.0' oo J li--^ ,0 -: to c COMMON-SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES; FROM THE EARLIEST PERIOD TO THE PRESENT TIME. BENSON j; ioSSINQ. ILLUSTRATED BY MAPS, AND OVER 200 OTHER ENGRAVINGS. NEW Y^OPwK : PUBLISHED BY MASON BROTHERS. BOSTON -. MA80X & HAMLIN. PHILADELPHIA : J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO. CINCINNATI . SARGENT, WILSON & HINKLE. (,' U^ 1865. b^ i^ /r./Pc^ Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1864, by MA80N BROTHERS, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court for the Southern District of New York. LOSSING'S HISTORIES OF THE UNITED STATES. COMPLETE SERIES FOR ALL CLASSES. Lossnra's piotoeial peimaky histoet op the united STATES; 238 pages l2mo. LOSSnfG'S COMMON-SCHOOL HISTOET OP THE UNITED STATES; Illustrated by Msps, and over 200 other Engravings. 378 pages 12mo. LOSSING'S PIOTOEIAL SCHOOL HISTOEY OP THE UNITED STATES; 374 pages large 12mo. LOSSING'S ILLUSTEATED PAMILY HISTOEY OP THE UNITED STATES; ^vith a Frontispiece Illuminated in Colors. For District^ School, and Family Libraries. 672 pages imperial octavo. ■ ^\^^ JOHN F. TROW, Printer and Stereotype!?, 50 Greene Street. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. This book has been prepared in obedience to the earnest calls of educators to sup- ply an acknowledged want in the Common Schools of the country, namely, a History OF THE United States, containing the record of every important event, arranged in a manner, and expressed in phraseology that might convey to the mind of the pupil a clear and comprehensive knowledge of the subject, in as (ew words as possible. The Author's Primary lUstorij of the United States, for beginners, and Pictorial History of the United States for Schools and Families, for the use of more advanced students, have met with a most gratifying reception from parents, teachers, and pupils, for many years. An intermediate History was wanted to make the series complete. To meet that want, this volume is offered. The general arrangement and peculiar features of the other books are preserved in this. Numerous pictorial illustrations of the subject; maps showing the geographical positions of the most important events; numerous explanatory and illustrative foot- » notes, and a convenient and useful Concordance interwoven with them, are notable features which commend themselves specially to teachers as important helpers in the task of instruction. Events during the last few years have impressed all thoughtful Americans with the importance of the possession, by every citizen, of a general knowledge of the letter and spirit of our National Constitution — the organic and supreme law of the land. That such knowledge may be taught in our Common Schools, and thereby be vividly and indelibly impressed upon the minds of the people, that Constitution, with numerous explanatoiy foot-notes, is made a pai't of this history. The Supplement contains the Declaration of Independence, with copious historical notes ; a biographical table of the Signers of the Declaration ; brief sketches of the lives of the Presidents of the Republic, and a Chronological Table of events mentioned in this volume. General reviewing questions, in addition to those at the foot of each page, are intro- duced at the close of the History. These will be found useful as tests of the thorough- ness of the pupil's acquirements, and as helps for him in obtaining a comprehensive grasp of the subject. The historical narrative includes an outline sketch, with copious notes, of the most prominent events of the Great Civil 'War in our country. It is brought down to as late a period as possible before printing the book. With these remarks, the work is submitted to the public with a desire and hope that it may be made an implement of usefulness in the work of popular education. CONTENTS CHAPTER I. THE ABORIGINES. Section I. General Characteristics of the Indian Tribes, 5.— Their Manners, Customs, Habits, Religion, Government, Funeral Ceremonies, and Destiny, 6, 7, 8, 9. CHAPTER II. DISCOVERIES. Section I. Norman and Spanish Discoveries, 10.— § XL English and French Discoveries, 15. CHAPTER III. SETTLEMENTS. Section I. Virginia, 24.— § II. New York, 32.— § III. Massachusetts, 34.— § IV. New Hampshire, 37.— § V. Maryland, 37.— § VI. Connecticut, 39.— § VII. Rhode Island, 42. § VIII. Delaware, 43 ; New Jersey, 44 ; Pennsylvania, 45.— § IX. The Carolinas, 46.— § X. Georgia, 48. CHAPTER IV. the COLONIES. Section I. Virginia, 50.— § IT. Massachusetts, 56.— § III. New York, 69.— § IV. Maryland, 75.— § V. Connecticut, 77.— § VI. Rhode Island, 80.— § VII. New Jersey, 81.— § VIII. Pennsylvania, 83.— § IX. The Carolinas, 85.— § X. Georgia, 91.— § XL A Retrospect, 92." — § XIL The French and Indian War, 95. CHAPTER V. the revolution. Section I. Preliminary Events, 115.— § II. First Year of the War foi- Independence, 128. — $ III. Second Year of the War for Independence, 138.— § IV. Third Year of the War for Independence, 149.-5 V. Fourth Year of the War for Independence, 160,— § VI. Fifth Year of the War for Independence, 166.— § VII. Sixth Year of the War for Inde- pendence, 174.— § VIII. Seventh Year of the War for Independence, 181.— § IX. Closing Events of the War for Independence, 190. CHAPTER VI. the nation. Section I. Washington's Administration, 195.— § II. John 'Adams's Administration, 201.— § III. Jefferson's Administration, 203.— § IV. Madison's Administration, 208.— § V. The Second War for Independence, 214.— § VI. Second War for Independence— con- tinued, 222.— § VII. Monroe's Administration, 231.— § VIII. John Quincy Adams's Administration, 234.— § IX. Jackson's Administration, 236.— § X. Van Buren's Adminis- tration, 241.— § XI. Harrison and Tyler's Administrations, 243.— § XII. Polk's Adminis- tration, 246.— § XIII. Taylor's Administration, 254.— § XIV. Pierce's Administration, 257.— § XV. Buchanan's Administration, 260.-§ XVI. Lincoln's Administration, 262.- The Great Civil War, 265.— The Constitution and Growth of the Republic, 305. Questions for Review, 336. SUPPLEMENT. The Declaration of Independence, 349 —The Signers of the Declaration of Independence, 35G.— Biographical Sketches of the Presidents of the Republic, 357.— Chronological Table, 367. ' HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. AFTER I. THE ABORIGINES. SECTION I. 1, When men from Europe first came over the Atlantic ocean and landed on the shores of America at different places, they found inhabitants of a copper color, who could give very little account of themselves, as a people. They could not tell whether their race came from Asia, Africa, or Europe ; or whether, as many of them believed, their first father and mother were created in the land which they inhabited/ 2. These people, who Avere called Indians," spoke a great variety of dialects,^ but there were among them only eight distinct languages.* They were divided into many families, or tribes ; but in color, size, moral character, religion, and government, they were 'very much alike. They were tall, straight, and well formed ; 1. There seem to be reasons for believing that the Aborigines, or first inhabitants of Americ'i, are of Asiatic origin. 2. When Columbus discovered the first land on the American coast (verse 6, page 12), he supposed that he had reached a point of Farther India, his theory being that, sailing westward, he would fi.nd that land. He and his people, therefore, called the native inhabit- ants Indinri'i. 3. Dialect is the form of expression peculiar to the people of difterent provinces or sections of a country wliere the same langt(nge is spoken. The people of London and Yorkshire have such different modes of expressing the English language, that it is difficult, sometimes, for them to understand each other. 4. These languaees, which represented eight nations, who inhabited the country from the Atlantic ocean to the Mississippi river and beyond, occupying a region embraced within about twenty-four degrees of latitude, and almost forty degrees of longitude, and covering a greater portion of the breadth of the north temperate zone, were called, respectively, Algonquin, Huron, Iroquois, Cherokee, Catawba, Uchee, Natchez, and Dacotah or Sioux. Questions.— 1. What kind of people did Europeans find in America? 2. What can you tell about their name, languages, and persons ? THE ABORIGINES. Dwellings, dress, monej', and langnage of the Indians. A AVIGWAM. their eyes were black ; their hair long, coarse, and straight. Sick- ness was very little known among them. 3. The men were employed in war, hunting, and fishing ; and tlie women did all the labor of every kind required by family wants. Huts made of poles covered with mats, skins of beasts, or bark of trees, were their dwelling-places, and were called icig- icams. Their few tools were made of stones, shells, and bones. Their food was the meat of animals found in the forests, with fish, and a few vegetables. Maize, commonly called Indian corn^ was in common use. All the simple arts of their rude life were taught to their children. 4. In summer they were generally naked, excepting a light covering about the loins. In winter, they were clad in the skins of beasts. Their money Vv^as made of pieces of shells in the form of tubes, and was call- ixDiAN, IN ^.uM::rr. cd iccimpiim ; it v/as il made in strings and belts, and was used in trafiic, and, between nations and tribes, as tokens of affection or alliance. Yv^ampum-belts were held by the sachems, or chief men, as records of public acts. 5. The Indians had no v^ritten language, excepting rude pic- <.-) ture-v/ritings, and these were couiined to the records of war- WAJIPCM. like achievements, treaties of , . n ^— <^^'?^/ c:?n^^ alliance, and deeds of brave - ^W'^'s'T^'r^ ^^ ^^ men. These were more fre- iNPiAN niEROGLYpnics.i qucntly preserved in memory, and handed down from father to son, and from chief to chief. 1. This is pnrt of a record of a war expedition. The figures on the right and left— one with a gun, and the other with the hatchet— denote pri^Oi.ers taken hy a warrior. The one Qfestions.— 3. Wliat can dians ? 4- What of their clothing you tell ahout ti^e enip loynicnts, dwell'ns's, and food of the la- )th!ng and money ? 5. What of their writing and records ? THE ABORIGINES. Warfare, wonu-n, and funeral ceremonies of the Indif 6. War was the principal business of the men. ally went forth in parties of about forty. Sometimes only They gener- NDIAN •WEAPONS. CALUMETS. half-a-dozen would go out on the war-path, like the ancient knights, to seek renown in combat. Their weapons were bows and arrows, hatchets (tomahawks) of stone, and scalping-knives of bone. They made prisoners, and tortured them ; and the scalps of enemies were their trophies of war.= Peace was arranged by sachems in council ; ' and each, smoking the same pipe of peace, called calumet^'' thus made a pledge of fidelity to the contract. 7. AVomen were the mere slaves of the men. They never en- gaged in any of the games, but were allowed, with their children, to be spectators of them and the war-dances. Marriage was a contract that might be broken by the husbands, who had a right to take and dismiss wives at pleasure. 8. The funeral ceremonies and methods of burial were similar among all the Indian nations. The dead body Avas wrapped in skins, when it Avas laid upon sticks in the bottom of a shallow pit ; or placed in a sitting posture in a grave; or laid upon a high scaffold, out of the reach of wild beasts. Trinkets, arms, tools, paints, and food were buried with it, for they supposed the soul would need them on its journey SCAFFOLD KURIAL-PLACE. without a head and holding a bow and arrow, denotes that one wa? killed; and the fii^uro with a sliaded part below the cross indicates a female prisoner. Then he goes in a war- canof, with nine oonipnnione, denoted by the paddles, after wh'ch a council is held by the chiefs of the Bear and Turtle tribes, indicated by rude figures of these animals on each side of a fire. 1. ^/, bow and arrow ; A, war-club ; c, an iron tomahawk -, /■/, a stone one ; e, a scalping-knife. 2. They seized an enemy by the hair, and, by a skillful use of the kr.ife, cut and tore from the top of the head a large poition of the skin. 3. Sfir,'ir;7))s were the civil luads of nations or tribes ; cliirfs were military leaders. 4. Tobacco was in general use anio: g the Indians for s???oAr/??e, when the white men came. The more filthy practice of cheirins it was invetited by the Europeans. The calwiiel \faa made of pipe-clay, and often ornamented with feathers. Questions.— 6. What can you tell about the warfare and weapons, and method of peace- making of the Indians? 7. What can you tell about their women and marriagCB ? 8. What of their funeral ceremonies and burials? THE ABORIGESrES. Religion of the Indians. to the abode of spirits. They raised mounds over the graves, plant- ed flowers upon them, and mourned there for many days. U*!"^ MEETING OF WHITE MEN AND INDIANS. 9. Their religion was simple in belief and ceremonies. They believed in a Great Good Spirit, and a Great Evil Spirit ; and considered the sun, moon, stars, meteors, fire, water, thunder, wind, and everything which they could not control themselves, as a sort of deity or god. They also adored what they called the Great Master of Life, in different forms, Avhom they called 3Ianitou, and made a sort of special deity. They had vague Questions.— 9. What can you tell about the religious belief of the Indians? THE ABORIGINES. Government of the Indians. Their destiny. ideas of a great flood that covered the earth ; and they occasion- ally made sacrifices of animals as an atonement for sin. 10. The government of the Indians was a mixture of family rule and kingly use of authority and power. The Sachem was chief ruler, often chosen because of his merits. So with the Chief; he was frequently chosen to be the leader of warriors, because of his own deeds in battle. The Sachem decided all questions debated in council; and wherever the Chief led, the warriors followed. Their councils were models of good order. While one was speaking, every other one listened with profound respect. 11. Such were the inhabitants of the territory of the present United States, when it Avas discovered by the Europeans. They were nearly all wanderers, and roamed over the solitary forests, free as the air they breathed, yet doing almost nothing toward cultivating the fertile soil beneath their feet. God did not design this continent to remain a wilderness. In his own good time he permitted the white man to find it. The white man came with the industry and arts of civilization, and changed the appearance of all things. Where the Indians hunted and fished, are seen farms, villages, and cities; and that race is rapidly passing away. Very few can now be found eastward of the Mississippi river.* I. For a more detailed account of the Indians, see Lo.?ping'8 Pictorial History of the United States, for Schools and Families. • Questions —10. What can you tell about the Erovernniput and leaders of the Indians? n. What have you to say about them and their relation to the coimtry ? What changee haro taken place ? OHAPTEE II. DISCOVERIES. SECTION I. NOEMAN AND SPANISH DISCOVERIES. 1. Christopher Columbus, the son of a wool-carcler of the city of Genoa, in Italy, is properly called the discoverer of America. There seems to be proof, however, that Europeans landed on its shores five hundred years before his time. There were bold sailors in Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, who came to be called Sea-Kings. They sailed fearlessly over the northern seas in their little vessels, and at a very early period made settle- ments on Iceland and Greenland. There are rec- ords of voyages which they made from Iceland to norman ship. a continent southwest from Greenland, as early as the year of our Lord 1002 ; and learned men believe that these Northmen' visited that portion of the Tj United States known as New^ England,^ and perhaps iroRTHMAN. sailed as far southward as the Delaware river. 1. The arcients called the territory which contn'ns morlorn Norw.ay, Sweden, Denmark, Lapland, Iceland, Finland, and tlie country around the Baltic Pca, by the general name of Scandinavia. The people were called Scandinavians, but in time came to be known as Northmen or Normen. 2. The States of our Republic eastward of New York are collectively called Neio Eng- land. QuESTioxR.— 1. What can you tell abont the d stover crs of America? What about an- cient sailors of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway ? "What discoveries did they probably make ? NORMAN AND SPANISH DISCOVERIES. 11 The Northmen. Eiistcrn commerce. TOWER AT NEWPORT. 2. There are proofs that the Korthmen attempted to make settlements in the new land they had discovered ; but they left no trace of then* presence, unless it be the myste- rious old Tower at Newport, Rhode Island, which many believe was built by them. If tliese voyages vv^ere ever known in Southern Europe, they had been long forgotten when Columbus proposed to sail westward in search of wealthy India by a new route. 3. At that time Italy was the mistress of the Mediterranean sea, and controlled the commerce of Europe with India, the great cape of Asia, for the route thither was through Egypt, Arabia, and Persia. The merchants of Western Europe wished to share with Italy in that traffic, but their ships were not allowed to sail unmo- lested in the Mediterranean, to Egypt. It was the common belief that under the equator was a region of impassable heat. This error was at length corrected by Portuguese navigators, who sailed around the southern extremity of Africa and went to the East through the Indian Ocean. 4. Lisbon, from which these navigators sailed, now became an attractive place for adventurers. Columbus Avent there, and mar- ried the daughter of an eminent de- ceased navigator ; and from his father-in- law's papers he got much knowledge. He was convinced that the eartlr was round ; that an unknown continent was in the Atlantic ocean; and that Asia might be sooner reached by sailing west- ward than by making the long voyage around Africa. He was also impressed with a belief that he was commissioned to carry the gospel of Christ to un- known heathen. 5. In search of knowledge, Columbus made a voyage to Ice- QcFSTiONS.— 2. What can yon tell abont the Northmen in Amer ca ? 3. What did Italy- do? What did merchants of Western Europe desire to do? What error was corrected? .4. Wh:it can you tell about Lisbon, and Columbus there ? What were his beliefs ? COLL'llBUS. 12 DISCOVERIES. Columbus aided. Hie great discovery. land and the icy seas beyond, where he probably heard vague rumors of the early visits to a western continent. When he returned, he asked first his own countrymen, and then the kings of England and Portugal, to help him fit out an expedition for a voyage of discovery. None but King John of Portugal listened favorably, and he did nothing. Columbus waited long. At length his wife died, and, taking his little son by the hand, he started on foot, sad and discouraged, to lay his plans before Fer- dinand and Isabella, the rulers of Spain. 6. The queen became his friend,^ and with others fitted out three small ves- sels for Columbus. With these he sailed from Palos, in Andalusia, on the 3d of August, 1492, and, after a tedious and perilous voy- age, he first saw land on BANNER OP THE EXPEDITION. the 11th of October fol- ISABELLA. T . -r. n j_i lowmg. It was one oi tno Bahamas, nov/ called Cat Island. On the next day he went ashore, richly dressed in scarlet, and, bearing the banner of the expedition, took pos- session of the country in the name of the king and queen.^ The natives received him and his followers with awe. With pious feelings he named the island San Salvador, or Holy Savior. 7. Columbus discovered several other islands, and named the group the West Indies. On his return he was received with great honors, but the monarchs attempted to keep his discoveries 1. Isabella was very religious, and the impression made on her mind by the zeal mani- fested by Columbus to become a missionary, had a powerful effect. His assurance that he ehouki tind the vast treasures hidden in that far-distant India, of which travelers had told, excited her desires for greater wealth and mairni licence. 2, It was a common ]iractice then, as now, for the discoverer of new lands to erect some monument and to proclaim the title of his sovereign to the territories so discovered. Tho banner of tlie exj^edition borne on shore by Columbus, was a white one, with a green cross. Over the initials, F. and Y. (Ferdinand and Ysabella), were golden mural crowns. Questions.— 5. What voyage did Columbus mak*^? To whom did he apply for help? 6. What dill Oueen Isabella' do? Wbat can you tell about Columbus's voyage and dis- coveries? What took place wlicn he reached lai.d? SPANISH DISCOVERIES. 13 Columbus and his discoveriea A rival. a secret from the rest of the world for their own advantage, made several other voyages, and In 1498 discovered the coast of South America ; yet he died in the belief that he had only found a portion of Eastern Asia. One of his companions revealed the se- cret to Amerigo Vespucci, a Florentine navigator, v*^ho explored the eastern coast THE VESSELS OF COLUMBITS. COLUMBUS DISCOVERING LAND. Questions.— 7. "WHiat other voyasjes and discoveries did Coliimbus make ? What can you ti'il about another navigator, and the naming of our continent? 14 DISCOVERIES. Name of the continent. Balboa. Florida. Mexico. -^ of South America, and published a glowing account of the great ^^^^^ conthient which he claimed to have dis- / covered. In his honor that continent was called America. 8. Spanish settlements were soon made in the West Indies, and expedi- tions were sent out from St. Domingo, Cuba, and Porto Rico, in search of gold- bearing regions which, it was believed, lay around them. In 1510, Balboa crossed the isthmus of Darien, and dis- covered the Pacific ocean, which he AMLRiGo vEspccci. callcd tlic Soutli sca. He waded into its waters in full costume, bearing the Spanish flag, and took j^os- session of sca and land, in the name of his sovereign. 9. In 1512, John Ponce de Leon sailed from ^ Porto Rico, and discovered the present great southern cape of the United States, which he named Florida.' Other adventurers followed him in the same direction, and made vain at- tempts to plant settlements on the coast of what is now Florida, Georgia, and South Caro- lina. In 1517, an expedition under Cordova * discovered Mexico ; and so favorable was his report that Velasquez, the governor of Cuba,,,; determined to take possession of the country. '^ For this purpose he sent a fleet and small army, under the command of Fernando Cortez, -. who by falsehood and treachery obtained possession of the coun- try in 1521. 1. The picture e;'ves a correct representation of those armed Spaniards who attcmiMed conqiipstr^ in the New World. 2. He had been f^overnor of Porto Rico, and had been made to believe that on the neiiih- borinn; continent was a fountain whose waters, when partaken of, would restore youth to old age, and perjjetuate it. He was in search of this fountain Avhen, on the 27th of March, he touched the shore, and found it covered with flowers. It was nUo Panquns de, Flores^ or Easter Sunday, on which occasion the churches were decorated with flowers. So he called the land Florida. Questions.— S. "What can you tell about Spanish settlements and expeditions? W^hat of Bill'Oil 9. What can you tell about the discovery of Florida? What can you tell about the discovery r.nd co.iquest of Mexico? ENGLISH AND FKENCH DISCOVERIES. 15 De Sjto and the Mississippi. The C.ibots. JO. In 1539, De Soto, a Spanish adventurer, who was then governor of Cuba, landed with six hundred men in Florida, and marching west- ward, in spite of hostile natives, discovered the Mississippi river, and explored the country be- yond it almost to the base of the Rocky Moun- tains. After a march of three thousand miles, during a period of about three years, De Soto died on the Mississippi, and the remnant of his followers, having suffered terribly, made their way to a Spanish settlement in Mexico. The chief object of all these expeditions was GOLD. SECTION II. ENGLISH AND FKENCII DISCOVERIES. 1. While the Spaniards were searching for gold in the region of the Gulf of Mexico, English and French adventurers were on the more northerly shores of the continent, on the same errand, and for the discovery of a north v/cst passage to India through the Polar seas. Henry the Seventh, king of England, would not listen to Columbus ; ' but when he heard of his wonderful success, he was willing to give help in a similar undertaking. 2. John Cabot, a wealthy merchant of Bristol, England, hearing of this disposi- tion of the king, asked him to aid him- self and his son Sebastian in iitting out exploring vessels. The king did so. In May, 1497, Sebastian Cabot sailed toward Greenland with two small ships. When he encountered fields of ice in the polar Avaters, he turned toward the southwest, and first saw the American continent on SEBASTIAN CABOT. 1. Verse 5, page 11. Questions.— 10. Describe the advei.tures of De Snto, ai d the end of them. Wat wag the object of all Snanish expeditions in America ?—l. What were En^ilish and French navi- gators doinc:? What can you tell about King Henry of Ei gland? 2. What can you tell about Jolm Cabot and his son ? Describe the voyage and discoveries of Sebastian Cabot. 16 DISCOVERIES. Sebastian Cabot's discoveries. Verrazzani Cartier. the rugged shores of Labrador. He was the first discoverer of the American continent^ Columbus having seen only some of its neigh- boring islands.^ 3. Sebastian was placed in command of another expedition the following year. It was fitted out by his father and some Bristol merchants for the discovery of a northwest passage to India. He was again turned southward by ice. He discovered [N'ewfoundland,^ and explored the Atlantic coast as far as the pre- sent harbor of Charleston. His discoveries gave him great fame. In 1517 he was sent again to the Polar seas; and in 1526 while in the employment of the king of Spain, he explored the coast of Bra- .zil, in South America, and discovered the great river de la Plata. 4. The king of France, in the mean time, had become interested in these wonderful voyages, and in 1523 he employed John Verrazzani, a Florentine, to explore the coasts of the mys- terious New World. Verrazzani sailed in De- cember, and in March first touched the continent at the mouth of the Cape Fear river. He then sailed northward, examined the coast all the way to Newfound- land, and called the entire country New France. 5. Ten years later, the French king was induced to attempt the planting of settlements in New France, and for that purpose he sent James Cartier, a native of St. Malo, Avith several ves- sels. Cartier reached New- foundland early in June, VERKAZZANI. CAUTIEU'S &1UP. 1. Verse 7, pnge 12. . , j tt 2 He save the name of Newfonrdland (rew found land) to th's large island. He per- ceived the immense numbers of codli-^h in its vicinity ; and witlrn five or six years after this discovery, many fishermen from England, Brittany, and Noimandy went thither for those treasures of the deep. Questions.— 3. Describe other voyages and discoveries of Sebastinn Cabot on the coast of North America. Describe his discoveries m Smitli America. 4. What did the king of France do? W'lat can you tell Ml-out Verrazz'ini's dircover es ? Whnt did he call the new country? 5. What else did the Fr. nch do ? What cm you tell about James Cartier's doings? ENGLISH AND FRENCH DISCOVERIES. 17 Events on the St. Lawrence. Protestants in France. 1534,and soon afterward discovered the mouth of the great river Avhich he named St. Lawrence/ He set up a cross and the arms of France on the shore, and took possession of the country in the name of the French king. 6. Cartier commanded another expedition to the St. Lawrence, in 1535. Leaving his hirger vessels in the mouth of the St. Charles, at the site of Quebec, he went in boats to the capital of the Indian king of the country, situated where Montreal ^ now stands. He was kindly received, and returning, wintered in his ships, in the St. Charles. In the spring he decoyed the Indian king on board of one of his vessels, and carried him off to France, where he died broken-hearted. This wicked act made the Indians hate the "pale-faces," as they called Europeans. Other efforts w^ere made by the French to plant settlements in New France, but none were successful until seventy years afterward.^ V. At this period, there was much religious excitement in France. The protests of Martin Luther and others against cer- tain doctrines and practices of the Roman Catholic Church, had made a great disturbance in Europe. Those who favored the ref- ormation then attempted were called Protestants. These had become numerous in France about the year 1560, and there they were named Huguenots. They had a powerful friend in Jas- per Coligny, high admiral of France. 1. This name was civen because the discovery was raarle on the festival day of St. Lawrence in the calendar of the Roman Catliolic Cliurch. 2. It was called HoclipJnsa. He ascended the great hill in the rear of the village, and so inspired was he with the view from its summit, that he called it Mont-Real, or Royal Mountain, the name of the present city at its foot. 3. Cartii'r made another voyage to the St. Lawrence, as a subor- dinate. Francis de la Roque, a wealthj' nobleman of Picardy, in France, fitted out an expedition for discoveries and settlement in New France, by periniBsion of tlie French kirg. He chose Cartior for his lieutenant, who sailed before his superior was ready, in June, 1541. Cartier asrain went wy) the St. Lawrence, and found the natives sullen on account of liis perfidy. He built a fort at QueViec. Francis (who is better known as Lord of Roberval) followed, but the attempt at settle- ment was a failure. Roberval passed up the St. Lawrence, built two more forts near Quebec, endured a winter of great distress, and returned to France in the spring of 1543. Six years afterward he again sailed for the St. Lawrence, and Avas never heard of afterward. NOBLEMAN 1540. Questions.— 6. What can you tell about Cartier's second voyage? How did he treat the Indian kiiur? 7. What can you tell about religious excitement in Europe? What were the reformers called ? What can you say of the French Protestants ? 18 DISCOVEEIES. Huguenot Settlements. Disasters. English Navigators. 8. The rulers in church and state persecuted the Hugue- nots, and Coligny resolved to find a place of refuge for them in America. The king gave him authority to do so ; and in Feb- ruary, 1562, several vessels filled with emigrants left France for the new-found world. They landed on the shore near Port Royal entrance, where the Broad river flows into the Atlantic ocean, and there built a fort, which they called Carolina, in honor of their monarch, Charles (Carlos) the Ninth. This name was afterward given to the adjacent portion of the continent, which it still bears. 