.Z.L Imprint ^^ H ■■J.' I •/^ \~> " ->,^. '^. -^ y^ <- f i I ' fWi tit u ■ '* THE CHAUTAUQUA """"TEXT- BOOKS. ^ ~^.^--V No. THIRTY-FIVE. OUTLINES OF GENERAL HISTORY. BY J. H. VINCENU OF ^^ •cOPYRlG/7 -FEB 15 m NEW YORk'N-2^ washing^ PHILLIPS & HUNT, CINCINNATI: WALDEN & ST OWE. 1SS2. ^ THE LIBRARY or CONGRESS WASHINGTON Copj'i-ight, iS8i, by Hll_l_IRS &, HUN New York. PREFATORY. There are three histories : I. The Unrecorded — not therefore of neces- sity forgotten — remaining forever in the mind of the All-creating and All-knowing One, who' seeth the end from the beginning ; who noteth; the fall of the sparrow as well as the defeat of armies and the ruin of empires ; and who- alone comprehendeth the beginning, the end, and the reason and purpose, of both the begin- ning and end. 2. The Monumental, which in deeds of cre- ative energy, human and divine, suggests, power and purpose in suns and stars, sea and. soil, pillar, pyramid, and city. 3. The Written, which by stylus, chisel,, brush, or pen, preserves in human language the human interpretations of both human and divine movements. This little volume, belonging to this latter class, aims to present in varied methods rapid pictures of the world in different ages and ia different lands, and to call attention not only to the outward events, but to some of the un- derlying principles of all history. J. H. VINCENT. New York^ Oct. Jj^ 1S81. THE HISTORY OF THE WORLD. FIRST EXERCISE. The history of the world is the history of man. After the divine wisdom and power liad expressed themselves in the material xini verse, we behold, as the crowning act of divine energy and love, man, made in the image of God. The earth was given to him for dominion, and through the centuries he, in his various families, tribes, and races, has occupied and developed it. I. Standing at one end of Chamounix, -where the Col de Balm, or the Tete Noir, jeveals the Alpine boundaries of the valley to the traveler's vision, one observes on either side peak after peak rising from the wall of mountain, and .sharply defined against the TdIuc sky. Upon these the eye of the tourist is fixed. He studies the outline of each, and recalls the names which men have given them ; and he who knows these loftier sum- 8 Outlines of General History, mits — Aiguilles, or Domes — easily acquires a knowledge of all the distinguishing features of the valley itself — crevices, avalanche beds, cataracts, glaciers, green fields, winding roads, and alpine villages. So to the historian, looking over the out- lines of human history, rise great men whose will and words and deeds have made history : for at its last analysis all history is biography, for it but makes record of great men — the past that produced them ; the present ia which they think, will, and perform ; and the future, which is the product of their thought, resolve, and action. Every hero represents millions of people whose opinion, character, and conduct he directly or indirectly in- fluences. Alexander, and not Alexander's soldiers or subjects, stands in history as the representative controlling force of his age. Having mastered the facts, motives, purposes, failures, and successes of such leaders, we have mastered the phenomena of general his- tory. Says Emerson: "When Nature has work to be done she creates a genius to do- it. Follow the great man, and you will see what the world has at heart in these ages^ There is no omen like that.*' 2, The continents and islands of the earth, have been the arena in which great men have performed their wonders of skill and purpose j Outlines of General History, 9 the plains through which run great rivers, as in Assyria, Babylon, and Egypt ; the lands of hills and valleys by the great seas, as Pal- estine, Greece, Italy, Germany, and England ; the natural fortresses of mountain fastnesses, as in Seir and Switzerland, The study of geography thus becomes the study of history. Imperishable names are associated with the great plains, rivers, valleys, and mountains of the planet. Its very seas and saharas sug- gest explorers who, for purposes of wealth, patriotism, or scientific devotion, have ex- posed themselves to perils of the great waters and arid deserts. The interest one feels in the earth as he travels over it is not so much, in the vastness of its oceans, the loftiness of its mountains, the grandeur of its rivers, the: splendor of its ruins, as in the memories of its illustrious warriors, sages, saints, suggested by the places which their exploits have mad© immortal. 3. Man made in the image of God, like him, became a creator. The pressure of hiim- blest physical necessity which constructs a hut to protect from heat and eold, the lofty ambition of the general who erects fortress and citadel ; of the king who builds palace, pyramid, and city ; and the religious devotion of the worshiper who erects temple, church, and mosque — cause the various scenes of hu- JO Outlines of General History. m jTian activity on the earth to be more gloriotis and sacred because of the architectural con- /structions which rise, and, in whole or in part, remain through the passing centuries. Thus the study of history becomes the study of architectural antiquities. These venerable structures are thus not only monuments of men and of events, but expressions in granite and marble of dominating ideas at various periods •of human history. 4. There is another way of studying his- tory. It is from the stand-point of the masses -of the people, whose ignorance, impotence, prejudices, and passions make them fit sub- jects for the guidance and despotism of mighty and unprincipled leaders. Here, among the millions, inheriting from a long past energies of blood and tendency worthy or base ; here, among humble homes full of domestic joy or sorrow, repinings, longings, struggles, anxie- ties, griefs innumerable and uncontrollable, hopes, divine aspirations, trustful patience, we find a new world, out of which as the ages pass, there are evolved powers in society and government which break scepters, sheath swords, cause thrones to totter, trample gov- ernmental precedents under foot, and bring from heaven strength and aspiration and re- ;Solve which express themselves in Magna Chartas, Declarations of Independence, and Outlines of General History. ii Emancipation Proclamations. Thus the his- tory of the world, as the centuries roll on, becomes the history of the people, who shall in God's good time rule in the interest of the masses, and not for the support of royal fam- ilies, political demagogues, or commercial op- pressors. 5. There is a larger factor, however, in hu- man history than great men : the God who is before all and over all, who ruleth according to his own will among the armies of the skies and among the inhabitants of the earth, giv- ing freedom to men and with freedom oppor- tunity ; holding men responsible for the use of their freedom, punishing their misdeeds, rewarding their righteousness, causing their wrath to praise him, and bringing to pass wise and beneficent results which human wis- dom could never foresee nor human power secure. If we could occupy the higher stand-point of divme wisdom and purpose, we might then hope to understand the philosophy of history, but, as an eminent critic has wisely remarked, "The vast chaos of being is xmfathomable by human experience ; so the philosophy of all histoiy, could it be writ- ten, would require infinite wisdom to under- stand it." This treatment of our subject opens up to 12 Outlines of General History: us five processes by which we may secure out- lines of general history : I. Biographical. — Embracing an account of the famous men through whose genius and power the great events of history have trans- pired. II. Geographical. — Locating arenas of such biographical and historic activity. III. Monumental. — Based upon the ar- chitectural constructions of men and nations. IV. Popular. — Discussing the peoples of the earth, their necessities, convictions, op- pressions, prejudices, revolutions, final eman- cipation, culture, and Christianization. V. There is a fiftK outline which we might term the Providential, in which,, weire we able to unfold it, we might trace the gradual development of God's plans. Some of these are manifest. Others are yet to be made plain to our weak faith, and when the con- summation of our Father's purposes shall come, we shall see the kingdoms of this world become the kingdoms of our God and his Soa Jesus Christ. STUDENTS' REVIEW OUTLINE. 1. (^Aiguilles^) Men. (Alex.) (Emerson.) 2. Cont. Isl. Lan. 3. Man Buil. 4. Mass. Peo. 5. God. Five proc. i. Biog. 2. Geog. 3. Moa. 4. Pop. 5. Prov. Outlines of General History. 13 QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINA TION. With what are great men in history compared ? How do the lands and islands of earth suggest its history ? What do the works of men suggest as to history ? How may history be studied from the stand-point of the people ? What does history teach concerning God ? What are five methods of studying the history of the world ? SECOND EXERCISE. I. Let us fix in mind thirty-six great char- acters in the history of the world, three to each of the monumental periods to be here« after indicated : 1. To ih.