president for ten years, 15 ; revives titles of nobility, 25 ; restores the Code Napoleon, March, 28; delivers eagles to the army, May 10; detects a conspiracy to assassinate him, July 1 ; allows the exiles to return to France, Aug. 8 ; is called upon by the prefect of the Seine to restore the empire, Oct. 16; the question referred by the senate to the people, Nov. 4; majority of more than seven millions in favour of it, Dec. 2 ; the president proclaimed emperor, 2. See Napoleon III., emperor of the French. Bonae, Mr. and Mrs., murder of, May 31, 1813. Bonaventcea, da Bagnarea, the "Sera- phic doctor," general of the Franciscans, 1256 — compiles his BiUia Paupeitim, and withdraws the cup from the laity, 1260 — made a cardinal and bishop of Albano, d. while attending the council of Lyons, 1274 — canonized, 1482. Bonfinius and other learned men invited from- Italy to Hungary by Matthias Cor- vinus, 1465. Boniface I., bp. of Rome, 418-422. Boniface II., bp. of Rome, 530-533. Boniface III., pope, 607 — the emperor Phocas concedes to him the supremacy over all Christian churches : and th* bp. of Rome is thenceforth styled pops. BON 10: EON Boniface IV., pope, 608-615 — consecrates the Pantheon as ]the church of Sta. Maria ad Martyres, 608. Boniface V., pope, 619-625— sends letters to Edwin, king of Northumberland, and his queen, Ethelberga, 625. Boniface VI., pope, 18 days, 895. Boniface VII., anti-pope for one month, deposed and driven away to Constanti- nople, 974— d. 985. Boniface VII I. (Benedetto Gaetano), pope, 1294 — publishes a Bull, which forbids ecclesiastics to pay taxes imposed by temporal princes ; it is resisted by the kings of France and England ; excom- municates Ferdinand of Sicily and his people, 1296 — invests Robert, "duke of Calabria, with the sovereignty of Sar- dinia and Corsica, and to command a crusade against the Holy Land ; excom- municates Philip IV. for his law against the export of coin ; deposes the cardi- nals Jacopo and Pietro della Colonna, excommunicates the whole family, and confiscates their property ; prohibits the dissection of dead bodies for the study of anatomy at Bologna, 1297 — proclaims a crusade against the Colonna family, 1298 — the Scotch refer their cause to him, 1299 — his crusaders obtain possession of Palestrina, the impregnable fortress of the Colonna family, by a capitulation which he breaks, 1299 — he claims Scot- land as a fief of his see ; proclaims a jubilee, and attracts innumerable pil- grims to Home by his plenary indul- gence, 1300 — the English parliament denies his right to interfere in the affairs of Scotland ; Philip quarrels with him ; Charles Robert is crowned king of Hungary by his influence; he invites Charles of Valois into Italy to assist him, 1301 — issues a violent Bull against Philip, who bums it, accuses him of simony and heresy, and refuses to ac- knowledge him as pope, 1302 — excom- municates Philip, who demands a coun- cil to hear his charges against him, 1303 — Boniface is surprised at Anagni, by William de IS'ogaret; returns to Rome, d. Oct. 11, 1303. Boniface IX. (Pietro Tomacelli)pope, 1389 — excommunicates Clement VII. ; pro- claims a jubilee ; and ■ makes great ef- forts to support Ladislas in defending Naples against Louis of Anjou, 1390 — mediates a peace in northern ltaly,1392 — holds another jubilee, at which he forbids the Bianchi to enter Rome, and sup- presses their processions, 1400 — recovers 15ologna and Perugia, 1403 — d. 1404. Boniface. See Bektgils. Boniface, or Winifred, a monk of Wessex; goes to Germany and preaches Christi- anity, 715— in Hesse and Thuringia, 719 — created archbp. by pope GregoryII.,and supported by Charles Martel, 723 — again visits Rome, and is entertained by Liut- prand at Pavia, 738 — holds a council at Leptines, 743— founds the archbishopric of Mentz, 745 — crowns Pepin at Soissons, 752 — resigns the archbishopric of Mentz, 753— murdered by the pagans, 755. Boniface of Montferrat, chosen general of the fourth crusade, 1202 — has the kingdom of Thessalonica, 1204 — sells Crete to the Venetians, 1205 — slain in a skirmish with the Bulgarians, 1207. Boniface I., marquis of Tuscany, defends Corsica and invades Africa, 828. Boniface II., duke of Tuscany, 1027 — mar- ries Beatrice, daughter of Frederic, duke of Upper Lorraine, 1036— birth of his daughter Matilda, 1046— d. 1052. Bonifacius, count, quarrels with Castinus in Spain, passes into Africa, 422 — rival of Aetius, recalled from Africa is secret- ly induced by him to remain and defy the imperial orders ; defeats those sent to compel him to obedience, 427— invites Genseric, k. of the Vandals, into Africa, 428 — discovers the duplicity of Aetius, returns to his allegiance, and makes un- availing efforts to dislodge the Vandals from Africa, 430 — is defeated by them, and leaves Africa, 431— well received at Ravenna ; Aetius attacks him ; he con- quers, but dies of his wounds, 432. Bonifacius, bp. of Carthage, 523. Bonn, Charles IV., elected k. of Germany, is wounded at, 1346 — taken by the stat- holder, William III., 1672 — recovered from the French, 1689 — taken by the duke of Marlborough, May, 14, 1703 — university founded, 1786. Bonner, Edmund, appointed bp. of Here- ford, 1538 — of London, 1539 — imprisoned by the protector Somerset, 1549 — de- prived of his see, 1550 — released by queen Mary, 1553 — inquisitorial powers granted him for punishing heresy, 1557 — his cruelty checked by the death of queen Mary, 1558— queen Elizabeth turns from him when presented to her; degraded, 1559— d. 1569. Bonneval, introduces European discipline into the Turkish army, 1730. Bonnivet, admiral, commands the French army in Italy, 1523 — obliged to retreat, 1524— killed at Pavia, Feb. 24, 1525. Bonnymuie, near Glasgow, a radical meet- ing at, contrived by spies, and dispersed, April 5, 1820. Bononia, in Moesia (now Widdin), the Goths and Sarmatians are defeated at, by Constantine, 321. BOB 103 EOS Bomonia. See Boulogne. Bohosus raises a rebellion in Gaul; de- feated by the emperor Probus, and put to death, 280. Books, the sale of, introduced at the fair of Leipsic, 1592 — discount on, regulated at a meeting of London booksellers, Dec. 29, 1829 — decision of lord Campbell against this regulation, May 19, 1852. Bordeaux, the ancient Burdigala, the sy- nod of, condemns Priscillian and his fol- lowers, 385 — Richard, son of Edward the Black Prince, born at, Jan. 6, 1367 — John of Gaunt arrives at, after a harassing march from Calais, 1373 — opens its gates to John Talbot, earl of Shrewsbury, 1453 — entered by marshal Beresford, Mar. 12, 1814 — the mayor and chief inhabitants declare for the Bourbons, and send depu- ties to London to invite Louis XVIII., who arrives in France, March 25. Bobdeaux, Henry.Charles Ferdinand, duke de, son of the duke de Berry, b. Sept. 29, 1820 — marries Maria Louisa of Modena, 1846 — interview with the duke of Ne- mours, at Frohsdorf, Nov. 17, 1853. Borel, count, of Barcelona, defeated by Almansor, 984. Bobghese, prince, marries Pauline Bona- parte, and sells Guastalla to the kingdom of Italy, 1806. See Bonaparte, Pauline. Bobgia, Alfonso, becomes pope, 1455. See Callistus III. Bobgia, Rodrigo. See Alexander VI., pope. Bobgia, Caesar, Rodrigo's son, a cardinal ; given as a hostage by his father ; makes his escape, 1495 — lays aside the purple, resumes the position of a layman, and murders his brother John, 1497 — created duke of Valence by Louis XII. of France, 1498 — murders Alfonso of Aragon, his brother-in-law, 1500 — created duke of Romagna by his father; captures Faenza, and puts its lord, Astorgio de' Manfredi, to death, 1501 — seizes Urbino and other cities, 1502 — deprived of his plunder and imprisoned by Julius II., 1503 — released, . 1504 — again imprisoned, and sent to Spain, where he is killed in a skirmish, in Navarre. Bobgia, cardinal, viceroy of Naples, 1620. Boegia, John, eldest son of Rodrigo, made duke of Benevento, and assassinated seven days after, 1497. Bobgia, Lucretia, daughter of Rodrigo, divorced from her husband, John Sfoi*za, 1497 — her third husband, Alfonso of dra- gon, murdered by her brother, Caesar, 1500 — married to Alfonso d'Este, son of the duke of Ferrara, 1502. Bobgo, Pozzo di, 6. 1768— d. 1842. Boris, k. of Bulgaria. See Bulgaria. Bobis Godunow, czar of Russia, 1598— his cruelty causes a revolt in Russia, 1604 — he commits suicide, 1605. Boelase, William, the antiquary, b. 1695 —d. 1772. Bobneo. See Bbooke, Sir James. Boexholm, naval battle near ; the revolted Danes and the Hanse Towns defeated by Gustavns Vasa and Christian III., 1535. Boenhovet, battle of; the duke of Saxony defeats Waldemar II., k. of Denmark, 1227. Bokodino, battle of the ; Napoleon repulses Kutusoff, and advances to Moscow, Sept. 7, 1812. Boeoughbeidge, battle of; Edward II. defeats the barons, 1322. Boroughs in England, first enclosed or fortified places so called by the Anglo- Saxons ; Alfred settles the Danes in five of them, 880 — their representatives first summoned to parliament by Henry III., 1265 — twenty- two new ones added by qu. Mary,1553 — the decayed, or "Rotten,"dis- franchised by the Reform Act, 1832 — the Municipal Reform Act comes into opera- tion, Nov. 25, 1835 — debate in the House of Lords on the recent appointment of borough-magistrates, Feb. 23, 1836. Boebadiotes, Theodosius, patriarch of C. P., 1178— deposed by Andronicus I., 1183. Bobeomeo, Carlo, abp. of Milan, procures the election of cardinal Michele Ghis- lieri as pope (Pius V.), 1566 — narrowly escapes assassination in his oratory, Oct, 26, 1569-^. 1584. Bobeomeo, Filippo, a citizen of San Mini- ato, takes refuge in Milan, and is founder of an illustrious family, 1370. Boeso d'Este, the marquis, created duke of M odena and Reggio by the emperor Frederic IV., 1452. Boet Xezae, or Pass of Roncesvalles, in the Pyrenees, battle of; the Saracens defeat the Franks, 824. Boezivoi I. and II. See Bohemia. Boscawen (afterwards) admiral, b. 1711 — fails in an attack on Pondicherry, (let. 6, 1748 — sails with his fleet for Newfound- land, Apr. 27, 1755 — captures theAlcide and the Lys — sails for America, Feb. 19, 1758 — in concert with gen. Amherst, takes Louisbourg and Cape Breton, July 27 — defeats the French fleet in Lagos Bay, Aug. 17, 1759— d. 1761. Boscobel, a village in Shropshire, where Charles II. escapes from his pursuers after the battle of Worcester, concealed in an oak-tree, 1651. Boscovich, Father, b. 1711— d. 1787. Bosnia, a dependency of Servia, 1350 — of Hungary, under Louis I., 1375— invaded BOS 104 EOT by the Turks, who are repulsed by Mat- thias Corvinus, 1463 — conquered by the Turks after the battle of Mohacz, 1526 — the pasha defeated by pi'ince Louis of Baden, 1688 — a part ceded to Austria by the peace of Passarowitz,1718 — recovered by the Turks, 1738 — conquered by mar- shal Laudon, 1788— restored to the Turks by the peace of Szistova, 1790. Boso, duke of Lombardy and Provence, brother of the empress Richilda, marries Ermengarda, daughter of Louis II., 877 — assumes the title of king of Provence, Aries, and Burgundy, 879— the French and German kings make war on him, and besiege Vienne, which is defended by Ermengarda, 880— d. 887. Boson supplants his brother, Lambert, duke of Tuscany, 931— ejected by Hugh, k. of Italy, 936. Bosphokus, Cimmerian, the Strait between the Palus Mceotis (Sea of Azof) and the Euxine ; its shores first peopled by Cel- tic tribes ; explored by the Milesians, who make it the abode of Cimmerian darkness and scene of early fable, about 750 b.c. ; occupied by Scythians, Massa- getse, or early Goths, about 600. See Bosporus. Naval expeditions of the later Goths prepared there, a.d. 258. Bosphorus, Thracian, the Strait between the Propontis (Sea of Marmora) and the Euxine ; Greek colonies founded on its shores ; Chalcedon on the Asiatic side, B.C. 674 — and Byzantium on the Euro- pean, at its point of junction with the Propontis, 657 — crossed by Darius on a bridge of boats, 505 — the Goths pene- trate through it on their way to Ephesns, a.d. 262 — Constantinople founded on the site of Byzantium, 324 — the Persians, under Chosroes Purvis, penetrate to its shore, 609— crossed on the ice, 764— the Crusaders conveyed over it by the em- peror Alexius, 1096-7— naval battle in front of Constantinople ; the Genoese defeat the Venetians and their allies, Feb. 13, 1352. Bosporus, the kingdom of, founded on the eastern side of the Tauric Chersonesus (Crimea) by a mixed Greek and Scythi- an (Gothic) race, about B.C. 480— the first rulers known only as Archseanactidse ; Spartacus I., k., 438— Seleucus, 431— Sa- tyrus I,, 407 — Leucon, 393 — Spartacus II., 353— Parysades, 348; d. 310— civil war of his three sons ; Satyrus II. reigns 9 months, and falls in battle ; Prytanis is slain by his brother, Eumelus, who becomes king, 309 — is succeeded by his son, Spartacus III., 304— its history un- known for two hundred years ; conquered by Mithridates VI., of Pontus, 108— given to his son, Pharnaces II., by Pom- pey, 63 — Csesar, after the defeat of Phar« naces in Pontus, appoints Asander go- vernor or tributary k. of Bosporus, 47 — Pharnaces crosses the Euxine from Si- nope, and takes Panticapseum and The- odosia ; he is killed by Asander, who rules thirty years ; d. 17 — after hia death commotions follow, which Agrip- pa, with a body of Jewish auxiliaries, puts down, and places Bosporus under Polemo I., k. of Pontus, 14 — Polemo II. confirmed by Caligula, a.d. 38 — dispos- sessed by Nero, 54. Bosra. See Bostra. Bossuet, J. B., b. 1617 — preaches before Louis XI V., 1661 — preaches a funeral ora- tion on Henrietta Maria,widow of Charles I., Nov. 7, 1669 — he publishes his " Ex- position de la Doctrine de l'Eglise Ca- tholique," 1671— writes his Universal History, to assist the education of the dauphin, 1679 — bp. of Meaux, 1681 — the council of French clergy adopt his four propositions, 1682 — holds a public disputation with the Protestant teacher Claude, 1685— publishes his " Histoire des Variations des EglisesProtestautes," 1688— controversy with F^nelon on the mystical doctrine of Molinos and Ma- dame de Guyon, 1698— d. 1704. Boston, in Lincolnshire, a contraction of Botolph's-town, from the church built at Ycanho by Botolph, 651. Boston, in North America, built by En- glish emigrants, 1627— tumults to resist the taxes imposed by parliament, 1768 — cargoes of tea destroyed, Dec. 18, 1773 — the port closed by act of parliament, March, 1774 — battle of Bunker's Hill, and destruction of the suburb of Charles- Town, June 17, 1775. " Boston News Letter," the first news- paper published in North America, 1704. Bostra or Bosra, taken by Corn. Palma, and made by Trajan the capital of his new province of Arabia, 106 — birth-place of the emperor Philip, about 204— Titus, bp., 348— expelled by Julian, 363— the city taken by the Saracens, 632. Boswele, Sir Alexander, is killed in a duel by James Stuart, 1822. Boswell, James, b. 1740 — publishes hia Life of Dr. Johnson, 1790— d. 1795. Bosworth, battle of; Richard III. defeat- ed and slain by the earl of Richmond, who takes the throne as Henry VII., Aug. 22, 1485. Botaniates. See Nicephorus III., em- peror of the East. Botany Bay, discovered by Cook, Apr. 28, 1770— first convicts transported there, 1787. BOU 105 BOU Bothhia,Wesx, conquered by the Russians, 1809. Bothwell-bridge, battle of, the Scottish Covenanters defeated by the duke of Monmouth, June 22, 1679. Bothwell, James Hepburn, earl of, active against the lords of the Covenant, 1559 — concerned in a riot, and is pardoned by queen Mary, 1564 — gains her favour, 1566 — is accused of the murder of Darnley, but acquitted, April 12, 1567 — carries off the queen; is created duke of Orkney, and marries her, May 15— defeated at Carberry Hill, June 15— escapes to the Orkneys, and thence to Denmark, where he is imprisoned ; loses his senses, and dies miserably, 1577. Botolph. See Boston, in Lincolnshire. Botta, Carlo, b. 1767— d. 1837. Bouchain, taken by Marlborough ; his last achievement. Sept. 13, 1711 — surrendered by the imperialists to the French, Oct. 19, 1712. Bouchier, Thomas, cardinal abp. of Can- terbury, 1454 — crowns Henry VII., 1485 — d. 1486. Boucicault, marshal, arrives at CP. with a fleet and troops to assist the emperor Manuel II., 1398 — returns to France, accompanied by Manuel, 1399 — appoint- ed governor of Genoa, and restores order there, 1401 — he escorts Manuel back with a Genoese fleet, provokes the Venetians, and is defeated by their admiral, Carlo Zeno, near Modon, 1403 — unsuccessful attempt to surprise Milan ; during his abseuce, the Genoese overpower and ex- pel the French garrison, and place themselves under the protection of the marquis of Montferrat; he returns to France, 1409— d. 1421. Boufflees, marshal, besieges Charleroi, 1692 — negociates with the earl of Port- land at Brussels, July 26, 1697 — aban- dons Liege to Marlborough, Oct. 14, 1702 — is defeated by him and prince Eugene, at Malplaquet, Sept. 11, 1709. Bougainville, sent out by the French go- vernment on a voyage of discovery, 1766 —returns, 1769 — from a second voyage, 1776— d. 1811. Bouillon. See Godfrey. Boulagh Common, near Ballingarry, the scene of Smith O'Brien's abortive at- tempt at rebellion, July 29, 1848. Boulogne, the ancient Gessoriacum, Bo- nonia, or Portus Morinorum, station of the Roman fleet, commanded by Carau- sius, 287— seized by him, 289— recovered by Constantius Chlorns, 296 — besieged of Henry VII., 1492— captured by Hen- ry VIII., 1544— restored to the French, 1560 — station of the flotilla, for the in- vasion of England; attacked by Nelson, Aug. 4, 15, 16, 1801 — failure of the cata- maran attack, Oct. 2, 1804 — attacked by congreve rockets, 1806 — railway. See Amiens. — Louis Napoleon lands at, but is arrested, Aug. 6, 1840 — arrives there, and offers his services to the republican government, Mar. 2, 1848— prince Albert arrives, to meet the French emperor, Sept. 5, 1854. Boulton, Matthew, b. 1728— in partner- ship with James Watt, improves the steam-engine, and founds the establish- ment at Soho, Birmingham, 1774 — gas- lights introduced there, 1798— d. 1809. Bou Maza, chief of the Kabyles, surren- ders to marshal Bugeaud,1847 — liberated by Louis Napoleon, July 22, 1849. Bounty, Queen Anne's. See Anne, qu. of Great Britain. Bounty, mutiny of the, Apr. 28, 1789— some of the mutineers settle in Pitcairn's Island, in the South Pacific ; three of the others executed at Portsmouth, Oct. 29, 1792 — the settlement discovered, 1814. Bourbon, a seigniory in France, south-east of Berry, held by the family of Archam- baud ; the heiress, Beatrice, marries Ro- bert, count de Clermont, sixth son of Louis IX.; d. 1317 — their son, Louis I., receives the title of duke of Bourbon from Charles IV., 1327— his eldest son, Peter I., d. 1356 — Blanche, daughter of Louis I„ marries Peter the Cruel of Cas- tile. See Blanche de Bourbon. — James, younger son of Louis I., commands the royal army against the insurgents, and is defeated by them at Brignais, near Lyons, 1361 — from him descends the branch of La Marche ; d. 1361 — Louis II,, the Good, son of Peter I., joins a Genoese expedition against Tunis, which fails, 1389 — marries Anne, heiress of Mont- pensier, 1400 — d. 1410 — his son, John I., d. 1433 — his son, Charles I., joins in a rebellion against Charles VII., 1440 — d. 1456 — Louis, second son of John I., in- herits the lands of Montpensier, and is the father of that line of the Bourbons ; d. 1486— John II., son of Charles I., d. without issue, and the title goes to his brother, Peter, sire de Beaujeu, and count de la Marche, 1488 — who marries Anne, daughter of Louis XI. See Anne and Beaujeu. — They leave only a daughter, Suzanne, who is married to the grandson of Louis, duke de Mont- pensier, Charles, constable of France ; offended by the queen, Louisa, of Savoy, he withdraws into Germany, and receives the command of the imperial army in Italy. 1523 — expels the Frenclu invad BOU IUO BOU Provence, and besieges Marseilles, but is driven back into Italy, 1524 — assists in the defence of Pavia and the defeat of Francis I., 1525 — Milan is promised to him by Charles V., 1526— he turns his arms against pope Clement VII., the ally of Francis, and is killed while mounting to the assault of Rome, May 6, 1527— he leaves no posterity, and the duchy of Bourbon escheats to the crown. Bourbon, branch of La Marche and Ven- dome. — John, son of James (younger son of Louis I. ), marries the heiress of Ven- ddme ; d. 1393— their eldest son, James, marries Joanna II., queen of Naples; deprives her of all authority, and im- prisons or puts to death her favourites, 1415— she regains her power, and com- pels him to renounce his regal title, 1416 — he returns in disgust to France, 1419 — becomes a Franciscan monk; d. with- out issue, 1438 — their second son, Louis, perpetuates the line; d. 1446 — his sou, John, d. 1477— his eldest son, Francis, marries Mary of Luxemburg, countess of St. Pol, and Dame d'Enghien; d. 1495— their son, Charles, d. 1537— his son, Antony, marries Jane D' Albret, and becomes k. of Navarre, 1585. See Al- bhet, Jane D'., and Antony of Bourbon. — Their eldest son, Henry de Beaumont, d. young ; on the failure of the elder branch of the descendants of Louis IX., their second son succeeds to the throne of France as Henry IV., and founds the royal dynasty of Bourbon, 1589. See Henry IV., k. of France, and his suc- cessors. — Charles, brother of Antony, cardinal, is put forward by the Guise party as king, with the title of Charles X., 1589— d. 1590— his brother, John, duke d'Enghien, fourth son of Charles, d. 1557 — Louis, the fifth son, founds the line of Conde. Bourbon, Orleans branch. — Philip, youngest son of Louis XIII. , first duke of Orleans, d. 1701 — his son, Philip II., regent, 1715 — d. 1723— his son, Louis, d. 1752— his son, Louis Philip, d. 1785— his son, Louis Philip Joseph (Egalite), guil- lotined, 1793 — his son, Louis Philip, b. 1773, k. of the French, 1830. See Char- tres and Orleans, Dukes of, aud Louis Philip, k. of the French, Bourbon, Conde" branch. — Louis, the first duke (fifth son of Charles, duke of Vendome), leader of the. Huguenots, as- sassinated, 1569 — his son, Henry I., prince de Conde, another leader of the Huguenots, d. 1588 — is followed by Hen- ry II., who marries Charlotte de Mont- morency ; he also places himself at the Head of the Huguenots ; d. 1646— hia son, Louis II., named le Grand, b. 1621 — general of Louis XIV. ; d. 1686— his son, Henry-Jules, d. 1709— Louis III., d. 1710— Louis Henry, prince of Conde, and duke of Bourbon, minister to Louis XV., 1723— dismissed, 1726— d. 1740 — Louis Joseph, one of the first emigrants, leaves Paris, July 1, 1798- -d. 1818— Louis Hen- ry Joseph, b. 1755— d. 1830 — his son, Louis Antony Henry, duke d'Enghien, murdered at Vincennes, Mar. 20, 1804. See Enghien and . Conde, dukes and princes of. Bourbon, Spanish Branch. — Philip, duke of Anjou, second son of the dauphin, Louis, and grandson of Louis XIV., made k. of Spain, 1700. See Philip V., k. of Spain, and his successors. Bourbon, Neapolitan Branch. — Carlos, third son of Philip V., of Spain, made duke of Parma, 1731— k. of Naples, 1735. See Carlos, k. of Naples, and his suc- cessors. Bourbon, Branch of Parma. — Philip, fourth son of Philip V., of Spain, after the removal of his brother Carlos, to Naples, is made, by the treaty of Aix-la- Chapelle, duke of Parma, 1748— d. 1765 — his son, Ferdinand, b. 1751. See Par- ma, and Lucca, Dukes of. Bourbon Princes, of France, Spain, Na- ples, and Parma, join in the Family Compact, Aug. 15, 1761 — demand from pope Clement XIII. the total suppres- sion of the Jesuits, 1769. Bourbon and Orleans Princes, formally reconciled in an interview at Frohsdorf, Nov. 17, 1853. Bourbon, Island of, colonized by the French, 1654-1672 — becomes prosperous, 1718 — taken by adm. Rowley and col. Keating, July 3, 1810. Bourchier, Elizabeth, daughter of Sir James Bourchier, of Fitstead, in Essex, married to Oliver Cromwell, at St. Giles's, Cripplegate, Aug. 22, 162C — on his death, goes to live with their son-in- law, Mr. Claypole, at Norborough, in Lincolnshire, 1658— d. 1665. Bourdaloue, the French pulpit-orator, d. 1704. Bourdeaux. See Bordeaux. Bourgeois, Sir Francis, b. 1755 — d. 1811 — leaves his collection of paintings and other property to Dulwich College. " Bourgeois Gentilhomme," the. See Mo- LIERE. Lourges, capital of Berry, the appoint- ment of the abp. contested between Louis VII. of France, and pope Eugenius 1 1 1., 1143- council of, 1225 — remnant of the kingdom of France, preserved by Charles VII. after the battle of Verneuil BE A 107 ERA 1424— the Pragmatic Sanction of, de- clares the pope subordinate to a general council, and annuls his fiscal rights in France, 1438 — tribunal of, for the trial of political offences ; sentences Barbes, Al- bert, and other democrats, Apr. 2, 1849. Bouriexne, Louis de, b. 1769— d. 1834. Bourmont, Count de, commands the French expedition against Algiers, May 25,1830 — lands, June 13— takes the city, July 5. Boursa. See Bursa. Boussole, La, one of La Perouse's ships, last heard of, 1788. See Perouse, La. Bouvines, or Bovines, battle of ; the em- peror Otho IV. defeated by Philip Au- gustus, k. of France, 1214. Boviantjm, battle of; the Samnites totally defeated by L. Postumius Megellus, the consul of Rome, B.C. 305. Bowditch, T. E., the African traveller, b. 1794— d. 1824. Bowides established in Persia by Imad al Doulah. 933 — Togrul Beg drives them from Bagdad, 1055. Bowles, the Rev. W. Lisle, d. 1850. Bowles, widow, aged 124, d. 1719. Bowyer, William, the elder, b. 1663 — d. 1737. Bowyer, William, b. 1699— d. 1777. Boxtel, battle of, the duke of York de- feated by the French, Sept. 17, 1794. Boyaca, battle of ; victory of Bolivar over the Spaniards, 1819. Boyd, Mr., shot by the Spanish authorities at Malaga, for assisting the patriots, 1831. Boydell, Alderman, b. 1719 — d. 1804. Boyeb succeeds Petion in one portion of Haiti, 1818 — obtains the whole on the death of Christophe, 1820 — becomes pre- sident of the whole island, by the sub- mission of the Spanish part, 1822. Boyle, David, president of the court of Session, b. 1772— d. 1853. Boyle, Hon. Robert, b. 1626 — one of the founders of the Royal Society, 1660 — d. 1691 — commencement of divinity lec- tures founded by him, 1692. Boyne, a river in Ireland, on which Wil liam III. defeats the rebels commanded by James II., July 1, 1690. Boyne, man-of-war, accidentally burned in Portsmouth harbour, May 4, 1794. Bbabant, in the division of Charlemagne's empire, forms part of the territories allotted to Lothaire, son of Louis I., 843 — on his death and the partition of his share, goes to his second son, Lothaire, and remains attached to Lotharingen or Lorraine, 855 : see Lorraine. — M ade a separate duchy by Godfrey I., called first Lower Lorraine, afterwards Bra- bant, 959— given to Godfrey of Bouillon, 1087— Antony, duke, killed in the battle of Agincourt, 1415— his son, John IV., marries Jaqueline, heiress of Holland and Hainault, 1418. See Jaqueline op Brabant. — In his contest with the duke of Gloucester for her states, he is sup- ported by his uncle Philip III., duke of Burgundy, 1424 — after his death Brabant is inherited by his uncle, and is thence- forth attached to the duchy of Burgundy, 1429. See Burgundy. — Transferred to Austria, 1477. See Netherlands. — William of Nassau, prince of Orange, en- ters with an army and is repulsed, 1568— apart ceded to Holland, 1648 — to France, 1668--78 — the remaining Austrian por- tion united to France, 1795 — and the Dutch part, May 15, 1810 — part of the new kingdom of the Netherlands, 1814 —of that of Belgium, 1830. Brabant, duke of, heir-apparent of Bel- gium, marries Maria Henrietta, arch- duchess of Austria, Aug. 22, 1853. Braccio da Montone, the Condottiere, dis- lodged from Rome by Sforza di Cotig- nuola, 1417 — Spoleto recovered from him, 1419 — he submits to pope Martin V., and recovers Bologna for him, 1420 — engaged by Alfonso of Arragon and Joanna, queen of Naples, against Louis of Anjou, 1421 — defends Naples, 1422 — defeated and slain at Aquila, by Jacopo Caldora and Francesco Sforza, 1424. Bracciolini, Poggio, b. 1380 — revives literature, 1425 — writes his dialogue, De Varietate Fortunes, 1430— d. Oct. 30, 1459. Bracton, Henry, writes De Legibus Angluz, 1269. Braddook, general, takes troops to Vir- ginia, Jan. 14, 1755 — defeated and killed near Fort du Quesne, July 9. Bradford on the Avon, battle of; the Britons defeated by Kenwalk, king of Wessex, 652. Bradley, James, b. 1693 — distinguishes himself as an astronomer — d. 1762 Bradshaw, John, chief justice of Chester, made president of the high court of jus- tice for the trial of Charles I., Jan. 10, 1649 — appointed president of the council ">f state, Feb. 6th, — imprisoned 1655 — d. Oct. 31, 1659 — his body disinterred, and exposed at Tyburn, 1660. Bradstreet, Colonel, defeats the French on the Onondaga, July 3, 1756. Bradua, consul of Rome, 185, 191. Bradua, Appius Annius, consul of Rome. 160. Bradua, M. Atilius Metilius, consul of Rome, 108. Bkaga (Iiracara Augusta of the Romans), capital of the Suevian kingdom io BRA 10S BRA Spain; taken by TheodoricII.,k. of the Visigoths, 456— Maurizio Bardino, Abp. of, crowns Henry V. emperor of Ger- many, and is excommunicated for it, 1117— appointed pope by the emperor under the name of Gregory VIIL, 1118. See Gregory VIII., anti-pope. Braganca, a city of Tras os Montes in Portugal, where Pedro marries Inez de Castro, 1325— gives the title of duke to Alfonso, natural son of John I., k. of Portugal, 1422 — the duke of, joins a con- spiracy to oppose the orders of the par- liament of Evora, and is beheaded, 1483 — Constantine, duke of, appointed vice- roy of India by Sebastian; returns to Portugal, 1561— John, duke of, rescues Portugal from the yoke of Spain, and becomes king, 1640. See John IV., king of Portugal. — Napoleon decrees that " the House of Braganza has ceased to reign," 1801. Brahe, Tycho, b. 1546 — adheres to the Pto- lemaic system: prepares astronomical tables called Rodolphine, in honour of the emperor, and continued by Kepler, 1580— d. 1601. Brahe, Count, beheaded for a conspiracy in Sweden, to give the king absolute power, 1756. Braintree case decided by Dr. Lushing- ton's judgment, that a minority cannot levy a church rate, 1842. Bramante. See Urbino, Bramante d\ Bramham, battle of; the earl of Northum- berland and lord Bai'dolf are defeated and slain by sir Thomas Rokesby, 1407. Bkamham MooR,battle of; the parliament's army under lord Fairfax, defeated by the earl of Newcastle and the royalists, March 29, 1643. Brancaleone, senator or governor of Rome, 1253— imprisoned by the Romans, 1256 — restored to his office by the people, and dies soon after, 1258. Brand, Mr., brings forward in the House of Commons a motion for parliamentary reform, which is negatived, May 21, 1810. Brandenburg, margraviate of, established by Henry the Fowler, 926— its Slavonian population (Wenden) subdued by the emperor Otho III. 991 — forms a part of the duchy of Saxony, till it is taken from Henry the Lion by the emperor Conrad III., and given to Albert the Bear, as a separate fief of the empire, 1142, with the electoral dignity ; he improves its condition and builds Ber- lin, 1163— d. 1170 — Otho I. margrave, 1170-1184— Otho II., 1184-1206— Albert II., 1206-1221— John I. and Otho III., 1221 — Neumark acquired from Poland, and Ukermark from Pomerania, 1256 — Upper Lusatia given to Otho on his marriage with a daughter of the king of Bohemia; John II., margrave, 1266 — Otho IV., 1282— Waldemar, 1309. The race of Albert the Bear becomes extinct ; the fief escheats to the empire and is given by the emperor Louis IV. to his son Louis, 1323 — he is attacked by the Poles, 1326 — they are defeated at Plowcze, 1331 — he marries Margaret Maultasch, heiress of the Tyrol, 1335 — de'feats the attempt of the emperor Charles IV. to seize it, 1347 — Louis II., 1352— the Golden Bull declares the se- venth vote in the Electoral College to be for ever united to the margraviate of Brandenburg, 1356— Otho V., 1365— sells his territories to Charles IV., who gives them to his son Wenceslas, 1373 — on his election as emperor, Wenceslas transfers them to his brother Sigismund, 1378— betrothed to Maria, queen of Hungary, 1382. See Hungary. — Appoints Jodocus or Jossus of Moravia his vicegerent in Brandenburg, 13S8 — Jossus elected em- peror — d. 1411. Sigismund elected emperor, resumes the government of his margraviate, 1411 — sells it to Frederic, count of Ho- henzo lern, b. 1372, who styles himself elector, and is the ancestor of the pre- sent royal family in Prussia, 1415 — invested by the emperor, 1417 — d. 1440— his eldest son, John the Alchymist, cedes to his next brothei 1 , Frederic II., and d, 1464— Frederic, d. 1470 — is followed by his brother, Albert III. Achilles, whocZ. 1486— his son, John Cicero, succeeds — d. 1499. See Brandenburg Culmbach. Joachim I., son of John Cicero, d.1535 — Joachim II. succeeds his father, Joachim I., 1535— introduces Protestantism in his states, 1539 — d. 1571 — his son, John George, elector, d. 1598 — his son, Joachim Frederic, marries Eleanora, daughter of Albert Frederic, duke of Prussia, for whom he becomes administrator, 1605 — d. 1606 — his son, John Sigismund, mar- ries Anna, another daughter of Albert Frederic — inherits the duchy of Prussia, and unites it to Brandenbui'g, 1618 — d. 1619 — his son, George William, b. 1595 — refuses to take part in the Thirty Years' War, 1619 — resists the emperor's edict of restitution, 1629— joins in the treaty of peace made with him at Prague, 1635 — d. 1640. His son, Frederic William, b. 1620— enters into the Protestant alliance with Sweden, recovers his states, and pre- pares the future eminence of Prussia- acquires, by the peace of Westphalia, a BRA 109 BKE Brandenburg — continued. I pa»-t of Pomerania, Magdeburg, Halber- stadt, and Minden, 1648 — Cleves, Mark, and Ravensberg are assigned to him, 166i! — joins the league against Louis XIV.. i672 — the Swedes invade his do- minions — he defeats their general, Wrangel, at Fehrbellin, June 18, 1675— peace with Sweden, 1679 — creates a navy on the Baltic, and an East India Com- pany, 1682 — grants settlements to the French Protestant refugees, 1685 — d. 1688 — his son, Frederic III., & 1657' — founds the university of Halle, 1694 — takes the title of k. of Prussia, as Frederic I., 1701. See Frederic I., k. of Prussia. Brandenburg Culmbach, a margraviate, acquired by Frederic, second son of Al- bert Achilles of Brandenburg, 1495 — d. 1536 — his eldest son, Casimir, d. 1527 — his second son, George the Pious, d. 1543 — his third son, Albert, b. 1490, Teutonic grand master, 1512. See Albert of Bran- denburgCulmbach and Prussia. — Albert the Younger, Alcibiades, son of Casimir, margrave, 1536 — joins the expedition of Maurice of Saxony against the emperor Charles V., 1551 — refuses to lay down his arms after the treaty of Passau, and is defeated by Maurice at Sievershausen, 1553— expelled, 1554— d. 1557 — George Frederic, son of George the Pious, be- comes margrave — is appointed adminis- trator of Prussia for his imbecile cousin, Frederic Albert, 1578— d. 1603. Brandenburg, Count, the Prussian mi- niriter, i. 1791— d. Nov. 6, 1850. Brandon, Charles, viscount Lisle, created duke of Suffolk for his services in the battle of Flodden Field, 1513. See Suf- folk, Charles Brandon, duke of. Brandon, Frances, his eldest daughter, marries Henry Grey, lord Groby, and marquis of Dorset, about 1536 — parents of Lady Jane Grey. Brandreth, convicted of treason at Derby, on the evidence of Oliver, a spy ; exe- cuted with others, Oct. 1817. Brandt, the confederate of Struensee, in Denmark, arrested and beheaded, 1772. Brandywine, battle of; the Americans under Washington defeated by gen. Howe, Sept. 11, 1777. Brant, a Dutch shipwright, employed by Peter of Russia to build him a vessel, and instruct him in navigation, at Arch- angel, 1694. Brantome, d. 1614. Bras de Fer. See Hauteville, Wm, De. Brasidas, Lacedaemonian general,marches into Thrace, defeats Thucydides, and captures Amphipolis, B.C. 424— killed, 422. Brazen-nose College, Oxford, founded, 1513. Brazil, discovery of, 1499 — visited by Ca- bral, 1500 — the Jesuits arrive there, 1549 — Portuguese settlements extended to the river Plata, 1553 — taken by the Dutch, 1631 — recovered from them by De Vieyra, 1654 — free trade with Eng- land part of the dowry of Katharine of Braganza to Charles II., 1662 — the royal family of Portugal take refuge in, Oct. 27, 1807 — re-united to the mother country by the regent, 1815 — he returns, as John VI., to Portugal, leaving his son, Pedro, in Brazil, 1821 — separates from Portugal, and proclaims Don Pedro emperor, 1822 — engages in war against Buenos Ayres, 1S"24 — its independence acknowledged, 1825— peace with Buenos Ayres, 1828 — Pedro resigns and leaves for Europe ; his son, Pedro II., succeeds as emperor, with a legislative council, 1831 — Pedro I., d. 1834. Bread, an assize of, fixed in England, 35 Hen. III., 1250. Bread riots in England, 1766. Breakspear, Nicholas. See Adrian IV,, pope. Breakwater, at Plymouth, the first stone placed, Aug. 12, 1812— completed, 1841. Brec knock, taken by the Mercians, 916. Breda, Compromise of, a protest against the measures of Philip II. of Spain in the Netherlands, presented, and scorn- fully refused, 1566 — submits to the duke of Parma, 1583 — recovered by prince Maurice, 1590— besieged by the marquis of Spinola, 1624 — surrenders to him, 1625 — recovered by the statholder, Fre- deric Henry, 1637 — residence of Charles II., where he receives the Scotch com- missioners, Mar. 15, 1650 — he returns there from Calais, to communicate with Monk, 1660— peace between Great Bri- tain and Holland concluded at, July 10, 1667— battle of; the French defeated by Sir Thomas Graham and gen. Bttlow, Jan. 12, 1814. Bregowin, abp. of Canterbury, 759— d. 762. Brehon Laws, ancient rules of justice in Ireland, repealed by James I., 1608. Breitenfeld, or Leipsic, battle of; Tilly is defeated and taken prisoner by Gus- tavus Adolphus, Aug. 28, 1631 — second battle of; the Austrians defeated by the Swedish gen., Torstenson, 1642. Brembre, Sir Nicholas, unjustly accused of treason^ and executed, 1388. Bremen, an ancient imperial city and Hanse town of Germany ; its bishopric created by Charlemagne, 785— burnt by the Hungarians, about 910 — taken by the French, Aug. 29, 1757— evacuated by BRE 110 ERE them, Jan., 1758 — again taken, by the marshal de Broglie, and again aban- doned, Feb. ; occupied by the Prussians, Apr. 3, 1801— again, 1806— included in the French empire, Dec. 13, 1810— re- stored to independence by the Congress of Vienna, 1815. Bremen, the duchy of, ceded to Sweden by the peace of Westphalia, 1648 — seiz- ed by the Danes, after the battle of Pul- towa, 1711 — is purchased from them by George Louis, elector of Hanover, 1715 — ceded to him by Sweden in the treaty of Stockholm, 1719. See Han- over. Bremer, Sir Gordon, blockades Canton, June 28, 1840 — takes Chusan, July 5 — extends the blockade on the coast of China, July 10— d. 1850. Brenneville, battle of; Henry I. of Eng- land defeats Louis VI. of France, and Baldwin VI I., count of Flanders, 1119. Brenta, the Medoacus of the B,omans, a river of Venetia; the Hungarians arrive on its banks and defeat Berenger, 899 — the people of Padua are compelled by the Venetians to restore the channel which they had closed, 1143. Brereton, major, killed at the battle of Wandewash, in India, 1759. Brereton, col., commander of the troops during the Bristol riots, commits sui- cide, Jan. 13, 1832. Brescia, nearly destroyed by an earth- quake, 1222 — besieged by Frederic II. of Germany ; repulses him, 1238 — taken by Eccelino da Romano, 1258 — ruled by the marquis Uberto Pelavicino, 1262 — sub- mits to a governor appointed by Robert, k. of Naples, 1319 — invites' John, k. of Bohemia, to be governor, 1330 — he recalls the banished Ghibelins to, and recon- ciles the two factions, 1331 — his garri- son is driven out, 1332— taken by Azzo Visconte, 1337 — re-annexed to Milan, 1420 — taken by Carmagnola, 1426 — captured by Gaston de Foix, 1512 — be- sieged by the Venetians, 1515— taken by them, 1516 — joins the insurrection of Italy; bombarded, and the inhabitants massacred, by Haynau, Mar. 30, 1849. Breslau, burnt by the Mongols of the Golden Horde, 1241 — taken by Frederic II., of Prussia, Jan. 3, 1741 — ceded to him by the treaty of peace concluded there, June 11, 1742— taken by the Aus- trians, after the defeat of the prince of Bevern, Nov. 25, 1757 — submits again to Frederic, Dec. 21 — besieged by Lau- dohn. 1760 — submits to the French, Jan. 7, 1807— university founded, 1811— the k. of Prussia retires there from Berlin to meet the emperor Alexander, Feb. 21,1813 — visited by the emperor Nicholas, June 14, 1849. Bxesse, the mai'shal de, defeats prince Tho- mas of Savoy, at Avein, near Luxem- burg, 1635. Brest, placed in the hands of the English by the duke of Britanny, 1378 — restored to him, 1390 — indecisive sea-fight near, between the English and the French, 1512 — an expedition against, sent out by qu. Mary, fails, 1558 — garrisoned by Spanish troops, 1591 — recovered from them by Henry IV., 1594 — unsuccess- fully attacked by lord Berkeley, June 8, 1694. Bretagne, or Britanny. See Armoeica, and Bretons. — Charlemagne suppresses a revolt in, 786 — again, 811 — another, by his son, Louis, 818 — tranquillized by him, 824r — Nomenoi revolts, and is the first count ; takes Rennes and Nantes, 841 — defeats Charles the Bald, 845 — achieves independence, 848 — his son. Herispo£, succeeds, 851 — who is followed by Solomon, S58 — the province divided between two counts, one of Rennes, the other of Vannes, 874 — Mathuedoi, and his son, Alan, expelled by Rollo the Norman, take refuge in England, 913 — Alan returns, 931 — is assisted by Athelstan, k. of England, to recover his territories, 937 — Geoffrey I. rules the whole, and takes the title of duke, 992 —Alan V., duke, 1008— Conan II., 1040— Hoel V, 1066— is assisted by Philip I. of France to repel an invasion of Wil- liam the Conqueror, 1076 — Alan, the Red, duke, 1084— Conan III., 1112— divided by Eudes, 1148— Hoel VL, count of Nan- tes, is expelled by his subjects, who elect Geoffrey of Anjou, 1155 — Conan IV., duke, 1156 — takes possession of Nantes on the death of Geoffrey, 1158 — cedes it to Henry II. of England, and affiances his only child, Constance, to Henry's third son, Geoffrey, both in- fants, 1159— Conan, d. 1171— Geoffrey II. succeeds in right of his affianced wife ; his father governs in his name ; Geof- frey killed in a tournament at Paris, 1185 — his widow, Constance, and their infant son, Arthur, are nominal sove- reigns, Henry still retaining his power till his death, in 1189 — Constance mar- ries Guy de Thouars ; d. 1201 — Arthur murdered by his uncle, k. John, 1202— his sister, Eleanora, " the Damsel of Britanny," conveyed to England, is detained a prisoner till her death. See Bristol. — Alice, daughter of Constance and Guy de Thouars, proclaimed duchess, and her father regent, 1203— marries Pierre de Dreux, grandson of Louis VI, BRE 111 BUI Bretagne — continued. who is invested with the duchy of Bre- tagne, 1213— d 1237— John I., the Bed, duke; d. 1286— John II., d. 1305— Ar- thur II., 1312— John III., the Good, d. 1341 — leaving no issue, the succession is disputed by John de Montfort (John IV.), whom Edward III. of England sup- ports, and Charles de Blois, who receives the duchy from Philip VI., of France ; De Montfort is made prisoner at Nantes; his wife, Jane de Montfort, besieged in Hennebonne, is relieved by the arrival of English succours ; Edward besieges Vaanes ; a truce concluded, 1343 — Phi- lip breaks it, by putting to death some nobles, whom he had treacherously seiz- ed, 1344— John de Montfort, d. 1345— Charles de Blois taken prisoner by Jane de Montfort, at La Roche Darion; his countess, Jane de Penthie>re, continues the war, 1347 — he is defeated and slain by Chaudos, at Auray, Sept. 29 — JohnV., son of John de Montfort,is acknowledged as duke, 1364 — fruitless incursions of the duke of Lancaster, 1378— and the duke of Gloucester, 1380 — John V. marries Joanna, daughter of Charles II., k. of Navarre, afterwards queen of Henry IV. of England, 1386— d. 1399— Joanna re- gent for their son, John VI ; he d. 1442 — Francis I. claims compensation from England, for the inroad of De Surienne, and is abetted by Charles VII. of France, 1448— d. 1450— Peter II., duke, 1457— Arthur III., d. 1458— Francis II. shel- ters Henry, earl of Richmond, and his uncle, the earl of Pembroke, 1472— coa- lesces with the duke of Orleans, and is involved in war with Anne, regent of France, 1486 — defeated at St. Aubin, July 28, dies soon afterwards, and the duchy is inherited by his only child, Anne, 1488— Henry VII. of England sends an auxiliary force too late to be of service ; great confusion and distress in the duchy, and many proposals of mar- riage made to Anne, 1489 — she is be- trothed to Maximilian, k. of the Romans, 1490 — Charles VIII. of France compels her to break this engagement and marry him, thereby uniting Britanny to his dominions, 1491 — proposed as part of the dowry of Claude, daughter of Louis IX., to Charles, the heir of Spain and the Ne- therlands, 1504 — the States General of France annul the contract, 1506 — the duchy is definitively annexed to France, 1532 — is placed in the power of the Spa- niards by the duke de Mercoeur, 1591 — Henry IV. recovers it from them, 1594 — engages with La Vendee in the royal- ist insurrection, 1791. Bretagne, the duke of, eldest sen of the dauphin, and great grandson of Louis XIV., d. of the small-pox, Mar. 8, 1712. Breteuil, in Normandy ; Joanna, daughter of Charles II. of Navarre, is captured there, by the French, with one of her brothers, and taken to Pans, 1377. Bretigni, treaty of peace between France and England signed at, May 8, 1360. Bretislas, I. and II. See Bohemia. Breton, Cape, taken by Boscawen and Am- herst, July 27, 1750. Bretons of Armorica ; an army of 10,000 hired by the emperor Anthemins, under Riothamar, to oppose the Visigoths, 470 — Chramnus applies to them for aid in his rebellion against his father, Chlotair, 560 — pope Gregory XL, at Avignon, hires a mercenary force of them to re- cover his dominions, 1376. Bretwalda, or Saxon chief of Britain ; JElla, k. of Sussex, the first, 506 — Ceaw- lin, k. of Wessex, the second, 571 — Ethelbert, k. of Kent, the third, 594— Redwald, of East Anglia, the fourth, 615 — Edwin, k. of Northumberland, the fifth, 623— Oswald, k. of Northumber- land, the sixth, 634— Oswy, k. of Nor- thumberland, the seventh, 642. Breughel, Peter, the Flemish painter, 6. 1569— d. 1625. Brewer, a Flemish emigrant, instructs the English in the art of dyeing, 1668. Brewster, David, b. 1781. Brewster, Thomas, fined and imprisoned for publishing Milton's Defence of the People of England, 1664. Brian Boroimhe, k. of Ireland, and his son, Murdoch, fall in battle against the Danes, at Clontarf, 1039. Bribery voids the election of two consuls • at Rome, and subjects them to punish- ment, b.c 65. Bribery, at elections in Great Britain, punished at Ilchester, 1804— Penryn and Grampound disfranchised; Mr. Swan fined ; Sir Manasseh Lopez fined and im- prisoned, 1819 — motion of lord John Rus- sell against it coldly received and nega- tived by the Commons, Mar. 2, 1826 — punished at Cambridge, 1835-40 — the increase of it after the Reform Act com- plained of by lord Brougham in the House of Lords, by Mr. Duncombe in the Commons, and admitted by Sir Ro- bert Peel, 1841 — punished at St. Alban's, and the borough disfranchised, 1852 — a Bill to prevent it brought in, Feb. 10, 1854— after much debate in both Houses finally passed, Aug. 8. Brice, Andrew, of Exeter, 6. 1690— d. 177a Bridge of boats across the Hellespont, formed by Xerxes, b.c. 480— CJiesar's, ol BRI 112 BRI timber, over the Rhine, 55— Trajan's, of stone, over the Danube, constructed by Apollodorus, a.d. 105— repaired by Con- stantine, 322 — London, of wood, across the Thames, built, 1014 — the first of stone, begun by Peter Coleman, com- pleted, 1209 — the houses on it destroyed by fire, 1212— Westminster, of Portland stone, across the Thames, completed and opened, Nov. 17, 1750 — Blackfriars', London, first stone laid, Oct. 31, 1760— finished, 1770 — repaired, 1834 — the Strand, now Waterloo Bridge, London, first stone, Oct. 11, 1811 — opened by the prince regent, June 18, 1817 — South- wark, of cast-iron, opened, Mar. 24, 1819 — new London, first pile driven, Mar. 15, 1824— first stone laid, June 15, 1825— opened by k. William IV. and qu. Ade- laide, Aug. 1, 1831 — Suspension Bridge over the Menai Strait, begun, 1818 — com- pleted, 1825 — Hungerford, or Charing Cross, London, opened, May 1, 1845 — over the river Bure, at Great Yarmouth, gives way under the pressure of a crowd, and 79 lives are lost, May 2, 1845— Bri- tannia Tubular Bridge over the Menai, first tube placed, June 19, 1849 — the fourth finally fixed, and the railway pas- sage opened, Sept. 13, 1850 — inspected by Qu. Victoria, Oct. 14, 1852 — another, over the Wye, at Chepstow, completed, Apr. 2, 1852. Bridgenorth, on the Severn, occupied by the Danes, 896. Bridget, daughter of Oliver Cromwell, and widow of Ireton, married to Fleet- wood, 1654. Bridgewater, surrenders to the parlia- ment June 5, 1643. Bridgewater, Francis, duke of, b. 1726 — employs James Brindley to construct his canal, 1758— opened for navigation, 1761 — completes the Runcorn locks, June 10, 1773-d. 1803. Bridgewater, Francis Egerton, earl of, leaves a legacy for the six Treatises which bear his name ; d. 1829. Bridghan, the lord-keeper, wishes to mi- tigate the laws against Nonconformists, 1669. Bridport, lord, defeats the French fleet off L'Orient, June 22, 1795. Briel, The, taken by the Watergeuaen, cr revolted Netherlanders, 1572 — one of the cautionary towns consigned to qu. Elizabeth by the Dutch, 1585— given up to them by k. James I., 1616. Bbienne, John de, marries Mary, daughter of Conrad and Isabella, and becomes ti- tular k. of Jerusalem, 1206 — leads the Crusaders against Egypt, 1218— takes Damietta, 1219 — his advice is overruled by the papal legate, Pelagius, and the Christian army is ruined, 1221 — hia daughter, Yolanthe, contracted to Fre- deric II. of Germany, 1223 — he marries Berengaria, sister of Ferdinand III., k. of Castile, 1224 — marriage of his daugh- ter to Frederic, who, in right of her mother, claims the kingdom of Jerusa- lem, 1225 — while employed by pope Gre- gory IX. to reduce Apulia and Sicily, he is elected, set. 80, emperor of Con- stantinople for life, under a convention, that Baldwin II. is to succeed, 1228 — arrives at Constantinople, 1231 — makes war on John Vataces, emperor of Nicsea, and recovers some fortresses in Asia, 1233— d. 1237. Brienne, Walter de, son of Hugh de, and Isabella de la Roche, succeeds, in his mother's right, as sixth duke of Athens, 1308 — the Catalan Grand Com- pany enter into his service, 1310 — he quarrels with, and is slain by them, in a battle on the banks of the Cephissus, 1311. Brienne, Walter de, the son, titular duke of Athens, makes an unsuccessful atr tempt to recover the duchy, 1331 — ap- pointed captain of Florence, makes peace with Pisa, 1342 — is expelled, 1343 — constable of France, 1350— killed in the battle of Poitiers, 1356. Brienne, M. De, abp. of Toulouse, made prime minister by Louis XVI. Apr. 20, 1787— resigns, Aug. 25, 1788. Brienne, battle of; the allies checked by Napoleon in their advance on Paris, Feb. 1 and 2, 1814. Brigantes, a tribe in the North of Bri- tain, make an incursion on the South- ern provinces, which Calpumius Agri- cola is sent to repel, 162. Bright, John, b. 1811 — a quaker, and leader of the Anti-Corn-Law League, elected for Durham, June 25, 1843 — for Manchester, 1847. Brighton, railway from London opened, Sept. 21, 1841— to Hastings and Chiches- ter, June 27, 1846. Brignais, battle of. See Bourbon, James De. Brihuega, battle of; gen. Stanhope and the English division surrounded and captured by the duke de Vendome, 1710. Brindisi. See Brundusium.— The empe- ror Frederic II. marries Yolanthe, daughter of John de Brienne, at, 1226 — occupied by the Venetians, 1496. Brindley, James, b. 1716— commences the duke of Bridgewater's canal, 1758 — d. 1772. Brinkley, Dr. bp. of Cloyne, and presi* BEI 113 BEI dent of the Royal Irish Society, b. 1763 —d. 1836. Brinstan, bp. of Winchester, 931— d. 933. Bbinvillieks, Madame de, notorious for poisoning at Paris; convicted and exe- cuted, 1676. Bbisach, taken by Bernhard of Weimar, 1638— by the French, 1703— lost by them, after the battle of Blenheim, 1704. Brissot, member of the Executive Com- mittee, 1792 — with the Girondists, en- deavours to moderate the violence of the republicans in France j guillotined, Oct. 31, 1793. Bristol, k. Stephen carried there a pri- soner from Lincoln, 1114 — Eleanor, the damsel of Britanny,daughter of Geoffrey, son of Henry II., and rightful heiress of the English crown, dies in the castle there, after an imprisonment of 39 years, 1241 — bishopric of, founded, 1542 — taken by prince Rupert, July 26, 1643— by Fairfax and Cromwell, Sept. 10, 1645— riot caused by the high price of bread, 1753 — petition from, in favour of termi- nating the contest with the American colonies, Oct. 11, 1775 — riots in, sup- pressed by the military, Oct. 25, 1793 ; again, on occasion of the entrance of the recorder, Sir Charles Wetherell, to hold the sessions, Oct. 29, 1831 — rioters tried, Jan. 2, 1832, and four of them executed ; the mayor tried for neglect of duty, and acquitted, Nov. 1 — the see united to that of Glocester, 1836— railway from Lon- don ("Great Western) completed, June 30, 1841 — to Exeter, May 1, 1844 — to Gloucester, July, 1844. Bristol, earl of; lord Digby receives the title from James I., and is employed to negotiate the marriage between prince Charles and the Infanta of Spain, 1619 — is opposed and hated by the duke of Buckingham, 1623 — is impeached by him for high treason, and in return im- peaches the duke, 1626. Bristol, the earl of, attempts to accuse Clarendon of high treason ; fails, July 10 — retires from public life, 1663. Bristol, John Lord Hervey created earl of, by George I., 1714. Britain, first inhabited by a people of Cel- tic (Keltic or Gallic) origin, and visited by the Phoenicians for its tin ; the Cas- siterides, or Tin Islands, mentioned by Herodotus, B.C. 456 — explored by the Carthaginian, Himilco, and called by him Oestrymnides, 360 — described as Bretannike by Pytheas of Marseilles, about 350 — as Albion and Ierne by Aris- totle, about 345 — Publius Crassus, one of Cesar's generals, after the conquest of the opposite shores of Gaul, is the first Roman who examines the tin mines of Britain, 56. Caesar's first invasion, 55 — his second, when he crosses the Tamesis, and makes a treaty for an annual tribute to Rome, 54— menaced by Augustus, 27— Cunobe- lin, k. oftheTrinobantes, reigns at Cam- alodunum, in whose time the tribute is paid by a portoriwm or harbour-due le- vied on all vessels entering or leaving a port, a.d. 4 — pretended expedition of Ca- ligula, 40 — Aulus Plautius, sent by the emperor Claudius, reduces part of the island to subjection, 43 -appointed first Roman governor, 44 — retires, and leaves the command to Vespasian, 47. P. Ostorius defeats the Iceni and Si- lures, and sends Caractacus prisoner to Rome,50 — thelceni revolt underBoadicea, destroyCamalodunum, London, andVeru- lam, and are defeated by Suetonius Pau- linus, near the present village of Sun- bury ; he is recalled by Nero, and the command given to the consul, Turpilia- nus, 61 — Julius Frontinus, gov., 73 — Agricola succeeds, and completes the conquest of the island, 78 — the Caledo- nians rise in arms, and are defeated by him, 80 — he subdues Gal gacus, builds the wall between the Clyde and Forth, and sends his fleet round the north of Scotland, 84 — is recalled by Domitian, and Sallustius appointed gov., 85. Julius Severus, 99 — visit of Hadi'ian ; he orders the wall between Newcastle and Carlisle to be raised, 121 — Lollius Urbicus gov., repels an invasion of the northern tribes, and builds the wall of Antoninus, parallel to that of Agricola, 140— the Brigantes revolt, 162. See Bri- gantes, and Agricola Calpurnius. — Christianity introduced, 178 — the Cale donians break through the wall of An- toninus, and are driven back by Ulpius Marcellus, 184 — Clodius Albinus, go?., 192 — proclaimed emperor by his army, 193. See Albinus Clodius. Irruption of the Caledonians, 207— Se- verus and his sons proceed against them, 208 — they are pursued into their own country ; Caracalla supposed to be the Caracul of Ossian, 209 — the fortified Hue between Dumbarton and Edinburgh strengthened, 210 — Severus d. at York, 211 — the Saxons infest the coast, about 250 — Carausfus, intrusted by Diocletian with a fleet to repel them, establishes an independent sovereignty for himself, 287 — Maximian prepares another fleet against him, 288 — is defeated, and loses Gessoriacum, 289 — peace is concluded, and Carausius is acknowledged ruler of Britain, 290 — is assassinated by Allee- i BRI 114 BRI Bn IT ajv— continued. tus, who assumes the government, 293 . — Allectus is defeated and slain by As clepiodotus, lieutenant of Constantius, who regains the province for Rome, 296 —martyrdom of St. Alban, 303. Constantine arrives , and j oins his father, Constantius, who dies at York, where the son i3 proclaimed emperor by the army, 306— three British bishops attend the Council of Aries, Eborius of York, Restitutus of London, and Adelphius of Lincoln, 314 — expedition of Constans, 343— three British bishops are present at the synod of Ariminum ; their ex- penses are paid by the State, 359 — Lu- picinus sent by Julian to expel the Picts and Scots, 360 — they and the Sax- ons continue their incursions, 365. Britain, at this period in a flourishing state, supplies the neighbouring pro- vinces with corn, and is of such import- ance that Theodosius is sent with an army to provide for its safety, 367 — waits at Rutupise (Richborough) for reinforce- ments, and on their arrival advances to London, 368— having put down the revolt of Valentinus, and deterred invasion, he returns to Gaul, 369— rebellion of Maxi- mus, 383. See Maximus.— Stilicho sends additional forces, and fortifies the coast against the Saxons, 399. The legions choose Marcus, and then Gratian,for emperor; they are both killed, and Constantine appointed, 407. See Constantine, the rebel emperor. — He takes the last remaining Roman forces with him to Gaul; Britain being left defenceless, it was probably at this time that the Saxons obtained permanent possession of Ruitbinis (the Isle of Tha- net) ; Rutupise receives from them the name ofRichborough(Z?zces&yn'^,the Em- pire's fortress), 408— Honorius, being un- able to protect Britain, acknowledges its independence, 409 — Pelagianism preach- ed there, byAgricola, son of Severian,429. Fruitless application to Aetiusfor as- sistance against the Picts and Scots, 446 — Vortigern invites the aid of the Saxons, who drive back the invaders, and begin to establish themselves more widely, 449 — thekingdom of Kent founded, by Hengist, 454. See Kent, kingdom of. — Sussex, by iElla, 490. See Sussex, kingdom of. — Wessex, by Cerdic, 519. See Wessex, kingdom of. — Essex, by Erchenwin, 530. See Essex, kingdom of. — Northumber- - land, by Ida, 547. See Northumber- land, kingdom of. — East Anglia, by '; ,. Ufla, 571 or575. See East Anglia, king- . . dom of. — Mercia, by Cridda, 586. See Mercia, kingdom of. The name of England adopted in Ger- many for the Saxon portion of Britain be- fore 550, is brought into the island by the three last bodies of colonists. See En- gland. — The British warriors gradually retire before them, to the western side of the island, from Cornwall to the Clyde, and unite in a general league, called Cvmri ; the Saxons term them Gauls, or Welsh. 586. See Wales.— (The battles, succession of kings, and other events, are given under the heads of the respective kingdoms of the Heptarchy.) Pope Gregory I. sends Augustin and a train of monks to preach Christianity to the English, 596. See Kent. — Augustin ordained bp. of the English, at Aries, 597 — the British church agitated by disputes respecting the time of celebra- ting Easter ; synod of Whitby, 664 — in the same year, a violent pestilence rages in the island ; synod of Heath- field (Bishop's Hatfield), 680— of Clove- shoo, 742 — first aggression of the Danes, or Northmen, 787 — Egbert, k. of Wes- sex, 800 — he unites all the kingdoms of the Heptarchy under his sway, leaving tributary .kings, or administrators, in Northumberland and Mercia ; styles himself king of England, 828. See England. Britannia Bridge. See Bridge. Britannicus, son of Claudius, excluded from the throne by Nero, 50— poisoned by him, Oct. 14, 55. Britanny. See Bretagne. British Association, the : — Meets at York, Sept., 1831 — at Ox- ford, June, 1832 — at Cambridge, June, 1833 — at Edinburgh, Sept. 8, 1834 — at Dublin, Aug. 6, 1835— at Bristol, Aug 22, 1836— at Liverpool, Sept., 1837— at Newcastle, Aug. 18, 1838 — at Birming- ham, 1839— at Glasgow, 1840— at Ply- mouth, July 28, 1841 — at Manchester, June, 1842 — at Cork, Aug, 1843 — at York, Sept., 1844 — at Cambridge, June, 1845 — at Southampton, Sept., 1846 — at Oxford, June, 1847 — at Swansea, Aug., 1848 — at Birmingham, Sept., 1849 — at Edinburgh, July and Aug., 1850— at Ipswich, July, 1851 — at Belfast, Sept., 1852 — at Hull, Sept., 1853— at Liverpool, Sept., 1854— at Glas- gow, Sept. 12, 1855 — at Cheltenham, Aug., 1856. British Auxiliary Legion raised, to serve against the Carlists, June 9, 1835 — de- feats them near Hernani, May 5, 1836 — and at St. Sebastian's, Oct. 1. British Institution founded, 1805. British Manufactures: the Romans et*- tablish some, but not of a permanent BUI 115 BRO Bbitish Manufactures — continued character; they have a gynecceum, or female factory, at Venta Belgarura (Winchester), about 380; those of the present day derived from the Flemings, who after long buying and carrying away for their own use the wool of East An- glia (to save the expense of two voyages), introduce the art of spinning it at Wor- stead in Norfolk, and of weaving in the city of Norwich, 1132 ; queen Philippa brings over John Kempe and his work- men from Flanders to extend these opera- tions; she often visits and encourages them, 1331. Manufactures commence at Manches- ter,1352-the persecuted Protestants of the Netherlands take refuge, mostly, in the eastern counties, and promote the growth of their trade, 1568— William Lee in- vents the stocking frame, 1589 — the silk manufacture introduced, 1620 — Louis XIV., by his invasion of the Nether- lands, drives many more industrious Flemings into England; one of them, Brewer, improves the art of dyeing, 1668 — that of makingplate glass brought from Venice, 1673 — the revocation of the Edict of Nantes causes many French artizans to arrive, and many silk-wea- vers settle in Spital Fields, London, 1685. SirThomasLombe erectshis silk-throw- ing machine at Derby, 1719 — flourishing state of the linen manufacture in the North of Ireland, of steel-ware at Bir- mingham, and cutlery at Sheffield, 1740 — Wedgwood ware introduced, 1762 — im- proved steam engine of James Watt, 1764 — the. spinning frame invented by James Hargrave, 1767 — the jenny by Richard Arkwright, 1769 ; first patents to him and James Watt, given this year — the mule added by Samuel Cromp- ton, 1775 — the manufacture of muslins at Manchester, 1780 — the jacquard loom in public use, 1806. Napoleon's continental system, for the destruction and exclusion of British manufactures, 1807-1810— the power- loom invented, 1807— riots of weavers in Manchester and Yorkshire, 1808 ; re- newed ; machinery broken and factories attacked, 1812 — the Russian tariff ex- cludes nearly all British manufactures, 1816— turn-out of the Manchester cotton spinners, 1818 — agitation and violence in all the manufacturing districts — the working classes petition for Reform, 1819 — Mr. Huskisson's measures extend the silk manufacture, 1824— power- looms destroyed by the hand-weavers Ui Lancashire; the owners recover the value of them from the hundred, 1826. High duties imposed in America on Bri- tish manufactures, 1828 — distress of the Spitalfields weavers, 1829 — destruc- tion of machinery in many counties, 1830 — act passed to regulate the employment of children in factories, 1833— riots at Oldham— strike of the Leeds Unionists, and of the Glasgow calico-printers, 1834 — the operative engineers of Manchester, after nearly four months' resistance, submit to their employers' terms, April 26, 1852. See Cotton, Linen, Silk, Woollen, Earthenware, and Hard- ware manufactures. British Museum, established, 1753 ; first meeting of the trustees, Dec. 4; George II. presents to it the Royal Library, founded by Henry, son of James I., 1757 — the Townley marbles purchased, 1812 — the Elgin marbles, 1816 — the statue of Memnon brought by Belzoni, and Dr. Barney's library purchased, 1818 — the library of Buckingham house, 120.000 volumes, presentedby George IV.. 1823 — statue of James Watt erected, 1832. British subjects, resident or travelling in France, detained by Bonaparte, May 22, 1803— forbidden by proclamation to serve in the contest between Spain and the South American States, Nov, 28, 1817. British and Foreign Bible Society, founded by Lord Teignmouth, 1803. Brixen, the Council of, votes the deposi- tion of Gregory VII., and elects the Antipope, Clement III. Jan. 25, 1080. Broad Bottom (or Coalition) Ministry formed by Henry Pelham, Premier, 1744. Brock, Gen., surprises and captures an American army under Gen. Hull at F.oi t Detroit, in Canada, Aug. 16, 1812. Brocquiere, Bertrandon de la, a Burgim- dian knight, visits the East, and on his return writes an account of his travels., 1432. Broglie, duke de, one of the first to emi- grate, leaves Paris, July, 1789. Broglie, duke de, takes office in the first ministry of Louis Philip, 1830 ; retires, Nov. 2 ; has the foreign department j;i the ministry of Soulf, 1832 ; is dismissed, 1834 : succeeds Mortier as prime minis- ter, March 11,1835; Thiers takes his place, Feb. 22, 1836. Broglio, Marshal, commanding the French in Italy, is surprised by the A us- trians and defeated at Quistello on the Secchio, Sept. 15, 1734— joins the elector of Bavaria with a French force, 1741- commands a division of the anny in, Hanover, against the Duke of Cumber- BRO 116 brit land, 1757— takes Bremen, 1758— re- pulses prince Ferdinand of Brunswick at Bergen, April 17, 1759— is defeated at Minden, Aug. 1— brings large reinforce- ments and takes the chief command ; is defeated at Warburg July 31, 1760 — superseded by Marshal de Soubise, 1761. Broke, Lord, receives with lord Say a grant of Connecticut, 1631 — commands a de- tachment of the Parliamentary army, and is killed at Lichfield, March 2, 1643. Broke, Sir Philip, captain of the Shannon, takes the American frigate Chesapeake, June 1, 1813. Bromsebro, treaty of, between Sweden and Denmark, 1645. Bronte, an estate and title bestowed by the king of Naples on Nelson, 1798. Brooke, Fulke Greville, Lord, b. 1558— assassinated by his servant, Sept. 30, 1628. Brooke, Sir James, founds the settlement of Labuan, Dec. 2, 1846 — suppresses the Borneo pirates, July 31, 1849 — inquiry into his conduct moved by Mr. Hume, refused by the Commons, July 10, 1851. Brookes. Joshua, an eminent surgeon, b. 1761— d. 1833. Broome, William, the poet, b. 1689 — d. 1745. Brosse, De La, under the patronage of Richelieu, forms the Jardin des Plantes at Paris, 1635. Brothers, the pretended prophet, sent to a lunatic asylum. 1795. Brougham. Henry, (afterwards Lord,) b. 1778— publishes his Colonial Policy, 1803 — supports Sir Robert Heron's motion for a repeal of the Septennial Act, May 19, 1818— appointed attorney-general to queen Caroline, April 29, 1820— conducts her defence before the House of Lords, Dct. 3 — denounces the principles of the "Holy Alliance," 1823 — brings before the parliament the proceedings against missionary Smith at Demerara, June 1, 1824 — chosen lord rector of the University of Glasgow, April 4, 1825 — on his mo- tion two committees are appointed to inquire into the state of the law, Feb. 7, 1828-elected for Yorkshire, Aug. 5, 1830— created a peer and appointed lord chancellor, Nov. 22— resigns, May 9, 3832 — resumes office, May 18— presented with a gold cup by the lord Mayor for his furtherance of the Reform Bill, Nov. 6 — introduces a Bill for establishing a Central Criminal Court in London, March 26, 1834— quits office, Nov. 15— omitted in the second Melhourne ministiy, April 8, 1835— lays the first stone of the City »f London School,- Oct. 31--false report of his death, Oct. 22, 1839 — complains of the increase of bribery at elections, Sept. 30, 1841 — introduces his Local Courts bill, Feb. 28, 1842 — addresses the Society of Sciences at Paris, Jan. 20, 1850. Broughton, Dr., b. 1782 — bishop of Sydney, d. 1853. Brown, Count, Austrian Field Marshal, commands against Frederic of Prussia at Lowositz, 1756 — is defeated by him at Prague, and dies of his wounds, May 6, 1757. Brown, Wm., M.P. for South Lancashire, gives £6,000 to found a Public Library at Liverpool, Sept. 21, 1853. Bbowne, Sir Thomas, b. 1605- d. 1682. Brownrigg, general, takes Candy, in Cev- lon, Feb. 19, 1815. BtUTAT, admiral of the French fleet in the Black Sea, dies on his voyage back to France, 1855. Bruce, Robert, a descendant of the earl of Huntingdon, brother of William the Lion, claims the crown of Scotland, 1290. Bruce, Robert, the younger. See Robert 1., king of Scotland. Bruce, Edward, lands in Ireland with an army, 1315 — is crowned king, 1316— his brother Robert goes over with an army to support him, but soon withdraws, 1316 -defeated and slain atDundalk, by- Lord Berntingham, Oct. 5, 1318. Bruce, James, b. 1730— commences his travels in Abyssinia, 1768— penetrates to the source of the Nile, 1770— returns, 1773 -his travels published, 1792— d. 1794. Bruchion, the, a part of Alexandria, de- stroyed, with its library, by a popular tumult, 263. Britok, in Hungary, taken by Matthias Corvinus from the Turks, 1482. Bruck, baron von, the Austrian ambassa- dor, arrives at Constantinople, June 14, 1853. Brucker, John Jonas, b. 1691— d. 1770. Bructeri, a German people, attack M. Vicinius, 1. Bruges, the ancient capital of Flanders, a flourishing seat of manufactures, 1010 — Canute's widow, Emma, hospitably re- ceived there by count Baldwin IV. and his consort, Adela, 1037 — also Sweyn Estritson, son of Ulf Jail and Canute's sister, Estrith, 1045— Sweyn, son of earl Godwin, takes refuge there, 1047 — a mem- ber of the Hanseatic league, 1300 — mas- sacre of its French garrison, 1302 — Wol- sey meets the emperor Charles V. and concludes a treaty with him, Nov. 24, 1521 — surprised by the French, .Inly 5, 1708 — recovered by the allies, Dec. 30. Bkun., Le, b. 1619 — his paintings are dis- BRU 117 BRIT tinguished in the exhibition at Paris, i 1673— d. 1690. BhL'NANBUKH. See Bamborough. Brundusium, conquered by Rome, B.C. 267 — Sylla lands there on his return from the east, 83 — Octavius reconciled there to Antony, 40 — pacifies his discontented troops there, 31 — the road from, to Be- neventum constructed by Trajan, a.d. 109 — added to the duchy of Beneven- tum by Romoald, 668 See Brindisi. Brune, General, b. 1763 — obtains posses- sion of Berne by capitulation, April 12, 1798— defeated by sir Ralph Abercrom- bie, Sept. 10, 1799— defeats the duke of York at Bergen, near Alkmaar, Sept. 19 — again, Oct. 6 — murdered by a royalist mob at Avignon, Aug. 2, 1815. Brunehild, daughter of Athanagild, k. of the Visigoths, married to Sigebert, k. of Austrasia, 566— on his death governs as regent for their son, Childebert II., 575 — herdaughter, Ingundis, is married to Her- menegild, son of theVisigoth, Leovigild, 579 — is regent again for her grandsons, 596— instigates the murder of Theode- bert, 612— is put to death by Chlotair II., 613. Brunei,, M. I., the engineer, b. 1769— pro- jects the Thames tunnel, 1823 — com- mences the work, 1825 — completes it, 1843— d. 1849. Brunei/leschi, the architect, d. 1444. Brunn, besieged by Torstenson, 1645. Bruno, a Saxon, chaplain to the emperor Otho III., placed by him in the papal chair, 996. See Gregory V., pope. Bruno founds the Carthusian order, at La Chartreuse, 1084. Brunow, count, arrives in Paris, to take part in the peace conferences, Feb. 25, 1856. Brunswick, the founder of the present fa- mily, Welf (or W6lpe), son of Isenbard of Altdorf, in Suabia, and Irmentrud, sister of Charlemagne, b. about 780— his daughter, Judith, married to the em- peror Louis I., 819— marriage of Cune- gonda, the heiress, to Albert Azzo II., marquis of Reggio and Modena, 1047 — their son, Guelf IV., created duke of Ba- varia, Guelf I., 1071. See Bavaria. Brunswick, a lordship separated from the duchy of Saxony and given by the em- peror Otho I. to his nephew, Bruno I., second son of Henry, duke of Lorraine, 955— d. 972— Bruno II., d. 1006— Ludolf, d. Feb. 23, 1038— Bruno III., d. 1057— his brother Egbert I., d. 1068 -Egbert II. rebels and defeats the emperor Henry IV., 1088— d. 1090— his sister, Gertrude, inherits — her second husbaud, Henry, count of Northeim, d. 1101— their daugh- ter, Richenza, is the third wife of the emperor, Lothaire II. — on the marriage' of Gertrude, their daughter, to Henry, the Proud, duke of Bavaria, Brunswick, re-united to Saxony, is given to him, and now becomes part of the Guelf territo- ries, 1126. See Bavaria. Henry, the Lion, deprived of all his other states, retains Brunswick, 1180— <>. 1195— his son, Otho, elected by the G iiflf party to be k. of Germany, 1198— is ac- knowledged as Otho IV., 1208— d \2lo — his brother, William Longsword, inhe- rits Brunswick, and from him it descends to Otho, the Child, who is created by the emperor Frederic II., first duke of Bruns- wick Luneburg, 1235— d. 1252— the duchy divided — Henry, the Wonderful, takes Grubenhagen, 1286— his daughter, Adel- heid, marries the Greek emperor, An- dronicus II. Otho goes to Italy and assists John Palaeologus, marquis of Montferrat, against theVisconti, 1363— is guardian of his sons, invested with the cities of Alba and Asti, and vicar general in Italy of the emperor Charles IV., 1372— assists Amadeus VI. of Savoy in his war with the Visconti, 1373— receives proposals of marriage from Joanna I., queen of Naples, 1375 — they are married, but he is not allowed to assume the title or* king, 1376 — she is dethroned and he taken prisoner by Charles of Durazzo, 1381— released from the castle of Mol- fetta, employed by Charles against Louis of Anjou, and made prince of Taranto, 1384 — serves Louis of Anjou, the son, against Margaret, mother and regent of Ladislas, the young k. of Naples — takes Naples and inflicts vengeance on the murderers of queen Joanna ; then trans- fers his services to Margaret, 1337 — fails in an attempt to relieve the castle of Capuaua, lSSS-^-surprised and made pri- soner by the San Severini ; released for a ransom, and promising to make war no more for ten years, 1392— d. 1399. Frederic, elected k. of Germany, on the deposition of Wenceslas ; killed soon afterwards in a fray, 1400— this branch becomes extinct in 1596— Ernest, the Eich, begins the Gottingen branch— from him descends Magnus Torquatus, d. 1373 — Bernard, duke of Brunswick Luneburg, 1409— d. 1434— Otho II. and Frederic I. joint dukes — Otho d. 1445 — Frederic d. 1478 -Henry I. d. 1531— Ernest I. joins the Protestant league, 1532— d. 1542— di- vision of the duchy. Bbunswick WoLFENBUTTEii — Henry II., eldest son of Ernest I., takes this part of his territories, with the title of duke BEIT 118 brf Brunswick Wolfenbuttel— continued. of Brunswick, 1542— d. 1592— Ernest II., d. 1611— Christian I.,d. 1633— Augustus, d. 1636— Frederic II., d. 1648— Christian Louis,d.l665— George William L.d 1705 — Antony, becomes a Roman Catholic — d. 1714— his son, Augustus William, d. without issue, 1731 — his brother, Louis Rodolf, d. 1735— Ferdinand Albert, d. also 1735— Charles I. succeeds. His brother Ferdinand, b. 1721, takes the command of the allied army in H ano- ver, and drives the French back to Zell, 1757 — expels them from Hanover and Hesse, defeats them at Creveld, and takes Dusseldorf, 1758 — repulsed by the French at Bergen, April 17 — retires to the Weser— gains the battle of Minden, Aug. 1 — recovers Hanover and Hesse, 1759 — falls back to Fritzlar— defeats the French at Warburg, July 31, 1760 — maintains his ground in Hanover, 1761 — recovers Cassel and a great part of the landgraviate, and concludes a suspen- sion of arms at Kircheim, 1762 — d. 1797. Charles William Ferdinand, eldest son of Charles I., and hereditary prince, com- mands a detached force, lays siege to Wesel, and is defeated by the French at Campen, Oct. 15, 1760 ; and at Johannis- berg, Aug. 30, 1762 — marries Augusta, daughter of Frederic, prince of Wales. See Augusta, duchess of Brunswick. — On the death of his father, succeeds as duke, 1780 — commands the Prussian ai'my against France, and publishes his manifesto, July 25, 1792 — takes Longwy and Verdun, Aug. 23 — enters Cham- pagne, Sept. 14 — defeated at Valmy, by Kellermann, 20 — victorious at Pinna- sens, Sept. 14, 1793 — at Kayserslautern, Nov. 30 — his army withdrawn by the treaty of Basle, April 5, 1795 — his daugh- ter, Caroline Amelia Augusta, b. 1768 — marries her cousin, George prince of Wales, April 8, 1795. See Caroline, princess of Wales. — The duke com- mands the Prussian army, and is defeat- ed by Napoleon at Jena, Sept. 14, 1806 — d- of his wounds, at Altona, Nov. 10 —the conqueror refuses to let him be interred in the ancestral vault of the family. Louis Ernest, prince of Brunswick, re- gent of Holland, during the minority of William V., 1751 — minister when the statholder comes of age. 1766 — retires, 1784— Frederic William, son of Charles William Ferdinand, inherits Oels, 1805 — succeeds his father, 1806 ; but is ex- pelled from his states, which form part of the kingdom of Westphalia — he re- covers them, 1813 — is killed at Quatra Bras, 1815 — his son, Charles 1I„ succeeds, under the protectorate of Great Britain — representative government introduced in his states, 1820 — he is expelled by his subjects, and takes refuge in England, Sept. 6, 1830 — his brother, Augustus Louis William, b. 1806, is made duke, April 5, 1831. Brunswick Luneburg; William, second son of Ernest I., takes this part of his father's dominions, with the title of duke of Hanover, 1542— d. 1598 — George, d. 1641— John, d. 1662— Ernest Augustus, marries Sophia (b. 1634), fifth daughter of Frederic, elector palatine, and Eliza- beth, daughter of James I. of England. See Sophia duchess of Hanover. He is created an elector of the empire, 1692— d. 1698— his son, George Louis, b. 1660— adds Zell to his dominions, by his mar- riage with the heiress, Sophia Dorothea, whom he repudiates, 1694, and confines in the castle of Ahlen, where shed. 1726 — he is admitted to his seat in the elec- toral college, 1708 — becomes k. of Great Britain — era of the Brunswick or Hano- verian accession, Aug. 1, 1714. See George I., k. of Great Britain— and Ha- nover. Brunswick, a free imperial city, loses its independence, and becomes subject to the duke, and capital of his states, 1671. Brunswick theatre in London falls, Feb. 29, 1828. Brusa. See Bursa. Brussels, capital of Brabant, resists the duke of Parma as viceroy of Spain, 1579 — Mary de Medicis, and her son, Gaston, duke of Orleans, retire there, 1631 — is the temporary residence of James, duke of York, Feb. 28, 1679— bombarded by marshal Villeroi, Aug. 13, 1695 — the earl of Portland enters into preliminary negotiations there with marshal Bouf- flers, preparatory to the peace of Rys- wyk, July 26, 1697— Maximilian Eman- uel, elector of Bavaria, fails in his at- tempt to surprise the city, 1708 — taken by the French, 1746 — restored to Austria by the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748 — congress at, declares the independence of the Belgian provinces, June 4, 1790 — submits to the emperor Leopold, Dec. 3 — taken by Dumourier, 1792 — revolt in, and expulsion of the Dutch troops, Aug. 25, 1830 — prince Frederic of Holland repulsed, Sept. 25— capital of the king- dom of Belgium, 1831 — railway to Mech- lin opened, May 5, 1823. Bruttium, an ancient province of Italy, now Calabria Oltra; Alexander of Epi- rus defeated and slain by its people, at BUC 119 BUC Pandosia, b.c. 332 — subdued by the Ro- mans, 277— invaded by Hamilcar, 245. Brutulus, Papius, a leader of the Sam- nites, commits suicide, rather than fall into the hands of the Romans, B.C. 322. Brutus, D. Junius, consul of Rome, B.C. 325. Brutus, D. Junius, consul of Rome, conci- liates the Lusitanians, and removes a co- lony of them to the coast of Spain, B.C. 138 — remains in Lusitania as proconsul, and extends the dominion of Rome to the Atlantic, 137 — conquers the Galli- cians, 136 — assists the consul Semproni- us against the Iapydae, 129. Brutus, Decimus, consul of Rome, B.C. 77 — joins the conspiracy against Caesar, 44 — besieged by Antony in Mutina, and murdered, 43. Brutus, L. Jun,, expels the Tarquins, is made consul of Rome, and killed in battle against them, B.C. 509. Brutus, M., b. b.c. 85 — conspires against and murders Caesar, Mar. 15, 44 — defeat- ed at Philippi, kills himself, 42. Brutus, M. Junius, consul of Rome, b.c. 178. Brutus, M. and D., introduce gladiators at Rome, at their father's funeral, B.C. 264. Bruyere, La, b. 1644— d. 1696. Bryant, Jacob, b. 1715— d. 1804. Brydges, Sir Egerton, b. 1762— d. 1837. Bryennius, Nicephorus, rebels against Mi- chael VII., emperor of the East, 1077 — defeated by Botaniates, taken prisoner, and deprived of sight, 1078. Bryennius, grandson of the rebel, and husband of Anna Comnena, conspires against her brother, John II., emperor of the East, and is pardoned, 1118. Bubb, George, authorized by Act of par- liament to take the name of Doddington, 1717 — becomes Treasurer of the Navy, 1744— his " Diary" published, 1784. Bubble-projects, proclamation against, - June, 1720. See South Sea Bubble. Bubulcus, C. Junius, consul of Rome, b.c. 317; 313, II. 311, III. — penetrates into Samnium, where he is surrounded, and cuts his way through witli great courage and loss of men ; he builds a temple to Salus, 311 — master of the horse to the dictator Papirius Cursor, 309. Bubulcus, Cn. Junius Brutus, consul of Rome, B.C. 291 ; 277, II. Buccaneers, piracies of the, on the coasts of America, 1613. Buccaporci, or Pig's cheek. See Sergius II., pope. Bucer, Martin, b. 1491 — adopts the opinions of Carlstadt, 1524 — invited to reform the Church of Cologne, 1543 — comes to Eng- land, 1548— d. 1551. Buch, Von, the geologist, b. 1784- ~d. 1833. Buchan, the earl of, defeats the English at the battle of Bauge, 1421 — slain at Verneuil, Aug. 16, 1424. Buchanan, the historian, b. 1506 — d. 1582. Buchanan, Claudius, the missionary, 6, 1766— d. 1815. Bucharest, taken by the Russians, 1769— conferences for peace there, 1772 — broken off, 1773— occupied by the Russian gen., Gortchakof, July 28, 1853 — evacuated, July 28, 1854— entered by the Turks, Aug. 6 — occupied, by the Austrians, Sept. 6. Buche, Captal de, serves in the army of the prince of Wales, at Poictiers, 135<5 — rescues the wife of the dauphin Charles, and the ladies of her court, from the violence of the peasantry at Meaux, 1358 — commands in Normandy the army of Charles, k. of Navarre ; is defeated and taken prisoner, by Bertrand de Guesclin, 1364 — made prisoner again, in Guienne, 1370. Buckingham, Humphrey, duke of, serving in the army of Henry VI., falls in battle at Northampton, July 10, 1460. Buckingham, Henry, duke of, grandson of the above, beheaded by Richard. III., 1483. Buckingham, Edward, duke of, son of the above, founds Magdalen College, Cambridge, 1519 — is executed for high treason, May 17, 1521. Buckingham, George Villiers (afterwards) duke of, first seen by James I. at Cam- bridge, 1615 — becomes his favourite, and rules him, 1618 — attends prince Charles into Spain, 1623 — impeaches the earl of Bristol, and is impeached by him and by the Commons ; pending this process, he is elected chancellor of the university of Cambridge ; rivalry and jealousy be- tween him and Richelieu, 1626— makes an ill-concerted and unfortunate attack on the Isle de Rhe, 1627 — proceedings of the Commons against him ; he is assas- sinated, at Portsmouth, by Felton,'Aug. 23, 1628. Buckingham, the duke of, son of George Villiers.6 1617— is with Charles II. at Breda, and accompanies him to Scotland, 1650 — wishes to mitigate the laws against the Nonconformists, 1669 — one of the " Cabal :" his mission to France, 1670 — introduces into England from Ve- nice, the manufacture of plate-glass, 1673 — examined at the bar of the Commons, Jan. 14, 1674 — sent to the Tower, re- tracts, and is released, 1677 — d. 1688. Buckingham, James Sheffield, duke of, builds Buckingham House, 1703. Buckingham, duke of, fights a duel with BUG 120 BUL . flie duke of Bedford, 1822— resigns his gfeat in the cabinet, and his office of lord privy seal, 1842. Buckingham, James Silk, b. 1786 — proprie- tor of the " Oriental Herald," is banished from India, 1823— d. 1855. Buckingham-house. See Buckingham, Jas. Sheffield, duke of. — Purchased for queen Charlotte, Jan. 17, 1775— taken down, and the new palace commenced by Geo. IV., 1825 — completed, and made the royal residence by queen Victoria, 1837. Buckinghamshire militia, Wilkes de- prived of the colonelcy of the, May 4,1763. Buckinghamshire, Robert Hobart, earl of, secretary of state in the Addington mi- "ristrv. 1801 — resigns, 1805 — takes office again in the Liverpool ministry, 1812. Bucklemakers of Birmingham petition against the use of shoe-strings, Dec. 21, 1791. Buda, or Pesth, the Acincum of the Ro- mans, afterwards the strong fortress of the Avars, taken by Charlemagne, with its treasures, 799 — afterwards the capital of Hungary — Ladisla3 V. crowned there, 1453 — the university and library founded by Matthias Corvinus, 1465 — Ferdinand of Austria crowned there k. of Hungary, 1527 — John von Zapolya brought in by the Turks and crowned there, 1529 — taken by the Turks, 1541 — besieged by the imperial general, Von Schwartzen- berg, 1599— by the duke of Lorraine, 1684 — taken by him from the Turks, Sept. 2, 1686— evacuated by Kossuth, Jan. 5,1849. See Pesth. Bud^eus, Simon, disseminates anti-trinita- rian doctrines in Lithuania, and is ex- pelled from his church, 1584. BUUD.EUS, J. P., b. 1667— d. 1729. Buddhism introduced into India, B.C. 956. Buenos Ayres built, 1535 — a British and Portuguese expedition against, faiis, June 1, 1763 — taken by Sir Home Popham, June 27,1806 — retaken by the Spani- ards, Aug. 12— general Whitelocke de- feated there, July 5,1807 — revolts against Spain, 1810— forms the La Plata or Ar- gentine republic, Porado director, 1814 — war with Brazil, 1824— Quiroga gover- nor, 1830 — De Rosas, 1835— civil war — De Rosas displaced by Urquiza, 1852. Buffon, Le Clerc, count de, b. 1707 — pub- lishes the first part of his "Histoire Naturelle," 1749— d. 1788. Bugeaud, marshal, appointed governor of Algeria, 1840 — gains the victory of Isly, and is created duke, 1844 — returns to France, 1847 — offers his services to the republic, 1848 — d. of cholera, 1849. Bugo Soldado railway from Panama, opened, March 15, 1852, Builders, journeymen, strike of, in London, Aug. 18, 1834. Bukki, Jewish high priest, B.C. 1305. Bulbus, C. Atilius, consul of Rome, b.o. 245, 235, II. Bulgarians, the chief of the Slavonian tribes, invade Thrace, 499— again, 502— defeated by Theodoric, the Ostrogothie k. of Italy, who recovers Sirmium from them. 504 — expelled from Thrace by Mundo, 530 — are led by Zabergan over the frozen Danube as far as the river Atyras, and are repelled by Belisarius, 559 — they establish themselves in Pan- nonia, 630 — their chief, Cuvrat, makes a treaty with theemperorHeraolius,634-his youngest son, Azek, leads a colony into Italy, to which Grimoald gives a settle- ment in the duchy of Beneventum, 670 — Asparach, another son of Cuvrat, founds a new kingdom in the north of Thrace, between the Danube and Mount Hsemus. 678. Uunsuccessful campaign of Justinian II. against them, 688 — he takes refuge with them, 704— they restore him to bin throne, 705 — he attacks them, and is de- feated at Anchialus, 708 — they plunder Thrace, 713— they first assist the attempt ofAnastasius 11. to regain his throne, but afterwards give him up to Leo III., 719 — defeat Constantine V. at Batagaba, 750 — an expedition sent by him against them is wrecked, 766 — after many years of internal strife and war with the Avars, Crumnus obtains the. leadership, and extends his authority north of the Danube, 800 — attacked by the emperor Nicephorus I., 809 — he is defeated and slain by them, July 25, 811 — they defeat the emperor Michael I., invade Thrace, and take Adrianople, 813— send an em- bassy to settle a boundary question witli Louis I., 825— invade Pannonia and are driven back, 828. Baldimer, successor to Crumnus, re- leases his Greek prisoners, 836 — Bo- goris negotiates with the empress Theo- dora and with Louis of Germany, 845 — is converted to Christianity, and re- ceives the title of king, 860 — is suc- ceeded by Presian, 869 — the Bulgari- ans reject the supremacy of pope Ha- drian II. — and accept an archbishop from Ignatius, patriarch of Constantinople,870. Simeon succeeds, 883 — defeated by Arpad, chief of the Magyars and Ungri, 889 — again, in three bloody battles, 896 — take Adrianople, 914 — again,922 — they besiege Constantinople — interview be- tween Simeon and the emperor Romanue I., peace is concluded, 923 — Simeon d — his son, Peter, succeeds, and marries Ma- BUL 121 BUL Bulgarians — continued. ria, granddaughter of Romauns, 927 — d. 969 — the Bulgarians are deteated by the Russians, 966 — conquered by Bardas Sclerus, become subject to the Greek em- pire, 971 — regain their independence un- der Sisman, whose son, Samuel, is made king, 976 — they conquer Macedon and Thessaly, 978 — sustain many defeats from the emperor Basil II., who acquires the surname of Bulgaro-slayer, 988-1001 — after another victory, he blinds his pri- soners and sends them home ; at sight of whom their king, Samuel, is overcome with grief, and dies, 1014. His son, Gabriel, is killed by La- dislas, who is conquered by Basil, and the Bulgarians finally subjected to the Greek empire, 1018 — they resist the passage of the first crusaders, and put many thousands to death, 1096 — re- volt of the Bulgarians, and foundation of the new or Wallacho-Bulgarian king- dom, by the three brothers, Peter, Asan, and John, the first of whom assumes the title of emperor; they join other rebels in au attempt on Constantinople, which is saved by Conrad of Mont- fetTat, 1186 — drive the Greeks from the siege of Lobitza, 1188 — defeat the em- peror Isaac Angelus, 1192 — plunder Varna, Anchialus, and other towns, 1193 — again defeat the emperor, at Arcadio- polis, and advance to Adrianople, 1194 — Asan assassinated, 1196 ; and Peter, 1197. John (Joannice or Calo Johannes) ac- knowledged k. of Bulgaria — he con- cludes a treaty of peace, by which the emperor Alexius III. cedes to him Varna and Constantina, 1200 — is crown- ed by a papal legate, 1203 — defeats the Latin emperor Baldwin at Adrian- ople, and takes him prisoner, 1205 — is defeated by the emperor Henry, 1206— besieges Thessalonica, slays its king, Boniface of Montferrat, in battle, and is himself assassinated, 1207 — Boris (or Phrobilas) is succeeded by Asan (John Asan), 1217. See Asan, k." of Bulgaria. — His son, Caloman I., inherits the throne, 1241 — d. 1245 — Michael Asan cedes to Theodore Lascaris II., emperor of Thrace, all the Bulgarian conquests south of Mount Haemus, 1255 — d. 1258— Caloman II. succeeds. A series of weak rulers and intestine wars cause the Bul- garian kingdom to decline — it is overrun by the Nogay Tartars, 1285 ; and made subject to Servia, 1330 ; attacked by the sultan Amnrath I., who takes Philippo- polis, 1363; and becomes finally part of the Ottoman empire, 1391. Bulgarus, one of the Glossators, asserts the imperial jurisdiction in Italy, at the diet of Roncaglia, 1158. Bull, Dr. John, b. 1563, Gresham profes- sor of music — composes "God save the king," for a dinner given to James I. and his son Henry, at Merchant Tailors' Hall, 1606 — promotes sacred music iu England, 1618— d. 1622. Bull, a term applied to many edicts or mandates, from the bulla or seal At- tached to them. See Golden Bull. — Generally given to papal decrees, among which the following are some of the most remarkable : that of Pascal 1 1., confirming the Order of Knights Hospitallers, 1113; of Innocent HI., deposing k. John, 1212; and another, annulling Magna Charta, 1215; of Honorius 111., forbidding the teaching of the civil law in the univer- sity of Paris, 1218 ; of Gregory IX., or- dering the knights in Palestine to obey the emperor Frederic II., 1232; of Cle- ment V., authorizing a crusade against the Venetians, 1309; of Clement. VI., against the Flagellants, 1349; of Gre- gory XI., against Wickliffe, 1378; of Eugenius IV., for dissolving the council of Basle, 1437 ; of Julius II., for the mar- riage of Henry VIII. to Katharine of Arragon, 1508; of Paul III., " In Coena Domini," 1536; and another, May 22, 1542, calling the council of Trent; of Pius V., deposing queen Elizabeth, which a man is hanged for fixing up in London, 1570 ; of Sixtus V., proclaiming a crusade against her, 1587 ; of Innocent X., against the doctrine of the Jan- senists, 1653; of Clement XL, "Unigeni- tus" against them, 1713 ; of Clement XII., against Freemasons, 1736. Bull-baiting, bill for the abolition of, thrown out by the Commons,May 24,1802. Buller, Charles, b. 1806— d, 1848. Bullinger establishes the reformed wor- ship in Zurich, 1531. Bulls issued against the heretics by Gre- gory IX., 1231 — the publication of them in England declared by act of parliament to be treason, 1571 — the publication of them, in his dominions, without his sanction, forbidden by the emperor Jo- seph II., 1781. Bulmer, Wm., b. 1756— d. 1830. Bulow, Von, the Prussian general, enters Holland, and proclaims the prince of Orange, Dec. 1, 1813 — defeats the French near Breda, Jan. 12, 1814. Bulwer, Edward Lytton (now sir E. B. Lytton), b. 1805 — president of the Edin- burgh Society, 1854. Bulwer, sir Henry, ambassador at Madrid, offends the duke of Sotomayor by hit BUR 122 BUR advice, and receives his passports. May 19, 1848 — ambassador to the United States, Dec. 24, 1849. BulwerClayton treaty, dispute between Great Britain and the United States on the construction of the, 1856. Bunker's-hill, near Boston, in America, battle of, June 17, 1775. Bunsen, chevalier, Prussian ambassador in London, addresses a note to lord Pal- merston on the Schleswig-Holstein af- fairs,; Aug. 4, 1850 — recalled from his embassy, April 26, 1854— presents to the queen his letters of recall, May 31. Bunyan, John, b. 1628-d!. 1688. Buol Schauenstein, count, placed at the head of the office for foreign affairs in Austria, Apr. 1852— advises the czar Ni- cholas to desist from his measures against Turkey, May 30, 1853, and not to occupy the principalities, June 14. Buonaparte. See Bonaparte. Buonarotti. See Michael Angelo. Buonconvento, near Sienna; the emperor Henry VII. of Germany dies at, Aug. 24, 1313. Burchard, John, of Wesel. imprisoned by the abp. of Mentz for opposing indul- gences and other practices of the church, 1497. Burchardt, landgrave of Thuringen, is slain by the Hungarians, 909. Burchardt, duke of Swabia, enters Italy to assist Rudolf ; is defeated and slain, 926. Burckhardt. John Louis, b. 1784 — d. 1817. Burdet, Thomas, a friend of George, duke of Clarence, executed, 1477. Burdett, Sir Francis, b. 1769 — his motion for inquiry into the conduct of the late ministry negatived by 207 to 39, Apr. 12, 1802— elected for Middlesex, and unseat- ed by petition, J uly, 1802 — the sheriffs committed for having shown partiality to him in the Middlesex election, 1805 — comments by letter on the commitment of John Gale Jones, Mar. 24, 1810— is himself in consequence committed to the Tower by the Commons; liberated, avoids the procession prepared for him, June 21 — proceeds against the Speaker for false imprisonment ; the -Judges de- cide that he was legally committed, May 17, 1811 — presents a petition praying for economy and reform, Feb. 6, 1817 — re- jected, May 20 — brings the conduct of Oliver the spy under the notice of the Commons, and accuses the ministers of employing agents to seduce the ignorant and unwary into seditious practices, and then betray them, June 16 — his reso- lution for annual parliaments and uni- versal suffrage, seconded by lord Coch- rane, rejected by 100 to 2, June 1, 1818 — elected for Westminster, 1818 — crimi- nal information against him for his letter to the electors of Westminster, Nov. 20, 1819 — found guilty at Leicester of a libel on government, Apr. 11, 1820 — fined £2000 and imprisoned ; his constituents pay the tine, 1821 — his motion for a com- mittee on the Catholic claims agreed to, May 8, 1828 — takes the chair at the meeting of the London Political Union, Oct. 31, 1831 — complies with a requisi- tion to resign his seat for Westminster, and is re-elected, May 11, 1837— d. 1844. Burdett, Miss, acquires under the will of the duchess of St. Alban's, the wealth left by her grandfather, Mr. Coutts, 1837. Burimno, Maurizio. See Braga. Buren, Martin Van, elected president of the United States, 1836 — installed, Mar. 4, 1837 — forbids by proclamation Ameri- can interference in the affairs of Canada, Jan., 1838 — loses his re-election on ac- count of his war against the banks, 1840. Burg, Elizabeth de, rebuilds aud endows Clare Hall, Cambridge, 1344. Burg, Hubert de, regent of England, 1219 —dismissed from his council by Henry III., 1232— d. 1243. Burgess, Thomas, bp. of Salisbury, b. 1746 — d. 1837. Burgesses, a court of, established in the kingdom of Jerusalem, by Godfrey's As- size, 1099 — first summoned to the En- glish parliament by Henry III., 1265. See Boroughs. Burgh Castle, in Suffolk, supposed by some to be the Garianonum of the Noii- tia Imperii; called Cnobersburg by the Saxons; Fursey builds a monastery there, 631, which k. Anna enlarges and endows, 639. Burgh on the Sands, in Cumberland ; Ed- ward I., k. of England, dies at, 1307. Burgher guard of Berlin disarmed, Nov. 15, 1848. Burgos, the burial place of the Cid, 1099 —the cathedral of, built, 1221— Alfonso X., k. of Castile, knights Edward, son of Henry III. of England, there, 1255 — Alvarez de Luna is beheaded at, July 5, 1453 — Philip of Castile dies there, Sept. 25, 1506— Wellington fails to take the castle, and falls back to Freynada, 1812 — the fortifications destroyed by the French, June 12, 1813. Burgoy'ne, General, defeats the Americans at German Town, Oct. 3, 1777 — surren- ders to gen. Gates at Saratoga, Oct. 17 — demands a court martial and a parlia- mentary inquiry into his conduct; both are refused, and he is deprived of his employment, Nov., 1778— d. 1792. BUB 123 BUR Burguhdian Code (Loy Gambette), framed and issued by Gundibald, 501. Burgundians, tbe first Gothic tribe who constructed burghs, or fortified places ; they were among the earliest who at- tempted to gain a settlement within the Roman empire ; having overrun a large part of Gaul, are driven back by Probus, 277 — about the middle of the fourth cen- tury they occupy the banks of the Rhine, north of the Maine, and are engaged in frequent contests with the Allemanni, against whom they are hired by Valen- tinian to assist him in his war, 370. Force a passage over the Rhine, and establish themselves in Gaul, 406 — assist the revolt of Jovinus, 411 — receive from him a grant of lands, which Honorius confirms ; they remain permanently set- tled there, and Gundicar is their king, 413 — he rules the ancient occupants mildly and peacefully, 420— are defeated by Aetius, and make peace ; are then in- vaded by the Huns, 435 — Gundicar is succeeded by Gunderic, under whom they repeat their attacks, and are again re- pulsed by Aetius, 436— ally themselves with the Visigoths ; Aetius employs an auxiliary force of Huns in various con- flicts with them, 437 — serve in his army against Attilaat the battleof Chalons, 451. Chilperic succeeds Gunderic, 466— his son, Gundibald, marries a daughter of - Theodoric, k. of the Ostrogoths, and succeeds as k. of the Burgundians, 491 — his niece, Clotilda, marries Clovis, k. of the Franks, 493— defeated by Clovis I., near Dijon, through the treachery of his brothei", Godegesil, whom he after- wards kills, 500 — frames a code of laws, 501 — receives from Theodoric a sun-dial and water-clock, 503 — d.516— Sigismund succeeds ; puts to death his son, Segeri- . cus, and quiets his conscience by large donations to the monastery of St. Mau- rice, 522 — assumes the monastic habit ; is betrayed into the hands of the Franks, and killed by them, 523 — his brother, Gondemar, defeats and slays Chlodomir, son of Clovis, at Voiron ; is afterwards overcome by his brothers, and the Bur- gundians made subject to the Franks, 534— some of them join a band of Gothic adventurers, and besiege Milan, 538. Burgundy, or Orleans, a new kingdom formed on the death of Chlotair, in the part of France assigned to his son, Gon- tran, 561- his kingdom enlarged by the addition of Angouleme, Saintes, and other provinces, on the death of his brother, Charibert, 567. See AustrigiIj- ors. — He makes war on Becared I., the Ostrogothic k., and is defeated at Car- cassone, 588 — d. 594— the kingdom is in- herited by his brother, Childebert II., on whose death it goes to his youngest son, Thierry II., 596. See Brunehild, and Austrasia. — On the death of Dago- bert I., his son, Clovis II., inherits Bur- gundy and Neustria, 638— d. 656 — his son, Chlotair III., reunites all the king- doms; d. 670— Thierry III. made k. of Burgundy and Neustria ; is sent by his nobles into a monastery, 671 — resumes his throne, 673— d. 691— Thierry III. nominal k. under Pepin. See Neustria. Burgundy, or Provence ; in the division of Lothaire's kingdom, his youngest son, Charles, takes this portion with the title of king, 855— d. 863 — his lands are absorbed by his brothers ; on the death of Louis the Stammerer, Boso, brother- in-law of Charles the Bald, takes pos- session of Burgundy, Provence, and Aries, 879— d. 887, when his kingdom is divided. See Boso. Burgundy, Lower, or Arles; Louis, son of Boso. is proclaimed k. of this part of his father's dominions, under the guar- dianship of his mother, Ermengarda, 888 — she obtains for him the protection of the emperor Arnulf, and he is crowned at Aries ; the Sai-acens establish them- selves at Fracinet, 890 — he claims the crown of Italy, 899 — is acknowledged by some nobles, 900 — elected emperor of the West, 901 — surprised by Berenger, is allowed to go to Aries, on taking an oath not to enter Italy again, 902 — breaks his oath, is taken prisoner at Verona, blind- ed, and sent back again to his kingdom, 905 — retains the title of emperor, al- though Berenger is elected and crowned in his place, 915 — d. ; his kingdom is united to Transjurane Burgundy, 928. Burgundy, Transjurane, or Upper ; a se- parate kingdom founded in Switzerland and Savoy, after Boso's death, by his governor, Rudolf 1.. 888— <2. 911— Rudolf II. succeeds ; is elected k. of Italy in opposition to Berenger, 921 — maintains h*« ground at Verona, 922 — defeats Be- renger at Fierenzuola, 923 — sole k. of Italy, 924 — expelled by Hugh, count of Provence, 926 — on the death of Louis, unites Upper and Lower Burgundy, making Aries the capital of his States, 928— the nobles of Italy propose to call him back to their throne ; Hugh pur- chases his friendship, by ceding to him part of Provence, 933— d. 937— Conrad succeeds; d. 993 — Rudolf III. attends the coronation of the emperor Conrad II. at Rome, 1027, and bequeaths to him hi* kingdom, which, after his death, re- mains annexed to Germany, 1032. BUR 124 BUB Burgundy, Duchy of ; a northern part of > the first kingdom of the Burgundians; | one of the hereditary benefices created j by Charles the Bald, at the Diet of i Quiercy-sur Oise, and given by him, with the title of duke, to Richard le Justicier, count of Autun, 877— d. 921— his son and successor, Rudolf (Raoul), is made k. of France, 923, and resigns his duchy to Giselbert, who d. 938— Hugh the Great holds Burgundy. See Hugh, count of Pa- ris ; d. 956.— Inherited by his son, Otho, from whom it passes to his brother, Henry I., the Great, 965— he is contirm- . ed in it, with sovereign rights, by his elder brother, Hugh Capet, on his be- coming k. of France, 987— d. 1002. His nephew, Robert, k. of France, in- herits Burgundy, but the Palatinate, or Franche Comte, is severed from it, and attached to the kingdom of Aries ; he gives it to his second son, Henry, 1015, who, on ascending the throne of France, transfers it to his younger brother, Ro- bert, the progenitor of the long line of succeeding dukes, 1032— d 1075— Hugh, d. 1078— Eudes I. ; his son Henry, of Besancon, created duke of Portugal, founds the dynasty of that kingdom, 1095 — d. 1102— Hugh II., the Pacific, d. 1142 —Eudes II., d. 1162— Hugh III., d. 1193 —Eudes III., d. 1218— Hugh IV., d. 1272 —Robert II., A 1305- Hugh V., d. 1315 —Eudes IV., d. 1350— Philip de Rouvre, last of the line ; his lands ravaged by the insurgent peasantry, and the mar- shal murdered, 1358— d. 1361. His duchy claimed byCharlesII of Na- varre; k. John II. of France declares it escheated to the crown, and gives it to his fourth son, Philip the Bold, 1363— he mar- ries Margaret, daughter and heiress of Louis II., count of Flanders, 1369— shares with his brothers the regency of France ; commands the army against the duke of Gloucester, and avoids a battle, 1380 — inherits Flanders, Artois, and other ter- ritories of his father-in law, 1384— re- sumes the regency ; jealousy and rivalry between him and his brother, the duke of Orleans, 1392— d. 1404. His son, John the Fearless, succeeds ; hollow reconciliation between him nnd the duke of Orleans at Vincennes, 1405 — as- sists John the Pitiless, bishop of Liege, to overcome his rebellious subjects, 1406-in- stigates the assassination of the duke of Orleans at Paris, 1407— is proclaimed an enemy of the State ; occupies Paris with an army, and expels tlie court, 1408 — Civil war between him and his adversa- ries, 1410 — is supported by Henry IV of England, with an auxiliary force, 1411 — the war suspended by the treaty of Arras, 1414 — enters into a secret alliance with Henry V. of England, 1416 — liberates qu. Isabella, at Tours, coalesces with her, and conquers great part of France, 1417 — obtains possession of the king's person, 1418 — invited by the dauphin to meet on the bridge of Montereau, is assassinated by the Orleanists, Aug. 18, 1419. His son, Philip the Good, succeeds ; en- ters into close alliance with HenryV., and is a party to the treaty of Troyes, 1420— unites Namur to his States, 1421— re- news his league, and gives his sister, Anne, in marriage to the duke of Bed- ford, 1423— is offended by the duke of Gloucester's marriage with Jaqueline, duchess of Brabant, and assists in re- pelling his attempt to make himself master of her hereditary States, 1424 — is reconciled, 1425 — acquires Brabant, 1429. See Brabant. — Marries Isabella, daughter of John I., k. of Portugal, and institutes the Order of the Golden Fleece, to commemorate the manufac- turing prosperity of his lauds ; takes Joan of Arc prisoner, and sells her to the English, 1430 — withdraws from his alliance with them, 1432 — treaty with Charles VII., at Arras; adds Holland and Hainault to his States, 1433. See Jaqueline. — Announces to the English council his alliance with France, 1435— besieges Calais, but retires on the ap- proach of the duke of Gloucester, 1436— purchases Luxemburg, 1444 — his son, the count de Charolais, heads the league "for the Public Good" in France, 1465. See Louis XL, k. of France.— Philip d. 1467. His son, Charles the Bold, succeeds ; forms an alliance with Edward IV., k.ot England, and marries his sister, Marga- ret, 1468 — assists him to recover his throne, 1471 — adds Guelderland and Zut- phen to his dominions,and sets himself in opposition to Louis XL, 1472, who applies to pope Sixtus V. to excommunicate him, 1473 — renews his alliance with Ed- ward IV.; is now the richest and most powerful prince in Europe ; wishes for the title of k. of Burgundy, which the emperor Frederic IV. refuses to give him ; he turns his arms against the em- peror, 1474 — is reconciled to Louis, to whom he gives up the count St. Pol, 1475 — invades Switzerland; is defeated at Granson, Apr. 5, and at Murton, or Mo- rat, June 20, 1476 — aspires to conquer Lorraine; besieges Nancy ; is defeated, and falls in battle, Jan 5— Louis seizes part of his dominions; the rest are trans- ferred to Austria by the marriage of his only child, Mary, to Maximilian, son c| EUB 125 EUR the emperor, 1477 — these are included by him in the German System, as the tenth division, or Circle of Burgundy, 1512. See Austria, the Netherlands, and Belgium. Burgundy, duke of; title given to Louis, eldest grandson of Louis XIV., b. 1682 — educated by F^nelon, 1689 — becomes dauphin on the death of his father, 1711 — dies of the small-pox, 1712, leaving a son, afterwards Louis XV. Burhred, k. of Mercia, 852 — marries Ethelswith, daughter of Ethelwulf, 858 — besieges the Danes in Nottingham, 868 — makes peace with them for Mercia, and pays tribute, 872 — conquered and deposed by the Danes ; d. at Rome, 874. Burke, Edmund, b. 1730 — recommends to Dodsley the publication of the " Annual Register," and for several years writes the historical portion of it, 1759 — private secretary to the marquis of Rocking- ham, and M.P. for Wendover, 1765 — moves resolutions condemning the course pursued towards America, which , are negatived, May 8, 1770— his celebra- ted speech on American taxation, Apr. 19, 1774— his resolutions on the same subject negatived, Mar. 22, 1775 — his conciliatory measures again rejected by the Commons, Nov. 16— proposes various reforms, which are supported by Pitt, Sheridan, and others, but lost on the se- cond reading, Feb. 27, 1781— becomes paymaster-general of the forces in the second Rockingham administration,Mar. 30, 1782 — resigns, July — moves the im- peachment of Warren Hastings, Apr. 4, 1786 — presents the articles of impeach- ment at the bar of the House of Lords, May 10, 1787 — his opening speech at the trial occupies four days, Feb., 1788 — publishes his " Reflections on the French Revolution," 1790 — agrees with Pitt and Fox in condemning all laws which at- tach penalties to opinions, Feb. 21, 1791 — quarrels with Fox, and joins the mi- nisterial party, May 6 — in a debate on the Alien Bill, he heightens the effect of his oratory by producing a dagger and throwing it on the floor, Dec. 19, 1792 - retires from parliament, and receives a pension, 1794— rf. 1797. Burke's systematic murders detected, at Edinburgh, Dec. 24, 1828— he is executed for them, Feb. 16, 1829. Burleigh, lord— (see Cecil, Wm.) — made lord treasurer by qu. Elizabeth, 1572 — establishes the first newspaper, " The English Mercury," Aug. 10, 1588— d. 1598. Bubleigh House, near Stamford, residence of the marquis of Exeter, visited by queen Victoria, Nov. 12 1844. Burley, Sir Simon, executed for treason, 1388. Burlington, battle of, the Americans de- feated by the British, June 6, 1813. Burmese war breaks out— Rangoon taken, 1824— victory of general Campbell, and Prome taken, Dec. 25, 1825— the war con- cluded by the treaty of Yandabu, Jan. 26, 1826 — second war commences, 1851 — Rangoon, Martaban, Prome, and Pegn. taken, 1852 — the Burmese refuse the terms of peace offered them, May 7, 1853- assent to the British demands, when hos- tilities cease without a formal treaty of peace, June 30 — send an ambassador to Calcutta, Dec. 11, 1854 — a British em- bassy received at Ava, 1855. Burnes, Sir Alexander, killed in Cabul, Nov. 2. 1841. Burnkt, Gilbert, b. 1643— gives evidence before the House of Commons against the duke of Lauderdale, April 13, 1675 — draws up the manifesto of the prince of Orange, 1688— made bishop of Salisbury, 1689-d. March 27, 1715. Burney, Dr.. b. 1726- -d. 1814. Burney, Dr. Charles, b. 1758— d. 1817— his library purchased foi the British Mu- seum, 1818. Burns, Robert, b. 1759— d. 1796 — comme- moration of, at Ayr, Aug. 6, 1844. Bukr, Aaron, b. 1756— contests the presi- dency of the United States with Jeffer- son — is vice-president, 1801 — kills gen. Hamilton, in a duel, 1804— d. 1836. Burrus, consul of Rome, 181. Bursa, Boursa, or Brusa— (see Prusa)— taken by Orchan, the Ottoman, 1326— Matinel II. detained there by Bajazet — escapes. 1391 — assigned for the residence of Abd el Kader on his liberation, 1852; Buksbai, sultan of Egypt, makes Cyprus tributary, and threatens Rhodes, 1426. Buuton-cresceut, statue of major Cart- wright erected in, 1831. Burton, a divine, imprisoned by the Star Chamber, 1637. Burton, Dr. Edw., regius professor, Ox- ford, b. 1794-d. 1836. Burton, Robert, author of the Anatomv of Melancholy, b. 1576— d. 1639. Burton-on- Trent, Edmund Wlntemati, an Arian, burnt at, 1614. Bury, in Lancashire, statue to Sir Robert Peel erected at, Sept. 7, 1852. Bury St. Edmund's, the Bedericsworth < f the Saxons, receives its name from tin- abbey erected to commemorate king Ed- mund, slain there by the Danes, 870— the English barons meet thei'e, and pre- pare Magna Charta, 1214 — the abbey plundered by the people, 1381 — Hum- phrey, duke of Gloucester, is murdered, BYX 126 CAB 1447— nearly destroyed by fire, 1608 — railway to, from Colchester, opened, Dec. 24, 1846. Busaco, battle of — Massena repulsed by lord Wellington, Sept. 27, 1810. Busching, A. F., b. 1724— d. 1793. Busento, a river of Italy, in the bed of which Alaric was buried, 410 BusiRis builds Thebes, in Egypt, B.C. 2111 — the building of the city ascribed to Se- sorteen I., of the 12th dynasty, B.C. 2700 -2600, La.— destroyed by Diocletian, 297. BrjTE, John, earl of, b. 1713 — appointed se- cretary of state, March 25, 1761 — suc- ceeds the duke of Newcastle as first lord of the treasury, and prime minister, May 29, 1762— attacked by Wilkes in the " North Briton," 1762— resigns, 1763 — d. 1792. Buteo, M. Fabius, Consul of Rome, b.c. 245. Buteo, N. Fabius, consul of Rome, B.C. 247. Butler, Charles, b. 1750— d. 1832. Butler, Josenh, b. 1692 — becomes bp. of Durham— d. 1752. Butler, Samuel, author of " Hudibras," b. 1612.— d. 1680. Butler, Samuel, bp. of Lichfield, b. 1773 — d. 1839. BoTLER, Dr., dean of Peterborough, b, 1774 — d. 1853. Butler, captain, b. 1827— assists in the de- fence of Silistria against the Russians — d. there, June 20, 1S54. Buxton, Thos. Fowell, b 1782 — takes the place of Wilberforce, as leader of the anti slavery party, 1824 — d. 1845. Buxtorf, the Hebrew scholar, fl. 1620— d. 1664. Byng, admiral sir George, b. 1663— drives back the Pretender from the coast of Scotland, 1708 — a fleet fitted out under him, July 31, 1715 — sent to the Baltic to guard against the designs of Charles XII. of Sweden — finds no preparations made there for embarking an army, 1717 — sails for the Mediterranean, June 3, 1718— captures or destroys the greater part of the Spanish fleet near Syracuse, July 31— co-operates with the Austrians in recovering Messina, and destroys the remaining naval force of the Spaniards in Sicily, Oct. 19, 1719 — created lord Torrington, 1721— d. 1733. Byntg, admiral John, sails for the Mediter- ranean, April 7, 1756 — makes a feeble attack on the French fleet, May 20— fails to relieve Minorca, and returns to Gib- raltar; is superseded, June 16 — confined in Greenwich Hospital, Aug. 9 — brought to trial at Portsmouth, Dec. 27 — con- demned, Jan. 28, 1757 — warrant for his execution, Feb. 6 — executed, March 14. Byng, George, M.P., b. 1762-d. 1847. Byron, commodore, sails on his voyage of discovery, June 21, 1764 — returns, May 9, 1766 — has an action with D'Estaingin the West Indies, July 6, 1779. Byron, George, Lord, b. Jan. 22, 1788— publishes his " Hours of Idleness," 1807 — " Childe Harold," 1812— the lord chan- cellor refuses injunctions to protect his "Cain," 1822— arrives in Greece, 1823 — dies at Missolonghi, April 19, 1824. Byron, Ada, daughter of the poet, b. 1815 — afterwards lady Lovelace— d. 1852. Byrrhus, a senator, to whom the emperor M. Aurelius had given a daughter in marriage, put to death by Cleander, 187. Byzantine empire. See Eastern empire. Byzantinus. See Theophanes. Byzantium founded by the Megarians, headed by Byzas, b.c. 657 — a second co- lony settles there, under Zeuxippus, 628 — conquered by Darius, 505 — retaken by the Greeks, 477 — by Alcibiades, 408 — be- sieged by Philip, 340 — the siege raised, 339 — arrears of tribute remitted to, by Claudius, at the request of Nero, a.d. 53 — besieged by Severus, 194 — taken and punished for its resistance, 196 — Licinius retires there after his defeat at Adriau- ople, 323 — chosen by Constantine for the site of his new city of Constantinople, 324. Byzas. See Byzantium. Cabades, b. 449 — succeeds Palasch on the throne of Persia, 486 — expelled by Zain- asplies, son of Firoze, 497 — restored by the Nephthalites or White Huns, 501 — invades Mesopotamia and takes Amida, which begins the Persian war against Anastasius I., 502 — defeats Areobindus, the Roman gen., and his colleagues, 503 — Celer leads another army against him, and besieges Amida, 504: — takes the place, and peace is made, 505 — ineffectual ne- gotiation with Justin I., 521 — war re- newed, 524 — Cabades conducts a success- ful campaign, 528— refuses to treat for peace, 529 — d. 531. " Cabal, the." See Charles II., king of Great Britain. — Of "the sixteen," at Paris, 1587. Cabillonum. See Chalons, surSaone. Cabira, battle of— Mithridates defeated by Lucullus, b.c. 72. Cabo Tormentoso (Cape Stormy). Sea Cape of Good Hope. Cabot, John and Sebastian, sent on a voy* CAD 127 CJEN age of discovery by Henry VII., 1496— discover Newfoundland, 1497. Cabral, Pedro Alvarez, discovers Brazil, and visits the eastern coast of Africa, 1500. Cabrera, heads a rebel force in Arragon, 1835 — is, with the other Carlist chiefs, driven into France, 1840— again in arms, 1848— arrested on the French frontier, Apiil 21, 1849. Cabriolets introduced in London, 1823. Cab-strike in London, to resist the regu- lations of an act of parliament just pass- ed, July 27, 1853. Cabul invaded by the Persians at the in- stigation of Russia — the British govern- ment in India prepares to resist, 1838— Sir J. Keane takes Ghuznee and restores the deposed sovereign, Shah Soojah, Aug. 7, 1839 — Dost Mahomet submits, and surrenders, Nov. 5, 1840 — his son, Akbar Khan, raises an insurrection, and the British are expelled with great loss, 1841 — massacre of the British in their retreat, Jan. 6, 1842— gen. Pollock forces the Khyber Pass, April 6 — Cabul reco- vered by him, Sept. 16— dismantled and evacuated, Oct. 12. Caccianimico, Gerard. See Lucius II., pope. Cadalo, bp. of Parma, nominated as pope by the empress Agnes, with the name of Honorius II., in opposition to Alex- ander II., 1061 — driven from Rome by Godfrey, duke of Lorraine, 1062 — re-as- serts his claim to the papacy, and takes possession of S. Angelo, in which he is besieged, 1063 — escapes, 1065— again as- serts his claim, which is rejected by the council of Mantua, 1067. Cade, Jack, raises an insurrection — his men are defeated near Rochester, and he is killed by Iden, a gentleman of Sussex, 1450. Cadesia, battle of— the Persians defeated by the Moslems, 636. Caimjah takes Mohammed into her ser- vice, and soon afterwards marries him, 594. Cadiz, the Gades of the ancients, founded by the Phoenicians — subject to Carthage, b.c. 233 — becomes, after the victories of P. Cornelius Scipio, the ally of Rome, 207 — the Roman road in Spain extended to, by Augustus, 14 — its vicinity ravaged by the Danes or Northmen, a.d. 844 — attack- ed by the English admiral. Drake, and the Spanish fleet destroyed, 1587— taken and plundered by the earl of Essex and lord Howard of Effingham, 1596 — unskil- fully attacked by lord Wimbledon (sir Edw. Cecil), 1625 — occupied by the Pa- triots,who, with the assistance of lord Col- lingwood, seize the French fleet in the harbour, June 4, 1808— the Spanish JunU make their stand there, and convoke the Cortes, Feb. 1, 1810— they are besieged by marshal Victor, but the Cortes as- semble, Sept. 24 — the French retire, Aug. 25, 1812— held by the Cortes for a short time against the French, under the duke d'Angouleme — surrendered, Oct. 1822. Cadmus of Thebes introduces letters into Greece from Phoenicia, b.c. 1493 (1494. H. 1313, C.) Cadogan, general, arrives at Stirling with an army to oppose the Pretender, Dec. 10, 1715. Cadusiaks, the, resist successfully an in- vasion of the Persians, b.c. 384. Cadwalla, the Briton, makes war on Ed- win, k. of Northumberland, 633— over- comes his nephews, Osric and Eanfrid, and falls in battle against Oswald, 634. ' Cecilianus contends with Donatus for the bishopric of Carthage, which gives rise to the sect of the Donatists, 313 — Con- stantine decides in his favour, 316. C^ecilius, Quintus, sent into Greece to check the power of Philip V. of Macedoh, b.c. 185. CjECIlius, Statius, the comedies of, acted at Rome, b.c. 179— d. 168. C^ecilius, Qn., Cicero's oration against, b.c. 70. Cicina commands the legions on the Up- per Rkine, and supports Vitellius, 69— conspires against Vespasian, and is put to death, 79. CaiciNA, C. Longus (or Largus), consul of Rome, 42. C-ecus, the Blind, surname of App. Clau- dius. See Claudius. Cedicius, Q., consul of Rome, b«. 256. C^edmon, the Anglo-Saxon poet, a monk at Whitby, 680. Cadwalla, k. of Wessex, 685— conquers the Isle of Wight and invades Sussex. 6S6— makes an attempt on Kent, 687 — resigns his throne to Ina and goes to Rome, 688-d. there, 689. C^lestin, bp. of Rome, 422— sends Ger- manus of Autisiodorus(Auxerre), to con- vert Agricola. son of Severian, from Pe- lagianism, 429 -assists Cyril in deposing Nestorius, patriarch of Constantinople, 431— d. 432. C-iElestius, disciple of Pelagius, 409 — condemned by synods at Carthage, 418. Caen, in Normandy, taken by Henry I. of England, 1105. CjEnina, C. Claudius, consul at Rome, B.C. 285, 273. CffiNRED, k. of Mercia, 704— abdicates and retires to Rome, 709. CffiS 128 CAF Gjspto, Fannius, conspires against Augus- tas, and is put to death, B.C. 22. Cbpio, On. Servilins, consuls of Rome, of this name, B.C. 253—203—169—141. CvEPio, Qu. Servilins, consul of Rome, em- ploys assassins to murder Viriathus,B.c. 140. Cei>io, Qu. Servilius, consul of Rome, B.C. 106 — proposes a judicial reform {Lex Servilia), proconsul — is defeated by the Cimbri and Teutones, 105— killed by the Picentines in the Social war, 90. Caerlegion, or Chester, battle of— Ethel- frid defeats the Cymri, 603. Caernarvon, the earl of, slain in the first battle of Newbury, 1643. Caernarvon, earl of, b. 1773-d. 1833. See PORCHESTER, lord. Caernarvon, earl of, d. 1849. Caernarvon Castle, Edward, son of Ed- ward I.. born at, April 25, 1284. Cesar, Caius, son of M. Vipsanius Agrip- pa, b. b.c. 20— adopted by Augustus, 17 — sent to frustrate the designs of Phraates, in Armenia, 1— settles the terms of peace between Rome and Parthia with Phraa- tes, ad. 2— d. in Lycia, 4. Cesar, Caius Julius, b. b.c. 100— serves as a cadet under M. Thermus, at the siege of Mityleue, and receives a civic crown, 80— quaestor in Spain, 67— sedile. 65— praetor ; discord begins between him and the. tribune, M. Porcius Cato. 62— quells an insurrection in Lusitania — on his re- turn the first secret coalition is formed for an equal division of power among himself, Pompey, and Crassus, 60— con- sul ; carries his agrarian law; and ob- tains the command in Gaul and Illyrium for five years, 59 — first campaign in Gaul, 58— his progress in Gaul resisted by the BeltffR; puts his army in winter quarters between the Loire and Seine, and visits Italy, 57— conquers the Veneti and other tribes in Armorica, 56— Gaul voted to him for five years more; he crosses the Rhine to attack the Usipetes and Tencteri, and undertakes his first expedition in Britain, 55 — invades Bri- tain a second time, returns, and conquers the Eburones, 54— receives a reinforce- ment from Pompey, again crosses the Rhine, and attacks the Suevi, 53— the jEdui, Arverni, and other Gallic tribes, endeavour to drive him out of Gaul, and defeathim atGergovia; this keeps him all the winter at Bibracte, 52— takes Ver- cingetorix prisoner, and completes the conquest of Gaul, 51— returns to Italy ; iealousy between him and Pompey, 50 — advances to Rome, and pursues Pompey as far as Bnmdusium ; returns to Rome, Is appointed dictator, proceeds to Spain, and having overcome all opposition there, collects his forces in southern Italy, and prepares a fleet to convey them toGreece, 49 — consul II. — takes Dyrrachium, 48 — defeats Pompey at Pharsalia, Aug. 9,48 — conducts his army into Egypt, where he is captivated by Cleopatra, 48 — again made dictator ; takes Pelusium, and suboues Egypt ; kills Pharnaces, and makes Pon- tus a Roman province ; returns to Rome, and embarks for Africa, 47— victory at Thapsus, April 6, 46 — returns to Rome, and celebrates four triumphs, at the close of which his prisoner,Vercingetorix,i8put to death — dictator for ten years — reforms the calendar — consul III., 46 — conquers the sons of Pompey at Munda, in Spain — consul IV., and for ten years, 45 — re- turns to Rome, and is appointed dictator for life, 45 — assassinated, March 15, 44. C^tSAR, the title of the heir of the empire, first given by Augustus to the Bon of Agrippa, B.C. 17— by the emperor Cams . to his two sons, A.n. 282— used by Diocle- tian, to designate the two junior or as- sistant emperors, and given by him to Constantius Chlorus and Galerius, 292— it is next given to Severus and Maxi- min, 305; by Constantine to his sons, Crispus and Constantine ; and by Lici- nius to his son, 317; by Constantius II. to Gallus, 351 ; and to Julian, Nov. 6, 355. Cesar Augusta (now Saragossa), a council held at, to condemn the doctrines of Pris- cillian, 380. Cesarea, in Cappadocia, Julian's ambas- sadors meet Constantius there, 361 — taken by the Persians, 612. Cesarea, in Palestine, built by Herod, b.c. 10— restored, after an earthquake, by Hadrian, a.d. 124— the Arian prelates hold a council at, and vote the deposition of Athanasius, 334 — surrenders to the Mohammedans, 638. Cesarean era. See Antioch, era of. " Cesaribus, De." See Aurelius Victor. C^esarius, consul of Rome, 397. Cesarius, son of the duke of Naples, de- feats the Saracens at the mouth of the Tiber, 849. " Cesars." See Juman, emperor. Cesianus, L. Apronius, consul of Rome, 39. Cesoninus, L. Calpurnius Piso, consul of Rome, B.C. 148 Cesoninus, L. Calpurnius Piso, consul of Rome, B.C. 58— accused by Cicero of op- pression in the provinces of Macedonand Syria, 56 — complains of the charges brought against him, and is answered by Cicero. 55. « Caffa, in the Crimea, the Theodosia of the ancient kingdom of Bosporus, granted to the Genoese by the emperor MichueJ GAL 129 CAL VIII., 1261— taken from them by the Ve- netians, 1296 — recovered by the Genoese, 1299— they seize some Venetian ships there, which leads to a naval war, 1350 — taken by the Turks, 1475. See Crimea. Caffaeelli, general, b. 1766 — d. 1849. Caffke war commences, April 4, 1846— the Caffres defeated by colonel Somerset, Nov. 17, 1847 — a new Caffre war breaks out, Dec. 24, 1850 — the Caffres repulsed at Fort Beaufort, Jan. 7, 1851 — at Fort Hare, 21 — and Fort Cox, 30 — defeated by col. Mackinnon, April 23 — sharp encoun ters with them, Sept. 8, 9 — their camp at Waterkloof destroyed, Oct. 16 — colonel Fordyce killed in action with them, Nov. 6 — make overtures for peace, Jan. 15, 1852— close of the war, Jan. 26, 1853— treaty concluded with them by sir Geo. Cathcart, March 9. Cagliari, in Sardinia, besieged by the Ara- gonese — the Pisans make a vain effort to relieve the place, 1325. " Cain." See Byron, George, lord. Cairo, or El Quahireh, the Victorious, built by the Fatimite Maiz Ad Din, 969— at- tacked by Amalric. k. of Jerusalem) 1168 — threatened by the Crusaders, 1219 — by Louis IX. of France, who is defeated and made prisoner, 1249 — taken by the French, July 22, 1798 — surrendered to the English, June, 27, 1801. Cairoan, near Carthage, founded by Ak- bah, 670. Caithness, the earl of, b. 1791— d. 1856. Caius. bp. of Rome, 283-296. Caius, a presbyter of the church of Rome, writes against heretics, but holds the Epistle of Paul to the Hebrews not to have been written by the Apostle, 210. Caius and Gonville College, at Cam- bridge, founded by Edmund Gonville, 1348— enlarged by Dr. John Caius, 1557. Calabria, the name by which the south- eastern peninsula of Italy, the Messapia of the Greeks, was known to the Ro- mans ; conquered by them, b.c. 266 — the poet Ennius a native of the province, 239 — subdued by Odoacer, a.d. 476 — part of the Ostrogothic kingdom of The- odoric, 493 — recovered for the empire by Belisarius, 536 — conquered by the Lom- bards, and made part of the duchy of Beneventum, 572— invaded by the Sa- racens, 829 — they form a permanent set- tlement at Bari, 842 — desolate the pro- vince, 873 — from this time the name of Calabria is transferred to the south- western peninsula, the Bruttium of the Romans, where it still remains ; this constitutes a portion of the new province of the Eastern empire, called the Theme of Lombardy, 890— invaded by the em- peror of the West, Otho I., 968— he de- feats the Greeks, 969 — invaded by the Normans, in the service of Gaimar, prince of Salerno, 1044 — conquered by Robert Guiscard, and his brother, Roger, 1058 — pope Nicholas II. confirms the posses- sion of it to Robert, and gives him the title of duke of, 1059 — Reggio taken, and the conquest completed, 1060 — divided between the two brothers, 1062 — invaded by Roger II., count of Sicily, 1121 — his title as duke is acknowledged by Hono- rius II., 1128 — is expelled by Lothair II. and pope Innocent II. ; on the emperoi-'s death recovers his territories, 1137 — re- ceives Lo lis VII. of France atPotenza, on his return from his crusade, 1149 — Mi- chael Palaeologus, gen. of the Greek em- peror, Michael I., conquers a large part of the province. 1155— recovered by Wil- liam 1., 1156— Charles of Anjou, k. of Naples, retires there, after the Sicilian Vespers, 1282 — invaded by Peter of Ara- gon, who takes Reggio, 1283 — Gerace taken by the Sicilians, 1291 — Roger de Loria defeats the viceroy of Naples, 1292 — invaded by the Sicilians; they take Squillace and other towns, 1296 — Cala- bria remains part pf the kingdom of Na- ples, and gives the title of duke to Ro- bert third son of Charles II., 1597. Calais besieged by Edward III.; his qu. Philippa joins him in the camp be- fore it, 1346— surrender of, 1347 — Edward defeats a plot to betray it, Jan. 1,1349-Ed- ward lands at, 1355 — John of Gauut lands at, with a large army, 1373— Philip, duke of Burgundy, besieges it, but retires on the approach of H umphrey,duke of Glou- cester, 1436— the earl of Warwick made gov., 1455 — escapes there from a plot to seize him, 1457 — he brings his garrison to England to support the duke of York ; returns, 1459 — Edward IV. lands with an army, 1475 - and Henry V II., Oct. 2, 1492 — he takes his family there to avoid the plague, 1500 — in its neighbourhood Hen- ry VIII. holds with Francis I. the Field of the Cloth of Gold, 1520 -ineffectual conferences for peace held there, 1521 — Henry, VIII. lands with an army at, July 14, 1544— taken by the duke of Guise, Jan. 7, 1558 — surprised by Albert, brother of the late archduke Ernest, of Austria., 1596 — Charles II. removes there from Brussels, Aug. 1, 1659— James II. arrives with French troops to invade England, Mar. 2, 1696— Louis XVI II. lands there, Apr. 20, 1814— the wire of the Submarine Electric Telegraph ex- perimentally laid from Dover, 1S50. Calandio. See Antioch, bishops of. Calas, persecution and judicial murder of CAL 130 CAL at Toulouse ; Voltaire ably exposes the iniquity of the process, 1762 — his inno- cence, and the injustice of the sentence against him publicly declared, 1764. Calat Anosor. battle of; Almansor de- feated by the Christian princes of Spain, 1002. Calatatud taken by Alfonso VII., k. of Castile, 1119. Calatixus, A. Atalius, consul of Rome. B.C. 258— surrounded by the Carthagini- ans in Sicily, escapes with difficulty ; consul II., 254— dictator, 249. Calatrava, the Order of Knights of, found- ed, 115S — the city of, taken by the Moors, 1196. Calaukia, an island near Troezen, where Demosthenes poisons himself, B.C. 322. Calchixia, daughter of Leucippus, qu. of Sicyon, B.C. 1764. Pans. Calceaft, John. M.P., b. 1766— d. 1S31. Calculating machine. See Babbage. Calcutta, the English factory at, esta- blished, 1690— taken by Rajah el Dow- lab., and confinement of his prisoners in the Black Hole, Jan. IS, 1756— retaken by adm. Watson and colonel Olive. Jan. 1, 1757 — made the seat of British Indian government, 1773 — first bishop conse- crated in London, May 8, 1814— Burmese ambassadors arrive at, Dec. 11, 1S54 — ^Exhibition at, Jan. 25, 1855. Caldek, Sir Robert, intercepts the French and Spanish fleets, and takes two of their ships, July 22, 1805 — is reprimand- ed for not having made his victory more complete, Dec. 23. Calderon, Pedro, de la Barca. b. 1601 — succeeds Lope de Vega as the popular dramatist of Spain, 1636— d. 1637. Caldoea, Jacopo, gen. of pope Martin V., with Francesco Sforza defeats Braccio da Montone, at Aquila, 1424. Caldus, C. Caelius, consul of Rome, b.c. 94. Caled, "the Sword of God," leads an army into Syria, reduces Anbar and Hira. 632 — lays siege to Emesa. 635 — completes the conquest of Syria, 638— d. 642. Caledonians, successfully attacked by Agricola, SO— collect a force under Gai- gacus, which he overthrows ; sends his fleet for the first time round the northern extremity of their country, and builds the wall between the Forth and Clyde, 84 — the wall of Antoninus is raised to restrain them, 140— they break through it, and after committing great outrages in Britain, are repulsed by Ulpius Mar- cellus, 184— again make incursions into Britain, 207 — Sept. Severus proceeds against them, 208 — he repulses them, and pursues them into their own country, 209. Caledonian canal, commenced, May 1, 1803— opened, Nov. l. 1822. Calendar of Court-days, published by Cn. Flavins, b.c. 306. Calendar, reformed by Csesar, by the in- troduction of ninety days into the year, and leap-years for the future, B.C. 46— another correction recommended to pope Clement IV. by Roger Bacon, 1267 — adopted by pope Gregory XIII. ; Oct.5 made Oct. 15, 15S2 — rejected by Joseph Scaliger and the Protestants, 1583 — the new-style introduced in England, Sept. 3 being made Sept. 14, 1752— adopted in Sweden, Mar. 1. 1753. See Hippolytus, Lilio, and Clavius. Calendar, a new, or Revolutionary, in- troduced in France. Nov. 24, 1793 — ceases to be used after Jan. 1, 1806. Calenus, Qu. Fufius, consul of Rome, B.C. 47. Calhoun, the American senator, b. 1782 — d. 1850. Calib, son of Omar Ben Hafsun, leagues with the Franks, SS3 — takes Saragossa and Toledo, SS6 — Almondhir is slain in battle against. 888 — defeated, but keeps Toledo, 90S— again defeated, 912— d. at Huesca, 917. Calico-printers of Glasgow, after a strike of nine months, submit to the terms of their employers, Aug. 10, 1S34. Calicut, Vasco de Gama arrives at, 1497 — Zamorin, the sovereign, is incited by the Venetians to make war on the Por- tuguese. 1504— taken from them by the Dutch, 1656— the native chiefs of, subju- gated by Hyder Ali, 1771. California, discovered by Cortes, 1536 — explored by Drake, 1578— the gold re- gion of, first made known, Sept., 1847 — admitted into the Union, Oct. 18, 1850. Californian gold, first importation of, at Liverpool, June 21, 1S49. Caligula, Cains Ciesar, son of Germani- cus, b. Aug. 31, 12 — rules Tiberius, in conjunction with Macro, 34 — becomes emperor, Mar. 16, 37 — puts to death Ti- berius, the son of Drusus, 37— appoints dependent kings in some of the east- ern provinces,3S — his expedition in Gaul and Germany, and pretended invasion of Britain, 40— commands his statue to be placed in the temple of Jerusalem, 4C — assassinated, Jan. 24, 41. Caliphs of Bagdad sink into insignifi- cance. 