9. The attempt to settle at Port Royal failed. Another ^y^s made on the bank of the St. John's river, in Florida, and met with a most tragical end. The Spanish monarch sent Pedro Melendcz, a cruel soldier, to drive away or destroy the French. He landed with his followers on the coast of Florida, founded the city of St. Augustine, and proclaimed his king monarch of all North America. This was in September, 1565. He then fell upon the Huguenots and massacred about nine hundred men, women, and children. De Gourges, a French soldier, avenged the death of these people.^ Thus ended this first attempt to plant settlements in America. 10. Fugitive Huguenots who were picked up at sea and car- ried to England, told of the beauty and fertility of the southern coasts of America, and the public attention was turned in that direction. Sir Humphrey Gilbert was the first to propose a sensi- ble plan for settlement. With the aid of his young and wealthy step-brother, Walter Raleigh, he fitted out some vessels, and sailed with a number of followers early in 1579. He was driven back by storms and Spanish war-vessels. Four years afterward [1583] lie made another attempt. He reached and explored the 1, De GonrireB, a fiery soldier of Gascony, fitted out an expedition to revenge tliis cruel act. He sailed for Florida in three ships bearing one hundred and fifty men. He attacked and cat tured two Spanish forts on the St. Johii's, and made two hundred men prisoners. These he liuna; unon the trees. Tie was too feeble to attack the forc3 at St. Augustine, and tlie Spaniards held possession. This was the first permanent European settlement within the present domain of the United States. The first house built there was demolished by United States troops, during the Civil War that commenced in 1S61. Questions.— 8. What did Coligny do? What can you tell about the Husuenots in America? Where did they attempt a settlement? 9. What else did the Huguei.ots do? How and by whom was their new settlement broken up? Who aveiirred the act? 10. How came the Enalish to make voyaues to the more southern coasts ? What can you tell about Sir Humphrey Gilbert and his voyages lo America ? ENGLISH AND FRENCH DISCOVERIES. 19 Raleigh's Expeditions. Their results. New England coast, bnt his little squadron was destroyed by storms. Gilbert was lost, and only one of his vessels returned to England. 11. Raleigh now obtained a charter for himself, by which Queen Elizabeth made him proprietor of all lands that might be discovered be- tween the Delaware and Santee rivers. He sent two ships to explore. They entered Albemarle sound, on the coast of North Carolina ; and their comman- ders (Amidas and Barlow), returned with glowing accounts of the beauty and fertility of the country, which they had taken possession of in the name of Elizabeth. Raleigh was delighted ; and the queen, in consideration of her un- married state, named the region Yikginia, and knighted the gal- lant proprietor. 12. Raleigh sent five ships under Sir Richard Grenville the folloAving year [1585], and one hundred emigrants, with Ralph Lane as their governor. Thej^ landed on Roanoke island, in Albemarle sound. Being gold-seekers iii stead of planters, and having offended the Indians, they suifered for want of food for nearly a year, when they embarked for England with Sir Francis Drake, who touched at Roanoke. 13. Raleigh learned Avisdom by fiilure. ers he sent farmers and mechanics, with their fan;ilies, in the spring of 1587, to found a colony in Virginia. They were accom- panied by John White, an English gentleman, as governor. They reached Roanoke in July, and a month aftervrard, Eleanor Dare, a daughter of the governor, gave birth to a girl, whom Questions.— 11. What can you tell about Walter Rnleigh, and his first expedition sent to America? Tell how Virginia wns so named. 12. Relate the adventures of Sir Richard Grenville nnd his colony. 13. What can you tell about another expedition seiit by Raleigh 111 1587 ? What occurred ? ONE OF rsALEIGH 3 SHIPS. Instead of gold-seek- 20 DISCOVERIES. Gosnold's discoveries. Pring's voyage. Weymouth's sin. they named Virginia. She was the first child of European parents born in America. This colony soon afterward disap- peared. Five times lialeigh sent good mariners to search for them, but in vain. They were prob- ably taken to the continent by the Indians. 14. Twelve years after the failure of Kaleigh's colonization efibrts, his friend Bartholomew Gos- nold sailed in a small vessel for the American coast. That was in March, 1602. After a voyage of seven weeks he discovered the continent near Nahant, eastward of the site of Boston [May 14], and as he sailed southward he discovered and ENGLisToFNTLKMAN, Kamcd Capc Cod. He also discovered the islands 15S0. ^^ Nantucket and Martha's Vineyard, and a group which he named the Elizabeth islands, in honor of his queen. On one of them he thought to make a settlement, but the fear of Indians and a lack of supplies caused him to abandon the design and return to England. 1 5. Gosnold's fivorable account of the country caused Bristol merchants to send out two ships in the spring of 1603, com- manded by Martin Pring. He discovered the coast of Maine at Penobscot bay, in June. Sailing westward he explored the bays and rivers all the way to Martha's Vineyard,^ where he traded with the natives, but soon sailed for England. 16. In 1605, Captain Weymouth, an English navigator, also visited Maine, and took possession of the country in the name of King James. He decoyed five natives on board of his vessel, and sailed with them for England, leaving behind him, by this wicked act, cause for the bitter hatred of the Indians for the white people. Pring made another voyage the following year [1606], and more thoroughly explored the New England coast.' 17. At about this time the French were again engaged in 1, Properly Mfrrf /??'.<} Vineyard, which was so called in honor of Martin Pring, who first cuUivatod trnffic with the Indians there. 2. Verse 1, page 10. Questions.— 14. What can you tell about Bartholomew Gosnold's voyage and discoveries? What did he attempt to do? 15. Wliat can you teM about Martin Pring's voyage and dis- coveries? 16. What did Captain Weymouth do ? What crime did he commit? What more can you relate of Pring ? '^^ EISTGLISH AND FEENCH DISCOVEEIES. 21 Settlements in Acadi6. Discoveries by Champlain and Hudson. making explorations in the direction of the St. Lawrence. De Monts, a wealthy Huguenot, obtained a commission of viceroy over six degrees of latitude, extending from Cape May to the site of Quebec. He sailed with two vessels in the spring of 1G04, and planted a settlement on the site of Annapolis, ISTova Scotia. In the autumn he passed over to the St. Croix river, on the ex- treme eastern boundary of the United States, and built a fort. He returned in the spring, organized a colony, called the place Port Royal (now Annapolis), and named the whole region now included in New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and the adjacent isl- ands, Acadie. 1 8. Having obtained a grant for a temporary monopoly of the fur trade on the St. Lawrence, De Monts sent Samuel Champlain up that river for traffic and explorations. Early in the summer of 1608 he founded a settlement, and named the place Quebec. A year later he ascended the Richelieu or Sorel river, and discov- ered the beautiful lake in Northeastern New York which bears his name, Champlain.^ 1 9. The idea of finding a northern passage to India still filled the minds of English merchants and mari- ners. All attempts to find it in a north- westerly direction had been foiled by ice. A company of London merchants now de- termined to liave a search in a northeast- erly direction, and for that purpose they sent Henry Hudson, an eminent navigator, toward the Polar seas beyond the north- erly capes of Europe, in 1607. During that and the following years he made two voyages, but ice firmly barred the way. The disappointed merchants abandoned the project. 1. Champlain penetrated southward nsfnr as Crown Point ; perhaps south of Ticondoroga. It was at about the same time that Hudson Avcnt up the river that bears his name, as far as Waterford ; so that these eminent navitrators, exploring at dilTcrent points, came very near meeting in the wilderness. Six years afterward, Champlain discovered Lake Huron, and there he ioined some Huron Indians in an expedition against one of the Five Nations in Western New York. Qtestioxs.— 17. What did the French now do ? Give an account of Dp Monts and his efforts to make settlements. 18. What privilege was granted to De Monts, and what did he do? Describe the voyage and discoveries of Champhiin. 19. What did Englishmen now do ? Describe Hudson's voyages. HENRY nCDSON. 22 ' DISCOVERIES. Hudson's explorations and discoveries. 20. Hudson was not discouraged. He asked the Dutch East India Company '' to aid him in an attempt to find a northeast passage to India. The Amsterdam directors gave it, and on the 4th of April, 1G09, he sailed from that city in a yacht of eighty tons, named the Half- Moon, and steered for Spitzbergen. The ice was impassable. Turning westward, he sailed directly across the Atlantic ocean, THE i,ALr-.MouN. touchcd thc continent of America at Pe- nobscot bay," and coasted southward to the capes of Virginia.^ 21. It was now August, 1609. Hudson sailed northward, ex- ploring the coast and the mouths of the great rivers, and Chesa- peake and Delaware bays, until the beginning of September, when he entered what is now the harbor of New York, and anchored his vessel in the river that bears his name. Up that stream he sailed almost to the head of tide-water, and in a small boat went as high as the site of the city of Waterford. In 'No- vember he returned to Europe; and his report of the beautiful country he had discovered set in motion those commercial opera^ tions which resulted in the formation of the Dutch West India Company, and the founding of a Dutch colony in America.* 22. Now, early in the sevenieenth century, comm'enced the period of settlements in the New World. The leading commer- cial nations of Western Europe, namely, England, France, Spain, and Holland, perceived that a way was opened not only for 1. This company was or2:anized in Amsterdam, in 1595, for traffic with the East Indies. They became powerful ; made coi:queste ; founded Batavia as a Dutch colony, and opened intercourse with Japun. 2. Verse 15, page 20. o. The present capes Henry and Charles, at the entrance to Chesapeake baj'. They were so nnmed by Captain Christopher Newport, in honor of the sons of the then reigning king of England. 4. While on a subsequent voyage in searcli of a northwest passage, Hudson d'scovered the great northern bay that hears his name. ITe Avas there fi-ozen in the ice during the win- ter of 1610-'ll. While cndeavorinij: to make his way homeward in the spring, his crew be- came mutinous. They finally seized Hudson, hound his arms, and placing him and his son, and seven sick companions, in an open boat, set them adrift upon the cold waters. They were never heard of afterward. Hudson left very interesting accounts of his voyages, end- ing with the discovery of the river that bears his name. Questions.— 20, What did Hudson do? What can yon tell about his voyage when em- ployed by the Dutch East Indhv Company? 21. What can you tell about Hudson's coast ex- I)Iorations, and the discovery of a river ? What did he then do ? What followed ? ENGLISH AND FKENCH DISCOVERIES. zo Discoveries and discoverers. profitable traffic, but for the found- ing of colonies and empires f r o m ■which the parent states might re- ceive almost un- limited tribute to national wealth and national glo- ry; and they en- tered upon those vast enterprises which led to the foundhig of States and the creation of our Republic. "When we contem- plate these voy- ages across the stormy Atlantic, and consider the limited geographi- cal knowledge of the navigators, the frailty of their ves- sels and equip- ments, the vast la- bor and constant privations endured by them, we are compelled to rank those sailors among the genuine heroes of history. Questions.— 22. What have you to say ahont the discoveries and discoverers mentioned in this chapter ? What did the nations of Western Europe expect and do ? CHAPTEE III. SETTLEMENTS. SECTIOlSr I. 1. The act of forming a settlement is not equivalent to the establishment of a colony or the founding of a state. It is the first and important stej^ toward such an end, and may or may not show permanent results. When a settlement becomes permanent, and local laws for its government are framed and obeyed, it then assumes the character of a colony^ the parent of a state. It seems proper, therefore, to consider the period of settlements^ as distinct from that of colo7iial organization. The former period extends, in reference to the domain of the United States, from 1607 to 1733. The first j)ermanent settlement within that domain, was made in YiegijS^ia. 2. The English claimed dominion over a belt of territory ex- tending from Cape Fear, in North Carolina, to Halifax, in Nova Scotia, and indefinitely westward. This was divided into two districts. One extended from the vicinity of New York city northward to the present southern boundary of Canada, including the whole of New England, and westv/ard of it, and was called North Virginia. This territory was granted to an association in the west of England, called the Plymouth Company. The other district extended from the mouth of the Potomac south- ward to Cape Fear, and was called South ViPwGinia. This was Questions.— 1. Define the diffcrenr'p hetwoen a settlement and a colony. What was the period of settlements in Amer'ca? Where was the first permanent settlement within the territory of the United States? 2. W^hat was the extent of the claims of England to terri- tory in America ? How was it divided ? and what names were given to the owners ? VIKGINIA. 25 Changes in society. King James. Settlements attempted. granted to a company, chiefly residents of London, called the Londo7i Comjmiiy.' The intermediate domain of almost two hundred miles was a dividing line so broad that disputes about territory could not occur, as neither company was allowed to make settlements more than fifty miles beyond its own boundary. 3. At that time great changes in society were visible in Eu- rope, and especially in England. The printing-press was diffus- ing knowledge widely, and the feudal system of government, which kept great masses of men in ignorance and slavery, was rapidly giving way to more generous laws and usages.^ Had King James the First, then the reigning monarch, been a wise and good man, he might have been a blessing to his people and to mankind, by encouraging freedom of thought and action. 4. King James was not a wise and good man. The charters which he gave to the Virginian companies, allowed to the people Avho were to form colonies under tliem, no rights of self-govern- ment as a community. They were to be controlled by a council appointed by the king ; and they, in turn, were made responsible to a supreme council residing in England, also appointed by the king. Yet there were men enough who hoped to better their fortunes by a change, to allow the companies to attempt settle- ments at once. 5. The Plymouth Compnny made the first attempt at settle- ment, and failed. The London Company were more fortunate. In December, 1606, they sent three shq^s, under the command of 'Captain Christopher Newport, with one hundred and five emi- grants, to make a settlement on Roanoke island." They did not 1. The chief members of the company were Thomas Hanham, Sir John and Raleigh Gil- bert (fons of Sir Hiimphrev Gilb< rt), William Parker, Geort^e Popham, Sir John Popham (Lord Chief Justice of England), ai d Sir Fernando Gorges, Governor of Plymouth Fort. 2. The nature of feudal hnvs may he illustrated by this simple example : William, the Norman conqueror of England, divided the land of that country into parts, called haronics, and gave them to certain of his favorites, who became masters of the conquered people on tlieir respective estates. For these gifts, and certain priviletjes, the barons, or masters, were lo furnish the king with a stipulated amount of money, and a stated number of men for fioldiers, when required. The people had no voice in this matter, nor in any public affairs, and were made essentially slavrs fo the barons. Out of this state of things originated the exclusive privileges yet enjoyed by the nobility of Europe. The people have been emanci- pated from this vassiilage, and the ancient forms of feudal power have disappeared. 8. Verse 12, page 19. Questions.— 3. What can you say of society in Europe ? What were producing changes ? What can you say of King James ? 4. What kind of government did he allow to the colo- nists? 5. What did the Plymouth Company do? WHmt did the London Company do? Tell about the voyage of Newi)brt and emigrants, and their landing-place. 26 SETTLEMENTS. English on the James River. Character of the Settlers. arrive on the American coast until April, 1607, when they were driven by a storm into Chesapeake bay. They discovered and sailed up the Powhatan river, and on a beautiful peninsula,' fifty miles from its mouth, they landed and commenced building. They named the river James, and the capital of the new empire, James- town, in honor of the king. 6. Among the passengers was Bartholomew Gosnold,^ the pro- jector of the expedition, and Captain John Smith, a great military adventurer and energetic man. The latter was one of the council appointed by the king to rule the colony.^ They chose Ed- ward Maria Wingfield president, and com- menced the business of founding a state. Newport, Smith, and others then explored 3 the river as far as the site of Richmond, visited Powhatan,* the powerful Indian emperor of that region, and returned much gratified. In June, Newport sailed for England for more settlers and provisions. 7. A greater portion of these adventurers were poor materials for the construction of a state. There was no family among them, and only twelve laborers and mechanics. The others were "gentlemen," many of whom were idle, vicious, and dissolute, and unworthy associates of Gosnold and others who were anxious to found a permanent empire in the New World. They were consumers and not producers ; and it soon became evident that if they did not plant, famine might overtake them. 1. ThiB may bo called an island, for the marsh which connects it with the main land is often overflowed. The currents of the river have washed away large portions of the original island. 2. Verse 14, page 20. 3. Tlie silly king placed the names of the council in a sealed hox, with instructions not to open it until they arrived in Virginia. Disputes arose on the passage. There Avas no com- petent authority to decide. Smith, who was the ablest man among"^them, was accused by some who were jealous of him of a desisn to murder the council, whoever they might be, and proclaim himself king of Virginia. He was put in irons, but when it was found that he was one of the council, the absurd accusation was withdrawn. 4. Hie residence, at that time, Avas a few miles below the site of Richmond. His chief residence was on the York river, nearer Jamestown. JOHN SMITH. Questions.— 6. VTho were the chief men who sailed with Newport? Who was chosen president of the colony? What did Smith and others do? 7. What was the character of most of the adventurers ? TIEGINIA. 27 Troubles in Virginia. Captain Smith and Pocahontas. 8. Famine did come soon. A larger portion of the provisions had been spoiled during the long voyage/ The Indians around them were unfriendly, and withheld food. Sickness attacked them; and early in September, one half of the emigrants were dead. Gosnold had perished with them. President Wingfield attempted to abandon the colony with the remainder of good supplies, and escape in a small vessel left by Newport. He was arrested and dismissed from office. Ratcliffe, his successor, was no better, and the suffering people chose Captain Smith to preside over them. He soon brought confusion into order, and made the Indians fear and like him so much that they brought corn to Jamestown. 9. Smith's energy was wonderful and useful. With the corn brought by the neighboring Indians, and the coming of wild fowl on the water, food was made plentiful in October. Then Smith, with a few men, started to explore the surrounding country. They ascended the Chickahominy river, where Smith was cap- tured by the Indians, and his companions Avere slain. He was carried to the emperor Powhatan, on the York river, who re- ceived him with cool dignity. 10. A solemn council decided that Smith must die, and he was led out to execution. His head was placed upon a stone, and the heavy clubs of the exe- .cutioners were raised to crush it, when Pocahontas, a child of "ten or twelve years," the fivorite daughter of Pow- hatan, rushed from her father's side, and casting herself upon the captive, be- sought the king to spare his life. Pow- hatan consented, and Smith was con- ducted in safety to Jamestown by a guard of twelve men, after an absence of seven weeks. He found 1. Ver&e 5, page 25. POOAnOXTAS. QPESTIONS.— 8. What happened 1n the colony? What did the Indians do? What did President W^ingfield attempt to do? What w;is done? What did Captain Smith do? 9. How was the colony relieved from famine ? What can you tell about Smith's explorations and his captivity ? 10. Relate how Smith was prepared for execution, and was saved by Pov^.ahontas. What was the condition of the colony upon Smith's return ? 28 SETTLEMENTS. Gold Seekers. First European women in Virginia. everything in disorder on his return. Only forty men were liv- ing, and a greater portion of these were on the i:>oint of escaping to the West Indies.* 11. Newi)ort returned to Virginia early in 1G08, with pro- visions and immigrants.' These were no better than the first adventurers^ and instead of planting, nearly all of them engaged in gold-hunting, They could think and talk of nothing else. Even Newport was employed in the business, and carried a ship- load of worthless yellow earth to England, under the impression that it contained a vast amount of the precious metal. 12. Smith vainly remonstrated against the idleness and folly around him. It increased rather than diminished. He turned in disgust from Jamestown, and with a few followers in an open boat, he traveled, during ninety days, in the summer of 1608, three thousand miles, exploring the country northward, on land and water, as far as t^e interior of Pennsylvania. He constructed a pretty accurate map of the region he traveled over. 13. It was now the autumn of 1608, On the 13th of Sep- tember, Newport arrived with seventy immigrants. Among them Avere two Avomen, the first of European birth ever seen in Virginia. These immigrants were similar to the others; and after the most strenuous efforts of Captain Smith for two years to in- duce the settlers to become planters, only forty acres of land Averc under cultivation. They depended upon the Indians for most of their food. 14. In 1609 the London Company obtained a ncAV charter, and Lord De la Warr (DelaAvare), an enlightened peer, AA^as appointed governor of Virginia for life. ToAA^ard the middle of June, Newport AA^as sent over AA'ith a squadron of nine ships and 3. Smith wroto an earnest letter to the supreme council, paying: "I entreat you rntVicr eend hut thirty carpenters, husbandmen, gardeners, blacksmiths, masons, and diggers of trees' roots, well provided, than a thousand such as we have." 2. The terms emignttU and immigrant maybe applied to the same person, but under difterent circumstaices. AVe use the word emigrant ^\\\cn a person leaves our country to settle in another. AA'"e use the word immigrant when a person comes to settle in our country. Questions.— 11. AVhat can you tell about Newport and the immigrants who came with him? 12. AVhnt did Smith do? Give an account of his grand exploration of the country northward? 13. What can you tell .about another arrival of immigrants ? What were their characters? What showed their improvidence ? 14. AVhom did the London Company send as governor ? What can you tell about Newx)ort and other immigrants ? Name the commis- Bioners sent ? AVhat happened? VIRGIT^IA. 29 Arrival of immigrants. Sufl'erings. Arrival of commissioners, five hundred emigrants/ accompanied by Lieutenant-Governor Sir Thomas Gates, and George Somers.'^ These two, with New- port, were appointed commissioners to rule the colony until De la Warr's arrival. A storm dispersed the squadron, and the vessel bearing the three commissioners v/as wrecked on one of the Bermuda islands. 15. Seven vessels reached Jamestown in safety, and from them were landed a more vicious company of immigrants than had yet been seen there. They regarded Virginia as a paradise for bad men. In the absence of the commissioners tliey acknowl- edged no ruler. But Smith boldly asserted and maintained his authority, until an accident compelled him to go to England for surgical aid. 16. Now was a season of carelessness and sufiering. Pro- visions were soon exhausted. The Indians withheld supplies, and resolved to destroy the intruders. Famine w^as quicker than they. The winter and spring of 1610 was remembered as "the starving time." Within six months after Smith left, only sixty of the five hundred settlers were alive. These would have been destroyed but for the interposition of Pocahontas. The time for the massacre was fixed. The loving Indian maiden^ hastened to Jamestown on a Stormy night, revealed the plot, made the suffering people watchful, and saved their lives. IV. The commissioners^ reached Jamesto^tn in June, 1610, and found the remnant of settlers on the verge of starvation. Gates determined to abandon the place. Sail to Newfoundland,* and distribute the sufferers among the English fishermen there. They all left in four small vessels called pinnaces, but on the very next day they met English ships, with Lord de la Warr's pro- visions and immigrants, ascending the James river. That night 1. S(^e note 2, page 28. , . 2. Domestic animals were now first taken to Viridnia. They consisted of six mares, one horse, six hundred swine, a few sheep and goats, and five hinidred domestic fowls. Two years later o'.e hundred cows and some other cattle were brought over. 3. Verse 10, page 27. 4. Gates, Somers, and Newport. 5. Veree 3, page 16. Questions. — 15. What can yon tell about the arrival of vessels and emigrants at James- town ? How did they behave ? What did Cantain Smith do? 16. Relate what occurred to the settlers after Smith left them. How was the colony saved from entire destruction? 17. Relate what happened on the arrival of the commissioners. How Avas the colony saved from dispersion? What did the colonists do ? 30 SETTLEMENTS. Change of policy. Marriage of Pocahontas. A want. hymns of joy and thanksgiving for a great deliverance were heard in Jamestown. 18. From this time prosperity attended the settlement. In September, 1611, Gates, who had returned to England, came with six ships and three hundred immigrants, most of whom Avere sober and industrious men. A radical change in the domestic policy was made. Hitherto the land had been worked in com- mon for the benefit of the whole community, and the industrious provided food for the lazy. Now a few acres of land Avere as- signed to each man for his exclusive use. The community system was abandoned, and industry, on private account, created an ample supply of food for all. 19. At the beginning of 1613, there were one thousand Eng- lishmen in Virginia. They had planted new settlements in the neighborhood of Jamestown, and but little seemed wanting to insure permanent success but the friendshij) of the Indians. The emperor, Powhatan,' was sullen and unfriendly ; but his feelings were now changed by a remarkable event. Captain Argall, a sort of buccaneer, at the head of a foraging party, stole Poca- hontas and carried her on board of his vessel, under the pretense of extorting a treaty of peace and friendship from her father. There a mutual attachment grew up between her and John Rolfe, a young Englishman of good family. He instructed her in let- ters and religion ; and with the consent of Powhatan, she received the rite of Christian baptism, and became the wife of Rolfe, in 1613. The emperor was ever afterward the warm friend of the English. 20. Yet another element of success in founding a state was wanting. There were no families in Virginia, and few settlers expected to spend their lives there. This want was afterward supplied, and meanwhile the settlers prospered greatly. They cultivated the tobacco plant, as well as grain and vegetables for 1. VereelO,page 27. QuKSTiONS.— 18. What can you say of the Virginia colony at this time ? What did Gates do? What change took place in Virginia? 19. How many Englishmen were in Vinrinia in 1613? What had they done ? What was the disposition of Powhatan ? What did Captain Argall do ? What can you tell about Rolfe and Pocahontas ? 20. What was lacking for the founding of a state? What can you tell about the cultivation of tobacco? VIRGINIA. 31 A change in public affairs. food ; and so rapidly did the former gain in favor that it soon be- came, not only an article for export, but the currency of the country/ MARRIAGE OF POCAHONTAS. 21. A happy change took place in public affairs in Virginia in 1619, when George Yeardly became governor of the colony. He abolished martial law, released the planters from feudal ser- 1. This plant, yet very extensively cultivated in Vira^inia and ad.ioiiiing States, was first discovered by Sir Francis Drake, near Tabaco, in Yucatan . hence its name. Drake and Raleigh first 'introduced it into England. King James conceived a great hatred ot it, ana wrote a treatise against its use. He forbade its cultivation in England, but could not prevent its importation from Virginia. It became a very profitable article of commerce, and tne streets of Jamestown were planted with it. Other ag;ricultnral productions were neglecterl, and ai times, while cargoes of tobacco were preparing for England, the necessaries ot lUe ■were wanting. The money valuation of tobacco was about sixty-six cents a pound. 32 SETTLEMENTS. Virginia commonwealth founded. Dutch adventurers. vice to the colony,' and establislied a representative government, by which the people had a voice in the public councils. On the 28th of June, 1619, the first representative assembly ever con- vened in America met at Jamestown, and then and there the foundations of the commonwealth were laid. Within two years afterward, one hundred and fifty reputable young women were sent over to become wives for the planters ; and homes^ the most adhesive materials for the foundation of a state, were created. SECTION II. NEW YORK. 1. We have observed that Henry Hudson's discoveries set in motion important commercial enterprises by the Dutch.' So early as 1610, Amsterdam directors of the Dutch East India Company ^ sent a ship from the Texel, to traffic with the Indians on the Mauritius or Hudson river, in furs and peltries. During the same year the Half-Moon was also sent on a similar errand, and a trading station was soon established on Man- hattan island, on which the city of New York now stands. 