^ first belong, Adam, Noah, and Nimrod. 2. To the second, Abraham, Moses, and the mythological ^neas. 3. To the third, Solomon, Homer, and Lycurgus. 4. To the fourth, Nebuchadnezzar, Daniel, and Cyrus. 5. To Wie fifth, Darius the Great, Peri- cles, and Alexander. 6. To the sixth. The Gracchi, Julius Caesar, and Paul. 7. To the seventh, Constantine, Attila, and Justinian. 14 Outlines of General History. 8. To the eighth, Mohammed, Omar^ and Charles Martel. 9. To the ninth, Charlemagne, William the Conqueror, and Peter the Hermit. 10. To the tenth, Luther, Queen Eliza- beth, and Cromwell. 11. To the eleventh. Queen Anne, Peter the Great, and Frederick the Great. 12. To the twelfth, Washington, Na- poleon, and Lincoln. STUDENTS' REVIEW OUTLINE. 1. A. N. N. 2. Ab. Mo. M. 3. Sol. Ho. Ly. 4. Neb. Dan. Cy. 5. Dar. Per. Alex, 6. Gr. Cae. Pau. 7. Con. At. Jus. 8. Mo. Om. Ch-Mar. 9. Ch. W-Con. P-Her. 10. Lu. El. Cr. 11. An. Pe. Fr. 12. Was. Na. Lin. THIRD EXERCISE. II. Let us fix in mind the epochs of history as associated with the localities which have been the scenes of human action and the world's progress : 1. The first period, from Adam, 4000 B.C., to Abraham, 2000 B.C., a period of 2,000 years, is associated with the great plain be- tween the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, the cradle of the human race, and may be termed the Mesopotamian Epoch. 2. The second period, 1,000 years, from. Outlines of General History. 15: Abraham, 2000 B.C., to Solomon, 1000 B.C.,. is the Egyptian Epoch. 3. The third period, 400 years, from Solo-^ mon, 1000 B.C., to Nebuchadnezzar, 600 B.C., is the Hebrew Epoch. 4. The fourth period, 100 years, from Neb- uchadnezzar, 600 B.C., to Darius the Great, 500 B.C., is the Chaldeo-Persian Epoch. 5. The fifth period, 200 years, from Darius, 500 B.C., to Alexander, 300 B.C., is the Greek Epoch. 6. The sixth period, 600 years, from Alex- ander, 300 B.C., to Constanthie, A.D. 300, is the Roman Epoch. 7. The. seventh period, 300 years, from Constantine, A.D. 300, to Mohammed, A.D. 600, is the Byzantine Epoch. 8. The eighth period, 200 years, from Mo- hammed, A.D. 600, to Charlemagne, A.D. 800, is the Saracen Epoch. g. The ninth period, 700 years, from Char- lemagne, A.D. 800, to Luther, A.D. 1500, is the Papal Roman Epoch. 10. The tenth period, 160 years, from Lu- ther, A.D. 1500, to Cromwell, A.D. 1660, the period of the Reformation, or the Western European Epoch. 11. The eleventh period, no years, from Cromwell, A.D. 1660, to Washington, A.D. 1770, the English Epoch. l6 Outlines of General History. T2. The twelfth period, no years, from Washington, A.D. 1770, to Garfield, A.D. aSSo, the American Epoch. STUDENTS' REVIEW OUTLINE. 1. Ad. Ab. (2,000 yrs. 4000-2000 B.C.) Mes. Ep. 2. Ab. Sol. (1,000 yrs. 2000-1000 B.C.) Eg. Ep. 3. Sol. Neb. (400 yrs. 1000-600 B.C.) Heb. Ep. 4. Neb. Dar. (100 yrs. 600-500 B.C.) Ch-Per. Ep. 5. Dar. Al. (200 yrs. 500-300 B.C.) Gr. Ep. «. Al. Con. (600 yrs. 300 B.C.-300 A.D.) Ro, Ep. 7. Con. Mo. (300 yrs. 300-600 A.D.) Byz. Ep. 8. Mo. Ch. (200 yrs. 600-800 A.D.) Sar. Ep. 9. Ch. Lu. (700 yrs. 800-1500 A.D.) Pa-Ro. Ep. no. Lu. Cro. (160 yrs. 1500-1660 A.D.) Wes. Eur. Ep. 11. Cro. Was. (no yrs. 1660-1770 A.D.) Eng. Ep. 12. Was. Gar. (no yrs. 1770-1880 A.D.) Am. Ep. QUESTIONS FOR EX AM IN A TION. What thirteen names divide the history of the world iinto twelve epochs? With what dates does each of these twelve epochs ibegin and end ? How long is each one of these twelve epochs ? Give the geographical name by which each epoch may be known. FOURTH EXERCISE. Let us fix in mind twelve memorial edifices •and their several localities. These will be the basis of the general historical outline, which it will be difficult to forget. Outlines of General History. 17 I. By the Euphrates in the far East we be- hold the Tower of Babel, once very lofty, and so carefully constructed that its ruins still remain. With this is associated the early history of the race, and the great events of the Mesopotamian Epoch, Adam to Abra- ham, 40GO to 2000 B.C. 2. Between eight and nine hundred miles, in a westerly direc- tion, we come to the great Pyramid ■OF Egypt, standing to-day almost as hi when it was erected thousands of years ago, and repi-esent- ing the Egyptian Epoch, from Abra- h a m to Solomon, 2000 to 1000 B. C. 3. Moving to the north-east two hun- 2 from nl^^^;-5^^4^ s:h as 1 8 Outlines of General History. iM9m dred and fifty miles we are in the court of Solomon's Temple, at Jerusalem, the em- blem of the Hebrew Epoch, from Solomoir to Nebuchadnezzar, looo to 600 B. C. 4. Returning al- most due east, about six hundred miles from this point to Babylon, where we stood at the beginning, we walk among flow- ers and fountains on the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, which represents the Chaldeo- Persian Epoch, from Nebuchadneazar to Darius, 600 to 500 B. C. 5. Passing from Babylon, in a Borth-westerly di- rection about four- te en hu nd red miles, we stand at the entrance of the Parthenon, oa the Acropolis, at Athens, the monumental edifice of the Greek; Epoch, from Darius to Alexander,, 500 to 300 B. C. 6. A little north of west, about six hun- dred miles, we take our place in the famous Outli7tes of General History. 19 Forum at Rome, which presents to us the Roman Epoch, from Alex- ander to Constan- tine, 300 B. C. to 300 A, D. 7. Ahnost due east from Rome, about eight hundred miles, we enter the an- cient Church of ST.SoPHiA,inCon- -j^=i^.. stantinople, the monument of the Byzantine Epoch, from Con- stantine to Mo- hammed, 300 to 600 A. D. 8. Due south, fifteen hundred miles, places us in the mosque at Mecca, where we find the Holy Stone, the Kaaba, venerated by every Moslem, and emblematic of the Saracen Epoch, from Mohammed to Charlemagne, 600 to 800 A. D. ■20 Outlines of General History. 9. Another sweep of two thousand miles west of north and we stand at the High Altar of St. Peter's Cathedral at Rome, an appropriate mon- ument of the Papal- Roman Epoch, from Charlemagne to Lu- 10. Six hundred miles, slightly to the west of north, and we stand before the Church-door at Wit- temburg, on which Lu- ther's famous theses were nailed, the rep- resentative building of the Western Euro- pean Epoch, from Luther to Cromwell, 1500 to 1660 A. D. II. Almost due west, two hundred and fifty miles, places us in West- 9 MINSTER Abbey, the monument of the English Outlines of General History. 21 Epoch, from Cromwell to Washington, i66a to 1770 A. D. 12. A journey by sea of a little more than three thou- sand miles places us in Independ- ence Hall, in Philadelphia, and the American Epoch, from Washington to Garfield, 1770 to 18S0 A. D. STUDENTS' REVIEW OUTLINE. 12 Mon. Ed.— 1. Tow. Bab. 2. Gr. Pyr. 3. Sol. Tern. 4. Han. Gar. 5. Par. 6. Fo. Ro. 7. St. Sop. 8. Ho. Sto. Mec. 9. H. Alt. St. Pet. lO. Ch.- do.Wit. 11. West. Ab. 12. Ind. Hall. QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINA TION. What twelve edifices will represent the periods of history ? Describe each edifice. Name the epoch which it represents. 22 Outlines of General History, 1. The Outlook from the Tower of Babel. Our first period embraces two thousand years, from the creation of Adam to the birth •of Abram. From an imaginary position on the ruined Tower of Babel, which was built soon after the deluge, 2348 B. C.,* we have but to look eastward to find the sup- posed site of the early home of our race, where the Euphrates and the Tigris flowed, the land of Eden in which the garden was situated. Looking northward we may almost descry the lofty heights of Ararat, where tra- dition locates the resting of the ark. And at our feet, on the plains by the Euphrates, did * The dates of events previous to the days of Moses are very uncertain. Students of history vary in their estimates of time by thousands of years. We retain the figures of Archbishop Usher, not regarding them as reliable, but as in common use, and convenient for measurement of the periods until historians can unite upon a definite chronology. Outlmes of General History, 23 the children of men propose to build a tower that should reach to heaven, in defiance of another flood which they feared, and of a divine command to disperse and settle the «arth. From this point went forth the races of men, northward, southward, eastward, and westward, to cultivate the ground, build cities, establish nations, and fill the earth with a mighty population, preparing the way for the coming of the King of kings. Standing upon the summit of the unfinished Tower of Babel, we look afar over the thinly populated lands. The young heart of the x-ace already thrills with the passion for conquest, and the great migrations are just beginning. Eastward India and China are just beginning their monotonous history. Westward a colony by the banks of the Nile, led by Menes or Mis- Taim, are laying the foundations of Egyptian civilization. In their tents east of the Cas- pian Sea, and north of the Hindu Koosh Mountains, dwell the great Aryan race, just commencing those journeys which are to people Europe, to conquer Asia, and to give "birth to the mightiest nations of the earth. The European continent is perhaps a silent "waste, untrodden by men, or at best a land Avhere a few cave-dwellers fight the mam- moth and hunt the reindeer. From Babel, as an historic stand-point, we see : r. The first 24 Outlines of General History. man in his home. 2. The venerable Methu- selah, who served as a link for personal tes- timony between Adam and Noah. 3. Enoch^ the holy man, who, in a degenerate age» walked with God. 4. The building of the ark, and the deluge. 