936. See Arabia. Calippus corrects the Metonic cycle ; his Calippic period of eclipses begins from the new moon of the summer solstice, July, B.C. 330. Calisto, cardinal di San. See Benedict III., pope. CAL 131 CAL Calixtines. See Bohemia. Caliyoug, or Kaliyo'ug, Era of Hindos- tan, commences, b.c. 3102. Callao, destroyed by a sudden elevation of the sea, during an earthquake, 1746. Callepius, consul of Rome, 447. Calliades, Athenian archon, b c. 481 H. ; 480 C. Calliarchus, Athenian archon, B.C. 301. Callias, Athenian archons of this name, B.C. 480 H., 457 H., 456, 412, 406, 377. Callicrates, architect, fl. at Athens, b.c. 442. Callicratidas, a Lacedemonian, defeated by Conon, off the Arginussse, b c 406. Callimachus, Athenian archon, b.c. 446 — another, 349. Callimachus of Cyrene. the poet, patro- nized by Ptolemy Philadelphus, b.c. 256. Callimedes, Athenian archon, b.c. 360. Callinicum, the inhabitants commanded by Theodosius I. to rebuild a Jews' sy- nagogue, which they had destroyed ; Ambrose of Milan prevails upon him to rescind the oi'der, 388. Callinicus, the historian, fl. 266. Callinicus, exarch of Ravenna, 597-602. Callinicus. See Constantinople, patri- archs of. Callinicus invents the Greek fire, 673. Callinicus. See Seleucus Callinicus, k. of Syria. Calliope, the planet, discovered by Hind, Nov. 16, 1852. Callippus, assassinates Dion of Syracuse, b.c. 353 — killed by Hipparinus, 352. Callisthenes, Olympic victor, B.C. 676. Callisthenes writes his history of the Sacred War, B.C. 357— d. 328. Callisthenes sends early Babylonian as- tronomical observations to Aristotle, B.C. about 330. Callistratus, Athenian archon, b.c. 355. Callistratus, orator, fl. b.c. 372 — bauish- ed from Athens, 361. Callistratus, philosopher and critic, b.c. 154. Callistus I., pope, 217-222. Callistus II. (Guy, abp. of Vienne), pope, 1119 — interview "with Henry V. of Ger- many, at Gisors ; holds a council at Rheims, 1119 — after the retirement of the antipope, Gregory VIII. takes pos- session of the Lateran, 1120 — siege of Sutri, and surrender of Gregory, 1121 — dispute with Henry V. concerning the right of investiture, compromised by the Diet of Worms, 1122 — he refuses to sanc- tion the election of William of Curbeil to Canterbury, till his assent is purchased by a large sum of money, 1123 — d. 1124. Callistus III. (antipope) appointed by the imperial party, 1168 — makes his sub- mission, 1178. Callistus III. (Alfonso Borgia) pope, 1455 — fails in his attempt to excite a crusade against the Turks, 1456 — claims Naples; war prevented by his death, Aug. 9, 1458. Callistus. See Constantinople, patri- archs of. Calmar, Union of, between Denmark, Swe- den, and Norway, formed by Margaret, June, 17, 1397 — dissolved by the death of Christopher III., 1448 — restored for a while by Christian of Denmark, 1457. See Charles VIII., k. of Sweden. — Re- newed, with some limitations, 1472-1483 — enforced by John II., k. of Denmark,. Norway, and Sweden, 1497 — finally dis- solved, by Gustavus Vasa, 1524. Calmet, b. 1672— d. 1757. Calne, council held at, 978. See Dunstan. Caloc&rus revolts in Cyprus, but is sub- dued by Dalmatius, Constantine's ne- phew, 334. Calo-Joanses. See John II., emperor of the East, and Joannice, k. of the Bulga- rians. Caloman. See Bulgarians. Calopkini, a faction that disturbs Venice, 988. Calpe. See Gibraltar. Calpurnianus, M. Papius Piso, consul of Rome, b c. 61. Calpurnius celebrates the emperor Cams and his sons, in his Hunting Eclogues, 283. Calvados, a department of France, revolts, June, 1793. Calvenzano, near Pavia, Boethius put. to death at, 524. Calverly, Sir Hugh, commands companies of disbanded soldiers who plunder France, 1364 — gov. of Calais, makes fruitless incursions into Picardy, 137.8. Calvi, in Corsica, taken by lord Hood, 1794— abandoned, 1796. Calvin, or Chauvin, John, b. 1509, at No- yon ; preaches in Paris, 1532 — publishes the first exposition of his tenets, 1535— preaches at Ferrara ; is expelled, and settles at Geneva, 1536 — becomes the head of the church there, and founds the university, 1539 — murders Servetus, 1553 — visited by John Knox, 1555 — d. May 27, 1564. Calvinism embraced by the elector Pala- tine, Frederic III., 1562 — edict of Jane of Navarre in its favour, 1567. Calvinistic and Lutheran churches in Baden, unite, 1821 — and those of Hesse Cassel at Marburg, 1823. Calvinists. See Gomarians. Calvinus, Cn. Domitius, consul of Rome, b.c. 332- K 2 CAM 132 CAM Calvinus, Cn. Domitius, consul of Rome, B.C. 283. See Domitius, Cn. Calv. Calvinus, C. Sextius, consul of Rome, takes the command in Gaul, B.C. 124 — , defeats the Allohroges and Salyes, and . founds Aquae Sextise, 122. See Aix. Calvinus, Cn. Domitius, consul of Rome, B.C. 53 ; 40 II. Calvinus, T. Veturius, consul of Rome, B.C. 334; 321 II. Calvisius Taurus, of Berytus, Platonic philosopher, fl. 146. Calvus, C. Licinius, the orator, b. B.C. 82 — d. 47. Calvus, Cn. Corn. Scipio, consul of Rome, b.c. 222. Calvus, L. Csecilius Metellus, consul of Rome, acts against the Celtiberi, B.C. 142. Calvus, P. Licinius, military tribune of Rome, b.c. 400, 396. Calycadnus (Salef ), a river of Cilicia, in which Frederic I. is drowned, J une 10, 1190. Camaldulenstan order. See Romoaldo. Camarina, a town in Sicily, founded, b c 599 — destroyed by the Syracusans, 552. Cambaceres, b. 1754 — appointed second consul in France, Dec, 1799— d. 1824. Cambray, a city of Flanders, given to its bishop by the emperor Henry II., 1007 — becomes an independent lordship, 1076 — League of, negotiated by Margaret, re- gent of the Netherlands, and the cardi- nal de Rohan, against Venice, 1508 — peace of, between Charles V. and Francis I. ; concluded by Margaret and Louisa of Savoy, 1529 — resists the duke of Par- ma as viceroy of Spain, 1579 — he is obliged to raise the siege, 1581 — taken by the French, 1677— Fen^lon abp. of, 1695— congress of, proposed, 1722 — meets, 1724 — breaks up, without effecting any settlement in the affairs of Europe, 1725 —taken by Clairfait, Sept. 10, 1793. Cambrensts. See Giraldus. Cambria. See Cymri and Wales. Cambridge, the Danes station themselves at, 875 — Edward the Elder promotes the resort of students to, 915— burnt by the Danes, 1010 — receives the students of Oxford, when ill-treated by their own townspeople, 1240 — Peter-house College founded by Hugh de Balsham, bp. of Ely, 1284 ; Pembroke Hall, by the coun- tess of Pembroke, 1343 ; Clare Hall, by Dr. Richard Baden, 1326; burnt, re- founded by Elizabeth De Burg, 1344: Gonville College, by Edmund Gonville, 1348; Trinity Hall, by Wm. Bateman, bp. of Norwich, 1351 ; Corpus Christi, or Benedict College, 1351 ; King's College, by Henry VI., 1441 ; Christ College, 1442; Queen's, by queen Margaret, 1448 ; Ca- tharine Hall, 1475; Jesus College, by John Alcock, bp.of Ely, 1496— Margaret, mother of Henry VII., gives an addi- tional endowment to Christ's College, 1507 — St. John's College founded by her, 1509 — Erasmus teaches Greek at, 1510— Magdalen College, founded by the duke of Buckingham, 1519; Trinity College, by Henry VIII., 1540 — the revenues given by parliament to the king, are pre- served by the intercession of qu. Katha- rine Parr, 1545 — Caius College added to Gonville, by Dr. John Caius, 1557 — Ema- nuel College, founded by sir Walter Mildmay, 1584 ; Sidney-Sussex College, founded by F. Sidney, countess of Sussex, 1593 — visit of James I., 1614 — many heads of houses and fellows expelled by the parliamentary visitors, Feb. 1, 1644 — the University refuses to ad- mit Francis, a Benedictine monk, re- commended by James II., Feb. 9, 1687 — the vice-chancellor and senate sum- moned by the ecclesiastical commis- sioners, April 9 — the vice-chancellor is deprived of his office, May 27 — rein- stated, 1688 — queen Anne visits, 1705 — Dr. Bentley ejected, 1718. SeeBENTLEY. — George I. founds a professorship of modern history, 1724 — bachelors of arts relieved from signing the 39 articles, June 23, 1772— Mr. Pitt chosen high- steward of the university, 1790— sir Geo. Downing's will decided in favour of the university, 1798— Downing College found- ed, 1800 — the vice-chancellor suppresses a debating society of the under-gradu- ates, April 5, 1817 — the members re- monstrate, April 28— visit of qu.Victoria, Oct. 26, 1843 — prince Albert elected chancellor, Feb. 28, 1847— the qu. again visits the university at his installation, July 6 — the university protests against the royal commission of inquiry, May 20, 1850 — addresses the queen on the papal aggression, Dec. 10— the University Re- form Bill passed through committee by . the Lords, April 24, 1855 — passed, June 14 — railway from London, and to Nor- wich opened, July, 1845. Cambridge, earl of, beheaded for a pro« jected rebellion in favour of Mortimer, earl of March, 1415. Cambridge, duke of, the title by which the electoral prince of Hanover, after- wards George II., is summoned to par- liament, 1715. Cambridge, Adolphus Frederic (afterwards) duke of, seventh son of George III., b. Feb. 24, 1774 — appointed viceroy of Ha- nover, 1816 — marries Augusta, princes9 of Hesse Cassel, May 7, 1818— ratifiea CAM 133 CAM constitutional government in Hanover, Feb. 23, 1831-d. July 8, 1850. Cambridge, George William, prince of, b. March 26, 1819 — becomes duke, on the death of his father, 1850 — sets out for Turkey, April 10, 1854— returns, 1855— appointed commander-in-chief, 1856. Cambridge, Augusta Caroline, princess of, married to Frederic William Augustus, grand duke of Mecklenburg Strelitz, June 28, 1843. Cambuskenneth, battle of— Sir Wm. Wal- lace defeats the English, and drives them out of Scotland, 1297. Cambyses, son of Cyrus, k. of Persia, B.C. 629— invades Egypt, 526— d. 521. Camden, battle of, the American general, Gates, defeated by lord Cornwallis, Aug. 16, 1780. Camden, William, the antiquary, b. 1551 — fl. 1591— d. 1623. Camden, Charles Pratt, lord, b. 1713 — chief justice of the Common Pleas, 1761 — re- leases Wilkes, and declares general war- rants illegal, 1763 — made a peer, 1765 — lord chancellor, 1766 — votes against his colleagues and delivers up the seals, Jan. 16, 1770 — president of the council in the Rockingham and Shelburne administra- tions, 1782 ; and in Wm. Pitt's, 1783, till his death— d. 1794. Camden, marquis, viceroy of Ireland — ar- rives in Dublin, March 31, 1795 — surren- ders his sinecure, 1817 — an act is passed to legalize this. May 11, 1819. Camel, battle of the — victory of Ali over Moawiyah, 656. Camelford, lord, b. 1775 — killed in a duel by captain Best, 1804. Cambrino, in the March of Ancona, nearly destroyed by an earthquake, 1279— pope Paul III. attempts to seize it for his son, Peter Louis Farnese, 1534. Camerinus, consul of Rome, 138. Camerinus, Q. Sulpicius, consul of Rome, B.C. 490 — another, a.d. 9. Camerinus, Serv. Sulpicius, consul of Rome, B.C. 500— others, 461, 393, 345. Cameron, lieut.-gen. sir Alan, d. 1828. Cameron, Dr., executed for his participa- tion in the Scottish rebellion, June 7, 1753. Cameron, Richard, a leader of the Scottish Covenanters, killed, July 23, 1680. Camillus, M. Furius, military tribune of Rome, B.C. 401 — dictator — takes Veii, for which a triumph is granted to him, 396 — dissuades his countrymen from repairing Veii and making it their capital, 393 — banished from Rome, and retires to Ar- dea, 391 — recalled, and appointed dicta- tor — collects the fugitives, and expels the Gauls, 389 — reduces the conquered states to obedience, and prevails on the Romans to rebuild Rome instead of re- moving to Veii, 388 — again dictate r, 368 — defeats the Senonian Celts, 367 — 1/.365. Camillus, F. Furius, consul of Rome, b.c 338 Camillus, L. Furius, consul of Rome, b,c. 325. II. Camillus, M. Furius, consul of Rome, 8. Camira. See Pisander. Camisards, an enthusiastic sect in Lan- guedoc, pretending to inspiration and miraculous powers, 1702. Camoens, Luis de, b. 1524— returns to Lis- bon from India, and publishes his Lusiad, 1569— d. 1579. Camp. See Tilbury, Hounslow, Chob- HAM. Campania, occupied by Hannibal, b.c. 216 — gradually recovered by the Romans, 213 — Tiberius retires into, a.d. 21-26— vi- sited by Hadrian, 119 — earthquake in, 345 — invaded by Alaric,410— by Gisolf'o II., duke of Beneventum, 702. See Capua. Campanian legion severely punished for having held Rhegium ten years, b.c. 271. Campbell, John, b. 1781— attorney- general, 1834; again, 1835, — made a peer, 1841— lord chief-justice, March 5, 1850 — refuses the rule applied for by Sir F. Kelly in th' Gorham case, April 25. See Books. Campbell, general, conducts the war against the Burmese, 1824. See Bur- mese WAR. Campbell, John, undertakes the " Biogra- phia Britannica," 1745. Campbell, Sir Colin, b. 1777 — serves in the Crimea, 1854 — arrives in London, Nov. 29, 1855. Campbell, Thomas, b. 1777 — in a letter to Mr. Brougham, first suggests the idea of instituting a London University, 1825 — d. 1844. Campbell, major, hanged at Armagh, for having killed capt. Boyd in a duel, Oct. 2, 1808. Campbell, sir Archibald, Warren Hast- ings' deputy in India, 1785. C ampe, peace concluded at, by Henry VIII., with France and Scotland, June 7, 1546. Campeggio, cardinal, induces some Ger- man princes and bishops to form the league at Ratisbon, 1524— commissioned with Wolsey to try the question of the marriage of Henry VIII. and queen Ka- tharine, 1528 — opens their commission, May 23, 1529. See Katharine of Aba- gon, qu. of England. Campen, battle of — the hereditary prince of Brunswick defeated by the French, Oct. 15, 1760. Camperdown, battle of— the Dutch fleet, under admiral De Winter, nearly de^ can 134 CAN" stroyed or captured by admiral Duncan, Oct. 11, 1797. Campian, the Jesuit, executed for a plot against queen Elizabeth, 1581. Campillo, treaty of, between Ferdinand IV. of Castile, and James II. of Aragon, to divide Murcia, 1305. Campo Formio, definitive treaty of, be- tween France and Austria, Oct. 17, 1797. Campofkegoso, Jacopo da, doge of Genoa, 1390. Campofregoso, Domenico da. doge of Ge- noa, 1370 — imprisoned and deposed, 1378. Campofregoso, Pietro da, killed in an at- tempt to recover Genoa, 1459. Campofregoso, Tommaso da, doge of Ge- noa, 1415. Campo Malo, battle of, between the fac- tions of Italy, 1036. Campona, the Goths and Sarmatians are defeated at, by Constantine, 321. Canaan, division of, among the tribes of Israel, B.C. 1445 (1602 H.) Canaanites settled in Palestine at least as early as B.C. 1965 (2088 C.) Canada discovered by Cartier, a French navigator, 1534 — the French establish themselves there, 1606 — Quebec built, 1608— new colonies planted, 1664 — an En- glish expedition sails to attack, May 4, 1711 — shattered by a storm, returns to Portsmouth, Oct. 9 — discussions between England and France relative to the boun- dary line, 1750— war commences, 1756 — the French general, Montcalm, takes Fort Oswego, Aug. 16 ; and Fort William Henry, Aug. 9, 1757 — gen. Wolfe begins his career at the taking of Louisbourg by Boscawen and Amherst, July 27, 1758 — defeats the French on the heights of Abraham, where he and Montcalm both fall, Sept. 13, 1759— Quebec surrenders to the English, 18 — is ineffectually besieged by the French, May 11 to 17, 1760— Montreal surrenders to gen. Amherst, and the conquest of Canada is completed, Sept. 7— it is ceded to Great Britain by the treaty of peace, 1763. An act for the government of Canada gives force to the French laws there, and religious liberty to the Catholic population, 1774— the Americans, under Montgomery, invade Canada, and sur- prise Montreal, Nov. 12, 1775 — are driven out by general Carleton, March 6, 1776 — the government regulated by a new act, and a representative con- stitution, March 4, 1791 — invaded by an American force, who are surprised and captured at Fort Detroit, Aug. 16, 1S12 — the Houses of Assembly of both pro- vinces refuse to vote supplies, and are suddenly dissolved, 1836 — resolutions of the House of Commons, April 24, 1837. An armed rebellion breaks out, headed by Papineau, Dec. ; the Americans give assistance to the insurgents — the rebels in Upper Canada defeated by sir Francis Head, Jan. 5, 1838 — the earl of Durham appointed governor-general, Jan. 16 — re- signs, and leaves Canada, Oct. 9 — 'tran- quillity restored, Nov. 17 — the two pro- vinces united, 1840 — Lord Sydenham ap- pointed governor, Feb. 10, 1841 — d. Sept. 19 — riot at Montreal ; Lord Elgin as- saulted ; the parliament house destroyed, April 25, 1849 — railway commenced from Quebec to Richmond, Jan. 14, 1852 — the " Canada Reserves" bill passed by the Commons, April 11, 1853; by the Lords, 28. Canal, in Assyria. See Negoub. — Through the Pontine marshes, made by Appius, Claudius, the Blind, while censor, B.C. 312 — from LakeVelinus, by M. Curias Denta- tus, 288 — projected by Charlemagne, to unite the Maine and the Danube, a.d. 792 — the project is abandoned, 793 — of Languedoc, completed by the engineer, Riquet, Mayl; opened 19, 1681. See Fossdyke, New River, Caledonian, Bridgewater, duke of; Brindley, Hud- dersfield, Dublin, Regent's. Kiel,Erie. Canals, junction of the Birmingham, Staf- fordshire, and Worcestershire, effected, Sept. 7, 1772. Canal shares, ruinous speculations in, which are suddenly depressed by the prospect of war, 1792. Can an ore taken by gen. Abercrombie, Jan. 9, 1791. Canaris, the Greek patriot, attacks the Turks successfully by sea, 1822. Canary, or Fortunate Islands, granted by pope Clement VI. to Louis, count of Clermont, 1346 — he fits out a fleet, but abandons the enterprise, 1348 — the sugar- cane carried thence to Hispaniola, 1506. Cancalle Bay entered by an English ex- pedition, under the duke of Marlborough, who destroys the French ships and stores, June 6, 1758. Candace, qu. of Ethiopia, invades Egypt, and is repulsed by the Roman gen., Pe- tronius, B.C. 22. Candahar, occupied by the British, Apr. 21, 1839— gen. England arrives there and joins gen. Nott, May 9, 1842. Candia. See Crete. Candia, in Crete, built by the Andalusi- ans, 822— besieged by the Turks, 1667— taken, 1669. Candiano, Pietro I., doge of Venice, falls in battle against the Slavonians, 887. Candiano, Pietro II., doge of Venice, 932 -939. CAN 135 CAN" Candiano, Pietro III., doge of Venice, 942 -959. Candiano, Pietro IV., doge of Venice, 959 -976. Candidianus, a natural son of Galerius, put to death by Licinius, 313. Candidus, T. Julius, consul of Rome, 105 II. Candidus, the Isaurian, or Syrian, writes a History of the Empire, from 447, and concludes 491 ; the work lost. Candolle, Augustin, b. 1778 — d. 1841. Candy, in Ceylon, taken by gen. Brown- rigg, Feb. 19, 1815. Canea, in the isle of Crete, taken by the Genoese, 1294. Canicular Year of the Egyptians, began July 20, B.C. 1325. Canns:, battle of; defeat of the Romans by Hannibal, Aug. 2, B.C. 216— ravaged by the Saracens, a.d. 875— battle of; Melo and the Normans are totally defeated by Basilio, 1019— the Normans defeat the Greek catapan, Dulchianus, 1041 — re- volts against Robert Guiscard, 1083. Cannes, Napoleon lands at, from Elba, Mar. 1, 1815. Canning, George, b. 1770— the " Anti-Jaco- bin" commenced by him and his friends, 1797— his motion against the importation of slaves into Trinidad negatived, May 27, 1802 — treasurer of the navy, in Pitt's second administration, 1804 — foreign se- cretary in the Portland ministry, 1807 — duel with lord Castlereagh, and resigna- tion, Sept. 21, 1809 — motion for Catholic emancipation, June 22, 1812 — appointed ambassador to Lisbon, 1814 — elected for Liverpool, 1818 — President of the Board of Control ; disapproves the persecution of qu. Caroline, and resigns his office, 1820— appointed governor-general of In- dia, Mar. 27, 1822 — opponent of lord John Russell's motion for Reform, Apr. 29 — a Bill brought in by him to admit Ca- tholic peers to sit in the House of Lords ; passed by the Commons, rejected by the Lords ; on the eve of his departure for India, takes the office of foreign secre- tary, Sept. 16, 1822 — brings forward a plan for training the slave population of Trinidad, Mar. 16, 1824 — visits Paris, Oct. 16, 1826 — his resolutions on the Corn Laws agreed to by the Commons, Mar. 1, 1827 — forms a ministry, and be- comes premier, Ap. 30 — the leading members of the former cabinet resign, j and the Whig Ministry support him — j d. Aug. 8 — bis statue, by Westmacott, ' placed in Palace Yard, 1832. Canning, viscount, appointed governor-ge- I neral of India, 1855, Canning, Elizabeth, imposture of, 1753. Cannon, first used by the English at the battle of Crecy, Aug. 25, 1346— used at the siege of Constantinople by Amurath I., 1423. Cano succeeds Magalhaens, and conducts his ships to the Moluccas, 1520— returns to Europe, and completes the first cir- cumnavigation of the globe, 1522. Canon, Paschalis. See Aquitanus, Victo- rius. Canon Law, commenced by Gratian, a Be- nedictine monk of Bologna, 1127 — intro- duced into England, 1140 — completed by Gratian, 1151. Canon Laws, or Decretals, five Books of, published by Raymond de Pennafort, 1234. Canons, regular, are forbidden to leave their monasteries, to teach civil law, physics, and medicine, 1163. Canons, the Scottish, repealed by Charles I., 1638. Canonical Books of the Scriptures. See Apocryphal Books. Canosa, the Canusium of the Romans, a town in Apulia, the burial-place of Bo- hemond, 1111. Canossa, a strong fortress of Tuscany See Albert Azzo. — The countess Ma- tilda receives popfe Gregory VII., and the emperor Henry IV. submits to him there, 1077. Canova, b. 1757— d. 1822. Canrobert, a French general, b. 1809 — sets out to conduct his division to the East, Mar. 13, 1854— obtains the chief command on the illness of St. Arnaud, Sept. ; resigns, Ma} 7 , 1855— declines the baton of field-marshal, and proceeds to Stockholm as ambassador, Nov. Cantabri, a tribe in the north-west of Spain, revolt, and are subdued by Au- gustus, B.C. 25 — again revolt ; are sub- dued by Agrippa, 19. Cantacuzene, John, assists the younger Andronicus in a rebellion against his grandfather, 1321-proclaims himself em- peror of the East, 1341 —he escapes into Servia ; Stephen Dushan supports him with an army, 1342 — invites the assist- ance of the Turks, who relieve Demo- tica, 1343 — the Servians join the impe- rialists against him, 1344 — he secures the friendship of Orchan, by giving him his daughter in marriage ; advances to the gates of Constantinople, 1346 — he enters Constantinople, Feb. 13, and con- cludes a treaty with Anne of Savoy on the 8th ; acknowledged emperor, and crowned, May 13, and marries his daugh- ter, Helena, on the 21st, to the excluded emperor John V., 1347. See John VI , Cantacuzene. CAN 136 CAP Cantacuzene, Matthew, proclaimed joint emperor by his father, John VI., 1353 — driven out, 1354 — struggles to regain his throne, 1356 — he is given up by the Ser- vians to John V., and compelled to abdi- cate, 1357. Cantemir, Demetrius, hospodar of Molda- via, concludes a treaty with the czar Peter, 1711. Canterbury, dwelling-place assigned to Augustin and his monks, 596— he founds the cathedral and abbey, 602 — pillaged by Roric, 851 — taken by the Danes, 1011 — railway from, to London and Margate, 1846. Canterbury, viscount. See Sutton, Man- ners, d. 1845. Canterbury Tales. See Chaucer. Canton, the Chinese suspend commercial intercourse with the British factory ; their forts are demolished, and the trade restored, 1834: — British merchants impri- soned by the Chinese, Mar. 24, 1839— opium given up, and the members of the factory leave, May 24 — besieged by Sir Hugh Gough, and ransomed, May31,lS41. Canuleian Law, at Rome, allows patrici- ans and plebeians to intermarry, B.C. 445. Canute, on the death of his father, Swein, takes the command of the Danes in Eng- land, and is driven out by Ethelred, 1014 — returns, and lands at the Frome, 1015 — shares England with Edmund Iron- side, on whose assassination he becomes sole king, and succeeds to the throne of Denmark on the death of his brother, Harold III., 1016 — marries Emma, wi- dow of Ethelred, and sends the sons of Edmund into Hungary, 1017 — holds awi- tenagemot at Oxford to settle tribute and laws, 1018 — goes to Denmark, and introduces a more regular system of go- vernment, 1019 — returns to England, and holds a witenagemot at Cirencester, 1020 — banishes the jarl Thurkyl, 1021 — is reconciled to him, and appoints him his viceroy in Denmark, 1022 — his sister, Es- trith, married to the jarl Ulf, 1024— Ca- nute goes to Denmark ; is defeated in the river Helga by the Swedes and Norwegians; the emperor Conrad II. cedes Schleswig to him, 1025— goes on a pilgrimage to Rome ; his wise govern- ment restores prosperity in England, 1026 — he attends the coronation of Con- rad, 1027 — conquers Olaf II., k. of Nor- way, 1028— rebuilds and endows the abbey of Bedericsworth (St. Edmund's Bury), and constructs the "King's Delf " between Peterborough and Ramsey, 1029 — invades Scotland, 1031 — rebuilds the ah 1 ey of St. Benedict de Hulmo, 1033— 4. Nov. IX, at Shaftesbury, 1035. Canute II., k. of Denmark, 1080 — pre- pares to invade England, but is stopped by a revolt of his subjects, in which he is slain, at Odensee, 1086. Canute III., k. of Denmark, 1147-57. Canute IV., k. of Denmark, 1182 — con- quers Holstein, 1200— d. 1202. Canute, son of Eric, kills Charles VII., and becomes k. of Sweden, 1168 — d. 1199. Cape Coast Castle, the principal British fort on the Gold Coast ; an early settle- ment of the Portuguese, taken from them by the Dutch — ceded to England by the peace of Breda, 1667. Cape of Good Hope, first reached by Bartholomew Diaz, and named Cabo Tormentoso, 1486 — passed by Vasco da Gama, 1497 — taken possession of, by the Dutch, 1650— fortified by them, 1652— taken by adm. Elphinstone and gen. Craig, Sept. 23, 1795— restored, 1802— surrenders to Sir David Baird and Sir Home Popham, Jan. 8, 1806 — emigration to, encouraged by government, 1819 — wars with the Caffres. See Caffres. — Petition of the colonists, that it may not be made a penal settlement, May 24, 1849 — June 18- the order recalled, Feb. 14, 1850 — Sir George Cathcart ap- pointed gov., Feb. 8, 1852. Cape. See Bojador, Breton. Cape St. Vincent, naval victory of the Hollanders over the Spaniards off, 1607 — Tourville defeats Rooke off, May 18, 1693 — Sir John Jervis and Nelson defeat the Spaniards at, Feb. 14, 1797. Cape Verde, the Portuguese extend their discoveries to, 1444. Cape Verde Islands, discovered by the Portuguese, 1460. Capel, Lord, beheaded, Mar. 2, 1649. Capelianus, gov. of Mauritania, defeats and kills the Gordians, 238. Capel, Edward, b. 1713— d. 1781. Capellari, Cardinal Maurus, elected pope, Feb. 2, 1831. See Gregory XVI., pope. Capello, Bianca, daughter of Bartolomeo Capello, a noble Venetian, captivates Francis, grand duke of Florence or Tus- cany, and is married by him, 1579 — dies, with her husband, by poison, 1587. Capello, Victor. See Athens, 1466. Capet, Hugh, son of Hugh the Great, count of Paris, b. 940 — on his father's death, in- herits his titles and power, 956 — by the choice of the nobles, at Noyon, is made k. of France, and founder of the Capetian line, 987 — takes his son Robert for his colleague, 988 — recovers Laon, and takes Charles of Lori'aine prisoner, 991 — sup- ports Gerbert in the see of Rheims, against pope John XV., 994 — deserts him, and allows him to be deposed by the CAP 137 CAP council of Mouson, 995 — d. 996. See France Capitation tax, Roman, mitigated in Gaul by the emperor Julian, 362 — or poll-tax, imposed on England, by the parliament, April 25, 1379 — provokes the insurrec- tion of Wat Tyler and others, 1381. Capito, Ateius, the civilian, d. 22. Capito, banished for misgoverning Cilicia, 57. Capito, C. Fonteius, consul of Rome, 12. Capito, Fonteius, consul of Rome, 67. Capito, L. Fonteius, consul of Rome, 59. Capito, Wolfgang Fabricius, a Strasburg divine, adopts the opinions of Carlstadt in his sacramental controversy with Lu- ther, 1524 C apitol, the citadel of Rome, to which the patricians retire on the taking of the town by the Gauls, b.c. 389 — burnt, 83— its rebuilding begun by Sylla ; completed by Q. Catulus, and the roof gilt, 69 — again destroyed in the civil war of Otho and Vitellius, a.d. 69 — rebuilt by Vespa- sian, 70-82 — struck by lightning, the library and other edifices burnt, 188 — the Carroccio of the Milanese is placed in it by Frederic II., 1237 — Petrarch receives there the laurel crown, 1341. Capitoline games instituted by Domitian. in which a prize is given for poetry, C6. Capitoline Fasti first mention the Ger- mans, B.C. 222. Capitolinus, C. Julius, consul of Rome, 274. Capitolinus, Cn. Manlius, consul of Rome, B.c 359, 357, II. CapitoliNus, M. Manlius, consul of Rome, B.C. 392. Capitolinus, P. Cestius, consul of Rome, b.c. 452. Capitolinus, T. Quintius, consul of Rome, b.c. 421. Capitolinus, T. Quint. Pennus, consul of Rome, b c. 354. Capitolinus, A. Manlius, military tribune of Rome, B.C. 384— accused of treason, and thrown from the Tarpeian rock, 383. Capitolinus, C. Manlius, military tribune of Rome, B.C. 378. Capitolinus, L. Manlius Vulso, military tribune of Rome, b.c. 422. Capitolinus, L. Quintius, military tribune of Rome, B.C. 369. Capitularies, added by Charlemagne to the laws of Lombardy ; the vulgar era is used in dating them, 801. Capo d'Istrias draws up the constitution of the Ionian Isles, 1800 — appointed pre- sident of Greece, 1827 — assassinated, Oct. 9, 1831. Capo d'Istrias, Augustin, appointed pre- sident of Greece, Oct. 1881 — superseded by k. Otho, 1833. Capo del Monte, battle of— the condot- tiere, Nicholas Fortebraccio, defeated and slain by Alexander Sfnrza, 1435. Cappadocia, a province of A«ia Minor, ori- ginally comprising Pontus, forms part of the empire of Cyrus, B.C. 546 — given by Darius Hystaspes, as an hereditary sa- trapy, to one of his brother-chiefs, 521 — Ariabarzanes I., of Pontus, establishes a separate government, about 400 — Cappa- docia subdued by Perdiccas, regent of Macedon, 322 — independent again, 315 — overcome by Mithridates III., of Pontus, 291 — subordinate to Seleucus Nicator, k. of Syria, till his death, 280 — made a Ro- man province, a.d. 15. Kings of Cappadocia. See, under their respective names, such dates and events as are known in their several reigns.^- Shtmn e : s I.,} tiraeuncertaiQ - Ariarathes I., d. 322. Ariarathes II., recovers the throne, 315. Ariamnes II., > ... . . Ariarathes III., | time unc ^tam. Ariarathes IV., 220-162. Ariarathes V., PMlopater, 162-130. Ariarathes VI. * 130-93. Ariobarzanes I., 93-63. Ariobarzanes II., 63-42. Ariarathes VII., 42-36. Archelaiis, 36 — a.d. 15. — Arrian, Roman governor, 135 — visited by a famine 370 — native country of Gre- gory of Nazianzus, to which he retires, on his resignation of the patriarchate of CP., 381 — invaded by a body of Huns, 515— conquered by the Saracens, 717— r recovered by Basil I., 876 — conquered by Soliman, and included in the Seljukian kingdom of Roum, 1074 — traversed by the first crusaders, 1097 — ravaged by the Mongols, 1292 — on their departure, Ka- raman, a Seljukian chief, rules indepen- dently, 1295 — part of the Ottoman em- pire, 1360 — overrun by Timour, 1402 — abandoned by him to the Ottomans, 1404. Capparone, regent of Sicily, 1201. Cappel, battle of, between the Catholic can- tons of Switzerland and the Zurichers ; Zuinglius is slain, 1531. Cappiano, battle of— the Florentine gen., Raymond da Cardona, defeated and taken prisoner by Castruccio of Lucca, and Azzo, son of Galeazzo Visconte, 1325. Caprarius, C. Cajcilius Metellus, consul of Rome, b.c. 113. Capre.*; (now Capri), an island on the coast of Campania, in which Tiberius secludes himself, 27. " Caps," the Russian party in Sweden, are overcome by the " Hats," or French fac- tion, 1738-57— prevail in the Diet, 1762— CAR 138 CAB are outvoted, 1763 — regain their ascend- ancy, 1768 — both these party-names are prohibited by Gustavus III., 1770. Capua, the capital of Campania, aspires to become supreme in Italy, and admits Hannibal, who winters there, B.C. 216 — re- taken by the Romans, 211— repulses the attack of George the Patrician, the Greek Catapan, a.d. 892 — ravaged by the Sara- cens, 906 — leagues with Beneventum and Amalfl against them, 908 — subdued by Otho the Great, 967— Pandulf employs Norman auxiliaries to gain possession of It, f026— is dispossessed by the emperor Conrad II., who gives it to Guimar, duke of Salerno, 1038— restored to Pandulf by the emperor Henry III., 1047 — given by pope Nicolas II. to Richard, count of Aversa, 1059 ; who takes the city, 1062 — pope Paseal II. makes a treaty with the Norman duke, Roger, 1110— taken byCon- rad IV., 1252— restored to Naples, 1424. Capuchins, order of, takes its rise, 1525. Caracalla, Aurelius Antoninus Bassianus, son of Sept. Severus, b. at Lyons, 1S8— created Caesar, 196— Augustus, 198— in- structed by the sophist, Antipater, 199 — assumes the toga virilis, 201— married to Flautilla ; consul of Rome, 202 — con- sul II., 205 — accompanies Severus into Britain; cousul HI. 208— supposed to be the Caracul of Ossian's poems, 209 — attempts to assassinate his father and seduce the allegiance of the army, 210 — becomes emperor, 211 — Oppian of Pella or Apamea dedicates a poem co him on Hunting, 211 — murders his brother Geta, and puts Papinian to death ; is offended by the pleading of Philiscus, 212 — goes into Gaul, and takes the name of Germanicus, consul IV. 213 ; Heliodorus, the sophist, de- claims before him in Gaul — he invades the lands of the Allemanni, whom he de- feats near the Maine ; then proceeds through Dacia and Thrace, and winters atNicomedia; Dion Cassius has an in- terview with him, 214: — arrives at An- tioch, whence he visits Egypt, and or- ders a general massacre of the Alexan- drians, 215 — decoys the Parthians into his camp, where he treacherously attacks them, and kills many, 216 — makes all his provincial subjects citizens of Rome, so that they may be taxed in both capa- cities, 216 — expels Abgarus from Osrho- ene, which becomes a Roman province, 216— assassinated near Edessa, April 8, 217. Caraccas, in Venezuela, built by the Spa- niards, 1567. Caracciolo. grand master of Rhodes me- diates a peace in northern Italy, 1392. Caracena, the Spanish general, obliged to raise the siege of Reggio, 1655. Caractacus, king of the Silures, taken prisoner byOstorius, and sent toRome, 50. Caracul. See Caracalla. Caraffa, John Peter, created a cardinal, 1536 — chosen pope, 1555. See Paul IV., pope. Caraffa family enriched by Paul IV., 1555— banished by him for their vices, 1559 — convicted of many crimes, are con- demned to death by pope Pius IV., Mar. 3, and the sentence executed, 1561. Caranus, k. of Mncedon, B.C. 748. Carausius, commander of the Roman fleet at Gessoriacum, revolts, and establishes an independent sovereignty in Britain — the legions and public officers there sub- mit to him— he rules the sea, and guards the province against the northern tribes, 287 — Maximian prepares a fleet to at- tack him, 288 — he defeats Maximian, seizes Gessoriacum, and deprives the Romans of all resources for naval war- fare, 289 — peace concluded, and he is ac- knowledged by the emperors as their colleague, 290— treacherously murdered by Allectus, 293. See Allectus. Caravaggio, battle of — the Venetians de- feated by Francesco Sforza, Sept. 15, 1448. Caebeas, leader of the Paulicians, fortifies Tephrike, 845 — defeats the emperor Mi- chael III., 860. Carberry hill, battle of— Bothwell de- feated by lord Hume ; Mary, queen of Scots, made prisoner, June 15, 1567. Carbo, C. Papirius, consul of Rome, B.C. 120 —accused by L. Crassus — poisons him- self, 119. Carbo, Cn. Papirius, consul of Rome, de- feated by the Teutones and Celts.B.c 113. Carbo, Cn. Papirius, consul of Rome, B.C. 85, 84 II.— after the death of his col- league, Cinna, remains sole consul — his plans against Sylla are frustrated by Cn. Pompeius, 83 — consul, III. 82 — is defeat- ed by Sylla, taken in Sicily, and put to death by Pompey, 82. Carbonari proclaim a free constitution in Naples, and are joined by general Pepe - , 1820— defeated and crushed by an Aus- trian army, 1821. Carcano, battle of — the emperor Frederic I. defeated by the Milanese and Bres- cians. Aug. 9, 1160. Carcassone, battle of— Gontram, k. of the Franks, defeated by Recared, k. of the Visigoths, 588— made the seat of a tri- bunal of the Inquisition, by pope Gre- gory IX., 1232. Carceri, John Dalle, marries Florence Sanudo, and succeeds as seventh duke of Naxos, 1307— d. 1326. CAB 139 CAB Carchemish, a town at the confluence of the Chaboras and Euphrates, to which Ash- urakbal conducts an expedition, B.C. 930, Lay. — the probable settlement of the captive Jews, 733 — the Circesiura of the Romans, near which the younger Gor- dian is killed, A j>. 244 — made a frontier fortress by Diocletian, 299 — Julian com- mences there his invasion of the Per- siau empire, 363 — Chosroes Purvis places himself there, under the protection of the emperor Maurice, 590. Cakoia. See Hiebonvmus of Cardia. Cabdife castle — Robert, duke of Nor- mandy, is kept a prisoner there, from 1106 till his death, 1134. Cabdigan, earl of, tried and acquitted by tbe peers for his duel with capt. Tuckett, Feb 16, 1841 — serves in the Crimea, 1854 — his speech at the Mansion House, after his return, Feb. 6, 1855. Cabdinals. See Conclave. — Burnt in effigy, at Perugia, 1282 — while disput- ing in their choice of a pope, six fall victims to the malaria, and the rest disperse, 1287 —French, the predominance of, created by Clement V. secures even- tually the election of another French pope, and the continuance of the papal see at Avignon — John XXII. appoints eight more, of whom seven are French, 1316 — six degraded, tortured, and imprisoned by pope Urban VI., 1385 — five of them murdered by him, 1386 Caedis, peace of, between Sweden and Russia, 1661. Caedona, Raymond da. See Cappiano. Caedona, Raymond de, viceroy of Naples. See Bologna. Caedonnel, accused of having misappro- priated the public money ; expelled from the House of Commons, 1711. Caeelia ceded to Sweden by the peace of Stolbova, 1617. Caeew, admiral sir B. Hallowell, b. 1760— dJ 1834. Caeey, rev. Wm., the Indian missionary, b. 1761— d. 1834. Caehamton, or Caebum, in Somersetshire, battle of — Ethelwolf defeated by the Danes, 840. Caeia, originally a large country in Asia Minor, of which the Ionians occupy many portions, B.C. 1043 — the original people preserve the name in the south-western angle, and form there a powerful mari- time state, which rules the sea from 732 to 672 — conquered by Cyrus, 546 — revolts against Darius Hystaspes, and is re- duced to obedience, 497 — invaded by the Lacedaemonian general, Dercyllidas, 397 — independent, and Hecatomnus k., 385 —he is succeeded by his son and daugh- ter, Mausolus and Artemisia, 377. See Aetemisia.— Their brother and sister, Idrieus and Ada, succeed, 352 — on his death, she is expelled by her third bro- ther, Pixodarus, 340 — conquered by Alex- ander, who restores Ada, 334 — Caria be- comes afterwards an appendage of the Syrian kingdom ; is conquered by the Romans, and given by them to the Rho- dians, 188 ; from which time it shares the vicissitudes of Asia Minor. Caeiaeic, k. of the Suevi, in Spain. 550- 559. Caeibs of St. Vincent rebel, and the war against them is closed by acts of great cruelty, 1773. Cakinthia given to Arnulf, natural son of Carloman of Bavaria, 880. See Bavaeia. — The duchy of, given to Guelphlll., by the emperor Henry III., 1047 — duke of, negotiates with John of Luxemburg, k. of Hohemia, 1330 — annexed to Austria, 1363. Caeinus, son of the emperor Carus, made Csesar, 282 — stationed in Gaul — consul of Rome, 2S3 — signalizes his accession as emperor by festivities at Rome ; then marches against the rebel, Julianus, who is defeated and slain; and against Dio- cletian, who is advancing into Europe — consul II., 284 — defeated and slain at Margus, in Moesia, 285. Caeisbeooke Castle ; Charles I. is impri- soned in, 1647 — his daughter, the prin- cess Elizabeth, dies in, Sept. 8, 1650. Caeisme, or Kaeisme, conquered by the Saracens, 707 — invaded by Dscbingis- Khan, 1218, 1222. Caeismians, the, cross the Tigris and Eu- phrates, 1232 ; overrun Syria ; defeat the combined forces of the Christians and Ayoubites, near Gaza ; capture and pil- lage Jerusalem, 1243— resist Timour, 1370 — submit to him, 1372. Cableton, Guy, b. 1724— obliges the Ame- ricans to withdraw from Canada, Mar. 6, 1776 — becomes commander-in-chief in America, Nov. 1781 — created lord Dor- chester, 1786. Cablile, Richard, fined and imprisoned for republishing Paine's " Age of Rea- son," Oct 12, 1819. Caelisle, the Luguvallum of Roman Bri- tain, from which, to the mouth of the Tyne, Hadrian orders a wall to be built, 121— fortified by William II., 1092— Ro- bert Bruce is repulsed at, 1315— Charles II. enters, Aug. 6, 1651 — surrenders to the Pretender, Charles Edward, Nov. 15, 1745— the Jacobite garrison submit to the duke of Cumberland, Dec. 30— riot of unemployed weavers at, June, 1, 1819 — bank of Foster and Co. stops payment, CAE 140 CAE 1836— railway to Lancaster opened, Dec. 16, 1846. Carlisle, the earl of, succeeds the earl of Halifax as lord treasurer, 1715. Carlisle, earl of, appointed a commis- sioner to treat for a reconciliation with the American colonists, March 9, 1778 — is challenged by La Fayette, but de- clines to be answerable, as a private in- dividual, for expressions used in a public document by the commissioners — leaves America, Oct. Carlisle, Christopher, commands the land forces sent with sir Francis Drake to at- tack the Spanish settlements in America, 1585. Carlisle, the earl of, b. 1775— d. 1848. Carlisle, earl of, appointed viceroy of Ire- land, March 13, 1855. Carlisle, Oglethorpe, bp. of, crowns qu. Elizabeth, Jan. 13, 1559. Carlisle, Sir Anthony, b. 1767— d. 1840. Carlist war, and Carlists. See Spain. Carlo, duke of Parma, 1731, and k. of the Two Sicilies, 1735. See Caklos, third son of Philip V. of Spain. Carloman, son of Pepin, and younger bro- ther of Charlemagne, b. 751— crowned, at Soissons, joint k. of France with his bro- ther, Oct. 9, 768 — refuses to assist Char- lemagne in his wars with the duke of Aquitaine — discord is engendered be- tween them, 769 — reconciled by their mother, Bertha, 770 — Carloman d., Dec. 3, 771 — his widow and infant sons seek the protection of Desiderius, k. of Lom- bardy — are sent to France by Charle- magne, 774. Carloman, son of Louis the Stammerer, suc- ceeds his father on the throne of France, in conjunction with his brother,LouisIIL, 879— makes war on Boso, and besieges Vienne, 880— sole king of France, 882— Vienne capitulates to him, 882 — dies of a wound received from a wild boar, 884. Carloman, eldest son of Louis II., emperor of Germany, b. 829— created duke of Ca- rinthia, 855— revolts against his father, 862— inherits Bavaria, 876 — acquires the crown of Italy, 877 — detained in Bavaria by sickness, sends deputies to act for him in Italy, 878— disabled by paralysis, his brother, Charles the Fat, takes his place as k. of Italy, 879— d. 880. Carloman, son of Charles Martel. See AUSTRASIA. Carlos, Don, eldest son of Philip II. of Spain, b. July 8, 1545 — deprived of his intended bride by his father, 1559 — is re- garded by him with jealousy and aver- sion, 1563 — delivered by him into the hands of the grand Inquisitor, Jan. 18 — d. in prison, July 30, 1568. Carlos, Don, third son of Philip V. ol Spain, b. Jan. 20, 1716 — affianced to the daughter of the late duke of Orleans, whom his mother sends back to France ; this is followed by a treaty between Aus- tria and Spain, by which the reversion of Parma and Tuscany is secured to him, 1725 — he succeeds as Carlos, duke of Parma, 1731 — arrives at Parma, 1732 — assisted by a Spanish army, under the count de Montemar, he conquers Naples, and is proclaimed king, May 10, 1734 — lands in Sicily, May 18, 1735— the island submits to him, and he is crowned at Pa- lermo, July 3 — by the peace of Vienna, he is acknowledged as Carlos, k. of the Two Sicilies, and resigns Parma, Oct. 3 — collects an army at Orbitello, and threatens Milan, 1741 — compelled to neu- trality by a British fleet, under admiral Mathews, 1743 — succeeds his brother, Ferdinand VI., k. of Spain, and transfers Naples and Sicily to his third son, Fer- dinand IV. See Charles III., king of Spain. Carlos, Don (Carlos Maria Isidore), se- cond son of Charles IV., k. of Spain, and brother of Ferdinand VII., b. Mar. 29, 1788 — protests against the abolition of the Salic law, 1830 — is set up by his parti- sans as Charles V., 1833 — seeks refuge in Portugal; expelled, 1834 — his sup- porters maintain an obstinate civil war in Biscay and Aragon, 1835 — massacre of Carlist prisoners at Barcelona, Jan. 4, 1836 — he joins his partisans, and, with Cabrera, advances towards Madrid ; they are driven back over the Ebro, 1837 — maintains a harassing warfare in Valen- cia, Aragon, and Murcia, 1838 — retires into France, 1839 — the rebellion sup- pressed, 1840 — he resigns his pretensions in favour of his son, the count de Monte- molino, 1845— d. at Trieste, Mar. 10, 1855. Carlotta, Joachima, qu. dowager of Por- tugal, b. 1777— d. Jan. 6, 1830. Carlow, battle of; the Irish rebels re- pulsed, May 24, 1798— railway to Dublin opened, Aug. 10, 1846. Carlo witz, negotiations at, for peace with the Turks, 1698— treaty of, concluded, Jan. 26, 1699. Carlsbad, in Bohemia; discovery of its hot-springs, by the emperor Charles IV , 1358— its baths founded, 1364 — congress at, Aug.. 1819. Carlsruhe. See Baden. Carlstadt denies the pope's supremacy, 1519 — his hasty changes cause disturb- ances at Wittenberg, 1522 — withdraws to Strasburg, and maintains his saora- mental controversy with Luther 1524 — d. 1541. CAR 141 CAB Carlton Club founded, 1835. Carlton Gardens. See Gas Lights. Carmagnola, a condottiere, gen. of Philip Maria Visconte, duke of Milan, concludes peace with Genoa, and regains Bergamo, 1419 — re-annexes Cremona, Parma, and Brescia, to Milan, 1420 — Genoa surren- ders to him, 1421— gov. of Genoa, 1422 — superseded by the duke of M ilan, 1423 — dismissed, 1424— employed by the Ve- netians, 1425 — he takes Brescia, 1426 — routed by Francesco Sforza, at Soncino, May 17, 1431 — suspected of treachery by the Venetian government; imprisoned, put to the torture, and beheaded, May 5, 1432 Carmania, Alexander marches overland to. from the mouth of the Indus, b.c.326. Carmathians, in Eastern Arabia, revolt, 890 — plunder a rich caravan, and slay many thousand pilgrims, 903 — plunder Mecca, and massacre the pilgrims, 929. See Assassins. Carmelite Order, founded by Berthold, 1156. Carnatic, the, conquered by Hyder Ali, 1780 — recovered by Sir Eyre Coote, June 2, 1782. Carn^ea, or trials of musical skill, insti- tuted at Lacedaemon, B.C. 676. Carneades, b. at Cyrene, B.C. 213 — founder of the New Academy ; sent on an em- bassy from Athens to Rome, 155 — d. 129. Carniola ; Rachis, duke of Friuli, con- quers the Slavonians in, 739 — annexed to Austria, 1363. Carnot, appointed minister of war, Aug. 16, 1793 — one of the Directory, 1795— ap- pointed minister of war by Bonaparte, Dec, 1799— d. 1823. Carolina, Locke draws up a constitution for, 1669. See United States. Caroline, an American steam boat, em- ployed in assisting the Canadian rebels, is set on fire, and precipitated down the Falls of Niagara, Dec. 29, 1837. Caroline WilhelmiNa, of Anspach, b. 1683 — married to the electoral prince of Han- over, afterwards George II. of England, 1705— qu. of England, 1727— left regent on his departure for Hanover, Mav 17, 1729— again, June 3, 1732— d. Nov. 20. 1737. Caroline Matilda, daughter of Frederic, prince of Wales, b. July 22, 1751 — mar- ried to Christian V1L, k. of Denmark, Oct. 1, 1766— favours Struensee, 1770— charges made against her, 1772 — her brother, k. George III., sends a fleet for her protection; she retires to Zell; d. there, Mar. 10, 1775. Caboline Amelia Augusta, second daugh- ter of Charles Wm, Ferdinand, duke of Brunswick, b. May 17, 1768 — married t« her cousin, George, prince of Wales, Apr. 8, 1795 — birth of their daughter, Charlotte, princess of Wales, Jan. 7, 1796 — separated from him, Apr. 30, 1796 — " delicate investigation" into her con- duct, May 22, 1806— charges against her again brought forward, and disproved, 1813 — not being permitted to appear at court, she determines to travel, and em- barks at Worthing, Aug. 8, 1814: — com- missioners sent to Milan to inquire into her conduct, 1818 — becomes queen, Jan. 29, 1820 — her name omitted from the Liturgy, Feb. 11 — appoints Messrs. Brougham and Denman her attorney and solicitor-general, Apr. 29 — arrives from the continent, June 6 — sends a message to the Commons, challenging inquiry, June 7 — congratulatory addresses pre- sented to her from the common council of London, and other cities ; a Bill of Pains and Penalties brought in against her by lord Liverpool, July 5 — the attorney-ge- neral opens the case against her, July 19 — her defence commenced, Oct. 3 — the Bill abandoned^ Nov. 10 — she goes in State to St. Paul's to return thanks for her happy deliverance, Nov. 29 — annu- ity of £50,000 settled on her, Jan. 31, 1821 — her right to be crowned denied by the privy council, July 4 — she is, in conse quence, refused admittance to Westmin- ster Abbey on the day of the coronation, July 19— falls ill, July 30— d. Aug. 7— tumults at her funeral procession in Lon- don, Aug. 14 — is buried at Brunswick. Caroline, qu. of Naples. See Bonaparte, Caroline. Carpathian Mountains, the retreat of Swatopolk, the expelled grand duke of Russia, who d. there, 1019. Carpenter, gen., defeats a body of Jaco- bites at Preston, 1715. Carpenter, Dr. Lant, b. 1780— tf. 1840. Carpi, a German tribe on the Danube, de- feated by Philip, 245— again, by Gale- rius, who assigns lands to them in some of the depopulated districts of the em- pire, 295. Carpi, battle of; prince Eugene defeats Catinat, July 9, 1701. Carr, Sir John, b. 1772— d. 1832. Carracci, Agostino, painter and engraver, b. 1558— d. 1602. Carracci, Annibale, b. 1568 — d. 1609. Carracci, Ludovico, b. 1555 — d, 1619. Carranza, abp. of Toledo, condemned by the Inquisition, 1568. Carrara, Francesco da, lord of Padua; though supported by the dukes Albert and Leopold of Austria, and Louis, k. of Hungary and Poland, is compelled by CAR 142 CAR the Venetians to subscribe a humiliating treaty of peace. 1373 — besieges Treviso, I which is relieved by Bernabo Visconte, 1379 — renews the siege, 13S0— the Vene- j tians give up Treviso to Leopold, duke j of Austria, 13S1 — who sells it to Fran- cesco, 1384 — overthrow of the House ; loss of Padua and Treviso, 13S8 — assist- ed by Sir John Hawkwood to recover Padua, 1390 — Verona surrenders to him, 1404 — he and his sons are murdered, and the family becomes extinct, 1405. Carrara. Marsilio da, receives Padua from the Venetians, 1337. Carre, Robert, becomes a favourite of James I., 1611 — created viscount Roches- ter and earl of Somerset; marries the divorced countess of Essex, 1613. See Somerset, Robert Carre, earl of. Carretto, sir Fabricius, grand master of Rhodes, 1513— -d. 1521. Carrhm:, now Harran, an ancient town in Mesopotamia, between Edessa and Niai- bis, the residence of Abraham before his migration to Canaan, about B.C. 2000 — battle of; Crassns defeated and slain by the Parthians, 53 — celebrated for its Temple of the Moon, to which Caracalla sets out on a pilgrimage, and is assassi- nated on the road, a.d. 217— taken by Odenathns, 264 — second battle of; Gale- rius defeated by Narses, 297 — the empe- ror Julian halts there, and divides his army, 363 — still adheres to paganism, 550.' Carrickfergus, William III. lands at, June 11, 1690— Thurot lands at, Feb. 21, 1760. Carrier, a Jacobin, his atrocities iu the departments. Mar., 1794. Carrier-pigeons, convey intelligence to the Saracens besieged in Palermo. 1068. Carroccio, of Milan, taken by the Cre- monese, 1150 — by the emperor Frederic II., 1237. See Capitol. Carrum. See Carhamton. Carte, Thomas, b. 1686— d. 1754. Carteret, John Lord, b. 1690— lord-lieu- tenant of Ireland, Apr. 1, 1724 — fails in his motion for the dismissal of Sir Ro- bert Walpole, Feb. 13, 1741 — secretary of state on Walpole's retirement, 1742— created earl Granville, resigns his office, Nov. 22, 1744 — in office again, with the duke of Newcastle, 1754 — with lord Bute, 1761— d. 1763. Carteret. See Wallis. Cartes, Des, or Cabtesius. See Des Cartes. Carthage, a Phoenician colony, founded B.C. 878, or, according to Niebuhr, S26 — territories extended in Africa, Sicily, and Sardinia, 550— a free republic ; car- ries on an extensive commerce, 545. See Carthaginians. — Scipio prepares an ex- pedition against the city of Carthage, 205 — lands in Africa, and defeats Syphax, k. of Numidia, 204— Hannibal recalled from Italy for its defence, 203 — is totally defeated at Zama, 202 — peace concluded with Rome, 201- See Hannibal. Masinissa encroaches on the territory of Carthage, and takes the province of Tyssa, 174 — defeats the army sent to re- sist him. 152 — the Romans begin the third Punic War, by sending a large force into Africa; the siege of the cicy is commenced, 149-closely invested by Pub. Corn. Scipio ^Emiliauus, 147 — taken and destroyed, 146 — Cai us G racchus establishes a colony there, 122 — Marius escapes there, after his quarrel with Sylla, 88 — the city re- built by Julius Caesar, 46. Becomes the second city of the West, about a.d. 120 — and its schools flourish, in which Apuleius studies, 149 — the Gor- dians, proclaimed at Carthage, defeated and slain, 237 — its bishopric grows rich and important : Cyprian is appointed toit, 248 — he. holds a council, by which stricter canons are enforced, and the hierarchy made more despotic. 252 — at another, dic- tates articles, which provoke angry dis- putes, 256 — Dionysius, and Sixtus II., write about theni,' 257. See Cyprian, bp. of Carthage. Julian, supported by the Quinquegen- tiani, a confederacy of five Maurita- nian nations, assumes the purple at Carthage, and is overcome by Maximian, 297 — the bishopric purchased for Majo- rinns, 311 — contest for it between Cseci- lianus and Donatus ; gives rise to the Donatists, 313. See Donatists. — Revolt of Fii-mus. 372 — suppressed by Theodo- sius the elder, 373 — who is unjustly con- demned by Gratian, and beheaded at Carthage, 376 — synods held, to oppose the Donatists, 403 and 405 — conference between them and the Catholics, 411 — synods against Pelagius, 416 and 41S — Boniface governor, 422. See BoxiPACrcs, count. A synod forbids appeals to the bp. of Rome. 425 — Carthage taken byGenseric, Oct. 19, 439. See Vandals.— The fugi- tives and exiles kindly received by Theodoret, bp. of Cyrrhus; are refused hospitality as heretics by Leo I., bp. of Rome, 440— conference of Arian and Ca- tholic bishops called by Hunneric, 484 — Hilderic grants religious freedom, and admits the Catholic bp., Bonifacius, 523 — Carthage taken by Belisarius, 533 — Justinian grants the demand of the coun- cil for the restitution of the church pro- CAE 143 CAE perty, which had been seized by the Van- dals, 535— taken by Hassan ; recovered by a Roman army, assisted by the Visi- goths from Spain, 697 — taken by storm, and destroyed, by Hassan, 698. Carthagena, in Spain. See Carthago Nova. — Declares for Charles III., and admits the British fleet, under Sir John Leake, 1706 — taken by the duke of Ber- wick, 1707. Carthagena, in South America, founded, 1532 — taken by Sir Francis Drake and Christopher Carlisle, 1586 — faihue of the attack, by adm. Vernon and gen. Wentworth, 1741. Carthaginians. See Carthage. — De- feated by the Phocians at sea, B.C. 539 — contend with the Syracusans for Sicily, and force the neighbouring tribes in Africa to pay tribute, 533 — treaty with the consuls of Rome, by which that people and their allies are bound not to navigate beyond the Fair Promon- tory (Cape Bon), 509 — enriched by the gold and silver mines of Spain, 483 — de- feated at Himera, by Theron and Gelon, 480 — attack Sicily, and reduce Selinus and Himera, 409 — take Agrigentum, 406 — visited by the plague in Sicily, 405 — conclude peace with Dionysius, and re- tain their possessions in Sicily, 404 — make farther progress there, 397 — peace again, with Dionysius, 392 — unsuccessful in a short war, he fixes the river Halycus as the division of their territories, 383 — at war again ; they lose Selinus and other towns, 368 — commercial treaty with Rome renewed, 348 — defeated in Sicily by Timoleon of Corinth, 343 — again, near the Crimesus, 339 — Agatho- cles makes war on them, 317. See Aga- thocles. — Peace with Syracuse, 306 — they increase in wealth and power, 300 — alliance with Rome, against Pyrrhus, 278 — expelled by him from most of their possessions in Sicily, 277 — he lays siege to Lilybceum, 276 — they send fresh troops to Sicily ; relieve Lilybseum, and drive him. back to Italy, 275 — commencement of the Punic wars, 264 — defeated by the Romans, at Messana, in Sicily, 263— lose Agrigentum, 262 — defeated by the con- sul, Duilius, in the first naval battle of the Romans, off Mylse, 260 — attacked by the consul L. Com. Scipio in Sardinia and Corsica, 259— surround the consul Atilius Calatinus in Sicily, who escapes with dif- ficulty, 258 — an indecisive naval battle off Tyndaris, 257 — their fleet is totally de- stroyed, near Ecnomus ; the Romans land in Africa ; the Carthaginians hire troops fromGreece, and give the command toXan- thippus, 256 — defeat Regulus, and take him prisoner, but the Romans gain ano. ther naval victory, and carry off their army from Africa, 255 — the Romans take Panormus, 254 — pass over again into Africa, and ravage the coast, 253 — the consul Aurelius Cotta victorious in Si- cily, 252 — Hasdrubal defeated at Pa- normus, by Metellus, 250— naval victory of the Carthaginians off Drepanum, 249 — they apply to Ptolemy Philadelphus for a loan, which he refuses, 248 — they send Hamilcar into Sicily, 247 — he re- trieves their affairs there, and ravages the coast of Italy, 246 — retakes Eryx, 245 — their adm., Hanno, totally defeated by Lutatius Catulus, off the iEgates, after which they agree to a treaty of peace, cede Sicilv to Rome, and pay a tribute of 3200 talents, 241— their mer- cenaries mutiny for their pay, 240 — they give up Sardinia and Corsica to the Ro- mans, and send Hamilcar to Spain, 238 — he extends their dominions there, and excites the jealousy of Rome, 233 — on his death Hasdrubal takes his place, and founds Carthago Nova (Carthagena), 229 — they are bound'' by a new treaty with Rome, not to extend their dominions in Spain to the north of the Ebro, 226— on the death of Hasdrubal, Hannibal takes the command in Spain, 221 — he secretly prepares for war, 220 — takes Saguntum. 219— crosses the Alps; defeats the Ro- mans near the Ticinus, and the Trebia, 218-at Thrasymene, 217-at Cannae, Aug. 2, 216, and passes the winter at Capua ; his brother, Hasdrubal, defeated by the Scipios in Spain, 215 — he is kept in check by Fabius, 214 — Tarentum betrayed into his hands, 213 — the Scipios defeated and killed in Spain, 212 — Capua retaken by the Romans ; Hannibal marches to the gates of Rome, and returns, 211 — defeats Cn. Fulvius, near Herdonia ; Sicily re- conquered by the Romans; Pub. Corn. Scipio takes Carthago Nova, 210— his progress drives the Carthaginians to the Atlantic ; Tarentum recovered by Fabi- us ; Hasdrubal marches for Italy, 209 — the consuls Marcellus and Crispinus de- feated and slain by Hannibal ; the Car- thaginian fleet defeated by Lsevinus, 208 — Hasdrubal totally routed and slain, on the Metaurus ; the Carthaginians en- tirely driven out of Spain by Scipio, 207 — are inactive in Italy, 206. See Car- thage. Carthago Nova, now Carthagena, found- ed by Hasdrubal, B.C. 229— taken by Sci- pio, 210 — Majorian's fleet destroyed in its harbour, by Genseric, a.d. 460. See Carthagena. Carthusian monastery in London (La CAS 144 CAS Chartreuse), now the Charter - house, built by Sir Walter Manny, 1371. See Charter-housb. Carthusian Order, founded by Bruno, at La Chartreuse, 1084. Cartier. See Canada. Cartoons. See Raffaelle d' Urbino. Cartoons for the decoration of the New Houses of Parliament exhibited in West- minster-hall, July 3, 1843. Cart wright, Major John, b. 1740— con- victed of conspiracy with Wooller and others to elect a legislatorial attorney, Aug. 4, 1820— d. 1824— his statue erected in Burton-crescent, 1831. Carus, chosen emperor of Rome on the death of Probus ; gives the title of Caesar to each of his sons, Carinus and Nume- rianus, 282 — having stationed Carinus in Gaul, he takes Numerianus with him into the East ; repulses the Sarmatians in Thrace, advances victoriously into Persia, and takes Seleucia and Ctesiphon ; consul II., 283 — near the latter city he dies, mysteriously, in his tent, during a violent storm, Dec. 25, 283. Carvalho. See Pombal. Carvilius, Sp., divorces his wife, B.C. 231. Carvilius, Spurius Maximus, consul of Rome, B.C. 293. Carey, the Rev. H., translator of Dante, b. 1766— d. 1844. Caeystius, Apollodorus, the comic poet, fl. b.c. 228. Casal, in Montferrat, taken by Galeazzo Visconte from the marquis John Palseo- logus, 1370— besieged by Gonzales de Cordova, gov. of Milan, 1628 — the siege abandoned, 1629 — sold to Louis XIV. by the duke of Mantua, 1681 — besieged by Victor Amadeus II, duke of Savoy, 1694 —taken, July 9, 1695. Casas, Las, protests against the cruelties practised by the Spaniards in America, 1542. Casaubon, Isaac, b. 1559 — d. 1614. Casaubon, Merrick, prebendary of Can- terbury, d. 1671. Cases, count Las, b. 1766 — accompanies Napoleon to St. Helena, 1815— d. 1842. Cash payments. See Bank of England. Cashman, active in the Spa Fields riots, Dec. 2, 1816 — executed in Skinner- street, Mar. 12, 1817. Casim, son of Yusef, after having surprised Toledo and Seville, is made prisoner by Abderahman I., 759 — released by Hixem Ben Adra, is again taken, and sent back to prison, 760 — escapes, 765— rebellion in the Sierras of Ronda and Segovia, 780 — pardoned by Abderahman, and be- comes a faithful subject, 786. Cabimir I., son of Miecislas, duke of Po- land, on his father's death takes refuge in the monastery of Clugny, 1034 — is called by the Poles to reign over them, 1041— d. 1058. Casimir II., the Just, k. of Poland, 1177- 1194. Casimir III,, k. of Poland, 1333— gives the first code of laws to Poland, 1347— last of the Piast dynasty, d. 1370. Casimir IV., son of Ladislas II., k. of Po- land, b. 1428 — the crown of Bohemia is offered to him by some of the Hussites, and he proceeds with a Polish army to support them ; they are defeated at Ta- bor, by Albert of Austria, 1438 — duke of Lithuania, 1440 — on the death of his brother, Ladislas III., the Poles elect him to be king, 1445— he finally accepts the crown,1447— thePrussian cities of the Marienwerder league place themselves under his protection, 1454— reduces the Teutonic Knights to feudal subjection, 1466 — his son, Ladislas, chosen k. of Bo- hemia, 1469— d. 1492. Casino, Mount, monastery of. See Mount Casino. Casius, Mount, near the Sirbonian Lake, inspected by Hadrian, 130. Caslon, William, the type-founder, b. 1692 — d. 1766. Caspian gates, broken through by a body of Huns, 515— by the Turks, 626. See Derbend. C aspian Sea, the northern limit of Alex- ander's conquests, B.C. 330 — the czar Peter extends his conquests to its shores, ad. 1722. Cassander, son of Antipater, puts the orator Demades to death, B.C. 318 — be- sieges Olympias in Pydna, and usurps the government of Macedon, 316 — takes Pydna, puts Olympias to death, and re- builds Thebes, 315 — puts to death Rox- ana, and her son, Alexander iEgas, 311 — murders Hercules, a natural son of Alexander, proclaimed k. of Macedon, 309 — opposed by Demetrius Poliorcetes, 303 — who is called away from Greece to Asia, 302 — protects Lachares in his usur- pation at Athens, 299— d. 296. Cassano, on the Adda, battles of, between the Imperialists, under prince Eugene, and the French, under the duke de Ven- dome ; both claim the victory, Aug. 16, 1705 — the French, commanded by Mo- reau, defeated by the Russian general, Suvarof, April 27, 1799. Cassel, capital of the electorate of Hesse ; a conference held at, attempts to unite the Protestant churches, 1661 — occupied by the French, under marshal D'Estr^es, Aug. 10, 1757 — recovered by Ferdinand of Brunswick, 1758— again taken by the CAS 145 CAS French, and abandoned, 1759 — re-occu- pied by them, 1760— taken by prince Fer- dinand, Nov. 1, 1762 — the Prussians enter, to put down a revolt, Nov. 2, 1850. CaSSEL, Mount, in Flanders, battles of— the Flemish patriots defeated by Philip VI., k. of France, 1328— William III.. prince of Orange, is defeated by the duke of Orleans and marshal Luxemburg, Apr. 11, 1677. Cassi. See Catti. Cassi anus, Joannes, lives among the monks of Kgypt, 395-400— writes afterwards his Collationes, or Conferences with them — is ordained by Chrysostom, 401 — founds monasteries at Marseilles, and teaches Semi-Pelagianism, 433. * Cassiere, grand master of the Knights of Malta, quarrels with them — pope Gre- gory XIII. settles the dispute, 1581. Cassini, b. 1625 — discovers four of Saturn's satellites, 1671-84 — invited to Paris by Colbert, 1669— d. 1712. Cassini, count John Dominic, b. 1748 — d. 1845. Cassiodorus (proavus), great-grandfather of the senator, defends Sicily against Gen- seric, 441. Cassi odorus {avus), the grandfather, sent as ambassador to Attila, 450 Cassiodobus, the father, is Comes Saerarum to Odoacer, 490. Cassiodorus, the senator, b. 480 — secretary to Theodoric, 497 — joint minister with Boethius, 504 — consul of Home, 514 — his Chronicon ends, 519 — chief minister and adviser of Amalasontha, 526— describes the twelve books of his Gothic History in a letter to the senate, 533— pi'ietorian prefect ; his official letters written, 534 — etill the official secretary to Vitiges, 536 — retires to the monastery of Squillace, 539 — his History of the Goths, abridged by Jornandes, 552 — prepares his "Com- putus PascTialis" 562 — writes " De Ortho- graphia" 673 — d. 575. Cassiopeia, a new star or comet visible sixteen months in the constellation, 1572. Cassius, Caius. See Bassus, Csecilius. — Conspires against and assassinates Caesar, B.C. March 15, 44— defeated atPhilippi,42. Cassius, Avidius, assists the operations of the emperor Verus against Volagases, 162 — revolts in Syria, and is slain by his own soldiers, 175. Cassius, Dion. See Dion Cassius. Cassius, See Hemina. Castagnedo, Spanish admiral. See Byng, Sir George. Castalona, battle of — Abderahman I. de- feats a rebel army, 784. Castanos. See Baylen, battle of; and Baylen, duke of. Castel, Edmund, author of the Lexicon Heptaglotton, b. 1606— d. 1685. Castella, battle of— sir John Murray de- feats Suchet, April 13, 1813. Castellamare, Roger de Loria, destroys the armament of Robert, count d'Artois, regent of Naples, June 23, 1287. Castellan, Peter de, papal legate, assas- sinated in the south of France, 1208. Castelnaudry, battle of— marshal Schom- berg defeats the duke de Montmorency, 1632. Castelnuovo, battle of — the Cremonese defeat the Milanese, 1150. Castiglione, battles of — the Cremonese defeat the Milanese, 1213 — Bonaparte defeats the Austrian general, Wurmser, Aug. 5, 1796. Castiglione, Geoffrey de. See Celestin IV., pope. Castiglioni, Cardinal Francis Xavier, elected pope, 1829. See Pius VIII., pope. Castile, or Castille, a province in Spain, designated from the Castellce, in which in- dependentGothic chiefs maintained them- selves against the Saracens — Alfonso I. extends his Asturian kingdom among them, 740 — they appoint a count ; the first is Roderic, who acknowledges the supre- macy of Alphonso II., 791 — Abderahman III. defeats them, 921 — they defeat him at Uxama, 932 — after many struggles, their count, Ferdinand Gonsalvo, concludes a treaty, by which Sancho, the Fat, recog- nizes their independence, 965. Count Garcias Sancho leaving no heirs, Sancho III., of Navarre, takes his territo- ries, 1028 — on his death, his sous divide his dominions, and the kingdom of Castile is founded by Ferdinand I., 1035 — he an- nexes Leon to it, 1037 — his kingdom di- vided by his sons, and the eldest, Sancho II., inherits Castile, 1065 — repulses th« invasion of Rainiro, k. of Aragon, who is slain in battle, 1067— Alfonso VI. k., 1072 - — repels Sancho I., k. of Aragon, 1076. See Alfonso VI. and VII., k. of Castile. On the death of Alfonso VII., Leon is made a separate kingdom for his son, Fer- dinand II. See Leon. — Sancho III. takes Castile, 1157 — dies, and leaves his king- dom to Alfonso VIII., 1158. See Alfonso VIII., k. of Castile. — Henry I. succeeds, 1214— Ferdinand III., son of Alfonso IX., k. of Leon, and Garsenda, daughter of Al- fonso VIII., k. of Castile, 1217 — re-uuites Leon to it, 1230 — attacks the Moors in Se- ville, 1232 — takes Cordova and part of Andalusia, 1236 — founds the university of Salamanca ; establishes his supremacy over Murcia, 1240— Jaen given up to him, and Granada placed uuder his protection^ 1243. CAS 146 CAS C istile — continued. Alfonso X. succeeds;, 1225. See Al- fonso X., the Philosopher. — Sancho IV. excludes the family of his deceased elder brother, Ferdinand, and occupies the throne, 1284. See Alfonso de la Cerda. — Destroys a Moorish fleet at Tan- gier, and takes Tarifa on his return, 1-292— Ferdinand IV., 1295— his mother, Maria, regent; she defends his throne against a powerful confederacy, 1296 — Dionysius, k. of Portugal, withdraws from the league, 1267 — treaty of Cam- pillo, 1305— Alfonso XL, 1312— an expe- dition against Granada during his mi- nority fails, and the princes Juan and Pedro are slain, 1319. See Alfonso XI., k. of Castile. Peter, the Gruel, succeeds his father, Alfonso XI., 1350 — puts to death Ele- auora de Guzman, 1351 — marries Blanche de Bourbon, and deserts her in three days for his mistress, Maria de Pa- dilla, 1353 — imprisons Blanche, 1354 — Henry de Trastamare, son of Alfonso XI. and Eleanora de Guzman, claims the crown, and is supported by Pedro IV. of Aragon — Peter puts to death his own brother, Ferdinand, with other princes and grandees, 1358 — pope In- nocent VI. makes a vain effort to me- diate — Peter puts to death his aunt, Eleanor, qu. of Aragon, 1359 — poisons Blanche and her friend, Isabella Lara, 1361 — Henry revives his claim, and Du Guesclin collects an army to support him, 1365 — Peter is expelled, and takes refuge in Guienne, 1366— the Black Prince re- stores him to his throne, retires disgust- ed, and leaves him to his fate, 1367 — Peter defeated at Montiel, March 14, and slain, 23, 1369 — John of Gaunt marries his eldest daughter, Constance, and claims the crown of Castile. Henry II. ascends the throne, the kings of Aragon, Navarre, Portugal, and Granada unite to attack him, 1370 — he invades Portugal, besieges Lisbon, and compels Ferdinand to make peace, 1373 — concludes the treaty of Almazan with Pedro IV. of Aragon, 1374 — in- vades Navarre, 1377 — peace concluded with Charles II., 1379 ; soon after which, Henry d., May 30, and his son, John I., is king of Castile — he intercedes with Charles VI., of France, to liberate the Navarre royal family from their capti- vity, 1381 — England and Portugal make war on him, to support John of Gaunt's claim — Portugal obtains an honourable peace ; but the English claim is disre- garded, 1382. John I. marries Beatrice, heiress of Ferdinand, king of Portugal — the Por- tuguese resist the union of the two kingdoms, 1383 — he invades their coun- try, and besieges Lisbon, 1384— is routed at Aljubarotte, July 29, 1385— John of Gaunt invades Castile without success, 1386— Henry III. succeeds, 1390 — the death of Constance puts an end to the pretensions of John of Gaunt, 1394 — John II., k., an infant; his uncle, Ferdi- nand, is regent,1406 — war with Granada; Antequera surrenders to Ferdinand, 1410 — he resigns the regency, 1412 — the in- fluence of Alvarez de Luna causes trou- bles, 1420 — the principal nobility com- bine against him, 1426 — he is banished, 1427 — recalled, 1428 — he defeats the Moors of Granada on Mount Elvira, 143J — war renewed, and Huesca taken, 1435 — John II. compelled to dismiss Alvarez de Luna, 1441 — encourages Muhamad Aben Ismail to claim the crown of Gra- nada, 1445 — Alvarez de Luna given up to his enemies, and beheaded at Burgos, July 5, 1453— John II. d, July 20, 1454. His son, Henry IV., the Weak, succeeds — war renewed with Granada, and Fort Ximena taken, 1454 — Gibraltar taken, 1462 — conference of Henry with Louis XL of France, at Fontarabia, 1463 — the legitimacy of his daughter, Joanna, his only child, is questioned ; he declares her to be the heiress of his throne ; Pa- checo, marquis of Villena, the archbp. of Toledo, and the nobles, conspire to main- • tain the rights of his brother, Alfonso, and his sister, Isabella, 1464— Alfonso proclaimed by them king, 1465— death of Alfonso; Isabella declared heiress of Castile, 1468 — she marries Ferdinand, prince of Aragon — Henry, being offend- ed, transfers the succession again to Jo- anna—the grandees of the kingdom re- sist the change, 1469 — Henry dies, Dec. 11 — Isabella and Ferdinand begin their joint reign, 1474 — Alfonso V., of Portu- gal, is affianced to Joanna, claims Castile, and takes Zamora, 1474 ; which Ferdi nand recovers, and defeats Alfonso at Toro, 1476— again at war with Granada, 1478 — union of Castile and Aragon under Ferdinand and Isabella, 1479. See Fer- dinand and Isabella ; and Spain. Castile, Counts of: Roderic, 791. Ferdinand Goncalez, 950. Garcias Ferdinand, d. 1005. Sancho Garcias, 1005-1022. Held by Sancho III., of Navarre, till 1035. Castile being regarded as a contiaua CAS 117 CAT tion of the kingdoms if Oviedo and Leon, its kings are numbered with reference to earlier sovereigns of those states. Kings : Ferdinand I., 1035-1065. Sancho II., 1065-1072. Alfonso VI., 1072-1109. Urraca and A lfonso, of Aragon, as Alfonso VII., 1109-1126. Alfonso, of Gallicia, as Alfonso VII. 1126-1157. Sancho III., 1157-1158. Alfonso VIII., 1158-1214. Henry I., 1214-1217. Ferdinand III., 1217-1252. Alfonso X., 1252-1284. Sancho IV., 1284-1295. Ferdinand IV., 1295-1312. Alfonso XL, 1312-1350. Peter, the Cruel, 1350-1369. Henry II., 1369-1379. John I., 1379-1390. Henry III., 1390-1405. John II., 1405-1454. Henry IV., 1454-1474. Isabella and Ferdinand, 1474. United with Aragon, 1479. — See Spain, kings of. Oastillon, in Guienne, battle of — John Talbot, earl of Shrewsbury, defeated by Charles VII., and slain, July 23, 1453. Castinus quarrels with Bonifacius in Spain — is defeated by the Vandals, 422 — supports John Primicerius, 423 — consul of Rome, 424. Castlebar, battle of; a small British force driven back by gen. Humbert, after his landing at Killala, Aug. 28, 1798. Castle Rising, in Norfolk ; queen Isabella is shut up in, 1330. Castlemaine, lord, accused by Titus Oates and Dangerfield — acquitted, June 23, 1680 — sent by James II. ambassador to Rome, 1686. Castlereagh, Robert Stewart, viscount, b. 1769 — secretary for Ireland ; active in promoting the Union, 1800 — secretary for the colonies, 1807 — plan for recruit- ing the army and raising a local militia adopted, April 23, 1808 — accused of hav- ing trafficked in parliamentary seats, de- fended by the Commons, April 25, 1809 —duel with Mr. Canning, Sept. 21, 1809 — foreign secretary, 1812 — proceeds to join the allied sovereigns, Dec. 27, 1813 — attends the congress of Vienna as the representative of Great Britain, 1814. See Londonderry, marquis. Castor, the chronologist, fl. B.C. 61 — his Chronology ends, 56. " Castrametatione, De." See Htginus. Castriot, George. See Scanderbeg. Cabtriot, John de, establishes alum works for pope Pius II. at Solfa, near Civita Vecchia, 1459. Castriota, Ferdinand, marquis of St. Angelo, taken prisoner at Pavia, Feb. 24, 1525. Castro, Guy de. See Celestin IT., pope. Casthj, in Apulia, taken by the Turks, 1537. Castro, Inez, or Agnes de, Peter, prince of Portugal, marries, retires with her to the banks of the Mondego, 1345 — she is murdered by order of her husband's father, Alfonso IV., 1354. See Coim- bra. — Peter having succeeded to the throne punishes her murderers and transfers her remains to the royal se- pulchre of Alcobaca with funeral ho- nours, 1357 — and is interred in her tomb, 1367. Casteuccio of Lucca. See Cappiano. Catagna, Dominico, and a Genoese colony manufacture alum at Phoca;a, 1330. Catalan grand company formed by Roger di Flor, out of thivmercenaries who had served with him in Sicily ; are employed by the Greek emperor, Andronicus II., against the Turks; establish themselves at Cyzicus, 1303—defeat the Mongols, enter Philadelphia, and station them- selves at Ephesus, 1304 — besiege Mag- nesia, and occupy the Thracian Cher- sonesus, 1305 — fortify Gallipoli, where other adventurers join them,1306 — Roger di Flor assassinated at Adrianople, and many of them massacred; they make. Rocafert their captain ; begin hostilities against the Greek empire, defeat An- dronicus at Aspros, overrun Thrace, 1307— repulsed in their attack on Thes- salonica ; Rocafert seized and starved to death at Naples, 1309 — tney enter into the service of Walter de Brienne, duke of Athens, 1310— quarrel with and slay him in battle, conquer the duchy of Athens, appoint Roger Deslau duke, 1311 — on his death they invite Manfred of Sicily to take his place, 1326. See Athens. Catalani, Madame, the singer, d. 1849. Catalonia, a joint settlement of Goths^ and Alani in Spain, called first Guda- launia, 409-415 ; conquered with the rest of Spain by the Saracens, 712 — recovered in part by Pepin, 752 — included by Charlemagne in his " Spanish March, ' 778 — the Saracens recover a great part of it, 828 — long the theatre of war between the Christians and Saracens. See Aragon and Barcelona. — Ferdinand I. of Castile defeats theMoors,1064 — its people are the most expert and daring mariners of the age, and man the Aragonese fleet, which, under Roger de Loria, conquers Sicily, l 2 CAT 148 CAT 1282— invaded by Philip III., king of France, 1285 — Louis, count of Clermont, fits out a fleet in its ports for an in- tended expedition to the Canary Islands, 1348 — the Genoese infest its coast, 1412 — insurrection of its nobles, 1464. See Abagon. — Finally quelled, 1472— revolts against Philip IV., 1640— invites the French, 1641 — the revolt suppressed by Don John of Austria, 1652— supports the cause of Charles III., 1705— deprived of its privileges by Philip V., 1714. Catana, now Catania, a town in Sicily, founded, B.C. 730 — taken by the Romans ; furnishes the sun-dial which Valerius Messala introduces at Rome, 263 — de- stroyed by an earthquake, a.d. 1169 — besieged by Niccolo Aeo>aiuoli, who is recalled to Naples by tbe rebellion of Louis of Durazzo, 1357 — nearly destroy- ed by an earthquake and eruption of Etna, 1693. Cateau Cambresis, peace of, concluded be- tween Henry II. of France and Philip II. of Spain, April 2, 1559. Catesby engages in the gunpowder plot, is slain while attempting to raise an insurrection in Warwickshire, 1605. Cathabi, heretics in the north of Italy, 1176. Catharine Hall, Cambridge, founded, 1475. Catharine, queen of Navarre, 1483. See Albret, John D'. Catharine. See Katharine. Cathcart, lord, proceeds with an expe- dition against Spanish America, 1740. Cathcart, lord, commands the land forces against Copenhagen, 1807. Cathcart, Sir George, b. 1794 — appointed governor of the Cape colony, Feb. 8 ; ar- rives there, March 31, 1852 — concludes a treaty with the Caffres, March 9, 1853 — killed at the battle of Inkerman, Nov. 5, 1854. Catholic Association, the Irish, organ- ized, 1824 — Act for its suppression, 1825 — it continues its operations till its great power causes uneasiness, 1828 — its Voluntary dissolution, Feb. 12, 1829. Catholic Defence Association formed at Dublin, Aug. 19, 1851. Catholic League in France organized at Peronne, by the duke of Guise; king Henry III. places himself at its head, 1576. Catholic princes of Germany confederate at Wiirzburg, and place at their head Maximilian, duke of Bavaria, 1609. Catholic "Rent" pays the expenses of D, O'Connell's election for Clare, 1829. Catholic 6ect, a new, founded by Ronge 1844. Catholic Swiss Cantons. See Cappkl.— Form a separate league,1844 — the breach between them and the Protestant Can- tons grows wider, 1846 — obliged to sub- mit, their Sonderbund dissolved, and the Jesuits expelled, 1847. Catholics of Africa are said, by their own writers, to have suffered persecution, because Genseric retaliates upon them the imperial laws against Arians, 437 — receive the same treatment from Theo- doric in Italy, and are suspected by him of holding treasonable correspondence with the Eastern court, 523. Catholics in Great Britain and Ireland, are absolved from their allegiance to Henry VIII. by pope Paul III., 1535— raise insurrections and form conspiracies to stop the reformation, 1536-38 — are persecuted alternately with the Protest- ants by Henry, 1540 — regain power under Mary, and reject Cardinal Pole's advice to treat the Protestants mildly, 1555 — their bishops refuse to crown Elizabeth, 1559 — are commanded by pope Pius V. not to obey her, 1570 — form conspiracies against her, 1584-86 — she dictates to parliament arbitrary laws against them, 1593— incited by Philip II. to rebel in Ireland, 1595-1601— form the gunpowder plot, 1605— are forbidden by Pins V. to take the new oath of alle- giance, 1606. Their priests ordered by proclama- tion to leave England, 1663 — are ac- cused of having caused the fire of Lon- don ; parliament addresses the king to enforce the laws against them, 1666 — Test Act excludes them from civil of- fices, 1673 — the Bill of Rights bars them from the throne ; they pi'evail in the Irish parliament held by James II., and attaint 3000 Protestants, 1689— relax- ation of the laws against them, followed by " No Popery " riots in London, 1780 — George III. refuses to grant them "Emancipation," and Wm. Pitt resigns office, 1801— he resumes by sacrificing their cause, 1804 — the Grey and Gren- ville ministry bring in a bill enabling them to hold commissions in the army and navy, and are dismissed, 1807. Mr, Canning's motion on their behalf carried, 1812 — Mr. Grattan's, Feb. 25, 1813— bill brought in by him thrown out, May 24; amotion for their relief, sup- ported by the duke of Sussex, is rejected by the Lords, 1816— Mr. Grattan's by the Commons, 1817 — the question lost in both houses, 1819 — Mr. Plunkett's bill passed by the Commons, thrown out by the Lords, 1821— Mr. Canning's bill passed by the Commons, thrown out by the CAT 149 CAU Catholics in Great Britain — continued. I^ords. 1822. See Catholic Associa- tion. Resolutions for the relief of the Ca- tholics, moved by Sir F. Burdett, car- ried, March 1, 1825 — speech of the duke of York against their claims, April 25— the hill rejected by the Lords, May 17 — Sir Francis Burdett's motion for a committee on the Catholic claims agreed to, May 8, 1828— the Lords refuse to concur, June 10 — Daniel O'Connell elected for Clare, July 5 — the Welling- ton ministry decide to grant Catholic emancipation, 1829 — the Catholic relief bill brought in, March 5 ; the second reading carried, March 18; the third reading, March 30; introduced to the Lords, March 31 — the second reading carried, April 5 ; the third reading, April 10; receives the royal assent, April 13 — the duke of Norfolk and other Catholic peers take their seats in par- liament, April 28 — their prelates for the first time officially designated by their hierarchical titles, as commissioners for charitable trusts in Ireland, Dec. 18, 1844 — oppose the new Queen's Colleges at Belfast, Cork and Gal way, 1845 See Maynooth College. — Pope Pius IX. ex- cites great national indignation by his bull for erecting a new Catholic hie- rarchy in England. 1850 — to nullify this proceeding the "Ecclesiastical Titles Bill " is passed, 1851. Catibah establishes the Mohammedans in the valley of the Indus, in Karisme, Bokhara, and Samarcand, 707. Catiline commences his conspiracy, b.c. 65— detected by Cicero, 63 — defeated and slain at Pistoria, in Etruria, 62. Catinat, the French marshal, defeats Victor Amadeus II., duke of Savoy, at Staffarda, Aug. 18, 1690 — is kept in check by Admiral Russell's fleet on the coast of Provence, 1695 — defeated by prince Eugene at Carpi, July 9, 1701. Cato, C. Porcins, consul of Rome, defeated by the Scordisci, B.C. 114. Cato, L. Porcius, consul of Rome, defeats the Marsi, but is slain in the battle, b.c. Cato, M. Porcius, consul of Rome, B.C. 118. Cato, M. Porcius, the elder, b. B.C. 234 — quaestor in Sardinia, finds Ennius there, and brings him to Rome, 204— consul ; regulates the affairs of Spain, 195— cen- sor ; endeavours to repress the growing luxury of Rome, 184— advocates the Vo- eonian law, 169— pleads himself in a suit which he had instituted, 153— publicly impeaches Galba, and concludes his "Origines," 150— d. 149. See his date for the foundation of Rome, 751. Cato, M. Porcius, b. b.c. 95— tribune of Rome ; quarrels with Csesar, 62 — goes to Cyprus, 58 — returns from Cyprus to Rome, 56 — imprisoned, 55— made prtetor, 54- -retires to Utica, is pursued by Caesar, and kills himself. 46. " Cato." See Addison, Joseph. Cato-street conspiracy, to assassinate the ministers, Jan., 1820 — a police officer killed in attempting to seize the parties, Feb. 23 — Thistlewood and others con- victed, Apr. 16 — executed, May 1. Cattaro, in Dalmatia, destroyed by an earthquake, 1667— annexed to the king- dom of Italy, 1807— to Austria, by the treaty of Vienna, 1814. Catti, Cassi, or Chatti, a German tribe, ancestors of the modern Hessians, en- countered by Drusus, b.c. 11 — expedition of Domitian against them, a.d. 83 — driven from the provinces of the Rhine by Aufidius Victorinus, 162. Cattle-market in Smithfield closed, June 11-opened in Copenhagen-fields, 13, 1855. Catullinus, Aco, consul of Rome, 349. Catullinus, Qu. Fabius, consul of Rome, 130. Catullus, C. Valerius, Latin poet, b. b.c. 87— fl. 60-47— d. 40. Catulus, C. Lutatius, consul of Rome, b.c. 242 See Carthaginians, b.c. 241. Catulus, C. Lutatius, consul of Rome, B.c. 220. Catulus, L. Lutatius, consul of Rome, b.c. 102 — proconsul ; defeated by the Cimbri, 101. Catulus, Qu. Lutatius, consul of Rome, B.C. 78— disagrees with his colleague, M. -Emilius Lepidus, who is slain in Sardi- nia ; completes the rebuilding of the Capitol, 69. Catus. Sex. iElius Psetus, consul of Rome, b.c. 189. Catus. Sex. iElius, consul of Rome, 4. Caudex, Ap. Claudius, consul of Rome, b.c. 264 — leads the first Roman army into Sicily, to succour the Mamertines in Messana ; this is the commencement of the Punic wars. Caudinus, L. Cornelius Lentulus, consul of Rome, b.c. 327. Caudinus, P. Cornelius Lentulus, consul of Rome, b.c. 326. Caudium, the Roman consuls and army surrounded at by the Samnites, are saved by a treaty, which the senate breaks, b.c. 321. Caulaincourt, French gen., b. 1773 — created duke of Vicenza, 1806— d. 1827. Cauliflowers introduced into England from Cyprus, 1602, CEA 15t> CEL Cawwidiere, a leader of the French com- munists, prosecuted, escapes to England, Aug. 25, 1848. Caiissisoleus suppresses the rebellion of Trebellianus in Isauria, 265. Cautionary towns (Flushing, the Briel, and Kammekins) made over to Elizabeth, by her treaty with the United Provinces, 1585— Sir Francis Vere appointed gov. of tliem by her, 1596— James I. gives them up, 1616. Cavaignac, French gen., b. 1802 — puts down the insurrection in Paris, witli great slaughter, June 26, 1848— appoint- ed president of the council, June 28 — resigns his authority, Dec. 20 — is con- fined in the castle of Ham, Dec. 2, 1851. Cavalry, first introduced among the Franks, 778. Cave, Edward, b. 1691 — taken into custody of the serjeant-at-arms, for having pub- lished an account of the proceedings of the House of Commons, 1727 — com- mences the publication of the Gentle- man's Magazine, 1731 — brought before the House of Commons for publishing their debates, Apr. 30, 1747— d. 1754. Cavendish, Thomas, sails on his expedi- tion, 1588 — returns with great wealth, plundered from the Spanish settlements during his voyage round the world, 1589. Cavendish, lord, appears with others in the court of King's Bench, and presents the duke of York as a popish recusant, and the duchess of Portsmouth as a na- tional nuisance, 1680. Cavendish, Henry, b. 1731 — cE, 1810. Cavendish-square. See Bentinck, lord George. Caxton, William, b 1421— sets up his first printing-press in the Almonry of West- minster Abbey, 1471 — prints Cicero de Senectnte, 1481 — the Policronicon, 1482 - -translates the Lord's Prayer into Eng- lish, 1483— d. 1491. Cayenne, colonized by the French, 1643 — fresh colonies planted in, 1664 — six hun- dred political prisoners embarked for, Jan. 8, 1852. Cazan, capture of, by Iwan III., 1487 — the Tartars of, unsuccessfully attacked by Vassili IV., 1524. Cazes, De, minister of the Interior, in France, 1818. Cealchyth, synod of, makes Lichfield an archbishopric, 785. Ceawlin, gains a victory over the Britons, at Beranbyrig (Banbury), 556— k. of Wessex, 560— the second Bretwalda, 571 — extends the kingdom of Wessex, by taking Gloucester, Cirencester, and Bath, 677 — defeats the Britons at Fethanlea, and conquers Sussex, 584— d. 593. Cecil, Sir William, b. 1517 — secretary of State ; attests the signature of Edward VI. to the letters patent, settling the English crown on Lady Jane Grey, 1553 — appointed minister to Elizabeth, 1558 — created lord Burleigh, 1572. See Bur- leigh, lord. Cecil, Sir Robert, second son of lord Bur- leigh, b. 1563 — is appointed secretary of State, 1597 — secret negotiation with James VI., 1601 — created earl of Salis- bury, 1603— d. 1612. Cecrops I. and II. See Athens. Cecrops, one of the " Thirty Tyrants," re- bels in Egypt, about 260. Cecryphaljs, battle of; the Athenians defeat the Corinthians, B c 458. Cedd, bp. of the East Saxons; builds churches at Tilsbury (Tilbury) and Ythanceaster (Witham), 659. Cedrenus writes his History, 1057. Celadion. See Alexandria, bishops of. Celer, Qu. Csecilius Metellus, consul of Rome, b.c. 60. Celer, P , impeached by the province of Asia, for misgovernment: d. of old age,57. Celer, conducts an army against Cabades, and lays siege to Amida, 504 — recovers Amida, and concludes peace, 505 — consul of Rome, 508. Celestin. See C^elestin. Celestin II., Guy de Castro, cardinal of St. Mark, pope, Sept. 26, 1143— d. Mar. 9, 1144. Celestin III., Hyacint Bubona, cardinal of St. Mary, pope, Mar. 30, 1191 — allows the Romans to destroy Tusculum, 1191 — threatens to excommunicate the princes who hold Richard I. of England in cap- tivity, 1193— d. Jan. 8, 1198. Celestin IV., Geoffrey de Castiglione, cardinal bp. of Sabina, pope, elected Oct. 31, 1241— d. Nov. 18. Celestin V., Peter da Morrone, a poor hermit, pope, elected July 5 — abdicates, Dec. 13, 1294— d. 1.296. Celibacy of the clergy condemned by Vi- gilantius, a presbyter of Barcelona, 406 — strictly enjoined by the First Laterau Council, 649. Cellamare, the Spanish ambassador, en- gages in the plots of Alberoni, and is ordered to leave Paris, 1718. Cellini, Iienvenuto, b. 1500 — d. 1570. Celso, Lorenzo, doge of Venice, 1361-65. Celsus. See Origen. Celsus, consul of Rome, 164. Celsus, L. Publilius, consul of Rome, TI. 113— conspires against the emperor Ha- drian, and suffers death at Baiae, 118. Celsus, P. Juventius, conspires against Domitian, and is savedj 95— consul of Rome, II. 129. CEL 151 CEN Cblsus, P. Marius, consul of Rome, 62. Celsus, Corn., the physician, fl. 17. Celsus, one of the councillors of the em- peror Alex. Severus, 223. Celsus, one of the " Thirty Tyrants," as- sumes the purple in Africa ; killed by the people of Sicca, seven days after his proclamation, 266. Celt\e. See Celts. Celtiberians, a section. of the Celts of Spain, originally dwelling about the Iberus (Ebi-o), not subdued by the Car- thaginians, but furnish mercenaries to Hannibal, B.C. 219 — the Komans send Tib. Sempronius Gracchus to conquer them : he concludes with them an ho- nourable peace, and they lay down their arms, 179 — the treaty broken by the Romans ; the consul Fulvius Nobilior defeated, 153 — Marcellus more success- ful; makes a peace, which the senate annuls, 152 — Lucullus exasperates by his cruelty, and is defeated, 151 — the Celtiberians retire to the West of Spain, and join the Lusitanians in their war against the Romans, under Viriathus, 145— maintain their ground against the consul L. Csecilius Metellus, 142 — de- fend themselves in Numantia against Qu. Pompeius, who enters into a treaty with them, 141 — the senate disavows the treaty, 140 — Pompeius again treats with them ; his colleague, Popilius, prosecutes the war, 139 — he is routed and put to flight, after having agreed to a peace which the senate repudiates, 138 — the consul Mancinus is compelled to an ignominious peace, which the senate refuses to ratify, and gives him into their hands, 137 — they set him free and defeat iEmilius Lepidus, 136 — keep Calpurnius Piso in check, 135 — Scipio ^Emilianus Africanus is sent against them, 134 — he reduces Numantia by famine and destroys it, so that no trace of it remains; the country of the Celti- berians is included in the Roman Pro- vincia Tarraconensis, 133 — a revolt among them is repressed by the pro- consul T. Didius, 97 — take up arms and support Sertorius in his war. See Ser- torius. Celts (or properly Kelts), Celtse, Galatse, or Galli, the generic name of the earliest known race in the greater part of Eu- rope, originally from Asia, and always retiring to the west. See Cimmerians, Cimbri, Cymri, Galatians, Gauls, Cel- IBEBIASS, JiMTONS, CALI DONIAJSS, and Ireland. A numerous host of them (called Galli by the Latins) pours down from the north-east of Italy, defeats the Romans on the Allia, July 16, 389, b,c. — Rome is taken, plundered, and burnt ; Camillus expels the invaders ; he de- feats them again, 367. See Senones. — Those of the Danube first made known to the Greeks by the victories of Alex- ander in Thrace, 361 — are mistaken by them for emigrants from Gaul ; invade Macedon, and the king, Ptol. Ceraunus, is defeated and slain by them, 280 — push forward into Greece, 279 — are repulsed with great slaughter at Delphi, and wrongly supposed to have passed into Asia Minor, 278. See Galatians. — In their retreat to the Danube are defeated by Sosthenes, king of Macedon, who falls in the battle, 277 — invade Italy in great force from the Alps and the Po, defeat the Romans at Clusium, but at last are routed at Telamon, 225 — are de- feated in northern Italy, but not sub- dued, 197 — are disciplined by Hamilcar, 196 — bloody conflicts, with no decisive results, 194 — the]} are impelled by the advancing Goths into the Roman pro- vinces, 114. See Scordisci. Their va- rious tribes united into a general league (Cumrhi), and begin a long and bloody war with the Romans, 113. See Cimbri. Cencheres, king of Egypt. See Acen- CHERE3. Cencheres, king of Egypt, B.C. 1528. Cenelm, son of Cenwulf, k. of Mercia, murdered, 819. Cenis, Mount. See Charles the Bald, and Francis L, kings of France. Censor, C. Marcius Rutilus, the first ple- beian, b.c. 348. See Censors. Censor, the, expels L. Antonius from the Roman senate. See Antonius, L. Censorinus, L. Marcius, consul of Rome, B.C. 149 — another, 39. Censorinus, C. Marcius, consul of Rome, B.C. 8. Censorinus writes " De Die Natali," 238. Censors, two plebeian, for the first time, Qu. Metellus and Qu. Pompeius, B.C. 131. Censorship established at Rome, B.C. 443 — limited to eighteen months by a law of JEmilius Mamercinus, 434 — the emperor Decius revives the office, and appoints Valerian, A.n. 251. Census, at Athens, b.c. 317 ; at Rome, 293, 280, 265, 252, 247, 241, 220, 204, 189, 179, 174, 169, 164, 159, 147, 142, 136, 131, 125, 115, 70, 28, 8 ; a d. 14, 48. Census taken of the United Kingdom, Mar. 31, 1851 — total population, 27,738,940; London, 2,359,640. Census and classes introduced at Rome, b.c. 566. Centenary of the Reformation celebrated in Germany by a Protostant Jubilee, 1617 CEP 152 CEE — of th Revolution, celebrated in Eng- land, Nov. 5, 1788. Centho, C. Claudius, consul of Rome, B.C. 240. Centlivre, Susan, 6. 1667— d. 1723. Central Criminal Court, bill brought in, March, 25, 1834 — the court opened, Nov.l. Centumalus, Cn. Fulvius, consul of Rome, B.C. 298. Centumalus, Cn. Fulvius, consul of Rome, b.c. 229, 211. Centumcell^e, the harbour of, constructed by Trajan, 102. See Civita Vecchia. Cenwalk. See Kenwalk. Cenwulf, or Kenulf, k. of Mercia, in- vades Kent, and kills Eadbert Pren, 796— suspends Wulfred, archbishop of Canterbury, 807 — refuses to obey the papal mandate for restoring him, but at last allows him to resume his functions, 813— d. 819. Ceolfrid, abbot of Wearmouth, one of Bede's instructors, 689 — Naitan, king of the North Britons, applies to him for spiritual advice, and architects to build churches, 710. Ceolnoth, archbp. of Canterbury, 830 — d. 870. Ceolred, k. of Mercia, 709— war with Ina, k. of Wessex, 715 -d. 716. Ceolric, succeeds his uncle, Ceawlin, as k. of Wessex — conquers Cridda, and usurps Mercia, 593— d. 597. Ceolwulf, great-grandson of Cerdic, suc- ceeds his brother, Ceolric, as k. of Wes- sex, 597 — quells a rebellion in Sussex, 607— d. 611. Ceolwulf I., k. of Mercia, 819— expelled by Bernulf, 821. Ceolwulf II., k. of Mercia, 874 — deposed, 877. Ceolwulf, k. of Northumberland, 729 — retires into a monastery, and leaves his kingdom to Eadbert, 737. Ceolwulf, bp. of Lindsey, d. 796. Ceorl, k. of Mercia, 615-626. Ceorl, ealdorman defeats the Danes at Wieganbeorh (Wembury, near Ply- mouth), 851. Ceos, or Keos, now Zea, an island on the coast of Caria, birth-place of Simonides, B.C. 556. See Prodicus. Held by the Venetian, Giustiniani, as a lief of the Latin empire of Romania, 1208 — taken by the knights of Rhodes, 1314. Cephalion, rhet. and hist., fl., 126. Cephalonia, now one of the Seyen Islands, given up to the Romans by the 42tolians, b.o. 189 — given to the Athenians by Ha- drian, a.d. 135— a Thema of the Byzan-^ tine empire, 8S0 — Robert Guiscard dies there, July 17, 1085 — a county pala-t tine held by Leonard Tocco, of Beneven- turn, 1357— taken by the Turks, 1469— by the Venetians, 1699 — revolt of the peasantry suppressed, Sept. 26, 1848. See Ionian, or Seven Islands. Cephalus takes the lead at Athens, b.c. 402— persuades the Athenians to assist the Thebans, 379. Cephisodorus obtains the prize for comedy, b.c. 402. Cephisodorus, Athenian arch on, b.c. 366. Cephisodorus, Athenian archon, b.c. 323. Cephisodotus, or Cephisodorus, Athenian archon, b.c. 358. Cephisophon, Athenian archon, B.C. 329. Cephisus, or Cephissus, a river of Attica — Hadrian rebuilds a bridge over it, 123 — Walter de Brienne, duke of Athens, is slain in battle with the Catalans, on its banks, 1311. Cephken, k. of Egypt, B.C. 1032— supposed to be Schafra, or Saophis, who built the second pyramid about 3390. Leps. Ceraunus, Ptolemy, k. of Macedon, B.C. 281 — murders Seleucus Nicator, 280 — slain in battle against the Danubian Celts, 280. Ceraunus, Seleucus, k. of Syria, at war with Attains, k. of Pergamus, B.C. 226— assassinated, 223. Cerchi, Vieri de, commands the faction of the Bianchi (Whites), in Florence, 1300. Cerco, Q. Lutatius, consul of Rome, B.C. 241. Ceroagne, battle of. See Abderahman, the Saracen. Placed by John II., of Na- varre and Aragon, in the hands of Louis XL, of France, and retained by him, 1462 — restored to Spain by the treaty of Nar- bonne, 1493. Cerdic, and his son, Cynric, land at Cer- dics-ore (Cernemuth), now Charmouth, in Dorsetshire, 495— defeats and slays Natanleod, the British prince, 508— takes the title of king of Wessex, 519 — defeats the Britons at Cerdicslea, 527 — conquers the Isle of Wight, 530— d. 534. Cerdicslea, battle of. See Cerdic. Cerdics-ore. See Cerdic. Cerdon. See Alexandria, bishops of. Cerdon, the heresiarch, visits Rome, 140. Cerealis, consul of Rome, 215. Cerealis, L. Tutius, consul of Rome, 106. Cerealis, Neratins, consul of Rome, 358, Ceresuola, in Piedmont, battle of -the army of Charles V., commanded by the marquis del Vasto, defeated by the French gen., Francis de Bourbon, count d'Enghien, April 14, 1544, Cerialis, Petilius, defeats the Batavi, and concludes the treaty with Civilis, 70 — governor of Britain, 72. Cerigo. See Cythera, and Seven Islands. Cernemuth. See Cerdic. C11A 153 CHA Cerretanus, Q. Aulius, consul of Rome, B.C. 323, 319. II. Cekularius. See Michael, 1043. CEKVAjmus, b. 1547 — publishes the first part of his Don Quixote, 16C4 — dies, in great misery, 1616. Cesarino, Julius, president of the council of Basle, 1431 — persuades Ladislas 111., k. of Hungary and Poland, to break the peace with the Ottomans ; and perishes in the battle of Varna, Nov. 10, 1444. Cesra, k. of Persia, 631— deposed, 632. Cethegus, consul of Rome, 504. Cethegus, C. Cornelius, consul of Rome, b.c. 197. Cethegus, M. Cornelius, consul of Rome, B.C. 204— others, MJO, and a.d. 170. Cethegus, P. Cornelius, consul of Rome, B.C. 181 — transfers the Ligurian captives to Samnium, 180. Cethegus, P. Cornelius, a partisan of Ma- rius, surrenders himself to Sylla, and escapes the proscription, B.C. 82 — an ac- complice in Catiline's conspiracy, put to death, 63. Cethegus, Serv. Cornelius, consul of Rome, 24. Cette, harbour of, constructed, near the mouth of the Rhone, 1666— taken by Sir John Norris, and abandoned, 1710. Ceuta, or Septa, the Mount Abyla of the Latins, one of the columns of Hercules — taken by the Visigothic king, Sisebert, 616 — given up by count Julian to the Arabs, who embark there to invade Spain, 710 — occupied by the forces of the Spanish caliph, Abderahman III., 930 — taken by John 1., k. of Portugal, 1415— remains in the power of Spain, when Portugal recovers independence, 1640 — ceded to Spain by the treaty of Lisbon, 1668. Ceylon, Portuguese settlements formed in, 1507— captured by the Dutch, 1656 — taken by the English, 1795 — ceded to them by the peace of Amiens, 1802 — lord Torrington's government approved by a vote of the House of Commons, May 29, 1851. Chabrias, Athenian archon, B.C. 415 — sent from Athens with an army to support Evagoras in Cyprus, 388 — defeats the Lacedaemonian fleet off Naxos, 376— ar- ranges the affairs of Thrace after the death of Cotys, S60— killed at the siege of Chios, 357. Chacornac discovers the planet " Massi- lia," Sept. 20, 1852— " Phocsea," April 6, 1853 — " Polyhymnia," Oct. 28, 1854— " Circe," at Paris, April 6, 1855— "Leda," Jan. 12 ; and another, the 39th asteroid, Feb. 8. 1856. Chad, abbot of Lestingan (Lastingham), ordained bishop of Repton, and then re- moves the see to Lichfield, 665. Chjerondas, Athenian archon, b.c 338. Ch^eronea, Athenians attempt to seize, b.c. 447— battle of: Philip defeats the Athenians and Thebans, 338. Chain-shot, invented by John de Witt, grand pensionary of Holland, 1666. Chaires, k. of Egypt. See Cherees. Chaise, Pere la, confessor to Louis XIV., 1675— d. Jan. 20, 1709. Chalais, the count de, beheaded for a con- spiracy against Richelieu, 1626. Chalcedon, a city of Bithynia, on the Bos- phorus, founded B.C. 674 — taken by Da- rius, 505 — plundered by the Goths, a.d. 259 — Diocletian proclaimed at, 284— Ju- lian erects a tribunal at, to try the mi- nisters of Constantius, 361 — synod of the Oak at, 403— the Fourth General Council annuls the acts of the Robber Synod, 451, — taken by Chosroes Purvis, 609— his camp fixed there, „616-626 — restored to Heraclius, 628— taken by Orchan, 1338. Chalcis, in Euboea — Timotheus retires from Athens there, and dies, B.C. 354— Aristotle retires, and dies there, 322 — the Venetians fail in their attack, A.D. 1172. Chalcocondylas (father of the historian), employed by the widow of Antonio, duke of Athens, to negotiate with Amurath II., 1435— banished by Nerio II., 1436— deputed by Constantine, despot of the Morea, to propose terms of peace ; im- prisoned by Amurath for his arrogant de- mands, 1445. Chalcocondylas, Laonicus, records the observations made by the emperor M a- nuel and his followers in the West, 1403 — witnesses the Ottoman attack on the Morea, which he relates in his History, 1446. Chalcocondylas, Demetrius, b. 1424— pa.- tronized by Lorenzo de' Medici, and as- sists the revival of learning, 1476- his Homer printed at Florence, 1488— d. at Milan, 1511. Chaldea, history of. See Berosus. Chaldean era, one year later than that of the Seleucidse. See Antioch, eras of, Chalgrove, skirmish at, where Hampden is mortally wounded, June 18, 1643-monu- ment to him erected there, June 10, 1843. Chalil, son of Kelaor.n, terminates the Christian kingdom in Palestine, by the capture of Acre (May 18), Tyre, and Bey- rout, 1291. Challis, M., discovers the planet Neptune, Aug. 4 and 12, 1846. Chalmers, Alexander, b. 1758— d. 1834. Chalmers, George, chief clerk of the Board of Trade, b. 1745— d. 1825. Chalmers, Thomas, b. 1780— d. 1847. CHA 154 CHA Chalon, J. J., R.A., d. 1854. Chaloneb, Sir Thomas. See Alum. Chalons surMarne, or Campi Catalaunici, battles of, 274, 451. See Aurelian, em- peror of Rome, and ./Etjus and Attila. Chalons sur Saone (Cabillonum), council of, 813. Chalus, in Limoges — Richard I., of Eng- land, killed at, 1199. Chambeeby, taken by the French from the duke of Savoy, Nov. 12, 1690. Chambers, Ephraim, publishes his Cyclo- paedia, 1728— d. 1740. Chambebs of Re-union extend the claims of Louis XIV., in Flanders and Alsace,1680. Chamillabd, minister of Louis XIV., dis- missed, 1708. Champ de Mabs, first grand federation of the, July 14, 1790— the second, July 14, 1791— the third, July 14. 1792. Champagne^ one of the early feudal divi- sions of France, giving the title of count to its lord, annexed to the crown of Na- varre by Theobald, on his accession to the throne of that kingdom, 1234- ceded by Joanna II. to Philip V. of France, 1318 — invaded by the emperor Charles V v 1523 —entered by the Prussian army, under the duke of Brunswick, 1792. Champagne, Henry of. See Henby, 1192. Championnet, the French gen., recovers Rome, Dec. 15, 1798 ; and invades Naples. Champlain, Lake, the American squadron defeated on, Oct. 11, 1776— the British flotilla captured by the Americans, Sept. 11, 1814. Champlitte, William de. See Achaia, the principality of. Champollion, J. F., b. 1790 — first deci- phers Egyptian hieroglyphics, 1821 — sets out for Egypt, to explore its antiqui- ties, July 31, 1828— d. 1832. Chancellor, or Canseller, an English captain, discovers the passage to Arch- angel, 1553. Chancellor, originally the Cancellarius, or door keeper, who admitted suitors into the presence of the sovereign ; first made an imperial minister by Carinus, 284 — Edward the Elder appoints his nephew, Thurketyl, the first in England, who re- signs the office, 948 — the following are the most eminent among his successors, some of them being styled lord-keepers : Herefast, chancellor to William I... 1067 Thomas a Becket, to Henry II 1155 Longchamp,bp. of Ely, to Richard I. 1189 William Warham, archbp. of Can- terbury, first chanc. to Hen.Vill., 1509 resigns, 1515. Cardinal Wolsey 1515 Sir Thomas More 1529 Sir Thos. afterwards lord Audley 1532 C H a nceli.orS — continued. Wriothesley, earl of Southampton 1644 deprived of his office, 1547. Steph. Gardiner, bp. of Winchester 1553 Nicholas Heath, archbp. of York... 1555 displaced by qu. Elizabeth, 1558. Sir Nicholas Bacon 1558 Sir Thomas Bromley 1579 Sir Christopher Hatton 1587 Francis, afterwards, lord Bacon ... 1617 Sir John, afterwards, lord Finch ... 1640 escapes to Holland, 1641. Sir Edw., afterwards lord Lyttleton 1641 Sir Edward Hyde, afterwards, earl of Clarendon 1660 Sir Orlando Bridgeman 1667 Antony Astley, earl of Shaftesbury 1672 Sir Heneage Finch, afterwards earl of Nottingham 1673 Sir Francis North, lord Guildford... 1682 George, lord Jeffries ; 1685 Sir John, afterwards, lord Somers... 169H William, lord Cowper 1705 Peter, lord King 1725 Charles, lord Talbot, 1733 Philip Yorke, lord Hardwicke 1737 Charles, lord Camden 1766 Charles Yorke 1770 Henry Bath urst, lord Apsley, after- wards, earl Bathurs t 1 77 1 Edward, lord Thurlow 1778 Alex. Wedderburne, lord Lough- borough 1783 Lord Thurlow, again 1783 Lord Loughborough, again 1793 John Scott, lord Eldon 1801 Thomas, lord Erskine 1806 Lord Eldon, again 1807 J. S. Copley, lord Lyndhurst 1827 Henry, lord Brougham and Vaux... 1830 Lord Lyndhurst, again 1834 C. C. Pepys, lord Cottenham 1836 Lord Lyndhurst, again 1841 Lord Cottenham, again 1846 Thomas Wilde, lord Truro 1850 Edw. B. Sugden, lord St. Leonard's 1852 R. M. Rolfe.lord Cranworth 1852 Chancellor of Ireland — the office created by Richard I., and given or sold to Ste- phen Ridel 1189 The following are the later appoint- ments : — John Fitzgibbon, earl of Clare 1789 John Mitford, lord Redesdale 1802 George Ponsonby 1806 Thomas, lord Manners 1807 Sir Antony Hart 1827 William, lord Plunket 1830 Sir Edw. B. Sugden 1835 Lord Plunket, again 1S35 John, lord Campbell 1811 Sir Edw. B. Sugden, again 18U Maziere Brady 184tJ CHA 155 CHA Chancellors of Ireland— continued. Francis Blackburn 1852 Maziere Brady, again 1853 Chancery, Court of, part of the general court instituted by k. Alfred, to receive appeals from inferior courts, and assist him in the administration of justice, 887 — a separate jurisdiction given to it by William the Conqueror, 1070 — abuses ex- posed to the Commons, by Mr. John Williams, May 31, 1825— a bill for some reforms brought in by lord Cottenham, April 28, 1835 — rejected by the Lords, May 6. Chandernagore, on the Ganges — the French fort, taken. March, 28, 1757. Chandler, Samuel, b. 1693— tf. 1766. Chandos, lord John, serves in the army of Edward III., at Crecy, 1346— under the Black Prince, at Poictiers, 1356 — com- mands the Breton forces at Auray, de- feats Bertrand du Guesclin, and takes him prisoner, 1364 — in Castile, with the Black Prince, 1367- constable of Gui- enne, falls in battle, 1370. Changarnier, general, puts down an at- tempted insurrection at Paris, Jan. 29, 1849 — displaced from his command, Jan. 9, 1851 — confined in the castle of Ham, Dec. 2 — banished from France, Jan. 10, 1852. Changhiangfu, in Manji (Southern Chi- na), Mar-Sackis, a Mestoriari Christian, appointed governor by Kublai — builds there three churches for his own sect, 1278. Chang-sha-fu, the Chinese insurgents de- feated at, Sept. 12, 1852. Channing, William Ellery, b. 1780 — d. 1842. Chant. See Grfgory I., pope. Chantelauze, ex-minister of Charles X., sentenced to imprisonment for life, Dec. 21, 1830— liberated, and banished from France, Oct. 17, 1836. Chantrey, Francis, b. 1781 — d. 1841. Chapel of Henry VII. See Westmin- ster Abbey. Chappe, M., b. 1763-d. 1805. See Tele- graph. Chares, Athenian archon, B.C. 434 and 472. Chares supports the rebellion of Artaba- zus against Ochus, but is recalled to Athens, B.C. 355. Chares, a Rhodian artist, completes the Colossus, B.C. 288. Charette, a Vendean chief, submits, Feb. 17, 1795— d. Mar. 29, 1796. Cmaribert I. and II. See Franks. Chariclides, Athenian archon, b.c. 363. Charidemus attempts to recover Amphi- polis, and is repulsed by the Olynthians. B.C. 360. Charilaus, Proclidan k. of Lacedsemon, b.c. 8S1-821. Charing-cross. See Eleanora of Castile, and Bridges. Charinus. Athenian archon, b.c. 308. Charisander, Athenian archon, B.C. 376. Charitable Trusts Bill, rejected by the Commons in consequence of alterations by the Lords, Aug. 10, 1836. Chariton, patriarch of Constantinople, 1177. Charity-schools, Protestant, founded in London, Mar. 25, 1688. See Sunday- schools. Charlemagne, or Charles I., son of Pepin and Bertha, b. 742 — crowned at Noyon, Oct. 9, 768. See Carloman. — Defeats Hunald, duke of Aquitaine, and makes him prisoner, 769 — marries Desi- derata, daughter of Desiderius, k. of Lom- bardy, 770— -divorces her, and marries Ildegard ; sole monarch of France, and great part of Germany, 771 — begins his long war against the Saxons, 772 — the pope invites his protection; he marches into Lombardy, and besieges Desiderius, in Pavia, 773— takes Pavia, sends Desi- derius and his queen prisoners to France and visits Rome ; assumes the title of k. of Lombardy ; during his absence, is attacked by the Saxons, 774 — defeats them, and conquers Rodgausus, duke of Friuli, 776. See Hadrian I., pope. He completes the abbey-church of St. Denis, at Paris, 776 — settles a dispute between the pope and Leo, abp. of Raven- na ; calls the council and Diet of Pader- bom, to promote Christianity and peace among the Saxons, 777 — conquers the northern part of Spain, between the Py- renees and the Ebro, and establishes the " Spanish March," 778 — recalled from Spain by a revolt of the Saxons; on his return through the Pyrenees, his army is surprised by the Gascons, at Ronces; valles, 778 — is bravely resisted by the Saxons, under Witikind, 779 — reduces them to obedience, and creates among them five new bishoprics, 780. Visits Rome ; his two sons are crowned by the pope ; Thassilon, duke of Bavaria, does him homage, 781 — holds a Diet at Cologne ; again defeats the Saxons ; en- deavours to revive learning; studies under Peter of Pisa, and invites Alcuin to France, 782 — death of his mother, Bertha, and his queen, Ildegard, Apr. 30, 783- he marries Fastrada, repels an- other attack of the Saxons, and corre- sponds with Oflfa, k. of Mercia, 783— he excludes Venetian merchants from his Italian and the papal States, and brings the marbles and mosaics of Ravenna to CIIA 156 CHA Charlemagne, or Charles T. — continued. decorate his palace at Aix-la-Chapelle, 784. The Saxon chiefs, Witikind and Al- boin, submit to him ; he founds the bi- shoprics of Bremen, Osnaburg, and Hil- desheim ; Girona is surrendered to him, 785 — represses a revolt in Bretagne ; three days of public thanksgiving for his victories ordered by the pope, 786 — the dukes of Beneventum and Bavaria do homage, and give their sons as hos- tages ; he receives Egbert at his court ; invites from Italy teachers of grammar and arithmetic, and singers, who intro- duce into France the Gregorian chant, 787 — releases Grimoald, and makes him duke of Beneventum, on condition of his acknowledging him as his sovereign lord; drives the Avars out of Germany ; deposes Thassilon ; adds Bavaria, Friuli, and Liburnia to his empire ; refuses to give his daughter, Rotruda, in marriage to Constantine VI., and repels a Greek invasion of Italy, 788. Campaign against the Avars, 791 — his progress against them is stopped by a revolt of the Saxons, and a conspiracy of his son, Pepin ; he projects a canal to unite the Maine with the Danube, 792 — abandons it ; Girona and Narbonne taken by the Saracens, 793— the Saxons sub- mit : he founds the university of Paris; death of his queen, 794— ravages the country of the Saxons ; adorns Aix-la- Chapeile, and makes it the capital of his dominions, 795— drives the Saracens out of France, and recovers Girona ; trans- plants many thousand Saxons into France ; Alcuin obtains their release from slavery, 796 — takes Barcelona, Sa- ragossa, and Huesca, 797 — final conquest of the Avars, or Huns; he puts down an insurrection at Rome against pope Leo III.; the Balearic isles are under his protection, 799. Crowned emperor of the West by pope Leo, at Rome, Dec. 25— Haroun Al Kas- chid sends him the keys of Jerusalem. &c, 800— adds his Capitularies to the laws of Lombardy ; receives an embassy at Pavia from Haroun, 801 — proposed marriage with Irene, to unite the two empires, 802— makes a treaty with Ni- cephorus, to decide the limits of their empires ; final submission and pacifica- tion of the Saxons, at Salz, in Franconin, 803 — large colonies of them are trans- planted into distant parts of his empire ; he is visited at Aix-la-Chapelle by pope Leo, 804— attacks the Bohemians, £05 — holds a Diet at Thionville, to fix the di- vision of the empire to be made at his death, 806. Another embassy from Haroun Al Raschid, 807 — assists Trasicou, k. of the Obotrites ; prepares large naval arma- ments to resist the Northern pirates ; institutes " Missi regii," to watch the administration of justice, and assists in restoring Erdulf in Northumberland, 808 — fortifies Hamburg, 809 — makes peace with the Spanish caliph, Al Ha- kem, and the Greek emperor, Nicepho- rus I., 810— with Hemming, k. of South Jutland; death of his eldest son, Charles, Dec. 4, 811 — effects a general peace ; calls upon his prelates for their opinion on the rite of baptism, and adopts the i treatise of Odelbert, abp. of Milan, 812 — his son, Louis, is crowned as his col- league and successor ; he calls the five Councils, of Aries, Chalons, Rheims, Mentz, and Tours, to regulate the discipline of the church, 813— d. Jan. 28, 814. Charleroy besieged by mar. BoufHers ; relieved by the elector of Bavaria, Oct. 20, 1692— taken by the French, 1693. Charles II., the Bald, k. of France, son of the emperor Louis I., b. at Frankfort, 823 — his father makes another division of his States, and gives him a portion, with Bernard, duke of Languedoc, as guardian, 829 — allots Neustria to him, 837— forms a league with him and his brother, Lothaire, 838 — on their father's death, the three brothers divide his em- pire into three independent kingdoms, and Charles becomes k. of France, 840 — unites with his brother Louis against Lothaire, and defeats him, at Fontenat, in Auxerre, June 25, 841 — has an inter- view with Louis at Strasburg, to main- tain their league, 842 — the three brothers agree to the treaty of Verdun, 843 — Charles defeated in Bretagne by Nome- noi, 845— conference with his brothers, at Mersen, 847 — he recovers Aquitaine, and imprisons Pepin, 851. See Aqui- taine. — He concludes an ignominious peace with the Saracens, 852 — visited by Ethelwulf, who marries his daughter, Judith, 856. See Ethelwulf, k. of Eng- land. — While he is at war with the Bre- tons and Normans, his brother, Louis, invades France, but withdraws 858 — his daughter, Judith, returns to him, 859 — his sons, Louis and Charles, rebel, and Judith is carried off by Baldwin, S62. See Baldwin I., count of Flanders. — His edict, for the destruction of fortified castles, is disregarded by his nobles, 864 — reduces Aquitaine, 865- sends his son, Louis the Stammerer, to govern it, 867 — occupies Lorraine, on the death of Lo- thaire, 869— treaty with Louis of Ger- many, for the division of Lothaire'* CHA 157 CHA Charles II., a. of France— continued. kingdom. 870 — is encouraged by Hinc- mar of Rheims to resist the authority of the pope over the bishops of France, 871 — he grants new privileges to the church of Rome ; obtains the support of pope John VIII., and is acknowledged k. of Italy and emperor of the West, 875 — attempts to dispossess the sona of Louis of Germany, but is defeated at Andernach, by Louis II., Oct. 8, 876 — the pope and Italian princes call on him to protect them against the Saracens ; by creating hereditary benefices and titles, at the Diet of Quiercy-snr-Oise, he raises a large army, with which he marches into Italy; at Pavia, hearing that Car- loman was advancing, he retreats into Savoy, and while crossing Mount Cenis dies, Oct. 13, 877. Chables III., the Fat, son of Louis of Ger- many, o. 823 — in the division of his father's kingdom, receives East France (Franconia and Swabia),876 — k. of Italy, 879— emperor of the West, 881— k. of Germany; gives up Friesland to the Danes, 882 — unites France under his sceptre with Germany and Italy, 884 — protests against the consecration of pope Stephen VI. without his consent, 885 — pays the Danes to retire from the siege of Paris, 886 — deposed by the German nobles, 887— d. Jan. 12, 888. Charles, son of John, k. of Bohemia, b. 1316— marquis of Moravia, 1330— elected k. of Germany, and crowned at Bonne as Charles IV.; escapes from the battle- field of Crecy, and inherits his father's crown, 1346 — by the death of his com- petitor, Louis of Bavaria, he is left un- disputed k. of Germany ; attempts to conquer the Tyrol, but is defeated by Louis, marquis of Brandenburg, 1347 — detains Rienzo at Prague, and sends him to Avignon, 1351 — introduces a feudal constitution in Bohemia ; proceeds to Mantua, and refuses to join the league against the Visconti, 1354 — crowned k. of Italy, at Milan, Jan. 6, and emperor of the West, at Rome, Apr. 5, 1355 — promulgates the Golden Bull, prepared by Bartolo da Sassoferrato, as the funda- mental law of the Germanic constitution, 1356 — treaty of Union between Bohemia and Austria, 1364 — he marches into Italy, and levies contributions, 1368 — returns to Germany, 1369— d. at Prague, Nov. 29, 1378. Charles V., emperor of Germany. See Charles L, k, of Spain. — Visits Eng- land, May, 1520 — crowned at A* x -l a - Chapelle, Oct. 22 — appoints Flemings to offices in Spain, which occasions discon- tent; is attacked by Francis T. : they command against each other in Flanders, 1521 — obtains the papacy for his former tutor, Adrian VI. ; visits England, and by promises and bribes to Wolsey, engages Henry VIII. in war against France ; arrives in Spain, 1522 — takes the constable de Bourbon into his ser- vice, 1523— his allies jealous of his suc- cess, 1524 — his generals gain the battle of Pavia, and take Francis prisoner, Feb. 24, 1525 — gives his youngest sister, Katharine, in marriage to the k. of Por- tugal ; loses the alliance of England, 1525 — marries Isabella of Portugal ; re- leases Francis, by the Treaty of Madrid, 1526 — Rome stormed by his armies, 1527 — being unpaid, they subsist by plunder in Italy, and conquer Naples, 1528 — he coucludes treaties of peace with pope Clement VII., with Francis I., and Ve- nice, and makes, a progress through Italy, 1529 — crowned at Bologna as k. of Italy, Feb. 22, 1530— and as emperor, Feb. 24 — bestows the isles of Malta and Gozo, and the city of Tripoli, on the Knights Hospitallers, Mar. 23— decides the dispute between the duke of Ferrara and the popes, Dec. 21 — establishes the Medici at Florence, 1530— encourages Christian II. to attempt to recover Den- mark, 1531 — meets the pope at Bologna, and urges him to call a general council, 1532— dissatisfied with the conference, returns to Spain, 1533— successful expe- dition against Tunis and Bona, 1535 — offers Milan to the duke of Angoulerae ; war with France renewed ; invades Pro- vence, loses half of his army, and retires, 1536 — three months' truce with France, Nov. 14, 1537 — for ten years, June 18, 1538— accidental interview with Francis atAigues Mortes; league of Nuremberg with the Roman Catholic princes of Ger- many, 1538 — passes through France on his way to suppress an insurrection in Flanders, 1539— taxes the Flemings, and takes away the franchises of Ghent; promises Milan to the duke of Orleans, but gives it to his own son, Philip, 1540 — holds a conference at Lucca, Sept. 10, 1541, with pope Paul 111., and again urges a general council ; disastrous expe- dition against Algiers, Oct.-Dec. 1541 — renews the war with France ; receives from Las Casas a protest against the cruelties practised on the native Ameri- cans, and institutes courts for their pro- tection, 1542 — reconciliation with Henry VIIL, and league against France, 1543 — his league with a heretic disapproved by the pope, with whom he has an un- satisfactory iDterview at Busseto, June CIIA 158 CIIA C3ABLES V. — continued. 22 — takes the field against the duke of Cleves, ally and general of Francis I., 1543 — defeat of his army at Ceresnola ; he invades France, hut suddenly con- cludes a peace, and abandons Henry, 1544 — promises his daughter, Maria, to the duke of Orleans, with Milan for her dowry, 1545— deprives the abp. of Co- logne of his states, enters into a league with the pope, and commences hostilities against the Protestants in Germany, 1546 — defeats them at Miihlberg, Apr. 24, 1547 — forbids the removal of the Council of Trent to Bologna, 1547 — holds a Diet at Augsburg, where an Interim is prepared, that satisfies neither Pro- ' testants nor Catholics ; gives the electo- rate of Saxony to Maurice ; calls his son Philip into Germany, and gives his ■ daughter Maria in marriage to his ne- phew, Maximilian, 1548— protects the princess Mary in England ; forms a . league with pope Julius III., and endea- vours to establish his Interim by force, 1551— is surprised at Inspruck by the elector Maurice, and obliged to take to flight, and to revoke the Interim, 1552 — is driven from the siege of Metz, and leaves the French in possession of their conquests in that quarter; negotiates the marriage of Mary, qu. of England, to his son Philip, 1553-gives up Naples and Si- cily to him, 1554— the Netherlands, and also Sienna, 1555 — concludes a truce with France, Feb, 5, 1556— resigns Spain and its dependencies to Philip, Feb. 6, and the imperial dignity to his brother, Fer- . dinand, Sept.; retires to the monastery of St. Just, near Placentia, in Spain, where he celebrates his own obsequies, and soon after dies, Sept. 21, 1558. Charles VI., emperor of Germany. See Charles, archduke of Austria, aud no- minally Charles III. of Spain. — Op- poses the intended congress of Utrecht, 1711 — sends prince Eugene to London, to urge a continuance of the war ; carries it on by himself unsuccessfully, 1712 — inclines to peace, 1713 — adds to his do- minions the Netherlands, Naples, Sar- dinia, and Milan, 1714— Barrier Treaty, 1715— alliance with the Southern States, to assist Venice against the Turks; prince Eugene expels them from Hun- gary, 1716— Belgrade taken, 1717— quad- ruple alliance with Great Britain.France, and Holland, July 22, 1718 -war with the Turks, tenninated by the peace of Passarowitz, June 24— Spanish aggres- sion in Sicily repelled ; East India Com- pany founded, at Ostend, which the Dutch oppose, 1719 — Sicily i nited to Naples, 1720 — his Pragmatic Sanction secures the succession in his hereditary States to his daughter, Maria Theresa, 1723 — his alliance with Spain, 1725 — causes imputations against him, and ex- planations at the Diet of Katisbon, Apr. 7, 1727 — offended by some of the articles of the treaty of Seville, collects an army in Milan, 1730 — dissolves his Ostend Company, and Great Britain guarantees his Pragmatic Sanction, Mar. 5, 1731 — joins Russia to influence the choice of a king in Poland, 1733 — war with France and Spain ; campaign in Italy, and on the Rhine, 1734 — peace of Vienna, Oct. 3, 1735 — marriage of Maria Theresa; war with Turkey, 1736 — Orsova taken by the Turks, 1738— Wallis defeated at Krotzka, July 22, 1739— peace of Bel- grade, Sept. 22 ; Charles VI.. last male of the House of Habsburg, d. Oct. 20, 1740. Charles VII., emperor of Germany. See Charles Albert, elector of Bavaria. — Maria Theresa protests against his elec- tion, invades his States, and takes Mu- nich, 1742 — he solicits peace; she rejects the preliminaries of Hanau ; he recovers Bavaria, 1744— d. Jan. 20, 1745. Charles IV., the Simple, son of Louis tht Stammerer, b. Sept. 17, 879 — on the death of his brother, Carloman, is set aside by Charles the Fat, 884 — again, by Eudes, 888 — proclaimed k. of France by Fulke, bp. of Rheiras; driven into Germany by Eudes, 892 — Eudes relinquishes the eastern province of France to him, and recognizes his title, 896— sole king ot France, 898 — marries Eadgift, daughter of Edw. the Elder, k. of England, 911— grants the province, afterwards called Normandy, to Rollo (Robert), 912— Ro- bert, count of Paris, Herbert of Verman- dois, and other nobles of France, conspire against him, 920— deposed, and Robert, count of Paris, elected k., 922 — Charles defeats and slays Robert, at Soissons, 923— Rudolf, duke of Burgundy, k. of France; Charles put to flight, is shut up at Pennine ; his queen, Eadgift, and son, Louis d'Outremer, take refuge in Eng- land, 923 — d. in his captivity at Peronne, Oct. 7, 929. Charles IV., le Bel, k. of France, son of Philip IV., succeeds his brother, Philip V. ; unjustly claims Navarre, is resisted by the Navarrese in the battle of Beoti- bata, 1322 — desires Isabella of England to leave his court, 1325— d. Jan. 21, 1328. Charles V., the Wise, k. of France, son of John II., b. 1336 — escapes, while dau- phin,from the battle of Poictiers, and acts as regent during his father's captivity, 1356— rejects the treaty concluded by his CHA 159 CHA father with Edw. III., 1357— his autho- rity is disregarded, and France disturb- ed by violent commotions and insurrec- tions, 1358— succeeds his father, 1364— allows Henry de Trastamare to enlist the " Companies" in his service, 1365— the nobles of Aquitaine appeal to him, 1368 — he breaks the treaty of peace, by citing the prince of Wales, 1369 — recovers most of the provinces conquered by the English, 1370— avoids a battle with John of Gaunt, 1373— concludes a truce with England, 1374 — conquers the French provinces of Charles the Bad, k. of Na- varre, and takes his children prisoners, 1377 — supports Clement VII. as pope, 1378— d. Sept. 16, 1380. Charles VI., k. of France, b. 1369— suc- ceeds his father, Charles V., 1380— during his minority, his uncles oppress his sub- jects ; he releases his cousins, the fa- mily of Charles of Navarre, 1381— col- lects an armament at Sluys to invade England ; some of his ships are captured, and the rest dispersed by a storm, 1386— attacked by fits of melancholy madness ; his uncles resume the government ; cards are introduced for his amusement in his lucid intervals, 1392-his eldest daughter, Isabella, married to Richard II., k. of • England, and a truce for twenty-five years concluded between the two countries, 1396 — the French government endea- vours to terminate the schism of the church, and withdraws its recognition of Benedict XIII., 1398— sends an army to besiege him in Avignon, 1399— visit of the Greek emperor, Manuel II., 1400— - after the death of Richard, Isabella re- fuses to marry the prince of Wales, and returns to her father, 1401 — struggle for • the regency between John, duke of Bur- gundy, and the duke of Orleans, 1404— the latter assassinated, 1407— the former occupies Paris, and drives out the court, 1408— the Orleans party takes the name of Armagnacs ; they and their adversa- ries both court the alliance of England, • 1410— the duke of Burgundy assisted by Henry IV. with an auxiliary force, 1411 —transferred to the other side, 1412— civil war rages violently, 1413— Henry V. claims the crown, and receives an in- sulting answer, 1414— invades France; battle of Agincourt, Oct. 15 — a truce concluded, 1415— the emperor Sigismund visits Paris, 1416— the queen is impri- soned at Tours, and liberated by the duke of Burgundy, who becomes master of a great part of France, 1417— they negotiate with Henry, and obtain pos- session of the king's person, 1418— the duke of Burgundy assassinated; 1419— treaty of Troyes ; Henry declared re- gent, and heir of the crown; marries Katharine, the king's youngest daughter, 1420— battle of Bauge, 1421— Charles VI. d., Oct. 22, 1422. Charles VII., k. of France, son of Charles VI., b. 1403— while dauphin, joins the Orleans party, and quarrels with his mo- ther, 1417 — abets the assassination of the duke of Burgundy, 1419 -is disin- herited by the treaty of Troyes, 1420— driven beyond the Loire by Henry V. 1421— succeeds his father on the throne, 1422— crowned at Poictiers ; Henry VI., of England, proclaimed k. of France at Paris ; John, duke of Bedford, regent ; league with the duke of Burgundy re- newed ; defeat of the French, at Crevant sur Yonne, 1423— at Verneuil, Aug. 27, 1424— the duke of Britanny withdraws from the English alliance ; his brother, the count de Rictamont, appointed con- stable of France, 1425— the duke of Bed- ford reduces Britanny; the earl of War- wick compelled to raise the siege of Montargis, 1426— the constable de Riche- mont retires from court in disgust, 1427 —siege of Orleans, 1428— battle of Her- rings ; Joan of Arc relieves Orleans ; the English defeated at Patay ; Charles crowned at Rheims, July 17, 1429— Joan made prisoner at Comptegne ; Henry VI. crowned at Paris, Dec. 17, 1430— Joan of Arc barbarously put to death; the English power in France declines rapidly, 1431— defection of the duke of Burgundy, 1432— he obtains many con- cessions from Charles in the congress of Arras, 1433— treaty of alliance between them concluded, 1435— Paris recovered ; siege of Calais undertaken and abandon- ed, 1436- triumphal entry of Charles into Paris, 1437— the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges annuls the pope's fiscal rights in France, 1438— revolt of the dukes of Bour- bon and Alencon, and many other no- bles, 1440— Charles supports the claims of Francis I., duke of Britanny, for com- pensation from England, and prepares to renew the war, 1448 — war renewed : he and his generals conquer Normandyj 1449— the conquest completed, and Gui- enne invaded, 1450— the English govern- ment, under the influence of qu. Marga- ret, allow it to be conquered, 1451— the Gascon lords invite assistance to recover it, 1452 — Talbot, earl of Shrewsbury, sent with an inadequate force, is defeat- ed and slain ; Calais alone now remains to the English in France, 1453 — hostili- ties cease, without any formal treaty of peace, 1454— Charles VII. d. July 22, 1461. CHA 160 CHA Charles VIII., k. of France, son of Louis XI., b. 1470— proposed marriage with Elizabeth of York, 1481 — affianced to Margaret, daughter of Maximilian of Austria, 1482 — succeeds his fathei*, un- der the regency of hi3 sister, 1483. See Anne, daughter of Louis XI. — Sends back his affianced bride to her father, and marries Anne of Britanny, by which he annexes that province to France. See Anne of Britanny.— Henry VII. of Eng- land, and Maximilian, league against him, 1491 — he makes peace with Henry, by paying 750,000 crowns, and 25,000 an- nually, 1492 — with Maximilian, by re- storing to him Artois and FrancheComt£, and Cerdagne and Rousillon to Spain, 1493 — sends agents into Italy, and claims the crown of Naples ; Florence submits to him, 1494— enters Rome, Jan. 1, 1495 — makes a treaty with pope Alexander VII. ; reaches Naples, Feb. 24 ; a pow- erful league makes him retire, May 20 ; reaches Rome, June 1 } breaks through the allied army on the river Taro, July 6 ; makes a separate treaty with Lodo- vico Sforza, at Vercelli, Oct. 10, and re- turns to France ; d. of apoplexy, at Am- boise, Apr. 7, 1498. Charles IX., k. of France, son of Henry II,, b. 1550 — succeeds his brother, Fran- cis II., Dec. 5, 1560 — his mother, Katha- rine de Medici, regent, opposes the Guise family, 1560 — he falls into their hands, and they compel him to act with them against the Huguenots, 1561 — Edict of St. Germain in favour of toleration, followed by a massacre of the Hugue- nots, at Vassy, Mar. 1, 1562 — the civil war begins ; assassination of the duke of Guise, Feb. 24, 1563 — compromise of Amboise between the two parties, Mar. 19 ; his mother takes him through the provinces, 1564 — conference with the duke of Alva, at Bayonne, to concert the extermination of the Protestants, 1565 — civil war renewed ; Cond6 and Colig- ny fail in an attempt to seize the young king, 1567 — peace of Longjumeau, broken in six months, 1568 — defeat of the Hu- guenots, at Jarnac, Mar. 13, 1569 — duke of Cond6 assassinated; Henry of Na- varre becomes the head of the party; Coligny defeated at Moncontour, Oct. 3; treaty of St. Germain en Laye, Aug. 15, 1570 — marriage of Charles IX. to Isa- bella, daughter of the emperor Maximi- lian, Nov. 26 ; he deceives the Protest- ants by a pretended friendship, 1571 — concludes a treaty with qu. Elizabeth, Apr. 19, 1572 — Jane, qu. of Navarre, is poisoned, June 10 ; the leading Hugue- nots are brought to Paris to attend the marriage of her son Henry, to Charles' sister, Margaret, Aug. 18; massacre of St. Bartholomew, Aug. 24 ; the Protest- ants take arms again, and save La Ro- chelle, June 25, 1573 — a fourth treaty of peace grants them the free exercise of their religion ; they are joined by the duke d'Alencon, and many moderate Ca- tholics, tailing themselves Politiques ; Charles IX. d. May SO, 1574. Charles X., k. of France, son of the dau- phin, Louis, and grandson of Louis XV., b. Oct. 9, 1757 — while count d'Artois, one of the first to emigrate; leaves Paris, July 16, 1789— assists in collecting an army at Coblentz and Worms, 1791 — succeeds his brother, Louis XVIIL, Sept. 16, 1824 — proposes an indemnity to the emigrants, who had lost their property ; acknowledges the independence of Haiti,. 1825— accedes to the treaty for the paci- fication of Greece, 1826 — his minister? fail in an attempt to restrain the liberty of the press ; dissolution of the Chamber of Deputies ; seventy-six new peers cre- ated, 1827 — hostilities commence against Algiers. See Algiers. — Change of mi- nisters ; Martignac takes the place of De Villele, 1828— fall of his ministry : De Polignac called from London to form a new cabinet; ultra-royalists and priests rule the government, 1829 — the Cham- ber of Deputies votes an address hostile to the Polignac ministry, Mar. 16, 1830 — prorogued, 19 ; dissolved, May 16 ; is induced by his ministers to dissolve the new Chamber before it meets, July 21 ; signs and publishes unconstitutional or- dinances, July 25; journals suppressed, 26; popular disturbances; the three days' war of the barricades in Paris, July 27 to 29 ; Charles X. abdicates, Aug. 2 ; is conducted to Cherbourg by commissaries of the provisional government, 4 ; em- barks with his family for England, 16; arrives, 17 ; his late ministers brought to trial, and sentenced to imprisonment for life, Dec. 21 ; liberated and banished from France, Oct. 17, 1836— Charles X. d. at Goritz, in Austria, Nov. 4. Charles I., king of Great Britain, son of James I., b. Nov. 19, 1600 — becomes prince of Wales by the death of his bro- ther, Henry, Nov. 6, 1612 — visits Madrid to treat for his marriage with a Spanish princess — the treaty broken off, 1620— another set on foot with Henrietta Maria, daughter of Henry IV., and sister of Louis XIII. of France, 1621. He succeeds his father, March 27, 1625 — marries Henrietta Maria, May 1 — quar- rels with his first parliament, which is dissolved, Aug. 12— alliance with France CHA 161 CHA Charles I., k. ot Great Britain — continued. — his fleet refuses to act against the Protestants— is crowned, Feb. 2, 1626 — his second parliament impeaches Buck- ingham, and is dissolved, June 11. See Commons, House of. — He endeavours to obtain supplies by arbitrary impositions, 1626 — his measures resisted, 1627 — en- gages in a war against France — Buck- ingham attacks the Isle de Rhe, 1627 — royal assent given to the Petition of Eight, 1628 — Buckingham assassinated — Charles dissolves his third parliament, and governs without one, 1629. Peace concluded with France, 1629 ; with Spain, 1630— Strafford prime minis- ter — the king resorts to violent expedi- ents for obtaining money, and sends the marquis of Hamilton with an auxiliary force to assist in recovering the palati- nate, 1630— revives monopolies, sells pa- tents and privileges to new companies, and imposes a stamp on eards, 1631 — gives extended jurisdiction to the council of York — renews the orders of Elizabeth and James for the nobility and landed proprietors to reside on their estates in the country, 1632 — patronizes Vandyke, 1633 — visits Scotland — is crowned, June 18 — holds a parliament, and obtains sup- plies, and Acts favourable to episcopacy ; makes Laud archbp. of Canterbury — re- publishes bis father's Book of Sports, 1633. Writ for levying ship-money, 1634 — Star Chamber persecutions, 1635 — the obsolete forest laws enforced — opposi- tion to ship-money, by Hampden, 1636 — severities of the Star Chamber against Prynne and others — judgment given against Hampden ; he, with Pym, Oliver Cromwell, and several more, attempt to emigrate, and are prevented, 1637 — failure of the attempt to force the Li- turgy on Scotland — the king gives way to the Covenant, 1638 — threatens to op- pose the French and Dutch in Flanders — advances to Berwick against the Co- venanters — pacification of Dunse, June 17 — he is forced to disband his army, 1639. A parliament assembled, April 13, 1640 — it complains of grievances, votes no supplies, and is dissolved, May 5— the Scotch enter England, Aug. 20 — defeat Conway at Newbnrn, 28; and occupy Newcastle — the king goes to York, 29 ; and holds a council of peers, Sept. 24— the Long Parliament meets, Nov. 3 — im- peaches Strafford, 11 ; and Laud, Dec. 18— the lord keeper, Finch, escapes to Holland, and the secretary, Windebank, to France, 1640 — the king adopts con- ciliatory measures, 1641 — gives his as- j sent to the Act f ;r triennial parliaments, Feb. 16- abolishes the Star Chamber- assents to the execution of Strafford, May 11 — visits Scotland, from August to No- vember — the Irish rebellion breaks out, Sept, 23 — parliament meets, Oct. 20. The king attempts to seize lord Kim- bolton and five members of the House of Commons, Jan. 4, 1642 — leaves London, 10 — arrives at York, and attempts to levy tonnage and poundage by pro- clamation, Mar. 19 — Sir John Hotham refuses to admit him into Hull, April 23 — he countermands the order of the parliament for calling out the mili- tia, May 5 — sets up the royal standard at Nottingham, Aug. 22 — Essex collects the parliamentary army at Northamp- ton, Sept. 2— battle of Edgehill, Oct. 23 — advances towards London, in Novem- ber, but retires, and takes up his winter quarters at Oxford, 1642. The civil war rages throughout Eng- land, 1643 — battle near Gloucester, lord Herbert defeated, March 23 — at Bram- ham Moor, lord Fairfax defeated, 29 — Reading surrenders to Essex, April 26 — the earl of Stamford defeated at Stratton, May 16 — the royalist general, Goring, taken at Wakefield, 21 — Taunton and Bridgewater surrender to the parliament, June 5 — the Scotch League and Covenant adopted by the parliament, June 16 — Hampden wounded at Chalgrove, 18 ; d. 24— lord Fairfax de- feated on Atherton Moor, June 29; sir Wm. Waller, at Lansdown, July 5; and at Roundway Down, 13 — prince Rupert takes Bristol, 25 — the king besieges Gloucester, which is relieved by the earl of Essex, Sept. 5— victory of Cromwell and sir Thomas Fairfax at Horncastle — first battle of Newbury, 20 — the king re- tires to Oxford — Pym d., Dec. 8. The Scotch army enters England, Jan. 19, 1644 — the king calls a parliament at Oxford, 22 ; and dismisses it, April 16 — retires from Oxford, May 22 — prince Ru- pert totally defeated at Marston Moor, July 3 — York surrenders to the parlia- ment, 5 — the queen embarks for France, 14 — Essex's army surrenders in Corn- wall, Sept. 2 — second battle of Newbury, Oct. 27 — the king retreats to Walling- ford, recovers his artillery, and returns to Oxford, Nov. 1 — makes overtures to the parliament, who send commissioners with high demands — both parties agree to treat at Uxbridge, Nov. 1644. The peers assent with reluctance to Laud's attainder, Jan. 4, 1645 — he is be- headed,10 — negotiations carried on,with- out result, at Uxbridge, from Jan. 30 to CHA 162 CHA Charles I., k. cf Great Britain — continued. Feb. 22— the k. takes Leicester, May 31 — is totally defeated at Naseby, June 14, when his cause becomes utterly despe- rate — Montrose takes arms for him in Scotland, Sept. 1 — Bristol taken by Fair- fax and Cromwell, 9 — prince Rupert leaves England — the king attempts to relieve Chester, Sept. 23, but soon after shuts himself up in Oxford — he enters into secret negotiations with the Scots, the army, and the parliament, 1645. Dartmouth taken by Fairfax, Jan. 18, 1646— lord Hopton disbands his army, March 14 — lord Astley defeated and made prisoner at Stowe on the Wold, 21 — the k. quits Oxford in disguise, April 26, and gives himself up to the Scots at Newark, May 5 — the royal garrisons sur- render by his order — Montrose retires to the continent, Aug. — the Scots take the k. with them to Newcastle ; surren- der him to the English parliament, Jan. 30, 1647— he is brought to Holmby, in Northamptonshire, Feb. 16 — seized by cornet Joyce, June 4, and conducted to the army — rejects the propositions for the settlement of the nation, Aug 1 — Hampton Court assigned for his resi- dence, 16— escapes to Titchfield, Nov. 11, and thence to the Isle of Wight, where he is confined in Carisbrooke Castle, Nov. 14 — four propositions sent to him by the parliament, as the basis of a per- sonal treaty, which he refuses, Dec. 24 — endeavours to escape, 28. The parliament vote that no further addresses be made to him, Jan. 3, 1648 — that of Scotland takes arms in his cause, Mar, 10 — risings in his favour in Kent, Wales, Lincolnshire, and other parts — a part of the fleet in the Downs mounts his flag, May 23, and repairs to the prince of Wales, in Holland — the Scottish army enters England, July 5, and is joined by the English royalists ; they are routed at Preston and Uttoxeter, Aug. 17 and 20 — Cromwell marches to Edinburgh, and puts down all opposition in Scotland — sir Charles Lucas aud sir George Lisle be- sieged in Colchester Castle — taken, and shot, 28 — negotiations opened with the k. at Newport, Sept. 18 till Nov. 27, when he agrees to most ot the terms demanded. The army remove him to Hurst Castle, and demand that he should be brought to trial, Nov. 30 — the parliament vote that his concessions are a sufficient ground for a settlement, Dec. 5 — the presbyterian members are excluded by "Pride's Purge," Dec. 6 — the king is brought from Hurst Castle to Windsor, 22 — the charges against him drawn up, 28— he is brought from Windsor to St James's, preparatory to his trial, Jan. 15, 1649— brought before the High Court of Justice, he denies its jurisdiction, 20 ■ — he is condemned to death, 27 — is be- headed before Whitehall, 30 — buried at Windsor, Feb. 8, 1649 — official comme- moration of his death, by the lord mayor, discontinued, 1773 — his tomb opened in presence of the prince regent, April 28, 1813. Charles II., k. of Great Britain, son of Charles I., b. May 29, 1630— Hampden appointed his tutor, 1641 — escapes to Jersey, and thence to Paris, 1646 — part of the fleet gives itself up to him in Hol- land, 1648 — in exile at the time of his father's death, Jan. 30, 1649 — takes the title of Charles II., at the Hague— is conditionally acknowledged in Scotland ; proclaimed by the marquis of Ormond in Ireland, March 19 — meets the Scot- tish commissioners at Breda, March 15, 1650 — lands in Scotland, June 23 — takes the Covenant, aud is proclaimed king, July 15 — defeated by Cromwell at Dunbar, Sept. 3. Crowned at Scone, Jan. 1, 1651-invades England, entering Carlisle, Aug. 6 — reaches Worcester, 22 — overtaken by Cromwell, and defeated, Sept. 3 — escapes his pursuers, concealed in the Boscobel oak, and lands at Fescamp, in Normandy, Oct 17 — leaves Paris, and retires to Co- logne, 1654 — removes from Brussels to Calais, Aug. 1, 1659 — to Breda, and through sir John Grenville, communi- cates with Monk, Apr. 4, 1660— his letters are laid before the parliament, and they acknowledge him as king, May 1^-he is proclaimed in London, 8 ; and in Ire- land, 14 — lands at Dover, 25 — makes his entry into London, 29 — in all his public Acts, dates the years of his reign from the day of his father's death. Crowned, April 23, 1661 — episcopacy revived in Scotland — the League and Covenant burnt by the hangman, in England, May 22, and many acts of parliament — bishops sit again among the lords — marries Katharine of Bra- ganza, May 21, 1662 — Bombay, Tangier, and free trade with Brazil, are part of her dowry — the Act of Uniformity comes into operation, Aug. 24— Dunkirk sold to the French, Oct. 17 — the king withdraws his favour from the earl of Clarendon, 1663 — the Triennial Act remodelled to meet his wishes, and the Conventicle Act, passed, April 6, May 17, 1664— the clergy cease to tax themselves in con- vocation, 1664. War declared against the Dutch, Mar, CHA 163 CHA Chabi.es II., k. of Great Britain — continued. 