2. Some of these adventurers cruised along the New England coast * and opened the way for trap- pers and traders as far east as Narragansett bay. Others went up the Hudson and traded with In- dians two hundred miles from the sea. They built Fort Nassau ^ DUTCH.MAN [1G20]. 1. Verso 3, page 25. 3 Verse 20, page 22. 5. Named in honor of the popular prince of Nassau. 2. Ver?e 21, page 22. 4. Note 2, page 10. Questions.— 21. What change now occurred in the pubhc affairs of Virginia ? Wliat did Governor Yeardley do ? How were the foundations of the commonwealth of Virginia laid ? What happy event for the colony occurred in 1619?—!. What did Hudson's discoveries do? What did some of the directors of the Dutch East India Company do in 1610 ? What can you tell about the Half-Moon and Manhattan Island? 2. What did Dutch adventurers do eastward, and up the Hudson river ? NEW YORK. 33 New Netherland. West India Company. Sottlementsi. and a trading house, on a small island below the site of Albany, in 1614; and nine years later (1623) they founded the city of Albany, and built Fort Orange ' there* 3. In the autumn ot 1614, the States General^ of Holland gave to a company of Amstefrdam merchants a monopoly of the trade in America from Cape May to Nova Scotia, and the territory was named New Netherland. The trade was very profitable; and in 1621 these merchants and others were incorporated the Dutch West India Coni- 2')ciny. Ami)le political powers were given to them. The territory was erected mto a province of Holland, and the armorial distinction of a count was granted. ' 4. In 1623, the Dutch West India Company commenced operations vigorously. In April, of that year, they sent thirty families of French Protestants who had tJiken refuge in Holland, to make a settlement in New Netherland. Cornelius Jacobsen May was sent with them as governor. Most of the families settled on the site of Brooklyn, opposite New York, and a fevr made their home where Albany now stands. In that year (1623) the foundations of the commonwealth of Nev/ York were laid. SEAL OF NEW NETHER- LAND. 1. Named in honor of the renowned W^illiam of Oranare. 2. A los'f'Iative body, answeri g, iii a dearee, to our Congrees.- 3. Several hundred "years ago there were large districts of country in England ard on the Continent, governed V,y e:irls,Vl:o were i^ubject to tlie cmwn, liowever. Tliese districts were c;dled counties, and the name is still retained, even in theUiited States, and indicntes cer- tain judicial and other jurisdiction. New Netherlund was constituted a county of Holland, having all the individual privileges aipertaiu'trg to ain enrldom, or separate governmer.t. The armorial distinction of an earl, or count, was a kind of cap, called coronet, seen over the shield in the above engraved reprcsentatioli of the seal of New Netberland. The figure of a beaver, on the shield, is emblfmntic of the Hudson river rej^i on s, where that animal abounded, ai\d of one of the grand objects of settlement here, the trade in furs. Questions.— 3. How was New Netherland formed? Tell of the estahjij^bment of the Dutch West India Compaiy. Wliat was done for New Netlierland. 4. What can you tell almut the settlement of New Netherland ? How were the foundations of the commonwealth of New York laid ? 2* 84 SETTLEMENTS. Captain Smith in New England. The Puritans. SECTION III. MASSACHUSETTS. 1. The Plymouth Company^ we have observed, was at first unsuccessfiil. The country northward of the domain of the Ison- don Company was almost unknown, exce23ting its sea-coasts, imtil 1614, when the intrepid Captain John Smith' went there, and with only eight men explored its bays and rivers, and much of the country far inland from the Penobscot to Cape Cod." He constructed a map of the country, and called the region New England. 2. Smith was ordered to New England, to plant a settlement, in 1615. His vessel was captured by a French pirate, and Smith and his whole company were carried to France. He escaped to England in an ojDen boat, and aroused the company to new exer- tions. Finally, in 1620, a new charter was granted, and forty of the wealthier and powerful men of the realm were incorporated The Council of Plymouth. The territory confided to their charge embraced more than a million of square miles, between the fortieth and forty-eighth degrees of latitude, and westward in- definitely. This vast monopoly, composed chiefly of speculators and mercenary adventurers, was not a good instrument for found- ing a state. 3. What rich and powerful men could not do, a few humble Christian men and women performed. In the same year when this new charter was granted [1620], a company of pious people in Holland, who had been driven to that noble asylum by perse- cution several years before, crossed the Atlantic and founded a permanent and powerful state. They and their friends in faith and practice in England were called Pukitans, in derision, because they abstained from indulgence in the follies and vices of their 1. Verse 6, page 26. 2. Verse 14, page 20. Questions.— 1. What can you tell ahont New England, and exploration and naming of it by Captain Smith? 2. What was Smith directed to^do ? Relate his adventures. What can you tell about a new charter? What was the extent of the territory embraced in it ? AVho composed the owners? 3. What can you tell about good people driven from England? What were they called? MASSACHUSETTS. 35 The Puritans in Holland. Pilgrims on the ocean. time, and endeavored to lead lives marked by goodness and puri- ty. Because the Puritans dissented from the practices of the Church of England/ and refused to conform to them, they were also called Dissenters and Nonconformists. 4. Among the devout men who fled from England was the Reverend John Robinson, pas- tor of a flock gathered in the northei-n counties. Informed that there was " freedom of religion for all men in Holland," he fled thither, with his people [1608], and established a church at Ley- den. They were soon joined by others from their native country. Their purity of life and lofty in- dependence commanded the admiration of the Dutch ; and their loyalty to the country from which they had been driven was respected as a a puritan. noble virtue. 5. The narratives of the Dutch traders to America made Robinson and his people, who felt the}^ were only Pilgrims^ determine to go to that land, where they might dwell in peace, and worship God in their own way. They obtained leave of the Plymouth company to settle in North Virginia. They formed a partnership with some London merchants, who furnished capital for the enterprise,'^ and, in the summer of 1620, many of them embarked for America, in two vessels, the Speedioell and the May- Floioer. 6. The Speedwell did not proceed far before the courage of the 1. The national rhnrrh in Ene:l;ind was Roman Catholic for a lon^ time, until King Flenry the Eiulith quarreled with the head of that churci). The vicious king asked Pope Julius III. to divorce him from his queen, Catharine of Arngon, in order that he niiaht marry the beautiful Anne B )leyn. The pope properly refused to give his sanction to the crime ; and the licentious monarch, who had heen so much of a friend of the Roman pontiff as to receive the title of Dejpulcr oj the Faith, quarreled with the pope, and professed Prot- estantism. An act of Parliament in 15o4 declared the king of England to be tlie supreme head of the church in that realm, and Protestantism (verse 7, page 17) was made the estab- lished religion of England. 2. Tlie services of e;ich emigrant were valued as a capital of ten pounds, and belong^-d to the company. All profits Avere to be reserved till the end <>f seven years, when all the lands, houses, and' every production of tiieir joint industry were to be valued, and the amount divided among the shareholders, according to their respective intere-ts. This was a com- munity of interest similar, in character, to tho-e which have been pi'oposed and attempted in our day, under the respective titles of Communism, Fourierism, and Socialism. It failed to accomplish its intended purpose, and was abandoned. QcESTioxs.— 4. What can you tell about John Robinson and his followers in Holland' 6. What caused Robinson and his people ty desire to go to America? What did they do? 36 SETTLEMENTS. The pilgrims in Americu Their sufferings. WAV-FLO WEK. captain and company failed, and "both sliips returned to port. The May-Floioer sailed again on the Gth of September, with forty men, most of them heads of families. The whole company numbered one hundred and one. After a boisterous passage of sixty-three days, she was anchored within Cape Cod. Her peo- ple had already entered into a written covenant, in the form of a constitu- tion of government, and elected John Carver to be their governor. That was a sublime act performed in the cabin of the 3Iay-Floioer^ 1. On the 22d of December, 1G20, these Pilgriin Fathers, as they are lovingly called, landed on a bare rock, in the midst of snow, on the dreary coast of Massachusetts bay. They named the landing-place New Plymouth* There they suffered terribly. At one time there were only seven men able to take care of the sick. Governor Carver and his wife died, and so did nearly one-half of the immigrants, before the spring blossoms appeared. The survivors per- severed. They built houses and planted grain ; they prospered, and others came ; and there, in the year 1620, the foundations of the commonwealth of GOV. cAuvER's cHAiR.a Massacliusctts were laid. 1. The following is a copy of the inptrnnient ■ " In the name of God, Amen. We whose names are underwritten, the loj'al subjectri of our dread 80vereitrn Lord, King James, hy the grace of God, of Great Britain, 'Fi'nnce, and Ireland, Kinir, Defender of the Faith, etc, Ilav- ina; undertaken, for the glory of God and the advancement of the Christian faith, and honor of'our king and country, a voyacre to plant the first colony in the northern part of Virgiiiiii ; do, by these presents, solemnly and mutually, in the presence of God and of ^ubmi-fiion and obedience. In witness whereof w^e have hereto Bubs'.Tibed our names, at Cape Cod, the eleventh of November, in the year of the reian of our sovereign Lord, King James of England, France, and Ireland, the Eighteenth, and of Scotland the Fifty-fourth. Anno Domini, 1620. 2. This was the throne upon which sat the first Christian monarch of New England. Governor Carver was at the head of a new state, and, as chief magi>trate, held the same relative position as King James of England, whose seat was richly ornamented and covered with a canopy of silk and gold,_ Questions— 6. W'^at can vou tell about the people of the SppedioelU Tell of the voyage of the Maif-Flnwer. What trreat thins did the Pilgrims do on board of her? 7, What can you tell about the landing of the Pilgrims ? Tell of their sull'erings, and deaths. What did the survivors do ? MAEYLAl^D. 3^ Settlement of New Hampshire and Maine. King James. SECTION ly. NEW n A M P S H I E E . 1. A territory, wliicli vras named Laco7iia^ extending from the Merrimac river eastward to the Kennebec river, and inland to the St. Lawrence, Avas granted to Sir Ferdinand Gorges and John Mason, in 1622. Gorges was secretary to the council of Plymouth. Some settlements were immediately attempted, but it was seven years before a permanent one was established. This was eftected in 1629^ by the Rev. Mr. Wheehvright, who pur- chased from the Indians the wilderness between the Merrimac and Piscataqua rivers, and founded Exeter. 2. In the same year [1629], Mason became sole proprietor of Laconia^ and the domain was named New Hampshire. He built a house on the site of Portsmouth.' Settlements Avere ex- tended eastward as fir as Machias, and the western limits of Acadie, the French province, were fixed at Pemaquid Point, be- tween the Kennebec and Penobscot rivers. In 1641, the scattered settlements became dependents of the flourishing colony of Massa- chusetts Bay, and remained so till 1680, when New Hampshire became a royal province, and its foundations as a commonwealth were laid. I . SECTION V. MARYLAND. 1. The conceited bigot. King James, persecuted the Puritans for non-conformity to the usages of the established church, and the Roman Catholics were subjected to still harsher treatment. But he was fickle and inconsistent ; and men of both j^arties were found at times among his friends and counsellors. 1. Mason had been governor of Portsmouth, in Hampshire county, England, and these names were given in memory of his former residence. Questions.— 1. What can you tell about Lac*-^ SECTION VIII. DELAWARE, NEW JERSEY, AND PENNSYLVANIA. 1. The first permanent settlements in the provinces of Dela- ware, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, bore such intimate relation- ship that they may be appropriately considered as parts of one grand event in the history of American colonization. DELAWARE. 2. The southern coast-limit of New Netherlands was Cape Henlopen. The Dutch attempted settlements in that direction, and failed. The Swedes were the first permanent occupants of the shores of the Delaware bay and river. Their attention had been called to the subject of colonizing that region by Usselincx, a dissatisfied member of the Dutch West India Company^ who laid plans before Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden. 3. The king heartily approved the project, and his represent- atives executed it with zeal. Toward the close of 1637, fifty emigrants sailed from Stockholm, Avith Peter Minuit as governor, 1. Verse 3, page 33. Questions.— 4. By what name were the settlements known?—!. What have yon to say of settlements in Delaware, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania? 2. What was the southera boundary of New Netherland ? What did tlie Dutch attempt ? What did the Swedes do ? 44 SETTLEMENTS. The Dutch and Swedes. Settlements in New Jersey. and in April, 1638, tliey landed on the site of New Castle, Del- aware, and commenced a settlement. They built a church and fort on the site of Wilmington, named the territory New Sweden, and on an island just below the site of Pliiladelphia, founded the capital of the new empire.' They had purchased from the In- dians the territory extending from Cape Henlopen to the Falls of the Delaware, at Trenton. 4. The Dutch finally determined to expel the intruders. To- ward the close of 1655, Peter Stuyvesant, governor of New Ne- therland,^ sent vessels with troops for the purpose. The Swedes were not driven away, but subjugated. For twenty-five years they increased, and greatly prospered under the rule of the au- thorities of New Netherland, which, meanwhile, became New York. The year 1638 is the time when the first permanent set- tlement was made in Delaware. NEW JERSEY* 5. Like Delaware, the territory of NeW Jersey was included in the New Netherland charter.^ The Dutch built Fort Nassau, on the Delaware, just below the site of Camden, in 1623 ; and in June, the same year, four couples who had been married on the voyage from Amsterdam, seated themselves on the site of Glou- cester, a little below the fort. 6. Traders' huts were seen in various parts of Nev/ Jersey previous to 1664, when New Netherland passed into the hands of the English. The duke of York, its proprietor^ conveyed to Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret the same year all the territory between the North and South (Hudson and Delaware) rivers. During the same year several families from Long Island settled on the site of Elizabethtown. In 1665, a charter w^as 1, This was ahout forty yeai's V f6re William Penn became pro~prietor of Pennsylvania, and twenty-yix before there was a settlement in New Jersey. 2. Verse 3, page 33. 3'. Verse 3, page 33. Questions.— 3. What did the reprosentalives of the Swerlish kins do? What can you tell about Sweilish emigration to Am«'rica? In what region did they settle? 4. What did the Dutch and Swedes do? 5. What can you say about New Jersey? What did the Dutch do there? What can you tell about settlements on the D*^! aware ? 6. What can you tell about settlements in New Jersey ? What did the duke of York do? What can you tell of a per- manent settlement, and the founding of the commonwealth ? PENNSYLVANIA. 45 The Quakers. Penn and his American Province given them; Philip Carteret, the governor, came; and a repre- sentative government, composed of the governor and council, and delegates chosen by the people, was established. Then [1665] were laid the foundations of the Commonv/ealth of New Jersey. P E N N S Y L Y A iS^ I A . 7. Among the strictest of the Puritans of England were a sect who were called Quakers, jn derision/ The founder of the sect was George Fox, and one of the most distinguished of his con- verts was William Penn, son of an eminent admiral of that name. 8. Fox visited America in 1073, and found his people everywhere despised. He yearned for an asylum there for the persecuted sect everywhere ; and through the powerful influence of Penn and his family, the Quakers became possessors, by purchase, of the western half of New Jersey. The first company of immigrants landed in the autumn of 1675, and named the place of debarkation Salem. There, "" ' in 1681, the first legislative assembly of Quakers convened. 9. In the mean time, Penn projected a colony beyond the Dela= ware. Charles the Second gave him a charter, on the 14th of jMarch, 1681, and the domain granted was called Pe>-:^sylyania, Penn sent a deputy to organize a civil government.^ He was "accompanied by a large party of emigrants, who had purchased lands of the proprietor.^ The following year, Penn obtained by grant and purchase the domain of the present Sta-te of Delaware, 1. Some pay it was civen bocaiise Fox and his followers qiiakeil or shook "vvhen they lircached. Others affirm that it was derived from the fact, that Georcre Fox admonished a niatristnite before whom he was hrouirht, to " qualvc at the word of the Loril." 2. Tie sent a frame of government for the approval of nil the settlers. It ordained a gen- eral nssemhly, or court, to consist of a governor, a council of seventy chosen by the freemen of the colony, and a house of delegate.*, to con-;i^t of not less than'two hundred members, nor more than Ave hundred. These were also to be chosen by the people, The proprietor, or his deputy (the governor), was to preside, and to have a threefold voice in the council 5 that is, on all questions, he was to have three votes for every one of the councilors. 3. Lands in the new ]n-ovince were offered for about ten cents an acre. A large numbep of purchasers united, and called themselves The Compamj of Free Traders, with whom QPESTiONS.— 7. What can vou tell about Quakers ? Who was W^illiam Penn ? 8. What did George Fox do and desire? What can you tell about Quakers in West Jersey? 9. What did William Penn do ? How was he favored by the king ? What can you tell about the spt? tlement of Pennsylvania ? Hqw did Penn extend his possessions ? 46 SETTLEMENTS. Founding of Tennsylvania. Settlement of North Carolina. 10. At the close of summer, in 1682, Penn sailed for America. He was joyfully received by the Swedes and the thousand new comers then on the soil. He visited his brethren in West Jersey, and the English authorities in New York. On his return, he met the general assembly of Pennsylvania, at THE ASSEMBLY HOUSE.' ^i , 11, ;i • ;i * • Chester, Avlien he made a more judicious and permanent organization of the government. Then [1682] tho foundations of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania were laid. SECTION IX. THE CAEOLINAS. 1. We have noticed the unsuccessful attempts to make settle- ments on the coasts of the Carolinas in the sixteenth century. Others were made soon after the settlement of Jamestown, and failed. Finally, some emigrants from Virginia settled near the site of Edenton, on the Chowan river, and their habitations be- came permanent. William Drummond was appointed their governor in 1663, and an independent community, with the title of the Albemarle County Colony^ was established. 2. In the same year [1663], King Charles granted to eight of his favorite friends an immense territory in that region, and gave it the general name of Carolina.'' In 1667, the Bahama islands were added to the grant. Already some Barbadoes planters, Penn entered into an agreement concerning the occupation of the soil, laying out of a city, etc. . T, , . 1. The picture is a correct representation of the building at Chester, in Pennsylvania, ■wherein the assembly met. It was yet standing in 1850. Not far from the spot, on the shore of the Delaware, at the mouth of Chester creek, was also a solitary pine tree, which marked the place where Penn landed. 2. It extended coast-wise, from the present boundary line between Virginia and North Carolina, southward to St. Augustine, and westward to the Pacific ocean. Questions. — ^10. How was Penn received in America ? What did he do after his arrival ?- 1. What can you say of attempts to settle in the Carolinas? What was accompUshed? THE CAROLINAS. 47 Settlement of South Carolina. Founding of Charleston. under Sir John Yeamans, a bankrupt baronet, had made a settle- ment on the site of Wihnington, on the Cape Fear river.* An independent government was organized, under the title of the Clarendon County Colony^ and Yeamans was appointed governor. In 1668 the first popular legislative assembly convened atEdenton; and at that period the Commonwealth of North Carolina was founded. 3. In 1670 a colony, under William Sayle and Joseph West, attempted to settle on Beaufort island, where the Huguenots built Fort Carolina.' They soon abandoned the spot, and on the Ash- ley river, a few miles above the site of Charleston, they made a settlement. They were joined by Sir John Yeamans, who came from Barbadoes with fifty white families and about two hundred negro slaves. He was appointed their governor, and Carteret County Colony was established. 4. Ten years later [1682] Charleston was founded, on the point formed by the Ashley and Cooper rivers.^ Immigrants came from Europe and the northern colonies, and settlements spread into the interior. Representative government was established, and at about this period [1682] the foundations of the Common- wealth of South Carolina were laid. 1. In 1661 some New England Puritans settled on the same spot, but the poverty of the soil ni;ule theni soon abandon it. The new settlers turned their attention chietly to the man- ufacture of boards and other timber, and also turpentine, from the immense pine forests of the coast regions. Such continues to be the staple trade in the region between the Cape Fear /md Roanoke, in the vicinity of the seaboard. 2. Veree 8, page 18. Sayle had previously explored the Carolina coast. Twenty years before he had attempted to plant an " Eleutheria," or place dedicated to the genius of Lib- erty (see Eleutheria, Anthon's Classical Dictionary), in the beautiful islands near the coast of Florida. 3. Charleston was laid out by John Culpepper, who had been surveyor-general for North Carolina. The two rivers were named in honor of Ashley Cooper, earf of Shaftesbury. The Indian name of the former was Ke-u-wah : of the latter E-ti-wan. Questions.— 2. What did King Charles do in 1663 and 1667? What can you tell about a settlement on the site of Wilmington? What can you tell about the establishment of a gov- ernment, and the founding of the Commonwealth of North CaroUna? 3. What can you tell about settlers and settlements farther south? What about the establishment of a colony there ? 4. What can you tell about the founding of Charleston, and the Commonwealth of BoutU Carolina ? 48 SETTLEMENTS. Oglethorpe's plan. Settlement of Georgia. SECTION X. GEORGIA. 1. The right to occupy the wilderness between the Savannah and St. John rivers was so hotly disputed, for a time, by the Spaniards at St. Augustine and the South Carolinians, that war seemed inevitable,^ At that time a great moral movement was in progress in England, at the head of which was General James Edward Oglethorpe, a brave soldier and member of Parliament. It was to afford relief to virtuous prisoners for debt, and other poor of the realm, 2, Oglethorpe proposed to open the prison doors to ail such debtors as should agree to go to America and settle there, on the southern coast, A royal charter was granted by George the Second in June, 1732, to a corporation "in trust for the poor," for twenty years ; and Parlia- ment and individuals furnished money to carry out the benevolent design. ** 3, Oglethorpe was a practical philan- throj)ist, He accompanied the first band of emigrants, as their governor, They 1732, for the Carolina coast; touched at Charleston ; many made a brief halt at Beaufort; and by the mid- dle of February, 1733, the v/hole company were seated on Yama^ craw bluff, on the site of the city of Savannah, v/hich Oglethorpe had chosen as the place for settlement. There they commenced building the capital of the future state, ^AMES EDWARD OGLETHORPE sailed in November, 1. The Savannah is the present boundary line between South Carolina and Georgia, and the St, JohiT is a river in Nortliern Florida. Tlie Spaniards instigated the Indians to depre- date on the Carolina settlers, -who went southward of tlie Savatmah. 2. Individuals subscribed lariie sums • and within two j'ears after the charter was issued, Parliament had appropriated $180,000 for the eamo purpose. Questions.— 1. What can you tell about disputes between the Spaniards and the South Carolinians? What movement took place in England, and for what purpose^? 2, What did Oglethorpe propose ? What was done ? 3, What did Oglethorpe do 1 What can you tell ^bgut the first settlers in Geprgia? GEORGIA. 49 Oglethorpe and the Indians. Founding of the Georgia colony. 4. Oglethorpe built a fort, mounted cannon upon it, and in May, 1733, he met fifty chiefs in council, with To-mo-chi-chi,' the principal sachem of the Creek confederacy, at their head. Satis- factory bargains were made for territory ; and by a treaty con- cluded in June, the English obtained sovereignty over a vast do- main,'* which was named Georgia, in honor of the king. Then were laid the foundations of the commonwealth of that name. 5. We have considered the events which led to the first per- manent settlements in the United States, and the formation of colonies. We will now consider the history of those colonies, until the period of the French and Indian war, when they were united in a sort of national league for common defence. 1. To-mo-chi-chi was then an aged man, and at his first interview with Oglethorpe, he presented him with a buffalo skin^ ornamented with the picture of an eagle. '' Here," said the chief, " is a little present ; I give you a buffalo's skin, adorned on the inside with the head and feathers of an eagle, Avhich I desire you to accept, because the eagle is an emblem of speed, and the buffalo of strength. The English are swift as the bird, and strong as the beast, since, like the former, they flew T)ver vast seas to the uttermost parts of the" earth ; and, like the latter, they are so strong that nothing can withstand them. The feathers of an eagle are soft, and signify love ; the buffalo's skin is warm, and eignilles protection : there- fore I hope the English will love and protect our little families." Alas ! the wishes of the venerable To-nio-chi-chi were never realized, for the white people more often plundered and destroyed, than loved and protected the Indiana. See picture on page 8. 2. The domain granted by the charter extended along the coast from the Savannah to the Alatamaha, and westward to the Pacific ocean. The trustees ai^pointed by the crown poa- Bessed all legislative and executive power ; and therefore, while one side of the seal of the new province expressed the benevolent character of the scheme, by the device of a group of toiling silkworms, and the motto, Non si/ii, sed aliis ; the other side, bearing, between two urns, the genius of '• Georgia Augusta," with a cap of liberty on her head, a spear, and a horn of plenty, was a false emblem. There was no political liberty for the people. Questions.— 4. What did Odethorpe do at Savannah? What can you tell about his in- terview with the Indians? What can you say of the founding of the Commonwealth of Georgia ? 5. What have we considered in this chapter, and what shall we now consider ? CHAPTEE lY. THE COLONIES. SECTION I. 1. The colonial history of tlie United States is comprised within the period commencing when the several settlements along the Atlantic coasts became organized into j^olitical com- munities, and ending when representatives of these colonies mot in general congress in 17V4. There was an earlier imion of in- terests and efforts. It was when the English colonies aided the mother country in a long war against the combined hostilities of the French and Indians. As the local histories of the several colonies after the commencement of that war have but little in- terest for the general reader, we shall trace the progress of each colony only to that period, and devote a section to the narrative of the French and Indian war. 2. We have observed that a settlement acquires the character of a colony only when it has become permanent, and the people, acknowledging allegiance to a parent state, are governed by or- ganic laws.* According to these conditions, the earliest of the tvrelve colonies represented in the congress of 1774,^ was Virginia. 3. It was a happy day for the six hundred settlers in Virginia, v/hen the gold-seekers disappeared,^ and the enlightened George 1. Veree 1, page 24. 2: Georgia was not officially represented in that Congress. 3. Verse 11, page 28. Questions.— 1. What is the period of the colonial history of the United States? What earlier union than 1774 took place? What shall we now do? 2. What is the ditierence between a settlement and a colony ? Which was the earliest colony ? VIRGrN^IA. 51 The family in Virginia. Slaves Introduced. Constitution. Yeardley became governor, and established a representative assem- bly [June 28th, 1619] — the first in all America/ And yet a prime element of happiness and prosperity was wanting. There were no lohite women in the colony. This want was soon sup- plied. During the following year [1620] not less than twelve hundred emigrants went from England to Virginia, and among them were ninety young women, "pure and uncorrupt," who were sold to the planters for wives, at the cost of their passage.'* The family relation was soon established ; the gentle influence of woman gave refinement to social life on the banks of the James river, and a new incentive was given to industry and thrift.^ During the same year [1620] a Dutch trading vessel entered the James river with negroes, and sold twenty of them to the planters at Jamestown. This was the beginning of Negro Slavery in the United States. 4. Emigrants now flocked to Virgiiia in great numbers, and settlements extended even so far as th'3 site of Richmond. The government was remodeled. Sir Francis Wyatt, appointed gov- ernor in 1621, took with him to Virginia a written constitution, which gave the people the privilege of choosing a poj^ular legis- lative assembly,* while the governor and council were appointed by the Company. Trial by jury was established, and courts like those of England were organized. 