5. The repopulation of the earth through the family of Noah. 6. The concentration of power at Babylon, in defiance of the divine purpose and com- mand. 7. The defeat of the human purpose, by a divine process, in the confusion of tongues. And from this point we look for- ward to 8. The birth of Abram, midway in point of time between the " first Adam " and the " second Adam." He was chosen of" God, the founder of a new nation, the depository of divine truth for all nations, himself the " Fa- ther of the faithful." 4 Events of the Mesopotamian Epoch, 4000 to 2000 B.C. The Creation of Man, (common chronol- ogj',) B.C. 4004 The Translation of Enoch " 3017 The Deluge " 2348 The Building of Babel " 2247 The Birth of Abram "" 1996 STUDENTS' REVIEW OUTLINE. First Period. Tow. ^oh.—East, Ind. Chin. North, Ary. West., Egi^ Events: 1. Fir. M. 2. Meth. 3. Eno. 4. Bui. Ar. A. Fam. No. 6. Bab. 7. Conf. Ton. 8. Ab. Outlines of General History. 25 QUESTIONS FOR EXAM IN A TION. Describe the memorial edifice of the first period. Upon what scenes did it look out, north, east, west ^ What great events are associated with the firstt period ? 2. The Outlook from the P3rrainid. Rising out of the sands of Egypt, with the Sphynx at its feet, and the Nile rolling past, stands our second great monumental building, the Great Pyramid, the most massive struct- ure ever raised by the hand of man, built in an age so early that its date cannot be given with certainty, and looking down through the cent- uries upon all the events of history. It stands as a fitting symbol of the thousand years between Abraham and Solomon, (2000 to 1000 B.C.,) the Egyptian Epoch, while the empire on the Nile was at its height. From its lofty summit we look over the world at three points of time, during the lives of three men, of whom two saw the Pyramid and the :26" Outlines of Ge7ieral History. .•third married a princess who had lived by its .side. Our first outlook from the Pyramid is in the time of Abraham, about 2000 B.C. In Egypt ithe old Memphian monarchy, founded by Menes, has given place to the Middle King- •dom, and Thebes, "of the hundred gates," ;is the royal city. The great kings Sesorta- sen I. and II. have conquered Ethiopia, and Amenemes III. has built the Labyrinth and ■dug out Lake Mceris. But the kingdom is soon to decline and sink under the arms of the Hyksos, or Shepherd Kings from Asia, and a darkness of four centuries will settle over the land. In the East Babylon still holds pre-eminence ; but her arrogance is leading the subject races to emigrate and found na- tions elsewhere. Abraham will soon hear the divine call, and his tent, pitched now on the Euphrates, will soon bear to Canaan the world's hope of a Redeemer. A few fishing villages line the eastern shore of the Mediter- ranean, and afar the earliest Pelasgi have just entered Greece and begun to erect their rough Cyclopean walls. We ascend the Pyramid once more in the age of Moses, 1500 B. C, and note the changes that have swept across the world. Egypt, after a long period of decline, has risen to the summit of its greatness. Thebes Outlines of General History. 27 is once more the center of the New Empire, and under the scepter of Rameses II., the mightiest of all the Pharaohs, now receives tribute from the lands between the Euphra- tes and Ethiopia, and is crowded with tro- phies of art. Joseph has ruled and died, and the Israelites are toiling under their burdens, while their coming deliverer is feed- ing his flock in the wilderness. Nineveh is a-ismg on the bank of the Tigris, destined soon to shake off the Chaldean supremacy and establish the Assyrian Empire. In Eu- rope, the cities of Thebes, Corinth, and Athens have just been founded, and Minos reigns in the island of Crete. Once more we are standing upon the Pyra- mid, in the age of Solomon, 1000 B.C. We notice that, after two centuries of splendor, Egypt has declined in prominence and power, and also that the star of Babylon has paled under the light of Nineveh, 300 miles to the north, where the Assyrian Empire is rising to supremacy. We trace the history of the Israelites for five centuries, beginning with the Exodus under Moses, then following their wandering in the wilderness, the con- quest of Canaan under Joshua, their varied fortunes under the fifteen judges, their rapid progress in the reign of David, and the cul- mination of their power in the reign of SolO- 28 Outlines of General History. mon, when, for a brief time, Jertisalem ranked with Thebes, Babylon, and Nineveh among the imperial cities of the East. Tyre has become the commercial metropolis of the Mediterranean. In Greece, the Dorian Mi- gration has colonized the peninsula with a new race from the Aryan stock, and colonies have occupied the shores of Asia Minor. The legendai-y Trojan War has taken place, and Ulysses and ^neas have sailed among the isles of the Mediterranean. Events of the Egyptian Epoch, 2000 to 1000 B.C. Rise of Thebes (Egypt) and the Middle King- dom B.C. 2o8o Pelasgic occupation of Greece, about 2000 Call of Abraham 1921 Hyksos' conquest of Egypt, about igoo Settlement of Jacob in Egypt 1706 Founding of Athens, about 1550 Reign of Rameses II 1500 Founding of Nineveh 1500 E.xodus of the Israelites from Egypt 1491 Assyrian conquest of Babylon 1250 Trojan War began about 1 194 Dorian conquest of Greece iioo Saul, first King of Israel 1095 ^ TUDEN TS" REVIEW O U TL INE. Second Period. Gt. Pyr.— Eg. Ep. 2000 to 1000 B. C. First Outlook, (2000.) Egypt. — Mem, Mon. (Men.> Mid. kin., (Ses. Am.) Hyk. Bab. Ab. Gre. Pel. Sec. Out., (1500,)— .fiVy, Ram. Jos. Is. Nin, Eur. Th. Cor. Ath. Thi. Out., (2000.) — Assyr. Emp. Israel., Ex. Jud. Sol. Gre. Dor. Mig. Tro, War. Outlines of General History. 29 QUESTIONS FOR EX AM IN A TION. Describe the monumental building of the second period. Give the results of an outlook from it 2000 B.C. State the appearance of the world 1500 B.C. IQ'ame the nations and events about 1000 B.C. 3. The Outlook from Solomon's Temple. Upon Mount Moriah at Jerusalem stood the Temple of Jehovah, built in the brief period of Israelite prosperity, the most costly building on the earth, and the fitting emblem of a civilization based upon the worship of the one true God. Let us trace the history of the world during the 400 years while it was standing. Under its shadow we behold, I. The division of the king-dom, and the speedy fall of Israelite power, as the conquests of David drop away, and the tribes sink back to their earlier boundaries. 2. The age of Jehoshaphat, about 900 B.C., when both 30 Outlines of General History. Israel and Judah, at peace and in alliance, regain somewhat of their former prosperity. 3. The growing power of Assyria, which, rises to its height under the brilliant dynasty of Sargon and his successors, (of whom Sennacherib and Asshur-bani-pal are the most powerful,) bearing the Assyrian arms to the Nile, canying into captivity the Tea Tribes, and bringing Judah under ti-ibute. 4. The rise of Babylon, which under Na- bopolassar revolts from Assyria, captures- and destroys Nineveh, and ends the Assyrian Empire. 5. The establishment of the great Chaldean Empire under Nebuchadnezzar, the dethronement of Zedekiah, and the ex- tinction of the Jewish state. From the pin- nacles of the temple, soon to be destroyed by the fierce Chaldean soldiers, we look abroad northward, see the Lydian kingdom of Asia Minor, and CrcESUS, its wealthy monarch ;. eastward, beyond the Eu- »J- ►{« phrates, rising the Medes j ^^.^^a' j and Persians, destined soon 4* 4* to take up the sword of conquest and the scepter of empire ; southward, Egypt ruled 1^ i^ by foreign kings, until Psam- l^B?a' I metichus restores its inde- I •J* pendence in the closing years of Assyrian empire. On the African shore Carthage is founded by Queen Dido>. Outlines of General History. yn. (8So B. C.,) and more than a century later Romulus plants the beginnings of Rome, her destined rival and con- 4. .J* queror. In Greece, Lycur- | ^^^^b^c^' | gus establishes order in Spar- 4* 4* ta, while in most of the little Grecian States kings are dethroned, and an era of popular- government is inaugurated. •i- ' Events of the Hebrew Epoch, 1000 to 600 B.C. Building of Solomon's Temple B.C. 1000 Division of the Israelite kingdom 975 Jehoshaphat, King of Judah 915-898 Carthage founded by Dido 880 Legislation of Lycurgus in Sparta 850 Rome founded by Romulus 753 Hezekiah, King of Judah ._ 726-697 The Ten Tribes carried into captivity 721 Sennacherib, King of Assyria 705-680 Psammeticus restores independence of Egypt 685 Fail of Assyrian Empire 625 Nebuchadnezzar, King of Babylon 604 Destruction of Solomon's Temple 587 STUDENTS' REVIEW OUTLINE. Third Period. Sol. Temp.