4, 1665 — the plague breaks out in London, in April, and rages until De- cember, the mortality being estimated at 130,000— the Dutch fleet defeated by the duke of York, off Harwich, June 3— the London Gazette established, Nov. 7 — war proclaimed against France, Feb. 10, 1666— sea fight of four days (June 1-4) between the English and Dutch fleets — the Dutch defeated, July 25. 26 — great fire of London, Sept. 2 to 6— the Scotch presbyterians take arms against episco- pacy, but are defeated at Pentland hills, Nov. 27 — the k. suspected of a leaning to Romanism, 1666. The Dutch sail up the Thames and Medway, surprise Sheerness and Chat- ham, and destroy some ships, arsenals, and stores, June 11, 1667 — the peace of Breda concluded, July 10 — the first stone of the new Royal Exchange laid by the king, Aug. 23 — the earl of Clarendon banished by act of parlia- ment, Dec. 19 — triple alliance formed between England, Holland, and Swe- den, against the ambition of Louis XIV., Jan. 13, 1668 — the k. recommends the union of England and Scotland to the parliament, Oct. 19, 1669 — they in- quire into the miscarriages of the Dutch war, and are prorogued, Dec. 11. The government carried on by the Cabal, consisting of sir Thomas Clifford, lord Ashley (afterwards earl of Shaftes- bury), the duke of Buckingham, lord Arlington, and the earl of Lauderdale — intrigues of Louis XIV. — visit of the duchess of Orleans, 1670— secret alliance with France, May 15 — influence of Que- rouaille, duchess of Portsmouth, the king's favourite mistress — he and his ministers sell themselves to Louis — he obtains subsidies, under pretence of carrying out the Triple Alliance — pen- sions Blood, who had attempted to steal the crown and regalia from the Tower, 1671. Seizes all the money in the ex- chequer, and stops the repayment of loans and deposits, Jan. 12, 1672 — sus- pends the penal laws against the dis- senters, March 16 — declares war against the Dutch, 17 — battle of Solebay, May 28 — the k, complies with the remon- strance of parliament against his declar- ation of indulgence to dissenters, March 8, 1673 — the Test Acts passed, 29 — Shaftesbury dismissed, June 9 — the duke of York resigns the command of the fleet — three indecisive battles with the Dutch fleet, May 28, June 4, Aug. il — par- liament complains of the French alli- ance and. the Dutch war — prorogued, Nov. 4. Peace concluded with Holland, Feb. 28, 1674 — the parliament prorogued, in con- sequence of disputes between the Houses, June 9, 1675 — fresh disputes occasion another prorogation, Nov. 22, which lasts for fifteen months — the king, pensioned by Louis, retires from London to Wind- sor, Feb. 7. 1676 — the parliament re- assembles, Feb. 15, 1677, and urges the k. to resist the aggrandizement of France * — Titus Oates and Dr. Tongue accuse tha Jesuits of a conspiracy, called the Po- pish Plot, Aug. 12, 1678— sir Edmund- bury Godfrey murdered, Oct. 17 — many Romish nobles, priests, and others, im- prisoned, and an act passed to exclude '* Romanists from both houses of parlia- ment, Nov. 30— the parliament dissolved, after sitting eighteen years, Dec. 30. The k. desires his brother, the duke of York, to retire abroad, Feb. 28, 1679— the Commons protest against the king's pardon granted to the earl of Danby, March 23 — the k. forms a council of equal numbers of Whigs and Tories, with the earl of Shaftesbury, the leader of the Whigs, as president, April 21 — the k. assents to the Habeas Corpus act, May 27 — the Scottish Covenanters again take arms ; defeat Graham of Claver- house at Drum clog, June 1 ; are routed at Bothwell Bridge by the duke of Mon- mouth, June 22, the k. recalls the duke of York, Sept. 2— the Meal-tub Plot de- vised by Dangerfield, Oct. 23 — the k. de- clines to re-assemble the parliament,. 1680 — the Scottish Covenanters dis- persed, and their leader, Cameron, killed,. July 23 — the duke of York presented as a popish recusant, and the duchess of Portsmouth, as a national nuisance — the judges dismiss the grand jury — parlia- ment assembles, Oct. 21 — a bill to ex- clude the duke of York from the throne rejected by the Lords, Nov. 15 — lord" Stafford convicted on the testimony or Titus Oates and other infamous wit- nesses, Dec. 7 ; is executed, 29 — the Com- mons resolve to grant no supplies till an act be passed to exclude the duke ol York from the throne> Jan. 7, 1681 — par- liament prorogued, 10— a new parliament meets at Oxford, March 21, 1682 — dis- solved, .28 — the k. publishes a justifica- tion of his proceedings, April 8 — is an- swered by Somers, Algernon Sidney, and? Jones — Shaftesbury imprisoned, July 2r — the indictment against him is thrown* out by the grand jury, Nov. 24 — the^ duke of York appointed high commis- sioner of the Scottish parliamentr-cor CHA. 1G4 CHA porations remodelled by writs of Quo Warranto, and juries packed to pervert the course of justice, 1682 — Shaftesbury retires to Holland, Oct. 19 — the charter of London forfeited, June 12, 1683 — the Rye-House plot, 14 — lord Wm. Russell tried, July 13 — beheaded, 20 — Algernon Sidney tried and condemned, Nov. 21-26 — beheaded, Dec. 7 — the duke of Mon- mouth banished, 25— Mr. Hampden fined £40,000 for a misdemeanour, 1684 — Tan- gier abandoned, and the fortifications demolished, April 2 — the king d., Feb. 6, 1685. Charles I., k. of Naples and Sicily, son of Louis VIII., k. of France, b. 1220. See Anjou, Charles, count of. Offends his subjects by his pride and oppression, 1266 — appointed by pope Clement IV. viceroy of Tuscany ; and, by the citizens of Florence, governor of their city — Baldwin cedes to him the sovereignty of Achaia, and the heiress of the principa- lity is betrothed to his second son, Philip, 1267 — defeats and beheads Con- radin — his brother. Louis IX., and the pope protest against his barbarous ven- geance, 1268 — takes Nocera, throws down its Avails, and disperses its Saracen po- pulation — the cities of Lombardy decline his offered protection, 1269. Joins his brother, Louis, at Tunis — binds the Tunisian government to pay him tribute, and plunders the wrecked vessels of his French and Genoese al- lies, 1270 — visits Rome, and is present in the church when Guy de Montfort mur- ders Henry, son of the earl of Cornwall, 1271 — the Genoese Guelfs apply to him for assistance, 1272 — the citizens of Genoa, Pavia, and Asti, and the marquis of Montferrat, are excommunicated for their league to resist his tyranny, 1273 — his fleets are defeated by the Genoese ; the coalesced states, assisted by Al- Jfonso of Castile, take Alessandria, 1274. John of Procida plots against him in Sicily, 1275— jealousy between him and Rudolf, emperor of Germany, 1277 —assumes the government of Achaia, n virtue of the betrothal of Isabella to lis son, Philip — pope Nicholas III. de- sires to check him, and forbids his threat- med attack on the Greek empire — death >f his son, Philip, he still retains the overnment of Achaia, 1278— disaffection ) him increases in Sicily, 1280 — he pro- ures the election of pope Martin IV., and leagues, at Orvieto, with him and Venice against the Greek empire — pu- nishes the disaffection of Sicily by more cruel oppression, 1281 — the Sicilian Vespers, March 30 — massacre of the French, and general revolt of the island. He besieges Messina-Pedro of Arragon and John of Procida arrive with an army — he retreats into Calabria — his fleet de- stroyed by the Catalan admiral, Roger de Loria, 1282 — Philip of France sends troops into Italy to assist him against Pedro, who invades Calabria and takes Reggio, 1283 — naval battle off Naples — his son defeated and taken by Roger de Loria, 1284 — Charles I. d. at Foggia, Jan. 7, 1285. Charles II., k. of Naples, son of Charles I., b. 1248— prince of Salerno — a prisoner at Barcelona, is acknowledged king of Naples on his father's death, 1285 — Si- cily remains quietly subject to Pedro of Aragon — Robert, count d'Artois, regent of Naples, prepares an armament against the island, which is destroyed by Roger de Loria, June 23, 1287— Edward I., of England, endeavours to procure the li- beration of Charles — released, he re- sumes the title of k. of Sicily, which he had resigned, 1288— pope Nicholas IV. releases him from all the obligations of the treaty by which he had regained freedom — war renewed — Roger de Loria besieges Gaeta — the kings of England and France mediate a truce for two years, 1289-Gerace, in Calabria, taken by the Sicilians, 1291— the viceroy defeated by Roger, 1292 — treaty of Anagni — James, k. of Aragon, resigns Sicily to Charles — the people of the island reject him, and proclaim James's brother, Frederic, 1295. See Frederic, k. of Sicily. They invade Calabria, and take Squillace, 1296 — Otranto, 1297 — James recalls Roger de Loria to Aragon — peace with Sicily — Charles gives his daughter, Leonora, in marriage to Frederic, 1302 — and Beatrice to Azzo VIII., marquis d'Este, 1305 — d. 1309. Charles III., k. of Naples, son of Louis, duke of Durazzo, and cousin of Joanna I., b. 1346 — inherits his father's title, and is styled also duke della Pace— enters into the service of Louis I., k. of Hun- gary, 1375 — is sent by him with an army against Venice, and directed by pope Urban VI. to claim the crown of Naples, 1379 — arrives at Rome, on his way to attack his cousin, 1380 — takes her and her husband prisoners, and proclaims himself king — is attacked by Louis, duke of Anjou — puts Joanna to death; and engages sir John Hawkwood in his ser- vice, 1382. See Anjou, Louis, duke of— Discord with the pope, 1384 — excommu- nicated, and Naples laid under an inter- dict — orders the interdiot to be disre- CHA 165 CHA garded, and besieges Urban in Nocera, 1385 — invited to the throne of Hungary, he leaves Naples to his son, Ladislas, under the regency of his mother, Mar- garet, 1385 — is assassinated in Hungary, 1386. Charles IV., or Carlo, k. of Naples, or the Two Sicilies, 1735. See Carlos, Don, son of Philip V., k. of Spain, and Charles III., k. of Spain. Charles I., k. of Navarre; title assumed by Charles IV., of France. See Charles IV., le Bel, k. of France. Charles II., the Bad, k. of Navarre, son of Joanna II. and Philip, count d'Evreux, 6. 1331 — succeeds his mother, and is call- ed the Bad, on account of his severities, 1349 — intrigues to recover Champagne, 1350. See Champagne. To quiet him, John II., of France, gives him his se- cond daughter, Joanna, in marriage. 1352 — treacherously seized and imprisoned in France, his brother, Philip, enters into alliance with Edward III., of England, 1355 — escapes from his prison and makes active war against France, 1357— Ber- trand du Guesclin defeats his army in Normandy, and takes its commander, the Captal de Buch, prisoner, 1364 — he joins against Henry II., k. of Castile, 1370— his kingdom is invaded by theCastilians — he loses most of his provinces in France— his children are captured, and sent to Paris, 1377 — peace with Castile, 1379 — his family liberated, 1381. See Castile. — Marriage of his daughter, Joanna, to John V., duke of Brittany, Sept. 11, 1386 — he is accidentally burnt to death, Jan. 1, at Pampluna, 1387 — se- cond marriage of Joanna. See Henry IV., k. of England. Charles III., the Noble, k. of Navarre, son of Charles II., b. at Nantes, 1359— edu- cated by Blanche, qu. dowager of France — his tranquil reign affords no incidents — d. 1425. Charles I., k. of Spain, son of Philip (eldest son of Maximilian I., emperor of Germany) and Joanna, daughter and heiress of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, b. at Ghent, Feb. 24, 1500— project of marrying him to Mary, youngest daughter of Henry VII. of England ; treaty of Blois for his betrothal to Claude, daughter of Louis XII. of France, 1504 — annulled by the States General, 1506 — the proposal of Henry VII. re- vived ; no contract signed ; on the death of his father, and the insanity of his mother, he is declared heir of Spain and of the Netherlands, 1506 — ascends the tnrone on the death of his grandfather, Ferdinand, June 23, 1516 — concludes the treaty of Noyon with Francis I. "t France, Aug.; leaves the Netherlands, and arrives in Spain, where the death of cardinal Ximenes throws the weight of government upon him, 1517 — is elected emperor of Germany on the death of his grandfather, Maximilian, 1519. See Charles V., emperor of Germany. Charles, afterwards Charles II., k. of Spain, son of Philip IV., b. Nov. 6, 1661 — succeeds his father, Sept. 17, 1665 — his mother, Maria Anne, of Austria, re- gent, is governed by the Jesuit, Nithard ; Louis XIV. claims the Netherlands ; Spain too weak to resist him, 1667 — the independence of Portugal recognized by the treaty of Lisbon, 1668 — Don John of Austria expels Nithard from Spain, 1669 — forms a league against Louis, 1672 — vainly endeavours to reform the sys- tem of governmejit, 1677 — peace con- cluded at Nimwegen, Sept. 17, 1678 — death of Don John of Austria, the last hope of Spain, Dec. 17, 1679 — Charles protests against new encroachments of Louis, 1682 — they are continued, 1683 — submitted to, 1684 — Charles joins the League of Augsburg, 1686. For the events of the war, see Louis XIV. — Spain reduced to a desperate condition ; Barcelona saved by the English fleet, 1694 — taken by the duke of Vendome, and restored by the peace of Ryswick, 1697 — Charles, having no issue, and be- ing the last of the Castilian dynasty, a treaty is made for giving his States to the young prince Joseph Ferdinand of Bavaria, 1698 — who dies, 1699 — a secret partition treaty assigns Spain to Charles, archduke of Austria; Charles II., of- fended by this, bequeaths his dominions undivided to Philip, grandson of Louis XIV., and d. Nov. 1, 1700. Charles, archduke of Austria, son of the emperor Leopold^ L, b. Oct. 1, 1688 — claims the throne of Spain ; the Spanish Succession War commences, 1701 — visits London ; takes the title of Charles III., k. of Spain, and enters that country with an English, Dutch, and Portuguese army, 1703. For the events of the war, see Anne, qu. of Great Britain. — Charles is received as king in Catalonia and Va- lencia, 1705 — proclaimed in Milan, the Netherlands, and Madrid, but by his want of energy, loses the advantages gained for him by his allies, 1706— pro- claimed at Naples, 1707 — receives the investiture from pope Clement XI ,1708 — is acknowledged by him k. of Spain, 1709 — victorious at Almenara and Sara- gossa; he enters Madrid again, but is soon driven out by Philip, 1710 — elected CHA 166 CHA emperor of Germany, and withdraws from Spain, 1711. See Charles VI., em- peror of Germany. Charles III., k. of Spain, 1759. See Car- los, Don, son of Philip V. — Declares war against Portugal, June 15, 1762 — his minister, Squilaci, offends the people by attempting to change the national dress ; is dismissed, and replaced by count Aranda, 1766 — the Jesuits expel- led from Spain, 1767 — disputes with Great Britain about the Falkland Isles, 1770-71 — count Florida Blanca minister, 1778— war with Great Britain, 1779. See George III., king of Great Britain. — Charles III. d., Dec. 13, 1788. Charles IV., k. of Spain, sou of Charles III., b. Nov. 12, 1748— succeeds his fa- ther, 1788— joins the coalition against France, 1793. See France. — Manuel Godoy, favourite of the queen and prime minister, 1795. See Godoy, Manuel. — War with Great Britain, 1796. — See George III., k. of Great Britain. — Sub- servient to Napoleon; war with Great Britain, 1804. See George III. — A large French army admitted into Spain, and the best Spanish troops sent to the Bal- tic, 1807 — insurrection at Aranjuez ; Charles abdicates in favour of his son, 1808. See Ferdinand VII., k. of Spain, and Napoleon I. — Charles IV. d., at Rome, Jan. 19, 1819. Charles VII., k. of Sweden, son of Sver- ker I., succeeds Erik IX., 1160— killed by Erik's son, Canute, who usurps the throne, 1168. Charles VIII., Canutson, regent in Swe- den, 1435 — chosen k. of Norway and Sweden, 1448 — deprived of the crown of Norway, 1450 — expelled from Sweden, and retires to Dantzic, 1457 — restored in Sweden, 1464 — again expelled, 1465 — again restored, 1467 — d. 1470. Charles IX., k. of Sweden, duke of Suder- mania, youngest son of Gustavus Vasa, b. 1550— -regent for his nephew, Sigis- mund, 1594 — is encouraged to assume sovereign power, and defeats Sigismund, who brings an amiy against him from Poland, 1598 — called to the throne by the people, 1604 — builds Gothenburg, Umea, and Uleaborg, and encourages industry and commerce, 1605 — he assists Vassili Shuiskoy, czar of Russia, against the Poles, 1609 — contends with Poland for ascendancy in Russia, 1610 — d. 1611. Charles X., Gustavus, k. of Sweden, son of John Casimir, count palatine of Deux Fonts, and Katharine, daughter of Charles IX., b. Nov. 8, 1622— recognized as the legitimate successor of his cousin, qu. Christina, 1650 — on her resignation, ascends the throne, 1654 — makes war on Poland, 1655 — contracts an alliance with the elector of Brandenburg, 1656—- the alliance dissolved ; Denmark de- clares war against him ; he leaves Po- land, and invades Jutland, 1657 — crosses the Belts on the ice, appears before Co- penhagen, and compels the k. to sign the treaty of Roskild, Jan. 3 ; breach of the treaty ; he besieges Copenhagen, 1658 — compelled to abandon the siege, 1659 — d. Feb. 13, 1660. Charles XI., k. of Sweden, son of Charles X., b. Nov. 24, 1655— succeeds his father, under the regency of his mother, Hed- wig Eleanor, 1660 — peace restored by the treaties of Oliva, May 3, and Copen- hagen, June 6, 1660 — Triple Alliance with Great Britain and Holland, 1668 — league with Great Britain and France against Holland, 1672 — war with Den- mark and some German States; Charles invades Brandenburg ; is defeated by the elector, at Fehrbellin, 1675 — defeats the k. of Denmark, at Halmstadt, Lund, and Landskrona ; victories of the Danish admiral, Niels Juel, at Bleking, and Ki6ge; Sweden loses the isles of Goth- land and Riigen, and all her provinces in Germany, 1677 — Charles defeated by the Danes, at Uddewalla, 1678 — reco- vers his lost territories by the treaty of Lund, Sept. 2, 1679 — obtains from the Diet of Stockholm absolute power, and marries Ulrica Eleanora, daughter of Fred. III., and sister of Christian V., k. of Denmark, 1680 — discontent of the Livonian nobles ; Patkul outlawed and banished, 1692 — Charles d., Apr. 15, 1697. Charles XII., k. of Sweden, son of Charles XL, b. June 17, 1682 — succeeds his father, 1697 — league of Poland, Denmark, and Russia, against him, 1699— assisted by an English and Dutch fleet, he lands in Zealand, Aug. 4; dictates his own terms of peace to the k. of Denmark, at Travendal, 19 ; proceeds against the Rus- sians in Ingria ; lands at Pernau, Oct. 17 ; battle of Narva, Nov. SO, 1700— takes Mittau, expels the Saxons from Livonia, conquers Courland, and invades Lithu- ania, 1701 — invades Poland, enters Wav- saw, defeats the king at Clissau, July 20, and demands his deposition, 1702 — de- feats him again, at Pultusk, May 1, takes Thorn, and calls a Polish Diet at War- saw to elect a new king, 1703 — recom- mends Stanislas Leczinski, who is elected; Augustus surprises Warsaw, but flies to Dresden on the approach of CHA 107 CHA Charles XII., k. of Sweden— continued. Charles, 1704 — the Swedes fail in an at- tack on Petersburg ; defeat the Russians at Gemauers, July 28 ; retreat to Riga from want of supplies ; the czar recovers Mittau, Sept. 14, 1705 — Renschild def . ats the Saxons and Russians, at Fraustadt, Feb. 6; Charles invades Saxony, and dictates the treaty of Altranstadt to Augustus, who resigns the crown of Po- land, and gives up Patkul, Sept. 14 ; one of his armies defeated by Mentchikof, at Kalisch, Nov. 19 ; the czar Peter fails in an attack on Vyborg, in Carelia, 1706 — interview with Marlborough, at Leip- sic, Apr. 30 ; Charles returns from Sax- ony into Poland; on his march, visits the elector at Dresden; massacres the peasantry of Massovia ; puts Patkul to death; treaty with Mazeppa, 1707 — marches into the Ukraine, against the advice of Piper and Renschild ; gains a fruitless victory at Golovtchin, July 4, and takes Mohilef ; but one of his armies, under Lagercrona, is defeated by Ment- chikof, at Dobro, Sept. 20, and he fails in his engagement to meet his general, Levenhaupt, who loses all his baggage and artillery at Leisna, 1708 — Peter col- lects his forces, and surrounds the Swe- dish army; battle of Pultowa, July 8; escape of Charles to Bender, and surren- der of the remnant of his army, who are sent to Siberia ; all his enemies renew their hostilities ; Poland reconquered ; his possessions in Germany threatened by the combined forces of Russia, Prus- sia, Denmark, and Saxony, 1709 — he pre- vails on the sultan to declare war against Russia, Nov. 20 ; Great Britain and the United Provinces offer to mediate, which Charles refuses, 1710-1711. See Peter, the Great, czar of Russia. — Steinbock defeats the Danes, Poles, and Saxons, at Gadebusch, 1712 — brfrns Altona ; sur- renders, with his army, at T6nningen ; Charles resists the sultan's desire for his return to Sweden ; is besieged in his house at Bender, and conveyed a prisoner to Adrianople, 1713 — is removed by the Turks to Demotica ; escapes, Nov. 1 ; reaches Stralsund, 22, 1714 — besieged there, escapes to Sweden; loses the isle of Rtigen, Nov. 17, 1715 — invades Nor- way, and is repulsed ; enters into the intrigues of baron Gortz and Alberoni, against Great Britain, 1716 — an English fleet sent to the Baltic to watch his pro- ceedings, 1717 — he renews his attack on Norway ; is killed, while besieging Fre- dericshal, Nov. 30, 1718 — Voltaire writes a History of his Life, which is prohi- bited iu France, 1730. Charles XIII., k. of Sweden, duke of Su- dermania, son of Adolphus Frederic, b. Oct. 7, 1748 — regent during the minority of his nephew, Gustavus IV., 1792-6 — on his expulsion, called by the nation to the throne, June 5, 1809 — concludes the peace of Fredericshamm with Russia, Sept. 17 ; Christian Augustus, prince of Holstein Augustenburg, appointed his successor ; d. May 28. 1810— adoption of marshal Bernadotte in his place, Aug. 21 ; compelled to declare war against Great Britain, Nov. 17 ; discontented with the continental system; assumes an independent tone, 1811 — Napoleon tak es Swedish Pom erania, 1812 — Sweden joins the confederacy against him, and Charles John lands with an army to co- operate with the allies in Germany, 1813. See Napolkon I. — Besieges Hamburg, and occupies Holstein ; Norway ceded to Sweden by the treaty of Kiel, Jan. 14, 1814 — the Union voted by the Storthing of Christiana, Nov. 21 ;" Charles XIII. d., Feb. 5, 1818. Charles XIV., or Charles John, k. o Sweden. See Bernadotte, andCHARLES XIII., k. of Sweden. — Succeeds quietly to the throne, 1818 — crowned in Sweden, May 11, at Drontheim, Sept. 7; abolishes many guilds and restrictions on trade, 1820 — constructs canals and roads, 1822 — the Diet forbids the publishing of the debates, 1823— the Storthing refuses to create an hereditary nobility ; the uni- versity of Christiana founded, 1824 — the Storthing dissolved, 1836 — the iron trade thrown open, 1838 — the council of State reformed, 1841 — Charles John d. Mar. 8, 1844. Charles, archduke of Austria, son of Fer- dinand I., emperor of Germany, b. 1540 — negotiates for marriage with Eliza- beth of England, 1568 — sent into Spain to dissuade Philip from his cruel treat- ment of the Netherlands, but to no pur- pose, 1569— d. 1590. Charles Robert, k. of Hungary, son of Charles Martel. See Charles Martel. Supported by the papal influence and some magnates, is proclaimed in Dalma- tia and Croatia, 1300 — on the death of Andrew III., is crowned as his successor, 1301 — Wenceslas, son of the k. of Bohe- mia, claims the crown — renounces it, 1304 — Otho, of Bavaria, grandson of Bela IV., puts forward his claim, 1305 — with- draws it, and Charles remains firmly seated, 1308 — claims the kingdom of Naples, on the death of his grandfather, Charles II., 1309 — Dalmatia conquered by the Venetians, 1322— his eldest son, Louis, acknowledged as his successor. CHA 168 CHA 1330 — his second son, Andrew, ananced to Joanna, of Naples, 1333 — d. 1342. Charles, archduke, son of the emperor Leopold II. See Austria, archduke Charles. Charles, duke of Brunswick. See Bruns- wick. Charles, duke of Calabria, son of Robert, k. of Naples, invested with the govern- ment of Florence for five years, 1326— d., leaving only two young daughters, Jo- anna and Maria, 1328. Charles, duke of Durazzo, marries Maria, sister of Joanna I., qu. of Naples, 1343 — is suspected of being implicated in the murder of Joanna's husband, Andrew of Hungary, 1345 — put to death by Louis I., k. of Hungary, 1348. Charles, duke of Durazzo. See Charles III., k. of Naples. Charles Edward, son of James the Pre- tender, b. 1720 — serves in the Spanish army under Montemar, 1734 — lands in Scotland, and proclaims his father at Perth, Sept. 4, 1745— at Edinburgh, 16— enters England, Nov. 6 — occupies Man- chester, 28 — arrives at Derby, Dec. 4 — commences his retreat, 6 — defeats gen. Hawley at Falkirk, Jan. 15, 1746— routed, and the rebellion crushed, at Culloden, April 16— escapes to France— received at Rome by pope Benedict XIV., 1747 — resists the oi'der to leave Paris — impri- soned — submits, and retires to Avignon, 1748— visits London secretly, 1750 — d. March 3, 1788. Charles, son of Louis IV., k. of France, b. 954 — made duke of Lorraine by the em- peror Otho II., 977 — claims the crown of France, which the nobles give to Hugh Capet, 987 — invades France, and takes Laon, 988 — Hugh Capet recovers Laon — Charles is taken prisoner, and d. 991. Charles I., duke of Savoy, second son of Amadeus IX., b. 1468 — succeeds his bro- ther, Filiberto, 1482 — marries Bianca, daughter of William VI., marquis of Montferrat, 1487- d. 1489. Charles II., John Amadeus, duke of Sa- voy, son of Charles I., b. 1488 — succeeds his father, with his mother regent, 1489 — d. 1496. Charles III., duke of Savoy, son of Philip II., succeeds his brother, Filiberto IL, 1504 — joins the league of Cambray against Venice, 1508— oppresses the Re- formers of Geneva, 1519 — endeavours to remain neutral in the wars between Francis I. and Charles V. ; but his states are occupied and desolated by both the belligerents, 1524 — besieges Geneva, to restore the expelled bishop, 1530 — is compelled, by Berne, Zurich, and Frey- burg, to retire, 1531— his efforts against Geneva again frustrated, 1534 — Francis I. attacks him, and takes Turin, 1536 — ■ Charles V. sends an army to assist him, but friends and foes alike lay waste his lands, 1537 — they conclude a truce for ten years, each retaining what he occu- pies, 1538 — Nice besieged by the French, 1543— Charles III. d. 1553. Charles Emanuel I., duke of Savoy, son of Emanuel Filiberto, b. Jan. 12, 1562 — succeeds his father, 1580 — failure of his projected attack on Genoa, 1582 — he in- vades Province, 1590— checked by Les- digui^res, 1592 — concludes a truce with Fiance, 1595— Savoy conquered by Henry IV., 1600 — peace concluded at Lyons, 1601— he attempts to seize Geneva, but fails, 1602-1609 — endeavours to engage Henry IV. in an attack on Milan, 1609 — claims and invades the duchy of Mont- ferrat, 1613— defends himself against the Spanish governor of Milan, 1615— again, 1616— joins the Venetians and Holland in a league to check the power of Aus- tria, 1619 — alliance with France and Ve- nice, 1624 — makes, with Lesdiguieres, a fruitless attack on Genoa, 1625 — revives his claim to Montferrat, 1627 — invades it— in league with Spain and Austria, 1628 — Louis XIII. and Richelieu enter Savoy, and conclude the treaty of Susa, 1629— they return, and conquer the coun- try— Charles d. July 26, 1630. Charles Emanuel II , duke of Savoy, se- cond son of Victor Amadeus I., b. 1634 — succeeds his brother, Francis Hyacinth, 1638— his mother continues the regency, and the alliance with her brother Louis XIII. — prince Thomas of Savoy, the young duke's uncle, prosecutes his claim to the regency, and takes Turin, with the assistance of Spain, 1639 — retaken by the French gen., D'Harcourt, 1640 — tranquillity restored by the regent, Chris- tine, 1642 — an incursion of Caracena, the Spanish governor of Milan, repulsed, 1650 — the duke takes the government into his own hands, 1653 — his army, com- manded by prince Thomas, with French auxiliaries, besieges Pavia — he perse- cutes the Waldenses, 1655 — prince Tho- mas d. Jan, 22, 1656 — by the peace of the Pyrenees, the duke recovers full posses- sion of his states, 1659 — marries his cousin, Francoise de Bourbon, daughter of Gaston, duke of Orleans, brother of Louis XIII. of France, May 6, 1663— his mother, Christine, former regent of Sa- voy, d., Dec. 27 — his duchess d. a few months after their marriage ; he takes for his second, Marie Jeanne Baptista, daughter of the duke de Nemours, 1664 — CHA 169 CHA he quarrels with the Genoese — Louis XIV. arbitrates, 1672— d. June 12, 1675. Charles Emanuel III., k. of Sardinia, son of Victor Amadeus II., b. April 27, 1701 — succeeds, on the resignation of his fa ther, Sept. 3, 1730— liberates his states from the temporal authority asserted in them by the pope, 1731— assists France in the war of the Polish succession, and conquers Milan, 1733— gains the victory of Guastalla, Sept. 19. 1734— peace con- cluded, he acquires Novara and Tortona, 1735 — having guaranteed the Pragmatic Sanction, he supports Maria Theresa against France and Spain, 1741— attacks Reggio and Modena — a Spanish army occupies Savoy, but is driven back by him into France, 1742 — an Austrian army, under count Traun, supports him against the Spanish general, de Gages, 1743— the French and Spanish conquer Savoy, 1745 — he drives them out of Italy, and invades Provence, 1746 — de- feat of the chevalier de Belleisle at Exilles, July 8, 1747— a part of Milam added to the kingdom of Sardinia by the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748— devotes himself to the improvement of his states ; d. Jan. 20, 1773. Charles Emanuel IV., k. of Sardinia, son of Victor Amadeus III., b. 1751 — suc- ceeds his father, Oct. 16, 1796— Piedmont occupied by the French — he retires into Sardinia, 1798 — resigns the crown to his brother, Victor Emanuel, June 4, 1802. Charles Felix Joseph, k. of Sardinia, sion of yictor Amadeus III. — succeeds, on the resignation of his brother,Victor Emanuel I., March 13, 1821 — an Austrian army re- presses the revolutionary movements of Santa Rosa ; evacuates the country, 1822 — the poor, in Piedmont, are forbidden to be instructed in reading and writing, 1825— Charles Felix d. 1831. Charles Albert, k. of Sardinia, prince of Carignan, succeeds his uncle, Charles Felix, 1831 — promulgates a new code for his kingdom, 1837— adopts liberal re- forms, 1847 — gives his people a free con- stitution, Feb. 8, 1848— arrives with his army to support the insurgents of Milan against Austria, March 27 — takes Pes- chiera, and conquers at Goito, May 30 — defeated by Radetzky, at Somma Riva, July 26 — at Milan, Aug. 5— he retreats to Turin, Aug. 6 — opens the Sardinian parliament, Feb. 1, 1849 — he renews hos- tilities — is totally defeated by Radetzky at Novara, March 23 — resigns his crown to his eldest son, Victor Emanuel II., and leaves Italy, 26— d. at Oporto,July28. Charles, duke of Sudermania. See Chas. IX. and XIII., kings of Sweden. Charles, eldest son of Chai'lemagne, named as his snccessor,806— d.Dec. 4, 811. Charles, son of Charles the Bald, rebels against his father, 862 — receives Aqui- taine from him, 866— d. 886. Charles, youngest son of Lothaire I., in the division of his father's kingdom, has Provence, 855 — which, on his death, his brothers divide between them, 863. Charles de Valois, second son of Philip III., k. of France, receives the offer of the kingdom of Aragon from pope Mar- tin IV., 1283— relinquishes his claim by the treaty of Aix, and marries Margaret, daughter of Charles II,, k. of Naples, re- ceiving Anjou and Maine as her dowry, 1291 — defeats the Flemings, and takes their count, Guy, prisoner, 1300— invited into Italy by pope Boniface VIII.— ex- pels the Bianchi from Florence, 1301 — conducts an expedition against Sicily, which ends in a treaty of peace, 1302 — is urged by pope Clement V. to lead a general crusade against the Turks and the Eastern empire, 1306 — d. 1325. Charles, prince of Viana, eldest son of John II., k. of Aragon, and Blanche, qu. of Na- varre—on his mother's death, claims her kingdom, which his father retains, 1441 — the nobles demand that he be declared heir to the throne of Aragon — he is im- prisoned by his father, 1460 — d. 1461. Charles the Bold. See Burgundy. Charles the Good, count of Flanders, 1119— slain, 1127. Charles de Blois. See Britanny. Charles Albert, elector of Bavaria. See Bavaria. Charles, third son of Frederic Augustus II., k. of Poland, made duke of Courland by his father — is displaced by Katha- rine II. of Russia, 1763. Charles Alexander, duke of Wirtem- berg, 1733-37. Charles Eugene, duke of Wirtemherg, 1737-93. Charles, or Christian Augustus, crown prince of Sweden, d. May 28, 1810. See Charles XIII., k. of Sweden. Charles Louis, son of Louis the first king of Etruria — his mother, Maria Louisa, re- gent, 1803 — his kingdom added to that ot Italy, and he is made duke of Lucca, 1807 —receives Parma, 1847 — resigns, 1849. Charles Lotus, elector palatine, son of Frederic V., and Elizabeth, daughter of James I. of Great Britain, inherits his father's rights, 1631 — recovers the greater part of the palatinate by the peace of Westphalia, 1648— establishes his claim to the vicai'iate of the empire, 1657 — challenges Turenne for his de- vastation of the palatinate, 1674— d. 1680. CHA T?T7 CHA Charles II., elector palatine, 1680-5. Charles III., Philip, elector palatine, 1716-43. Charles Theodore, elector palatine, 1743 — inherits Bavaria, 1778. See Bavaria. Charles I., duke of Lorraine, 1391-1431. Charles II., duke of Lorraine, 1545 — his lauds invaded by Henry II., k. of France, 1552— d. 1608. Charles III., duke of Lorraine, 1624 — re- ceives the duke of Orleans, banished by Richelieu, 1631— is driven from his States by Louis XIIL, 1634— recovers them, 1661— expelled by Louis XIV., 1670— enters into the service of the emperor Leopold I. ; defends the Rhenish pro- vinces against Turenne, 1674 — takes Treves, and the French marshal, De Crequi; d. Sept. 17, 1675. Charles IV. (Charles Louis), duke of Lorraine, nephew of Charles III., inhe- rits his title, and succeeds him in the command of the imperial army, 1675 — takes Philipsburg, 1676 — checks the French on the Rhine, 1677 — his duchy restored to him by the peace of Nim- wegen, but on such terms that he never revisits it, 1679 — serves against the Turks ; assists in the defence of Vienna ; conquers at Barkan, and takes Gran, 16S3— besieges Buda, 1684— recovers a great part of Hungary, 1685 — takes Buda and other fortresses, 1686 — defeats the Turks at Mohacz, and conquers Tran- sylvania, 16S7 — called from Hungary to defend Germany against Louis XIV., 1689— d. at Vienna, 1690. Charles Louis Frederic, duke of Meck- lenburg Strelitz, father of Charlotte So- phia, qu. of England, d. 1751. Charles M artel, son of Pepin of Heristal. See Austrasia. Charles Martel, eldest son of Charles II., k. of Naples, and Maria, sister of Ladislas II. of Hungary, is set up by pope Nicholas IV. to' claim the crown of Hungary, against Andrew III., 1290 — defeated at Zagrab, returns to Italy, 1292— d. 1295. See Charles Robert, k. of Hungary. Charles Martel, son of Joanna I., qu. of Naples, and Andrew of Hungary, created duke of Calabria; taken by Louis, k. of Hungary, and brought from Italy by him, 1348 — d. in Hungary. Charles Peter Ulrich, duke of Holstein, refuses the crown of Sweden, and is ap- pointed by the empress Elizabeth heir to that of Russia, 1742 — marries Sophia Augusta of Anhalt Zerbst, who takes the name of Katharine. See Peter III., czar of Russia. Charleston, in Carolina, built, 16S0— re- pulses an attack of the English fleet June 28, 1776. Charles-town, a suburb of Boston, burnt during the battle of Bunker's Hill, June 17, 1775. Charlevoix, b. 1684— d. 1761. Charlotte Sophia, daughter of Charles Louis Frederic, duke of Mecklenburg Strelitz, b. May 19, 1744 — intercedes with Frederic II. of Prussia, not to make her country the seat of war, 1759 — marriea Geo. III., k. of Great Britain, Sept. 8, 1761 — crowned, 22 ; Buckingham-house settled on her, in exchange for Somer- set-house, 1762 — has the care of the king's person during the regency, 1810 — disapproves the duke of Cumberland's marriage, 1815— d- Nov. 17, 1818. Charlotte, princess of Wales, daughter of George IV., b. Jan. 7, 1796 — refuses to marry the hereditary prince of Orange, 1814 — marries prince Leopold, of Saxe- Coburg, May 2, 1816— d. Nov. 6, 1817. Charlotte, daughter of Frederic Wm. III., k. of Prussia, married to Nicholas, grand duke of Russia, July 1, 1817. Charlotte, Augusta Matilda, princess royal, daughter of George III., b. Sept. 29, 1766 — married to Frederic, duke, afterwards k. of Wirtemberg, May 18, 1797— d. 1828. Charmis, Olympic victor, B.C. 668. Ckarmouth, in Dorsetshire. See Cerdic. Charolais, Charles, count de, son of Phi- lip, duke of Burgundy, heads the league " for the Public Good" against Louis XL, 1465 — succeeds his father, 1467. See Burgundy, Charles the Bold, duke of. Charon, of Lampsacus, hist., fl. b.c. 504. Charops, Athenian archon, the first whose term of office was limited to ten years, B.C. 752. Charter of Don Pedro. See Pedro IV., k. of Portugal and emperor of Brazil. Charter of London. See London. Charter, The Great. See Magna Char- ta. Charter of the Bank. See Bank of Eng- land. Charter. See East India Company. Charter-house, or Sutton's Hospital, in London, formerly La Chartreuse. See Carthusian monastery. — Granted by Henry VII I. to the duke of Norfolk, 1539 — purchased by Thomas Sutton, and en- dowed as a school and hospital, 1611. Charters of corporate towns, granted by Henry I., give security to industry and promote manufactures, 1132 — c\lled in and remodelled by Chas. II., 1682— the new charter resisted at Nottingham, ac- cepted by Plymouth and other corpora- tions. 1684-iufluence of the change on CHA 171 CHA the elections of members of parliament, 1685— the ancient chartei-s restored, 1688 — revised by royal commissioners, 1833 — altered by the Municipal Reform Act, which comes into operation Nov. 25, 1835. Chartists, a name assumed by large bo- dies of ultra-reformers, who demand what they call a Charter, granting uni- versal suffrage, vote by ballot, annual parliaments, and other democratic privi- leges, 1832 — proceed to acts of violence ; create a riot in the Bull-ring at Bir- mingham, and an insurrection at New- port, 1839. See Newport. — Encouraged by the revolution in France, announce an imposing Demonstration on Kenning- ton Common, Apr. 10, 1848 — foiled by the zealous co-operation of all classes, they cease to have any influence. Chartres, a town in Normandy, where Henry I. of England has an interview with pope Innocent II., 1131 — taken by the count of Dunois, 1432 — besieged by the duke de Cond£, who obtains there for the Huguenots the peace of Longj umeau, 1568. Chartres, Louis Philippe, duke of, son of the duke of Orleans, serves under Du- monrier, and. accompanies him when he withdraws from the republican camp, Apr. 4, 1793. See Orleans, Louis Phi- lippe, duke of. Chasse, General. See Antwerp. Chateau d'Eu, a marine palace of Louis Philippe, where qu. Victoria and prince Albert pass a week with the royal fa- mily of France, Sept., 1843 — again in 1845 — Mr. Cobden received there, 1846. Chateaubriand, viscount, b. 1769 — pub- lishes his Genie du Christianisme, 1802 — an bassador at the congress of Verona, undertakes that France shall over- throw the constitution in Spain, 1822 — minister for foreign affairs, 1823— resigns, 1824— d. 1848. Chatel, Jean, attempts to assassinate Henry IV. of France, 1534. Chatelherault, duke of, title given to James Hamilton, earl of Arran, regent of Scotland, on his sending the young qu. Mary to France, 1548 — resigns the regency to her mother, Mary of Guise, 1558 — joins the Congregation, 1559 — con- spires against qu. Mary, and retires to France, 1565 — takes up arms for her in Scotland ; submits to her son, 1572. Chatham, surprised by the Dutch, June 11, 1667— visited by George III., Apr. 25, 1778. Chatham, William Pitt, earl of. See Pitt, William. — Prime-minister, 1766 — his popularity and health decline, 1767 — retains the privy seal, but is without in- fluence, 1768 — resigns office, Oct. 15; declares himself favourable to a reform of parliament, .Jan. 22, 1770 — urges un- successfully conciliatory measures to- wards the Americans, Jan. 20, 1775 — renews his propositions without effect, Feb. 1; brought down to the House of Lords wrapped in flannels, makes ano- ther ineffectual attempt to stop hostili- ties in America, May 30, 1777 — falls down in a fit, while opposing the recog- nition of the independence of the Ame- rican colonies, Apr. 7, 1778— d. May 11 ; his public funeral, June 9 ; monument to his memory erected in the Guildhall, London, 1782. Chatham, John Pitt, earl of, eldest son of William lord Chatham, b. 1755 — while viscount Pitt, resigns his commission in the army, declinyjg to fight in an unjust cause against the American colonies, 1776 — master-general of the Ordnance, 1807— commands the Walcheren expedi- tion, 1809 — resigns his office, in conse- quence of a parliamentary vote of cen- sure, Mar. 2, 1810 — d. the last of the Pitts, 1835. Chatillon, negotiations at. See Napo- leon I. Chatillon, Eenaud de, marries Constance, widow of Raymond of Poitiers, prince of Antioch, and is regent of the princi- pality, 1149 — defeated by the emperor Manuel I., 1155 — fails in an attempt to surprise Mecca and Medina, 1184 — breaks the truce in Palestine, is taken and put to death by Saladin, 1187. Chatillon, the marshal de. See Avein. Chatsworth, in Derbyshire ; visit of qu, Victoria to the duke of Devonshire at, 1843. Chatterton, Thomas, i. 1752— d. 1770. Chatti. See Catti. Chaucer, Geoffrey, b. 1329 — writes his Canterbury Tales, 1364— d. 1400. Chauci, a German people over whom Cor- bulo obtains signal victories, 47. Chaumont, treaty of, between Great Bri- tain and the allies, Mar. 1, 1814. Chauvelin, Abbe, denounces the Jesuits before the parliament of Paris, 1761. Chauvelin, M., the French ambassador, requests the mediation of Great Britain to avert from his country the hostility of other States, May 2, 1792— ordered to leave London, Jan. 24, 1793. Chauvin. See Calvin. Chaves, marquis of, takes arms in favour of Don Miguel, in Portugal, 1826 — is driven into Spain. Chazars, Khazars, or Chozars, a Turk- ish tribe, settle on the Lower Wolga CHE 172 CHE Chazars — continued. about 600 — allies of Heraclius against Persia, 626 — extend their possessions to the westward, 679 — carry on an active trade between the East and Europe, and maintain friendly relations with the Greeks, 700 — Justinian II., on escaping from Cherson, first seeks a refuge among them, 704 — Constantine V. Coproni/mus, marries the daughter of their khan, 748 — his son, Leo IV., has the surname of Chazarm, 775 — they build the fortress of Sarkel on the Don, 834— are driven from many of their possessions by the Rus- sians, 862— some of their tribes migrate to Hungary, 897— others occupy the eastern part of the Crimea, 966— finally conquered by the emperor Basil II. and . the Russians, 1016. Chebron, k. of Egypt, b c. 1699. Chedorlaomkr, k. of Assyria, b.c. 1912 (2070 H.) Chelsea. See Cleves, Anne of. Chelsea College, founded by James I., 1609— rebuilt by Sir Christopher Wren, as a hospital for disabled soldiers, in the time of Chas. II.; completed by Wm. III., 1690— an Act for the protection of the pensioners, obtained by Wm. Pitt, while paymaster of the forces, 1754. Cheltenham, discovery of its mineral waters, 1718 — visit of George III., June 12, 1788. Chenab, battle of ; gen. Thackwell defeats the Sikhs, 1848. Chenevix, R., d. 1830. Chenres, k. of Egypt. See Cenohres. Cheops, k. of Egypt, b.c. 1082 — built the great Gizeh Pyramid. See Chufu. Cherasco, treaty of, between Louis XIII. of France and Victor Amadeus I., duke of Savoy, Apr. 6, 1631. Cherbourg, held by the English, for Chas. II. of Navarre. 1377 — taken, and its works destroyed by gen. Bligh and commodore Howe, Aug. 8. 175S. Cherbury, Lord Herbert of, b. 1581-d. 1648. Ckeres, k. of* Egypt. See Acherres. Cheriton Down, near Winchester, battle of; lord Hopton defeated by Sir Wm. Waller, Mar. 29, 1644. Cherres, k. of Egypt, b.c. 1504. Cherry-trees, brought from Flanders and planted in Kent, 1540. Ckersicrates founds Corcyra (Corfu), b.c. 734. Cherson. a free republic, in the Tauric Cliersonesus, near the present Sebasto- pol, relieves Diocletian from an attack of the Bosporians, about 290— assists Con- stantine against the Goths, 332 — Justi- nian II. resides there in his banishment. 695 — escapes, 704 — sends a fleet and army to destroy the city; the people proclaim Bardanes emperor, conduct him to CP., and put Justinian to death, 711 — reduced to dependence by the emperor Theophilus, 830 — Wolodomir, grand duke of Russia, married there to Anna, daughter of Romanus II., 988 — conquer- ed by Alexius I. of Trebizond, 1210. Cherson, or Kherson, a new Russian town, near the mouth of the Borysthenes, or Dnieper, celebrated for the meeting of the emperor Joseph II. and Katha- rine II., 1787. Cheksonesus Cimbrica, the Cimbrian pe- ninsula, now part of the kingdom of Denmark ; imagined by the Romans to have been the original seat of the Cim- bri, who attacked Italy, B.C. 113. See Cimbri. — Peopled by Saxons, many of whom emigrate into Britain, a.d. 449- 586. See England. Chersonesus Taurica, Cimmerian penin- sula, now the Crimea, the fabled abode of Cimmerian darkness ; gradually civi- lized by Greek settlers, becomes an in- dependent State, b.c. 480. See Bosporus, kingdom of. — The granary of Athens, 355. See Demosthenes. — Conquered by Mithridates, 108 — occupied by Goths, a.d. 258 — a Gothic colony planted, and the isthmus fortified by Justinian I., about 530. See Chazars. — Settlements of the Genoese, 1261— a section of the Golden Horde establishes an indepen- dentkhanate, 1441. See Crimea. Chersoxesus Thracica, the western side of the Hellespont, subject to the Athe- nians; governed by Sfesagorus, and after his death, by his brother, Milti- ades, b.c. 515 — left by him, 493 — a colony sent by Pericles, 437 — fortified by the Lacedaemonian general, Dercyllidas, 398 — recovered by the Athenians, 357 — seized by Antiochus Magnus, 196— con- quered by Rome, 169 — part of the Latin empire of Romania, a.d. 1204 — conquer- ed by John Vataces, 1235 — the Venetian nobles, Marco Dandolo and Jacomo Vi- aro, found the duchy of Gallipoli, about 1250— held for a time by the Catalan Grand Company, 1305 —permanently oc- cupied by the Ottomans, under Suleiman, son of Orchan, 1354 — the isthmus forti- fied by the combined English and French army, Apr., 1854. Cherusci, a German tribe, near the Vi- surgis(Weser), attacked by Drusus, b.c. 11 — attack M. Vinicius, a.d. 1. Chesapeake canal. See Delaware. Chesapeakk, American frigate, encounters the English ship Leopard, June 21, 1807 — captured by the Shannon, June 1, 1813. See Broke, Sir P. V. CHI 173 CUT Chess introduced into Persia from India by Buzurg Mihir, 580. Chester, the Deva of the Romans,, and station of Legio XX.Victrix. See Caf.r- leon. — Destroyed by the Danes ; rebuilt by Edward the Elder, 907— recovered by him from the Dane, Leofrid, and Griffin ap Madoc. prince of West Wales, 924 — ravaged by the Danes, 980 — Peter, bp. of Lichfield, transfers his see for a time to Chester, 1075— the bishopric erected by Henry VHP, 1541 — railway to Crewe opened. Oct. 1, 1840 — to Holyhead (in part), 1847— completed, Sept. 13, 1850. Chester, the earl of, besieged by Stephen in Lincoln castle, 1140. Chesterfield canal, the Norwood tunnel opened, May 8, 1775. Chesterfield, Philip Dormer Stanhope, earl of, b. 1694— d. 1773. Chevy Chase. See Otterburne. Chiaramonte, cardinal Gregory Barnabas. See Pius VII., pope. Chi art, battle of— prince Eugene defeats Villeroi, Sept. 1, 1701. Chiassi. See Classis. Chicheley, Henry, archbp. of Canterbury, founds All Souls' College, Oxford, 1437. Chichester, a Roman station on the Saxon shox - e, made the seat of government of the kingdom of Sussex, by Cissa, and named after him, 540 — the bishopric transferred there from Selsea, by Sti- gand, 1070 — railway from Brighton opened, June 27, 1840. Childe Harold. See Byron, Geo., lord. Childebert I., son of Clovis. See Franks. Childebert II., son of Sigebert I. See Venantius Fortunatus. Inherits Gon- tran's share of Chlotair's kingdom, 594. See Austrasia. Childebert III., son of Clovis III. See France. Childertc I., father of Clovis. See Franks. OhildericIL, son of Clovis II. SeeFRANCE. Childeric III., son of Chilperic II. See France. Chili. See Almagro. Convulsed during twenty-seven days by an earthquake — Santiago nearly ingulfed, 1731 — congress held at Santiago, O'Higgins president, Feb. 12, 1817 — its independence confirm- ed by San Martin, the Buenos Ayres general, 1818 — Freyre president, 1823— Be.neventi, 1827. Chillianwallah, battle of— the Sikhs de- feated by lord Gough, Jan. 13, 1849. ChillingSvorth, William, b. 1602 — taken prisoner by sir Wm. Waller, at Arundel Castle— d. 1644. Chilon, of Sparta, one of the seven sages of Greece, B-.c. 593— Ephor, 556. Chilperic. See Burgitndians. Chilperic I., son of Chlotair. See Franks Chilperic il., son of Childeric II. See France. Chimney-sweeping, a machine for, in- vented by Smart, 1805. China, the supposed age of Confucius (Kungfutze), lawgiver, philosopher, and teacher of religion, b.c. 555 — conference between him and Lao-Tseu, another phi- losopher, 517— d. 473 — the great wall built, 298 — an embassy said to have been sent from Rome, a.d. 166 — invaded by Dschingis-khan, 1210— the northern part conquered by his son, Octai, 1234— Ku- blai assisted in his conquest of Manji, the southern part, by mangonels, which the Polos, Venetian travellers, construct for him, 1273 — Marco Polo introduces Christian missionaries, 1275. See Chang- hian-fu. Its conquest completed by Ku- blai, 1-279— threatened by Timour, 1405. The Portuguese trade at Macao, 1517 — convey the orange-tree into Europe, 1548 — invasion of the Mantchou Tartars, 1616 — the present dynasty established by them, 1647 — tea introduced into Eng- land, 1660— the English East India Com- pany opens commercial intercourse with Canton, 1680— Jesuit missionaries make converts, 1692 — commercial relations formed with Russia, 1719, 1727 — the Je- suits expelled, 1732 — an English gunner put to death for having accidentally killed a Chinese, 1785 — lord Macartney's embassy. 1792 — death of the emperor Kien Long, 1799. The monopoly of the Chinese trade continued by the East India Company's new charter, 1813— lord Amherst pro- ceeds on his embassy, Feb. 8, 1816. See Amherst. The East India Com- pany's monopoly ceases — the trade thrown open, 1833 — the opium dispute commences, 1834 — the British trade sus- pended, and two ships fired upon— demo- lition of the Chinese forts — the trade re- stored—lord Napier, the superintendent, dies, and is succeeded by Mr. Davies, Oct. 11. Captain Elliot, chief commissioner, 1836 — he is arrested by the Chinese com- missioner, Lin, and the surrender of opium demanded, Feb. 24, 1839 — it is given up, May 21 — the British leave Canton, 24 — hostilities commence, July 7 — Hong Kong taken, Aug. 23— Chinese junks destroyed, Nov. 3 — all trade in- terdicted, Dec. 6 — Canton blockaded by sir Gordon Bremer, June 28, 1840 — Chussm taken, July 5 — Lin de- graded, Sept. 16 — Kishin concludes a truce and treaty, Nov. 6; which the em- peror rejects, Feb. 11, 1841 — Chusao CHI 174 CHN China — continued. evacuated, 24 — the Bogue forts stormed, 26 — sir Hugh Gough proceeds against Canton, March 18 — besieged and ran- somed, May 31 — sir Henry Pottinger arrives, and takes Amoy, Aug. 27 — Chu- san reoccupied — Ningpo taken, Oct. 13 — Chinese attempt to recover it, repulsed, Mar. 10, 1842 — the great river Kiang en- tered, June 13 — Shanghae taken, 19 — landing at Nankin, Aug. 9 — treaty of peace concluded, 29. Treaty of commerce opens China to all nations, July 27, 1843 — sir Henry Pottinger resigns, and is succeeded by Mr. (afterwards sir John) Davis, 1844 — the Bogue forts stormed, and the Chinese authorities compelled to make reparation for their insults and aggressions, April 5, 1847 — a rebellion breaks out, 1851 — the insurgents defeat commissioner Len, June 19, 1852 — re- pulsed at Chang-sha-fu, Sept. 12 — the use and sale of opium allowed, Feb. 25, 1853 —the governor of Nankin, applies to the foreign consuls for assistance, Mar. 16 — the rebels take Amoy, 18 — Nankin, 21 — Shanghae, Sept. 7 — expelled from Amoy, Nov. 11 — repuisean attack made on them at Shanghae, Mar. 20, 1854 — are driven by the imperial army from Shanghae, Amoy and other places, June, 1855 — seizure of seamen on board the " Arrow " by Chinese officers, Oct 8, 1856 — the men released, 9— satisfaction demanded by the British authorities, 22— Canton bom- . barded. Jan. 12, 1857 — British trade stopped, 14. Chin aladanus, k. of Babylon, B.C. 647 — 625. Chineta islands, report on their beds of guano, Aug. 29, 1853. Chinon. See Henry II., k. of England. Chintasuinthus, k. of the Visigoths in Spain, 641 — wishes to encourage learn- ing in Spain, and deputes the bishop of Saragossa to obtain from pope Theo- dorus the works of Gregory the Great — reforms the Visigothic code, 645— d. 653. Chintilla recognized k. of the Visigoths in Spain, by the council of Toledo, 636 — d. 640. Chinzirus, k. of Babylon, b.o. 731-726. Chion, Athenian archon, b.c. 365. Chionides exhibits comedies at Athens, B.C. 487. Chionis, Olympic victor, B.C. 664, 660 II., 656 HI. Chios, an island of the Archipelago, now Scio. See Glaucus and Ion. Revolts against Athens, 412. See Philip V., k. of Macedon. Conquered by the Vene- tians, 1124 — by the Crusadei-s, 1204 — by Androaicus III., emperor of the East, from the Genoese family of Zacharia 1329— by the Genoese, 1346— by the Ot- tomans, 1459 — massacre of the inhabi- tants by the Turks, April 11, 1822. Chiozza, one of the islands of Venice, taken by the Genoese admiral, Peter Doria, 1379 — recovered by the Venetians, and the Genoese fleet and army cap- tured, 1380. Chippawa, battles of ; the American gen. Browne, defeats the English gen. Riall, July 5, 1814 — is defeated by gen. Drurn- mond, July 25. Chippenham occupied by the Danes, 879 — Election, see Commons, House of, 1742. Chitty, Joseph, b. 1776— d. 1841. Chivalry, the age of, commences, 778. Chlodomir, son of Clovis. See Pranks. Chloroform discovered by Dr. Simpson of Edinburgh to be an anaesthetic — first ad- ministered in London by James Robin- son, Dec. 14, 1848. Chlotair, son of Clovis — in the division of his father's kingdom, inherits Sois- sons, 511 ; and, on the death of his bro- ther, Chlodomir, a third part of his lands, 524 — joins his brothers to seize and divide those of the Burgundians, 534 — acquires the dominions of his ne- phew, Theodebald, 554 — makes war on the Saxons, 555 -is defeated by them, 556 — his natural son, Chraranus, rebels against him — he inherits his brother, Childebert's, kingdom, and becomes sole monarch of the Franks, 558 — takes Chramnus prisoner, and bums him alive, with all his family, 560— d. 561. See Franks, and Austrasia. Chlotair II., son of Chilperic I., an in- fant at the time of his father's murder, inherits Soissons — his mother, Frede- gonda, governs, 584 — she dies, 598 — he affords a refuge to Columbanus — loses a large part of his kingdom in war with Theodebert II. of Austrasia, 600 — re- covers it, and gives it the name of Neu- stria, 604— by the death of Thierry II., acquires Austrasia and Burgundy ; is sole king of the Franks, and puts Brune- hild to death, 613— gives up Austrasia to his eldest son, Dagobert I., 622— d. 628. See Franks, Austrasia, and Neustria. Chlotair III., son of Clovis II., b. 651 — sole k. of France on his father's death, with his mother, Batilda, regent, and Ebroin, mayor of the palace, 656 — his kingdom divided by the elevation of his brother, Childeric II., to the throne of Austrasia, 660 — defeated at Asti, in at- tempting to recover the crown of Lom bardy from Bertaridus, 665— d. 670. Chnodomar, chief of the Allemanni, cap- tured by Julian, 357 CHO 175 CHE Ceobham, camp formed, June 14, 1853— review at, 21 — broken up, Aug. 19. Choczim, battle of — John Sobiesky, k. of Poland, defeats the Turks and Cossacks, 1673 — taken by the Eussians, 1739— again, 1769. Chosrephanes, Athenian archon, B.C. 452. Chcebilus, the Athenian tragedian, B.C. 523 — excelled by JEschylus, 499— has ex- hibited tragedies forty years, 483. Chcerilus of Samos, poet, B.C. 479. Choiseul, duc i)E, minister of Louis XV., 1758 — suggests the Family Compact of the Bourbons, 1761 — promotes the con- federation of Bar, in Poland, 1768 — ba- nished, at the instigation of Madame Du Barry, 1770— intrigues against the re- forms of Turgot, 1774. Cholera spreads from Asia to Moscow, Oct. 1830— breaks out in Dantzic, May 29, 1831 ; and soon after ravages north em Germany — quarantine to guard against it, established in England, June 13, 1831 — the first cases occur at Sunderland, Nov. 4 — appears at Rotherhithe, Feb. 10, 1832 — again breaks out, Sept.— thanks- giving for its departure, April 14, 1833 — rages in Russia and France, 1849 — breaks out at Southampton, July 10 — ceases in England, Nov. 15 — re-appears in Soho and St. James's, Westminster, Aug. 27, 1854 — rages in Florence, 1856. Chon^e. See CoLOSSiE. Choniates. See Nicetas. Choral competition at the Olympic meet- ing, b.c. 508. Chorianes leads a Persian expedition into Lazica, 550. CHOSROES,OrARSACESXXIII.SeePARTHIA. Chosroes I., or Nushirvan, k. of Persia, t succeeds his father, Cabades, 531 — makes peace with Justinian — the philosophers, expelled from Athens, seek refuge at his court, 532— he receives them coldly, and they return, 533 — collects his forces for war, 539 — invades Syria, and takes An- tioch, 540 — driven back over the Eu- phrates by Belisarius, 542— attacks Edes- sa, but fails, 544— makes a truce for five years with the Romans, 545 — Peter of Thessalonica treats with him about peace, 550 — surrender of Petra— another truce for five years, 551 — puts his gene- ral, Nachoragan, to death, 557 — obtains the Fables of Pilpay from India, 560 — agrees to a peace for fifty years, 562 — persecutes the Armenians, which causes another war with the Romans, 571 — a truce concluded, 574 — a truce for three years, 575 — negotiates with Tiberius II., 678— d. 579. Chosroes II., Purvis, k. of Persia, son of Hormisdas, or Hormouz II., saved iron the massacre of his family, flies to Cir. cesium, and puts himself under the pro- tection of the emperor Maurice, 590 — re- stored by a Roman array under N arses, 591 — declares war against Phocas, to re- venge the death of Maurice, 603 — in- vades the Roman provinces, 604 — con- quers Mesopotamia, 606 — crosses the Eu- phrates, and overruns Syria, Palestine, and Phoenicia, 607— master of Asia Mi- nor, and penetrates to the Bosphorus, 609 ■ — takes Apamea and Edessa, 611 — Cas- sarea in Cappadocia, 612 — Damascus and Jerusalem, 614 — refuses to treat with Heraclius — his generals conquer Alexan- dria and Egypt — with another army he encamps before Chalcedon, where he flays alive his general, Saen, for intro- ducing an embassy from Heraclius, 616 — takes Chalcedon, 617 — rejects again the offers of Heraclius, 618 — takes An- cyra, 620 — his army in Cilicia defeated by Heraclius, 622— loses Armenia, The- barma, Colchis, and Iberia ; but declines either to fight or treat for peace, 623 — Ispahan taken and plundered ; and his general, Sarbaraza, defeated, 624— loses Amida, and Samosata, 625— raises three armies, one of which, in alliance with the Avars, besieges Constantinople, 626 — Assyria and his palace of Dastagerd occupied by Heraclius — his general, Rhazates, defeated — his own retreat cut off; he flies in consternation, and his son, Siroes, rebels, 627— deposed and slain, Feb. 28, 628. Chozars. See Chazars. Chramnus. See Chlotair. Chremes, Athenian archon, b.c. 327, H 326 C. Chrestus, the Athenian sophist, 179. Christ, Z>., according to " L'Art de Veri- fier les Dates," B.C. 7 — Kepler, Pagi, Dodwell, 6 — Chrysostom, Hales, Blair, Clinton, 5— Sulpicius (Sac. Hist.), Usher, Dec. 25, 4 — Clemens Alex., Irenaeus, Cassiodorus, 3— Eusebius, Jerome, Epi- phanius, Orosius, Scaliger, 2 — Chron. Alex., Tertullian, Dionysius, Luther, 1 — Norisius and Herwart,A.D.l-Paul of Mid- delburg, 2— Lydiat, 3. See Crucifixio*. Christ College. See Cambridge Christ Church College. See Oxford. Christian Church, the first Greek. See Antioch. Christian, or Vulgar era, Jan. 1, a.d. 1, corresponds, in common computation, With the following dates : Julian Period 4714 Era of Nabonassar 749 Olympiad 195.1 Era of the Seleucidse 313 Building of Rome, A.U.C 754 CHR 176 CHE Christian, or Vulgab Eba — continued. N.B. These are the years of the re- spective eras, which commence during the first year of the Christian. Its use introduced by the monk Dio- nysius Exiguus, 527 — adopted in Italy about 600 — brought into England, and found in a charter of Oshere, a tributary k. of the Hwiccas, 680 — in France, par- tially, 700; generally, 800 — in Catalonia, 1180— in Aragon, 1350— in Valencia, 1358 —in Castile, 1393 — in Portugal, 1415. This era has been denoted in various forms, as the Year of our Lord, the Year of Grace, of the Incarnation, of the Na- tivity, and of the Circumcision. Christian topography. See Cosmus In- picopleustes. Christian I., k. of Denmark, son of Die- trich, duke of Oldenburg, b. 1426— elect- ed to the throne by the Danes, 1448 — k. of Norway, 1450 — makes war on Charles VIII., k. of Sweden, 1451 — expels him — restores the Union of Calmar, and is crowned at Stockholm, 1457 — inherits Holstein and Schleswig, 1460— creates the Order of the Elephant, 1462 — offends the Swedes, and is dethroned by them, 1464 — his daughter, Margaret, marries James III. of Scotland ; the Orkney and Shetland isles are her dowry, 1469 — he is defeated by Sten Sture, protector of Sweden, 1471 — the union of Calmar re- stored, with limitations, 1472 — visits Germany and Rome, 1474 — founds the university of Copenhagen, 1479— d. 1481. Christian II., k. of Denmark, son of John I. b. 1481 — acknowledged as his succes- sor, 1497 — becomes k. of Denmark, but is not acknowledged in Sweden, 1513 — marries Isabella of Austria, 1515 — in- vades Sweden, 1518 — gains the battle of Bogesund, and is crowned at Stockholm, Nov. 8, 1520 — his cruel massacres pro- voke resistance, and his army is defeat- ed by Gustavus Vasa, 1521 — is expelled by his subjects, and takes refuge in Flanders, 1523 — encouraged by his bro- ther-in-law (the emperor Charles V.), lands in Norway to recover his throne, 1531 — captured by the Danes, 1532 — dies in prison, 1559. Christian III., k. of Denmark, son of Fre- deric I., b. 1503 — succeeds his father, 1534— Lubeck and the Hanse Towns, with the duke of Oldenburg, attack him, and Copenhagen revolts ; assisted by Gus- tavus Vasa, he defeats them at Assens and near Bornholm, 1535 — takes Copen- hagen, makes peace with the League ; restores order in Denmark, and esta- blishes the Protestant religion, 1536 — Norway a province of Denmark, 1540 — league with Francis I. of France, with Sweden, and the Protestants of Germany 1541 — division of Holstein and Schles» wig with his brothers, John and Adol phus, 1544 — introduces the three crowns into his coat of arms, against which Gus- tavus Vasa protests, 1548 — d. 1559. Christian IV., k. of Denmark, son of Fre- deric II., b. 1577 — succeeds his father, 1588 ; crowned. 1596 — dispute with Eng- land on the right of fishing in the North Sea, 1599 — visits his sister, Anne, qu. of James I. of England, 1607 — Hamburg renounces feudal subjection, 1608 — war with Sweden, 1611 — by the peace of Sio- rOd, North Lapland is yielded to Den- mark, and both kingdoms allowed to use the three crowns in their arms, 1613 — trade with India opened, and settlement of Tranquebar formed, 1618— league, with the Protestant states, 1625 — Christian takes the command of their army in Ger- many, and is defeated by Tilly, at Lut- ten, on the Barenberg, 1626— his German states conquered by Wallenstein, 1627— restored to him by the peace of Lubeck, 1629— jealous of Sweden, he enters into a secret alliance with the emperor Fer- dinand III., 1642 — the Swedish general, Torstenson, reoccupies Holstein, 1643 ; Schleswig and Jutland, 1644 — the Danish fleet defeated by the Dutch and Swedes, off Laaland — treaty of peace concluded at Br6msebro, Aug. 13, 1645 — Jamteland and other provinces, with the islands of Gothland and Oesel, ceded to Sweden — Christian d. March 9, 1648. Christian V., k. of Denmark, son of Fre- deric III., b. 1646 — succeeds him on the throne, 1670— compels Christian Albert to cede his duchy of Gottorp, and joins the confederacy against Louis XIV., 1675 — inherits Oldenburg, 1676 — invades Sweden, 1677. See Charles XI., k. of Sweden. — Restores Gottorp, 1679 — mar- riage of his sister, Ulrica Eleanora, to Charles XI., 1680; and of his brother, George, to Anne, afterwards queen of Great Britain, 1683 — regains possession of Gottorp, 1684 — makes an unsuccessful attempt to seize Hamburg, 1686 — is com- pelled by Great Britain and Holland again to relinquish Gottorp, 1689 — d. 1699. Christian VI., k. of Denmark, son of Fre- deric IV., b. 1699 — succeeds his father, 1730 — founds the Academy of Sciences at Copenhagen, 1743 — d. Aug. 6, 1746. Christian VII., king of Denmark, son of Frederic V., b. Jan. 29, 1749 — succeeds his father, Jan. 14, 1766 — marries the Mister of George III., k. of Great Britain. See Caroline Matilda, daughter of Frederic, prince of Wales. — Visits Eng- land, and dines with the lord mayor, CIIU 177 CHE Christian VII. — continued. sent. 23, 1768 — dismisses count Bern- storf and makes Struensee minister, 1770 — fall and execution of Struensee and Brandt — Bernstorf recalled, 1772 — Hoi- st e.in obtained in exchange for Olden- burg and Delmenhorst, 1773 — stops all intercourse between his subjects and the British North American colonies, 1775— falls into mental imbecility ; his son, the crown prince, regent, 1784. See Frederic VI., k. of Denmark— d. Mar. 12, 1808. Christian VIII., Frederic, k. of Denmark, son of Frederic, second son of Frederic V., o. Sept. 18, 1786— invited by the Nor- wegians to resist their union with Swe- den, and proclaimed king, May 17, 1814 — withdraws, Aug. 14 — succeeds his cousin, Frederic VI., on the throne of Denmark, Dec. 3, 1839 — incorporates Holstein and Schleswig with his king- dom — the states of the two duchies claim the preservation of their rights as por- tions of the Germanic body, 1846 — d. Jan. 20, 1848. Christian I., duke of Brunswick. See Brunswick. Christian Louis, duke of Brunswick. See Brunswick. Christian I. and II., electors of Saxony. See Saxony. Christianity first taught to the Greeks in Antioch, 36— Saul (Paul) and Barna- bas sent forth by the church there, first preach it to the Gentiles of Cyprus, Per- ga, and Iconium, 38 — preached in Bri- tain, 178 — in Abyssinia, by Frumentius, 329— to the Goths, by Ulphilas, 376— embraced by Clovis, 496 — preached to the Saxons of Kent, by Augustin, 596 — embraced by Sabert, k. of Essex, 604— by Edwin, k. of Northumberland, and Eorpwald, of East Anglia, 627 — preached to the West Saxons, by Birinus, 634 — to the Bavarians, by Emmeran, 651 — in , the Isle of Wight, 661— in Germany, 690 — by Boniface, 715 — supplanted in Afri- ca by Mohammedanism, 749 — forced on the Saxons by Charlemagne, 785 — preached in the North, 826. See Ans- gar. — In Russia, 864 — declared by Chief Justice Raymond to be part of the law of England, Nov. 28, 1729. See Chris- tians. Christians, a Greek name, adopted by the believers in Christ at Antioch, 37 — accused of having set fire to Rome, and suffer cruel punishments from Nero; first persecution, 64 — severely punished by Domitian, for refusing to pay a tax towards rebuilding the temple of Jupi- ter Capitolinus ; second persecution, 95 —^ompslled, by order of Trajan, to offer sacrifices ; those who refuse suffer mar- tyrdom ; third persecution, 107— fourth persecution, imputed to the emperor Ha- drian, 118— persecuted by Barchochebas, 134. See Barchochebas. — Persecution of them forbidden by an imperial edict of Antoninus Pius, 151 — renewed, by permission of M. Aurelius, 164 — in Gaul, 177 — Marcia, the favourite of Commodus, protects them, 185 — fifth persecution, under Sept. Severus, 202 — all persecution ceases in the time of Alexander Severus, 223 — sixth per- secution, by Maximin, 235— security enjoyed under Philip, 248 — seventh persecution, by Decius ; several bishops martyred, 250 — the wealth and in- fluence of the hierarchy introduce many conniptions, and fierce contentions for the episcopal office ; passive submission of the laity, 251 — stricter canons are en- forced by Cyprian, through the council of Carthage, and the hierarchy made more despotic, 252 — eighth persecution, under Valerian and Gallienus, 254 — ninth per- secution, under Aurelian,270 — the Chris- tians unmolested during the first years of Diocletian, 284-302— Galerius urges him to repress the growing power of the hierarchy, for which he orders the tenth persecution ; the fiercest and most sys- tematic which they have endured, Feb. 23, 303 — the persecution checked by Con- stantine in the West, but continued in the East, 307 — Galerius issues an edict to stop it, Apr. 30, 311— edict of Con- stantine and Licinius in favour of the Christians, 313 — of Constantine, to pro- tect converts from Judaism, Oct. 18, 315 — to punish all who exact from Chris- tians the observance of heathen ceremo- nies, May 25, 323 — he obtains for them, in Persia, relief from the persecution caused by the Magi, 333— dissensions and persecutions of each other. See Do- NATISTS, ARIANS, ATHANASIUS, MFLETI- us, Damasus, Chrysostom, Theophilus, Cyril, Dioscuros, Nestorius,Pelagius, Jerome, Rufinus, Vigilantius. — Perse- cution in Persia, 420 — Nestorianism pre- vails there and in the East, 499 — Chris- tians massacred by the Jews of Antioch, 610 — edict of the emperor Leo III. against the worship of images, 726. See Iconoclasts. — Christians tolerated by the Mohammedans in Spain, 758 — for their wars, see Spain. — Punished by Abderahnian II. if they speak against Mohammed, 850-dispersion of the Pauli- cians, 871. See Paulicians.— A Greek patriarch received in Russia, 876 — urged by pope Gregory VII. to recover the Holy Land, 1074. See Crusades.— Ad- N CHE 178 CHE mitted to office in Turkey by a firman of the sultan, Jan. 8, 1849 — placed on an equality with the Mohammedans in Tur- key by the sultan, Jan. 26, 1856. " Christianismi Restitutio." See Serve- tus.— Dr. Mead's new edition, ordered to be burnt by Gibson, bp. of London, May 29, 1723. Christie, Sir Archibald, 5. 1774— d. 1847. Christie, Mr., kills Mr. Scott, editor of the London Magazine, in a duel, 1821. Christina, qu. of Spain. See Maria Christina. Christina, qu. of Sweden, daughter of Gustavus Adolphus, b. Dec. 8, 1626— succeeds her father, with Oxenstiern as regent, 1633 — her father's policy con- tinued ; treaty of Heilbron with France ; her general, Horn, defeated at Nordlin- gen,Sept. 6,1634 — Banner, by his victory at Wittstock, retrieves the Protestant cause in Germany, 1636 — is driven back into Pomerania, 1638 — Torstenson takes the command, 1641 — defeats the Austri- ans at Breitenfeld, and takes Olmiitz, 1642— conquers Holstein, 1643 — defeats Gallas, and occupies Bohemia, 1644 — gains the battle of Janowitz ; resigns the command to Wrangel, 1645 — the elector of Bavaria compelled to be neu- tral, 1646— peace of Westphalia; Sweden gains a part of Pomerania, Wismar, Bremen, and Verden, 1648— her cousin, Charles Gustavus, recognized as her successor ; she invites Des Cartes to Stockholm, 1654 — resigns the crown, June 16, 1654 — Oxenstiern retires, and d. — she embraces the Romish faith, and is received with great solemnity at Rome, Dec. 19, 1655— during a visit to Paris, she causes Monaldeschi, one of her suite, to be assassinated, 1657 — d. at Rome, Apr. 19, 1689. Christina, second daughter of Henry IV., k. of Fiance, b. 1606 — married to Victor Amadeus of Savoy, 1620 — on the death of her husband, her title to the regency disputed, 1637 — under the protection of her brother, Louis XIII., she becomes regent for her son, 1642. See Charles Emanuel II., duke of Savoy. — Christina d., Dec. 27, 1663. Christodorus, of Coptos, poet, fl. 511. Christophe, assists in driving the French out of Haiti, 1803 — joins Petion in as- sassinating Dessalines, and divides Haiti with him, 1806 — is proclaimed as Henry I., k. of Haiti, 1811— kills him- self, 1820. Christopher I., k. of Denmark, succeeds his brother, Abel, 1252 — Erlandson, abp. of Lund, raises rebellion against him ; he is expelled, and d. in exile, 1259. Christopher II., k. of Denmark, succeeds his brother, Erik VI., by capitulation with the nobles, 1320— expelled, 1329— recovers the throne, 1330— d. 1333. Christopher III., k. of Denmark, elected in the place of his uncle, Erik VII., 1439 — also in Sweden, 1440 — fails in an at- tack on Lnbeck, 1447— d. 1448. Christopher, k. of Sweden. See Chris- topher III., k. of Denmark. Christopher, the Pacific, duke of Wirtem- berg, 1550-1568. Christopher, chaplain of pope Leo V., imprisons him, and makes himself pope, 903— is deposed by Sergius III.. 904. Christopher, son of the emperor Romanus I., proclaimed Augustus by his father, 919— d. 931. Christophoros, a Byzantine general, sent by the emperor Basil I. against the Paulicians, defeats and slays Chryso- cheir, 871.' Chronica of Dexippus, written, 269. Chronicle of Eusebius, ended, 325 — of Idatius, begins, 379 — of Jerome, termi- nates, 378 — of Marcellinus, begins, 379— of Prosper of Aquitaine, concluded, 455 — of Victor Tununensis, begins, 445. Chronicles of St. Denis, presented to Philip III. of France, 1274— of Russia, written by Nestor, 1077 — of England. See Anglo-Saxon, Caxton, Wynkyn de Worde, Langtoft, Higden, Holinshed, Fabyan, Grafton, Stowe, Speed. Chronicon, of Cassiodorus, ends, 519 — Paschale, ends, 628. Chrysanthus, bp. of the Novatians, 407 — d. 419. Chrysippus, the Stoic, b. B.C. 280— d. 207. Chrysoberges, Lucas, patriarch of Con- stantinople, 1155. Chrysocheir, son of Carbeas, leader of the Paulicians, overruns Asia Minor, and pillages Nicomedia, Ancyra, and Ephe- sus, 868— falls in battle, 871. Chrysoloras, Emanuel, sent by Manuel II., emperor of the East, to implore as- sistance from the Christians of the West; after having completed his mission, he is engaged to teach Greek at Florence, 1396— d. 1414. Chrysomachus, Olympic victor, B.C. 596. Chuysopolis, battle of; Licinius finally overcome by Constantine, Sept. 28, 323. Chrysorrhoas. See John of Damascus. Chrysostom, Joannes, b. at Antioch, 354 — taught by Libanius, 369— ordained dea- con at Antioch, 381 — presbyter, 386 — appeases, by his preaching, tumults of the people of Antioch, 387 — invited by Eu tropins, and appointed bp. of Con- stantinople, 398 — condemns in a dis- course the games of the circus and the CHT7 179 cic theatre, 399 — inveighs against the vices of court and church, 400 — Theophilus, bp. of Alexandria, intrigues against him, 401 — the empress Eudocia favours his enemies ; he is banished by the arts of Theophilus, and recalled through fear of a popular tumult, 403 — again ba- nished by a synod, finally leaves O.P., June 20, 404 — reaches Cucusus, the place of his exile, in Sept. ; removed to Arabissus, where he is exposed to the inroads of the Isaurians, 406. See Ara- bissus. — Ordered by his persecutors to be removed to Pityus ; d. on the jour- ney, near Comana, Sept. 14, 407 — his remains removed from Comana, and ho- nourably deposited in Constantinople, 438. Chrysostom, Dio. See Dio Prus^eus. Chufu, k. of Egypt, b.c. 3425 L. See Che- ops, 1482. Chunar, treaty of, between the E. I. Com- pany and the nabob of Oude, Sept. 19, 1781. Chunda Saib, nabob of Arcot, slain, 1752. Chunnus. See Bulgarians. Church. See Christians ; East, church of the ; West, church of the ; England, church of; France, church of. Church-benefices in Germany, the sale of, forbidden by pope Gregory VII., 1073. " Church in danger," the cry raised by the Tories and Jacobites ; the Lords and Commons address qu. Anne, assuring her that no such danger exists, 1705. Church disputes. See Puseyism. Church-lands, which had been alienated by Henry VIII., secured to their holders by parliament, 1554 — pope Julius III. demands the restitution of them ; qu. Mary gives up all that are still held by the crown, 1555. Church-property, protected by a law of Theodosius II., Dec. 15, 434— the Com- mons of England petition Henry IV. to use it for the benefit of the State, 1404 — again,. 1410 — taken for the service of the State in France, Nov. 2, 1789. Church-bates, plan for the abolition of, pre- pared by lord Althorpe ; adopted by the House of Commons, Apr. 22, 1834 — but afterwards abandoned ; refused at Man- chester, Sept. 3 ; at Birmingham, Dec. 13 ; Bill brought in again, Mar. 3, 1837 — opposed by the bishops, Mar. 9, and abandoned by the ministers ; Sir Wil- liam Clay's Bill for their abolition in- troduced, Mar. 25, 1855 — read a second time, May 16. Church-services ordered to be read in Latin throughout all Christendom by pope Vitalianus, 663 — by qu. Elizabeth, to be read in English throughout her dominions, 1558. Church, Gen., appointed commander of the Greek army, 1827. Churches of Paris shut up, Dec. 1, 1793, but soon re-opened. Churchill, John, afterwards duke of Marlborough, b. 1650 — learns the art of war under Turenne, 1674 — deserts James II., Nov. 22, 1688. See Marlbo- rough, earl and duke of. Churschid, grand vizir, takes Janina, and puts Ali Pacha to death, 1822. Chusan, taken bv Sir Gordon Bremer, July 5, 1840— evacuated, Feb. 24, 1841— re-oc- cupied by Sir Henry Pottinger, Oct. 13. Cibalis, in Pannonia, battle of; Licinius defeated by Constantine, Oct. 8, 314. Gibber, Colley, b. 1671 — poet laureate, 1730 —d. 1757. v Cibo, Francheschetto, married to Madda- lena, daughter of Lorenzo de' Medici, 1487. Cicero, M. Tullius, b. at Arpinum, b.c. Jan. 3, 106 — a cadet in the army of Cn. Pompeius Strabo, 89— pleads for Quinc- tius, 81 — for Sextus Roscius, 80 — goes to Athens, 79 — resides at Rhodes, 78 — returns to Rome, 77 — qusestor in Sicily, 75 — returns, 74 — orations against Qu. Csaci- lius and Verres, 70 — made aedile, 69 — praetor ; advocates the Manilian law, for giving the command to Pompey, 66 — elected consul for the next year, 64 — serves the office ; detects Catiline's con- spiracy, and delivers his oration pro Muraena, 63— pro P. Sylla, 62— excites the hostility of Clodius, 61— sends to his friend, Atticus, a history of his own con- sulship in Greek, 60 — banished by his enemy the tribune, Clodius, 58 — recalled by his friend the tribune, Milo, 57 — ac- cuses Pisoand Gabinius of oppression in Macedon and Syria, 56 — replies to Piso, and composes his three books, " Be Ora~ tore," 55 — writes " De JRepublica" and defends Vatinius, Scaurus, and Placi- dius, 54 — defends Milo, 52 — proceeds to Cilicia as proconsul, 51 — returns to Rome, 50— joins Pompey in Greece, 49 — reconciled to Caesar, 47 — orations for Li- garius and Marcellus ; composes his " Brutus" 46" — divorces Terentia ; mar- ries Publilia, whom he also divorces ; his daughter, Tullia, d. ; he writes "Be luctu minuendo" " Orator," " Be Finibus" " Academica" 45 — withdraws from Rome soon after the death of Caesar, and in his retirement writes " Be Bivinatione" " Be Fato," " Be Gloi-ia," " Be Officiis," " Be Senectute," " Topica," and " Tusculance Bisputationes ;" returns to Rome after Antony's departure, Aug. 31; first Phi- n 2 CIL 180 CIN Cicebo — continued. lippic, against M. Antony, Sept. 2; se- cond written, but never spoken ; third and fourth delivered in the senate, Dec. 20, 44 — his continued Philippics deliver- ed between Jan. 1 and Apr. 22 ; irritate Antony, and he is murdered, Dec. 7, 43 —his Life written by his freedman and pupil, M. Tullius Tiro, 5 ; his book, Be Senectute, printed by Caxton, a.d. 1481. Cicero, M. Tullius, the son, educated at Athens by Cratippus, B.C. 44 — consul suffectus, 30. Cicero, Qu. Tullius, brother of the orator, gov. of Asia, b.c. 61 — serves in Gaul under Caesar ; is defeated by the Ebu- rones, 54. Cicogna, Pasquale, doge of Venice, 1585-95. Cicurinus, C. Veturius, consul of Rome, b.c. 455. Cid, the heroic name of Roderigo Diaz del Bivar; b. 1025— distinguishes him- self in Spain against the Moors, 1065 — restores victory to the arms of Sancho II., king of Castile, 1071— rallies the Christian forces, defeats the Moors at Alcoraza, and takes Huesca, 1087 — takes Valencia, 1094 — after defending it five years, d. there, and is buried at Burgos, 1099. '• Cid, the," a Spanish poem published, 1150. See Corneille. Cilicia, given to Demetrius Poliorcetes by Seleucus Nicator, B.C. 299 — becomes an independent piratical State, 125 — at- tacked by P. Servilius Vatia, 77— con- quered by Pompey, and made a Roman province, 67 — after the defeat of Crassus, ravaged by the Parthians and Armenians, 53 — Cicero proconsul, 51 — a part given by Antony to Polemo, with the title of king, 29 — confirmed to Polemo, the son, by Caligula, a.d. 38— and the whole given to him by the emperor Claudius, 41 — misgoverned by Capito, 57 — afflicted by pestilence and famine, 333— ravaged by the Isaurians, 404— taken by the Persi- ans, 609 - recovered by Heraclius, 622— conquered by the Saracens, 832 — John Zimisces expels them, 964 — occupied by Armenians, expelled from their country by Alp Arslan, and called the Reube- nian, or Lesser Armenia, 1065 — their princes assassinated by Nicephorus III., 1080 — occupied by the Crusaders ; quar- rel of Tancred and Baldwin, 1097. See Crusaders. — Subdued by the emperor John II., 1137— governed as a tributary State by Thoros, 1145-55— conquered by Amurath I., 1387. Cilly, count, a nobleman of Hungary, killed by the eldest Bon of John Huni- ades, 1457. CiU^, L. Fab. Gab. Septiminus, consul of Rcme, II., 204. Cimabue, father of the modern school of painting in Florence, b. 1240— d. 1300. Cimbri, or Cumrhi, a gathering of Celtic tribes, in concert with the Gothic Teu- tons, advance into Illyrium, and defeat the consul, Papirius Carbo, B.C. 113 — repulsed by Drusus in Thrace, 112 — are refused an allotment of lands to settle on ; defeat the consul, Junius Silanus, ravage the country, till they are checked in Thrace by Minucius Rufus, 109 — are victorious over the consul Aurelius Scaurus, 108 — force their way into Ro- man Gaul, where they defeat the consul C. Manlius, and the proconsul, Csepio, 105 — invade Spain, 104 — driven out by the natives, 103 — defeat the proconsul, Lutatius Catulus ; force a passage into Italy, are totally crushed by Marius at Vercellse, July 10; their league dissolved, the Cimbri are heard of no more, and supposed to be annihilated, 102. Cimmerian peninsula. See Chersonesus Taurica, and Crimea. Cimmerians, the first known Cumrhi, or gathering of Celtic tribes, formed to resist the Massagetse, by whom they are driven from the Araxes, enter Lydia, and take Sardis, B.C. 635— driven out of Lydia; their league dissolved, and they disappear, but settle in the lands after- wards called Galatia, 617. See Galatia, and Gallo-Gr^eci. Cimon, son of Miltiades, takes Scyros, B.C. 476. See Athens, 475-149. Cin^ethon writes poetry at Lacedaemon, B.C. 765. Cincinn atus, L. Quintius, consul of Rome, B.C. 460 — called from his plough to be dictator, defeats the enemy in sixteen days, and returns to his farm, 458. Cincinn atus, Cn. Manlius, consul of Rome, b.c. 480. Cincinnatus, L. Quint., military tribune of Rome, B.C. 438. Cincinnatus, T. Quint., consul of Rome B.C. 351. Cincinnatus, T. Quintius Pennus, consul of Rome, B.C. 431—11. 428 — military tribune, 426— II. 420. Cincius. See Alimentus, L. Cincius, writes Be Re Militari, B.C. 190. Cinna, L. Cornelius, consul of Rome, B.C. 127. Cinna, L. Cornelius, consul of Rome, de- posed by the senate, calls Marius from Africa, raises a body of Italians, and reinstates himself in office, B.C. 87 — con- sul II., 86— III., 85— IV. 84— raises an army to oppose Sylla, is assassinated by his soldiers, 84. OIT 181 CLA. Cinna, Cn. Corn. Magnus, consul of Rome, 5. " Cinna." See Corneillb , Cinnamus, John, writes his History of the Greek empire, 1153. Cinqmars, beheaded for a conspiracy against Richelieu, 1642. Cinque ports, fortified by Wm. I., 1067 — receive privileges from Hen. III., 1216 — the duke of Ormond lord warden, 1713 — Wm. Pitt, 1806— duke of Wellington, 1828-1852— marquis of Dalhousie, 1853. Cintra. See Alfonso V. and VI., kings of Portugal. — Convention of, concluded, between Sir Hew Dalrymple and mar. Junot, Aug. 30, 1808— causes popular dissatisfaction in England; court of in- quiry at Chelsea, Nov. 17. Circassians, defeat the Russian general. Godovin, and destroy all the new forts constructed against them, 1840. See Schamtl. "CiRCfi," the planet, discovered by M. Chacornac, at Paris, Apr. 6, 1855. Circesium. See Carchemish. Circuits ; Henry II. divides England into six, through which he sends justices in eyre twice a year to administer the laws in each county, 1177. Circulating library, the first established in London, 1740. Circumcelliones. See Donatists. Circumnavigation op the Globe, first accomplished by the ships of Magel- haens, 1522— Drake, the first English circumnavigator, 1577-80. Circus Flaminius, built by C. Flaminius, B.C. 220. Circus (now the Surrey Theatre) burnt, Aug. 12, 1805. Circus factions. See Constantinople. Cirencester, taken by Ceawlin, k. of Wessex, 577 — battle of, followed by peace between Cynegils, k. of Wessex, and Penda, k. of Mercia, 628. See Ca- nute. Cirignuola, battle of; the French defeat- ed by Gonsalvo de Cordova, and the duke de Nemours killed, Apr. 28, 1503. Cirrh^ans, engage in the sacred war with the Amphictyonic league, b.c. 595 — lose Cirrha, 591 — finally overcome, 587. Cisalpine republic founded, May, 1797 — restored, June 4, 1800. See Italian- republic, and Italy, kingdom of. Cispadane republic, founded, Oct. 16, 1796. Cissa, k. of Sussex, 514 — conquered by Ceawlin, k. of We&sex, 584. Citate, the Turks storm the Russian camp at, June 6, 1854. Citeaux. See Bernard. City-cohorts of Rome, overcome the prae- torian guards, pursue Commodus to Lav nuvium, and kill Cleander, 189. Ciudad Real, submits to Sebastiani, Mar. 27, 1809. Ciudad Rodrigo, held by the Portuguese against Henry II., k. of Castile, 1370 — taken by Ney, July 10, 1810 — stormed by Wellington, Jan. 19, 1812. Civtdale, pope Gregory XII. holds his opposition council at, 1409. Civil law. See Law. Civil list, arrears, provided for. Mar. 2, 1769— again paid by a vote of the Com- mons, Apr. 9, 1777— the Speaker (Sir Fletcher Norton) addresses the king thereon, May 7 ; Sir Henry Parnell's mo- tion for inquiry into it, causes the re- signation of the Wellington ministrv, Nov. 15, 1830. Civil wars in England and Great Britain : Between k. Stephen and Matilda, mother of Henry II., 1139-1153. Between k. John and the barons, 1214- 1216. Between Henry III. and the barons, 1262 -1268. Between Edward II. and the barons, 1321-1327. Between Henry IV., the earl of Nor- thumberland, and Owen Glendower, 1403-5. Between the houses of York and Lan- caster, 1455-1471. Between Richard III. and Henry VII., 1485. Between Charles I. and the Parliament, 1642-46. Between Charles II. and the Parliament, 1650-1651. Between James II. and the duke oi Monmouth, 1685. Between James II. and William III., in Scotland and Ireland, 1689-90. Between George I. and the Pretender, 1715-16. Between Geoige II. and the young Pre* tender, 1745-46. Civilis, leader cf the Batavi, 70. See Ba- tavi and Cerialis. Civita C a stellana, battle of ; tire Neapo- litans defeated by the French general, Macdonald, Dec. 4, 1798. Civita Vecchia. See Centumcell^e. — Blockaded by commodore Troubridge, 1799 — gen. Oudinot and the French ex- pedition land at, May 25, 1849. Civitella, battle of; pope Leo IX. de- feated and made prisoner by Robert Guiscard, June 18, 1053. Clairaut, one of the French Academici- ans who go into the north to examine the figure of the earth, 1736. Clairfait, the Austrian general, defeated CLA 182 CLA in Flanders by Dumourier, Sept. 20. 1792 — defeats Jourdan at Htichst, Oct. 11, 1791. Clappa, k. of Bernicia, 567-572. Clapperton, Hugh, the African traveller, b. 1787— d. 1827. Clara, Didia, daughter of Didianus Juli- anus, proclaimed Augusta, 193. Clare, county ; Daniel O'Connell elected for, July 5, 1828 — the election declared void, and a new writ issued, Mar. 18, 1829— re-elected after the passing of the Catholic Relief Bill, July 30. Clare Hall. See Cambridge. Clare, John Fitzgibbon, earl of, b. 1749 — while attorney-general for Ireland, pre- vents the assembly of a national con- gress, 1784 — made a peer (first, baron Fitzgibbon) and lord chancellor of Ire- land, 1789— d. 1802. Clare, earl of, d. 1851. Clarence, Lionel, duke of, second adult son of Edw. III., k. of England, b. 1338 — marries Eliz. de Burgh, daughter of the earl of Ulster ; their only child, Philippa, transmits her father's title to the crown, which devolves on the duke of York, and finally places Edw. IV. on the throne. See Mortimer, earl of March. — After the death of his first wife,, marries Violante, daughter of Ga- leazzo Visconte, duke of Milan, 1368 — d. 1369 — her dowry seized by De Spenser and sold. Clarekce, Thomas, duke of, second son of Henry IV., k. of England, b. 1389— ac- companies his brother, Henry V., to France, 1415 — killed at the battle of Bauge, 1421. Clarence, George, duke of, third son of Richard, duke of York, and. brother of Edw. IV., k. of England; attaches him- self to the earl of Warwick, and marries his daughter, Isabella, 1466— comes over from Calais with him to assist in quell- ing an insurrection in Yorkshire, 1469 — rebels against his brother, escapes to France, lands with a French army at Dartmouth, drives Edward out of the kingdom, and is appointed joint regent with Warwick, Oct. 9, 1470 — deserts him in the battle of Barnet, and again supportshis brother, Apr. 14,1471 — death of his wife, 1476 — falls into disgrace with the king ; his friends tried and exe- cuted, 1477 — condemned and put to death, Feb. 18, 1478. Clarence, William Henry (afterwards duke of), third son of Geo. III., k. of Gt. Britain, b. Aug. 21, 1765 — made a post captain in the royal navy, 1779— created a peer, May 9, 1789 — the publisher of a libel on him fined, Feb. 3, 1790— ap- pointed admiral of the fleet, 1811— mar. ries the princess Amelia Adelaide Louisa Theresa, of Saxe-Meiningen, July 11, 1818 — appointed lord high admiral, in the Canning administration, 1827 — resigns the office, 1828 — succeeds his brother, George IV., June 26, 1830. See William IV., k. of Great Britain. Clarendon press, at Oxford, the, esta- blished with the profits of Clarendon's " History of the Rebellion," completed and opened in Oct. 1713. Clarendon, Constitutions of, enacted by an assembly of barons and prelates, con- vened by Henry II., k. of England ; con- demned by pope Alexander III. ; Tho- mas a Becket revokes his promise to ob- serve them, 1164 ; excommunicates the king and all who conform to them, 1165 ; Henry retains them as the law of the land, in his accommodation with the pope, 1173. Clarendon, Edward Hyde, b. 1608, cre- ated earl of, and lord chancellor, by Charles II., 1660— his daughter, Anne, married to James, duke of York, Sept. 3. See Anne Hyde. — Offends the duch. of Cleveland — defeats the earl of Bris- tol's attempt to accuse him of high trea- son, 1663 — an impeachment against him fails, Nov. 12, 1667— he withdraws to France, 30 ; is banished by parliament, Dec. 19— writes his History of the Re- bellion, 1670— d. at Rouen, 1674. Clarendon, Henry Hyde, earl of, son of Edward, made lord lieutenant of Ire- land by James II., 1685— refuses to take the new oath of allegiance, 1689 — joins in a conspiracy against William III. ; is committed to the Tower, and afterwards confined to his country-house, 1691. Clarendon, George William Frederic Villiers, (now) earl of, b. 1801 — moves for the repeal of the corn laws, 1838 ; again, 1842 — appointed lord lieutenant of Ire- land, 1847 — resigns, 1852— foreign secre- tary, Feb. 21, 1853 — proposes a conven- tion in favour of Turkey, July 9 — re- monstrates against the proceedings of the czar, Dec. 27 — requires the Greek government to desist from supporting the insurrection in Epirus, Feb. 16, 1854 — attends the Paris conferences as the representative of Great Britain, Feb 16, 1856. Clarke, Dr. Adam, b. 1760— d. 1832. Clarke, Samuel, b. 1675 — defends Arian doctrines in his controversy with Wa- terland, 1712 — accused of heresy by the lower house of convocation, is dis- missed from his post as chaulain to the queen, 1714-cZ. 1729. Clarke, Dr. Edward Daniel, b. 1768— re- CLA 183 CLA ceives a travelling fellowship at Cam- bridge, 1799 — brings the sarcophagus of Alexander the Great from Egypt, 1806 — d. 1822. Clarke, Mary Anne, examined as a wit- ness against the duke of York, 1809. Clarkson, Thomas, b. 1760— d 1846. Clarus, C. Erucius, consul of Rome, 170. Clarus, C Julius Erucius, consul of Rome, 193. Clarus, Septicius, praetorian prefect, 119. Clarus, Sex. Erucius, consul of Rome, II. 146. Classe. See Classis. Classes of Rome. See Census. Classis, the harbour of Ravenna, con- structed by Augustus, now Chiassi, or Classe — the clergy of Ravenna retire there, on a quarrel with their archbishop, 679 — seized by Faroaldus, duke of Spo- leto, 716. Clastidium, battle of— the Insubres de- feated by Marcellus, B.C. 222. Claude, bishop of Turin, writes against image worship, 825; and against tran- substantiation, 831— d. 840. ■ Claude, daughter of Louis XII., of France — treaty of Blois for her betrothal to Charles of Spain, 1504 — the contract objected to by the States General, and annulled— affianced to Francis, count of Angoul fl me, 1506 ; married to him, 1514 — queen of France — retains Anne Boleyn in her service, 1515. Claude Lorraine. See Lorraine,Claude. Claudia, daughter of Nero and Poppaea, b. 63 — proclaimed Augusta — d. within four months. Claudia, daughter of Crispus, brother of the emperor Claudius II., marries Eu- tropius, a noble of Dardania, about 240 ; they are the parents of Constantius Chlorus. Claudia, Aqua. See Aqua Claudia and Claudius I. Claudian addresses his first poem to the consuls of the year, 395 — publishes his poem against Rufinus, 396 — Epithala- mium and Gildonic War, 398— celebrates the Gothic War, 403 ; his patron, Sti- licho, 405— d. 408. Claudius I., Tiberius Claudius Caesar, son of Drusus, 6. at Lyons, Aug. 1, b.c. 10; proclaimed by the Praetorian guards emperor of Rome, a.d.41; consul of Rome, II. 42 — goes to Britain — consul III. 43 — returns and celebrates asplendid triumph at Rome, 44 — reverses the orders issued by Cassiu3 Longinus, governor of Judaea, 45 — allows the empress, Messalina, to pursue her licentious and vindictive course, 46 — stops the victorious progress of Corbulo on the Rhenish frontier — takes the census of Rome, and celebrates the secular games — consul IV. 47 — pub- lishes the census, showing 5,984,072 adult citizens — divorces Messalina, and puts her to death — is governed by Narcissus and Pallas — gives additional territories to Agrippa, 48 — marries Agrippina, dau. of Germanicus, and widow of Cn. Domi- tius Ahenobarbus, 49^prevailed on by her to exclude his own son, Britannicns, and adopt her son, Nero, as his succes- sor, 50 — consul V. 51 — completes the aqueducts of Aqua Claudia and Lake Fucinus, 52— marries his daughter, Oc- tavia, to Nero, 53— poisoned by Agrip- pina, Oct. 13, 54, Claudius II., b. 214 — serves under the em- peror Decius, and stops the Goths at Thermopylae, 250 — commands against them, under Gallienus, on the Danube, 267 — is proclaimed emperor by the army — takes Milan, and puts Aureolus to death — defeats the Allemanni near Lake Benacus, 268 ; and the Goths, at Naissus, in Mcesia, 269— again defeats them, and soon after d. of the plague, at Sirmium, 270. Claudius, Appius. See Appius, Sp., and Decemvirs. Claudius, Appius, consul of Rome, b.c. 349. Claudius, Appius Caecus (the Blind), cen- sor of Rome, introduces many changes ; constructs the Via Appia, the first aque- duct, and a canal through the Pontine marshes, B.C. 312— consul, 307 ; II. 296. Claudius, Appius, sent as an ambassador to Tigranes, B.C. 71. Claudius, Appius Rufus, consul of Rome, B.c 268. Claudius, C Quintius, consul of Rome, b.c. 271. CLAUDrus, Appius. See Caudex, Ap. CI. Claudius, Pub. Pulcher, consul of Rome — defeated by Adherbal in a naval battle, off Drepanum, b.c. 249. Claudius Eusthenius writes the history of Diocletian and his colleagues, 293. Claudius, Servius, an eminent teacher at Rome, b.c. 100. Clauzel, marshal, sent into Algeria against Abd el Kader, 1835. Claverhouse. See Graham. Clavigo, near Calagurris (Calahorra), battle of — the Saracens are defeated by Ramiro I., the Gothic king, 844. Clavius, Christopher, completes the new or Gregorian calendar, 1582. Clay, Henry, b. 1777— d. 1852. Clay, Sir William, introduces a bill for the abolition of church rates, March 29, 1855. Claypole, Mrs., Cromwell's daughter, d. Aug. 6, 1658 — her body is removed froci CLE 184 CLE "Westminster Abbey to the churchyard, Sept. 12. 1661. ClazomenjE, a city of Ionia, founded by emigrants from Colophon, b.c. 656— birth- place of Anaxagoras, 500— recovered by the Persians, 497. Cleander, a favourite of Commodus, rules tyrannically, 187— put to death. 189. See City Cohorts. Clearchus, consul of Rome, 384. Clemangis, Nicholas de, rector of the uni- versity of Paris, publishes his " De Ruina Ecclesice," 1394 — urges, in the council of Basle, the reform of the church, 1431. Clemens, bp. of Utrecht, 696. See Wil- BRORD. Clemens, Alexandrinus, writes his " Stro- mata," 194 — his Platonic philosophy adopted by Origen, 206. Clemens, M. Arricinius, consul of Rome, 94 H. Clemens, Tineius, consul of Rome, 195. Clemens, T. Flav., nephew of Domitian, consul of Rome — put to death, 95. Clement I.,bp.of Rome, 91-100— addresses an Epistle to the church of Corinth, to heal their divisions, 94. Clement II., Suidger, bp. of Bamberg, elected pope, 1046— d. Oct. 9, 1047. Clement III., antipope, Guibert, archbp. of Ravenna, elected by a council at Brixen, convened by the emperor Henry IV., 1080 — consecrated at Rome, and crowns the emperor, March 31, 1084— ex- pelled by Robert Guiscard, he returns into Lombardy, 1084 — resigns his pre- i tensions to the papacy, 1089— his party still hold the castle of St. Angelo— his title is still asserted by Henry, 1092 — d. 1100. Clement III., pope, cardinal Paul Scolaro, bp. of Palestrina, elected Dec. 12, 1187— sends cardinal-legates to move all the states of Europe to the crusade — again makes Rome the papal residence by a treaty with the senate, 1188 — d. March 27, 1191. Clement IV., pope, Guy Foulquois, arch- hp. of Narbonne and cardinal-bp. of Sa- bina, elected Feb. 5, 1265— by a Bull claims the disposal of benefices in Chris- tian lands, and their revenues while va- cant, 1266 — appoints Charles of Anjou viceroy of Tuscany, 1267 — a reformation of the calendar is proposed to him by Roger Bacon, 1267 — protests against the cruelties of Charles of Anjou, in Naples — d. at Viterbo, Nov. 29, 1268. Clement V., pope, Bertrand de Goth, arch- bp. of Bordeaux, elected, through the in- fluence of Philip IV. of France, June 15 — summons the cardinals to meet him at Lyons — he restores the cardinals della Colonna, whom Boniface VIII. had de- graded, 1305 — revokes the Bulls of Boni- face against Philip — urges a general crusade, and demands a tenth of all ec- clesiastical revenues for the purpose — Philip advises him to be less exorbi- tant, 1306 — conference between them at Poitiers, 1307 — removes the papal see to Avignon — declares Ferrara to be a fief of the church, and excommunicates the Venetians, 1309 — restrained by Philip from excommunicating Robert, k. of Naples, 1313— appoints Robert senator of Rome and viceroy of Italy, 1314— d. Apr. 20, 1314 — discord among the cardinals keeps the papal see vacant two years and four months. Clement VI., pope, Peter Roger, archbp. of Rouen, elected May 7, 1342— an em- bassy sent to him from Rome, accompa- nied by Cola de Rienzo, 1342 — he renews the excommunication of the emperor Louis IV., and makes such arrogant de- mands that the Diet rejects them indig- nantly, and resolves to resist strenuous- ly, 1343 — his interference in England in benefices and livings is forbidden by par- liament, 1344 — he employs Roberto Del- fino to preach a crusade against the Turks, but without effect, 1345— induces some princes to elect foremperor Charles, marquis of Moravia, son of John, late k. of Bohemia — excommunicates Walde- mar III., k. of Denmark, for having un- dertaken a pilgrimage to the Holy Land without his permission — gives Louis, count of Clermont, licence to conquer the Canary or Fortunate islands, and to take the title of king, 1346 — threatens to ex- communicate Charles Robert, k. of Hun- gary, who defies him, 1347 — Joanna, qu. of Naples, sells Avignon to him; he gives her husband the title of king, 1348 — he declares the Flagellants to be heretics, and issues a Bull against them, 1349 — mediates a treaty between Hun- gary and Naples — he repeats the jubilee at Rome, 1350 — John Visconte having obtained possession of Bologna, Clement, after threats of excommunication and interdict, accepts a sum of money, and grants the investiture — Rienzo is trans- ferred to his custody at Avignon, 1351 — d. Dec. 6, 1352. Clement VII., anti-pope, Robert de Ge- neve, bp. of Cambray, elected Sept. 21, 1378, in opposition to Urban VI., when the schism of the West begins — they ex- communicate each other — Clement re- sides at Avignon; France adheres to CLE 185 CLE him, 1378 — they come to open war, and his Bretons are defeated by Urban, 1379 — he gives the dominions of Joanna of Naples in Provence to the duke of An- j»u, 1381 — joiued by two cardinals, who escape from the violence of Urban, 1386 — he crowns Louis of Anjou k. of Naples, at Avignon, 1389— d. Sept. 16, 1394. Clement VII., pope, Julius de' Medici, archbp. of Florence, cousin of Leo X , elected Nov. 19, 1523 — makes a secret treaty with Francis I., 1524 — a party to the Holy League, 1526 — made prisoner by the troops of Charles V. — receives Dr. Knight in S. Angelo — escapes in dis- guise, Dec. 8, 1527 — temporizes in the affair of Henry VIII.'s divorce, 1528 — makes a treaty with the emperor, June 29 ; meets him at Bologna, Nov. 5, 1529 — favours the poet Vida— crowns Charles V., 1530— gives up Modena,Oct. 12,1531 — has a conference with the emperor at Bologna, Dec. 8, 1532 — reverses Cran- mer's decision in the matter of Henry's divorce — meets the k. of France at Mar- seilles, Oct. 13, 1533 — issues a decree against Henry, March 23 — d. Sept. 25, 1534. Clement VIII., anti-pope, Giles de Mug- noz, a canon of Barcelona, elected, by two cardinals to continue the schism, 1424 — abdicates, and is appointed, by Alfonso V. of Aragon, bp. of Majorca, which puts an end to the schism, 1429. Clement VIII., pope, cardinal Hippolito Aldobrandini, elected Jan. 30, 1592 — he refuses to let the ambassador of Henry IV. of France enter Rome, and obliges the Venetians to give up Marco Sciarra, who had sought their protection, 1592 — refuses to grant absolution to Henry, 1593 — reconciled to him, 1595 — invites Tasso to be crowned in the Capitol — he deputes Alexander de' Medici to protest against Henry's alliance with Elizabeth qu, of England, 1596— on the death of Al- fonso d'Este. claims the duchy of Fer- rara, and excommunicates Csesar, the rightful heir, 1597 — attempts to settle the an ti- Jesuit controversy, afterwards call- ed Jansenist — Csesar d'Este is compelled to relinquish Ferrara to him, 1598 — d. Mar. 4, 1605. Clement IX., pope, cardinal Julius Ros- pigliosi, elected June 22, 1667 — condemns a French translation of the Scriptures, 1667— d. Dec. 9, 1669. Clement X., pope, cardinal John Baptist Emilius Altieri, elected April 29, 1670— acknowledges the sovereignty of the house of Braganza, and gives up his claim to the appointment of bishops in Portugal, 1670— d. July 22, 1676. Clement XL, pope, cardinal John Francis Albani of Urbino, elected Nov. 23, 1700 — threatens to resist theemp. Joseph I. by arms — overawed by the imperial general Daunandthe English fleet, disbands his troops, submits to the emperor's de- mands, and grants the investiture of Naples and Sicily to Charles III., 1708— makes farther concessions to the em- peror, and acknowledges Charles III. k. of, Spain, 1709 — claims Sicily, and issues a Bull against Victor Amadeus II., 1714 — d. March 19, 1721. Clement XII., pope, cardinal Lorenzo Cor- sini, bp. of Frescati, elected July 12, 1730— his claim to Parma and Placentia set aside, 1731 — Charles Emanuel li- berates his states from the temporal au- thority asserted in them by the pope, 1731— Clement d. Feb. 6, 1740. Clement XIII. a pope, cardinal Charles Rezzonico, elected July 9, 1758— forbids the civil power in Portugal to proceed against the Jesuits, 1759 — he is resisted by the marquis de Pombal, 1760 — re- fuses to comply with the demand of Louis XV. for the suppression of the order, 1761 — protests against his suppression of them in France, 1764 — receives them when expelled from Spain and Naples, 1767— his Bulls in defence of them are disregarded — Louis XV. takes posses- sion of Avignon and the Venaissin, and the k. of Naples of Benevento, 1768 — all the Bourbon princes demand of him the total suppression of the order — he calls a consistory to meet Feb. 3, but d. on the 2nd, 1769. Clement XIV., pope, John Vincent An- tony Ganganelli, elected May 19, 1769 — conciliates the powers whom his prede- cessor had offended, and appoints a com- mission to investigate their complaints — abolishes the Society of Jesuits, July 21, 1773— his liberal use of power makes Italy tranquil and flourishing — he pre- sents a splendid copy of the works of Piranesi to George III., k. of Great Bri- tain — d., supposed to have been poisoned by the ex-Jesuits, Sept. 22, 1774. Clement, Francis, a Benedictine, publishes the first volume of " L'Art de verifier les Dates apres Jesus Christ," 1783. Clement, Jaqnes, assassinates Henry III., k. of France, at St. Cloud, July 31, 1589. Clementi, Muzio, b. 1751 — d. 1832. Clementina Sobieski, daughter of the late k. of Poland, marries James Edward Francis, the Pretender, 1719. Clementjnus, consul of Rome, 513. Clementinits, Sex. Catius, consul of Rome, 230. CLE 186 CLE Cleobulus, of Lindus, one of the seven sages of Greece, b.o. 593. Cleobury, battle of — Leofgar, bishop of Hereford, defeated and slain by the Welsh, under Griffith, 1056. Cleocritus, Athenian archon, B.C. 413. Cleomantis, Olympic victor, B.C. 336. Cleombrotus I., Agidan k. of Lacedsemon, B.C. 380 — invades Boeotia, 378 ; again, 376 — carries the war intoPhocis, 375 — slain at the battle of Leuctra, 371. Cleombrotus II., Agidan k. of Lacedie- mon, b.c. 244 — deposed by Leonidas II., 240. Cleomenes I., Agidan k. of Lacedsemon, b.c. 520 — deposes his colleague, Dema- ratus, and d. soon after, 491. Cleomenes II., Agidan k, of Lacedsemon, b.c. 370 ; after a tranquil reign, d. 309. Cleomenes III., Agidan k. of Lacedsemon, b.c. 236 — endeavours to restore the laws of Lycurgus, which his father, Leonidas II., had opposed — involves the Lacedse- monians and the Achsean league in war, 227 — effects a reform at Lacedsemon, 226 — puts Archidamus V. (the last of the Proclidae) to death, 224— totally defeated at the battle of Sellasia, and retires to Egypt, 222-d. 219. Cleon, Olympic victor, B.C. 608. Cleon, an Athenian general, killed in battle with the Lacedaemonians, b.c. 422. Cleondas. Olympic victor, b.c. 616. Cleonymus, attempts to supplant Areus at Lacedsemon, but fails, B.C. 272. Cleopatra, daughter of Antiochus III., k. of Syria, married to Ptolemy Epi- phanes, k. of Egypt, b.c. 193— regent for their son, Ptolemy Philometor, 181— d. 173. Cleopatra, daughter of Ptolemy Epi- phanes, marries her brother, Ptolemy Philometor, about B.C. 170 ; and, on his death, her second brother, Ptolemy Physcon, 146; by whom she is soon afterwards repudiated. Cleopatra, daughter of Ptolemy Philo- metor, married to Alexander Bala, k. of Syria, b.c. 150; and, after his death, to his successor, Demetrius Nicator, 146 — on his being taken prisoner by the P.ar- thians, she marries his brother, Antio- chus Sidetes. 137 — returns to him on his liberation, 128 — murders him and their son, Seleucus, and opposes the succession of their second son, Antiochus Grypus, 125— is put to death by Grypus, 121. Cleopatra, another daughter of Ptolemy Philometor, is forcibly married to her uncle and father-in-law, Ptolemy Phys- con, when he repudiates her mother, 145 — on his death she contends for a share of power with her son, Ptolemy Soter II., 11> ■ -drives him to Cyprus, and places his Drother, Alexander, on the throne, 107 ; who puts her to death, 89. Cleopatra, or Berenice, daughter of Ptolemy Soter II., qu. of Egypt. See Berenice. Cleopatra, daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, b. b.c. 69 — succeeds him on the throne of Egypt, and marries her eldest bro- ther, Ptolemy, 51 — Csesar is captivated by her ; jealousy and death of her hus- band, 48— confirmed on the throne, and married to her second brother, another Ptolemy, 47 — poisons him, and visits Home, 44 — summoned before Antony, at Tarsus, 41. See Antony, Mark. d. 30. Cleopatra, daughter of Antony and Cleo- patra, marries Juba, the historian, about B.C. 20. "Cleopatra." See Jouelle, Etienne. Cleoph, k. of Lombardy, 573 — assassin- ated, 574. Cleophon, advises the Athenians to reject the Lacedsemonian offers of peace, b.c 406. Cleoptolemus, Olympic victor, B.C. 684. Clepsina, C. Genucius, consul of Home, B.C. 276, 270, II. Clepsina, L. Genucius, consul of Rome, b.c. 271. Clepsydra, or water-clock, introduced at Rome by Scipio Nasica, B.C. 159 — sent by Theodoric to Gundibald, k. of the liur- gundians, a.d. 503. Clergy. See Church, and Hierarchy. Obtain from the emperor Gratian more extended immunities, 377 — those of Ra- venna quarrel with their archbp., and secede to Classe ; they are reconciled by the exarch, Theodosius, 679. See Celi- bacy. Taxed a tenth of their incomes for a crusade, by pope Innocent IV., 1243 — protest of those of England, 1245— the same tax again imposed, 1267 — resist a papal tax for a crusade against the Turks, 1518 — the English, reformed and regu- lated by acts of parliament, 1529 — in- dicted for having infringed the statute of Provisors — implore the mercy of Henry VIII. , and acknowledge him Head of the Church, 1531 — allowed to marry, 1549 — made subject to the general taxes of the country ; cease to tax themselves in convocation, 1664 — provision made for those of London, in the parishes destroy- ed by the Fire, 1671 — meeting of, to protest against the interference of the privy council in the Gorham case, March 18,1850 — second meeting, July 23. Clermont (Clarus Mans), Cr« ancient Ger- govia of the Averni, where Csesar was repulsed and lost his sword, b.o. 52 ; af- CLI 187 CLO terwards the capital of Auvei'gne— Sido- nius Apollinaris bp., ad. 469 — the citi- zens repel Euric, k. of the Visigoths, 470 — submit to him, 474 — betrayed to Childebert I., 531— a great council held there by pope Urban II., to promote the first crusade, Nov. 18, 1095— another, by pope Innocent II., 1130. Clermont, Robert, count of, sixth son of Louis IX., and founder of the Bourbon family. See Bourbon. Clermont, Louis, count of, grandson of Al- fonso de Cerda, receives a grant of the Canary Islands from pope Clement VI., 1346 — abandons the enterprise, 1348. See Canary Islands, and Catalonia. Clermont, the count de, disperses the En- glish reinforcement at Formigny, 1450. Clermont, the count de, defeated at Cre- veld, 1758. See Creveld. Cleveland, Barbara Palmer, duchess of. one of the mistresses of Charles II. — of- fended by the earl of Clarendon; under- mines him in the king's favour, 1663. Cleves, struggle in Germany for the duchy of, 1610 — assigned to the elector of Bran- denburg, 1666. Cleves, the duke of, an ally and gen. of Francis I., is attacked in his States by the emperor Charles V., 1543. Cleves, the duke of, joins a league against Louis XIV., 1672. Cleves, Anne of, married to Henry VIII., Jan. 6, 1540— divorced in six months, but remains in England— d., in her palace at Chelsea, July 17, 1557. Clidicus, Athenian archon, B.C. 732. Clifford, lord, slain at the battle of St. Alban's, May 23, 1455. Clifford, lord, kills the earl of Rutland at the battle of Wakefield, Dec. 24, 1460. Clifford, lord, takes his seat in parlia- ment after the passing of the Catholic Relief Act, April 28, 1829. Clifford, Sir Robert, betrays the counsels of Perkin "Warbeck's adherents, 1493. Clifford, Sir Thomas, one of the Cabal, 1670 — made a peer for suggesting to Charles II. the seizure of the money in the exchequer, 1671 — he refuses the test, resigns, and d. soon after, 1673. Clifford, lord George, and other adven- turers, molest the coasts of Spanish Ame- rica, 1598. Clift, conservator of the Hunterian Mu- seum, b. 1772— d. 1849. Clint, G. b. 1770-d. 1854. Clinton, Sir Henry, becomes commander- in-chief in America, Apr. 14, 1778. Clinton, Colonel, takes Madeira, July 24, 1801 — general, commands the British auxiliaries sent to Lisbon, Dec. 17, 1826. Clinton, Henry Fynets, b. 1780 — com- mences the publication of his Fasti Hel- lenici(vol. II.), 1824— completes the Fasti Romani, 1850— d. 1852. Clissau, battle of; Charles XII. defeats the k. of Poland, July 20, 1702. Clisthenes, Athenian archon, b.c. 512. Clitomachus succeeds Carneades in the chair of the New Academy, b.c. 129. Cliton, Olympic victor, b.c. 328. Clitus, the friend of Alexander the Great, d. b.c. 328. Clive, Robert, 5.1725 — distinguishes him- self in India ; takes Arcot ; repulses the assault of Rajah Saib, Oct. 14 ; defeats the French and their Indian allies, at Aranie, Dec. 3, 1751— M. D'Anteuil sur- renders to him, and major Lawrence, 1752 — proceeds with adm. Watson up the Ganges, to recover Calcutta, 1756 — re- takes it, Jan. 1,1757— takes Chanderna- gore, Mar. 29", gains the battle of Plassy, June 23 ; returns to England, and is pro- moted to the rank of general, 1760 — made a peer, and appointed commander-in- chief and gov. of Bengal, May 3, 1765 — concludes the treaty of Allahabad ; re- turns from India, July 15, 1767— charges brought against him in the House of Commons, May 7, 1773 — commits suicide, Nov. 22, 1774. Cloaca Maxima of Rome, constructed by Tarquin the Elder, B.C. 588. Clock, a public, erected in Genoa by John Visconte, 1353. See Clepsydra. Clodianus, Cn. Cornelius Lentulus, con- sul of Rome, B.C. 72. Clodion, k. of the Ripuarian Franks ; de- feated by Aetius, and expelled from the territories on which he had encroached, 428— d. 448. Clodius, becomes notorious by his vices and hostility to Cicero, B.C. 61 — tribune of the people, banishes Cicero, 58 — sedile, 56 — killed in a fray between his retinue and that of Milo, 52. Clogher, Jocelyn, bp. of, absconds, and is degraded from his see, 1822. Ci.oncuery, Lord, b. 1773— d. 1853. Clont a rf, battle of; the Danes defeated by Brian Boroimhe, 1039 — a meeting called there by O'Connell, prohibited by the Irish government, Oct. 9, 1843. Clonmel, special commission at, for the trial of Smith O'Brien and his associates, Oct. 1843. Cloots, Anacharsis, a leader of the French Revolution, executed by Robespierre, Mar. 24, 1794, Closter Sf.ven, convention of, Sept. 8, 1757 — disavowed by the British govern- ment. Clothworkers' Company, London, esta* Wished, 1482. CLT 188 COB Clotilda, daughter of Chilperic, a younger brother of G.undibald, k. of the Burgun- dians, married to Clovis I., k. of the Franks, 493. Clotilda, daughter of Clovis, married to Amalarich, k. of the Spanish Visigoths, 528. Cloveshoo, council of, 742— another, which decrees that portions of the liturgy . should he taught to the people in En- glish (Anglo-Saxon), 747 — synod of, sup- presses the archbishopric of Lichfield, 803. See Cealchyth. — Other synods, 822-824. Clovis I. (or Chlodwig, the original form of Louis), son of Childeric I., b. 466 — . succeeds his father as k. of the Franks, 481 — conquers the territories of Syagrius, in the battle of Soissons, 486 — marries Clotilda, 493. See Clotilda. — Conquers the Allemanni at Tolbiac (Zulpich); is converted to Christianity, and baptised by Remigius, bp. of Rheims, 496— re- ceives a letter from Theodoric, k. of Italy, 497, and an expert harper, 498 — defeats the Burgundians at Dijon, 500 — prepares for war with Alaric II., k. of the Visi- goths; Theodoric mediates between them, 506 — defeats and kills Alaric at the battle of Vougle, and conquers a great part of Aquitaine, 507 — defeated near Aries, by Hibba, Theodoric's general, 508 — sets aside the Ripuarian and other Frank princes, and adds their lands to his own; makes Paris his residence; re- ceives the ensigns of consulship from Anastasius, but his name does not appear in any list of consuls, 510 — d. at Paris, Nov. 27, 511. Clovis II., son of Dagobert I., on his fa- ther's death inherits Neustria and Bur- gundy, 638— d. 656. Clovis III., son of Thierry III., succeeds his father as nominal k. of Neustria, 691 — d. 695. Clubs, French, formed, 1789 — the Legisla- tive Assembly elected under their influ- ence, 1791 — La Fayette in vain demands their dissolution, June 28, 1792 — all sup- pressed, Sept. 30, 1795 — formed again in Paris, 1848— abolished by the National Assembly, Mar. 20. 1849. Clubs in London. See Athenaeum. Clubs, Orange, formed in Ireland, 1795. Clugny, the Benedictine abbey of, in Bur- gundy, founded, 910 — conference at, be- tween Louis IX. of France and Innocent IV., 1246. Clusium, taken by the Oeltse or Gauls, B.C. 389. See Allia. — Defeat the Romans ; again defeated by them, 225 — taken by Belisarius, a.d. 538. Clyde and Forth, Agricola's wall between them built, 84. See Ayr, Steamer. Cnidians and Rhodians found Lipari, b.c 579. Cnidus, in Caria, battle of ; the Lacede- monian fleet defeated by Conon, b.c. 394. See Eudoxus. Cniva, k. of the Goths, by whom the em- peror Decius is defeated, 251. Cnobersburg. See Burgh Castle. Cnossijs, in Crete. See Epimenides. Coaches first used in England, 1585. Coachmakers' Hall, meeting of the Pro- testant Association in, May 28, 1780. Coal first discovered in Newcastle, 1233 — forbidden to be burnt in England, 1273— the nobility and gentry of London peti- tion against the use of it, 1306. Coal Exchange, the New, London, opened by Prince Albert, Oct. 30, 1849. Coalition, Secret, the first formed, for an equal division of power among Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus, b.c. 60. See Tiu- UMVIRATE. Coalition Ministry of 1744 ; see Broad Bottom. — Of Fox and North formed, Apr. 2, 1783— dismissed, Dec. 18 ; of 1S52 ; see Aberdeen, earl of. Coalition of European States against France; the first formed, 1793— the se- cond, 1798— the third, 1805— the fourth, 1806— the fifth, 1809— the sixth, 1813. Coates, Robert (Romeo), b. 1773— d. 1848. Cobbett, William, b. 1762 — commences his political career by publishing " Peter Porcupine" at Philadelphia, 1792 — leaves America, 1801 — soon after, publishes his " Porcupine" in London, and commences his " Weekly Register ;" convicted of a libel on the Irish government, May 26, 1804— fined and imprisoned for a libel on the flogging of soldiers, July 2, 1810 — sells 50,000 copies of his "Political Re- gister" weekly ; alarmed by the suspen- sion of the Habeas Corpus Act; goes to America, Mar. 15, 1817 — returns, Dec. 3, 1819— fined for libels on Mr. Wright, 1820 — carries his petition at the Nor- folk county meeting for an "equitable adjustment of contracts," appropriation of a part of the wealth of the church to relieve the public burdens, and the repeal of the taxes on the produce of the land, Jan. 3, 1823— proposes the same in Here- fordshire, where it is rejected, 17 — re- ceives a silver medal for his plaited grass — tried for a libel and acquitted, July 7, 1831 — returned to parliament for the borough of Oldham, 1832 — moves re- solutions on the currency, which are ne- gatived, and the proceedings expunged from the " Minutes" of the House, May 16, 1833 — a public dinner given to him at Dublin, Nov. 17, 1834— d. 1835. Cobden, Richard, b- 1801— commences his agitation against the Corn-Laws, and is COD 189 COI elected a member of the new parliament, 1841 — objects to Sir Robert Peel's pro- posed modifications, Feb. 9, 1842 — na- tional subscription for him, 1846 — visits Paris, Aug. 7 — afterwards Spain — incul- cates everywhere the principles of free trade — differs from his constituents on the policy of the war against Russia, Jan. 17, 1855. See Anti Cobn-Law As- sociation. Cobham, Lord. See Oldcastle, Sir John. Cobham, Lord, implicated in a conspiracy against James I., condemned, and par- doned, 1603. Cobham, Viscount, Richard Temple, b. 1675 — created a peer by Geo. I., 1714 — cap- tures Vigo, Oct. 1, 1719 — dismissed from his command, 1733 — restored, 1744 — d. 1749. Coblentz, the ancient Confiuentes, at the meeting of the Rhine and Moselle — Edward III. has an interview therewith the emperor Louis of Bavaria, 1338 — the French emigrant princes and nobles re- side there, July, 1789 — collect troops there, Jan., 1791. Cobubg, Frederic Josiah, prince of— defeats the Turks at Fokshani, July 31, 1789— at Martinesti, Sept. 18 — defeats Dumou- rier at Neerwinden, Mar. 18, 1793 — is defeated by Jourdan at Wattignies, Oct. 15— d. 1815. Cochran, earl of Mar, the favourite of James III., is hanged on Lauder Bridge, 1482. Cochrane, Thomas, lord, assists in the de- struction of a French fleet in the Basque Roads, Apr. 12, 1809 — convicted of a par- ticipation in a Stock Exchange fraud, and expelled the House of Commons— the people of Westminster re-elect him, 1814— presents numerous petitions, pray- ing for parliamentary reform, Feb. 6, 1817 — seconds Sir Francis Burdett's re- solution for annual parliaments and uni- versal suffrage, 1818 — becomes high admiral of the Greek navy, 1827. Cockburn, Lord of Session in Scotland, b. 1779— d. 1854. Cockburn, Sir George, general, b. 1763— d. 1847. Cockburn, Admiral Sir George, b. 1772 — d. 1853. Cock-lane ghost, great excitement created by the imposture of the, 1762. Code, Roman, of Theodosius II., published, 438— proclaimed in the Western Empire by Valentinian III., 443 — of Justinian I. commenced, 528 — promulgated to be in force, Apr. 16, 529 — Pandects and Insti- tutes published, 533 — first Novelise, 535 — revised by the Basilika of Basil I„ 877 modified by Leo VI., 887-893. Code, Burgundian (Loy Gambette), framed and issued by Gundibald, 501. of Alaric II., for the Visigoths, 506. Anglo-Saxon, of Ethelbert, for Kent, 606 -of Ina, for Wessex, 692— of Edward the Confessor, for all England, 1065. Salic, brought into use in France by Clovis I., 500— digested by Dagobert I., 637— reformed by the "Establish- ments" of Louis IX., 1270. of Lombardy, given by Rotharis, 643 — revised and extended by Grimoald, 668 — the Capitularies of Charlemagne added, 801. of Waldemar, for Denmark, 1240. of Casimir III. — the first given to Poland, 1347. Napoleon, adopted May 18, 1804: — restored by Louis Napoleon, while Pre- sident, on suspending martial law, Mar. 28, 1852. Codomanus. See Darius III. Codrjngton, Sir Edward, b. 1771— com- mands the allied fleet at Navarino, Oct. 20, 1827 — concludes a treaty at Alexan- dria for the evacuation of Greece by the Egyptians, Aug. 6, 1828— d. 1851. Codrington, Sir William, appointed to the command of the British army in the Crimea, Nov. 11, 1855. Codrus, k. of Athens, B.C. 1065 (1092 H.) d. 1044 (1070 H.) Coehoun, the Dutch gen., destroys the French magazines at Givet, 1696. Ccelosyria, recovered by Ptolemy Philo- pater from Antiochus, B.C. 217 — conquer- ed by Antiochus, 198— restored to Egypt, 193. Cceuvrks, the marquis de, with a French army, takes possession of the Valteline, 1624. Coffee in use at Venice, 1615. Coffee-houses, in London, closed by royal proclamation, Jan. 8 ; popular discon- tent ; the order revoked, 1676. Cogan, Dr., b. 1736— d. 1818. Cognac, treaty of, or Holy League, be- tween Francis I. and the Italian states, May 22, 1526 ; which is joined by Henry VIII. of England— besieged by Condi, and relieved by the count D'Harcourt, 1651. Coimbra, the Conembrica of Roman times, desolated by an earthquake 467 — taken by Almansor, 988 — by Ferdinand I., k. of Castile, 1040 — university brought from Lisbon by Dionysius, k. of Portugal, 1308 — murder of Inez de Castro in the con- vent of Santa Clara, 1354. Coinage, the first silver at Rome, B.C. 269 — first Mohammedan, by Abdalmelik, a.d. 695 — of gold florins, at Florence, 1252 — of ducats, at Milan, by duke Azzo Vis- COL 190 COL conte, 1330 — of gold florins, in England, by Edward III., 1337 — of guineas, by Charles II., 1673 — new silver of George III.. Oct. 21, 1816 — of sovereigns, first issued, July 5, 1817. Coins of Hadrian, commemorate the pro- vinces visited by him, 133. Coke, Sir Edward, b. 1550— solicitor- gene- ral, and speaker of the House of Com- mons, 1593 — as attorney-general, prose- cutes lord Cobham and the other conspi- rators, 1603 — chief justice of the Common Pleas, 1606 — debates with Sir F. Bacon the question of the union between Eng- land and Scotland, 1607 — chief justice of the King's Bench, 1613 — quarrels with George Villiers, and is displaced, 1615 — imprisoned for his freedom of speech in parliament, 1622— d. 1634. Colbert, John Baptiste, b. 1619 — appointed comptroller-general of France, 1661 — im- proves the finances, manufactures, com- merce, marine, and colonial system of France, 1663 — invites Cassini to Paris, 1669— d. Sept. 6, 1683. Colborne, Ridley, b. 1779 — created a peer, 1839— d. 1854. Colburn, Zera, exhibits his extraordinary powers of calculation. 1812. Colchester Castle surrendered to Fair- fax — Sir Charles Lucas and Sir George Lisle taken and shot, 1648. Colchester railway, from London, open- ed, March 29, 1843; to Ipswich, June 15, 1846 ; to Bury St. Edmund's, Dec. 24. Colchester, Lord, d. 1829. See Abbott, Charles. Colchis, invaded by the Persians, 550-556 — defended by Justin, 557 — re-conquered by Heraclius, 623. Colding taken by the Prussians and Hol- steiners, April 23, 1849. Coldingham Monastery burnt, 679— de- stroyed by the Danes, 875. Coleridge, Hartley, d. 1849. Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, b. 1772 — d. 1834. Colet, Dr., founds St. Paul's school, Lon- don, 1509— d. 1519. Colignt, admiral, takes arms with Conde" to resist the edict of Charles IX. against the Huguenots, 1561 — collects his forces at Orleans — is supported by English auxiliaries — Havre de Grace given up to him, 1562 — fails in an attempt to seize the king— defeated at St. Denis, Nov. 10, 1567 — escapes from a design to arrest him, 1568— -is defeated at Moncontour, Oct. 3, 1569— murdered in the massacre of St. Bartholomew, 1572. Collard, Koyer, chosen president of the French Chamber of Deputies, Feb. 1, 1829. Collatinus, L. Tarq., elected one of the fi.st consuls of Rome, resigns the office, B.C. 509. Collesa, Sex. Pompeius, consul of Rome, 93. Colleges of Canons, sixty in Rome, 988. Colleges for the education of the English Romanists formed at Rome, Douay, and Rheims, 1580. Colleges, Queen's, in Ireland. See Bel- fast, Cork, and Galway. Opposed by the Roman Catholic prelates ; the ques- tion referred to the pope, Nov. 19, 1845. Collieries, the employment of females in, prohibited by lord Ashley's Act, 1842. Colliers, riot of, at Stourbridge, on ac- count of the high prices of provisions, Nov. 14, 1767— strike of, at Dudley, June 1, 1842. Collingwood, Cuthbert, b. 1748 —succeeds lord Nelson at the battle of Trafalgar, Oct. 21, 1805 — co-operates with the Span- ish patriots, and captures the French fleet at Cadiz, June 4, 1808 — captures the Ionian Islands, Oct. 1, 1809— d. 1810. Collins, Antony, b. 1676— d. 1729. Collins, William, b. 1720— d. 1759. Collot d'Herbois instigates the massacres at Paris, Aug. 10, 1792. Colman, bp. of Lindisfarne, 660 — his opi- nion is overruled at the synod of Whitby about the time of celebrating Easter — he retires into Scotland, 664. Colman, George, b. 1733— d. 1794. Colmar. See Argentaria. Colocotroni routs the Turks in the Morea, 1822. Cologne (Colonia Agrippina), on the Rhine, founded by the empress Agrip- pina, 50. See Sylvanus.— Diet of. held by Charlemagne, 782— plundered by the Danes or Northmen, 851 — occupied by them, 882. See Edward, son of Ed- mund Ironside, and Albert the Great. — Cathedral founded, 1248 — university founded, 1388 — Mary de' Medici, widow of Henry IV. of France, driven from Paris by Richelieu, retires there, and d. July 3, 1642— cardinal Mazarine takes refuge there from the Fronde, 1651 — Charles II., of Great Britain, retires there from Paris, 1654 — the bishopric dis- puted between Wilhelm von Fiirstenburg and Clement of Bavaria, 1688 — popular commotions at, March 3, 1848; renewed, May 10, 1849. Cologne, Gunther, archbp. of, supports Lothaire's divorce, in the council of Aix- la-Chapelle, against the pope and Hinc- mar of Rheims, 862 — excommunicated by Nicholas I., 863 — Philip, archbp. of, ac- companies the emperor Henry VI. to tho siege of Naples, and d. there, 1191— th* archbp. combines with those of Menti COL 191 COL and Treves to elect Henry of Thiiringen emperor of Germany, 1246. Cologne, archbp. of, deposed by pope Eu- genius IV., for adhering to the council of Basle, 1445 — the electors of Germany demand his restoration, 1446 ; the pope complies, 1447 — the archbp., brother of the elector of Bavaria, admits French garrisons into his fortresses, 1702— put to the ban of the empire, and deprived of his dominions, 1706— relieved from the ban of the empire, and restored, 1712 — archbp. resists a decree of the king of Prussia, respecting marriages between Protestants and Roman Catholics, 1838. Coloman, k. of Hungary, 1095 — stops the passage of the first crusaders, 1096 — con- quers Croatia and Dalmatia,1102 — d. 1114. Colombia, the republic of, formed by uniting New Granada with Venezuela, Bolivar president, 1819 — independence of, acknowledged by Great Britain, 1825 — its congress refuses to accept Bolivar's resignation, 1827. See Bolivar. Colombo. See Ceylon. Colonia Agrippina. See Cologne. Colonia Commooiana. See Commoous. Colonies, American, oppose the Grenville Act, for taxing them, 1764 — and the Stamp Act, 1765 — the Act repealed, Mar. 14, 1766 — new duties imposed, June 2, 1767, and resisted by them — general Gage sent to coerce them, 1768— their resistance becomes more violent, and the taxes are all repealed except the duty on tea, Mar. 5, 1770 — commotions, and extensive smuggling, 1772 — general Gage sent with reinforcements, 1774. See American Congress and United States. Colonna family, its rising importance checked by pope Pascal II., 1104 — fa- voured by Nicholas IV., 1288— excom- municated by Boniface VIII., and all their property confiscated, 1297— crusade against them, 1298 — Palestrina, their impregnable fortress, capitulates — Bo- niface breaks his word, refuses the promised amnesty, and the Colonna are dispersed in various countries, 1299 — recalled by Benedict XI., 1304— seven of them slain by Rienzo, 1347 — disturb the jubilee by an insurrection, 1400 — pro- moted to many offices by Martin V., 1418 — deprived of them by Eugenius IV., 1431— persecuted by Sixtus IV., 1484— despoiled by pope Paul IV., and their lands given to his relations, 1555. Colonna, Fabrizio and Marco, pledge their word for the safety of Alfonso, duke of Ferrara, and release him when detained by pope Julius II., 1512. Colonna, Jacopo and Pietro, the cardinals deposed by pope Boniface VIII., 1297 — restored by Clement V., 1305. Colonna, Marco. See Colonna, Fabrizio. Colonna, Marco Antonio, commands the pope's galleys at the battle of Lepanto, 1571. Colonna, Otho. See Martin V., pope, 1417; Colonna, Pietro. See Colonna, Jacopo. Colonna, Prosper, commands the army of Alexander VI., and assists Ferdinand II. to recover Naples, 1495 — defeats the Ve- netians near Vicenza, 1513 — drives Lau- trec from Milan, 1521 — defeats him at Bicocca, Apr. 22, 1522 — takes Genoa, May 30— tf. Dec. 30, 1523. Colonna, Sciarra, a leader of the Ghibe- lins, assists Wm, de Nogaret's attack on pope Boniface VIII., at Anagni, 1303 — defends Rome against Robert, k. of Na- ples, 1327— d. 1628. Colonna, Stephen, the younger, driven from Rome by Rienzo, and slain in at- tempting to force an entrance, 1349. Colophon. See Antimachus. Colosseum, the great Roman amphithe- atre, commenced by Vespasian, 75 — com- pleted by Titus, and magnificent games celebrated in it, 80. Colossje, or Chonje, a town of Phrygia, to the church of which Paul's Epistle is addressed, 62 — birth-place of Nicetas. See Nicetas. Colossus, of brass, erected in front of the Capitol atRome,made of partof the spoil of the ruined Samnite towns, B.C. 293. Colossus of Rhodes, completed by the native artists, Chares and Laches, B.C. 288— thrown down by an earthquake, 227 — the fragments carried away, a.d. 653. Colquhoun, Patrick, I. 1745— d. 1820. Colton, C. C, d. 1832. Columba, founds the monastery of Iona, 565. Columbanus founds the monastery of Lux- ovium, 578 — expelled by Thierry II., k. of Burgundy, takes refuge with Chlotair II., k. of Neustria, 598— visits Theode- bert II., k. of Neustria, and is protected by him, 606— reproves Thierry, escapes from him, and receives from Agilulph, k. of Lombardy, the valley where he founds the monastery of Bobium, 612 — d. there, 614. Columbia, a federal district of the Ameri- can Union, round the city of Washington, abolishes slavery, 1850. Columbus, Bartholomew, brother of Chris- topher, tries to arouse maritime enter- prise in England, 1489 — founds the city of St. Domingo in Hispaniola, 1496. Columbus, Christopher, i. 1442— applies in vain to John II. of Portugal foi means com: 192 COM to explore the Western Ocean, 1484— opens his views to Ferdinand of Spain, 1485— to Henry VII. of England, 1489— at length obtains from Ferdinand the means of undertaking his voyage of dis- covery, sails from Palos, Aug. 3, 1492 — leaches one of the Bahama islands, Oct. 12— and subsequently Cuba and Hispa- niola — arrives at Lisbon, Mar. 4, 1493 — is received by Ferdinand and Isabella at Barcelona, Apr. 15 — commences his second voyage, Sept. 25, 1493 — discovers Jamaica, May 3, 1495 — returns from his second voyage, 1496 — discovers Trini- dad, 1498 — is brought back to Spain a prisoner, 1500 — on his fourth voyage reaches the isthmus of Panama, 1502 — returns from his fourth and last voyage, 1504— d. at Valladolid, May 20, 1506. Columbus, Diego, son of Christopher, ap- pointed governor of Spanish America, 1509. Columella writes " De Re Rustica," 46. Columna E03TRATA, erected at Rome to commemorate the great naval victory off Myhe, B.C. 260. Comachio, or Commachio, a town and March at the mouth of the Po, part of the exarchate of Ravenna, conquered by Astolfo, k. of Lombardy, 752 — taken from him by Pepin, k. of France, and added to the territories of the church, 755 — naval battle of— a fleet sent by the Greek emperor, Nicephorus I., to recover the exarchate, repulsed, 809 — taken by the Venetians, 857 — annexed to their do- minions, 935. CoMANA,in Cappadocia, the temple of, plun- dered by L. Mursena, B.C. 83 — its wealth seized by Constantine, about a.d. 330. See Chrysostom. Comans. See Cumans. Comazon, Eutychianus, consul of Rome, 220. Combats, athletic, introduced by Fulvius, B.C. 186. See Gladiatoks. Combats, Judicial — Wager or Trial of Battle, first allowed by the Burgundian Loy Gambette, 501 — by Dagobert I., in the, Salic law,637— in Lombardy, by Liut- prand, 722— on horseback before Louis I. at Aix-la-Chapelle, 820— in England, by William Rufus, 1096— by Godfrey, in the Assise de Jerusalem, 1099 — abolished in the East by the emperor Michael Pa- laaologus, 1261 — in France, by Louis IX., 1270 — the law not having been repealed in England, Thornton, an atrocious mur- derer, takes advantage of it, and escapes punishment, 1818— an Act is immedi- ately passed for its abolition, 1819. Combe, Harvey Christian, d. 1818. Combebmere, Lord, Sir Stapleton Cotton created, 1814 — commands the British army in India, 1824 — storms Bhurtpore, Jan. 18, 1826. Combination laws repealed, 6 Geo. IV., c. 129, 1825. Combinations of weavers, to obtain ad- vance of wages, by destroying work on the looms, Aug. 1829. Comedy, in a rude form, first introduced at Athens by Susarion and Dolon, b.c. 562 — improved at Syracuse by Epicharmus, father of the Old Comedy, 500 — at Athens, by Chionides, and by Dinolo- chus at Syracuse, 487 — by Cratinus, 454 — by Crates, 450 — prohibited at Athens, 440 — the prohibition repealed, 437— Cra- tinus receives the prize, 436 — Plato, 428 — forbidden to ridicule the archon, 424. See Aristophanes, 427-388 — Phry- nichus, 414 — Hegemon, 413 — the prize gained by Archippus, 415 — and by Ce* phisodorus, 402 — restrained from sa- tirizing individuals by name, 390 — Antiphanes, 387 — Eubulus, father of the Middle Comedy, 375 — Araros, son of Aristophanes, Anaxandrides, and Alexis, 375-356 — their licentiousness censured by Isocrates, 356— Philippides, father of the New Comedy, 335 — comedies repre- sented in Alexander's camp, on his return from India, 327— Sopater, 326 — Timocles in his, ridicules the Athenians, who had taken bribes from Harpalus, 324 — Me- nander's first produced, 321 — Posidippus, 289 — introduced at Rome by Livius An- dronicus, 240 — written by Plautus, 200 — by Statius Csecilius, 179 — by M. Teren- tius, 166-160 — and by L. Afranius, at the same time. English — the first written by Ni cholas Udal, about 1540 — the first in prose, by George Gascoigne, before 1577. See Drama. French — the earliest written by Margaret, qu. of Navarre, before 1549. German, founded by Hans Sachs, of Nuremberg, 1520-76. Italian, originated by Nicolo Ma- chiavelli, about 1520. Portuguese, by Gil Vincente, about 1550. Spanish, by Garcilaso de la Vega, who d. 1536. Comentiolus appointed by the emperor Maurice to resist the Avars, 587 — placed at the head of the Roman army in the East against the Persians, 589 — defeated by the Avars, 599 — supersedes Prisons in the command against them, 600 — put to death by Phocas, 602. Comet, a wandering star, of which more than 600 are recorded to have been seen — the following are the dates jf COM 193 COM Comet — contiuued. the most remarkable : bo. 130, sup- posed to be the first observed appearance of that called " Halley's," which is cal- culated to return in about 75J years — a.d. 60, mentioned by Seneca as having been visible during six months — 399, supposed re-appearanoe of Halley's comet — 432-530 — one of large dimensions, visible above forty days in Sagittarius, 538 — visible from August to October, 678 — 729— appears at Easter-time, 837 — seen, 892— Oct. 20, 905— 975— seen in the north, disappears, and afterwards returns in the west, 990— appears, 995—1003—1005 — appears, Apr. 24, and remains visible more than twenty days, 1066 — appears, Oct. 1, 1097— in the S.W., Feb. 16, 1106 — at the end of May, 1114 — another ap- pearance of a comet, supposed to be Hal- ley's, 1305 — one of a remarkable charac- ter appears, 1337— another, 1402 — a large comet, believed to be Halley's, seen in June and July, 1456 — the same is said of others, observed by Apion in 1531 — and by Kepler and Longomontanus, in 1607 — a large one visible twenty-eight days, 1619— another observed by Hevelins in 1661 — the period of this calculated by H alley to be 129 years, but it has never been seen again — another, Dec. 24, 1664 — the attention of astronomers excited by the brilliant comet of 1680 — Halley founds his calculations on data furnished by that of 1682 — which appear to be ve- rified by that of 1759— the largest ever seen is that of 1769, observed by Maske- lyne, Bessel, and Messier, and its period calculated to be 2100 years — M. Lexell assigns to that of 1770 an orbit of 5J years, but it has not returned — ninety- seven seen between 1792 and 1806— Sir Win. Herschel observes that of 1807 — and another, of unusual magnitude, which is visible three months, from Sept. to Dec, 1811 — these two he finds to be self- luminous, but that of 1812, an opaque body, reflecting, like a planet, the light of the sun, and having no tail — M. Pons discovers, Nov. 26, 1818, that which now bears the name of " Encke's Comet" — it has returned regularly since, in rather more than three and a quarter years — in each revolution its eccentricity has di- minished so as to bring it nearer to a pla- netary state — Biela's comet discovered, Feb. 28, 1829— this has also come back again in about six and a half years — a comet, supposed to be Halley's, seen in 1835. Comet, steamer. See Aye. Comias, Athenian archon, B.C. 566 II. Comines, Philip de, the historian, enters the service of Louis XI. of France, 1472 —sent by Charles VIII. into Italy, 1494 — d. 1509. Cojdiachio. See Comachio. Commagene, made a Roman province by Vespasian, 72. Commander-in-Chief, or Captain-Gene- ral, the duke of Marlborough appointed, 1702— succeeded by the duke of Ormond, 1711 — the office restored to Marlborough by George I., 1714— held by the duke of Cumberland, 1744 — resigned by him, 1757 — the duke of York appointed, 1795 — resigns, and Sir David Dundas suc- ceeds, 1809 — the duke of York again ap- pointed, 1811 — the duke of Wellington, 1827 — resigns, and lord Hill succeeds, 1828 — the duke of Wellington reappoint- ed. 1842 — succeeded by lord Hardinge, 1852— the duke of Cambridge appointed, 1856. Commerce, treaty of, between Sweden and the United States, 1783 — between Great Britain and France, Sept. 26, 1786; dis- cussed in the Commons, and approved, Feb. 12, 1787— between Great Britain and Russia, March 25, 1793— with the United States, Nov, 29, 1794— a fresh treaty, Dec. 31, 1806 — with China, 1843. See China. — With Belgium and the Ger- man Union, Sept. 2, 1844 — with the Two Sicilies, June 25, 1845. Commercial code of France, a proposal for its reform rejected by the National Assembly, June 28, 1851. Commercial distress. See Panic. Commercial union. See Zollverein. Commission, royal, to visit and investigate municipal corporations, Sept. 24, 1833 — to inquire into the revenues of the dio- ceses of England and Wales, Feb . 