5. Serious trouble soon appeared. Emperor Powhatan, the friend of the English,^ was dead, and their enemy sat in his seat. 1. Verse 21, page 31. 2. Tobacco had already liecome a circulating medium, or currency, in Virginia. The j)rice of a wife varied from one hundred and twenty to one hundred and fifty pounds of this product, equivalent, in money value, to about $90 and $112 each. The second "cargo" were Bold at a still higher price. By the king's special order, one hundred dissolute vagabonds, called "jail-birds" by the colonists, were sent over the same year, and sold as bond-servants for a specified time. 3. Most of the immigrants hitherto were possessed of the spirit of mere adventurers. They came to America to repair shattered fortunes, or to gain wealth, with the ultimate ob-. ject'of returning to England to enjoy it. The creation of families made the planters more attached to the soil of Virginia. 4. The diti'erent settlements were called boroughs. This assembly consisted of two bur- gesses or representatives from each borough, chosen by the people. This was the beginning of the Virginia House of Bureesses, which was so powerful on the side of freedom when the old war for independence broke out in 1775. 5. Verse 19, page 30. ^ Questions.— 3. What was a happy incident in the history of Virginia? What were ■wanting in the colony ? How was that want supplied ? What did the family relaticm do? How was Nesro Slavery in the United States begun? 4. What can you say of the growth of Virginia ? What of a new form of government ? 52 COLONIES. Indian War. Usurpation. House of Burgesses. The Indians plotted the extermination of the white people. At midday, on the first of April, 1622, they fell in fury on the more remote settlements. Within an hour, three hundred and fifty men, women, and children were slain. In the space of a few days, eighty plantations were reduced to eighth The people at James- town and vicinity were put on their guard by a Christian Indian, and were saved. 6. A vindictive w^ar ensued, and a terrible blow of retaliation was given by the white people. The Indians upon the James and York rivers Avere slaughtered by scores, or were driven far back into the wilderness. Yet a blight was upon the colony. Sickness and famine followed close upon the massacre. Within three months, the colony of four thousand souls was reduced to twenty-five hundred; and at the beginning of 1624, of the nine thousand persons who had been sent to Virginia from England, only eighteen hundred remained. 7. By an act of high-handed usurpation, King James dissolved the London Company in 1623, and, seizing their possessions, made Virginia a royal province. Yeardley ^ was appointed gov- ernor, with twelve councilors ; but the king wisely abstained from interfering with the House of Burgesses, for the people regarded their constitutional privileges as their rights. 8. James was succeeded by his son Charles, in 1625. He was a weak and selfish man. He favored the Virginians, because he wished to share in the profits of projected commercial specu- lations in their tobacco.^ The people accepted his favors, but went steadily on in the practice of self-government, with a deter- mination to be free. They boldly deposed an obnoxious governor,, 1. The leader of this massacre was Opechancanough, a younger brother of Powhatan, and his successor as emperor. He was wily and very treacherous. Only a few days before the massacre, he declared that " soor.er the skies would fall than his friendship with the English should be dissolved." Even on the day of the massacre, the Indians entered the houses of the planters with usual tokens of friendship. 2. Verse 3, paue 50. 3. In June, 1628, the king, in a letter to the governor and council, asked them to convene an assembly to consider his proposal to contract for the whole crop of tobacco. He thus tacitly acknowledged the legality of the republican assembly of Virginia, hitherto not sanc- tioned^ but only permitted. Questions. — 5. "What can you tell about troubles on the death of Powhatan ? What did ' the Indians do? What dreadful calamity befell the colony? 6. What can you tell about re- taliation? How did the colony sutfer from sickness? 7. What did the king do to the Lon- don Company? How did it aft'ect Virginia? 8. Who succeeded King James? What did he do? and for what purpose? How did the people show their independence? VIRGINIA. 53 Sir WiUiam Berkeley. Loyalty of the Virginians. and elected a new one. Although the dismissed magistrate was reinstated, the royal governors ever afterward paid marked respect to the expressed will of the people. 9. Sir William Berkeley, an accomplished courtier, was ap- pointed governor in 1641. He ruled with vigor and discretion, and the colony prospered greatly.' He was a stanch royalist, and suppressed the growth of democracy as much as he dared, periling his seat. During the years 1644 and 1645, he con- ducted a war with the Indians, which they began, so well that the power of the savages for harm was completely broken, and he received large cessions of land from the subjugated chiefs. 10. During the civil war in England, when King Charles lost his head, the Virginians, adroitly led by Berkeley, remained loyal, and invited the monarch's exiled son and heir to come over and be their king. They defied the power of Cromwell and the republican Parliament; and until Charles was restored to the throne of his father in 1660, Virginia was virtually an independ- ent state. Becoming dissatisfied with Berkeley, they elected an- other governor in his place, and democracy became wide-spread and powerful throughout the colony, notwithstanding the royal- ist majority proclaimed Charles " king of England, Scotland, Ire- land, and Yirginiay ^ 11. The restoration of monarchy in England was the signal for an attempt to overthrow democracy in Virginia. Full power ■to do so was given to Berkeley and the royalist party. Those of the latter who were members of the House of Burgesses, elected for two years, claimed the right to hold office indefinitely. Thus the representative system, which was so prized by the people, was virtually overthrown. Unequal taxes were levied, and an 1. In 1648 the nnmher of colonists was 20.000. "The cottages were filled with children, as the ports were with ships and immigrantp." 2. When informed that Parliament was about to send a fleet to hring them to submission, the Virginians sent a messase to Charles, then in Flandorf*, inviting him to come over and be king of Virginia. He had resolved to come, when matters took a turn in England favor- able to his restoration. In gratitude to the colonists, he caused the arms of Virginia to be quartered with those of England, Scotland, and Ireland, as an independent member of the empire. From this circumstance Virginia received the name of The Old Dominion. Coins, with these quarter! ngs, were made as late as 1773. QtTESTTONS.— 9. What can you tell of Governor Berkeley ? What can you tell about a war with the Indians? 10. AVhat did the Virginians do during the civil war in England? What did the Virginians do after the restoration of Charles tlie Second ? 11. What was at- tempted in Virginia ? What did Berkeley and the royalists do ? 54 COLONIES. Virginia republicans. " Bacon's rebellion." idle aristocracy were recognized as a distinct and ruling class. The Church of England was made the state religion, and intoler- ance, the parent of persecution, began to grow. The profligate monarch gave away large tracts of the finest portions of Virginia to his special favorites, and an oppressive navigation act, passed by the Parliament ten years before, was revived. 1 2. The " common people " — the men of toil and substantial worth in the colony — formed a republican party, and rebellious murmurs were heard on every side. These soon grew into acts. Threats of an Indian raid was a pretext for the people to arm themselves. They chose Nathaniel Bacon for a leader, and he placed himself at the head of about five hundred men, without Berkeley's permission. The governor proclaimed him a traitor, and sent troops to arrest him. The whole colony was soon in- volved in civil war. 13. Bacon drove Berkeley to the eastern shore of the Chesa- peake. He dissolved the aristocratic assembly ; reinstated the House of Burgesses ;^ confiscated the property of royalists ; held their v/ives as hostages ; and proclaimed the abdication of the governor. He was about to cast off all allegiance to the British crown, Avhen news came that troops from England had arrived to put down the rebellion. 14. Bacon was deceived. There were no imperial troops in Vii'ginia. Under the impression that there were, and that armed royalists were marching upon Jamestown, he set that village on fire at dusk on the 30th of September [1676]. The next morn- ing nothing was left of the first town built by the English in America, but the broken CHURCH TOWER. towcr of thc church, which now attracts the attention of the voyager on the James river. '^ Bacon then 1. Note 4, page 51. 2. The church, of which the brick tower alone remains, was built about 1620. It was probably the third church erected in Jamestown. The ruin is now (1864) a few rods from Questions.— 11. How were the people oppressed? 12. Who formed a republican party in Virsiinia? What did they do? How came thoy to arm themselves? What can you tell about Nathaniel Bacon ? 13. What did Bacon do, and contemplate doing? What'rumora reached Bacon? 14. What did Bacon do? What remains of Jamestown? What can you tell about the death of Bacon, and the end of his " rebellion" ? What did the governor do ? VIRGINIA. 55 End of " Bacon's rebellion." Salutary changes. pushed on with his troops to meet his enemy, but within a fort- night he pei-ished, on the north bank of the York river [October 11, 1676], from fever — a foe more inexorable than man. With him died the rebellion. The exasperated governor caused more than twenty of Bacon's leading associates to be hanged, and many suffered from fines, confiscations, and imprisonments. 15. This efibrt to establish a free government is known in his- tory as JBaco7i's Rebellion. There was no printing press in Vir- ginia to put facts on record,' and for a hundred years loyalists called the leader a traitor. Such would have been Washington's title, had our Revolution failed. The colony felt the effects of this civil commotion many years, and suffered much from tyranny ; but democratic ideas had taken root, and the people were on the eve of another general rebellion. King Charles died, and his brother James succeeded him, in 1685, 16. The Virginians hoped for a change on the accession of James the Second. They were disappointed; and again they were on the verge of open rebellion, when the Revolution in Eng- land, in 1688, placed William of Orange and his wife Mary on the throne. Then a real change for the better took place in all the American colonies. The rights of the people were expressly defined, and the growth of free institutions in America was rapid and health- ful. From that time Virginia was a prosperous commonwealth.^ the encroaching bank of the river, and is about thirty feet in heia^ht. The engraving is a cor- rect representation of its present appearance. In the grave-yard adjoining are frasmenta of several monuments. Besides the church and court-honsp, Jamestown contained sixteen or eighteen houses, built of brick, and quite commodious, and a large number of humble log cabins. 1. Berkeley was an enemy to popular enlightenment. He said to commissioners sent from Enuland in 1671, " Thank God, there are no free schools nor printing-press ; and I hope we shall not have these hundred years ; for learning has brought disobedience, and heresy, and sects into the world, and print ins: has divulged these, and libels against the best govern- ment." Despots are always afraid of the printing-press, for it is the most formidable foe of tyranny. 2. The population at that time (1688) was about 50.000, of whom one-half were negro slaves. The tobacco trade had become very important, the exports to England and Ireland being abont 30,000 hot,'sheade that year. Almost one hundred vessels annually came from those countiies to Virginia for tobacco. A powerful militia of almost 9,000 men was or- ganized, and they no longer feared their dnsky neighbors. They became very expert in the use of tire-arms in the woods, and back to this period the Virginia rifleman may look for the foundation of his fame as a marksman. The province contained twenty-two counties, and forty-eight p.arishes, with a church and clergyman in each, and a grert deal of glebe land. But there was no printing-press nor book-store in the colony. A press was first estab- lished in the colony in 1729. Questions.— 15. "What was this effort of the people called in historv? What thouehts arose on the subject ? How did the " rebellion " affert the colony? 16.' What did the Vir- g iiians hope for? What were they about to do? How were the colonies benefited by the Revolution in England, in 1688? 56 COLONIES, Settlement of Plymouth in New England. SECTION II. MASSACHUSETTS. 1. For a hundred days after the landing of the Pilgrim Fathers at New Plymouth,^ a few Indians hovered with fear around that band of sufferers. Then they boldly approached the settlement [March 26, 1621]; and Samoset, who had learned some English words of fishermen at Penobscot,^ said, Welcome, Englishmen! These were blessed words for the settlers, who feared the savages. Soon afterward, Massasoit, the Wampanoag sachem,^ came from Mount Plope in barbaric pomp, and formed a treaty of friendship with the white people, which remained unbroken for fifty years. 2. Three days after this interview [April 3, 1621], Governor Carver died, and was succeeded by William Bradford, who was a chief manager of the affairs of the colony for more than thirty years. The settlers endured great hardships. In the autumn of 1621 they Avere barely saved from starvation by a scanty crop of Indian corn.* In November, other immigrants came, and offered more mouths to be filled with scanty supplies. The winter was spent in suffering from cold and hunger, and dread of Canonicus, the Narraganset sachem, who was unfriendly. 3. In the summer of 1622, a company of sixty-three immigrants arrived. They had been sent by Weston, a dissatisfied member of the Plymouth Company, to plant a new colony. Many of them were idle and vicious. They lived on the slender supplies of the Plymouth people a while, when they commenced a settle- ment on the site of Weymouth. They offended the Indians, and 1. Verse 7, paare 3fi. 2. Versp 15, papre 20. 3. Note 3, paere 7. 4. While Captain Miles Standish and others were eeeking a place to land (verse 7, page 36), they found some maize in one of the deserted huts of the savages. Afterward, Samoset and others taught them how to cultivate the grain (then unknown in Europe), and this supply serving for seed, providentiallv saved them from starvation. The grain now first received the name of Indian corn. Early in September [1621], an exploring party, under Standish, coasted northward to Shawmut, the site of Boston, where they found a few Indians. The place -was delightful, and, for a while, the Pilgrims thought of making their residence there. IONS.— 1. What can you toll about the Pils^rims and Indians at Plymouth ? What can you relate of Massasoit? 2. What can you tell about Governors Carver and Bradford? What can you tell about the sufferings of the settlers? 3. What can you tell about the arri- val and character of new immigrants ? What did they do ? What did Captain Standish do ? MA8SACIIUSETIB. 57 Founding of the Massacliusetts Bay colony. were saved from destruction by them' by the timely assistance of Captain Miles Standish and eight followers, who attacked the savages and killed a chief and several warriors." Most of the emigrants at Wissagicsset, as the Indians called the place, soon afterward returned to England. 4. The partnership of the London merchants and the settlers ' proved injurious to the interests of the latter, and at the end of the prescribed term of seven years, in 1627, it was dissolved. The colonists became sole proprietors of the soil ; the community system was abandoned ; and industry and thrift found new and power- ful incentives in individual enterprise.* Their government, which was a pure democracy in church and state, remained almost unchanged until 1634, when a representative system was established, and a pastor was chosen as spiritual guide, 5. Persecutions of ISTonconformists had sent many and valu- able emigrants to New England. Some made a temporary settle- ment on Cape Anne, in 1624 ; others seated themselves, four years later, on the Merrimac river; and, in the summer of 1628, John Endicot and one hundred immigrants came over, and at Kaumkeag, which they named Salem, they laid the foundations of the colony of Ifassac/msetts Bay. The proprietors received a charter from the king the following year [March 14, 1629], and they were FIRST COLONY SEAL. 1 Tn srntitufle for attentions and medicine durinij a severe illnesp, MaBPapoit revealed the plot' formed by the Indians to murder these settlers, to Edward Winslow (afterward gov- ernor of the colonv-), a feAv days before the time appointed to etnke the blow. •^ Standish carried the chiefs head in triumph to Plymouth. It was borne upon a pole, and was placed uron the palisades of the little fort which had just been erected. The good Robiiipon (verse 4, page 35), when he heard of it, wrote, " Oh, how happy a thing it would have been that you hnd converted some before you kihed any !" The injustice and violence practiced toward the Indians by the English produced much evil. 3. Ver^;e o, page 35. 4. VcTse 18, page 30. The colonists u'^successfnlly tried the cultivation of tobacco. _ T hey raised enouL'h erain and veectables for their own consumption, and relied upon trnflic injurs with the Indians, for obtainine the means of paying for cloths, implements, etc.. from Eng- land. In 1627, they made the first step toward tie establishment of the cod fishery, since become so important, by constructina: a salt work, and curinir some fish. In 1624, Edward Winslow imported three cows and a bull, and soon animals of that kind became numerous in the .colony. Questions —4. What change in ownership of the territory occurred ? Wliat effect did it have? Wh;it Avas the fornrof government in 1634? 5. What drove English people to America ? What can you tell about them, and about the founding of the colony of Massa- chusetts Bay ? 3* 58 COLOT^IES. Founding of Boston and other towns. John Winthrop. incorporated by the name of The Governor and Company of the Massachusetts Bay^ in New England.^ 6. The new colony increased rapidly, and in the autumn of 1629 the proprietors assigned the charter and government to them. Men of wealth and character prepared to emigrate to the independent republic; and in July, 1630, John Winthrop and about three hundred families arrived at Salem, Winthrop having been chosen governor. They commenced settlements at and around Dorchester, Roxbury, Watertown, and Cambridge. Win- throp and others built cottages on the peninsula of Shawmut, and there founded the city of Boston, the future capital of New England. V. Sickness laid two hundred of the emigrants in the grave before winter. The survivors Avere not disheartened. They had come to estab- lish a free state, and persevered. In 1634 they changed their pure democracy to a representative government.^ Prosperity prevailed. Indian leaders dined at Gov- ernor Winthrop's table, and made treaties of friendship with him. Friendly words passed between him and the Dutch JOHN WINTHROP. authoritics on Manhattan ; ^ and inter- course was opened, by sea, with Virginia, as early as May, 1632." 8. The Puritans" of Massachusetts, just escaped from persecu- tion, were jealous of every interference with their authority, their 1. The administration of affairs wag intrusted to a ffovernor, deputy, and eighteen assist- ants, who were to be elected annually by the stockholders of the corporation. A general assemlily of the freemen of the colony wn's to be held at least four times a year, to legislate for the colony. The king claimed no .iurisdiction, for he regarded the whole matter as a trading operation, not as the founding of an empire. The instrument conferred on the col- onists all the riiirhts of English subjects, and afterward became the text for many powerful discourses against the usurpations of royalty. 2. It was agreerl at a general assembly of the people in May, 1631, that all the officers of the government should thereafter bo chosen by Wx^frcemKn of the colony. None were con- sidered fieemen unless they were members of some church within the colony. From th« beginning, the closest intimacy existed between the church and state in Massachusetts, and that intimacy gave rise to a great many disorders. This provision was repealed in 1665. 3. Verse 1, paf/e 32. 4. In May, 1632, a vessel from Virginia, laden with Indian corn, sailed into Boston Harbor. 5. Verse's, page 34. Questions. — 6. What can you tell about the new colony? What of new settlements? How was the city of Boston founded? 7. How did the colony sutler ? What can you tell about prosperity that ensued? MASSACHUSETTS. 59 Puritan etrictnos?. Roger Williams and bis views. Troubles. peculiar views, and their peace. They regarded Churchmen ' and Roman Catholics as their deadly foes — to be kept at a distance.' They adopted rigid rules of action, and required those who came among them to conform to them. By the standard of our day they would be called intolerant bigots ; by the standard of their time, they appear like sagacious men, made cautious and suspi- cious by suffering, and inimical to every seeming disturber of their peace. 9. Roger Williams,^ a Puritan minister, was the first to feel the power of that intolerance. He boldly denounced the prevalent exclusiveness in Massachusetts ; denied the right of mao-istrates to control the consciences of the people, or to withhold protection from any religious sect whatever ; and concluded that the king hnd no right to require an oath of allegiance from the colonists, who v/ere free." For these and other broad views of the civil and religious rights of the people, he was banished from the colony, went to the wilderness [January, 1635], and founded Rhode Island.^ 10. Violent theological discussions ensued, in which Anne Hutchinson, an eloquent woman, took part, in favor of the views of Williams. Young Henry Vane, who had been elected gov- ernor in 1636, and several ministers and magistrates, agreed wath him ; but the exclusive party, led by Winthrop, were the most powerful. Mrs. Hutchinson's doctrines were condemned as hereti- 1. Note 1, pipe 35. 2. The following is an example of the jealous zeal of the cnlorists in keeping their old persecutor at bay : Lyford, who was sent out to tlie Pilgrims by the London pnrtners, as their minister, was refused and expelled, because he was friendly to the Church of England. John and Samuel Browne, residents at Salem, and members of Endicot's council, were arrestjd by him, and f'Bnt to England as "factious and evil-conditioned persons," because they insisted upun the use of the liturgy, or printed forms of the English Church, in their worship. 3. Verse 1, page 42. 4. Williams was violent in his denunciations, and even went so far as to contend that obe- dience to magistrates ought not to be enforced ; in other word-, all civil government should be abo'ished, ko far as it control!ed the wills of men. He al,-o held some very narrow views of so'^'al obligations. He maintained that an oath should not be tendered to an unconverted person, and that no Christian could lawfn'ly pray with such a one, though it were a wife or cl-.ild ! In the intemperance of his zeal, Williams often exhibited intolerance himself, and at th's day would be called a bigot. Yet his tolerant teachin;^s in general had a most salu- tary effect upon Puritan exclusiveness. 5. Verse 1, page 42. Questions.— 8. What have you to say about the feelings and actions of the Puritans in Massachusetts? 9. What can yon tt-ll about Roger Williams's banishmei t, and the rea-ons for it? What were his views? " 10. What can you tell about theological discussions and per- eons connected with them, in Massachusetts? "What was done to Anne Hutchinson? 60 COLONIES. Persecution and emigration. New England confederacj\ Democracy. cal, and she and her family were banished from the colony in the summer of 1637. 11. The continual dread of the Indians was removed by the results of the Pequod war, in 1637/ and the Massachusetts colony flourished amazingly. Persecution in England sent hundreds of true men across the Atlantic in search of freedom. Vain efforts were made to stoj) the flight, as early as 1633. Believing that the colonists " aimed not at new discipline, but sovereignty," the king attempted to deprive them of their charter and reduce them to dependent vassals. He failed. The colonists prospered. They fostered education,^ religion, and morals, and laid deeper and deeper the foundations of a free state. 12. The civil war in England left the colonies free to act. Those of Nev/ England, excepting Rhode Island, formed a con- federation for mutual benefit in 1643.^ It lasted more than forty years, w^hen mutual jealousies caused its dissolution. This was the first efibrt to establish a nation in America. The work w^as not accomplished until a century after this experiment was aban- doned.* 13. In 1644, Massachusetts established a distinct House of Representatives. The people were thoroughly democratic, and sympathized with the oj^posers of royalty during the civil war in England. They prospered wonderfully. They opened trade with the West Indies^ in defiance of a Navisration Act. 1 . Verse 7, page 40. 2. In 1636 the general court at Boston appropriated two thousand dollars for the establish- ment of a college. In 1638, Rev. John Harvard bequeathed more than three thousand dollars to the institution which was then located at Cambridge, and it received the name of " Har- vard College," now one of the first seminaries of learning in the United States. In 1647 a law was passed, requiring every township which contained fifty householders, to have a school-house and employ a teacher ) and each town containing one thousand freeholders, to have a grammar-school. 3. Rhode Island asked for admission into the union, but was refused unless it would ac- knowledge the authority of Plymouth. 4. When James the "f^econd came to the throne, the charters of all the colonies were taken away, or suspended. When local governments were reestablished after the Revolution of 1688, there no longer existed a necessity for the union, and the confederacy dissolved. A nati(m, permanent and powerful, was formed under the National Constitution of 1789, when our Great Republi- was established. 5. Verse 7, page 12. Questions.— 11. What caused the prosperitv of the Massachusetts colonv? What can vou tell of the eft'orts to stop emigration from England ? What did the colonists do? 12. What can you tell about a confederation of the New England colonies? 13. What can you tell .about a change in the government of Massachusetts in 1644? What evidences of prosperity were seen in Massachusetts? MASSACHUSETTS. 61 First colonial coinage. Persecution of Quakers. Despotism kept at bay. They coined money in 1652,' and performed other acts of sover- eignty, much to the disgust and alarm of the royalists in Eng- land. Durino' that year the lu- risdiction of Massachusetts was /^^^^^^TN #'/\^ B:f (c^'X extended over the settlements in P^t^'0\ ^^II''?1C^ 11. The arrival of two Quaker \&><'.^>^A?2 /'^^^ women at Boston m 165C, was the \%U^^^y \^'J^^l.<^ beginning of lamentable events '<'«o»m«-'' :,^ +1,^^ ^^1^ T^l FIRST MONET COINED IN THE UNITED STATES. m that colony, ihey were sus- pected of every evil practice, and were imprisoned. Others came, and were whipped and imprisoned. Finally a decree of banishment, on pain of death in the event of their return, was pro- claimed. Still they came. Some suffered' death, and many were scourged and imprisoned. Finally they came to be regarded as martyrs. A more Christian spirit prevailed and persecutions ceased. The excuse for these terrible measures Avas that the Quakers preached doctrines dangerous to good government. 15. When monarchy was restored in England, in 1660,'' the re- publican New Englanders were made to feel the royal displeasure in various ways. Steps were taken to bring Massachusetts, in particular, to the feet of the monarch, by the rule of royal commis- sioners in violation of its charter. The people so boldly re- sisted this attempt at usurpation that it was abandoned. Ever afterward Massachusetts took a front rank in the march of the American colonics toward complete freedom. The colony was prospering wonderfully when, in 1675, Metacomet (known as King Philip), son of the good Massasoit,^ commenced a terrible 1. In October, 1651, the general court or legislature of Massachusetts ordered silver coins of the values of threepence, sixpence, and a shilling sterling, to be made. The mint-master was allowed fifteen pence out of every twenty shillings, for his trouble. He made a large fortune by the business. From the circumstance that the effigy of a vine-tree w.as stamped o\ one side, these coins, row very rare, are called jjivc-trep ^noney. The date [1652] was not altered for thirty years. Massachusetts was also the first to issue paper money, in the shape of treasury note's ,*in 1693. 2. Yeree 10, page 53. 3. Verse 1, page 56. QrrsTiONS.— 14. What can vou tell about the Quakers in Biston? What was done to them ? 15. Wh;it was the efl'ect in New England of the restoration of monarchy in Old Eng- land in IGOO? What was attempted, and what did the people do? What calamity came upon the colony in 1675? L 62 COLONIES. King Philip's War. Its beginning and progress. Desolation. war against the white people. This is known in American his- tory as 16. Philip kept the covenant of his father with the white peo- ple for twelve years after the old sa- chem's death. But as spreading settle- ments were reducing his domains acre by acre, breaking up his hunting-grounds^ diminishing his fisheries, and menacing his nation with servitude or annihila- tion, his patriotism was aroused, and he willingly listened to the hot young war- riors of his tribe, who counseled a war of extermination against the English. At Mount Hope,^ the seat of the chief sachems of the Wampanoags, in the solitudes of the forests, he planned, with great skill, an alliance of all the New England tribes against the European intruders.'' 17. Philip struck the first blow at Swanzey, thirty-five miles southwest from Plymouth, on Sunday, the 4th of July, 1675. Many white people were slain or made captives, and others fled to the surrounding settlements and gave the alarm. The settlers flew to arms, and very soon Philip was a fugitive among the Nipmucs in the interior of Massachusetts. They espoused his cause; and with fifteen hundred warriors he fell upon the re- mote settlements high up the Connecticut valley. 