— 1. Div. Kin. 3. Ag. Jeh. 3. Gro. Assyr. (Sen. Assh.) 4. Ris. Bab. (Nap.) 5. Chal. Emp. (Neb.) Lyd. (Croe.) Per. Eg. (Psa.) Afric^ (Car.) Ro. Rom. Lye. QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINA TION. What are the limits of the third period ? What great events took place during the third pe- riod ? What nations arose to prominence ? What notable persons lived during this epoch ? 32 Outlines of General History, 4. The Outlook from the Hanging Gardens of Babylon. Once more we are within the walls of Bab- ylon, the most ancient, and, at this period, the most magnificent city on the earth. "VVe walk under the shadow of its mighty palaces, climb its lofty towers, gaze upon its vast temples, and ascend the terraced "heights of its Hanging Gardens, where flowers bloom and fountains play and trees wave, as if on the sides or summits of mount- ains. From our high stand-point we sweep our glance across a continent and down a century. I. We see the Chaldean Empire in all its short-lived splendor during the reign of Nebuchadnezzar, the conqueror of all lands, the builder of vast works. 2. We see the speedy downfall of the Babylonian power under his successors, until in thirty years all *' the glory of the Chaldees' kingdom " has passed away. 3. We see Cyrus besieging Otdlines of Gene?' a I History. 33 the city, in a night of revehy and of terror, .Belshazzar slain, and the scepter over the £ast passing into Persian hands. 4. We see the captive Jews, who for seventy years liave sat weeping by the rivers of Babylon, now returning, under Zerubbabel, to their own land, to rebuild their temple and restore their State. 5. We see the Persian empire, after the conquests of Cyrus and Cambyses, consolidated, organized, and brought to the summit of its grandeur by Darius the Great. 6. Across the seas we see Solon framing laws for Athens, Pisistratus grasping despotic power, but wielding it with mildness and jus- ^ 1^ tice; but his tyrannical I PYTHAGORAS. | ^^^^^ ^^.^^^^ ^^^ ^^i^ I 530 Jj.U. I ^ »f« the execrations of the people, and the popular government re-estab- lished. 7. Still beyond, in Italy, we see Rome growing to power JU 1^ ^ CONFUCIUS. I :r under its kings, but, , ^^^_^^e B.C. ■weaiy with the burden *i" "J* of royalty, expelling the Tarquins, and Brutus as the first consul of the republic. 8. Perhaps if we could look across the Atlan- tic to the undiscovered continent beyond we might see the mysterious Mound-builders at •work in our own Mississippi Valley, and their kinsmen rearing the pyramids of Mexico and the temples of Yucatan. 3 34 Outlines of Getter a I History. Events of the Chaldeo-Persian Epoch, 600 to 500 B.C. Reign of Nebuchadnezzar B.C. 604-561 Pisistratus, the ruler of Athens 560-527 Capture of Babj'lon by Cyrus 536 The Jews return from captivity 536 Egypt conquered by Cambyses 525 Darius, king of Persian Empire 522-486 Democracy re-established at Athens 510 The Republic established at Rome 509 STUDENTS' REVIEW OUTLINE. Fourth Period. Hang. Gard.— 1. Chal. Emp. (Neb.) 2. Downfall. 3. Per. (Cy.) 4. Jews. Rest. 5. Per. Emp. (Cy. Cam. Dar.) 6. Ore. (Sol. Pisis.) 7. It. (Tar. Bru.) 8. Amer.- (Mo. Buil.) QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINA TION. Describe the monumental edifice of the fourth period. Name the leading events of the period, in Asia, Eu- rope, America. State some of the most prominent persons of the- period, and a fact in relation to each one. 5. The Outlook from the Parthenon. The arena of history is now transferred from Asia to Europe, and Athens, " the city of th& Outlines of General History, 35 violet crown," now appears as the center of interest. Above the roofs of the most beau- tiful city of earth looms the Acropolis, at once a fortress and a sanctuary, and on its summit rises the Parthenon, in which archi- tecture and sculpture both attain their high- est level for all time. Its exalted site gives us a view of the world during the Greek Epoch, an age of culture, genius, and prog- ress, of which the building itself stands as the most fitting type. Standing among its snow-white columns let us glance at human history for two hundred years. Four pictures in turn pass before our eyes. The first is the panorama of the Persian wars for the sub- jugation of Greece, a gigantic wave thrice dashing upon the rocky shore, and thrice ^« »{< beaten back in disastrous I ^^^S^^I""^- I defeat. The second is 4" 4" the dissolving views of Grecian supremacy, grasped in turn by Athens in the brilliant period of Pericles, then by Sparta, by Thebes, and finally held by Macedon. The third is the picture of Alexander's conquest, the return wave from Europe sweeping through Asia, from the Nile to the Indus, and pausing only when there were no more lands to conquer. The fourth is the picture of the great strife of Alexander's successors, the rending of 36 Outlines of General History. his empire ere its history had fairly begun, and the establishment of the rival Greek kingdoms of Egypt, Syria, and Asia Minor. At the same time we see across the Adriatic, in Rome, the Plebeians wresting their rights by slow degrees from Patricians, and thus welding together the strong nation that soon shall commence in its turn the con- quest of the world. We see rolling over the Alps, and down upon the Italian plains, the first signs of barbarian invasion in the Gallic attack upon Rome, which, though driven back by Camillus, shall return ten centuries later to overthrow the empire. The leading events of this period are, i. The first at- tempted invasion of Greece by the Persians broken up by storms at sea. 2. The sec- ond invasion defeated at Marathon. 3. The third invasion, undertaken by Xerxes with an army of four millions, with the defeats at Thermopylae, Salamis, and Plataea. 4. The era of Pericles, and supremacy of Athens, and golden age of sculpture. 5. The Peloponnesian war, ending with the defeat at ^gos-potami, and the fall of Athenian power. 6. The Spartan J^ J^ supremacy, ending with | ^^igfa'^gS^^' I the battle of Leuctra, »I* 4* when, 7. Thebes holds the leadership of Greece for ten years, until the battle of Outlines of General History. yf Mantinea. 8. The supremacy of Mace- don, dating from the battle of Chaeronea, g. The reign of Alexander the Great, with his conquest of the Persian Empii-e at the battle of Arbela. lo. The death of Alex- ander at Babylon, and the war of his gen- erals, ending in the partition of his empire, after the battle of Ipsus. B.C. 301. •fr Events of the Greek Period, 500 to 300 B.C. First invasion of Greece by Persians. . .B.C. 492 Second Invasion — Battle of Marathon 490 Third invasion — Battles of Thermopylse and Salamis 480 Battles of Platsea and Mycale 479 The age of Pericles 460 to 430 Ezra and Nehemiah at Jerusalem 458-425 Cincinnatus dictator at Rome 456 Peloponnesian War began 431 Battle of /Egos-potami (Spartan supremacy) 405 Death of Socrates 401 Rome burned by the Gauls 390 Battle of Leuctra (Theban supremacy) 371 Battle of Mantinea 361 Battle of Chaeronea (Macedonian suprem- acy) 338 Reign of Alexander the Great 336-323 Battle of Arbela and of Persian Empire 331 Battle of Ipsus and division of Alexander's Empire 301 STUDENTS' REVIEW OUTLINE. Par. (Four Pictures). — !. Fir. Inv. 2. Mar. 3. Xer. Ther. Sal. Plat. 4. Ath. Sup. (Per.) 5. Pel. War. 6. Sp. Sup. (Leuc.) 7. Th. Sup. (Man.) 8. Mac. Sup. (Cha.) 9. Alex. (Arb.) 10. Alex. Gen. dps.) 38 Outlines of General History. QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINA TION. What are the four great historic pictures of the fifth period ? Give account of three Persian wars, and their great battles. Name the successive supremacies over Greece, and the battles by which they were marked. Give account of the conquests of Alexander, and the results following them. 6. The Outlook from the Koman Forum. We cross the Adriatic Sea and find the his- tory of the world for six hundred years con- centrated in the story of the Romans, those men of iron, who first conquered and then governed the world. We stand in the center of Roman power — the Forum — from whose Golden Milestone the distances of earth are measured. Around us are statues of heroes, and above us are the temples of the gods ; the capital where the senate enacts laws for peoples of a hundred languages, and the pal- ace of an emperor whose scepter sways from Outlines of General History. 39 the Atlantic to the Caspian, and from north- ern ice-fields to the Sahara. From our point of view we look upon the currents of history during the six centuries between Alexander and Constantine. We markyfrj-/, an era of class-strife, in which the people contend with the nobles for a share in the government, and win their rights, until the old distinc- tion of patrician and plebeian cease to have meaning ; secondly^ an era of conquest, in Italy, over the rival power of Carthage, and over all the Mediterranean lands, until at last the entire empire of Alexander di-ops into the hand of Rome ; thirdly, an era of civil war, beginning with 4* ^ the vain endeavors of the | 106^4^ ^X: I Gracchi to reform the •!