3, 1835 — to report on a general system of railways for Ireland, Oct. 19, 1836— of inquiry, into the English Universities. See Ox- ford and Cambridge. — Into the London Corporation, holds its first meeting, Nov. 1,1853. Commissioners appointed by parliament to exercise the royal power in England. See Edward II., k. of England. — Appoint- ed to treat for the union of England and Scotland, Oct. 22, 1702 — appointed to treat for a reconciliation with the Ame- rican colonies. See United States. Committee of safety, formed by the of- ficers of the army, after the retirement of Richard Cromwell, Oct. 29, 1659— of public safety, installed at Paris, April 6, 1793. Commodus, Licius Aurelius, son of the emperor Marcus Aurelius, b. at Lanu- vium, Aug. 31, 161 — his vices, encou- raged by his father's ever- indulgence, o COM 194 COM CoiiMODUS — continued. 159 — assumes the toga virilis, and is admitted into the college of priests, 175 — invested with the trihunitian power, made consul, and marries Crispina, dau. of Bruttius Prsesens, 177— consul II., 179 — becomes emperor, 180— surrounded by the evil counsellors whom his father had banished — consul III., 181 — conspiracy and exile of his sister, Lucilla — consul IV., 183— his baths erected, 184— his fa- vourite, Marcia, protects the Christians, 185 — the empress, Crispina, is banished to Caprese, and soon put to death— many of the most eminent persons in Rome fall victims to his wanton cruelty — con- sul V., 186 — degrades himself by fight- ing with wild beasts in the circus, and acting as a gladiator, 187— pursued by the city cohorts to Lanuvium; places a head of himself on a statue of Apollo, 1S9 — attempts to substitute the name of Colonia Commodiana for that of Rome — consul VI., 190— assumes the name of Hercules, 191— consul VII.— suspects all who surround him, and puts so many to death, that Marcia and the praetorian prefect murder him, Dec. 31, 192. Commodus, L. Aurel., consul of Rome, 154, 161. II. See Verus, Lucius, emperor of Rome. Commodus, L. Ceionius, consul of Rome, 78. Common Council of London. See London, and Corporation of London.— Send a deputation to William, prince of Orange, Dec. 11, 1688— vote silver cups to alder- men Crosby, Wilkes, and Oliver, Jan. 22, 1772 — erect a monument in Guild- hall to aid. Beckford, June 11— refuse to raise a regiment by subscription, Jan. 16, 1778— place a monument in Guildhall to William Pitt, earl of Chatham, 1782— vote their thanks to his son, Wm. Pitt, 1784 — petition for the abolition of the slave trade, Feb. 1, 1788— resolve to sup- port the Corporation and Test Acts, Feb. 25 1790— vote a monument to Lord Nel- son, 1805— to William Pitt, Feb. 8, 1806 — petition for parliamentary reform, and the abolition of sinecures, March 9, 1808 — against the suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act, Feb. 26, 1817— against the "' Six Acts," Dec. 6, 1819— present a con- gratulatory address to qu. Caroline, on her return to England, June 14, 1820— decide to rebuild London Bridge, May 30, 1823 — vote a monument to the duke of Wellington, in Guildhall, Oct. 27, 1852. Common Hall, in London, petitions for peace, Feb. 19, 1800 — held to consider the distress of the people, Jan. 31, 1817— pe- titions against an indemnity to minis- ters, for their proceedings during the suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act, Feb. 24, 1818. Common Pleas, or Nisi Prius, Court of, constituted by Magna Charta a separate and permanent Court, with its own judges, to hear and decide disputes be- tween subjects of the realm, 1215. See Entails of land, for decision on, 1472. — The following have been the most emi- nent chief justices of this Court. For notices of them, and of important judg- ments given by them, refer to their re- spective names : — Sir Francis Gawdy, 1605. Sir Edward Coke, 1606—1613. Sir Henry Hobart, 1613—1626. Sir Thomas Richardson, 1626—1631. Sir John Finch, 1634-1639. Sir Edward Lyttleton, 1639-1640. Oliver St. John. 1648—1660. Sir Orlando Bri'dgman, 1660—1668. Sir Francis North (lord Guildford), 1675 —1683. Sir Francis Pemberton, 1683. Sir Henry Bedingfield, 1686—1687. Sir Henry Pollexfen, 1689—1692. Sir Thomas Trevor (lord Trevor), 1701— 1714. Sir Peter King (lord King), 1714—1725. Sir John Willes, 1737—1761. Sir Charles Pratt (lord Camden), 1761— 1766. Sir John Eardly Wilmot, 1766—1771. Sir William de Grey (lord Walsingham), 1771—1780. Alexander Wedderburne (lord Loughbo- rough, earl of Rosslyn), 1780—1793. Sir James Eyre, 1793—1799. Sir John Scott (lord Eldon), 1799—1801. Sir Richard Pepper Arden (lord Alvan- ley), 1801—1804. Sir James Mansfield, 1804—1814. Sir Vicary Gibbs, 1814—1818. Sir Robert Dallas, 1818—1824. Sir Robert Gifford, 1824 (3 months). Sir William Draper Best (lord Wynford), 1824 1829 Sir Nicholas Conyngham Tindal. 1829— 1846. Sir Thomas Wylde (lord Truro), 1S46— 1850. Sir John Jervis, 1850. The following were noted Puisne Judges: Sir William Blackstone, d. 1780. Sir Thomas Noon Talfourd, d. 1S54. The privilege of pleading in this Court, long exclusively restricted to Serjeants at law, was extended to all barristers by a vote of the House of Commons, Apr 25, 1834. Common law. See Law, Common Prayer, Book of, or Liturgy, adopted, 1549— revised, and the use of it COM 195 COM enforced by the Act of Uniformity, 1551 —abolished by Mary, 1553— re-establish- ed by Elizabeth, 1559 — reviewed at Hampton Court, 1604 — abolished by the parliament, and the Directory ordained in its place, 1643 — again reviewed, but no alterations agreed upon, at the Savoy conferences, 1662. Commons, House of — the Provisions of Ox- ford direct each county to send four knights of the shire to meet the next parliament, 1258 — they begin to assem- ble in a separate House, and oppose the proceedings of the barons, 1259 — two knights summoned from each shire, and deputies from cities and boroughs, consti- tute the first distinct House of Commons, 1265— their attendance irregular, till Ed- ward I. convenes them to vote supplies, 1295 — annex conditions to their grant of money to Edw. III., 1339— attain to great importance in his reign — petition him to employ no churchmen in offices of State, 1371 — lawyers declared ineligi- ble to sit in their house, 1372 — petition the king to remove from court his mis- tress, Alice Pierce, and his brother, John of Gaunt, 1376. Richard II. — Elect their first speaker, Peter Delamere, banish Alice Pierce, and confiscate her property, 1377 — im- peach the earl of Suffolk, 1386 — refuse to vote subsidies to Henry IV. before re- ceiving an answer to their petitions, 1401 — petition him to apply the revenues of the church to the service of the State, 1404 — appoint their own treasurers, to account to them for the application of their subsidies, 1405 — repeat their at- tack on the revenues of the church, and desire to mitigate the laws against here- tics, 1410 — recommend Henry V. to seize the church lands, and require that no statute be enacted till it had passed through their house as a Bill, 1414. Henry VI. — The elective franchise in counties limited to forty-shilling free- holders, 1429-31 — the Commons petition the k. not to allow cardinal Beaufort, the papal legate, to attend any council in which affairs are discussed relating to the see of Rome, 1445 — impeach the duke of Suffolk, 1450 — petition for the removal of the duke of Somerset and his colleagues, 1451 — appoint Dudley their Speaker, and vote a subsidy to Henry VII., who is not in want of money, 1504. Henry VIII. — Sir Thomas More, Speaker— supplies sparingly granted, 1523 — the k. attempts to raise money with- out their sanction, 1525— they impeach Wolsey — Cromwell, one of their body, Asfends him, 1529 — prefer complaints] against the ecclesiastical courts, and re- fuse their assent to a Bill framed by the k., for regulating wardships, 1532 — order the release of Ferrars, one of their mem- bers, imprisoned for debt, and obtain, by Act of Parliament, security from arrest, 1542. Edward VI. — Reject the poor-law in- troduced by the Lords, and insist upon their right to originate all money-bills, 1552 — Northumberland, by corrupt in- fluence in the elections, obtains a new house, subservient to his will, 1553 — dissolved by Mary, for protesting against her marriage with Philip of Spain, 1554 — refuse to vote her a supply demanded of them, 1556 Elizabeth.— Great preponderance of Protestants in the new house, elected after the accession of Elizabeth, 1559 — • vote her a sttbsidy, and entreat her to marry, or settle the succession to the crown, 1563 — repeat their request — their debates become very animated, in which Paul Wentworth takes the lead, 1566 — they are reproved by the queen for their urgency, Jan. 2, 1567 — claim liberty of speech, and resist her interference with individual members, 1571 — the spirit of independence gains ground among them, but of their own act they imprison Peter Wentworth, for a speech which they deem too bold, 1576 — are reprimanded by Elizabeth for their petition against the ecclesiastical court, 1584 — vote her a double subsidy after the defeat of the Spanish Annada, and submit to her re- strictions on their freedom of debate, 1589 — Sir Edward Coke, Speaker — the queen, more imperious, commits Peter Wentworth, and three other members, to the Tower and the Fleet Prison, 1593 — Yelverton, Speaker — three subsidies voted — petition against monopolies, 1597 — pass the poor-law, obtain from the queen the abolition of monopolies, and vote her four subsidies, 1601. James I. — Claim for themselves the right to decide on the validity of elec- tions, and freedom from arrest — vote no supply to James I. on his acces- sion, 1604 — are more liberal after the Gunpowder Plot — protect the Puritans, 1606— the importance of the House; in- creases, and its journals are regularly kept, 1607 — restrict the supplies, and begin to limit the royal prerogative, 1610 — vote no supplies — their attempt to abridge the power of the crown causes James I. to dissolve them in anger, and imprison some members, 1614 — they remonstrate, and protest that their liberties are the birth- right of the o 2 COM 196 COM Commons, House of — continued. people — he sends for their journals and tears out the entry, 1621 — he dissolves them, imprisons Sir Edw. Coke, Selden, and Pym, and sends others to Ireland, 1622— he conciliates them by many con- cessions, and they vote him a supply, 1624. Charles I. — Quarrel with the k., and are dissolved, 1625— the same repeated, 1626— they obtain his assent to their Pe- tition of Right, 1628 — complain of the Ar- minianism of the church — pro test against the levying of tonnage and poundage, and when informed of the king's inten- tion to dissolve them, force the Speaker, Sir John Finch, to remain in the chair, while they pass their Remonstrance, 1629 — after an interval of eleven years, are again assembled, Apr. 13, 1640— -com- plain of grievances, vote no supplies, and are dissolved, May 5. 16 Charles I. — A new House be- gins the Long Parliament, Nov. 3, 1640 — by the king's conciliatory measures, (see Charles I., k. of Great Britain,) they are induced to grant subsidies — pass a Bill of attainder against lord Straf- ford — appeal to the people by their Re- monstrance in defence of their proceed- ings, Nov. 22, 1641 — vote the. king's attempt to impeach five of their mem- bers to be a breach of privilege, 1642. (For the events of the civil war, see Charles I.) — adopt the Scotch League and Covenant, June 15, 1643 — pass the Self-denying Ordinance, 1644— vote that the army be disbanded — the leading Pres- byterians are ejected, 1647 — vote that no addresses be made to the king, Jan. 3, 1648 — resolve to treat with him, Dec. 5 — the remaining Presbyterians are expel- led by " Pride's Purge," 6. Commonwealth. — Vote themselves competent to act without the concur- rence of the Lords, and abolish the Upper House, Feb. 6, 1649 — forcibly dis- missed by Cromwell, 1653— a new House summoned by him, consisting of 400 members for England, 30 for Scotland, and 30 for Ireland — Lenthal, Speaker, Sept. 3, 1654 — their refractory spirit causes him to dissolve them, Jan. 22, 1655 — another convened by him, and all obnoxious members excluded, Sept. 17, 1656 — they offer the crown to him, Apr. 13, 1657— and frame their Humble Peti- tion and Advice — another called by him, Jan. 20, 1658 — refuse to acknowledge the new House of Lords, which he had cre- ated — i - evoke the Humble Petition and Advice — and are angrily dissolved by him, Feb. 4— another assembled, by Richard Cromwell, Jan. 27, 1659— agi- tated by vehement debates — dissolved by him, Apr.22 — the remaining members of the Long Parliament, the Bump, re- assemble with Lenthal, Speaker, May 6 — set Richard aside, and grant him a pension, 25— quarrel with Lambert, and the chiefs of the army, Oct. 12 — supported by Monk, Nov. 2— by Fairfax, Dec. 24— admit the excluded Presbyterians to their seats, Feb. 21, 1660 — dissolve them- selves, and issue writs for a new, or con- vention parliament, Mar. 16 — which meets, and chooses Sir Harbottle Grim- stone Speaker, Apr. 25 — declares for the restoration of royalty, May 1— consents to the House of Lords resuming its func- tions, 8. Charles II. — The Commons reserve the right of providing for the public revenue — dissolved, Dec. 29 — Sir Ed- ward Turner, Speaker of the next elect- ed House, May 8, 1661 — the members required to take the sacrament, address the king against any indulgence to Dissenters, Feb. 27, 1663 — grant a large supply, Nov. 24, 1664— declare it to be illegal in judges to tine juries for their verdicts, Aug. 16, 1667 — resist any mitigation of the laws against Non-con- formists, inquire into the miscarriages of the Dutch war, and dispute with the Lords on questions of privilege, 1669 — vote considerable supplies to carry out the Tri pie Alliance, 1670 — in consequence of the injury done to Sir John Coventry, one of their members, they originate an Act against malicious maiming and wounding, Mar. 6, 1671 — resist altera- tions made by the Lords in a tax on sugar, and claim the exclusive power of framing money-bills, Apr. 17. 13 Charles II.— Annul elections dur- ing the recess by writs under the great seal, and order the Speaker to issue new writs, Feb. 10, 1673 — address the king against his declaration of indul- gence, 19 — and against the marriage of James, duke of York, with Mary Bea- trice of Modena, Aug. 20 — while pre- paring an address against a standing army, the French alliance and the Dutch war, are stopped by a prorogation, 1673 — examine Buckingham and Arlington at their bar, on the schemes of the Cabal, Jan. 14, 1674 — pass resolutions against a standing army, Feb. 7— prorogued, 11 — proceed against the duke of Lauderdale, Apr. 13, 1675— disputes with the Lords cause prorogation, June 9, Nov. 22 — urge the king to resist the aggrandisement of France, and promise to support him f May 8, 1677 — pass vehement resolutions COaI 197 COM Commons, House of— continued. against the Romanists, Oct. 31, 1678— dissolved, after sitting eighteen years, Dec. 30. 19 Charles II. — A new House sum- moned, Jan. 25, 1679— meets, Mar. 6 — dis- pute with the king on the choice of a Speaker — compromised hy the appoint- ment of Gregory — protest against the par- don granted by the k. to the earl of Danby, Mar. 23 — resolution passed against the duke of York, Apr. 27 — Bill prepared to exclude him from the throne, May 15 — Dangerfield examined on the alleged Meal- tub plot, Oct. 26, 1680— pass the Ex- clusion Bill, Nov. 2 — which the Lords re- ject, 15 — resolve to grant no supplies till it is passed, Jan. 7, 1681 — pass other strong resolutions, and are prorogued, 10 — assembled at Oxford, introduce the Bill again, Mar. 21 — dissolved, 28. James II. — Under the new charters, a packed House of Commons elected, May 19,1685 — choose Sir John Trevor, Speaker —vote supplies, and adjourn, July 2 — offend the k. by requesting him not to appoint recusant officers in the army, Nov. 17— dissolved, July 2, 1687 — a new House elected in compliance with circu- lar letters from the prince of Orange to the constituencies, form part of the con- vention, Jan. 22, 1689 — resolve, that James II. having broken the original compact between king and people, and abdicated the government, the throne is vacant, 28. William and Mary. — Vote an ad- dress for war against France, June 25 — appoint a committee to inquire into the judicial murders of lord William Russell and Algernon Sidney, Oct. 19, 1689— dis- solved, Feb. 6, 1690 — the Tories predomi- nate in the new House, Mar. 21 — the House sanction the borrowing of moDey on the credit of the revenue — vote larger supplies, Oct. 9 — inquire into the foreign treaties, and the management of the war, and vote an increase of the army, Dec. 20, 1693 — remonstrate against the refusal of the royal assent to a Bill excluding placemen from parliament, Jan. 25, 1694 — the Triennial Act passed, Dec. 2. 7 William III. — The House inquire respecting bribes received by members, March 7 — and expel the Speaker, Sir John Trevor, Mar. 12, 1695 — dissolved, Oct. 11 — the Whigs prevail in the new House, Nov. 22 — reject a Bill for licens- ing the press, 1696 — reduce the army con- trary to the king's wishes, Dec. 11 — fix the civil list at 700,0002., 1697— address the king for the discouragement of the woollen, and the promotion of the linen, manufacture in Ireland, June 10, 1698 — refuse to grant the request of Win, III. for retaining his Dutch guards, Mar. 24, 1699 — resolve to apply the forfeited estates in Ireland, and the revenues of that country, to the public service, Dec. 14. 12 William III.— Present these reso- lutions to the king, Feb. 21, 1700— tack them to the Land Tax Bill, Mar. 9 — sud- denly prorogued, while preparing a reso- lution, requesting the king to dismiss his foreign councillors, 11 — dissolved, July 19 — a new House elect Mr. Har- ley, Speaker, Feb. 10, 1701— pass a re- solution on which the Act of Settlement and Hanoverian Succession are founded, Mar. 12 — address the king to remove lord Somers, and other ministers, by whom the Partition Treaties were advised, Apr. 22 — impeach them, May 14 — vote the Kentish Petition, and Defoe's Pam- phlet, to be seditious and libellous — dis- solved, Nov. 11 — the Whigs prevail, and in their address to the king, respond to his indignation against Louis XIV., Dec. 30. Anne.— Dissolved July 2, 1702 — meet again, Harley, Speaker, Oct. 20 — dis- pute with the Lords on the public ac- counts, Feb. 4, 1703 — a new House, Oct. 25, 1705— contest for the Speaker- ship— elect a Whig, Mr. John Smith — join the Lords in an address to assure the queen that the church is in no danger, Dec. 14— first United House assemble Oct. 23, 1707— inquire into the miscar- riages of the Spanish campaign, and vote a supply of six millions, Nov. 19 — elect Sir Richard Onslow, Speaker, Nov. 18, 1708— impeach Sacheverel, Dec. 15, 1709 — a new House, Nov. 25, 1710 — the Tory majority make Mr. Bromley Speaker, re- fuse to vote thanks to Marlborough, and treat him with contempt and derision — fix qualifications for knights of the shire, and representatives of cities and boroughs — inquire the cause of the dis- asters in Spain, Feb. 2, 1711 — accuse the late Whig ministry of mismanagement, June 4— expel Robert Walpole and Car- donnel, Dec. 21^-complain that undue burdens were imposed on Great Britain by the other allies during the war, Mar. 4, 1712-appoiut Sacheverel to preach before them, Apr. 29, 1713— address the queen to have James Francis Edward, the Pre- tender, removed from Nancy, where he had been received by Stanislas, June 25 — a new House appoint sir Thomas Han- mer, Speaker, Feb. 16, 1714— expel Rich- ard Steele,. March 11. Geokge I. — Another, called under the COM 198 COM Commons, House of — continued. predominance of the whigs, give the office of Speaker to Mr. Spencer Comp- ton, March 17, 1715 — impeach the duke of Ormond and the lords Oxford, Boling- broke, and Strafford, July 9 — expel Forster, leader of the rebellion at Preston, Jan. 10, 1716— Septennial Act passed, May 7 — create a sinking fund, June 22, 1717— reject the Peerage Bill, Dec. 7, 1719 — expel Aislabie and other members implicated in the South Sea scheme, March 8, 1721 — under the influence of Walpole, vote an increased number of seamen, March 24, 1726. George II. — A new House, Arthur Onslow, Speaker, Jan. 23, 1728— prohibit the publication of their debates, Feb. 28, 1729 — cause Walpole to abandon his proposed Excise law, 1733 — negative a motion for the repeal of the Septennial Act, March 14, 1734 — approve the Spa- nish convention by a small majority, March 4, 1739— resolve that the publica- tion of their debates is a breach of privi- lege, April 20 — they are prepared for the Gentleman's Magazine by Samuel (Dr.) Johnson, 1740— defeat, by a large ma- jority, a motion for the removal of Wal- pole, Feb. 3, 1741 — a new House unfa- vourable to him ; defeat him on the question of the Westminster election, Dec. 4; on that of the Chippenham elec- tion, Feb. 2, 1742 — cause his resignation, 11 — appoint a committee to inquire into the conduct of his government, March 23 — negative motions for the repeal of the Septennial Act, April 15— and for annual parliaments, Jan. 24, 1745— vote £40,000 a year to the duke of Cumberland, May 14, 1746 — summon Edward Cave to the bar, and censure him for publishing their debates, April 30, 1747 — reduce the rate of interest on the national debt, 1750 — inquire into the proceedings at the Westminster election, and commit Mr. Murray to Newgate, 1751— vote £100,000 to relieve the sufferers by the Lisbon earthquake, 1755. George III. — Mr. Onslow more than thirty years Speaker, retires, March 18, 1761 — a new House appoint Sir John Cust to the chair, Nov. 3— approve, by a large majority, the articles of the preli- minai'y treaty of peace, signed at Fon- tainebleau, Noy. -35, 4762— expel John Wilkes, ?Tan. 20, 17£* — debate vehe- mently on the legality of general war- rants, Feb. 16-17 -u,'the ministers, by adjourning, evade - l decision; a*sert their right to $x the colonies, Apr.— vote the reduction of the land-tax, Mar. 2, 1767 — resolve to impose duties on articles imported into the colonies, June 2. 8 George III. — A new House, June 10, 1768— exclude strangers ; expel Wilkes, Feb. 2, 1769 — provide for the arrears of the civil list, March 2 — continue the struggle with Wilkes, and the electors of Middlesex, till the prorogation, May 9 — sir John Cust resigns the speakership, and is succeeded by sir Fletcher Norton, Jan. 17, 1770— join the Lords in an ad- dress to the king, deprecating the re- monstrances which had been made to him in the case of Wilkes, March 23 — negative Burke's resolutions, condemn- ing the course pursued towards the Ame- rican colonies, May 8 — attempt to pre- vent the publication of their debates in the newspapers, Feb.8, 1771 — commit the London magistrates to the Tower, 26 — they are liberated, May 8 — and the pub- lication of the debates in parliament has from this time been uninterrupted. 12 George III. — The House reject a petition for relief from subscribing the Thirty-Nine Articles, Feb. 6, 1772— pass a bill for the relief of Dissenters, which the Lords reject,May — negative a motion to shorten the duration of parliaments, Jan. 26, 1773 — refuse to modify the Thirty-Nine Articles, Feb. 23 — hear charges against lord Clive, May 7 — summon the rev. John Home to their bar for his letter to the Speaker, Feb. 11, 1774 — vote thanks to John Howard for his benevolent exertions, March 4— - negative a motion on the tea duty, sup- ported by Burke's celebrated oration, April 19 — pass a bill to amend the Copy- right Act, which the Lords reject, June 2. 15 George III. — Anew House opened — Wilkes allowed to take his seat, Nov. 29 — refer to a commercial committee the London merchants' petition against the American war, Jan. 23, 1775 — reject Burke's conciliatory resolutions, March 22 ; again, Nov. 16 — negative Wilkes's motion for reform, March 20, 1776 — pay the arrears of the civil list, April 9, 1777 — the Speaker, sir Fletcher Norton, ad- dresses the king on the grant, May 7 — Bills brought in by Sir Geo. Saville, and passed, to mitigate the laws against Koman Catholics, receive the royal as- sent, May 28 — adopt Mr. Dunning's Re- solutions on the "Influence of the Crown," April 6, 1780 — reject the peti- tion of the Protestant Association. June 2. 21 George III. — A new House, Oct. 31 — ministerial influence deprives sir Fletcher Norton of the Speakership, and gives it to Mr. Cornwall — reject Burke's COM 199 COM Commons, House of— continued. proposed reforms, Feb. 27, 1781— and a motion of Ghas. J. Fox, supported by Wm. Pitt, for terminating the war, June 12— falling-off of the ministerial majo- rity, Dec. 12; again, Feb. 22, 1782 — causes Lord North's resignation, March 19— under the Rockingham administra- tion, Acts passed to exclude contractors from the House, disqualify government officers for voting at elections, and re- form the civil list— the Middlesex elect- ion resolutions erased from the Jour- nals, May 6— Pitt's motion for reform, supported by Fox, negatived by a ma- jority of twenty, 7. 23 George III.— An amendment to the address adopted, Feb. 17, 1783— causes the resignation of lord Shelbume, 21— and the accession of the coalition ministry to office, April 2— Pitt's motion for reform again rejected, May 7— the House pass Fox's India Bills, Dec. 9— oppose the new Pitt ministry, and re- ject its India Bill, Jan. 1784 — vote an address to the king for its dismissal, Feb. 20— and a representation to the throne for the same purpose, March 8— dissolved, 25 — new House meet, May 18 — re-appoint Mr. Cornwall Speaker, and support the Pitt ministry by large majorities ; pass its India Bills, July- reject his motion for reform by a majo- rity of 74, April 18, 1785. 26 George III. — Reject by the Speaker's casting vote the ministerial plan for fortresses, Feb. 27, 1786 — adopt the Sinking Fund proposed by Pitt, March 29— decide not to proceed on the Rohilla charge agaiustWarren Hastings, June 1 ; adopt the Benares charge, 3 ; that for his treatment of the Begums of Oude, moved by Sheridan, Feb. 7, 1787— the House discuss and approve the Treaty of Commerce with France, 12— reject Beaufoy's motion for the relief of dissenters, March 28— impeach Warren Hastings, May 10— pay the debts of the prince of Wales, 21 — resolve to take the African slave-trade into consider- ation during the next session, May 9, 1788— after warm debates on the regency, carryPitt's resolutions, Dec. 16— on Mr. Cornwall's death elect Mr. Wm. Gren- ville to the chair, Jan. 5, 1789 — ne- gative Beaufoy's second motion, May 8 — Mr. Grenville appointed Secretary of state, and Mr. Addington, Speaker, June 8. 30 George III. — Debates on the French Revolution, Feb. 9, 1790— pass a Bill to relieve more Catholic disabili- ties, Feb. 21, 1791 — vote the gradual abolition of the slave-trade, April 26, 1792— pass Fox's Libel Bill, 30— refuse inquiry into the conduct of the Birming- ham magistrates, May 21 — debate on the king's warlike message, Jan. 28, 1793 — negative the pacific propositions of Fox, Feb. 18; and Mr. Grey's motion for Re- form, May 6 — negative a motion for the mitigation of sentences on political of- fenders, Feb. 4, 1794 — vote subsidies to Prussia, Holland, and other states, April 28 — negative a pacific amendment to the address moved by Wilberforce, and supported by Bankes, Dec. 30 — disre- gard the London petition against in- terference with the internal government of France, Jan. 26, 1795 — make a liberal settlement on the prince and princess of Wales, April. v 37 George III. — A new House, Oct. 6, 1796 — decline to censure unconstitution- al advances of money to Austria, not sanctioned by parliament, Dec. 7 — after having investigated the affairs of the Bank of England, report in favour of a Restriction Act, March 2, 1797— secession of Fox and his friends from the House, Nov, 2 — treble the assessed taxes, Jan. 4, 1798— negative Wilberforce's motion on the slave-trade, March 3 — introduce the income tax, Dec. 4: — approve, by a large majority, the rejection of the French overtures, Jan. 22, 1800. 41 George III.— The first United Brit- ish and Irish House meet, Jan. 22, 1801 — Mr. Addington, prime minister, is suc- ceeded as Speaker by Sir John Mitford, March 17 — Home Tooke allowed to sit for Old Sarum, but by a new Act per- sons in holy orders are for the future ex- cluded from the House, May 17 — Charles Abbott, Speaker, Feb. 10, 1802 — the House pay the debts of the Civil List, March 29 — resist the claim of the prince of Wales on the arrears of the duchy of Cornwall, 31 — repeal the income tax, April 5 — approve the treaty of Amiens by a very large majority, May 13 — throw out the Bill for the abolition of bull- baiting, 24 — negative Canning's motion to stop the importation of slaves into Trinidad, 27— vote £10,000 to Dr. Jenner, and £1200 to Greathead, June 3. 43 George III.— A new House, Nov. 16— pay the debts of the prince of Wales, Feb. 16, 1803— approve the renewal ot war against France, May 23— impose the. property-tax, June 13 — displace the Ad- dington ministry, May 7, 1804— pass Wilberforce's Slave-trade Bill, June 28, which the Lords reject — commit the COM 200 COM Commons, House of — continued. sheriffs of London to Newgate for par- tiality in the Middlesex election. March 11, 1805 — reject the Catholic petition presented by Fox, May 13— impeach lord Melville, June 25— vote a public funeral to Pitt, Jan. 27, 1806— pay his debts, Feb. 3 — assent to Fox's motion for the aboli- tion of slavery, June 10— anew House, Dec. 15— postpone lord Howick's Bill for granting commissions in the navy and army to Catholics, March 18, 1807. 49 George III. — A new House, June 26— supports the Portland administra- tion by a majority of 350 to 155— refuse to inquire into the attack on Copenhagen, Feb. 3, 1808— approve marquis Welles- ley's Indian administration, March 9 — receive Mary Ann Clarke's evidence on the charges of colonel Wardle against the duke of York, Jan. 27, 1809— dis- miss charges brought against lord Cas- tlereagh and Mr. Perceval, of having trafficked in parliamentary seats, April 25 — inquire into the Walcheren expe- dition, Jan. 26, 1810 -exclude strangers, Feb. 21 — commit John Gale Jones to Newgate ; censure lord Chatham for misconducting the expedition, March 2 —negative lord Porchester's resolutions, 21— commit sir F. Burdett to the Tower, April 6 — negative Mr. Brand's motion for reform, May 21 — pass resolutions for the Regency Act, Dec. 20. 51 George III. Regency 1.— Vote gold and paper money to be of equal value, in opposition to Mr. Horner's motion for resuming cash payments, May 13, 1811 — the Speaker's power of committal declared by the judges to be legal, 17 — a pi'oposed duty on raw cotton resisted and withdrawn^ 20— resolve to take the laws against Catholics into consideration during the next session, June 22, 1812 — a new House opened by the prince re- gent, Nov. 30 — approve his assertion of maritime rights, Feb. 18, 1813— re- solve to inquire into the claims of the Catholics, 22 — apply part of the sinking fund to the service of the year, March 3 — throw out the Bill for the relief of Catholics, May 24 — expel lord Cochrane for alleged participation in a fraud on the Stock-Exchange, June 21, 1814 — adopt Mr. Robinson's Corn-law, Feb. 17, 1815— refuse a grant to the duke of Cumberland on his marriage, July — ne- gative Brougham's motion for a copy of the Holy Alliance treaty, Feb. 9, 1816 — repeal the property-tax and additional malt-duty, March 19 — reject sir John 1 Newport's motion on the state of Ireland, . Apr. 23 — make a settlement on the j princess Charlotte of Wales and prince Leopold, May 2. 57 Geqrge III. Regency 7. — Receive numerous petitions for economy and re- form, Feb. 6, 1817 — negative Grattan's motion on the Catholic question, May 9; and sir F. Burdett' s, for Reform,20— elect Mr. C. Manners Sutton Speaker, 30 — re- fuse inquiry into the alleged employ- ment of spies by the government, June 16 — make provision for other royal mar- riages, but again refuse a grant to the duke of Cumberland, Apr. 13, 1818 — de- feat sir R. Heron's motion for the repeal of the Septennial Act, May 19 ; and sir F. Burdett's, for annual parliaments and universal suffrage, June 1 — a new House, Jan. 14, 1819 — receive many pe- titions against the severity of the cri- minal laws ; appoint a committee to in- quire into them, Mar. 2 — defeat the Ca- tholic question again, May — vote £10,000 a-year to the duke of York, for taking care of his father's person — refuse in- quiry into the Manchester massacre, Nov. — receive petitions from all parts of the country, complaining of distress — commit Mr. J. C. Hobhouse to Newgate, for his pamphlet, Dec. 15. George IV. — A new House, April 27, 1820 — refuse inquiry into the droits of the Admiralty, May 5 — receive a mes- sage from the queen, June 7 — refuse to inquire into the expenses of the Milan commission, July 6— settle an annuity of £50,000 on her, Jan. 31, 1821— negative Hume's motion for a reduction of the army, March 1 — pass Plunkett's Bills in favour of the Catholics, 10, which are thrown out by the Lords — reject Hume's resolutions for retrenchment, June 27 — reduce the interest on the Navy Five per Cents., Feb. 25, 1822— discontinue the two junior lords of the Admiralty, Mar. 1 — negative lord John Russell's motion for Reform, 29 — pass Canning's Bill to admit Catholics to sit in the House of Lords ; rejected by them — appoint a committee on agricultural distress — adopt lord Normanby's resolution for only one postmaster-general instead of two, May 2 ; and Mr. Vansittart's plan for reducing the " Dead weight" of pen- sions, 24— resolve to maintain the stand- ard of the currency, June 11 — summon to its bar two parties concerned in scur- rilous publications for political purposes, 22 — relieve the distress of Ireland by a vote of £300,000. 4 George IV. — Condemn the policy of government towards Spain, May 1, 1823 — resolve to prepare the slaves in the colonies for emancipation, 16 — re- COM 201 coir Commons, House of — continued. duce the interest on the Four per Cent. Stock, Feb. 23, 1824— approve Mr.Huskis- son's measures for improving the silk manufacture, March S ; and Canning's, for training the slaves in Trinidad, 16 — refuse to inquire into the treatment of missionary Smith, in Demerara, June 1 — agree to the resolutions moved by sir F. Burdett, in favour of the Catholics, Mar. 1,1825 — vote £2000 to M'Adam, May 13 — augment the salaries of the judges, and abolish fees and the sale of offices, 31 — decide to support Mr. Hus- kisson's free trade policy, Feb. 24, 1826 — negative lord John Russell's motion against bribery at elections, March 2. 7 George IV. — A new House, Nov. 14 — institute inquiry into Jhe proceedings of the Arigna Company, Dec. 5 — reform the criminal code, 27-31 — adopt Can- ning's resolutions on the Corn-laws, March 1, 1827 — appoint two law com- mittees,Feb. 7, 1828; a finance committee, 15 — agree to lord John Russell's motion for the repeal of the Test and Corporation Acts, 26; to sir F. Burdett's, for a com- mittee on the Catholic claims, May 8 — regulate the corn-duties by a sliding scale — election of D. O'Connell for Clare, July 5 — third reading of the Relief Bill Mar. 30, 1829 — further reduction in the duties on raw silk — the marquis of Blandford's motion for Parliamentary Reform negatived, June 3 — the House originate the metropolitan police, reduce the public expenditure, and remit the duties on fur and leather, Feb. 15, 1830 — extend the franchise of East Retford to the hundred — refuse to inquire into the salaries and emoluments of privy coun- cillors, May 14. William IV. — A new House ; opened, Nov. 2 ; said by the duke of Welling- ton to need no reform — terminate his ministry by their vote on the Civil List question, 15 — agree to lord Althorp's proposed retrenchments and reduction of taxation, Feb. 11, 1831 — after a debate of seven nights, read the Reform Bill the first time, Mar. 8 ; carry the second reading by a majority of one, 22; defeat it in committee by adopting gen. Gas- coyne's motion, April 18— a new House, June 14 — pass the Reform Bill by large majorities, and take it to the Lords, Sept. 19, by whom it is rejected; pass it again, March 23, 1832 ; after a fierce struggle it overcomes the opposition of the Lords, and receives the royal assent, J une 7. 3 William IV.— The new reformed House meet, and continue Mr. C. M. Button in his office of Speaker, Jan. 29, 1833 — admit Joseph Pease, a Quaker, on his affirmation, Feb. 14— adopt morning sittings for private business, 20 — nega- tive Cobbett's motion on the currency, and expunge the proceedings from their minutes, May 10 — reform the Irish church ; abolish colonial slavery, and grant a compensation of £20,000,000 ; open the trade with China; pass Robt. Grant's bill for removing the civil dis- abilities of the Jews, which the Lords reject, Aug. 1 — negative Hume's motion on the Corn-laws, Mar. 1, 1834; and one for the abolition of military flogging, 14 — amend the Poor Laws, April 17 — adopt, but afterwards abandon, lord Al- thorp's plan for abolishing church-rates — annul the exclusive right of serjeants- at-law to plead in the Court of Common Pleas, 25 — negative, by an overwhelm- ing majority, O'Connell's motion for the Repeal of the Union, 27 — reduce the in- terest on Four per Cent. Stock, May 3 — reject Mr. Tennyson's motion for shorter parliaments, 15 — appoint a committee to inquire into the Irish church, 27 — reduce more taxes, July 25. 5 William IV. — A new House, called on the appointment of Sir R. Peel's mi- nistry ; displace Mr. C. M. Sutton and make Mr. Abercrombie Speaker, Feb. 9, 1835 — by their votes restore the Mel- bourne ministry, April 8 — introduce Mu- nicipal Reform, June 5— appoint a com- mittee to inquire respecting Orange lodges in the army, Aug. 11 — pass the Irish Tithe Bill, with the appropriation clause, which the Lords reject, Sept. — appoint a committee on agricultural dis- tress, Feb. 8, 1836— introduce the Ge- neral Registration and new Marriage Laws, 12 ; the Irish Constabulary Bill, 18 — reduce the newspaper-stamp duty, Mar. 15 — pass the Irish Municipal Bill, 28 — apply a surplus of revenue to re- duce taxes, May 6 — abandon the Irish Municipal Bill, because mutilated by the Lords, June 3 ; the same with the Irish Tithe Bill, Aug. 2 ; and the Charitable Trusts Bill, 10 — introduce the Irish Municipal Bill again, Feb. 7, 1837 ; the Irish Poor Law, 14; and the Church- rates Bill, Mar. 3 — reject Mr. G rote's motion for the Ballot, 7— abandon the Church-rates Bill in consequence of the opposition of the bishops, 9 — pass re- solutions on the disturbed state of Ca- nada, April 24 — bring the Irish Tithe Bill forward the fifth time, May 1, which is again defeated by the Lords ; as also the Municipal Bill. Victoria. — A new House opened, Nov. 20 — inquire into the pension list, Dec. i COM 202 COM Commons, House of— continued. — negative Mr. Villiers's motion on the Corn Laws, Mar. 15, 1838 — in opposition to a vote of the Lords, approve the Irish policy of the government, April 15, 1839 — pass the Jamaica Bill by so small a majority that ministers resign, May 7 — on Mr. Abercrombie's resignation, elect Mr. Shaw Lefevre Speaker, 15 — in- troduce a uniform rate of postage, at first fourpence, July 6— agree to modifi- cations of the Irish Municipal Act, which is passed, Aug. 10, 1840— reject the mi- nisterial plan for the Sugar Duties, May 18, 1841 — pass a vote of want of confi- dence in ministers, 24 — dissolved, to take the sense of the country, June 23. 5 Victoria. — A new House, Aug. 18 —defeat ministers, who resign, 30 — in- crease of bribery at elections confessed by all parties, Sept. 30— commence the discussion on the Corn-laws; adopt sir R. Peel's proposed modifications, Feb. 9, 1842; reject those proposed by lord John Russell, 14; and Mr. Villiers's motion for free importation, 22 — approve sir R. Peel's financial plans, March 21 — reject the People's Petition for universal suf- frage, and other points of the " Charter," May 2 — vote the revival of the Income tax — agree to serjeant Talfourd's Copy- right Bill; and to lord Ashley's, for pro- hibiting the employment of females in mines and collieries, Aug. — abandon a Bill for the reform of the Ecclesiastical Courts, Feb. 1843 — reject lord John Rus- sell's motion to condemn the Irish policy of ministers, Feb. 22, 1844 — reduce the interest on the Three-and-a-Half per Cent. Stock, Mar. 8 — inquire into the practice of opening letters at the Post- office, Aug. 5. 8 Victoria. — Reduce more duties, and continue the Income tax, Feb. 14, 1845 — vote an additional grant to Maynooth College, April 18 ; refuse to provide it out of the revenues of the Irish church, 24 — endow the Queen's Colleges in Ire- land, July — read the Corn-importation Bill a third time. May 15, 1846— reject the ministerial Bill for the protection of life in Ireland, June 25 ; which causes the resignation of Sir R. Peel, 29 — re- ject lord George Bentinck's plan for railways in Ireland, Feb. 14, 1847 — vote £10,000,000 to relieve the suffering Irish — appoint a committee on the Naviga- tion Laws, Feb. 6. 11 Victoria. — A new House, Nov. 18 — read, for the first time, a Bill to admit Jews to sit in parliament — abandon a proposed increase of the Income tax, Feb. 28, 1848 — pass the Jewish Disabilities Bill, May 4, which the Lords reject- continue the existing Income tax three years longer — disfranchise the freemen of Great Yarmouth — agree to alter the Navigation Laws, Apr. 23, 1849 — ap- prove the reduction of the sugar duties, May 31, 1850 — pass a vote of confidence in ministers, in opposition to the Lords, June 28 — vote a monument to Sir R. Peel in Westmiuster Abbey, July 12 — negative Mr. D' Israeli's motion on agri- cultural distress, Feb. 13, 1851 — agree to Mr. Locke King's, on the franchise. 20 ; which causes the resignation of mi- nisters, followed by their return to office — censure the Commissioners of Woods and Forests by a majority of one, Mar. 11 — grant the Income tax for one year, May 2 — reject a vote of censure on lord Torrington's government of Ceylon, 29 — pass the Jewish Disabilities Bill again; and the Ecclesiastical Titles Bill, July 4 — negative a motion for inquiry re- specting the Borneo pirates, 10 — refuse to hear Mr. Salomons or the electors of Greenwich at their bar, 28— adopt lord Palmerston's amendment on the Militia bill, which leads to lord John Russell's resignation, Feb. 21, 1852 — reject Mr. Locke King's motion on the county fran- chise, Apr. 27. 16 Victoria. — A new house, Nov. 4 — decline to support the earl of Derby's ministry, and cause him to resign, Dec. 28 — confirm the grant to Maynooth Col- lege, Mar. 2, 1853— pass the Jewish Dis- abilities Bill, April 15, which the Lords again reject — continue the Income tax till 1860, and extend it to Ireland, May 2 — extend the legacy duty to real pro- perty, July 18 — repeal the duty on ad- vertisements, 21 — disapprove a new Re- form Bill introduced by lord John Rus- sell, which is withdrawn, April 11, 1854 — demand inquiry into the management of the war in the Crimea, Jan. 29, 1855, which causes the earl of Aberdeen and his colleagues to resign — thank sir De Lacy Evans for his services, Feb. 2 — vote the second reading of a Bill for the abolition of Church-rates, May 16 — receive the report of the Crimean com- mittee, June 18 — in compliance with a strong manifestation of the popular feel- ing, abandon lord R. Grosvenor's Bill to prevent Sunday trading, July 2 — nega- tive Mr. Roebuck's motion of censure on the late government, 19 — vote £10,000 to captain M'Clure and his crew for dis- covering the N.W. passage, and a monu- ment to sir John Franklin, 31. Commonwealth. See England, and Crom- well, Oliver. COM 203 CON Communion* Service, the English, intro- duced, 1548. Communists, or Socialists, strive for mas- tery in Fiance ; a mob of them invades the Hall of the National Assembly, May 15, 1848 — raise an insurrection in Paris, June 23-26 — their leaders arrested or dispersed, Aug. 25. Comnena. See Anna, daughter of Alex- ius I. Comnena, Anna, or Anachoutlou, daughter of Alexius Ii. of Trebizond, made by a revolt the fourteenth sovereign of ttiat state, 1341 — strangled during another revolt, 1342. Comnena, Eudocia, sister of Alexius I., marries Nicephorus Melissenus, who re- bels against Nicephorus III., 1080. Comnena, Theodora, sister of Alexius I. See Constantine, Diogenes. Comnena, Theodora, youngest daughter of Alexius I. See Constantine, Angelus. Comnena, Theodora, daughter of Isaac Comnenus, grandson of Alexius I., mar- ries Baldwin III., k. of Jerusalem, about 1150 — after his death, elopes with her cousin, Andronicus, 1163 — seized at Tre- bizond, and conveyed to Constantinople, about 1170. Comnenus. For the emperors of the East, and of Trebizond, and others of this fa- mily, see Alexius, Andronicus, Bash, ! emperors of Trebizond, David, Isaas, ( John, and Manuel. Como, conquered by the Visconti, 1276- 1335 — lake of, see Anspkando. Comorn, the peace of, concluded with the Turks by the emperor Rudolf, 1616— in- vested by the Austrians; surrenders, 1849. Compact, Family. See Bourbons. Companies of disbanded soldiers harass and plunder France, 1364 — enlist in the service of Hemy de Trastamare, 1365 — the Black Prince recalls them, 1367. Companies, Commercial. See Steel- yard Society, Merchant Adventurers, East India, and South Sea. Companies chartered for Settlement in Virginia, 1606. Companies of London. There are 91 in all, of which the principal were founded in the following years : — (Those called the 12 great companies are marked with an asterisk). Weavers 1164 'Mercers 1393 Saddlers 1280 Cordwainers 1410 Barber Surg. 1308 Cutlers 1417 •Goldsmiths . . .1327 * Vintners 1437 'Skinners 1327 'Drapers 1439 Carpenters ...1344 *Haberdashersl447 'Grocers 1345 Girdlers 1448 'Fishmongers 1384 'Ironmongers 1464 'Merch. Tailors 1466 'Salters 1558 Pewterers 1474 Apothecaries 1617 *Clothworkers 1482 Spectaclemak. 1630 Lorimers 1488 Pinmakers 1636 Coopers 1501 Needlemakers 1656 Watermen 1550 Pattenmakers 1670 Stationers 1556 Compass, The Mariner's. See Birger, Jarl. — Said erroneously to have been invent- ed at Amain, by Flavio Gioja, 1302. Compiegne, the residence of the Carlovin- gian kings, where the last of them, Louis V., le Faineant, dies, y87. See Joan of Arc COMPLUTENSIAN POLYGLOT BlBLE, publish- ed, 1520. See Bible. Complutum. See Alcat.a de Henares. Compostella. See Santiago. Compton, Henry, b. 1632, bp. of London, objects to the jurisdiction of the ecclesi- astical commission, Aug. 31, 1686 — sus- pended by Jatnes II., Sept.9 ; reinstated, 1688— crowns William and Mary, 1689— d. 1713. Comtat Venaissin. See Venaissin. Comus I. and II. See Constantinople, patriarchs of. Comvn, or Cummin, John, regent of Scot- land, 1302 — submits to Edward I. of Eng- land, 1304— is killed by Robert Bruce, 1306. Conan I., IT., III., and IV. See Britanny. Conant, Sir N., the magistrate, b. 1745 — d. 1822. Conception built, for the seat of govern- ment in Chili, 1550. Concha, general, raises an insurrection at Madrid, 1841 — supports the Spanish in- surgents, 1854. Concini, marshal d'Ancre, adviser of Mai y de' Medici, queen regent of France, 1612 — assassinated, 1617. Concord, temple of, built by Camillus,B.c. 368 — another, by Cn. Flavius, 305 — by Diocletian, in the Isle of Elephantine, a.d. 297 — destroyed by Justinian, 531. Concordat of Worms, between the empe- ror Henry V. and pope Callistus II., 1122 — of Nuremberg, between the elec- tors of Germany and pope EugeniusIV., 1447— modified by another at Vienna, be- tween the emperor Frederic IV. and pope Nicholas V., 1448 — between Francis I. of France and pope Leo X., to annul the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges, 1515 — between Charles V., as k. of Spain, and pope Clement VII., 1526— between Fer- dinand VI. of Spain and pope Benedict XIV., 1753 — between Bonaparte, first con- sul, and pope Pius VII., to restore the Catholic church in France, July 15, 1801 —adopted by the legislative body, April 8, 1802 — inaugurated in the church ol Notre Dame, 18 — another, concluded be- CON 204 CON tween Louis XVIII. and pope Pius VII., but not carried into effect, 1S17— between Frederic William III. and pope Pius VII., for the regulation of the Catholics of Prussia, July 16, 1821. CondxUiine, the French traveller, Z>. 1701 — d. 1774. Coxde, Louis, duke de, fifth son of Charles, duke de VendSme. See Bourbon. — Ar- rested through the influence of the Guises, and released, 1560 — takes up arms, in de- fence of the Huguenots, with Coligny, at Orleans, 1562 — is defeated and made prisoner at Dreux, Dec. 19 — fails in an attempt to seize the king — defeated at St. Denis, Nov. 10, 1567 — escapes from ;in attempt made to seize him, 1568 — assassinated, 1569. Coxde, Henry, prince de, son of Louis, ob- tains assistance from queen Elizabetb, and, with an English fleet, relieves La Rochelle, 15S5-acia. 106. See Dacia. — The open fron- tier between it and the Neckar fortified by Hadrian, 120— its banks infested by a German tribe called Carpi, 241 — crossed by the Goths, 251— recrossed by them after having defeated Decius, and ob- tained money from Gallus, 252— again made the northern frontier by Aurelian, 270— the line between it and the Rhine fortified by Probus, 278 — its frontier threatened by the Goths, and guarded by Constantine, 319— crossed by Con- stantine to repel the Quadi and Sarma- tians, 358 — the Visigoths allowed by Valens to settle on its southern side, 376 —other Gothic tribes, one called Gruth- ungi, attempt to force a passage, and are repelled by Theodosius, 386— both banks occupied by the Huns, 422— Attila with- draws to its northern side, 452— its pro- vinces invaded by his son Dengezic, 469. See Dengezic— Occupied by theGepidse, 505— ravaged by the Goths, 517— crossed by the Bulgarians on the ice, 559— em- pire of the Avars, 574. See Avars and Priscus; included in the empire of Charlemagne, 788-799. See Charle- magne. See Eastern Empire, Bulga- rians, Servians; Hungary, Austria, and Bavaria. First passage of the Russians over the Danube in the war with Turkey, 1773— their second, 1774— crossed again by them, 1790— again, 1807 — driven back at Silistria, 1809— advance again over the river, and reach the Balkan, 1810— cross again under gen. Von Wittgenstein, Jan. 7, 1828— are driven back at Shumla ; force a passage over at Silistria, under gen. Diebitsch, June 4, 1829 — crossed by the Turks, to attack the Russians at Giurgevo, July 5, 1854 — the navigation set free by the treaty of Paris, 1856. D'Anville appointed geographer to the king of France, 1775. DAPnNE, a sacred grove near Antioch, visited by the emperor Verus, 163 — pagan rites in it suppressed by Gallus, 352— restored by Julian, 362. Daba, in Mesopotamia, fortified by Anas- tasius, 507— battle of, the Persians de- feated by Belisarius, 530— taken by the Persians, 573. D'Arblay, Madame, (Miss Burney), b. 1752— d. 1849. Darby, adm., relieves the garrison of Gibraltar, 1781. Darcy, lord, surrenders Pontefract castle to the Pilgrimage of Grace, 1536 — be- headed for joining the insurrection, 1537. Dardanelles passed by the Venetians, and a Turkish fleet destroyed, June 21, 1655— forced by sir John Duckworth, Feb. 19, 1807— repassed, March l--the combined British and French fleets are invited by the sultan to enter, Oct. 8, 1853. Dardanus, king of Troy, b.c. 1480 (1383 C.) Darien, isthmus of, crossed by Balboa, who reaches the Pacific Ocean, 1513 — a Scotch colony established there, Nov. 4, 1698— abandoned, 1699. See Panama. Darius, Hystaspes, king of Persia, B.C. 521 — takes Babylon, 518 — divides his empire into satrapies, 516 — makes India a twentieth satrapy, 512 — unsuccessful in his Scythian war; enters Europe; crosses the Danube, and leaves Mega- bazus to attack Greece, 507. See Greece. — Leaves Artaphernes governor of Sar- dis, conquers Imbros and Lemnos, takes Chalcedon, crosses the Bosphorus, and conquers Byzantium, 505 — crucifies Sar- doces, takes him down from the cross, and restores him to favour, 504 — intro- duces a regular system of finance, and levies tribute on his conquered provinces, 503 — promises to assist the Naxian exiles, 502— fails in his attempt to re- store them, 501. See Aristagoras.— Defeats the Ionians at Ephesus, 499 — recovers Cyprus, 498 — Caria, Clazomenae, and Cyme, 497 — defeats the Ionian fleet and takes Miletus, 494 — prepares a fleet under Mardonius against the Greeks, 492 — defeated, 491 — sends another army into Greece ; defeated at Marathon, 490 — begins preparations for another at- tempt, 489— d. 485. Darius, Nothus, an illegitimate son of Arta- xerxes II., after the death of the usurper Sogdianus, is made king of Persia, B.C. 424 — sends his youngest son, Cyrus, to command the army in Ionia, 407— d. 405. Darius III., Godomanus, king of Persia, B.C. 336. See Bagoas. — War with Alex- ander; defeated on the Granicus, May 22, 334 — near Issus. Oct. 333— at Arbela, Oct. 1, 331— on his flight to Media, assas- sinated by Bessus, 330. Darling, Grace, heroism of, in succouring the shipwrecked crew and passengers of the Forfarshire, Sept. 5, 1838. Darlington, lord, moves the address at the meeting of parliament, Feb. 4, 1830. Darnley, lord Henry, proposed as a hus- band for Mary, queen of Scots, 1564 — they are married, July 29, 1565 — quarrels with the queen, and leaves the court, 1566 — returns, Jan. 1567— is murdered, Feb. 10, 1567. Darnley, earl of, b. 1795— d. from an acci- dent in his park, 1835. Dartmouth. See Bkorn. — The duke of Clarence and the earl of Warwick land at, 1470. See Clarence, George, duke of.— Taken by Fairfax, Jan. 18, 1646. DAU 239 DAY Dartmouth, George Legge, lord, accused of having projected a Jacobite insurrection, and is committed to the Tower, 1691 — d. 1691. Dartmouth, William, lord, a privy coun- cillor to queen Anne, 1701 — secretary of state, 1710 — negotiates with the French envoy the preliminaries of peace, 1711— prevents a duel between the duke of Marlborough and earl Paulet,1712-d.l750. Daru, count, d. 1829. Darwjn, Dr. Erasmus, b. 1721— d. 1S02. Dasmon, Olympic victor, B.C. 724. Dastagkrd, the palace of Chosroes Purvis, occupied by the emperor Heraclius, 627. Dates, Olympic victor, bc. 472. Dates, one of the Persian generals de- feated at Marathon, B.C. 490. Datianus, consul of Rome, 358. Daun, count, b. 1705 — defeats Frederic the Great at Hochkirchen, Oct. 14, 1758 — takes the Prussian general Finck and his army, 1759 — is defeated by Frederic at Torgau, Nov. 3, 1760— d. 1766. Dauphin. See Dauphiny.— The title first borne by Charles, eldest son of John II. See Charles V., king of France. — Louis, eldest son of Charles VI., d. 1415 — his brother, John, betrothed to Jaqueline, countess of Holland and Hainault, poi- soned, 1417— Charles, third son of Charles VI. See Charles VII., king of France. — Louis, only son of Louis XIV., b. 1661 — d. of the smallpox, Apr. 14, 1711 — his eldest son, Louis, duke of Burgundy, 6. 1682— d. of the same disease, Feb. 18, 1712 — his eldest son, the duke of Britanny, b. 1707— d. of the same, March 8, 1712— a younger son, Louis, b. 1710 — becomes dauphin. See Louis XV., king of France. — Louis, only son of Louis XV., b. 1729 — d. 1765 — his eldest son, Louis, b. Aug. 23, 1754 — inherits the title ; marries Maria Antoinette, daughter of Maria Theresa, of Austria, May 16, 1770. See Louis XVI., king of France. — His only son, Louis Charles, b. 1785 — titular k. of France, Louis XVII., 1793— d. a prisoner in the Temple, June 8, 1795 — Louis An- tony, eldest son of Charles X. See An- gouleme, duke d' — Henry Charles Ferdi- nand, son of the duke de Berry, titular dauphin, 1836-1844. See Bordeaux, duke of. Dauphiness of France, consort of Louis, duke of Burgundy and dauphin, d. of the small-pox six days before her husband, and twenty-five days before her son, Feb. 12, 1712. Dauphiny annexed to France, on condition that the king's eldest son should be called the dauphin, 1349 — invaded by Victor Amadeus II., duke of Savoy, 1692. Davenant. sir William, b. 1605 — retires to Holland with the marquis of Newcastle, 1644 — appointed poet laureate — and ob- tains a patent for Covent Garden Theatre, 1662-d. 1668. Daventry, Charles I. marches to, before the battle of Naseby, May 31, 1645. Da vii), son of Jesse, b. B.C. 1086— kills Go- liath, 1063 — on the death of Saul becomes king, but is opposed seven years by Ishbosheth, 1056 (1070 H.)— becomes sole king, and allies himself with Hiram, king of Syria, 1049 — subdues Syria, 1040 —rebellion of Absalom, 1023— d. 1016 (1030 H.) David, king of Abyssinia, misrepresented by Alvarez to the conference of Bologna, 1533. David, twenty-first emperor of Trebizond, excludes his nephew Alexius from the throne, 1458-^dethroned by Mahomet II., sultan of the Ottomans, and sent with his family to Mavronoros near Serres, 1461— pnt to death, 1470. David I., king of Scotland, 1124— supports the cause of the empress Matilda ; but is conciliated by Stephen, 1136— he in- vades England, and is defeated by the earl of Albemarle in the battle of the Standard, near Northallerton, in York- shire, Aug. 22, 1138— d. 1153. David II., Bruce, king of Scotland, June 7, 1329— attacked by Edward Balliol ; he and his affianced bride, Jane, sister of Edward III., king of England, take re- fuge in France, 1332 — returns to Scot- land and assumes the government, 1342 — defeated and taken prisoner, and his army destroyed at Neville's Cross, by queen Philippa, Oct. 17, 1346 — he is re- leased for a ransom, after an imprison- ment of eleven years, 1357 — he is enter- tained in London by sir Henry Pikard, 1363— he dies Feb. 22, 1371. David, brother of Llewelyn, put to death by Edward I., 1283. David, eldest son of Robert III., king of Scotland, put to death by his uncle, the duke of Albany, 1405. Davi d, earl of H un tingdon, broth er of Wm ., the Lion, k. of Scotland. See Balliol, John ; Bruce, Robert ; and Hastings, John. David, Jaques Louis, b. 1750 — founds a new school of painting in France, 1784 — d. in exile, 1825. Davidson, J., murdered on his travels in Africa, 1836. Davies, sir John, the poet, b. 1570— d. 1625. Davies, Henry Thomas, rear-admiral, b. 1788-d. 1853. Da Vila, the Italian historian, M57&--A 1631. DEC 240 DEI Davis, John, explores the north-eastern coast of America, 1585— penetrates into the Straits that still bear his name, 1607 — d. 1609. Davis, Mr., afterwards sir John, succeeds lord Napier, as superintendent in China, Oct. 11, 1834 — re-appointed to succeed sir Henry Pottinger, 1844 — takes the forts of Bocca Tigris, and compels the Chinese to make reparation for their in- sults and aggressions on the British re- sidents at Canton, April 5, 1847. Davison, Alexander, convicted of pecu- lation, and imprisoned, Dec. 8, 1808. Davoust, marshal, distinguishes himself in the battle of Eckmuhl, Apr. 22, 1809 — is created by Napoleon, prince of Eck- muhl — besieged in Hamburg, by Chas. John, 1813— surrenders Paris to Wel- lington and Bliicher, July 3, 1815. Davy, Humphrey, b. 1779— professor of chemistry at the Royal Institution, 1800 ' —decomposes fixed alkalies, 1808 — in- vents the safety lamp, 1816 — president of the Royal Society, 1820— experiments on the MSS. of Herculaneum, 1822— re- signs the chair of the Royal Society, 1827— d. at Geneva, 1829. Day, Edw., the constable who arrested Eugene Aram, d. 1836 — set. 101. Day, Thomas, the author of " Sandford and Merton," b. 1748— d. 1789. Deal Castle built, 1539. Dean, Forest, of, its enclosures thrown down by the country people, June 8, 1831. Deane, adm., killed in the battle off the North Foreland, June 2, 1653. Debates in Parliament. See Commons, House of, and Gentleman's Magazine. Deborah and Barak, deliver the Israelites, b.c. 1285 (1398 H., 1391 C.) De Beienne, archb. of Toulouse. See Brienne, M. de. Decameron. See Boccaccio. Decatur, American commodore, com- manding the frigate "United States," takes the English ship, "Macedonian," Oct. 25, 1812. De Cazes appointed head of the ministry by Louis XVIII., 1818— dismissed, Feb. 20, 1820. Deccan, campaign of sir Arthur Wellesley in the, 1803— of sir Thomas Hislop, 1817 — prize money distributed, Mar. 20, 1828. Decebalus. See Dacians. Decelea, a city of Attica, fortified by the Lacedaemonians, B.C. 413. Decemviri, called for by the tribunes of the people, to make the Roman laws more explicit, B.C. 460 — appointed, 451 — promulgate the first Ten Tables, 450— abuse their power, deposed, and brought to justice, 449. Decennalian games, celebrated by Anto- ninus Pius, b.c. 148. Decentius, brother of Magnentius, takes the title of Caesar, 351 — defeated ; com- mits suicide, 353. Decianus, C. Plautius, consul of Rome, b.c. 329. Decius Mus, P., tribune of the people, saves the Roman army in their first cam- paign against the Samnites, b.c. 343 — consul of Rome — devotes himself to death at the battle of the Veseris, 340. Decius Mus, P., the son, consul of Rome, b.c.312— consul II.,308- III., 297— consul IV.— devotes himself todeath at thebattle of Sentinum, in the third Samnitewar,295. Decius, consul of Rome, 486 — another, 529. Decius, C. Messius Qu. Trajanus, sent to appease the mutinous legions, is pro- claimed emperor by them, and leads them into Italy, 249 — consul II. — sends his son against the Goths, and then marches in person, 250 — consul III. — both are defeated by the Goths, and fall in battle, 251. Declaration of Rights assented to by William and Mary, 1689 — issued by the first American Congress, Sept. 5, 1774 Declination of the magnetic needle changes from west to north, 1817. Decretals, Forged, used by pope Gregory IV., to extend the power of the church, 837 — pope Nicholas I. asserts their ge- nuineness, 859. Decretals. See Canon Laws. Decula, M. Tullius, consul of Rome, b.c. 81. Defence, man-of-war, wrecked on Jutland, 1811. Defender of the Faith, a title given to Henry VIII. for his book against Luther, by pope Leo X., 1521. Defoe, Daniel, b. 1663 — his pamphlet "Legion," in defence of the Kentish pe- tition, voted by the Commons seditious and libellous, 1701 — punished for his pamphlet, " The Shortest Way with the Dissenters," Feb. 25, 1703— employed in secretly negotiating the Union at Edin- burgh, 1705 — commences his "Review of the state of the English nation," 1706 — publishes his " Robinson Crusoe," 1719 — d.1731. De Grasse defeated by Rodney in the West Indies, April 12, 1782 — on his re- turn to France is brought to trial and banished from Paris, 17S4 — d. 1788. Degsastan, or Egesanstane, battle of, Ethelfred defeats the Scots, 603. Deioces, king of Media, B.C. 709-656. Deiotarus, king of Galatia, father-in-law of the chronographer Castor, extends his dominions, B.C. 64— receives part of Pontus from Caesar, 47 — defended by DEL 241 DEM . Cicero against the accusation of his grandson. 45. Deiea, part of Northumberland, the king- dom of, founded and governed by .3211a, 560— on his death, joined with Bernicia to form the kingdom of Northumberland, 588. See Acca. — Claimed by Oswin, son of Osric, 644. Delambre, b. 1749— d. 1822. DELAMEEE,Peter,first speaker of the House of Commons, 1377. De la Rue, Cornish, and Rock, invent porcelain paper and card, 1829. Delavigne, J. F. C, b. 1794— d. 1843. Delaware, one of the United States of America, 1774 — the French fleet, under I)' Estaing, arrives in the Bay of, July 11, 1778-canal to the Chesapeake completed, .1830. DeLfino, Giovanni, doge of Venice, 1356 — dies of the plague, 1361. Delfino, Uberto, employed by pope Cle- ment VI. to preach a crusade against the Turks, but without effect, 1345. Delft, William, prince of Orange, assas- sinated at, by Balthazar Gerard, July 10 (June 30), 1584 — ineffectual conference of the Remonstrants and Calvinists at, 1613. Delhi taken by Timour, 1399— by Nadir Shah, 1739 — conquered, and the Great Mogul pensioned by the East India Com- pany, 1803 — seized by Sepoy mutineers, and the British massacred, 1857. "Delicate investigation" into the charges made against the princess of Wales, May 22, 1806 Delille, Jaques, the French poet, b. 1738. —d. 1813. Delidm, battle of; the Athenians defeated by the Lacedaemonians ; Socrates saves the life of Xenophon, b.c. 424. Delius, M., a German traveller, killed by falling into the crater of Mount Vesu- vius, 1854. Delmenhorst and Oldenburg ceded by Den- mark to Paul, grand duke of Russia, in exchange for Holstein, June 1, 1773 — given by Paul to Augustus Frederic, bp. of Lubeck, Dec. 14. Delolme, d. 1806. Delos, a common treasury established at, by the Greeks for the Persian war, B.C. 470— treasury removed from, to Athens, 461— Lustration of, 426. Delphi, the temple of, burnt, b.c. 548— a congress for the pacification of Greece, 368. See Thebes. — Seized by the Pho- cians, 357 — its mountain-passes occupied by the iEtolians, 290— attacked by the Celts or Gauls, 278— Eumenes II., k. of Pergamus, attacked by assassins in its neighbourhood, 172. See Pythian Games. *)KLyGE, Noachian, assigned to fifteen dif ferent periods between 3246 and 2104 b.c. — Ogygian, in Attica, 1764 — Deuca- lion's, in Thessaly, 1503 (1504 H., 1383 C.) See Inundation. Del Uovo,one of the forts of Naples, taken by Gonsalvo de Cordova, 1503. Demades, an Athenian orator, obtains in- fluence in Athens after the battle of Chaeronea, B.C. 338 — prevails on Alex- ander to spare the orators, 335 — his twelve years' administration, 326 — put to death by Cassander, the son of Anti- pater, 318. Demaratus, Proclidan k. of Lacedgemon, b.c. 510— deposed by Cleomenes, retires into Persia, 491. Demerara surrenders, with Essequibo, to the British, 1781 — taken by gen. White, Apr. 22, 1796 — surrenders, with Berbice, to gen. Grinfield and commodore Hood, Sept. 25, 1803— ceded to Great Britain by Holland, 1814 — the missionary Smith ill-treated there, 1824. Demetrianus, bp. of Antioch, 252-260. Demetrius Phalereus, first takes part in Athenian politics, B.C. 325 — head of an oligarchical government, 317 — archon, 309 — expelled from Athens by Demetrius Poliorcetes, 307 — withdraws first to Thebes ; goes thence to Egypt, 296 — fills the chair of philosophy at Alexandria ; banished by Ptolemy Philadelphus into Upper Egypt, and d. there, 283. Demetrtus Poliorcetes, son of Antigonus, k. of Asia, b. B.C. 337 — defeated at Gaza by Ptolemy Soter and Seleucus Nicator, 312 — occupies Megara, drives Demetrius Phalereus from Athens, and restores the democracy, 307 — defeats Ptolemy in a naval battle near Cyprus, 306 — besieges Rhodes, 304— -secures the neutrality of Rhodes by a treaty, and sails to oppose Cassander, 303 — defeats him, 302 — 'initi- ated into the Eleusinian mysteries at Athens, called into Asia to assist his father, escapes after his defeat at Ipsus, 301— marriage of his daughter, Stratonice, to Seleucus Nicator, who gives him Ci- licia, and enables him to recover Athens, 299 — defeats Archidamus IV., the Pro- clidan, 296 — invited to assist the sons of Cassander, 295 — they are slain, and he makes himself k. of Macedon, 294 — takes Thebes, 293— again, 291— celebrates the Pythian games at Athens, 290— expelled from Macedon by Pyrrhus, 287- made prisoner by Seleucus Nicator, 286 — d. in captivity, 283 Demetrius II., k. of Macedon, son of An- tigonus Gonatas, succeeds his father, 239 — defeats the iEtolians ; d. 229. Demetrius, son of Philip V., k. of Mace- don, sent by him to plead his cause \>efof DEM 242 DEM the senate of Rome, 184— put to death by him, 181. Demetkius Sotee, son of Seleucus Phi- lopator, while detained as a hostage at Rome, claims the throne of Syria, b.c. 163 — assisted by Polybius to escape, makes himself k. ( and murders Antio- chus Eupator, with his guardian, Lysias, 162 -expels Ariarathes V. from Cappa- docia, and gives the kingdom to Holo- phernes, 158 — defeated and slain by Alexander Bala, 150. Demeteius Nicator, son of Demetrius Soter, having defeated and killed Alex- ander Bala, becomes k. of Syria, b.c. 146 — is opposed by Diodotns Trypho, who sets up Antiochus, a young son of Alex- ander Bala, 143— invades Parthia, 140 — defeated and taken prisoner, 138 — re- stored to liberty, and regains his throne, 128— killed in battle against Alexander Zebina, 125. Demetrius Euch^rus, a younger son of Antiochus Grypus, proclaimed king of Syria at Damascus, b.c. 93— his fate un- certain. Demetrius, son of Euthydemus, k. of Bac- tria, b.c. 200. Demetrius writes Greek comedies, b.c. 299. Demetrius Pharius, the Illyrian, surren- ders Corcyra to the Romans, B.C. 230 — breaks the treaty with them, renews piraey, is overcome by the consuls, and takes refuge in Macedon, where he be- comes the evil counsellor of Philip V., 219. Demeteius of Scepsis, fl. B.C. 190-145. Demeteius of Magnesia, fl. b.c 55. Demetrius, son of Ariarathes V., king of Cappadocia, commands the auxiliary force sent by his father to Attalus II., k. of Pergamus, B.C. 154. Demeteius, the Cynic, a friend of Seneca, fl. 39-66— expelled from Rome by Vespa- sian, 77. Demetrius. See Alexandria, bishops of. Demetrius, second son of Boniface of Montferrat, k. of Thessalonica, inherits the kingdom on his father's death, 1207 — deprived of it by Theodore Angelus, despot of Epirus, 1222— his elder brother, William, fails and d. in attempting to recover it, 1225— Demetrius d. in Italy, 1227. Demetrius Angelus succeeds his brother, John, as despot of Thessalonica, 1244 — expelled by the emperor John Vataces, 1246. Demetrius Paljeologus, youngest son of the emperor Manuel II., accompanies his brother, John VI., to Ferrara, but refuses to witness the union of the churches, 1439— attempts a weak rebel- lion against him, 1440 — succeeds his brother, Constantine, as despot of the eastern part of the Morea, 1448— expelled by Mahomet II., 1460. Demetrius of Russia. See Dmitri. Demetrius. See Ipsilanti. Demochares, nephew of Demosthenes, defends the decree forbidding the philo- sophers to lecture at Athens, b.c. 316 — banished, 302. Democles, Athenian archon, b.c. 278. Democlides, Athenian archon, b.c. 316. Democritus of Abdera, philosopher, b. B.C. 460- Cantacuzene, usurps, 1347 expelled, 1354. John V., restored, 1354— d. 1391. Manuel II., Palceologus, 1391 — d. 1425. John VI. 1425— d. 1448. Constantine XIV., last emperor of the East, 1448 — falls in the storming of Constantinople by the Ottomans, 1453. East France. See Austrasia— Part of the Carlovingian empire till by the par- tition at Verdun, Germany, under this name, is given to Louis, son of Louis le Debonnaire, 843 — inherited by his son, Charles, the Fat, 876. See Germany. — The county of Franconia formed about 890. See Franconia. East Friesland, inundations in, 1446, 1717— acquired by the king of Prussia, 1744— claimed by George II. for Hanover, discussion amicably settled, 1753. East India Company, the Danish, formed, 1740. East India Company, the Dutch, formed, 1595. East India Company, the English, esta- blished, 1600 — receives a new charter, Sept. 28, 1694 — a new company formedj 1698 ; and, added to the old, constitutes the United East India Company, 1702— charter renewed, 1730— disorders in its government of India corrected by Act of parliament, 1769 — increasing disorders cause a parliamentary investigation, 1772 — the civil administration regulated by a new Act, 1773 — the charter renewed for thirteen years, 1781— Fox's Bill for establishing a new system, thrown out by the Lords, Dec. 17, 1783— the Board of Control formed by Pitt's, July 18, 1784 — a new charter throws open the trade to India, but continues the monopoly of that with China, 1813— charter renewed ; the company ceases to be commercial, and remains only a political body — the trade with China thrown open, 1833. East India Company, the French, founded, 1740; broken up, 1770. East India Company at Ostend, founded by the emperor Charles VI., opposed by the Dutch, 1719 ; dissolved, 1731. East India Company, the Swedish, formed at Gothenburg, 1731. East India Docks opened, 1806. East India House, in Leadenhall Street, built, 1726 ; enlarged, with a new front, 1799. East India stock, the dividend on, ad- vanced to 10 per cent., Sept. 26, 1766; raised to 12£ percent., May 6, 1767 ; which is rescinded byActof parliament, June 24. East Indies, first opened to the English by capt. Lancaster's private trading spe- culation, 1591. See East India Com- pany, English ; and India. ECC 2G2 EDD Eastlake, C L., b. 1793— president R.A., 1850. E aston, Adam, a cardinal, accused of a plot against pope Urban VI., 1385— par- doned by the pope, at the intercession of Richard II. of England, 1386. East Saxons. See Essex. Eaton, Daniel, sentenced to imprisonment and pillory, for publishing Paine's works, March 1, 1812. Ebbo, bp. of Rheims, joins the rebellion against Louis le Debonnaire, 832 — de- graded, 835. Ebekhaed, duke of Friuli, bequeaths his duchy to his son, Unroco, by whose early death it passes to his brother Berenger, 867. Eberhard I., II., III., and Eberhard Louis. See WlRTEMBERG. Eberhard. See Franconia. Eberling, professor, b. 1741— d. 1817. Ebionite heresy revived by Photinus, bp. of Sirmium, 342. Eboeacum. See Yoek. Ebeo, or Ibeeus. See Celtiberians.— Fixed by the Romans as the northern limit of the Carthaginian dominion in Spain, B.o. 226— the boundary of Charle- magne's Marca Hispanica, a.d. 778. Ebroin, mayor of the palace, proclaims, as king of Neustria and Burgundy, Theo- doric, or Thierry III., 670— compelled to retire into a monastery, 671 — leaves the monastery, 673— assassinated, 681. Ebueic, k. 6f the Suevi, in Spain, 582. Eburones, a tribe in Gaul, under Ambio- rix, defeat Titm-ius and Qu. Cicero; are overcome by Csesar, B.C. 54. Ecclesiastical Commission, first appoint- ed by qu. Elizabeth, 1584— by James I., in Scotland, 1617 — abolished in Scotland by the General Assembly, 1637 ; in Eng- land, by parliament, 1641 — revived by James IE, and employed by him to co- erce the universities, 1687 — dissolved, Oct. 11, 1688. Ecclesiastical Courts, a Bill to reform them introduced by Sir R. Feel, March 12, 1835 ; again brought in by him, Feb. 9, 1843— resisted by country attorneys, and withdrawn. Ecclesiastical States in Germany,many of them secularized by the treaty of Munster, 1648 ; and the rest by the Diet, 1803. Ecclesiastical Titles Bill introduced by lord John Russell, Feb. 7, 1850— read a first time, Feb. 14 ; a second time, Mar. 25 — passed by the Commons, July 4 — passed by the Lords, July 29. Ecclesiastics begin to form a distinct or- 1 der from the laity, 204 — are exempted: from all new imposts by Constantius,343. \ Ecdemijs, the Platonic philosopher, assists Aratus and Demophanes in restoring freedom to Sicyon, B.C. 251. Eodicius, son of the emperor Avitus ; checks the progress of Euric, in Au- vergne, 470 — withdraws, 474. Ecebolus, one of Julian's tutors, at Con- stantinople, 350. Ecgbic. See East Anglia. Echaed, Laurence, b. 1671— d. 1730. Echestratus, Agidan king of Lacedae- mon, B.C. 1028-993. Echyreus, king of Sicyon, B.C. 1510 (1428 Ecija, the aqueduct of, is completed by Abderahman III., 949 — battle of, the Castilians defeated by the Merines,1275. Eck, John, pro-rector of the university of Ingolstadt, defends the Romish church against Luther, 1520- -d. 1543. Eckernfiord. battle of; the Danish naval force defeated in the harbeur, April 5, 1849, by the insurgents — taken by the Danes, July 28, 1850. Eckhel, J. H., b. 1737 — director of the Vienna Cabinet of Medals — d. 1798. Eckmubl, battle of ; the Austrians, under the archduke Charles, defeated by Na- poleon and Davoust, April 22, 1809— prince of. See Davoust. Eclipse. See Calippus.— First recorded of the moon, observed at Babylon, b.c. March 19, 721 : again, March 8 and Sept. 1, 720— of the sun, predicted by Thales, 603 — of the moon, July 16,523; Nov. Id, 602 ; April 25, 491 ; Aug. 27, 413 — of the sun, Aug. 14,394; during the battle of Cynoscephalae, 364 — of the moon, Aug. 9, 357 ; Sept. 20, 331— of the sun, Aug. 15, 310; July 11, 190-of the moon, June 21, 168 ; March 13, 4— of the sun, a.d. April 30, 59— of the sun, dur- ing which the stars are visible, June 6, 346-the sun, Nov. 11, 402 ; July 19,418; Dec. 24, 447 ; July 20, 464 ; Apr. 10, 484 ; Feb, 16, 538; June 20, 540; Mar. 19, 592 ; May 1, 664 ; Aug. 15, 733— of the moon, March 20, 795 ; Dec. 20, 802— of the sun, July 16, 809— of the moon, Dec. 25, 828 —total of the sun, March 14, 880—912— of the moon, April 4, 1121 — of the sun, April 22, 1715 ; Sept. 7, 1802 ; during the proceedings against the queen in the House of Lords, Sept. 7, 1820. Eclogue. See Melito, bp. of Sardes. Ecnqmus, battle of; the Carthaginian fleet defeated by Regulus and Manlius Vulso, B.C. 256. Ecole Militai re, established at Paris, 1751 . Ecthesis, or Exposition of Faith, publish- ed by Heraclius, 638 — resisted by popo Severinus, 640. Edda. See Snorro Sturleson. EDG 263 EDI Eddington. See Ethandune. Eddystone lighthouse, built, 1696 — wash- ed down, Nov. 27, 1703-rebuilt, 1706— burnt, Dec. 4, 1755 — rebuilt, 1759— burnt again, 1770 — reconstructed with stone by Smeaton, 1774. Edelm, abbot of Thetford, murdered, 952. Edelnoth, or Ethelnoth, archbp. of Can- terbury, 1019— d. 1038. Eden, Sir Fred. Morton, d. 1809. Edessa, the capital of Osrhoene, taken by Trajan, 116 — Valerian defeated and made prisoner under its walls, 260 — punished by Julian for the disorderly conduct of the Arians, 362 — overwhelmed by a flood, 525 — attacked unsuccessfully by Chos- roes, 544 — taken by the Persians, 611 — called by the Turks Orfa — made the ca- pital of the first Latin principality, by Baldwin, count of Hainault, brother of Godfrey de Bouillon, 1097 — stormed by Zenghi, the Atabek, 1144. Edgar, the Etheling, second son of Ed- mund I., k. of England, b. 943 — governs Mercia under the supremacy of his bro- ther, Edwy, 957 — succeeds him as king, 959 — recalls Dunstan, and makes him bp. of Worcester and London, 959 — in- vades North Wales, defeats Idwal, and exacts an annual tribute of 300 w elves' heads, 963 — displaces « 11 married priests, and fills the church with monks — mar- ries Elfrida, 964 — he is anointed at Bath by the archbps. Dunstan and Oswald — during his annual review of the fleet (scip-fyrd), eight tributary kings do him homage at Chester, 972 — d. 975. Edgar Etheling, son of Edward, the se- cond son of Edmund Ironside, b. in Hun- gary, brought to England with his fa- ther, 1057. See Edward, son of Edmund Ironside. — After the conquest, takes flight into Scotland, 1067 — he and his Scotch allies are defeated by William, 1068 — burns York, and, on the approach of William, retires into the H umber, 1069— submits to William, 1074 — joins the Normans in Apulia, 1086 — places Edgar, son of Malcolm III., on the throne of Scotland, 1098 — taken prisoner at Tinchebrai, and released by Henry I., 1106— d. 1120. Edgar, son of Malcolm III.,k. of Scotland, deprived of the throne by Donald Bane, 1093 — restored by his uncle, Edgar Etheling, 1098— d. 1107. Edgehill, battle of, between Charles I. and the parliamentary forces, issue un- decided, Oct. 23, 1642. Edgeworth, Abbe, b. 1745— d. 1807. Edgeworth, Maria, b. 1767— d. 1849. Edgeworth, Richard Lovell, invents an improved telegraph, 1767. Edgitha, daughter of earl Godwin, mar- ried to Edward the Confessor, 1043 — d. 1074. Edict, Perpetual, of the emperor Hadrian, prepared by Salvianus Julianus, 132 — " Edict of Restitution," issued by the emperor Frederic II. of Germany, re- quires many church-lands to be given up, 1629 — Edict of Nantes, for the tolera- tion of Protestants in France, proclaimed by Henry IV., April 13, 1598— revoked by Louis XIV., Oct. 22, 1685. Edim, Mugehid, attacks Sardinia, 1016 — driven out by the Pisans and Genoese ; his fleet is nearly destroyed by a storm, 1017. Edinburgh, the eastern termination of the fortified line constructed by Agricola, 84 — and strengthened by Sept. Severus, 210 — made a frontier fortress by Edwin, k. of" Northumberland, and named after him, about 630 — new defences raised by Constantine III., k. of Scotland, 914 — re- paired by Malcolm Canmore, 1074 — placed by William the Lion in the hands of Henry II. of England, 1175— taken by Edward I., 1296— Edw. Balliol holds a parliament there, Feb. 9, 1334 — surren- ders to Edward III., 1355— burnt by Kichard II., 1385— taken by Henry IV., 1401 — occupied by Richard, duke of Glou- cester,and peace concluded with Jas.IIL, 1482 — taken, plundered, and burnt, by the earl of Hertford, 1544 — deed of union signed there by the Congregation, Dec. 3, 1557— riot on the festival of St. Giles, Sept. 1, 1558 — treaty of, for the evacu- ation of Scotland by the French, July 6, 1560 — Mary, qu. of Scots, refuses her as- sent to it, 1561 — the castle seized by her partisans, 1571 — surrenders to the re- gent, Morton, 1572 — University founded, by the town council, 1581 — confirmed and endowed by James VI., 1582— ceases to be the royal residence on his departure for London, Apr. 5, 1603 — visited by him, and parliament held, June 13, 1617 — co- ronation of Charles I., at Holyrood House, June 18, 1633— riot against the in- troduction of the liturgy, July 23, 1637 — visited again by Chas. I ., 1641 — occupied by Cromwell, 1648 — the castle surrenders to him, Dec. 24, 1650 — the Porteous riot, Sept. 7, 1736 — the Pretender proclaimed, Sept. 16, 1745 — Act passed for the im- provement of the city, 1753 — professor- ship of Belles Lettres established, 1762 — North Bridge erected, 1763— fire in the Lawn market, 1771— riots caused by the high price of corn, June 10, 1784 — the French royal family reside in Holyrood House, 1795 — Review, first number of the, published, Oct. 1, 1802— monument ED11 2G4 EDW £ d wburgh— continued. to Nelson finished, 1815 — visit of Geo. IV., 1822— railway to Dalkeith opened, 1831 — Journal, Chambers', first No. pub- lished, 1832— meeting of the British As- sociation, Sept. 8, 1834 — public dinner at, to Earl Grey, Sept. 15— railway to Glasgow opened, Feb. 8, 1842 — destruc- tive fire, May 6 — public entry of qu. Victoria, Sept. 3 — monument to Muir and his brother reformers is founded, Aug. 21, 1844— monument to Sir Walter Scott commenced, 1844 — completed, 1845 — railway to Leith and Granton opened, 1846— to Berwick, June 18— to Mussel- burgh, July 14, 1847— meeting of the British Association, July 31, 1850 — qu. Victoria holds a court in Holyrood House, Aug. 30— foundation-stone of the National Gallery laid by prince Albert, Sept. 11 — statue of the duke of Welling- ton erected, June 18, 1852 — Society, Sir E. B. Lytton installed president of the, Jan. 18, 1854. Edmund, titular k. of East Anglia, mur- dered by the Danes, and afterwards ca- nonized, 870. Edmund I., son of Edw. the Elder, I. 920— assists his brother, Athelstan, at the battle of Brunanburh,937 — succeeds him as k. of England, 940— defeated at Tam- worth ; afterwards overcomes Anlaf, and takes the Five-burghs, 943 — reduces Northumberland to subjection, 944 — con- quers Dunwallon, king of Strathcluyd, 945 — assassinated by Leofa, at Pnckle- church, in Gloucestershire, May 26, 946. Edmund Ironside, son of Ethelred II., suc- ceeds him as k. of England, 1016 — after many battles, he is foiled by the treach- ery of Edric, ealdorman of Mercia, and by treaty divides the kingdom with Ca- nute ; assassinated, Nov. 30. Edmund, eldest son of Edmund Iron- side, sent by Canute, witli his brother, Edward, to Stephen, k. of Hungary, 1017 — afterwards marries the daughter of Stephen, and d. in Hungary. Edmund the Aged, k. of Sweden, 1051- 1060. Edmund, earl of Lancaster, second son of Henry III., k. of England, b. 1245 — pro- posed by his father to pope Innocent IV. as k. of Sicily, 1253— the treaty con- cluded with pope Alexander IV. ; set aside by the English parliament, 1255 — marries Arcelina, daughter of the earl of Albemarle, and accompanies his brother, Edward, to the crusade, 1270— sent by Edw. I. to defend Guienne against Phi- lip IV., k. of France, 1294— d. at Bay- onne, 1295. Edmund, e&xl of Cambridge, fourth living son of Edw. III., k. of England, I. 1345 — marries Isabella, daughter of Peter the Cruel, k. of Castile, 1369— created duke of York by Richard II., 1377 — assists the Portuguese invasion of Castile, 1382 — regent in the absence of Richard II., joins Henry IV., 1399— d. 1400. Edmund, earl of Kent, second son of Edw. I., k. of England, by his second marriage with Margaret of France, b. 1301— joins the rebellion ofqu. Isabella against Edw. II., 1326— arrested by Mortimer, 1329— beheaded, Mar. 9, 1330. Edmund, earl of Richmond, eldest son of Owen Tudor and qu. Katharine, marries Margaret Beaufort, daughter and heiress of John Beaufort, duke of Somerset, grandson of John of Gaunt, 1455 — d. 1458. Edmund, treasurer of Salisbury, elected ai'chbp. of Canterbury, 1234 — opposes Peter des Roches, bp. of Winchester, and supports the barons at the parlia- ment of Merton, 1236-d. 1245. Edred, youngest son of Edw. the Elder, succeeds his brother, Edmund I., as k. of England, 946 — marches an army into Northumberland and Scotland, and re- ceives oaths of submission in both coun- tries, 947 — expels Eric, the son of the Danish k., Harold, who is set up as k. in Northumberland, 948 — makes Dnn- stan his chief councillor and treasurer, 948 — imprisons Wulfstan, archbp. of York, at Jedburgh, 952— d. at Frome, Nov. 26, 955. Edric, son of Egbert, k. of Kent, deprived of his inheritance by his uncle. Lothere, 673— assisted by the South Saxons to recover it, 685— d. 693. Edric, ealdorman of Mercia, betrays Ed- mund Ironside in his contest with Ca- nute, 1016— slain, 1017. Ed his Ben Abdallah, great grandson of Hosein, the son of Ali, flies from Mecca into Africa, 785— founds the kingdom of Fez, 787. Edris Ben Edris, k. of Fez, makes an alli- ance with the Spanish caliph, Al lla- kem, 804— builds the city of Fez, 806. Edkisites in Fez, are assisted by the ca- liph Abderahman III., 929. Education. See Bell, Andrew, and Lan- caster, Joseph. Edward the Elder, son of Alfred, succeeds him as k. of England, 901 — defeats Ethelwold, son of Ethelred I., and the Danes, 905 — concludes the treaty of Itchingford, 906 — rebuilds Chester," 907 — defeats the Northumbrian Danes at Tettenhall, 910 — equips a large fleet against them, 911. See Eadgift. — In- corporates Mercia, which is governed by his sister, Ethelfled, 912— fortifies Tarn- EDW 265 £BW Edward, the Elder — continued. worth, Hertford, Witham, and Stafford, 913 — Warwick, 914 — promotes the resort of students to Cambridge, and fortifies Runcorn, 915. See Ethelfled. — Re- pulses a fleet of Normans from Britanuy in the Severn; Thurcytel submits to him, 918 — takes Bedford from the Five- burghers, 919 — fortifies Maldon,920 — the Danes endeavour to destroy his new fortifications, but are repulsed at Tow- cester, 921 — death of Ethelfled ; Mercia and North Wales submit, 922 — takes Manchester; Elfwina, Ethelfled's daugh- ter, conspires against him in Mercia, and is removed into Wessex, 923 — the Danes of Northumberland, and the Bri- tons of Strathcluyd, submit ; d. at Far- ringdon, 924. Edward II., the 3Tartyr, son of Edgar, b. 962— succeeds him as k. of England, 975 — assassinated at Corfe Castle by his stepmother, Elfrida, Mar. 18, 978. Edward, the Confessor, son of Ethelred II., taken by his mother to Normandy, 1016 — recalled into England, 1041 — becomes king, 1042 — marries Edgitha, daughter of Godwin, earl of Kent ; pu- nishes the plot of his mother, Emma, and the bishop Stigand, by depriving her of her wealth, and him of his see, 1043 — restores him, 1044 — rebellion of Godwin's son, Sweyn, 1046 — he is de- feated and goes to Bruges, 1047 — Edward displeases his people by his partiality to the Normans, 1048 — pardons. Sweyn, 1050 — banishes Godwin and his sons, 1051 — reconciled to them ; sends the Nor- man prelates and nobles out of England ; abolishes the Danegild; visited by Wil- liam, duke of Normandy, 1052— Godwin dies, and his son, Harold, succeeds to his titles and power,1053— defeats the Welsh at Cleobury, 1056— death of Edward, son of Edmund Ironside; Godwin's son, Ha- rold, designated heir of the throne, 1057 — he defeats the Welsh, 1063— Edward dedicates Westminster Abbey ; the An- glo-Saxon laws are collected and digested by his orders, 1065 — d. Jan. 5, 1066 — his laws are renewed by Henry I., 1100 — Roman Catholic devotions at his shrine prevented, by closing Westminster Ab- bey for the day, Oct. 12, 1743. Edward I., k. of England, eldest son of Henry III., I. June 16, 1239 — while prince, visits Alfonso X., k. of Castile, at Burgos ; is knighted by him, and affi- anced to his sister, Eleanora, 1255 — brings a foreign army to assist his father against the barons, 1262— defeated and taken prisoner at Lewes, May 14, 1264— released, and gains the battle of Eve- sham, Aug. 4, 1265 — proceeds on his cru- sade, and lands at Acre, 1270— drives Bibars from the siege of Acre, and takes Nazareth ; is wounded by an assassin, 1271 — concludes a truce for ten years with the sultan, and leaves Palestine; is proclaimed king four days after his father's death, Nov. 20, 1272. Demands justice on Guy de Montfort, theassassin of his cousin, Henry; the murderer is excommunicate d,!1273 — after remaining some time in France, lands at Dover, Aug. 2, 1274, and is crowned, with his queen Eleanor, at Westminster, Aug. 19 — sends commissioners into the coun- ties to reform the administration of jus- tice, 1274 — persecutes the Jews, 1275 — de- tains Eleanor de Montfort, and leads an armyi into Wales, 1276 — subdues the country as far as Snowdon, 1277 — receives homage from Llewellyn, prince of Wales, and releases Eleanor de Montfort, 1278 —obtains from his parliament the first statute of Mortmain, and gives up Nor- mandy to the k. of France, 1279 — Quo Warranto Act passed, 1280. Prepares again to invade Wales; holds a parliament at Worcester, and removes his law-courts from Westminster to Shrews- bury, 1281 — defeats Llewellyn at Llan- dewyer, who falls in battle ; builds Aber- conway castle,1282 — puts to death Llewel- lyn's brother, David, and finally subdues Wales, 1283 — gives the title of prince of Wales to his son Edward, born at Caer- narvon castle, Apr. 25, 1284 — the statute of Winchester makes the Hundred an- swerable for robberies committed in the daytime; watch and ward instituted, 1284 — he defines the limits of each court of law, and regulates the administration of justice in the counties, 1285— while in Guienne mediates a peace between Ara- gon and France, and. the liberation of Charles, k. of Naples ; the pope prevents its ratification, 1287 — Edward brings the treaty to a conclusion, at Oleron, in Beam, 1288. Effects a truce of two years between Sicily and Naples; dismisses and fines some of his judges, convicted of cor- ruption, 1289— regulates manorial rights by a new law, 1290 — the disputed suc- cession in Scotland is referred to his decision: he claims and receives from the competitors homage as their suze- rain, 1291 — his queen, Eleanora, dies, 1291. See Eleanora, daughter of Fer- dinand III. — He awards the crown of Scotland to John Balliol, who does him homage at Newcastle, 1292 — Balliol hesi- EDW 266 EDW Edward I. — continued. tates to obey his summons to appear in London ; Guienne seized by Philip IV. ; war with France, 1293— alliance with Adolphus of Germany, and Guy, count of Flanders, 1294. Balliol renounces his feudal subjec- tion; Edward holds a parliament, to which ail the boroughs send deputies, and vote supplies, 1295— battle of Dun- bar, April 27— Balliol made prisoner, resigns his crown; the Scotch parlia- ment does homage to Edward at Ber- wick; the earl of Surrey appointed governor of Scotland ; the crown, sceptre, and coronation-stone brought to West- minster; Edward resists a papal Bull, which forbids the clergy to pay taxes imposed by temporal princes, and compels them to pay by placing out of the protec- tion of the law those who refuse ; obtains supplies from his parliament, and sends an army into Guienne under his brother, the earl of Lancaster, 1296— having le- vied arbitrary taxes on wool and leather, the earls Bohun of Hereford, and Bigod of Norfolk, refuse to join his army, and the parliament passes an Act, Confirmatio Cartarum, Aug. 1, declaring that no taxes shall be raised without the consent of the knights, citizens, and burgesses in parliament assembled ; the Act receives the king's sanction; he goes over to France to succour the count of Flanders ; his anny is driven out of Scotland, 1297. Makes a truce of two years with France; defeats Wallace at Falkirk, Julv 22, and establishes his power in Scotland, 12&8 — marries Margaret, daughter of Philip III.,k. of France, Sept. 12. 1299— the Scotch appeal to pope Bo- niface VIIL, 1299— he claims their coun- try as a papal fief, 1300— the English parliament denies his right to interfere, 1301— Edward makes peace with France, and marches again into Scotland, 1303— the regent, Comyn, submits to him ; Wallace continues the struggle, 1304— Wallace taken, is executed as a traitor, Aug. 23, 1305— Robert Bruce, k. of Scot- land, drives the English out of the country, 1306— Edward banishes Piers Gaveston ; Robert Bruce defeats the earl of Pembroke ; Edward marches against him, and d. at Burgh, on the Sands, July 7 1307— his tomb, in Westminster Ab- bey, opened by the Society of Antiqua- rie"s 1774. Edward II., k. of England, son of Edw. I., h in Caernarvon castle, the first prince of Wales, April 25, 1284 -betrothed to Isabella, daughter of Philip IV., k. of France, 1303— succeeds his father on the throne, July 8, 1307 — recalls Piers Ga- veston, and creates him earl of Corn- wall, 1307 — marries Isabella, Jan. 23 — crowned at Westminster, Feb. 24, 1308 — the queen and his cousin, the earl of Lan- caster, demand the removal of Gaveston, who is appointed governor of Ireland, 1308— he is recalled, and again offends the barons by his insolence, 1309— is again banished by the parliamentary commissioners appointed to exercise the royal power, 1310 — Edward again recalls him ; retires to York, and protests against the ordinances of the commissi- oners; the barons arm against him, 1311 — they take Gaveston prisoner, and be- head him ; peace between them and the king, 1312. Truce with Scotland, 1313— war re- newed; Edward defeated at Bannock- burn, June 25, 1314 — the earl of Lan- caster takes the direction of public affairs in England ; Edward adopts a new favourite, Hugh le Despenser ; Ro- bert Bruce invades England, takes Ber- wick, is repulsed at Carlisle, and returns ; Edward Bruce invades Ireland, 1315. See Bruce, Edward. — Truce for two years with Scotland, 1319— the favours bestowed by Edward on Despenser and his father, excite the jealousy of the earl of Lancaster and other barons, 1320 — the Despensers are banished by an Act of parliament; the king collects an army, reverses the Act, and recalls the exiles, 1321. See Despenser, Hugh le. — Defeats the barons at Boroughbridge ; the earl of Hereford slain ; the earl of Lancaster made prisoner, and beheaded at Pontefract, Mar. 23, 1322. The queenfirst sees Mortimer aprisoner in the Tower, and assists his escape. See Mortimer, Roger.— Unsuccessful inva- sion of Scotland; a truce for thirteen years concluded,1323— dispu te with Chas. I V. of France, respecting Guienne; Isabella goes to mediate between her husband and brother ; Edward cedes the province to his eldest son, who goes to France to do homage for it, 1324 — Isabella retires with Mortimer to Hainault, 1325— they land with an army in Suffolk ; Edward retreats into Wales, is made prisoner, and conveyed to Kenilworth castle, 1326 — deposed by parliament, Jan. 7, 1327— resigns, Jan. 20 — taken to Berkeley castle and brutally murdered, Sept. 21, 1327. Edward III., k. of England, son of Edw. II., b. Nov. 12, 1313— his father trans- fers Guienne to him, for which he does homage to his uncle, Charles IV.. 1321— taken by his mother to Hainault, ami EDW 267 EDW Edward III.— continued. affianced to Philippa, daughter of Wm. III., count of Holland and Haiuault,1325 — refuses to accept the crown, unless re- signed by his father ; this having been accomplished, he is proclaimed, Jan. 25, 1327. His mother and Mortimer at first rule in his name; he accompanies the army which repels Robert Bruce, and displays early proofs of valour, 1327 — his marriage with Philippa solemnized at York, Jan. 1328 — he resolves to take the government into his own hands ; confines his mother, and hangs Morti- mer, 1330 — redresses the grievances of his people, and restores a strict adminis- tration of justice, 1331 — enters Scotland with an army, and lays siege to Berwick ; defeats the regent, Douglas, at Hali- down Hill, July 19 — Berwick surrenders and is annexed to England ; Edward, son of John Balliol, does homage to him as his superior lord, 1333. Receives the banished Robert, count d'Artois, at his court, and prepares se- cretly to assert his imaginary claim to the throne of France, by alliances with Flanders and other States, 1334 — he again conducts Balliol into Scotland, 1335 — obtains the support of James van Artevelde ; raises money by grants from parliament, and confiscating the wealth of the Lombard merchants ; coins gold florins, 1337— sails from the Orwell with a fleet of 500 ships, July 15 — lands his amiy at Antwerp on the 22nd ; has an interview with the emperor at Coblentz ; is appointed vicar of the empire ; confers privileges on the city of Ghent, and as- sumes the title of king of France, 1338 — invades France, and encamps at V iron- fosse; marches back to Flanders and disbands his army ; returns to England, and obtains a grant of money from par- liament, on condition of redressing griev- ances, and giving privileges to the bo- roughs, 1339. On his return to Flanders, encounters and destroys a large French fleet, June 24 ; 230 ships taken ; he besieges Tour- nay ; a truce concluded, Sept. 3, through the mediation of Jane, dowager-countess of Hainault, 1340 — birth of his son, John of Gaunt. 1340— he quarrels with Stratford, archbp. of Canterbury, and the clergy ; the parliament, with a vote of supplies, pass an Act, limiting the king's prerogative, which he annuls by a proclamation; supports the claim of John de Montfort to the duchy of Bretagne, in opposition to Charles de Blois, 1341 — besieges Vannes, and re- lievos Jane de Montfort in Hennebonne, 1342 — a truce of three years is conclud- ed with France, through the mediation of the papal legates, 1343 — truce broken 1/ Philip; war renewed in Guienne, 1344. See Bergerac, and Auberch:hk.— Edward holds a tournament at Windsor — coins gold nobles, 1344. Embarks at Southampton, July, and lands at La Hogue, July 12, 1346— battle of Crecy, Aug. 25 • -lays siege to Calais ; battle of Neville's Cross, gained by Phi- lippa, Oct. 17; after which she arrives in the camp before Calais, 1346 — surrender of Calais, 1347 --Edward declines the crown of Germany, which is offered to him; rebuilds St. Stephen's chapel, Westminster, 1347— another truce with France, 1348— he defeats a plot to be- tray Calais, Jan. 1, 1349 — conquers in single combat the French knight, Eus- tace de Ribaumont; institutes or revives the Order of the Garter, 1349. Act of parliament to define the law of high treason, 1351 — statute of Prae- munire limits the papal power in Eng- land, 1352 — Berwick surprised by the regent of Scotland, 1354 — alliance with Spain; the Black Prince invades Lan- guedoc; Edward lands at Calais, and invades the northern provinces ; .comes back to England ; repels an invasion of the Scotch ; recovers Berwick, and ad- vances to Edinburgh ; Balliol resigns to him his claims on the crown of Scotland for a pension, 1355 ; battle of Poitiers, Sept. 19, 1356 -the prince brings his pri- soners to London ; Edward concludes a treaty with John II., the captive kingot France, which the dauphin rejects, 1357. Edward respects the truce, 1358 — his terms of peace being rejected, he again invades France, and besieges Rheims, 1359 — desists from the attack on Rheims, and advances unopposed to the gates ot Paris; a treaty of peace signed at Bre- tigni, May 8 — the king of France set free, 1360 — he forms Guienne and the adjoining province into the principality of Aquitaine, for the Black Prince ; ce- lebrates his fiftieth year, by a general amnesty, and a confirmation of Magna Charta ; the French language discon- tinued in the law-courts, 1362 — the k. of France returns to England, on account of some difficulties about the treaty ; Ed- ward and the Black Prince, and three foreign sovereigns, are entertained in London by sir Henry Pikard, 1363. The tribute claimed by the pope refused 1366— campaign of the Black Prince in Castile,1367 — war renewed with France; Edward appeals to the parliament. EDW 268 EDW Edward III. — continued. who grant subsidies, and urge him tore- assunie the title of king of France, 1369 —his conquests in France recovered by Charles V., 1370 — the parliament peti- tions him to employ no churchman in any office of the state, and to resist papal oppression, 1371 — truce conclude'd with France, 1374 — employs William of Wykeham to build anew castle at Wind- sor—death of the Black Prince, June 8, 1376 — the parliament, fearing intrigues against the rights of his son, petition Edward to remove from court Alice Pierce and John of Gaunt ; he complies, and declares Richard, prince of Wales, heir to the crown, 1376 — Edward d. at Richmond, June 21, 1377. Edward, the Black Prince, son of Edward III., b. June 15, 1330 — created duke of Cornwall, 1337 — distinguishes himself at the battle of Crecy, and assumes the crest and motto of John, k. of Bohemia, Aug. 25, 1346— intercedes for Eustace de St. Pierre and his fellow-citizens, 1347 — conducts an army to Guienne, crosses the Garonne, and overruns Languedoc —battle of Poictiers, Sept. 19— John II., of France, taken by him, 1355 — he brings his prisoners to London, and is trium- phantly received, May 24, 1357— his fa- ther forms Guienne and the adjoining pro- vinces into the principality of Aquitaine for him, 1362 — he is entertained in Lon- don by sir Henry Pikard, 1363 — Peter, the Cruel, k. of Castile, appeals to him for aid against Henry deTrastamare, 1366 —he espouses the cause of Peter, recalls the "Companies" from the service of Henry, defeats him at Najara, takes Du Guesclin prisoner, restores Peter, and restrains his cruelty ; deceived and ill- treated, Edward leaves him to his fate, 1367— birth of his son, Richard, at Bor- deaux, Jan. 6, 1367— the nobles of Aqui- taine refuse to pay the taxes levied for his Castilian campaign, 1368 — the k. of France cites him to answer for his con- duet to his subjects ; war renewed, 1369 — his declining health causes his return to England, 1370— d. June 8, 1376. Edward, prince of Wales, son of Henry VI., I. Oct. 13, 1453— his birth prevents an amicable adjustment of the rival claims of the houses of York and Lan- caster—escapes with his mother from the battle of Hexham, and is taken by her to Flanders, 1463 — educated at An- gers, by sir John Fortescue, 1467 — mar- ried to Anne Neville, daughter of the earl of Warwick, 1470— lande with his mother at Weymouth, April 14 — killed at Tewkesbury, May 4, 1471. Edward IV., k. of England, son of Richard, duke of York, b. at Rouen, April 29, 1441 . — on his father's death inherits his title and his claim to the crown, 1460— defeats the earl of Pembroke at Mortimers Cross, Feb. 2, 1461 — drives the royal army into the north, after the second battle of St. Alban's, Feb. 17— occupies London, and is proclaimed king, Mar. 4 — gains the battle of Towton, Mar. 29- is crowned, June 29 — his title confirmed by parliament, Nov. 4 — the Lancastrians at- tainted — they are defeated at Hedgeley moor, April 25; and Hexham, May 15, 1463 — sends the earl of Warwick to ne- gotiate a marriage for him with the princess Bona of Savoy, 1484 — marries Elizabeth Woodville, and presents her as queen to his court at Reading, 1464: — crowns her at Westminster, in May — the earl of Warwick takes offence, 1465 — birth of the princess Elizabeth, Feb. 11. 1466. His brother, George, dnke of Cla- rence, attaches himself to Warwick, and marries his eldest daughter, Isabella, 1466— Edward forms an alliance with Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy, and gives him his sister, Margaret, in marriage, 1467 — league with the duke of Britanny, 1468 — insurrection in York- shire; the earl of Warwick and the duke of Clarence come from Calais to offer their services to Edward, who ac- cepts them, 1469 — they league with Mar- garet against him, and defeat him at Nottingham — he is deserted by the mar- quis of Montague, and takes flight to King's Lynn, where he embarks for Flan- ders, 1470 — obtains assistance from Charles the Bold ; lands at Ravenspur, in Yorkshire, March 14, 1471 — is ad- mitted into London, April 11 — again consigns Henry to the Tower, and re- ceives the homage of the citizens, April 13 — is joined by his brother, the duke of Clarence — gains the battles of Barnet, April 14, and Tewkesbury, May 4. Makes a new alliance with the duke of Burgundy, and a secret treaty with the count of St. Pol ; prepares for a war with France, 1474 — he embarks his army at Portsmouth, June 20, and lands at Calais; his allies fail in their engagements ; a truce concluded, Aug. 29 ; followed by the peace' of Pecquigni, 1475 — Edward conceives suspicions against his brother, the duke of Clarence ; two of his friends, Burdet and Stacy, are tried and exe- cuted : Richard, dnke of York, Edward's second son, is affianced to Anne Mow- bray, heiress of the duke of Norfolk, 1477 — condemnation and death of the EDW 269 EGB duke of Clarence, Feb. 1478 — treaty of marriage of the dauphin with Edward's daughter, Elizabeth ; Louis breaks the contract, and urges the king of Scotland to make war on Edward, 1481 ; James of Scotland prepares to invade England ; the dukes of Gloucester and Albany re- cover Berwick, advance to Edinburgh, and enforce a treaty of peace, 1482 — Ed- ward d. 1483. Edward V., king of England, eldest son of Edward IV., b. Nov. 11, 1470— suc- ceeds his father, April 9, 1483 — his uncle, Richard III., usurps the throne, June 26, and his two nephews are murdered in the Tower ; the bones of two children, supposed to be their remains, discovered under a staircase in the Tower, Mar. 16, 1675. Edward VI., k. of England, son of Henry VIII. and Jane Seymour, b. Oct. 12,1537 — proposed treaty of marriage with Mary qu. of Scots, 1543 — succeeds his father, Jan. 28 ; his uncle, the duke of Somerset, protector, 1547 — the Reformation actively earned on, 1548 — fall of Somerset and ascendancy of Warwick, 1549 — agree- ment for the marriage of the king and Elizabeth, daughter of Henry II., k. of France, 1550 — founds St. Thomas's Hos- pital, Bridewell, and Christ's Hospital, 1551 — falls ill, 1552 — makes a settlement of the crown on Lady Jane Grey, June 21, 1553— d. July 6, 1553. Edward, or Ddarte, son of John I., k. of Portugal, succeeds his father, 1433 — fails in his attack on Tangier, 1437 — d. of the plague, at Thorn ar, Sept 19, 1438. Edward, second son of Edmund Ironside, sent with his brother, Edmund, to Hun- gary, by Canute, 1017 — Aldred, bp. of Worcester, is sent to Cologne to bring him home, 1054 — he returns to England, and dies soon after, 1057. See Edgar Etheling, and Margaret, qu. of Scot- land. Edward, son of Richard III., b. at Middle- ham, 1474— d. April 9, 1484. Edward Augustus, second son of Fred- eric Louis, prince of Wales, ft. March 25, 1739 — created duke of York, d. at Mo- naco, Sept. 17, 1767. Edward Augustus. See Kent, duke of. Edwaed, duke of Parma, 1622-1646. Edward, count of Savoy, 1323-1329. Edwardes, Lieut., defeats Moolraj, June 18; July 1,1848. Edwin, king of Northumberland, son of Ella, king of Deira, b. 585— on the death of his father supplanted by Ethelric, 588— persecuted by his brother-in-law, Ethelfrid; takes refuge with Redwald, king of East Anglia, who places him on the throne of Northumberland, 617— the fifth Bretwalda, 623 — receives letters from pope Boniface V., 625— Eumer at- tempts to assassinate him, 626— marries Ethelburga, daughter of Ethelbert, k. of Kent; embraces Christianity, and builds the first minster of wood at York, 627— defeated and slain by Penda, k. of Mercia. and Cadwalla the Hriton, in the battle of Heathfield, (Hatfield Chase), Oct. 12, 633. Edw in the Etheling, son of Edward the Elder, perishes at sea, 933. Edwin, earl of Northumberland, rebels against William I., and is slain by his own followers, who are surrounded in the Isle of Ely, and captured, 1071. Edwy, king of England, son of Edmund I., succeeds his uncle Edred, 955 — his mar- riage the conquest of Judaea, 70 — rebellion of the Egyptian Jews, 115 — repressed by Lusius Quietus, 117 — visit of Hadrian, and death of An- tinous, 130 — the commotions at Alex- andria interrupt the shipment of com to Rome, 186 — visit of Sept. Severus to Memphis and the pyramids, 202 — of Caracalla, and massacre of the Alexan- drians, 215 — Epagathus, the assassin of Ulpian, conveyed there, 228 — rebellion of JEmilianus, 262— suppi'essed by Theo- dotus ; violent commotions in Alexan- dria, 263. Zenobia rules in the name of Clau- dius II., 269 — revolt of Firmus sup- pressed by Aurelian, 273 — invasion of the Blemmyes repulsed by Probus, 279 revolt of Achilleus put down by Diocle- tian, and punished by the slaughter of the inhabitants of Alexandria ; and the destruction of Busiris and Coptos, 297 — Antony introduces the monastic system, 305. Ses Alexandria, Arians, and Athanasius. — Sudden rise of the sea on the coast of Egypt, 365— visit of Jerome, 366-violence of Cyril, 412. See Cyril. Conquered by Chosroes Purvis, 616 — invaded by Amrou, 639 — Alexandria taken by the Saracens, Dec. 22, 640— EIM 27 ELE Egypt — continued. Egypt fl. under the government of Am- rou ; he is recalled by Othman, and Ab- dallah appointed in his place, 644— Amrou sent by Moawiyah to expel Ali's partisans, 658 — is governor again, 661 — the caliph, Merwan II., after his defeat on the river Zab, takes flight into Egypt, 749 — defeated and slain at Busir-coridas on the banks of the Nile, and the dynasty of the Abbassides established, 750. Possessed by the Toulunides, 868— re- covered from them by Mohammed Moh- tafi's general, 905— Mohammed al Mahdi founds the Fatimite empire, 908 — Maiz Ad Din establishes an independent ca- liphate, and builds Cairo, 969 — Syria - taken from the Fatimites, by Malek Shah 1076 — first entrance of the Turks, 1163 — invaded by Amalric, king of Je- rusalem, who takes and pillages Helio- polis; Shiracouh and Saladin, Noured- din's generals, are called in to repel him, 1168 — Saladin, by the death of Shira- couh, becomes supreme, 1171 ; and inde- pendent sultan, 1174. See Saladin and Crusades. The Mamelukes assassinate their sul- tan, Turan Shah, and make themselves masters of Egypt; Ibeg, the first sultan, 1250 — their sultan Khansou Ghori, is incited by the Venetians to molest the Portuguese in India, 1504 — invades • Syria, is defeated and slain, Aug. 17. 1516 — Cairo taken by storm, and Egypt added to the Ottoman empire, 1517 — invaded by the French, 1798. See Bo- naparte, Napoleon, and George III., king of Great Britain. — They are ex- pelled by the English and Turks, 1801 — the English repelled in an attack on, 1807 — Mehemet Ali massacres the Mamelukes, and obtains supreme power, 1811. See Mehemet Ali, Ibrahim Pasha, and Abbas Pasha. Egyptian hieroglyphics invented by Athotes 2112 (known in time of Menes,L.) letters, by Syphoas, 1896 (1681 C, about 3400 L.) — alphabet, completed by Mem- non, B.C. 1822 (ascribed by Lepsius to Amenemhe III., about 2120) — hierogly- phics, first deciphering of, by Champol- lion, 1821. Egyptians expelled with Jews from Italy, and planted in Sardinia, by Tiberius, 19. Egyptus. See Sesostris. Ehud. See Eglon. Eichhorn, J. G., I. 1752— tf. 1827. Eidgenossen, the name taken by the union of Genevan reformers, and converted by the French into Huguenots, 1519. Eimbeck, in Hanover, taken by the French, 1760. Eislebsn, in the county of Mansfeld, the birth-place of Martin Luther, Nov. 10, 1483. Elagabalus, Bassianus, son of Sextus Va- rius Marcellus, gov. of Britain, and Julia Sosemias Bassiana, daughter of Julia Msesa (the sister of Julia Domna, wife of the emperor Sept. Severus), ft. 201 — high priest of the Sun at Emesa — through bribes to the army, is proclaim- ed emperor; styles himself M. Aurelius • Antoninus ; defeats and kills Macrinus, whose name he erases from the list of consuls and inserts his own, 218 — arrives at Rome, bringing with him his Syrian idol, which he places in a stately temple • consul II., 219 — appoints his vilest asso-' ciates to the highest offices in the state ; consul III., 220 — jealous of the popula- rity of Alexander Severus, attempts to depose him, 221— consul IV.; slain by the praetorians, March 11, 222. Elah, k. of Israel, B.C. 931. El Arisch, or Khinoscorura, Baldwin I., k. of Jerusalem, d. at, 1118 — the Turks defeated at, by Bonaparte, Feb. 8, 1799 — treaty of, concluded by sir Sidney Smith and the grand vizir with gen. Kle.be.r for the evacuation of Egypt by the French, Jan. 24, 1800. Elatea, taken by Philip II. , k. of Mace- don, b.c. 338 ; by the Roman consul, Fla- minius, 198. Elba, isle of, taken by commodore Nelson, Aug. 9, 1796— assigned to Napoleon, Apr. 11, 1814 ; left by him, Feb. 26, 1815. Elbe, the {Lat. Albis), reached by the Ro- mans, under the command of Tiberius, 5; but never crossed by them — English vessels excluded from, by the Danes, 1801 — again, by the French, and block- aded by the English, 1803. Elbing, built by Conrad, landgrave of Thuringen, grand master of the Teutonic knights, 1239 — ceded to Poland by the treaty of Thorn, 1466— restored to Prus- sia, in the treaty of Welau, by John Casimir, k. of Poland, 1657 — taken by the czar Peter I., 1709. Elbingen, interview at, between the em- peror Henry IV. and his son. 1105. Elchingen, taken by Ney, Oct. 14, 1805 — duke of, title given to him, 1808. See Ney, marshal. Eldon, lord. See Scott, John. — Appointed lord chancellor, 1801 — resigns, 1806— re- appointed, March, 1807 — opposes the pro- position to consider the laws against the Catholics, 1812— refuses to Mr. Weilesley Pole the custody of his children, Feb. —resigns, April, 1827— d. 1838. Eldon, John, third earl of. 1. 1805— d. 1854. Ez.ea, in Campania. See Zeno. ELE 273 ELF Eleanor ofGuyenne, eldest daughter and heiress of William, duke of Guyenne and count of Poitou, b. 1122 — married to Louis VII., k. of France, 1137 — accom- panies him to the Holy Land, 1147 — ac- cused by him of infidelity, divorced, Mar. 18, 1152 — marries Henry, duke of Nor- mandy (afterwards Henry II. of Eng- land), and transfers to him her inherit- ance of Guyenne and Poitou, May 18 — becomes qu. of England, Dec. 19, 1154 — incites her sons, Henry, Geoffrey, and Richard, to rebel against their father, 1173 — is confined by him at Winchester, 1174— released by Richard I., 1189— re- gent, 1190— raises the money for his ran- som, 1194— d. at Fontevraud, 1204. Eleanor of Provence, daughter of Ray- mond Beranger, count of Provence, b. 1221 — marries Henry III., k. of England, 1236— regent after his death, 1272 ; till the return of Edward L, 1274 — takes the veil at Ambresbury, 1278— d. 1291. Eleanor, queen of Aragon, put to death by her nephew, Peter the Cruel, king of Castile, 1359. Eleanor, the " Damsel of Britanny," daughter of the duchess Constance and Geoffrey, second son of Henry II., the rightful heiress of the crown of England, confined in Bristol Castle by her uncle, k. John, 1202— d. there, 1241. Eleanor, daughter of Simon de Montfort, detained by Edward I. on her way to marry Llewellyn, prince of Wales, 1276 ; released, and married to him, 1278. Eleanor, daughter of Blanche II., qu. of Navarre, and John II., of Arragon, mar- ries Gaston de Foix, 1443 — poisons her elder sister, Blanche, 1462. See Blanche of Navarre. — Her son accidentally killed in a tournament, 1470 — her husband d. 1471 — she succeeds as qu. of Navarre, Jan. 19, 1479— d. at Tudela, Feb. 12. Elkanora, daughter of Edward, after- wards k. of Portugal, and sister of Al- phonso V., married to Frederic IV., k. of Germany, 1452. Eleanoba, daughter of Ferdinand III., k. of Castile, and sister of Alfonso V., b. 1244 — affianced to Edward, eldest son of Henry III., k. of England, 1255— mar- ried, 1265— accompanies him on his cru- sade, 1270 — crowned at Westminster, 1274. See Edward I., k. of England. — d. at Hornby, near Grantham, in Lincoln- shire, Nov. 28, 1291 — a cross erected at every resting-place of her funeral pro- cession on its way to Westminster, the last and most stately being Charing Cross. Eleanoba de Guzman. See Guzman. Eleanoba Tellez. See Tellez. Eleazab, Jewish high priest, B.C. 1451- 1402— another, 292-260. Electors of Germany, the title under which the right of choosing the king or emperor of Germany was assumed in the thirteenth century, by the seven princi- pal feudatories, the k. of Bohemia, the duke of Saxony, the margrave of Bran- denburg, the count Palatine of the Rhine, and the archbishops of Mentz, Cologne, and Treves. They meet at Rense, near Mentz, and assert the independence of Germany against the claim of jurisdic- tion made by pope Benedict XII., 1339 ; their privileges confirmed and defined by the Golden Bull, 1356 — the Saxon vote transferred by Charles V. from John Fre- deric to Maurice, 1548— that of Frederic V., elector Palatine, given by the em- peror Ferdinand II. to Maximilian, duke of Bavaria, 1623 — restored to his son by the peace of Westphalia, and an eighth elector created for Bavaria, 1648 — a ninth, for Hanover, 1692-1708 — union of the Palatinate and Bavaria, 1778— new elec- tors created : Hesse - Cassel, Wirtem- burg, Baden, Salzburg, and the arch- chancellor, 1803 — the empire ceases to be elective, 1804. Electricity. See Gilbert, Dr. William ; Franklin, Dr. Benjamin; Galvani, and Volta. Electric telegraph, the first constructed on the London and Blackwall railway by Professor Wheatstone. 1837— G. P. O. completed, Aug. 31, 1849. See Subma- rine Telegraph. Electro-magnetism. See Oersted. Electryo, son of Pelops, assists his brother to conquer Mycenae, B.C. 1281. Elephant, war of the, between the Ho- merites and Beni Koreish, in Arabia, 521 — present of one from Haroun al Raschid to Charlemagne, 801 ; and by the Portuguese ambassador to pope Leo X., 1514. Elephantine, an island in the Nile. See Concord, temple of. Elephants first exhibited at Rome, in the triumph of M. Curius Dentatus over Pyrrhus, B.C. 276— thirty-two shown in the circus by Carinus, a.d. 284. Eleusinian mysteries brought to Athens by Eumolpus, b.c. 1356 — Hadrian initiated, a.d. 125; and Julian, 355 — tolerated by Valentinian, 367— ended by the destruc- tion of Eleusis in Alaric's invasion, 396. Eleuthebius, or Hlother, bp. of Win- chester, 670- d. 676. Eleutherus, bp. of Rome, 171-185. Elfgar, bp. of Elmham, d. 1021. Elfgar, son of Leofric, earl of Coventry 1057 — banished by Edward the Confes- ELI 274 ELI sur ; aided by a "Welsh prince, Griffith, and a Norwegian fleet; is restored to his rank and lands, 1058. Elfgiva. See Emma. Elfleda, daughter of Oswy, k. of Nor- thumberland, marries Peada, k. of Mer- cia, 653. Elfleda, daughter of Offa, k. of Mercia, marries Ethelred, k. of Northumberland, 792. Elfkic, or Alfric, archbp. of York, 1023 — d. 1050. Elfbic, bp. of Elmham, d. 1038. Elfrioa, daughter of Ordgar, ealdorman of Devonshire, marries Edgar, k. of England, 964— assassinates her son-in- law, Edward, at Corfe Castle, Mar. 18, 978. Elfrith, daughter of Alfred, married to Baldwin II., count of Flanders, 891. Elfstan, bp of Wiltshire, d. 981. Elfstan,oi- Living, or Leovinga,bp.of Lon- don, commands a force against the Danes, 991 — archbp. of Canterbury, 1013 — d. 1019. Elfsy, bp. of Winchester, 1023— d. 1032. Elfwabd, bp. of London, d. 1045. Elfwin, youngest son of Oswy, k. of Nor- thumberland, b. 661— slain in battle, as- sisting his brother, Egfrid, against Ethelred, k. of Mercia, 679. Elfwina, daughter of Ethelred, ealdor- man of Mercia, and Alfred's daughter, Ethelfled, conspires against her uncle, Edward the Elder, in Mercia ; is remov- ed into Wessex, 923. Elgin, Thomas, earl of, b. 1771— collects marbles from Greece, during his em- bassy to Turkey, 1802— they are pur- chased, and placed in the British Mu- seum, 1816— d. 1841. Elgin, earl of, governor-general of Canada, 1846 — assaulted at Montreal, 1849— con- cludes a reciprocity treaty with the United States, June 5, 1854 — returns from Canada, Jan. 9, 1855. Elgiva, daughter of Ethelgiva, of a noble family, marries Edwy, k. of England, 955 — separated from him by Odo, archbp. of Canterbury ; her face seared with hot irons, and she is banished to Ireland, 958— Returns, and is barbarously muti- lated, and d. at Gloucester, 959. El Godei, the Arabian traveller, d. 795. Eli, Judge of Israel, b.c. 1157 (1182 H., 1168 C.y-d. 1128. Eliakim, counsellor of Manasseh, king of Judah, B.C. 675. Elias, bp. of Jerusalem, 494 — deposed, 513. Eliashib, Jewish high priest, b.c. 462-441. Elijah, prophet, B.C. 895. Elio, general, suppresses an insurrection in Valencia, caused by col. Vidal, 1819. Eliot, and other British merchants, un- dertake expeditions for maritime disco- very, 1502. Eliprand, archbp. of Toledo, supports Felix of Urgel ; is opposed by Alcuin, and condemned by a council at Francfort- on-the-Maine, 794. Elis, a State in the Peloponnesus, founded by Oxylus, one of the Heraclidae, B.C. 1103 — made the seat of the Olympic games by Iphitus, 834. See Olympic Games. — Pisatis conquered, 572. See Parmenides.— City of Elis built, 471 — return of Phidias from Athens, 432 — war with Lacedsemon, 401 — surrenders to Lacedsemon, 399 — war with Arcadia, 365. See Pyrrho. — Joins the Achaean league, 276— falls, with the other States, under the dominion of Rome, 146. Elise. See Bonaparte, Elise. Elisha, prophet, B.C. 895-837/ Eliza Caroline, daughter of Frederic, prince of Wales, b. Jan. 10, 1740— d. Sept. 1759. Elizabeth Woodville, daughter of sir Richard Woodville and Jacqueline of Luxemburg, loses her first husband, sir John Grey, of Groby, at the second battle of St. Alban's, and his estates are for- feited, 1461 — entreats Edw. IV. to restore them ; is married by him, and presented as queen to his court at Reading, Sept. 29, 1464 — crowned at "Westminster, May,! 1465 — her great uncle, the count de St. Pol, attends the ceremony with a splen- did retinue ; on Edward's retreat to Flanders, she takes refuge with her daughters in the sanctuary at Westmin- ster, where the prince, afterwards Ed- ward V., is born, Nov. 1, 1470 — after his death, again repairs thither, 1483 — leaves it, and places herself and her daughters in the hands of Richard III., 1484 — re- tires to the convent of Bermondsey, 1490 — d. there, 1492. Elizabeth, daughter of Edw. IV. and Eli- zabeth Woodville, 5. Feb. 11, 1466— treaty for her marriage to the dauphin Charles ; his father, Louis XL, breaks the con- tract, 1481 — her uncle, Richard III., applies to the pope for a dispensation to marry her, 1485 — she is married to Hen- ry VI L, Jan. 18, 1486— d. Feb. 11, 1503. Elizabeth, queen of England, daughter of Henry VIII. and Anne Boleyn, b. Sept. 7, 1533 — the crown settled on her by Act of parliament, March 30, 1534 — reversed, 1536 — the right of succession restored to her, Jan. 14, 1544 — instructed by Roger Ascham, 1545 — sought in mar- riage by lord Seymour, after the death of Katharine Parr, 1548— preferred to her sister Mary by Courtenay, earl of. eli 275 ELI EiJZABETH — continued. Devonshire ; attempt of the duke of Nor- thumberland to exclude her from the throne, 1553 — confined in the Tower by Mary, Mar. 18, 1554 — project of Philip of Spain to marry her to Emanuel Filiberto, duke of Savoy, 1557 — refuses proposals of marriage made by Gustavus Vasa, k. of Sweden, for his son Erik, 1558. Succeeds her sister, Mary, on the throne, Nov. 17, 1558— turns away from Bonner, when presented to her; placesher confidence chiefly in sir William Cecil, whom, with sir Nicholas Bacon, and six other eminent Protestants, she adds to her council of State ; releases prisoners, recalls the exiles, and orders the mass to be discontinued, and the service to be read in English in her chapel, 1558 — crowued, Jan. 13, 1559 — pope Paul IV. denies her right to the crown ; she recalls her ambassador from Rome, and restores the Protestant religious institutions, 1559 — sends a fleet and army to assist the reformers in Scotland, and concludes the treaty of Edinburgh, July 5 — founds Westminster school, 1560— her wise go- vernment lays the foundation of Eng- land's power and prosperity ; she makes lord Robert Dudley her favourite, 1561. Supports the Huguenots, 1562 — is at- tacked by the small pox, 1562 — evades compliance with a request of the parlia- ment for the settlement of the crown ; concludes a peace with the queen regent of France ; proposes her favourite, Lei- cester, as a husband for Mary, queen of Scots, 1563 — approves, and then objects, to the offer of Lord Henry Darnley; origin of the Puritans, 1564— disowns the Scottish rebels, 1565 — again evades the settlement of the crown, and professes her intention of marrying, 1566 — re- proves her parliament for wishing the succession settled, and dissolves them, Jan. 2, 1567— refuses a personal inter- view to Mary, queen of Scots, on her arrival in England; detains at South- ampton Spanish ships conveying money to Alva ; fallacious negotiations for mar- riage with the archduke Charles of Austria ; Protestant emigrants received from Flanders, 1568. Insurrection of the earls of Northum- berland and Westmoreland, and Leonard Dacre ; the duke of Norfolk sent to the Tower, and released on his pledge not to marry the queen of Scotland, 1569 — the queen excommunicated, and her subjects absolved from their allegiance, by pope Pius V., April 25, 1570— opens the Royal Exchange, 1570— delusive ne- gotiations for her marriage with Henry, duke of Anjou; the Thirty-Nine Article* adopted as the rule of the church- of England ; the Puritans keep alive the spirit of independence ; the publication of a papal Bull against the qu. declared to be treason; endows Jesus College. Oxford, 1571 — the duke of Norfolk en- gages in a new conspiracy, is executed, and Mary, qu. of Scots, subjected to a more rigorous confinement, 1572 — treaty with Charles IX. of France, April 11, 1572. Elizabeth supports the Protestants in France and the Netherlands, 1573 — re- fuses the sovereignty of the Nether- lands ; mediates between them and Philip, king of Spain, 1575 — imprisons Peter Wentworth, 1576 — suspends Giin- dal, archbp. of Canterbury, for favouring the Puritans, 1577 — concludes an alli- ance with the Netherlands, 1578 — asserts the freedom of English trade, 1578 — en- ters into a treaty of commerce with the sultan (Amurath III), and establishes the Turkey Company, 1579 — receives proposals of marriage from Francis, duke of Anjou, 1580— imprisons the earl of Leicester, for his marriage, 1580 — visits Drake, the circumnavigator, and confers knighthood on him, 1580— plots of the Jesuits against her, 1581 — the negotiations with the duke of Anjou broken off, 1582— claims the sovereignty of Newfoundland, and fortifies St. John's, 1583. Conspiracies against her, and national association in her defence, 1584 — treaty with the United Provinces, 1585 — she sends Leicester with an auxiliary force to support them, and Drake and Frobisher to attack Spanish America ; Babington's conspiracy detected and punished, 1586 — Mary, queen of Scots, condemned to death, Oct. 25, and beheaded, Feb. 8, 1587— Philip prepares to invade Eng- land, 1587 — the Spanish Armada de- feated, 1588 — the queen sends troops to assist Henry IV. of France, 1591— sends further succour, 1592— visits the uni- versity of Oxford, 1592— restrains the debates of the parliament, and imprisons Wentworth and other members, 1593 — reproaches the abjuration of Henry IV. ; accepts his apologies, and enters into a new treaty of alliance with him, 1593. Remonstrates against the encourage- ment given by Philip's ministers and generals to assassination plots, 1594 — recalls her forces for the defence of her own states ; some Spaniards land in Cornwall, and are defeated ; Tyrone rebels in Ireland, 1595— the queen re- news her treaties with Henry IV. and ELI 276 ELL Elizabeth — continued. the United Provinces; retains Flush- ing and the cautionary towns, 1596 — makes her favourite, Essex, earl mar- shal, 1597— refuses to treat with Spain independently of the United Provinces, and concludes another treaty with them, 1598— Essex fails to suppress Tyrone's rebellion, and falls into disgrace with the queen, 1599— regains her favour, 1600 — is tried for insurrection, and is executed, Feb. 25, 1601 — the poor-law passed, and monopolies abolished ; interview of Eli- zabeth at Dover with Sully, the minister of Henry IV., 1601— d. at Eichmond, Mar. 24 (Apr. 3, n.s.), 1603— the anniver- sary of her accession celebrated, Nov. 17, 1679— a MS. translation of Boethius by her, found in the State Paper Office, 1826. Elizabeth, daughter of Sigismund, k. of Hungary, married to Albert of Austria, 1422— succeeds her father, 1437— after her husband's death, gives birth to a son, named Ladislas, who is sent into Austria to be brought up, 1439— at the request of her subjects, under the advice of John Huniades, marries Ladislas, k. of Po- land, and associates him on the throne of Hungary, 1440 -d. 1442. Elizabeth, or Isabella, daughter of Odo- ardo Farnese, hereditary prince of Par- ma, b. Oct. 25, 1690— marries Philip V. of Spain, and refuses to enter Madrid till his mistress, the countess Orsini, is dis- missed. 1714— governs the kingdom for him, 1724— offended by Louis XV., an- nulling his contract of marriage with her daughter, Maria Victoria; sends back to France mademoiselle de Mont- pensier, daughter of the late duke of Orleans, destined bride of her son Carlos ; obtains for him the reversion of Parma, 1725 — hires English ships to convey her troops into Italy, 1730— d. 1766. Elizabeth of Bavaria, widow of Conrad IV., k. of Germany, builds the church Del Carmine at Naples, on the spot where her son, Conradin, was beheaded, 1268. Elizabeth, daughter of Peter the Great of Russia, b. Dec. 29, 1710— a revolution deposes Iwan VI., and places her on the throne, Dec. 6, 1740 — nominates Charles Peter Ulrich, duke ofHolstein, to be her successor, Nov. 18, 1742— treaty with king George II. of Great Britain for the de- fence of Hanover, 1755 — Frederic II. of Prussia declares that he will resist the entrance of any foreign troops into Ger- many ; Elizabeth joins the alliance of Austria and France against him, and takes a leading part in the Seven Years' War, 1756— d. Dec. 25, 1761 (o.s.), Jan. 5, 1762 (ha) Elizabeth, or Isabella, daughter of Hen- ry II., k. of France ; agreement for her marriage to Edward VI., k. of Eng- land, 1550 — affianced to Don Carlos ; married to his father, Philip II., k. of Spain, 1559— d. Oct. 3, 1568. Elizabeth, daughter of Andrew, k. of Hungary, and widow of Louis VI., land- grave of Hesse, dies ; the cathedral of Marburg is dedicated to her, 1231. Elizabeth, princess, daughter of Charles I., b. Dec. 28, 1635 — d. in Carisbroke Castle, Sept. 8, 1650. Elizabeth, daughter of James VI. of Scotland, b. 1596— married to Frederic V., elector palatine, 1613— becomes qu. of Bohemia, 1619 — driven into exile, 1620 — birth of her daughter, Sophia, mother of Geo. I., k. of Great Britain, 1630. Elizabeth de Gorlitz, duchess of Lux- emburg, 1415 — marries John the Pitiless, bp. of Liege, 1418 — sells her duchy to Philip, duke of Burgundy, 1444. Elizabeth, Madame, sister of Louis XVI., executed, May 10, 1794. Elizabeth, third daughter of George III., b. May 22, 1770— marries Augustus Fre- deric, hereditary prince of Hesse Hom- burg, May 7, 1818— desires no parlia- mentary grant on her marriage. Elizabeth of Bavaria, married to the emperor of Austria, May 24, 1854. Ella, k. of Deira. See ^Ella, and Acca. Ellac, son of Attila the Hun, falls in battle against the Ostrogoths, 453. Ellesmere canal to Chester, commenced, 1772 — the Llangollen aqueduct com- pleted, 1805. Ellenborough, lord. See Law, Edward. — Succeeds lord Kenyon as chief justice, Apr. 13, 1802— admitted to a seat in the cabinet,, 1806 — decides that giving more or less than their nominal value for coin or note was not illegal before the passing of lord Stanhope's Act prohibiting it, 1811 — retires from the bench, Oct. 21, 1818 -d. Dec. 11. Ellenborough, lord Edward, appointed lord privy seal, 1828 — president of the Board of Control, 1834 — governor-general of India, 1841 — he proclaims a cessation of hostilities, Oct. 1, 1842 — returns to England, 1845. Elliot, Gilbert, b. 1718 — distinguishes himself with his regiment of light horse, under the marquis of Granby. in Ger- many, 1760— repulses the ^rand attack on Gibraltar, Sept. 13, 1782— created a peer. See Heathfield, lord. Elliot, Capt., defeats and kills Thurot, Feb. 28. 1760. Elliot, Capt.,the superintendent, arrested ELY 277 EMB at Canton by commissioner Lin; sur- render of opium demanded, Mar. 24, 1839 — leaves Canton, May 24 — takes pos- session of Hong-Kong, Aug. 23. Elliot, Ebenezer, d. 1849. Ellis, George, b. 1745— d. 1815. Ellis, the Right Hon. Sir H., K.C.B., d. 1855. Elliston, R. W., b. 1774— lessee of Drury Lane theatre, 1819— d. 1831. Elmacin, the Arabian historian, fl. 1273. Elmahassen, a river of Africa, in which Sebastian of Portugal perishes, 1578. El Mehedi. See Almohades. ElMeknesi, leader of a Saracen rebellion in Spain, 767 — seizes the city of Seville ; defeated and d. 772. Elmund, great grandson of Ingild, brother of ina, k. of Wessex, and father of Eg- bert, rules Kent as a nominal or assistant k., 784. Eloisa, b. 1101— beloved by Abelard, 1118 — becomes abbess of Paraclete, which he builds for her, 1141 — buries him there, 1142— d. and is buried by his side, 1163. Elon, Judge of Israel, B.C. 1175 (1232 H., 1222 C.) Elphege, bp. of Winchester, 933 — d. 951. Elphege II., or Godwin, bp. of Winchester, 984 — archbp.of Canterbury, 1006— taken by the Danes, 1011— put to death by them, 1012. Elphinstone, Admiral, serves with the Russian navy against the Turks, 1770. Elphinstone, Admiral, commands the British fleet at the taking the Cape of Good Hope, 1795 — captures a Dutch fleet in Saldanha bay, Aug. 17, 1796. Elpines, Athenian archon, B.C. 356. Elstan, bp. of London, d 898 (Chron. Sax.) Elswi.th, daughter of Ethelred, a Mercian ealdorman. marries Alfred the Great, 868— d. 905. Eltham, a royal palace in Kent, where Henry IV. marries Joanna of Navarre by proxy, Apr. 3, 1402 — the rebels under lord Audley encamp at, 1497. Elton, Sir C. A., b. 1778 -d. 1853. Elva, L. iEbutius, consul of Rome, B.C. 463. Elva, T. iEbutius, consul of Rome, B.C. 499. Elvabodam, or Evilmerodach, k. of Baby- lon, B.C. 563. Elviba, Mount, in Granada, battle of; the Moors defeated by Alvarez de Luna, 1431. Elwes, John, the miser, d. 1789. Ely, an island in the ancient estuary of Metaris (the Wash), on which Etheldrida founds a minster, 673. See Etheldrida. — Ethelwold, bp of Winchester, repairs the monastery and minster, and makes ; Britnoth abbot, 963— Alfred the Etheling put to death there by Godwin, 1036— William the Conqueror surrounds the island with his fleet, and captures the earls Edwin and Morcar,1071 — bishopric founded, 1107— many of the rebellious barons take refuge in the island, 1267 — submit to Henry III., July 25, 1268— riots at, and in the neighbouring dis- tricts, incendiary fires and destruction of agricultural machinery, May 19, 1816— special commission held and thirty-four rioterg convicted, June 18 — railway to London and Norwich opened, 1845 — to Lynn and Peterborough, 1847. Elzevir, Daniel, the last of that family of eminent printers, d. 1689. Emanuel, k. of Portugal, b. 1469— succeeds his, cousin, John II., 1495 — fits out an expedition under Vasco de Gama to ex- plore the eastern seas, 1496 — marries Isa- bella, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, and widow of Alfonso ; by. his marriage contract, agrees to expel all Jews and Mohammedans from his king- dom ; Vasco de Gama passes the Cape of Good Hope, 1497— Ojeda and Amerigo Vespucci employed on discoveries in the New World, 1499— Cabral sent to India and Corte Real to North America, 1500 — Albuquerque to India, 1503— opposed by the Venetians, 1504— his fleets interrup their commerce, 1505 — settlements formed in Ormus and Ceylon, 1507— Goa conquered, and trade extended to Suma- tra, 1510— to Malacca and China, 1511— embassy to pope Leo X., 1514— dispute with Spain about the Moluccas ; Magal- haens sent out, 1519— Emanuel d. 1521. Emanuel Filiberto, duke of Savoy, suc- ceeds Charles III., 1553— commands the Spanisli army in the Netherlands, and defeats the French at St. Quentin, Aug. 10, 1557 — recommended by Philip II. as a husband for the princess Elizabeth of England ; regains his lands by the treaty of Cateau Cambresis, and marries Mar- garet, sister of Henry II., k. of France, 1559 — is offended by pope Pius V. giving the title of grand duke to Cosmo de' Me- dici, 1569— d. 1580. Emanukl College. See Cambridge, 1584. Embargo on the exportation of corn from Great Britain by order of council, in con- sequence of a scarcity ; Act of indemnity for its advisers, Dec. 6, 1766 — on Dutch ships in English ports, Jan. 19, 1795 — on Russian, Danish, and Swedish vessels, Jan. 14, 1801 — taken off, June 1 — on French and Batavian ships, May 17, 1803— on British ships in Russia, Sept. 28, 1807. Embden evacuated by the French, 1758. ENC 278 ENG Emeric, k. of Hungary, 1196-1204.