18. The murders and burnings by the savages were wide- spread and terrible, and for months there was an apprehension KING PHILIP. 1. Mount Hope is a conical hill, three hundred feet in heitjht, and situated on the west side of Mount Hope bay, about two miles from Bristol, Rhode island. It was called Pokanoket by the Indians. 2. The tribes wh'ch became involved in this war numbered, probably, 25,000. Those along the coast of Massachusetts bay, who had suffered terribly by a pestilence just before the Pilgrims caine (verse 7, page 36), had materially increased in numbers -,^1101 other tribes, besides the New England Indians proper, became parties to the conflict. The New England Indians inhabited the country etistward from the Connecticut river to the Sacro, in Maine. QiTESTTONS.— 16. What can you tell about King Philip? What caused him to commence a war? What did he plan? 17. How and where did King Philip's War commence? What did the settlers do ? What can you tell about the movcmente of Philip ? MASSACHUSETTS. 63 Punishment of the Indians. Death of Philip. Disposal of his son. that the white people of New England would be utterly extermi- nated. Philip was joined by the Springfield Indians in Septem- ber,' and on the 29th of October he fell furiously upon Hatfield, with almost a thousand warriors. He was so severely handled by its defenders that he fled, with a remnant of his followers, to- ward Rhode Island. 19. In violation of a recent treaty, the ISTarragansets gave Philip shelter. Fifteen hundred New Englanders proceeded to punish them for their bad faith. In a swamp, where they had collected their winter stores Avithin palisades, the savages were surrounded at the close of December [1675], and within a few hours five hundred wigwams and a large amount of stores were in flames. Hundreds of men, women, and children perished in the fire, and a thousand warriors were slain or made captives. 20. Philip escaped, and found new allies during the winter; and in the spring of 1676 he commenced the work of desolation anew. It was terribly performed, and as terribly retaliated. During that year almost three thousand Indians were slain or brought into submission. Philip Avas chased from one hiding- place to another. His family were captured. His spirit was broken. A faithless Indian shot him, and Captain Church cut oflT his head. His body was quartered. His little son was sold as a bond-slave in Bermuda.^ So perished the last prince of the Wam- ])anoags, and thus ended King Philip's War and the power of the New England Indians.^ 1. Thoy had heen friendly until now. They plotted the entire dot^tniction of the Springfield settlement ; hut the peop'e defended themselves brnvely within thtir palisndod houses. Many of the strong houses of frontier settlements were thus fortified. Trunks of trees, e'L'ht or ten inches in diameter, were cut in uniform lengths, and stuck in the grround close together. The upper c ds were sharpened, and the whole were fastened together with green Avithes or other contrivances. 2. The disposal of the hoy was a subject of serious de liberation. Some of the elders proposed putting him to death; others, professing more 7??^7t;/, suggested selling palisaded euild him as a clave. The most profitnlde measnre appeared the most vifirriful, and the child w.as sold into bondage. The head of Fhllip was carried in triumnh to Plyinonth, and placed upon a pole. 3. The result of this war was vastly beneficial to the colonists, for the fear of savages, Questions.— 18. What can you tell about the progress of the war? Relate how Philip became a fugitive ? 19. Wtiat did the Narraeanset Indians do? By whom and how were they punished? What terril)le event occurred? 20. What did Phihp do? What befell him and his family ? How did the war end ? 64 COLOT^IES. Revolution in England. Spirit of the Massachusetts people. 21. While the New England colonies were yet weak from the effects of King Philip's war, the profligate Charles, who feared and hated the growing republics in America because their free life was making many discontented subjects at home, attempted to take their government into his own hands. He made the rejec- tion of Edward Randolph, a custom-house officer, by the author- ities of Massachusetts, the occasion for declaring the charter of that colony void. Before his object could be practically effected, he died [Feb. 26, 16^5], but his brother James gladly continued the wicked scheme. 22. James declared the Massachusetts charter void, and at the close of 1686 he sent over Sir Edmund Andros with authority to rule all New England as governor-general. Andros arrived at Boston on the 30th of December, and at once began playing the tyrant with a high hand. The oppressed people Avere about to practice the doctrine that '"'■ resistance to tyrants is obedience to God,^^' when intelligence reached Boston [April 14, 1689] that James was driven from the throne [1688], and was succeeded by William and Mary, of Orange. The inhabitants of Boston seized and imprisoned Andros and fifty of his political associates [April 28, 1689], sent them to England under a just charge of mal- administration of public affairs, and reestablished their constitu- tional government. Again republicanism was triumphant in Massachusetts. 23. The Revolution in England in 1688 '^ was a cause of war between that country and France. King James fled to the court of the French monarch, who espoused his cause, and hostilities between the two nations commenced the same year. Their quar- rel extended to their respective colonies in America. The con- which prevented a rapid spread of settlements, was removed. From this period may he dated the real growth of New Enghmd. During the war, NeAV England lost six hundred men ; a dozen towns were destroyed ; six hundred dwellings were burned ; every twentieth family was houseless ; and every twentieth man who had served as a soldier, had perished, The cost of the wnr equaled five hundred thousand dollars ; a very large sum at that time. 1. Oliver Cromwell's motto. 2. Verse 16, page 55. Questions. — 21. What was done to deprive the colonies of their liberties? Wlio wns King Charles's successiT? 22. What d^d King Jnmes do? What did Andros attempt? What were the people about to do? What prevented revolution in Massachusetts? How did the people get rid of Andros? 23. What was an effect of the Revolution in England? What did the king of France do? What important event occurred, and what was it called ? MASSACHUSETTS. 65 King William's War. Indian atrocities. Expeditions against the French. flict that ensued, and which continued more than seven years, is known in history as KING William's war/ 24. In this war the English colonists suffered dreadfully. The French Jesuits,^ who had acquired great influence over the eastern tribes of Indians, easily excited them to renew their fierce warflxre against the English. They also made the savages their allies ; and all along the frontier settlements, murder and desolation were soon seen. Dover, a frontier town, w^as first attacked, on the Tth of July, 1689; and from that time the greatest alarm and confu- sion prevailed all along the frontiers, from the Penobscot to the Hudson. In February, 1690, the inhabitants of Schenectady, on the Mohawk river, were massacred by the French and Indians in the dead of night, and the village Avas burned ; and some settle- ments in the east suffered a like fate during the spring. 25. These atrocities aroused all the colonies to a sense of danger, and the New England people fitted out an expedition under Sir William Phipps, in May, 1690, which seized and plun- dered portions of the French domain of Acadic.^ New York, also menaced, joined New England in an attempt to conquer Canada, by sending a land expedition by way of Lake Champlain* to Montreal,^ and a naval expedition up the St. Lawrence against Quebec.'^ The former w^as commanded by a son of Governor Winthrop, of Connecticut, and the latter by Sir William Phipps. Both were unsuccessful. Winthrop's troops, with warriors of the 1. Because it was during the reign of William and Mary. See verse 16, page 55. 2. This was a Roman Catholic religious order, foundecl by Ignatius Lo3-()la, a Spaniard, in 1539. Thej' have ever been remarkable for their great devotion to their cause, their self- denial, and masterly sagacity in the acquirement and maintenance of power. Their mission- aries preached Christiaiiity in every part of the habitable globe. They came with the first French adventurers to Aiiierica, and, under their influence,Vhole tribes of Indians, eastward of Massachusetts and in Canada, were made nominal Christians. This was one of the ties which made the savages such faithful allies to the French during the contests between them and the English, previous to 1763. 3. Verse 17, page 20. 4. Verse 18, page 21. 5. Verse 6, page 17. 6. Verse 18, page 21. Questions.— 24. What can you tell about the effects of King William's war in America? What did the Jesuits do? "What terrible events occurred? 25. What did these atrocities effect ? What expedition was fitted out ? What did it do ? What can you tell about expedi- tions against Canada ? QQ COLOISIES. New charter for Massachusetts, Witchcrsift. Renewal of war. ^ive Nations^ were repulsed at Frontenac,^ and Phipps found Quebec too strongly fortified to promise a successful siege. 26. Another change of government now took place in New England. King William caused the colonies of Plymouth, Mas- sachusetts, and the settlements in Maine and New Brunswick, to be consolidated by a new charter, under the old name of Massor chusetts Bay Colony^ and made it a royal province. The new charter (which was taken to Boston from England in May, 1692, by Sir William Phipps, who had been appointed governor under it) was not acceptable to the people, for it abridged their privi- leges. Much discontent ensued, but no overt act of revolt occurred. 27. During the same year [1692] the people of a portion of Massachusetts were afiiicted by a great delusion. A belief in witchcraft, or sorcery, generally prevailed, and to the practice of that " black art " some strange conduct of persons in Salem was attributed. Persons were suspected of being witches, or wizards, and were arrested and punished. The delusion spread fearfully ; and in the course of six months no less than twenty inhabitants, suspected of practicing witchcraft, suffered death, and scores of others were imprisoned. The delusion passed away as suddenly as it appeared. 28. Kin2: William's war continued until 1697. The Ensjlish frontier settlements suffered terribly from the savages, incited, and often accompanied, by the French. A treaty of peace stopped the war, but the lull in the storm was very brief. King James died in the autumn of 1701, and the French monarch acknowl- edged his son to be the rightful sovereign of England. On that account the war was renewed in 1702, when Anne was reigning monarch of England- The French and English colonies in 1. Thef3e were properly tribes of the Iroquois nation (see note 4, page 5), named respec- tively Mohawks, Oneida.^, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas. They formed a confederacy in the present State of Xew York. 2. The site of Kingston, Upper Canada. Questions. — 26. What change in eovernment took place in New England in 1692? How was it received by the people ? 27. What can von tell about a delusion in Massachusetts con- cerning witchcrah ? 28. How long did King William's war continue? How was it stopped? What can you tell about the renewal of war between England and France ? MASSACHUSETTS. 67 Queen Anne's War. Subjugation of Acadie. Expedition against Quebec. America were involved in the contest, and it is known in Amer- ican history as QUEEN ANNE's war. 29. Again the iN'ew England frontiers were desolated by the French and Indians. Blood flowed in almost every valley. Deerfield, on the Connecticut river, was laid in ashes, and many of the inhabitants were carried into caj^tivity. Remote settle- ments were abandoned ; the people collected in palisaded houses ^ for protection, and worked their fields with arms in their hands. Fortunately for the inhabitants of New York, the Five N'ations "^ had made a treaty of neutrality with the French in Canada [August, IVOl], and they stood an impassable barrier against the savage hordes on the borders of the St. Lawrence. 30. Attempts were made, from time to time, by the New England people, to chastise their enemies on their eastern border. Little was accomplished until 1710, when an expedition from Boston, in conjunction with a fleet from England, caj^tured Port Royal,^ and named the place Annapolis, in honor of the queen. This led to the annexation of Acadie to the British realm, under the name of Nova Scotia, or New Scotland. 31. An English fleet and army, under Sir Hovenden Walker, designed for the conquest of Canada, arrived at Boston in July, 1711. They were joined by New Englanders; and on the 10th of August, almost seven thousand troops departed for Quebec. On the night of the 2d of September, eight of the ships and almost a thousand men perished on the rocks at the mouth of the St. Lavv rence, and the expedition was abandoned. A land force, four thousand strong, on its way from Albany, on the Hudson," hurried back. Hostilities were suspended ; a treaty of peace was con- *cluded in April, 1713 ; and the Indians sued for pardon. 32. For thirty years after Queen Anne's war, the colonists 1. Note 1, pnge 63. 2. Note 1, page 66. 3. Verse 17, page 20. 4. Verse 2, page 32. QDESTIONS.-29. What can von tell of the sutrerings of the New England settlers? How were the inhabitants of New York protected? 30. What did the New England t^-ople at- tempt ? What can von tell about an expedition against the Fror.ch in Acadie ? \V hat was the result? 31. What can vou tell about an expedition against Quebec ? \\ hat great calam- ity occurred to the fleet ? What followed ? 68 COLOI^IES. King G-eorge's War- Capture of Louisburg, enjoyed comparative repose. It was a period of much political agitation in Massachusetts, and democratic principles grew vigor- ously. The royal governors and the people had some warm disputes, and sometimes they appeared almost warlike. These Avere arrested in the spring of 1744, when they heard that France had declared war against England. They immediately prepared to commence the contest known in American history as KING GEORGE'S WAR. 33. The principal event of this war, in America, was the cap- ture of Louisburg, on the island of Cape Breton. It was a strong fortress, erected by the French, and called The Gibraltar of America. Plans for its capture were perfected in Massachusetts, under the direction of the energetic Governor Shirley. The other New England colonies contributed their quota of troops. New York sent artillery, and Pennsylvania contributed provisions. Common danger from a common foe was thus knitting the Eng- lish colonies into a closer union of interest and sympathy. 34. Three thousand two hundred troops, under General William Pepperell, sailed from Boston, for Louisburg, on the 4th of April, 1745. On the 9th of May they were joined by a British fleet under Admiral Warren combined forces, four sand strong, landed rear of the town an The French were taken by surprise. A regular siege commenced on the 31st of May, and on tlie Zotn 01 June captpue of louisburg IX 1745. Questions. — 32. How long afterward did the colonies enjoj'- reposo ? Whnt was the aspect of public afiairs in Massncluisetts ? What new war broke out in 1744 ? 33. What was the principal event in Kins; Witlinni's wdr'^. G've an account of the preparations to attack Louisburg? What was the effect of those efforts on the colonies? 34. What can you tell about the expedition to capture Louisburg ? How and when was it effected ? NEW YORK. 69 D'Anville's fleet dispersed. Founding of New York. the city and fortress of Louisburg and the island of Cape Breton were surrendered to the English.' 35. This event deeply mortified the pride of the French, and, in 1746, the duke d'Anville was sent with a powerful armament to recover the lost fortress. Storms wrecked many of his vessels, and disease swept off hundreds of his men. Dismayed and dis- heartened, he abandoned the enterprise. Two years afterward, a treaty of peace restored quiet ; but it was not long before the colonists were called upon to engage in the final struggle for dominion in America between the French and English, known in American history as The French and Indian War, SECTION III. NEW YOEK. 1. The colony of l^ew York was founded in 1623, when the territory was called New Netherland.^ When Peter Minuit ^ arrived as governor, in May, 1626, he purchased of the Indians, for about twenty-four dollars, the whole of the island of Man- hattan, on which the city of New York now stands,* and began vigorously to perfect the founding of a state similar to those of Holland. He erected a strong fortification near the site of the present Battery, and called it Fort Amsterdam, JView Amsterdam 1. Louisburg is on the e;\st side of the island of Cape Breton, with a fine, deep harbor. The landing-place of the British, position of the camp, etc., Avill be seen by reference to the map. The royal battpri/ Avas taken by four hundred men. When they approached, the French thought the whole Eng!i.-:h army was upon them. They immediately spiked their guns (that is, drove steel spikes into the touch-holes of the cannons, so as to make them use- le.-s), and fled. In the upper part of the map is a profile of the fortifications at Louisburg. It is given here in order to illustrate certain terms which are used in military narratives : a, the glacis, is the extreme outside slope of the works ; b, the hnnqiiet, or step upon which the Boldiera stand to fire over the parapet ; c, a covered itmj into the fort, under the banquet ; d, counterscarp, a hank or wall, outside the ditch, e ; /, the parapet, a protection for the men and guns from the balls from without ; (7, the inner banquet; h, ramparts, the most solid embankment of the fortress ; /, the last elope in the interior of the fort, called /«/(/s. The property obtained by the English, by this conquest, amounted, in value, to little less than $5,000,000. 2. Verse 3, page 33. 3. Verse 3, page 43. 4. Verse 1, page 32. Qtestions.— 35. Wliat effect did the capture of Louisburg have on the French ? What was done torecoverit? What happened to the French ? What restored quiet?— 1. When was the colony of New York founded, and what was it first called ? What can you tell about the beginning of a state on Manhattan island ? How did Governor Minuit manage afl'airs ? TO COLONIES. Emigration encouraged. Kieft the troubler. being the name given to the city. By kind measures he gained the confidence of the Indians ; ^ and he also opened a friendly cor- respondence with the Puritans at Plymouth. The English recip- rocated the friendly expressions of the Dutch ; at the same time they requested the latter not to send their trappers quite so far eastward as Narraganset Bay, to catch otters and beavers.'^ 2. To encourage emigration to New Netherland, the Butch West India Company '^ offered [1629] large tracts of land and certain privileges to those persons who should lead or send a given number of emigrants to occupy and till the soil. Directors of the Company availed themselves of the privilege, and sent "Wouter Van Twiller to examine the country and select the lands. Ira- migrants came ; and then were laid the foundations of the most noted of the manorial estates of New York. The proprietors were called patroons, or patrons. 3. Van Twiller was appointed governor in 1633, and after a rather quiet administration, he was succeeded in 1638 by Sir Wil- liam Kieft, a haughty, rapacious, and unscrupulous man, who soon brought serious trouble upon the colony. He sought to make his own will the supreme law ; and he treated the people with dis- dain. His turbulent spirit soon led him into strife with the Swedes on the Delaware,* the English on the Connecticut,^ the Indians all around him, and the colonists at his door. 4. At length the murmurs against him were too loud not to be heeded by him. He had determined to make war upon the neighboring Indians, but thought it prudent to consult some of the leading men. He called a meeting of the heads of tAvelve families in NeAV Amsterdam, in August, 1641, and these, on the 29th of that month, chose " twelve select men," with De Vries at 1. Veree 7, paeje 71. 2. Trade in furs was the chief occupation of the Dutch of New Netherland at this time. Thev became expert trappers, and were seen as far east as Nantucliet, and even Cape Cod. The^trade soon became profitable to the Company. The first year's remittance of furs to Amsterdam was valued at $11,000. This trade greatly increased ; and before the troubles with the Indians in 1640, the value of furs sent to Holland annually, was more tban $60,000. 3. Verse 3, page 33. 4. Verse 2, page 43. 5. Verse 8, page 39. Questions.— 2. What was done to encourage emigration to New Netherland ? How were the manorial estates of New Vork founded ? 3. What can you tell about Van Twiller and his successor ? What was the character of Kieft ? With whom was he at strife ? 4. What can you tell about Kieft's respect for the people, through fear? What did the representa- tives of the people do? What followed ? NEW YORK. 71 Kieft's troubleB -with the Indians. Teter Stuyvesant. His character. their head, to act for them. This was the germ of representative government in New Ketherland. It grew vigorously. These " select men " Avere opposed to Kieft's war projects. They also talked freely about the grievances of the people ; and the gov- ernor, alarmed by this appearance of the democratic principle, dis- solved them in February, 1642. 5. Released from the restraint imposed by these representa- tives of the people, the governor made war upon the Indians. With cruel treachery he caused an attack to be made upon some at Hoboken, who had craved his protection from savage foes. The Hollanders and some Mohawk warriors fell upon them at midnight [February, 1643], and before the dawn almost one hun- dred men, women, and children had perished. This atrocity crea- ted an intense thirst for revenge among the savages. The fron- tier settlements were devastated, and for a while the very exist- ence of the Dutch colony was in peril. 6. The Indians were finally subdued, and the cruel Kieft, the author of all the serious trouble in the colony, was recalled, and succeeded by Peter Stuyvesant, a just, prudent, hon- est, and energetic man. He arrived at JSTew Amsterdam in May, 1647, and en- tered upon his duties with vigor. As a military leader, he had been accustomed to arbitrary rule. He was stern and in- flexible, and could play the tyrant ad- mirably when disposed to do so. 7. Stuyvesant cultivated the friend- ship of the Indians, and treated his white neighbors with respect.^ He regarded the Swedes with some dis- dain, and without their leave built a fort on the Delaware, within 1. Stuyvesant prudently avoided collisions with the English settlers eastward of him. He went to Hartford, and there made a treaty which fixed the eastern boundary of Ne^ Nctherland nearly on the line of the present division between New York and Connecticut, and across Long island, at Oj'ster bay, thirty miles eastward of New York. The Dutch claims to lands on the Connecticut river were extinguished by this treaty. Questions.— 5. What can you tell about Kieft's war with the Indians? WTint effect did his atrocity at Hoboken produce ? 6. What can you tell about Kieft's recall and Stuyvesant's arrival ? What was the cliaracter of Stuyvesant ? 7. What was Stuyvesant's deportment toward his neighbors ? How did he regard the Swedes ? How did he treat them ? What can you tell of" the subjugation of the Swedes ? 72 COLOTTIES. Discontents of the people. Capture of New Amsterdam by the Englieh. their domain.^ They seized it; and in August, 1655, Stuyvesant with six hundred men proceeded to chastise them for the act. By the middle of autumn they were completely in his power, and submitted to him as a conqueror.'^ Thus, after an existence of about seventeen years, New Sweden ^ disappeared by annexation to New Nethekland. 8. A spark of Indian war that appeared during Stuyvesant's absence, was immediately extinguished on his return, and he saw no appearance of trouble coming from his neighbors. But the aspect of affairs in his own colony made him uneasy. He had perceived the rapid growth of democratic ideas planted in Kieft's time. These w^ere fostered by Puritan settlers in New Netherland, whose continual praises of English laws and govern- ment had created among the Hollanders a desire to exchange Stuyvesant's rigor for the milder English rule. 9. In December, 1653, deputies from each village in New Netherland, chosen by the people, had assembled at New Am- sterdam, without Stuyvesant's consent, to consult on public affairs. He opposed them with all his might. They grew bolder and bolder, and finally they resisted taxation, and openly expressed a willingness to bear English rule for the sake of enjoying English liberty. They were on the point of revolution, when the change in government which they professed to desire, was made without their help. 10. The change was made in this wise: Charles the Second, king of England, gave to his brother James, Duke of York and Albany, the whole territory of New Netheeland, in March, 1664. The duke sent a squadron under Colonel Richard NicoUs to secure the gift, and on the 3d of September following, the red 1. Verse 3, page 43. The fort was built on the site of Ncav Castle, Delaware, and was named Cassimer. 2. He captured all the Swedish fortresses, and sent the governor (Risingh) and several influential Swedes to Europe. Some of the settlers withdrew to Marjiand and Virginia, but the great body of them quietly submitted, and took an oath of allegiance to the States-General of Holland. Note 2, page 33. 3. Verse 3, page 43. " Questions.— 8. What did Stuyvesant do on his return from the Delaware ? Whnt trouble did he find in his own colony ? How were the Hollanders made discontented T 9. What can you tell about a popular assembly at New Amsterdam ? What did Stuyvesant do ? What did the people attempt? 10. Can you relate how New Netherland passed into the hands of the English, and was named NewYork ? NEW YORE. 73 English despotism. A Cliarter of Liberties. Royal perfidy. cross of St. George ' floated in triumph over the fort, and the name of New York was given to New Amsterdam. The whole prov- ince passed into the possession of the English. It was named New York,^ and Colonel Nicolls was appointed goTernor. 11. English rule was not so mild as the Dutch expected. Nicolls was a petty ty- rant, and de- clared that the people should have CITY OF NEW YORK IN 1664. " liberty for no thought but how to pay their taxes. ' But the people did think of something else, and were on the eve of open rebellion, when a Dutch squad on, in July, 1673, sailed into New York bay, and, by the aid of treachery, took the fort and city.^ By a treaty of peace between England and Holland, then at war, the city and province were restored to the English, and remained in their possession until the Revolution of 1775. 12. In 1683, the duke of York granted to the people of New York a Charter of Liberties,^ but when he ascended the throne on the death of his brother, in 1685, he withdrew these privileges and devised measures for enslaving the colonists. Again the people were driven to the verge of rebellion, when the Revolution in England, in 1688, caused them to pause. Jacob Leisier, an influential merchant and commander of the militia, then took pos- 1. The royal standard of Enalnnd is pometimp8 so called bec;uise it bears a red cross, whicli is called the '• cro^s of St. Georee," the jKitroii saint of Great Britain. After the union vith Scotland, the croicture is seen Fort Amsterdam, with the church and governor's house within it, and a windmill. 4. This w:ts the foundation of reprosf ntative government in New York. The assembly consisted of the covernor and ten councilors, and seventeen deputies elected by the freehold- ers. They adopted a Dedamtinn ofliig/it.s, and asserted the principle, so nobly fought for a lumdred years later, that taxation and reprr-fieritation nre inr^eparablc — in other words, that taxe-» cannot be levied without the consent of the people, expressed by their representatives. At this time the colony was divided into twelve counties. QUESTIONS.— 11. How were the Dutch disap]iointed in English rule? What did Governor Nicolls do? What prevented a revolution in New York ? Relate how New York changed i masters? 12. What was irranted to the neople of New York? What did King James at tempt to do? What occurred in New York after the Revolutioii in England? What can you tell about Jacob Lt isler ? Y4 COLONIES. Death of Leisler, and its effects. Indian war. Growth of democratic principles. session of the fort, and Avith the sanction of tlie peoj^le assumed the position of governor. He performed his duties well until the arrival of a nev/ royal governor, when he relinquished power. His enemies caused him to be tried for high treason, and he was hanged on the 26th of May, 16*91. 13. Leisler's death created the most violent j^arty spirit. The ruling class — the aristocracy — were his enemies ; the great mass of the people — the democracy — w^ere his friends. Fletcher, Avho became governor in 1691, was the tool of the aristocracy. He was cordially hated by the people ; and he w^as remembered with gratitude for only a few acts. Among these was his wisdom in listening to the advice of Major Schuyler, concerning the French and Indians, who, under Frontenac, governor of Canada, were menacing all Northern New York. Schuyler, Avith some w^hite soldiers and warriors of the Five Nations^ beat tlie foe back to the St. Lawrence, and so desolated his settlements, in 1692, that Fron- tenac was glad to remain quiet at Montreal. 14. The earl of Bellomont, who succeeded Fletcher in 1698, w^as a better man. He was laboring for the good of the people when he died, in the spring of 1701, and was succeeded by Ed- ward Hyde, a dissolute knave, who persecuted all Christians but Churchmen, and robbed the people by embezzling the public money. He was recalled in 1708; and from that time until the arrival of William Cosby as governor, in 1732, the royal repre- sentatives, unable to resist the will of the people, as exj^ressed by the assembly, allowed democratic principles to gro^v and bear fruit. 15. Rip Van Dam, a "man of the people," was acting gover- nor when Cosby came. They soon quarreled. Two violent parties were formed. The democratic supported Van Dam ; the aristocratic supported the governor. Each controlled a news- paper. When argument failed, the governor endeavored to suppress the democratic paper, by causing the arrest of its editor, Questions.— 13 What Avas the effect of Leisler's death ^ What can you toll about Gov- ernor Fletcher ? What can you tell ahout the Indians on the frontier ? 