• ■ ^ State, followed by the contests of Marius and Sulla, and of Pompey and Caesar, end- ing with the victory of Octavius over An- tony, and the establishment of the empire ; fourthly, an era of imperial power, the •J< >^ Augustan age, with peace and prosperity over the world, the happy hour of the Saviour's birth, and afterward the age of Trajan and the Antonines ; fifthly, an era of decline, with wild tribes swarming in the north from the great Asian hive, soon to pour upon the dying empire, and on the VIRGIL I 70-19 B.C 4. 40 Outlines of General History. east the new Parthian kingdom looms up threateningly, the " sixth Oriental monarchy "" — the age when Severus, Aurelian, and Diocletian bravely, but vainly ,^ endeavor to- turn the tide of Rome's downfall. ^ 4v I Events of the Roman Epoch, B.C. 300 to A.D. 300. Licinian laws passed giving political rights to plebeians B.C. 367 Romans masters of all Italy 266 First Punic war (with Carthage) 264-241 Second Punic war (Hannibal, Scipio). . .218-202 Syria made a Roman Province 188 Destruction of Carthage 146 Tiberius and Caius Gracchus 133-121 Greece made a Roman province 146 Massacres by Marius and Sulla 86-83 Triumvirate of Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus.6o Murder of Julius Caesar 44 Battle of Actium, (Octavius and Antony). .. .31 Establishment of the empire 27 Birth of Jesus Christ B.C. 6 Paul beheaded at Rome A.D. 66 Jerusalem destroyed by Titus 70 Reign of Trajan 98-117 Diocletian resigns the throne 305 4, STUDENTS' REVIEW OUTLINE. Sixth Period. Rom. For. (Six eras.) t. CI. Str. (Pat. Pie.) 2. Conq. .S. Civ. War. (Or. Mar. Sul. Pom. Cae. Oct. Ant.) 4. Imp. Pow. (Aug. Jes. Tra, Ant.) 5. Dec. Par. (Sev. Aur. Di.) QUESTIONS FOR EXAM IN A TION. Describe the monumental place of the si.vth period. State and describe the six divisions of Roman his- tory. Outlines of Ge?teral History. 41 Name some of the great events of the Roman Epoch- Name soac of the greatest persons in the history of" Kome. r. The Outlook from the Church of St. Sophia. A new religion has conquered the Roman world ; the cross takes the place of the eagle as the ensign of the legions ; and as a new- capital of the Christian empire Constantinople rises upon the shore of the Bosphorus. Its noblest monument is the Church of St.. Sophia, whose foundations were laid by Con- stantine, the first Christian emperor, whose dome was lifted in the age of Justinian, and " around whose walls sentences of the Gospel I may stiil be read, although for centuries it I has echoed to the chant of the muezzin as a '. Mohammedan mosque. From its gilded dome ' we look east and west for three hundred years, I during the Byzantine Epoch. 0\xx Jirst view i is of Christianity I'ising to triumph over the I Roman world, and formally recognized by Con- . stantine, the cross adopted as the symbol of 42 Outlines of General History. the empire, and the first great council of the Church opened by the emperor in person at Nice. Our second vitw is of the European Ro- man world overrun by countless hordes of foes, pressed on by other hordes following them ; Alaric storming and sacking the ancient -capital ; Attila, " the scourge of God," deso- lating the continent with fire and sword, until -at last the mockery of an empire is ended. Romulus Augustulus yields his crown, and Odoacer becomes king of Italy. Our third -view is of Europe in chaos, the old institu- tions gone, the new not yet instituted, barba- rian kingdoms every-where ; the Ostrogoths in Italy, the Visigoths in Spain, the Van- j^ dais in Africa, the AUGUSTINE, j Franks in Germany and ^ 4* Gaul, and the Anglo- Saxons devastating Britain. There are rays of light amid the darkness, as we see Chris- tianity vanquishing the 4« a- Victors. ClOvis of I CHRYSOSTOM I 344-407 A.JJ. France and his follow- *i' T ers embrace the Gospel, the first promise of a harvest among the new nations of the north. Turning from the west to the east, our fourth ^iew is of the reign of Justinian, the golden age of the Byzantine period, an age of light amid centuries of deepening darkness, a pe- riod when the Eastern empire is mistress of Outlines of General History. 43 the lands held in order by the arms of Bel- isarius and ruled by the code of Tribo- nion. Events of the Byzantine Epoch, 300 to 600 A.D. Accession of Constantine A.D. 306 Christianity recognized 3ig Council of Nice 325 Division of Roman Empire, east and west... 364 Theodosius the Great sole emperor 392 Rome sacked by Alaric 410 Conquests of Attila 433 Landing of the Saxons in Britain 451 Western Roman Empire ended by Odoacer..476 Clovis, King of the Franks, accepts Chris- tianity 4g6 Reign of Justinian 527-565 Christianity introduced into England 598 STUDENTS' REVIEW OUTLINE. -^ St. Soph.-l. Tri. Chr. (Con.) 2. Bar. Inv. (Al. Att. Od.) 3. Bar. Kins. (Ost. Vis. Van. Fr. Ang.- Sax.) 4. Rei. Just. (Bel. Trib.) QUESTIONS FOR EX AM IN A TION. Describe the monumental building of the seventh period. Give four views of the world during the Byzantine Epoch. Name the barbarian tribes that overthrew the Ro- man Empire. Name some of the notable persons of the seventh, period. 44 Outlmes of Gejieral History, 8. The Outlook from the Holy Stone at Mecca* For two centuries the westward currents of empire ebb, and the East again becomes the force in the world. Out of Arabia, where wastes of sand surround oases of palm, springs a new and mighty power, changing the face of ancient empires, conquering Asia and Africa, and threatening to overwhelm Eu- rope. Its center is in Mecca, at the Holy Stone, the Kaaba, once worshiped as an idol, but for twelve centuries past the object toward which the Mussulman world turns in prayer and journeys in pilgrimage. Standing by that black stone, let us survey the world from the seventh to the ninth century after Christ. I. The scene opens with the ap- pearance of the prophet-chief in the heart of Arabia, proclaiming, " There is but one God, and Mohammed is his prophet." At first rejected at Mecca, he flees to Medina, be- Outlines of Central History. 45 gins his mission as a preacher and warrior, and soon has fused all the Arabian tribes to- gether with the enthusiasm of a new i^eligion and the passion for conquest. 2. The suc- cessors of Mohammed, calling themselves Caliphs, [i. e., "successors,") lead their swell- ing hosts from province to province. The East is smitten dumb with terror, and passive- ly submits to the furious onset, which surges even to the walls of Constantinople, in a seven years' siege, fortunately, for the time, repelled. Through the defiles of the Hindu Koosh on the east, along the shores of Africa on the west the wave of conquest rolls, until " a single Caliph is obeyed in Spain and in India," and from the Pyrenees to the Caspian. 3. Europe is in peril, for the descendants of Clovis are but shadow-kings, and the tribes that have conquered Rome are wasting their strength in war with each other, while the Saracens are pouring upon the continent through the Pyrenees and along the Danube. 4. Charles Martel, " mayor of the palace" and ruler of both king and people, with his Frankish army, meets the Mohammedan host on the field of Tours, in southern France, ^ J^ and in a single victory I 672?7^f a:d. I s^^es Europe from the do- 4" 4* minion of the false prophet. 5. From the swiftness of its rise, without time 46 Outlines of General History. for assimilation of the subject races, and from the vastness of its extent, the Saracen empire falls asunder and is broken into three frag- ments, with capitals at Cordova, at Cairo, and at Bagdad. 6. An era of civilization succeeds that of conquest, and the court of Haroun al Raschid at Bagdad and the Alhambra in Spain become centers of cult- ure and literature to the world. 7. At the same time in Europe the feeble descendants of Clovis are set aside. Pepin, the son of Charles Martel and father of the more famous Charlemagne, becomes King of the Franks ; and gives to Pope Stephen temporal rule over the province around Rome, an event small in itself, yet destined to bring forth great results of papal power. Events of the Saracen Epoch, 600 to 800 A.D. Birth of Mohammed at Mecca A.D. 570 Mohammed's flight from Mecca to Medina, (" the Hegira ) 622 Mohammed begins his conquests 629 Jerusalem taken by Caliph Omar 634 Constantinople besieged 668-675 Spain conquered by the Saracens 711 Battle of Tours won by Charles Martel 732 Pepin, King of the Franks 752 Pope Stephen gains temporal power 755 Haroun al Raschid, Caliph at Bagdad 785 STUDENTS' REVIEW OUTLINE. Eighth Period. Hoi. Sto. 1. Moh. 2. Cal. 3. Eur. 4. Ch. Mar. (Tours.) 5. Div. Sar. Emp. (Cor. Cai. Bag.) 6. Era. Sar. Civ. (Har.) 7. Pep. Pope Ste. Outlines of General History. 