^ Emerita Julia, a Roman colony founded in Spain by Augustus for his veteran legions, b.c. 14. See Merida. Emerson, R. W., b. 1803. Emery, the comic actor, b. 1777— d. 1822. Emesa, or Hems, in Syria, celebrated for its temple of the sun, of which Elaga- balus is high priest, 218 — taken from Zenobia by Aurelian, 272— besieged by the Moslems, 635— taken, 637— recovered by the Greeks, 962— again lost, 977. Emigrants begin to leave France, July 28, 1789 — their estates taken for the public use, Dec. 22— ordered to return within two months, July 9, 1791— near 4000, chiefly ecclesiastics, arrive in Lon- don from France, Sept. 1792— permitted to return, Oct. 20, 1800— indemnity for them proposed by Chas. X., 1824. Emigration to the colonies restricted by Chas. I., 1637— to the Cape of Good Hope encouraged by the British Government, 1819. Emir al Omra, an office established by the Turk Ahmed, to overrule the caliph of Bagdad, 944. Emlyn, Thomas, d. 1741. Emma, the " gem of Normandy," sister of Richard II., and daughter of Richard I., dukes of Normandy, married to Ethelred II., king of England, and takes the name of Elfgiva, 1002 — takes flight from the Danes to Normandy, 1013— marries Canute, 1017 — banished from England by Harold ; hospitably received at Bruges by Baldwin, count of Flanders, and his consort Adela, 1037— plots against her son Edward the Confessor; deprived of her wealth, 1043— d. 1052. Emmeran preaches Christianity to the Bavarians, 651. Emmet. Robert, heads a tumultuous insur- rection in Dublin, July 23, 1803— is exe- cuted, Sept. 19. Empedocles, philosopher, fl. B.C. 455. Empson, sir Richard, employed to extort money by Henry VII., 1503— condemned, Oct. 1, 1509— executed, Aug. 17, 1510. Ems, congress of German archbishops at, restrictive of papal supremacy, 1786 — their resolutions annulled by the pope, 1787. Encke's comet discovered by M. Pons, Nov. 26, 1818. See Comets. Encratites, the sect, founded by Tatian, 173. Encumbered estates in Ireland, Act for the sale of, passed July 28, 1849— court opened, Oct. 24. Encyclopedia, the first complete, (Zed- ler'a Universal Lexicon), the first part published, 1730— finished, 1750. Encyclopedia Britannica, first public*. tionof the, 1771. " Encyclopedie," Diderot and D'Alembert commence the publication of the, 1757. Endymion, captures the American ship President, Jan. 15, 1815. Enfield, Dr. Wm, b. 1740— d. 1797. Engelbrechtson heads the peasants of Dalecarlia, and drives Erik's officers out of Sweden, 1433. Engen, battle of; Moreau defeats the Austrians, May 3, 1800. Enghien, battle of. See Steenkerke. Enghien, Mary of Luxemburg, darned', marries Francis, duke de Vendome, and brings her patrimony into the Bourbon family, about 1480 — their grandson, Francis, count d'Enghien, commands the French fleet at the siege of Nice, 1543 — gains the battle of Ceresuola, 1544 — d. 1545— his brother, John, duke d'Enghien, d. 1557 — Louis, duke d'En- ghien. See Conde, le Grand. — Louis Antony Henry, duke d'Enghien, son of Louis Henry Joseph, prince de Conde, b. 1772 — seized by order of Bonaparte, at Ettenheim, in the duchy of Baden, March 15, 1804 — murdered by a mock trial at Vincennes, March 20. England, the southern part of Britain, after its occupation by the Saxons, first called by the Latins, Saxonia Transma- rina ; early in the sixth century, distin- guished by the continental stem-tribes, as the Engaland, or Narrow-land, which the Latins adopt in the form of Anglia, the name heard in Italy by Procopius, 536-548— used by pope Gregory I. in his epistles, 595-601— by Ethelbert, king of Kent, in his charters, 605— by pope Bo- niface V., in his letter to Edwin, king of Northumberland, 625 — by pope Honorius I. to the same, 635 — by Ina, k. of Wessex, in his laws, 696— Ethelbald of Mercia styles himself k. of England, 740 — his successor, Offa, does the same, 772 — the title permanently assumed by Egbert, king of Wessex, and transmitted to his posterity, 828. Sovereigns of England. (See the principal events of their reigns, under their respective names in this Index. See also Commons, House of ; Lords, House of ; and Parliament.) Egbert, d. 836. Ethelwulf, 836— resigns, 856— d. 858. Ethelbald, 856-d. 860. Ethelbert, 860— d. 866 Ethelred I., 866-d. 871. Alfred, the Great, 871 — improves the laws, and the administration of them, 886— d. Oct. 28, 901. Edward, the Elder, 901— d. 924. ENG 279 ENG Sovereigns of England— continued. Athelstan, 924— d. 940. Edmund I., 940— assassinated, 946. Edred, 946— d. 955. Edwy, 955— d. 959. Edgar, 959-^.975. Edward II., the Martyr, 975 — assassinat- ed, 978. Ethelred II., the Unready, 978— d. 1016. Edmund II., Ironside, 1016— reigns seven months ; assassinated. Danish Conquest, 1016. Canute, 1016— d. 1035. Harold I., Barefoot, 1035— d. 1039. Hardacanute, 1039— d. 1042. Saxon line restored, 1042. Edward III., the Confessor, 1042— d. 1066. Harold II., after a reign of nine months, falls at Hastings, 1066. Norman Conqokst, 1066. William I., the Conqueror, 1066— d. 1087. William II., Rufus, 1087— accidentally slain, 1100. Union of Norman and Saxon lines, 1 100. Henry I., Beauclerc, 1100 — establishes chartered municipalities, 1100-1132 — d. 1134. Stephen ofBMs, 1134— d. 1154. Plantagenet line, 1154-1399. Henry II., 1154-d. 1189. Richard I., Caur de Lion, 1189 — killed at the siege of Chalus, 1199. John, Lackland, 1199 — signs Magna Charta, June 19, 1215— d. 1216. Henry III., 1216— origin of represent- ative government, 1265 — d. 1272. Edward I,, 1272 — conquest of Wales, 1283 — Conftrmatio Cartarum, enacts that no taxes shall be raised without the consent of the knights, burgesses, and citizens in parliament assembled. 1297— d. 1307. Edward II., 1307— murdered, 1327. Edward III., 1327— battle of Crecy, Aug. 25, 1346— of Poictiers, Sept. 19, 1356— d. 1377. Richard II., 1377— deposed, 1399— mur- dered, 1400. House of Lancaster, 1399-1461. Henry IV., 1399— tf. 1413. Henry V., 1413 — battle of Agincourt, 1415— d. 1422. Henry VI., 1422— crowned at Paris, 1430 —France lost or abandoned, 1453 — wars of York and Lancaster commence, 1455 — Henry dethroned, 1461 — mur- dered, 1471. House of York, 1461-1485. Edward IV., 1461— d, 1483. Edward V., April 9 — murdered, June 25, 1483. Richard III., usurps, 1483 — killed in the battle of Boswortb, i485. House of Tudor; Yobk and Lancaster united, 1485-1603. Henry VII., 1485- sends out Cabot and his son on a voyage of discoveiy, 1496 —d. 1509. Henry VIII., 1509 — declared supreme head of the Anglican church ; com- mencement of the Reformation in Eng land, 1534— d. 1547. Edward VI., 1547— the Protestant reli gion established, 1551— d. 1553. Mary I., 1553 — Roman Catholic religion restored ; persecution of Protestants, 1555— d. 1558. Elizabeth, 1558 — Protestantism restored, 1559— assists the Reformation in Scot- land, 1560-in the Netherlands, 1578— in the United Provinces, 1585— defeat of the Spanish Armada, 1588 — assists Henry IV. in France, 1591— d. 1603. The accession of James I. unites Eng- land and Scotland under one sovereign, and forms the kingdom of Great Britain. See Great Britain. England, Church of, declares Henry VIII. its supreme head, 1530 — his supremacy confirmed by Act of Parliament, and that of the pope annulled, 1534 — Bucer, Fagius, Peter Martyr, and other learned foreigners assist in settling its doctrines, 1548— book of Common Prayer adopted, 1549— revised by Cranmer, 1552 — by archbp. Parker, 1560 — Thirty-Eight Ar- ticles published, 1563— reviewed by the Convocation, and made Thirty-Nine un- der bp. Jewel's superintendence, 1571 — prevalence of Calvinistic tenets ; coun- tenance given to the synod of Dort, 1618 — the leading dignitaries begin to fa- vour Arminianism, 1627 — the Thirty- Nine Articles forbidden to be interpreted in any but the grammatical sense, 1628 — the Book of Common Prayer revised by Convocation, and authorized by parlia- ment, 1661— ejection of non-conformist ministers, 1662 — Corporation and Test Acts, 1672-3 — ejection of non-jurors, 1688 — alarm of the " church in danger," created to assist political intrigues, 1705 — the divine origin of episcopacy denied by bp. Hoadley, 1717 — petitions against subscription to the Thirty-Nine Articles, 1772 — Corporation and Test Acts repeal- ed, 1828 — Roman Catholic disabilities removed, 1829— Church Reform in Ire- land, 1833— in England, 1836. England, general, joins general Nott at Candahar, May 9, 1842. Englefield, battle of, the Danes defeated by the ealdorman Ethelwulf, 871. English language, early specimen of, in a proclamation of Henry III., 1258 — ordered to be used instead of EPA 280 EPI French in law pleadings and documents, 1362. English mercenaries in Italy. See Hawk- wood, Sir John. English Opera House, or Lyceum theatre, burnt, Feb. 16, 1830. English plays, the Parisians refuse to allow the performance of, 1822. EnkiSping, battle of; Haco, son of Mag- nus Smek, defeated by Albert, king of Sweden, 1365. Enna, the Spanish general, slain in battle against the Cubans, Aug. 17, 1851. Ennis, riot at, June 4, 1842. Enniscorthy taken by the Irish rebels, May 24, 1798. Enniskillen, or Inniskillen, tlie towns- men of, proclaim William and Mary, March 11, 1689— defeat the Jacobites at Newton Butler, and take their com- mander, M'Carty, or lord Moncashel, prisoner, July 29. Ennius, the Latin poet, b. at Rudise, in Ca- labria, B.C. 239 — found by Cato in Sar- . dinia, and brought to Rome, 204 — in Greece with the consul Fulvius, 189— d. and is buried in the tomb of the Scipios, in the Appian Way, 169. Ennodius, bp. of Ticinum (Pavia), writes the Life of his predecessor, Epiphanius, 510. Entails of Land : decision of the court of Common Pleas, that they may be barred by a common recovery, 1472. Enterprise, performs the first steam voy- age to India, leaving Falmouth Aug. 16, and arriving in thelloogley Dec. 9,1825. Enzio, natural son of Frederic II., emperor of Germany, married to Adelaide, heiress of the principalities of Tom and Gal- ium, and created king of Sardinia, 1239 — with an imperial army, is repelled by the Milanese, assisted by a Pisan fleet — relieves Savona, which is besieged by the Genoese, 1243 — defeated and made prisoner at Fossalta, May 26, 1249 ; and detained in captivity at Bologna for the rest of his life— d. in his prison, 1272. Eocha, k. of Scotland, 880 — uncertain. Eohric, a Danish king, slain in battle with the men of Kent, 905. Eon, Chevalier d', b. 1728— in a cause, tried before lord Mansfield, is alleged to be a female, July 1, 1777— d. 1810. Eormenric. See Ermenric. Eorpwald, k. of East Anglia, son of Red- wald, succeeds his father, 624— embraces Christianity, but is soon after slain by Richbert, 627. Eowils, a k. of the Northumbrian Danes, slain at Wodnesfeld, in Staffordshire, 911. EpagathUS instigates the pnetorian guards to murder Ulpian, and is executed for it, 228. Epameinon, Athenian archon, B.C. 429. Epaminondas, the Theban general, wound- ed in defending Mantinea against the Lacedaemonians, b.c 385 — trains the Thebans in a new system of tactics, 378 — gains the victory of Leuctra, 371 — carries his arms into Laconia, and re- stores the independence of the Messe- nians, 369 — condemned for retaining his command beyond the period allowed by the Theban law; pardoned, and re-ap- pointed, 369 — rescues Pelopidas from Alexander of Pherse, 368 — invades Achaia, and takes Oropus, 366 — instructs young Philip of Macedon in the art of war, 365— gains the victory of Mantinea, and falls in the battle, 362. Epee, Abbe" del',*- 1712 — founds his school for the deaf and dumb, 1784— d. 1789. Epenetius, Athenian archon, B.C. 635. Kperies, taken from the Turks, 1685. Epernon, the duke d', assists Mary de' Me- dici to escape from Blois, 1619. Ephecheres, or Ophratenes, k. of Nine- veh or Assyria, B.C. 910. Ephesus, one of the cities of the Ionians in Asia Minor, after their migration, b.c. 1043 — the temple of Diana erected, 552 — conquered by Cyrus, 544 — joins the revolt of the Ionian cities, 501 — their army defeated under its walls, 499 — the Athenian fleet, left by Alcibiades under his lieutenant, Antiochus, is defeated by Lysander, 407 — Agesilaus II. winters at, 396 — the temple of Diana burnt, 356 — the city rebuilt by Lysimachus, 301— de- vastated by an earthquake, a.d. 17— Paul preachesat, 55— addresses hisepistle to its church, 61 — the temple of Diana plundered and burnt by the Goths, 262 — visit of Julian, 351 — third general council held at, 431 — the Robber Synod, 449— pillaged by the Paulicians, 868— Michael VII., emperor of the East, re- tires to, as a bishop, 1078 — Roger di Flor and the Catalans station them- selves at, 1304 — taken by the Turk, Aidin, 1313. Ephori, the, instituted by Theopompus at Lacedsemon, b.c 770. Ephorus, the historian, closes his work, B.C. 340-still living, 333. Ephraimites defeated by Jephthah, b.c, 1188 (1245 H., 1238 C.) Ephraimius, bp. of Antioch, 527. Epibates, treaty of, between the emperor Andronicus II. and his grandson, 1322. Epicharmus, introduces comedy at Syra- cuse, b.c. 500. Epictetus, withdraws from Rome to Nico- polis, 90 — preceptor of Arrian, 103— re- EQU 281 ERI turns to Rome, and is patronized by the emperor Hadrian, 118. Epicurus, the philosopher, I. b.c. 341— comes to Athens, 323 — teaches at Mity- lene and Lampsacus, 310; at Athens, 306 — heads one of the four schools of Athens, 278— d. 270. Epidamnus, afterwards called Dyrrha- chium, a town of Macedonia, founded, b.c. 625. See Dyrrachium. Epidaukus, attacked by the Athenians, B.C. 430 ; by the Argives, 419. See Pam- phila.— Congress of, convoked, Dec. 15, a.d. 1821 — proclaims the independence of Greece, 1822. Epimenides, the poet, b. at Cnossus, in Crete, b.c. 659 — goes to Athens, 598. Epiphanes. See Antiochus IV., king of Syria, and jASON,high priest of the Jews. Epiphanes. See Ptolemy V., k. of Egypt. Epiphania, or Eudoxia, daughter of the emperor Heraclius. b. 611 — crowned, 612 — betrothed to Zicbel, khan of the Cho- zars, or Turks ; the contract not perform- ed, 624. Epiphanius, bp. of Constantinople, 520. Epiphanius, bp. of Salamis, or Constantia, in Cyprus, 367 — writes against the Mani- chaeans, 876 — joins in the persecution of Chrysostom, and d. 403. Epiphanius, bp. of Ticinum (Pavia), offers to mediate between Ricimer and Anthe- mius, 471 — negotiates between Julius Nepos, emperor of the West, and Euric, k. .of the Visigoths, 474 — d. 510. See Ennodius. Epirus. See Alexander I., Pyrrhus, and Alexander II., kings of Epirus ; under the latter the kingdom ceases to be important, B.C. 272 — earthquake in, a.d. 345 — occupied by Alaric, when driven out of Greece by Stilicho,397. See Albania, and Albanians. — Invaded by Robert Guiscard, 1081 and 1084 ; by Bo- hemond, 1107 — despotat of, founded by Michael Angelus, 1205— Peter de Cour- tenay, emperor of the East, seized by the despot Theodore— d. a^risoner, 1219. See Thessalonica. — Andronicus III., emperor of the East, conquers the des- potat, 1337-it submits to Stephen Dushan, k. of Servia, 1350 ; to the Turks, 1431- 1449— an insurrection, promoted by Rus- sia, is joined by a Greek force, and put down by the landing of French troops at the Piraeus, 1854. Episcopacy. See Bishops, 1638. Episcopius advocates the doctrines of Ar- minius, 1609— d. 1644. Epitelidas, Olvmpic victor, B.C. 580. Epopeus, k. of Sicyon, b.c. 1425 (1372 C.) Equinox, autumnal, the, observed by Hip- parchus, Sept. 27, b.c. 163, 159, 158 ; Sept. 26,147: Sept, 27, 146— the vernal, Mar. 23, 146— autumnal, Sept. 26, 143 — vernal, March 23, 135 ; March 22, 128— vernal, observed by Claudius Ptolemy, at Alex- andria, Mar. 22, 139-140— the autumnal, observed by Albategni, the Arabian as- tronomer, Sept. 19, 882. Equitius, consul of Rome, 374. Era. See Antioch, Chaldean, Chris- tian, Diocletian, Gelalean, Hegira, Indiction, Julian, Nabonassar, Olym- piads, Rome, Seleucid^;, Spain, and Yezdegeud. Eradius, named by Augustine as his co- adjutor and successor, 426. Erasistratus, the celebrated physician, fl. b.c. 258. Erasmus, b. at Rotterdam, 1467— visits Ox- ford, 1509 — teaches Greek at Cambridge, 1510 — publishes his Greek Testament, with Latin translation and notes, 1516— settles at Basle, and takes a middle part in the great controversy, 1521— d. 1536. Eratosthenes, Olympic victor, B.C. 576. Eratosthenes, b. at Cyrene. B.C. 275 — librarian at Alexandria, fl. 223 - d. 194. Erchenwin founds the kingdom of the East Saxons (Essex), 530 — d. 587. Ercilla, Alonso de, the Spanish poet, publishes his " Araucana," 1577. Erdulf, or Erdwulf, an ealdorman of Northumberland, ordered by Ethelred to be put to death for supporting Alfwold ; recovers from his wounds, and goes into exile, 790 — after the murder of Ethelred, is recalled, and made k. of Northumber- land, 794 — holds a synod at Pincanhealh, to restore order, 798— expelled by his people, flies to Charlemagne, 806 — through his intervention, and that of pope Leo III., recovers his crown, 808 — d. 809. Erebus. See Franklin, Sir John. Erechtheus, k. of Athens, b.c. 1397 (1399 H., 1383 C.) Erenschild, the Swedish admiral, defeat- ed and taken prisoner by the Russian admiral, Apraxin, 1714. Eretria. See Aristagoras, and Acileus. Erfurt, university of, founded, 1392 — Mar- tin Luther studies at, 1501 — becomes a monk there, and begins his scriptural researches, 1505 — meeting of Alexander and Napoleon at, Sept. 27, 1808 — univer- sity transferred to Bonn, 1818 — the par- liament of, opened, March 20 ; closed Apr. 29, 1850. Eric. See Erik. Eric, duke of Friuli, defeats a chieftain of the Huns or Avars, 795. Eric succeeds Guthrum-Ethelstan as chief of the Danes in East Anglia, 890. Eric, son of the Danish king, Harold, is EEI 282 EEI set up as king in Northumberland, and expelled by Edred, 948 — slain in the wilds of Stanmore by Osulf, 949. Erichthonius, k. of Athens, b.c. 1487 (1489 H., rejected, C.) Erichthonius, k. of Troy,B.o. 1449 (1532 C.) Erie canal, connecting the lakes with New York, commenced, 1817 ; opened, 1824. Eeie, Fort, abandoned to the Americans, May 27, 1813 — evacuated by them, Nov. 5, 1814. Erigena, John Scotus, the founder of scho- lastic theology, fl. 845 — attacks Gotts- chalk's tenets, 854— invited to England by Alfred— d. 886. Ebik T., k. of Denmark, 1095— represses piracy ; restores peace in Sweden, 1099 — makes Lunden the metropolitan see of Denmark, and sets out for Palestine, 1104— d. in Cyprus, 1105. Erik II., k. of Denmark, son of Erik I., defeats Niels, who had usurped the throne, and his son, Magnus, 1134— is proclaimed k. 1135— d. 1137. Ebik III., k. of Denmark, 1137 — retires into a monastery, 1147. Erik IV.. k. of Denmark, son of Walde- mar TIL, b. 1216— on his father's death, crowned by his grandfather, Waldemar II., 1231 ; succeeds him on the throne, 1241— is opposed by his three younger brothers, and makes war on them; as- sassinated by his brother, Abel, who ob- tains the throne, 1250. Eeik V., k. of Denmark, son of Christo- pher, b. 1242— inherits the crown, 1259— defeated by the archbp. of Lund, and de- tained a prisoner till 1264— makes terms with him, 1275 — war with Sweden and Norway, 1278 — his nobles extort from him their first Handfeste, or charter of privileges, 1282— they murder him, 1286. Eeik, VI., k. of Denmark, son of Erik V., b. 1274— succeeds his father, 1286— war with Norway, 1288 — Rostock placed under the protection of Denmark, 1290— quarrels with Grand, archbp. of Lund, 1295 — excommunicated and fined by pope Boniface VIIL, 1298— war renewed with Norway, 1299— peace concluded at Co- penhagen, 1309— war with Rostock, 1311; and with Stralsund. 1314— d. 1319. Eeik VII., the Pomeranian, k. of Denmark, great-grandson of Waldemar, IV., b. 1385 —named, by Margaret, k. of Norway, 1389— see Erik III., k. of Norway— as her successor in Denmark, 1396— and in Sweden, 1397. See Erik XIII., king of Sweden. — Crowned as heir of the three kingdoms, under the union of Calmar, 1397 — marries Philippa, daughter of Henry IV., k. of England, 1406— on Mar- garet's death, succeeds her, 1412— re- news the war against Holstein and Schleswig, 1414 — conquers the duchietj, except the castle of Gottorp ; Hamburg takes arms to assist them, 1417 — pilgrim- age of Erik to Palestine, 1423— Lubeck and the Baltic Hanse towns support the duke of Holstein, 1426 — most of his lands are given up to him by a treaty of peace, 1435— withdraws from the govern- ment, and returns at the request of his people, 1436— retires to Wisby, 1437— deposed by the Danes, 1439. Erik I., k. of Norway, 933— expelled for his cruelty, takes refuge in England, 936, where he d. soon after. Erik II., the Priest-hater, k. of Norway, 1280 — marries Margaret, only child of Alex- ander of Scotland, 1281 — restrains the influence of the church, 1284 — concludes a treaty with the Hanse Towns, and joins their league, 1285— d. 1299. Erik III., k. of Norway. See Erik VII., k. of Denmark. — Succeeds Margaret, and confirms the union of Calmar, 1412 — Norway from this time united to Den- mark Erik I. to III., kings of Sweden, dates un- known. Erik IV., the Victorious, k. of Sweden, 964 — d 995. Ekik V. to VIIL, kings of Sweden, dates unknown. Erik IX., k. of Sweden, 1155— conquers the coast of Finland, and builds Abo, 1157— d. 1160. Erik X., k. of Sweden, son of Canute, escapes the massacre of his family by Sverker II., 1199 — defeats and kills him in battle, and obtains the throne, 1210— d. 1216. Erik XI., k. of Sweden, son of Erik X., suc- ceeds John, the last of the Sverkers, 1222 — expelled by the Folkunger, and Canute usurps the throne,1229 — Erik overthrows the usurper, and is k. again, 1234 — the Swedish colonies in Finland extend themselves into the neighbouring parts of Russia, 1240 — Birger Jarl restores the ascendancy of the Folkunger, 1249 — Erik d. 1250. Erik XII., k. of Sweden, son of Magnus II., Smek, b. 1337 — proclaimed joint k. with his father at the request of the States, 1343 — expels the statholder, Al- gotson, 1356— divides the kingdom with his father, 1357— d. 1359. Erik XIII., k. of Sweden. See Erik VII., k. of Denmark. — Succeeds Margaret, 1412 —revolt of the Dalecarlians, 1433 — am- nesty and new privileges granted, 1435— deposed by the Swedes, 1440. Erik XIV., k. of Sweden, son of Gustavu: ERN 283 ERTT Vasa, b. 1533 — proposals of marriage made for him by his father to the prin- 4 cess Elizabeth of England, 1558— suc- ceeds his father, 1560 — war with Den- mark, Poland, and Lubeck, 1563— mas- sacres the Sture family, 1567— betrays symptoms of insanity; is dethroned and imprisoned. 1568 — poisoned by his bro- ther, John III., 1570. Erik I., of North Jutland, called by some k. of Denmark, favours Ansgar and the introduction of Christianity, 829-31. Ekik II. founds the first church in Schles- wig, 850. Erik, the Icelander, discovers Greenland, 982. Erivan, taken by the Turks, 1578-90— re- covered by the Persians, 1618— acquired by Russia, 1827. Erizzo, the Venetian commander, gallantly defends Negropont against the sultan Mahomet II., 1470. Erizzo, Francesco, doge of Venice, 1631- 1646. Erlau. See Eger. Erlichshausen, Conrad von, grand-mas- ter of the Teutonic Knights, 1441. Erlichshausen, Louis von, Teutonic grand- master in Prussia, 1449. Ermelinda, daughter of an Anglo-Saxon k., queen of Cunibert, k. of Lombardy, 688. Ermengard, or Irmengard, daughter of Ingram, count of Hasban, b. 796, wife of Louis I., crowned by pope Stephen V., at Rheims, 816— d. 818. Ermengarda, or Irmengard. daughter of count Hugo, a German noble, marries Lothaire, son of Louis I., 821. Ermengarda, or Irmengard, only child of Louis II., marries Boso, duke of Lom- bardy and Provence, 877 — she defends Vienne against the German and French kings, 880 — Vienne capitulates to Car- loman ; she is allowed to return to Autun, 882— guardian of her son, Louis, 888 — obtains the protection of Arnulf for him, and he is crowned at Aries, 890— abbess of St. Sixtus, in Piacenza, 903. Ermenric, k. of Kent, son of Octa, succeeds him, 542— d. 560. Ernest, archduke of Austria, son of the emperor Maximilian II., and brother of Rudolf II., b. 1553— invited by Philip II. of Spain to reside in his court, 1563 — contends for the throne of Poland with Sigismund, crown-prince of Sweden, 1586 — defeated at Bitschin, and taken pri- soner, 1588 — pope Sixtus V. obtains his release, 1589 — appointed bv Philip vice- roy of the Netherlands, 1594— d. 1595. Ernest Antony, son of Fred. Ant., suc- ceeds him as duke of Saxe Coburg Saal- feld, 1809— father of prince Albert, 1819 — acquires Gotha and becomes duke cf Saxe Coburg and Gotha, 1826 — d. Jan. 29, 1844. Ernest I., duke of Swabia, 1012— marries Gisela, daughter of the former duke, Hermann; d. 1015. Ernest II., duke of Swabia, 1015 — marries Matilda, daughter of the emperor Conrad II., claims the kingdom of Upper Bur- gundy, 1026— is deprived of his duchy by the emperor, 1030. Ernest I., duke of Brunswick, 1532 — d. 1546. See Brunswick. Ernest II., duke of Brunswick, 1592 — d. 1611. See Brunswick Wolfenbuttel. Ernest Augustus, k. of Hanover, fifth son of Geo. III., k. of Great Britain, b. June 5, 1771. See Cumberland, duke of. — Succeeds his brother, Wm. IV., and abo- lishes all the free institutions which had been recently introduced, June 20, 1837 —concludes a treaty with Great Britain on the Stade duties, 1844 — sends troops to assist the Schleswig Holstein revolt, 1848 — dissents from the election of the k. of Prussia as emperor of Germany, 1849— receives the elector of Hesse Cassel when expelled from his States, 1850 — loins the Zollverein, Sept. 17, 1851— d. Nov. 18. Ernest Augustus, hereditary prince of Brunswick Luneburg, marries Sophia, grand-daughter of Jas. I., k. of Great Britain, 1658— succeeds as duke, 1662 — is created elector of the empire, Dec. 19, 1692— d. 1698. See Brunswick Lune- burg. Ernest, duke of Bavaria, 1397-1438. Ernest, the Ircmhanded, count of Tyrol, father of the emperor Frederic IV., d. 1424. Ernest, elector of Saxony, 1464-1486. Ernest, duke of Brunswick Luneburg, and brother of Geo. I., k. of Great Britain, president of the council of regency in Hanover, 1714. EitNESTi, J., b. 1707— d. 1781. Eros, bp. of Antioch, 143-171. Erskine, Thomas, youngest son of the earl of Buchan, b. 1750— begins to study for the bar, 1776 — defends lord George Gordon, Feb. 5, 1781 — his first parlia- mentary efforts in defending Fox's India Bills, Nov., 1783— pleads in defence of Dr. Shipley, Aug. 6, 1785— procures the acquittal of Stockdale, Dec. 9, 1789— defends Hardy, Home Tooke,and others, on a charge of constructive treason, Oct. 22, 1794 — becomes a peer and lord chan- cellor, 1806— dismissed, 1807— d. Nov. 17, 1823. Erudition of a Christian Man published ESC 284 ESS by Henry VII I. as the standard of re- ligious faith, 1543. Eruptions, Volcanic, of Carguairazo, north of Chimborazo; the surrounding country covered with mud and fishes, June 29, 1698. Epomoeus, in the Isle of Ischia, 1302. Etna, known as a burning mountain in the earliest historic times : eruptions recorded, bc. 734, 477, 425, 125, 121, 43; a.d. 40, 254. 420, 1012, 1169— when Catania was destroyed, 1329, 1408. 1444, 1536,1564, 1669— which continued forty days, 1693— when Catania was again overwhelmed by lava, 1699, 1766, 1787, 1809, 1811, 1830— when ashes fell in Rome, Nov. 18. 1832— when Bronte was destroyed, 1852. Isle of Ferro, Sept. 13, 1777. Heel a, 1004, 1743, 1784, 1846. St. Helen's in California, Nov. 23, 1843. Imbahura, 1691. Moel Fammo, near Holywell, Flintshire, Feb. 4, 1773. Pasto in Quito, 1797. Peak of Teneriffe. 1704. Souffrier in St. Vincent, after having been extinct a century, April 30, 1812. Vesuvius, first eruption, when Hercula- neum and Pompeii were buried in ashes, and Pliny, the Elder, suffocated, 79, 202, 272, 472— when the ashes are said to have reached Constantinople, 512, 685, 993, 1036. 1043, 1048, 1136, 1536, 1538. 1631— Torre del Greco de- stroyed, 1660, 1682, 1694, June, 1698, 1704,1712, 1717, Nov. 7, 1727, 1730, 1737, 1751, 1754, 1759, Feb 21, 1760, 1766, 1767, 1770, 1771, 1779, 1794— Torre del Greco again destroyed, 1805, 1810, 1814, 1822, Oct. 22— when the cone of Rosea del Palo sank. Xorullo, in South America, a new vol- cano formed, Sept, 1750. Erviuius, k. of the Visigoths in Spain, 680— recognized by the council of Toledo, 681— d. Nov. 15, 687. Erxiclides, Athenian archon, B.C. 548. Ertx, surprised and taken by the Roman consul, L. Junius Pullus, B.C. 249— the town retaken by Hamilcar, 245— the citadel besieged, 243. Eryxias. Athenian arcbrn, B.C. 692. Erzeroum, peace of, concluded between Persia and Turkey, 1823— taken by the Russian general, Paskiewitch, 1829. Esarhaddon, or Sardanapalus II., k. of Nineveh or Assyria, B.C. 711 (690 La.) Esau, birth of, b.c. 1836 (1993 H., 1970 C.) —his marriage, 1796 (1930 C.) Escubial, palace of the, vowed by Philip II. to commemorate the battle of St. Quentin, 1557 — the building begun, 1563 —completed, 1586 — he d. there, Sept. 13, 1598. Esowik, of the royal race, becomes k. of Wessex on the retirement of Sexbur^a, 674— defeats Wulphere at Beadau-head, 675- d. 676. Esilarato, duke of Naples, an iconoclast, killed by a tumult of image-worshippers at Rome, 728. Espartero, commands the royal forces in Catalonia against the Carlists, 1835 — assisted by the British fleet to raise the siege of Bilboa, Dec. 24, 1836- appointed captain-general of Spain, 1838 — created duke of Victory; concludes a treaty with the Carlist Maroto, 1839— empowered by qu. Christina to form a cabinet, Oct. 12, 1840 — appointed regent, July 8 — protest of qu. Christina and gen. Narvaez, 19, 1841 — bombards Barcelona, Dec. 3, 1842 — his influence in the country declines ; with- draws to England, July 1, 1843— recalled, and created a senator, 1847 — arrives at Madrid, Jan. 7— takes his seat in the senate, 13, 1848 — minister, 1854. Espierres, in Flanders, battle of, the French repulsed by the British, May 23, 1794. Esquilinus, C. Com. Lent., consul of Rome, B.C. 478. Essequibo in Guyana, founded by the Dutch admiral, Hein, 1627— surrenders to the British, 1781. Essex, or kingdom of the East Saxons, comprisingthe presentcounties of Essex, Middlesex, and part of Hertfordshire, (the Trinobantes of the Romans) founded by Erchenwin, 530— d. 587. bledda, his son, 587 — marries Ricole, daughter of Ermenric, king of Kent — d. 597. Sabert, his son, 597 — admits the Chris- tian missionaries ; is converted by Mellitus, with his subjects, 604— d. 614. Saxred, Sigebert and Seward, his sons, reign conjointly and relapse into heathenism, 614 — they expel Mellitus from his see of London, 615 — and fall in battle against Cynegils, k. of Wes- sex, from 616 to 623. Sigebert, the Little, son of Seward, suc- ceeds and persists in idolatry, 623 — d. 655. Sigebert, the Good, son of Sexbald, the brother of Sabert, succeeds and re- stores Christianity, 655 — appoints Cedd bp., 659— assassinated, 661. Suidhelm, brother of Sigebert, the Good, 661— d. 663. Sighere, son of Sigebert, the Little, and his uncle Sebbi, divide the kingdom, the first ruling the pagans, and the latter the Christians, 663— tributary ESS 285 EST to Wulfhere, k. of Mercia, who sends Jaruman, bp. of Repton, to convert Sighere, 665— Sighere marries Osyth, daughter of Frithwald, an under-king of Surrey, and Wilburh, daughter of Peada, king of Mercia; the time of his death uncertain ; Sebhi d. 693. Sighard and Snefrid, sons of Sebbi, reign together, 693-700. Offa, son of Sighere, succeeds, 7C0— re- signs, and goes to Rome, 709. Suebricht, 709-737. Swithred, 737-791. Sigeric, 791— conquered by Egbert, king of Wessex, 823 — held by the Danes, 877. Ethelwold, son of Ethelbald, brings a Danish fleet and army from Northum- berland, 904. Essex, attempt of sir Charles Lucas and sir George Lisle to raise the county in favour of Charles I., 1648 — several whales diiven on its coast by a violent hurricane, Feb. 24, 1762. Essex, earl of. See Ceomwell, Thomas Essex, Robert Devereux, earl of, b. 1567 — accompanies the earl of Leicester on his expedition to the United Pro- vinces, 1585 — joins that of Drake and Norris against Portugal, 1589 — sent by queen Elizabeth with an army to assist Henry IV. in France, where he besieges Rouen unsuccessfully, 1591 — takes and plunders Cadiz, 1596 — jealous of the earl of Nottingham, is appointed earl marshal ; fails in his projected attack on Ferrol, 1597 — the queen resents his insolence by a box on the ear, 1598— lord lieutenant of Ireland ; fails to repress Tyrone's rebellion ; returns to London ; is disgraced and superseded, 1599 — tried by the privy- council ; pardoned ; regains the queen's favour ; begins a new course of intrigue with James VI. of Scotland, and the Puritans, 1600 — attempts an in- surrection, Feb. 8, 1601— brought to trial and condemned, Feb. 19— beheaded, Feb. 25. Essex, Robert Devereux, (the son) earl of, b. 1596— restored to his title and estates byJames I., 1603— marries Lady Frances Howard, daughter of the earl of Suffolk, and is sent to travel, 1610 — returns, is disliked by her, and divorced, 1613 — supports the Commons in their resist- ance to Charles I., 1641 — is forbidden by them to attend the king when he leaves London ; is appointed commander of their forces, and collects his army at Northampton, Sept. 2, 1642— fights the battle of Edgehill, Oct. 23— takes Read- ing, April 26, 1643— relieves Gloucester, Sept. 5 — repulses the king's army in the fir9t battle of Newbury, and marches towards London, Sept. 20— takes wihter quarters at Windsor; refuses to treat personally with the royal party, 1644 — surrounded at Lostwithiel, in Cornwall, escapes by sea, and his men surrender, Sept. 1— collects another army and de- feats the king in the second battle of Newbury, Oct. 27 — the " self-denying Ordinance" takes from him the com- mand, Dec. 9— d. Sept. 14, 1646— his fu- neral attended by both houses of parlia- ment. Essex, earl of, son of lord Capel. See Ca- pel, lord. — Appointed lord-treasurer by Charles II., 1679— resigns soon after- wards; takes part in Monmouth's con- spiracy, 1683 — arrested, found in the Tower with his throat cut. Esse^, Frances, countess of. See Howard, lady Frances. Essex, American fri irate, captured by the British ships Phoebe and Cherub, March 29, 1814. EssLtNG and Aspern, battle of, Napoleon defeated and driven into the isle of Lo- bau by the archduke Charles, May 21 and 22, 1809. Establishments. See Louis IX., king of France. Estaples, the peace of, between Hen. VIL, k. of England, and Chas. VIII. of France, 1492. Estcourt, T. G., b. 1775— d. 1853. Este, a seignory to the eastward of Man- tua, part of the possessions of Albert Azzo II., marquis of Lombardy; left by him to Fulk, his son by his second mar- riage with Garsenda, princess of Maine, who takes from it the title of marquis, and founds the house of D'Este, 1097. Este, Azzo d', VI., son of Obizzo, marries Marchesella, daughter ofWm. Adelard of Ferrara. See Adelard, Wm. — On whose death he takes his place as leader of the Guelfs, and founds the influence of the family of D'Este in Ferrara, 1196. See Azzo VI., VIL, VIII., and Ferrara. Este, the marquisate of, conquered by Eccelino da Romano, 1249 — recovered by Azzo VIL, 1256— he d. 1264— and is suc- ceeded by his grandson Obizzo II., who is elected perpetual lord of Modena, 1238. Este, Fulk d', on the death of his grand- father Azzo VIII., is supported by the Venetians against pope Clement V., who claims Ferrara as a fief of the church, 1308. See Ferrara.— Nicholas, the pa- cificator of Italy, 1433. Este, Alfonso d', I., son of Hercules 1., duke of Ferrara, marries Anna Sforza, sister of Gian Galeazzo, duke of Milan, 1491 — after her dea*h becomes the fourth ETH 286 ETH husband of Lucretia Borgia, daughter ' of pope Alexander VI., 1502— succeeds his father, 1505. See Ferrara. Este, Caesar d', on the death of Alfonso II., is compelled to give up Ferrara to pope Clement VIII., and remains duke of Mo- dena, 1598. See Modena. Este, sir Augustus Frederic d\ son of the duke of Sussex and lady Augusta Mur- ray, b. 1794— claims the dukedom of Sus- sex, which the House of Lords and judges disallow, July 9, 1844— d. 1848. Esterhazy, count Valentine, deputed by the Austrian court to St. Petersburg, opens negotiations with count Nessel- rode, Dec. 28, 1855— the terms proposed are unconditionally accepted, Jan. 11, 1856. Esther. See Artaxerxes Longimanus. Esthonia, sold to the Teutonic knights by Waldemar III., k. of Denmark, 1347 — given up to Sweden, 1561— Poland and Russia attempt to take it from Sweden, 1562 — the Russians are expelled by the Swedes, and Stephen Bathori, king of Poland, 1579— taken by Peter the Great, 1710. Estrees, D. See D'Estrees, marshal, and Gabrielle. Estremoz, battle of, the Spaniards under don John of Austria defeated by the Portuguese commander, the duke of Schomberg, 1663. Esteith, sister of Canute, married to the jarl Ulf, 1024— discarded by Robert, le Diable, duke of Normandv, who had mar- ried her after the death of Ulf, 1027. Ethandune, or Eddington, battle of, Alfred defeats the Danes, 878. Ethelabd, brother of Ina's queen, Ethel- burga, becomes k. of Wessex on Ina's resignation, 728— d. 741. Ethelbald, grandson of Eawa, brother of Penda, persecuted while presumptive heir to the throne, takes refuge in the hermitage of Guthlac in Croyland, 710 — succeeds Ceolred as k. of Mercia, 716 — acquires great ascendancy over the other kingdoms, invades Northumberland, and styles himself king of England, 740— Cuthred, k. of Wessex, throws off the yoke, 741— defeats him at Burford, 752 — Ethelbald slain by Bernred, 755. Ethelbald, k. of England, succeeds his father Ethelwulf, 856— marries his step- mother Judith, 858— is compelled to di- vorce her, 859— d. 860. Ethelbert. See Ethelred I., king of East Anglia. Ethelbert, k. of East Anglia, succeeds his father Ethelred II., 790— murdered by Offa, k. of Mercia, who seizes his kingdom, 792. Ethelbert, son of Ermenric, becomes k. of Kent, on the death of his father, 560 — marries Bertha, daughter of Charibert I., k. of the Franks — the third Bretwalda, 594 — receives Augustin and the monks favourably, 596— is styled k. of England in the epistle of pope Gregory I., 601 — uses the title himself in his charters. 605 — gives his people a code of laws, 606 — d. 616. Ethelbeet IT., k. of Kent, second son of Wictrid, succeeds his brother, Eadbert 748— d. 760. Ethelbeet, k. of England, third son of Ethelwulf, succeeds his brother, Ethel- bald, 860— d. 866. Ethelbeet, archbp. of York, 766— d. 780. Ethelbert, bp. of Whitheme, 777. Ethelburga, daughter of Ethelbert I., k. of Kent, marries Edwin, k. of Northum- berland; receives an epistle from pope Boniface V., 625 — on the death of her husband flees to her brother, Eadbald, in Kent, 633. Ethelburga. qu. of Ina, k. of Wessex, persuades him to resign the crown to her brother, Ethelard, and retire to Rome, where she accompanies him, 728. Ethelburga, daughter of Anna, k. of East Anglia, abbess of Faremoustier en Brie, about 680. Etheldrida, daughter of Anna,k. of East Anglia, marries Tonbert, king of the Girvii, 659 — and after his death, Egfrid, son of Oswy, k. of Northumberland, 660 — retires into the monastery of Colding- ham, 672— founds that of Ely, with the minster, and becomes abbess there, 673 —d. 679. Ethelfled, daughter of Alfred the Great, marries Ethelred, ealdorman of Mercia, who d. 912— she assists her brother, Ed- warden governing and fortifying Mercia, 912— repels the Danes of the Five-burghs, and takes Derby, 917 — takes Leicester, and York submits to her, 918— d. at Tani- worth, 922. See Elfwina. Ethelfrid son of Ethelric, k. of Bernicia, marries Acca, daughter of JElla, k. of Deira, 588— k. of Northumberland, 593 — defeats the Scots at Degsastan, and the Cymri at Caerlegion (Chester), 603 — de- feated and slain by Redwald, k. of East Anglia, 617. Ethelgar, archbp. of Canterbury, 988 — d. 990. Ethelhere, brother of Anna, succeeds him as k. of East Anglia, 654- joins Penda, king of Mercia, in war against Oswy, k. of Northumberland, and is slain in the battle of Winwidfield, 655. Ethelm, archbp. of Canterbury, 923 — d 928. ETH 287 ETH Ethelsoth. See Edelnoth. Ethelred I., or Ethelbert, after the failure of Uffa's line, k. of East Anglia, in con- junction with Eeorna, 749— d. 758. Ethelred II., king of East Anglia, 761— 790. Ethelred, k. of Mercia, third son of Penda, marries Ostritha, daughter of Oswy, k. of Northumberland, and succeeds his brother, Wulf here, on the throne, 675 — ravages Kent, and destroys Rochester, 676 — war with his brother-in-law, Egfrid, k. of Northumberland, 679. See Elfwin. — Theodore, archbp. of Canterbury, me- diates a peace between them, and Egfrid restores Lindsey, 680 — Ostritha murder- ed by the Southumbrians, 697— Ethelred abdicates, and becomes abbot of Bardney, 704. Ethelred, son of Moll Ethelwald, elected k. of Northumberland, 774— dethroned by Alfwold, 778— restored, 790— married to Elfleda, daughter of Offa, k. of Mercia, 792 — slain by his subjects, 794. Ethelred I., k. of England, fourth son of Ethelwulf, succeeds his brother, Ethel- bert, 866 — besieges the Danes in Not- tingham, 868— d. 871. Ethelred II., the Unready, k. of England, son of Edgar and Elfrida, b. 968 — inhe- rits the throne after the assassination of his brother, Edward II., the Martyr, 978 — the Danes renew their depredations, 979. See Danes. — Ethelred marries Elfred, daughter of the ealdorman Tho- red, 985— besieges Rochester and fines the bishop, 986 — sends an army to at- tack Normandy, 990 — it is defeated, and peace made ; Ethelred imposes on his people the " Danegild" tax, 991 — collects a fleet against the Danes and defeats them, 992 — concludes a treaty of peace with Swein, k. of Denmark, and Olaf, k. of Norway, who had attacked London, and been repulsed by the citizens, 994. See Danes. — Marries Emma, sister of Richard II., duke of Normandy. See Emma. — Makes a truce with the Danes, and pays them tribute, after which he orders a general massacre of them in England on St. Brice's day, Nov. 13, 1002 —defeated by them atKennet, he retires into Shropshire, and obtains peace by paying tribute, 1006 — prepares a fleet for the defence of his country, 1008 — his fleet is dispersed by a storm ; fresh in- cursions of the Danes, 1009 — Thorkill enters the service of Ethelred, 1012— Swein takes London and the greater part of England ; Ethelred and his queen withdraw to Normandy, 1013 — he returns and drives out Canute, 1014— d. at Lon- don. Apr. 23, 1016. Ethelric, son of Ida, succeeds in Bernicia ; by the marriage of his son, Ethelfrid, with Acca, daughter of ^lla, k. of Deira, the two kingdoms are united, and form that of Northumberland, 588 — Ethelric d. 593. Ethelstan ; the name taken by Guthrum, the Dane, on his conversion to Christi- anity, 878 — he divides East Anglia among his followers, 880— d. 890. Ethelswith, daughter of Ethelwulf, mar- ried to Burhred, k. of Mercia, 853— d. at Pavia, 874. Etheltruda, daughter of Ethelbald, k. of Mercia, abbess at Lucca, 785. Ethel walch restores the kingdom of Sus- sex, 647 — receives the isle of Wight from Wulphere, k. of Mercia, 661— slain in battle against Caedwalla, k. of Wes- sex, g8S. Ethelwald, succeeds his brother, Ethel- here, as k. of East Anglia, 655— d. of the plague, 664. Ethelwald, bp. of Lichfield, d. 828. Ethelwald, bp. of Lindisfarne, d. 737. Ethelwerd, the high-steward, slain at Alton, 1001— supposed to be the "Patri- cius Fabius Quaestor Ethelwerdus," who made a Latin version of the Saxon Chro- nicle to the year 975. Ethelwold, son of Ethelbald, retires among the Danes of Northumberland, 901 — conducts a Danish fleet to Essex, 904- slain, 905. Ethelwold, bp. of Winchester, promotes the Benedictine rule in England, 963— d. 984. Ethelwulf, king of England, son of Eg- bert, inherits his father's throne, and gives the government of Kent, Essex, and Sussex, to his son, Athelstan, 836— he is defeated by the Danes at Carrum, 840— birth of his youngest son, Alfred, 849— he defeats R6ric at Ockley, in Sur- rej, 851— defeats Rotri Mawr (Roderic the Great), k. of the Welsh Cymri, and penetrates to the isle of Anglesea, 853— gives his daughter, Ethelswith, in mar- riage to Burhred of Mercia, and sends Alfred to Rome, who is anointed k. by the pope, 853 — he visits Rome ; remains there a year ; restores the Anglo-Saxon school, and confirms the Rome-scot, 855 — visits Charles the Bald, and marries his daughter, Judith ; on his return to England, Alstan, bp. of Sherbourne, and Eanwulf, ealdorman of Somerset, force him to resign his crown to his son, Ethelbald, 856— d. 858. Ethelwulf, the ealdorman, repulses the Danes at Winchester, 860. Ethiopia, Ptolemy Euergetes extends his empire in, b.c. 225. EUC 288 EUD Ethiopians, first settle near Egypt, b.c. 1615. Ethnarch. See Archelaus, son of Herod. Etna, Mount. See Eruptions. — Ascended by the emperor Hadrian, 126. Eton College, founded by Henry VI., 1441 — Montem, or triennial procession of the scholars to Salthill, discontinued, 1847. Etruria, a flourishing State, B.C. 530 — makes war on Rome to restore the Tar- quins, 508— again, in favour of the Sam- nites, 310— defeated, 309— compelled by Fabius to make peace, 308— takes the Senones into pay, and enters into a new league with the Samnites, 298— Gellius Egnatius brings in a Samnite army, 297— victory of the Romans at the Vadi- monian lake, 283— a Roman colony plant- ed at Cosa, 273— passage of Hannibal, 217. Etruria, the modern kingdom formed out of the duchy of Tuscany by Bonaparte, and given to Louis, son of the duke of Parma, Mar. 21, 1801— Louis d. Oct. 9, 1803— his widow, Maria Louisa, regent for their son, Charles Louis; his lands added by Napoleon to the kingdom of Italy, Dec. 12, 1807. Etruscan vases imitated by Wedgwood, 1787. Etruscans. See Etruria. Ettenheim, the duke d'Enghien seized by French troops at, Mar. 15, 1804. Etty, William, R.A., b. 1787— d. 1849. Eujenetus, Athenian archon, B.C. 335. Euarestus, bp. of Rome, 100-109. Eubatos, Olympic victor, B.C. 408. Eubcea, revolt of, suppressed by Pericles, b.c. 445— revolts again, 411- the Atheni- ans send an expedition against, under Timotheus, 358 — recovered by the Athe- nians, 357— the Athenians, under Pho- cion, victorious at Tamynse, 350— con- quered by Philip of Macedon, 347. See Chalcis, and Negropont. Eubotas, Olympic victor, B.C. 364. Eubulides, Athenian archon, B.C. 394. Eubulus, poet of the middle comedy, fl. B.C. 375. Eubulus, a leading orator at Athens, pro- motes the alliance with Thebes, 362— persuades the Athenians to recognise the independence of the confederated States, and terminate the social war, 355 — opposes Demosthenes, 349— archon of Athens, 345— d. about 332. Eucharist, controversy on, among the Reformers, 1524. Eucharistus, Athenian archon, B.C. 359. Eucherius, son of Stilicho, slain, 408 Eucherius, bp. of Lyons, 450. Eucherius, Fl., consul of Rome, 381. Euclides, Athenian archon, 2 c. 427 (403 C.,402 H.) Euclides, the mathematician, fl. at xilez- andria, B.C. 300. Eucrates, Athenian archon, b,c. 592. Eucratidks I. and II. See Bactkia. Euctkmon-, Athenian archon, B.C. 408 — another, 299. Eudamidas I., Proclidan k. of Laced a^mon, succeeds his father, Agis III., B.C. 331. Eudamidas II., Proclidan k. of Lacedsemon, B.C. 268. Eudemus, k. of Corinth, B.C. 859. Eudemus, Athenian archon, B.C. 353. Eudes, count of Paris, defends the city against the Danes, 886 — elected k. of France, 888 — Charles IV., the Simple, proclaimed in opposition to him — driven by him into Germany, 892 — he relin- quishes the eastern province of France to Charles, and recognises his title, 896 — d. 898. Eudes, duke of Aquitaine, 717 — defeats and slays the Saracen, Zama, in the battle of Toulouse, 721 — prevents the Saracens passing theRhone,725— gives his daugh- ter in marriage to Munusa, a Saracen chief, and enters into a league with him, 730 — defeated at Aries and Bordeaux, 731 — unites with Charles Martel, defeats the Saracens, and expels them from Aqui- taine, 732— d. 735. Eudes, count of Champagne, on the decease of his uncle, Rudolf III., claims Bur- gundy, but is conquered by the emperor Conrad II., 1034— seizes Bar-le-Duc; is defeated and slain byGonthelon, duke of Lorraine, Sept. 17,1037. Eudocia, daughter of the Frank, Bauto, married to the emperor Arcadius, 395 — favours the enemies of Chrysostom, 403 —d. Oct. 6, 404. Eudocia, wife of the emperor Heraclius I., d. 612. Eudocia, their daughter. See Epiphania. Eudocia, Makremvolitissa, the widow of Constantine XIII. Ducas, emperor of the East, regent during the minority of her son, Michael VII., 1067 — compelled to take the veil, 1071— d. 1096. Eudocia, daughter of Valentinian III., taken at Rome by Genseric, and carried to Africa, 455 — married to his son, Hun- neric, 462. Eudoxia, see Athenais — married to Theo- dosins II., 421 — proclaimed Augusta, 423 — cultivates literature, writes poetical paraphrases of scripture, andother works, 425— performs a pilgrimage to Jerusa- lem, 438 — fixes her residence there, 444 —d. Oct. 30, 460. Eudoxia, daughter of Theodosius II. .mar- ried to Valentinian. III., at Constanti- EUG 289 EUG nople,437 — compelled to marry Maximus, and is carried from Rome by Genseric, 455 — restored by him, 462. Eudoxius. See Antioch and Constan- tinople, bishops of. Eudoxius, consul of Rome, 442. Eudoxus, of Cnidus, connects geography and astronomy, B.C. 360. Euergetes. See Ptolemy IIT.,k. of Egypt; and Antiochus VI., k. of Syria. Eugamon, the poet, fl. at Syracuse, b.c. 566. Eugene Francis, prince of Savoy, son of Eugene Maurice of Savoy, count of Soissons, b. Oct. 18, 1663 — takes the command of the imperial army in Hungary, and defeats the Turks at Zenta, Sept. 11, n.s. 1697 — sent by the emperor Leopold I. with an army into Italy ; defeats the French generals, Catiuat, at Carpi, July 9 ; and Villeroi, at Chiari, Sept. 1, 1701— surprises Cre- mona, and takes Villeroi prisoner, Feb. 1; is obliged, by the duke de Vendome, to raise the siege of Mantua, Aug. 1, 1702 — co-operates with Marlborough in Germany, and assists him at the battle of Blenheim, 1704 — takes the command again in Italy, 1705— joins the duke of Savoy in Aug., gains the battle of Turin, Sept. 7 ; and drives the French out of Italy, 1706 — invades Provence, 1707— conference with Marlborough at tne Hague : acts with him in Flanders, and is wounded at the siege of Lisle, Sept. 21, 1708 — they collect their forces at Lisle, June IS; take Tournay, July 30 ; defeat Villars and Boufflers at Malpla- quet, Sept. 11 ; Mons surrenders to them, Oct, 21, 1709— take Montaigne, April 18, 1710 — he arrives in London, and endea- vours, without success, to persuade the queen not to negotiate for peace, Jan. 5, 1712 — leaves England, Feb. 13 — besieges Landrecy, July 16 ; a detachment of his army, under lord Albemarle, completely defeated by Villars, at Denain, July 24 ; he loses Marchiennes, 31; raises the siege of Landrecy, Aug. 21 ; he begins to negotiate for peace atRastadt,Nov. 28, 1713 — concludes the treaty, Mar. 6, 1714 — defeats the Turks at Peterwaradin, Aug. 5, 1715 ; and takes Temeswar, Oct. 13: again defeats them, Aug. 16, 1717; and takes Belgrade, 22 ; he takes the command, to oppose the French on the Rhine— retires from active service, 1734 — d. 1736. Eugenie Adelaide Louise, sister of Louis Phidppe, b. 1776— d. Dec. 31, 1847. Eugenius, a rhetorician, set upas emperor, by Arbogastes, 392 — defeat and death of, Sept. 6,394. Eugenius revolts at Antioch, and is sup- pressed by the inhabitants, 303. Eugenius I., pope, elected on the impri- sonment of Martin I., 654 — consecrated, 655— d. June, 657. Eugenius II., pope, 824-827. Eugenius III., pope, Bernard, abbot of St. Anastasius, elected, Feb. 27, 1145 — he withdraws from Rome ; after some months, quiets the people and returns ; again leaves Rome, employs the abbot, Bernard of Clairvaux, to preach another crusade, 1146— urges the undertaking, 1147 — establishes himself in Rome, 1149 — is again driven out, 1150— Bernard de- dicates to him his five books, "De Con- sideratione," 1150 — returns to Rome, 1152 —d. July 7, 1153. Eugenius IV., pope, cardinal Gabriello d , i Corfdolmieri, elected March 3. 1431— de- prives the Colonna family of their of- fices, and patronizes the Orsini, 1431 — the council at Basle assembles. See Basle. — He refuses the imperial crown to Sigismund, 1432 — confirms the March of Ancona to Francesco Sforza for life, and appoints him gonfalonier of the church, 1434 — Rome taken by Forte- braccio ; Eugenius escapes in disguise, and retires to Florence, 1434 — asserts his claim to Naples, and supports it with an army ; the duke of Milan and Alfonso of Aragon league against him, 1435 — invited to return to Rome ; fixes his re- sidence at Bologna, 1436 — summoned to appear before the council and answer various charges brought against him ; he answers by a Bull, dissolving the council, and calling another at Ferrara, where he invites the Greek emperor, John VI., to attend, and arrange for the union of the two churches, 1437— the coun- cil of Basle continues, declares Eugenius contumacious, and decrees the suspension of his authority, 1438 — the council of Ferrara opened, Jan. 8, by cardinal Ni- cholas Albergati ; the pope arrives there, Jan. 27, 1438— the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges declares the pope subordinate to a general council, and annuls his fiscal rights in France, 1438 — Eugenius re- moves his council from Ferrara to Flo- rence, where an ostensible union of the Latin and Greek churches is signed, July 6, 1439 — the council of Basle de- poses Eugenius, June 25 ; and renews the schism of the church, by electing Ama- deus of Savoy (Felix V.), 1439 — he leaves Florence, and fixes his residence again in Rome ; acknowledges Alfonso, king of Naples, and employs him to recover the March of Ancona for him, from Fran- cesco Sforza, 1443 — he deposes the arch- u EUM 290 EUP bishops of Cologne and Treves, for their adherence to the council of Basle, 1445 — the electors of Germany, assembled at Frankfort, threaten to declare for Felix V., unless Eugenius restores the deposed archbishops, and acknowledges the liber- ties of their national church, 1446 — by the advice of -.Eneas Sylvius, Eugenius assents, by a Concordat, to the demands of the German electors ; soon after which he d., Feb. 23, 1447. Eugenius, bp. of Carthage, defends the Athanasian faith at the meeting of the bishops there, 484— d. 505. Eugenius, a general of the emperor Anas- tasius I., repels an invasion of the Sara- cens in Syria, 497. Eugubine Tables discovered, 1440. Eugubium, a town of the Umbri, conquered by the Romans, b.c. 320. See Gubbio. Euhippus, Athenian archon, b.c. 461. See Euthippus, 463 H. Euljeus, rules in Egypt for Ptolemy Phi- lometor, makes war on Antiochus Epi- phanes, k. of Syria, and is defeated near lake Sirbonis, b.c. 173. Ettlalius, bp. of Antioch, 329. Eulee, Leonard, b. 1707— d. 1783. Eulogius. See Alexandria, bishops of. Eumelus. See Bosporus. Eumelus, a Corinthian poet, fl. B.C. 761. Eumenes 1., k. of Pergamus, B.C. 263— collects his library, and invents parch- ment; defeats Antiochus Soter near Sardis, and adds .iEolis to his domi- nions, 263— conquers some of the western provinces of Syria, 242 — d. 241. Eumenes II., k. of Pergamus, B.C. 197— maintains the alliance with Rome, 191 — his fleet, in concert with that of Rome, destroys the Syrian navy, 191 — receives a large addition of territory, 188— at- tacked by Prusias I., k. of Bithynia, 184 — honourably received at Rome ; on his return he is attacked by assassins near Delphi, 172— begins to treat with An- tiochus Epiphanes, 170— d. 159. Eumenes, one of Alexander's officers, oc- cupies part of Asia Minor, B.C. 323— Cra- terus makes war on him, 321 — defeated by Antigonus, 320— besieged by him in Nora, 319 — escapes, and is assisted by Mithridates of Pontus, 318 — defeats Antigonus while pursuiug him, 316 — finally overcome and slain, 315. Eumknes. See Alexandria, bishops of. Eumenius, professor of rhetoric at Au- gustodunum (Autun), 297— offers to re- linquish his salary for the repair of the schools, 299. See Autun. Eumer, a West Saxon, attempts to assas- sinate Edwin, king of Northumberland, 626. Eumolpus brings the Eleusinian mysteries to Athens, b.c. 1356. Eunapius. b. 346 — studies at Athens, 362 — writes the life of Maximus, 395— ends his History, 404. Euneus, k. of Sicyon, B.C. 1122. Doubtful. Eunoius of Csesarea, fl. 367. "EuNOMrA" discovered by De Gasparis, July 29, 1851. Eunomians, violent edicts against, by the young emperor Arcadius, dated C. P. March 13 and 29, by which they are for- bidden to appoint bishops, and declared incapable of making wills or inheriting property, 395. Eunomius, a native of Cadora, at the foot of Mount Argseus, between Cappadocia and Cilicia, is instructed by Aetius, 353 — writes in defence of his doctrines, which Basilius, Gregory of Naz., and Gregory of Nyssa oppose, 372— d. in ex- ile at his native village. Eunomus or Polydectes, Proclidan king of Lacedsemon, B.C. 926 — 881. Euodius, consul of Rome, 386. Eupales, k. of Nineveh or Assyria, b.c 1044. Eupator. See Antiochus V., k. of Syria. Eupatoria surrenders to Lucullus, b.c. 71 — capture of, by the allies, Sept. 14, 1854 — repulse of the Russian attack on, Feb. 17, 1855. Euphantus of Olynthus, historian, fl. b.c. 246. Euphemius. See Constantinople, bishops of. Euphemius introduces the Saracens of Africa into Sicily, 827. Euphemus, Athenian archon, B.C. 417. Euphorion, son of iEschylus, gains the first prize for tragedy against Euripides and Sophocles, b.c. 431. Euphorion, the poet, b. at Chalcis, B.c 274 — librarian to Antiochus the Great, 221. Euphrasius. See Antioch, bishops of. Euphrates, crossed by an expedition of Ashurakbal, B.C. 930, La. — by Alex- ander, at Thapsacus, 331 — by Trajan, a.d. 116 — Hadrian makes it the limit of his dominions in the East, 117 — crossed by Sept. Severus, 195 — by Galerius, 298 — Ursicinus commands the army of Con- stantius II. on its banks, 353 — crossed by Julian, 363 — Belisarius compels the Persians to recross, 542 — crossed by Chosroes, 607 — by Heraclius, 625— by the Mohammedans, 636 — by John Zimi- sces, 974— by the Carismians, 1232 — ex- plored by British steamers, 1838. Euphrates, stoic philosopher, quarrels with Apollonius of Tyana, 69— d. 119. Euphronius. See Antioch, bishops o£. EUS 291 EUS " Euphrosyne," the planet discovered by Ferguson, Sept. 1, 1854. Eupolemus, Olympic victor, B.C. 396. Euric, k. of the Visigoths, son of Theodoric I., obtains the throne by murdering his brother Theodoric II., and conquers a large part of Spain, 466 — completes its conquest, 469 — takes Aries and Mar- seilles ; defeats Riothamar, the Breton chief; his progress in Auvergne is checked by Ecdicius, 470 — Epiphanius negotiates between him and Nepos ; Au- vergne is ceded to him, 474 — Odoacer relinquishes all beyond the Alps to him, 478— d. 485. Euripides, i. at Salamis, B.C. 480— pro- duces his first tragedy, the " Peliades," 455 — gains the highest prize in tragedy, 441 — his "Medea." and "Philoctetes" appear. 431 — "Palamedes," "Troades," and " Sisyphus " appear, 415 — " Andro- meda," 412 — "Orestes," 408-d. 406— a bronze statue erected to him, 337. Europe, first entered by the Persians under Darius, B.C. 507 — ravaged by the great plague, a.d. 542, and many suc- ceeding years — first permanent settle- ment of the Turks in, 1343 — again visited by the plague, 1348. Eukops, king of Sicyon, B.C. 2038 (1777 C.) Eubybus, Olympic victor, B.C. 672. Eurycles, Olympic victor, B.C. 592. Euryclidas, Olympic victor, B.C. 632. Eurycratks I., Agidan k. of Lacedsemon, B.C. 709—676. Eurycrates II., Agidan k. of Lacedsemon, B.C. 637—593. Eurydamidas, Agidan k. of Lacedsemon, B.C. 240. Eurydice, widow of Amyntas II., king of Macedon, obtains the protection of the Athenian general Iphicrates for herself and her two youngest sons, Perdiccas and Philip, B.C. 365. Eurymedon, a river of Pamphylia, near which Cimon gains the victories which close the war between Greece and Persia, b.c. 466. Eurymedon, an Athenian general, conveys supplies to his countrymen, who are be- sieging Syracuse, b.c. 414. Eurypon, Proclidan k. of Lacedsemon, B.C. 1028—975. Eurysthenes, first Agidan k. of Lacedse- mon, b.c. 1096—1059. Eurysthus, son of Sthenelus, recovers Mycense, B.C. 1274 (1258 C) Eurytus, a Pythagorean philosopher of Magna Grsecia, visited by Plato, b.c. 395. Euryxidas, Olympic victor, b.c. 532 Eusden, Laurence, poet laureate, 1718 — d. 1730. Eusebia, married to the emperor Constan- tius II., 353— saves the life of Julian, 354 — persuades her husband to create him Csesar. 355 — Julian's encomium on, 357 — d. 360. Eusebius, consul of Rome, 311, uncertain — others, 347, and 489— II., 493. Eusebius, Flavius, brother of the empress Eusebia, consul of Rome, 359. Eusebius, bp. of Rome, 310, Eusebius, bp. of Csesarea, b. about 275 — teaches at Csesarea, 306 — imprisoned, 307 — made bp. and writes in defence of Ori- gen, 308— supports the doctrines of Arius, 316 — ends his Chronicle and completes his Hist. Ecc, 325— publishes his Hist. Ecc. 326— his Life of Constantine, 337— tf. 340. Eusebius, bp. of Dorylseum, deposed, 449 — restored, 451. Eusebius, bp. of Emesa, writes his Com- mentaries, 347. Eusebius, bp. of Nicomedia, supports the doctrines of Arius, 316— baptizes Con- stantine, 337 — appointed bp. of Constan- tinople, 340— d. 342. Eustace, St., battle of, the Canadian re- bels defeated, Dec. 19, 1837. Eustace, earl of Boulogne, marries Goda, sister of Edward the Confessor ; on his return to France an affray takes place between his retinue and the people of Dover, 1051 — marries afterwards Ida, sister of Godfrey IV., duke of Lorraine. See Godfrey de Bouillon. Eustace, count of Boulogne, the son, joins the rebellion of bp. Odo against Wm. Rufus, 1088 — accompanies his brother, Godfrey de Bouillon, to the crusade, 1096. Eustace, son of Stephen, k. of England, d. 1153. Eustace de St. Pierre and five other citizens of Calais saved by the inter- cession of Philippa and the Black Prince, 1347. Eustasius, the Greek catapan, defeated at Trani by the Normans, 1046. Eustathius, bp. of Bercea, writes against the Arians, 324 — elected bp. of Antioch, 325— deposed by the Arians, 328. Eustathius, consul of Rome, 421. Eustathius of Syria, writes his History, from 479 till his death, 503. Eustathius. See Jerusalem, bishops of. Eustathius. See Constantinople, bi- shops of. Eustathius writes Commentaries on Ho- mer and Dionysius Periegeta, 1155. Eustatia, St;, island of, acquired by the Dutch, 1632 — taken by adm. Rodney, Feb. 2, 1781— recovered by the French, Nov. 20 — claims for private property seized there allowed by the privy coun- cil, May 26, 1791— captured by the En* u 2 EVA 292 EXA glish, Apr. 21, 1801— restored to the Dutch, 1814. EUSTRATUS GARIDAS. Sft6 CONSTANTI- NOPLE, bishops of. Eutaw Springs, battle of, gained by gen. Arnold over the Americans, Sept. 8, 1781. "Euterpe," the planet, discovered by Hind, Nov. 8, 1853. Eutharic, of the Amali race, married to Amalasontha, daughter of Theodoric, k. of Italy, 515— d. and leaves a son, Atha- luric, 523. Eutharious, consul of Rome, 519. EUTHIPPUS, Athenian archon, B.C. 463 II. See Euhippus, 461 C. Euthycritus, Athenian archon, B.C. 328. Euthydemus. See Bactria. Euthydemus, Athenian archon, B.C. 556— others, 450, 431, 426. Euthymenes, Athenian archon, B.C. 437. Euthymius I. and II. See Constanti- nople, bishops of. Eutropius, consul of Rome, 387. Eutropius, the eunuch, supplants Rufinus in the confidence of the emperor Arca- dius, 395— oppresses the East by his avarice, 396— consul of Rome ; disgraced ; saved by Chrysostom from the fury of the people ; banished toCyprus; recalled, and beheaded at Chalcedon, 399. Eutropius begins to write his History, 3(S2— concludes it, and dedicates it to Valens, 364. Eutropius, father of Constantius Chlorus. See Claudia. Eutyciies publishes his heresy, 447 — con- demned by a synod at Constantinople, 448— and by a council, 449. Eutychianus, consul of Rome, 398. Eutyciiianus, bp. of Rome, 275-2S3. Eutychius, exarch of Ravenna, 711— re- called, 713 — reinstated, 72S — Ravenna restored to him by Llutprand, 729 — con- quered by ABtolfo, k. of Lombardy, 752. Eutychius. See Constantinople, bishops of. Eutychius. See Jerusalem, bishops of. Euxenmtus, Athenian archon, B.C. 305. Euxine and PROPONTI8, Milesian colonies planted on the shores of the, B.C. 750 — Darius penetrates into Europe on its northern side, 507— the Goths fit out naval armaments and take Trebizond, a.d. 258 — crossed by Heraclius, 623. See Black Sea. Euzoius. See Antioch, bishops of. Euzoius, bp.'of Caesarea, succeeded by Gelasius, 381. Cvagoras. k. of Cyprus, receives Conon after the battle of JKgospotamos, b.c. 405 — assists the Athenians at Cnidus, 394_is assisted by them, 390— Chabrias sent with an army to assist aim, 388— repulses the Persians in a naval battle, 385— hard pressed by them, 380— con- cludes a peace, 376— d. 374. Evagrius, a Nicenian, contends with De- mophilus, an Arian, for the bishopric of Constantinople, 370. Evagkius, b. 525 — taken by his parents from Antioch to Apamea, 540 — studies at Antioch, 542— concludes and pub- lishes his History, 593. Eva Maria (Violetti), b. 1723— widow of David Garrick, d. 1822. Evander, Olympic victor, B.C. 524. Evander, Athenian archon, B.C. 382 C. Evander, succeeds Lacydes as president of the Academy, B.C. 215. E vans, sir De Lacy, ft. 1787— raises a British auxiliary legion to serve in Spain against the Carlists, 1835— returns from Spain, June 20, 1837 — serves before Sebastopol, but is compelled by ill-health and ex- haustion to resign his command, Nov. 11, 1854 — receives in his place the thanks of the Commons for his services, Feb. 2, 1855. Evelyn, John, b. 1620— d. 1706. Everett, Edward, the American, b. 1794 — the degree of D.C.L. conferred on, at Oxford, June 28, 1843. Evesham, battle of; De Montfort, earl of Leicester, and the barons defeated by prince Edward, Aug. 4, 1265. Evil May-day riots in London, 1517. Evilmerodach, or Elvarudam, king of Babylon, B.C. 563-559. Evora, taken by Alfonso I., k. of Portugal, 1166 — the parliament of, restricts the privileges of the Portuguese nobility, 1481— conspiracy to reverse its orders, 148.1. See. Bbaganza, duke of.— Taken by Don John of Austria, 1663. Ewen, colonel, removes k. Charles I. to Hurst castle, 1648. EXAGINBTUS, Olympic victor, B.C. 416. Exarchs of Ravenna, governors of Italy, appointed by the emperors of the East, after its re-conquest by Belisarius and N arses : Longinus, 568 — 584. Smaragdus, 584—590. Romanus, 590 — 597. Callinicus, 597—602. Smaragdus— restored, 602 — 611. Joannes Lemigius, 611 — 616 Eleutherius, 616-619. Isaac, 619—638. Plato, 638-648. Theodorus, 648. Olympins, 649— 652. Theodorus— restored, 652 — 666 Gregory, 666—678. Theodorus II., 678- 587, EXC 293 EXE Joannes Plato, 687—702. Theophylactus, 702-710. Joannes Rizocopus, 710. Eutychius, 710—713. Scholasticus, 713—727. Paul, 727. Eutychius, restored, 727 — overcome by the Lombards, 752. Excelmans, marshal, d. 1852. Exchange, bills of, invented by the Lom- bard merchants, 750. See Bills. Exchange, Royal. See Royal Exchange. Exchequer bills, issued to relieve mer- cantile embarrassments, April 25, 1793 — embezzled — see Aslett — advanced for the completion of the Thames tunnel, Mar. 3, 1835 — forged by Beaumont Smith to the amount of £350,000, 1841. Exchequer, chancellor of the, an officer originally judicial, of Avhom the first was Eustace de Falconbridge, bp. of London, tump. Hen. III., 1221— becomes afterwards of political importance, as manager of the finances and often ministerial leader of the House of Commons ; the most noted are : Robert Walpole 1715 Mr, Sandys 1742 Henry Pelham 1744 Henry Bilson Legge 1754 Lord Barrington 1761 Mr. Dowdeswell 1765 CharLes Townshend 1766 Lord North 1767 Lord John Cavendish 1782 William Pitt 17S2 Lord John Cavendish, again 1783 Wm. VM,Premier 1783 Henry Addington 1801 Wm. Pitt, third time 1804 Lord Henry Petty, now marquis of Lansdowne 1806 Spencer Perceval 1807 Nicholas Vansittart 1812 Fred. John Robinson 1823 George Canning 1827 Mr. Herries 1827 Henry Goulbourn 1828 Lord Althorpe 1830 Sir Robert Peel 1834 Spring Rice 1835 H. Goulbourn 1841 Charles Wood 1846 B. D'Israeli 1852 Mr. Gladstone 1852 Sir F. Cornewall Lewis 1855 Exchequer, Court of, in the division made of the King's Court — see Common Pleas, Court of — receives power to decide in all matters relating to the public revenue ; the limits of its jurisdiction defined by Edward I., 1285; its judges are styled barons ; few among its chiefs have been eminent men; the following are them — the Cortes retire to Seville aih! take Ferdinand with them ; thence to Cadiz, where they give him liberty, Oct. 1 — Cadiz surrenders; the Constitution is abolished; the reign of tyranny restored; Riego executed as a traitor at Madrid, Nov. 7 — Ferdinand assists the. partisans of Don Miguel, 1828 — death of his qu., Josephina Amalia; he. marries Maria Christina, daughter of Francis I., k. of Naples, 1829 -abolishes the Salic law, and declares the throne of Spain to be heritable by females, March 29, 1830— birth of his daughter, Maria Isabella, the present queen, Oct. 11— protest and revolt of his brother, Carlos ; acknow- ledges Louis Philip in France; treach- erous seizure and execution of Toi'l'ijos and his companions at Malaga, Dec. 4, 1831 — falls ill, and appoints his queen regent, Oct. 1832— d. Nov. '2'.), 1888. Ferdinand, k. of Hungary. See Ferdi- nand, I. II., and 111., emperors of Ger- many. Ferdinand I., k. of Naples, natural son of Alfonso V., k. of Aragon, b. 1426; re- ceives Naples at his father's death, 1458 — disturbed by rebellious nobles, and the hostility of John, son of Regnicr d'Anjou, 1459 — defeated on the river Sarno, July 7 ; the pope and Francesco Sforza assist him, 1460 — supported in Naples by Sranderbeg, with a body of Albanians, 1461— defeats John of Anjou at Troja, Aug. 18, 1462 — murders Jacopo Picci- nino, 1465 — marries Joanna, daughter of John II., k. of Navarre, 1477 — joins the pope in war against Florence, 1478 — is visited by Lorenzo de' Medici, 1479 — concludes a treaty with the Florentines, Dec. 3, 1480— Otranto stormed by the Turks ; recovered from them, Sept. 10, 1481 — the nobles resist the taxes imposed on them, 1485 — Innocent VIII. encou- rages their revolt, and incites the duke of Lorraine to claim Naples, 1486 — ex- communicates and deposes Ferdinand for refusing his annual tribute, 1489 — the Anjou claim to the crown of Naples re- vived, 1493— d. Jan. 25, 1494. Ferdinand II., k. of Naples, son of Alfonso II., receives the crown on his father's abdication, 1495 — obliged, by the in- vasion of Charles VIII., to retire to the isle of Ischia, 1495— recovers great part of his kingdom, July 7 — d. Oct. 5, 1496, Ferdinand IIL, k. of Naples. See Ferdi- nand, k. of Castile and Aragon. Ferdinand IV., k. of Naples, third son of Carlos (Charles III. of Spain), b. Jan. 12, 1751 — receives Naples when his fa- ther sneceeds in Spain, 1759— takes the government into his own hands, 1767 — joins the coalition against France, 1793 — makes peace, Oct. 10, 1796— renews the war, 1798— retreats to Sicily. Jan. 2, 1799 — the French occupy Naples, and esta- blish the Parthenopean republic, 23; cardinal Ruffo, with British and Russian aid, recovers Naples, June 13; the king returns, July 10; concludes a treaty of peace at Florence, March 28, 1801 — issues a Declaration of Neutrality, Juno 8, 1803— French troops occupy his States ; is obliged to dismiss his minister, Acton, 1804— allows an Anglo- Russian army to land in Naples, Nov. 20, 1805— Napoleon declares that " Ferdinand IV. has ceased to reign," Dec. 27 — retreats again into Sicily, and is protected there by a Bri- tish naval aud land force, Jan. 25, 1806 — lord Wm. Bentinck appointed captain- general of Sicily, obtains for the people a free constitution; the k. makes his sou regent, and the qu. withdraws, 1812 — restored in Naples, and takes the title of Ferdinand I., king of the Two Sicilies, June 3, 1815— obliged by gen. P£pe and the Carbonari to grant a free constitu- tion, ls20 — goes to Laybach, annuls the constitution, to which he had sworn fidelity, and is conducted back to Naples by an Austrian army, May 15, 1821 — revokes tin; Sicilian constitution; d, Jan. 4, 1S25. FER 301 FER Ferdinand II., k. of the Two Sicilies, son of Francis I., b. Jan. 12, 1810— succeeds to the throne, Nov. 8, 1830 — dispute with Great Britain on the sulphur monopoly, settled under the mediation of France, Mar. 15, 1840 — revolt of Palermo, Jan. 12, 1848 — constitution proclaimed at Na- ples, 29 — the English and French ad- mirals mediate for the people of Palermo, Mar. 6, 1849 — Ferdinand issues a decree, that all teachers and tutors in his do- minions, male or female, public or private, must be examined as to their religious belief, Oct. 27 — intolerable ty- ranny of his government, 1S55. Ferdinand, k. of Portugal, son of Peter I., b. 1345— succeeds his father, 1367 — claims the throne of Castile, 1369— he offends his people by his marriage with Eleanor Tellez, 1371 — Henry II. of Cas- tile invades his kingdom, and compels him to make peace, 1373 — he marries his only child, Beatrice, to John I. of Cas- tile ; d. Oct. 20, 1383. Ferdinand, prince of Brunswick. See Brunswick, p. 118. Ferdinand Gonsalvo, count of Castile. See Auoa, and Castile. Ferdinand, son of Alfonso XI., k. of Cas- tile, put to death by his brother, Peter the Gruel, 1358. Ferdinand, archduke of Austria. See Ferdinand III., emperor. Ferdinand, count of Flanders, 1206-1233. Ferdinand, son of John I., k. of Portugal, accompanies his brother Edward's un- fortunate expedition against Tangier, is made prisoner by the Moors, and d. in captivity, 1437. Ferdinand I., grand duke of Tuscany, second son of Cosmo I. de' Medici, created a cardinal, succeeds his brother, Francis Maria, Oct. 19, 1587— plants a colony of Jews at Leghorn, 1604 — d. Feb. 7, 1609. Ferdinand II. de' Medici, grand duke of Tuscany, b. 1610 — succeeds his father, Cosmo II., 1621 — compelled by Blake to desist from supporting Spain, 1655— d. May 23, 1670. Ferdinand III., grand duke of Tuscany, second son of Leopold II., b. May 6, 1769 — receives Tuscany on his father being elected emperor of Germany, 1790 — wishes to remain neutral ; is compelled to join the coalition against France, 1793 — makes peace, Feb. 9,1795 — expelled by the Frencli gen., Dupont, 1800. See Etruria, kingdom of. — Receives Salz- burg with the title of elector, 1803 — Salzburg taken from him, and he is made elector of Wurzburg, 1805 — made grand duke, and joins the confederation of the Rhine, Sept. 25, 1806 — recovers Tuscany, 1814— d. June 18, 1824. Ferdinand, duke of Parma, son of Philip, b. Jan. 20, 1751— succeeds his father in Parma, Piueenza, and Guastalla, July 18, 1765— expels the Jesuits, 1768— call's upon pope Clement XIII. to suppress the Order, 1769— d. Oct. 9, 1802. Ferdinand Charles Maria, duke of Par- ma, son of Charles Louis, k. of Etruria, and afterwards duke of Lucca, and of Parma, b. Jan. 14, 1823 — receives Parma on his father's abdication, Mar. 14, 1849 — assassinated, Mar. 26, 1854. Ferdinand Maria, elector of Bavaria, son of Maximilian, succeeds him, 1651 — a 1679. See Bavaria. Ferdinand, son of Philip III., k. of Spain, appointed by his brother, Philip IV., gov. of the Spanish Netherlands, 1633-41. Ferdinand, duke of Mantua, son of Vin- cent Gonzaga, made a cardinal, 1606— succeeds his brother, Francis TIL, and lays down his purple, 1612— d. Oct. 29, 1626. Ferdinand I., or Ferrante Gonzaga, count of Guastalla, 1539 — serves in the army of Charles V. against the duke of Cleves, 1543— viceroy of Sicily, 1545 — gov. of Milan, 1546— answers complaints of the Milanese against his government, 1554 — distinguishes himself in the Nether- lands at the battle of St. Quentin; d. at Brussels, Nov. 15, 1557. Ferdinand II., duke of Guastalla, 1575- 1630. Ferdinand III., duke of GuastaUa, 1632- 1678. Feedulf, duke of Friuli, slain in battle against the Slavonians, 706. Ferdusi, the Persian poet, writes his Shah- nameh, or Book of Kings, 1000. Ferentino, congress of, held by pope Ho- norius III. to promote the fifth crusade, 1223. Ferganah, a remote province, to which Yezdejerd, k. of Persia, retires after his defeat at Jaloulah, 637. Ferguson, Adam, b. 1723 — d. 1816. Ferguson, James, b. 1710 — d. 1776. Ferguson, R., tried and imprisoned for at- tempting to rescue O'Connor, April 15, 1799. Ferguson, Sir R., moves for an account of the expenses of the Milan commission, which is refused, July 6, 1820. Ferguson discovers the planet " Euphro- syne," Sept. 1, 1854. Feria, the duke cf, Spanish governor of Milan, occupies Aie Valteline, to support the revolt of the Catholics against the Protestant government of the Grisons, 1620. FER 302 FER Ferozeshah, battle of, the Sikhs defeat- ed, Dec. 22, 1845. Ferrante. See Ferdinand Gonzaga. Ferkara, first mentioned by Paul Warne- fiid as part of the exarchate of Ravenna, 568-752 — a free city, 1067— submits to Matilda, countess of Tuscany, 1101 — Guy Salinguerra leads the Ghibelin faction, 1118— succeeded by Torello, 1150— Wm. Adelard gives predominance to the Guelf party (see Adelard, Wm.), and Ferrara joins the Lombard League, 1174 — Salinguerra II., son of Torello, chief of the Ghibelins, 1195 — Azzo, marquis d' Este opposes him, 1196. See Este, Azzo D', VI. — Is expelled by the Ghibelins, 1209 — recovers his influence, 1211 — d. 1212— Aldrovandino, his son, succeeds ; d. 1215. See Azzo VII., marquis of Este. — Giacomo Torello heads the Ghi- belins, 1244— Obizzo D'Este, 1264-1293 —Salinguerra III., 1270. See Azzo VIII., marquis of Este.— Fulk D'Este, 1308— the Ghibelin faction expires with Salin- guerra III. Pope Clement V. claims Ferrara as a fief of the church, and gives the go- vernment to Robert, k. of Naples, 1309 — the Ferrarese attempt to regain in- dependence, and are cruelly repressed by the cardinal-legate, Pelagrua, 1310— expel Robert's garrison and restore the government jointly to Obizzo III., Rinal- do, and Nicholas I., sons of Aldrovandino, marqui s d' Este, 1317 — their cousin, Azzo, and other nobles, assist them to repel a formidable attack made by the legate, who is repulsed with great loss, 1333 — Rinaldo d. 1335— Nicholas I. d. 1344— Obizzo I II . d. 1352 — his eldest son, Aldro- vandino III., elected signor of Ferrara, Mar. 21, 1352— d. of the plague, Nov. 2, 1361 — his brother, Nicholas II., succeeds ; d. Mar. 26, 1388— and is followed by his brother, Albert, who joins the league against Gian Galeazzo Visconte, 1390 — founds the university of Ferrara, 1391 — d. July 30, 1393 — and has for successor his son, Nicholas III., the pacificator of Italy ; under his auspices peace is con- cluded at Ferrara between Venice, Mi- lan, and Florence, April 18, 1428 — and another general treaty, 1433. Pope Eugenius IV. calls a council at Fer- rara, 1437 — the council opened by cardinal Nicholas Albergati, J an. 8, 1438— declares that of Basle at an end ; the pope ar- rives, Jan. 27, and the Greek emperor, John VI., March 4 : the council removed to Florence, 1439— Nicholas III. held in high esteem by Philip Maria Visconte, is invited by him to Milan, and d. there ! suddenly, Dec. 26, 1441 — his natural son, Lionel, is made his heir by his will' 1 Lionel co-operates with pope Nicholas V. in restoring peace between the Italian republics and Alfonso V., k. of Aragon and Naples, and soon afterwards d., Oct. 1, 1450 — his brother, Borso, also a na- tural son of Nicholas III., succeeds; is invited to Rome by pope Paul II., and receives from him the title of duke of Ferrara, April 14, 1471— d. May 27. Isfollowed by his brother, Hercules I.,a legitimate son of Nicholas III. ; he sup- ports Lorenzo de' Medici against pope Sixtus IV., 1478— assists in recovering Otranto from the Turks, 1481— is fiercely attacked by Venice and the pope, 1482 — the pope withdraws, but the Venetians continue their hostilities, 1483— peace restored by the treaty of Bagnalo ; the duke of Ferrara loses Rovigo, Aug. 7, 1484— sends his eldest son, Alfonso, to travel in England, France, and Spain, 1503— d. Jan. 25, 1504. See Este, Alfon- so I., D\ — He joins a coalition against Venice, 1508 — is attacked by pope Julius II., 1510 — repels their attacks, and reco- vers part of his lost territories, 1511 — invited to Rome; treacherously impri- soned ; released, 1512— appointed gonfa- lonier of the church by Leo X., 1513 — is deceived by his promise to restore Modena and Reggio, 1515— Leo attempts to take Ferrara, 1519 — instigates a plot to assassinate Alfonso, 1520— excommu- nicates him, and lays his State under an interdict ; the duke in a printed mani- festo exposes the papal iniquities, and is saved by Leo's death, 1520— joins the league against Francis I., 1523 — takes Modena, June 5, 1527 — the emperor Charles V. decides against the papal claims on Ferrara, Dec. 21, 1530— Cle- ment V. resists this award ; submits to it, Oct. 12, 1531— Alfonso I. d. Oct. 31, 1534. Is succeeded by his son, Hercules I.; Calvin preaches at Ferrara, and is expelled, 1536 — Hercules II. joins the French army under the duke of Guise, 1556— d. Oct.3, 1559— his son, Alfonso II., succeeds; Ferrara nearly destroyed by an earthquake, which commences Nov. 16, and continues to the end of the year, 1570 — Alfonso II. confines Tasso as a lunatic, 1579 — d. Oct. 27, 1597— Csesar, grandson of Alfonso I., is declared heir to the lands of D'Este, and elected lord of Ferrara, pope Clement VIII. revives the old claims of the church ; excommunicates Caesar, and marches an army against him, 1597 — Ferrara is given up by the House of D'Este, who retain only the title of dukes of Modena, 1598— Ferrara FEZ FIF occupied by Massena, June 19, 1796 — held by the Austrians, after the evacua- tion of the rest of the papal States, 1838 — occupied by Austrian troops, 1847. Ferrars, George, M.P., arrested for debt ; released by order of the House ; and an Act passed to secure members of par- liament from such liabilities, 1542. Ferrers, Laurence Shirley, earl, hanged at Tyburn, for murder, May 5, 1760. Ferretti, Mastai, b. 1792— chosen pope, 1846. Sec Pius IX., pope. Ferrier, Miss, the novelist, tf. 1854. Ferro, one of the Canary islands, from which the degrees of longitude are measured in many maps. See Erup- tions, Volcanic. Ferrol, projected attack on, by the earl of Essex and sir Walter Ealeigh, 1597 — unsuccessful attack on, by sir Edward Pellew, and sir James Pulteney, Aug, 25, 1800— naval battle off; the French and Spanish fleets defeated by sir Robert Calder, July 22, 1805— taken by Soult, Jan. 27, 1809. Ferruckabad. See Furruckabad. Fersek, count, suspected of having caused the death of Charle3 Augustus, crown prince of Sweden ; is murdered by the populace, June 20, 1810. Fesch, cardinal, by means of a national council, effects a compromise between the pope (Pius VII.) and Napoleon, Aug. 5, 1811. Festivals. See Pia. Festus, gov. of Judaea, before whom Paul pleads, 61 — superseded by P. Albinus, 63. Festus, consul of Rome, 439 — another, 472. Festus, Rufus, writes his "Breviary," 364. Fethanlea, battle of; Ceawlin, king of Wessex, defeats the Britons, 584. Feuchtwangen, Conrad von, grand mas- ter of the Teutonic knights in Prussia, 1290. Feuchtwangen, Siegfried von, grand mas- ter of the Teutonic knights in Prussia, 1303. Feudal constitution commenced in France by Clovis I., 4-^-507 — established in England by William the Conqueror, • 1066-1080— embodied in the Assise of Jerusalem, 1099 — introduced in Bohemia, by Charles IV., 1354. Feva, chieftain of the Rugians, taken prisoner by Odoacer, 487. Feversham, James II. is detained at, 1688. Feversham, earl of, sent by Charles II. to negotiate with Louis XIV., 1677 — com- i mands the army of James II. against the duke of Monmouth, 1685. Fez, the kingdom of, founded, 787. See Edris Ben Abdallah.— The city fruit, 806. See Edris Ben Edris. — Invaded by Musa Ben Abi Alifia, 917 — taken by him, 924 — Abderahman III. assists the Edrisites in, 929— is proclaimed k., 931 — the Fatimites regain the ascend- ancy, 932 — Abderahman renews his at- tempt to conquer them, 949 — they re- main masters of Fez, 968~Saracens of Spain repeat (their invasion, and are de- feated at Tangier, 972— Galib restores Al Hakem's authority, 974 — Al Hassan, the last Edrisite k. surrenders to AlmaD- sor, and is beheaded, 984 — Fez becomes a dependency of Spain, 985— revolt of Zeir Ben Atia, 996 — the authority of the Spanish caliph restored, 998— becomes subject to Morocco, 1550. Ficinus, Marsilius, teaches the philosophy of Plato ; warm discussions begin be* tween its advocates and those of Aris- totle's doctrines, 1470 — translates the works of Plato ; assists in founding the academy of Florence, 1476 — d. Oct. 1, 1499. Fiden^: taken, and razed by the Romans, B.C. 435 — the amphitheatre erected by Acilius falls down, many thousands of the spectators are buried in the ruins, a.d. 27. Fidenas, L. Sergius, consul of Rome, b.c. 437 — militaxy tribune, 433. Fidenates- defeated by the Romans, b.c. 437. See Fiden^e. "Fides," the planet, discovered by M. Luther, at Basle, Oct. 5, 1855. Field of the Cloth of Gold. See Ardres. Fielden, John, M.P. for Oldham— d. 1849. Fielding, Henry, b. 1707 — his novel of " Tom Jones " produced. 1746— d. 1754. Fielding, sir John, d. 1780. Fieschi, the Guelf, continue to molest Genoa, and seize Monaco, 1297. Fieschi attempts to assassinate Louis Philippe, July 28, 1834 — is executed, Feb. 6, 1835. Fiesco, count of Lavagna, conspiracy of, at Genoa, Jan. 2, 1547. Fiesco, Louis del, the Genoese admiral, defeated by the Venetian, Victor Pisani, 1378. Fiesco, Matteo del, raises a revolt at Ge- noa, and is discomfited by Prospero Adorno, 1477. Fiesco and Grimaldi, Guelfs, expelled from Genoa, by Doria and Spinola, Ghi- belins 1296. See Fieschi. Fife, Edward Balliol lands on the coast of, 1332. Fifth-monarchy men, fanatics who preach a millennium and the kingdom of Christ, 1649— conspire against Cromwell, 1653— punished and suppressed by Charles II , 1661, FIN 304 FIR Figulus, C. Marcius, consul of Rome, b.c. 162—11., 156. Figulus, C. Marcius, consul of Rome, b.c. 64. Filangieri, Gaetano, b. 1752. Filiberta, daughter of Philip II., duke of Savoy, married to Julian de' Medici, 1515. Filiberto I., duke of Savoy, eldest son of Amadeus IX., succeeds his father, 1472 — d. Apr. 22, 1482. Filiberto II., duke of Savoy, eldest son of Philip II., b. 1480— succeeds his father, 1497 — marries Margaret, daughter of the emperor Maximilian I., and widow of prince John of Spain, 1499— d. 1504. Filiberto. See Emanuel Filiberto. Fillmore, Millard, b. 1800— vice-president of the U. S., 1849— succeeds as president on the death of gen. Taylor, 1850— re- tires, 1853. Fimbria, C. Flavius, consul of Rome, B.C. 104— assassinates L. Valerius Flavius on his march to the East, and takes the command of his army, 86— arrives in Asia and defeats Mithridates, 85— Sylla prepares to disarm him ; he is deserted by his army and commits suicide, 84. Finale bombarded by admiral Rowley, to detach the Genoese from their alliance with France and Spain, 1745. Finan, bp. of Lindisfarne, 650 — d. 660. Finance, a regular system of, introduced by Darius Hystaspes, B.C. 503. Finch, Heneage, b. 1621— made earl of Nottingham, and lord chancellor, 1673— d. Dec. 18, 1682. Finch, Heneage, created lord Guernsey by qu. Anne, 1704— earl of Aylesford by Geo. I., 1714 — dismissed from office, 1715. Finch, sir John, the Speaker, forcibly held in the chair while the Commons pass their "Remonstrance," March 2,1629— made lord keeper; is impeached by the Commons, and escapes to Holland, 1640. Finck, the Prussian general, surrenders with his army to count Daun, 1759. Finden, William, the engraver, b. 1786— d. 1852. Finisterre, Cape, naval battle off; ad- mirals Anson and Warren defeat the French, May 3, 1747. Finland, the coast of, conquered by Erik IX., k. of Sweden. 1157 — the Swedes in, .encroach on Russia, 1240— divided among the sons of Gustavus Vasa, 1560 — conquered by the czar Peter, 1714— restored, 1721— surrendered by Lewen- haupt to the Russians, 1742— the greater part is restored by the peace of Abo, on condition of Augustus Frederic, duke of HolsteinGottorp, being elected successor to the crown of Sweden, 1743— invaded by the Russians, Feb. 21 — Abo, Swe* bofg, and all the strong places taken ; truce, Nov. 20, 1808— ceded to Russia by the peace of Fredericshamm, Sept. 17, 1809— the Gulf of, blockaded by the British and French fleets, Apr. 12, 1854. Fiorenzuola, near Piacenza, battle of; Berenger defeated at, by Rudolf, king of France, and the Italian nobles, 923. Fire engine, nearly on the principle of the steam-engine, used to raise ballast and water, a patent granted for it, 1618. Fire, Greek. See Callinicus and Con- stantinople. Fieeb, some of the most remarkable : — Albany, Aug. 17, 1849. Albion Mills, near Blackfriars Bridge, London, March 3, 1791. Aldersgate St., 40 houses, Nov. 5,1783. Amsterdam theatre, May 15, 1772. Argyle Rooms, London, Feb. 5, 1830. Astley's amphitheatre, Sept. 17, 1794; Sept. 1, 1803 ; with 40 houses, June 8, 1841. Bankside, mustard mills, Aug. 28, 1814. Belvoir Castle, Rutlandshire, 1816. Bermondsey, April 24, 1852; again, June 25,1854; Rope factories in Blue Anchor Road, Lucas's wharf, and many other waterside premises, Mar. 16, 1855. Billingsgate, May 14, 1814. Blandford (Dorsetshire), June 5, 1731. Bread Street, Cheapside, premises of Messrs. Townend, and many others in the neighbouring streets, Dec. 31, 1853 ; loss more than £100,000. Broadwood's Pianoforte manufactory, 69, Horseferry Road, Westminster, Aug. 12, 1856, 1000 pianofortes burnt. Bromley flax mills, Feb. 13, 1854. Brooklyn (New York), Sept. 9, 1848. Bury Street, St. Mary Axe, a great mnny houses, June 12, 1811. Camberwell old church, Feb. 7, 1841. Canton, 15,000 houses, March 3, 1820. Charleston, South Carolina, April 27, 1S38. Chandos Street, Covent Garden, June 5> 1806, when the notorious brothel, the Key, was burnt to the ground. It broke out in a room where a schoolmaster was in company with a courtezan ; again, Sept. 30, 1853, when the extensive premises of Savill and Edwards were consumed. Christ Church College, Oxford, March 3, 1809. Circus, now Surrey theatre, Aug. 12, 1805. City Road, Gutta-percha works, loss £100.000, June 5, 1853. Clare Hall, Cambridge, 1344. Collard's Pianoforte manufactory,, FIR 305 FIR Fiues— continued. Oval Koad, Camden Town, (recently built), Dec. 19th, 1851, loss £60,000. Conduit Street, July 9, 1809, where Mr. Wyndham, in endeavouring to save Mr. North's library, received an injury which caused his death. Constantinople, three days' fire, 433 ; 446 ; 465, six days ; 509 ; 12,000 houses and 7000 peonle burnt. Sept. '27, 17549 ; May 31, 1745'; Jan. 29, 1749; July 5, 1756 ; Aug. 22, 1702. Copenhagen, Oct. 20, 1728 ; June 6, 1759 ; palace, Feb. 1794 ; arsenal, 1795. Cornhill, and Change Alley, London, 200 houses, March 25, 1748 ; again, Nov. 7, 1765. Covent Garden, 50 houses, 1759. Covent Garden theatre, Sept. 20,1808; March 5, 1856, during a bal masquee. Cowdray House, Sept, 25, 1793. Cubitt's, Pimlico, Aug. .17, 1854. Custom-house. London, Feb 12, 1814. Dartford, Phoenix paper-mills, Feb. 16, 1852. Dockhead, May 2, 1785. Doncaster Church, entirely destroyed, Feb. 28, 1853. Dover Street, Piccadilly (Raggett's hotel), several lives lost, May 27, 1845. Drury Lane theatre, 1672 ; Feb. 24, 1809. — — Dublin, House of Commons, Feb. 28, 1792; Custom-house, Aug. 10, 1833; Royal Arcade, April 25, 1837; Hutton's coach factory, Jan. 4, 1851. Duke St., Blackfriars, Messrs. Clowes and Sons' printing office, Jan. 10, 1852. Duke St , Lincoln's Inn, Nov. 30, 1759. Duke Street, London Bridge, Feb. 19, 1851 ; great damage. Eastern Counties Railway, Bethnal Green, Sept. 18, 1851. East Smithfield, Aug. 27, 1840. Edinburgh, Lawn market, 1771 ; June and Nov. 1824; three days, May 6-8, 1842 ; Adelphi theatre, May 24, 1853. English Opera House (Lyceum), Feb, 16, 1830. Falmouth theatre, Aug. 22, 1792. Fenning's Wharf, and other large warehouses, foot of London Bridge, Aug. 30, 1836, loss £250,000. — — Fleet Street, No. 134, the warehouse of Dobbs and Kidd, Apr. 1, 1856. Fleet Street, No. 69, the spacious pre- mises of Bacon, Perkins, and Fetch, printers of the Bank-notes, Mar. 11, 1857. Floxley Abbey, April 1, 1777. Fonthill Abbey, Feb. 12, 1755. Frith Street, Soho, Dec. 2, 1803. This fire began by a spark falling into a heap of tow, at Messrs. Mosers' the iron- founders, and burnt for several day*, consuming the whole square of houses between Compton St., Greek St., and Queen St., with the exception of a house at the corner of Compton St., occupied by Mr. Reid, a grocer, whiqh, owing to a change in the wind, entirely escaped. Glasgow theatre, 1780 : again, 1829; many warehouses, loss £150,000, Jan, 14, 1832 ; theatre, again, 1845 ; large de- struction of property, May 6, 1849. Glastonbury, town and abbey, 1184. Gravesend, Aug. 11, 1850. Halifax, Messrs. Whitworth's mills, Oct. 4, 1853, loss £S0,000. Hamburg, great fire at, May 7, 1842. Hatfield House, Herts, the marchio- ness of Salisbury perishes in the flames, Nov. 27, 1835. Hermitage - stairs, 31 houses, 1779 ; April 1, 1790. Hindon, Wilts, July 2, 1754. Holland St., Blackfriars, Routledge and Co.'s saw-mills, and many other pre- mises, including Messrs. Pennies', Feb. 16, 1855, damage £150,000, and one life lost. Horselydown, 30 houses, besides ships, April 30, 1780. King's Bench prison, 50 residencies, July 14. 1799. Kirkman's pianoforte manufactory, Golden Square, and neighbouring houses, Aug. 10, 1853. Lambeth, Myers' timber wharf, Bel- vedere Road; Grissell and Peto's, and others, Feb. 7, 1850, very extensive. Lirnehouse Bridge, Dec. 4, 1716. Lincoln's Inn, New Square, Jan. 14, 1849, extensive. Lisbon, custom-house, May 31, 1766; royal palace, Nov. 6, 1794. Liverpool, Apothecaries' Hall, March 20, 1845 ; Brancker's sugar-house, Dec. 28, 1843; Dublin Company's warehouses Jan. 24, 1834 ; Duke's warehouses, May 4,1843; Mav27,1843; Fawcet's foundry, March 6, 1843 ; Fenwick Street, Dec. 22, 1831; Formby Street, loss more than half a million, Sept. 23, 1842; Gibraltar Row, May 24, 1833 ; Glover's wharf, July 21, 1851 ; Goree Buildings, property de- stroyed to the amount of more than £1,000,000 sterling, Sept, 15, 1802 ; Feb 17, 1846; Hill's rice-mills, Nov.25,184S* Lancelot' s-hey, Jan. 14, 1833; Oct. 10, 1834; Liver mills, May 25, 1842; Liver Street, Nov. 16, 1829 ; Oil Street, March 16,1844; Okell's sugar-house, May 23, 1799 ; Pack's shed, April, 14, 1851 ; Suf- folk Street, Jan. 31, 1818; sugar-honse March 21, 1830; Tabley Street, Nov. 23, 1826 ; town-hall and exchange, Jan. x FIR 306 FIR Fires— continued. 18, 1795 ; Wapping, Oct. 22, 1823; North Shore cotton mills, May 17, 1853, loss £80,000; Bonded warehouses, near the Docks, Oct. 26, 1854, loss £95,000. London, St. Paul's minster burnt, 962, 1077; the houses on London Bridge burnt, 3000 people drowned, July 10, 1212 ; great, of London, from Sunday morning, Sept. 2, till Thursday, 6, 200,000 sufferers en- camp in the fields about Islington and Highgate, 1666. London Wall, Oct. 6, 1849. Sept. 12, 1852, extensive. Long Acre, Home's coach factory, Aug. 31, 1851. Love Lane, city (Rose and Crown), May 18, 1851, 4 lives lost. Lyceum. Ses English Opera House. Manchester, theatre, 1789 ; calico fac- tory, March 15, 1792; warehouses of Green and Co., March 30, 1813 ; ware- houses of Messrs. Ryland and others, March 1, 1854, loss £183.000. Mark Lane, Allnutt's; Ashlins, and Hayter and Howell's warehouse, Sept. 19, 1850, loss £200,000. Memel, Oct. 4, 1854 ; the town ail but destroyed; 5000 persons rendered house- less. Mile-end, London, Jan 22, 1821, loss £200,000. Millwall, Poplar, Scott Russell's pre- mises, Sept. 10, 1S53, damage £100,000 ; Etna Steam Battery, burnt there on the stocks, May 3, 1855, value £120,000 ; a third fire, March 12, 1856. Minories, 30 houses, March 23, 1797. Montreal, cathedral, April 7, 1S49 ; a large portion of the city, July 8, 1852. Moscow, burnt by the Tartars, 1571 ; by the Russian governor Rostopchin, Sept. 14, 1812 ; on the entry of the French under Napoleon, 11,840 houses consumed, besides palaces and churches. Nantucket, July 13, 1846. Newcastle-on-Tyne, Gateshead, Oct. 6, 1854, very extensive, with terrible ex- plosions ; 50 lives lost, 100 wounded — a million of property destroyed. Newgate, by the Gordon mob, June 2, 1790. New York, loss 20,000,000 dollars, Dec. 16, 1835 ; Sept. 6, 1839 ; July 19, 1845 ; Park theatre, Dec. 16, 1848; Messrs. Harpers, publishers, Dec. 10, 1853, loss above a million of dollars ; warehouses in Front street, and shipping, Dec. 20, 1853, loss 650,000 dollars. Olympic theatre, March 29, 1849. Opera House, Haymarket, June 17, 1788. ~ ■ Pantheon, Oxford Street Jan. 14, 1792. Paris, 58S. Parliament, Houses of, Oct. 16, 1834. Pavilion theatre, Whitechapel Road, Feb. 13, 1856. Petersburg, 1736, 1780, 1796 ; imperial palace, Dec. 29, 1837. Philadelphia, Oct. 4, 1839 ; July 9, 1850. Pickford's wharf, City Road, Feb. 26, 1824; Gloucester Road, Regent's Park, June 10, 1857. Pimlico, Oct. 25, 1839. Pittsburgh. April 11, 1852. Portsmouth dockyard, July 27, 1770 ; Dec. 7, 1776. Quebec, May 28 and June 28, 1845 ; theatre, Jan. 12, 1846. Ratcliffe Cross, 630 houses ; loss £1,000.000, July 23, 1794. Red Lion Street, 15 houses, June 6, 1823. Rome, Capitol burnt, B.C. 83 ; (Nero's), July 19, a.d. 64 ; the Capitol, again, 69-- 80; Capitol, by lightning, 188; the tem- ples of "Vesta and Peace burnt, 191. Rotherhithe, June 1, 1765 ; Oct. 12. 1790, 20 houses ; Sept. 14, 1791, 60 houses besides ships ; March 16, 1820, extensive damage; Feb. 1, 1856, Evans and Co., and others, extensive. Royal Exchange, London, Jan. 10, 1838. St. John's, Newfoundland, June 13, 1846. St. Martin's Lane (Ben Caimt's public house), Jan. 15, 1851, 3 lives lost. St. Paul's Churchyard, warehouse of Pawson and Co., Feb. 24, 1853. St. Paul's Church, Coyent Garden, Sept. 11, 1795. SanFraneisco destroyed, May 8, 1851, being the seventh time within four years Saragossa theatre burnt, 600 persons perish, Dec. 17, 1778. Savannah, April 11, 1852. Shad Thames flour mills, July 17, 1856. loss £100,000. Shadwell, 50 houses, Sept. 10, 1736 ; 30 houses in 1761; Nov.l, 1796, 20 houses Sheerness, Jan. 4, 1830. Smithfield, 28 houses, 1761 ; again Aug. 14, 1822, extensive. Southwark, 60 houses : consumed, 1676 ; Aid. Humphrey's, and other large ware- houses, June 19, 1851, loss principally in hops, £100,000. Spitalfields, Oct. 4, 1852. Store Street, Tottenham Court Road, Sept. 27, 1802, very extensive. Strand, 40 houses, 1781. Thames Street, near the Custom- house, Feb. 11, 1800, three West India warehouses, loss £300,000. Throgmorton Street, 20 houses, 1774. FIT 307 FLA Fires— continued. Tiverton, June 5, 1731 ; Aug 3, 1794. Tottenham Oil Mills, on the Lea river, Aug. 8, 1S52. Tower of London, Jan. 31, 1774 ; Oct. 30,1841, 2S0,000 stand of arms destroyed. Venice, 1106. Wapping, 150 houses, Dec. 4, 1716 ; Sept. 28. 1775, 30 houses; Oct. 6, 1800, 30 houses ; July 21, 1794, 630 houses, loss a million; June 16, 1840, 12 houses. Warehouses, A to D, at foot of Lon- don Bridge, and part of St. Saviour's church, June 23, 1S51, loss £250,000. Washington, post-office and patent- office, Dec. 15, 1836 ; the Capitol, Dec. 24,1851. Westminster Abbey tower, July 9, 1803. Whittington Club, Strand (on the site of the Crown and Anchor tavern! Dec. 3, 1854. Whitehall palace, Jan. 5, 1698. Windsor Castle, damaged, March 19, 1853. Windsor Forest, Apr. 17, 1785. Wynyard House, Feb. 19. 1841. York Minster, Feb. 1, 1829 ; May 19, 1840. Fires, incendiary, prevalent in England, 1833. Fireworks, display of, in London, to cele- brate the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, Nov. 23, 1748; at Paris, on the marriage of Louis XVI., May 31. 1770 ; in London, on the Peace Jubilee, Aug. 1, 1814; at the coronation of William IV., Sept. 8, 1831 ; on the peace with Russia, May 29, 1856. Fire-worshippers. See Magi. Firmicus Maternus, fl. 343. Fi rmus, an Egyptian merchant, revolts in Egypt against Aurelian ; is defeated, 273. Firmus, a Moor, revolts in Africa against Valentinian — Theodosius, the Elder, is sent against him, 372 — compelled to seek refuge among the Moors, 373 — commits suicide to avoid being given up by them, 374. Fijroze, k. of Persia, succeeds his father, Yezdejerd II., 458— d. 482. First fruits. See Annats. Fisher, John, bp. of Rochester, refuses the oath of the king's supremacy, is committed to the Tower, and attainted, 1534 — created a cardinal ; beheaded, J une 22, 1535. Fishmongers' Company, in London, found- ed, 1384. Fissiraga, a Guelf family in Lodi, raised to importance by N apoleon della Torre, 1269. Fitzclarence, the name taken by the fa- mily of the duke of Clarpnce (Wm. IV.) and Mrs. Jordan. See M jnster, George, earl of. — Augustus, the rev. lord, 6. 1S04 —d. 1S54— gen. lord Frederic, b. 1S00— d. 1854. Fitzgerald, lord Edward, dismissed from the army, 1792— engages in the Irish re- bellion, 1798 — is mortally wounded in resisting his apprehension, and dies of his hurts, June 3 — his attainder reversed, July 1, 1819. Fitzgerald, lady Pamela, wife of lord Edward, and daughter of the countess de Genii s, ordered to quit the kingdom, April 1798— d. 1831. Fitzgerald, Maurice, one of Richard Strongbow's companions, lands in Ire- land, and takes Wexford, Waterford, and Dublin, 1169. Fitzgibbon, John. See Clare, earl of. Fitzharris, Edward, committed to New- gate for a libel, Feb. 28, 1681— removed to the Tower, March 11 — executed at Tyburn, as a traitor, July 1. Fitzherbert, Mrs., b. 1756 — her alleged marriage to the prince of Wales denied by Fox in the House of Commons, April 20, 17S7— Dr. Withers convicted of a libel on her, July 14, 17S9— d. 1837. Fitzjames, James. See Berwick, duke of. Fitzwilliam, William Wentworth Fitz- william, earl of, b. 1747 — secedes from the Whigs, and supports W. Pitt's ad- ministration, July 11, 1794 — appointed viceroy of Ireland, Dec. 10 — being thwarted in his measures for the relief of the Irish Catholics, he resigns, Feb. 21, 1795- dismissed from the lord lieute- nancy of the West Riding of Yorkshire, ' Oct. 23, 1819— d. 1833. Fitzwilliam, Richard, viscount, founder by his will of the Museum at Cambridge —d. 1816. Fitzwilliam, Mrs., the actress, b. 1S02 — d. 1854. Five-burghs. See Danes. Five hundred, Council of, the legislative body of the new French constitution, established, Oct. 28, 1795. Five per cents., Navy, interest on, re- duced to Four, Feb 25, 1822. Flaccinator, M. Bossius, consul of Rome, B.C. 318. Flaccinator, M. Bossius, military tribune of Rome, B.C. 433. Flaccus, consul of Rome, 174. Flaccus, Valerius, writes his " Argonau- tica," 81. Flaccus, Verrius, preceptor of the impe rial family at Rome, 8. Flaccus, C. Fulvius, consul of Rome, sent to Sicily to put down a rebellion of the slaves, b.c. 134. TLA 803 FLA Flaccus, C. Norbanus, con3ul of Rome, B.C. 38— others, 24; and a.d. 15. Flaccus, C. Valerius, consul of Rome, b.c. 331— another, 93. Flaccus, L. Lucretius, consul of Rome, b.c. 393. Flaccus, L. Pomponius, consul of Rome, 17. Flaccus, L. Valerius, consul of Rome, B.C. 261 — another, 195— proconsul, Is fiercely resisted by the Insubres and Boii about Mediolanuin, 194 ; others, 152, 131, 100. Flaccus, L. Valerius, on the death of Ma- rius, appointed consul of Rome to supply his place ; assassinated on his march to the East by C. Fimbria, B.C. 86. Flaccus, M. Fulvius, consul of Rome, B.C. 264. Flaccus, M. Fulvius, consul of Rome, as- sists the Massilians by defeating the Transalpine Ligurians and the Salyans, b.c. 125. Flaccus, P. Valerius, consul of Rome, b.c. 227. Flaccus, Q. Fulvius, consul of Rome, b.c. 237 ; II. 224 ; III. 212 ; IV. 209— another, 179. Flaccus, Ser. Fulvius, consul of Rome, conquers the Vardsei, in Dalmatia, b.c.135. Fladknhbim, battle of; the emperor Henry IV. defeated by Rudolf of Swabia, Jan. 27, 1080. Flag of truce fired on by the Russians at Odessa, April 6, 1854 — again, at Hango, in Finland, June 5, 1855. Flagellants commence their exhibitions in Italy, 1334 — declared heretics by pope Clement VI., who issues a Bull against them, 1349 — appear in England, 1352 — ninety-one burnt by the Inquisition, 1414. Flamma, L. Volumnius, consul of Rome, b.c. 307 ; II. 296. Flaminian gate destroyed by an inunda- tion of the Tiber, 791. Flaminian way. See Flaminius, C. Ne- pos.— Continued by ^Emilius Paulus to Placentia, B.C. 182. Flaminius, C, consul of Rome, B.C. 187. Flaminius, C. Nepos, tribune of Rome, carries against the senate and the violent opposition of his own father, a law for dividing among the people the lands taken from the Keltse in Picenum, B.C. 232 — consul of Rome, 223 — censor; builds the Circus Flaminius and constructs the Via Flaminia from Rome to Ariminum, 220 — consul II.; defeated and slain by Hannibal at Thrasymene, 217. Flaminius, T. Quinctius, consul of Rome, takes the command in Greece, drives Philip V., k. of Macedon, from the de- file of Antigonia, and enters Thessaly; takes Elatea and Thebes, aud detaches the Achseans from Philip, B.C. 198 — de- feats him at Cynoscephalae, and dictates terms -of peace, 197 — proclaims the de- cree of the Roman senate for the free- dom of Greece, at the Isthmian games, 196 — his command in Greece prolonged ; he compels Nabis to submit, and sets Argos free to rejoin the Achaean League, 195 — returns to Rome, 194 — sent to Greece, 192— defeats Antiochus at Ther- mopylae, 191. Flaminius, L. Quinctius, brother of T. Quinctius, consul of Rome, B.C. 192. Flaminius, T. Quinctius, consul of Rome, B.C. 150— another, 123. Flamstead, John, b. 1646 — astronomer royal at the Greenwich Observatory, 1675 — publishes his Catalogue of the Fixed Stars, 1688— d. 1719. Flanders, in the north of Gaul, conquered by Caesar, and made part ot the Roman province of Gallia Belgica, B.C. 57 — oc- cupied by the Ripuarian Franks, a.d 420 — part of the dominions of Clovis, 510— of the kingdom of Soissons after his death, 511— long tranquil and pros- perous, begins to engage in commercial intercourse with England, 629— and from its proximity to the wool markets of that country becomes soon afterwards a seat of manufacturing industry. See Flem- ings. Created an independent county, 862. See Baldwin I. — III., and Arnulf I. — Fairs are established in, and manu- factures actively promoted, 963. See Arnulf II. and Baldwin IV. — A great inundation in, 1014 — Hardacanute ar- rives in, to claim the English crown, 1038. See Baldwin V. and VI., and Ar- nulf III. — Robert I., the Frisian, defeats Philip I., k. of France, at Mount Cassel, 1071. See Baldwin VI. and VII.— Charles, the Good, slain ; Flanders is given by Louis VI. to William Clito, son of Robert, former duke of Normandy, 1127. See Baldwin VIII. and IX.— Treaty with Venice for the fourth cru- sade, 1201— visit of Baldwin II., emperor of the East, to implore aid from Western Europe, 1237. See Dampierre, Guy de. — Alliance with Edw. III. of England, 1334. See Artevelde, James Van. — Edward disbands his army, 1339 — lands again, 1340 — unsuccessful crusade of the bp. of Norwich to support pope Urban VI., 1383— on the death of Louis II., Philip, duke of Burgundy, inherits Flanders, 1384. See Burgundy, duchy of. Succession of the counts of Flanders. Baldwin I., 862—879. ■ II., 879—918. — III., with Arnulf I., 918 -965. FLA 309 FLE Flanders — continued. Arnulf II., 965—989. Baldwin IV., 989—1036. V., 1036—1067. VI., the Good, 10G7— 1070. Arnulf III., 1070—1071. Robert L, the Frisian, 1071—1093. II., 1093—1111. Baldwin VII., 1111—1119. Charles, the Good, 1119—1127. William Glito, 1127—1 . 28. Thierry, 1128—1168. Philip of Alsace, 1168—1191. Margaret I. and Baldwin VIII., 1191— 1194. IX., 1194—1206. Jane and Ferdinand, 1206—1233. Jane, alone, 1233—1244. Margaret II., 1244—1280. Guy de Dampierre, 1280—1305. Robert III., 1305— 1322. Louis I., 1322—1346. II., 1346—1384. Margaret of Anjou, and Edward, prince of Wales, escape into, after the battle of Hexham, 1463— Edward IV. arrives in, to obtain aid from thr> duke of Bur- gundy, 1470 — first campaign in which Charles V. and Francis I. command against each other, 1521— English auxi- liaries support the Spaniards against the French, 1557 — they agree to a suspension of arms, Oct. 17,1558-CharlesI. threatens to oppose the French and Dutch in, 1639 — success of the French, 1646. See Ne- therlands. — Conde commands the Spanish forces, 1654 — many of the people emigrate into England, 1668 — Louis XIV. makes new claims in, 1680. See France and Belgium. Flat Bush, battle of. See Long Island. Flavia, Domitilla. See Domitian. Flavian family. See Flavius. Flavianus I. and II. See Antioch, bp. of. Flavianus. See Constantinople, bp. of. Flavius, Cn., publishes his Calendar of Court Days, and makes himself popular at Rome by other services, for which he is elected Curule iEdile, B.C. 306 — after having reconciled all the orders at Rome, erects a temple to Concord, 305. Flavius, introduced as an imperial name by Vespasian, 69 —and afterwards to de- note his family, and assumed by many succeeding emperors in their Consular Fasti. Flavius Arcadius, consul of Rome, 385 — II., 392; III., 394; IV., 306; V., 402; VI., 406. N.B. supply these dates to the emperor Arcadius, p. 47. Flax brought into Gaul from Egypt, about B.C. 1 — first grown in England, 1533 — its cultivation promoted in Ireland, 1851. Flaxman, John, the sculptor, b. 1754 — d. 1826. Fleece, Golden, the Order of the, insti- tuted, 1430. See Burgundy, Philip, the Good, duke of. Fleet Market, London, opened, 1737 — the new market opened, Nov. 20, 1829 — the old market named Farringdon-st. Fleetwood marries Cromwell's daughter, the widow of Ireton, and is made go- vernor of Ireland, 1654— petitions Crom- well not to accept the crown, 1657— desires Richard Cromwell to dissolve the parliament, 1659. Fleming, Richard, founds Lincoln College, Oxford, Oct. 13, 1427. Flemings land at Scarborough to support Tostig, earl of Northumberland, and are totally routed by Harold at Stam- ford bridge, Sept. 25, 1066 — having before bought and carried away the wool of our eastern counties, introduce the art of spinning it into yam at Worstead, in Norfolk, and make stuffs of it in Nor- wich, 1132 — relieve the besiegers of Acre, 1189 — support Otho IV., emperor of Ger- many, 1214 — defeat the French at Cour- tray, July 11, 1302 — are defeated by Philip IV., Aug. 16, 1304— revolt and are defeated by Philip VI. of France at Mount Cassel, Aug. 23, 1328— are de- feated by the French at Rosebecque, near Ypres, 1382 — receive and support Perkiu Warbeck, 1492— for which Henry VII. punishes them by stopping their trade with England, 1493 — they refuse to shelter the impostor, and their commerce is restored, 1497 — many of them ap- pointed to oflices in Spain, cause dis- satisfaction in that kingdom, 1520 — re- volt against the heavy taxes imposed by Chas. V., 1539 — are suppressed by him, and the citizens of Ghent deprived of their privileges, 1540. See Nether- lands. Flensburg, Margaret, qn. of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, dies at, 1412 — calls on the k. of Denmark for reforms, 1830 — taken by Prussian and Hanoverian troops, April 25, 1848 — occupied by the Danes, July 16, 1850 — assembly of the nobles at, June 15, 1851 — railway to Ton- ningen opened, Oct 25, 1854. Fletcher, John, the dramatist, o. 1576— fl. 1614— d. 1625. Fletcher, Andrew, of Saltoun, excites violent debates in the Scotch parliament by his motion respecting the Hanoveriau succession, May 6, 1703. Fleurus, battles of, the prince of Wal- deck defeated by marshal Luxemburg, FLO 310 FLO July 1, 1690— the allies defeated by the French gen. Jourdan, who uses the bal- loon telegraph, June 26, 1794. Fleukt, afterwards cardinal, b. 1653 — prime minister to Louis X. ; relieves the financial embarrassments of France, 1726 — his pacific policy, aided by that of Walpole, effects the signature of pre- liminaries by all the discordant States except Spain, at Paris, May 29, 1727— d. Jan. 29, 1743. Flinders, captain, explores the southern coast of New Holland, 1801. Flintshire, volcanic eruption in, Feb. 4, 1773. FLODDEN-FiELD,battle of, the Scots defeated by the earl of Surrey, Sept. 9, 1513. Flogging of soldiers censured by Cobbett, for which he is fined and imprisoned, July 2, 1810— J. Drakard, editor of the Stamford News, also punished for like comments, May 25, 1811— a new clause in the annual Mutiny Act authorises courts-martial to dispense with it, June, 1811. Flood, Mr., withdraws his motion for par- liamentary reform, Mar. 4, 1790. Floods. See Inundations. Flor, Roger di, or Kobert Blum, a Tem- plar, is degraded from the Order, retires to Genoa, where he fits out a private galley, and seeks his fortune as an ad- venturer, 1291— enters into the service of Frederic, k. of Sicily, 1298— forms out of the mercenaries who had served in Sicily his Catalan Grand Company, 1303. See Catalan Grand Company. — Created Csesar, 1306 — assassinated at Adriano- ple ; 1307. Flora, a planet, discovered by Mi'. Hind, at London, Oct. 10, 1847. Florence, the Uoman Florentia, accord- ing to some, one of Sylla's military colo- nies originally at Faesulse, B.C. 80— ac- cording to others, founded on the banks of the Amo by the triumvirs, 60— a flou- rishing city in the time of the emperor Tiberius I., a.d. 30— besieged by Rada- gaisus, who is defeated and slain there by Stilicho, 405 — a school founded by Lo- thaire, 8:29— Gerard, bp. of, elected pope Nicholas II., 1059— war with Lucca and Sienna, 1144— an independent republic, 1198— holds out against the emperor Fred. II., 1240 — adopts a democratic con- stitution, and unites the Guelfs andGhi- bp.lins, 1250— assisted by Manfred, k. of Sicily, the Ghibelins prevail, 1260— the citizens elect Charles of Anjou gov. for ten years, 1267 — invited to protect Pisa against the Genoese, 1285 — besiege that city, and arerep ilaed by Guido da Monte- fcltro, 1292. Prosperous and rich, Florence is di- vided by the , factions of the Bianchi (Whites), under Vieri de' Cerchi, and the Neri (Blacks), headed by Corso de' Do- nati; the former have the ascendancy, and reject the offered mediation of pope Boniface VIIL, 1300— Charles de Valois, admitted under the plea of restoring peace, allows the Neri to ill-treat and drive out their opponents, 1301 — a great part of the city burnt by the vio- lence of these factions, 1304 — Robert, k. of Naples, appointed gov. for five years, 1313— battle of Cappiano, 1325. See Cap- piano. — Charles, duke of Calabria, son of Robert, elected gov. for five years, 1326 — Lucca ceded to Florence by Mastino della Scala, which the Pi sans oppose by war, 1341— Walter de Brienne, titular duke of Athens, appointed captain, makes peace with Pisa, 1342— the citizens ex- pel him, and establish a popular govern- ment, 1343— the plague rages, 1348. English mercenaries, employed by Pisa, defeat the Florentines, 1363 — are defeat- ed by them, and peace follows between the two republics, 1364— Florence, at- tacked by the legate of pope Gregory IX., engages the services of Sir John Hawkwood, who repels the invasion, 1375— excites a general revolt in the papal States, takes Bologna, is excom- municated, and laid under an interdict, 1376— rejects the overtures of the pope, 1377 — a revolt of the people, headed by Silvester de' Medici, is suppressed, 137b — Sir John Hawkwood quits the service of the Florentines; their merchandize seized by the Genoese, and by Louis, duke of Anjou, in Provence, 1382— they call him back, to oppose John Galeazzo Visconte, duke of Milan, and assist Da Carrara to recover Padua, 1390 — he foils the Milanese, 1391— d., and is interred at Florence with funeral honours, 1394. Emanuel Chrysoloras employed by the government to teach Greek, 1396— hos- tilities recommenced by the duke of Milan, 1397 — peace concluded, 1398 — Florence and Venice endeavour to take advantage of the disordered state of Italy, 1403— Pisa conquered, Oct. 9, 1406 — pope John XXIII. retires to Florence, 1413 — the Florentines dissuade Ladislas, k. of Naples, from besieging him in Bo- logna, 1414— obtain Leghorn, 1421— are defeated by Philip Maria Visconte, duke of Milan, 1424 — league with Venice against Milan, 1425 — agree to a congress at Ferrara to treat of peace, 1427 — con- clude peace, April 18, 1428-renew their league with Venice, and besiege Lucca, where they are repelled by Francesco FLO 311 FLO Florence continued. Sforza, 1430 — war again with Milan; their fleet combined with the Venetians defeats the Genoese near Portofmo, Aug. 27, 1431— peace concluded at Ferrara, Apr. 26, 1433. Cosmo de' Medici founds the univer- sity, but through the intrigues of Ri- naldo degli Albizi, and his other ene- mies, he and his family are banished, 1433 — recalled, and his enemies are ex- iled ; pope Eugenius IV., driven from Rome, comes to Florence ; the republic engages the services of Francesco Sforza, 1434— alliance with Genoa, 1436— Sforza returns to Milan; the friendship of Ve- nice cools ; Cosmo de' Medici goes as ambassador to revive it, 1438 — as gonfa- lonier of Florence renews the league, and engages Sforza again, who restores vic- tory to the confederates, 1439 — the Council of Ferrara removed to Florence, concludes the Union of the Latin and Greek churches, July 6, 1439 — general peace in Italy, 1441 — the pope leaves Florence, 1443 — Cosmo de' Medici founds the library, and patronizes learned men, 1444 — supports Sforza against the pope, and Alfonso, k. of Aragon and Na- ples, 1446 — pope Nicholas V. mediates peace, 1450 — alliance with Sforza, now duke of Milan, who is threatened by Venice, 1451 — war commences, 1452 — peace of Lodi, April 9, 1454 — league against the Ottomans, 1455 — death of Cosmo de' Medici, Aug. 1, 1464 — and of his son, Pietro, Sept. 3, 1469. Lorenzo and his brother, Julian, govern Florence; another league formed against the Turks, 1470 — the duke and duchess of Milan are magnificently entertained by Lorenzo de' Medici, 1471. See Volteeea. — The Platonic Academy rises under his auspices, 1476 — conspiracy of the Pazzi, abetted by pope Sixtus IV.; Julian de' Medici assassinated, Apr. 26, 1478— Lo- renzo escapes and rules alone ; the archbp. of Pisa, implicated in the plot, is put to death, and the cardinal-legate imprisoned, for which the pope lays an interdict on the city, and engages Ferdi- nand, k. of Naples, to join him in a war against Florence ; the republic is assist- ed by Louis XI., k. of France, the regent of Milan, and by Venice, Ferrara, and Rimini ; the emperor Frederic IV., and Matthias Corvinus, k. of Hungary, send ambassadors to protest against the con- duct of the pope, who disregards their advice, 1478— he demands the expulsion of Lorenzo, who goes to Naples and con- ciliates the friendship of Ferdinand, 1479— pope Sixtus, alarmed by the Turk- ish seizure of Otranto, foregoes his ani- mosity, and concludes a treaty with Florence, 1480— the Florentines assist in recovering Otranto, 1481 — unit^ with other States to preserve peace in South- ern Italy, 1486— recover Sarzana from the Genoese, 1487 — death of Lorenzo de' Medici, April 7, 1492. His eldest son, Pietro, occupies his station in the republic ; is expelled, with his brothers, by Charles VIII., king of France, 1494— Pisa regains in- dependence, 1495 — is besieged by the Florentines, 1496 — the Medici attempt to regain their power, and are repulsed, 1497 — Savonarola, and two of his dis- ciples, burnt at Florence, by desire of pope Alexander VI. ; Louis Maria, duku of Milan, assists the Florentines in their siege of Pisa, 1498— their gen., Paolo Vitelli, fails in his attack, and is behead- ed, 1499 -they renew the siege, and again abandon it with great loss, 1500— return to the attack, 1504— make them- selves masters of the city, June 8, 1509 — the Medici conducted back to Florence by a Spanish army ; Julian, the young- est son of Lorenzo, takes the lead, Aug. 31, 1512— joins in a league against Fran- cis I., k. of France, 1515— d. March 17, 1516 — his nephew, Lorenzo II., d. April 28, 1519. Pope Leo X. sends his cousin, car- dinal Julius de' Medici, to maintain the family ascendancy in Florence, 1519 — he rules there after he becomes pope Clement VII., 1523— includes Florence in his secret treaty with Francis I., 1524 — his family expelled from Florence, and the republic revived, 1527— stipulates in a treaty with Chas. V. for the restoration of his family, 1529 — Florence refuses to admit them, and is besieged by a Spanish army, under Filiberto, prince of Orange, 1529 — he is killed in the attack, but Florence is taken, and Alex- ander, a natural son of Lorenzo II., ap- pointed gov. for life, Oct. 28, 1530. See Alexander de' Medici. — He is succeed- ed by Cosmo, a descendant of Lorenzo, brother of the first Cosmo, 1537— created grand duke of Tuscany by pope Pius V., Sept. 1, 1569. See Tuscany. — A plot formed at Florence against his son and successor, Francis, detected, and the con- spirators punished, 1578 — the Academy Delia Crusca founded, 1582 — treaty of, between the French republic and Naples, Mar. 18, 1801. See Feedinand IV., k. of Naples. — Ravages of the cholera, 1855. Floeence of Worcester writes his Chro- nicle, 1119. FOI 312 FON" Florkntius, consul of Rome, 361— others, 429, 515. Florence I. to V. See Friesland, and Holland, counts of. Florenz of Hainault marries Isabella de Villehardouin, 1291 — d., leaving a daugh- ter, Maud, heiress of the principality of Achaia, 1297. See Achai a, principality of, and Maud. Florian, brother of the emperor Tacitus, aspires to succeed him ; is killed by the soldiers at Tarsus, 276. Florida discovered, by the Spaniard Juan de Leon, 1512— a Huguenot colony plant- ed in, 1564 — the colonists killed or ex- pelled by the Spaniards as heretics, 1567 — attacked with success by Sir Francis Drake, 1586 — ceded to the United States by Spain, 1820 — admitted into the Union, 1845. Florida Blanca. See Blanca. Florin. See Coinage. Florus composes bis epitome of Roman history, 116 — excites the jealousy of Ha- drian, 118. Florus, Cn. Aquilius, consul of Rome, b.c. 259. Florus Gessius, Roman gov. of Judaea, 64. Florus, Julius, heads a revolt in Gaul, 21. Flower, a bookseller of Cambridge, prose- cuted for selling Gilbert Wakefield's answer to the bp. of Landaff, July 17, 1798. Flushing taken by the revolted Nether- landers, 1572. See Cautionary Towns. — Annexed to France, Jan. 23, 1808 — captured by the English, Aug. 15, 1809 — the works destroyed and abandoned, Dec. 25. I'ockeday, M., b. 1758 — member of the National Convention; voted against the death of Louis XVI., 1793— d. 1853. "Fcedera." See Rymer. Foggia, battle of; Manfred defeats the troops of pope Innocent IV., 1254 — Charles of Anjou, k. of Naples, d. there, Jan. 7, 1285. Foix, Eleanor de. See Eleanor of Na- varre. Foix, Francis Phoebus de, son of Gaston the younger, succeeds his grandmother, Eleanor, as k. of Navarre, 1479— d. 1483. Foix, Gaston de. See Eleanor of Navarre. Foix, Gaston de, the younger, son of Gas- ton and Eleanor, b. 1444 — killed in a tournament, 1470. Foix, Katharine de, daughter of Gaston the younger, succeeds her brother, Francis Phoebus, on the throne of Na- varre, 14S3 — marries John D' Albret, 1484. See Albret, John D'. Foix, Gaston De, duke de Nemours, nephew of Louis XII., king of France, b. 1489— serves in the French army in Italy against Venice, and is appointed gov. of Milan, 1511 — relieves Bologna, recoverg Brescia' and Bergamo, and gains the battle of Ravenna, in which he is killed,, April 11, 1512. Foix, Germaine De, sister of Gaston, mar- ries Ferdinand, k. of Spain, to whom her uncle, Louis XII., gives as her dowry all his claims on the kingdom of Naples, 1505. Fokshani, battle of; the Turks defeated by the Austrians and Russians. July 31, 1789. Folkstone, first experiment of a subma- rine telegraph at, Jan. 10, 1849. Folkstone, viscount, moves a vote of cen- sure on marquis Wellesley's Indian go- vernment, which is negatived, March 9, 1808 — presents a petition for Reform from the Spa-fields meeting, 1816. See Radnor, earl of. Folkunger, a family nearly allied to the throne, grow powerful in Sweden, and for a time expel Eink XL, 1229 — overcome by him, 1234 — Birger Jarl restores their ascendancy, 1249. See Birger Jarl. Follett, Sir "William, b. 1798 — attorney- general, 1844— d. 1845. Fontaine, Jean De La, b. 1621 — the first collection of his Fables published, 1668 —the second, 1678— d. 1695. Fontaine, La, August, the German no- velist, b. 1756— d. 1831. Fontaine, Louis, the architect, b. 1763— d, 1853. Fontaineblf.au, the emperor Charles V arrives at, 1539 — treaty of between France and Sweden against him, 1542 — peace concluded at, between Denmark, Sweden, and Brandenburg, Sept. 2, 1679— Mat- thew Prior negotiates privately at, 1711 —preliminaries of peace signed at, by the duke of Bedford, Nov. 3, 1762— Chas. IV. of Spain and his qu. sent there by Napoleon, Apr. 30, 1808 — decree for burn- ing English manufactures issued at, Aug. 18, 1810— Napoleon abdicates at, Apr. 6, 1814. Fontarabia, conference at, between Louis XL of France and Henry IV. of Castile, 1463 — the French retire from the siege of, 1638— taken by the duke of Berwick, 1719. FoNTEius.with the proconsul Caepio, killed by the Picentines, b.c. 90. Fontenat, in Auxerre, battle of, between the three sons of Louis I. ; Lothair de- feated by Louis and Charles, June 25, 841. Fontenelle, b. 1667 — d. 1757. Fontenoy, battle of; the duke of Cumber- FOR 313 FOS land defeated by the marshal de Saxe, Apr. 30, 1745. Fonthill Abbey. See Beckford, Wm., and Farquhar, John. Fontinalis, A. Aterius, consul of Home, b.c. 454. Foote, Samuel, the actor, I. 1721— d. 1777. Forbes, Brigadier, takes Fort Du Quesne, Nov. 25. 1758. Forbes, Sir Charles, b. 1773— d. 1849. Forbes, Prof. E., b. 1815— d. 1854. Forbin, Louis count de, director of the Parisian museums, b. 1779 — d. 1841. Forcheim, the diet of, elects Rudolf of Swabia k. of Germany, 1077. Ford, John, b. 1586-d. 1651. Ford, Col., one of the supervisors of In- dian affairs, lost at sea, 1769. Ford, Rev. James, a liberal benefactor by his will to Trinity College, Oxford,^ 1850. Fordyck, Col., killed in an action with the Caffres, Nov. 6, 1851. Foreign Enlistment Act, passed to pre- vent British subjects assisting the S. American Republics, May 13, 1819 — sus- pended in favour of Spain, June 9, 1835. Foreign Enlistment Bill passed, for re- cruiting the British army, 1854. Foreign Loans depreciated by a panic in the market, 1822— excessive speculation in, followed by a general panic, and the ruin of many, 1825. Foreigners prohibited admission to the royal dockyards, July 30, 1779. See Alien Act. Forest, subterranean, discovered on the coast of Lincolnshire, 1799 — submarine, discovered at Morlaix, 1812. " Forfarshire Steamer," wrecked on the Fern isles ; some of the crew saved through the heroism of Grace Darling, Sept. 5, 1838. Forfeited estates of the Jacobites, in 1716, valued at £1,652,450 — many more in 1746 — some are restored, 1784. Forgery, first execution for, June 4, 1731 — the crime increases ; numerous prose- cutions, 1817 — thirty-eight bills found in one Old Bailey sessions, Sept. 11,1818 — the severity of the law generally dis- approved; two juries refuse to convict, Dec. 5, 1818— many petitions against it presented to parliament, 1819 — Bills to mitigate it brought in by Sir James .Mackintosh, 1820 — thirty-five indict- ments at the Old Bailey, Apr. 11, 1821— punishment of death for forgery abolish- ed, Aug. 1832. Forli, defended against the Guelfs by the marquis Guido da Montefeltro, 1282 — submits to them, and the Ghibelin re- fugees are dispersed, 1283— surrenders to the Frencn, 1512. Form of prayer for the sovereign and hia family, first ordained by the sixteenth council of Toledo, 693. «, Formigny, battle of. See Clermont, count de. Formosus, bp. of Porto, elected pope, S91 — crowns the emperor Arnulf, and d. soon afterwards, 896— pope Stephen VII. (or VI.) declares his election void, disinters his body, and throws it into the Tiber, 896 — all the proceedings of Stephen against him are annulled by a council held by John IX., 898. Forster, the Jacobite commander, taken prisoner at Preston, Nov. 13, 1715 — ex- pelled from the House of Commons, Jan. 10, 1716 — escapes from Newgate to France, Apr. 10. Fort, Le, b. 1634— tutor of the czar Peter I., Ifi84 — his adviser and prime minister 1689— d 1698. Fort Detroit. See Brock, General. Fort. See Du Quesne, Erie, Louts, Ni- agara, Ontario, Oswego, and St. David. Fort William, in Bengal, Shere Singh and other Sikh captives removed to, Jan, 17, 1851. Fort William Henry, in Canada, taken byMontcalm,Aug. 9, 1757. Fortebraccio, Nicholas, the Condottiere, takes Rome, 1434— defeated and slain at Capo del Monte, 1435. Fortescue, Sir John, educates prince Ed- ward at Angers, 1467. Forth. See Agricola, Cn. Julius. Forth, the, crossed by Cromwell, 1651. Forth and Clyde canal opened, July 28, 1790. Forthere, bp. of Sherborne, 709. Fortresses, ministerial plan for, opposed by R. B. Sheridan, and defeated by the Speaker's casting-vote, Feb. 27, 1786. Forts round Paris, debates in the French Chambers respecting the construction of, 1833— the law passed, 1841. "Fortuna," the planet, discovered by Hind, Aug. 22, 1852. Fortunatus, Venantius, a presbyter, ad- dresses poems to the emperor Justin II., to the empress Sophia, and to Childe- bert, 570— bp. of Poictiers, 595— d. 600. Forty-shilling freeholders of England, the franchise restricted to, 1431 — of Ire- land, on the passing of the Catholic Re- lief Act, disqualified, the qualification being raised to £10, 1829. Forum Julii. See Frejus and Friuli. Forum Palladium built by Domitian, 92. Forum of Trajan, built 113. Fosbroke, T. D., b. 1770-rf. 1842. Foscaro, Francescc, doge of Venice, 1423 —deposed by the council of Ten; d. of grief, 1457. FOX 314 niA Foscolo, Ugo, b. 1777— d. 1827. Fossalta, battle of, May 26, 1249. See Bologna and Enzio. Fotheringay castle built, 1408. See Mary, qu, of Scots. — Pulled down by her son, James I., 1604. Foucault. See Falcandus. Fouche concerts with Bonaparte and Sieyes, a change of government, which is effected by military force, Nov. 9, 1799— appointed minister of police, Dec— cre- ated duke of Otranto, 1809— dismissed, June 3, 1810— re-appointed by Napoleon, March 21, 1815 — dismissed by Louis XVIII., Sept. 19. Foundling hospital; London, first sug- gested by Capt. Coram, and a charter granted for its erection, Oct. 17, 1739 — first performance of Handel's Messiah, in the chapel, May 1, 1753— opened for the reception of children, June 2, 1758. Fountains constructed by Abderahman II., to relieve the drought in Spain, 847. Fouquet, finance minister to Louis XlV., displaced and prosecuted for malver- sations, 1661. Four pek cent, stocks reduced to 3£ per cent., 1824. Four per cent, annuities, interest on, re- duced, May 3, 1834. Fox, Richard, bp. of Winchester, intro- duces Wolsey to Henry VIII., 1509— founds Corpus Christi College, Oxford, 1516. Fox, Edward, almoner to Henry VIII., sent by him to treat with the pope, 1528. Fox, John, author of the " Book of Mar- tyrs," d. 1587. Fox, George, founds the society of Friends or Quakers, 1647 — imprisoned at Not- tingham, 1649— d. 1691. Fox, Henry, b. 1705 — appointed a lord of the treasury, 1743 — he unites with W. Pitt in opposition to the duke of New- castle, 1754 — secretary of state, Nov. 10, 1755— resigns, 1756 — paymaster of the forces, 1757 — defends the articles of the treaty of peace, Nov. 1762 — created a peer, April 16, 1763. See Holland, Fox, lord. Fox, commodore, captures forty French ships off Cape Ortegal, June 16, 1747. Fox, Charles James, second son of Henry, lord Holland, b. 1748— makes his maiden speech in support of the address on the opening of the parliament, Jan. 9, 1770 — becomes a junior lord of the admi- ralty, Jan. 28 — removed from office, Feb. 28, 1774 — wounded in a duel with Mr. Adam, Nov. 30, 1779 — his motion for ter- minating the American war negatived, June 12, 1781 — made foreign secretary, Mar. 30, 1782 — supports Pitt's motion for parliamentary reform, May 7— in« troduces a measure of concession to Ire- land, May 18 — resigns, July; forms a coalition with lord North, March, 1783 — foreign secretary, April 2 — introduces his India Bills, Nov. 18— they are passed by the Commons, but thrown out by the Lords — dismissed from office, Dec. 18 — denies the marriage of the prince of Wales to Mrs. Fitzherbert, Apr. 20, 1787 — opens the Benares charge against Warren Hastings, April 22, 1788— moves the repeal of the Corporation and Test Acts, March 2, 1790 — dissension between his partisans and Burke's, respecting the French Revolution, Feb. 9 — condemns all laws which attach penalties to opinion, Feb. 21, 1791 — final separation from Burke, May 6 — his Libel Bill postponed until the next session, May 20— passed, and decides the power of juries in trials for libel, Apr. 30, 1792— his pacific pro- positions negatived, Feb. 18, 1793— se- cedes from attending in parliament, Nov. 2, 1797 — struck out from the list of privy councillors for repeating the duke of Norfolk's toast, " the Majesty of the People," May 25, 1798 — is received at the Tuileries, Sept. 3, 1802 — unites with Pitt in opposing the Addington ministry, April 16, 1804— in excluded from office by the king, May 12 — presents the Ca- tholic petition to the Commons, May 13, 1805 — becomes foreign secretary, Feb. 5, 1806 — writes to Talleyrand on an offer made to assassinate Napoleon, Feb. 20 — procures a vote in the Commons for the abolition of the slave trade, June 10— d. Sept. 13 — is buried in Westminster Abbey, Oct. 10 — his statue placed in Bloomsbury square, 1816. Fox, Mr., architect of the Crystal Palace, knighted, Oct. 1851. Foy, General, leader of the patriotic party in the French Chamber of Deputies, b. 1775— d. 1825. Fracinet. See Fraxinet. Fkaga, siege of, by Alfonso I., k. of Ara- gon, 1132 — battle of; he is defeated and slain by the Meors, 1134. Framlingham, in Suffolk, qu. Mary escapes to, on the death of Edw. VI., and claims the throne, 1553. Francavilla, in Sicily, battle of; the Aus- trians defeated by the Spaniards, June 20, 1719. France, the modern designation of the greater part of the Gallia of the Ro- mans, called Frankenric, or empire of the Franks, after its conquest by Clovis, 4S1 — 511. See Gaul and Franks — Its Latin name of Francia took gradually its present form, which comprehended FRA 315 FRA Fbakce — continued. at first a large portion of Germany, and was not strictly appropriated as now used, till after the division of Charle- magne's empire among his three grand- sons, when Charles, the Bald, became, properly speaking, the first k. of France, 840. For his predecessors, see Franks ; and for the events of his own and each succeeding reign, refer to the name of the respective sovereigns in this Index, Kings of France. Carlovingians —continued. Charles II., the Bald 840— 877 Louis II., the Stammerer 877 — 879 Louis III. and Carloman ... 879 — 832 Carloman alone 882 — 884 Charles III., the Fat 884— 888 Eudes, count of Paris 888—898 Charles IV., the Simple 898— 922 Robert I., count of Paris 922— 923 Rudolf, duke of Burgundy 923— 936 Louis IV., d'Outremer 936— 954 Lothaire 954— 986 Louis V., le Faineant 986— 987 Housk of Capet. Hugh Capet 987— 996 Robert II 996—1031 Henry I 1031—1060 Philip 1 1060—1108 Louis VI., the Fat 1108—1137 Louis VII 1137—1180 Philip Augustus 1180—1223 Louis VIII 1223—1226 Louis IX., Saint Louis 1226—1270 Philip III., the Bold 1270—1285 Philip IV., the Fair 1285—1314 Louis X., Rutin 1314—1316 John 1 1316,5days Philip V., the Long 1316—1322 Charles IV., the Fair 1322—1328 House of Valois. Philip VI., de Valois 1328—1350 John II., the Good 1350—1364 Charles V., the Wise 1364—1380 Charles VI., the Well-leloved 1380—1422 Charles VII., the Victorious... 1422—1461 Louis XI 1461—1483 Charles VIII 1483—1498 House of Orleans. Louis XII 1498—1515 House of Angouleme. Francis 1 1515—1547 Henry II 1547—1559 Francis II 1559—1560 Charles IX 1560—1574 Henry III 1574—1589 House of Bourbon. Henry IV., of Navarre 1589—1610 Louis XIII 1610—1643 Louis XIV 1643-1715 Louis XV 1715—1774 Louis XVI 1774— The revolution begins, June 17, 1789. Louis dethroned, and the republic de- clared, Sept. 22, 1792. Government of the National Convention with an Executive Committee, 1792 — 1794. See French Revolution. Louis beheaded, Jan. 21, 1793. Louis XVII., title given by the royalists to his son the dauphin, 1793 — 1795. Louis XVI II., title, on his death, as- sumed by his eldest uncle, 1795. Government of the Directory, 1794 — 1799. Napoleon Bonaparte, first consul, 1799— for ten years, May 6— for life, Aug. 2, 1S02. Napoleon I., emperor, May 18, 1804 — de- posed by the senate, April 1 — abdi- cates, April 6, 1814. Napoleon II., title given by his partisans to his son the duke of Reichstadt,who d. July 22, 1832. Bestoration of the Bourbons. Louis XVIII. declared k. by the senate, April 10, 1814. Return of Napoleon I., and empire of a hundred days, March 20— June 27, 1815. Louis XVIII. returns, July 8, 1815— d. 1824. Charles X., 1824. Revolution of the barricades, July 27 — 29. Charles abdicates, Aug. 1830. Louis Philip, duke of Orleans, 1830. Revolution breaks out, Feb. 23, 1848. Louis Philip abdicates, Feb. 24. Republic proclaimed, Feb. 26. Louis Napoleon Bonaparte elected pre- sident, for four years, Dec. 20, 184o— for ten years, Jan. 15, 1852. Empire restored. Napoleon III. elected. Dec. 1, 1852. France, Isle of. See Mauritius. Frances, daughter of Cromwell, married to a grandson of the earl of Warwick, 1657. Francesco. See Francis. Francfort, or Frankfurt, on the Mein. See Diets; and elections and corona- tions of different emperors. — Treacher- ously seized by the French marshal De Soubise, 1759 — taken by the French gen. Custine, Oct. 21, 1792— retaken by the Hessians, Dec. 2— made, by Napoleon, the seat of the Confederation of the Rhine, 1806 — declaration of the allied sovereigns issued at, Dec. 4, 1813— seat of the Federal Diet of, renovated Ger- many, 1814 — popular commotions at, TRA 316 FRA March 3, 1848— the Diet proposes the meeting of a German parliament, March 11 — supports Schleswig and Holstein against Denmark, April 12 — the parlia- ment meets, May 18 — the archduke John elected regent, arrives, Aug. 3 — riots ; major Auerswald and prince Lichnowski killed, Sept. 18— the parliament elects the k. of Prussia emperor of Germany, March 28, 1849 -he rejects the offer— the emperor of Austria withdraws, Apr. 3 — meeting of the Peace Society, Aug. 22, 1850 — definitive treaty ot peace be- tween Denmark and Prussia signed at, Oct. 26— the Diet restored, Aujf. 23, 1851. jJ'ranofort on the Oder, university of, founded, 1506 — united to that of Breslau, 1816. Tranche Comte, part of the original king- dom of the Burgundians, between the Rhone', the Saone, Mount Jura and the Rhine, conquered by the Franks, 534— part of the duchy of Burgundy, 877 — severed from it, and given as the Pala- tinate of Burgundy to Rudolf 1 1 1., king of Aries, 1002 — bequeathed by him to the emperor Conrad II., and annexed to Ger- many, 1032 —recovered by the dukes of Burgundy ; and on the death of the last duke, Charles the Bold, seized by Louis XI., k. of France, 1477— offered by Louis> XII. in the treaty of Blois, as part of the dowry of his daughter Claude, 1504 — the treaty annulled, 1506 — given to Philip II. of Spain, on his marriage with Isabella, daughter of Henry II., king of France, 1559— conquered by Louis XIV., 1674 — confirmed to him by the pe,ace of Nimwegen, 1678. Francia, b. 1755 — president of Paraguay, 1816 — war with Bolivar, 1824 — suppresses the monastic orders in Paraguay, 1825 — d. 1840. Francis Stephen I., emperor of Germany, son of Leopold, duke of Lorraine, b. 1709 — succeeds his father as duke, 1729 — by the treaty of Vienna his states are given to Stanislas IV., k. of Poland, and he is compensated by the reversion of Tus- cany, 1735 — marries the arch-duchess Maria-Theresa, daughter and heiress of the emperor Charles VI., Feb. 12, 1736 — becomes grand-duke of Tuscany, 1737 — co-regent with Maria-Theresa, of Hun- gary, and her other hereditary states, 1740— elected emperor, Sept. 2, 1745 — crowned, Sept. 28 — makes peace with Bavaria and Prussia, and his title is ac- knowledged by them ; the French and Spaniards conquer Parma, Savoy and Milan, and great part of the Austrian Netherlands, 1745— take Brussels, Na- mur, Antwerp, and the rest of the Ne- therlands; are defeated by the Aus- trians and Sardinians at Lazzaro and Rotto Freddo, and driven out of Italy; Provence invaded, 1746— siege of Genoa by the Austrians ; negotiations com- mence at Aix-la-Chapelle, 1747— peace concluded, Oct. 7, 1748 — secret alliance with Russia, 1753 — and with France against Prussia ; the Seven Years' War begins; 1756. See Frederic II., king of Prussia. — Peace of Hubertsburg, Feb. 15, 1763— Francis d. Aug. 18, 1765. Francis II., emperor of Germany, son of Leopold II., b. Feb. 12, 1768— inherits the Austrian dominions, March 1,1792 — is elected emperor, July 14 — meets the k. of Prussia at Mentz, 23 — and concerts measures for carrying on the war against France. See French Revolution. — shares in the second partition of Poland, 1793 — commands his army in person, and takes Landrecy, April 24, 1794 — receives the third share of Poland, 1795 — con- cludes the treaty of peace at Campo Formio, and obtains Venice, Oct. 17, 1797 — joins the second coalition against France, 1799. See French Revolution, and Bonaparte, Napoleon. — Agrees to the peace of Luneville, Feb. 9, 1801 — annuls the elective title of emperor of Germany, and assumes that of — Francis I., hereditary emperor of Austria, Aug. 11, 1804— joins the third coalition against France, 1805. See Napoleon I. —By the treaty of Presburg, loses Venice, the Tyrol and other parts of his empire, Dec. 26, 1805— compelled to be neutral in the fourth coalition, and to allow the Confederation of the Rhine, 1806 — enters into the fifth coalition, 1809. See Napo- leon I.