14. What can you tell about Governor Bellomont? Who was his successor, and what was his character? What can you tell about the growth of democracy in the colony ? 15. What can you tell about Rip Van Dam and Governor Cosby? What can you tell about the newspapers, and the defense of the liberty of the press ? MARYLAND. 75 Vindication of the liberty of the jjrese. Government of Maryland. Rebellion. John Peter Zenger, on a charge of libel. He was tried and acquitted by a jury ; and the magistrates of the city of New York presented his counsel with a testimonial of their gratitude for his noble defense of the liberty of the press. IG. The trial of Zenger drew the lines of demarkation betv/een the American republicans and royalists, very distinctly, and from that time until the French and Indian war, in 1754, their feuds compose much of the record of the public life of the province of New York. With every contest republicanism gained strength, and achieved complete triumph in the old war for independence, begun in 1775. SECTION lY. MAETLxVND. 1. Maryland, as we have observed, had its colonial birth when the first popular assembly convened at St. Mary for legislative purposes, on the 8th of March, 1635.^ Its sturdy growth began when, in 1G39, the more convenient form of repre- sentative government was established. It was crude, but it pos- sessed the elements of republicanism. The freemen chose as many •representatives as they pleased, and othei-s were appointed by the proprietor. These, Avith the governor and secretary, composed the legislature. At this first session a Declaration of Rights was adopted ; the powers of the governor wxre defined ; and all the privileges enjoyed by English subjects were guaranteed to the colonists. 2. From 1G42 until 1G4G, the colony was deeply agitated by an Indian war and an internal rebellion. The former was quelled in 1G45. In the same year, Clayborne, already mentioned," re- turned from England, and fanned the embers of discontent in the 1. Verse 4, page oS. 2. Note 4, page 38. Questions.— 16. What did the trird of Zenger do? What good did the disputes of the republicans and loyalists eft'cct?— 1. What can you say about the beginning and growth of the colony of Maryland? What can you tell about the government of Maryland? '76 COLONIES. Toleration in Maryland. Change of government. Civil war. province into a flame of open insurrection. Governor Calvert * was compelled to flee to Virginia ; and for about a year and a half the rebels held the reins of government, and the horrors of civil war menaced the colony. The insurrection was suppressed in the summer of 1G4G. 3. An important law, known as the Toleration Act, was made by the assembly in 1649; it was intended as an exponent of the charter, which guaranteed freedom of opinion and action to all in religious matters. This guarantee also sanctioned democratic ideas ; and these flourished vigorously in the new state, especially for ten years after royalty was abolished [1G49] in England. 4. In the mean time the colonial government had been re- organized. The legislative body was divided [1650] into an upper and lower house. The former was composed of the governor and his council ; the latter, of representatives of the people. So great had been the influx of Protestants, on account of toleration, that their representatives outnumbered those of the Roman Catholics in the assembly in 1654. The}^ then questioned the rights of the proprietor, and even went so far as to declare, by statute, that Roman Catholics were not entitled to the protec- tion of the laws. 5. Civil war ensued,^ and for a long time anarchy prevailed. The colony was torn by internal dissensions ; and this state of things ended only by an act of the assembly [March 24, 1660], which asserted the supreme authority of the people, dissolved the upper house, and gave to the lower house the whole legislative power of the province. Joseph Fendall, a judicious man, who had been appointed governor by the proprietor in 1656, was com- missioned as governor of the people. 6. On the restoration of monarchy in England, in 1660,^ the 1. Vevse 3, papo 38, 2. The Roman Catliolics adhered to Lord Baltimore, and the TroteptantP opposed him. An armed force under Stone, a former tjovernor, appointed by the proprietor, seized the public records. Stone asHumed Iho office of eovernor. In a severe battle, not far from the site of Annapolis, his p;irly w:i8 defeated. Stone waB made prisoner, but his life was spared. Some of his adherents suffered death as traitors. 3. Verse 10, page 53. OuESTioNs.— 2. "What can yon tell about an Indian war, and a rebellion in Maryland ? 3. What can yon tell about the Toleration Act ? 4. What change was made in the colonial government?" What did the Protestant majority do in 1654? 5. What can you tell about civil war in Maryland ? CONNECTICUT. 77 Troubles in Maryland. Maryland a royal province. old order of things was reestablished in Maryland. Lord Balti- more's rights were restored ; and, for about thirty years there- after, the i^rovince enjoyed repose. The government was mildly administered, and all was going on well until the Revolution in England in 1688, Avhen a wicked and restless spirit named Coode excited the people against the governor, because the latter Avas slow to recognize William and Mary.' He spread a report that the authorities and Roman Catholics had consj^ired with the Indians for the destruction of the Protestants.^ The latter, alarmed, called a convention, deposed Lord Baltimore as j^roprie- tor, and reasserted the majesty of the people. V. In 1691, King William made Maryland a royal province.' Tlie Church of England * was made the established religion of the colony; and, in a province founded by Roman Catholics,^ the members of that church were disfranchised by the consent of their sovereign. The proprietary government was reestablished in 1716, and lasted until the Revolution in 1775, which swept away feudalism and royalty." SECTION Y. COI^NECTICUT. 1. We have observed that the Connecticut colony formed a political constitution in January, 1639.'' This example was fol- lowed by the New Haven colony * in June following. The 1. Verr^e 16, page 55. 2. The coalition of the Indians and French .TeBiiits in the east, for the destniction of tho Now Enirland colonists, gave a colorivigrof truth to this rejiort, and the old relisrious feud burned aa;ain intensely. A treaty with the Indians had just been renewed, and the custom- ary presents distributed among them. Coode falsely adduced this as evidence of a coalition with the savages. 3. King William had an exalted idea of royal prerogatives, and was as much disposed as the Stuarts (tho kings of Encrlaid from James the First to James the Second) to suppress democraoy in the colonies. Tie repeatedly vetoed (refused his assent to) Viills of rights en- acted l)y the colonial assemhlios ; refused his assent to local laws of tho deepest interest to the colonists •, and instructed his governors to proliibit printing in the colonies. 4. Note 1, page 35. 5. Verse 2, page 38. 6. Note 2, page 25. 7. Verse 10, page 41. ^- ^^"^^^ 9, page 41. QtTESTiONS.— 6. What was done in Maryland on the restoration of royalty in England? What can you tell about another rebellion in Maryland? 7. When was Maryland made a royal province ? What other changes were effected in the colony ? 78 COLOJ^IES. Government of Connecticut, Boundary disputes. Governor Andros. religious element was supreme in the new organization, and the Bible was made the statute hook of the colony ; and, in imitation of the constitution of the Plymouth and Massachusetts settlers, none but church members were allowed the privileges of freemen/ A committee of twelve men was appointed, who selected seven of their members to be " pillars " in the nevv^ state. These had power to admit as many others as they pleased to take part with them in legislation. Theophilus Eaton w^as chosen governor. 2. Many of the New Haven settlers were merchants, and they tried to found a commercial colony. Heavy losses at sea caused them to abandon the project and turn to tilling the soil. They worked in harmony with their brethren of the Connecticut valley. Both joined the New England confederacy in 1643. Ten years later, the Dutch, by mutual agreement, left the valley,* and a cause for irritation between the Puritans of New England and the Hollanders of New Netherland was removed. 3. After the restoration of Charles the Second, in 1660,' the Connecticut colony obtained a charter from the king, dated May 30, 1662.'* It Avas more liberal than any yet issued by a royal hand. It included in its boundary the whole New Haven colony ' and a part of Rhode Island.^ The former consented to the union in 1665 ; but Rhode Island refused, and disputed the boundary question for more than sixty years. 4. Sir Edmund Andros ' was made governor of New York in 1674. He hated the sturdy republicans of New England, and did what he could to annoy them. He claimed jurisdiction to the 1. Note 2, pnpe 58. 2. Note 1, page 71. 3. Verse 10, pai?e 53. 4. This w;i3 obtnined by the perRonnl influence of John Winthrop, Ron of Governor Win- throp of Maesachusctts. At first Charles refused his applicot=on, because of his known republicanism. Winthrop then presented to his majesty a rinc: vh'ch the king's father had given to Winthrop's father. The heart of the monarch was touched, and a liberal charter was readily granted. W'nthrop was chosen governor of Connecticut in 1657, and held the office several years. Such was his station when he appeared in Encrland to ask a charter of the king. Hopkins (who was one of the founders of the New Haven colony) was chosen the first governor of the Connecticut colony, and for several years he and Haynes were alter- nately chosen chief magistrate, 5. Verse 9, page 41. 6. Verse 4, page 43. 7. Verse 22, page 64. Questions. — 1. What can you tell about the New Haven colony? Wliat was their form of government? 2. What kind of colony did the New Haven people attempt to establish? What prevented ? What did the Dutch do, and what was the effect ? 3. What can you tell about a new charter for the Connecticut colony, and the union with New Haven 1 CONNECTICUT. 79 Andros the usurper. Attempt to seize the Connecticut charter. mouth of the Connecticut river, and went to Saybrook in July, 1675, with a small naval force, to assert his authority. When he attempted to declare his power, he was silenced by the people, and he returned in great anger to New York. 5. Twelve years later [1687], Andros again appeared as the ANDROS AND THE CHAUTER OF CONNECTICUT. disturber of the peace of Connecticut. As govern or-general of Kew En<-land, he demanded the surrender of all the colonial charters. '^ Connecticut alone refused complianc e. Andro s went QTTESTI0NS.-4. What can you tell about Governor Androe in Connecticut ? 5. What fur- ther can you tell about Governor Andros? 80 COLONIES. Salvation of tlie Connecticut charter. Defiance of a royal governor. THE CHARTER OAK. to Hartford with sixty armed men, in November, 1687, to seize the charter. The assembly was in ses- sion in the evening. The charter was brought out and laid on the table. When Andros was about to take it, the candles were put out, and the charter was car- ried away in the dark, and efiectually hidden in a hollow tree, which bore the name of The Charter Oak until it was blown down, in August, 1856. Andros Avas soon afterward driven from New England; and in May, 1689, Connecticut resumed her position as an independent colony, under her preserved charter. 6. Governor Fletcher, of New York, also attempted to ex- ercise authority in Connecticut. He went to Hartford for the purpose, in November, 1693, and ordered the assembling of the militia. When he attempted to read his commission. Captain Wadsworth ordered the drums to be beaten. " Silence ! " shouted the governor. He vv^as obeyed. " Sir," said Wadsworth, step- ping in front of the governor, " if they are again interrupted, I will make the sun shine through you in a moment!" Fletcher believed him, and, with his unread commission, returned to New York in great but impotent anger. From this time, until the French and Indian war, when her people numbered one hundred thousand, Connecticut went hand in hand with her sister colonies in promoting the growth of an independent American nation- ality. SECTION YI. RHODE ISLAND. 1. With the union of the Provide7ice and Rhode Island plan- tations in 1644,' the indej^endent Commonwealth of Rhode Island 1. Ver.*e 4, page 43. Questions.— 5. Relate the circumstances concernins: the saving of the Connecticut char- ter. 6. What can you tell about Governor Fletcher in Connecticut? What did Connecticut afterward do? NEW JERSEY. 81 Rhode Island nnd its charter ai d constitution. commenced its career.^ The royal charter was first confirmed by the Long Parliament in 1652, and then by Cromwell in 1655. By the recognition of the Parliament, the claims of jurisdiction made by Plymouth and Massachusetts w^ere set aside.^ Internal dissensions, growing out of theological discussions, sometimes dis- turbed the colony, but did not impede its prosperity. 2. On the restoration of Charles the Second, the people ap- plied for a new charter. One similar to that of Connecticut was granted in July, 1663.^ It was y elded to Andros in 1687; but when that officer was expelled from New England in 1689,* the people resumed their independent government. Their seal bore the device of an anchor^ and the motto was Hope. Under that royal charter Rhode Island was governed until 1842, a period of one hundred and fifty-seven years, when the people in convention adopted a constitution. 3. The history of Rhode Island, from King William''s War, shov>'s its active sympathies v;ith its sister colonies down to the close of the Revolution in 1783, in which its sons took a distin- guished part. sectio:n" yil KEW^ JERSEY. 1. "We have considered the settlements in New Jersey, Penn- sylvania, and Delaware, in the same section, as forming a series of events having: intimate relations.^ The history of the colonial 1. A rrenornl nsprmlily of dopnties from the several to"wn«! met nt Ports nouth on the 2nth of Miy, 1(347, and orL'an'zcd )' e new pjovernm' nt by tlip el-'ctiou of a president and other otiiccrs. At that time a code of laws was adopted, which declared the sover 'ment to he a (lemocracy, and tliat " all men might walk as their conscie;;ce i^ersnaded them." Verse 2, pa-o 42. " 2. Note 3, page 60 3. This charter guaranteed free toleration in relig'ons matters, and the legislature of the colony reasseitcd the principle, so as to give it the popular force of law. The assertion, made hy some, that Ronmn Catholics were excluded from voting, aid that Quakers were outlawed, isemmeon*. Very warm disputes occurred, buj^ free discussion was allowed. 4. Verge 22, page 64. 5. Page 43. QtTKPTTONS.— 1. "When dd Rhode Tslanrl, a« an independent province, commence its ca- reer ? What did Parliament and Cromwell do? Wi at was the effect? 2. What can you tell al^out a now charter for Rhode Island? What can von tell about the duration of that charier? 3. What does the history of Rhode Island, from King William's War, show? 4* 82 COLONIES. Popular commotions in New Jersey. Its proprietors and partition, organization and progress of the first two is separate and dis- tinct. Delaware was never a separate commonwealth until after the declaration of independence in 1776. 2. The time when the colony was pennanently founded, was when families from Long Island settled on the site of Elizabeth- town in 1664, and Philip Carteret, brother of one of the proprie- tors, was appointed governor.^ Settlers were allured thither by a liberal written agreement, on the part of the proprietors, called " concessions," which, among other privileges, exempted the peo- ple from the payment of quit-rents for their land for the space of five years.^ 3. At the first sitting of the assembly under the "conces- sions," that body perceived opposition to their authority on the part of settlers who had been there long, and had purchased lands of the Indians. And when slight quit-rents were exacted, at the end of tlie five years, there w^as a general resistance to the pay- ment of the tax.^ A revolution ensued. The governor was driven from the province, and another chosen in his place by the people. Preparations were in progress to coerce the people into submission, wlien New York and New Jersey fell into the hands of the Dutch." 4. When the territory was restored to the English,^ the dis- honest James, trampling upon the rights of the proprietors, made the infamous Andros governor of New Jersey as Avell as New York, in 1674. Berkeley " sold his interest to the Quakers. They were unwilling to maintain a political union with other parties, and in July, 1676, they bargained with Carteret ^ for a division of the province, they receiving the western part. From that time the divisions were known was East and West Jersey. 1. Verse 6, page 44. 2. Til is was a sort of constitution, which provided for a government to he composed of a governor and council appointed by the proprietors, and an assembly chosen by the freehold- ers of the province. The legislative power res'ded in the assembly; the executive in the governor. The council and the assembly were each restricted to twelve members. 3. The amount of quit-rent was a half-penny for the use of each acre. 4. Verse 11, page 73. 5. Verse 11, page 73. 6. Verse 6, page 44. 7. Verse 6, page 44. Questions.— 1. What have you to say about the settlements in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware? 2. What can you tell about the founding of New Jersey? What was done for the people ? 3. What can you tell about discontents in New Jersey? 4. How did King James treat the New Jersey people? What can you tell about a sale to Quakers? What about the division of New Jersey? ; PENNSYLVANIA. 83 Quakers own New Jcieey. It becomes a royal pro%-ince. 5. Four hundred Quakers settled in West Jersey in 1677, and a most liberal form of government was given to them. They mildly but firmly resisted the attempted usurpations of Andros. The matter was settled by law, in England, in favor of the Qua- kers, and in November, 1681, the first po})ular assembly in West Jersey met at Salem, and framed a code of laws for the colony. 6. William Penn and other Quakers bought East Jersey in 1682, and Robert Barclay, one of their most eminent preachers, was appointed governor. A large number of his sect from Great Britain, New England, and Long Island came and settled there. They prospered in quiet until that arch-troubler, Andros, again appeared, when his master had become king.^ They lost their independence ; and for twelve years after the petty tyrant was driven from America, in 1689,^ there was no regular govern- ment in the Jerseys. 7. The proprietors of the Jerseys in 1702 gladly resigned the government to the crown. In July of that year East and West Jersey were united as a royal province, and placed under the rule of the infamous governor Hyde, of New York.^ It remained a dependence of that province until 1738, when the connection was forever severed, and Lewis Morris was appoined the first royal governor. He managed public affairs witli ability. From that time until the kindling of the war for independence in 1775, no event of great importance occurred in New Jersey. SECTION ym. PENNSYLVANIA. 1. Soon after the arrival of William Penn in America in 1<582,* the present State of Delaware (then called The Territories) was 1. Verse 15, patje 55. 2. Verse 22, page 64. 3. Verse 14, page 74. 4. Verse 10, page 46. Questions.— 5. What can j-on tell about the Qnikers in West Jersey ? When was tho first popular assemlily held in West Jersey? 6. What can you tell alibut the Quakers in East Jersey? What can yon tell about Andro-s in New Jersey, and the effects of his bad conduct ? 7. Whnt did the' proprietors of New Jersey do in 170'2? Wh-it followed their ac- tion ? What can you tell of the separation of New Jersey from New York, and its eflects? 84 COLONIE-^. Penn's treaty with the Indians. Philadelphia. Charter of Liberties. annexed to his province by consent of the agents of the duke of York/ Then commenced the colonial career of Pennsylvania. Penn laid the foundations of the new state upon the broad j^rin- ciples of Right. Under a spreading elm, he made a covenant of friendship with the Indians. He treated them with kindness and justice ; and the early history of Pennsylvania is not disfigured by records of oppression on one hand, and the horrors of savage vengeance on the other.^ 2. In November, 1682, Penn proceeded to lay out a capital for the province, betAveen the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers, on lands purchased from the Swedes. He named it Philadelphia., which signifies brotherly love. Within a year a hundred houses were erected, and among them a modest one for the proprietor. In March, 1683, he convened a second assembly at Philadelphia, and gave the people a Char- ter of Liberties so ample and just, that the penn's house. ^ . n , .• government was really a representative democracy.* He surrendered to the people the right of choosing their own local ouiccrs ; and did everything in his power to pro- mote the happiness of the colonists. 1. Verse 10, paije 72. 2. He paid thein fairlj- for their lands. " We meet," he snid, " on the broad pathway of fijood faith and good will ; no advantatrc shall be tnken on either side, but all shall be open- ness and love.'' The Indians were delighted, and their hearts melted with good feeling. Such treatment was an anomaly in the history of the intercourse of their race with the white peoiile. Even then the fires of a disastrous Avar were smoldering on the New England frontiers It was wonderful how the savage heart, so lately the dwelling of deepest hatred toward the white man, became the shrine of the holiest attribute of our nature. "We will live in love with William Penn and his children,'" they said, "as long as the moon and the sun shall endure." They were true to their promise— not a drop of Quaker blood w:\s ever shed by an Indian. The Penn Society of Philadelphia erected a monument upon the spot where the venerable elm stood. The tree wns blown down in 1810, and wns found to he two hundred a'^d eiixhty-three years old. The monument is near the Intersection of Hanover and Be.ach streets,'Kensinoton, Philade'nbia. 3. This h:id been erected in lfi82, by William Markham, Penn's agent, for the proprietor's Hise, when he should arrive. Arother nnd finer house was occupied by him in 1700. It yet remained on the corner of Sccon.d street and Norris's alley in 1864. 4. Free religions toleration was established. It was ordained that, to prevent lawsuits, three arbitrators, to be called peace-mnkers, should be appointed by the county courts, to hear and determine small differences between man nnd man , that children should be tauglit some useful rade ; that factors wroniring their employers should make satisfaction and one- third over ; that all causes for irreligion and vulgarity should be repressed, and that no man should be molested for his religious opinions. Questions. — 1. Wh-i-t occiirred on the arrival of William Penn in America? Whnt did Penn do for the peop'e ? Whnt can you tell of his trenty with the Indinns, and the efiect of .iust dealings with them ? 2. What can you tell about the laying out of Philadelphia ? What important thing occurred in 1683 for the benefit of the people? THE CAROLmAS. 85 Penn's troubles. Secession of the Territories. A foolish scheme of government. 3. Penn returned to England in August, 1684, and became involved in the troubles of the Revolution in 1688. His loyalty to William and ^lary was suspected, and his province was taken from his control, and placed in charge of the governor of Nev/ York, in 1692. In the mean time The Territories (Delaware) had withdrawn from the union,' but had been brought back by Gov- ernor Fletcher. Pcnn's rights were restored to him in 1694, and toward the close of 1699, he made a second visit to America. 4. Penn found the people clamorous for greater political privileges, and in November, 1701, he gave them a new frame of government. The Pennsylvanians accepted it, but the people of Delaware, who had again withdrawn their delegates from the assembly, declined it. They preferred an independent govern- ment, and Penn allowed them a distinct assembly. From that time until 1776, Pennsylvania and Delaware had separate legis- latures, but were under one governor. SECTION IX. THE CAEOLINAS. 1. The proprietors of the Carolinas' indulged in expectations of seeing a magnificent empire of their own grow up in the New World. They desired a government for that empire, equal to its promised grandeur, and they employed the Earl of Shaftesbury, and John Locke, the philosopher, to frame one. They completed their task in March, 1669, and called the instrument the Funda- mental Constitutions. It was a huge aristocratic structure, to- tally unfitted for such aspirants for freedom as were now filling up the beautiful country of the Carolinas.^ 1. Verse 1, paec 83. 2. Verse 2, page 46. 3. It consisted of one hnndred and twenty articles, and is supposed to have been the pro- duction, cliiefly, of the mind of Shafiesbury. There were to be two orders of nobility; tlie liigher to consist of landgraves, or earls, the lower of caciques, or barons. The territory QuFSTiONS. — -3. "What can you tell about Penn on h's return to England ? What occurred in his American province? What further can you tell about Penn? 4. What can you tell about Penn and his p(0X)le, in 1701? How did the people of Delaware act? Relate how Delaware eame to be independent of Petmsyivania. — 1. What can you tell about the expec- t.itions and desires of the proprietors of the "Carolinas ? Wh.at did they do ? What kind of government was formed? 86 COLONIES. Rebellion in tl.e Carolinas. A legislative assembly. Charleston founded. 2. The first attempt to impose this government on the colonists led to open rebellion. The immediate cause of the outbreak was excessive taxation, and the enforcement of the Navigation Act ^ in the Albemarle or Northern colony.^ Refugee republicans from Viro-inia, after Bacon's rebellion,^ fostered the opposition, and, under the lead of John Culpepper, a refugee from the Southern colony, the people seized the governor and the public funds, in December, IGY'?, called a new assembly, and for two years main- tained an independent government. 3. Seth Sothel, one of the proprietors, arrived in the Carolinas as governor, in 1G83. He was a shameless plunderer of the people and swindler of his associate grantees." After enduring his miser- able rule six years, the people banished him for a year, and declared him forever disqualified to be their governor. He withdrew to the Carteret Colony" (South Carolina), where we shall meet him again. His successors, Ludwell, Harvey, and Walker, were good men ; but above them all in virtue and well-doing was the ami- able Quaker, John Archdale, who was sent over in 1695 to govern both Carolinas. The colonies had never known such prosperity and repose as they enjoyed during his administration. 4. The Carteret, or Southern colony, rapidly increased in wealth and numbers. Their first legislature met in 1 674, but conflicting religious creeds and jarring interests prevented harmony. An- archy prevailed. Common danger, when the neighboring Indians threatened war upon them, united them for awhile; and, in 1680, •was to be divided into counties, each containing 480,000 acres, with one landcfrave and two caciques. There v/ere also to be lords of manors, who, like the nobles, mi^ht hold courts and exercise .iudicial functions. Persons ho'dina: tifly acres were to be freeholders; the tenants held no political franchise, and could never attain to a hiirher rank. The four estates of proprietors, earls, barons, and commons, were to sit in one letjislative chamber. The projjrietors were always to be eight in number, to possess the whole judicial power, and have the supreme control of all tribunals. The commo .s were to have four members in the le^rislature to every three of the nobility. But an aristocratic majority was always secured, and the real representatives of the people had no power. Every religion was professedly tolerated, but the Church of England only was declared to be orthodox. Such is an outline of the absurd scheme proposed for governing the free colonists of the Carolinas. 1. Verse 1.3, page 60. 2. Verse 1, page 46. 3. Page 54. 4, Verse 2, page 46. 5. Verse 3, page 47. Questions.— 2. What can you tell about a revolution in North Carolina? 3. What can you tell about Seth Sothel and his successors in North Carolina? 4. What can you tell about the Carteret colony, or South Carolina? What united the people? What can you tell about Charleston? THE CAROLINAS. 87 Grand materials for a state. Another rebellion in South Caroli CIIAKLESTON IN ICSO. Charleston was founded on Oyster Point/ and the earlier settle- ment ^ was abandoned. There another popular legislature as- sembled in 1GS2, more harmo- nious than the first, and some useful laws were framed. 5. Immigrants poured into South Carolina in great num- bers. Hollanders came and planted settlements on the Santee and Edisto rivers. Har- dy men and their families came from Ireland and Scotland ; ^ and in 1686 and 1687, a large number of Huguenots " arrived from France. English hatred of the French caused the latter to be looked upon with jealousy, and for more ten years the Huguenots were denied the privileges of citizenship. 6. The colonists were discontented with the rule of the proprie- tors. They finally revolted, seized the public records, called a new assembly, and in 1690 the governor (James Colleton) was banished from the province. In the midst of these commotions, Sothcl arrived from North Carolina,^ and the people allowed him to assume the office of governor. For tvro years he plundered and oppressed the people, vrhen the assembly impeached and ban- ished him. 1. Xoto 7, pneo 133. The above eiirrravin^ iljpptrates thomnnncr of fortifying towns, as a defense against foes. It exhibits the walls of Charleston in 1680, and the location of churches in 1704. The points marked ana, etc., are bastions for cannons. P, English church ; Q, French church , R, Independent church ; S, Anabaptist church • and T, Qu.a- ker meeting-house. 2. Verse 3, pnire 47. 3. In 1684, Lord Cardon, and ten Pcotoh families, who had sntrered persecution, came to South Carolina, and settled at Port Royal. The Siianiards at St. Augustine claimed juris- diction over Port Royal, and during the absence of Cardon (1686), they attacked and dis- per>ed the settlers, and desolated their plantations. 4. They bad escaped from severe troubles which hnd been revived in France by the revo- cat'on of a friendly proclamation made by a former kin?, which is known as the Edict of Nantes. In that city Henry the Fourth issued an edict in 1598, in favor of the Huguenots, or Protestants, allowing thi-m free toleration. The profligate Louis the Fourteenth, stung with remorse in his old aL^e, sought to gain the favor of heaven by brinirii g his whole people Into tie bosom of the Roman Catholic Church. He revoked the famous edict in 1686. and instantly active opposition to the Huguenots was kindled throughout the empire. Many thousand of the Protestants left France and found refuge In other countries. 