47 QUESTIONS FOR EX AM IN A TION. Name and describe the monument of the Saracen Epoch. Give account of Mohammed and his successors. State the extent of Saracen conquests. How were those conquests checked in Europe ?' What events afterward occurred in Europe, s.ndi Asia? 9. The Outlook from the High Altar of St. Peter's. We are once again at Rome, not upon the Forum, but under the dome of the Cathedral- The city which ruled the world for a thousand years by the sword has now begun to rule the world by the crosier. In the old Church of St. Peter, where later in the same epoch a. new and grander St. Peter's church shall rise^ we stand by the High Altar, and view the- world during seven centuries of the Papal- Roman epoch, from 800 to 1 500 A.D. I. 0\xx first view is of the scene on Christ- .4'S Outlines of General History. mas-day, A.D. 800, when Charlemagne, conqueror of all Central Europe and master of Italy, kneeling at this very altar, receives the crown of the Roman Empire, and is hailed successor of the Coesars and Emperor of the West. The master-mind of the Mid- dle Ages, he brings order to Europe, estab- lishes education, and lays the foundations of great States. His dominions soon fall asun- der, forming the three kingdoms of Germany, France, and Italy, but his influence sur- vives. 2. Next, we look across the Chan- nel to the isle of Britain, which has been for centuries the scene of conflict fierce between races. We see the petty sovereignties of the Saxon Heptarchy united into one kingdom •under Egbert, and half a century later the noble reign of Alfred, followed soon by the contests of Saxons and Danes, until Will- iam the Conqueror lands with his Normans and wins the battle of 1^ 1^ Hastings and the EngMsh | f^^^t^^^ \ throne. 3. We see the "i- ■ 4" empire of Charlemagne more than once dis- severed and again reunited during the Middle Ages. It is consolidated by the strong hand of Otho the Great, and reaches its highest glory under Frederick Barbarossa. But from internal feuds, the jealousy of its princes, :and the opposition of the Popes, it becomes. Outlhies of General History. 49 at length, an empty name, though perpetu- ated in form even down to our own century. 4. We note the rapid progress of papal assumption, until Pope Gregory VII. (Hildebrand) compels an emperor to stand at his door a suppliant, and Pope Inno- cent III. takes away and bestows thrones. 5. In the very height of the epoch we see Europe stirred by the eloquence of Peter the Hermit, and going forth in the Cru- sades to win the Holy Sepulcher from the Moslems. We see Jerusalem won and a feudal kingdom of Palestine established, en- during for ninety years, and then overcome by Saladin of Egypt. 6. Turning once more to England, we see the barons at Runnymede forcing the Great Charter from the reluc- tant pen of King John, and thus planting the sturdy tree of English liberty. 7. We see the decayed empire of the Saracens in the far East supplanted by the vigorous and fierce "blood of the Turks, who push their conquests into Europe, and at last grasp Constantino- 1^ ifi pie, and end the long an- I CHAUCER, j j^^ig Qf ti^g Eastern Ro- I 1328-1400. I 4= 4* man Empire. 8. We see at the close of the epoch the States of Europe settling into their present form, and afar iipon the western sea Columbus sighting the shore of a New World. 4 50 Outlines of General History. Events of the Papal Roman Epoch, A.D. 800 to 1500. Charlemagne crowned Emperor of the West A.D. 8oo Saxon Heptarchy united by Egbert, first King of England 827 Alfred, King of England 872-901 William the Conqueror wins battle of Hast- ings 1066 Gregory VII., (Hildebrand,) Pope. . . .1073-1085 The first Crusade preached 1096 Jerusalem taken by the Crusaders 1099 Frederick Barbarossa, Emperor of Germa- ny 1152-1190 l\Iagna Charta signed at Runnymede 1215 Foundation of the Turkish Empire 1299 Robert Bruce wins battle of Bannockburn. . 1314 Constantinople taken by the Turks 1453 Discovery of America by Columbus 1492 STUDENTS' REVIEW OUTLINE. Ninth Period. High Altar. 1. Charl. 2. Eng. Eg. Al. Wm„ 3. Ger. Emp. (0th. Barb.) 4. Pap. Assump. (Greg.. VII.) 5. Crus. (Pet-Herm. Sal.) «. Eng. ^Char.> 7. Turks. Cons. S. Am. (Col.) QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINA TION. Name the representative building of the Papal Ro- man epoch. What event took place at the beginning of this epoch? Give an account of the German Empire in Middle Ages ? What great names are associated with its history ? What events in English history belong to this epoch ? What was the state of Papal power ? What were the Crusades, and how were they begun ? What great discovery was made at the close of this epoch ? Outlines of General History, 51 r^ — ■ ■■■ -H B 10. The Outlook from the Church-door of Wit- temberg. We approach the great era of the Reforma- tion, a century and a half full of events. It opens with three able kings reigning over the States of Europe, the Emperor Charles V. of Germany, his antagonist on the continent, Francis I. of France, and Henry VIII. of England. But before them all an uncrowned king comes to the front, and the picture of the epoch is Martin Luther at the Church- door OF WiTTEMBERG, on which are nailed the theses of the Reformation. The events of a century and a half may be grouped around three periods, each of about fifty years : I. The first is the age of Luther, in which the reformer takes his stand, and maintains it before the world, at the Diet of Worms. The Protestant nobles form for protection the League of Smaicaid, and the empire is 52 Outlines of General History. desolated with civil war, until the Peace of Passau gives rights of free worship to the reformers. England has joined the cause, through the quarrel of Henry VIII. with the Pope over his marriage with Anne Boleyn. When Charles V., worn out by the divisions of his realm, abdicates the throne of Ger- many and Spain, all of Northern Europe has been forever lost to the Roman Catholic Church. 2. The second period is the oge of Elizabeth, a brilliant era in the history of En* gland, when Protestantism becomes fixed as the religion of the people, when the Spanish Armada is destroyed, while peace and pros- it ^ perity at home bring I '"tsl'-'f.^''^- I power abroad;, he age 4« 4- of Shakspeare and Raleigh. In other lands the Inquisition stamps out reform in Spain, and the mas- sacre of St. Bartholomew checks its power in France. 3. The third period is the age of Cromwell, which brings before us the long struggle of James I. and Charles I. with the Parliament, culminating in the civil war, the execution of Charles I., and the Protectorate of Oliver Crom- 1^ J^ well. During this period arose | ^^^^f^; \ the Thirty Years' War, •^ 608-1674. I which desolated Germany for a generation, but was at last ended by the Treaty of West- Outlines of General History. 53 phalia. While these stirring events are trans- piring in the Old World the New has been opened and settled. During this epoch the conquests of Spain were made in Mexico and Peru, and the colonies of Eng-land were settled in North America, promise of the na- tion soon to appear. ^ ^ Events of the Western-European Epoch, 1500 to 1660 A.D. Luther's theses nailed on the church door , A.D. 1517 Luther before the Diet of Worms 1521 League of Smalcald (Protestant princes).. .1531 Marriageof Henry Vin. with Anne Boleyn. 1531 Council of Trent began 1545 Peace of Passau 1552 Abdication of Charles V 1556 Elizabeth, Queen of England 1558-1603 Beginning of Thirty Years' War 1618 Civil War begun in England 1642 Peace of Westphalia (end of Thirty Years' War) 1648 Charles I. beheaded 1649 Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector 1653-1658 ^ ^ STUDENTS' OUTLINE REVIEW. Tenth Period. Ch.-door Witt. 1. Age Luth. Ref, Die-Wor. Lea-Sma. Hen. VIIL Ch. V. 3. Age Eliz. Pros. Shak. (Inq.) (Mass. St. Bar.) 3. Age Crom. Jas. I. Ch. L Civ. War. Protec. (Thirty Yrs. War.) (Conq. Col. Amer.) QUESTIONS FOR EX AM IN A TION. What plan and what event marks the tenth period? Name three great persons who divide the period by their lives. 54 Outlines of General History, What great events are associated with Luther? What marked the age of Queen EKzabeth ? What are connected with the life of Cromwell ? What took place in America during this period ? 11. The Outlook from "Westminster Abbey. During the century which we are now to view the interest centers upon Great Britain, the isle which has been the bulwark of liberty and the leader in the march of progress for five hundred years. We take our stand by the tower of Westminster Abbey, the crown of Gothic architecture, whose arches cover the dust of kings, statesmen, and poets ; and we glance over the continents. I. Our first view is at England, where varied pictures are presented : Charles the Second and his infamous court ; the tyrannous attempts of James the Second leading to the glorious Revolution of 1688, which proclaimed that the people, and not the king, are forever the rulers of England ; the age of Queen Anne, with its triumphs in war abroad and in liter- ature at home ; and the Georges, under whose dull reigns the people advanced in Outlines of General History. 55 intelligence, if they declined in righteous- ness ; the great revival of Wesley and "Whitefield changing the character of a peo- ple. 2. Next we look across the Channel to France, and see the long reigns of Louis XIV. and Louis XV., resplendent out- wardly, yet underneath crushing the prosper- ity of the State and preparing the way for a "bloody retribution in the next age. 3. In ■Germany we mark the advancing power of the new kingdom of Prussia, and the con- quests of the brilliant general and wise ruler, but unprincipled man, Frederick the Great, 4. By the sea we look upon the Nether- lands wresting their land from the ocean and their liberties from tyrants, and becoming the great commercial power of Europe. 