— Signs the humiliating treaty of Vienna, Oct. 11 — gives his daughter, Maria-Louisa, in marriage to Napoleon, Apr. 1, 1810 — agrees to furnish an auxi- liary contingent to the French army against Russia, March 24, 1812 — nego- tiates secretly with Great Britain and Russia, March 20, 1813 — takes part in the congress of Prague, July 5— joins the sixth great coalition, Aug. 15. See Napoleon I. — Battle of Leipsic, Oct. 16 — 19— Francis at Francfort, Dec. 4 — re- pairs to the head quarters of the allied army in France, Jan. 25, 1814 — enters Paris, March 31 — by the treaty of peace recovers the Tyrol, Lombardy, and all his lost States, May 30— joins the Euro- pean declaration of war on Napoleon's return to France, March, 1815 — arrives again at Paris after the battle of Water- loo, July 10 — becomes a party to the " Holy Alliance," Sept. 26— is induced by Metternich to oppose all liberal ten- FEA 317 FEA dencies in Europe ; congress of Troppau and Laybach, 1820 — Austrian armies annul the constitution in Naples, and ar- rest a revolutionary movement in Pied- mont ; Alexander Ipsilanti, leader of the Greek insurrection, imprisoned, 1821 — ambassador recalled from Madrid; Great , Britain accepts £2 500,000 in full pay- ment for loans of £30,000,000, 1823— Don Miguel received at Vienna, 1823 — troops withdrawn from Naples, Dec. 1826 — Ip- silanti released, 1828— an insurrection in Milan repressed, 1830 — Austrian troops crush an attempt to form a federal re- public in Italy, 1831 — Francis d. March 2, 1835. Francis Charles Joseph, archduke of Austria, second son of the emperor Fran- cis, b. Dec. 7, 1802— marries Sophia, prin- cess of Bavaria, 1824 — waives his right to the throne in favour of his son, Fran- cis Joseph. Francis Joseph, emperor of Austria, son of the archduke Francis Charles Joseph, b. Aug. 18, 1830 — ascends the throne on the abdication of his uncle Ferdinand, Dec. 2, 1848 — has to contend against his revolted subjects in Hungary and Italy; his troops invest Comorn, Jan. 3, 1849 — are defeated at Hermannstadt, 21 — at Godolo, April 6 — Kossuth declared by the Diet supreme gov. of Hungary ; the Austrians defeated near Gran, 20— -the emperor invites the assistance of Russia, May 1 — his troops defeated at Altenburg and Oedenburg, 7 — the Hungarians re- cover Pesth ; conference of the emperors Francis Joseph and Nicholas at Warsaw, 22 — the Hungarians are overcome; Kos- suth and Bern take flight into Turkey, Aug. 12 — G6rgey surrenders, 13— the two emperors require the sultan to give up the fugitives, 23 — lower their demands on the interposition of Great Britain and France, Oct. 17. In Italy, the Austrian gen. Radetzky defeats Charles Albert at Novara, Mar. 23 — Brescia bombarded and the in- habitants massacred, 30 — Venice block- aded, April 17 — Ancona taken, June 18 — the grand duke of Tuscany, Leo- pold IT., restored by an Austrian army ; peace concluded at Milan, Aug. 6 — amnesty proclaimed, 18 — Venice sub- mits, 22— Francis Joseph dissents from the election of the king of Prussia to be emperor of Germany ; withdraws from the Francfort parliament; protests against that of Erfurt ; concludes an " interim " treaty with the king of Prussia, Nov. 20, 1849 — proposes to him a mutual disarm- ing to avoid the threatened collision be- tween them, Nov. 7, 1850— meets the emperor Nicholas again at Warsaw, con- curs with Prussia and the Federals to re- store order in Hesse Cassel and Holstein, 20 — his commissioners at Kiel obtain the submission of Holstein and Schles- wig to the king of Denmark, Feb. 1, 1851 — on the death of prince Schwartzenberg places count Buol Schauenstein at the head of the office of foreign affairs, April 5, 1852 — visits Berlin, Dec. ] 7 — wounded by an assassin, Feb. 18, 1853— concludes a treaty of commerce with Prussia, 19 — advises the emperor Nicholas to desist from his measures against Turkey, May 30 — meets him at Olmiitz, Sept. 24— holds a conference with Great Britain, France, and Prussia at Vienna on the affairs of Turkey, Dec. 5— assents to the principle of the Western alliance, but declines to act, March 7, 1854— proposes four conditions as the basis of peace; occupies the principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia, Sept.6-conferences opened at Vienna, Nov. 28— treaty of alliance with Great Britain and France, Dec. 2 — Francis Joseph marries the princess Eli- zabeth of Bavaria, April 24, 1854— the conferences at Vienna broken up, April 21, 1855 — the emperor sends count Va- lentine Esterhazy to propose new nego- tiations, Dec. 28— takes part in the con- gress of Paris, and concurs in the treaty of peace, March 30, 1856— resists the in- terference of the pope with heretical books. Francis I., king of France, son of Charles,, count d'Angouleme, b. 1494. See An gouleme, Francis, count of.— Succeeds Louis XII., being the eldest living male descendant of Charles V., k. of France, 1515 — on his accession, the emperor Maximilian I., pope Leo X., Ferdinand, king of Spain, the Swiss Cantons, Flo- rence and Milan, combine in a league against him ; lie invades Italy, recovers Genoa, gains the battle of Marignano, and obtains possession of Milan ; has an interview with the pope, concludes peace, abandons the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges, and agrees to a new Con- cordat, 1515. Makes treaties with the emperor, the king of Spain, and the Swiss; allows Henry, son of John d'Albret, to retain tho title of king of Navarre, 1516 — renews his league with the re- public of Venice, 1517 — makes a treaty with Henry VIII. and pensions Wolsey, 1518— competes with Chas. I. of Spain for the empire, 1519— holds the interview of the Field of the Cloth of Gold with Henry VIII. June 4-24, 1520— begins war against the emperor Charles in Na- FRA 318 FRA. Francis I., k. of France— continued. varre ; commands against him in Flan- ders; is d-ceived by the pope, and loses Milan, 1521— Henry VIII. declares war against him, 1522 — the duke of Bourbon deserts him, and goes to Germany ; Fer- rara and Venice join his enemies ; they attack him on all sides, but he maintains himself against them. 1523 — invades Italy, and regains Milan, 1524. Is taken prisoner at Pavia, Feb. 24, 1525 — and conveyed to Madrid ; released, and arrives in France, Mar. 17, 1526— refuses to give up Burgundy; forms a Holy League with the Italian States, and with Henry VIII., May 22 — his gen. Lautrec is successful in Italy ; a marriage treaty with England, May 29, 1527— another campaign in Italy, 1528 — peace of Cam- bray with the emperor, Aug. 5, 1529 — pope Clement VII. inclines to him, 1531 — he renews his treaty with Hen. VIII., and lias interviews with him at Calais and Boulogne, < >ct. 11,1532— Britanny de- finitively annexed to France; endeavours to mediate between Henry VIII. and the pope. 1533— his second son, Henry, duke of Orleans, is married to Katharine de' Medici, Oct. 27; his sister, Margaret, qu. of Navarre, avows heretical opinions he supports the Protestants in Germany, but persecutes those in France, 1534. Revives his claim on Milan, and enters Savoy, 1535— refuses Charles's offer of Milan to his third son, the duke of An- gouleme, and requires it for the duke of Orleans; his eldest son, the dauphin, d. suddenly ; he takes Turin, and attempts to surprise Genoa, 1536 — truce with Spain, and treaty with the sultan Soli- man, 1537 — interview with the emperor C'.iarles at Aigues Mortes, 1538— re- ceives him atFontainebleau, 1539— enter- tains him at Paris, Jan. 1, 1540— obtains a promise of Milan for the duke of Or- leans, which Charles gives, Oct. 11, to his own son, Philip; demands satisfac- tion for the murder of two of his ambas- sadors in Italy on their way to Constan- tinople, and contracts leagues with the Protestant States, 1541— war renewed with Spain, 1542— siege of Nice, 1543 —war with England; Henry VIII. takes Roulogne ; battle of Ceresuola, April 14, 1544 — peace with the emperor concluded at Crespy, Sept. 18, 1544— attempts a landing in England, 1545— peace with England, June 7, 1546— Francis d. Mar. 22, 1547. Fbancis II., king of France, son of Henry II., b. 1543— affianced to Mary, queen of Scots, 1548— married to her, Aivil 18, 1558— succeeds his fathel July 20, 1559 — is governed by his mother Katharine de' Medici and the Guises ; refuses to ratify the treaty of Edinburgh, 1560 — league of Amboise against the house of Guise ; Francis d. Dec. 5, 1560. Francis I , king of Naples, son of Ferdi- nand IV., b. Aug. 19, 1777— succeeds, Jan. 4, 1825 — attempts some reforms, 1828 — escapes assassination, 1829 — d. Nov. 8, 1830. Francis Phcebus, king of Navarre. See Foix, Francis Phcebus De. Francis I., duke of Britanny, 1442 — 1450. Francis II., duke of Britanny, 1458— 1488. See Bketagne. Francis Hyacinth, duke of Savoy, eldest son of Victor Amadeus, b. 1632— contests for the regency on his accession, 1637 — d. Oct. 1638. Francis I., or Francesco-Maria, grand duke of Tuscany, son of Cosmo I., b. 1540 — succeeds, 1574 — is captivated by Bianca Capello, and marries her, 1579 — both d by poison, 1587. See Capello, Bianca. Francis II., grand duke of Tuscany. See Francis Stephen I., emperor of Ger- many. Francis, duke of Milan. See Sforza. Francis Maria, duke of Milan. See Sforza, Francesco Maria. Francis I., duke of Modena, son of Al- fonso III., b. 1610 — succeeds on his fa- ther's retirement, 1629— obtains Corregio from Philip IV. of Spain, 1636— attaches himself to France, 1646 — wounded at the siege of Pavia ; raises the siege, Sept. 15, 1655 — commander-in-chief of the French armies in Italy, 1656— d. Oct. 14, 1658. Francis II., duke of Modena, son of Al- fonso IV., b. March 6, 1660— succeeds his father, under the regency of his mo- ther, Laura, July 16, 1662— his sister, Mary Beatrice, marries James, duke of York, 1673— d. Sept. 6, 1694. Francis III., duke of Modena, son of Ri- naldo, b. July 2, 1698— marries Charlotte Agl'ae, daughter of Philip, duke of Or- leans, 1726 — visits Paris, London, Hol- land and Vienna, 1735 — succeeds his fa- ther, 1737 — endeavours to preserve neu- trality in the war of the Pragmatic Sanction; his States are occupied and ravaged by both hostile armies, 1742 — d. 1780. Francis L, duke of Lorraine, 1554 — 1555. Francis II., duke of Lorraine jointly with his brothers Charles III. and Nicholas Francis, 1624. See Charles III., duke of Lorraine — d. 1670. Francis III., duke of Lorraine. Sea Francis Stephen I., emperor of Ger- many. FEA 319 FEA Francis L, signor of Mantua, 1382—1407. See Gonzaga and Mantua. Francis II., duke of Mantua, succeeds, 1540— accidentally drowDed in the lake, Feb. 21, 1550. Francis III., duke of Mantua, succeeds his father, Vincent Gonzaga, Feb. 18, 1612— Aferoveus -;deric 1 458-481 Ckmsl 4S1— oil His four sons divide ins kingdom. ieterich 1. reigus :.: I 511 — 534 C :.lodomir. at Orleans. See C 511—534 Childebert I ,al Paris 511— 558 Chlotair. at Soissons, See Chlotair. 511—561 They defeat and murder Sigisniund, k. of the Burgundians, 523 — his Gondemar. defeats Chlodoniir at Voiron, who falls in battle, and his three brothers divide the kingdom, 524— Thierry- conquers Fhuringians, and adds their la:, hi- :ttii. 530 — on his death, his sou. Theodebert I. reigns at Metz .. 53i- He aud his two uncles overpower Gon- demar, and divide Burgundy among them. 534— he invades Italy and plun- sease attacks his army and compels him to retain Theodebald. son of Thee succe ther, at Mets, 548— the plague. 554 — Chlotair take* sion of his lands : and by the Salic law. acquires those of Childebert 1 . 558. The kingdom again divided t of Chlotair. C aribert reigns at Paris .... Sigebert I., at Metz 561—"": - a r :. asia. Bkuxkhild, aud Frz- -.tram. at Orleans 561 — 594 ChilpericL,a4 561 — 5S4 the death of Charibert. the Salic law among his three ?ee Bcbgdhdt, or Or- leans. Childebert II.. son " — succeeds his father. 57S — 596 — Chit peric I. murdered by Fred Chlotair II.. son of Chilperic I., b. 584 — his father, at Soissons, 5S4 — J. 688. See Chlotaik II.— On Gon- tram's death, his nephew, Childebert II.. adds Burgv. strasia, 594. Theodebert 11 Childebert 1L, b. 5S6— succeeds his father in Australia, 596— d. 612. Thierry, or Dieterich II. youngest son of Childebert 11.. p. 5S$^-inherits Bur- gundy from his father. 596 — d. 613 The "degeneracy of the Merovingian j FRA kings allows t «? Mayors of the Palace s rp Miitho.ity.599 — Theodebertll. murdered by Brunehild — Austrasia i to Burgundy by his brother, Thierry. 612 — on the death of Thierry, the dominions of the Franks are again reunited by Chlotair II.. 618—688. rt I., son of Chlotair II.. receives Austrasia from him, 622 — snc< him as sole king of the Pranks, 688 — & See DAeoBKRT I. Charibert. a younger son of Chlotair II., k. of Aquitair 630. t II.. son of Dagobert I., o. 630— k. of Austrasia. 63S— 656. - .L.son of Dagobert I., &. 633— king of Neustria and Burgundy. 63$ — 656, Chlotair III., son of Clovis II.. &. 651— sole k. 656— retains ouly Xeustriaand gundy, 660 — 670. 'See Chlotaik III. Childeric II.. son of Clovis II.. K 652— k. of Austrasia, under the Mayor of the Palace. "SYulfoald. 660—673. " Thierry, or Dieterich 111., youngest son of Clovis II.. a. 654 —on the death of his brother. Chlotair 111., k. of Neus- tria aud Burgundy. 670. See EBBOIK. r of the Palace. — Driven booh into a monasterv ; comes out, 673 B91. at II.. son of Sigebert II.: on his father's death, sent to Ireland by Grim- See Gkimoald. M; the Palace.— Brought lack by Wulfo- ald aud made k. of Austrasia, 674— murdered Pepin of Heristal, and Martin, govern with the title of dukes, 680. See Pepix of Heristal — d. 714. 1 II.. son of Thierry 111., nominal : Neustria, 691 — 695. ChUdebert III., son of Clovis III.. 5.6S4, tninalk. of Neustria, 695- 711. at III., son of Childebert III., nils his place. 711—715. Chilperic II., sou of Childeric II . h. 673 ide k. by the Neustrians, with Ka- ginfried Mai *r Porno. 715 — submits to Charles Martel. 717— d. 7- Charles Martel. son t "Pepin of Heristal, i 5— inherits bis lather's authority, 714 — is opposed by his mother-in-law, Plectrndis : overcomes her. 715. See Austrasia. — ./. 741. Thierrv. or Dieterich IV„son of Dagonert III., i. 712— allowed by Charles Martei fo take the title of k.. 720 — d. 737. Carloman. son of Charles Martel, rules in Austrasia. 741—747. SeeArsTRASiA. Pepin, the Short, son of Charles Martel, reins Neustria, 741. Childeric III., son of Chilperic II , set FEE .VI FEE np as k. by Pepin, 742— deposed by him, and shut up in the monastery cf St. Bertin, 752. Carlovingian Dynasty. Pepin, k. of the Franks, 752—768. See Pepin, the Short. Carloman, son of Pepin, b. 751 — reigns in Neustria and Burgundy, 768—770. See Carloman, son of Pepin, p. 140. Charlemagne, or Charles I., son of Pepin, a. 742 ; k. of Austrasia, 768 ; of all the Franks, 771 — emperor of the "West, 800 — d. 814. See Charlemagne, p. 155. Louis I., son of Charlemagne, 6. 778 — emperor of the West, 814 — 840. See Louis I. See France. Franzoni, archbp. of Turin, arrested, May 4, 1850 — fined and imprisoned for resist- ing the authority of the State, 23 — ba- nished by the criminal court, Sept. 27. Frascati, built by the expelled inhabit- ants of Tusculum, 1191. Fraser, Simon. See Lovat, lord. Fras rr, general, defeats Holkar, near Deeg, and dies of his wounds, Nov. 15, 1804. Eraser, James, originator of "Eraser's Magazine," b. 1761— d. 1841. Fraser, John Baillie, b. 1784— d. 1856. Fkaustadt, battle of; the Swedish gen., Eenschild, defeats the Saxons and Eus- sians, Feb. 6, 1706. Fravitta, conquers Gainas, who had re- belled, 400— consul of Rome, 401. Fravitta. See Constantinople, bishops of. Fraxinet, or Fracinet, in Provence, occu- pied by the Saracens, 890— they are ex- pelled by Hugh, k. of Italy, 942 — again, by "William, count of Provence, 972. Frayssinoits, Dennis, b. 1765 — d. 1841. Fredegarius continues the History left by Gregory of Tours, 731. Fredegonda, concubine of Chilperic I., after causing him to divorce or murder two wives, is married by him, 567 — prompts the assassination of Sigebert I. at Vitry, 575 — kills her husband, and reigns in the name of her son Chlotair II., 584-d. 598. Frederic I. (Barbarossa), nephew of Con- rad III., b. 1121 ; elected emperor of Ger- many by the Diet of Frankfort, March 4, 1152 — restores peace in Germany. See Austria and Bavaria. — Is invited by Lodi and other towns to protect them against Milan, 1153 — enters Italy with a large army, and holds a Diet atRoncaglia, 1154 — takes Tortona, quarrels with pope Adrian IV., submits by holding the • pope's stirrup; is crowned at Eome, June 18 ; returns to Germany, 1155 — marries Beatrice, daughter of Einaldo, count of Burgundy, 1156 — resists Adrian's at- tempt to claim Germany as a papal be- nefice, 1157— marches again into Italy; takes Milan ; holds another Diet at Bon- caglia, where the imperial jurisdiction over Italy is asserted; the office of pn- destaerected, and the alienation of church- lands prohibited, 1158. See Glossators. Eenewed discord between him and the pope ; he supports an anti-pope, "Victor IV.; the Milanese refuse obedience to his podesta, and are declared enemies of the empire, 1159— calls the council of Pavia, declares Victor pope, and is ex- communicated by pope Alexander III., 1160 — besieges Milan, 1161 — takes and destroys it; all Lombardy submits to him, 1162 — retires before the army of the league of Verona, assisted by the Venetians; on the death of Victor, sets up Pascal III. in his place; is called upon to appoint a king in Sardinia, 11C4 — holds a Diet at Ulm, and puts an end to a fierce intestine war among the German nobles, 1165 — reinforces his army, and returns into Italy, 1166— invests Ancona ; is resisted by the Lombard league ; de- feats the Sicilian auxiliaries of pope Alexander, and takes Eome ; he retires, in consequence of an epidemic disease, which destroys the greater part of his troops, 1167— yields to the league, re- treats into Germany, and, on the death of Pascal, makes Callistus III. anti- pope, 1168— the Lombards rebuild Milan, and enter into alliance with the pope and the Greek emperor, Manuel I., 1169 — failure of his pacific overtures to the pope, 1170— he descends into Italy with a large army, and fails in his attack on Alessandria, 1174. See Ancona. Loses a great part of his army by the severe winter ; gains time for reinforce- ments to arrive by negotiating for peace ; and mediates between Genoa and Pisa, 1175 — defeated at Legnano, May 29 ; makes propositions for peace, 1176-meets the pope at Venice, and concludes a truce, 1177 — takes possession of Bohemia, 1178 — secures the freedom of the Lombard cities by the peace of Constance, 1183 ; and pays them a pacific visit, 1184— mar- riage of his son, Henry, to Constance, heiress of the throne of Sicily ; they are crowned king and queen of Italy, at Milan, 1186— again at variance with the pope, and invades the papal states, 1187 — takes the Cross, collects a numerous army, and negotiates with Isaac An- gelus to secure a safe passage through the Byzantine empire, 1188 — begins his march, April 23 ; is impeded by, and de- feats the Greeks ; winters in Thrace, 1189 — storms Adrianople and Demotica; is Y FEE 322 PRE drowned in the river Calycadnus (Salef ), June 10, 1190. Frederic II., emperor of Germany, son of Henry VI., b. 1191 ; elected king of the Romans, 1196 — acknowledged in Sicily, with his mother, Constance, as regent ; after her death, pope Innocent III. takes the regency, 1198— Marquard claims the guardianship of him, hut is defeated by Innocent, 1200— on the death of his uncle, the emperor Philip, he inherits Swabia, as Frederic VI., duke, 1208 — the pope keeps him under his tutelage, and mar- ries him to Constance, daughter of Pedro of Aragon, 1209 — endeavours to transfer Germany to him from OthoIV., 1211 — Frederic arrives in Germany, collects a powerful party, and makes a league with Philip Augustus, k. of France, 1212— Otho defeated at Bouvines, relinquishes the empire, 1214. Frederic is crowned at Aix-la-Cha- pelle; promises Innocent to give up Sicily to his son, Henry, and undertake a crusade in the Holy Land, 1215 — calls his son, Henry, into Germany, 1216 — seizes the palatinate of the Rhine, 1218 — transfers Swabia to his son, 1219 — obtains his election to be k. of the Ro- mans ; is crowned emperor, at Rome, by pope Honorius III., who insists on his undertaking at once the promised cru- sade, 1220 — threatened with excommu- nication for his delay ; sends out an ar- mament of forty galleys, under the count of Malta ; visits Sicily ; holds a parlia- ment at Messina, and makes good laws for the government of that kingdom, 1221 — death of the empress Constance, 1222 — he pledges himself to proceed on the crusade within two years, and to marry John de Brienne's daughter, Yo- lanthe, 1223 — obtains another delay of two years for his crusade ; marries Yo- lanthe at Brindisi, and claims the titular kingdom of Jerusalem, in virtue of her right inherited from her mother. See Brienne, John De.— Orders the students at Bologna to remove to his new univer- sity at Naples, 1225 — revokes the order ; and, under the pope's mediation, con- cludes a treaty with the Lombard cities, 1226. Embarks for the Holy Land; the sickness of his army, the death of the landgrave of Thuringia, and his own ill-health, cause him to land, for which he is excommunicated by pope Gregory IX. ; he writes, in Latin, " De Arte Ve- i andi cum Avibus," 1227 — he departs for Palestine ; the pope again excommuni- cates him; absolves his people from their allegiance ; declares a crusade against him in Apulia and Sicily, and sends John de Brienne to reduce .those countries ; Frederic lands at Acre ; Vo- lanthe dies in giving birth to her son, Conrad, 122S — the Hospitallers and Tem- plars are forbidden by the pope to obey him ; he concludes a treaty, by which the Sultan restores Jerusalem ; hastens back to Italy, and recovers the territo- ries taken from him in his absence, 1229 — reconciled to Gregory, 1230 — the Al- magest of Ptolemy translated into Latin by his order, 1231— he meets Salinguerra and Eccelino da Romano at Ravenna, to concert measures against the marquis Azzo and the Lombard cities ; the Knights of Palestine are ordered by Gre: gory to obey him as k. of Jerusalem, 1232 — rebellion of his son, Henry; the pope appeals to him for assistance against the senate and citizens of Rome, 1234. He marries Isabella, sister of Henry III. of England, at Worms ; forbids the extravagant payments usually made on such occasions to buffoons, mimics, and players; submission of his son, Henry ; he gives the duchy of Swabia to his second son, Conrad, 1235 — begins war against the Lombard cities, aided by Eccelino da Romano, takes Verona and Vicenza, 1236— defeats the Milanese at Cortenuova, Nov. 27 ; and sends their Carroccio to be placed in the Capitol of Rome ; theVenetians declare war against him ; his son, Conrad, elected k. of the Romans, 1237 — he fails in the siege of Brescia; defeats Azzo VII., marquis of Este, at Padua; the pope, Venice, and Genoa league against him, 1238— makes his natural son, Enzio, k. of Sardinia. See Enzio. — Gregory claims the island, and excommunicates him as a heretic and atheist; he justifies himself in a manifesto, drawn up by his chancellor, Peter de Vineis, 1239— a crusade pro- claimed against him by the pope ; he recovers Ravenna and Faenza ; Alessan- dria submits ; ravages the papal States and Tuscany; Florence holds out, 1240. APisan and Sicilian fleet, by his orders, captures twenty-two Genoese galleys, in which cardinals, prelates, and ambassa- dors were proceeding to hold a council at Rome ; takes Beneventum, and be- sieges Genoa by sea and land ; employs Richard, earl of Cornwall, to negotiate for peace, that he may defend Germany against the Mongols, 1241 — urges the cardinals to appoint a pope, aud releases some of his prisoners to attend the con- clave, 1243 — excommunicated and de- posed by pope Innocent IV., 1245— Inno- cent refuses all terms of accommodation FEE 323 FEE short of his unconditional submission, and urges the election of a new emperor ; his son, Conrad, collects an army in his defence, which is defeated by Henry, landgrave of Thuringen ; he puts down in person some conspiracies in Apulia. 1246 — besieges Parma, 1247 — is obliged to raise the siege, Feb. 18, 1248— d. in Apulia, Dec. 13, 1250— by his will leaves • his natural son, Manfred, regent of Si- cily in Conrad's absence. Frederic (111.), son of Albert I., b. 1286— elected k. of Germany; makes war on his rival, Louis of Bavaria, 1314 — taken prisoner at the battle of Miihldorf, or Ampfing (Sept 28\ by Louis, who, from this time, reigns sole king of Germany; Robert, k. of Naples, and pope John XXII. offer to recognize Frederic, if he will give active support to their plans ; he sends his brother, Henry, with an army, who, on arriving at Brescia, learns the real nature of the party strife raging in Italy, and marches back again, 1322 — he renounces the crown of Germany, by the treaty of Traussnitz, and is released, 1325 — surrenders to Louis, who treats him as his friend, 1326— d. 1329. Frederic IV., emperor of Germany, son of Ernest, count of Tyrol, b. 1415 ; elected, 1440 — requests the dauphin, as- sisted by his best generals, to employ part of the French army against Swit- zerland, 1444— refuses to give up Ladis- las, the young k. of Hungary; the Hun- garians, to obtain him, invade Austria, 1446 — agrees to a Concordat at Vienna, in which he sacrifices some of the privi- leges gained by the former, 144S — mar- ries, at Rome, Eleanora, sister of Alfonso V., k. of Portugal ; receives from pope Nicholas the imperial crown, and the iron crown of Italy; visits Alfonso at Naples, and creates the marquis Borso d'Este duke of Modena and Reggio, 1452 — gives up the custody of Ladislas, and creates Austria an archduchy, 1453 — frustrates the demands of the princes of Germany for a better-secured religious freedom, 1456 — the electors, dissatisfied with his want of energy, propose to ap- point a k. of the Romans as his coad- jutor, 1457— civil war between him and his brother, Albert, 1460 — besieged in Vienna, is relieved by George, k. of Bo- hemia, 1462— he renounces his claims on Hungary, 1463 — refuses the title of king to Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy; war between them, 1474 — some territories of Burgundy are annexed to Austria by the marriage of his son, Maximilian, to J Mary, daughter of Charles the Bold ; at war with Hungary, 1477— sends ambas- 1 sadors to protest against the conduct of pope Sixtus IV. towards Florence and the Medici, 1478 — war renewed with Hungary, 1480— Maximilian elected k. of the Romans, 1486 — Frederic IV. d. Aug. 20,1493. V Frederic, duke of Bohemia, 1178-1190 See Bohemia. Frederic, duke of Brunswick, elected k. of Germany, 1400. See Brunswick. Frederic I., k. of Denmark and Norway. second son of Christian I., b. 1477 — under his father's will, inherits Schleswig and Holsteiu, 1481; of which his brother, John I., takes part from him, 14S2 — is called to the throne on the expulsion of his nephew, Christian II., 1523— acknow- ledges the independence of Sweden, and agrees to the treaty of Malmo, 1524— the opinions of Luther make great progress among his subjects ; the Diet of Odensee proclaims religious freedom, 1527. See Christian II.— Frederic d. 1534. Frederic II., k. of Denmark, son of Chris- tian III., b. 1534— succeeds his father, 1559 — overcomes Ditmarsch, 1560 — war with Sweden, 1563— peace of Stettin con- cluded, 1570— Kronenburg fortified, and the Sound-toll levied, 1574 — dispute with England respecting the passage to Arch- angel, 1578— d. 1588. Frederic III., k. of Denmark, son of Christian IV., b. 1609— on succeeding his father, submits to many restrictions on his prerogative, imposed by the nobles, 1648 — war with Sweden, 1657. See Charles X., k. of Sweden. — Peace re- stored by the treaties of Oliva and Copen- hagen ; the Diet confers absolute power on him, and the hereditary succession on his family, 1660— d. 1670. Frederic IV., k. of Denmark, son of Chris- tian V., b. 1676— joins against Sweden, with Poland and Russia, 1699. See Charles XII., king of Sweden. Visits Italy, but returns in haste, to renew the war with Sweden, and threatens the Swe- dish possessions in Germany, 1709— in- vades Sweden, and is repulsed by Stein- bock at Helsingborg, 1710— his troops occupy the duchy of Bremen, and invade Pomerania, 1711 — are defeated by Stein- bock at Gadebusch, 1712 — Altona burnt; surrender of Steinbock and his army, 1712 — Bremen and Verden sold to Han- over, 1715— peace concluded at Frederics- burg, 1720 — Frederic IV. d. Oct. 12, 1730. Frederic V., k. of Denmark, son of Chris- tian VI., b. Mar. 31, 1723— marries Lou- isa, youngest daughter of Geo. II , k. of Great Britain, and succeeds his father, Aug. 6, 1746— employs count Bernstorf, FEE 321 TEE the elder, as prime minister, 1751 — inhe- rits Pl6n, 1760— d. June 14, 1766. Frederic VI., k. of Denmark, son of Chris- tian VII., b. Jan 28, 1768— acts as regent for his father, 1784— insti-. ated by Rus- sia, sends an army to besiege Gothenburg; Great Britain, Holland, and Prussia, protect Sweden, 1788— neutrality alliance with Sweden, 1794 — serfdom abolished ; a Danish frigate and convoy captured by a British squadron ; the Armed Neutral- ity revived, 1800— Danish vessels em- bargoed in Great Britain, and West In- dia islands taken; Danish troops occupy Hamburg and Lubeck ; Copenhagen attacked by lord Nelson, Apr. 2 — truce concluded; Hamburg and Lubeck eva- cuated, May 23 — embargo removed, June 1— treaty of St. Petersburg restores peace, 17, 1801 — Copenhagen bombarded, and the Danish fleet seized by the British, Sept. 2-5. 1807 — Heligoland and the West India islands taken ; Frederic VI. succeeds as king on the death of his fa- ther, Mar. 12, 1808— Holstein occupied by Chas. John, 1813 — Norway ceded to Sweden, Jan. 14, 1814 — Frederic VI. d. Dec. 3, 1839. Frederic VII., Chas. Christian, k. of Den- mark, son of Christian VIII., b. Oct. 6, 1808— succeeds his father, J an. 20, 1848— Schleswig and Holstein desire to remain members of the Germanic body, Mar. 22 — declare their independence at Kiel, 23 — are supported by the k. of Pru sia, 24 — by the Frankfort Assembly, Apr. 12 — Prussian and Hanoverian troops take Schleswig, 23 — Flensburg, 25 — Den- mark, supported by Sweden and Russia, blockades the German ports ; the Danes defeated by the Prussians at Duppeln, June 5 — Great Britain mediates the truce of Malmo, Aug. 26, 1848— hostili- ties renewed ; the Danish naval force defeated in the harbour of Eckernfiord, Apr. 5, 18-19 — the Danish intrenchments at Duppeln forced, 13— the Prussians repulsed at Aarhuus, May 31 — armistice ' and preliminaries of peace with Prussia, July 10— rejected by the Schleswig and Holstein Diet, 21 — their army enters the town of Schleswig, July 15, 1850 — the Danes occupy Flensburg and the island of Femern, 16 — gain a complete victory at Idstedt, 26— take Eckernfiord, 28 — Treaty of London to settle the dis- pute, Aug. 2 — Frederic marries Lola Rasmussen, 7 — concludes a definitive treaty of peace with Prussia, Sept. 26, 1850— the German powers demand the submission of Holstein and Schleswig, Jan. 6, 1851 — the provincial authorities resign and disband their army, Mar. 29 — treaty of the European powers, for securing the succession of Christian, duke of Schleswig Holstein Glucksburg, May 8, 1852. Fred ric, second son of Frederic V., k. of Denmark, b. 1753— presumptive heir to the throne, and father of Christian VIII., d. Dec. 7, 1805. Frederic, count of Hohenzollern, b. 1372 — burggrave of Nuremburg, 1389 — buys the margraviate of Brandenburg, of the em- peror Sigismund, and founds the present royal family of Prussia, 1415. See Bran- denburg. Frederic II., second son of Frederic I., elector of Brandenburg, 1440-1470. See Brandenburg. Frederic Albert, archduke of Prussia, son of Albert, the first duke,&. 1553— succeeds his father, 1568— being a minor, of weak intellect Joachim II., elector of Branden- burg, is appointed administrator of his duchy ; he marries Maria Eleanora, daugh ter of Wm ., d uke of J uliers, C leves, and Berg ; and by the marriage of their daughter, Anna, to the elector John Si- gismund, Prussia is annexed to Bran- denburg at the death of Frederic Albert, 1618. Frederic William, the Cheat, elector of Brandenburg and duke of Prussia, 1640. See Brandenbukg. — Emancipates Prus- sia from feudal allegiance to Poland, 1656 — acquires the absolute sovereignty of Magdeburg, 1680— d. 1688. Frederic I. (as elector, Frederic III.) — see Brandenburg — king of Prussia, 1701 — abolishes serfdom in his States, founds the Order of the Black Eagle, and esta- blishes the Academy of Berlin, under the superintendence of Leibnitz, 1702— vi- sited by the duke of Marlborough, 1704 -5 — Neufchatel, in Switzerland, awarded him, 1707 — he threatens the Swedish possessions in Germany, 1709— d. Feb. 25, 1713. Frederic William I., k. of Prussia, son of Frederic I., b. Aug. 4, 1688 — succeeds his father on the throne, Feb. 25, 1713 — his title recognized by the treaty of Utrecht, and part of Guelderland given to him ; Stettin is delivered to him by the Rus- sians, 1713 — and ceded to him by the peace of Stockholm, with the islands of Usedom, and Wollin, and part of Pome- rania, 1720— founds his establishments at Potsdam, 1724 — imprisons his sou, Frederic, prince royal, and beheads his friend, Katte, 1730 — plants in his States colonies of Protestant emigrants from Salzburg, 1732 — gives an asylum to Sta- nislas, when expelled a second time from Poland. 1734— d. May 31, 1740. FEE 325 PRE Fb-deric II. (the Great), k. of Prussia, son of Frederic Wm. I., b. Jan. 24, 1712— ascends the throne, May 31, 1740 - seizes some lordships in Silesia, 1740 — takes Breslau, Jan. 3, 1741— defeats the Aus- trians at Molwitz, Apr. 10, and becomes master of all Silesia ; concludes an alli- ance with Geo. II., k. of Great Britain, and secures his acquisitions by the treaty of Breslau, June It, 1742 — renews the war, invades Bohemia, and takes Prague, 1744 — on the approach of an Austrian army, under prince Charles of Lorraine, he withdraws into Silesia ; defeats the Austrians and Saxons at Friedberg, Sohr, and Pima ; conquers the electorate of Saxony ; under the mediation of Great Britain, concludes a treaty of peace at Dresden, Dec. 25, 1745— restores Saxony, is confirmed in the possession of Silesia, and acknowledges the emperor Francis I. ; regarded with jealousy by other po- tentates; amicably terminates his dis- cussions with George II. respecting East Friesland and the Silesian loan, 1753. Declares that he will resist the entrance of any foreign troops whatever into Ger- many, 1755— takes possession of Saxony ; the elector retires to Warsaw ; his army surrenders ; the Prussians enter Bohe- mia; battle of Lowositz; both armies claim the victory, and both retreat, 1756 — he is victorious at Prague, May 6 ; de- feated at Kolin, 18 ; Prussia invaded by the Austrians, French, Russians, and Swedes ; gen. Lehwald defeats the Russi- ans at Norkitten, and repels the Swedes ; Frederic, by his victory at Rosbach, Nov. 5, drives out the French, 1757 — defeats the Austrians at Lissa, Dec. 5 ; recovers Breslau from them, 21, and all Silesia, 1757 — recovers Schweidnitz; besieges Olmiitz ; retires into Bohemia; takes Konigingratz ; defeats the Russians at Zorndorf, Aug. 25; is defeated by the Austrian marshal, Daun, at Hochkir- chen, Oct. 14 ; concludes a new treaty with Great Britain, Dec. 7, 1758. Defeated by the Russians atZulichau, July 23; atCunersdorf, Aug. 12, 1759 -the Austrians recover Leipzig and Dresden ; the Prussian gen., Finck, surrenders to marshal Daun, 1759 — Laudohn defeats the Prussians at Landshut, June 23; takes Glatz, and besieges Breslau ; is re- pulsed by prince Henry ; Frederic fails in an attempt on Dresden, July 17, 1760 — defeats Laudohn at Psaffendorf, Aug. 14; the Austrians and Russians take Berlin ; Frederic defeats Daun at Tor- gau, Nov. 3; the Austrians reduce Schweidnitz, and the Russians Colberg, 1761 — Fred., almost at the last extre- mity, is saved by the death of Elizabeth empress of Russia, Jan. 5, 1762 — net successor, Peter III., makes peace with him, Apr. 7 : peace also with Sweden ; Fred, unites his armies against Austria ; becomes master again of Schweidnitz and Silesia, which he retains by the treaty of Hubertsburg, Feb. 15, 1763— interferes in behalf of the Polish Pro- testants, 1766 — sends an army into Po- land, 1771 — agrees to the first partition traaty, 1772 — opposes the designs of the emperor Joseph II. on Bavaria, 1778 — war averted by the peace of Teschen, May 13, 1779 — joins the Armed Neutral- ity, 1781 — supports Wm. V. against the Anti-Orange party in Holland, 1783 — opposes the re-opening of the Scheldt, 1784 — prevents the exchange of Belgium for Bavaria, 1785— d. Aug. 17, 1786— a statue of him, by Rauch, erected at Berlin, May 31, 1851. Frederic William II., k. of Prussia, son of Frederic II., b. Sept. 24, 1744— succeeds his father, Aug. 17, 1786 — in concert with Great Britain, reinstates the stat- holder William V., 1787 — triple alliance with Great Britain and Holland, to pro- tect Sweden against Denmark and Rus- sia, and repress the Belgian revolt, 1788 — encourages the Poles to adopt a new constitution, and resist Russia, 1789 — the triple alliance restores order in Bel- gium, on condition of the emperor Joseph II. making a separate peace with Tur- key, 1790 — acquires Anspach and Bay- reuth ; guarantees the new Polish con- stitution; enters into the treaty of Pil- nitz with the emperor Leopold II. for restoring the royal authority in France, Aug. 27, 1791 — abandons the Poles ; sends an army into France under the duke of Brunswick ; meets the emperor at Mentz, July 23, 1792. For the events of the war, see French Revolution — Shares in the second partition of Poland, 1793 — receives a subsidy from Great Britain, and negotiates for peace with France, 1794 — concludes the treaty of Basle, Apr. 5, 1795— receives his third share of Poland, Oct. 24; d. Nov. 16, 1797. Frederic William TIL, k. of Prussia, son of Fred. Wm. II., b. Aug. 3, 1770— suc- ceeds his father, Nov. 6, 1797— joins the Armed Neutrality ; takes possession of Hanover, and the city of Bremen, 1801 —occupies Hanover again, Apr. 1, 1806 — Great Britain declares war against him ; they re-unite in the fourth coalition against France, Aug.; he requires Na- poleon to withdraw his army from Ger- many, and sets out to join his own, Sept. FEE 326 FEE Fbedekic William III.— continued. 21 ; defeated at Auerstadt and Jena, Oct. 14; Berlin taken, 28 ; prince Hohenlohe lays down his arms, Nov. 6; Bluclier sur- renders, 7; Magdeburg taken 8; battle of Pultusk, Dec. 26 ; Breslau taken ; Silesia conquered, Jan. 7, 1807 -battle of Moh- rungen, 25 ; of Eylau, Feb. 8 ; Dantzig taken, May 26 ; battle of Friedland, June 14 ; K6nigsberg taken, 16 ; Prussia made quite subservient to France by the treaty of Tilsit, July 8 ; Berlin evacuated, Dec. 3, 1808 — the k. and qu. visit Petersburg, Jan. 7, 1809 — Hardenberg prime minis- ter, June 6, 1810 — qu. Louisa Amelia d. July 19; university of Berlin opened, Oct. 15; the universities of Francfort on the Oder and Breslau united, Oct. 19, 1811 — treaty with Napoleon to furnish a contingent against Russia, Feb. 24, 1812 — gen. Yorck capitulates or deserts with his army to the Russians, Dec. 31 ; Fred. Wm. retires to Breslau, meets the em- peror Alexander, and concludes the treaty of Kalisch, Feb. 28, 1813. For the events of the war, see Napoleon I. — Promises his subjects a representative government, Oct. 27; visits the prince regent in London, June 7-27, 1814 — by the Act of the Vienna Congress recovers all his lost territories, June 9, 1815 — arrives in Paris, July 10 ; joins the Holy Alliance, Sept. 26 — marries his daughter, Charlotte, to Nicholas, grand duke of Russia, July 1, 1817 — recommends the Lutheran and Calvinist churches to unite, Oct. ; adds some minor universi- ties to Bonn, 1818— visits Louis XVIIL, Oet. 28; closes the gymnastic fencing schools in Berlin, 1819— his subjects dis- satisfied at not receiving the promised constitution ; sends ministers to the con- gresses of Carlsbad and Vienna ; meets the emperors of Austria and Russia at Troppau and Laybach, 1820- makes a Concordat with the pope, 1821 — joins the congress of Verona, 1822 — recalls his ambassador from Madrid, 1823 — marries the countess Harrach, whom he creates princess of Liegnitz. but not queen, Nov. 9, 1824— obtains from the k. of the Ne- therlands the free navigation of the Rhine, 1826 — forms the Commercial Union of the States of Central Germany, June 1, 1829 — is visited by the czar Nicholas, and forms a close alliance with him, 1829— commotions in Berlin soon appeased, Sept. 16, 1830 — receives the Polish refugees, 1831 — expels them, Apr. 22, 1833— meets the sovereigns at Miinchengratz, Sept. 10; deposes the avchbp. of Posen, 1839 — d. June 7, 1840. Frederic William IV., k. of Prussia, son of Frederic William III., b. Oct. 15, 1795 — marries Elizabeth, princess of Bava- ria, Nov. 9, 1823— succeeds, and at his coronation is called upon by the States to give them the constitution promised them by his father, 1840— visits London, and is godfather to the prince of W les ; departs, Feb. 4, 1842 — summons to Berlin deputies from the provincial States of his dominions ; first approach towards a parliament, June 21, 1842 — promotes an Exhibition of German art and industry at Berlin, 1844 — conflict between the military and the populace at, Berlin, Mar. 18,1848 — he removes the soldiers from the city, 19; proposes a general confederation of Germany under a free constitutional government, 21; supports Holstein and Schleswig, 24 : opens the new National Assembly of Prussia, May 22. See Fred. VII., k. of Denmark. — Elected emperor of Germany by the Francfort parliament, March 28, 1849— Austria, Hanover, and Bavaria dissent, and his own ministers persuade him to reject the offer ; introduces trial by jury ; sends troops to Baden, June 22 ; concludes an interim treaty with Aus- tria, Sept. 30 ; summons a parliament to meet at Erfurt, Nov. 20 ; slightly wound- ed by an assassin, May 22, 1850— con- cludes a treaty of peace with Denmark, July 2 ; occupies Cassel and Fulda, Nov. 2; puts his whole army on the war footing, and calls out the landwehr, 7; concurs with Austria and the Federals to disarm and restore order in Hesse Cassel and Holstein, 29; meets the em- peror Nicholas at Warsaw, May 17, 1851 — visited by the emperor Francis Joseph at Berlin, Dec. 17, 1852— commercial treaty with Austria, Feb. 19, 1853 — for- bids the oath prescribed by the Roman Catholic bp. of Treves in mixed mar- riages, Mar. 15 ; visited by the czar Ni- cholas at Berlin, Oct. 8; takes part in the conferences at Vienna on the affairs of Turkey, Dec. 5 ; recalls the chevalier Bunsen from his embassy in London, Apr. 26, 1854— acts ambiguously in the negotiations, Sept. ; is admitted to the congress of Paris, and concurs in the treaty of peace, 1856. Frederic Wm. Nic. Chas., son of Fred. Wm. Louis, eldest brother of Fred. Wm. IV., b. Oct. 18, 1831— visits qu. Victoria at Balmoral, Sept. 1855— treaty of mar- riage between him and the princess royal, June, 1857. Frederic I , k. of Sicily, 1198. See Fre- deric II., emperor of Germany. Frederic II.. k. of Sicily, youngest son of FRE 327 FEE Peter III. k.of Aragon and Sicily, b 1271 — appointed regent by his brother, Jas. II., 1291 — on his brother's resignation to Chas., k. of Naples, is proclaimed k. by the people of Sicily, 1295 — threatened with war by his brother, 1297 — employs Roger di Flor, 1298 — defends himself valiantly with varied success, 1299 — makes peace, is recognized as king, and marries Leonora, daughter of Chas. of Naples, 1302— makes an alliance with the emperor Henry VII., who gives one of his daughters in marriage to his son, Peter, 1312 — associates his son on the throne with himself, 1321— d. 1327. Frederic III., k. of Sicily, second son of Peter II., b. 1341 — succeeds his brother, Louis, 1355— supported by the Arago- nese, recovers Palermo and Messina from the Neapolitans, 1365 — makes peace with Joanna I., queen of Naples ; takes the title of k. of Trinacria, 1372— d. 1377. Frederic, k. of Naples, second son of Fer- dinand I., succeeds his nephew, Ferdi- nand II, 1496— Chas. VIII. of France, and Ferdinand of Spain, conquer and divide his kingdom between them; the duchy of Anjou is given to him, 1501 — which he holds till his death, Sept. 9,1504. Frederic I, of Misnia, elector of Saxony, 1423-1428. Frederic II., the Good, elector of Saxony, son of Fred. I, succeeds, 1428— on his death, his two sons, Ernest and Albert, divide his dominions, and begin two dis- tinct houses, 1464. Frkderic III., the Wise, elector of Saxony, son of Ernest, succeeds, 1486— supports Luther, 1518— regent of the empire dur- ing the vacancy ; checks duke Ulrich of Wirtemberg, and encourages Luther to deny the pope's supremacy, 1519 — after the Diet of Worms places him in safety at Wartburg, 1521 — secularizes his monastery, 1524— d. 1525. Fkderic Augustus I., elector of Saxony, second son of John Geo. III., o. 1670 — succeeds his brother, John Geo. IV.. 1694— candidate for the throne of Poland, 1696 — chosen king of Poland, and is re- quired to join the Romish church, 1697 — joins the war against Chas. XII. of Sweden, 1699— invades Livonia and be- sieges Riga, 1700 — defeated at Clissau, July 20; Charles takes Warsaw, and demands his deposition, 1702 — again de- feated at Pultusk, May 1, 1703 — by a sudden attack, he seizes Warsaw, which on the approach of Charles he again abandons, and takes flight to Dresden, 1704 — Charles dictates to him the treaty of Altranstadt, Sept. 14; he formally re- signs the crown of Poland, and gives up the Livonian patriot, Patkul, 1706 — re- stored by Peter of Russia, 1709 — the Poles-refuse to pay the taxes for the war with Sweden, 1715— the Jesuits perse- secute the Polish Protestants, 1717 — in- stigate a massacre of them at Thorn, 1724— Fred. Aug. d. Feb. 1, 1733. Frederic Augustus II, elector of Saxony, and k. of Poland, son of Fred. Aug. I., b. 1696 — succeeds in Saxony, and through the influence of Austria and Russia, is elected in Poland, 1733— joins the coalition against Maria Theresa, qu. of Hungary, and in conjunction with France and Bavaria, conquers Bohemia, 1741 — concludes a treaty of peace with her, June 11, 1742 — his electorate seized by the k. of Prussia, his army surren- ders, and he retires to Warsaw, 1756. See Frederic II, k. of Prussia. — Reco- vers his States by the treatv of Huberts- burg, Feb. 10, 1763— d. Oct. 5. Fuederic Augustus III., elector of Sax- ony, son of duke Frederic Christian, b. 1750— succeeds his grandfather, 1763 — claims part of the Bavarian succession, and joins Prussia against Austria, 1778 — receives compensation by the peace of Teschen, 1779 — treaty of neutrality with France, 1796— created k. (Fred. Aug. I.) by Napoleon, and joins the Confederation of the Rhine, Dec. 11, 1806— the duchy of Warsaw given to him, 1807 — attends the congress of Erfurt, Sept. 27, 180S — ally cf Napoleon against Russia, 1S12 — his contingent quits the French ranks at Leipzig, and joins the allies, 1813 — his States occupied by the allies, 1814 — are restored to him, but a third part given to Prussia, Jan. 23, 1815— d. May 5, 1827. Frederic Augustus IV. (or II, as king of Saxony), b. May 18, 1797— appointed, co-regent by his uncle, Antony Clement, Sept. 13, 1830 — succeeds him on the throne, June 6. 1S36 — visits England, May 28, 1844— d. Aug. 9, 1854. Frederic, k. of Sweden, son of the land- grave of Hesse Cassel, b. Apr. 28, 1676 — marries Ulrica Eleonora, daughter of Chas. XI, who, with the consent of the States, transfers the crown to him, Apr. 2, 1720 — makes peace with Denmark, Prussia, and Poland, and alliance with Great Britain; peace with Russia, 1721 — subsidized by France, 1727 — by his father's death, inherits Hesse Cassel, 1730— the Diet divided by the Hats and Caps, 1735. See Caps.— The former pre- vail, 1738— cause a war with Russia, 1741 — Lewenhaupt defeated, capitulates, and surrenders Finland, 1742 — peace of Abo. See Finland.— Frederic, as land- FEE 323 FRE grave, joins the confederacy against Prussia, 1744— d. Apr. 5, 1751. Fredeeic I., elector palatine, 1449-1476. Frederic II., elector palatine, 1544-1556. Fkederic III., elector palatine, 1559-1576. Frederic IV., elector palatine, 1583-1610. Frederic V., elector palatine, 1610 — mar- ries Elizabeth, daughter of Jas. I., k. of Great Britain, 1613 — elected k. of Bohe- mia by the Protestants, 1619 — totally defeated at the battle of Pragne, he loses his acquired kingdom, and the pa- latinate, and takes refuge at Rhenen, in Dutch Guelderland, 1620— his father-in- law, James, makes a weak effort to reco- ver the palatinate, which is laid waste by Tilly, with horrid barbarity, 1622— liis hereditary States and electoral title are transferred to Maximilian of Bava- ria; his library of Heidelberg taken to Vienna and Rome, 1623— d. 1631. See Charles Louis, elector palatine. Frederic I., duke of Wirtemberg, 1593- 1608 Frederic Eugene, duke of Wirtemberg, 1795 — compelled to buy a truce with France, 1796— d. 1797. Frederic II. (William Charles), b. 1751— duke of Wirtemberg, 1797— marries the princess royal of Great Britain, May 18, 1797 — receives the territory of Elwangen, and title of elector, 1803— of king, 1805 — attends the congress of Erfurt, Sept. 27, 1808— furnishes a contingent against Russia, 1812 — which joins the allies at Leipzig, 1813— d. 1816— his qii. d. 1828. Frfderic I., duke of Brunswick, 1434- 1478. See Brunswick. Frederic II., duke of Brunswick, 1636- 1648. See Brunswick Wolfenbuttel. Fredeuic I., duke of Saxe Gotha Alten- burg, 1675-1691. Frederic II., duke of Saxe Coburg Alten- burg, 1691-1732. Frederic III., duke of Saxe Coburg Alten- burg, 1732-1772. Frederic IV., duke of Saxe Gotha Alten- burg, succeeds his brother, Emilius Au- gustus, 1822— d. without issue, Feb. 11, 1825" — his states are divided by treaty among the three other branches of his family, Nov. 15, 1826. Frederic, brother of Theodoric II., k. of the Visigoths, falls in battle against -iEgidius, near Orleans, 463. Frederic, prince of Hesse Cassel, marries the princess Mary, second daughter of Geo. II, k. of Great Britain, May 8, 1740 — joins the Roman Catholic church, 1751 — succeeds as landgrave, 1760. See Hesse Cassel. Frederic, prince of Holland, repelled by the Belgians before Brussels, Sept. 25, 1830. Frederic I, duke of Lorraine, 959-984. Frederic II., duke of Upper Lorraine, 1026-1033. See Beatrice, his daughter. Frederic, son of Boniface II. and Beatrice, succeeds as duke of Tuscany, 1052 — d, still a minor, 1055. Frederic Louis, prince of Wales, son of George II. See Wales, Frederic Louis, prince of. Frederic William, youngest son of Fred- eric Louis, prince of Wales, b. May 24, 1750-tf. Dec. 15. 1765. Frederic, duke of York, second son of George III. See York, Frederic, duke of. Frederic I., of Hohenstaufen, marries Agnes, daughter of Henry IV., emperor of Germany, and is created by him duke of Swabia, 1079-d. 1105. Frederic II., duke of Swabia, son of Fre- deric I., succeeds him, 1105 — refuses to acknowledge Lothaire II., and supports his brother Conrad, duke of Franconia, in his contest for the crown of Germany, 1125-d. 1147. Frederic III., duke of Swabia, 1147 — king of Germany, 1151. See Frederic I., Barbarossa, emperor of Germany. Frederic IV.. duke of Swabia and Fran- conia, 1152—1167. Frederic V., duke of Swabia, second s^n of the emperor Frederic I., follows Fre- deric IV., 1169— accompanies his fathni on his crusade, and conducts the wreck of his army from Cilicia to Antioch. 119C — joins the camp before Acre, and d. there, 1191. Frederic VI , duke of Swabia, 120S-1219. See Frederic II, emperor of Gennany. Frederic, duke of Saxony, grand-master of the Teutonic knights in Prussia. 1498 — refuses homage to Alexander, king of Poland. 1501 — withdraws into Germany, 1504— d. 1510. Frederic Henry, second son of William, prince of Orange, stadtholder, after his brother Maurice, causes the intolerant laws against the Remonstrants to be re- pealed, 1625 — takes Bois-Ie-Duc, Maes- tricht. and Wesel; Turenne first studies under him the art of war, 1628— recovers Breda from the Spaniards, 1637 — he takes Sas van Ghent, and Hulst, 1644— d. 1647. Fri deric William, second son of Charles Leopold Frederic, j. Sept. 9, 1826 — grand- duke of Baden, May 4, 1852. See Baden. Fredirica Charlotte Ulrica, crown- princess of Prussia, marries Frederic, duke of York, Sept. 29. 1791. Frederica Caroline of Mecklenburg Strelitz, widow of the prince of Salms- Braunfels, marries the duke of Cumber- land, Aug. 29, 1815. FRE 3-9 FEE Freherica Sophia Wilhelmina, daughter of Augustus William of Prussia, mar- ries the stadtholder William V., 1767. Fredericshal besieged by Charles XII. of Sweden, who is killed before the place, Nov. 30, 1718. Fredericshamm, fortress of, stops the progress of the Swedes in Finland, 1788 — peace of, between Russia and Sweden, Sept. 17, 1809. Freehold Estates' Bill introduced by sir Samuel Romilly, Jan. 28. 1807. Freeling, sir Francis, b. 1763— nearly 50 years secretary G-.P.O., d. 1836. Freemasons, papal Bull issued against, by Clement XII., 1736. Freemasons' Hall, London, opened, May 20. 1776. Fkegell^e, taken by the Romans from the Samnites. B.C. 313 -having revolted, is taken and razed to the gr uud by the pitetor Opiinius, 125. Fregoso, Battistino, doge of Genoa, 147S. Fregoso, Giano, expels the French from Genoa, and is appointed doge, 1512. Frejus, in the time of Augustus Forum thilii, and an important naval station; Bonaparte lands at, on Iris return from Earvpt, Oct. 8. 1799 — embarks there on his" way to Elba, April 28, 1814. Fremonatos. See Abba Salama, and Abyssinians. French Revolution prepared by the ideas of civil liberty brought from America by La Fayette and his companions, 1787— Louis XVI. in want of monty, calls the first assembly of Notables, Feb. 22 — close of their sittings. May 25— the par- liament of Paris refuses to register the royal edicts, and demands an assembly of the States General. July 6 — banished to Troves, Aug. 15— recalled, Sept. 20 — civil and political rights conceded to Protestants, Nov. 19. 1788. The government attempts to establish a cow' pleniere ; protest of the parliament of Paris, and arrest of some of its members, May 3 — national discon- tent aggravated by a failure of the crops and general scarcity ; Necker recalled to office, Aug. 27— edict for convoking the States General, Sept. 27 — second as- sembly of the Notables, Nov. 6 -decree that the Tiers Etat shall compose one half of the States General. 1789. Election of the States General; clubs formed; that of Britanny becomes eventually the Jacobins ; commotions in the Faubourg St. Antoine, April 29 — at Marseilles, 30— meeting of the States General, consisting of clergy 291, nobles, 270, Third Estate, 584, Slay 4— the Three Orders, united into one body, are declared, on the motion of the Abb^ Sieyes, to be the National Assembly, June 17 — meet- ing in the tennis-court, and oath to pro- vide a new constitution, 20 — royal sit- ting; the king commands the assembly* to separate ; encouraged by their presi- dent Bailly and by Mirabeau, they refuse to obey, 23— the king yields, 27— dis- misses Necker, July 11 — popular agi- tation and destruction of the Bastille, 14 — the count d'Artois and other nobles set the example of emigration ; La Fay- ette commander of the national guard, and Bailly mayor of Paris, 16 — violent excesses of the populace, 22 — Necker re- called, 28— abolition of privileged orders, Aug. 4 — declaration of rights presented to the king, 13 — freedom of conscience and liberty of the press decreed, 24 — festival of the military officers at Ver- sailles, Oct. 1 — scarcity of provisions at Paris; the mob proceeds to Versailles, attacks the palace, and massacres the guards, 6 — the king and royal family brought to Paris, are followed 7 cy the National Assembly, who sit in the Riding School of the Tuileries, 12 — church property taken for the service of the State, Nov. 2 — the parliaments sus- pended, 3 — issue of assignats, Dec. 17 — the domains of the crown and estates of emigrants confiscated, 22. 1790. Execution of the marquis de Favras, the first judicially condemned victim, Jan. 18— tumults in the southern provinces; France divided into 83 de- partments ; the king and the assembly swear fidelity to the new constitution, Feb. 4— monastic vows interdicted, 13 — right of primogeniture abolished, 24 — municipality of Paris created, May 1 — uniformity of weights and measures established, 8 — the right of making peace and war asserted by the Assembly, 22 — titles, armorial bearings, and seig- norial distinctions abolished, June 19 — the church organized as a civil institu- tion, July 12— grand federation of the Champ de Mars, 14— celebration of the day in England ; Burke publishes his "Reflections," and Thomas Paine his " Rights of Man ;" justices of peace ap- pointed in France, Aug. 5— trial by jury, 16 — resignation of Necker, Sept. 4— all ecclesiastics and public functionaries ordered to swear fidelity to the nation, the law and the king, Nov. 27 — Louis assents to the civil constitution of the church, Dec. 26. 1791. The emperor of Germany de- mands the restoration of feudal rights in Alsace; additional troops voted by the National Assembly, Jan. 2b — the FEE 330 FEE FEENCH Revolution— continued. emigrant princes collect forces at Worms and Coblentz ; first ordination of constitutional bishops at Paris by Talley- rand, Feb. 25— threats of pope Pius VI., March 10 — death of Mirabeau, April 2, the first of the great men interred in the Pantheon; the guillotine introduced, May 31 — flight of the royal family, June 20 — they are stopped at Varennes, and brought back to Paris, 25— the king's eldest brother escapes to Mons; order for emigrants to return within two months, July 9— the remains of Voltaire conveyed to the Pantheon, 11— second federation, 14— Bailly and La Fayette disperse a mob, calling for the deposition of the king, 17— treaty of Pilnitz be tween the emperor and the k. of Prussia, for restoring the royal authority in France, Aug. 27 — the constitution re- modelled, Sept. 3— accepted by the king, 13 — Avignon and the Venaissin annexed to France, and the claims of the German princes in Alsace disallowed, 23 — last sit- ting of the National or Constituent As- sembly, 30 — the new constitution comes into operation ; meeting of the Legis- lative Assembly, elected under the in- fluence of the Clubs, Oct. 1— insurrection in La Vendee and Britanny ; massacres at Avignon, Aix, and Marseilles; Petion, mayor of Paris, Nov. 17- protest of the emperor of Germany against the rejection of his demands, Dec. 3— Gustavus III. of Sweden offers to lead a crusade against France ; Rochambeau and Luckner ap- pointed to command the armies of the North and of the Rhine, Dec. 16. 1792. Ministry of Roland and the Gi- rondists ; war declared against Austria, April 20 — the French ambassador, M. Chauvelin, requests the mediation of Great Britain, May 2 — gen. Dillon, re- pulsed in his invasion of Flanders, is put to death ; success of La Fayette at Maubeuge, and of Luckner at Menin, June 20 — the Girondists dismissed; the Jacobins and republican party under Robespierre, Danton, and Marat, become bolder ; La Fayette, at the bar of the Legislative Assembly, denounces the Clubs, and demands their dissolution, 28 — the Prussians invade France ; the As- sembly proclaims "the country in danger," July 11 — third federation in the Champ de Mars, 14— the volunteers of Marseilles arrive in Paris, and introduce their patriotic hymn ; the emperor and king of Prussia meet at Mentz, 23— manifesto of the duke of Brunswick, 25— declaration of the French princes at Bingen, Aug. 2— the Prussians at Thion- ville, 5 — frightful massacres in Paris ii> stigated by Danton, Tallien, Billaud-Va- rennes, Collot d'Herbois and Santerre, 10 — the Tuileries stormed; Louis and his family conducted to the Temple, de- cree of the Assembly for a National Convention, 13— the British ambassador, earl Gower, recalled from Paris, 17 — Roland and some of the Girondists re- stored to office ; La Fayette withdraws from France with some of his staff, 20 — they are imprisoned by the Germans, first at Wesel, then at Magdeburg, and lastly at Olmutz ; Longwy and Verdun taken by the Prussians, 23— atrocious outrages in Paris, Sept. 2, and suc- ceeding days — murder of the princess Lamballe ; the Prussians in Cham- pagne, 14— Kellermann defeats them at Valmy, 20— Dumourier defeats Clairfait in Flanders; National Convention opens, 21 — the Jacobin majority occupy the highest benches, and are called " the Mountain ;" vain efforts of the Giron- dists to restrain their violence ; the k. deposed, and France proclaimed a re- public, 22 — the executive power lodged in the committee of the constitution, of which Sieyes, Condorcet, Thomas Paine, Brissot, Barrere and Danton are mem- bers, 29 — Victor Amadeus III. king of Sardinia, joins the league against France ; loses Savoy and Nice ; the Prussians commence their retreat, 30 — the French gen. Custine, takes Spires, Worms, and Mentz ; victory of Du- mourier at Jemappes, Nov. 6- he enters Brussels and conquers Belgium, 13 — Savoy made the 84th department of France, 21 — decree of the Convention for the trial of Louis XVI., Dec. 3. 1793. Mis trial commences, Jan. 7 — sentence of death, 20 — executed, 21— M. Chauvelin, the French ambassador, or- dered to leave London, 23 — the British government refuses to negotiate, 30— war declared by the Convention, Feb. 1 — by Great Britain, 11— coalition of the principal States in Europe against France ; civil war in La Vendue ; Du- mourier defeated at Neerwinden, aban- dons the Netherlands, March 18 — de- clares against the Convention, 25— takes refuge in the Austrian camp, with the duke of Chartres, Apr. 4— Committee of Public Safety installed at Paris with ab- solute power, 6— British troops arrive in Flanders ; the allied generals hold a council of war at Antwerp, 8— the French defeated at St. Amand, May 8— Valen- ciennes besieged, 23-the Girondists over- powered by the Jacobins, and the Reij,'n of Terror commences, June 2— Dumouritr FEE 331 FRE Fbknch Revolution— continued. arrives in London, and is ordered to leave the kingdom, 14 — revolt of the depart- ments of the Gironde and Calvados, of Lyons and Marseilles ; the Vendeans take Sanmnr and Angers : fail in their attack on Nantes, and fall back to the coast, 20 — another new constitution sub- mitted by the Convention to the vote of the people, 24 — Charlotte Corday assas- sinates Marat, July 14 — is guillotined, 17 — Mentz retaken by the Prussians, 22 — Valenciennes surrenders to the allies, 26 — the new constitution adopted by the nation, Aug. 10 — but never earned into effect ; the levy en masse ordered ; mili- -tary enthusiasm of the people ; Carnot appointed conductor of the war, 16 — the French defeated at Lincelles by gen. Lake, 18— Toulon surrendered to lord Hood, 28 — Custine executed for the loss of Mentz ; the duke of York defeated at Dunkirk, Sept. 7 — Clairfait takes Le Quesnoy and Cambray, 10 — victory of the duke of Brunswick at Pirmasens, 14 — Lyons taken by the Republicans ; thousands butchered by the guillotine, drowning, and grape shot, Oct. 8— Wurm- ser forces the lines of Weissemburg, 13 — the prince of Coburg defeated by Jourdan, at Wattignies, 15— mock trial and execution of Marie Antoinette, 16 — of Brissot and the Girondists, 31 — of the duke of Orleans, Nov. 6 — of Madame Roland, 8— of Bailly, 11— suicide of M. Roland ; the Convention decrees the worship of the goddess of Reason, Nov. 10 — introduces the new calendar, 24 — the duke of Brunswick gains the battle of Kayserslautem, 30 — the churches of Paris closed, Dec. 1 — are soon re-opened; Toulon evacuated by lord Hood, 19. See Bonaparte, Napoleon. — The French recover the lines of Weissemburg, 27. 1794. Negro slavery abolished by the Convention, Feb. 4 — revolt of the Blacks in St. Domingo under Toussaint l'Ouver- ture; ferocious hostilities in La Vendee; La Roche Jaquelein slain; the Spaniards driven back from Roussillon; reign of Robespierre ; atrocities of the Revolu- tionary tribunal; Carrier, Tallien, and other Jacobins sent into the depart- ments ; slaughter everywhere ; Hebert, Anacharsis Cloots, and others of the Cor- deliers party executed, March 24 — M. Guillotin, 28 — Danton, Camille Desmou- lins, Fabre d'Eglantine, and others, Apr. 5 — victory of Massena in Piedmont, 7 — Hoche expels the allies from Alsace; the Austrians take Landrecy, 24 — Pichegru Invades Belgium, 26 — Condorcet escapes, is captured, and ends his life by poison ; Lavoisier sacrificed, May 6 — Elizabeth, sister of Louis X VI., 10-theBritish troops in Flanders harassed by repeated at- tacks, repulse the French at Espierres, 22. For maritime and colonial warfare, see George III., k. of Great Britain. — Jourdan defeats the allies at Fleurus, June 26 — French ascendancy at Geneva, July 19 — Robespierre denounced by Tal- lien, 27 — beheaded with seventy-one of his party, 28 — end of the Reign of Terror; the Committee of Public Safety re-estab- lished, Aug. 24 — the duke of York de- feated at Bois le Due, Sept. 14 — at Box- tel, 17 — crosses the Meuse, 21 — and takes post at Rhenen behind the Waal, where he loses a great part of his army from fatigue and sickness ; the Jacobin club suppressed, Nov. 11 — the French invade Spain ; Pichegru takes Cond£, and com- pletes the conquest of Belgium, 30 — Holland invaded, Dec. 25 — the king of Prussia negotiates for peace, 27. 1795. Amsterdam taken, and Holland conquered by Pichegru, Jan. 29 — peace with Tuscany, Feb. 9 — submission ot Charette and part of La Vendue, 17 — the Jacobins endeavour to regain power, Apr. 1 — treaty of Basle with Prussia, 5 — the British army embarks at Bremen, 14— alliance with the Batavian Republic, May 16 — the Jacobins put down by the National Guard, 20 — revolutionary tri- bunal abolished, 31 — death of the dau- phin in the Temple, June 8 — liberation of his sister, 30— Luxemburg surrenders, July 12 — Bilbao, 17— emigrants attempt to land at Quiberon, 21 — treaty of Basle with Spain, 22 — the constitution of year III. approved by the Convention, and submitted to the nation, Aug. 22 — peace with Hesse Cassel,28— Dusseldorf taken, Sept. 6 — and Manheim, 20 — peace with Hanover, 23 — the constitution accepted by the people; clubs suppressed, 30 — the Austrian Netherlands united tc France, and form nine new departments, Oct. 1 — a rising of some of the sections of Paris put down, 4 and 5 — Wurmser recovers Manheim; Clairfait defeats Jourdan at Hochst, 11 — at Mentz, 29 — victory of Scherer over the Austrians at Loano, Nov. 23— armistice for three months ; the new constitution inaugu- rated, Oct. 28 — a Legislative Chamber of 500 ; a council of Ancients of 250 : and an Executive Directory of five, of whom Barras and Carnot take the lead. 1796. Campaign in Italy. See Bona- parte, Napoleon. — Assignats super- seded by "mandats territoriaux," Mar. 18 — Vendean war terminated, 29 — con- spiracy of Babeuf, May 10— peace with FEE 332 FEE French Eevolution — continued. Sardinia, June 3 — Kleber defeats the Austrians at Altenkirchen, 4 — treaty with the pope: Moreau crosses the Ehine, 24— takes Kehl, July 1 — the arch- duke Charles falls back to the Danube ; peace with Wirteinberg and Baden, Aug. 5 — the Archduke Charles defeated by Moreau at Neresheim, 10 — defeats Bernadotte at Neumarck, 23 — and Jour- dan at Wurzburg, Sept. 3— Jourdan falls back to the Lahn, 4— peace with Naples, Oot. 10 — retreat of Moreau to Hiiningen, 26— the archduke lays siege to Kehl, Nov. 15— alliance with Spain ; failure of lord Malmesbury's negotiations for peace, Dec. 19. 1797. Kehl surrenders, Jan. 9 — second campaign in Italy. See Bonaparte.— Peace with pope Pius VI. — Avignon and the Venaissin ceded to France, Feb. 19— Hoche crosses theEhineat Neuwied, Apr. 17 — and Moreau, near Strasburg, 20 — preliminaries of peace with Austria at Leoben, 18— Cisalpine and Ligurian republics formed ; Barthelemy takes the place of Letourneur as director ; execu- tion of Babeuf, May 25— commotion at Paris, Sept. 4 — triumph of the moderate party ; the violent sent to Cayenne ; failure of lord Malmesbury's renewed negotiations at Lisle, 20 — treaty of Campo Formio with Austria, Oct. 17 — the Ionian Tsles given up to France ; La Fayette and his companions released; congress of Eastadt to settle terms of peace with the German empire, Dec. 9. 1798. Berthier takes Home, expels the pope, and establishes a republic, Jan. 17 — Berne capitulates to Brune: the Helvetian republic proclaimed, April 12 — Geneva incorporated with France, 26 — mission of Talleyrand to Constantino- ple ; expedition to Egypt. See Bona- parte.— The works of art brought from conquered States placed in the Louvre ; Humbert lands in Ireland, Aug 22 — surrenders, Sept. 8 — commencement of the second coalition; Turkey declares war, 11 — a Neapolitan army drives the French from Eome, Nov. 26 — is defeated byMacdonald, Dec.4— the French occupy Piedmont, 9 -Championnet recovers Eome, 15 — invades Naples; the emperor Paul of Eussia joins the coalition, 23. 1799. Naples taken by Championnet, and the Partuenopean republic estab- lished, Jan. 26 — campaign in Syria and Egypt. See Bonaparte.— The Ionian Islands taken by the Turks and Kus- Eians, March 1 — Jourdan and Bernadotte eross the Ehine, and the archduke Chas. the Lech, 4— war declared against Aus- tria and Tuscany, 22 — Jourdan defeated at Stockach, and driven back to the Ehine, 22 — Scherer defeated at Verona 28-30 — at Magnano, April 5 — congress of Eastadt breaks up, 8— the French mi- nisters assassinated, 28 — the Eussians arrive in Italy, defeat Moreau at Cas- sano, and take Milan; conquer on the Adda,. May 27 — Macdonald abandons Naples, June 25 — defeated on the Treb- bia, 17 — discord in the Directory, 18 — Talleyrand retires from the office of Foreign affairs ; the government dis- ordered and distracted; Joubert defeated and slain at Novi, A ug.15— a Eussian army arrives in Switzerland, 17. — is defeated by Moreau at Zurich, 25 — the emperor Paul recalls his forces ; Eome surrenders to commodore Trowbridge, Sept. 27 — Suwarof returns to Eussia. Oct. 5 — the British expedition to the H elder, eva- cuates Holland, 20 — return of Bonaparte from Egypt, and military revolution, Nov. 9. See Bonaparte. — Ancona taken by the Austrians, 13 — Coni, Dec. 4 — a new constitution, 13— Bonaparte, first consul, CambaceVes second, and Le Brim third; Talleyrand minister for Foreign affairs, Carnot for war, and Fouche for police ; overtures for peace rejected by Great Britain, 25. 1800. Pacification of La Vendee by the treaty of Li^on, Jan. 17 — treaty for the evacuation of Egypt, 24 — rejected by Great Britain, March 20 — Kleber de- feats the Turks atHeliopolis,drivesthem into Syria, and restores the French do- minion in Egypt; Massena defeated by the Austrians at Voltri, retires into Genoa, April 18— Moreau crosses the Ehine, 25— conquers at Engen, May 3— at M6skirch,5 — at Biberach, 9— the Aus- trians take Nice, and threaten to cross the Var, 11 — campaign of Marengo. See Bonaparte. — Assassination of Kleber; Menou takes the command in Egypt, June 14 — Moreau enters Munich, July 2 — armistice of Parsdorf, 15 — of Hohen- linden, Sept. 20 — surrender of Malta to the British, Sept. 5 — differences with the U.S. adjusted by treaty, 30 — Tuscany occupied, Oct. 15 — hostilities renewed with Austria, Nov. 28— battle of Hohen- linden, Dec. 3 — Moreau crosses the Inn, Jan. 14, 1801 — takes Salzburg, 15 — de- feats the archduke John on the Traun, 18 — armistice of Steyer, 25 — reign of the first consul, 1801-1804. See Bonaparte. — He refuses to clothe or maintain the French prisoners in England, Jan. 31, 1801 — Menou defeated by the British at Alexandria, March 21 — they take Cairo and agree to a treaty for the evacuation FEE 333 TEE of Egypt by the French, June 27 — French empire established, May 18, 1804. See Napoleon I., emperor. French Ekvolution of 1830. Union of parties against the Marti gnac ministry ; De Polignac called from his post of am- bassador in London, to form a new ca- binet ; his government influenced by the ultra-royalists and priests, 1829 — the Chamber votes an address hostile to him, March 16, 1830 — prorogued by the king, 19— dissolved, May 16 — the popu- lar party strengthened by the elections; the new Chamber dissolved before it meets ; unconstitutional ordinances laid before the king, July 21 — signed by him and published, 25 — journals suppressed, 26 — popular resistance ; three days' war of the barricades in Paris, 27-29 — victory of the people ; the national guard re- stored, La Fayette commander, 30 — Louis Philip, duke of Orleans, appointed lieutenant-general, 31 — Charles X. ab- dicates, Aug. 2 — is conducted to Cher- bourg, 4 — Louis Philip proclaimed king, 7. See Louis Philip, k. of the French. French Revolution of 1848. — General de- sire in France for an extension of the elec- toral franchise; Eeform banquet prohibit- ed by the government, Jan. 19 — violent scenes in the Chamber of Deputies; Odil- lon Harrot accuses the government of sell- j ing offices ; M. Berville declares that the Orleans dynasty had not performed its promise to the. nation, 22 — Guizot re- fuses to give any pledge of Eeform, Feb. 12 — another banquet prohibited, 21 — Odillon Barrot impeaches the ministers ; Guizot resigns, 22 — no ministry formed; popular excitement; collision between the crowd and the troops, 23 — Louis Philip abdicates, 24 — provisional govern- ment formed, 25 — Republic proclaimed, 26— Lamartine rejects the red flag; na- tional workshops opened; warrant for the arrest of Guizot and his colleagues, 27— escape of the king and queen to Honfleur ; the duke de Nemours and other members of the royal family land at Dover ; Louis Napoleon offers his ser- vices to the Republic, March 2. See Bonaparte, Charles Louis Napoleon. — Pacific manifesto of Lamartine as fo- reign secretary, 3 — dangerous principles avowed by Ledru Rollin in his circular as minister of the interior; Louis Philip and his queen land at Newhaven, and Guizot at Folkstone, 3— foreign work- men ordered to leave France, 19 — irrup- tion of French revolutionists into Bel- gium repulsed, 29 — cool reception of Smith O'Brien and the Irish deputation by Lamartine, April 3 — meeting of Na- tional Assembly, May 4 — exrcutive com- mittee appointed, 10 — invasion of the Hall by Communists repressed by the na. tional guard; arrest of their leaders, 15 — national workshops denounced; pro- * vincial workmen ordered to leave Paris ; insurrection and barricades, June 23 — the archbishop slain, 25 — the insurrec- tion put down, with great slaughter, by gen. Cavaignac, 26 — he is appointed pre- sident of the Council, 28 — the workshops suppressed, July 3— Louis Blanc and Caus- sidiere prosecuted ; escape to England, Aug. 25 — constitution discussed ; decree for electing the President of the Republic by universal suffrage, Oct. 7 — constitu- tion proclaimed, Nov. 12 — Louis Napo- leon elected President, Dec. 20— Cavaig- nac resigns his authority ; Odillon Bar- rot president of the Council, and Droiiyn de Lhuys minister for Foreign Affairs. 1849. Proposed suppression of politi- cal clubs, and reduction of the Garde Mobile of Paris; attempted insurrection stifled by gen. Changarnier, Jan. 29— clubs abolished, March 20— Barbes and Albert condemned to transportation for life ; Blanqui, Raspail, and others, to imprisonment, April 2 — the expedition against Rome sanctioned by the Assem- bly, 17 — lands in ltaly,25— repulsed, 30 — concludes an armistice, May 17— re- sumes hostilities, June 3 — another in- surrection quelled by Changarnier, 13 — Ledru Rollin and D'Alton Shee take flight, 14 — capitulation of Rome, 30. 1850. Universal suffrage superseded by a limited constituency, May 31 — discus- sions with Great Britain on the Greek question ; ambassador recalled from Lon- don; amicable settlement, June 21— re- striction on the liberty of the press, Sept. 26. 1851. Drouyn de Lhuys prime mi- nister ; Changarnier displaced ; Bara- guay d'Hilliers commands the army of Paris, and gen. Perrot the National Guard, Jan. 9 — the Assembly rejects the Dotation Bill. Feb. 10— St. Arnaud at- tacks the Kabyles, May 11 — petitions laid before the Assembly to revise the constitution and prolong the President's powers, 22 — reform of the commercial code rejected by the Assembly ; the Kabyles overcome and the war closed, July 17 — revision of the constitution re- fused by the Assembly, 19 — numerous arrests on a charge of conspiracy, Sept. 3 — marquis de Turgot minister for fo- reign affairs, and St. Arnaud, for war, Oct. 27 — electoral law rejected, Nov. 13 — Coup d'Etat. See Bonaparte, Chas. Louis NapoJeoD. — Changarnier Oavaig- FRI 334 FRI Fbench Revolution of 1848 — continued, j nac, and others, imprisoned, Dec. 2— insurrection, martial law, and dreadful iiassacres in Paris, 4— deportation of suspected persons, 18— the President re- elected by a majority of nearly seven millions, 24. 1852. The ancient names of public edifices restored ; republican inscriptions erased, Jan. 6 — 600 political prisoners embarked for Cayenne, 8 — Thiers, Changarnier, Bedeau, Lamoriciere, Vic- tor Hugo, and others, banished, 10— new- constitution ; president for ten years ; senators appointed by him for life ; de- puties elected by universal suffrage, 15 —property of the Orleans family confis- cated, 23— titles of nobility restored, 25 —treaty with the Sultan for the protec- tion of "the " Holy Places" in Palestine, Feb. 13— French journals subjected to a licence, and foreign newspapers prohi- bited. 17 — martial law suspended, and the Code Napoleon restored, March 28— crystal palace in the Champs Elysees ordered, 30 — eagles delivered to the French army, May 10— conspiracy de- tected, July 1— Thiers and other eminent exiles allowed to return, Aug. 8— crystal palace commenced, Sept.6— Abdel Kader liberated ; the prefect of the Seine calls upon Louis Napoleon to restore the empire, Oct. 16— the Senate refer the question to the people, Nov. 4. See Bonaparte, Jerome. — Majority of more than seven millions of the French people in favour of restoring the empire, Dec. 21 — Napoleon III. proclaimed. See Napoleon III., emperor of the French. Frend, William, expelled from his post ot fellow and tutor of Jesus College, Cam- bridge, 1793-d. 1841. Freodwulf, or Frithuwald, one of Ida's sons, reigns in Beraicia, 573-580. Freyburg, joins the Swiss confederacy, 1481— treaty of, between Francis I. and • the Swiss Cantons, 1516 — assists the ' Genevan reformers against the duke of " Savoy, 1519 and 1531— democratic agita- ; tion in, 1830. Freyburg, in the Brisgau, battle of; the imperial gen., Mercy, defeated by Tu- renne and the duke d'Enghien, 1644 — taken by the French, 1677— again, Nov. 26, 1713. Freycinet, M. de, sets out on his voyage of discovery, 1817. Freynada, Wellington falls back on, from Burgos, 1812. Frevre, general, conspires against the regency in Portugal, and is punished by death, 1817. Feiedbebg, in Saxony, battle of ; Frederic the Great, of Prussia, defeats the Aus- trians and Saxons, 1745. Friedberg, in the Upper Rhine, the French retire to, 1759. Frieoerichstadt, on the Eyder, built by Frederic, duke of Holstein Gottorp, for the expatriated Remonstrants, 1621 — besieged by the Holstein army, Sept. 29, 1850. Friedland, battle of; the Russians defeat- ed by Napoleon, June 14, 1807. Friends of the People associate to ob- tain parliamentary reform, 1792. Frieslano (Frisia), or Vriesland, a mari- time district, between the Rhine and Weser, conquered by Drusus, B.C. 9 — revolts against Apronius, and becomes free again, a.d. 28— assists the revolt of the Batavi, 69 — extended towards the Elbe, 447 — tributary to the Franks, 550— unites with the islands of Holland, and forms an independent duchy under Adal- gaisus, about 650 — his son Radbod de- feated by Pepin of Heristal. 688 — and again at Durstadt, submits to him, 697 — recovers his independence, 716 — d. 719 — Poppo, the last duke, conquered by Charles Martel, and Friesland becomes part of the kingdom of the Franks, 734 —attacked by Godfrey, k. of S.Jutland, who is slain in the war, 810 — a settle- ment in, granted by Louis I. to Harold of S. Jutland, 826 — made a nest of pi- rates by Roric, 850— given up to the Danes by Charles the Fat, 882— part of the County of Holland and of the German empire of Otho I., 936. See Holland. — Fits cut a fleet to assist the third crusade, 1189— separated from Holland by the formation of the Zuyder Zee, 1231— the North Frisians defeat Abel, k. of Denmark, 1252 — William, count of Holland and k. of Germany, attempts to subjugate the people, is defeated and slain, 1256— Friesland joins the Union of Utrecht, 1579 — one of the Seven United Provinces. 1581— John William Friso, cousin of William III., appointed separate Statholder, 1702. See East Friesland. Friso, John William. See Friesland. Frithbekt, bp. of Hexham, succeeded by Alhmund. 766. Frithstan, bp. of Winchester, 910— d. 931. Frithwald, bp. of Whitherne, 735— suc- ceeded by Petwin, 763. Fritigekn, after the resignation of Ath- anaric, commands the Visigoths, 376 — succeeded by Alaric, 382. Fritzlar, in HesseCassel, prince Ferdinand of Brunswick retires to, on the approach of the duke de Broglie with reinforce- ments, 1760. FRO 335 ful Fbiuli, named from the Forum Julii of the Romans, erected into a duchy by Al- boin, k. of the Lombards, 572 — Rachis, duke,electedk.,744-defended by Charle- magne against the Avars and added to his kingdom,788— Berenger, duke, competes for the crown of Italy, 888— Friuli ad- heres to pope Gregory XII., 1409— con- quered by the Hungarians and recovered by Venice, 1412 — becomes a Venetian province, 1420— the Turks carry their de- predations to its borders, 1473— ravaged by them, 1499. See Venice. Fbobisher, Martin, sails, June 11, to seek a north-west passage ; fails ; returns, 1576— with Drake, attacks the Spanish settlements in the West Indies, 1585— killed at the taking of Brest, 1594. Frohsdorf, interview of the dnkes of Bordeaux and Nemours at, Nov. 17, 1853. Fkoila, son of Alfonso I., succeeds him as k. of the Goths in Spain, and founds Oviedo, 757 — he repulses the Saracens, ■while besieging Pax Julia (Beja)— mar- ries Menina, sister of Aznar, 761 — ren- ders himself unpopular in the Asturias by the murder of his brother, Bimara- nus, 767— assassinated by Aurelius, who succeeds him on the throne, 768. Froila II., on the death of his brother, Ordonio II., usurps the throne of Leon and Navarre, 923— d. of the leprosy, after an ignoble reign of 14 months, 924. Froissart, b. 1337— writes his Chronicle, 1398— d. 1401— his Chronicle continued by Monstrelet, from 1400. Frome, River, Canute lands at its mouth, on his return to England, 1015. Frome, Town, the inhabitants petition against the minister appointed for their church, Jan. 2, 1852. Fronde, war of the, commences, 1648 — terminated by the treaty of Rueil, but recommenced by Conde, 1649 — the duke of Lorraine abandons the Frondeurs, 1652 — the war brought to an end, 1653. Frontinus, Julius, Roman governor of Britain, 73— superseded, 78. Frontinus, the geometrician, has the care of the Roman aqueducts, 97. Fronto, M., tutor of M. Aurelius, 133 — corresponds with him, 164— d. 169. Fronto, count, sent ambassador by the emperor Avitus to the Spanish Suevi, 456. Fronto, M. Aufid., consul of Rome, 199. Fronto, M. Cornelius, consul of Rome, III., 100. Frost, severe, in Britain, the Thames frozen nine weeks, 250 — the Black Sea covered with ice, 401 — in Britain, 508— the Danube crossed by the Bulgarians on the ice, 559 — the Bosphorus crossed on the ice in Jan. and Feb. 764— the Adriatic frozen; horses and carriages pass on the ice, S60 — the Thames frozen, , 13 weeks, 923 — five weeks, 998— fourteen weeks in 1063, and eleven weeks, as far as Gravesend, in 1434 — the Baltic frozen, 1306, 1323, 1349, 1402, 1408, and 1459— the rivers Rhine and Scheldt, 1565, and 1594 — the Thames in 1607— the Zuyder Zee, 1622— the Swedes cross the ice to attack Copenhagen, 1658 — a fair on the ice of the Thames for thirteen weeks, ending Feb. 5, 16S4— very severe in all Europe, the Adriatic frozen, and in England it con- tinues three months, from Dec. 25, 1709 — the Thames frozen over for eleven weeks (oxen roasted), 1716 — again for nine weeks in 1740, called the " Hard winter," when coaches' drove acr(>sjs — again in 1789 — the French cross theVvaal and Rhine on the ice to invade Holland, Dec. 25, 1794 — severe, of many wjeaks, travelling impeded by deep snow/oe- ginning Feb. 1799— the Thames frozen, and a fair on the ice, 1814. Frost, John, and other Chartists attempt an insurrection at Newport, in Mon- mouthshire, Nov. 4, 1839 — are trans- ported for life, Dec. 31 — pardoned, and return, 1855. Frugi, L. Calpurnius Piso, consul of Rome, B.C. 133. Frugi, M. Licinins Crassus, consul of Rome, 64. Frumarius, on the death of his father, Maldra, becomes k. of the Suevi in Spain, and invades Gallicia, 460— d. 464. Frumentius, or Abba Salama, preaches. Christianity to the Abyssinians, 329. Fucinus, Lake, the aqueduct of, com- menced by Caligula, 38; completed by Claudius I., 52. Fuentes, the count of, viceroy of the Netherlands, invades Picardy, 1595. Fuentes d'Onore, battle of, Wellington defeats Massena, May 6, 1811. Fulbert, bp. of Chartres, founds a school of theology, 1007— d. 1028. Fulda, the abbey of, built by Sturmio,744 — the territory given to the prince of Orange Nassau, 1803 — occupied by the Prussians, Nov. 2, 1S50. Fulgentius Rttspensis, b. 468— banished with other African bishops, by Thoris- mund, 497 — bp. of Carthage, 508— d. Jan. 1, 533. Fulgentius Ferrandus, disciple of Ful- gentius Ruspensis, and deacon of the church of Carthage, 546. Fulham, occupied by the Danes undef Hasting, 879— they -withdraw into Bel- gium, 880. EUR 33i» GAE Fulk, bp. of Rheims, proclaims Charles IV., the Simple, k. of France, 892. Fulk. See Estk and Feerara. Fulk, count of Anjou. See Anjou. Fulk, of Neuilly, preaches a new crusade, 1198. Fuller, Thomas, b. 1606— d. 1661. Fullo, L. Apustius, consul of Rome, B.C. 226. Fulthorpe, Sir William, the Judge, con- demns Richard Scrope, archbp. of York, for rebellion against Henry IV., and is excommunicated for it by pope Innocent VII., 1405. Fulton tries his steamboat on the Seine, Aug. 9, 1803— his boats ply on the river Hudson, at New York, 1806. Fulvia, wife of Mark Antony, opposes Octavius; is driven from Rome, and retires to Sicyon, in Greece, where she d. 41. Fulvianus, L. Manlius Acidinus, consul of Rome, B.C. 179. Fulvius, On., consul of Rome. See Cen- tumalus. — Defeated near Herdonia by Hannibal, B.C. 210. Fulvius. See Flaccus. Fulvius, M. Nobilior, consul of Rome, compels the iEtolians to make peace, B.C. 189— celebrates a triumph, 187 — in- troduces athletic combats, 186 — censor, 179 — Another, consul, 159. Fulvius, Qu. Nobilior, consul of Rome; conducts the war in Spain unsuccess- fully, B.C. 153. Fulvius, Servius Paetinus Nobilior, con- sul of Rome, B.C. 255. Fulvus, T. Aurelius, consul of Rome, 85 ; 89 II.- Another, 120. Fundanus, Minucius, pro-consul of Asia, ordered by Hadrian to stop the persecu- tion of Christians, 125. Funding system ; money first borrowed on the security of the revenue by William III., 1690— national debt at his death, £16,394,702—1702. See N ational Debt. — Three per Cent. Consols originated, 1731. See Consols, Five per Cents., Four per Cents., and Sinking Fund. — The total reduction of interest effected by successive financial operations be- tween the years 1815 and 1834, amounts to £4,237,337. Fundulus, (J. Fundanius, consul of Rome, besieges Hamilcar, in Eryx, B.C. 243. Funeral, public, of lord Nelson, Jan. 1806— of the duke of Wellington, Nov. 18, 1852. Funfkirchen occupied by Haynau, June 21, 1849. Fur, excise duty on, remitted, Feb. 15,1830. Furius. See Camillus and Fusus. Fubneaux, capt., the companion of capt. Cook, returns to England, July 14* 1774. Furnes, lost to the French by Guy de Dampierre, count of Flanders, 1297 — taken by the French, 1646. Furnii; the, father and son, distinguished orators and historians, b.c. 36 — C Fur- nius, the son, consul, 17. Furruckabad, or Ferruckabad, battle of; Holkar defeated by general Lake, Nov. 17, 1804. Fursey. See Burgh Castle. Fuscianus, C. Allius, consul of Rome, II. 188. Fuscus, consul of Rome, II. 225. Fuscus, a Roman general, defeated by the Dacians, 86. Fuseli, Henrv, b. 1741— d. 1825. Fust, Sir H. jenner, b. 1777— d. 1852. Fusus, Agrippa Furius, consul of Rome, B.C. 446. Fusus, P. Furius, consul of Rome, B.C. 472. Fusus, Sex. Furius, consul of Rome, B.C. 488. Fusus, Sp. Furius, consul of Rome, B.C. 481. G Gabelle, or salt duty, first introduced in France, 1286. Gabinius, Aulus, consul of Rome, B.C. 58 — ordered to restore Ptolemy Auletes, 57 — accomplishes it; accused by Cicero of having oppressed the provinces of Ma- cedon and Syria, 56— brings Timagenes from Alexandria to Rome, 55. Gabinius, Publius, carries on the war in Germany against the Chatti, 41. Gabinius, k. of the Quadi, treacherously slain by the Romans ; his people invade Illyricum to avenge his death, 374. Gabor, Bethlem. See Bethlem Gabor. Gabrielle D'Estrees. See D'Estrees. Gadara taken by Vespasian, 68. Gadebusch, battle of; the Swedish gen., Steinbock, defeats the Danes, Poles, and Saxons, 1712. Gades. See Cadiz. Gaeta, the ancient Cajeta, made one of the Lombard duchies, 572— the duke of, forced to submit to the demands of pope Paul I., by Pepin, k. of France, 760— arms against the African and Spanish corsairs, 813— besieged by them, 846— they are driven from the siege by a vio- lent storm, 847 — its fleet assists in de- feating them. 849 -besieged by Roger de Loria, 1289— residence of the schismatic GAL 337 GAL pope, Gregory XII., who is ordered to depart by Ladislas, k. of Naples, 1412 — besieged by Alfonso V., of Aragon, and taken by his brother, Don Pedro, 1435 — Alfonso arrives, 1436 — taken by the Spanish gen., Montemar, Aug. 7, 1734. Gaetano, Giovanni, monk of Monte Ca- sino and chancellor of the church of Rome, elected pope, 1118. See Gela- sius II. GjEtulius, Cn. Lentulus, consul of Rome, 26. Gage, general. See Colonies, American. — Dissolves the Massachusetts Assembly, May, 17, 1774 — destroys the colonial ma- gazines at Lexington, April 19, 1775— repulses the Americans at Bunker's Hill, and burns the suburb of Charles- Town, June 17 ; returns to England, and arrives in London, Nov. 13. Gages, the count de, Spanish gen., attacks Charles Emanuel, k. of Sardinia, 1743. Gaianus. See Alexandria, bishops of, 537. Gain as, sent with an army against Tribi- gild ; rebels, but is overcome by Fra- vitta, 400 — slain near the Danube by Uldin, k. of the Huns, 401. Gainsborough. See Swein, k. of Den- mark. Gainsborough, Thomas, b. 1727— d. 1788. Gaisford, Dr., b. 1780— d. 1855. Galata, a suburb of Constantinople, ac- quired by the Venetians, 1204 — obtained by the Genoese by treaty with the em- peror Michael VIII., 1261— they make war on John VI., emperor, and capture the Greek fleet; the senate of Genoa orders the colony to desist from further hostilities, 1348. Galatia, the name given by the Greeks of Syria to the part of Asia Minor oc- cupied by the descendants of the Cim- merioi (see Cimmerians) when they are found to be Keltae, or Galatse, B.C. 278— its people, called Galatians, are first employed by Nicomedes, of Bithynia, against Antiochus Soter, 278 — they with- stand the forces of Syria, and Antiochus is killed fighting against them, 261 — attack Attains I., of Pergamus, but are defeated, 241. See Gallo-Gr.eci. — Paul's Epistle addressed to them,A.D.52. Galba, Servius Sulpicius, emperor of Rome, b. Dec. 24, b.c. 3 — carries on the war in Germany with Gabinius against the Chatti, a.d. 41 — commands in Spain, 61 — proclaimed emperor by Viudex, gov. of Gaul, 68 — advances with his army from Spain, and is acknowledged em- peror by the Senate, 68— consul II. — adopts Calpurnius Piso ; murdered, Jan. 16, 69. Galba, Servius Sulpicius, r. raetor of Rome, defeated by the Lusitanians, B.C. 151— publicly impeached by Cato for his slaughter of them, but acquitted, 150— x consul, 144. Another, consul, 108. Galba, C. Sulp., consul of Rome, 22. Galba, P. Sulpicius, consul of Rome, b.c. 211 — leads the Roman fleet to Greece against the Achaeans, 208 — consul 11.200 — endeavours to force his way into Ma- cedon, but fails, 199. Galba, Serv. Sulpic, consul of Rome, 33. Galbajo, Giovanni, doge of Venice, 787=- 804. Gale, Theophilus, b. 1628— d. 1677. Gale, Thomas, historian, d. 1702. Galeazzo I. and II. See Visconte. Galeazzo, Maria. See Sforza. Galen, b. 130 — studies medicine under Satyrus, 147 — becomes famous at Per- gamus, 159— visits Rome, 162-164 — at Aquileia, 169— many of his works com- posed, 174 — some lost in a fire at Rome, 191— d. 200. Galerius, M. Antoninus, son of the em- peror T. Antoninus Pius, d. soon after his father's accession to the throne, about 140. Galerius, Caius Maximianus (Armenta- rius), appointed by Diocletian, with the title of Caesar, to administer the affairs of Gaul, Spain, and Mauritania, 292 — consul of Rome, 294 — gains victories over the Carpi and Bastarnae, 295 — de- feated by Narses, and severely repri- manded by Diocletian ; consul II., 297 — gains a complete victory over Narses in Armenia, and meets Diocletian at Ni- sibis, 298 — consul III., 300— passes the winter with Diocletian at Nicomedia, and urges him to repress the power of the Christian hierarchy; consul IV., 302 — takes the title of Augustus, on Diocle- tian's retirement ; consul V., 305 — consul VI., 306 — invades Italy, and, without fighting a battle, is obliged to retreat ignominiously ; declares Licinius em- peror, 307 — consul VII., 308 — acknow- ledges Constantine as Augustus, and allows the title to Maximian in Syria — attacked by a fatal disorder, 310 — issues an edict, April 30, to stop the persecu- tion of the Christians, and d. the next month ; consul VIII. {uncertain), 311. Galgacus, a leader of the Caledonians against Agricola, 84. Galib, sent by the Spanish caliph, Al Hakem II., with a powerful army into Africa, 973 — restores his authority in Fez and Western Africa, 974 — falls in single combat with Abdelmelic, governor of Toledo, 979. Galileo de' Galilei, 6. 1564 — compelled z GAL 338 GAL by the Inquisition to reject the Copemi- can system, 1633— d. 1642. G alitzin, prince, compelled by the czarina, Anne, to marry a girl of low birth, to live in a palace of ice, and celebx - ate the wedding with many strange cere- monies, 1740. Gall, John Joseph, I. 1758— introduces his system of craniology, 1803— d. 1828. Galla, wife of Julius Constantius, and mother of the Csesar Gallus. See Gallus. Galla, Placidia. See Placidia. Galla, daughter of Valentinian I., ac- companies her brother, Valentinian IT., in his flight to Thessalonica, where she meets and marries Theodosius I., 387 — d. 394. Galla of Malamocco, doge of Venice, 755 — deposed, 756. Galland translates into French the " Thousand and One Nights" (Arabian Nights' Entertainment), 1704— d. 1715. Gallas, the imperial general, drives the Swedes back into Pomerania, 1638— is defeated by Banner, 1639— follows the Swedes into Jutland, where he is totally defeated by Torstenson, 1644. Galle, M., discovers the planet Neptune, at Berlin, Sept. 23, 1846. Gallery of Paintings, the Montcalm, sold, June 8, 1849— that of the king of Holland, sold, Aug. 12, 1850. Gallery, National. See National Gal- lery. Gallery of the Louvre formed, 1798. Gallery, Historical, of Versailles, opened, June 11, 1837. Gallta. See Gaul. Gallicanus, consul of Rome, 127— others, 150, 317, 330. Gallicia a province of Spain, conquered by D. Junius Brutus, June 9, B.C. 136 — occupied by the Vandals, a.d. 419 — they are expelled by Astorius, 420 — invaded by Hermanrich, k. of the Suevi, 431 — peace concluded with him, 433— its coast ravaged by the Vandal fleet from Africa, 445 — invaded by Frumarius, k. of the Suevi, 460 — part of it recovered by Pelayo, 721 — by Alfonso I., 740 — infest- ed by the Danes, who are repulsed by Ramiro I., 846— an invasion of Muha- mad prevented by the destruction of his fleet, 867— attacked by Almondhir, 876— resigned by Alfouso III. to his son, Or- donio II., 910— reunited to Leon, 913 — invaded by Almansor, 993— inherited by Alfonso, son of Alfonso VI. See Al- fonso, k. of Gallicia. Gallicia, East, a province taken by Aus- tria in the first partition of Poland, 1772. Gallicia, West, another province, ac- quired in the final partition, 1795 — ceded to the grand duchy of Warsaw by the treaty of Vienna, 1809 — recovered by Austria, 1814. Gallienus, Publius Licinius, emperor of Rome, son of Valerian, associated on the throne with his father, 253 — consul of Rome, 254 — takes the command of the army in Gaul, and makes Treves his head-quarters, consul II., 25& — consul III., 257 — the empire distracted by numerous revolts, 259. See Thirty Tyrants. — Valerian is made prisoner by the Persians ; Gallienus reigns alone ; defeats and kills Ingeuuus, who had re- volted in Illyricum ; also Regalianus ; his son, Saloninus is taken and slain by Postumus, 260— consul IV., 261- V., 262 — celebrates the tenth year of his reign by public shows and games, and treats with Aureolus and Odenathus, 263 — de- clares Odenathus Augustus ; consul VI., 264 — attacks Postumus and Victorinus without success, 265 — consul VII., 266 — routs various Gothic tribes in Il- lyricum ; proceeds against Aureolus, in Italy, 267 — assassinated by his own troops, while besieging Aureolus in Milan, March 20, 268. Gallio, L. Junius, banished to Lesbos by the emperor Tiberius I., and recalled to Rome, 32 — adopts Novatus, elder bro- ther of Seneca, and gives him his name, 42. Gallio, L. Junius, the younger, put to death, with his brother, Seneca, by Nero, 65. Gallipoli, the Callipolis of the Greeks; a fleet collected at, by Isaac Angelus to convey the emperor Frederic I. and his crusaders across the Hellespont, 1190 — See Chersonesus Thracica. — Fortified by the Catalans, 1306 — Suleiman, son of Orchan, repairs the walls, and brings over a colony of Turks, who occupy the place, 1354 — landing of the allies, British and French army, April 5, 1854 — the Himalaya arrives, April 13. Gallipoli, in Italy, taken by Roger de Loria, 1285. Gallo-Gr^ci, the name given by the Romans to the Galatae of Asia Minor, when they are conquered by the consul Manlius, B.C. 189. See Galatia. Gallura. See Enzio and Adelaide of Sardinia. Gallus, C. Vibius Trebonianus, emperor of Rome, succeeds Decius, 251— pays the Goths a large sum of money to quit the empire, and returns to Rome ; consul II., 252 — assassinated at Interamnse, 253. Gallus, C. Vibius Volusianus, son of the GAL 339 GAB emperor, consul of Rome, 252— consul II., killed with his father, 253. Gallus, son of Julius Constantius, and nephew of the emperor Constantine, is kept with his brother Julian six years in the castle of Macellum, where they have no instructor but Mardonius, an aged slave of his family, 345 — married to his cousin. See Const antina. — Cre- ated Caesar, and sent to Antioch to rule the East, takes the name of Flavius ■Constantius, 351. See Constantius, Fl., for his consulships. Suppresses a revolt in Judaea, 352 — he and his wife commit great cruelties in the East, 353— called to the imperial court by the emperor Constantius II.; arrested during the journey; taken to Pola, in Istria, and executed, 354. Gallus, consul of Rome, 174 — another, 298. Gallus, JElius, gov. of Egypt, undertakes an expedition into Arabia, which fails, B.C. 24— is visited soon after by Strabo. Gallus, Ap. Annius Trebonius, consul of Rome, 108. Gallus. See Asinius Gallus. Gallus, C. consul of Rome, 198. Gallus, C. Asinius, consul of Rome, B.C. 8. Gallus, Cestius, defeated by the Jews, 66. Gallus, Cornelius, b. b.c. 67 — friend of Vii'gil ; pi*efect of Egypt, 30— disgraced for misgoverning, commits suicide, 26. Gallus, C. Cestius, consul of Rome, 35. Gallus, C. Pompeius Longinus, consul of Rome, 49. Gallus, C. Sulpicius, predicts an eclipse of the moon, which happens, June 21, B.C. 168 — consul of Rome, 166. Gallus, C. Sulpicius, consul of Rome, b.c 243. Gallus, L. Anicius, consul of Rome, b.c. 160. Gallus, L. Asinius, consul of Rome, 62. Gallus, L. Caninius, consul of Rome, b.c. 37. Gallus, Plotius, teaches Latin rhetoric, b.c. 88. Gallus, Q. Ogulnius, consul of Rome, b.c. 269. Galt, John, b. 1779— d. 1839. Galvani, Louis, of Bologna, b. 1737 — dis- covers galvanism, 1790— d. 1798. See Volta. Galves, the Spanish viceroy, expelled by the Mexicans, 1661. Galway, taken by gen. Ginkel, 1691— Queen's College endowed by Act of Par- liament, 8 and 9 Victoria, c. 56, 1845— railway to Dublin completed, Aug. 1, 1851. Galway, the earl of, replaces the duke of Schomberg in the command of the army in Spain, 1704— he and his Portuguese allies take Alcantara, and having forced the duke of Berwick to retire, enter Madrid, June 24, 1706— totally defeated at the battle of Almanza, by the duke ef Berwick, April 14, 1707. Gama, Vasco de, a Portuguese navigator, sails for the eastern seas, July 9, 1496 — passes the Cape of Good Hope, and ar- rives at Calicut, 1497— lays the foun- dation of the Portuguese empire in India, and returns to his country, 1498. Gambette, Loy, the Burgundian code framed by Gundibald, 501. Gambier, admiral and lord, b. 1756— com- mands the fleet against Copenhagen, Sept. 2, 1807— destroys a French fleet in Basque roads, April 12, 1809— d. 1833. Game, Bill to legalize the sale of, rejected by the Lords, May 9, 1825. Game-laws, enforced by Bemabo Visconte, 1374 — parliamentary committee ap- pointed on the, Feb. 27, 1845— regulated by a new Act, July 22, 1848. Games. See Antioch, Athens, Constan- tinople, Corinth, Delphi, Elis, Isth- mian, Olympic, Pythian, Decennalian, quinquennalian, secular, capitoline. — Exhibited to the Roman people, with great magnificence by Augustus, b.c. 2 — by Titus, at the opening of the Colos- seum, a.d. 80— by Sept. Severus, 197 — by Carinus, 284— by Diocletian, 302— by Constantine I., 326 — restored in Greece by Julian, 362 — condemned by Chryso- stom in his discourse, 399 — celebrated by Honorius at Rome, 404. Ganganelli. See Clement XIV., pope. Garcias, Ihiguez, count of Navarre, takes the title of king, 880 — slain in the battle of Aybar, against Muhamad, 882. Garcias II., k. of Navarre, son of Sancho II., succeeds his father, 994 — falls in the battle of Hisn Dhervera, 1000. Garcias III., son of Sancho III., divides his father's dominions with his brother, and is k, of Navarre, 1035 — defeats his brother Ramiro I.,k. of Arragon, 1042 — falls in battle against his other brother, Ferdinand of Castile, 1053. Garcias IV., k. of Navarre, is chosen by the Navarrese to succeed Alfonso I., 1134 — assists in the taking of Almeria, 1147 — d. 1150. Garcias. son of Alfonso III., rebels againsfc his father ; is defeated at Zamora, and imprisoned, 907 — receives Leon with the title of k., 910— d. 913. Garcias, a descendant of Aymer, count of Arragon, 858. Garcias Ferdinand, count of Castile, d. 1005. Garcias Sancho,. count of Castile', 1005— d.1022, ?2s GAS 340 GAU Garde Mobile. See French Revolution, 1849. Gardiner, Stephen, made bp. of Winches- ter by Henry VIII., 1531— attempts to prejudice him against Katharine Parr, 1544-1546— imprisoned, 1549 — deprived of his see, 1550— released by qu. Mary, and made Lord Chancellor, 1553 — cele- brates her marriage with Philip of Spain, 1554 — counsels severe treatment of the English Protestants, 1555— d. Nov. 12, 1555. Garibald, son of Grimoald, set aside by the Lombards, 671. Garibaldi, gen. of the Romans, defeats the Neapolitans, May 5, 1849— withdraws with a part of his army, after the capi- tulation of Rome to the French, July 3. Garigliano, the Liris of the ancients; its fort taken by Basilio Bugano, the Greek catapan, 1021— battle of the ; Gon- salvo de Cordova gains a victory over the French, and conquers Naples, Dec. 28 1503. Garnerin, M., descends in a parachute, Sept. 21, 1802. Garnet, Henry, superior of the Jesuits, executed for taking part in the gun- powder plot, 1606. Gakonne, the river, crossed by Edward the Black Prince, to invade Languedoc, 1355. Garrick, David, b. 1717— makes his first appearance on the stage at Ipswich, 1741 —performs at the theatre in Goodman' s- fields, 1742— takes Drury Lane theatre, 1747— retires from the stage, June 10, 1776. See Drury Lane Theatre.— d. 1779. Garsenda, princess of Maine, and second wife of Albert Azzo II., marquis of Lombardy ; on the death of her brother Herbert, is invited with her husband by the people of Maine, to rule over them, 1069— expelled by Wm. the Conqueror, 1072— her son, Fulk, is progenitor of the family of Este, 1097. See Este. Garsenda. See Alfonso IX., k. of Leon. Garter, the Order of the, said to have been originated by Richard I., 1192— in- stituted, or revived, by Edw. III., Apr. 23, 1349. Garth, Sir Samuel, d. 1719. Garth, gen. Thomas, b 1744— d. 1829. Gascoigne, Sir William, the chief justice, is insulted by Henry, prince of Wales ; commits him, 1412. Gascony, a part of Aquitania, early occu- pied by the Vascones, from whom it takes its name ; Messala Corvinus sub- dues a revolt there, B.C. 27. See Aqui- tain.— Some of its people, under duke Paulus, attempt to settle south of the Pyrenees, and are overcome by the Visi- gothic king Wamba, 674— their country conquered by Charles Martel, 735 — its people surprise, and defeat Charlemagne at Roncesvalles, 778 — commotions ap- peased by Louis I., 819— annexed with Guienne to the crown of England, 1152. See Eleanor and Guienne. — Invaded by Louis VIII. of France, 1224 — defended by the earls of Salisbury and Cornwall, 1225 — conquered by Dunois, 1451 — a de- putation invites the English govern- ment to restore the province to its former allegiance, 1452— Talbot, earl of Shrewsbury, is sent with an inadequate force, is defeated and slain, 1453. Gas-lights introduced by Watt and Boul- ton in their works at Birmingham, 1798 — by Philips and Lee in their factory at Manchester, 1805— exhibited by Winsor, on the wall of Carlton Gardens, June 4, 1807— and in Golden Lane, Aug. 16— ge- nerally used in London, 1814 — strike of the London workmen, March 18, 1834. Gasparini Pergamensis Epistolje, the first book printed at the Sorbonne, in Paris, 1470. Gasparis, De, discovers " Hygeia," April 12, 1849 — " Parthenope," May 11 ; and "Egeria," Nov. 2, 1850— "Eunomia," July 29, 1851—" Psyche," Mar. 17, 1852 — " Themis," April 5, 1853. Gassendi, Peter, b. 1592— d. 1655. Gaston, John Baptiste, duke of Orleans, youngest son of Henry IV., k. of France, implicated in a plot against Richelieu, retires to Brussels with his mother, Mary de' Medici, 1631 — he endeavours to prevail by arms ; submits, and again leaves France, 1632— d. at Blois, Feb. 2, 1660. Gaston de Foix. See Foix, Gaston De. Gastone, Giovanni. See Giovanni Gas- tone, duke of Tuscany. Gates, Sir Thomas, heads an emigration of the Puritans to Virginia, 1609. Gates, the American general, captures Burgoyne and his army at Saratoga, Oct. 17, 1777— is defeated at Camden, by lord Cornwallis, Aug. 16, 1780. Gatun and Panama railway, opened, Oct. 12, 1851. Gaul, first peopled by Kelts, whose Greek name of Galatse the Romans form into Galli, and call their country Gallia. See Celts. — Known to the Greeks from the time of their founding Massilia, B.C. 600 — vines and olives first planted by them, 536— Hannibal marches through, on his way to Italy, 218 — entered by the Ro- mans for the first time, to assist the Massilians against some Gallic tribes, 154— again, by the consul Fulvius Flac- cus, 125— C. S'extius Calvinus takes the GAU 341 GAU Gaul — continued. command in, 124 — Aquae Sextiae (Aix), the first Roman colony, founded by him, 122. See Allobroges, Aevekni, and Salves. The dominion of Rome extended be- yond the Rhone, and the colony of Narbo Martins (Narbonne) founded, 118 — forcibly entered by the Cimbri and Teutones, who defeat the Romans, 105. See Cimbri. — Marius, with Sylla as his legate, appointed to take the command against them, 104. See Aix. — Invaded by the Helvetii and Tigurini, 72 — Caesar obtains the command for five years. See Caesar, Julius, Antony, Mark. — The co- lony of Lugdunum (Lyons) founded by the proconsul, Munatius Plancus, 43 — the frontier of the Rhine secured by the con- sul, M. A. grippa,27-visited by Augustus,27 and 17 — prospers under the mild govern- ment of Drusus, 12 — again visited by Augustus ; the frontiers guarded by Ti- berius and Drusus, 10. The commotions of Floras and Sacrovir suppressed by Silius, a.d. 21 — Caligula's expedition, 40— Sabinus revolts, 70. See Sabinus. — Hadrian begins his survey of the provinces, 120 — persecution of the Christians in Gaul, 177 — Maternus re- volts, 189 — Clodius Albinus comes from Britain, 196. See Albinus, Clodius. — Alexander Severus repels the Germans, 234. See Alexander, Severus. — The Franks invade the northern provinces of, 254 — Gallienus takes the command against them, 255 — they penetrate through the province into Spain, 256— Postumus checks the invaders, 258, and maintains independent sway ten years, 259. See Postumus and Thirty Ty- rants.— Tetricns reigns, 267. See Te- tricus, and Aurelian. The Franks, Burgundians, and other German tribes repulsed by Probus, 277 — Bonosus and Proculus rebel, 280. See Bonosus and Proculus. — Probus encourages the culture of vines, 281 — Carinus is stationed in, by his fa- ther, 283 — the Bagaudse repressed by Maximian, 285-286 — he secures the re- pose of Gaul by a treaty with the Franks, 288— Gessoriacum seized by Ca- rausius, 289. See Carausius. — Galerius governs, 292. See Galerius. — Decay of its schools, 299. See Autun and Eume- nius. — Constantine arrives from Britain, 307. See Constantine I. — His son, Crispus. repels the Franks and Alle- manni, 320— in the division of Constan- tine's empire, allotted to Constans, 337. See Constans I. Titianus, prse torian prefect, 343 — Magnentius revolts, 350 — Constantius sole emperor. See Constantius II. — The Allemanni, under Gundomad and Vadomar, repulsed by him, agijee to peace, 354 — Julian takes the com- mand, Dec. 1, 355. See Julian, emperor of Rome. — Harassed by the Allemanni, 365 — they take Moguntiacum, and are repulsed by Valentinian, 368 — the Saxons infest the coast, 370— the Al- lemanni renew their incursions, and are defeated at Argentaria (Colmar) by Gratian, 378 — Ausonius prefect, 379 — Maximus lands from Britain, and is joined by the legions, 383. See Maxi- mus. — Revolt of Arbogastes at Vienne, 392. See Arbogastes. — Gaul part of the Western Empire, 395 — the Vandals, Burgundians, and Suevi force a passage over the Rhine, and establish themselves in Gaul, 406 — disperse themselves un- resisted over the province ; Constantine, the rebel emperor, acknowledged,407. See Constantine. — Gerontius advances against him, 409. Adolphus fixes himself in the south, and the Ripuarian Franks occupy the northern parts, 412. See Franks. — Aquitaine given to Wallia by Hono- rius, who attempts to convene an an- nual assembly of the seven provinces, 418— the Burgundians rule their lands mildly and peacefully, 420 — some Ger- man tribes penetrate as far as Aries, where they are repulsed by Aetius, 430 — the Visigoths continue to encroach in the southern, and the coasts are infested by pirates from the north, 438 — invaded by Attila, who besieges Orleans, and is defeated at Chalons, 451. See Attila. — the Visigoths possess the greater part of Gaul; Childeric I., the Frank, takes Paris, 464— Aries and Marseilles taken by E uric, 470 — Auvergne ceded to him, 474— Odoacer gives up to him all beyond the Alps, 478— Clovis, k. of the Franks, 481. See Clovis I. — Acquires the lands of Syagrius, 486 ; and Aquitaine, 507 — after which the name of Gaul is gradually lost in that of Frankenric, or kingdom of the Franks. See France. — Mammo, with an independent Gothic force, com- mits depredations, 509— the Latin lan- guage modified by the admixture of other dialects ; many native Gauls re- tire into Armorica, and uniting with the indigenous Bretons, preserve their mo- ther-tongue, 584. Gauls, or Galli (Celtic tribes, so called by the Romans), occupy the north and north-east of Italy, on the Adriatic, as far as the GEsis, B.C. 520. See Celts. Gaunt, or Ghent, John of, sou of Edward GEI 342 OEM III , is born in the city from which he takes his name, 1340. See Lancaster, John, duke of. Gaunt, Mrs., burnt, for having taken part in Monmouth's rebellion, 1685. Gauss, prof. Karl Fred., b. 1777 — observes the comet of 1805— d. 1855. Gaveston, Piers, banished by Edward I.; recalled by Edward II., and created earl of Cornwall, 1307— the queen, Isabella of France, and the earl of Lancaster de- mand his removal; Edward appoints him governor of Ireland, 1308 — recalled by Edward, and offends the barons again by his insolence, 1309 — banished by the Commissioners of Parliament, 1310 — again recalled by the king, 1311 — taken prisoner at Scarborough, conveyed to Warwick, and beheaded, July 1, 1312. Gawulgurh, taken by sir A. Wellesley, Dec. 14, 1803. Gay, John, b. 1687— produces the " Beg- gars' Opera," 1727— d. 1732. Gaza, battle of; Demetrius Poliorcetes de- feated by Ptolemy and Seleucus, B.C. 312 — besieged and taken by Alex. Jannseus, k. of the Jews, 97 — council of, a.d. 54. See Councils. — Taken by Saladin, 1170 — battle of; the Carismians defeat the combined forces of the Christians and Ayoubites, 1243— taken by Bonaparte, March, 1799. Gazhah, or Ghizni, now Ghuznee, a city and province, east of Persia, where Alp Tegin founds the independent state of the Gaznevides,961. See Mahmud, the Gaznevide. — They are expelled from Persia by Togrul Beg, grandson of Sel- juk, 1038 — their kingdom extinguished, 1183. See Ghuznee. Gebel Taeik. See Gibraltar. Gebhaed, bp. of Eichstadt, chosen pope, 1055. See Victor II., pope. Gebmund, bp. of Rochester, d. 693. Geddes, Dr. Alexander, 6. 1737— d. 1802. Gedimin, duke of Lithuania, is incited by John XVII., pope, to attack the Teu- tonic Knights, 1326. Gedeosia, a province of Persia, traversed by Alexander, on his return from India, B.C. 325. Gehwae, Moorish king of Cordova, 1031— Unable to produce peace by negotiation, attempts it, without success, by arms, 1037— d. 1043. Geisa, duke of Hungary, converted to Christianity ; his son, Walk, baptized by the name of Stephen, 996. Geisa I., k. of Hungary, son of Bela I., ex- pels Solomon, 1075— d. 1077. Geisa II., son of Bela II., k. of Hungary, 1141 — assists Guelf IV. in his claim on Bavaria, 1142 — invites German emi- grants to join the former colony of that people in Transylvania, 1143 — attacked by Manuel I., emperor of the East, and concludes a truce with him, 1157 — d. 1160. - Gela, in Sicily, founded by Antiphemus of Rhodes, B.C. 690. See Gelon, and Apollodorus, comic poet. Gelaljean eea, begins, March 15, 1079. See Malek Schah. Gelaleddin, sultan of Carisme, 1219 — driven over the Indus by Dschingis- khan, 1222. Gelanor, k. of Argos, last of the Inachidse, surrenders his kingdom to Danaus, b.c. 1475 (1486 H., 1444 C.) Gelasius I., bp. of Rome, 492 — asserts his divine right to universal supremacy ; distinguishes between the canonical and apocryphal books of the Scriptures, 494— d. 496. Gelasius II., pope, 1118. See Gaetano, Giovanni. — Opposed by Gregory VIIL — d. 1119. Gelasius, bp. of Csesarea, 381. Gelasius of Cyzicus, bp. of Csesarea, writes his History of the Council of Nice, 475. Gelimer, k. of the Vandals in Africa, son of Hunneric and Eudocia, deposes and imprisons his brother, Hilderic ; Justinian prepares for war against him, 531 — finally defeated, he surrenders to Belisarius, and lives in retirement on an estate in Galatia, 534. Gell, Sir Wm.. b. 1777— d. 1836. Gellert, Christopher F., b. 1715— d. 1769. Gellius, Aulus, fi. 149 — (Clin.) — writes his " Noctes Attica?," 169— Niebuhr. Gellius, Statius, a general of the Samnites, made prisoner by the Romans at Bovi- anum, B.C. 305. Gelon, Olympic victor, B.C. 604. Gelon, becomes supreme at Gela, B.C. 491 — master of Syracuse, 485 — defeats the Carthaginians at Himera, in conjunc- tion with Theron, 480 — succeeded by Hiero, 478. Gemauers, battle of; the Swedish gen., Levenhaupt, defeats the Russians, July 28, 1705. Gemblours, battle of; victory of John of Austria over the Netherlander, 1578. Geminus, C. Fufius, and L. Rubellius, con- suls of Rome, 29. Geminus, Cn. Servilius, consul of Rome, b c. 203. Geminus, M. Servilius, consul of Rome, B.C. 202 — another, a.d. 3. Geminus, P. Servilius, consul of Rome, B.C. 252; 248,11. Geminvi?, P. Veturius, consul of Rome BjC. 499. GEN 343 GEN Geminus, T. Yeturius, consul Of Rome, B.C. 494— another, 462. General Assembly, in Scotland, agrees very reluctantly to the Articles of Perth, in favour of religious ceremonies, 1618. General warrants for seizure of papers, pronounced illegal, Dec. 6, 1763 — debate in parliament concerning them, Feb. 15, 1764. See Camden, lord. Geneva, a town of the Allobroges in the time of Caesar, B.C. 58 — in later times called by some Janua ; republic founded, 1512 — the reformers of, assisted against Charles III., duke of Savoy, by the people of Freyburg, 1519— the bishop expelled, 1534— Calvin settles there, 1536— founds the university, 1539— failure of an attack made by Charles Emanuel I., duke of Sa- voy, 1602— and of a secoud attack, 1609 — French troops enter, to settle the differ- ences between parties, when many fami- lies emigrate to England and Ireland, 1782 — incorporated with France, April 26, 1798 — a member of the new Swiss con- federacy, 1814 — the democratic party acquire the ascendancy, 1846. Genevieve, St., church of. in Paris, called the Pantheon by the National Assembly, 1791. Genga, cardinal Annibale della, chosen pope, 1823. See Leo XII., pope. Genlis, madame de, b. 1746— educates the family of the duke of Orleans, 1784 — d. 1830. See Fitzgerald, Pamela, lady. Gennadius I. and II. See Constantin- ople, patriarchs of. Gennadius of Marseilles, script, ecc., fl. 493. Genoa, an ancient town of Liguria, taken by Fabius Maximus, b.c. 233 — a place of importance in the second Punic war; Cornelius Scipio begins his operations there against Hannibal, before the battle near the Ticinus, and Sempronius lands there before that on the Trebia, 218— plundered by an army of Franks, a.d. 539 — becomes a seat of commercial acti- vity, and gradually a free town, about 1000— assists Pisa to drive Mugehid and the Saracens out of Sardinia, 1017 — the rivalry between the two cities produces open war, 1070 — the long war between them commences, 1119 — the Genoese capture a rich Pisan convoy from Sar- dinia, 1124 — take Piombino, 1125— fur- nish shipwrights to build a fleet for the Milanese on the lake of Como, 1127 — ?ope Innoeent II. mediates peace with 'isa, and makes Genoa an archbishopric, 1132. Ventimiglia taken, 1140 — a Genoese fleet assists the Christians of Spain to take Almeria, 1147 — and Tortosa, 1148 — disputes renewed with Pisa ; combats in the streets of Constantinople ; hosti- lities at home, which the emperor Fre- deric I. stops by mediating a truce, 1162 —war renewed, 1165 — commercial treatjr with the Greek emperor Manuel I., and first colony at Heraclea or Perinthus on the Propontis, 1169 — peace with Pisa ; equal division of the island of Sardinia, 1175— embarcation of Philip Augustus, k. of France, for his crusade, 1190 — a fleet sent to assist the emperor Henry VI. re- pulsed by the Sicilians, 1191— battle with the Pisans in the harbour of Messina, 1194— with the Venetians in Crete, 1208 — with the Pisans in the harbour of Acre, 1222 — league with Venice and pope Gregory IX. against the emperor Fred. II., 1238 — he captures twenty-two gal- leys. See Frederic II.— Besieges Genoa, and is repelled by the citizens, 1241. They are driven from the siege of Sa- vona by Enzio and a Pisan fleet, 1243 — surprise Rhodes, 1248 — pope Innocent IV. visits Genoa ; Rhodes recovered by John Vataces, 1251 — the commons ap- point Hoccanegra their captain, 1257 — their fleet defeated by those of Venice and Pisa near Acre ; pope Alexander IV. mediates, 1258 — assist Michael Pa- lseologus to recover Constantinople ; ob- tain from him by treaty Pera, Galata, the ports of the Crimea, and many com- mercial privileges; are excommunicated by pope Urban IV. for their alliance, with Greek heretics, 1261 — depose Boc- canegra,1262 — defeated by the Venetians in a naval battle off Negropont, 1263 — quarrel with the emperor Michael, 1265 —a fleet captured by the Venetians at Trapani, in Sicily, 1266— assist the cru- sade against Tunis ; their ships wrecked and plundered by their ally Charles of Naples ; the Ghibelin families of Doria and Spinola gain the ascendancy, 1270 — the Guelfs apply to Charles for assist- ance, 1272 — the citizens join a league formed to resist his tyranny, for which they are excommunicated by Gregory X., 1273— they defeat his fleets, 1274— crush the naval power of Pisa by their victory off Melora, Aug. 13, 1284 — destroy the shipping and magazines in the har- bour of Pisa, 1287 — plunder it, and that of Leghorn, 1290. The long war with Venice begins, 1293 — a Venetian fleet captured by Ni- colo Spinola; and Canea, in Candia, taken, 1294 — Caffa, in the Crimea, taken by the Venetians ; civil war in Genoa; the Doria and Spinola expel the Grimaldi and Fieschi, 1296— the latter continue the struggle, and take Monaco, 1297— the Venetian fleet destroyed c3 GEN 344 GEN Gejjoa —continued. Curzola by Lamba Doria, Sept. 8, 1298— See Polo, Marco.— Peace with Venice and Pisa ; these treaties exalt Genoa, and exclude the armed vessels of their rivals from the Mediterranean and Black Seas, 1299. The Dorias expelled by the Spinola party, 1306— Genoa leagues with the emperor Henry VII., and the Sicilians against Robert of Naples, 1313— the trade of the Black Sea secured by a com- mercial treaty with Alexius of Trebi- zond, 1316— the city agitated by violent commotions, 1317 — besieged by the Ghi- belins and relieved by Robert of Naples, who is appointed gov. for ten years, 1318 — the attack renewed, 1319 — the siege raised, 1323— Genoese in the ser- vice of Robert, take Ostia, 1327 — colony at Phocsea for the manufacture of alum, 1330. See Alum. — War with Aragon ; assistance claimed from Robert of Sicily, 1331 — alliance with the knights of Rhodes and the duke of Naxos to pro- tect Phocsea against the emperor Andro- nicus III., 1334— k. Robert, gov. expelled ; Raffaele Doria and Galeotto Spinola ap- pointed captains, 1335. Simone Boccanegra first doge, 1339 — set aside by the nobles, and Gio- vanni da Murta appointed, 1344 — dispute referred to Luchino Visconte, 1345 — Scio taken, and the Greeks ex- pelled from Phocsea, 1346 — the colony of Galata makes war on the emperor John VI., captures his fleet, and is ordered by the senate of Genoa to de- sist, 1348 — Giovanni da Murta, d. is succeeded by Giovanni di Valente; a seizure of Venetian ships at Caffa, leads to another naval war, 1350 — Paganino Doria plunders many Venetian towns on the Adriatic, and in Negropont, 1351 — battle in the Bosphorus; defeat of the Venetians and Aragonese, commanded by Nicoletto Pisani, and assisted by a Greek fleet, Feb. 13 ; the Greek em- peror by treaty gives to Genoa the entire command of the Black Sea, May 6, 1352 — alliance with Louis of Hungary ; vic- tory of the Venetians and Aragonese off Linghiera, in Sardinia, Aug. 29 ; the Genoese in despair, place themselves under the protection of John Visconte, who restores their confidence, and im- proves their city by many useful works, 1353 — he attempts, without success, to make peace for them ; Paganino Doria destroys the Venetian fleet at Sapienza in the Morea, Nov. 4 ; assists John V. to surprise Constantinople and recover his throne, 1354 — an advantageous peace concluded with Venice ; Tripoli in Africa taken, 1355. Independence recovered, and Simone Boccanegra re -appointed doge, 1356. See Boccanegra, Simone, Adohno, Gabriel, and Campofregoso, Doraeni- co da. — Overawed by Bernabo Vis- conte, 1366 — war renewed with Ve- nice, 1372 — conquest of Cyprus; the knights of Rhodes forbidden by Gregory IX. to assist, 1373 — Andronicus, son of John V., cedes Tenedos, to gain the sup- port of the Genoese, 1375— they assist his escape ; their fleet, under Louis del Fiesco defeated by the Venetian admiral, Victor Pisani, 1378— battle of Pola ; the Venetians totally defeated, May 6 ; Peter Doria advances to attack Venice ; takes Chiozza and Malamocco, and refuses to treat for peace, 1379 — is compelled to surrender his fleet and army, 1380— peace concluded. Aug. 8, 1381— tumults in Genoa; the doge Niccolo di Guarco deposed, and Leonardo de Montano elected, 1383— Urban VI. arrives, 1385— withdraws 1386— Antonio di Montaldo, doge, 1392 — maintains himself against four competitors, 1393 — continued dis- cord ; doges rise and fall, almost month- ly, 1394. Genoa, tinder the protection of France, 1396 — strife renewed; the French gov. leaves, 1398 — marshal Boucicault made gov., restores order, 1401 — during his absence the people expel the French garrison, and place themselves under the protection of the marquis of Mont- ferrat, 1409 — alliance with Ladislas, k. of Naples ; the fleet of Louis of Anjou dispersed, 1410 — George Adorno, doge; league with the duke of Milan against the emperor Sigismund, 1413— two doges in succession, 1415— peace purchased of the duke of Milan, 1419 — Genoa surren- ders to his gen., Carmagnola, 1421 — he is appointed gov., 1422— a Genoese fleet in the service of Milan worsted by those of Venice and Florence near Portofino, Aug. 27, 1431 — another defeats Alfonso V., k. of Arragon, near the isle of Ponza, Aug. 5 — offended by losing the fruits of this victory, the Genoese expel their Milanese masters, and regain independ- ence, 1435. Joins the league of Venice and Flo- rence against Milan, 1436 — unites with Florence, Milan and Mantua against Ve- nice, 1451 — Alfonso makes war on them, 1457 — besieges Genoa, the citizens ad- mit a French force to protect them, 1458 — expelled from Phocsea and Pera ; they form alum-works in the isle of Ischia ; Pietro da Campofregoso killed in endea- GEN 345 GEO Genoa — continued. vouring to drive out the French, 1459 — Genoa again free ; contests follow for the choice of a doge ; three elected the first year, 1461 — submits to Francesco Sforza, duke of Milan, 1464 — revolt of Matteo del Fiesco discomfited by Prospero Adorno, 1477 — the ancient form of go- vernment restored ; Battistino Fregoso, doge, 1478 — Sarzana taken by Lorenzo de' Medici ; the protection of Milan again invited, 1487 — voluntary submission to France, 1499 — encouraged by pope Julius II., the citizens drive out their nobles and the French, 1506 — conquered by Louis XII., 15.07 — freedom again reco- vered, and Giano Fregoso, doge, 1512. Taken and sacked by a Spanish and Italian army under Prospero Colonna, May 30, 1522— by the French gen. Lau- trec, 1527 — Andrew Doria returns sud- denly with his fleet from Naples, and restores the independence of Genoa, 1528 —visit of Charles V., Aug. 12, 1529— hos- tile attempt of Francis I. repulsed, 1536 — conspiracy of Fiesco, count of La- vagna, Jan. 2, 1547 — a Genoese fleet as- sists in the battle of Lepanto, Oct. 7, 1571 — vain attack of the French gen. Lesdiguieres and Charles Emanuel I., duke of Savoy, 1625 — bombarded by the fleet of Louis XIV., 1684— the doge and four senators summoned to Paris, submit to the terms dictated, 1685 — blockaded by adm. Matthews, 1743— bombarded by adm. Rowley, Sept. 26, 1745— surrenders to Charles Emanuel, k. of Sardinia and the Austrians, Nov. 9, 1746— recovered by the citizens, Dec. 10 — siege renewed by the Austrians, March 31, 1747 — raised, June 10 — Corsica ceded to France, 1768. See Corsica. Genoa conquered by France, and forms the Ligurian republic, May 22. 1797— blockaded by lord Keith, Apr. 5. 1800— occupied by Massena after his defeat at Voltri, IS— snrrendered by him to the Austrians, June 5 — recovered by Bona- parte after the battle of Marengo, June 16 — annexed to France, June 4, 1805 — taken by lord W. Bentinck, Apr. 17, 1814 — united to the kingdom of Sardinia by the Vienna congress, Dec. 30. Genoa, duke of, a younger son of Charles Albert, k. of Sardinia, invited by the Sicilian parliament to be their king, July 11, 1848— visits England, May 31— June 4, 1853. Genseric, k. of the Vandals, succeeds Gunderic, and is invited into Africa by Bonifacius, 428. See Bonifacius, count. — Lands there, and is assisted by the Donatists and wild Moors, 429 — the greater part of Africa is assigned to him by a treaty of peace, 435 — appoints Arian bishops in Africa, and retaliates on the Catholics their own laws, 437 — «, takes Carthage, Oct. 19, 439 — invades Sicily, 440 — which is defended against him by Cassiodorus, 441. See Cassio- dorus. — Africa is ceded to him by Va- lentinian III., 442 — ravages the coast of Gallicia, 445— assails Sicily and the coast of Italy, 448— takes and plunders Rome, carries to Carthage many captives, and among them Eudoxia, widow of Valen- tinian III., with her two daughters, 455 — one of his fleets destroyed near Cor- sica by Ricimer, 456 — he lands again in Italy, and is defeated ; Majorian pre- pares an armament against him, 458 — he destroys Majorian's fleet in the har- bour of Carthagena, and makes peace with him, 460— restores Eudoxia and her daughter Placidia, on condition that a large dowry be given with her other daughter Eudocia to his son, Hurneric; he ravages Italy and Sicily again, and conquers Sardinia, 462 — is driven out of Sicily by Marcellinus, 464— ravages the Peloponnesus, 467 — the two empires unite to attack him, but fail, 468— d. 477. Gentianus, Qu. Epidius Rufus Lolliauus, consul of Rome, 211. Gentius, the Illyrian prince, who had taken up arms to support Perseus, is defeated by the Romans, B.C. 168. Gentleman's Magazine, first published by Edward Cave, 1731 — parliamentary debates arranged for it by William Guthrie, from reporters' notes, 1736 — prepared by Samuel Johnson, from 1740 to 1743. See Cave, Edw. Genucius, Cn., tribune, murdered, to stay his impeachment of the ex-consuls be- fore the people, b.c. 473. Geoffrey Plantagenet. See An.iou. Geoffrey, brother of Henry II., renounces his claims on Maine and Anjou, for a pension, 1156— d. 1158. Geoffrey, son of Henry II., b. 1159 and affianced to Constance, heiress of Bri- tanny. See Bretagne. — Rebels against his father in conceit with his brothers, and assisted by the kings of France and Scotland, 1173 — killed at a tournament at Paris, 1185. Geoffrey, of Monmouth, the historian, d. 1138. Geographical Society of Paris founded by Malte Brun, 1821— of London, 1830. Geological Society founded, 1813. George, Fort, abandoned to the Americans, May 27, 1813. George, son of Manuel I., and Irene, sixth emperor of Trebizond, 1266 — taken pri- GEO 346 GEO soner by the Turkmans, 1280— released, but does not regain his throne, 1282. George I., king of Great Britain, (George Louis), son of Ernest Augustus, elector of Hanover, and Sophia, grand-daughter of James I., b. May 21, 1660. See Brunswick Luneburg. — Succeeds his father as elector of Hanover, 1698 — op- poses the intended negotiations at Utrecht for peace with Louis XIV., 1711. 1714. By his mother's death becomes, under the Act of Settlement, heir to the throne of Great Britain, June 8 — succeeds qii. Anne, Aug. 1— arrives at Greenwich, Sept. 18 — makes his public entry into London, Sept. 20 — restores the duke of Marlborough and the Whig ministry, Oct. 5 — crowned, Oct. 20 — recognized by the ambassadors of all foreign States ; orders the clergy to abstain from poli- tics in their sermons, Dec. 11. For par- liamentary transactions, see Commons and Lords, and Parliament. 1715. Bolingbroke withdraws to France, March 25. See Bolingbroke, viscount. — A fleet sent into the Baltic under Sir John Norris; inquiry into the conduct of the late ministers, June 9 — Ormond retires to France, June 21 — Oxford committed to the Tower, July 16 — Bremen and Verden purchased of the Danes by Hanover ; threatened in- vasion by the Pretender; Robert Wal- pole, Chancellor of the Exchequer, in conjunction with lord Townshend, leads the administration, Oct. 12 — the Pre- tender proclaimed at Aboyne, Sept. 3 — tumults and insurrections in various parts of the kingdom ; the rebels de- feated and captured at Preston, Nov. 13— the indecisive battle of Dumblaine or Sheriffmuir, Nov. 13 — Dutch auxiliaries arrive at Leith, Dec. 4 — the Pretender lands at Peterhead, Dec. 25. 1716. The rebellion suppressed, Feb. 9 — the earl of Derwentwater and viscount Kenmure beheaded, Feb. 24 — many of their associates executed at Liverpool, others admitted to bail, May 26— the k. goes to Germany, leaving the prince of Wales guardian of the kingdom, July 7 — discord and intrigues in the ministry, Dec. — the Spanish and Swedish minis- ters CAlberoni and Cortz) intrigue against Great Britain. 1717. The king returns from Germany, Jan. 18— Gyllenburg, the Swedish am- bassador, implicated in Gortz's plot, is arrested, and his papers seized, Jan. 29 — Triple alliance with France and Holland ; change in the government ; Walpole and others resign, April 10— sir Geo. Byng sent with a fleet to the Baltic, Apr. 30 — disputes in the Convocation on some doc- trines of thebp. of Bangor, (Dr. Hoadley), May 3— the earl of Oxford brought to trial, June 24 — acquitted, July 1 — quarrel between the k. and his son ; the prince ordered to quit St. James's palace, Nov. 29. 1718. The k. elected governor of the South Sea Company, Feb. 8— the Quad- ruple alliance between Great Britain, France, the emperor Charles VI., and Victor Amadeus II., k. of Sicily, formed, July — the Spanish fleet in Sicily captured or destroyed, by Sir George Byng, July 31 — war declared against Spain, Dec. 16. 1719. The Pretender invited to Madrid, and acknowledged as king of Great Bri- tain, March 25 — failure of an attempt- ed expedition in his favour, April 4 — the k. goes to Hanover, May 11 — abortive insurrection in Scotland ; the insurgents defeated at Glenshiels, and surrender, June 10 — a fleet in the Baltic under Sir John Norris; others assist in taking St. Sebastian's, Aug. 1 — capture Vigo, Oct. 1 — and destroy the Spanisli naval force in Sicily ; the k. returns to London, Nov. 14. 1720. Spain accepts the terms of the Quadruple alliance, Jan. 26 — ces- sation of hostilities, Feb. 28— the k. and the prince of Wales are reconciled by the duke of Devonshire and Robert Walpole, April 23— the k. embarks for Germany, June 15, and returns to Eng- land, Nov. 10 — South Sea Bubble bursts, Sept. 30. 1721. The directors taken into cus- tody, Jan. 24 — their estates, and others, to the amount of more than ±^,000,000, forfeited for the relief of the sufferers, April 17 — Walpole, lord treasurer and chancellor of the exchequer ; treaty of peace and commerce with Spain, June 16. 1722. Layer's conspiracy detected, May 8 — the conspirators committed, Sept. 29 — the Habeas Corpus Act suspended, Oct. 11 — Layer convicted, Nov. 21. 1723. Executed, May 17— the bp. of Rochester (Atterbury) banished, May 27, and Bolingbroke allowed to return to England; the k. goes to Hanover, and is involved in intricate negotiations with all the continental states ; agitation in Ireland respecting a copper coinage issued under a patent granted to William Wood, Sept. 21— return of the k., Dec. 21. 1724. The State allowance called Begium Donum, granted to dissenters ; Great Britain tranquil and prosperous — the k. founds a professorship of modem history, with a salary, both iD Oxford and in Cambridge, Aug. 18. GEO 3^7 GEO George I. — continued. 1725. The lord chancellor Macclesfield impeached for embezzlement and cor- ruption, Feb. 13— fined £30,000, May 6— the Order of the Bath revived, May 27 — the k. embarks for Hanover, July 3 — treaty of Herrnhausen, or Hanover, be- tween Great Britain, France, and Prus- sia, Sept. 3 — the Highlanders disarmed, Oct. 15. 1726. The k. returns to England, Jan. 3 — opens the parliament, Jan. 20 — mis- understanding with Spain, May 17 — ad- miral Hosier prevents the sailing of the Spanish treasure-galleons from Porto Bello, June 3 — the Spaniards attempt to blockade Gibraltar; Sir Charles Wager sent with i fleet to the Baltic, June 15 — death of Sophia Dorothea, of Zell, the king's consort, and mother of his succes- sor, Nov. 2. See Sophia Dorothea. 1727. The k. opens the parliament, and announces the hostile designs of Spain and Austria, Jan. 17 — Hessian troops are taken into pay, Feb. 13 — Sweden and Denmark join the alliance of Great Britain and France, April 16 — Sir John Norris sails with a fleet for the Baltic, April 28 — the k. sets out for Hanover, June 1— is attacked by illness on his journey, and d. at Osnabruck, June 11. George II., k. of Great Britain (George Augustus), son of George I. and Sophia Dorothea, of Zell, b. Nov. 10, 16S3— mar- ries Caroline Wilhelmina of Anspach, 1705 — birth of his son, Frederic Louis, 1707 — while electoral prince, summoned to the House of Lords as duke of Cam- bridge, Apr. 12, 1714— prince of Wales, Aug. 1 ; governor of the South Sea Com- pany, Feb. 18, 1715 — defeated by the earl of Arran in a contest for the chan- cellorship of Oxford, Sept. 9; elected chancellor of Trinity College, Dublin, Feb. 17. 1716 — guardian of the realm in his father's absence, July 7 ; quar- rel between them, Nov. 29, 1717. See George I. 1727. Succeeds him on the throne, June 11; proclaimed, June 15; the king and queen crowned, Oct. 11. See Commons, Lords, and Parliament. 1728. Spain persists in hostilities, and besieges Gibraltar; the siege raised, and peace concluded, Apr. 23. 1729. Inquiry into the state of pri- sons, Feb. 18 — complaints of Spanish depredations, March 14; the king goes to Hanover, leaving the qu. regent, May 17; returns, Sept. 12; treaty with Spain signed at Seville, Sept. 28. 1730. Walpole head of the ministry. 1731. Treaty with the emperor Charles VI., to guarantee the Pragmatic Sanc- tion ; the use of Latin in law proceed- ings abrogated by the Act of Geo. II. c. 26. 1732. Pacific speech on opening par- liament, Jan. 13 ; sets out for Hanover; qu. Caroline regent, June 3; returns, Sept. 26. 1733. Neutral iu the war of the Polish succession. 1734. Marriage of Anne, princess royal, to Wm., prince of Orange, March 14. 1735. The k. embarks for the conti- nent, May 9; returns, Oct. 16. Sir John Norris sent with a fleet to Lisbon to settle disputes between Spain and Portugal, May 27. 1736. The king goes to Hanover, May 22; Porteous riot at Edinburgh, Sept. 7 ; Hessian troops in pay, Oct. 23. 1737. The king is compelled by stress of weather to land at Lowestoff, Jan. 14 ; dispute between him and the prince of Wales, Feb. 22 ; the prince removes to Kew, Sept. 10; qu. Caroline d. Nov. 20. 1738. Complaints of Spanish depreda- tions, Mar. 28 ; a collision between the Hanoverians and Danes compromised, Oct. 4. 1739. Convention with Spain, not ra- tified by Philip V.; reprisals ordered, July 10; his ambassador leaves Lon- don, Sept. 5 ; war declared, Oct. 23 ; Ver- non takes Portobello, Nov. 20. 1740. The k. embarks for Hanover, May 6 ; marriage of his second daugh- ter, Margaret, to Frederic, prince of Hesse Cassel, May 8 ; admiral Anson sails for the South Seas, Sept. 18; sir Chaloner Ogle and lordCathcart against Spanish America, Oct. ; the k. returns, Nov. 18. 1741. Called upon as guarantee of the Pragmatic Sanction to support Maria Theresa, he places the Danish and Hessian mercenaries at her disposal : secures the neutrality of Hanover by agreeing to vote for the elector of Ba- varia as emperor; goes to Hanover, May 6 ; failure of attack on Cartha- gena ; letters first dispatched daily by post (Sundays excepted), June 24 ; the k. returns, < >ct. 20. 1742. Retirement of Walpole, Feb. 11 ; the king mediates peace between Maria Theresa and Frederic of Prussia, June 11 ; and with the elector of Saxony; con- cludes a treaty with Prussia, Nov. 18. 1743. Departs for Germany, April 27 ; takes the command of the combined army at Aschaffenburg, June 9; de- feats the duke de Noailles at Det- GICO 348 GEO George II. — continued. tingen, 16; on the recommendation of the earl of Orford, makes Mr. Pelham minister, July 26 ; public rejoicing on his return, Nov. 15 ; adm. Matthews, with his fleet, compels the k. of Naples to neutrality, blockades Genoa, and in- tercepts a Spanish convoy. 1744:. The king informs parliament of the preparations in France to support Charles Edward, the young Pretender, Feb. 15; the armament destroyed, 24; war declared in London against France, March 3L; court-martial on the officers of the Mediterranean fleet ; some are cashiered; commodore Anson returns from his voyage with great treasure, June 14. See Anson, George. — " Broad Bottom" ministry; Pitt excluded by the king's personal dislike. 