5. Verse 3. page 86. Questions.— 5. What immigrants came into South Carolina? What can j^on tell about Huguenots there? 6. What can you tell of a revolution in South Carolina? What more can you tell of Governor Sothel ? 88 COLONIES. Absurd scheme of govcrumeut abandoned. North Carolina. Indian war. V. Philip Lu dwell now came as the representative of the proprie- tors, but the people had resolved not to submit to the absurd Fun- damental Constitutions.^ After a brief and turbulent administra- tion, Ludwell withdrew to Virginia, and in 1G93, at the end of a contest with the people of more than twenty years, the scheme of Shaftesbury and Locke was abandoned by tlie proprietors. The good Quaker, Archdale, was sent in 1695, to administer a more simple and republican form of government for both the Carolinas. His administration was short, but very advantageous. From its close the progress of the two colonies should be considered as separate and distinct, although their political j)artition did not occur until 1729." NORTH CAKOLINA. 8. Under the guidance of the good Archdale, the people of North Carolina turned their attention to the development of the interior of the country, where the soil was more productive and the beaver and otter abounded. Immigration flowed in with an ever- increasing stream ; Quakers ' and Huguenots " came ; and in 1 709 a hundred German families, driven from their homes on the Rhine by persecution, came to Xorth Carolina, and, led by Count Graf- fenried, made settlements on the head waters of the Neuse river and on the Roanoke river. 9. In 1711 an Indian war broke out. The Tuscaroras were the leaders. They fell upon the German settlements with such fury, that during one night (October 2, 1711), one hundred and thirty of the immigrants perished. Along Pamlico and Albemarle sounds the savages swept, murdering the inhabitants and burning prop- erty. They ceased only when disabled by fatigue and drunk- enness. 10. The Xorth Carolinians called upon their brethren of the South- ern colony for help. Colonel Barnwell, with a party of white men 1. "Ver>!e 1, pacfe 85. 2. Ver?e 17, pacrc 91. 3. Verse 7, page 45. 4. Verse 7, pag>? 17. Questions.— 7. Who eucf-eerlod Both el ? What can you tell abcnit the form of gnvorn- meiit attempted to bo imposed upon the people? What on'i you tell of Archdale and hii ad- miiii>!tr;ition, and the reparation of the two colonies? 8. Wh^t was done in North Carolina, under Archdale's rule? What new immigrants came? 9. What great calamity did North Carolina sutler in 1711? Describe the Indian depredations ? SOUTH CAKOLINA. 89 End of the Indian War. Troubles with the Spaniards. and friendly savages from beyond the Savannah river, marched to their relief. The Indians were speedily subdued. A treaty with the Tuscaroras was made, but was soon violated by the white people, when the war was renewed by the savages. South Carolinians, with friendly Indians, again hastened (Decem- ber, 1712) to the aid of their brethren. Eight hundred of the Tuscaroras were captured, and the remainder were driven from the country. They joined their kindred (the Five N^ations) in Kew York.' SOUTH CAROLINA. 11. The Spaniards in Florida * were troublesome neighbors, and in 1702 the authorities of South Carolina sent twelve hundred men (one-half Indians), by sea and land, to attack them at St. Augustine.' They took and plundered the town, but having no cannon, they could not make an impression on the fortress, into Avhich the Spaniards fled for refuge. The commander of the little South Carolina squadron went to the West Indies for battery cannon, and barely escaped capture by Spanish vessels. The enterprise was abandoned ; and the colony was burdened with a debt of more than twenty-six thousand dollars." 1 2. Another expedition, the following year, was more successful. .It was against the Apalachian Indians in Georgia, who were in league with the Spaniards. Their villages were desolated. Eight hundred of their warriors were taken prisoners, and their beauti- ful land was made tributary to the English. 13. Tranquillity had just been established after the war with the Indians, when domestic trouble appeared. Some of the proprie- tors, failing to learn wisdom from the defeat of their efforts to 1. Note 1, pace 66. 2. Verse 1, pacre 48. 3. Verse 9, paee 18. 4. The province issued TMlls of credit, for the first time, to the amount of $40,000, to de- fray the expenses of the war. North Carolina adopted a similar measure on a like occasion. QuF-STioss.— 10. What did the North Carolinians do? Who aided them, and how ? What caused ai other w;ir ? Tell how it was put down and ended. 11. What can you tell about the troubles of South Carolina with the Spaniards. Describe the war with them, and how it was ended. 12. What can you tell about an expedition against Indians in Georgia ? 90 COLONIES. Attempted invasion of South Carolina. Spirit of tiie Carolinians. A Revolution. impose a distasteful form of government upon the colonists/ de- termined to make the Church of England ' the established religion in South Carolina. A pliant Assembly, with the governor (John- ston), disfranchised the Dissenters ; but this violation of chartered rights was disapproved by Parliament, and the act was repealed in November, 1706. The church had gained a foot-hold, and held its exalted position until the Revolution in 1775. 14. In May, 1706, a squadron of French and Spanish vessels appeared before Charleston, to avenge the insult offered to the Spaniards at St. Augustine.^ Troops were landed, but were speed- ily repulsed by the j^eople, with a loss of about three hundred men. This storm soon passed away, but a more formidable peril brooded over the colony a few years later, Avhen all the Indians, from the Neuse region in North Carolina to Florida, seven thou- sand strong, confederated for the purpose of exterminating the white people in the Carolinas. 15. Craven, governor of South Carolina, was a man of great energy. He declared martial laAv, took possession of the arms and ammunition in the province, and at the head of twelve hundred men, w^hite and black, he marched against the approaching Indians. After several bloody encounters, he drove them across the Savan- nah river in dismay, and they did not halt in their rapid flight until they found refuge under Spanish cannon at St. Augustine. 16. An important step was now taken in the direction of the independence of South Carolina. The people had become heartily wearied of the exactions of the proprietors, Av^ho afforded them no benefits of any kind in return. Late in 1719 they met in convention, cast off their allegiance to the proprietary govern- ment, and proclaimed Colonel Moore (December 21, 1719) gover- nor of the colony. The English Government sanctioned the ac- tion of the colonists, and South Carolina became a royal province. 1. Verse 2, page 86. 2. Note 1, page C5. 3. Verse 11, page 89. Questions. — 13. What new trouble appoarod in Soulh Carolina? What did the proprie- tors attempt 1o do ? What was the result 1 14. What can you tell about an attempted inva- sion of South Carolina by the Spaniards? What can you tell about an Indian confederacy? 15. What can you tell about a war with the Indians? 16. What did the people of South Carolina do toward gaining their independence ? How did South Carolina become a royal province ? GEOKGIA. 91 A change in North Carolina. Georgia colonists, 17. The people of ISTorth Carolina resolved upon a similar change at the same time. After a continual controversy for ten years (1719 to 1729), the proprietors sold all their interests in both provinces to the king. This was in 1 729. North and South Caro- lina ' were then separated, and from that time until the Revolu- tion the general history of the Caeolinas presents but few features of great interest, excepting the continual disputes between the people and the royal governors. These were important as demon- strating the growth of democratic principles. SECTION X. GEOKGIA. 1. Oglethorpe's colony, on the Savannah river," increased rapidly in numbers, but not in wealth. A large proportion of the settlers who arrived previous to 1740 were not accustomed to labor with their own hands, and as slavery was prohibited by the charter, tillage of the land was neglected. They were not allowed to own any lai:d as private property, nor were they allowed to traffic with the Indians ; therefore, incentives to eifort beyond the providing for daily wants w^ere lacking. 2. The colonists were early called upon to perform military duty, for the Spaniards, who claimed jurisdiction over all Georgia and South Carolina to the latitude of Port Royal,' showed a disposi- tion to assert their claim by arms. The vigilant Oglethrope built fortifications as low as the present boundary of Florida and on St. Simon's island,* which irritated liis Spanish neighbors, and 1. The Clarendon county setUers (verse 2, page 46) had nearly nil emiarrated to the Southern colony, and there being only two colonies rcmainii g, one was called North Caro- lina, and the other Sodth Carolina. 2. Verse 3, patre 48. 3. Verse 8, pacfe 18. 4. He weit to England and returned in 1736 with one hundred and fifty Highlanders, well trained as soldiers. lie built a fort on the site of Autrusta, as a defense against the Indians, and he erected fortifications at Darien on Cumberland isLmd, at Frederica on St. Simon's island, and on the north bank uf the St. Jo]:n river, the southern boundary of the English claim. Questions —17. What occurred in North Carolina? What can you tell about the separa- tion of the two colonics? What marked the course of the Carolinas afterward?—!. What can vou tell of Oglethorpe's colony in G^orgwi? What hindered prnsrerity ? 2. How w^re the colonists called from peaceful pursuits, and why ? What did the Spaniards claim ? Teil what Oglethorpe did. 92 COLONIES. War between Georgians and Spaniards. Change of labor system in Georgia. they threatened him with war/ He did not Avait for them to beo-in it, but with two thousand men besieged St. Augustine in the summer of 1740.^ 3. Want of cannon and the approach of the sickly season caused Oglethorpe to withdraw and return to Savannah. In the summer of 1742 the Spaniards retaliated. They attacked Ogle- thorpe's strong places in Lower Georgia and on St. Simon's island ; but many disasters compelled them to abandon the enter- prise. They intended, in the event of their success against the fortifications, to subjugate or desolate all Georgia and the lower part of North Carolina. Oglethorpe's sagacity saved both colo- nies. 4. Oglethorpe left Georgia forever in 1743, when his mild mili- tary rule was succeeded by civil government, administered by a president and council. In 1752 it became a royal province, and remained such until the Revolution in 1775. 5. For the reasons already mentioned in verse 1, page 91, the Georgia colony did not flourish. With a change of government appeared new incentives to industry and thrift. The restraints concerning slavery were relaxed,^ and Georgia became, through the instrumentality of a great wrong, a flourishing planting state. SECTIOIsr XL A RETROSPECT. 1. We have now considered the principal events which oc- curred within the domain of our Republic from the time of first discoveries (1492) to the commencement of the French and Indian 1. They sent commissioners to protest against theeo hostile preparations, and to demand the evacn'atiiin of the whole of Georgia and of South Carolina to the latitude of Port Royal. 2. Oglethorpe had ngain visited England, and in the autumn of 1737 brought over s'x hundred troops. Four hundred of them, volunteers, and a large body of friendly Creek Indians, composed the army thnt invaded Florida. 3. T lie law was evaded. Slaves were brought from the Carolinas and hired out to the Georgia planters for one hundred years. This was a practical sale and purchase ; and slave- ships were soon seen at Savaimah, which had sailed directly from Africa with negroes. OcESTioNS —3. Why did Oglethorpe abandon His expedition against St. Augustine ? What didhie Soaniards do? What did they intend to do? 4. What change in government took place in Georgia? 5. What benefits did Georgia derive from the change? A RETROSPECT. 93 Social materials of the colonies. Character of Virginians and New Englanders. war,' a period of about two hunclied and sixty years. During that time, fifteen colonies were planted," thirteen of which Avere commenced within the space of about fifty-six years [1607 to 1673]. By the union of Plymouth and Massachusetts,^ and Connec- ticut and New Haven,* the number of colonies was reduced to thirteen, and these were they which wxnt into the Revolutionary contest in 1775. 2. Several European nations contributed men aitS women for the founding of these colonies.^ They Avere distinguished by differ- ences in language, tastes, habits, and religious faith. England furnished the far greater number, and the settlements came to be known as Anglo-American colonies, governed by English laAvs. Very soon, common interests produced a unity, and the people of several nations joined heartily in maintaining the integrity of the British realm when it Avas assailed.® They were still more united in opposing British aggressions upon their rights.'' 3. There AA^ere differences in the character of the people of the scA^eral colonies. The Virginians and their southern neighbors were mostly from a class of English society in Avhich restraints were not \^ery rigid ; and the Avarm climate produced a tendency toAvard indolence and ease. Hence slave labor, relieving the Avhite man from toil, was regarded as a great blessing. 4. The New Englanders Avere chiefly from another class of English society, and included many religious enthusiasts, Avho sometimes possessed more zeal than Avisdom. They Avere rigid disciplinarians in church and state ; and their early legislation ex- hibits some curious laAVS respecting the minute details of social and domestic life. Their sterile soil made industry a necessity, and the climate inclined them to activity. Their habits and their 1. Section XII., page 95. 2. Vircinia, Ph'niouth, Massachusetts Baj', Xew Hampshire, Connecticut, New Haven, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania, North and South Carolina, and Georgia. 3. Verse 26, p;>ge < 6. 4. Verse 3, page 78. 5. England, Scotland, Ireland, Germany, Holland, France, Denmark, Sweden, and the Baltic region. 6. Section XII. 7. Chapter V. Questions. — 1. "What can you say about the estahlishment of colonies in America? 2. What materials composed the colonists ? AVhat position did England hold? Did unity mark the colonists, and how ? 8. AVhat can you sav about the A'irginians and their southern neighbors? 4. AVhat can you say about the New England people, their laws and habits ? 94 COLONIES. The Dutch, Swedes, and Quakers. Pursuits of the colonists. dwellings were simple ; and their influence in the erection of our Republic Avas most salutary. 6. The industry, thrift, honesty, and aversion to change, peculiar to the Dutch, prevailed in New York and Xew Jersey, and portions of Pennsylva- nia, for almost a century after the first settlements Avere made. The Sv.^edes were similar ; Avhile the Quakers Avere marked by a refined simplicity and equa- nimity AAhich Avon the esteem of all. EARLY N E iioLbi 1 Thclr Hvcs AA^ere governed by a religious sentiment A\dthout fanaticism, Avhich formed a poAverful safeguard against vice and immorality. The people of Maryland exhibited some of the traits of all. 6. Agriculture Avas the chief pursuit everywhere, yet com- merce and navigation were not Avholly neglected, notAvithstand- ing the restrictions of the navigation laws. They Avere compelled, by necessity, to be self-reliant, and what they could not buy from the Avorkshops of England for their simple apparel and fur- niture, and implements of agriculture, they rudely manufactured, and were content.^ 7. Their commerce had a feeble infancy. Until their separa- tion from England, in 17*76, their interchange of commodities Avith the rest of the Avorld might not, with propriety, be dignified 1. This is a picture of one of the oldest houses in New Englan'l, nnd is a favorable speci- men of the best class of frame dwellings, at that time. It is yet standing [1864], we believe, near Medfield, in Magsarhusetts. 2. From the beginniu'^ of colonization, there were shoemakers, tailors, and blacksmiths in the several colonies ; but, mauufacturinir, in its true sense, Avas discouraged by rigorous laws, because it was thought it would be detrimental to English interet-ts. It was enacted that all manufactories of iron and steel in the colonies, should be considered a "common nuisance," to be abated within thirtv days after notice being given, or the owner should suffer a fine of a thousand dollars. The exfortation of hats even from one colony to another was prohibited, and no liatter was allowed to have mor<' than two apprei tices at one time. The importation of sugar, rum, and mo'asses was burdened with ext.rbitant duties; and the Carolinians were forbidden to cut down the pine trees of their vast forests, and convert their Avood into staves, and their juice into turpentine and tar, for commercial purposes. The first Navigation Act [1651] forbade all importations into England, except in English ships, or those belonging to English colonies. In 1R60, this act was eo! firmed, and unjust additions were made to it. The colonics were forbidden to export tlieir chief productions to :iny country except to England or its dependencies. Similar acts, all bearing heavily upon colonial commerce, were made law, from time to time. Questions.— 5. What were the peculiarities of the Dutch and Swedes? What marked the character of the Quakers? AA'hat can you say about the people of Maryland ? 6. AVhat can you tell about the pursuits of the colonists ? What made home manufactures a necessity ? FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 95 Commerce and education. Wars between the English, and the French and Indians. with the name of commerce. English jealousy of the prosperity and independence of the colonies, caused many unwise restrictions upon their industry and enterprise to be imposed ; and these were the principal causes which finally led to the great revolt in 1775, and the separation of the colonies from the "mother coun- try," as England was called. 8. Education was early fostered among the people, particu- larly in New England, where the common school, the chief glory of our Republic, was early established and tenderly nurtured/ Provision was made for the education of all. The rigid laws which discouraged all frivolous amusements, were productive of a habit of reading. The books were devoted chiefly to history and religion, and large numbers were sold. A traveler asserts, as early as 1686, that several booksellers in Boston had "made fortunes by their business." But newspapers, the great educa- tors of the people in our day, were very few and of little worth before the era of the Revolution. 9. Such were the people, and such their political and social condition, at the commencement of the grer.t struggle between the French and English for supreme dominion in America, which we are now to consider. SECTION XII. THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAE. 1. We have already noticed three Avars between the English colonists in America and the French and Indians.^ These orio^i- I tf 1. Schools for the education of both white and Indian children were formed in Virginia a6 e.irly as 1621 ; and in 1692, William and Mary College was established at Williamsburg. The Reformed Dutch Church established a school in New Amsterdam, in 1633. Harvard Cqik'ge, at Cambridge, Massachusetts, Avas four.ded in 1637. Yale College, in Connecticut, j was established at yaybrook in 1701, and removed to its present location, in New Haven, in 1717. It w;is named in honor of Elihu Y.ale, president of the East India Company, and one of its most liberal benefactors. The college of New Jersey, at Princeton, called Nassau ilall, was incorporated in 1738. 2. KingWil(ia7n''s War; page 65 ; Quceti Anne's IFar, page 67 ; and King George's War, page C8. Questions.— 7. W^hat can you tell about the commerce of the colonics? What folly did j the English Government commit? 8, What can you say about education in the colonies? What encouraged reading? "What kind of books were read? What have you to say about books and newspapers? 96 COLOI^IES. The English ;md French in America. Beginning of disputes. iiated in disputes in Euroj^e. The fourth and last, which resulted in the establishment of England's supremacy in America, origi- nated here in disputes about boundaries and territorial possessions. 2. The English, at the time Ave are considering (1750), a mil- lion strong, occupied the sea-board from Maine to Florida, along a line of a thousand miles. The French, not more than one hun- dred thousand in number, were seated chiefly in the vicinity of the St. Lawrence, but had military, religious, and commer- cial stations on the borders of the great lakes,' the Mississippi, and the Gulf of Mexico. They Avere chiefly engaged in traffic with the Indians, and thereby, and with the influence of the Jes- uit priesis,'^ they acquired great control over the savages. 3. After the loss of Louisburg,^ the French determined to check the growth of English power in America, by alliances with the savage tribes in the interior, the erection of fortifications, and the desolation of frontier settlements. The English colonies be- came uneasy, and resolved to meet the danger by pushing boldly into the interior. The king granted six hundred thousand acres of land on the southern side of the Ohio river to English and Vir- ginia speculators, called The Ohio Company^ in 1749, and they immediately sent surveyors and traders in that direction. Some of these men were seized and imprisoned by the French in 1753.* This act led to war. 4. Dinwiddie, acting governor of Virginia, sent a remon- strance to St. Pierre, the French commander, then at a fort in the present Erie county, Pennsylvania.^ It was carried by George 1. Ontario, Erif, Huron, 3l2chigan, and Superior. 2. VrTso 24, pisie 05. 3. Verse 34, page 68. 4. While the English and French were disputing about the owiierish'p of the territory, the claims of the real proprietors, hy preemptive right, were overlnoked. These were the Indians. When the agent of the Ohio (Jonipani/ went into the Indian cour try, on the bor- ders of the Oh'o river, a messenger was pent by two Indian sachems to make the significant, inquiry, " Where is the Iidians' land ? The English," he said, " claim it all on one side of the river, tlie French on the other ; where does the Indinne' land lie ?" 5. The French had already erected several forts in that direction. Twelve hundred men erected one on the south shore of Ivike Erie, at Presque Isle, now Erie ; soon afterward, another was built at Le Boeuf, o". the Venango (French creek), row the villaLre of Waterford ; and a third was ei'ected at Venango, at the junction of French creek and the Alleghany river, now the village of Franklin. Questions.— 1. What can you say about wars between the Encrlish, French, and Indians ? What about the last one? 2. What'wns the number of En.alish .-ind French inhabitants in America, in 1750? What tenitorv did thev occupy? What gave the French an advantage? 3. What did the French determi'.e to do after the loss of Louisburg? What did the English do? What can you tell about a land company? What outrage did the French commit? FEENCH AND IKDIAl^ WAR. 97 Difficulties between the Euglish and French in the Ohio country, Washington, a young Virginian, twenty-one years of age, who now appeared in public life for the first time.' He performed his duty satisfactorily, and bore back to the governor a sealed answer to his remonstrance. Washington placed it in the hands of Din- widdle on the 16th of January, 1754, and was highly commended for his courage, prudence, and sagacity. 5. St. Pierre, acting, as he said, under orders from Du Quesne, governor of Canada, refused to withdraw his troops from the domain of the Ohio Company^ as requested by Dinwiddle. The governor and the legislature of Virginia prepared to drive them away. The other colonies were appealed to for aid ; and at the close of March, 1754, a body of Virginians, and some North and South Carolina troops, were at Alexandria, on the Potomac, under Colonel Joshua Fry and Major George Washington, ready to march into the wilderness. On the 2d of April they marched toward the Ohio. 6. At this time some men were employed by the Ohio Com- l^any in the construction of a fort on the site of Pittsburg, Pennsyl- vania. The French seized and finished it, and called it Fort du Quesne, in honor of the governor of Canada. Washington, with a part of the colonial troops, pushed forward to retake it. He heard of a strong force coming to meet him, and he built a fort, which he named Necessity^ in which to await the coming up of the remainder of the colonial troops. Some of his men surprised an advance party of the French (May 28, 1754), and slew their leader (Jumonville) and others. This was the first blood shed in the long and distressing war that ensued. 7. Colonel Fry died at the close of May (May 30), and the chief command devolved on Washington. The troops came up, and he pressed forward. Hearing of the approach of a large body of French and Indians, he fell back to Fort Necessity^ where 1. Ho eiarted with dly three attendant s. He wae joined by two others at the site of Cumberland in Maryland. Their journey was a perilous one over mountains, across streams, and through morasses, while the country was covered with snow. Questions.— 4. What did the governor of Virsrinia do? Who bore a message to the French commander? What can you say about Washington and the performance of his duty? 5. What can von tell about the French commander's reply? What preparations were made for war? 6. Wiiat can yon tell about Fort du Quesne? Relate what Washing- ton and his troops did. 7. How cauie Washington to be chief commander ? 6 98 COLbNIES. Colonial union proposed. Indian depredations, he was besieged by fifteen hundred men on the 3d of July. On the morning of the 4th (1754) he was compelled to surrender, when he and all his troops were allowed to march back to Virginia. 8. During this military campaign, a civil movement^ of great im- portance was in progress. The British ministry, perceiving war to be inevitable, advised the colonists to secure the continued friendship of the Six Nations,"^ and to unite in measures for general defense. Delegates from seven colonies met at Albany,^ in the province of New York, for that purpose, on the 19th of June, 1754.'' They renewed the treaty with the Indians ; and on the 4th of July they adopted a plan of confederation, similar, in many respects, to our National Constitution, which had been drawn up by Dr. Benjamin Franklin.^ When it was submitted to the American assemblies and the authorities of the home government, both rejected it. This was the germ of the union effected a few years later. 9. Soon after the close of this convention, the Indians com- menced murderoiis depredations along the New England fron- tiers, and French emissaries were busy among the tribes west of the Alleghanies," arousing them to engage in a war of extermina- tion against the English. The imperiled colonists immediately pre- pared for war.' 1. The word civil is used, in reference to a community and government and law.s, as dis- tinguished from military doings or rule. 2. Note 1, paofe 66. 3. Verse 2, paee 32. 4. The colonies repre^sented were New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Con- necticut, New York, Pennsylvania, and Maryland. There were twenty-five delegates in all. Janie^i Delancey, of New York, was chosen president. 5. Fra klin was a delegate from Pennsylvania. This idea of union was not a new one. William Penn suggested the advrmtage of a union of all the English eolonios, as early as 1700 ; and Coxe, speaker of the New Jersey assembly, advocated it in 1722. Now it first found tangible expression under the sanction of authority. Franklin's tilan proposed a general government, to be administered by one chief magistrate, to be appointed by the crown, and a council of forty-eight member.*, cho.sen by the several leg'slatures. This council, answer- ing to our Senate, was to have power to declare w:tr, levy troops, raise money, regulate trade, conclude peace, and do many other things neoess'iry for the general goad. 6. A range of mountuins which extend nearly the whqle length of the United States, on a line almost parallel with the sea-coast. 7. Governor Shirley, of Massachusetts, was very energetic, T^ew York voted $25,000 for military service, and Maryland $30,000 for the same. The Enulish Government sei t over $50,000 for the use of the colonists, and with it a commssion to Governor Shnrpe, of Mary- land, apxiointing him commander-in-chief of all the colonial forces. Soon disputes abont military raiik and precedence ran high. Washington resigned his commission, and the year [1754] drew to a close without any elficient prep.arations for a conflict with the French. OcESTTONS.— 7. What did AVashington do, and what happened to him and his troops? 8. What important event happened in 1754? What was done at Albany, by a convention ? \ What did Dr. Franklin do? How was his plan of government received? 9. What did the eastern Indians do? What Avere French emissaries about? FEENCH A]^D INDIAN WAR. 99 War between the English, and French and Indians. . pian of campaign. CAMPAIGN OF 1755. 10. War had not been declared by the two imperial govern- ments, but England extended its aid to the colonists. In Feb- ruary, 1755, Edward Braddock, a distinguished Irish officer, arrived with two regiments of his countrymen, as commander-in- chief of all the British forces in America. A campaign was im- mediately planned. General Braddock was to lead one column against Fort du Quesne ; ' Governor Shirley was to lead another against Forts Niagara and Frontenac;' and General William Johnson was to lead a third against Crown Point, on Lake Cham- j)lain. 11. Shirley had already planned an expedition against the French in the east. This was first put in motion. General Wins- loAv and three thousand men landed at the head of the bay of Fundy in May, when they were joined by three hundred regular troops under Colonel Monckton, who took chief command. They captured Forts Beausejour (June 16) and Gaspereau (June 17). The country was soon taken possession of and terribly desolated. The sufierings of the simple Acadians ^ (who took no part in the war), from the cruelty of the English, form a dismal chapter in history. 