5. We see in the North the strange career of Charles XII. of Sweden, " the crowned mad- man," and the vast empire of Russia led by Peter the Great into the family of Eu- rope. 6. Beyond the Atlantic we see a scattered line of colonies on the ocean-fringe of the wilderness, separate, yet united, learn- ing by struggle with adverse Nature and the savage red men how to wrestle with their op- pressors in the next age. 56 Outlines of General History. Events of the English Epoch, 1660 to 1770 A.D. Restoration of the Stuarts, (Charles II.)... .1660 King Philip's War in New England 1675 Revolution and e.xpulsion of James II 1688 Victory of Blenheim won by Marlborough. . 1704 The reign of Queen Anne 1702-1714 Peter the Great's reign in Russia 1689-1725 Frederick the Great, King of Prussia. .1740-1786 Braddock's defeat in America 1755 -+ STUDENTS' REVIEW OUTLINE. West. Abb. 1. Eng. Ch. II. Rev, 1688. Qu. An. Geor. 2. Fr. Louis XIV. XV. 3. Germ. Fred.- Gt. 4. Neth. 5. Ch. XII. Pet.-Gt. 6. Am. Col. QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINA TION. Name the principal reigns and events in English, history during the eleventh period. Name the two kings of France and the chai-acter of their reigns. State the leading events in the Netherlands, ia Prussia, m Russia, and America, during this period. 12. The Outlook from Independence Hall. The focal point of historic interest now is found on the western shore of the Atlantic, Outlines of General History. 57 in the New World, within the building where the young republic of the West was born — Independence Hall, in Philadelphia. Tak- ing this spot as our stand-point we divide the history of the last hundred and ten years into four eras. F'irst, the era .of American Rev- olution, in which the colonists, urged by the oppressions of the mother country, measured sv\ords with the most powerful nation on the globe, and won their own liberty, while Eu- rope gazed in wonder. The names of Wash- ington, Jefferson, Franklin, and the battles of Bunker Hill, Saratoga, and the siege of Yorktown, recur to our mind as the most im- portant in that eventful time. Secondly^ fol- lowing this is the era of European revolu- tion. While America was fashioning her Constitution France was in the throes of a. revolution. The throne of the Bourbons went down in a deluge of blood, and, after a Reign of Terror, Napoleon seized the scepter and overturned all Europe, then fell in his turn at Waterloo, and passed into exile. Thirdly, came an era of European reaction, in which the nations were once more under the power of their masters, and the rights of the people seemed a dream of the past. Fourthly, an era of progress, dating from the year 1830, in which the cause of freedom and pop- ular right was slowly rising, though much of 58 Outlines of General History . the time unseen. The Reform Bill in En- gland, the revolutions in France, the ris- angs through Continental Europe, all tended to lift up the people, and the march has been onward. Fifthly, an era of civil strife in America, ended on .the battle-field when Lee :surrendered, and fully ended in the hearts of :the people when President Garfield was .slain. May the Union of States in America, and the brotherhood of nations throughout the world, endure forever ! Events of the American Epoch, 1770-1880. Battle of Bunker Hill 1775 Declaration of Independence 1776 Surrender of Burgoyne a*- Saratoga 1777 Surrender of Cornwallisat Yorktown 1781 French Revolution began (seizing of Bastile) 1789 Reign of Terror in France 1793 Napoleon I. Emperor 1804-1815 Battle of Waterloo 1815 Reform Bill passed in Parliament 1832 War began with the South in U. S 1861 Assassination of Abraham Lincoln 1865 STUDENTS' OUTLINE REVIEW. (Indep. Hall.) 1. Era Am. Rev. Bun.-H. Sar. York. 3. Eur. Rev. France-Ter. Nap. 3. Eur. reac. -4. Prog. Ref. Fr. Rev. 5. Civ. Str. Lee. Gar. QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. Name the general outlines of the American epoch. What was the first era of this period ? The sec- ond ? The third? The fourth ? The fifth ? Outlines of General History. 59 FIFTH EXERCISE. Let us fix in mind the following groups of illustrious characters in the history of the world. We do not by any means select all the great men, but a few whose names are •connected with general history. 1. To the Mesopotamian Epoch of 2,000 years, associated with the Tower of Babel, belong the following ten characters : Adam, the founder of our race ; Enoch, the saint ; Methuselah, the aged ; Noah, the preacher of righteousness ; Shem, Ham, and Japhet, his sons, from whom came the Semitic, Ham- itic, and Aryan races ; Misraim, the first settler in Egypt ; Nimrod, the founder of Babylon ; and Asshur, the founder of Nin- •eveh in Assyria. 2. To the Egyptian Epoch of 1,000 years, from 2000 to 1000 B. C, associated with the Pyramid, belong the great kings: Thoth- mes ni., "the Egyptian Alexander the Great ;" Rameses H., (the Sesostris of the Greek historians,) the mightiest of all the Pharaohs and the oppressor of the Israelites ; Abraham, the friend of God ; Jacob, the father of the Israelites ; Moses, the lawgiver ; Gideon, the greatest of their judges ; David, the greatest of their kings ; and the mythical characters, Cadmus, Priam, and .£neas. 6o Outlines of General History. 3. To the Hebrew Epoch of 400 years, fronx KX)0 to 600 B. C, associated with the Tem- ple, belong the kings of Judah and Israel, of whom the most important are Jeroboam^ Hezekiah, and Josiah ; the prophets Eli- jah, Isaiah, and Jeremiah ; the great As- syrian king and conqueror, Sennacherib ;. and, in the dawning European world, Ho- mer, the father of poetry, Lycurgus, the Spartan lawgiver, and Romulus, the founder of Rome. 4. To the Chaldeo- Persian Epoch of lOO- years, from 600 to 500 B. C, associated with the Hanging Gardens, belong Zede- kiah, the last king of Judah ; Daniel, the prophet of the captivity ; Nebuchadnezzar, the conqueror and builder ; Cyrus, the founder of the Persian Empire ; Darius^ whose reign marks the culmination of Persian, power. And in other lands : Solon, the Athe- nian lawgiver ; Pythagoras, the founder of philosophy ; Confucius, the Chinese sage ; Tarquin, the last king of Rome ; and Bru- tus, the liberator of Rome. 5. To the Greek Epoch of 200 years, from 500 to 300 B.C., associated with the Parthe- non, belong many great names, from which it is difficult to choose the greatest : Miltiades, the victor at Marathon ; Pericles and The- mistocles, the Athenian statesmen ; Socra- Outlines of General History. 6l tes, Plato, and Aristotle, the masters of ancient philosophy; Demosthenes, the great- est of all orators ; Phidias, the greatest of all sculptors ; Alexander the Great, conqueror of the world ; and Herodotus, the father of history. 6. To the Roman Epoch of 600 years, from 300 B. C. to 300 A. D., associated with the Forum, belong the names of the Gracchi, who gave up their lives for the cause of reform and the rights of the people ; Sulla, who de- stroyed the Roman Republic ; Julius Caesar, "the foremost man of all the world;" Au- gustus Csesar, the first of the Roman em- perors ; and Trajan, the best of the emper- ors ; Jesus Christ, who founded a kingdom as wide as the world and more enduring than time ; Paul, the mighty apostle to the Gen- tiles ; Cicero, the orator ; Virgil, chief of Latin poets ; and Origen, greatest of the early Christian fathers. 7. To the Byzantine Epoch, 300 years, from 300 to 600 A. D., associated with St. Sophia, belong the names of Constantine, the first Christian emperor and founder of Constanti- nople ; Theodosius and Justinian, the great emperors ; Alaric, the Gothic invader of Rome ; Attila, " the scourge of God ; " Odo- acer, who extinguished the Western-Roman Empire ; Augustine, the greatest of the Latin 62 Outlines of General History, fathers ; Chrysostom," the golden-mouthed " preacher and reformer ; King Arthur, the mythical hero of Britain ; and Clovis, the first Christian chieftain of the Franks. 