1745. The duke of Cumberland takes the command of the allied army in Flan- ders, Apr. 9; defeated by marshal Saxe, at Fontenoy, 30 ; the k. goes to Hanover, May 10; Louisbourg and Cape Breton taken from the French, July 17 ; two Spanish ships, with three millions of dollars, captured, July 10 ; Charles Edw. Stuart sails from Port St. Nazaire with a few partisans, 14, and lands in the He- brides ; the king returns from Hanover, Aug. 31 ; rebellion in Scotland ; the Pre- tender proclaimed at Perth, Sept. 4; at Edinburgh, 16 ; sir John Cope defeated by the Highlanders, at Preston Pans, or Glaidsmuir, 21 ; adm. Rowley bombards Genoa, 26 ; Habeas Corpus Act suspend- ed, Oct. 21; England unanimous to op- pose the rebellion; 60,000 volunteer to take arms ; the duke of Cumberland ar- rives from the Netherlands with part of his army ; Charles Edw. enters Eng- land, Nov. 6; takes Carlisle, 15; adm. Rowley compels the Genoese to give up Bastia to the Corsicans, 17 ; the rebels at Lancaster, 24 ; the earl of Derwent- water and other Jacobites taken on their way from France and brought to Deal, 25; Charles Edw. at Manchester, 28; the duke of Cumberland at Lichfield ; the rebels at Macclesfield, Dec. 1 ; at Derby, 4 ; general Wade at Wetherby threatens their rear, 5 ; they commence their retreat, 6; return to Manchester, 9; to Preston, 12; leave their English adherents to garrison Carlisle ; arrive at Glasgow, 25; Cai'lisle surrenders, 30. 1746. The k. calls upon parliament to assist the Dutch, who are threatened by the French, Jan. 14 ; gen. Hawley de- ieated by the rebels at Falkirk, 17 ; the duke of Cumberland arrives at Ed in- j liiirgh ; change of ministry ; Pitt ap- ' pointed to office, Feb. 22 ; battle of Cui- loden, Apr. 16 ; the rebellion crushed. See Charles Edward, p. 168. — Marriage of princess Louisa to Fred. V. of Den- mark ; the admirals of the Mediterranean fleet tried for misconduct, June 3; the Highlanders forbidden to wear their national costume, Aug. 12 ; lords Kil- marnock and Balmerino beheaded, 18 ; inferior officers executed, privates trans- ported ; Madras surrenders to the French, Sept. 14; adm. Matthews dismissed, Oct. 22 ; Chas. Ratcliffe, earl of Derwentwater, beheaded, Dec. 8; expedition against L' Orient. 1747. Lord Lovat beheaded, Apr. 9: French fleet defeated off Cape Fini- sterre, May 3; forty ships taken off Cape Ortegal, June 16 ; the duke of Cum- berland defeated by marshal Saxe at Laffeld, 20 ; victory of adm. Hawke off Belleisle, Oct. 14. 1748. The king departs for Hanover, May 13; cessation of hostilities pro- claimed, Aug. 10; adm. Knowles de- feats a Spanish squadron off the Ha- vannah, Oct. 1 ; Boscawen fails at Pon- dicherry, 6 ; peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, 7 ; the k. returns, Nov. 23; the prince of Wales and lord Bolingbroke direct the opposition to the articles of the treaty, 29. 1750. Riot at Tiverton against the in- troduction of Irish worsted, yarn, Jan. 16; earthquakes felt in London, Feb. 8 and March 8; the k. goes to Hanover; excessive heat and great drought in Eng- land ; discussions with France relating to the boundaries of Nova Scotia. 1751. Death of Frederic, prince of Wales, Mar. 20; a royal message recommends provision to be made for a regency in the event of the crown descending to a minor, Apr. 26 ; campaign in East India. See Cuvb, Robert. 1752. The New Style introduced, Sept. 14. 1753. Amicable termination of the dis- cussions with the k. of Prussia respecting East Friesland and the Silesian loan ; continued disagreement with France. 1754. Adm.Watson sent with a fleet to the East Indies, J an. 22; the French en- croachments in Canada continue ; the remonstrances of the British ambassa- dor at Paris disregarded. 1755. Preparations for war; troops sent to Virginia, Jan. 14 ; and a fleet to New- foundland, 27 ; the k. goes to Hanover, 28; capture of the French ships Alcide and Lys ; the French ambassador re- called;" gen. Braddock defeated at Fort Du Quesne, July 9; generalJolmson de- GEO 349 GEO Gkoik>e IT. — continued. feats the French at Crown Point; the king returns from Hanover, Sept. 15 ; treaty with Russia for its defence, 30. 1756. The Seven Years' War begins ; British vessels in French ports seized, Feb. 17 ; and the French in British ports, Mar. 3 ; war declared, May 18 ; adm. Byng fails to relieve Minorca, 20; Calcutta taken by Rajah al Dowlah, and his prisoners confined in the Black Hole, June 18; Minorca surrenders, July 7; Fort Oswego taken by the French, Aug. 16 ; Pitt and his friends called to office, Nov. 11 ; adm. Byng brought to trial, Dec. 27. 1757. Scarcity of corn in England, Calcutta retaken, Jan. 1 ; Rajah al Dowlah compelled to submit ; admiral Byng shot, Mar. 14 ; Pitt and Legge dis- missed, Apr. 9 ; the rajah again in arms, defeated at Plassy and deposed, June 23 ; Pitt head of the ministry, 28 ; disastrous campaign in Hanover, and Convention of Closter Seven, Sept. 8. See Cumberland, Win. Aug., duke of. — The isle of Aix taken, Sept. 23; the Convention renounc- ed, and the command in Hanover given to prince Ferdinand of Brunswick. See Brunswick Wolfenbuttel, p. 118. 1758. Naval successes in the Dollart, Mar. 14 ; off Carthagena, 28 ; in Basque Roads, April ; in Senegal, 23 ; in Cancalle bay, June 26 ; at Louisbourg and Cape Breton, July 27; in the Indian seas, Aug. 3 ; at Cherbourg, 8 ; at the isle of Goree, Dec. 22 . 1759. Surat taken, Feb. 19; Masu- lipatam, 7; Guadaloupe, 20; successful campaign in Hanover and Hesse Cas- sel; battle of Minden, Aug. 1; success in Canada ; battle on the heights of Abra- ham ; death of gen. Wolfe, and of the French gen., Montcalm, Sept. 13 ; Que- bec surrenders, ,18 ; the French driven out of the Indian seas, 27; Conflans defeated by Hawke at Belleisle, Nov. 20. 1760. Lally defeated, and Arcot taken, Feb. 9 ; Thurot slain and his ships cap- tured, at Carrickfergus, 28; lord George Sackville dismissed the service by a court-martial, April 22; surrender of Montreal and conquest of Canada com- pleted, Sept. 7 ; Geo. II. d. Oct. 25. George III., k. of Great Britain (George Wm. Fred.), son of Frederic, prince of Wales, and Augusta of Saxe Gotha, b. June 4, 1738 — becomes prince of Wales and heir-apparent on his father's death, Mar. 20, 1751. 1760. Succeeds his grandfather, Geo. II., on the throne, Oct. 25 ; addresses his first memorable speech to parliament, Nov. 18. 1761. Pondicherry taken, Jan, 16; changes in the ministry ; lord Bute se- cretary of state. Mar. 25. See Commons, Lords, and Parliament. — Belleisle taken by commodore Keppel, June 7 — marriage of the k. to Charlotte Sophia of Mecklenburg Strelitz, Sept. 8— corona- tion, 22— Wm. Pitt resigns, Oct. 5. 1762. War declared against Spain, Jan. 4 — by Spain, 18— the French West Indian islands taken, Feb.; Granada, Apr. 6— lord Bute prime minister, May 29 — Portugal assisted against Spain, June; the Havannah surrenders, and Cuba conquered, Aug. 14— Manilla and the Philippine islands, Oct.; prelimina- ries of peace signed at Fontainebleau, Nov. 3— the conditions condemned by Pitt ; Wilkes attacks lord Bute in the " North Briton." 1763. Definitive treaty of Paris signed, Feb. 16 — the naval and colonial supre- macy of Great Britain established, lord Bute resigns, and is succeeded by Geo. Grenville, April 8 — first proceedings against Wilkes and the " North Briton," Apr. 20-July 6 — unsuccessful interviews with Pitt to form a government, Aug. 29 — the duke of Bedford prime minister, Sept. 9 — progress of the British in India against the native chiefs ; Patna taken, Nov. 6 — contest with Wilkes continued, Dec. 6-24. 1764. The American colonies taxed, Apr. 5 — the nabob of Oude, and the Mogul army, defeated at Buxar, Oct 22. 1765. The opposition of the colonies to the Act for taxing them noticed in the king's speech, Jan. 10 — American Stamp Act passed, Mar. 22 — first manifestation of the king's mental malady ; Regency Bill discussed, Apr. ; marquis of Rock- ingham minister, July 10 — treaty of Allahabad ; Bengal ceded to the E. I. Co., Aug. 12 — the N. American colonies resist the Stamp Act, and stop all trade with the mother country, Nov. 1 — the West Indian islands submit. 1766. Stamp Act repealed, Mar. 8— Pitt empowered to form a new ministry, July 12— enters on office, Aug. 2 — the government much weakened by such fre- quent changes ; scarcity and high price of bread ; distress and riots ; exportation of com stopped ; the winter unusually severe. 1767. Resolution to impose duties on articles imported in British America, June 2 — lord Chatham's popularity and health decline ; riots continue from dis- tress, Oct. Nov. — lord North chancelloi GEO 350 GEO George III. — continued. of the exchequer, Dec. 1 — public prayers for the king and royal family in Roman Catholic chapels, discontinued in 1688, renewed, Dec. 20. 1768. The duke of Grafton prime mi- nister; lord Chatham privy seal. Jan. 20 — a new contest with Wilkes agitates the country, and causes riots. SeeWiLKES, John.— Visit of Christian VII., king of Denmark, Sept. 23— lord Chatham re- signs, Oct. 15 — and the earl of Shel- burne, 21 — the Americans resist the taxes imposed on them ; tumults in Bos- ■ ton ; gen. Gage sent to coerce them ; Royal Academy founded, Dec. 18. 1769. Public attention engrossed by continued disputes with Wilkes, Feb. 2- Nov. 10 — war with Hyder Ali in India ; treaty of peace with him, Apr. 4— Shak- spear Jubilee at Stratford on Avon, Sept. 6 — Pascal Paoli presented to the king, 24 — first Letters of Junius published ; first patents for Watt's steam-engine and Arkwright's spinning-frame. 1770. The duke of Grafton resigns, and lord North becomes prime minister, Jan. 28 — the colonial taxes repealed, except the duty on tea, Mar. 5— proceed- ings against Wilkes and the Letters of Junius ; address of the London corpora- tion; lord mayor Beckford's reply to the k., May 23— dispute with Spain respect- ing the Falkland islands, Oct. 27. 1771. The London magistrates release the printer of parliamentary debates, arrested under a royal proclamation, Feb. 15 — the king's brother, the duke of Cumberland, marries lady Anne Horton, lord Irnham's daughter, Oct. 4 — Spain restores the Falkland isles, Dec. 14 — Ark- wright's second patent. 1772. The king's message produces the Royal Marriage Act, Feb. 20 — commer- cial panic in London, June 16— first ef- forts of Granville Sharpe for the aboli- tion of the Slave trade ; the Negro So- merset set free, 22 — commotions in North America; extensive smuggling; a re- venue cutter burnt ; the marriage of the king's brother, the duke of Gloucester, to lady Waldegrave, publicly declared, Sept. 17 — a fleet sent to Denmark to pro- tect the king's sister, qu. Caroline Ma- tilda, and convey her to Germany. 1773. War with the Caribs of St. Vin- cent's ; visit of the k. to Portsmouth, June 22 — cargoes of tea destroyed by the people of Boston in N. America, Dec. 18. 1774. The petition of the Massachu- setts assembly dismissed by the privy council; Dr. Franklin removed from his office of deputy colonial po itmaster-ge- neral, Jan. 29 — Charles James Fox dis- missed from his office, Feb. 22 — port of Boston closed, and gen Gage again sent to America, March 14 — he dissolves ^ie Massachusetts Assembly, May 17 — Act for the government of Canada gives religious liberty there ; a splendid copy of the works of Piranesi presented to the k. by pope Clement XIV. 1775. Ineffectual efforts in parliament, and in the country, to urge conciliatory measures towards the Americans. Jan. 17-Apr. 10— first hostilities at Lexing- ton ; gen. Gage destroys the magazine there, Apr. 19- -Union of the States, May 29. See American Congress; Colonies, America, and United STATEs.—Outrages of White Boys in Ireland, Aug. — the duke of Grafton resigns office, Nov. 9 — all trade with the revolted colonies pro- hibited, 20— Benares ceded by the nabob of Oude ; Samuel Crompton invents the mule for spinning cotton. 1776. Hessian troops hired to serve in America, Feb. 16 — riots of weavers at Shepton Mallet to destroy machinery, July 10 — treaty of Poorunda with the Mahrattas; Frauce prepares to assist the colonies. 1777. Hostilities continue in America with varied success; Lafayette and other French officers proceed to take part in the contest, Apr. 4— lord Chatham again urges a change of policy, May 30 — Habeas Corpus Act suspended, Dec. 11. 1778. Regiments raised by private subscriptions; the common council of London refuse to concur, Jan. 16 — alii- ance of France with the American States, Feb. 6 — the British ambassador leaves Paris ; embargo on French ships, and the militia embodied, March 27 — the k. visits Chatham and reviews the First Royal Regiment, April 25 — gives his consent to an Act for mitigating the laws against Roman Catholics, May 28 — Pondicherry taken, Oct. 11. 1779. The new year's storm followed by long and severe frost, Jan. 1 — No- popery riots in Edinburgh and Glasgow, Feb. 2 — Capt. Cook killed, 11— Act passed for the relief of Protestant dis- senters; Oxford university petitions against it, March 30 — a French attack on the island of Jersey repulsed, May 1 — hostile manifesto of Spain, June 16 — St. Vincent taken by the French, 17 — Senegal and Goree taken from them, Aug. 8— the French and Spanish fleets masters of the Channel, threaten to in- vade England ; besiege Gibraltar ; riots GEO 351 GEO Geokje III. — continued. in Manchester to destroy machinery, Oct. 9 — Irish volunteers demand freedom of trade, 12 — agitation in Dublin, Nov. 15 — lord North's measures of concession to Ireland, Dec. 13— York county meeting to petition for economy, 30. 1780. Lord North refuses to present the petition of the Protestant Associa- tion, Jan. 4 — meeting of Middlesex free- holders for retrenchment, 7 — Rodney defeats the Spanish admiral Langara, and relieves Gibraltar, 16 — Westminster meeting to reduce the public .expendi- ture, Feb. 2 — ministers institute a com- mission of accounts ; Dunning's reso- lutions on the influence of the crown carried, April 6 — Rodney's victory over the count de Guichen, 17— the Protestant Association meets in Coachmakers' Hall, May 29 — their petition rejected; No-popery riots, June 2 — quelled, 9 — lord George Gordon committed to the Tower; the dukes of Gloucester and Cumberland received at court, 15 — Hyder Ali conquers the Carnatic, Sept. 10— -Laurens captured and sent to the Tower; his papers disclose the nego- tiations between the Dutch and Ameri- cans, Oct. 6 — Hyder Ali takes Arcot, 30 — war declared against Holland, Nov. 20. 1781. The French land in Jersey, and are defeated, Jan. 6 — the Dutch island of St. Eustatia taken, Feb. 2 — Deme- rara and Essequibo sui'render; lord George Gordon tried for high treason, and acquitted, 5 — Hyder Ali defeated by Sir Eyre Coote, July 1 — battle off the Doggerbank, Aug. 5 — Hyder Ali again defeated, 27 — Negapatam taken ; treaty of Chunar with the nabob of Oude, Sept. 19 — lord Cornwallis surrenders to gen. Washington, Oct. 29 — meetings of the London Common Conncil and other in- fluential bodies, to condemn the govern- ment policy, Dec. 6 — the ministerial majority falls off, 12 — the Cabinet aban- dons the idea of subduing the Ameri- cans, 14— convention of the Irish vo- lunteers at Dungarvan. 1782. The k. refuses to receive the London remonstrance on the throne ; in- dignant resolutions of the Livery, Jan. 31 — Minorca taken by the Spaniards, Feb. 5 — lord North resigns, March 19 — marquis of Rockingham, prime minister, Fox, foreign secretary, 30 — Rodney's victory over DeGrasse, Apr. 12 — Hyder Ali defeated, June 2 — marquis of Rock- ingham, d. July 1 — lord Shelburne, prime minister; Fox resigns; W. Pitt, chan- cellor of the Exchequer ; attack of the French and Spaniards on Gibraltar re* pulsed, Sept. 13 — Great Britain acknow- ledges the independence of the U.S., and concludes a treaty of peace with them, % Nov. 30 — Royal George founders at Spit- head. 1783. Peace with France and Spain, Jan. 20— militia disbanded, Feb. 1 — Order of St. Patrick instituted, 5 — coalition of Fox and North ; their ministry formed, Apr. 2 — trade with America regulated by an order of council, Sept. 5— peace proclaimed, 15 — convention of Irish vo- lunteers at Dublin, Nov. 10 — Fox's India Bills introduced, 18— interview of lord Temple with the k., Dec. 11 — coalition ministry dismissed, 18 — Wm. Pitt, prime minister, 23. 1784. Struggle of the new ministry. See Commons, House of. — Pitt popular ; thanks of the London Common Council voted to him, Jan. 10 — obtains the sup- port of the country by a new parliament, May 18— attempt to assemble a national congress in Dublin, June 7 — riots at Edinburgh from the high price of corn, 10— restoration of the estates forfeited in 1745; Board of Control established for the government of India, July 9 — treaty of Mangalore with Tippoo Saib ; great increase of trade with the U.S. ; letters conveyed by mail-coaches. 1785. English newspapers prohibited in France, Jan. 1 — John Adams, U.S. ambassador, presented to the k., June 1 — trial of Dr. Shipley, dean of St. Asaph, Aug. 6. 1786. Impeachment of Warren Hast- ings, Apr. 4 — attempt of Margaret Ni- cholson to stab the k., Aug. 2 — royal visit to Oxford, 16 — Board of Trade ap- pointed, Sept. 2 — commercial treaty with France, 26 — colony of Sierra Leone founded, Dec. 9. 1787. Dissenters petition for the re- peal of the Corporation and Test Acts, Jan. 5 — the articles against Warren Hastings presented at the bar of the Lords, May 10 — first convicts sent to New South Wales, 23— bishopric of Nova Scotia erected, Aug. 11 — a fleet sent to support the Statholder, Oct. 30 — riot at Worcester to prevent the spinning of wool by machinery, Dec. 1. 1788. Petition of the London Common Conncil for the abolition of the Slave trade, Feb. 1 — trial of Warren Hastings begins, 13— royal visit to Cheltenham, June 12 — symptoms of the king's mental malady, Oct.— celebration of the cente- nary of the revolution, Nov. 5 — the king's illness publicly known, 12— re- GEO 352 GEO Gkobge III. — continued. ports of the physicians and privy coun- cil, Dec. 4— Pitt's letter to the prince of Wales respecting the regency, 30. 1789. The k. recovers before the Re- gency Bill passes, Feb. 19— national re- joicing, March 10— public thanksgiving, Apr. 23— mutiny of the Bounty, 28— royal visit to Weymouth, June 16 — to Plymouth, 27 — address of the London "Revolution Society" to the French National Assembly, Nov. 5. 1790. Fox and Burke disagree on the French Revolution, Feb. 9— the trial of Warren Hastings proceeds languidly, 16— Resolutions of the London Common Council to support the Corporation and Test Acts, 25 -misunderstanding with Spain respecting Nootka Sound, May 6 — war in the Mysore with Tippoo Saib ; treaty with Prussia and Holland to sup- press the Belgian rebellion against the emperor Joseph II. 1791. Tippoo Saib defeated and Cana- nore taken, Jan. 9— Fox, Pitt and Burke agree in condemning all laws which at- tach penalties to opinions, Feb. 21 — new regulations for the government of Ca- nada, March 4— Burke joins the minis, terial party, May 6 — victory of lord Cornwallis over Tippoo Saib, 15— riot at Birmingham to prevent the celebration of the French Revolution, July 14. 1792. Flourishing state of the country described by Pitt, Feb. 17— Tippoo Saib, totally defeated, agrees to a treaty of peace, March 19— Fox's Libel Bill passed, Apr. 30— the " Friends of the People " associate to obtain parliamentary re- form ; France requests the mediation of Great Britain with the continental states, May 2 — royal proclamation against political societies, and their cor- respondence with the French Assembly, 21 — Police offices established in London, June 15— the friends of Poland meet, Aug. 2— the British ambassador recalled from France, 17 — ruinous speculations in canal shares; lord Macartney's em- bassy to China, Sept. 26— many emi- grants arrive from France ; Loyal Asso- ciation formed, Nov. 29— militia called out ; loyal meeting in Merchant Tailors' Hall, Dec. 1— public alarm; the guards doubled, 6— secession of alarmists from the whig party ; preparations for war. 1793. The French ambassador ordered to leave London, Jan. 24— the king's message announces war, 28 — refuses to negotiate, 30— war declared by France, Feb. 1— by Great Britain, 11— first em- barkation of troops for Holland, Feb. 26 —commercial treaty with Russia, Mar. 25— the duke of York commands the Bri- tish forces in the Netherlands, Apr. 8— mercantile embarrassments relieved by exchequer bills, 25 — Dumourier arrives in London, and is ordered to leave the kingdom, June 14 — surrender of Valen- ciennes, July 26 — " British Convention" meets at Edinburgh, Aug. 4 — gen. Lake defeats the French at Lincelles, 18 — many prosecutions and severe sentences for political offences ; Pondicherry taken, and Toulon surrendered, 28— the duke of York defeated at Dunkirk, Sept. 7— St. Domingo occupied by the English, Oct. 12 — Toulon evacuated, Dec. 19 — an am- bassador from Turkey arrives in Lon- don, 20. 1794. Liberal opinions proscribed; prosecutions continue; increased arma- ments and new taxes, Feb. 2 — volunteer corps raised, March ; Martinique taken, 16— Guadaloupe, April 22— subsidies to Prussia, Holland, and other States, 28— arrests on charges of constructive treason, May 20— a royal message denounces se- ditious societies ; the Habeas Corpus Act suspended, 23 — victory of lord Howe over the French fleet, June 1 — British dominion in Corsica, 18 — the king visits Portsmouth, 30 — the army in Flanders reinforced, July 8— the seceding whigs take office, 11 — the duke of York, after successive defeats, retires behiud the Waal at Rhenen, where he loses many men from fatigue and disease ; State trials for constructive ti*eason commence ; Hardy acquitted, Nov. 5, and Home Tooke, 20— treaty of commerce with the U. S., 29— Thelwall acquitted and the other prisoners discharged, Dec. 5— lord Fitzwilliam viceroy of Ireland, 10. 1795. Embargo on Dutch ships, Jan. 19 — the statholder arrives in London, 26 — alliance with Russia, Feb. 18 — lord Fitzwilliam, unable to relieve the Irish Catholics, resigns, 21 — victory of adm. Hotham, March 14 — marriage of the prince of Wales, April 8— the wreck of the British army returns home, 14 — ac- quittal of Warren Hastings, 23— Orange Clubs and United Irishmen create strife, June; lord Bridport's victory, 22— Trin- comalee, in Ceylon, taken, Aug. 26 — an abundant harvest; Cape of Good Hope taken, Sept. 23— the k. insulted by the populace clamouring for peace, Oct. 29 — as elector of Hanover, he makes peace with the French republic. 1796. The princess Charlotte of Wales b. Jan. 7— the k. again insulted, Feb. 1 — Amboyna taken, 16— Demerara, Apr. 25! — separation of the prince and princess of Wales, 30— the isle o' Elba taken, CEO 35a GEO Ceo&ge III. — continued. Aug. 9 — capture of a Dutch fleet in Sal- danha bay, 17 — the king announces his intention to treat for peace, Oct. 6 — war with Spain, 11 — lord Malmesbury goes to Paris, 13 — Corsica abandoned, 22 — Loyalty loan, Dec. 1 — French ships ar- rive in Bantry bay, and return to Brest, 26— lord Malmesbury fails in his nego- tiations and comes home, 29. 1797. Victory off Cape St. Vincent, Feb. 14 — Trinidad taken, 21 — scarcity of specie ; Restriction Act, and issue of one-pound notes, Mai-ch 4 — mutiny at Spithead, Apr. 6— repressed, 26— at the Nore, May 22— appeased, June 12 — Par- ker executed, 30— lord Malmesbury ne- gotiates at Lisle, July 1 — Nelson's un- successful attack on Santa Cruz, 24— lord Malmesbury returns, Sept. 20— victory of adm. Duncan off Camperdown, Oct. 11. 1798. Assessed taxes trebled, Jan. 4 the duke of Norfolk's toast, " the ma- jesty of the people;" the cruelty of the government drives the Irish to rebel, March ; the committee of the Lon- don Corresponding Society arrested, 20— expedition against Ostend, May 19 — insurrection in Ireland, 24. See Ike- land. — Battle of the Nile, Aug. 1 — French land at Killala, 22 — surrender, Sept. 8 — a fleet conveying more troops captured by Sir J. B. Warren, Oct. 12— Minorca taken, Nov. 15— Malta block- aded ; Income tax introduced, Dec. 4 — treaty with Russia ; suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act renewed, 19. 1799. Union of Ireland projected, Jan. 22 — severe frost for many weeks; Acre defended by sir Sidney Smith, Mar. 18 — Seringapatam taken ; death of Tippoo Saib, and conquest of the Mysore, May 4— expedition to the Helder, Aug. 27 — Dutch fleet in the Texel surrenders, 30 — Abercrombie defeats Brune, Sept. 10 — the duke of York brings a reinforcement, takes the command, is defeated by Brune, 19, and Oct 8 — evacuates Holland, 20 — commodore Trowbridge blockades Civita Vecchia ; Rome surrendered to him by the French garrison, Sept. 27 — capture of richly laden Spanish galleons, Oct. 16 — offer of peace made bv France rejected, Dec. 25. 1800. Opposition in Ireland to the Uni- on overcome by lord Castlereagh, Jan. 15 — treaty for the evacuation of Egypt, 24— riots caused by the high price of bread ; a common hall in London peti- tions for peace, F«b. 19 — Egyptian treaty not ratified, Mar. 20— lord Keith block- ' ades Genoa, Apr. 5— Hatfield fires at the k. in Drury Lane theatre. May 11— the Act of Union receives the royal assent, July 2— capture of a Danish frigate and* convoy, 25— failure of an attack on Fer- rol, Aug. 25— manifesto of the czar Paul against British seizures of neutral ves- sels, 29— surrender of Malta to the Bri- tish, Sept. 5— the czar claims the island as grand master, and seizes all British property in Russia, Nov. 7— Armed Neu- trality of the Northern Powers, Dec. 15. 1801. Union of Great Britain and Ire- land, Jan. 1 — George III. renounces the title of king of Fiance, and removes the lilies from the royal arms, 3— embargo on Russian, Danish, and Swedish ves- sels, 14— the French refuse to maintain and clothe their prisoners in Gt. Britain, 31— resignation of ministers, Feb. 10— return of the king's malady, 16 — prison- ers, under the suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act, liberated, Mar. 2— recovery of the king ; he appoints the Addington ministry, 17— landing of the British army in Egypt, 8— defeat of the French at Alexandria; death of Abercrombie, 21 —English ships excluded from the Elbe ; pacific conferences begin between lord Hawkesbury and M. Otto; the czar Alex- ander I. liberates British ships and their crews in Russia, and proposes a reconci- liation; the Danish and Swedish West India islands taken, 30— attack on Copen- hagen by Nelson, Apr. 2— truce concluded —Habeas Corpus Act again suspended, 14 —capture of St. Eustatia, 21— embargo taken off Russian, Danish, and Swedish ships, June 1— treaty of lord St. Helen's at Petersburg dissolves the Northern Confederacy, 17— Cairo surrenders, and the French evacuate Egypt, 27— Madei- ra taken, July 24— Nelson attacks the Boulogne flotilla, Aug. 4— preliminaries of peace signed in London, Oct. 1. 1802. Mutiny in Bantry bay, June 15 — ringleaders executed, 28 — definitive treaty of peace signed at Amiens, Mar. 27 — Bank Restriction Act renewed, Apr. 9— opponents of the peace unpopular — Newspaper war— those of England pro- hibited in France, Aug. 25— treaty of Bassein, in India, Dec. 31. 1803. Conspiracy and execution of Despard, Feb. 21— royal message an- nounces preparation for renewing war, Mar. 7 — scene at the Tuileries — Bona- parte defies England to resist him single- handed, 13 — lordWhitworth leaves Paris, May 12, and gen. Andreossi London, 16 — embargo on French and Batavian ships, 17 — English declaration of war, 18 — A A. GEO 354 GEO George III. — continued. British residents and travellers in France detained, 22— the king declares Hanover neutral, 28 — occupied by the French, June 3 — the Elbe and Weser, closed against the English, are blockaded by them — war with the Batavian repub- lic, 7 — invasion threatened — universal arming of volunteers — St. Lucia taken, 20 — Tobago, 22 — tumultuary insurrec- tion at Dublin, July 23 — patriotic meet- ings at the Royal Exchange, 26— at Hackney, Aug. 2— St. Pierre and Mique- lon taken, 8 — Mahratta war ; sir Arthur Wellesley takes Poonah, 12— Emmett executed, 19 — Demerara and Berbice taken, 25— battle of Assaye, Sept. 23— Agra taken, Oct. 17 — Delhi conquered, and the Great Mogul pensioned by the E. I. C— volunteers reviewed by the k. in Hyde Park, 26-28 — victories of sir A. Wellesley, at Argaum, Nov., and Ga- wulgurh, Dec. 14, followed by a treaty of peace with Scindiah, 30— the volunteer force in Gt. Britain, 379,945 men. 1804. The king's malady returns, Feb. 14 — Linois repulsed by capt. Dance, 15 — the king recovers, Mar. 14 — Pitt forms a new administration — sacrifices the cause of Catholic emancipation— Fox excluded by the k., May 12 — naval fete to the k. at Weymouth, Sept. 29— catamaran at- tack on the Boulogne flotilla, Oct. 2 — Spanish frigates captured, 5 — concilia- tory interview between the k. and prince of Wales, Nov. 12— Holkar defeated at Deeg, 15— at Furruckabad, 17. 1805. Napoleon's offer to treat for peace declined, Jan. 2 — French and Spanish fleets combine and attack Dominica, Feb. 2 — charges against lord Melville by Mr. Whitbread, Apr. 6 — impeached, May 25— victory of sir R. Calder over the French and Spanish fleets, July 22 — battle of Trafalgar — death of Nelson, Oct. 21 — four more ships taken by sir R. Strachan, Nov. 4 — sir R. Calder repri- manded for not having made his victory more complete, Dec. 23 — peace with Scindiah and Holkar, 24. 1806. Cape of Good Hope taken, Jan. 8— public funeral of Nelson, 9 — a French squadron captured by Duckworth, 20 — death of Wm. Pitt, 23— the " Talents'- administration — Fox foreign secretary, Feb. 5— negotiations for peace commence, 20 — Linois and his ships taken, Mar. 13 — the king of Prussia occupies Hanover, Apr. 1 — war declared against him, 24 — trial of lord Melville, 29— "Delicate In- vestigation," May 23— abolition of the slave trade moved by Fox, June 10 — lord Melvillt) acquitted, 12 — Buenos Ayres taken by sir Home Popham, 27 — mutiny of the Sepoys at Vellore, July 10 — gen. Stuart lands in Calabria and gains the victory of Maida, 4 — Buenos Ayres retaken by the Spaniards, Aug. 12 — death of Fox, Sept. 13— the negotia- tions with France broken off, Oct. 6 — Boulogne attacked with Congreve rock- ets, 8 — treaty of commerce with the U.S., Dec. 21. 1807. Order of Council issued to coun- teract Napoleon's Berlin decree, Jan. 7 — Curacoa taken, 28 — Montevideo, Feb. 2 — the British fleet passes the Darda- nelles, Feb. 19 — returns, Mar. 1 — minis- ters bring in a Bill, enabling Catholics to hold naval and military commissions, 5 —sir H. Popham reprimanded for hav- ing taken Buenos Ayres without orders, 6 — the k. objects to the ministerial Bill, 18 — gen. Fraser lands in Egypt and takes Alexandria, 20 — slave trade abolished, 25— ministers dismissed — duke of Port- land head of a new cabinet, 26 — the British repulsed at Rosetta, May 1 — en- counter of the Leopard and Chesapeake, June 21 — American harbours closed against British ships of war, July 2 — gen. Whitelocke defeated at Buenos Ayres, 5— attack on Copenhagen, Sept. 2 — Egypt evacuated, 23 — Heligoland ta- ken — embargo on British ships in Rus- sia, 28 — Milan decree, Nov. 1 — order of council aguinst it, 21 — Danish West In- dia islands taken, Dec. 22 — Madeira occupied by the British, 24. 1808. Sir John Moore sent with an army to Sweden; returns, May; riot of distressed weavers, 24 — a Spanish depu- tation arrives in London, 30 — French fleet at Cadiz surrenders, June 4 — treaty with Spain, July 4 — public dinner to the Spanish deputies, Aug. 4 — Sir Arthur Wellesley defeats Junot at Vimiera, 21 — adm. Keats conveys the marquis de Ro- mana from the Baltic to Spain, 14— con- vention of Cintra ; the French evacuate Portugal, 30 — a Russian fleet in the Ta- gus taken, Sept. 3— offers of France and Russia to treat for peace, refused, Oct. 12 — British troops land at Corunna, 25. 1809. Retreat of the British from Sala- manca ; they repulse the French at Co- runna, and re-embark ; death of sir John Moore, Jan. 14 — col. Wardle brings his charges against the duke of York, 27 — Martinique taken, Feb. 23 — the duke of York resigns, March 25— a French fleet destroyed in Basque Roads, April 12 — sir Arthur Wellesley takes the com- mand in Portugal, 22 — battle of Talavera, July 28— Walcheren expedition, Aug. 10 —Ionian islands taken, Oct. 1 — Jubilee GEO 355 GEO George IIT. — continued. on the 50th accession if Geo. III., 25— death of tlie duke of Portland; Perceval prime minister, 30 — Walcheren aban- doned, Dec. 25. 1810. Inquiry into the Walcheren ex- pedition, Jan. 26 — Guadaloupe taken, Feb. 5 — Amboyna, 17 — lord Chatham censured for his mismanagement in Walcheren, March 2 — Sir F. Burdett committed to the Tower ; riots in Lon- don, April 6— Bourbon and Mauritius taken, July 3— lord Wellington repulses Massena at Busaco, Sept. 27 — occupies the lines of Tories Vedras, Oct. 9 — the last access of the king's malady officially notified to the lord mayor, Nov. 1 — death of his youngest daughter, the princess Amelia, 2 — Massena commences his re- treat from Santarem, 14 — great commer- cial embarrassment arises from Napo- leon's continental system in all Europe : Act prepared to appoint the prince of Wales regent, Dec. 20. 1811. The prince of Wales assumes the executive power, Feb. 5. For events during the Regency, see George IV. — George III. lives nine years in a state of unconsciousness : the care of his person first given to the queen, and, in 1819, to the duke of York ; he d. Jan. 29, 1820. George IV., k. of England, (George Fred- eric Augustus), son of George III. and qu. Charlotte, o. Aug. 12, 1762— as prince of Wales takes his seat in the house of lords, Nov. 11, 1783— his debts brought before parliament, and his marriage with Mrs. Fitzherbert denied by Fox, April 20, 1787— his claim to the regency during the incapacity of his father dis- cussed in Parliament ; Pitt's letter to him on the subject, Dec. 30, 1788 — mar- ries Caroline, princess of Brunswick, Apr. 8, 1795 — liberal settlement made to enable him to pay his debts; sepa- rates from her, Apr. 30, 1796 -claims arrears of revenue from the duchy of Cornwall, which are refused, March 31, 1802 — his application for military em- ployment rejected, July 21, 1803 — conci- liatory interview with his father, Nov. 12, 1804— causes the "delicate investi- gation," May 22, 1806 — resolutions of parliament to appoint him regent, Dec. 20, 1810. 1811. Assumes the regency. Feb. 5 — commercial distress again relieved by exchequer bills, March 1 — proclamation •gainst the Irish Catholic committee, 3 — battle of Barossa, 5 — Wellington pursues Massena, and defeats him at Fuentes d'Onore, 6 — takes Almeida, 10 — battle of Albuera, May 16— encounter of the Little Belt with the American frigate President ; the duke of York again com- mander-in-chief, June 6— Batavia and the Dutch settlements in Java taken,* Aug. 26— battle of Arroyo del Molino, Oct. 28 — Luddite riots, Nov. 1812. Ciudad Rodrigo taken, Jan. 19 — the restrictions of the Regency Act ex- pire, and full regal power devolves on the prince, Feb. 1 — he invites a coalition of parties ; it does not take effect, 13 — Badajos taken, Apr. 6 — manufacturing machinery destroyed by rioters ; Perce-, val assassinated, May 11 — Almarez taken, 19 — lord Liverpool prime minis- ter, June 9— war declared by America, 18— treaty of peace with Russia, July 18 — battle of Salamanca, 22— Wellington enters Madrid, Aug. 12— an American army surprised and made prisoners in Canada, 16 — the U.S. frigate United States captures the Macedonian, 19 — Wellington falls back on Freynada. 1813. See Commons, house of. The trade to India thrown open, Mar. 22 — charges against the princess of Wales again dis- proved ; penal laws against Unitarians repealed ; the U.S. frigate Chesapeake taken by the Shannon, June 1 — battle of Vittoria, 21 — Wellington besieges Pam- peluna, July 24 — defeats Soult in the Pyrenees, 28 — drives him to the Bidas- soa, Aug. 2 — storms St. Sebastian, 31— takes its castle, Sept. 8 — enters France, Oct. 8— Pampeluna surrenders, 31 — lord Castlereagh sets out to meet the allied sovereigns, Dec. 27. 1814. Treaty with Joachim Murat, Jan. 5 — London Custom-house burnt, Feb. 12 — battle of Orthes, 27 —treaty of Chau- mont with the allies, March 1 — Beres- ford enters Bordeaux, March 12— capture of the U.S. frigate Essex, 29— battle of Toulouse, Apr. 10— close of the Penin- sular war, l£ — treaty of Paris, May 30 — the emperor Alexander and k. of Pru.-. sia visit London, June 7 — civic banquet at Guildhall, 18 — departure of the visit ors, 27 — the princess Charlotte refuse* to marry the prince of Orange ; national thanksgiving for peace, July 9 — ju- bilee in the parks, Aug. 1 — the prin cess of Wales not permitted to appear at court, embarks to travel, 8 — the city of Washington taken, 24 — the British flotilla on lake Champlain captured, Sept. 11 — gen. Ross defeated and killed at Baltimore, 13 — the title of elector of Hanover laid aside for that of king, Oct. 11 — war in India with the Nepaulese, Nov. 1 — krd Castlereagh attends the congress of Vienna; peace with the U.S concluded at Ghent, Dec. 24. A A 2 GEO obb GEO GEOEGE IV. — cmitinued. 1815. The order of the Bath new- modelled and extended, Jan. 2 — gen. Pakenham repulsed and slain at New Orleans, 8 — capture of the U.S. ship President by the Endymion, 15— Mr. Robinson's corn-law introduced, Feb. 17 — popular tumults, 28 — an army collected in the Netherlands to oppose the restor- ation of Napoleon, March 30— Welling- ton takes the command, Apr. 5— battle of Waterloo, June 18 — Paris surrendered, July 3— Napoleon gives himself up to capt. Maitland at Rochefort, 15 — arrives at Torbay, 24 — is sent to St. Helena, Aug. 8— Protectorate of the Ionian islands given to Great Britain ; the prince re- gent refuses to join the " Holy Alli- ance," Sept. 26 — second treaty of Paris, Nov. 20— the duke of Wellington com- mands the army of occupation jn France ; peace with the Nepaulese, Dec. 12. 1816. War renewed with the Nepau- lese, Jan.— embassy of lord Amherst to China, Feb. 8 — a monument erected at Rome by the prince regent to Cardinal York, 12 — defeat of the Nepaulese, and close of the war, March 15— marriage of the princess Charlotte to prince Leopold, May 2— riots at Ely and incendiary fires, 19— bombardment of Algiers by lord Exmouth, Aug. 27— a new silver coinage, Oct. 21 — distress and discontent of the people ; agitation begins for par- liamentary reform, Nov. 15 — Spa-fields riot, Dec 2 — petition of the London Cor- poration for economy and reform, 9. 1817. Riots at Leicester, Jan. 27 — the prince regent insulted and fired at, 28— the Livery of London meet to consider the cause of the public distress, 31— the " Green Bag " sent down to both houses of Parliament, Feb. 3 — numerous peti- tions for economy and reform ; the prince regent gives up £50,000 a year ; the marquis Camden his sinecure, and Mr. Ponsonby his pension, 17 — alarming •'Reports" presented by the parlia- mentary committees, 10 — Habeas Corpus Act suspended, March 4 — the Man- chester " blanketeers " dispersed on their way to London, 11 — the " Sidmouth Circular " excites general indignation ; the prince regent opens Waterloo Bridge, June 18 — lord Amherst returns from China, July 30 — treaty with Spain for abolition of the slave-trade, Sept. 23— death of the princess Charlotte, Nov. 6 — Strathfieldsaye purchased for the duke of Wellington; British subjects forbid- den to serve in South America, 28 — trials and acquittals of W. Hone for libellous parodies, Dec. 18-20— Pindaree and Mahrattawars ; Holkar defeated, 21 —consols advance during the year, from 64 to 82. 1818. Tri-centenary of the Reformation celebrated in London, Jan. 1— suspension of Habeas Corpus Act repealed, 28 — Thornton escapes punishment for an atrocious murder by demanding the " wager of battle," Apr. 16— Bill brought in to correct the defect in the law, 20 — the regent announces the improved state of the country, June 10 — turn-out of the Manchester cotton-spinners, Aug. 15 — numerous forgeries of bank-notes, Sept. 11 — death of qu. Charlotte, Nov. 17— Sir John Leach sent to Milan with a commission to inquire into the conduct of the princess of Wales. 1819. Emigration to the Cape of Good Hope encouraged ; Sir Manasseh Lopez fined and imprisoned for bribery at Grampound ; Parga given up to Ali Pacha by Sir Thomas Maitland, May 10 — an ambassador troni Persia arrives, 24 — unemployed weavers riot at Car- lisle, June 1— working classes petition for Reform ; Peel's Act passed for the resumption of cash payments ; sir Chas. Wolseley elected legislatorial attorney and representative of Birmingham, July 7 — indicted at Chester, 15 — proclamation against such elections, 30— meeting in St. Peter's Field, Manchester, dispersed by the yeomanry, the chairman Henry Hunt and others arrested, Aug. 16 — meetings of counties and cities reprobate the proceeding; earl Fitzwilliam pre- sides at that in Yorkshire, and is dis- missed from the lord-lieutenancy of the West Riding, Oct. 23 — Mr. Swan fined and imprisoned for bribery at Penryn, Nov. 16 — labourers complain of distress and petition to be employed in the cul- tivation of waste lands, Dec. 30. 1820. George IV. becomes k. on the death of his father, Jan. 29 — the name of the qu. omitted in the liturgy, Feb. 11— Cato Street conspiracy, 23— Hunt and the Manchester reformers tried and convicted at York, March 16-26 — sir F. Burdett found guilty of a libel at Leicester, 23— a radical meeting at Bon- nymuir, near Glasgow, dispersed, Apr. 1 — sir C. Wolseley tried at Chester, and imprisoned, 11 — Thistlewood and the Cato Street conspirators executed, May 1 — arrival of the qu. from the continent, June 6 — coronation of the k. postponed, July 7 — proceedings against her com- mence, Aug. 19— abandoned, Nov 10 — general illumination ; she goes in state to St. Paul's to return thanks, 29. 1821. The k. visits Drury Lane theatre. GEO 357 GEO George IV. — continued. Feb. 6— capt. Parry's expedition to the Frozen ocean, Apr. 30 — payments in specie commence at the bank ; the ex- travagance of the public expenditure exposed by Mr. Hume, June 27 — coro- nation; the qu. excluded, July 19 — the k. embarks for Ireland, 31 — death of the qu., Aug. 7 — the k. at Dublin, 15 — fune- ral of the qu., 19 — the k. leaves Ireland, Sept. 5 — arrives in London, 15— embarks for Hanover, 24— makes his public en- trance there, Oct. 11 — returns, Nov. 8. 1822. Failure of potato crop in Ire- land, and famine, Apr. 2 — complete edi- tions of the ancient Histories of Eng- land ordered to be printed, July 24 — the k. embarks for Scotland, Aug. 10— sui- cide of the marquis of Londonderry, 12 — the k. lands at Leith, 15— returns to London, 30— Canning foreign secretary, Sept. 16 — panic in the foreign stock market, Nov. — the marquis Wellesley, lord lieutenant of Ireland, insulted by an Orange faction at the Dublin theatre, Dec. 14. 1823. Revived employment of the working classes; tranquillity and pros- perity; agriculturists still depressed call for an "equitable adjustment of con- tracts," Jan. 3 — Huskisson president of the Board of Trade, 31 — Peel's Currency Act comes into operation, May 2 — capt. Parry returns, Oct. 29 — the k. presents the library of George III. to the British Museum. 1824. Consuls appointed to the South American republics, Feb. 3— agricul tural produce advances in price ; reduc- tion of the duties on silk, March 8 — ge- neral abatement of political- asperity in England ; the k. and qu. of the Sand- wich islands arrive in London, July 14 — war with the Burmese ; Rangoon taken ; Ashantees attack Sierra Leone. 1825. Speculation in Joint-stock com- panies and mining shares, Jan. 11 — state lotteries abolished, March 1 — combin- ation laws repealed, July 6 — panic in the money-market ; shares depreciated ; vuin of thousands ; the Bank of Eng- land issues one and two pound notes, Dec. 8— the Burmese defeated, and Prome taken, Dec. 25 — revolt of Bhurtpore, treaties of commerce with Columbia and Mexico. 1826. Bhurtpore stormed and the re- volt quelled, Jan. 18— charter of the London University granted, Feb. 11 — the treaty of Yandabu closes the Bur- mese war, 26— commercial distrust and distress continue, March 1 — riots of un- employed weavers to destroy power- looms, Apr. 24-May 3 — discretionary power granted to release com in bond, 5 — defeat of the Ashantees, Aug. 7— Peel's Acts to reform the criminal law ; * a British force sent to Portugal, Dec. 17. 1827. Commercial confidence restored, and prosperity revives ; the duke of York d. Jan. 3 — Wellington commander- in-chief; illness of the earl of Liverpool, Feb. 17 — Canning prime minister, May 1 — treaty of London for the pacification of Greece, July 6— the British at Lisbon take no part in the internal affairs of Portugal, but resist all foreign inter- ference ; death of Canning, Aug. 8 — lord Goderich prime minister ; Huskisson colonial secretary ; battle of Navarino, Oct. 20. 1828. Resignation of lord Goderich ; Wellington minister ; Peel home secre- tary; lord Hill commander-in-chief, Jan. 25 — Test and Corporation Acts repealed, Feb. 26 — auxiliary force withdrawn from Portugal, March 20 — " sliding-tscale " duties on foreign corn ; secession of Huskisson, Palmerston and their friends.; King's College, London, originated, June 21 — D. O'Connell elected for Clare, July 5 — the qu.of Portugal arrives in London, Oct. 6— repairs and improvements of Windsor Castle completed, Dec. J — the ministers desire to settle the Catholic question ; recal the marquis of Angle- sea for having encouraged agitation. 1829. Robert Peel resigns his seat for Oxford, Feb. 4 — Catholic Relief Act passed, Apr. 13 — Catholic lords take their seats, 28 — combinations of weavers to obtain higher wages by destroying work on the looms, Aug. — New Post Office opened, Sept. 23. 1830. The Ministers abandoned by the high-church party, are supported by the whigs, Feb. 4 — the colonists of Sydney petition for a legislative assembly and trial by jury, 9 — the k. uses a stamp for the sign manual, May 29— d. June 26. George V., Frederic Alexander, k. of Hanover, son of Ernest Augustus, (duke of Cumberland), b. May 27, 1819— blind from his youth, succeeds his father on the throne, Nov. 18, 1851— visits London, with his qu., June 16- July 4, 1853 — by order of the Federal Diet annuls all the liberal institutions of his kingdom, May 20, 1855. George, duke of Clarence. See Cla- rence, George, duke of. George von Podiebrad, regent of Bohe- mia, 1444— k. 1458-1471. See Bohemia. George, natural son of John II., k, of Por- tugal, pope Alexander VI. refuses w legitimize, 1495. GEE 358 GSR George, prince of Baden, commanding a Protestant army, is defeated at Wimp- fen, by the imperial gen. Tilly, 1622. George, prince of Denmark, son of Fred. 111., b. 1683 — marries Anne, daughter of James, duke of York, July 28, 1683— abandons James II., Nov. 26, 1688 — d. at Kensington, Oct. 28, 1708. George Frederic of Anspach, appointed administrator to Frederic Albert, duke of Prussia, 1587— d. 1603. George William, elector of Brandenburg, 1619-1640. See Brandenburg. George William I., duke of Brunswick Wolfenbuttel, 1665-1705. G eorge, the patrician gen. of the Greek emperor, Leo VI., fails in his attempt on Capua, 892. George I. and II. See Constantinople, patriarchs of, 42 and 96. George, the Sicilian admiral. See An- TIOCHENUS. George of Cappadocia, and George II. See Alexandria, bishops of, 21 and 47. George of Cyprus. See Gregory II., patriarch of Constantinople. George of Pisidia, after being present in the campaign, celebrates the success of Heraclius, 622— addresses his poem on the siege of Constantinople to the pa- triarch Sergius, 626 — writes his He- racliad, 628. George of Trebizond, translator of the Greek Fathers into Latin, d. 1486. Georges, arrested on a charge of conspi- racy with Pichegru and Moreau, 1804. Georgia, the ancient Iberia, conquered by Alp Arslan, 1068 — by Batou and the Gold- en Horde, 1235— by Tiraour, 1386— by Ismail, son of Persia, 1519 — by the Turks. 1590 — ceded to Persia, 1618— seeks the protection of Russia, 1733 — incorporated with Russia, 1801. Georgia, in America, colonized by James Oglethorpe, 1732 — joins the N. American Union, 1783. Gkorgium Sidus, or Uranus, discovered by W. Herschel, March 13, 1781 — two satellites discovered, 1787 — four more, 1789. GepidjE, a Gothic tribe, occupy part of the former possessions of the Huns, north of the Danube, 505 — defeated by the Longo- bardi, 550— apply to Justin II., for as- sistance against them, which he refuses, 566 — conquered by their king, Alboin, 567 — succeeded in Pannonia by the Avars. 568. Gerace, in Calabria — see Barlaam — taken by the Sicilians, 1291. Geraint, a British chieftain, defeated bv Ina, k. of Wessex, 710. Gerald, Joseph, one of the persecuted re- formers, sentenced to 14 years' trans* portation, 1794— d. in exile, 1796. Gerard, count d' Avesnes, first grand mas* ter or provost of the Knights Hospital- lers, 1099. Gerard, count of Holstein, regent of Den- mark for the young k., Waldemar III., 1329— exercises a disputed power, 1334 — d. 1340. Gerard VII., duke of Holstein and Schlet- wig, d. 1404. Gerard, duke of Lorraine, 1048-1070. Gerakd, Balthazar. See Delft. Gerard, French general, and afterwards marshal, b. 1773 — with a French army invests the citadel of Antwerp, Nov. 15, 1832— takes it, Dec. 23 — appointed to the ministry, July 15, 1834— displaced, Oct. 29— d. 1852. Gerberoi, besieged by William I. of Eng- land, who is wounded there, 1079. Gerbert of Aurillac, tutor to Robert, son of Hugh Capet, and to Otho III., 984— appointed archbp. of Rheims ; intro- duces the use of Arabian numbers, which he learned at Cordova,991 — main- tained in his see by Hugh Capet against pope John XV., 994: — deserted by him, and deposed by the council of Mouson ; received in Germany by Otho HI., 995 — appointed archbp. of Ravenna, 998 — elected pope, as Silvester II., 999— founds a school at Bobbio, cultivates mathematics and astronomy, and endea- vours to revive learning, for which he is accused of magic and necromancy, 1002— d. May 11, 1003. Gerizim, the sacred mount of Samaria, and rival of Jerusalem ; the conflicting claims of their temples referred to Pto- lemy Philometor, B.C. 150. Germaine, lord George. See Sackville, lord George. — Intimates to the House of Commons that the cabinet had abandoned the idea of subduing the Americans, Dec. 14, 1781. German language substituted for Latin in the services of the church, by the emperor Joseph II., 1786. German art and industry. See Ber- lin. German emigrants, during the wars of Charlemagne settle in the Eastern em- pire, 772-802 — found Hermanstadt, in Transylvania, 1002— more are invited by Beisa II., k. of Hungary, to join the former colony, 1143 — many are driven by distress to Russia and the U. S., 1829. German literature excites attention in England, 1796. German Liturgy, by Luther, published, 1526. For his versions of the Scrip- tures, see Bible. GEE 359 GER German officers, many arrive to assist the Greeks, 1827. German parliament. See Frankfort and Erfurt. German ports. See Blockade. Gkrman Town, battle of; the Americans defeated by gen. Burgoyne, Oct. 3, 1777 Germanicus, Csesar, son of Nero Claudius Drusus, adopted by Tiberius, at the command of Augustus, whose grand- daughter, Agrippina, he marries, 4 — sent into Germany to quell the revolted provinces, 7 — again, to assist Tiberius, 11 — left by him to continue the war; consul of Rome, 12. See Caligula. — Quiets the mutinous legions of Ger- many, and is successful against Armi- nius, 15 — gains still more decisive vic- tories, and is recalled to Rome, 16 — received with enthusiasm by the people, has a triumph, and is sent to the East, 17 — subdues Armenia, 18 — visits Egypt— d., supposed to have been poisoned by order of Tiberius, at Antioch, Oct. 9, 19 — his ashes brought to Rome by Agrippina, 20. Germanicus, Caius Caesar Augustus, the name under which the emperor Caligula serves the office of consul II. 39 ; III. 40; IV. 41. See Caligula. Germanicus, the name assumed by Domi- tian, 83 ; and by Caracalla, 213. Germano, S., battle of; pope Innocent II. surprised by Roger, duke of Apulia; his army put to flight, and he himself taken prisoner, July 22, 1139. Germans, a general name for the Gothic and other tribes between the Rhine and the Danube, supposed to have been first mentioned in the Capitoline record of the battle of Clastidium, B.C. 222 ; many of them unite in a Teutonic league, and join the Keltic Cumrhi, advance into Illyrium and defeat the Romans, 113 — invade Gaul, and conquer again, 105— penetrate into Spain, 104 ; are repelled, 103 — totally defeated by Marius, 102 — the Suevi attack Gaul, 71 — are driven out by Caesar, 57 — he crosses the Rhine against the Usipeti and Tencteri, 55 — against the Suevi, 53 — Drusus reaches the island of the Batavi, 12. See Ba- tavi, Drusus, and Germanicus. — M. Vinicius attacked by the Bructeri, Si- cambri, and Cherusci, a.d. 1 — Tiberius takes the command, 4 — Hermann cuts the legions of Quintilius Varus to pieces, 9 — his progress checked by Nonius Aspre- nas, 10 — death of Hermann, 17 — Marbod surrenders, 19 — expedition of Caligula, 40— Paullinus Pompeius embanks the lower Rhine, where the province of Ger- mania Inferior is formed, 55 — war be- tween the Catti and Hermanduri for some salt springs, 58. See Catti. — Hadrian begins his survey, 120 — war with the Marcomanni, 167. See Mab- manni. — Their encroachments on the northern frontier of the empire checked by M. Aurelius, 178 ; by Alexander Se- verus, 234 ; by Maximin, 236. See Al- lemanni.— Union of the Franks, 240 — See Franks and Carpi. — Repelled byProbus, 277. See Burgundians. All the tribes in an unsettled state, wanting to break into the Roman empire, and quarrelling among themselves ; the Saxons begin piratical courses, 294. See Saxons. — Are carefully watched by Constantine, 319 — invaded by Julian, 357. See Ju- lian, emperor. — Valentinian penetrates as far as Wisbaden, 371. See Quadi. — Great irruption of the tribes into Gaul, 406. See Burgundians, Franks, Suevi, Vandals, and Alani. — These emigra- tions leave room for other tribes to advance from the East, for whom see Gf.rmany. Germanus, the patrician, nephew of Jus- tinian I., marries Mathasuintha, widow of Vitiges, and grand-daughter of Theo- doric the Ostrogoth, 548 — appointed to command the army in Italy— d. on his march, at Sardica, 550. Germanus, the son, after refusing the imperial diadem, put to death by Phocas, 602. Germanus I., patriarch of Constantinople, 715 — resists the edict of Leo HI. against the worship of images, 727 — is deposed by him, 730. Germanus II. and III. See Constantin- ople, patriarchs of. Germanus, of Antisiodorus(Auxerre), sent by Caelestin to convert Agricola from Pelagianism, 429. Germany. See Germans.— In the northern part of the country now so called, the Saxons occupy new lands, as far as the river Lippe ; their maritime adventurers settle in Britain, 408-449. See Saxons. — The southern part overrun by the Huns, 433. See Huns and Attila. — Frisians form an independent maritime state between the Rhine and Elbe. See Friesland. — Promiscuous bands, called Heervolk or Heruli, are collected from time to time ; one of them, under Odoacer, overthrows the Western empire, 476. See Heruli. — The Thuringians tribu- tary to Clovis, 491. See Thuringians. — He conquers the Allemanni, 497 — after his death, their lands constitute the kingdom of Austrasia, 511. See Aus- trasia. — The Gepidae settle in part of the lands from which the Huns are GER 360 GER G ermany — continued. expelled, 505. See Gbpid^e. — The Longo- hardi obtain Pannonia and Noricum. See Lombards. — The Slavonians enter the eastern part, 623. See Slavonians. — Bavaria becomes independent. See Ba- varia. — The Anglo-Saxon missionary, Wilbrord, preaches Christianity, 690— the Obotrites first appear, 690.. See Obotrites. — Boniface preaches, 715-755. See Boniface. — "Victories of Carloman and Pepin, 745— empire of Charlemagne, 771-814. See Charlemagne.— Of Louis I., 814-840. At his death, Germany be- comes a distinct state, and is given to his son, Lonis ; a regular succession of sovereigns begins. See the events of their reigns, under their respective names. Louis, 840— 876 ; at his death, Bavaria and East France form two detached stfitps Lonis II., of Saxony, 876 -882. Charles III., the Fat, 882; reunites all Germany ; deposed, 887. Arnulf, the first elected k. of Germany. 887—889. Louis III., 899, last of the German Car- lovingians, d. 911. Conrad, count of Franconia, 911 — 918. House of Saxony. F.enry, the Fowler, 918—936. tho I., the Great, 936 ; first emperor, crowned by the pope, 962 — d. 973. 3tho II., 973—983. Otho III., 983—1002. Henry II., duke of Bavaria, 1002-1024. House of Franconia. Conrad II., 1024—1039. Henry III., 1039—1056. Henry IV., 1056 — contest with the pope, 1075— d. 1106. Henry V., 1106—1125. Lothaire II., duke of Saxony, 1125-1138. House of Hohenstaufen. Conrad III., duke of Franconia, 1138— contest with the Guelfs of Bavaria, 1140-d. 1152. Frederic I., Barbarossa, 1152-1190. Henry VI., 1190-1197. Philip, duke of Swabia, and Otho of Brunswick, contend for the crown; Philip acknowledged, 1207 — assassin- ated, 1208. Otho IV., 1208— expelled, 1215— d. 1218. Frederic II., 1215—1250. Conrad IV., 1250—1254. William, count of Holland, 1254—1256. Richard, earl of Cornwall, 1257—1271 See Alfonso X., k. of Castile. • House of Habsburg. Rudolf I., 1273-1292 Adolphus of Nassau, elected in opposi- tion to Albert of Austria, 1292— falls in battle, 1298. Albert I., 1298—1308. Henry VII., count of Luxemburg, 1308 —1314. Louis IV., duke of Bavaria, elected, 1314 — opposed by Albert's son, Fre- deric ; gains the ascendancy, 1322— d. 1347. Frederic III., elected, 1314 — maintains his title till he is defeated and made prisoner, 1322— d. 1329. Charles IV., marquis of Moravia, 1347 — promulgates the Golden Bull, 1356 — d. 1378. Wenceslas, 1378 — deposed, 1400. Frederic of Brunswick, elected, 1400 — d. in four months. Rupert, count Palatine, 1400—1410. Sigismund, k. of Hungary, 1410 — revolt of the Hussites, 1416— d. 1437. Albert II., 1437; the greatness of the house of Habsburg begins — d. 1440. Frederic IV., 1440—1493. Maximilian I., 1493, the imperial title henceforth conferred by the electors — commencement of the Reformation, 1517— d. 1519. Charles V., k. of Spain, 1519— war with the Protestants, 1546-1552 — retires, 1556— d. 1558. Ferdinand I., 1558—1564. Maximilian II., 1564—1576. Rudolf II., 1576—1612. Matthias, k. of Hungary and Bohemia, 1612 — commencement of the Thirty Years' war, 1618 -d. 1819. Ferdinand II., 1619 — the Protestants, supported by Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, 1630; and by Louis XIII., of France, 1635— d. 1637. Ferdinand HI., 1637 — victories of the Swedes, 1639-1646. See Christina, qu. of Sweden. — Peace of Westphalia, 1648— d. 1657. Leopold I., 1658— Turkish war, Vienna besieged, 1683 — Spanish Succession war, 1701— d. 1705. Joseph I., 1705— 1711. Charles VI., 1711— Pragmatic Sanction, 1713 — d. 1740. War against Maria Theresa, 1741. Charles VII., of Bavaria, 1742—1745. Francis I.,, husband of Maria Theresa, 1745 — Seven Years' War, 1756. See Frederic II., k. of Prussia— d. 1765. Joseph II., 1765—1790. Leopold II., 1790— 1792. Francis II., 1792. Wars with France till 1815. Dissolution of the German GET 361 GHI empire, 1804. See Austria, French Revolution, and Napoleon I. Confederation of the Rhine, 1806. Germany, maritime, from Holland to the Elbe, added to the French empire, Dec. 13, 1810 — new German confederation, 1815. commercial union, or Zollverein, of the central states, under the guidance of Prussia, 1829. constitutional changes, in Saxony, Brunswick, Hesse Cassel, and elsewhere, 1830 — cholera breaks out in northern Germany, 1831 — attempt to revive the German empire, 1848-9. See Franc- fort on the Maine. Gerona. See Girona. Gerontius revolts in Spain ; proclaims JVtaxiraus, and advances into Gaul to attack Constantine,409 — makes Constans prisoner, and puts him to death; be- sieges Constantine in Aries, where he is put to flight by Constantius; de- serted by his soldiers, commits suicide, 411. Gkrson, chancellor of the university of Paris, proposes a general council to ter- minate the schism of the church, 1406 ; and to reform its abuses, 1412 — d. 1429 — his proposed reforms laid before the council of Basle, 1431. Gertruydenburg, conferences held at, for peace with France, March 11 — July 20, 1710— without effeot. Gerundensis. See Biclarensis. Gesenius, Wm, oriental professor in GSttingen, b. 1786— d. 1842. Gesner, Solomon, b. 1730— d. 1788. Gessler, the bailiff of Albert I., of Ger- many, oppresses the Swiss, 1304 — killed by William Tell, 1307. G ersner, Conrad, the naturalist of Zurich, b. 1516— d. 1565. Gesso riacum. See Boulogne. Geta, Cn. Hosidius, quells a revolt in Mau- ritania, 42. Geta, a Roman knight of Leptis in Africa, father of the emperor Sept. Severus, 146. Geta, P. Septimius, son of Sept. Severus, b. 189 — created Caesar, 198 — instructed by the sophist, Antipater, 199 — made consul, 205— accompanies his father to Britain; consul II., 208— Augustus, 209 — becomes emperor, 211 — murdered by his brother, Caracalla, 212. Geta, C. Licinius, consul of Rome, B.C. 116. Geta, P. Sept., brother of Sept. Severus, consul of Rome, 203. Gkt.e. See Goths. Getes, the, or Desht-Jitteh, an Asiatic people north of lake Aral, manifest their jealousy of Timour, 1362 — his first cam- paign against them in Maveralnaher, 1363— defeated by him, 1368 — invade Maveralnaher, but retire on his ap- proach, 1370. Geusen (from Guevx, beggars), a name given to the Protestants in the Nether- lands when they first take up arms, 1566. See Watergeusen. Ghent, plundered by the Danes, 851. See Artevelde, James Van. Receives pri- vileges from Edward III. of England, as vicar of the empire, 1338. See Flan- ders and Gaunt. — Revolts againt Chas. V., 1539 — suppressed, and the citizens deprived of their privileges, 1540 — re- sists the duke of Parma, viceroy of Spain, 1579 — surprised by the French, July 5, 1708 — recovered by the allies, Dec. 30 — peace conclnded at, between Great Britain and the U.S., Dec. 24, 1814— Louis XVIII. retires to, from Paris, Mar. 19, 1815 — the archbp. claims for the Bel- gian prelates the general direction of education ; is deposed by the king, and retires into France, 1817 — railway to Os- tend opened, Sept. 2, 1838. Gherardeschi, count Ugolino de, is de- posed at Pisa, and starved to death in a dungeon, with two of his sons and three grandsons, 1282. Ghibeltns, the imperial party, opposed to the papal or Guelfs, originate in the re- sistance of Henry V. to pope Pascal II.'s claim of investing the German bishops, and in his appointment of the anti- pope, Gregory VIII., 1118— the strife be- comes more vehement from the opposi- tion of Henry Guelf, duke of Bavaria, to the election of the emperor Conrad III, - whose partisans take the name of Ghibe- lins (Wibelinger), from his castle of Wiblingen, 1138. See Guelfs. — Their quarrel extends to Italy, when ages of discord follow ; they support Philip of Swabia against Otho of Brunswick, 1198 — they expel the Guelfs from Ferrara, 1209 — make peace in Florence with the Guelfs, 1250— supported in Lombardy by Eccelino da Romano and Uberto Pela- vicino, 1251-1259 — with the assistance of Manfred, gain possession of Florence, 1260 — Lucca joins their league in Tus- cany, 1262 — invite Conradin, who enters Italy with an army, 1267 — they are sup- ported in Genoa by the families Doria and Spinola, 1270. See Fori J. — Expelled from Gubbio by Cardinal Napoleone Or- sino, 300. See Ferrara. — Maintain their struggle at Pisa, Lucca, and other places, 1314. See Genoa. — Defeat an army sent against them by Robert, k. of Naples, at Andoria,1321 — conference of their leaders and Louis of Bavaria at Trent, 1327 — death of two of th-jir leaders Sciarru GIB 362 ^10 Colonna and Castruccio of Lucca, 1328 — Louis of Bavaria alienates the princi- pal, 1329 — John, k. of Bohemia, recalls the banished Ghibelins to Brescia, and reconciles the two factions, 1331 — John Palseologus, marquis of Montferrat, re* stores the expelled Ghibelins to Asti, 1339— the factions revive, 1403— expire soon afterwards. Ghislieri, Michele, cardinal, elected pope, 1566. See Pius V. Ghuznee. See Gaznah, or Ghizni. — Taken by Sir J. Keane, July 23, 1839— evacuated by the British, Mar. 6— re- covered by general Nott, Sept. 6, 1842. Giafar, Ben Hafsun— see Calib— escapes from Toledo and forms a league with the Christians of Leon against Abdeiahman III., 927— plunders Talavera, 928. Gian, Galeazzo. See Visconte. Gian, Maria. See Visconte. Gibbon, Edward,&. 1737— publishes thefirst vol. in 4to. of his " Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire," 1776 — completes the work, June 27, 1787— d. 1794. Gibbons, Orlando, b. 1583— composer of ma- drigals and church music, 1618— d. 1625. Gibbs, Sir Vicary, b. 1751 — in conjunction with Erskine, defends the parties ac- cused of constructive treason, 1794 — at- torney general, 1807— chief justice of the Court of Common Pleas, Feb. 24, 1814 — resigns, 1818— d. 1820. Gibbus, or Scytha, Johannes, conducts the war successfully, for the emperor Anastasius I., against Longinus, 493. Gibraltar, Gebel al Tarik, the mountain of Tarik, where he lands in Spain, 711 — fortified by Abdelmumen, 1160. See Al- haug Yahix.— Taken by Ferdinand IV. of Castile, 1308— retaken by the Moors, 1332 — besieged by Alfonso XI. of Castile — M uhamad relieves it, 1333 — he renews the siege, and d. of the plague in his camp before it, March 26, 1350 — taken from the Moors by the duke of Medina Sidonia, 1462 — surrenders to sir George Rooke, July 22, 1704— is besieged by the French and Spaniards, Oct. 22— the siege raised by the English fleet, March 10, 1705 — besieged by the Spaniards, 1727 — the siege raised, April 23, 1728 — besieged by the French and Spaniards, Aug. 1779 — relieved by Rodney, Jan. 1780 — by Darby. 1781— successfully defended by general Eliott and sir R. Curtis against the grand attack, Sept. 13,1782 — the siege raised, 1783. Gibson, Dr. Edmund, bp. of Lincoln, Dec. 17, 1715 — (bp. of London) orders Dr. Mead's new edition of " Christianismi Restitutio" to be burnt, May 29, 1723. Gibson, J., sculptor, b. 1790. Gideon, judge of Israel, conquers the Mi- dianites, B.C. 1245 (1351 II., 1354 C.) Giessen, the university of, founded, 1607 — the French retire to, after the battle of Minden, 1759. Gifford, Dr., the Romish bp., appointed president of Magdalen College by James I., Dec. 31, 1687. Gifford, sir Robert, attorney general, 1819 — opens the case against qu. Caroline, Aug. 19, 1820— calls the witness Ma- jocchi, 21— replies, Sept. 27— created a peer, and appointed master of the Rolls, April 1, 1824. Gifford, John, b. 1758 — editor of the Anti- Jacobin Review, 1806— d. 1818. Gifford, William, editor of the Quarterly Review, b. 1755— d. 1826. Gijon, taken by Pelayo, 719, the fruit of his first victory over the Saracens — a Spanish deputation arrives from, to re- quest the assistance of Great Britain against the aggressions of France, May 30, 1808. Gilberga, widow of Carloman, and her two infant sons, seek the protection of Desiderius, k. of Lombardy, 771^ they are sent to France by Charlemagne, and are never again heard of, 774. Gilbert, earl of Pembroke, favourite of Henry III. 1240. Gilbert, makes the first attempt to found a colony in Virginia, 1578. Gilbert, Dr. Wm., of Colchester, more clearly ascertains the nature and power of electricity, 1600— d. 1603. Gilbert, Mr. Davies, b. 1767— elected pre- sident of the Royal Society, 1827 — d. 1839. Gilbert's Act for the management of work- houses passed, 1782. Gil Blas. See Le Sage. Gildas, historian, b. 516 — d. 570. Gildo, the brother of Firmus, oppresses Africa, 386— revolts, and by stopping the supply of corn, causes a famine in Rome, 397 - defeated by his brother, Mascezel, 398. Gildonio war. See Claudian. Gillies, Dr., b. 1746— d. 1836. Gilling, or Ingethlingum, Oswin, titular k. of Deira, murdered at. by Oswy, k. of Northumberland, 650. Gilly, Dr., b. 1789— d. 1855. Ginkel, general. See Aughrim and Ath- lone, earl of. Gioja, Flavio. See Compass, The Ma- riners'. Giordano, Luca, b. 1629— d. 1705. Giorgio, Marino, doge of Venice, 1311- 1312. Giotto, b. 1276— the first painter of por- 1 traits from life, fl. 1318-d. 1336. GIZ 363 OLA Giovanni, Gastone (John Gaston), the last of the Medici, second son of Cosmo III., grand duke of Tuscany, succeeds his fa- thei - , 1723—d. 1737, when his states are given to Francis Stephen, duke of Lor- raine, husband of Maria Theresa. Giovanni of Vicenza, the friar, preaches peace among the cities and states of Italy ; assembles their deputies on a plain near Verona, where a treaty of con- cord is signed, which lasts only six days, 1233. Giraro, the French gen., defeated by gen. Hill at Arroyo del Molino, near Merida, Oct. 28, 1811 — killed in the battle of Ligny, June 16, 1815. Girona, or Gerona, surrendered to Charle- magne, 785 — recovered by the Saracens, 793 — again taken from them, 796 — con- quered by the generals of Charlemagne, 800 — taken by Philip III. of France, and recovered by Peter of Aragon, 1285 — surrendered to the French, Jan. 31, 1711 — Ferdinand VII. arrives there, March 24, 1814. Giromde, the department of the, revolts, June, 1793. Girondists, enter on office in France, Apr. 1792 — are dismissed, in June ; recalled, Aug. 14 — fail in their attempt to restrain the Jacobins, Sept, — overpowered by them, June, 1793 — Brissot and others are executed, Oct. 31. Gisborne, the rev. T., b. 1759— d. 1846. Giselbert, duke of Burgundy, 923-938. See Burgundy. Giselich, natural son of Alaric II., pro- claimed k. of the Visigoths, 507. See Amalarich. — Withdraws into Africa, 509— d. 510. Gisolfo II., duke of Beneventum, invades Campania, 702. Gisors, the disputed castle of, in Norman- dy, causes war between England and France, 1109— interview of Henry I. of England with pope Callistus II., at, 1119 — battle of; Richard I. defeats the French, 1198. See Dieu et mon Droit. Githa, sister of the jarl Ulf, married to earl Godwin, 1024. Giuliano, consul of Venice, 740. Giuliano. See Julian de' Medici. Giulio. See Julius de' Medici. Giurgevo, threatened by the Austrians, 1790— the Russians fail in an attempt to storm the Turkish camp at, July 23, 1854. Giustiniani, M. Ant., doge of Venice, 1684 -1688. Givet, destruction of the French maga- zines at, by the earl of Athlone and the Dutch general, Coehorn, 1696. Gizzi, cardinal, appointed secretary of state by pope Pius IX., 1846. Glaber, of Clugny, writes his Chronicle 1033— d. 1048. Glabrio, Jun., consul of Rome, 152. Glabrio, consul of Rome, 256. Glabrio, Man. Acilius, consul of Rome, defeats Antiochus at Thermopylae, B.C. 191. Glabrio, M. Acilius, consul of Rome ; his appointment to command the army of the East causes a mutiny, b.c. 67 — other consuls of the same name, a.d. 91, 124, 186 II. Gladiators introduced at Rome, by M. and D. Brutus, B.C. 264 — the emperor Commodus exhibits among them, a.d. 187— their combats prohibited by Con- stantine I., but not suppressed, 325 — ex- hibited for the last time by Houorius, 404. Gladsmuir, or Prestonpans, battle of; sir John Cope defeated by the Young Pretender, Sept. 21, 1745. Gladstone, W. E., 5. 1809— retires from the Board of Trade, Feb. 14, 1845— be- comes colonial secretary, Dec. 20 — as chancellor of the exchequer is reseated for the university of Oxford, Jan. 26, 1853 — proposes to double the income tax, March 6, 1854— withdraws from the Pal- merstou ministry, Feb. 22, 1855. Glanville, Rainulfus de, chief justice, 1180. Glaris, joins the Swiss confederation, 1352 — contest with Zurich for the county of Toggenburg, 1436— a canton, under the new federative compact, 1814. Glasgow, university of, founded, 1454 — made an archbishopric, 1491 — abolished, 1638 — tumults at, on account of the malt* tax, June 25, 1725 — riots against the pro- posed tax on raw cotton, 1811 — larg6 meeting of the working classes to peti- tion for reform, 1819 — public dinner to the earl of Durham, Oct. 29, 1834— sir Robert Peel rector of the university, Nov. 16, 1836 — British Association meets at, 1840— railway to Ayr, Aug. 12, 1840; to Greenock, March 31, 1841 ; from Edin- burgh, Feb. 8, 1842— statue of the duke of Wellington erected, 1844— railway to Garnkirk, July, 1845 — tumult in, March, 1848 — Lord Eglintoun, lord rector of the university, Nov. 30, 1852— inauguration of the queen's statue, Sept. 6, 1854 — the British Association meets at, Sept. 12, 1855. Glass, introduced into England by Bene- dict Biscop, 676 — the manufacture brought from Venice, 1673. See Buck- ingham, duke of. — Glass lamps used in the streets of London, 1736. Glastonbury, the minster founded by Ina, k. of Wessex, 718. See Dunstan. — Tu- GLO 364 GLY mults in the abbey, 1083— town and I abbey burnt, 1184. Glatz taken by Laudohn, 1760. Glaucia, Servilius, disturbs Rome, with. Saturninus Apuleius, by their factious violence, B.C. 100. Glaucides, Athenian archon, B.C. 439. Glaucippus, Athenian archon, B.C. 410. Glaucus of Chios introduces welding or soldering of iron, B.C. 691. Glencoe, massacre of the Macdonalds at, Feb., 1692 — inquiry into the massacre by the Scotch parliament, 1695. Glendoweb, Owen, revolts in Wales, 1401 — enters into a conspiracy to place Mor- timer, earl of March, on the throne; the conspiracy defeated at the battle of Shrewsbury, July 21, 1403— defeated by Henry, prince of Wales, at Monmouth, May 11 — still maintains himself in his mountain retreats, 1405— d. at Monning- ton, in Herefordshire, Sept. 20, 1415. Glevum. See Gloucester. Globe Theatre, in Southwark. See Dra- ma and Shakspear. Glossators, early Italian jurists, assert the imperial jurisdiction at the Diet of Roncaglia, 1158. Gloucester, the Glevum of Roman times, and an early Colonia, taken by Ceawlin, k. of Wessex, 577— Edwy and his qu., Elgiva, d. there, 959 — the bishopric founded, by Henry VIII., 1541— besieg- ed by Chas. I.; defended by col. Massey, and relieved by Essex, Sept. 6, 1643— the walls of, destroyed, by order of Chas. II., 1662 — Sunday schools originated at, by Robert Raikes, 1781— railway from Bir- mingham, Sept. 17, 1840— from Bristol, July, 1844— to Chepstow, Sept. 1851. Gloucester, Robert, earl of, a natural son of Henry I., supports the claim of his Bister, Matilda, to the crown, 1139— taken prisoner by Stephen's partisans, is re- leased in exchange for him, 1141 — brings her son, Henry, from Normandy, and de- feats Stephen at Wilton, 1143— d. Oct. 31, 1146. Gloucester, Richard, earl of, confederates with Simon de Montfort, earl of Leices- ter, 1258— supports Henry III., and d. soon after, 1263. Gloucester, Gilbert, earl of, son of Rich- ard, engages in Leicester's views, 1263 — takes the k. of the Romans prisoner at the battle of Lewes, 1264 — assists the escape of prince Edward, and joins the royal party, 1265— rebels again, submits, and is pardoned, 1267— accompanies Ed- ward to the Holy Land, 1270— marries his daughter, Joanna of Acre, 1287— is fined by him for trespassing on the lands of Bohun, ca*. of Hereford, 1291. Gloucester, earl of, son of Gilbert, and nephew of Edw. II., slain in the battle of Bannockburn, 1314. Gloucester, Humphrey, duke of. See Humphrey, duke of Gloucester. Gloucester, Thomas, duke of, youngest son of Edw. III., b. 1358 — receives his title from his nephew, Richard II., and the command of the army in France ; marches at the head of 10,000 men from Calais to Britanny ; the duke of Bur- gundy avoids a battle, 1380 — induces the parliament to appoint a commission of fourteen persons to execute the sove- reign power in the kingdom for a year, 1386 — accuses the king's friends and mi- nisters of treason, and compels them to flight, 1387— violent proceedings of his party, 1388— he is excluded from the council, 1389— arrested on a charge of high treason, and sent to Calais, where he dies suddenly, 1397. Gloucester, Richard, duke of. See Rich- ard III., k. of England. Gloucester, Henry, duke of, youngest son of Chas. I., h. 1641 — confined in Caris- brooke Castle, 1649— sent by Cromwell to France, 1653— £5000 voted to him by parliament, 1660— d. of the small-pox, 1661. Gloucester, William Frederic, (after- wards) duke of, son of Wm. Henry, duke of Gloucester, b. Jan. 15, 1776— elected chancellor of Cambridge, Mar. 26, 1811 — marries his cousin, the princess Mary, July 22, 1816— d. Nov. 13, 1834. Gloucester, William Henry, (afterwards) duke of, third son of Frederic Louis, prince of Wales, b. Nov. 14, 1743 — mar- ries lady Waldegrave, Sept. 6, 1766— the marriage publicly declared, Sept. 17, 1772 — received at court for the first time after, June 15, 1780— d. Aug. 25, 1805. Gloucester, the duchess of. See Hum- phrey, duke of. Gloucester, duchess of. See Mary, fourth daughter of Geo. III. Gloucestershire. See Doddridge. Glover, Richard, b, 1712— d. 1785. Gluck, Christopher, musical composer, b. 1714— d. 1787.' Glucksburo Schleswig Holstein, Chris- tian, duke of, recognized by treaty as presumptive heir to the crown of Den- mark, May 8, 1852. Gluckstadt repels Wallenstein, 1627 — su- preme court of justice established at, for Holstein and Schleswig, 1752. Glycerius, appointed emperor of the West, pays Widimir, the Ostrogoth, to retire from his invasion of Italy, 473 — resigns, and is made bp. of Salona, 474— a!. 480. GOD 365 GOU Glycon, Olympic victor, B.C. 588. Gmelin, Samuel Gottlieb, a German na- turalist, b. 1743 — murdered in Tartary, 1774. Gmelin, professor John Frederic, b. 1748 — d. 1805. Gneisenau, Von, Prussian general in the campaigns of 1813-14. Gnesna. the archbishopric of, in Poland, founded by Otho III., 1000. Gnostics, the general name of the Greek converts who adapt their Christianity to their philosophy, 67— their doctrines taught by Saturninus, 111 — by Basilides, at Alexandria, 134 — by Valentine, at Rome, 140 — veiy prevalent in the East, 150. Goa conquered by the Portuguese, 1510. Godegesil. See Gundibald. Godehen replaces Dupleix as French go- vernor in India, and concludes a provisi- onal treaty with the English at Pondi- cherry, Dec. 26, 1754. Goderich, viscount. See Robinson, Fre- deric. — Colonial secretary in Canning's administration, Apr. 1827— prime minis- ter, Aug. 17 ; resigns, Jan. 1828 — colonial secretary in lord Grey's cabinet, Nov. 22, 1830. See Ripon, earl of. Godescalc, duke of Beneventum, mur- dered by his people, 742. Godfrey, k. of South Jutland, attacks the Obotrites and burns Rerich, 804— con- structs the first Danawerk on the Eyder, 808 — slain by his own people during a maritime expedition against Friesland. 810. Godfrey of Bouillon, son of Eustace, earl of Boulogne, and Ida, sister of Godfrey IV., duke of Lower Lorraine, receives Antwerp from the emperor Henry IV., 1076— mortally wounds the rival empe- ror Rudolf, in the battle of Zeiz, Oct. 15, 1080 — becomes duke of Lower Lor- raine, Godfrey VI., 1089— goes to the first crusade, 1096. See Crusaders. — Elected k. of Jerusalem, July 23, 1099— frames the Assise of Jerusalem, for the government of his kingdom, 1099 — d. July 18, 1100. Godfrey, chieftain of the Danes in Fries- laud, invited to a conference, and treach- erously slain, 885. Godfrey I., duke of Lower Lorraine, 959 -964. Godfrey II., duke of Lower Lorraine, 964 -976. Godfrey III., duke of Lower Lorraine, 1005-1023. Godfrey IV., succeeds his father, Gon- thelon, as duke of Lower Lorraine, 1043 — rebels, is defeated, and his duchy given to Frederic of Luxemburg, 1049— mar- ries Beatrice, widow of Boniface, duke of Tuscany, 1054. See Beatrice.— Guar- dian of Matilda, countess of Tuscany, 1055 — submits to the imperial a thority, 1057— supports pope Alexander III., 1061 — drives the anti-pope,Cadalo,from Rome, and secures the papacy to Alexander, 1062— leads an army against Richard, count of Aversa, who had invaded the papal states, 1066— d. 1070. Godfrey V., the Hunchbacked, duke of Lower Lorraine, 1070-1076. See Gosse- lon. Godfrey VI. See Godfrey of Bouillon. Godfrey VII., duke of Lower Lorraine, 1106-1128. Godfrey VIII., duke of Lower Lorraine, 1140-1143. Godfrey IX., duke of Lower Lorraine, 1143-1190. Godfrey, Sir Edmundburv, murdered, Oct. 17, 1678. Godiya (Godgyfu). See Leofbic, earl of Coventry. Godolphin, Sidney lord, employed by Chas. II., 1684— by Wm. III., 1689— head of the treasury, 1690— urged by Marlborough to accept the office of lord high treasurer to qu. Anne, 1702 — created an earl, 1706 — dismissed, Aug. 8, 1710— d Sept. 15, 1712. Godolphin, Harriett, countess of, takes the title of duchess of Marlborough after her father's death, 1722. Godoy, Manuel, b. 1764— minister of Chas. IV., k. of Spain, and favourite of his qu., assumes the title of prince of Peace, 1795— dismissed, 1808— d. 1851. " God save the king." See Bull, Dr. John. Godunow murders Dmitri, the brother of Feodor, czar of Russia, which prepares the extinction of Ruric's race, 1591. See Boris Godunow. Godwin, earl, son of Wulfnoth, Child of Sussex, marries Ulf's sister, Githa, 1024 — created earl of Kent, 1031 — takes Alfred the Etheling prisoner, 1036. See Alfred the Etheling.— His daughter, Edgitha, married to Edward the Con- fessor, 1043— his son, Sweyn, invades the western counties of England, 1046. See Sweyn, son of Godwin. — Banished, with his sons, 1051 — returns, and is reconciled to k. Edward, 1052— d. 1053. Godwin. See Elphege II. Godwin, William, b. 1755— d. 1836. See Wolstoncraft, Mary. Godwin, Mary (afterwards Shelley), b. 1797 -d. 1851. G6dol6, battle of; defeat of the Austriana by the Magyars, Apr. 6, 1849. Goeelitz. See Elizabeth of Luxemburg GOL 366 GON Goeetz, baron, intrigues with Alberoni against George I., k. of Great Britain, 1713 — Charles XII. of Sweden enters into his plot, 1716 — G6rtz imprisoned at the Hague, and the evidence of his in- trigues is laid before the parliament of Great Britain, 1717. See Gyllenbubg. — Beheaded at Stockholm, 1719. Goethe, b. 1748 — obtains the patronage of the duke of Saxe- Weimar, by his " Sor- rows of Werther," 1774 — Napoleon visits him at Weimar, and presents him with the decoration of the Legion of Honour, 1808 — d. 1832 — commemoration of, at Francfort, Aug. 28, 1849 — his corre- spondence with Schiller taken from the sealed casket, and ordered to be printed, May 17, 1850. Gottingen, university of, founded, 1734 — occupied by the French, 1757 — recovered by prince Ferdinand of Brunswick, 1758 —again taken by the French 1760 — re- taken by Ferdinand, 1761. Goito, battle of; the Austrians repulsed by Charles Albert, k. of Sardinia, May 30, 1848. Gold, a single piece, weighing 106 lbs., received by Matheson and Co., from Australia, Dec. 22, 1851. Gold diggings, Australian, riot at, sup- pressed by Sir Charles Hotham, Dec. 4, 1854. Gold flobins, coined by Edward III., 1337 —and nobles, 1344. Gold, light, called in, in England, June 1842. Gold mines discovered in Mount Pangseus, by Philip of Macedon, b.c. 356. Gold begions. See Califoenia, and Aus- TBALtA. Golden bull. See Gebmany and Chables IV., emperor, 1356.— Granted by Andrew II., k. of Hungary, giving privileges to the nobles and clergy, 1222. Golden Fleece. See Fleece. Golden Horde of Mongolians establish themselves on the plains of Kipzak, under Batou, grandson of Dschingis Khan, 1235. See Batou.— Russia tribu- tary to them, 1243. See Alexandeb Newski, and Alexandeb II., grand- duke. — I wan II. does homage to them for Russia, 1353— attacked by Timour, 1392 — Hadji Kerai separates from them, to establish the khanate of Crim Tartary, 1441 — they take prisoner Vassili III., grand prince of Moscow, 1445 — release him, 1448 — Iwan III. discontinues the tribute to them, 1477— crushed by the Nogay Tartars in the battle of Biela- wesch, 1481. Golden lane. See Gas lights. Golden legend. See Vabagine, Jacopo d«. Goldie, Brigadier-general, killed at Inker- mann, Nov. 5, 1854. Goldoni, Carlo, b. 1707— d. 1793. Goldschmidt, discovers the planet " Lu- tetia," Nov. 15, 1852— " Pomona," Oct. 26, 1854— " Atalanta," at Paris, Oct. 5, 1855. Goldsmid, Abraham, an eminent mer- chant, commits suicide, 1810. Goldsmith, Oliver, b. 1728— d. 1774. Goldsmiths' Company, origin of the, in London, 1327— give a banquet to lord Gough, April 24, 1850. Goletta, taken by Don John of Austria, 1573— recovered by the Turks, 1574. Goliath, the Philistine, slain by David, b.c. 1063. Golovin, the Russian general, defeated by the Circassians, 1840. Golovtchin, battle of, Charles XII. gains a fruitless victory over the Russians, July 4, 1708. Gomaeians, Dutch Calvinists, disciples of Gomarus,are favoured by prince Maurice and the States General, 1609. See Doe- tbecht, synod of. Gomabus, Francis, opposes Arminius, and founds the Calvinis tic church of Holland, 1604— d. 1641. See Abminius. Gombboon, on the Persian Gulf, English factory established at, 1613 — abandoned, 1761. Gomoebah, destruction of, b.c. 1897. Gonatas. See Antigonus Gonatas. Gondemab, k. of the Burgundians, 523-534. See Buegundians. Gondibeet, son of Aribert, k. of Lombardy, on his father's death divides the king- dom with his brother, Bertaridus, 661 — quarrels with him and applies to Grim- oald for protection, by whom he is mur- dered, 662. Gondomae, Spanish ambassador in Lon- don, protests against sir Walter Ra- leigh's expedition, 1617 — proposes the marriage of Chas., prince of Wales, to a Spanish princess, 1618. Gonsalves, youngest son of Sancho III., k. of Navarre, receives Sobrarbe for his share of his father's dominions, 1035 — on his death, his brother, Ramiro I., an- nexes Sobrarbe to Arragon— d. 1038. Gonsalvo, count of Castile, poisons Sancho I., k. of Leon, 967. Gonsalvo. See Gonzales and Coedova. Gonthaeis, leader of the Moors, defeats and kills Areobindus ; after which he is slain at a banquet by Artasires, 545. Gonthelon, or Gothelon, duke of Lower Lorraine, 1023— and of Upper Lorraine, 1033— defeats and slays Eudes, count of Champagne, Sept. 17, 1027. See Conbad II., emperor of Germany — d. 1043. : GON 367 GON Gonthelon II , his son, duke of Upper Lorraine, 1043-1045. Gonteam, or Gontran, son of Chlotair. See Burgundy or Okleans. Gonville, Edmund, founds the college, now Caius and Gonville college, Cam- bridge. See Caius and Cambridge. Gonzaga, Luigi da, made lord of Mantua by his sons Guido, Filippo, and Feltrino, 1328 — they obtain possession of Reggio, 1335— Luigi, d. 1360. Gonzaga, Guido, lord of Mantua, 1360 — attacked by Bernarbo Visconte, 1368 — d. 1369. Gonzaga, Luigi, or Louis II., lord of Mantua, 1369 — puts to death his bro- thers Ugolino and Francesco, d. 1382. Gonzaga, Francis I., lord of Mantua, 1382 — accuses his wife, Agnes Visconte, of infidelity, and puts her to death, 1391 — joins in the league against Gian Galeazzo Visconte, and in the peace concluded with him, 1392 — renews hostilities, 1397 —makes peace again, 1398 — one of the regents of Milan, 1402— d. Mar. 17, 1407. Gonzaga, John Francis I., son of Francis I., b. 1392 — marquis of Mantua, 1407— joins the league against Philip Maria Visconte,duke of Milan, 1426— concludes, with his allies, peace at Ferrara, Apr. 18, 1428-d. Sept. 24, 1444. Gonzaga, Louis III., son of John Francis I., marquis of Mantua, 1444— enters into alliance with Francesco Sforza, duke of Milan, against Venice, 1451 — assents to the treaty of peace, 1454 — a congress held by pope Pius II. at Mantua, fails to form a league against the Turks, 1459 .—Louis d. 1478. Gonzaga, Carlo da, commands the Vene- tian army, 1451. Gonzaga, Frederic I., son of Louis III., marquis of Mantua, 1478 — coalesces with other Italian States to protect Fer- rara against Venice, 1482 — d. July 15,1484. Gonzaga, Francis II., son of Frederic I., marquis of Mantua, 1484 — joins the league of Cambray against Venice, 1508 — gives an asylum to the duke of Ur- bino, 1517— d. Feb. 20, 1519. Gonzaga, Frederic II., son of Francis II., marquis of Mantua, 1519 — receives the title of duke from the emperor Chas. V., 1530 — acquires Montferrat, 1536 — d. June 28, 1540. Gonzaga, Hercules, second son of Fran- cis II., a cardinal and regent of Mantua during the minority of his nephew, Francis III., 1540. Gonzaga, Ferrante, or Ferdinand, youngest 6on of Francis II., commands the light cavalry in the imperial army against the Turks, 1532 — becomes duke of Mol- fetta and Guastalla, 1539 — serves in the Spanish army in the Netherlands, where he d. at Brussels, 1557. Gonzaga, Luigi, surnamed Rodomonti, a general in the service of pope Clement VII., treacherously seizes Ancona, 1532. Gonzaga, Francis III, son of Ferdinand II., duke of Mantua, 1540— drowned in the lake, 1550. Gonzaga, William, second son of Frederic II., duke of Mantua, 1558 — made duke of Montferrat, 1574— d. Aug. 13, 1587. Gonzaga, Vincent I., only son of William, becomes duke of Mantua and Montfer- rat, 1587— d. Feb. 18, 1612. Gonzaga, Francis IV., son of Vincent I., b. 1585— succeeds his father, Feb. 18, 1612— d. Dec. 22. Gonzaga, Louis, only son of Francis IV., d. a few days before his father, Dec. 1612. Gonzaga, Maria, daughter of Francis IV., marries Charles Gonzaga, 1627. Gonzaga, Ferdinand, second son of Vin- cent I.; created a cardinal, 1606 — suc- ceeds his brother, Francis IV., 1612— Montferrat claimed and invaded by Chas. Emanuel L, duke of Savoy, 1613— France and Spain engage in the quarrel, and a general war follows in Northern Italy ; peace concluded, and the duke of Savoy's claim is renounced, 1617 — Ferdinand d. Oct. 29, 1626. Gonzaga, Vincent II., third son of Vincent I., b. 1594 — created a cardinal, 1615 — suc- ceeds his brother Ferdinand as duke of Mantua and Montferrat, 1626— d. 1627. Gonzaga, Octavius, killed at the siege of Vercelli, 1617. Gonzaga, Louis, third son of Frederic II., goes to France, where, by his marriage with the heiress, he obtains the duke- dom of Nevers and Bethel, 1540. Gonzaga, Charles I., grandson of Louis, duke of Nevers, b. 1576 — as next heir succeeds Vincent II. in Mantua and Montferrat, and marries Maria, daughter of Francis IV., 1627 —supported by France and Venice against the duke of Savoy and other claimants, who are assisted by Austria and Spain; another war kindled, 1628 — Montferrat invaded ; siege of Casal begun and abandoned ; treaty of Susa concluded and broken; Mantua block- aded, 1629 — taken and sacked, 1630 — re- stored by the treaty of Cherasco ; part of Montferrat given up to the duke of Savoy, 1631— d. Sept. 25, 1637. Gonzaga, Charles, duke of Bethel, son of Chas. I., d. at Goito, Sept. 14, 1631. Gonzaga, Charles II., his son, b. 1631 — succeeds his grandfather, Charles I„ 1637 —d. 1665. Gonzaga, Ferdinand Charles, son of Chae. OOR 368 GOS II., b. 1652— succeeds his father, 1665— marries Anna Isabella, daughter of Fer- dinand III., duke of Guastalla, 1670— claims and takes possession of the duchy, 1679 — is deprived of it by the emperor Leopold I., 1692— joins France in the war of the Spanisti succession, 1701 — Mantua besieged by prince Eu- gene of Savoy, and relieved by the duke de Venddtne, 1702— his States seized by the emperor Joseph II., and he d. at Padua, the last of the Mantuan line, July 5, 1708. Gonzaga, Anna Isabella, widow of Chas. Ferdinand, d. at Paris, Dec. 19, 1710. Gonzaga, Csesar I., duke of Guastalla, 1557-1575. Goxzaga, Ferdinand II., duke of Guas- talla, 1575-1630. Gonzaga, Csesar II., duke of Guastalla, 1630-1632. Gonzaga, Ferdinand III., duke of Guas- talla, 1632-1678. See Gonzaga, Ferdi- nand Charles, duke of Mantua. Gonzaga, Csesar, son of Ferdinand III., b. 1663— d. 1670. Gonzaga, Vincent, b. 1634 — cousin of Fer- dinand III ., is appointed Spanish vice- roy in Sicily, 1678— claims Guastalla, 1679— acquires it, 1692— d. April 28, 1714. Gonzaga, Antony Ferdinand, succeeds his father Vincent, as duke of Guastalla, 1714— d. 1729. Gonzaga, Joseph, brother of Antony Fer- dinand, succeeds him, 1729 — d. the last of his line, 1746. Gonzales de Cordova. See Casal. Good, John Mason, b. 1765- d. 1827. Goodman's Fields, theatre opened, Oct. 2, 1732. See Gaeriok, David. Goo.ierat, battle of; lord Gough defeats the Sikhs, Feb. 21, 1849. Goolistan, peace of, between Eussia and Persia, 1813. Gordianus, C. Marcus Antonius, procon- sul of Africa, proclaimed joint emperor of Rome, with his son, commonly known as the two Gordians ; after a reign of thirty-six days are defeated and slain, 238. See Capelianus. Gormanus, M. Antonius, the grandson, or Gordian the Younger, b. 225 — emperor of Rome,238 — extricated by Misitheus from the pernicious influence of the eunuchs of the palace ; consul 239 — marries Tran- quillina, daughter of Misitheus ; consul II., 241— successful war against Persia; Mesopotamia recovered, 242 — murdered by his soldiers near Circesium (Carche- mish), 244. Gordon, adm., commands the Russian fleet at the siege of Dantzic, 1734. Gordon, lord George, b. 1750— tenders the petition of the Protestant Association tc lord North, Jan. 4, 1780— heads the No Popery Riots, June 2 — is committed to the Tower, 9 — indicted for high trea- son, Nov. 10 — tried, but escapes pu- nishment, Feb. 5, 1781 — becomes a con- vert to Judaism, 1786 — convicted of two libels, June 6, 1787 — sentenced to five years' imprisonment, Jan. 28, 1788 — d. in Newgate, 1793. Gordon, the duke of, joins the duke of Cumberland at Aberdeen, 1746. Gordon, sir J. M., 39 years Q.M.G.— d.1851. Gordon, Katharine, daughter of the earl of Huntley, married to Perkin Warbeck, 1495— falls into the hands of Henry VII. ; is kindly treated and pensioned, 1497. Gordon, the rev. Lockhart, and his bro- ther, Loudon, tried at Oxford for the ab- duction of Mrs. Lee, and acquitted, the lady having been a consenting partv, March 3, 1804. Goree, the isle of, surrenders to commo- dore Keppel, Dec. 22, 1758 — restored to France by the treaty of Paris, 1763 — again taken from the French, Aug. 8, 1779- restored, 1783. Goree Buildings. See Fires, Liverpool. Gorgias, Athenian archon, b.c. 280. Gorgias, of Leontium, fl., and has many eminent scholars, B.C. 459 — as ambassa- dor from Leontium, asks aid from Athens against the Syracusans, 427. Gorham, the Rev. G. C, for his opinion on baptismal regeneration is refused admis- sion to the living of Bampford Speke, by Dr. Philpotts, bp. of Exeter, andinsti- tutes proceedings; the case argued, Feb 17, 1849— decision of sir Herbert Jenner Fust against him, Aug. 2 — reversed by the privy council, March 8, 1850 — rule applied for, on behalf of the bishop by sir F. Kelly, refused by lord Camp- bell, Apr. 25 ; and by chief justice Wilde,. May 27 — Mr. Gorham admitted to his livings, July 20— inducted, Aug. 6-11 — the churchwardens urged to report his heresies, Aug. 16— d. 1857. Goring, the royalist general, is taken pri- soner at Wakefield, May 21, 1643. Goritz. See Charles X., k. of France. Gorm, k. of Denmark, 855 — conquers Jut- land, 863 — tolerates Christianity, 934 — d. 936. Gortchakof, the Russian general, enters Bucharest, July 28, 1853 — refuses tc negotiate or retire, Oct. 27 — evacuates the Turkish territories, June 24, 1854. Gosford, lord, dissolves the Lower Canada House of Assembly, Sept. 21, 1836. Goshen, settlement of Jacob and his fa- mily in, B.C. 1706 (1863 H., 1840 C, about 1400 L.) GOT 369 GOT Gcspels. See Bible, and Egbert, abbot of lona. Gosselon, or Godfrey V., the. Hunchbacked, son of Godfrey IV., duke of Lorraine, succeeds his father, 1070 — marries Ma- tilda, countess of Tuscany, 1073 — assas- sinated, 1076. Gotarzes, son of Artabanns II., king of Parthia, kills his brother, Artabanns, and is himself expelled by Vardanus, 43 — regains his kingdom, 47 — d. 50. Gothenburg, built by Charles IX., k. of Sweden, 1605 — seat of the Swedish East India Company, 1731 — besieged by the Danes, and relieved by the intervention of Great Britain, Prussia, and Holland, 1788. Gothic dialects mixed with the Latin language in Italy, Gaul, and Spain, 584. Gothic pointed style of architecture intro- duced, 1180. Gothland, the isle of, invaded by the Teutonic Knights, 1397 — conquered by them ; Margaret attempts, without suc- cess, to recover it : but. by the treaty of Copenhagen, obtains the right of redeem- ing it for an equivalent, 1398 — given up to the Danes, 1524 — ceded to Sweden by the treaty of Bromsebr6, 1645 — conquer- ed by the Danish admiral, Niels Jael, 1677— restored to Sweden by the peace of Lund, 1679. Gothland, East, a province of Sweden, given, at the death of Gustavus Vasa, to one of his younger sons, 1560. Goths, the second stem-tribe or generic division of European population, follow- ers and supplanters of the Kelts ; first known in Asia under the indefinite name of Scythians (Skuthae). See Scythians. — A large portion of them appear more distinctly as Massagetse. See Massa- get^e. — Push forward to the Araxes, b.c. 635 — are encountei-ed by Cyrus, 529 ; by Darius Hystaspes, 507 ; by Alexan- der, on the Oxus and Jaxartes, 329 — as they advance in Europe, they impel the Kelts on the newly-conquered provinces of Rome, 114 — divided into many tribes, occupy the greater part of Germany, 71. See Germany. Ovid learns their language, and holds intercourse with them in Lower Moesia, as Getae, a.d. 8 — fresh bands arrive from Asia, cross the Danube, and ra- vage Thrace, 249. See Decius, em- peror of Rome. — Receive a large sum of money from Gallus to quit the empire, 252 — ravage Macedon and Greece, 256— repelled by Aurelian. lieutenant of the emperors, 257 — fit out naval armaments on the Euxine, and take Trebizond, 258 -plunder Chalcedon, Nice, Nicomedia, and all the principal cities in Bithynia ; Valerian marches as far as Cappadocia to oppose them, 259 — they pass the Bos- phorus, ravage the coasts of Greece, and burn the temple of Diana at Ephesus, 262— expelled from Asia, 263 — various bands, some called Heruli, ravage Greece and Asia, 267. See Heruli.— Signally defeated by Claudius, at Naissus, in Moesia, 269 — again defeated by him ; his successor, Aurelian, makes peace, and relinquishes Dacia to them, 270 — other bands defeated by him in Thrace, 272 — they invade Asia; Tacitus proceeds against them, 276 — expelled from Thrace by Probus, 278 — Constantine defends the frontier of the Danube against them, 319. See Constantine 1. They oppress the Sarmatians, who, being unable to defend themselves, im- plore the protection of the Romans ; the Csesar, Constantine, conducts the war successfully, and concludes a peace ; for the observance of which, the Gothic chieftain, Araric, gives his son as a hos- tage, 332 — harass Thrace, 365 — some Goths, marching to assist Procopius, are compelled to surrender, 366 — Ul- philas translates the Scriptures iuto their language, and teaches Arianism among them, 373 — they divide into two bodies, the Eastern and the West- ern. See Ostrogoths and Visigoths. — They both cross the Danube, and obtain a settlement in the Roman em- pire; are oppressed and famished by the officers of Valens, and plunder the Roman provinces, 377 — defeat Va- lens at Hadrianople, Aug. 9, 378. See Valens, emperor of Rome. — They are masters of the whole country to the gates of Constantinople, 378— checked by Theodosius, 379 — he reduces them to obedience, 380. See Ostrogoths and Visigoths. Gotthard, St., on the Raab, in Hungary battle of; the Turks completely defeated by the united forces of Germany, France, and Italy, under Montecuccoli, Aug. 1 1664. Gottschalk, the monk, raises the Predes- tinarian controversy, 847 — his doctrines are condemned by a council at Mentz, and he is sent to Hincmar. arehbp. of Rheims, 848 — sentenced by the council of Quercy to be flogged, and to perpetual imprisonment, 849 — his tenets are at- tacked by Hincmar and Scotus Erigena, and defended by Prudentius, Elbrus Ma- gister, and Remigius, 854 — d. in prison, 869. Gottschalk, the priest, leads one of the first bands of crusaders, 1096. B B GKA 370 GRA Gough, Hugh, lord, b. 1779— takes the command in China, and proceeds to attack Canton, March 18, 1841 — occu- pies Lahore, Feb. 20, 1846— created a bai'on; pensions voted to him by the E. I. Company, and by Parliament, May 4 ; defeats the Sikhs at Chillianwallah, Jan. 13, 1849— again, at Goojerat, Feb. 21 ; E. I. C. banquet to him, on his re- turn, March 23, 1850 — banquet of the Goldsmiths' Company to him, April 24. Goulburn, Henry, b. 1784— chancellor of the exchequer, 1828-1830 — again, 1834- 1835— a third time, 1841-1846— d. 1856. Goulburn, Henry, the younger, d. 1843. Gourgaud, gen., accompanies Napoleon to St. Helena, 1815-d. 1852. Gournay, sir Matthew, a leader of the " Companies" who plunder France, 1364. Gower, sir John, the poet, d. 1402. Gower, John, earl, a leading opponent of sir Robert Walpole, 1723-1740— lord privy seal, 1742 — in the " Broad Bottom" mi- nistry, 1744 — an officer of the royal household. 1758. Gower, earl, president of the council, and lord privy seal in W. Pitt's administra- tion, 1783— British ambassador, recalled from France, Aug. 17, 1792. Gozo, isle of, a dependency of Malta, given to the Knights Hospitallers, 1530— taken by a part of Nelson's fleet, 1798. Gozon, Deodati De, grand-master of the Knights Hospitallers, being unable to check the plundering adventures of his knights, resigns office, 1353. Gracchus, Cains, younger brother of Tib. Semp. Gracchus, goes into Sardinia with the consul Auvelius as quaestor, B.C. 126 — remains there, 125 — makes himself popular with the soldiers ; his measures for promoting their comfort are thwarted by the senate, 124 — returns to Rome, complains of the obstacles he had met with ; elected tribune, begins his re- forms, 123— again tribune, goes to Car- thage with a body of citizens to esta- blish themselves as a colony on the lands allotted them, 122 -during his ab- sence, a formidable opposition is raised against him: he falls in the struggle, 121. Gracchus, Tiberius Sempronius, tribune of Rome, slain while advocating the rights of the commonalty, B.C. 133. Gracchus, Tiberius Sempronius, consul of Rome, b.c. 238— another, 215, II. 213 —a third, 177, II. 163. Gradenioo, Bartolommeo, doge of Venice, 1339-1343. GBADENioOjGioranni, doge of Venice,1355. Gradenigo, Pietro, doge of Venice, 1289- 1312. Gradisca recovered from the Turks by prince Louis of Baden, 1688. Grado, one of the islands of Venice. See Venice. — The see of an archbp., who contests for the ecclesiastical jurisdic- tion of Istria with the archbp. of Ra- venna, 772 — an attack of the Saracens re- pulsed, 877 — Orso Orseolo, the patriarch, acts as vice-doge of Venice, 1031. Gr^bcia, Magna. See Magna Grjscia. Grjscina, Pomponia, a noble Roman ma- tron, accused of practising a foreign su- perstition, supposed to be Christianity, 57. GRiEVius, John George, b. 1632— d. 1703. Grafton Castle, the birth-place of Eliza- beth Woodville, and of her retirement, after the death of her husband, sir John Grey of Groby, 1461. Grafton, Henry Fitzroy, duke of, natural son of Charles II. and Barbara Villiers, deserts James II., at Salisbury, 1688 — killed at the siege of Cork, Sept. 1690. Grafton, duke of, lord chamberlain to George I., 1723 — one of the " Broad Bottom" ministry, 1744. Grafton, Augustus Fitzroy, (afterwards) duke of, b. 1735 — lord of the treasury in the Chatham ministry, 1766 — at the head of the ministry, Jan. 20, 1768 — resigns, Jan. 28, 1770 — lord privy seal in the Rockingham and Shelburne administra- tions, 1782— d. 1811. Grafton, duke of, b. 1759— d. 1844. Grafton's Chronicle written about 1520. Graham, John, of Claverhouse, defeated by the Scottish Covenanters, at Drum- clog, June 1. 1679. See Dundee, Vis- count. Graham, Thomas, afterwards lord Lyne- doch, b. 1750— defeats the French at Ba- rossa, March 5, 1811 — again, near Breda, Jan. 12, 1814 — fails in an attack on Bergen-op-Zoom, March 8 — created a peer. See Lynedoch, Thomas Graham, lord. Graham. Sir James, b. 1792 — moves for a return of the salaries and emoluments of privy councillors, May 14, 1830 — first lord of the admiralty in lord Grey's ad- ministration, Nov. 22 — retires, May 27, 1834— home secretary in sir Robert Peel's administration, Sept. 6, 1841 — accused of allowing letters to be opened at the Post-Office, Aug. 5, 1844 — resigns, June 29, 1846 — fails in an attempt to form a cabinet, Feb. 22-27, 1851 — becomes first lord ol the admiralty, in lord Aber- deen's ministry, Dec. 28, 1852— retires from the Palmerston, Feb. 22, 1855. Graham, lieut.-col. Thos., b. 1809-d. 1855. Graham, Mr. and Mrs., ascend in a bal- loon from Plymouth : they fall into the sea, but are saved, 1825, GEA 371 GItA Graham, Mr., discovers the planet Met's, April 26, 1848. Graham, Catharine Macaulay, b. 1733 -d. 1791. Grainger, Dr. James, b. 1723— d. 1767. Grammar schools, first established in London, 1447. Grammaticus, Saxo, writes his Danish history, 1201. Gran taken by the Turks, 1543— recovered from them, 1595— again taken by tbem, 1605— taken from them, Oct. 27, 1683— battle of; the Austrians defeated by the Magyars, Apiil 20, 1849. Granada, battle of; Abderahman IV., caliph of Spain, slain by Yahye, 1021 — Almondar, the Moorish k. of Saragossa, assassinated at, 1038 — conquered by Yusef, 1090— Alfonso VII., king of Cas- tile, makes incursions into the pro- vinces, 1123 —conquered by the Almo- hades, 1156— taken by Aben Hud, 1232 — the Moorish kingdom of, founded by Muhamad Aben Alahmar, 1237 — placed under the protection of Ferdinand III., k. of Castile, 1243— the Alhambra founded, 1253 — some Castilian nobles detected in a conspiracy against Alfonso X., retire to, 1272 — death of Muhamad I. ; treaty between his son Muhamad II., and Alfonso, 1273 — Muhamad II. dies ; Muhamad III. succeeds, 1302 — Ferdinand IV, acquires part of his territory by treaty, 1308 — rebellion in; Muhamad III. resigns his crown to his brother Nazar, 1309 — Nazar defeated by his nephew Abul Walid, 1313 — invaded by the Castilians, who are defeated with great loss, 1319 — Abul Walid is slain in a revolt at, and is succeeded by his son Muhamad IV., 1325. See Gibraltar. — Muhamad IV. assassinated, and suc- ceeded by his brother Yusef, 1333 — Yusef stabbed by a madman; his son Muhamad V. takes the throne, 1354— deposed by his brother Ismail, retires into Africa, 1359 — Abu Said kills Ismail and usurps his place, 1360 — is treacher- ously slain by Peter the Gruel of Castile, and Muhamad V. restored, 1362 — he con- structs the Azake and embellishes the city, 1376 — he dies, and his son Yusef II. succeeds, 1391— his son Muhamad VI. reigns, 1396-1408 -his brother Yusef III., 1408-1423 — the accession of his son Muhamad VII. el Hayzari,is followed by tumults and rebellions ; his cousin Mu- hamad el Zaquir usurps the throne and styles himself Muhamad VIII., 1426— he is put to death, and Muhamad VII. restored, 1428 — invasion of the Casti- lians, and victory of Alvarez de Luna, an Mount Elvira, 1431 — they take Huesca, 1435— Muhamad VII. deposed by his nephew, Muhamad VIII., Aben Ozmin, 1445 — another nephew, Muhamad Aben Ismail, is supported by John II., k of Castile, 1446 — obtains the throne as Muhamad IX., provokes war with Cas- tile, is defeated and loses Fort Ximena, 1454 ; and Gibraltar, 1462— Abul Hassan succeeds, 1466. See Abul Hassan, Abu Abdallah, and Abdallah el Zagal. — Final conquest of Granada by Ferdinand of Castile, 1492 — Gonzalvo de Cordova dies there, 1515 — revolt of the oppressed and persecuted Moors, 1569 — they leave their home and emigrate to Africa, 1571 — taken by marshal Soult, Jan. 1810 — abandoned by him, July, 1812. Granada, New, name given to a part of South America, conquered by the Spa- niards, 1537 — the inhabitants declare themselves independent, and form the republic of Bogota, 1811 — Santander president, 1832— Marques, 1836. Granby, the marquis of, replaces lord Geo. Sackville in command of the British forces in Germany, 1759 — d. 1770. Grandval, chevalier de, executed for a plot against William III., Aug. 4, 1692. Granicus, battle of the; Alexander de- feats the Persians, b.c. May 22, 334. Granite embankment, to form a site for the newhouses of Parliament, commenced, 1837. Granson, battle of, near the lake of Neuf- chatel ; Charles the Bold, duke of Bur- gundy, defeated by the Swiss, April 5, 1476. Grant, Robert, judge advocate general in lord Grey's ministry, Nov. 22, 1830— his Bill for removing the civil disabilities of the Jews, rejected by the Lords, Aug. 1, 1833 — governor of Bombay, and knighted, June 18, 1834— d. 1838— the medical college of Bombay erected in honour of him, 1838. Grant, Sir William, b. 1755— master of the Rolls, 1801— d. 1832. Grant, Mrs., of Laggan, b. 1756— d. 1838. Grant, Sir Archibald, expelled from the House of Commous, for participating in the frauds of the Charitable Corporation, 1731. Grantley, Fletcher Norton, lord. See Morton, Sir Fletcher— d. 1782. Granvelle, cardinal, bp. of Arras, at- tempts to introduce the Inquisition in the Netherlands, 1559 — made archbp. of Malines, thwarts the mild government of the duchess of Parma, 1561 — com- plaints of his intolerance supported by her, cause his dismissal, 1563. Granville, Sir John, brings a letter from Chas. II. to the House of Commons, 1660. GRA 372 GEE Granville, earl of. See Carteret, John, lord. Granville, George, takes the place of Robert Walpole, as secretary of war, 1710 — made baron Lansdown, one of the twelve peers created by qu. Anne, 1711. Granville, earl, lord Leveson Gower, cre- ated, 1833 — becomes foreign secretary in the place of lord Palmerston, 1851— addresses a circular to the continental States respecting political refugees, Jan. 13, 1852— prince Schwartzenberg replies, Feb. 8— resigns, 21 — lord president of the council, Dec. 28. jkasolfo, duke of Friuli, succeeded by Azo, 651. Gratian, Flavins, son of Valentinian I., b. 358— consul of Rome, 366— becomes his father's partner in the empire with the title of Augustus, 367 — the poet Ausonius is his preceptor, 370— consul II., 371— consul III., 374— succeeds his father as emperor, and associates his young brother Valentinian II. on the throne, 375— executes Theodosius the elder, 376— accords to the clergy more extensive immunities; consul IV., 377 — defeats the Allemanni at Argentaria, and compels them to make peace, 378— on the death of Valens calls Theodosius the son to be emperor of the East, 379 — pronounces a sentence of banishment against Priscillian ; consul V., 380— re- moves the altar of Victory from the se- nate house, 382 — takes refuge from the rebellion of Maximus in Lyons, where he is murdered by Andragathius, Aug. 25th, 383. Gratian, a rebel emperor, chosen by the legions in Britain, and killed by them, 407. Gratian, a Benedictine monk of Bologna, frames the canon law, 1151. Gratiano. a priest, purchases the papal chair, 1044. See Gregory VI. Grattan, Henry, o. 1750— proposes the Declaration of Rights, adopted by the Irish parliament, April 16, 1782 — an estate purchased for him by them, 1782 — opposes the Union in the Irish House of Commons, 1800— a resolution to in- quire into the claims of the Roman Ca- tholics, moved by him, and carried by 264 to 224, Feb. 25, 1813 -another, lost, by 245 to 241, May 9, 1817— d. 1820. Gratus, consul of Rome, 221. Others, 250, and 280. Graubunden. See Grisons. Grave, siege of, by Louis XIV., 1674. Gravelines, battle of; the French defeat- ed by the Spaniards, assisted by an En- glish fleet, July 13, 1558 — recovered from the French by the archduke Leo- pold, 1652. Gravenstein, the Prussians in Schleswig driven back to, by the Danes, May 28, 1848. Gravina, the Spanish admiral, killed at Trafalgar, Oct. 21, 1805. Gray, lord, joins in a conspiracy against Jas. I. ; Sir Edward Coke, the attorney general, prosecutes him, 1603. Gray, Thomas, 1. 1716— d. 1771. Great Britain, title of king of, assumed by Jas. I., 1603. See Britain, England, Scotland, and Ireland. — Sovereigns of Great Britain. (See the principal events of their reigns, under their respective names, in this Index. See also Com- mons. House of, Lords, House of, and Parliament : — ) House of Stuart, 1603-1714. James I.; Gunpowder Plot, 1605— d. 1625. Charles I., 1625— civil war begins, 1642 —beheaded, 1649. Commonwealth, 1649-1653. Oliver Cromwell, Protector, 1653-1658. Richard Cromwell, Protector, 1658-1660. House of Stuart, restored. Charles II., 1660-1685. James II., 1685— abdicates, 1688. Revolution, 1688. ■William III. and Mary II., 1689— queen Mary d. 1694. William III. alone, 1694-1702. Anne, 1702— battle of Blenheim, 1704— of Ramillies, 1706— of Oudenarde, 1708 - of Malplaquet, 1709 — change of po- litics and of ministers, 1710 — queen Anne d. 1714. House of Hanover, 1714, permaneat. George I., 1714-1727. George II., 1727 — Seven Years' war be- gins, 1756 — battle of Plassy founds the British Indian empire, 1757— battle of Quebec, and conquest of Canada, 1759— George II. d. 1760. George III., 1760 — the naval and colonial supremacy of Great Britain confirmed by the peace of Paris, 1763 — American war begins, 1775 — victory of Rodney over De Grasse, 1782 — independence of the U.S. acknowledged, 1782 — war of the French Revolution commences, 1793 — naval victories off Cape St. Vin- cent and Camperdown, 1797 — battle of the Nile, 1798— of Trafalgar, 1805— the last access of the king's malady incapacitates him for government. 1810. George, prince of Wales, regent, 1811— battle of Salamanca, 1812— of Vittoria. 1813— of Waterloo, 1815— George III. d. 1820. George IV., 1820— Repeal of the Test and Corporation Acts, 1828 — Catholic Emancipation, 1829— Geo. IV. d. 1830. GEE 373 GRE William IV., 1830— Reform Act passed, 1832— d. 1837. Victoria, 1837— separation of Hanover from Great Britain ; penny postage, 1840— treaty with China, 1842— Corn- law repealed, 1846— Exhibition of all nations at London, 1851 — war with Russia, in alliance with France, 1854 — peace concluded, 1856. Great Britain, iron steam-ship, leaves Liverpool, July 26, 1845— arrives at New York, Aug. 10; is wrecked in Dundrum bay, Sept. 22, 1846 — refitted, and again sent to sea. Great Easterns Leviathan, steam-ship, building of. commenced at Millbank,1853. Greathead invents the life-boat, 1798 — receives a parliamentary grant of £1200, 1802. Great seal put in commission, 1591, 1621, 1643, 1646, 1649, 1654. 1689, 1710, 1718, 1725, 1756, 1770, 1783, 1792, April 18, 1835 ; June 19 to July 15, 1850. Great St. Bernard. See Bernard, St., the Great, and the Less. Great Western railway opened, June 30, 1841. Great Western steamship arrives at Bristol from New York in 15 days, June 17. 1838. Greece, peopled by the Pelasgi, b.c. 2188. See Argos, Attica, and Sicyon— (Eno- trus leads a colony into Italy, 1710 (1416 C.) — first date on the Arundelianmarbles, 1582 — Ceerops arrives from Egypt, 1556 (1550H.,1433C.) See AraENS,and Iones.-- Letters brought from Phoenicia bv Cad- mus, 1493 (1494 H., 1313 C.) See Thebes. — Pumps introduced from Egypt by Da- naus, 1489 (1486 H., 1446 C.)— Olympic games introduced by the Idaei Dactyli, 1453 (1350 C.) See Olympic games.- -Iron discovered in Mount Ida, 1406 (1407 H., 1283 C) — agriculture introduced, 1383 (1384 H.) — and the Eleusinian mysteries, by Eumolpus, 1356— Isthmian games in- stituted, by Sisyphus, 1326. See Co- rinth. — The beginning of the Trojan war. 1193 (1192 H., 1192 C.)— the fall of Troy, 1184 (1183 H., 1183 C.) JEolians migrate from, 1123— Amphyc- tonic league instituted, 1113 — return of the Heraclidae, 1103. See Laced.semon, Elis, and Mycen-E. — First settlement of the Ionians in Asia Minor, 1043. See Ionians.— War between Sadyattes, k. of Lydia, and the Miletians, 623—the Sacred war, 595. See Cirrh,eans. — Era of the seven sages, 593 — architecture flourishes, 552 — the Persians begin their conquests « i Ionia, 544 — first invade Eu- ropean Greece, 506 — the Ionian cities re- rolt, 501 — Sardis burnt by the Ionians, 499— revolt in Caria suppressed, 497 — — the Ionian fleet defeated, and Miletus taken, 494 — Darius prepares a fleet against Greece, under Mardonius, 492 — the fleet dispersed near Mount Athos, and the Persians harassed by the Thra- cians, 491. Greece again invaded by the Per- sians, under Datis and Artaphernes, who are utterly defeated at Marathon by Miltiades, Sept. 28. 490— Darius pre- pares for another attempt, 489 — Xerxes commences his march, 481 — arrives in Greece ; thi-ee days' struggle maintained by Leonidas, at Thermopylae, Aug. 7-9, 480 — sea-fight at Artemisium; naval victory of Themistocles at Salamis, Oct. 20, 4S0 — Athens taken ; Xerxes leaves his army to Mardonius, 480 — Athens retaken and despoiled by Mardonius, 479 — he is totally routed and slain at Pla- taea, Sept. 22, 479— the Persian fleet de- feated at Mycale, Sept. 22, 479 — Sestos besieged by the Greeks, 479— surrenders, 478 — the Greeks take Cyprus and By- zantium, and transfer the command of the army from Pausanias to Aristides ; the supremacy of Athens commences, 477 — the poets and philosophers ot Greece invited to Syracuse by Hiero, 470 — a common treasury established at Delos to defray the expense of the Per- sian war, 470 — traitorous correspondence of Pausanias with Xerxes, 467 — Naxos withdraws from the Grecian league, is besieged by Cimon, and made subject to Athens, 466— Themistocles discovers the designs of Pausanias ; is suspected of being an accomplice, retires into Persia, 466 — death of Pausanias, 466— victories of Cimon at the Eurymedon end the war between Greece and Persia, 466 — the common treasury removed from Delos to Athens, 461 — Perdiccas of Macedou joins the Spartans against the Atheni- ans, 454. See Macedon. Cimon prevails on the Greek states to suspend their mutual animosities for five years, and combine their forces against Persia, 450 — the Persians de- feated at Salamis, in Cyprus ; make peace, and recognize the independence of the Ionian cities, 449— the Athenians break the truce by trying to seize Cha> ronea, and are defeated by the Boeotians, 447 — a new truce of thirty years, 445 — war between the Corinthians and Cor- cyra, 435 — ambassadors from Corcyra implore the assistance of the Athenians, who send a fleet to protect the island against Corinth, which gives occasion to the long Peloponnesian war, 433 — con- gress of Lacedsemon, 432 — the war be- GEE 374 GEE Greece — continued. gins. 431. See Athens. — A year's truce between the belligerents, 423 — hostilities renewed, 422 -the fifty years' truce, or "Peace of Nicias," concluded, by which the Lacedaemonians agree to give up Amphipolis, 421 — Alcibiades negotiates an alliance between Athens and Argos ; Amphipolis retained by the Lacedaemo- nians, 420 — hostilities are renewed, 419 — the league between Argos and Athens dissolved, 418 — the Lacedaemonians for- tify Decelea, 413. Athens weakened by the defection of her allies, applies the reserve fund of 1000 talents for the war, 412 — Lacedae- mon makes pacific overtures, 410 — Lace- daemonian fleet under Callicratidas de- feated by CoDon off the Arginussa3,406 — Lacedaemon makes offers of peace, which are rejected through the influence of Oleophon, 406 — battle of iEgospotamus; the Athenian fleet destroyed, 405 — Athens taken by Lysander, and dis- mantled, 404 — Thrasybulus regains pos- session of Athens, 403— the Ionian al- phabet adopted at Athens, 403 — retreat of the 10,000 Greeks under Xenophon ; Athens recovering from her losses ; La- cedaemon supreme in Greece, oppresses many cities by tyrannical governors, 401 —the 10,000 Greeks reach Thrace and serve for two months in the army of Seu- Ihes, 400. The Lacedaemonians send Thimbron and Dercyllidas to attack the Persians, 399 — Dercyllidas makes a truce with Pharnabazus, and fortifies the Thracian Chersonesus by a wall across the Isth- mus, he then renews the war in Asia, 398— Dercyllidas invades Caria, and agrees to an armistice with Tissapher- nes, 397— Agesilaus takes the command of the Grecian army in Asia, after a successful campaign winters at Ephesus, 396 — Agesilaus gains a victory at Sardis, he then penetrates into Phrygia and l'aphlagonia; Athens and Argos com- bine with the other States, and defeat the Lacedaemonians at Haliartus, where Lysander is slain, 395 — Agesilaus re- called from Asia; before he arrives the Lacedaemonians, under Aristodemus, de- feat the allies near Corinth, but lose a naval battle against Conon near Cnidus ; Pisander, their admiral, is killed ; Age- silaus victorious at Coronea, 394 — at Lechaeum ; Conon and Pharnabazus harass the maritime districts of the Peloponnesus, 393— Iphicrates, the Athe- nian general, defeats Agesilaus, 392 — Agesilaus invades Acarnania, 391. The Lacedaemonians renew the warfare in Asia under Diphridas,391 — Antalcides the Lacedaemonian drives the Athenian fleet from Abydos, and releases that of Nicolochus, which Iphicrates had block- aded, 388— Antalcidas makes peace with Artaxerxes, leaving the Ionian cities and Cyprus at his mercy, and enabling the Lacedaemonians to maintain their supremacy in Greece, 387 — the Thebans compelled by Agesilaus to give up Plataea, 386— Mantinea taken by Agesi- polis ; Evagoras repulses the Persians in a naval battle, 385 — the Lacedaemo- nians and Macedonians make war on Olynthus; Phcebidas, the Lacedaemonian, surprises the citadel of Thebes, 382 — in the second campaign against Olynthus, Teleutias, the Lacedaemon commander, is slain ; Agesilaus besieges Phlius, 381. Olynthus submits to Polybiades and Phlius to Agesilaus; the Thebans re- gain their citadel, assisted by the Athe- nians, 379— Cleombrotus and Agesilaus invade Boeotia, 378 — Agesilaus renews his incursions in Boeotia, 377 — Cleom- brotus carries the war into Phocis ; in the action of Tegyra the Sacred Band of Thebes decides the victory against the Lacedaemonians, 375 — the Thebans utterly destroy Plataea, 374— Mnasippus, sent with a Lacedaemonian fleet to Corcyra, is slain before Iphicrates, Cal* listratus, and Chabrias arri ve to oppose him, 373 — congress of Lacedaemon ; The- bes being excluded from the treaty of peace, Pelopidas and Epaminondas gain tbe great victory of Leuctra, in which Cleombrotus, k. of Lacedaemon, is killed, 371— the Thebans now preponderate in Greece; they restore Mantinea ; Agesi- laus endeavours to revive the spirit of the Lacedaemonians by invading Ar- cadia, 370. Epaminondas carries Iris arms into Laconia, and restores the independence of the Messenians ; alliance between Athens and Lacedaemon, 369 — the The- bans again enter the Peloponnesus, but retreat before the arrival of suc- cours from Dionysius to the Lacedae- monians; a congress held at Delphi fails, because the Thebans refuse to abandon the Messenians, 368 — the "tear- less victory" of Archidamus over the independent Peloponnesians ; Pelopidas goes on an embassy to Persia, 367 — ex- pedition of Epaminondas into Achaia, and capture of Oropus ; Athens makes an alliance with Arcadia ; peace made by Corinth and Phlius with Thebes, 366 — Archidamus invades Arcadia ; the battle of Olympia fought during the games ; Pelopidiis attacks Alexander of GEE 3; 5 GRE Gkeece — continued* Pherse ; at the battle of Cynoscephalae his soldiers are alarmed by an eclipse of the sun, and he is slain, 364 — battle of Man- tinea, death of Epaminondas ; the power of Thebes declines, 362 — a general peace ; the Lacedaemonians admit the independ- ence of the Messeniaus, 361. The affairs of Thrace arranged by Cha- brias, after the assassination of Cotys,360 —accession of Philip in Macedon, 359. See Philip II., k. of Macedon. — The social war between the Athenians and their former allies ; Delphi seized by the Pho- cians ; the sacred war ensues, 357 — end of the social war, 355 — Chares employs the forces under his command to support the rebellion of Artabazus, and is re- called to Athens, 355 — Artabazus as- sisted by 5000 Thebans gains two great victories, 354— the ambitious designs of Philip become manifest, 353 —Philip at- tempting to enter Greece, is stopped at Thermopylae by the Athenians, 352 — the Olynthians attacked by Pliilip, solicit aid from Athens, 349 — besieged by Philip, 348 — conquered by him, 347 — peace concluded between the Athenians and Philip ; he terminates the sacred war by the conquest of Phocis, and is placed at the head of the Amphictyonic council, 346 — his intrigues overcome the Lacedaemonians, 344— the Athenians en- deavour to counteract his designs, 343 — he besieges Selymbria, Byzantium, and Perinthus ; assistance obtained from Persia, 340-he raises the sieges of Byzan- tium and Perinthus, 339 — as chief of the Amphictyons he takes the field against theLocrians; routs the Athenians and Thebans atChaeronea, and marches into Laconia, 338 — the Greek States " as- sembled at Corinth, declare war against Persia, and appoint Philip their general, 337 — Philip assassinated, 336. Alexander begins his career of victory in Thrace ; revolt and destruction of The- bes, 335. See Alexander the Great, and Darius III., k. of Persia. — Alex- ander allows all Greek exiles to re- turn, 324 — Alexander dies, April 21, (May or June, C.) 323 ; his principal ge- nerals divide his empire ; Demosthenes rouses the Greek States to recover their freedom ; under Leosthenes they con- quer Antipater, who takes refuge in Lamia, whence this is called the Lamian War, 323 — they are totally defeated at Cranon, and the dominant power of the kings of Macedon confirmed, 322. See Macedon. — Cassander takes Pydna, puts Olympias to death, and rebuilds Thebes, 315 — the competitors for power make peace, and declare Greece to be free ; but the influence of Cassander still prevails, 311 — the rebuilding of Thebes completed, 305 — Cassander op- posed by Demetrius Poliorcetes, 303 — the sons of Cassander dispute the succession and invite Lysimachus, Pyrrhus of Epi- rus and Demetrius Poliorcetes to support their conflicting claims, 295 — Demetrius supplants them, and makes himself k., 294 — Lysimachus becomes powerful in Thrace, and Pyrrhus in Epirus, 291 — Demetrius driven from Macedon by Pyr- rhus, who is himself expelled by Lysi- machus, who becomes k. of Macedon, 287 — the JEtolians league against Lysi- machus, 284 — the Danubian Kelts (Ga- latae) invade Greece, 280 — attack Delphi and are repulsed, 278 — on their retreat towards the Danube are defeated in Macedon by Sosthenes, who is slain in battle against them, 277— the Achaean league becomes powerful, 276. See Ach.&;an League. The Achaeans call upon Antigonus Doson to arrest the progress of Cleo- menes, 223. See Cleomenes III. — The Social war begins, 220— general pacifica- tion of Greece, 217 — Philip V., king of Macedon, makes war on the Romans, 213 ' — Philopcemen becomes important in the Achaean league, 210 — peace between the Romans, Macedonians, and all their allies, 204— Athens attacked by Philip V., seeks aid from Rome, 201 — Flami- nius takes the command in Greece, drives Philip from the defile of Antigo- nia, and enters Thessaly; he takes Elatea and Thebes, and detaches the Achaeans from Philip, 198 — victoiy at Cynoscephalae, 197 — Philip submits to the peace offered by Rome, 197. Flaminius proclaims at the Isthmian games, the decree of the Roman se- nate for the freedom of Greece, 196 — he compels Nabis to submit, and sets Argos free to rejoin the Achaean league, 195 — the Romans make an alliance with Philip, and Antiochus with the iEtolians, 193— Antiochus enters Greece, 192 — Philopcemen defeats Nabis, who is killed by the JEtolians; Lacedae- mon joins the Achaean league, 192 — Antiochus defeated at Thermopylae, 191 — L. Cornelius Scipio, assisted by his brother, Africanus, takes the com- mand in Greece, and grants a truce to the .^Etolians, 190 — the consul Fulvius compels the ^Gtolians to make peace; they give up Ambracia and Cephalonia, and pay tribute; Philopcemen forces the Lacedaemonians to adopt the laws of the League, and abrogate those of Lycurgus, GRE 376 GRE Sreeoe — Tontinued. t 189 — the Greek cities are declared free in the treaty between Rome and Antio- chus ; altercations between the Achaeans and Lacedaemonians; they send ambas- sadors to Rome, 188. Achaean embassy to Ptolemy Epi- phanes, who l'enews his alliance with the League, 187 — mission of Caecilius to check the growing power of Philip, 185 — Philip sends his son, Demetrius, to plead his cause before the senate, 184 — Philopoemen is made prisoner by the Messenians and put to death, 183 — Lycortas, Achaean praetor, sub- dues Messenia, and brings Lacedaemon back to the League, 182 — Rome arbi- trates between the contending states ; ambassadors from Lacedaemon and the Achaeans are heard by the senate, 181 — Philip of Macedon dies ; his son, Per- seus, negociates secretly with other states against Rome, 179 — the Achaeans make an alliance with Rome ; Thessaly relapses under Macedonian influence, 177 — the Romans send ambassadors to as- certain the intentions of Perseus, 174 — he refuses to receive them, 173— prepar- a dons for war ; the Boeotian confederacy dissolved, 172 — commencement of the third Macedonian war: Perseus gains some advantages o^er the Romans, and offers peace, which is rejected, 171 — Hostilius takes the command in Mace- don ; the Roman fleet ravages the sea- coast ; Perseus negociates with Antio- chug, Prusias, and many Greek states, against Rome, 170 — Marcius Philippus drives Perseus from his position in Tempe, 169 — battle of Pydna, June 22, 168- Perseus, totally defeated by JEmi- lius Paullus, becomes a prisoner, and his kingdom a Roman province, 168. The Achaeans endeavour to renew their league, and appoint Diaeus praetor, 149 — quarrels of the Lacedaemonians and Achaeans; Rome interferes, 148 — the Achaeans retire to Corinth, before Me- tellus, 147 — Mummius commands in Greece, defeats Diaeus and the Achteans at Leucopetra, takes Corinth, and de- stroys it, 146 — a large part of Greece de- clares in favour of Mithridates, whose general, Archelaus, forms a strong army there ; Sylla and Lucullus advance to oppose him, and besiege Athens, 87 — Athens taken, and Archelaus defeated by Sylla, 86 — the arts and literature of Greece introduced at Rome, 84— Pompey retires into Greece, and is pursued by Caesar, 49 — battle of Pharsalia, Aug. 9, 48 — C(rinth rebuilt, 46 — Brutus and Cassias wllect an army in Greeca, 43— battles of Philippi, 42 — Augustus tra- vels through Gveece, 21 — regulates all the dependent states, 20 — visited by Nero, a.d. 66 — by violent earthquakes, 105 — by Hadrian, 122. See Hadrian, emperor of Rome, and Athens. — By the emperor M. Aurelius, 176—ravaged by the Goths, 256 — the rebel/Valens, assumes the purple in Greece, puts to death Piso, who had aspired to the throne, and is himself killed by his soldiers, 261 — ravaged again by the Goths, 262-267 — forms part of the Eastern empire of Licinius, 313 — added to the Western, by Constantine, 314 — visited by Julian, as a student, 354 — favoured by him, when emperor, 361 — an earthquake, followed by a sudden rise of the sea on its coast, July 20, 365 — given up by Gratian to Theodositis, as part of the Eastern empire, 379 — re- mains attached to it under Arcadius, 395 — invaded by Alaric, k. of the Visigoths, 396 — Slavonian colonists admitted by the emperor Heraclius, 640 — more arrive, and occupy the lands depopulated by the. plague, 747 — endeavour to establish an independent state, and are defeated at Patras, 807 — invaded by the Bulgarians, 978— the coast and islands ravaged by the Saracens, 1027 — invaded by Roger, k. of Sicily; Athens, Thebes, and Co- rinth plundered, and their silk-weavers transported to Palermo, 1146 — divided by the Latins of the fourth crusade, and some Byzantine refugees, 1205. See Achaia, principality of; Athens, duchy of; Epjrus, despotat of; Thessalonica, kingdom of; and Naxos, duchy of. — In- vaded by Roger de Loria, 1292 — by the Catalan Grand Company, 1307 — the Sel- jouk Turks ravage the coast, but are defeated near Mount Athos, 1330 — revolt of Scanderbeg, 1443 — Athensand Thebes taken by Mahomet II., 1456 — Athens and part of the Morea occupied by the Venetians, 1466 — the whole of Greece finally subdued by the Turks, 1540. Grkece, Modern, revolt of Ali Pasha; he urges the Greeks to emancipate them- selves, 1820 — their insurrection breaks out under Alexander Ipsilanti ; massacre of the Greeks ; their patriarch put to death; Ipsilanti, defeated, retires into Hungary, and is imprisoned ; his bro- ther, Demetrius, with Mavrocordato and Ulysses, take Napoli di Romania; de- feat the Turks at Thermopylae; storm Tripolitza and Missolonghi ; establish a provisional government, and convoke the congress of Epidaurus, 1821 — declar- tion of independence; Ali Pasha over- come and put to death ; massacre of Scios ; success of Canaris and Miaulis GRE 377 GEE Greece, Modern?.— continued. against the Turkish fleets; Mavrocorda- to defeated at Arta; the Turks enter the Morea ; are routed by Colocotroni ; Omar Vrioni driven from Anatolico by the Suliotes and Mavrocordato, 1822 — lord Byron arrives in Greece ; the Greeks obtain many victories by sea and land, but injure their cause by internal dis- cord and bad management, 1823 — death of lord Byron at Missolonghi, 1824 — Ibrahim, son of Mehemet Ali, conducts a powerful force from Egypt against Greece; disasters of the Greeks; Tri- poli tza taken and Missolonghi besieged, 1825— he takes Missolonghi, and devas- tates the Morea ; his progress is stopped by the Mainotes ; treaty of Great Bri- tain, France, and Russia, for the pacifi- cation of Greece, 1826 — second treaty. and destruction of the Turco- Egyptian fleet at Navarino ; Capo d'Istrias ap- pointed president, lord Cochrane admi- ral, and Church, general ; they fail to relieve the Acropolis of Athens, and be- siege Missolonghi ; many German offi- cers arrive to assist the Greeks, 1827 — ■ the government organized, piracy sup- pressed, Alexander Ipsilanti released, and dies soon afterwards ; the Egyptians evacuate Greece; representatives of the three Powers meet at Poros, to settle the limits of the new state ; the sultan re- fuses to concur, 1828 — he acknowledges the independence of Greece, 1829 — the crown refused by prince Leopold of Saxe Coburg, 1830 ; discord in Greece ; arrest of Pietro Mavromichali ; assassination of Capo d'Istrias ; his brother, Augustin, appointed president, 1831 — Otho, son of the k. of Bavaria, accepted as k. of Greece ; the northern boundary of his kingdom determined by a line drawn from the gulf of Arta to that of Volo, 1832 — he arrives at Athens, which he makes his metropolis, and assumes the government of Greece, 1833 — reparation for injuries to British subjects demand- ed, Jan. 18, 1850— Russia remonstrates, and France mediates, Feb. 19— admiral Parker threatens to bombard the Piraeus; the Greek government submits, April 27 — the proceedings of the British go- vernment censured in the House of Lords, June 17 — approved by the Commons, 28 — a Greek force assists an insurrection in Epirus against the Turkish authori- ties, 1854 — lord Clarendon requires it to be withdrawn; the French land at the Piraeus to enforce this, April 25 — k. Otho submits. 26. Greek church. See Eastern church. Greek churches iu Palestine, pre ected by a firman of the sultan, May 4, 1853. Greek empire. See Eastern empire. Greek fire, invented by Callinicus, used for the defence of Constantinople against the Saracens, 673 — totally destroys a powerful fleet sent by them to assist the siege, 717 — the art of making it betray- ed to the Bulgarians, 813. Greek grammar, the first printed, at Mi- lan, 1476. Greek language supersedes Latin in the public offices of Constantinople, 441 — neglected in the West after 700 — allow- ed by pope Innocent III. to be used by the priests of the Byzantine empire in the service of their churches, if they in- culcate the papal supremacy, 1215 — brought again into Italy, with its litera- ture, by Barlaam, 1339 — taught by Ema- nuel Chrysoloras at Florence, 1396— learned at Florence from Demetrius Chalcocondylas by Grocyn, Latimer, and Linacre, and brought by them to Eng- land, 1476-1500— studied by Erasmus at Oxford, 1509 — taught by him at Cam- bridge, 1510. Greek manners are introduced into Ger- many by the empress Theophania, 973. Greek patriarchs. See Constantinople, patriarchs of. Greek philosophy, founded by Pythago- ras, 530-500 b.c. — systematized by So- crates, 423— taught by him to Plato, 409. See Athens.Cyrene, Alexandria. — For- bidden at Athens, 316— the decree re- pealed, 315 — its four schools headed by Strato, Zeno, Epicurus, and Arce- silaus, 278 — prohibited at Rome, 161 — restored there by Carneades and his companions, 155 — assists the progress of Christianity. See Gnostics, Clemens Alexandrinus, Origen. — Encouraged by the emperor Hadrian, 129 — by An- toninus Pius, 142— by Marcus Aurelius, 176— studied by Julian, 355 — employed by him to oppose Christianity, 362 — de- cried by the church, 378 — suppressed by Justinian I., 529 — revived in Italy by Lorenzo de' Medici, 1476. Greek Septuagint. See Bible. Greek Testament. See Erasmus. Green, Samuel, establishes the first print- ing office iu America, at Cambridge, 1637. Green, Thomas, bp. of Ely, visitor of Trinity College, deprives Dr. Richard Bentley of his mastership, Apr. 27, 1734 — the vice-master refuses to read the sentence, 1735. Green, the American general, defeated by lord Coruwallis at Guildford, March 16, 1781. GEE 378 GRK Green, Mr. See Nassau balloon. Greenacre, James, executed for murder, May 2, 1837. Green-bag, containing Reports on the state of the country, referred to secret committees of parliament, Feb. 3, 1817 — they recommend coercive measures, 10. Green faction. See Constantinople. Greenland discovered by Erik the Ice- lander, 982— Haco V., k. of Norway, ac- quires the sovereignty of, 1262— a com- pany for its improvement incorporated in Denmark, 1620— a new colony planted, 1721. Greenock, statue of James Watt erected at, 1832— railway. See Glasgow. Greenough, G. B., b. 1778— d. 1855. Green park, the statue of Wellington placed on the arch at the entrance of the, Sept. 29, 1846. Greenville, sir George, vice-admiral, with his single ship resists for fifteen hours a Spanish fleet of fifty-three sail, and dies of his wounds, 1591. Greenwich, Henry, son of Henry VII., b. at, June 20, 1491 — Maiy, daughter of Henry VIII., b. at, Feb. 18, 1516— Eliza- beth, daughter of Henry VIII. and Anne Boleyn, born at, Sept. 7, 1533— Observ- atory built, 1671 — hospital instituted by Wm. III., and sixpence a month taken from every seaman's wages for its sup- port, 1696— endowed with the forfeited estates of the earl of Derwentwater, May 15, 1735— a statue of George II. by Rysbrach, placed in the parade. 1720 — chapel burnt, Jan. 2, 1779 — railway from London completed, Dec. 26, 1838. Gregoire, the Abbe, b. 1748— d. 1850. Gregoras, Nicephorus, the historian, is shut up in the monastery of Chora for denying the light of Mount Thabor, 1351 — released, 1354. Gregorian calendar or era, first suggested by Louis Lillio of Verona, completed by Christopher Clavius, and adopted by pope Gregory XIII., 1582. See Calen- dar. Gregorian chant invented by Gregory I., 599 — introduced into France, 787. Gregorius, bp. of Antioch, 570 — tried and acquitted by a synod at Constantinople, 587— d. 593. Gregory, the praetorian prefect of Africa, assumes the purple, 646 — defeated and killed, 647. Gregory I., pope, 590— claims authority over foreign bishops and churches, 592— prevails on the Lombards to withdraw from Rome, 595— sends Augustin and a train of monks to preach Christianity in Britain, 596— opposes Cyriacus, see Cyriacus ; and in his letters styles him- self ■"' Servant of the servants of God." 596. See Gregorian Chant. — Addresses his epistles to Mellitus, Augustin, Ethel- bert and Virgilius, 601 — places the statues of Phocas and his empress in the Lateran and congratulates him on his elevation, 603— d. 604. Gregory II., pope, May 19, 715 — restores the original Benedictine monastery of Monte Casino, 718 — resists the edict of Leo III. against the worship of images, 727 — prevails on Liutprand and the ex- arch Eutychius not to attack Rome, 729 — d. Feb. 11, 731. Gregory III., pope, Feb. 16, 731 — assem- bles a council at Rome in which all Iconoclasts are excommunicated, 732 — invites the protection of Charles Martel against Liutprand, and d. 741, Gregory IV., pope, 827— extends the power of the church, and uses the forged " De- cretals " for that purpose, 837 — d. 844. Gregory V., pope, June 16. 996. See Bru- no. — Is opposed by the anti-pope John XVI. ; excommunicates Crescentius, and is expelled from Rome, 997 — Otho III. conducts him back, 998— d. Feb. 12, 999. Gregory VI. See Gratiano. — Buys tha papal dignity, 1044— deposed, 1046. Gregory VII., pope, taken to Rome from Worms, as the monk Hildebrand, by pope Leo IX., 1049 ; begins to have great influence in the church,1054 — sub-deacon; sent to confer with the emperor Hen. III. on the choice of a new pope, 1055— made a cardinal, 1057— concurs with the em- press Agnes and Damiano in calling a council at Sienna to choose a pope, 1058 — archdeacon of the Romish church, 1059 — incites the cardinals to elect Alexander II. without the imperial consent, 1061 — the prime mover of the church, 1065 — at the council of Mantua denies the im- perial right to interfere in the choice of a pope, 1067 — elected pope, Apr. 22, 1073 — forbids the sale of church benefices in Germany, 1073— excommunicates Robert Gniscard for not doing him homage ; is acknowledged liege-lord of Hungary by Solomon; threatens Philip I. of France, and sends alegate to admonish Henry IV. of Germany ; suggests the first idea of a general crusade against the Turks, 1074 — the emperor Henry begins to resist his pretensions; Gregory excommunicates Robert Guiscard again, 1075— is deposed at the Diet of Worms, held by Henry, whom he excommunicates in the council of Rome, 1076— Henry submits to him, at Canossa, where his cause is supported by the countess Matilda; he exacts an annual tribute from Alfonso VI. of Cas- tile, 1077 — Henry and Rudolf appeal to GEE 379 GltE him; he sends legates to arbitrate be- tween them; excommunicates Nicepho- rus III., emperor of the East, 1078 — ex- communicates Boleslas II., of Poland, 1079 —excommunicates and deposes Hen- ry in a council at Eome, and is deposed by him in a council at Brixen ; retires to Aquino, is reconciled to Robert Guiscard, 1080— besieged in S. Angelo by Henry, and relieved by Robert Guiscard, 1084 — retires to Salerno, where he d. May 25, 1085. Gregory VIII. (antipope), 1118. See Bra- ga, Maurizio Bardino, archbp. of. — Withdraws from Rome to Sutri, 1120 — surrenders, 1121. Gregory VIII., pope, cardinal Albert di Morra elected, Oct. 20, 1187 — urges a new crusade, and d. two months after his election, Dec. 17. Gregory IX., pope, Ugolino de' Conti di Segni, bishop of Ostia, elected, March 19, 1227 — vehemently urges a crusade, and excommunicates the emperor Fre- deric II. of Germany for not proceed- ing on it, 1227 — excommunicates him again for going; absolves his subjects from their allegiance, declares a cru- sade against Apulia and Sicily, and sends John de Brienne to reduce those countries, 1228 — his army makes great progress in Apulia; forbids the Hospital- lers and Templars to obey Frederic ; his proceedings cause great dissatisfaction through all Christendom, 1229 — recon- ciled to the emperor ; gives the govern- ment of Spoleto and Ancona to Milo, bp. of Beauvais, 1230 — he issues Bulls against heretics, forbids laymen to dispute on doctrines of faith, and gives new privi- leges to the religious orders, 1231 — esta- blishes tribunals of the Inquisition at Toulouse and Carcassone, 1232 — by a Bull, directs the Knights of Palestine to obey the emperor Frederic as k. of Jeru- salem, 1232 — driven from Rome to Vi- terbo by the senate and citizens, who resist his temporal power, and seize his revenues; he appeals to the emperor, and other princes, for assistance ; re- pulses the citizens of Rome, who attack Viterbo, 1234 — leagues with Venice and Genoa against Frederic, 1238 — claims Sardinia, and excommunicates Frederic, denouncing him as a heretic and atheist, and absolves his subjects from their allegiance, 1239 — proclaims a crusade against him ; sends ecclesiastics into other countries to raise money ; his states are ravaged by Frederic, 1240 — calls a council to be held at Rome ; Fre- deric seizes and detains the cardinals, prelates, and ambassadors, on their way to attend it, 1241— Gregory d. Aug. 24, 1241. Gregory X., pope, Thibauld Visdomini, archdeacon of Liege, elected, Sept. 1, 1271 — urges another crusade to the Holy Land, and summons for the purpose a general council to be held at Lyons, 1272 — excommunicates Simon de Montfort for the murder of Henry, son of the earl of Cornwall; and the citizens of Genoa, Pavia, and Asti, and the mar- quis of Montferrat, for resisting Chas. of Naples ; claims and receives the Comtat Venaissin, 1273 — holds the coun- cil of Lyons ; effects a temporary union of the Greek and Latin churches ; re- fuses to crown Jas. I. of Aragon ; fails in his exhortations to another crusade ; interview at Beaucaire, 1274. See Al- fonso X., k. of Castile.— Meets the em- peror Rudolf at Lausanne, to urge ano- ther crusade, Oct. 4, 1275— d. Jan. 10, 1276. Gregory XL, pope : cardinal Peter Roger, son of Wm, lord of Beaufort, in Anjou, and nephew of pope Clement VI., elected, Dec. 30, 1370 — continues to reside at Avignon ; exacts a tenth of the ecclesi- astical revenues in many countries, for the expenses of his war against the Vis- conti ; excommunicates them, and takes sir John Hawkwood into his service ; forbids the Knights of Rhodes to aid the Genoese in their attack on Cyprus, and assigns them an annual payment out of the tithes of that island for the defence of Smyrna, 1373 — Wickliffe, and six other ambassadors, represent to him the grievances of England, 1374 — attacks Florence, 1375— the Florentines excite a general revolt in his states, and take Bologna, for which he excommunicates them, lays an interdict on their lands, and directs Christians to seize any of them, rob them of their property, and sell them for slaves ; hires a mercenary force of Bretons, which he sends to re- cover his dominions; leaves Avignon, embarks at Marseilles, and arrives in Italy, 1376 — makes his entry into Rome, Jan. 17, but soon fixes his residence at Anagni ; his overtures are rejected at Florence, 1377— d. Mar. 27, 1378. Gregory XII., pope, Angelo Corrario, car- dinal of St. Mark, elected, Nov. 30, 1406 — he evades a conference at Savona with his rival, Benedict XIII., 1407 — inter- changes with him hollow professions of a desire for peace, but does not abdi- cate ; France refuses obedience to him ; he fixes his residence at Lucca, 1408 — refuses to appear at the council of Pisa, is deposed, but still reverenced in Bava- GRE 380 GRE ria, Frinii, and Naples, and holds his council at Cividale, where he excommu- nicates and reviles his opponents, 1409 — is desired by the k. of Naples to leave Gaeta, and removes to Rimini, 1412 — he abdicates ; is allowed to retain the dignity of cardinal, and made governor of the March of Ancona, 1415— d. Oct. 13, 1417. Gregory XIII., pope, cardinal Ugo Buon- compagno, bp. of Vesti, elected May 13, 1572— orders a public thanksgiving for . the massacre of St. Bartholomew, 1572 — sends troops to assist the Romanists, in Ireland, which are intercepted and taken to Africa by Sebastian, k. of Portugal, 1578 — sends an army into Ireland, which is totally defeated, 1580— converts the baths of Diocletian into a granary ; me- diates between Iwan IV., czar of Russia, and Stephen Bathori ; settles a quarrel between the knights of Malta and their grand master, Cassi^re, 1581 — corrects the calendar; Oct. 5th made the 15th, 1582. See Gregorian calendar.— Re- ceives ambassadors from Japan; d. April 10, 1585. Gregory XIV., pope, cardinal Nicholas Spondrati, bp. of Cremona, elected, Dec. 5, 1590 — fulminates a Bull against Hen- ry IV. of France ; d. Oct. 15, 1591. Gregory XV., pope, cardinal Alexander Ludovisio. archbp. of Bologna, elected, Feb. 9, 1621— gives statutes to the Bene- dictine congregation of St. Maur, 1621 — establishes the congregation " De Propa- ganda fide,;' 1622— d. July 8, 1623. Gregory XVI., pope, cardinal Manrus Ca- pellari, b. 1765 -succeeds, Feb. 2, 1831— insurrection in his states, suppressed by an Austrian army, 1831 — Ancona held by the French ; writes to the bp. of Bavaria, condemning mixed mar- riages and familiar intercourse with Protestants, 1832 — excommunicates Don Pedro for his reforms in the church of Portugal, 1833— appoints clerical gover- nors in the Legations, 1836— encourages the Roman Catholic prelates in Prussia to resist a royal ordonnance respecting mixed marriages, 1838 — protests against the deposition of the archbp. of Posen, 1839 — the misgovernment of the Lega- tions causes an insurrection at Bologna, 1843— his states in vain ask for reforms, 1844— d. June 1, 1846. Gregory I., patriarch of Constantinople. See Gregory of Nazianzus. Gregory II. and III. See Constantino- ple, patriarchs of, 110 and 129. Gregory, exarch of Ravenna, instructed by Constans to enforce his edict, 666 — fails in an effort to arrest the progress of the Mohammedans in Africa, 667 — suc- ceeded by Theodore II., 678. Gregory. See Alexandria, bps. of, 20. Gregory of Nyssa, brother of Basil of Caesarea, advocates strenuously the Nicene faith, 363 — replies to Euno- mius, 372 — becomes bp. of Nyssa, 375 — banished by the emperor Valens, 376 — restored, 378 — attends the council of C.P., 394— d. 395. Gregory, bp. of Tours, o. in Auvergne, 539 — consecrated, 574— d. Nov. 17, 595. Gregory, bp. of Vercelli, excommunicated for adultery, obtains absolution from pope Leo IX., 1051. Gregory, Bar Hebrseus. See Abulpha- RAGIUS. Gregory of Nazianzus, b. 326 — studies at Athens, 355 — composes two orations against Julian, 363 — writes epitaphs on his brother and sister, 369 — writes against the pride and luxury of the hierarchy, 370 — bp. of Sasima, 371 — re- plies to Eunomius, 372 — preaches the Nicene faith at C.P., 379— bp. of C.P., 380 — disgusted with the conduct of his brethren, and unwilling to co-operate in their projects, resigns his dignity, and retires into Cappadocia, 381— d. 390. Gregory Thaumaturgus, or Theodoru3, a pupil of Origen, at Caesarea, and con- verted by him to Christianity, 232— ad- dresses his oration in praise of him, at Caesarea, 240 — bp. of Neo-Csesarea in Pontus, 261— d. 270. Geegory, James, b. 1638— d. 1675. Geegoby, Dr., b. 1753— vorogod joins, 1276. Hanse towns of the Baltic, make war on Denmark and Sweden, 1534 — defeated at Assens and Bornholm, 1535 — peace con- cluded, 1536. Hanway, Jonas, b. 1712— d. 1768. Harburg, taken by the French, and reco- vered by prince Ferdinand of Brunswick, 1757. Harcourt, Geoffrey, a Norman baron, ill- treated by Philip VI., comes to England and urges Edw. III. to invade Normandy, 1345 — serves in his army at Orecy, 1346 — joins him with Philip, brother of Chas. II. of Navarre, in the campaign of Poic- tiers, 1355. Harcourt, the Count D', French general, conquers Turin, 1640— defeats the Spa- niards, and takes Balaguier, 1645. — attempts the siege of Lerida, 1646— t.ikea Maubeuge and Conde, 1649— compels Conde to abandon the siege of Cognac, 1651. Habcourt. Simon, b. 1660— commissioner of accounts, 1693. See Harley. — Attor- ney-general, 1707— resigns, Feb. 11, 1708 — again appointed, then created a peer, and made lord keeper, 1710 — lord chan- cellor, 1713 — dismissed on the accession of Geo. I., 1714— deserts the tories. made a viscount, and receives a pension, 1721 — d. 1727. Harcourt, Simon, earl of, lord lieutenant of Ireland, 1772. Hardacanute, or Hardicanute I., king of Denmark, 824— Christianity first preach- ed in his dominions, 826. See Ansgar. — rf.855. Hardacanute II., k. of Denmark, son of Canute, receives Denmark before his father's death, 1035— does not claim his share of England, 1037 — prepares to claim the throne, and arrives in Flan- ders, 1038— sets sail from Het Swyn (Slnys), enters the Thames, and is ac- knowledged king, 1039— levies oppres- sive taxes on the English ; tumults in Worcestershire, 1041 — d. at Lambeth, June 8, 1042. Hardenberg, prince, b. 1750 — appointed prime minister in Prussia, June 6, 1810 — d. Nov. 26, 1822. Hardicanute. See Hardacanute. Harding, the printer ot Swift's Drapier's Letters, prosecuted, 1724. Harding, professor at Gottingen, discovers the planet or asteroid, Juno, Sept. 6, 1804. Haedinge, sir Henry, b. 1785 — serves under Wellington in the Peninsular War, 1808-14 — secretary at war, 1828 — resigns, 1830— secretary for Ireland, 1834 — brings in the Irish Tithe Bill, Mar. 20, 1835— resigns, Apr. 8; secretary at war, 1841 — appointed governor. general of India, May 6, 1844— concludes the purchase of the Danish settlements in India, Feb. 22, 1845 — defeats the Sikhs, Feb. 10, 1846 — made a viscount, May 4 ; resigns the government of India, 1847 — returns to England, April 5, 1848 — appointed commander-in-chief, 1852— d. 1856. Hardouin, the Jesuit, b. 1647— d. 1729. Hardwicke, Philip Yorke, lord, attorney- general, 1723— created a peer and lord chancellor, 1737 — decides that a question, rejected by the Lords, cannot be revived in the same session, 1741— frames the Marriage Act, 1753 — made an earl, 1754 —one of the regency, 1755— d. 1756. Hardwicke, Philip Yorke, second earl of, b. 1720— d. 1790. FAR 394 HAR Hardwioke, Philip, earl of, lorL -lieutenant of Ireland, 1801-6. Hardy, Thomas, b. 1750— acquitted of a charge of constructive treason, Nov. 5, 1794-tf. 1832. Hardyng, John, writes his Chronicle of England, 1459. Hake, Fort, the Caffres are repulsed at, Jan. 21, 1851. Hare, archdeacon, d. 1851. Harfleur, invested by Henry V., Aug. 17; surrenders, Sept. 22, 1415 — the French try to recover it, 1416 — Edmund Beaufort, duke of Somei'set, retreats to, Nov. 4. 1449. Hargrave, Francis, d. 1821. Hargrave, James, invents the spinning- engine, 1767. Hargreaves, Mr., the discoverer of the Australian gold fields ; appointed super- intendent of them, Oct. 17, 1S51. Harlaw, battle of; Donald of the Isles defeated by the earl of Mar, 1411. IIarleian Miscellany. See Oxford, Ro- bert, earl of. Harley, Robert, afterwards earl of Ox- ford, b. 1661 — commissioner of accounts, with Simon Harcourt, reports to the Commons corrupt uses of the public money, 1693 —brings in the Triennial Bill, 1694 -chosen speaker, Feb. 10, 1701 — Oct. 20, 1702 — becomes secretary of state, 1703— is introduced by Mrs. Mas- ham to private audiences with the queen, 1706 — a clerk in his office detected in betraying secrets of state to the French government, Dec. 31, 1707 — Harley dis- missed from office, 1708 — undermines the Whig ministry at court, 1709— appointed chancellor of the exchequer, 1710 — wounded by Guichard at the council table, Mar. 8, 1711 — created earl of Ox- ford, May 24 ; lord treasurer, 29. See Oxford, Robert H arley, earl of. H armer, alderman of London, b. 1774 — d. 1853. Harmodius assassinates Hipparchus, B.C. 514. Harmonia, the asteroid, discovered by Goldschmidt, March 31, 1856. I Faro, Louis de, prime minister to Philip IV. of Spain, 1643— d. 1661. H arold I. Harefoot. k. of England, son of Canute, 1035 — his brother, Hardacanute, not having claimed his share of England, Harold is crowned king of the whole, 1037 — he expels Emma, Canute's widow, from England, d. at Oxford, Mar. 17,1039. Harold II., k. of England, son of Godwin, commands in the fleet prepared against. Magnus, k. of Norway, 1046 — banished by Edw. the Confessor, goes to Ireland, 1051 — returns, joins his father, and if re- ! conciled to the k., 1052 — succeeds to his father's titles and power, 1053— repel3 the Welsh, 1056— designated heir to the throne of England, 1057 — defeats the Welsh, 1063 — puts down a rebellion of his brother Tostig in the North, and restores peace to England, 1065 — becomes king, Jan. 6. 1066 — his brother, Tostig, lands at Scarborough with a large body of Flemings and Norwegians ; they are totally routed by him, Sept. 25, 1066— slain at Hastings, Oct. 14. Harold II., Bluetooth, k. of Denmark, son of Gorm, succeeds his father, 936— repairs the Danawerk, and takes Jttlin, 937 — defeated by Otho I., and embraces Chris- tianity, 972— expelled by his son, Swein I.. 985. Harold III., son of Swein I., king of Den- mark, 1014— d. 1016. Harold IV., k. of Denmark, succeeds his father, Swein III., 1076 — prohibits judi- cial combats, 1078— d 1080. Harold Harfagr (FairJiair), son of Half- dane, b. 853— acknowledged k. of Norway, 863 — overcomes the Vikingr in Hasun- fiord, and subdues the southern part of Norway, 875— banishes Hroif (Rollo), 876 — conquers the Hebrides, the Shetland, Orkney, and Faro islands, and the Isle of Man, about 890-900 — sends his son, Haco, to be educated in England, 930 — d. 933. Harold Graafeld. son of Erik, slays Haco the Good, and becomes king of Norway, 950 — enticed into Jutland, and slain, 962. Harold IV., Hardrada. k. of Norway, son of Magnus the Good, b. 1016 — inherits Norway, 1047— builds Upsal; makes war on Denmark; concludes peace, 1064 — invades England, and is slain at the' battle of Stanford Bridge, Sept. 25, 1066. Harold, of South Jutland, son of Hem- ming, at peace with Charlemagne, 812 — expelled, and received by Louis I., 814— restored, 815 — baptized at Ingelheim. and receives from Louis a grant of land at Rustringen in Friesland, 826. Haroun al Kaschid, son of the caliph Al Mahdi, commands his father's armies; and extends his conquests to the Bos- phorus, 781 — becomes caliph, 786 — sends emissaries to Africa to poison Edris Ben Abdallah, 792— sends the keys of Jerusalem, and many valuable presents, to Charlemagne, 800 — sends an embassy to him at Pavia, 801— murders the Bar- mecides, 802— invades Phrygia, 803— reduces Heraclea in Pontus, 805 — founds public schools ; sends another embassy to Charlemagne, 807— d. 809. Harpalds steals great treasures from Alexander at Babylon, and brings them HAB 395 HAS to Athens ; corrupts many citizens, b.c. 325. Sec Athens, and Demosthenes. IIarpe, 6. 1718 — educates Alexander, son of Paul of Russia, 1790— d. 1803. Harpe, J. F. La. b. 1793. Harper, an expert, sent by Theodoric to Olovis, 498. H arriette Wilson, Memoirs of, published, 1825— judge Best decides that a court of law can give no compensation for labour employed on their production. Harrington, William, lord ; col. Stanhope receives the title, and succeed.-j lord Townsend as secretary of state, 1730— made an earl and president of the council, 1741 — secretary of state in the earl of Wilmington's cabinet, 1742 — and in the Broad Kottom ministry, 1744 — lord lieu- tenant of Ireland, 1747. Harrington, earl of, b. 1780-d 1851. Harrington. James, b. 1611— d. 1677. Harris, gen. lord, b. 1747— d. 1829. Harris, Mr., killed by the fall of his bal- loon near Croydon, 1824. Harris, Mr., patentee of Covent Garden theatre, 1767. Harrison, col., brings Chas. I. to Windsor from Hurst castle, 1648 — one of his judges ; prevents the interference of Fairfax to save his life, 1649 — executed, Oct. 9, 1660. Harrison, John, invents his time-piece, 1735— perfects it, 1772— d. 1776. Harrison, William Henry, b. 1773— chosen president of the United States, 1840— installed, Mar. 4, 1841 — d. Apr. 4. Harrow school founded, by John Lyons, 1571. Harrowbv, Dudley Ryder, lord. See Hyder, Dudley, foreign secretary in W. Pitt's last administration, 1804. Harrowby, lord. See Ryder, Richard Dudley. — Created an earl and home se- cretary in the Perceval ministry, 1809 — president of the council in lord Liver- pool's, 1812— the same in Canning's, 1827 —retires on the death of Canning, Aug. 27; d. 1847. Harrowby, Dudley Ryder, earl (late vis- count Sandon), succeeds his father, 1847 — chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster, in Lord Palmerston's ministry, 1852. Harry, the Great, the first ship of the royal navy of England, built by Henry VII., 1506. Harsa, C. Terentilius, tribune, requires the laws to be more explicit, and the power of the consuls more clearly de- fined, B.C. 461 — his proposition carried out by the appointment of the Decem- virs, 460. Hart, sir Anthony, b. 1759— vice-chan- cellor of England, 1813 —lord chancellor of Ireland, 1827 — resigns, 1830 — A. 1831. Hartington, William, marquis of, lord lieutenant of Ireland, 1755. Hartlepool, West; a subterranean forest discovered, with many fossil remains of plants and animals, Jan. 20, 1856. Hartley, David, b. 1704— d. 1757. Hartz mountains, silver discovered in the, 962. Harvey, Dr. Wm., b. 1578— discovers the circulation of the blood, 1619— d. 1657. Harvey, Beauchamp Bagnal. See Ross, battle of. Hauwioh, victory of the duke of York over the Dutch; the ship of their admiral, Opdam, blown up, June 3, 1665 — skeleton of a mammoth discovered at, 1803. Hasan, eldest son of Ali, elected caliph, 660- opposed by Moawiyah, resigns to him, 661. Hasdrubal, son-in-law of Hamilcar, de- feated by the consul Metellus in Sicily, b.c. 250— takes the command in Spain, and founds Carthago Nova (Carthagena), 229— d. 221. Hasdhubal, brother of Hannibal, over- come by the Scipios in Spain, b.c. 216, 215 — in Gaul, on his march to Italy, 209 — advances into Italy, totally defeated and slain by the Romans at the Metau- rus, 207. Hasdrubal defends Carthage against Scipio Afric. iEmilianus, b.c. 147 — sur- renders to him, 146. Hashem or Hixem, tenth of the Ommiades, caliph of Arabia, son of Abdalmelik, suc- ceeds his brother, Yezid II., 724-his army drives the Turks out of Armenia, 726— invades Bithynia, 727 — and Cappa- docia, 731— d. 743. Hashem or Hixem, youngest son of Abder- ahman I., b. 756— carefully educated by his father, 777 — succeeds him as caliph in Spain, 787— his brothers, Suleiman and Abdallah, conspire against him, 788 — Suleiman is defeated, and Abdallah surrenders Toledo, and is reconciled to Hixem, 789 — he proclaims the Algi- neb ; liis generals retake Barcelona and Paragossa, 791 — decorates Cordova with fountains, bridges, and palaces, 793 — en- deavours to abolish the Latin language ; founds schools for teaching Arabic, 794 — d. 795. See Hixem II. and III. Haslam, Dr., b. 1756— d. 1844. Haslo. battle of, Charles the Fat defeats the Danes, but gives up Friesland to them, 882. Hassan, governor of Egypt, renews the war in Africa, 693— takes Carthage, which is retaken, 697 — storms and de- stroys it, 698. HAS 396 HAW Hassan, Subah of Nishapnr, in Chorasan, collects a band of Carmathians, who are named after him, " Assassins." 1090. Hast a, Qu. Ninnius, consul of Rome, 114. Hastknbeck, battle of ; the duke of Cum- berland defeated by the marshal D'Es- trees, July 25, 1757. Hasting, the Dane, plunders Rouen, 841 — advances to Paris, 856 — conducts his band from Fulham into Belgium, 880 — is defeated by Louis III. on the Loire ; attempts to land in Wessex, but is repuls- ed by Alfred's naval victory ; worsted at Norden, in East Friesland ; joins his countrymen, who had occupied Treves and Cologne, 882— brings large bodies of Danes into Kent, and they fortify Milton, 893— Alfred restores his wife and sons, who had been taken prisoners, 894. Hastings, battle of; conquest of England by Wm. the Norman, Oct. 14, 1066. Hastings, railway from Brighton opened, June 27, 1846. Hastings, John, son of Adana, third daugh- ter of the earl of Huntingdon, brother of William the Lion, claims a third part of Scotland, 1290. See Balliol, and Bruce. Hastings, William, lord, beheaded by Richard, duke of Gloucester, 1483. H astings, Francis, marquis of. See Moi- ba, earl of.— Receives his title while go- vernor-general of India, 1816 — parliament votes thanks to him,and the army in India, for their victories in the Mahratta war, Mar. 23, 1819 — resigns the government of India, and embarks for England, June 9, 1823— appointed governor of Malta, 1824— d. Nov. 28, 1826. Hastings, Paulyn, marquis of, grandson of the above, b. 1832— d. 1851. Hastings, Warren, b. 1732— appointed go- vernor of Bengal, April 13, 1772— made governor.general of India, June 16, 1773 — acts in a way that eventually occasions his impeachment, 1776— concludes the treaty of Chunar with the nabob of Oude, Sept. 19, 1781— resigns the govern- ment of India, Feb. 8, 1785— arrives in England, June 16; his impeachment moved by Burke, April 4, 1786 — he de- fends himself at the bar of the House, May 1 ; the first, or Rohilla charge, aban- doned, June 1 ; the Benares charge adopt- ed, J une 13 ; the Oude charge brought forward, Feb. 7, 1787 — his trial com- mences in Westminster Hall, Feb. 13, 1788— it proceeds languidly, 1790— the new parliament decides to proceed with it, Dec 17 ; acquitted, Apr. 23, 1795— the East India Company pay the expenses oi his trial (more than £70,000), and settle on him a pension of £5000 a year ; d. 1818. Hastings, lady Flora, 6. 1813-d. 1830. Hasunfiord, naval battle of; Harold Har- fagr overcomes the Vikingr, 875. Haterius, the orator, d. 26. Hatfield, John. b. 1772 — fires at George III., in Drury Lane theatre, May 11, 1800 — confined as a lunatic — d. 1841. Hatfield, John, a notorious swindler, executed, Sept. 3, 1803. Hatfield, Bishops'. See Councils. Hatfield Chase. See Heathfield. " Hats," the French party in Sweden. See "Caps." Hatsell, William, b. 1733— clerk of the House of Commons — d. 1820. Hatto, archbp. of Mentz, 911. Hatton, sir Christopher, vice-chamber- lain of queen Elizabeth ; one of the commissioners to try Mary, queen oi Scots, 1586 — lord chancellor, 1587 — d. 1591. Hatton, sir Christopher, fined by the Star Chamber for encroachment on the royal forest lands, 1636. Hauy, the mineralogist, d. 1822. Havanna, admiral Knowles defeats a Spanisli squadron off the, Oct. 1, 1748 — surrenders to lord Albemarle and adm. Pococke, Aug. 14, 1762. Haveringeatte Bower, Isabella of Va- lois, qu. of Richard II., is shut up at, 1400 — Joanna of Navarre, widow of Henry IV., d. at, July 9, 1437. Haviland, Dr., b. 1786— d. 1851. Havre de Grace, given up by the Hugue- nots to the English, 1562— the English garrison expelled, on the temporary re- conciliation of the parties in France, 1563 — bombarded by the English, July 16, 1694- by Rodney, July, 1759— by sir Richard Strachan, 1798 — railway from Rouen opened, March 20, 1847. H awes, Dr., founder of the Humane So- ciety, b. 1736— d. 1808. Hawke, Edward, (afterwards) admiral and lord, b. 1713 — defeats the French fleet off Belleisle, Oct. 14, 1747 — supersedes adm. Byng, June 16, 1756 — sails for the Bay of Biscay ; drives a French armament, destined for America, on shore in Basque Roads, April, 1758 — defeats Conflans, near Belleisle, Nov. 20, 1759 -first lord of the admiralty in the Chatham and Grafton administrations, 1767 — in lord North's, 1770 — created a peer, 1776— d. 1781. Hawker, colonel, b. 1786— d. 1853. Hawkksbury, lord. See Jenkinson, Chas. — Created a peer, and first president ol the Board of Trade, 1786 — made earl ol Liverpool, 1796. See Liverpool, Chas, earl of. Hawkesbuby, Robert, lord. See Jenkim HAT 397 HED • Bon. Robert.— Receives the title, 1796— foreign secretary in the Addington mi- nistry, 1801— holds conferences with M. Otto, March ; signs the preliminaries of peace, Oct. 1 ; concludes the Definitive treaty at Amiens, March 27, 1802 — home secretary in W. Pitt's last administration, 1804— resigns, 1806 — home secretary in the duke of Portland's ministry, 1807— succeeds to his father's title, Dec. 7, 1808. See Liverpool. Hawksburg. See Habsburg. Hawkwood, sir John, serves in the wars of Edward III., and is knighted by him, 1346-60 — after the peace of Bretigni, takes the command of the disbanded Knglish in the pay of Pisa; they are defeated by the Florentines, 1364— taken into the service of Hernabo Visconte, 1369— of Gregory XI., 1373— of the Flo- rentines, 1375 — of Charles, k. of Naples, 1382 — assists John Galeazzo Visconte, 13S7— sent by the Florentines to oppose him, and assist Francesco Novello da Carrara to recover Padua, 1390 — foils the Milanese in their war against Florence and Padua, 1391 — d. in the service of Florence, and is interred there with fu- neral honours, 1394. Hay, lord John, b. 1793 -with a British squadron, assists the royal forces on the northern coast of Spain against the Car- lists; takes St. Sebastian, Oct. 1; re- lieves Bilboa, Dec. 24, 1836— d. 1851. Hay, the rev. Mr., chairman of the Man- chester magistrates, receives from the archbp. of Canterbury the living of Rochdale, Jan. 19, 1820. Haydn, Joseph, the musical composer, b. 1732— comes to England, 1791— d. 1809. Haydn, Joseph, author of the Dictionary of Dates, d. Jan. 17, 1856. Haypon, B. R., the historical painter, d. 1846. Hayley, William, b. 1745— d. 1820. Haymarket. See Opera House. Haymarket Theatre built, 1702 — re- built, 1767 — many lives lost by the pres- sure of a crowd in the narrow passage to the pit, Feb. 3, 1794— new theatre opened, July 4, 1821. Haynau, Julius von, b'. 1786— Austrian field- marshal, bombards Brescia, March 30, 1849 — takes the command of the Austrian army in Hungary, May 30; occupies Fiinfkirchen, June 21 ; and Raab, June 28 ; sends count Bathyany and other pri- soners to Presburg, July 26 ; gains a vic- tory at Szegedin, Aug. 2 ; enters Temes- war, Aug. 9— is assaulted at Barclay's brewery, when on a visit to London, Sept. 4, 1850— d. 1853. Hayradoin. See Barbarossa. t IIayter, the Rev. John, d. 1818. Hayti. See Haiti. Hazael, k. of Syria, b.c. 889. Hazelkig, threatened by Chariea I., is protected by the people. 1642. Hazi.itt, William, 6. 1778- d. 1830. Head, sir Francis, b. 1781 — governor of Upper Canada, dissolves the House of Assembly, May 28, 1836 — repulses the rebels at Toronto, Jan. 5, 1838— d. 1855. Headfort, the marquis of, pays damages £10,000 in an action for aim. con, brought by the Rev. C. Massey, 1804. HEALFDENE. SeellALFDENE. Hiard, sir Isaac, b. 1726— Garter king at arms; d.1822. Hearne, Thomas, the antiquary, b. 1678 — d. 1735. Heath, Charles, the engraver, b. 1784— d. 1848. IIeathcote, sir Gilbert, b. 1774— d. 1851. Heathfield, or Hatfield Chase, battle of; Edwin, k. of Northumberland, defeated and slain by Penda of Mercia and Cad- walla the Briton, Oct. 12, 633. Heathfield. lord. See Elliott, Gilbert. — d. 1790. ' Hebe, a planet, discovered by Mr. Hencke, at Driessen, July 1, 1847. IIeber, Reginald, b. 1783— appointed bp. of Calcutta ; sails from England, June 16, 1823-d. 1826. Heber, Richard, b. 1773— d. 1833. Hfbert, one of the Cordeliers party in the French Revolution, executed, March 24, 1795. Hebrew documents on Church History. See Hegksippus. Hebrew gospel of Matthew. See Bible. Hebrides, conquered by Harold Harfagr, k. of Norway, about 900 — ceded to Scot- land by Magnus VII., 1266— Charles Ed- ward Stuart lands on one of them, 1745. Heoat^eus, Milesian historian, fl., b.c. 5'20 counsels the Greeks to fortify the isle of Leria, 501. Hecla, Mount, continues in a state of vio- lent eruption during twelve months, from June, 17.4, to May, 1785. " Hecla," the, commanded by Capt. Lyon, proceeds to the Frozen Ocean, in com- pany with the "Fury," Capt. Parry, April 30, 1821. Hedda. bp. of Winchester, 676— d. 703. Hedgeley Moor, battle of; the Lancas- trians defeated by lord Montague, April 25. 1463. H rdin, besieged by the earl of Surrey, 1522. Hedwig, daughter of Henry the Fowler, emperor of Germany, marries Hugh th* Great, count of Paris, about 936. Hedwig, daughter of- Louis I., k. of Po- land and Hungary, elected queen by the HEI 398 HEL Poles in the place of her sister, Maria, 1384 — at the request of her subjects mar- ries Jagellon, grand duke of Lithuania, who takes the name of Ladislas li., 1386 — d. 1399. H keren, professor, A.H. L., b. 1761— d. 1842. Hegel, G. W. F., b. 1770— d. 1831. Hegemachus, Athenian archon, b.g. 300. Hegemon of Thasos ; poet of the old co- medy, patronised by Alcibiades, first in- troduces parodies, B.C. 413. Hegemon, Athenian archon, b.c. 327 C. — one of the orators, put to death by the Athenians, with Phocion, 317. Hegesias, Athenian archon, b.c. 324. Hegesinus, succeeds Evander in the chair of the Academy, B.C. 185. Hegesippus, orator and friend of Demos- thenes, B.c.^43. Hegesippus, poet of the new comedy, b.c. 300. Hegesippus, a converted Jew, goes to Koine and writes a history of the Church from Hebrew and Syriac documents, of which Eusebius has only preserved a few fragments, 152. II egestratus. Athenian archon, B.C. 560 H. Uegira, era of the; flight of Mohammed from Mecca to Yathreb (Medina) com- mences, July 16, 622— thirty-three of its lunar years are about equal to thirty-two of the vulgar era. Heidelberg, first great tun constructed, 1343— university founded, 1346— Cate- chism introduced by the Elector Palatine, Fred. III., 1562— meeting of the Pro- testants at, 1603— taken by a Spanish army from the Netherlands under Spi- nola, 1620— the valuable library trans- ported to Rome and Vienna, 1623 — taken by Turenne, 1674— by Louvois; the castle blown up, and the great tun destroyed, 1688 — a larger constructed, with a plat- form, on which court festivities have been often held, 1690— the town occupied by the French, March, 1799— they are expelled by the Austrians after a fierce battle on the bridge over the Neckar, Sept. Heilbron, the Protestant League in Ger- many formed at, 1594 — treaty of, between Sweden and France, and the German Protestant States, 1633. Heimburg taken by Matthias Corvinus, 1482. Heineccius, J. G., b. 1681— .1788-<7. 1841. Hooke, Dr. Robert, b. 1635— d. 1703. Hooker, Richard, b. 1553 — master of the Temple, 1585-d. 1600. Hoole, John, the translator of Tasso, b. 1727— d. 1803. Hooper, bp. of Gloucester, burnt, Feb. 9, 1555. Hoorn, count, arrested for opposing the measures of Philip II. in the Nether- lands, 1567 — beheaded, June 5, 1568. Hope, sir John, wounded and taken pri- soner before Bayonne, April 14, 1814 — created lord Niddry, May 17. Hope, Henry, the Amsterdam banker, b. 1737— settles in London, 1794— d. 1812. Hope, Mr., presents an entomological col- lection to the university of Oxford, Apr.; 18, 1850. Hope, F , president of the Court of Session, I. 1761— d. 1851. Hopkins. See Sternhold. Hoppner, Henry, b. 1736— d. 1811. Hopson, admiral, d. from the effects of the West Indian climate, 1728. Hopton, sir Ralph, the royalist general, defeats the earl of Stamford, at Stratton, in Cornwall, May 16, 1643— defeated by sir William Waller, at Cheriton Down, Mar. 29, 1644 — Arundel Castle is reco- vered from him by Waller, 1644 — dis- bands his army, Mar. 14, 1646. Horace, Q. Horatius Flaccus, b. at Venn- sium, b.c. Dec. 8, 65— studies at Athens HOR 423 HOS 45 — made a tribune by Brutus ; escapes from Philippi, and returns to Rome, 42 —obtains the friendship of Maecenas, 38 — publishes his first book of Satires. 35 — celebrates the battle of Actium in an . Ode, 31 — second book of Satires, and his Epodes, 30— first three books of his Odes, 24 — first book of his Epistles, 20 — com- poses his Carmen Seculare, 17 — fourth book of his Odes, 13— d. Nov. 27, 8. " Horace," of Corneille, brought out, 1639. Horatii. See Duels, public. Hormisdas, or Hormouz I., son of Sapor, k. of Persia, 272 — d. after a short reign, 273. Hormisdas, or Hormouz 11., son of Narses, k. of Persia, 301 — founds Ormus, 306 — d. 309. Hormisdas, or Hormouz III., son of Chos- roes I., k. of Persia, 579 — his tutor and friend, Buzurg Mihir, introduces the game of chess, from India, for his amusement, 580 — his friend leaves Per- sia, and he falls under the influence of evil counsellors, 583 — is deposed and slain, 590. Hormisdas bp. of Rome, 514-523. Hormouz. See Hormisdas. Horn, Gustavus, the Swedish gen., assists Bernard of Saxe Weimar against the imperialists, 1632 — is defeated at Nord- lihgen, by the archduke Ferdinand, Aug. 27, 1634. Hor>\ a Swedish nobleman, beheaded for conspiracy, 1756. Hornby, in Lincolnshire. See Eleanora, qu. of Edward I. Horncastlk, battle of; the royalists de- feated by sir Thomas Fairfax and Oliver Cromwell, 1643. Horne, George, bp. of Norwich, d. Jan. 17, 1792. Horne, the rev. John, afterwards Horne Tooke, b. 1736 —breaks up the Society of the Bill of Rights, by his altercation . with Wilkes, April 9, 1771— opposes his election for sheriff of London, and is burnt in effigy by the mob, July 1 ; sum- moned before the House of Commons for his Letter to the Speaker, Feb. 11, 1774 — imprisoned for a libel on the royal army at Lexington, July 4, 1778— applies to the society of the Inner Temple for admission as a barrister ; refused on the ground of his being an ordained clergy- man, June 13, 1779 — publishes his "Di- versions of Purley," 1787 — unsuccessful candidate for Westminster, 1790 — arrest- ed on a charge of constructive treason, May 20, 1794 — arraigned, Nov. 16; de- fended by Erskine, and acquitted, 20; returned to parliament for Old Sarum, May 1, 1801. See Commons, House of.— d. 1812. Horner, Francis, b. 1778— presents the Re- port of the Bullion Committee, 1810 — moves, unsuccessfully, for the resump- tion of cash payments by the Bank of England, May 6, 1811— d. at Pisa, Feb. 8, 1817. Horrox, Jeremiah, b. 1619 — first observes a transit of Venus, Nov. 24, 1639 — d. 1641. Horsa, the Saxon, assists Hengist to re- pel the Scots and Picts, 449— slain in the battle of Aylesford, 455. Horses, the two marble, of Monte Cavallo, in Rome, brought from Alexandria to the baths of Constantine, 326 — preserved by Theodoric, 500 — the four bronze, car- ried from Constantinople to Venice, 1205. Horsfall, Mr., a manufacturer, shot by Luddites, near Huddersfield, 1812 — the assassins executed at York, Jan. 7, 1813. Horsley, John, author of "Britannia Ro- mana," d. 1731 Horsley, Samuel, afterwards bp. of St. Asaph, b. 1733 — appointed bp. of St. David's, 1788— d. 1806. Hortensian Law, passed at Rome, gives legislative power to the Plebes, b.c. 2S6. Hortensius, Quintus, b. b.c. 114— his first oration in the Forum, 95— defends Verres, 70 — consul, 69 — in conjunction with Ci- cero, defends Sextius, 56— d. 50. Horton, lady Anne, daughter of lord Ira- ham, married to the duke of Cumber- land. Oct. 4, 1771. See Cumberland, Henry Fred., duke of. Horuc, Barbarossa, son of a potter at Mi- tylene, founds the piratical States of Barbary, 1516— is joined by his brother, Hayraddin, and d. soon after, 1518. See Barbarossa, Hayraddin. Horus, k. of Egypt, b.c. 1587— (last of the 18th dynasty, about 1450 L.) Hosea prophesies, b.c. 795. Hosein, son of Ali, protests against the succession of Yezid I., 676 — slain, 680. Hosein, one of Yezid's lieutenants, takes the command against the revolted Ko- reish, and presses the siege of Mecca, 682 — abandons it, on Yezid's death, 683. Hoshea, k. of Israel, b.c. 730 — Samaria taken by the Assyrians, and the king- dom of Israel ended, 721. Hosier, admiral, prevents the sailing of the Spanish treasure galleons from Porto Bello, June 3, 1726 — d. on the service, 1727. Hosius, bp. of Cordova, presides at the council of Nice, 325 — subscribes the Arian creed, 357. Hospitallers. See Knights Hospital- lers. Hospitals were originally Hospitia foi the reception of travellers, to the largest hot: 424 HOW ef which sick wards were afterwards attached ; many were erected for the accommodation of pilgrims to the East; Chrysostom, while patriarch of Con- stantinople, devoted to this purpose a large portion of his revenues, 400 — the great Xenodochium of Jerusalem, capable of sheltering 2000 guests, be- sides an infirmary for the sick and wounded, was built by the Knights of St. John, 1112 — the original name has assumed with us the two forms of Hotels and Hospitals. For the principal Hos- pitals of London, see their respective names in this Index. Hostilianus, nephew of Decius, appointed the colleague of Gallus, soon falls a vic- tim to the general pestilence, 252. Hotham, sir Charles, governor of Victoria, suppresses the riot in the Australian gold-diggings, Dec. 4, 1854. Hotham, sir John, closes the gates of Hull against Charles I., April 23, 1642— he and his son beheaded, Jan. 2, 1645. Hotham, admiral, gains a victory over the French fleet in the Mediterranean, Mar. 14, 1795. Hotham, admiral sir William, b. 1773 — d. 1848. Hotspur. See Percy, Henry. Hottentots, revolt of the, suppressed by general Somerset, June 3-5, 1851. Hottinger, J. H, d. 1667. Hounslow, the Speakers of the Lords and Commons, and many members of both houses, place themselves under the pro- tection of the troops encamped there, 1647 — an army is collected there by James II., and a Romish chapel erected in the camp, 16S6. Hours of Idleness. See Byron, George, lord. House ofCommons. SeeCoMMONB, House of. House of Lords. See Lords, House of. Household book of James V. See Aber- deen, earl of. Houses of Parliament burnt down, Oct. 16, 1834 — the granite embankment com- menced, to form a site for the new houses, 1837 — the rebuilding begins, 1840— the Lords meet in their new house, Apr. 15, 1847 — first entrance of the Queen through the Victoria Tower, Feb. 3, 1852 — the Commons assemble for the first time in their new house, Nov.4, 1852 — " Big Ben," the bell for the clock tower, weighing 15 tons, 18 cwt. 2 qrs., cast at Norton, near Stockton on Tees, Aug. 6, 1856— shipped at Hartlepool, Oct. 4 ; sounded for the first time, Nov. 13; Victoria Tower completed, 1857. Eoussein, brother-in-law of Timour, quar- rels with him, 1365— is defeated by him, and retires to Balkh, 1366— after a short reconciliation, their war is renewed; Ti- mour takes Balkh, Hous&«in made pri- soner, tried by sound of trumpet, con- demned, and put to death, 1367. Houtman, Cornelius, recommends the Dutch to form their East India Company, and establish their first factory in Java, 1595. Hoveden, Roger, writes his Chronicle, 1192. Howard, of Effingham, lord Charles, b. 1536 — commands the English fleet against the Spanish Armada, 1588 — sent out against the Havanna treasure ships, 1591 — takes and plunders Cadiz, 1596 — created earl of Nottingham, 1597 — lord high-admiral to James I., 1603 — sent ambassador to Spain, 1604 — d. 1624. Howard, lord, after the abolition of the House of Lords, elected member of the Commons for Carlisle, 1649. Howard, lord William, committed to the Tower on a charge of being concerned in Fitzharris's libel, June 12, 1681. Howard, of Escrick, lord, joins in a con- spiracy against Charles II., and gives evidence against lord Wm. Russell and Algernon Sidney, 1683. Howard, lord Thomas, accompanies Jas. II. on his Irish expedition, 1689— ex- cepted from the Act of Indemnity, 1690. Howard, sir Edward, son of the earl of Surrey, killed while attacking a French squadron in the harbour of Conquet, 1513. Howard, John, the philanthropist, b. 1727 — high-sheriff of Bedfordshire, thanked by parliament for his attention to the general state of prisons, Mar. 4, 1774— • sets out on his travels to visit the plague hospitals, Dec. 18, 1785 — publishes his Account of the Lazarettos of Europe, 1789— d. at Cher son, in Russia, 1790. Howard, Katharine, daughter of lord Ed- mund Howard, b. 1522 — married to Henry VIII., July 28, 1540— her early life re- vealed to the king, 1541 — attainted, and beheaded, Feb. 12, 1542. Howard, lady Frances, See Essex, earl of (the son), and Carre, Robert. Howden, lord, sent ambassador to Spain, May 14, 1850. Howe, lord, killed in a skirmish with the French in America, July 5, 1758. Howe, gen. sir William, drives the Ame- ricans from Long Island, Aug. 27, 1776 — takes New York, Sept. 15 ; defeats the Americans at White Plains, Oct. 29 ; de- feats Washington at Brandywine, Sept. 11, 1777 — resigns his command in Ame- rica, Apr. 14, 1778. Howe, Richard, b. 1725— captain of the HUG 425 HTJG Dunkirk, distinguishes himself in taking the French ships, Alcide and Lys, 1755 — captain of the Magnanimous, reduces . the isle of Aix, Sept. 23, 1757— commo- dore of the expedition against St. Malo and Cherbourg, 1758 — created a peer, 1759 — viscount, and treasurer of the navy in the Chatham ministry, 1766 — resigns, 1770 — first lord of the admiralty in W. Pitt's administration, 1784 — cre- ated an earl, and resigns office, 1788 — commands the Channel fleet, and defeats the French off Brest, June 1, 1794— d. Aug. 5, 1799. Howe, George, b. 1769 — establishes the first printing press in New South Wales, 1803— d. 1821. Howel, king of Gleguising, submits to Alfred the Great, 885. Howel, or Hoel Dha, king of the West Welsh, son of Cadell, and grandson of Rotri Mawr, recognizes the supremacy of Athelstan, k. of England, 926. Howel, of Wales, does homage to Edgar, 972. Howick, lord. See Grey, Charles, earl. Howley, William, b. 1766— bp. of London, translated to be archbp. of Canterbury, 1828— d. 1848. Howth, near Dublin, landing of Geo. IV. at, Aug. 15, 1821. See Holyhead. Hubert, natural son of Hugh, k. of Italy, duke of Tuscany, 936—961. Hubertsburg, treaty of, closes the Seven Years' war, Feb. 15, 1763. Huddersfield canal, tunnel of the, com- pleted, 1809. See also Horsfall. Hudson's bay, first reached by the Portu- guese, Corte Real. 1500 — explored by Henry Hudson, and named after him, 1608 — trading company chartered, 1670. Hue.jada, in Valencia, taken by the Chris- tians from the Mohammedans, 1224. IIuksoa, taken by the Franks, 797— reco- vered by Al Hakem 1., 798— and again, S02— Calib Hafsnn dies at, 917— taken by Roderic the Cid, 1087— by the Casti- lians, 1435. Hurt, Peter Daniel, bp. of Avranches, b. 1630— tf. 1721. Hugh, of Lusignan, T., k. of Cyprus, suc- ceeds his father, Almeric, 1206— tf. 1221. Hugh II.. k. of Cyprus, son of Henry I., 1253—1267. Hugh III., k. of Cyprus, son of Hugh II., 1267-1284. Hugh IV.. king of Cyprus, succeeds his father, Henry II., 1324- assists in tlie capture of Sicyon, 1344 — he visits Lon- don, endeavouring to incite Europe to a crusade, is entertained by sir Henry Pikard, 1363— d. 1369. Hugh Capet, k. of France. See Capet, Hugh. Hugh, count of Provence, is invited to take the kingdom of Italy, 925— expels Ru- dolf, and is acknowledged king, 926 — sends the father of the historian, Liut- prand, to C.P. on an embassy, 927— takes his son, Lothaire, as his colleague, 931 — marries Maroaia, widow of Guido, duke of Tuscany, and is expelled from Rome by her son, Alberic, 932 — besieges Rome, and purchases the friendship of Rudolf, by ceding to him a part of Proveuce, 933 — again lays siege to Rome ; Odo, abbot of Clugny, negotiates between him and Alberic, who marries his daughter, Alda; Hugh ejects Boson, and makes his own natural son, Hubert, duke of Tuscany, 936— marries Bertha, widow of Rudoif, 938— Odo of Clugny again mediates be- tween him and Alberic, 939 — Berenger, marquis of Ivrea, escapes his hostile designs, and takes refuge in Germany, 940— he expels the Saracens from Pro- vence, 942— his natural daughter, Ber- tha, is married to Romanus, son of Con- stantine Porphyrogenitus, 9l3~Berenger arrives from Germany, and becomes master of Italy; Hugh retains the title of king, 945 — withdraws into Provence, 946-d. 947. Hugh, the Great, count of Paris, son of Robert I., on his father's death, unites with Herbert de Vermandois, against Charles the Simple, king of France, and places Rudolf, duke of Burgundy, on the throne, 922 — marries Eadhild, sister of Athelstan, k. of England, 926 ; and after her death, Hedwig, daughter of Henry the Fowler, emperor of Germany, 936 — duke of Burgundy, 938— defeats Louis IV., 941 — protects Lothaire on the throne, 954 — receives Aquitain and other territories from him, 955 — d. 956 Hugh, duke of Tuscany, succeeds his fa- ther, Hubert, 961 — protects and restores the pope, John XV., 987— attends the court of Otho III., during Easter, at Quedlinburg, 991— d. 1001. Hugh I.— V., dukes of Burgundy. See Burgundy. Hugh, bp. of Durham, entrusted with the regency of England during the absence of Richard I. in the Holy Land, 1190— expelled by prince John, 1191. Hugh de Vekmandois, a leader of the first crusade, 1096. Hughes, sir Richard, defeats the French admiral, Suffrein, in the East Indies, Apr. 12, 1782. Hugo Falcandus. See Falcandus. Hugo, Victor, b. 1802- publishes his Odes, 1822 — a democrat, banished from France, .Ian. 10, 1852. Huguenots. See Eidgenossen.— The pow- HUL 426 HUM crful anti-papal party in France, after- wards known by this name, originated by the preaching of Calvin at Paris, 1532 — persecution of them begins, at the in- stigation of Katharine de' Medici ; the councillor, Anne Dubourg, burnt, Dec. 23, 1559 — she seeks an alliance with them against the Guise family, 1560— the con- ference of Poissy inflames discord ; an edict issued against them, and they are first called Huguenots ; Conde and Co- ligni prepare to take up arms, 1561. See Charles IX., k. of France. — Elizabeth sends an English auxiliary force to sup- port them ; Jane, qu. of Navarre, encou- rages them, and educates her son, Henry, in their tenets; they are defeated at Dreux, 1562 — compromise of Amboise, Mar. 19 ; the two parties unite to take Havre de Grace from the English ; Eli- zabeth makes peace with the qu. regent, 1563 — a colony planted in Florida, 1564 — edict of the qu. of Navarre in favour of the Huguenots ; they are defeated at St. Denis, Nov. 10 ; their colony expelled from Florida by the Spanish, 1567. See Charles IX., k. of France. — Massacre of St. Bartholomew, Aug. 24, 1572— the nobility and gentry of England offer to raise an army to avenge them ; Elizabeth more cautiously supports them. 1573. See Henry III. and IV., kings of France. — Edict of Nantes, secures to them the free exercise of their religion, Apr. 13, 1598— Mary de' Medici, mother and re- gent of Louis XIII., sets herself in op- position to them, 1612. See Louis XIII., k. of France. — The surrender of Rochelle closes the last Huguenot war, Oct. 30, 1628 — religious liberty established by the pacification of Nismes, July 14, 1629 — restricted by new edicts of Louis XIV., 1680 — refugees arrive in London, and are relieved by an Order in Council, 1681 — revocation of the Edict of Nantes, (Jet. 22, 1685 — emigration of the industrious and wealthy to England and Germany ; persecution of Calas, 1762— freedom of conscience restored by the National As- sembly, Aug. 24, 1789. Hulagou, brother of the great khan, Mangou, invades Persia, extirpates the tribe of the Assassins in that country, and proclaims himself sultan, 1256 — storms Bagdad, puts to death Mostasem, the last of the caliphs ; carries his arms into Syria, and takes Damascus, 1258 — d. 1264. Hull, incorporated by Edward I. as King- ston-upon-Hull, 1299— closed by sir John Hotham against Charles I., Apr. 23, 1642 — besieged by the marquis of Newcastle, who is driven from his trenches by the garrison, Oct. 12, 1643— visited by qu. Victoria and the royal family, Oct. 13, 1854. Hull, an American general, invades Ca- nada. See Brock, general. Hulst, taken by the statholder, Frederic Henry, 1644. Humane Society, founded, 1774. Humber, the Danes advance beyond the, to take York, 867. See Edgar Etheling. Humbert, I.— III. See Savoy. Humbert, general, lands with a French force at Killala, in Ireland, Aug. 22, 1798 — they surrender to gen. Lake, Sept. 8. Humboldt, baron Alexander Von, b. 1769— festival at Berlin in honour of his 80th year, Sept. 14, 1849. Humboldt, baron Wilhelm Von, b. 1768— d. 1835. Hume, lord, raises forces against Mary,qu. of Scotland ; defeats Bothwell, at Car- berry hill, and takes her prisoner, June 15, 1567. Hume, David, b. 1711 — he commences the publication of his History of England, 1754- d. 1776. Hume, Joseph, b. 1777— attends qu. Caro- line to St. Paul's, Nov. 29, 1820— moves for a reduction of the army, Mar. 1, 1821 — after sixteen divisions, the motion is lost ; exposes the extravagance of the public expenditure, June 27 ; receives pieces of plate from public bodies for his exertions to enforce ministerial economy, 1822— moves for inquiry into the Irish church, Mar. 4, 1823 — questions the facts alleged by Mr. Robinson to shew the prosperity of the country, May 4, 1826 — elected for Middlesex, 1830— motion on the corn laws negatived, Mar. 1, 1834 — obtains inquiry into Orange Lodges, 1835 — severely reprobates the obstructive proceedings of the Lords, Aug. 20, 1836 — banquet to him and Mr. Byng, in Drury Lane theatre, Jan. 23, 1837 — presides at a meeting to erect monuments to Muir and other Scotch reformers, prosecuted in 1793-4, Feb. 20; founds the monu- ment at Edinburgh, Aug. 21, 1844 — motion for an inquiry into the proceed- ings of sir James Brooke against the Borneo pirates, negatived, July 10, 1851 — portrait of him presented by his friends to Mrs. Hume, and by her to the London University, 1854— d. 1855 — meet- ing to raise a memorial of him, Dec. 13, 1855. Humieres, D', the French marshal, defeat- ed by prince Waldeck, the Dutch ge- neral, at Walcourt, 1689. Humphrey de Hauteville, succeeds hia brother, Diogo, as leader of the Normans in Italy, 1051— count of Apulia, makes HUN 427 HUN prisoner pope Leo IX. at Civitella, 1053 — d. 1057. Humphrey, duke of Gloucester, fourth son of Henry IV., k. of England, regent of England, 1422— he offends Philip, duke of Burgundy, by marrying Jaqueline, duchess of Brabant, and claiming her hereditary States of Holland and Hai- nault, 1424 — dissension with Henry Beaufort, bp. of Winchester, composed by John, duke of Bedford; reconciled to duke Philip, 1425— Philip besieges Calais, but retires on his approach ; he separates qu. Katharine from Owen Tudor, 1436 — intrigues and cabals of Henry Beaufort, bishop of Winchester, against his duchess for imputed witch- craft : she is condemned to do penance in St. Paul's, and to be imprisoned for life ; her confessor, Bolingbroke, and Margery Jordan of Eye, are executed, 1442— car- dinal Beaufort prevails over him in the English councils, 1444 — qu. Margaret joins his enemies, 1445 — murdered at Bury St. Edmund's, Feb. 28 (24 Stowe), 1447. Hunald, son of Endes, takes the title of duke of Aquitaine, and does homage to Charles Martel, 736 — retires into a mo- nastery, 762 — leaves his monastery, and claims Aquitaine ; defeated and made prisoner by Charlemagne, 769. Hunferth, follows Daniel in the see of Winchester, 744— d. 754. Hungary, the Dacia of the Romans, and the eastern part of Pannonia. See Da- cia. — Invasion of the Huns, and expul- sion of the Goths, 376. See Huns.— Oc- cupied by the Gepidse, after the fall, of the Huns, 469. See Gepid^:.— The Avars follow, 568. See Avars.— Part of the Bulgarian kingdom, 630. See Bulga- rians. — The Ungri (called by some wri- ters Huns) form a settlement at Mun- katz, and advance in Pannonia, 862 — the country occupied by them receives the name of Ungara, or Hungary, 886 — they are joined by the Magyars, under Arpad, the father of a long line of kings; become a powerful nation, and defeat Simeon, k. of the Bulgarians, 889— are employed by Arnulf, k. of Germany, 893 — defeat Simeon again in three great battles, 896 -invade Italy, defeat Beren- ger near the Brenta, and penetrate to Modena, 899— defeated by him near Ve- nice, obtain money from him, and with- draw, 906 — desolate Bavaria, 907 — in- vade Thuringen, 909 — defeat Louis III., k. of Germany, 910 — invited by Beren- ger to assist him against Rudolf, k. of Transjurane Burgundy, 921 — plunder and burn Pavia, and proceed into the south of France, where they are oves* come by Rudolf, 924 — again invited into Italy by the marquis Alberico ; carry off a rich booty, 925 — defeated by Henry the Fowler, at Merseburg, in Saxony, 934 — invited by Ludolf, son of Othol. ; they ravage Germany, 954 — are signally de- feated by Otho, at Augsburg, and desist in future from their incursions into the West, 955 — turn their arms to the East against the Bulgarians, and obtain ad- ditional territories from them, 957-965 — become a settled and civilized people under Geisa, a descendant of Arpad, who takes the title of duke, 972— he intro- duces Christianity, and his son, Walk, takes the name of Stephen, 996— d. and is succeeded by his son, 997, who as- sumes the title of king, 1000. Sovereigns of Hungary ; the events dur- ing their reigns may be seen under their respective names in this Index. Line or Arpad. Geisa, duke, 972—997. Stephen, duke, 997; king, 1000—1038. Peter, 1038—1041. Samuel Abo. 1041—1044. Peter, restored, 1044—1046. Andrew I., 1046—1060. Bela I., 1060—1063. Solomon, 1063—1075. Geisa I., 1075—1077. Wladislas, or Ladislas I., 1077—1095. Colonian, 1095—1114. Stephen II., 1114—1131. Bela II., 1131 — by his marriage with Helena, daughter of Urosch, prince of Servia, obtains Bosnia— d. 1141. Geisa II., 1141—1160. Stephen III., 1160—1162. Stephen IV., 1162—1173. Bela III., 1173—1196. Emeric, 1196—1204. Wladislas, or Ladislas II., 1204—1205. Andrew II., 1205—1235. Bela IV., 1235—1270 Stephen V., 1270—1272. Ladislas TIL, 1272-1290. Andrew III., the Venetian, 1290 — last of the line of Arpad, d. 1301. House of Naples. Charles I., Robert, 1301—1342. Louis I., 1342—1382. Maria, 1382 — with Sigismund, 1387 — 1392. House of Brandenburg. Sigismund, alone, 1392—1437. Elizabeth, with Albert of Austria, 1437 — 1439; with Ladislas IV., 1440—1442. Ladislas, alone, 1442 — 1444. Ladislas V., 1445-1458. Elected. Matthias Corvinus, H uniades, 1458—1490 HUN 428 HUN Hungary — continued. Ladislas VI., 1490—1516. Louis II., 1516—1526. Union of Hungary to Austria, 1526. See Austria, and Ferdinand I., emperor of Germany, and his successors. Hungary overrun by the Turks, and John Von Zapolya set up by them as king, 1529 — made a part of the Ottoman empire by Soliman II., 1541 — Gran, Fiinfkirchen, and Stuhlweis- senburg submit to him, 1543 — he is repulsed at Eger, 1552— truce concluded for eight years, 1562 — broken by the Turks, who besiege Zigeth, 1566 — sultan Selim, by a truce or peace, retains the greater part of Hungary, 1567 — war re- newed, and the Turks defeated at Sissek, near Comorn, 1592 — take Raab, 1594 — lose Gran, 1595 — defeat the imperialists at Keresztes, and take. Eger, 1596 — lose Raab and Vesprin, 1598 — recover Gran, 1605 — peace of Comorn concluded, 1606— Bethlem Gabor proclaimed king by the Protestants, 1620. See Bethlem: Gabor. — Revolt provoked by the intolerance of the Jesuits, 1637 — the Turks recommence hostilities and take Neuh'ausel, 1663— are defeated by Montecuccoli at St. Gotthard on the Raab, and agree to the peace of Temeswar, 1664— conspiracy of the mag- nates against the religious and fiscal ty- ranny of the imperial officers detected, and many put to death, 1670— the mal- contents place count Tekeli at their head, 1676— apply to the Poles for assist- ance, 1677— diet of Odenburg; the em- peror Leopold I. makes concessions to divide the patriots; Tekeli persists, and has recourse to the Turks, 1681 — they renew the war, and sustain many re- verses, 1683-1697. See Charles IV., duke of Lorraine, and Eugene Francis, prince of Savoy.— By the peace of Car- lowitz, they relinquish all Hungary, ex- cept Temeswar, Jan. 26, 1699 — the" mal- contents take arms again, under the leadership of Francis Ragoczy, 1701— be- come formidable, and threaten Vienna, 1704— are defeated at Trentschin, 1708— at Romhany, 1710 — treaties of Nagy- Haroly and Szathman; the emperor Joseph I. grants religious liberty, and tranquillizes Hungary, 1711 — war again with the Turks ; prince Eugene defeats them at Peterwaradin ; takes Temeswar, and drives them out of Hungary, 1716—' takes Belgrad -, 1717 — the peace of Pas- sarowitz leaves all Hungary in the hands of the emperor, June 24, 1718— Maria Theresa, queen, declares her husband, Francis Stephen, co-regent, 1740 — is trowued at Presburg, and appeals to the loyalty of her subjects, who support her enthusiastically against her powerful enemies, 1741. See Maria Theresa. — General insurrection, Sept 25, 1848. See Ferdinand and Francis Joseph, empe- rors of Austria; Kossuth, and Bem.— - Suppressed, Aug. 12, 1849. Hungerpord Market opened, July 2,1833 — suspension bridge opened, May 1.1845. Huniades, John, advises Elizabeth, queen of Hungary, to marry Ladislas III., k. of Poland, 1440 — repels the Ottoman inva- sion of Transylvania, 1442 — he crosses the Danube, takes Nissa (Naissus) and Sofia, and defeats the Ottoman army at Kunobitza, in the defiles of the Balkan, Dec. 24, 1443 — his victories induce Amu- rath II. to solicit peace; treaty of Sege- din ; Servia restored, the Hungarian frontier evacuated, and a truce for ten years concluded ; the papal legate per- suades Ladislas to break the truce ; battle of Varna, Nov. 10 ; triumph of the Ottomans ; the king and the legate pe- rish; Huniades escapes, 1444— appointed regent of Hungary for Ladislas V., 1445 — defeated by Amurath at Cossova, 1448 — obtains the release of Ladislas from Austria, and resigns the regency, 1452 — defeats Mahomet II. at the siege of Bel- grade, and d. a month after his victory, 1456. Huniades, Ladislas, eldest son of John Huniades, condemned and executed for the murder of count Cilly, 1457. Huniades, Matthias. See Matthias Cor- vinus. Huningen, skilful retreat of Moreau to, Oct. 26, 1796. Hunne, Richard, convicted of heresy ten days after his death ; his body is disin- terred and burnt in Smithfield, Dec. 20, 1514. Hunneric, k. of the Vandals, in Africa, son of Geuseric, marries Endocia, daugh- ter of the emperor Valentinian III., 462 — succeeds his father, 477 — issues a sum- mons to the bishops of Africa to meet the following year at Carthage, 483 — after the conference, issues an edict in favour of Arianism, and punishes its op- ponents, 484— d. 484. Huns, a Tartar tribe from Central Asia, first mentioned in the Geographical Poem of Dionysius Periegeta, about 300 — first known in history by their driving the Visigoths out of Dacia, 376 — Roas or Rugilas leads them to the banks of the Danube; and they make incursions into Thrace, 4*22 — Aetius engages them to support the rebel. John Primiceriiis, 424 — they arrive too lat'e, and return to their cantonments, 425 — withdraw from HFR 429 HITS Pannonia, and advance •westward into Germany, 427— assist Aetius to regain his power in the Western empire, 432— Rugilas d., and is succeeded by Attila and Bleda, sons of his brother, Mundzuk, 433. See Attila, — Death of Attila ; his eldest son. Ellac, defeated by the Ostrogoths; falls in battle; Dengezic takes the command, 453. See Dengezic. — The Huns finally overthrown and dis- persed, 469. Huns, another tribe, better known after- wards as Avars, break through the Cas- pian gates, and invade Cappadocia, 515 — plunder Armenia, and are driven out by Dositheus, 532. See Avars. Huns. See Ungri. and Hungary. Hunt, F. K., b. 1814— d. 1854. , Hunt, Henry, b. 1773— candidate for Bris- tol, 1812 — becomes a popular leader ; presides at a meeting for parliamentary reform, Nov. 15, 1816— presides at a meet- ing in Smithfield, July 22, 1819— at the meeting in St. Peter's Field, Manchester, and is arrested, Aug. 16 ; enters London, attended by a numerous procession, Sept. 13 ; convicted, and afterwards sentenced to imprisonment, 1820 — elected for Pres- ton, 1830— d. 1835. Hunt, John and Leigh, fined and impri- soned for a libel on the prince regent, in the Examiner, Dec. 9, 1812 — John again imprisoned for a libel on the House of Commons, May 25, 1821. Hunter, John, b. 1728- d. 1793. Hunter, Dr. William, b. 1718— at. 1783. Huntingdon, the earl of, created duke of Exeter by Richard II., 1397— degraded by Henry IV., 1399 — enters into a con- spiracy against him, taken prisoner, and beheaded, 1400. Huntingdon, Theophilua Hastings, earl of, excepted from the Act of indemnity, 1690— committed to the Tower, and soon released, 1692. Huntingdon, Selina, countess of, b. 1707 — d. 1791. Huntington, William, the methodist preacher, b. 1744— a 7 . 1813. Huntley, Gordon, marquis of, joins the rebellion of the earl of Mar, 1715 — sub- mits, and is pardoned, Nov. 4, 1716. Huntley, the marquis of, b. 1761— d. 1853. Hunton, Joseph, a quaker, executed for forgery, Dec. 8, 1828. Hurd, Richard, bp. of Worcester, b. 1720 — d. 1808. Hurricane, a violent, drives several whales ashore on the coasts of Essex and Kent, Feb. 24, 1762— on the coasts of the West- ern counties and Ireland ; Liverpool and Dublin suffer greatly, Jan. 6, 1839. See Storms. Hurst Castle, Charles I. removed to 1648 — taken thence to Windsor, Dec. 23. Husam. See Abulkatur. Husch, or Falczy, treaty of, by which Ka- tharine saves Peter the Great and his army, when surrounded bv the Turks, 1711. H'tskisson, S., b. 1773 — lieut.-gen., Jan. 10, 1837— general, Nov. fl, 1851— d. 1855. Huskisson, William, b. 1770 — a secretary of the treasury, 1804 — president of the Board of Trade, Jan. 31, 1823— intro- duces his measures for improving the silk manufactures, March 8, 1824 - vindi- cates the relaxation of the navigation laws, May 12, 1826 — becomes colonial secretary, Aug. 17, 1827 — secedes from the duke of Wellington's ministry, June, 1828— is killed at the opening of the Liverpool and Manchester railway, Sept. 15, 1830 — his statue placed in the vesti- bule of Lloyd's, Feb. 7, 1848. Hussey, lord, beheaded, for insurrection, 1537. Huss, John, b. at Hussinetz, in Bohemia, July 6, 1373 — professor of theology at Prague, 1398 — confessor to the queen of Bohemia, 1401 — preaches Wickliffe's doctrines in conjunction with Jerome of Prague, 1403. See Jerome of Prague. — Makes many converts at Prague, 1409 — excommunicated and forbidden to preach, 1411 — publicly burns at Prague a papal Indulgence; protests against the doctrine and sale of them, 1412 — a council at Rome condemns him again, and lays an interdict on every place that harbours him, 1413 — invited to Constance ; fur- nished with a safe conduct by the em- peror Sigismund ; the council asserts that no civil power can protect him ; and by their decree he perishes in the flames, July 6, 1415. Hussites, the disciples of Huss, are per- secuted in Prussia by Michael Kuch- meister von Sternberg, grand master of the Teutonic Knights, 1413 — take up arms in Bohemia, 1416 — appoint Ziska their leader, 1417 — refuse to acknow- ledge Sigismund as k. of Bohemia, and storm the town-hall of Prague, 1419 — lie besieges them in Prague, and is de- feated by them at Wissehrad, July 14, 1420 — they offer Bohemia to Ladislas, k. of Poland, and to Witold, duke of Lithu- ania ; Korybut, nephew of Ladislas, is sent to them, 1422 — death of Ziska; Procopius Rasa chosen leader, 1424 — they extend their conquests into Saxony and Meissen, 1426— defeat an army of the empire at Mies, 1427 — carry their arms into Silesia, 1428— refuse to nego- tiate for peace with Sigismund, 1429— HYD 43C IAM Victory at Tauss, 1431 — divide into two Beets, the Calixtines and Taborites ; the former, satisfied with the concessions made by the council of Basle, secede from the league, 1433 — the Calixtines join the imperial army, and defeat the Taborites at Bohmisch-Brod, 1434 — the Calixtines, deceived in the 'execution of their treaty, re-unite with the Taborites; Sigismund coucedes the points they re- quire, on which they submit and allow him to enter Prague, 1435 — treaty of Iglau between them and the emperor, 1436— some of them offer the crown of Bohemia to Casimir of Poland ; they are defeated by Albert of Austria at Tabor, 1438. Hutcheson, Thomas, b. 1694— d. 1747. Hutchinson, John, b. 1684— d. 1737. Hutchinson, major-gen. J. H., succeeds sir Ralph Abercrombie in Egypt, March 21, 1S01— signs a treaty for the evacuation of the country by the French, June 27 ; created a peer, Dec. 5. Hutchinson, capt. J. H., assists Lava- lette's escape, Dec. 20, 1815. Hutchinson, Lucy, writes the Memoirs of her husband, col. Hutchinson, 1670. Hutton, Charles, b. 1737— d. 1823. Hutton, William, b. 1723— d. 1815. Huy, in the Netherlands, taken by the French, 1693 — recovered by the allies, 1694— taken by the duke of Marlborough, Aug. 27, 1703. Huygens, Christian, b. 1629 — he invents and applies the pendulum to clocks, 1647 — d. 1695. Hy. See Iona. Hyacinth. See Francis Hyacinth, duke of Savoy. Hybrilides, Athenian archon, b.c. 491. Hydaspes, a river of India, (now the Chelum, according to major Rennell) which Alexander descended on his return from India, B.C. 327. Hyde, Edward. See Clarendon, Edward Hyde, earl of. Hyde, Henry. See Clarendon, Henry Hyde, earl of. Hyde, Anne. See Anne Hyde. Hyde Park, review of the Guards in, July 4, 1663 — troops encamped in, July 31, 1715 — volunteers reviewed by Geo. III., Oct. 26 and 28, 1803. See Achilles, statue of.— Fireworks in. on occasion of the coronation of William IV., Sept. 8, 1831. See Crystal Palace. Hyder Ali founds the Mysore kingdom, 1761 — war with the India Company and their allies, 1767 — defeats theMahrattas, and penetrates to the gates of Madras ; treaty of peace with him, April 4, 1769 —extends his conquests over the native chiefs in Calicut, 1771— defeats the Com- pany's troope, Sept. 10, 17S0 — and con- quers the Camatic ; is defeated by sir Eyre Coote, June 2, 1782— d. Dec. 11. Hyderabad, taken by sir Chas. James Na- pier, Feb. 20, 1843. Hygeia, the asteroid, discovered by De Gasparis, April 12, 1849. Hyginus, bp. of Rome, 139-142. Hyginus, Jul., keeper of the Palatine library, writes "De Castrametatione," B.C. 10. Hyksos, or shepherd kings in Egypt. See Berbers. Hymen.eus, bp. of Jerusalem, 262-298". Hypatia, wife of Isidorus, teaches philo- sophy at Alexandria, 407 — brutally mur- dered with the connivance of bp. Cyril, 415. Hypatius, consul of Rome, 500 — sent against the Persians, and is unsuccess- ful, 503. Hypatius, Fl., brother of the empress Euse- bia, consul of Rome, 359. Hyperbius, Olympic victor, B.C. 420. Hyperechius of Alexandria, writes on grammar or orthography, 453. Hyperides, the Athenian orator, put to death, b.c. 322. Hyps^eus, C. Plautius, consul of Rome, B.C. 347. Hyps^eus, M. Plautius, consul of Rome, b.c. 125. Hyrcania, occupied by the Parthians, b.c. 244. Hyrcanus, John, son of Simon, succeeds his father as high priest, and rules the Jews with regal power, B.C. 135 — makes a league with the Romans, and conquers Samaria, 129— d. 107. Hyrcanus II., k. of Judaea, son of Alex- ander Jannseus, nominated by his mother Alexandra as successor to the throne; deposed by his brother, Aristobulus, b.c. 70 — takes up arms against Aristobulus, 65 — made k. by Pompey, 63 — becomes an ally of Rome, 47 — deposed and made prisoner by the Parthians, 40— murdered by Herod, 37. Hysi^e, battle of; the Lacedaemonians de- feated by the Argives, b.c. 669. Hystaspes. See Darius I. Iambics invented by Arcnilochus, b.c. 708 — written by Simonides of Amorgus, 696 — and by Hipponax of Ephesus, 546. Iamblichus, a disciple of Porphyry, fl., 312— . 265 ; and are kept in awe by the empe- ror Probus, 278— plunder Pamphylia, 353; and Cilicia, 404 — molest Chrysostom in his exile at Arabissus,406-Zeno, emperor of the East, driven from Constantinople, retires among them, with his wife, Ari- adne, 475 — is besieged there, 476— con- ducted back to his throne, 477— his bro- ther, Longinus, excites them to rebel against the emperor Anastasius I.,492— tranqmllitv restored, 497— employed by Justinian L, in Italy, they betray Rome to Totila, 549— the province conquered by the Saracens, 650— recovered by Leo III., and included in the Kybyrraiat Theme, 739 — conquered by Soliman, forms part of the Seljukian king- dom of Iconium, or Ronm, 1074— added to the Ottoman empire by Amurath I. 1387. Isaurian Dynasty, founded by Leo III., 717— ends with Constantine VI., 797. See Eastern Empire. Isauricus (surname of the Servilian family P. Servilius Vatia, consul of Rome, B.C. 48; 11.41. Isaurds. See Candidus. Ischia, an island on the coast of Naples. See Alum, and Genoa, 1459.— John of Anjou withdraws there, 1463 ; and Fer- dinand II. of Naples, 1495. Ischomachus, Olympic victor, B.C. 508. Ischyrus, Olympic victor, B.C. 516. Isembard, lord of La Ferte\ persuades Guntrum to invade France, 881. Isenbart, of Altdorf. See Guelf. Ishbosheth, contests the kingdom with David, B.C. 1056 (1070 H.) Ishmael, son of Abraham, b. b.c. 1910 (2044, C.) Isidore, the Alexandrian philosopher, d 525. See Damascius. Isidore I., patriarch of Constantinople, 134? -1350. Isidore II., patriarch of Constantinople, 1457. Isidore, the Russian patriarch, attends the council of Florence, and concurs ia ISO 450 ISB the Union of the Churches, 1438 — de- posed on his return, 1439 — made a car- dinal, he celebrates at Constantinople, in the church of St. Sophia, a new union of the churches, 1452. Isidore, bp. of Seville, 596 — writes his History, 612— still employed at it, 625 — d. April 4, 636. Isidore, abbot of Pelusium, censures the conduct of Cyril, bp. of Alexandria, 435 — d. 449. Isidorus, husband of Hypatia, teaches phi- losophy at Alexandria, 407. . Isidorus, son of Basilides, inculcates his father's Gnosticism, 140. Isidorus, Fl. Anthemius, consul of Rome, b c. 436. Isidorus, of Miletus, employed by Justi- nian I., with Anthemius, to build the new church of St. Sophia, 532. Isidorus, the Younger, also of Miletus, re- pairs the church of St. Sophia, injured by an earthquake, 558. Islamism. See Mohammed. Isle de Rhe. See Rhe, Isle de. Islington Cattle Market, opened, Jan. 9, 1849. Islv, victory of, gained by marshal Bu- geaud over the army of Morocco, Aug. • 14, 1844. Isly, duke of. See Bugeaud, marshal. Ismael Beg, emir of Sinope, surrenders to Mahomet II., 1461. Ismail, invested by Potemkin, 1789 — storm- ed by Suvarof, Dec. 22, 1795 — slaughter of its inhabitants, 26. Ismail Samani, sultan of Turkistan, 892 — conquers Persia, 902. Ismail, k. of Toledo, fails in his attack on Seville, 1070. Ismail I., or Abul Walid, k. of Granada. See Abul Walid. Ismail II., k. of Granada, usurps the throne of his brother, Muhamad V., 1359 — slain by his chief minister, Abu Said, who seizes the throne, 1360. Ismail I., son of Haydar, excites the reli- gious fervour of the Fatimites, drives out the Turkmans of the White Sheep, and founds the Soft dynasty in Persia, 1501— defeated by Selim I.,atKalderoon, Aug. 17, 1514— d. 1523. Ismail II., son of Tamasp I., Sofi of Per- sia, 1576-1577. Isocrates, orator, b. B.C. 436 — date of his Oratio Panegyrica, 380 — oration on the taking of Platsea by the Thebans, 374 — counsels peace, 356 — censures the licen- tiousness of comedy at the time, 356- A 338. Isolani, cardinal Jacopo, appointed gover- nor of Genoa, bv Philip Maria Viscoute, duke of Milan, 1424. Ispahan, taken by Heraclius, 624; by Timour, when he erect» a pyramid of human heads, 1387 ; by the Turks, but soon recovered from them, 1547— made the capital of Persia, by Abbas the Great, 1590— taken by Meer Mahmoud, 1722. Israel. See Jacob ; Joseph, son of Jacob ; Moses, Aaron, and Israelites. Israel, kingdom of, separated from Judah, B.C. 975. Kings op Israel. Jeroboam, 975—955. Nadab, 955—953. Baasha, 953—931. Elah, 931—930. Zimri, 7 days, 930. Omri, 930— builds Samaria, 926— d. 919, Ahab, 919— marries Jezebel, daughter of the k. of Sidon, 918 — introduces the worship of Baal; is reproved by Eli- jah ; falls in battle against Benhadad, k. of Syria, 896. Ahaziah, son of Ahab, 896—895. Joram, brother of Ahaziah, 895— makes war against the Moabites, 894 — slain by Jehu, 884. Jehu, general of the Israelites, favoured by the prophet Elisha, overthrows Joram, and becomes king, 884 (H. 895) —Jezebel and her family put to death ; Jehu d. 855. Jehoahaz, his son, 855—839. Jehoash, grandson of Jehu, 839 — is at- tacked by Benhadad II., k. of Syria. 837 — makes war on Judah ; takes and pillages Jerusalem, 826— d. 823. Jeroboam II., 826 — the prophets Joel, Amos, and Hoshea preach, 808-783 — Jeroboam, the last of the race of Jehu, d. 782. Interregnum and anarchy during eleven years. Zacharia seizes the throne, 771 — is slain by Shallum, 770; who reigns thirty days, and is killed by Menahem, 770 ; tributary to Pul, k. of Assyria, 769— d. 759. Pekaiah, 759— slain by Pekah, 757. Pekah, 757 — besieges Jerusalem, 740 — invasion of Tiglath-Pileser, k. of As- syria ; many captives led away ; Pekah killed by He shea, 738. No king till Hoshea takes the throne, 730 — conquered and made prisoner by Shalmanezer; Israel made part of the Assyrian em- pire, 721. New colonies planted in the land by Esarhaddon; they take the name of Sa- maritans, about 700. See Samaritans. Iskaelites, the descendants of Jacob, or Israel, persecuted in Egypt after the 1ST 451 ITA death \f Joseph, b.c. 1635 (1770 C, about 1370 Leps.) — led by Moses out of Egypt 'the Exodus), 1491 (1648 H., 1625 C, 1312 Leps.) — encounter Balak, k. of Moab, 1480— after the death of Moses, led by- Joshua over the river Jordan into Ca- naan; Eleazar, high priest, 1451 (1603 H., 1585 C.)— Canaan divided among the tribes, 1445 (1602 H., 1580 C)— death of Joshua, 1426 (1583 H., 1560 C.)-conquer- ad by Cushan. k. of Mesopotamia, 1413 v 1565 H., 1558 C.) — restored by Othniel, 1495 (1557 H., 1550 C.)— Eleazar d., Phi- neas, high priest, 1402 (1547 C.J — Abi- slma, high priest, 1364 — conquered by Eglon, k. of Moab, 1335 (1517 H., 1510 J.)— set free by Ehud, 1325 (1499 H., 1492 0.) - conquered by Jabin, k. of Canaan, 1305 (1418 H., 1411 C.) — Bukki, high priest, 1305 — Sisera slain by Jael, and the Israelites delivered by Deborah and Barak, 1285 (1398 H., 1391 C.) — Uzzi, 'high priest, 1255 — subjugated by the Midianites, 1252 (1358 H., 1351 C.) — re- stored by Gideon, 1245 (1351 H.,1344 C.) — Abimelech, judge, 1236 (1311 H.) — Tola, 1233 (1398 H., 1391 C.)— subject to the Ammonites, 1206 (1263 H., 1256 C.j— Jephthah defeats the Ammonites and Ephraimites, and sets the Israelites free, 1188 (1245 H., 1238 C.) — Ibzan, judge, 1182 (1239 H.,1232 C.)— Elon, 1175 (1232 H., 1222 C. )— Abdon, 1165 (1222 H., 1212 C.; — Eli, 1157 (1182 H., 1168 C.) — in bondage to the Philistines, 1156 (1212 H., 1204 O— delivered by Samson, 1136 (1129 H., 1184 C.)— Eli d.\ Samuel, judge, 1122 — overcome by the Philistines, 1117 (1148 H .) — Samuel defeats the Philistines ; Saul made k., 1096 — Ahiu, high priest, 1093— David k., 1056. See David, son of Jesse. — Solomon k., 1016. See Solomon, son of David. — Zadok, high priest, 1014 — Ahimaaz, high priest, 990 — Solo- mon d. 976— division of the kingdom by Rehoboain and Jeroboam, 975. See Ju- dah, kingdom of, and Israel, kingdom ' of. Issus, in Cicilia, battles of; Darius defeat- ed by Alexander, Oct., b.c. 333 — Niger, by Sept. Severus, a.d. 194 — Heraclius lands in its bay, now the Gulf of Scan- deroon, and encamps there, 622. Isteb. See Danube. Ister, the .poet, fl. b.c. 236. Isthmian Games, instituted at Corinth by Sisyphus, B.C. 1326, computed from 586. See Flaminius, T. — Cease after the destruction of Corinth, 147 — restored by Julian, a.d. 362. Isthmus. See Chebsonesus Thbacica, Cobinth, and HexamilioN. Istria, first conquered by the Romazfl,B.c. 221 — war renewed, and conducted by tht consuls Junius Brutus and ManliusVulso, 178 — subdued by them, 177 — made a Lombard duchy by Alboiu, a.d. 572— in- vaded by the Slavonians, 642— contest between the archbishops of Grado and Ravenna for ecclesiastical jurisdiction ove/, 772— resigned to the k. of Hungary by the Venetians, 1358 — recovered by them, 1378. Isteias, Capo d\ See Capo d'Istrias. Italian Republic, substituted for the Cis- alpine, with Napoleon Bonaparte presi- dent, Jan. 26, 1802. Italian version of the Scriptures, by Mar- tini, completed, 1776. Italica, a city of Spain, near Seville, built by Scipio Africanus iEmilianus for his veterans, b.c. 133 — birthplace of the emperor Trajan, a.d. 56 ; of Hadrian, 76 of Theodosius 1., 345; of the poet Silius Italicus, 26. Italicus, Silius. See Silius Italicus. Italy, originally peopled by Keltic tribes, with whom emigrants from Greece are frequently intermingled ; the first Pelas- gian colony, led by GSnotrus, settle in the south-eastern peninsula, and give it the name of ffinotria, B.C. 1710 (1416 C.) — from this union descend the Vitali and Siculi, who extend themselves to the eastern coast ; the latter, by a fresh immigration of Pelasgi, are driven into Sicily, 1284 — the former maintain their occupation south of the Tiber, and by degrees the whole peninsula takes from them the name of Italia ; Evander said to have brought a colony from Arcadia, 1252 — ^Eneas, from Troy, 1182 — and Alba to have been founded, 1177 ; all doubtful. — Greek emigrants found cities in the south of Italy, 974-748. See Mag- na Gr.ecia.— For other early states in Italy, see Apulia, Beuttii, Calabbia, Etbubia, Latium, Liguria, Oscans^ Piceni, Sabines, Samnites, Umbki, Ve- neti; also Corsica, Sardinia, and Si- cily. — Rome founded, according to Var- ro, 753. See Rome. — The north and east of Italy, along the Hadriatic, as far as the river Oesis, occupied by Gauls (Ga- latse or Keltse), 550 — they invade other parts, and take Rome, 389— many states send ambassadors to conciliate Alexander, fearing that after conquering the East, he might turn his arms against the West, 324 — central Italy reduced under the domi- nion of Rome," 290— Pyrrhus in Italy, 280 -274. See Pyrrhus. — Peace in Italy after the Roman conquests in the South, 267 — the North, to the foot of the Alps, subject to Rome, 220— Hannibal in Italy, 218-203- See Hannibal. — Invasion and defeat of ITA 452 ITA Italy continued. the Cimbri, 101 — Social war, 90 88- Italy generally tranquil during the civil distractions of Rome, and the first three centuries of the empire ; afflicted by the general pestilence, a.d. 250-265 — invasions and defeats of the Allemanni, 256-268 -of Aureolus, 267-268-of Gale- rius, 307— submits to Constantine I., 312 — refuses to acknowledge Magnentius, 352— invasion and defeat of Maximus, 387 — seat of the Western empire, 395. See Western empire. — Alaric in Italy, 400-408. See Alaric. — Departure of the Visigoths, 412— ravages of the Vandals, 448-462 — invasion and retreat of Attila, 452— Odoacer overthrows the Western empire, and founds the Gothic kingdom of Italy, 476. Kings of Italy: — See events under their respective names in this Index. Odoacer, 476—493. Theodoric, the Ostrogoth, 493—526. Athanaric, 526—534. Theodatus, 534—536. Vitiges, 536—540. Hildibald, 540-541. Totila or Badvila, 541—552. Teias, 552—553. Italy again made a province of the Roman empire, 553. See Belisarius, N arses, the eunuch, and Justinian I., em- peror of the East. — Invaded by Franks and Allemanni, who are repulsed, 554— by the Longobardi, who establish a per- manent kingdom, 568. See Alboin, and Lombards. — Exarchate of Ravenna is established, 561. See Exarchs. — Its language modified by the infusion of Gothic idioms, 584 — first union of the Venetian isles for self-government, 697. See Venice. — First entrance of Pepin, with an army of Franks ; he gives the exarchate of Ravenna to the Church, and the pope becomes a temporal sovereign, 754. See Pepin, and Stephen III., pope. — The greater part of Italy subject to Charlemagne, 774. See Charlemagne, and Franks. Tuscany an independent duchy, 812. See Tuscany. — On the divi- sion of the empire of the Franks among the sons of Louis L, a new kingdom of Italy is formed. 840. Kings of Italy : — See events under their respective names in this Index. Lothaire I., 840-855. Louis II., 855—875. Charles the Bald, 875—877. Carloman, 877—879. Charles the Fat, 879—888. Berenger I., duke of Friuli, 888—924. Guy, divides with Berenger, 889 — &i. Lambert, with Berenger, 894-898. Louis of Aries, with Berenger, 900—906. . Rudolf of Burgundy, with Berenger, 921 -924— alone, 926. Hugh, count of Provence, 926—947. Lothaire II., 947—950. Berenger II., with his son, Adalbert, 950—962. Italy conquered by Otho I., emperor of Germany, who makes his son, Otho II., titular k., 962 — Genoa founds a free state, about 1000. See Genoa.— Mau- rienne, or Savoy, an independent duchy, 1020. See Savoy. Italy, Southern, invaded by the Sara- cens, who establish themselves in Bari, 842. See Bari. — Occupied by Basil I. , emperor of the East, who forms there a new province, called the Theme of Lombard y, 876 — attacked by Otho I., 968. See Otho I., emperor of Germany. — Still infested by the Saracens, who are driven from the siege of Salerno by a band of Norman knights returning from a pilgrimage, 1016 — other Normans arrive, invited to assist in defending the country, 1017. See Apulia, and Nor- mans. — Kingdom of Naples founded, 1265. See Naples. Italy, Northern ; the principal towns are fortified, and the citizens adopt mea- sures for self-defence, 892— the country ravaged by Hungarians, 893-906. See Hungary. — b ural counts and barons fortify their castles, and commit depre- dations on their neighbours, 989 — the cities begin to form independent repub- lics, 998— Ardouin attempts to revive the kingdom of Italy, 1002. See Ardou- in, marquis of Ivrea. — Henry II., empe- ror of Germany, establishes his autho- rity, 1004 — the throne offered to several French princes and refused by them, 1025— greatconfusion anddiscord created by Aribert, 1035-1044. See Aribert, archbp. of Milan. Conrad, son of the emperor Henry IV., crowned king of Italy, 1093. See Con- rad. — On his death, Matilda, countess of Tuscany, exercises the power, without the title of queen, 1104. See Matilda. — The Lombard cities regulate their muni- cipalities; Conrad, duke of Franconia, elected and crowned k. of Italy, 1128. See Conrad III., emperor of Germany. — Rise of the Ghibelin and Guelf factions, 1118- 1138. See Ghibelins. — Wars of the Ita- lian cities against each other, 1144— the emperor Frederic I. invited to interfere, 1153. See Frederic I., emperor of Ger- many; see also Milan. — League of Ve- rona; the cities renew their struggle ITA 453 IVE Italy, Northern — continued. 1164 — their freedom secured hy the peace of Constance, 1183— Henry, son of Frederic, crowned k. of Italy, 1186. See Henry VI., emperor of Germany. Discord again prevails among the mu- nicipal republics, 1193 — general war among them, 1199 — they renew their league, 1225 — treaty of concord made at Verona, lasts only six days, 1233 — wai with the emperor, 1236. See Frederic II., emperor of Germany. — After his death, the cities begin again to quarrel with each other, 1252— the hatred of pope Urban IV. to the house of Suabia distracts all Italy, 1263. See Conradin. — All Lombardy distressed by civil wars, earthquakes, floods, pestilence, and fa- mine, followed by a severe winter of four months, 1276 — excommunications and interdicts fulminated in all directions by pope Martin IV., 1282— general peace among the cities, 1299 — the emperor en- deavours to allay the violence of the factions, 1310. See Henry VII., empe- ror of Germany. — Frederic of Austria refuses to interfere, 1322. See Frederic III., emperor of Gennany. — Louis of Ba- varia crowned king of Italy, 1327. See Louis IV., emperor of Germany. Manycitiesplace themselves underthe protection of John of Bohemia; the leaders of the two factions coalesce against him, 1331— he withdraws, 1333— all Italy dis- tressed and impoverished by the ambi- tions schemes of pope John XXII., 1334 — the violence of the factions abates, 1336— origin of the Condottieri, 1339. See Condottieri. — The plague, or black death, introduced from the East, 1340 — resistance of Northern Italy to the Vis- conti, 1356. See Milan. — The plague still rages, 1361. For the continued wars from this time, see Venice, Genoa, PisA, Mi- lan, Savoy, Montferrat, Ferrara, Flo- rence, and the other States of Northern Italy; the pacific spirit of Nicholas V. gives Italy the first years of tranquillity known for many ages, 1451 — the fugi- tives from Constantinople kindly re- ceived, assist the progress of literature, 1453 — academies founded in the prin- cipal cities, 1470 — age of Lorenzo de' Medici, 1470-1492. See Florence. General league of the States to re- cover Otranto from the Turks, 1481— in- vasion of Charles VIII., k. of France, 1495 — Italy becomes from this time the theatre of destructive wars between Austria, France, and Spain; the events of which may be seen under the names of the respective sovereigns of those countries, and the Italian States in- volved in them. A ge of pope Leo X ., 1513- 1521. See Leo X., pope. — Charles V crowned at Bologna, k. of Italy, 1530 — the coast ravaged by H ayraddin Barba- rossa, 1534: — devastated by the plague, 1576— agitated by the intrigues of the Spanish triumvirate, 1618. See Bedmar, Ossuna, Toledo, Pedro di, and Venice. The wars continue till tranquillity is for a time given by the peace of Rastadt, which assigns Milan, Mantua, Naples, and Sardinia, to the emperor Charles VI., 1714— again disturbed by the wars of the Polish succession, 1733 — and of the Pragmatic Sanction, 1740 — again quiet after the peace of Aix la Chapelle, 1748— treaty between Austria, Sardinia, and Spain, to secure the neutrality of Italy, 1753 — forty years of repose follow. For the wars of the French Revolution, see Bonaparte, Napoleon, and French Revolution. — Cisalpine republic estab- lished, 1797 — restored, 1800. See Italian Republic. — New kingdom of Italy founded, Napoleon I. k., March 18, 1805 — overthrown, and given to Austria ; th e k. of Sardinia and grand-duke of Tus- cany recover their dominions, 1814 — revolutionary commotions of the Carbo- nari, 1820 — new insurrections put down by Austrian armies, 1832 — revolt of Northern Italy, 1848. See Charles Al- bert, k. of Sardinia ; and Francis Jo- seph, emperor of Austria. Itchingford. See Danes, 906. Ithamab, bp. of Rochester, 644. Ithome, a town of Messenia, taken by the Lacedaemonians, B.C. 455. Ithycles, Athenian archon, b.c. 398. Iturbide, Augustin, takes the lead in the revolt of Mexico, 1816— defeats, the vice- roy Apodaca, 1820 — concludes a treaty with the new viceroy, O'Donohoe, and takes possession of the city of Mexico, Sept. 27, 1821— proclaimed emperor of Mexico, 1822 — resigns his imperial dig- nity to a Mexican congress, 1823 — ar- rives in England, Jan. 1, 1824 — returns to Mexico, endeavours to regain his power, is taken prisoner, and shot, July 19. Iulus, C. Julius, consul of Rome, B.C. 489, 482— another, 447— II., 435— HI., 434. Iulus, L. Julius, consul of Rome, B.C. 430. Iulus, Vopiscus Julius, consul of Rome, B.C. 473. Iulus, C.Julius, military tribune of Romt-, B.c. 408-405. Tulus, L. Julius, military tribune of Rome, b.c. 438— 11.397. Ivica. See Balearic Islands. Ivry, near Evreux, battle of; Henry IV defeats the League, Mar. 14, 1590. JAC 454 JAM •atan T., surnamed Kalita, or the Purse, brother of Jurij III., receives from the Golden Horde the principalities of Mos- cow, Novogorod, andWladimir ; he takes the title of grand prince of Moscow, and makes that city his capital, 1328 — d. 1340. Iwan II., grand duke ofRussia, 1353 — suc- ceeds his uncle, Simeon I., 1359. Iwan III., son of Vassili III., ft. 1440— succeeds his brother as grand prince of Moscow, 1462 — repels an invasion of the Golden Horde, and prepares the indepen- dence of his country, 1468 — works the mines in his dominions, and procures artizans and artists from Germany, 1470 — discontinues the tribute to the Golden Horde, 1477— takes Novogorod, and puts an end to its republic, 1478 — takes Ca- zan, and makes its khan prisoner, 1487 — makes peace with the Teutonic Knights of Livonia, 1503 — d. 1505. Iwan IV., czar of Russia, son of Vassili IV., b. 1530 — succeeds his father, 1533 — great disorders during his minority ; takes the government into his own hands, 1544— crowned. 1547 — gives a new code of laws, 1550 — encourages the trade opened by the discovery of the passage round the North Cape to Archangel, 1553 — alliance between Poland and Sweden against him, 1578 — requests the pope to mediate between him and Stephen Ba- thori, k. of Poland, 1581 — peace made, 1582— d. 1584. Iwan V., czar of Russia, son of Alexis, jointly with Peter I. succeeds their bro- ther, Feodor 111,1682 — deposed, from weakness of intellect, 1689. Iwan VI., an infant, by the will of his great-aunt, the czarina Anne, is made czar of Russia, 1740 — deposed and im- prisoned. 1741, Ixion, k. of Corinth, B.C. 1033. Jabin, k. of Canaan, conquers the Israel- ites, b.c. 1305. Jablonski, D. E., d. 1741. Jablonski, Paul Ernest, b. 1693— d. 1757. Jackson, Mr., the British resident in Sweden, exchanged for Gvllenburg, Aug. 15, 1717. Jackson, Andrew, b. 1767 — chosen presi- dent of the United States, 1828— an- nounces to Congress that the tariff had failed to answer its intended purpose, 1929 — refuses his assent to the renewal of the United States Bank charter, 1832 — re-elected, enters upon his second term of office, 1833-d. 1845. Jackson, Mr., an English naval officer, ac- cused of trespass for the seizure of the American slaver Tigris, March 2, 1841. Jackson, Cyril, b. 1740— master of Christ Church ; d. 1819. Jackson, John, R.A., b. 1778 -d. 1831. Jacob, or Israel, son of Isaac, b. b.c. 1836, (1993 H., 1970 C.)— goes to Egypt, and is settled with his family in Goshen, 1706 (1863 H., 1840 C, about 1400 L.) - d. 1889 (1846 H., 1823 C.) See Isbael and Is- raelites. Jacobin club. See French Revolution, 1789—1794. Jacobites, the sect of, founded by Jacobus Baradseus, bp. of Edessa, 545. See Copts. Jacobites, partisans of the expelled Stuarts. See James II., k. of England. Jacobus, bp. of Nisibis, distinguishes himself during the sieges of that city, 338—350. Jacobus BaradjEus. See Jacobites. Jacopo de Bologna, one of the G lossators, who asserts the imperial jurisdiction in Italy, at the Diet of Roncaglia, 1158. Jacquard, a mechanic of Lyons, and in- ventor of a loom purchased for the public use, by an imperial decree, 1806. Jaddus, Jewish high priest, B.C. 350 — 324. Jael slays Sisera, B.C. 1285. jAEN,battle of ; the army of Abdallah, caliph of Spain, defeated by his rebellious sons, 889— the conquests of Ferdinand III., k. of Castile and Leon, reach its gates, 1230— surrendered to him by Muhamad I., k. of Granada, 1243. Jaffa, the Joppa of antiquity, taken by the Saracens, 636— naval battle of ; the Egyptians defeated by the Venetians, 1123— surrenders to the crusaders, 1191 — to Bibars, sultan of the Mamelukes, 1268 ; taken by Bonaparte, Mar., 1799. Jaffieb Khan, shah of Persia, 1784 — 1788. Jaffier, Meer, puts to death Rayah al Dowlah, 1757. Jagellon, grand duke of Lithuania, mar- ries Hedwig, qu. of Poland, takes the name of Ladislas II., and unites his ter- ritories to Poland, 1386. See Ladislas, k. of Poland. Jair, judge of Israel, B.C. 1210 (1285 H. 1278 C.) Jakub Almansor. See Almansor, Jakub. Jaloulah, battle of; the Persians are de- feated by the Mohammedans, 637. Jamaica discovered by Columbus, May 3, 1495 — taken by Penn and Venables, May 3, 1655— desolated by hurricanes, 1722 — 1734 — conspiracy of the negroes cis- JAM 4;jo JAM covered and punished, Feb. 2, 1745 — re- volt of the Maroons, 1795 — a furious hurricane destroys immense property and 1000 persons perish, 1815— negro in- surrection, Dec. 22, 1831 — a temporary suspension of the Island Legislature, passed May 7, 1839. Jamblicus of Babylon, the dramatist. fl., 166. James I., emperor of Haiti. See Dessa- LINES. James I., k. of Aragon, son of Pedro II., b. 1206 — succeeds his father, 1213— ac- knowledged as liege lord of Valencia by the k. Abu Said, 1225 — conquers the Balearic islands, 1232— attacks Valencia, 1236— take's the city, 1238— Denia, 1243 — Xativa. 1246— a. part of Murcia, 1247 — his son, Pedro, marries Constance, dau. of Manfred, k. of Sicily, 1261 — settles the division to be made at his death of his States between his two sons, 1262 — undertakes a crusade, and is driven back by a storm, 1269 — wishes to be crowned at the council of Lyons, which is refused, because he had not paid to the pope the tribute promised by his father, 1274 — d. July 27, 1276. James II., k. of Aragon, second son of Pedro III,, on his father's death becomes k. of Sicily, 1285 — succeeds his elder brother, Alfonso III., on the throne of Aragon, and appoints his brother Fred- eric regent of Sicily, 1291 — by the treaty of Anagni resigns Sicily to Charles II., of Naples, 1295 — joins the league against Ferdinand IV., the young k. of Castile, 1296 — visits Rome, promises to make war on his brother, Fred.; recalls Roger de Loria from his service; gives his sister, Violante, in marriage to Robt., duke of Calabria ; is invested by the pope with the sovereignty of Sardinia and Corsica; and appointed to command a crusade for the recovery of the Holy Land, 1297 — makes war on his brother with a fleet under Roger de Loria, 1299 — he divides Murcia with Ferdinand IV., k. of Castile, by the treaty of Campillo, 1305 — unites Catalonia and Valencia with Aragon, 1319 — claims Sardinia under the gift of Boniface, and invades the island, 1324 — besieges Cagliari, 1325 — d. 1327. ames I., k. of Scotland, son of Robert III., b. 1397 — captured on his way to France by the English; succeeds his father on the throne, but is detained and educated in England, 1406. See Albany, duke of. — Released, and marries a dau. of the earl of Somerset, 1423 — murdered at Perth by his uncle, the earl of Athol, Feb. 20, 1437. James IT., k. of Scotland, son of James I., b. 1431 — succeeds his father, 1437 — struggle between him and his nobles, he stabs the earl of Douglas with his own hand in Stirling castle, 1452— invades England to support Henry VI., and is killed at the siege of Roxburgh castle, Aug. 3, 1460. James III., k. of Scotland, son of James II., b. 1453 — succeeds 1460 — marries Margaret, daughter of Christian I., k. of Denmark, and receives the Shetland and Orkney islands as her dowry, 1469 — . quarrel with his nobles; his brother, the duke of Albany, escapes into Eng- land, 1479— prepares to invade England, 1482 — the earl of Douglas and other lords hang his favourites, and imprison, him, 1482 — defeated by his barons near Bannockbum,and murdered in Beatons' mill, June 11, 1488. James IV., k. of Scotland, son of James III., b. 1472 — succeeds to the throne, June 11, 1488 — receives Perkin War- beck, and twice invades England in his cause, 1496, 1497 — marries Margaret, daughter of Henry VII. of England, 1501— is killed at Flodden-field, Sept. 9, 1513. James V., k. of Scotland, son of James IV., b. 1512— succeeds his father, 1513;— falls under the guardianship of the duke of Albany, 1516 — banishes the Douglas family, 1528— refuses to join Henry VIIL against the pope, 1535 — marries Mag- dalen, daughter of Francis I., king of France, who dies soon after, 1536— mar- ries Mary of Guise, 1538— d. Dec. 14, 1542 — his Household Book laid before the Society of Antiquaries, 1826. James VI., k. of Scotland, son of Mary, qu. of Scots, and Henry, lord Darnley, b. June 19, 1566 — his mother resigns the crown to him, 1567 — Murray, regent, murdered, Jan. 23, 1570— the earl of Lennox made regent; James takes the government into his own hands, 1578 — seized by the " Raid of Ruthven ;" he confirms and endows the university of Edinburgh, 1582 — escapes from his cou- , finement ; Walsingham'c embassy to study his character, 1583 — marries Anne, daughter of Frederic II., king of Denmark, 1589 — birth of his eldest son, Henry, 1594 — of his daughter, Eliza- beth, 1596 — the earl of Essex intrigues with him ; birth of his son, afterwards Charles I., 1600 — secret negotiations between sir Robert Cecil and James, prepare his way for the quiet accession in England, 1601— on the death of qu. Elizabeth inherits the throne, assuming the title of JAM 456 JAM Ja*fs T., k. of Great Britain, March 24, 1(503 — crowned at Westminster, July 25 ; concludes a treaty with Henry IV. of France for the support of the United Provinces ; Raleigh's conspiracy ; the king's book, " Basilicon Doron," repub- lished, 1603— he presides at a religious disputation at Hampton Court, which produces no result; his title recognized by parliament, 1604 — the gunpowder plot discovered, 1605 — parliament orders a new oath of allegiance, which Paul V. forbids English Catholics to take ; new companies chartered, bj' which Virginia is successfully colonized, 1606 — the king recommends the union between England and Scotland ; maintains a controversy on the oath of allegiance with cardinal Bellarmine, 1607. See Commons. House of. — Improves the government of Ireland, and offers the forfeited lands in the pro- vince of Ulster to Protestant settlers, 1608 — mediates a truce between Philip III. of Spain and the United Provinces, by which their independence is recog- nized, 1609 — hi3 prerogative restricted by the Commons, 1610— Ulster settled by Protestants ; creation of baronets ; Robert Carre becomes the king's fa- vourite. See Carre, Robert.— Imprison- ment of lord Beauchamp and lady Ara- bella Stuart ; king James urges the States General to dismiss Vorstius from his professorship at Leyden, 1611 — death of Henry, prince of Wales, Nov. 6, 1612 — resistance of the Scotch to episcopal jurisdiction; marriage of the princess Elizabeth to Frederic V., elector palatine, 1613— the Commons vote no supplies; the k. dissolves them in anger, and impri- sons some of the members, they having endeavoured still more to abridge the power of the crown, June 6, 1614 — visits Cambridge, where he first sees George Villiers, 1615. See Buckingham, George Villiers, duke of. — Surrenders the cau- tionary towns to the Dutch, 1616 — visits Scotland, holds a parliament there, June 13, and a meeting of the bishops and clergy at St. Andrew's, July 10, 1617 — on his return to England publishes his Book of Sports, and orders a more cheer- ful observance of the Sunday ; Bacon, lord chancellor; proposed marriage of his son Charles with a Spanish princess, 1618— refuses to support his son-in-law, who had been elected king of Bohemia ; death of qu. Anne, March 3, 1619— re- monstrates against the seizure of the Palatinate ; fall of Bacon ; the k. tears the protest of the Commons out of their journals, 1621 — dissolves the parliament, and imprisons several members ; relaxes the severity of the laws against Roman Catholics ; assists the elector palatine with money, 1622 — the marriage treaty with Spain broken off, 1623 — another begun with Henrietta- Maria, sister of Louis XIII., k. of France ; a better un- derstanding prevails between the k. and the Commons ; war declared against Spain; unsuccessful expedition to recover the palatinate, 1624 — James I. dies at Theobald's, March 27, 1625. James II., king of Great Britain, second son of Charles I., b. 1633— created duke of York; confined by the parliament in St. James's palace, escapes to Hol- land, 1648— serves in the French army under Turenne, 1655 — in the Spanish under Don John of Austria, 1657 — com- mands the fleet which brings Charles II. to England; receives £10,000 from the parliament ; celebrates again his marriage with Anne Hyde, 1660 — the profits of the post-office and wine- licences granted to him, 1663 — he makes reprisals on the commerce of the United Provinces for damages done to English merchants, and captures many ships, Dec. 4, 1664 — takes the command of the fleet against the Dutch, April 21 ; and defeats them off Harwich, June 3, 1665 — he avows his conversion to Catho- licism, 1668 — death of his wife, March 31 ; he publicly attends mass, 1671 — re- fuses compliance with the Test Act, and resigns, 1673 — the Commons address the king against James's marriage with Mary Beatrice of Modena, Aug. 20 ; the nuptials, urged by Louis XIV. and the pope, are celebrated at Modena, Sept. 30, N.s., the earl of Peterborough being the duke's proxy, 1673 — in consequence of the excitement against Catholics, by the king's desire he removes to Brussels, Feb. 28; is recalled, Sept. 2, 1679— is presented in the court of King's Bench as a popish recusant; a Bill to exclude him from the throne is brought in, and rejected by the Lords, Nov. 15, 1680— as high commissioner he opens the Scotch parliament, July 28, 1681 — prosecutes John Dutton for defamation,May 3, 1684. 1685. On the death of Charles II. suc- ceeds to the throne, Feb, 6 ; his secret advisers are Catholic lords, and father Petre ; promises to maintain the exist- ing laws, but breaks them by ordering the continuance of taxes which had ex- pired with the late king, and by going publicly to mass, Feb. 9 and 12 ; his im- prudence blamed even by the pope (In- nocent XI.) and the Spanish ambassa- dor; discharges imprisoned recusants by proclamation, Apr. 16 j is crownec", Apr. JAM 457 JAM Jambs II., k. of Gt. Britain — continued. 23 ; Titus Oates, Dangerfield, and others punished; rebellions of Argyle and of Monmouth, June and July ; battle of Sedgemoor, July 6; Alderman Cornish and others of the king's former oppo- nents prosecuted and condemned ; the parliament offend the king by request- ing him to appoint no more recusant officers. 1686. Judges dismissed, and replaced by others who give their opinion in fa- vour of the king's dispensing power, April 21 — June 21; many Romanists sworn of the privy council, and installed in various offices, July 1/; a camp formed on Hounslow heath, and a Romish chapel erected there ; an ecclesiastical commis- sion opened, Aug. 3; Compton, bp. of London, suspended by it, Sept. 9; the earl of Castleruaine sent ambassador to Rome ; the earl of Rochester dismissed. 1687. The university of Cambridge refuses to admit Francis, a Benedictine monk, recommended by the k., Feb. 9; all penal laws suspended by royal pro- clamation, April 4; the vice-chancellor of Cambridge suspended by the eccle- siastical commission, May 27 ; a papal nuncio arrives in England, July 3 : the duke of Somerset dismissed for refusing to introduce him ; the president and fellows of Magdalen College, Oxford, ex- pelled for resisting the royal mandate to elect Antony Farmer, Nov. 16 ; Dr. Gif- ford, a Romish bishop, appointed presi- dent by the k., Dec. 31. 1688. James recalls the English regi- ments serving in Holland, but the States General refuse to comply, Jan. 17 ; a se- cond declaration of liberty of conscience issued, April 27 ; ordered to be read in all churches and chapels, May 4 ; seven bishops petition against this order, May 18; they are committed to the Tower, June 8 ; birth of the king's son, James, (afterwards called the Pretender, and the Chevalier de St. George) June 10; the bishops are tried and acquitted, June 20 : the earl of Shrewsbury and others hold a meeting to request the assistance of the prince of Orange, June 30 ; a secret association is formed among the officers of the army to resist the king's proceed- ings; the k. attempts, too late, to re- trace his steps, and conciliate his sub- jects ; he reinstates the bp. of London, and many magistrates who had been displaced, Sept. 26 ; restores the charter of London, Oct. 2 ; dissolves the eccle- siastical commission, Oct. 11 ; reinstates the president and fellows of Magdalen College, Oct. 12; and restores the an- cient charters and franchises of the cor* porations, Oct. 17 ; the prince of Orange lands at Torbay, Nov. 5; arrives at Exeter, Nov. 8 ; and is joined by many lords and gentlemen, with a large mili- tary force; the k. advances against, him, but is deserted at Salisbury by the duke cf Grafton, lord Churchill, and a great part of his army, and returns to London, Nov. 24; is abandoned by his daughter, the princess Anne, and her husband. Nov. 26 ; sends the qu. and her infant son to France, Dec. 8 ; embarks himself at Whitehall, and throws the great seal into the Thames, Dec. 10 ; is detained at Feversham, and brought back to London, Dec. 16; conveyed under an escort of Dutch troops to Rochester, Dec. 17 ; embarks again, Dec. 23 ; and lands at Ambleteuse. 1689. Lands at Kinsale, in Treland, and is joined by lord Tyrconnel, March 12; holds a parliament in Dublin. June 29 ; 3000 Protestants attainted, July 28. 1690. Leaves Dublin to join his army, June 16; is defeated at the battle of the Boyne, July 1 ; and returns to France. 1692. Projects an invasion of England, which is frustrated by the defeat of the French fleet at La Hogue, May 19. 1696. Comes to Calais with troops to invade England, which is prevented by the English fleet, March; d. at St. Ger- main, Sept. 16, 1701. James Francis Edward Stuart, son of James II., k. of Great Britain, b. June 10, 1688— taken by his mother to France, Dec. 8; on his father's death called James III., k. of Great Britain, by Louis XIV., Sept. 16, 1701— attempts to invade Scotland, and is driven back by sir Geo. Byng, March, 1708 — is required by par- liament to be removed from Nancy, June 26, 1713— goes to Paris, where Louis XIV. refuses to see him, Aug. 14, 1714— known in England by the name of " the Pre- tender;" is proclaimed k. in Scotland at Aboyne, by the earl of Mar, Sept. 3, 1715. See George 1., k. of Great Britain, 1715 -16. — Dismisses lord Bolingbroke from his post of secretary, Feb. 25, 1716 — ordered to leave Avignon, retires to Milan, and thence to Urbino, Feb. 6, 1717 —invited to Madrid. See George I., 1719. — Marries Clementina Sobieski, daughter of the late k. of Poland, and pope Clement XI. gives them a palace at Rome, 1719— birth of their son, Chan. Edward, 1720— conspiracy in his favour. See George I., 1722-23.— Philip, duke of Wharton, is in his service at Madrid, June 10, 1726 — proclaimed again in Scot- land. See George II., 1745-46; and JAN 458 JAQ Charles Edward, the young Pretender — d. at Rome, Dec. 30, 1765. James, of Aragon, son of James II., the deposed k. of Majorca, third husband of Joanna I., qu. of Naples, who stipu- lates that he shall not assume the royal title, 1362— in captivity. Jocelyn de Courtenay III., sells his re- maining territories to the Greek empe- ror, Manuel I., about 1150. , Jocelyn, bp. of Clogher. See Clogheb. Jocelyn, viscount, son of the earl of Ro- den, b. 1816— d. 1854. Jodelle, Etienne, by his "Cleopatra," originates French tragedy, 1552. Jodocus, or Josse, margrave of Moravia, chosen emperor of Germany, by some of the electors ; dies soon after, 1410. Joel, prophesies, b.c. 795. Johanan, high priest of Judah, b.c. 896. John I. (Zimisces, or the Short), emperor of the East, nephew of Nicephorus II., b. at Hierapolis on the .Euphrates, 925 — serves as one of his uncle's generals, and expels the Saracens from Cilicia and Cyprus, 964 — carries his arms into Syria, 965 — assassinates his uncle ; usurps the throne, and takes for his colleagues Basil II., and Coustantine XL, sons of Romfanus II., 969 — begins his successful war against the Russians, brings a large colony of Paulicians from Armenia into Thrace, and makes a treaty of peace with Otho I., emperor of the West, 970 — defeats the Russians at Dorystolon on the Danube, and compels them to make peace ; assents to the proposal of a mar- riage between the daughter of the late emperor Romanus II., and Otho, sop of the emperor, 971 — recovers Nisibis from the Saracens, 973 — and Amida, 974-~d. Jan. 10, 976. John II., Comnenus, or Calo- Joannes, em- peror of the East, son of Alexius I., b, 1088 — succeeds his father, 1118 — con- spiracy of his sister. See Anna Com- nena, and Bryennjus. — He defeats the Turks on the Mseander, 1119— drives the Petchenegans out of Thrace, 1122 — re- fuses to confirm the commercial privi- leges of Venice in the East, 1123 — he at- tacks Antioch, and is repulsed with great loss, 1137 — prepares again to attack Antioch ; dies of a wound received while hunting near Anazarbus, April 8, 1143. John III., emperor of Nicsea, or the East, 1222—1254. See Vataces, John Ducas. John IV., emperor of Nicaja, or the East, 1258—1259. See Lascakis, John. John V., Palceologus, emperor of the East, son of Andronicus III., b. 1332 — succeeds his father under the regency of his mo- ther, Anne of Savoy, supported by the admiral Apokaukus and the patriarch John of Apri, against John Cantacuzene, who proclaims himself emperor, 1341 — supplanted by Cantacuzene, and marries Helena, Ms daughter, May 21, 1347— left by him at Thessalonica, 1351 — is encou- raged by his partisans to commence war against him, 1352 — is driven to the Isle of Tenedos, by the Turkish allies dp Cantacuzene, 1353 — assisted by soma u H JOH 466 JOH Genoese ships, surprises Constantino- ple, and regains his throne, 1354 — de- Kosea Philotheus, patriarch of C.P., for aving crowned Matthew Cantacuzene, and restores Callistus, 1354 — obtains the friendship of Orchan, 1356 — compels Matthew Cantacuzene to retire, 1357 — alarmed by the progress of Amurath I., applies to pope Urban V. for the re- union of the two churches, 1368 — he visits Rome, and conforms to the Catho- lic church, without obtaining th6 expect- ed succours, 1369 — detained at Venice for the payment of his debts, released by his son, Manuel, he returns to Con- stantinople, 1370 — is summoned to the Ottoman camp, and leaves his son, An- dronicus, regent, who conspires to retain the throne, 1375. See Andronicus IV. — Made prisoner by his son, 1379— escapes ; under the protection of Amurath, is re- stored, and reigns as joint emperor with Andronicus, 1381 — his second son, Ma- nuel, crowned joint emperor at C. P., 1384 — compelled by Bajazet I., sultan of the Ottomans, to destroy the new fortifica- tions he is constructing, 1390— d. 1391. John Cantacuzene (called John VI.), em- peror of the East, 1347. See Cantacu- zene, John. — At war with the Genoese of Galata; the Greek fleet captured be- fore C.P., 1348— protected by a Turkish force, enters Thessalonica, and recovers part of Macedonia from the Servians ; pays his Turkish mercenaries with money sent from Russia to repair the church of St. Sophia, 1350 — leaves John V. at Thessalonica, and returns to settle religious . disputes at C.P., 1351. See John V. — Defeated again by the Genoese, is compelled to sign a treaty which gives them the entire command of the Black Sea, 1352— breaks his treaty with Anne of Savoy, and proclaims his son, Matthew, joint emperor, 1353 — retires into a mo- nastery as the monk Joasaph, 1354. John VI., or VII., Pal&ologus, emperor of ' the East, son of Manuel II., b. 1391— suc- ceeds his father, 1425 — selects his bro- ther, Constantine, as heir to the throne, 1436 — invited by pope Eugenius IV. to attend the council of Ferrara, and ar- range for the union of the two churches, 1437 — arrives there, March 4, 1438 — an os- tensible union is signed, July 6, 1439 — he is received with .great dissatisfaction on his return to C.P. ; no real union of the churches effected, 1440-d. 1448. John Primicerius, secretary to the em- peror Honorius, on his death usurps the throne of the West, supported by Casti- ntis and Aetius, 423— made prisoner by Aspar, and beheaded, 425. John, emperor of Thessalonica, 1232— obliged by John Vataces to change his title to that of despot, 1234— d. 1244. John I. (Avouchos), third emperor of Tre- bizond, son of Alexius I., succeeds his brother-in-law, Andronicus I., 1235-1238- John II., seventh emperor of Trebizond, youngest son of Manuel I., takes the throne on the captivity of his brother George, 1280 — mai-ries Eudocia. daughter of Michael VIII., emperor of the East, 1282— dethroned for a few months by his sister Theodora, 1285— d. 1297. John III., fifteenth emperor of Trebizond, son of Michael, the youngest son of John II., deposes and murders his cousin, Anna, and takes the throne, 1342 — de- throned by his father, 1344: — d. at Sinope, 1361. John I V., twentieth emperor of Trebizond, son of Alexius IV., assassinates his fa- ther, and obtains the throne, 1446— tri- butary vassal of the Ottomans, 1454 — forms an alliance with the Turkomans of the White Sheep, and gives his dau., Katharine, in marriage to their khan, Hassan, 1457— d. 1458. John I., k. of Aragon, son of Peter IV., b. 1352— succeeds his father, 1387— d. 1395. John II., k. of Aragon. See John II., k. of Navarre. John, of Luxemburg, k. of Bohemia, son of the emperor, Henry VII., b. 1298— receives Bohemia from his father, 1310 — Louis of Bavaria gives him the mar- quisate of Lusatia, 1319 — invited to Italy, 1330. See Brescia and Italy. — Goes to Avignon, and has daily secret conferences with the pope, John XXII., 1332 — disappointed in his designs on Italy, returns to his own kingdom, 1333 —slain at the battle of Crecy, Aug. 25, 1346. John L, k. of Castile, son of Henry II., b. 1358 — succeeds his father, 1379 — death of his first wife, Eleanora, daughter of Peter IV., k. of Aragon, 1382 — marries Beatrice, only child of Ferdinand, k. of Portugal, 1383 — the Portuguese resist the union of the two kingdoms ; he in- vades their country, and besieges Lisbon, 1384— defeated at Aljubarrotte, July 29, 1385— Castile invaded by John of Gaunt to claim the crown, 1386 — the claim aban- doned, 1388— John I. d. 1390. John II., k. of Castile, son of Henry III., b. 1405 — succeeds his father, with his uncle, Ferdinand, regent, 1406. See Ferdinand I., k. of Aragon. — The in- fluence of Alvarez de Luna over him causes great trouble in the kingdom, 1420 — Alvarez is banished, 1427— re- called by the king, 1428— compelled JOH 467 jon again to banish him, 1441— encourages Muhamad Aben Ismail to claim the throne of Granada, 1445 — he at last aban- dons Alvarez de Luna to his enemies, who is executed at Burgos, July 5, 1453 — d. at Valladolid, July 20, 1454. John, k. of Denmark, son of Christian I., b. 1455 — succeeds his father, 1481— di- vides the duchy of Schleswig with his brother, Frederic, 1482 — acknowledged as sovereign of Sweden and Norway, 1483 — deprives Sten Sture of the protec- torate, and is crowned at Stockholm, 1497 — is defeated by the Ditmarschers at Meldorf, 1500. See Holstein.— d. 1513, John, k. of England, youngest son of Henry 1L, b. Dec. 24, 1166— sent to Ire- land by his father, but soon recalled, 1176— and again, 1185 — joins the rebel- lion of his brother, Richard, against their father, 1189— expels the regents appointed by Richard I., and assumes their authority during his absence ii^ the Holy Land, 1191 — intrigues with Philip Augustus, k. of France, against his brother, 1192 — attempts to occupy the throne, but is resisted by the barons, 11^93— pardoned by Richard, 1194 — usurps the throne to the exclusion of Geoffrey's son, Arthur, 1199. See Ar- thur, son of Geoffrey. — Makes a treaty with Philip, I20i>— divorces his queen, A visa, daughter of the earl of Gloucester, and marries Isabella, daughter of the count of Angouleme 1200 — makes Arthur prisoner, and puts him to death, 1202 — judgment of the French peers against him for the murder of Arthur; his lands in France are occupied by Philip Augustus, 1203 — he lands with an army at Rochelle, and takes Angers, retires, 1206 — resists the appointment of Stephen Langton, made archbp. of Canterbury by pope Innocent III., 1207— persists in his opposition, and England is laid under an Interdict, 1208 — John excommuni- cated, 1209 — makes an expedition into Ireland, 1210 — the pope absolves the English from their allegiance to him ; he subdues a rising of the Welsh, 1211 — deposed by the pope's Bull, and his kingdom given to Philip Augustus, 1212 —threatened by the k. of France, and deserted by his barons, submits to the pope, and does homage for his crown to the legate Pandulf, 1213— Langton urges the barons to demand a charter of liber- ties, 1214 — John signs Magna Charta at Runnymede, June 19, 1215— revokes it ; hires foreign mercenaries, and takes Rochester castle, 1215— Louis of France lands in England with an army, John marching from Lynn Regis into Lin- colnshire, loses his baggage and many of his men in the quicksands; he retires to Newark, and d. 1216. Having taken the throne on Ascension Day, his regnal years are always dated from that move- able feast, and commence as follows : 1199, May 27. 1208, May 15. 1200, May IS 1209, May 7. 1201, May 3. 1210, May 27. 1202, May 23. 1211, May 12. 1203, May 15. 1212, May 3. 1204, June 3. 1213, May 23. 1205, May 19. 1214, May 8. 1206, May 11. 1215, May 28. 1207, May 31. 1216, May 19. John I., k. of France, and of Navarre, posthumous son of Louis X., b. 1316— lives only five days. John II., the Good, k. of France, second son of Charles of Valois, b. 1310— suc- ceeds his brother, Philip VI.; disturbed by the intrigues of Charles II., k. of Navarre, 1350— Charles treacherously seized ; war with England, 1355— taken prisoner at the battle of Poictiers, Sent. 19, by Edward, the Black Prince ; the dauphin, Charles, escapes, and assumes the government, 1356. See Charles V., k. of Fiance. — John brought to London, Edward III. concludes a treaty with him, 1357-58— he is set free for a large ransom ; his daughter, Isabella, is be- trothed to the son of Galeazzo Visconte, who assists him in paying his ransom ; the lands of Vertus, in Champagne, are settled on the son with the title of count. 1360 — he returns to England on account of some difficulties in executing the treaty ; is entertained in London by sir Henry Pikard, 1363 — d. in the palace of the Savoy, London, April 8. 1364. John, k. of Jerusalem, 1206-1228. See Brienne, John de. John I., k. of Navarre. See John I., k, of France. John II., k. of Navarre, second son of Fer- dinand, k. of Aragon, b. 1397— marries Blanche, daughter of Charles III., k. of Navarre, and shares the throne with her after her father's death, 1425— joins the combination against Alvarez de Luna, 1426. See John II., k. of Castile. — Assists his brother, Alfonso V.; con- tinues in his attempt to conquer Naples; is taken prisoner by the Genoese, and sent to Milan; the duke releases him without a ransom, 1435— on the death of his qu., retains the throne, excluding their son, Charles, who ought to have succeeded his mother; quarrels with him, 1441. See Charles, prince of Viana. — Disinherits him, 1452 — succeeds his brother, Alfonso, in the kingdoms of hh2 JO.FT 468 JOH Aragon and Sicily, 1458 — imprisons his son, Charles, 1460— causes the death of his daughter, Blanche,1462 — contest with the Catalonian nobility, 1464. See Aragon and Catalonia. — d. at Barce- lona, Jan. 49, 1479. John (D'Albret), k. of Navarre. See Al- bbet, John de. John Albert, k. of Poland, son of Casimir IV., b. 1459 — elected to succeed his fa- ther by the Diet of Petrikow, 1492— fails in his attempt to conquer Moldavia, 1497 — the Moldavians, assisted by Turks and Tartars, ravage Poland, 1500— d. 1501. John Casimie, k. of Poland, elected to suc- ceed his brother, Ladislas IV., 1648 — the Swedes, Russians, and Cossacks overrun Poland ; flight of the k. into Silesia, 1655 — by the treaty of Welau he recognizes the independence of Prussia, cedes El- bing, and detaches the elector of Bran- denburg from Sweden, 1657 — resigns his crown, and retires into France, 1668. John III., Sobieski, k. of Poland. See So- BIESKI. John I., king of Portugal, natural son of Peter I., b. 1356 — resists the union of Portugal to Castile, and is made king by the people, 1383 — birth of his son, Henry of Viseu, 1384 — defeats the Castilians at the battle of Aljubarrotte, July 29, 1385— makes an alliance with John of Gaunt, and marries his daughter, Philippa, 1386 — trace with Castile, 1389-1411 — engages in a maritime enterprise, and takes Ceu- ta ; discontinues the use of the Julian period in his dominions, and introduces the computation of time from the Chris- tian era, 1415 — Madeira discovered, 1420. See Henry of Viseu. — Code of laws di- gested, 1425— his daughter, Isabella, married to Philip, duke of Burgundy, 1430 — peace with Castile, 1431 — transfers the royal residence from Coimbra to Lisbon ; d. Aug. 12, 1433. John II., the Perfect, k. of Portugal, suc- ceeds his father, Alfonso V., 1481 — leagues with the Italian States for the recovery of Otranto from the Turks, 1481 — conspiracy of his nobles suppressed, 1483 — declines to listen to Columbus, 1484 — conquers Congo, 1485 — sends out Bart. Diaz, 1486 — death of his son, Al- fonso, 1490-d. 1495. John III., k. of Portugal, son of Emanuel, b. 1502— inherits the throne, 1524— the Molucca islands ceded to him by Charles V., 1529 — introduces the Inquisition, 1536— invites the Jesuits for his colonies. 1541— d. 1557. John TV., k. of Portugal, duke of Bra- ganza, b. 1604— delivers Portugal from the yoke of Spain, and is called to the throne, 1640 — concludes treaties of peace and alliances with France and Holland, 1641 — but the Dutch continue the war against the colonies; Brazil recovered from them, 1654— John IV. d. 1656. John V., k. of Portugal, son of Pedro II., b. 1689— succeeds, 1706— Portugal de- clines rapidly; pope Benedict XIV. gives him the title of "His most Faithful Majesty," 1748— d. July 31, 1750. John VI., k. of Portugal, son of qu. Maria Francesca and Pedro III., b. 1767— re- gent for his mother, 1792 — joins the coalition against France, 1793 — declares himself neutral, 1796— assumes full so- vereign power, July 15, 1799 — war with Spain ; Alentejo conquered ; peace ob- tained by ceding Olivenca, and exclud- ing the English from his ports, 1801 — threatened by France ; the prince regent and all the royal family embark for Brazil; Junot enters Lisbon and occupies all Portugal, 1807 — a British army ar- rives ; battle of Vimiera ; convention of Cintra ; Junot evacuates Portugal, Aug. 30, 1808 — again invaded by the French, and defended by Wellington, 1809 — cam- paign of Torres Vedras,1810 — theFrench are again expelled, 1811 — the regent orders the Acts of the Inquisition at Goa to be burnt, and decrees Portugal and Brazil to be one united kingdom, 1815 — on the death of his mother, takes the title of king, March 20, 1816— seizes Montevideo ; revolt of gen. Freyre de- feated, 1817 — lord Beresford goes to Brazil ; Sepulveda demands the calling of the Cortes; a constitutional govern- ment established ; lord Beresford not allowed to land on his return, 1820 — the k. accepts the constitution, and returns to Portugal, 1821 — conspiracy of don Miguel defeated; separation of Brazil, 1822. See Brazil. — Great Britain threatens to resist any foreign inter- ference with Portugal ; don Miguel makes another effort, and is sent to Vienna; the k. modifies the constitution, 1823 — Miguel returns, fails in another plot, and is sent back to Vienna, 1824— the k. acknowledges the independence of Brazil; applies the property of the abo- lished Inquisition to reduce the public debt, 1825 —d. March 10, 1826. John Nepomucene Maria Joseph, k. of Saxony, son of prince Maximilian, b. Dec. 12, 1801 — succeeds his brother, Fred. Aug. IV., Aug. 9, 1854. John, k. of Scotland, 1292-1296. See Bai- liol, John. John I., k. of Sweden, son of Sverker II. JOH 469 JOH succeeds Erik X., 1216— ?ains a vic- tory at Gemblours ; d. 1578- John of Austria, a natural son of Philip IV., k. of Spain, b. 1629 — by his oppres- sion causes a rebellion in Naples, 1647 — takes Barcelona, Oct. 13, and suppresses the revolt of Catalonia, 1652— invades Portugal, 1661— takes Evora; his ad- vance to Lisbon is arrested by a defeat from count Schomberg at Estremoz, 1663— expels the Jesuit Nithard from Spain, 1669— minister in Spain, vainly endeavours to reform the system of go- vernment, 1677— d. Dec. 17, 1679. John, archduke of Austria, son of the em- peror Leopold II., b. 1782. See Aus- teia, John, archduke, of, and Feancfobt- on-the-Main. John I., duke of Bavaria, 1375—1397. John II., duke of Bavaria, 1460—1465. John, duke of Bedford. See Bedford, John, duke of, and Henry VI., king of England. John I., duke of Brabant, 1261—1294. John II., duke of Brabant, 1294— insti- tutes the Society of Merchant Adven- turers, 1296— d. 1312. John III., duke of Brabant, 1312—1355. John IV., duke of Brabant, 1415— marries Jaqueline, countess of Holland and Hai- nault, 1418. See Jaqueline. — Attends with her, as members of the Burgundian family, the meeting at Montereau, where John, duke of Burgundy, is assassinated, 1419— d. 1429. See Brabant. John, duke of Braganza. See John IV., k. of Portugal. John I., elector of Brandenburg, 1221-1266. John II., elector of Brandenburg, 1266— 1282. John, the Alchymist, eldest son of Fre- deric I., gives up his right of succession to his brother, Frederic II., 1420, and d. 1464. John III. Cicero, margrave and elector of Brandenburg, son of Albeit III. Achilles, 1499—1535. John IV. George, elector of Brandenburg, son of Joachim II., 1571—1588. John V. Sigismund, elector of Branden- burg, succeeds his father, Joachim Fre- deric, 1608— inherits Prussia, 1618— d. 1619. John, prince of Brazil. See John VI. k. of Portugal. John I., the Bed, duke of Britanny, 1237— 1286 John II., duke of Britanny, 1286—1305. John III., the Good, duke of Britanny, 1312 —1341. John IV. De Montfort. claimant, 1341. Se«j Beetagne, and Montfort, John De. John V., De Montfort, duke of Britanny, 1364— marries Mary,danghter of Edward III., k. of England, and afterwards JOH 471 JOH Joanna, daughter of Charles II., king of Navarre, 1386— d. 1399. See Bretagne. John VI., duke of Britanny, succeeds his father, John V., under the regency of his mother, Joanna, 1399 — accedes to the treaty of Troyes with Henry V., king of England, 1420 — withdraws from the al liance with England, 1425 — John, duke of Bedford, forces him to hreak off his alliance with F ranee, 1426 — d. 1442. John, the Fearless, duke of Burgundy, 1404-1419. See Burgundy. John of Cappadocia, praetorian prefect to Justinian I., oppresses the East hy his rapacity, 533— banished and becomes a priest, 541 — returns to Constantinople, but is not restored to his office, 548. John of Corvey, abbot of Athelney, 901. John of Damascus, surnamed Chrysor- rhoas, writes against the emperor, Leo III., and the Iconoclasts, and cultivates the philosophy of Aristotle, 730. John Gaston, grand duke of Tuscany. See Giovanni Gastone. John of Gaunt. See Lancaster, John of G aunt, duke of. John I., count of Holland, 1296-1299. John D'Avesnes, count of Hainault, 1280, succeeds as John II., count of Holland, 1299 — and unites the two provinces ; d. 1304. John Hyrcanus. See Hyrcanus, John. John of Leyden, heads the revolt of the anabaptists in Minister, 1534 — taken prisoner, and put to death, 1536. John the Litester, leader of an insurrec- tion in Norfolk, overcome near North - walsham, by De Spenser, bp. of Nor- wich, 1381. John I., duke of Lorraine, 1346-1391. John II., duke of Lorraine, 1453-1470. John-Francis, marquis of Mantua. See Gonzaga. John, lord of Milan. See Visconte. John Galeazzo, duke of Milan. See Visconte. John I., marquis of Montferrat, 1292-1305. John II., Paljeologus, marquis of Mont- ferrat, 1338-1372. John III., marquis of Montferrat, 1378- 1381. John IV., James, marquis of Montferrat, 1418-1445. John V., marquis of Montferrat, 1445-1464. Tohn VI., George, marquis of Montferrat, 1530-1533. See Montferrat and Gon- zaga, Frederic II. Fohn of Padua, architect of Somerset House, for the protector Somerset, 1549. John William, elector Palatine, 1690-1716. John, duke of Randazzo, regent for Louis, eon of Peter II., of Sicily, successfully defends the island, 1342. John, elector of Saxony, second son of Er- nest, succeeds his brother, Frederic III., and assists the Reformation, 1525 — enters into the League of Torgau, 1526 — joins that of Schmalkalden, 1531 — d. 1532. John Frederic, elector of Saxony, suc- ceeds his father, John, 1532 — renews the league of Schmalkalden, 1536— put to the ban of the empire, 1546 — made pri- soner, and deprived of his States, 1547 — allowed to retain Thuringeu, 1548 — founds the ducal house of Saxe Weimar; d. 1554. John William, duke of Saxe Weimar, son of John Frederic, 1554-1573. John, duke of Saxe Weimar, son of John William, 1573-1605. John Ernest I., duke of Saxe Weimar, son of John, 1605-1626. John Ernest II., duke of Saxe Weimar, son of William, 1662-1683. John Ernest, duke of Saalfeld Coburg, seventh son of Ernest L, of Saxe Gotha, 1675-1729. John George I., elector of Saxony, of the Albertine line, second son of Christian I., succeeds his brother, Christian II., 1611 — in the Thirty Years' War espouses the cause of the emperor Ferdinand II., 1619 — refuses to give up church lands, 1629— joins the Protestant alliance and carries his arms into Bohemia, 1631 — peace of Prague between him and the emperor, 1635— head of the Corpus Evan- gelicorum, 1653— d. 1656. John George II., elector of Saxony, son of John George I., 1656-1680. John George III., elector of Saxony, sen of John George II., 1680-1691. John George IV., elector of Saxony, sou of John George III., 1691-1694. John, prince of Spain, only son of Ferdi- nand and Isabella, b. 1478— marries Mar- garet, daughter of the emperor Maximi- lian, April, 1497— d. Oct. John Sigismund, of Transylvania. See Zapolva, John Sigismund von. John William, prince of Orange Nassau, hereditary statholder of Friesland, 1702 — accidentally drowned, July 14, 1711. John Frederic, duke of Wirtemberg, 1608-1623. John von Zapolya. See Zapolya, John von. John I, to V. See Alexandria, bishops of, 31, 34, 35, 43, and 46. John I. and II. See Antioch, bishops of, 40 and 48. John I., bp. of Constantinople. See Chry- sostom, John. John II. and III. See Constantinople, bishops of, 25 and 30. John IV., bp. of Constantinople, 582 — as- JON 472 JOS siimes the title of "(Ecumenical bp.," which leads to angry discussions be- tween him and Pelagius of Rome. 587— d. 595. John V. and VI. See Constantinople, bishops of, 39 and 46. John Hylilv/s, called from his learning tlie Grammarian, opposes image-worship, and educates Theophilus, son of Michael II., emperor of the East, 820— appointed by him, John VII., patriarch of Con- stantinople, 832 — employed on an em- bassy to the caliph Al Motassem, 833— deposed and punished by the regent, Theodora, 842. John VIII. to XIV. See Constantinople, bishops of, 77, 81, 97, 109, 112, 114, and 117. John of Apri. See Constantinople, bp. of, 117. F John I. and II. See Jerusalem, bps. of. John the Baptist, college of. See Ox- ford. John's, St., College. See Cambridge. Johnson, Dr. Samuel, b. 1709— prepares the parliamentary debates for the " Gen- tleman's Magazine," 1740— publishes his first "Rambler," 1750— his " Dictionary," 1755— d. 1784. Johnson, general, commands the expedi- tion against Crown Point, Aug. 8 — de- feats the French under baron Dieskau, and takes him prisoner, 1755. Johnson, prosecuted for selling Gilbert Wakefield's answer to the bp.of Llandaff, July 17, 1798. Johnson, captain, in the "Enterprise," performs the first voyage by steam to India. See Enterprise. Johnston, or St. John's Town, battle of; Robert Bruce, k. of Scotland, defeated by Aymer de Valence, 1306. Joiachim, Jewish high priest, b.c. 480. Joiada, Jewish high priest, b.c. 441. Joint-stock Companies, excessive specu- lation in, 1825. Joinville, John de, writes his Memeirs of Louis IX. 1271. Joinville, Francis Ferdinand, prince de, third son of Louis Philippe, k. of the French, b. Aug. 14, 1818— takes part in the war against Mexico, 1838 — brings the remains of Napoleon from St. Helena to France, 1840— marries a sister of the emperor of Brazil, May 7, 1843 — bom- bards Tangier and Mogador, 1844 — takes refuge in England, March 2, 1848. Jonah preaches at Nineveh, B.C. 837. Jonas, bp. of Orleans, writes in defence of image.worship, 825. Jonathan I., obtains the high-priesthood of the Jews after a violent contest with his brother, b.c. 397— d. 350. Jonathan II., brother of Judas Macca- bseus, Jewish high priest, B.C. 152 — sup- ports Alexander Bala, 152 — betrayed and put to death by Diodotus Trypho, 143. Jones, col., defeats the royal army at Chester, Sept. 24, 1646 — the Irish, at Durgan Hill, July 10, 1647. Jones, answers the king's (Charles II.) de- fence of his proceedings, 1681. Jones, Inigo, 5. 1572— begins the building of Whitehall, 1607— d. 1652. Jones, John Gale, convicted, at Warwick, of attending a seditious assembly, Apr. 9, 1797— committed to Newgate by the House of Commons, 1810. Jones, Paul, b. 1742 — with an American privateer, infests the coasts of Cumber- land and Scotland, and attacks White- haven, 1778— captures the Serapis, Sept. 23, 1779— is allowed to carry his prize into Holland— tf. 1792. Jones, Valentine, convicted of frauds in his public office, May 26, 1809. Jones, sir William, b. 1746— d. at Calcutta, 1794. JonkOping-, treaty of, between Denmark and Sweden, 1809. Jonson, Ben, b. 1574— d. 1638. Joppa. See Jaffa. Joram, k. of Israel, succeeds his brother, Ahaziah, b.c. 895— war with the Moab- ites, 894— slain by Jehu, 884. Jordan, the river. See Israelites. — Wa- ter from, brought by Chateaubriand to baptize the duke of Bordeaux, 1820. Jordan, Mrs., the popular actress, retires from the stage, June, 1814— d. at St. Cloud, 1816. Jordanes, consul of Rome, 470. Jornandes, bp. of Ravenna, 530 — writes " de Beqnorum Successione" 551 — abridges the History of the Goths by Cassiodo- rus, 552. Jortin, Dr. John, b. 1698— d. 1770. Joseph, son of Jacob, sold by his brethren, b.c. 1728 (1862 C.)-is powerful in Egypt, 1715 (1872 H , 1849 C.)-d. 1635 (1770 C, ab. 1370 L.) Joseph I., emperor of Germany, son of Leopold I., b. 1678— acknowledged k. of Hungary, 1687— succeeds his father, 1705 — assisted in his war against Louis XIV. by a loan from the London merchants, 1706— on the death of the duke of Man- tua, claims the reversion of his States. and asserts other rights in Italy, and in the church of Germany, which the pope threatens to resist by force of arms; Clement submits to his demands, 1708— and makes farther concessions, 1709— d. April 17, n.s. 1711. Joseph II., emperor of Germany, son of JOS 473 JOU " Francis I. and Maria Theresa, b. March 13, 1741— elected k. of the Romans. 1764 — and emperor, on his father's death. 1765 — made co-regent of the hereditary States hy his mother ; opposes the de- signs of Russia on Moldavia and Wal- lachia, 1771 -concurs in the first parti- tion of Poland, 1772— resisted by the nobles of Bohemia and Moravia in his endeavours to relieve the peasantry from the burdens of road-labour, 1775 — visits Paris, 1777 — claims some portion of Ba- varia, and is resisted by the k. of Prus- sia, 1778 — obtains a part by the treaty of Teschen, May 13, 1779— meets the em- press Katharine of Russia at Mohilow, and, by his mother's death, becomes full sovereign of Austria, Bohemia, Hungary, and the other hereditary States^ 1780— abolishes serfdom, gives his subjects re- ligious liberty, suppresses many monas- teries and reforms the rest; restricts the papal power, and forbids the publi- cation of Bulls in his dominions without his sanction ; joins the Armed Neutra- lity, 1781 — is visited by pope Pius VI. to divert him from his plans ; perseveres in his reforms ; founds new schools, and encourages industry, 1782 — forms a de- sign of reopening the Scheldt, which is opposed by Prussia, Sweden, and Hol- land, 1784 — endeavours, by treaty, to obtain Bavaria in exchange for Belgium, but this is defeated by Prussia and other States, 1785 — deprives the papal nuncios of all authority in Germany; gives a new code of laws to his subjects, in which the punishment of death is al- most abrogated, and orders the German language to be used instead of Latin in the services of the church, 1786— his innovations in Belgium are opposed by the States of Brabant, and he is obliged to revoke them, 1787 — meets the em- press Katharine at Kherson' forms with her an alliance against Turkey ; again quarrels with his Belgian subjects, of- fends the Hungarians, and is unsuccess- ful against the Turks, 1788 — conciliates the Hungarians, but maintains his edicts for religious toleration and the aboli- tion of vassalage. 1789— d. Feb. 20, 1790. Joseph Emanuel, king of Portugal, son of John V., b. 1714— succeeds his father, 1750 — great earthquake at Lisbon, Nov. 1, 1755 — ministry of Carvalho, marquis of Pombal. See Pombal. — The Jesuits banished from court, 1757 — plot to assas- sinate the k.; the duke of Aveiro be- headed, 1758 — Jesuits expelled from Por- tugal, 1759 — the interference of pope Cle- ment XIII. in their favour resisted, 1760 — war with Spain; reformation of the army, and defence of Portugal, by the count de Lippe and English officers, 1762 — peace concluded, 1763 — Joseph Ema- nuel d. Feb. 24, 1777. Joseph Napoleon, k. of Naples, 1806 — of Spain, 1808. See Bonaparte, Joseph. Joseph Francis Oscar, k. of Sweden, son of Charles John, b. July 4, 1799 — mar- ries Josephine Maximiliana Augusta, daughter of the duke of Leuchtenberg, 1823 — succeeds his father on the throne, 1844. Joseph Ferdinand, son of Maximilian, elector of Bavaria, b. 1692— and destined heir of the crown of Spain, d. Feb. 6, 1699. Joseph, duke of Guastalla, 1729—1746. See Gonzaga, oseph. Joseph I. and II. See Constantinople, bps. of, 108 and 127. Joseph, Father, the counsellor and agent of Richelieu, d. 1638. Josephine Tascher, b. 1763 — widow of viscount Beauharnais, marries Napoleon Bonaparte, March 8, 1796— crowned em- press of France, Dec. 2, 1804 — divorced by him, Dec. 16, 1809— d. May 29, 1811. Josephus, the historian, b. 38 — visits Rome, 64 — surrenders Jotapatra to Vespasian, 67 — set at liberty, and favoured by Titus, 70 — completes his Ant. Jud., and d. soon after, 93. Joshua, leader of the Israelites, B.C. 1451 (1608H.,1585C.)—d 1626(158311., 1560C.) See Israelites. Josiah, king of Judah, B.C. 642-609. Josse. See Jodocus. Jotapatra. See Josephus. Jotapianus, proclaimed emperor by the legions ; killed by his own men, 249. Jotham, son of Uzziah, regent for his father, succeeds him as king of Judah, B.C. 756-741. Joubert, French gen., b. 1769— commands in Italy ; defeated and killed at Novi, Aug. 15, 1799. Jourdan, French gen., b. 1762— defeats the prince of Coburg at Wattignies, Oct. 15, 1793— defeats the allies at h'leu- rus, June 26, 1794 — is defeated by Clair- fait, at H6chst, Oct. 11, 1795— and at Mentz, Oct. 29 ; is defeated by the arch- duke Charles at Wtirzburg, and falls back on the Lahn, Sept. 3, 1796— crosses the Rhine, March 4, 1799 — is defeated by the archduke Charles at Stockach, and driven back to the Rhine, March 22 — marshal and peer of France ; totally routed by Wellington, at Vittoria, re- treats to the Pyrenees, 1813— d. 1833. Journal des Savans, at Paris, commenc- ed, 1665. Journals of the House of Commons, be- gin to be regularly kept, 1607— a-leaf JTJB 474 JUD torn out by James I., 1621— the reso- lution against Wilkes and the Middle- sex election erased, May 6, 1782 — Cob- bett's motion on the currency expunged, May 16, 1833. Journals of the House of Lords, ordered to be printed, 1767. Jovian, b. 330— elected, by the generals of the army, emperor of Rome after the death of Julian ; makes an ignominious peace with Persia, and retreats, 363— allows equal freedom to all religious sects, 363— consul of Rome ; d. at Dadas- tana on his way to Constantinople, Feb. 17, 364. Jovians, the guards of Diocletian, 290— attend Julian to Persia, 363— support the usurper, Procopius, 366. Jovinian, accused of heresy by Jerome ; is scourged and banished, 393. Jovinus, Valens, a general, serving under Valentinian, defeats the Allemanni, 366 — consul of Rome, 367. Jovinus revolts at Mentz, 411— conquered by Adolphus, and executed, 413. Jovius, Paul, the historian, b. 1483 — d. 1552. Joyeuse, the duke de, commanding the army of Henry III. against the Hugue- nots, is defeated by Henry of Navarre, at Coutras, Oct. 20, 1587— submits to Henry IV., 1596. Juan, Don, son of Alfonso X., rebels against his brother, Sancho IV., king of Castile, and with an army of Merines from Africa besieges Tarifa ; the place is de- fended by Don Guzman, 1294— leagues against his young nephew, Ferdinand IV., 1296— slain in an invasion of Gra- nada, 1319. Juan Lara. See Lara, Juan. Juba, k. of Numidia, joins Cato in oppos- ing Caesar, and is killed in the battle of Thapsus, B.C. 46. Juba, son of the Numidian king, is taken to Rome, and settles there, B.C. 46— he afterwards writes many historical works in Greek, and attends Cains, the grand- son of Augustus, into the East, to nar- rate the events of his expedition, B.C. 1. Jubilee, the first, proclaimed by pope Bo- niface VIII., to draw pilgrims to Rome, at the end of the century, 1300— repeated by pope Clement VI. at the end of fifty years, 1350 — and by his successors, 1390 and 1400— by Nicholas V., when 200 pil- grims perish in the crowd on the bridge of S. 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