8. To the Saracen Epoch, 200 years, from 600 to 800 A. D., associated with the Holy Stone, belong the names of Mohammed, his. three immediate successors, Omar, Othman, and Ali ; Haroun al-Raschid, the greatest of the Caliphs of Bagdad ; Clothair, King of France and Germany ; Charles Martel, who rolled back the wave of Mussulman conquest ; his son, Pepin le-bref, " the little," whose statesmanship paved the v/ay for the empire of his greater son, Charlemagne ; Bade, the Anglo-Saxon scholar and saint ; and Harold. Harfager, the founder of the Norse King- dom. g. To the Papal-Roma7i Epochy 700 years, from Soo to 1 500 A. D., associated with the High Altar, belong Charlemagne, the greatest character of mediaeval history; Fred- erick Barbarossa, under whom the German- Roman Empire arose to its height ; Egbert, the first king of England ; Alfred, the best, of all the kings of England ; William the Conqueror ; Gregory the Seventh, the most powerful of the Popes ; Peter the Her- mit, whose eloquence stirred up the First Crusade ; Genghis Khan, the Asiatic con- Outlines of General History, 65 queror, whose empire extended from China, to Morocco ; Columbus, who gave to the Old World a New; and Michael Angelo, the crown of art. 10. To the Western-European Epoch, or the Era of the Reformation, 160 years, from 1500 to 1660 A. D., associated with the Church -DOOR, belong Luther, "whose words shook the world ; " Queen Elizabeth, sovereign during a brilliant age ; Charles the Fifth, Emperor of Germany at the Reforma- tion ; William the Silent, Prince of Orange and liberator of the Low Countries ; Cardinal Richelieu, the master of state-craft ; Louis the Fourteenth, "le Grand Monarque" of France ; Oliver Cromwell, the great Pro- tector during the Commonwealth ; Solyman the Magnificent, the Sultan of Constanti- nople ; John Knox, the bold reformer; and Shakspeare, " not for an age, but for all time." 11. To the English Epoch, 120 years, from 1650 to 1770 A. D., associated with the Abbey, belong William the Third, whose accession marks the Revolution of 1688 ; Queen Anne, whose reign marks an era of culture ; Marl- borough, the conqueror at Blenheim ; Fred- erick the Great, who lifted Prussia into the front rank of nations ; Peter the Great, wha created the Russian Empire ; Maria The— 64 Outlines of G^steral History. resa, the powerful Queen of Austria ; Wai' pole, great in politics; Ne"wton in science; Addison in letters ; and Pope in poetry. 12. To the American Epochy no years, froro 1770 to 1880 A.D., associated with Independ- ence Hall, not including the names of those now living, belong George the Third, the king of England at a great period ; "William Pitt, the great Commoner ; Louis the Six- teenth, the ill-fated king of France ; Napo- leon, who renewed the empire of Charle- magne, but died in the ocean-prison of St. Helena ; Wellington, who won at Waterloo ; and in America the names of "Washington, Franklin, and Jefferson in the early history of the Republic, and those of Lincoln and Garfield in its later. STUDENTS' REVIEW OUTLINE. 1. Mes. Ep. [Tower.]— Ad. En, Meth. No. Sh. Ha. Ja. Mis. Nim. Assh. 3. Eg. Ep. [Pyram.]— Th. Ram. Ab. Ja. Mos. Gid. Dav. Cad. Pri. ^n. 3. Heb. Ep. [Temp.]— Jer. Hez. Jos. Elij. Isa. Jer. Sen. Horn. Lye. Rom. 4. Ch.-Per. Ep. [GARD.]-Zed. Dan. Neb. Cy. Dar. SoL Py. Con. Tar. Bru. 5. Gr. Ep, [Par.]— MiL Per. Them. Soc. Pla. Aris. Dem. Phid. Alex. Her. 6. Rom. Ep. [For.] — Gr. Sul. Cse. Aug. Traj. Jes. Pau. Cic. Vir. Ori. 7. Byz. Ep. [Church.]— Con. Theo. Jus. Al. Att. Odo. Aug. Chr. Art. Clo. Outlines of General History. 65 8. Sar. Ep. [Stone.1— Mo. Om. 0th. Al. Har.-Ras. Clo. Char.-Mar. Pep. Be. Har.-Har. 9. Pap.-Ro. Ep. [Alt.1— Char. Bar. Egb. Alf. Wil. Greg. VII. Pet. Geiig. Col. 10. West. Eur. Ep. [Door.]— Lu. Eliz. Ch. V. Wil-Si. Rich. Lou. XIV. Crom. Sol. Kno. Shak. 11. Eng. Ep.— [Abb.]— Wil. III. An. Mar. Fred. Pet. Mar.-The. Wal. New. Add. Po. 12. Am. Ep. [Hall.]— Geo. III. Wil.-P. Lou. XVL Nap. Wei. Was. Fran. Jef. Lin. Gar. QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINA TION. Name six founders of empires, and assign them to their several epochs. Name six great generals, and assign to epochs. Name six of the best characters, and assign to epochs. Name six eminent names in statesmanship. Name six poets and writers of eminence. Name six persons who have done the most for the human race. SIXTH EXERCISE. We will present brief outlines of the his- tory of the world and its leading peoples. I, The history of the world may be ar- ranged according to the following geograph- ical table : 1. The history of the Middle East— Chal- dea, Assyria, and the nations about. 2. The history of the Eastern East — India and China. 3. The history of the Western East— 66 Outlines of General History, Syria, Palestine, Phoenicia, Philistia, Arabia, Egypt. 4. The history of the Eastern West^ Asia Minor and Greece. 5. The history of the Middle West — Rome, Germany, and Northern Europe, France, England. 6. The histoiy of the Western West- America. II. The history of the Middle East may be divided as follows : 1. The Early Babylonian Period, from the Deluge to 1250 B.C. [Greatest names, Nimrod, Chedor-laome?.] 2. The Assyrian Period, from 1250 to 625 B.C. [Sargon, Sennacherib, Asshur- bani-pal.] 3. The Later Babylonian Period, from 625 to 536 B.C. [Nabopolassar, Nebuchad- nezzar, Belshazzar.] 4. The Persian Period, from 536 to 330 B.C. [Cyrus, Darius, Xerxes.] Conquered by Alexander the Great. III. The history of Egypt may be divided as follows: I. The Old Memphian Period, from the Deluge to 2080 B.C. [Pyramid built by Cheops or Khufu.] , 2. The Early Theban Period, (or, Mid- Outlines of General History, 67 die Kingdom,) from 2080 to 1900 B.C. [Sesortasen, Amenemes.] 3. The Hyksos Period, (or, Shepherd Kings,) from 1900 to 1500 B.C. [Visit of Abraham.] 4. The New Theban Period, from 1500 to 527 B.C. [Thothmes III., Rameses II., " the Great."] 5. The Foreign Period, from 527 to 330 B.C. Ethiopian, Assyrian, and Persian dy- nasties. [Psammetichus, Amasis.] 6. The Greek Period, from 330 to 30 B.C., when Egypt became a Roman province. [Alexander the Great, the Ptolemies, Cleo- patra.] IV. The history of Greece may be divided as follows. [See Chautauqua Text-Book, No. 5.] 1. The Heroic, or age of fable ^ 2000 to 1000 B.C. 2. The Homeric, or age oi poetry, 1000 to 776 B.C. 3. The Historico-traditional, or age of blended /ar/f and tradition, 776 to 490 B.C. 4. The Historic, or age of authentic his- tory, 490 B.C. to 1880 A.D. This period may be thus subdivided : I.) The Persian Wars, 490 to 479 B.C. [Miltiades, Themistocles.j , 68 Outlhies of General History,^ 2.) The Athenian Period, 479 to 404 B.C. [Pericles.] 3.) The Spartan Period, 404 to 371 B.C. [Lysander, Socrates.] 4.) The Theban Period, 371 to 361 B.C. [Epaminondas.] 5.) The Macedonian Period, 361 to 146 B.C. [Alexander the Great.] 6.) The Roman Period, 146 B.C. to 395 A.D. 7.) The Byzantine Period, 395 to 1453 A.D. 8.) The Modern Period, 1453 to 1880 A.D. V. The history of Rome may be divided as follows. [See Chautauqua Text-Book, No, 16.] 1. The Traditional, from 1000 to 509 B.C. (i.) From the Etruscan entrance to the founding of Rome. (2.) From the found- ing of Rome to the expulsion of the king. 2. The Republican, from 509 to 30 B.C. (I.) Class strife. (2.) Tribal feuds. (3.) For- eign conquests. (4.) Civil wars. 3. The Imperial, from 30 B.C. to 476 A.D. (i.) Augustan Age. (2.) Augustan Emperors. (3.) Age of the Twelve. (4.) Age of Decline. (5.) Age of the Vandals. VI. The history of Germany may be di- vided as follows : ^ Outlines of General History. 69 1. The period of Migration, 300 to 500 A.D. [Alaric, Attila.] 2. The period of the Franks, 500 to 800 A.D. [Clovis, Chothan, Charles Martel.] 3. The period of the Carlovingian Em- perors, 800 to 911 A.D. [Charlemagne.] 4. The period of Saxon Emperors, 911 to 1024 A.D. [Otho the Great.] 5. The period of Franconian Emperors, 1024 to 1 125 A.D. [Henry III., Pope Greg- ory VII.] 6. The period of Suabian Emperors, ♦' the Hohenstaufen," 1125 to 1273. [Fred- erick Barbarossa, Frederick II.] 7. The period of Hapsburg Emperors, " the House of Austria," 1273 to 1804. [Ru- dolph of Hapsburg, Charles V.] 8. The period of Confederation, 1804 to 1870 A.D. [No emperor.] 9. The period of the New Empire, 1870 to 1881. [" Kaiser Wilhelm."] VII. The history of France may be di- vided as follows : 1. The Carlovingians, i. e., descendants of Charlemagne, 800 to 987 A.D. 2. The Capetian Kings, 987 to 1327 A.D. [Hugh Capet, Louis IX., ("St. Louis.")] 3. The House of Valois, 1327 to 1589. [Louis XI,, Francis I.] 70 Outlines of General History. 4. The House of Bourbon, 1589 to 1789. [Henry IV., Richelieu, Louis XIV.] 5. The Revolutionary Period, 1789 to 1881. (I.) The First Republic. (2.) The age of Napoleon. (3.) The Bourbons restored. (4.) The House of Orleans. [Louis Philippe.] (5.) The Second Republic. (6.) The Second Empire. (7.) The Third Republic. VIII. The history of England may be di- vided as follows. [See Chautauqua Text- Book, No. 4.] 1. Period of the First Inhabitants, Celts and Britons. 2. Period of the First Invaders, (Romans, Picts, and Scots,) about 500 years. 3. Period of the First Saxons, (Hengist, Horsa, Heptarchy,) about 370 years. 4. Period of the Five Lines, (Saxon, Danish, Saxon restored, Norman, Plantag- enet,) about 570 years. 5. Period of the Five Houses, (Lancaster, York, Tudor, Stuart, Hanover,) about 470 years. IX. The history of America may be di- vided as follows. [See Chautauqua Text- Book, No. 2T.] I. Period of Discovery, 1000 to 1607 A.D. [Eleventh, Fifteenth, Sixteenth Century, Erickson, Columbus, De Soto.] Outlines of General History. 71 2. Period of the Colonies, 1607 to 1765. (i.) Settlement of the Colonies. (2.) Wars of the Colonies. 3. Period of the Revolution, 1765 to 1789. (l.) Preparation, 1765 to 1 775. (2.) Outbreak of war, 1775 to 1776. (3.) Campaigns in the Middle States, 1776 to 1778. (4.) Cam- paigns in the South, 1778 to 1783. (5.) Set- tlement of the Constitution, 1783 to 1789. 4. Period of the Union, 1789 to i88i. (i.) Era of Foreign Relations, 1781 to 1815. (2.) Era of National Progress, 1815 to i860. (3.) Era of Civil War and its Results, i860 to 1880.