12. Braddock marched from Wills's creek •(Cumberland), on the 10th of June, 1755, with two thousand men. Washington was his aid, with the commission of colonel. On the 9th of July, when within two miles of Fort du Quesne,"* marching in fancied security at noon-day, on the south side of the Monongahela river, the van- fort du ql-csxi guard of the little army was assailed by arrows and bullets from 1. Verso 6, page 97. 2. Fort Niagara waa a strong work, built by the French at the month of the Niagara river ; and Fort Frontenac was on the site of the city of Kingston, in Canada, at thfc foot of Lake Ontario. 8. Verse 17, page 20. 4. Verse 6, page 97. Questions.— 10. Was war now declared ? What did the En^h'sh Government do ? What officer came to America ? Wh:it wns the plan of campaign for 17.'^5? 11. What had Shirley phinned ? What cwi yon tell about an expedition against the French in iheeast? What was done? 12. Relate what Braddock's expedition did. What happened? 100 COLO]SriES. Defeat of Braddock. Expeditions of Shirley and Johnson. a concealed foe. Washington modestly asked Braddock to allow him to fight his men according to provincial cus- tom. The hanghty commander refused, and a ter- rible defeat followed. Of all the mounted officers, Washington alone remained unhurt.^ Braddock was mortally wounded,^ and the command de- volved on the Virginia colonel. He gallantly conducted a retreat, and saved the remnant of his army. Thus ended this expedition, in failure. The conflict is known as the battle of the Mo- general BRADDOCK. nonQi-ahela. 13. Shirley's expedition against Niagara and Frontenac was also a failure. He went no farther than Oswego, on Lake Onta- rio, when storms, sickness, and desertions of Indians caused him to abandon the enterprise.^ 14. Johnson's expedition was a partial fail- ure. In July (1755), six thousand troops were assembled on the Hudson, fifty miles above Albany, under Gen- eral Phineas Lyman. They built Fort Edward before the arrival of Johnson in August." In the mean time. Baron Dieskau, with two thousand Canadians and In- dians, was making his way from Montreal to the head of Lake Champlain. SIR WILLIAM JOUNSOX. FORT EDWARD. 1. Dr. Craik, who wns with Washington at th's time, and also attended him in his last ill- ness, says that while in the Ohio country with him, fifteen years afterward, an old Indian chief ca"rae, as he said, " a lonjjj way," to see the Vir^'inia colonel at whom he fired his rifle fifteen times durini? the battle on the Monongahela, without hitting him. Washington was never wounded in battle. 2. Braddock died at Fort Necessity (verse 6, page 97), and was buried on the 15th of July, by torchlight. Washington read at the grave the impressive funeral service of the Churcli of Engla- d. 3. Shirley had 2,500 men at Oswego, on the fir^t of September. When he gave up the expedition, he garrisoned two forts which he had commenced at Oswego. One, on the east Bide of the hnrbor, was called Fort Ontario, and the one on the west side, Fort Pej^pcrell. 4. The troops, out of respect for General Lyman, named the Avork Fort Lyman, when Johnson, jealous of that excellent commander, changed the name to Edward, in honor of one of the royal household of England, Questions. —12. How did Washington behave? 13. What hnve you to say about Shirley's expedition? 14. What can you tdl^about preparations for Johnson's lexpcdition ? What fort was built ? What can you tell about the French and Indians? FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 101 Battle of Lake George, Declaration of war. Plan of campaign. 15. It was now September. Johnson was at the head of Lake George with a part of his troops, when scouts brought word that Dieskau was marching in the direction of Fort Edward. He sent out Colonel Williams [September 8], with twelve hundred men, to intercept him. Two hundred of them were Mohawk Indians, under Hendrick. They fell into an ambush, and both leaders Avere slain.' The remainder of Williams's party fled to Johnson's camp, followed by Dieskau. Johnson had thrown up some defenses. The French and Indians Avere repulsed. Dieskau was wounded and made prisoner, and his followers fled to Crown Point.^ 16. Johnson erected some earthworks on the site of his forti- fied camp, and called them Fort William Henry. He garrisoned this and Fort Edward, and then closed his part of the campaign by retiring to Albany and dispersing the remainder of his troops. CAMPAIGJ^ OF 1756. 17. In May, 1756, England declared war against France, and, early in June, General Abercrombie arrived, with several regi- ments of regular troops, as commander-in-chief. The plan of the campaign had already been planned by the colonial governors. It was similar to the one of the previous year,^ with the addition of the march of two thousand men across the country from Maine, to attack French settlements in Canada in the direction of Quebec. 18. On Abercrombie's arrival. General Winslow* was at Albany, with seven thousand men, destined to attack Crown Point. Difticulties about the rank of British and provincial 1. While on his way north, Williams stopped at Albany, made his will, and hequcathed certain property to found a free school for Western Massachusetts. That was the foundation of "Williams College"— his best monument. 2. Upon this tongue of land on Like Champlain, the Fronch erected a fortification which they called Fort St. Frederic. On the Vermorit side of the lake opposite, there wns a French settlement as early as 1731. In allusion to the chimneys of their houses, Avhich remained long after the settlement was destroyed, it is still known as Chimney Point. 3. Ten thousand men were of attack Crown Point ; six thousand were to proceed against Niagara ; and three thousand against Fort du Quesne. 4. Verse 11, page 99. Questions.— 15. Give an account of the doings and death of Williams and Hendrick. What happened to the French ? 16. What did John8(m do? 17. When did England declare war against France ? W^hat British general arrived in America ? What was the plan of the campaign for 1756 ? 102 COLONIES. Capture of Oswego. End of the campaigi officers arose, and caused so much delay, that the energetic Mont- calm, the successor of Dieskau in com- mand of the French and Indians, obtained important advantages over the English. He crossed Lake Ontario from Frontenac,^ with thirty pieces of cannon, in August, captured and demolished the forts at Os- wego'* [August 14, 1756], took fourteen hundred prisoners, and returned to Cana- da with military stores and vessels, a com- plete victor. 19. The vrholc country of the Six JVd- tions ^ was now laid open to the incursions of ABERCRO."\rCIE. the French and their savage allies. General alarm prevailed. The various expeditions were abandoned." Troops on their way toward Lake Champlain were recalled. Washington, who commanded an expedition against Fort du Quesne, was ordered to place his troops in stockades ^ and block-houses,^ for the defense of the frontiers of Pennsylvania and Virginia, and a attitude was assumed.'^ FORTS AT OSAVEGO. defensive 1. Verse 10, page 99. 2 This was to please the Six Nations, who had never felt contented with this supporter of power ill their midst. The demolition of these forts induced the Indians to assume an attitude of noutr.ality, by a solemn treaty with the French. 3. Note 1, page 66. !L0CK nOUSR. 4. Note 3, pai,'e 101. 5. Note 1, page 63, 6. Block houses are fortified buildings, of peculiar con- etruction, well calculated for defence. They were lienernlly built of logs at the time we are considering, in the form repre- sented in the engraving. They were usually two stories, with narrow openings tiirough which they might fire muskets. They were sometimes prepared with openings for cannons. 7.' The most important achievement of the provincials during that year, was the chastisement of the Indians at Kit- taning, their chief town, situated on the Alleghany river. During several months they had spread terror and desolation along the western fnmtiers of Pennsylvania and Virginia, and almost a thousand white people had been murdered or car- ried into captivity. Colonel John ArmstronL^ of Pennsyl- vania, accompanied by Captain Mercer, of Virginia, with about three hundred men, attacked them on the night of tho 8tli of September [17561, killed their principal chiefs, de- stroyed their town, and dispersed and completely humbled them. Qttestions.— IS. Whit preparations were made? What caused delays? What did the French do in the mean time ? Tell about the capture of Oswego. 19. What were the eflects of the capture of Oswego? FEENCH AND ES^DIAIS^ WAR. 103 Loudon the Unready. Sie^e and capture of Fort William Henry. CAMPAIGN OF 1757. 20. The inefficient Lord Loudon, who came to America in 1756, as governor of Virginia and commander-in-chief of the forces, held a military council at Boston, in January, 1757. Wiser men than he, in that council, yielded their judgment to his, because he was commander-in-chief, and agreed to confine operations on the frontiers to defensive measures. The colonists were disap- pointed ; yet when Loudon called for troops to proceed against Louisburg,^ then again in possession of the French by treaty, the response was cheerful, and he found himself at the head of six thousand provincials on the first of June. But his tardiness and inefficiency caused the failure of the expedition ; and when he re- turned to New York, at the close of August, he was met with intelligence of the success of the enemy on the northern frontier. 21. The French had built a fort above Crown Point, which they called Ticonderoga. There, in the summer of 1757, Montcalm assembled about nine thousand troops, two thousand of whom were Lidians. With these, at the close of July, he besieged Fort William Henry,^ then commanded by Colonel Monro, a gallant Eng- lish officer, who considered himself well sup- ported by four thousand troops at Fort Ed- ward,' under General Webb. 22. When Montcalm called for a surrender of the fort, Monro refused, and sent to Webb for succor. It was withheld, through cowardice or treachery, and Fort William Henry was surren- dered on the 9th of August. A terrible mas- cre by the Indians ensued when the troops marched out under promise of protection. Montcalm expressed deep sorrow, and de- LAKK GEOROB AND VICINITY. 1. Verse 33, page 68. Verse 16, p acje 101. Verse 14, page 100. Questions. — 20. Who was Lord London, and what d'd ho do? What d d a council agree todi)? H.m* did the coloiiists act? What caused the failure of an important expedition ? 21. What had the French hern doinir? Wiiat did Montcalm do? 22. What can you tell about the surrender of Fort AVilliam Henry, and a massacre? 104 COLONIES. Home interference with the colonists. Pitt's policy. clared that it was impossible for him to restrain the savages. The fort Avas destroyed, and was never rebuilt. Thus ended the cam- paign of 1757. 23. The arrogance of English military com- manders, and the haughty exactions of the royal governors, disgusted the Americans. They felt themselves fully competent to maintain their ter- ritorial rights, and regarded the method of the interference of the home government as detri- FORT WILLIAM HENRY, cental to thclr wclfarc. They fairly attributed the disasters and humiliations to which they had been subjected, durino- the first two years of the war, to that interference. A weak and corrupt ministry were sending their incompetent friends to America to fill the public offices, civil and military. 24. It was a cause for great rejoicing in the colonies, when William Pitt, by far the ablest statesman in England, was called to the control of public aifairs in the summer of 1757. Energy and good judgment marked all his actions in reference to the war in America. He recalled Loudon, put Abercrombie in his place, and prepared to prosecute the war with vigor. ^ He made such liberal offers to the colonists, that an excess of troops soon ap- peared.^ New England alone raised fifteen thousand men ; ^ and when Abercrombie took command of the American forces in May, 1758, he found fifty thousand men at his disposal. 1. He caused a strong naval armament to he prepared and placed nrder the command of Admiral Bos'.-awen ; and 12,000 additional English troops were allotted to serve in America. He had organized such an admirable military system for home defense, that this large num- her of the soldiers of the standing army could be spared for foreign service. 2. Pitt addressed a circular to the several colonies, asking them to raise and clothe twenty thousand men. He promised in the name of Parliament, to furnish arms and provisions for them •, and also to reimburse the several colonies all the money they should expend in rais- ing and clothing the levies. 3. New York furnished almost twenty-seven hundred, New Jersey one thousand, Penn- sylvania almost three thousand, and Virginia over two thousand. Some came from other colonies. Public and private advances during 1758, in Massachusetts alone, amounted to more than a million of dollars. The taxes on real estate, in order to raise money, were enor- mous ; in many cases equal to two-thirds of the income of the tax-payers. Yet it was levied by their own representatives^ and they did not murmur. A few j-ears later, an almost nomi- nal tax, in the form of duty upon an article of luxury, levied without their cojisent, excited the people of that colony to rebellion. Questions. — 23. What displeased the Americans? What can you say ahout their self- reliance? How did the Americans regard the home government? 24. Wliat can you tell ahout William Pitt ? What did he do ? What did the" colonies do ? FRENCH AND INDIAN WAE. 105 Siege and capture of Louisburg. Expedition against Ticonderoga. CAMPAIGN OP 175 LORD AMUERST. 25. Boscawen arrived at Halifax, in May, 1758, with about forty armed vessels, bearing twelve thousand troops, under Gen- eral Amherst as chief, and General Wolfe as his lieutenant. On the 8th of June the troops landed, without much opposition, on the shore of Gabarus bay, near the city of Louisburg.' The French almost immediately deserted their outposts, and retired Avithin the town and fortress. After a vigorous resistance for almost fifty days, and when all their shipping in the harbor was destroyed, the French surrendered [July 26, 1758] the town and fort, together with the island of Cape Breton and that of St. John (now Prince Edward), and their dependencies, by capitulation. The spoils of victory were more than five thou- sand prisoners, and a large quantity of munitions of war. By this victory, the English became masters of the coast almost to the mouth of the St. Lawrence. From that time the decline of French power in America was continual and rapid. 26. While Amherst and Wolfe were con- quering in the east, Abercrombie and the young Lord Howe were leading seven thou- sand regulars, nine thousand provincials, and a heavy train of artillery, against Ticonde- roga, occupied by Montcalm with about four thousand men. Abercrombie's army had ren- dezvoused at the head of Lake George, and at TICONDEROGA.' the close of a calm Sabbath evening [July, 1758] they went down 1. Vvvpe 34, page 68. 2. This diagram sliows the general form of the principal work^. The gmnnd on which Ticoiideroga stood is about one "hundred feet above tlie level of tl:e lake. Water is upon three sides, and a deep morass extends almost across the fourth, forming a nnrrow ni'ck, where tlie French had erected a strong line f)f breastworks with batteries. This line was about a mile north-west of the fortress, wliich occupied the point of the peninsula. The ruins of the fort are yet [1864] quite picturesque. See page 114. Questions.— 25. What can vou tell about the opening of the campaign of 1758, and the capture of T.ouisburg ? What did the Emrlish gain by that capture ? 26. What were Aber- crombie and Lord Ho-W3 doing? Tell of the movements of their army. 5* 106 COLOT^IES. Death of Lord Howe. Attack on Ticonderoga repulsed. Capture of Frontenac. that beautiful sheet of water in flat-boats, and at dawn [July 6] landed at its northern extremity. 27. From thence to Ticonderoga, the whole country was covered with a dense forest, in Avhich were tangled morasses. The troojDS became bewildered, and in that condition were attacked [July 6, 1758], by a French scouting party. The enemy were repulsed, but Lord Howe, who was con- sidered the " soul of the expedition," was slain. 28. Abercrombie was now informed LORDHOAVE. ^^^^^ rcenforcemcnts for Montcalm were approaching Ticonderoga, and he pressed forward to attack the fortress without waiting for his artillery to be brought forward. After a bloody conflict of four hours [July 8, 1758], he was re- pulsed. He hastened back to his old encampment at the head of Lake George, and immediately despatched Colonel Bradstreet, with three thousand men, to attack Fort Frontenac* He cap- tured it without much opposition, on the 27th of August, with the garrison and shipping. 29. Bradstreet lost only three or four men in the fight, but a fearful camp-sickness laid five hundred of them in the grave. With the remainder he returned to Albany by the Mohawk val- ley, stopping on the way to build Fort Stanwix on the site of the present village of Rome. Abercrombie, in the mean while, after garrisoning Fort George, returned with the remainder of his troops to Albany. 30. In July, General John Forbes was at Wills's creek (Cum- berland) with about nine thousand men, ready to march to Fort du Quesne. His perverse will and defective judgment caused almost fatal delays. Instead of following Braddock's road over 1. Verse 10, page 99. QuESTiovs. — 27. What wns the condition of the country? What happened to the Eng- 7i8h? 28. What did Abercrombie now do? What happened to him and his army, and what did they do? What can you tfll of an expedition against Fort Frontenac? 29. How did Bradf^tfeet lose a part of his army? What did he do with the remainder? What did Abercrombie do ? FEENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 107 Capture of Fort du Quesne. Pitt and the -vvar in Amer c:u tbe AUeghanies/ he constructed a new one. In November he was yet fifty miles from Fort du Quesne. Already a part of the troops had been attacked [September 21] and defeated.^ Winter was at hand, and his troops complained loudly. A council of war decided to abandon the enterprise, when three prisoners were brought in, and gave assurance that the garrison at Fort du Quesne was very weak. 31. Washington was now sent forward with his Virginians. They marched rapidly, and came in sight of the fort on the 24th of November. The garrison set it on fire, and fled down the river in boats, leaving everything behind them. The flames were extinguished, and the name of the fortress was changed to Fort Pltt^ in honor of the great statesman. The campaign of 1758 resulted in great gains to the English.^ CAMPAIGI^ OF 1759. 32. The final struggle was now at hand. Encouraged by the success of the campaigns just closed, Pitt conceived the magnifi- cent scheme of conquering all Canada, and destroying, at one blow, the French dominion in America. That dominion was really confined to the region of the St. Lawrence. Pitt had the rare fortune to possess the entire confidence and esteem of the Parliament and the colonists. The former was dazzled by his .greatness ; the latter were deeply impressed by his justice. He had promptly reimbursed all the expenses incurred by the pro- vincial assemblies during the campaign,* amounting to almost a million of dollars, and they as promptly seconded his scheme of 1. Note 6, paee 98. 2. Major Grant, with a pcontiror party of Boqiiefs advance corps, was attacked on the 21st of Septem'ier, and defeated. The mtijor was made a prisoner. 3. Tiiey had eti'ectu-.illy liumbltd the French, by ca] turii s. three of their most important posts (Liuisbur.', Fronte lac. and Dii Qiiesiie), and liy weakei ing the attachment of their Indian allies. Many of t'e Indians had not only deserted the Frei ch, hut at a threat conncil held at Easton, on "the Delaware, durinsr the summer [1758], had, with the JSix Nations, niadi" treaties of friendship or neutrality with the English. 4. Note 2, page 104. Questions. — 30. What can yon tell about an expedition asra-nst Fortdu Quepne? How was it delayed? What caused a quicker movement ? 31. Relate how Washii gton presse'l for- ward and took p )'^se-i8!().i of Fort du Quesne. What name was g ven to it? 32. What great scheme did Pitt conceive ? Whereiii lay his strength ? How had hs treated the colouies? 108 COLONIES. Plan of Campaign. Operations on Lake Cliamplain. Capture of Fort Niagara. conquest, which had been communicated to them under an oath of secrecy. 33. General Amherst succeeded General Abercrombie in the spring of 1759, and entered upon the campaign with promises of great success. The plan was similar to that of Phipps and Win- throp in 1G90.' Amherst was to drive the French from Northern New York, whilst Wolfe was to ascend the St. Lawrence and at- tack Quebec. General Prideaux, meanwhile, was to capture Fort Niagara, and hasten to join Amherst at Montreal or Quebec. 34. Amherst, with eleven thousand men, captured Ticonde- roga^ on the 22d of July. The garrison had fled to Crown Point.^ Amherst followed them, and they went in great haste down the lake. He again pursued, as soon as he could prepare a suffi- cient number of boats, but storms drove him back [October 11, 1759], and his army wintered at Crown Point. They employed the time in constructing that strong fortress whose ruins are now so picturesque.'' 35. General Prideaux, accompanied by Sir William Johnson ^ as his lieutenant, be- sieged Fort Niagara on the 1st of July [1759]. On the 15th he was killed by the bursting of a coehorn,® and the command de- volved on Johnson. The siege went on for three months, when about twelve hundred French and Indians came to the relief of the garrison. They were driven away, after a severe battle, and Fort Niagara was surren- CROWN POINT. dered to Johnson on the 25th of July. 1. Verse 25, page 65. 2. Verse 26, page 105. 3. Verse 15, page 101. 4. The above diagram shows the general form of the military works at Crown Point. There, like the ruins at Ticonderoga,"are quite picturesque remains of the post. AAA show the position of the strong stone barracks, portions of which are yet standing. W shows the place of a very deep well, dug through the solid rock. 5. Verse 14, page 100. 6. A 24-poundel- brass mortar, weighing about one hundred and sixty-four pounds. Questions.— 33. What chance of officers occurred ? What was the plan of the campaign of 1759 f 34. What did Amherst do ? Tell how he drove the French from I^ake Champlain ? What did he then do? 35. What did Prideaux do? Wliat caueed his death? Who took command ? Tell of the repulse of the French and Indians, and capture of Fort Niagara. i^iElSCH AND INDIAN WAR. 109 Expedition against Quebec. Battle of Montmorenci, 36. General Wolfe ascended the St. Lawrence with eight thou- sand troops, in a large fleet commanded by Admirals Holmes and Sanders. He landed on the island of Orleans, below Quebec, on the 27th of June. A few days afterward, a considerable force, under Generals Townshend and Murray, formed a camp on the main, below the Montmorenci river, while others took possession of Point Levi, opposite Quebec, on the 30th of July. From that point hot shot were thrown into the city, which destroyed most of the lower town.' 37. At the close of July the English met with a sad disaster. General Monckton crossed the river from Point Levi, landed at the base of the high bank just above the Montmorenci, and pro- ceeded to attack the left of the French lines. They Avere driven back to the beach, just as a tremendous thunder shower burst upon them. The night, that came soon, was in- tensely dark, and the roar of the rapidly rising tide warned the English to escape to their boats. Before they could do so, five hundred of their number perished. This is known as the battle of Montmorenci. 38. For about two months, Wolfe lay before Quebec without obtaining any im- portant advantage. Anxiety, exposure, and fatigue produced a fever that prostrated him. He called a council of officers at his bedside, when it was determined to scale the heights of Abraham,'' and attack the 1. Quebec, then, as now, consisted of an upper and lower toAvn, the former within forti- fied walls, upon the top and declivities of a hiffh peninsula ; the latter lyinsf upon a narrow beach at thcedge of the water. Upon the heights, three hundred feet above the water, w:i8 a level plateau called the Pla?7is of Abraham. At the mouth of the St, Charles, which here enters the St. Lawmice. the French had moored several floating batteries. The town was strongly garrisoned by French regulars ; and along the north bank of the St. Lawrence, from the St. Charles to the' Montmorenci river, was the main French army, under Montcalm, in a fortified camp extending eastward from Beaufort along the bank of the St. Lawrence. It was composed chiefly of Canadian militia and Indians. 2. James Wolfe Avas son of a British general, and was born in Kent, England, in 1726. Be- fore he was twenty years of age, he was distinguished in battle. lie was now only thirty- three years old. 3. The declivity from Cape Diamond, on which the chief fortress at Quebec stands, along the St. Lawrence'to the cove below Siilery, was called by the general name of the Heights of Abraham, the plains of that name being on the top. See' the map on page 110. QcESTiONS.— 36. What can you tell of General Wolfe's expedition up the St. Lawrence? What disposition was made of troops near Quebec? What was done at Point Levi? S7. What sad disaster happened to the English ? How? 38. What can you tell about delay ? What was determined on in council? RAL WOLFE. 110 COLONIES. Capture of Quebec. Attempt to recover it. city in the rear. Preparations for the enterprise were made with vigor, and so secretly that the French had no suspicions of the designs of the English. 39. Wolfe arose from a sickbed to lead the expedition in per- son. On the night of the 1 2th [September, 1 759], the English went some distance up the river in their ships, and then, in boats with muffled oars, they returned to a cove and ravine in rear of the heights. In the face of a sharp fire from a guard above, they as- cended the acclivity, and, at sunrise on the 13th, stood in battle array on the Plains of Abraham.' 40. Montcalm, sur- prised and astonished, perceiving the peril of the city, marched his en- tire army to oppose the English. A fierce battle ensued. Wolfe, at the head of his column, fell, mortally wounded, but lived long enough to hear the shouts of his victorious army. Montcalm, too, was mortally wounded ; and in the city of Quebec stands a monument commemorative of the two gallant lead- ers." On the 18th of September the city Avas sur- rendered to the English, and five thousand troops, under General Murray, immediately occupied it. MILITARY OPERATIONS AT QfEBEC. CAMPAIGN OF 1760. 41. The French made an effort to recover Quebec in the spring of 1760. Six frigates and a strong land force, under M. Levi, Montcalm's successor, 1. Note 1, pa^e 109. 2. This monument stands in the governor's Ecarden. It is granite Questions.— 38. What v.'ae done? 39. AVhat did Wolfe do? Tell how the English gained the rear of Quebec, on the Plains of Abraham. 40. Was Montcalm surprised ? What did he do? What was the result of the battle? What can you tell of honors to Wolfe and Montcalm ? MONUMKXT TO WOLFE AND MONTCALM. FRETTCH AND INDIA:N^ WAR. Ill Surrender of Montreal. Conquest of Canada. Treaty. went down the St. Lawrence for this purpose, in April. They were met by Murray, from Quebec, at Sillery, three miles above the city, on the 28th, where one of the bloodiest battles of the war was fought. The English were driven back to Quebec, and there besieged; but on the 9th of May, Levi, alarmed by the ap- pearance of what he supposed to be the advance of an English fleet, fled to Montreal. He lost most of his shipping. 42. Montreal, the last stronghold of the French, was doomed. Early in September, three English armies, eighteen thousand strong,' were before it. Vaudreuil, the governor, perceived the folly of resistance, and surrendered the city on the 8th. General Gage was appointed military governor. The prostration of French power in America was now complete, and the colonists were joyful. The people everywhere assembled to utter public thanksgivings to God.^ 43. The war between the English and French nations did not cease upon the ocean and among the West India islands until 1763, when a treaty of peace was concluded at Paris [Februrary 10], by which France ceded to Great Britain all her claimed possessions in America, eastward of the Mississippi, north of the latitude of 1. Ten thourand under Amherst, and one thousand Indians under Johnson, arrived at Montreal on the 6ih of September. On the same day General Murray and four thousand troops arrived from Quebec, and on the following day Colonel Haviland joined them with three tiiousand troops from Crown Point. 2. The following is a list of the battles, with their dates, of the French and Indian war : Date. 1754. Great Meadows, May 28. Fort NeCLBsity, July 4. 1755. Fort Beausejour, June 16. Fort Gasjierau, Tune 17. Monons;ahel:i, Tuly 9. Near Lake George, Sept. 8. Head of Lake George, Sept. 8. 1756. Oswego, Aug. 14. 102 1757. Fort William Henry, July 9. 103 99 99 99 101 101 Date. 1758, Near Ticondcroga, Tuly 6. Ticonderoga,... July 8. Louighurg^ July 26. Fort Frontcnac A ul^. 27. Alleghany Mountain.-, Sept. 21. 1759. Fort Niagara, July 25. Montmorenci, July 31. Plains of Abraham, Sept. 13. 1760. Sillery,. Pagb. 106 106 105 106 107 108 109 110 .April 28. Ill Questions.— 41. What did the French attempt ? What can you tell about it, and a battle ? Who were victorious? Why did the French flee from Quebec? What did they lose? 42. Where was the last stronirhold of the French? How was it threatened ? Tdl about its surrender to the English? What was the effect on the coloni^-ts? 43. What can you tell about the continuing of war between the EngUsh and French, and a treaty? What had England gained? 112 COLONIES. England's American domiuions. Troubles Avith the southern Indians. Pontiac'swar. Iberville river/ At the same time, Spain, with whom the English had been at war for a year previously, ceded [February 10, 1763] East and West Florida to the British crown. And now England held undisputed possession (except by the Indians) of the whole continent, from the shores of the Gulf of Mexico to the frozen north, and from ocean to ocean.^ 44. While there was war in the north, the frontier settlements of the Carolinas suffered terribly from the Indians, set on by French emissaries among them. An expedition under Colonel Grant severely punished them in 1761, and ever afterward they remained quiet. 45. In 1763, Pontiac, a sagacious Ottaica chief, and a former ally of the French, was seen upon the war-path. He had secretly effected a confederation of several of the north-western tribes of Indians, for the purpose of expelling the English from the coun- try west of the Alleghanies.' Within a fortnight, in the sum- mer of that year, he seized all the English posts west of Oswego, excepting Niagara, Fort Pitt and Detroit. The Indians were soon subdued, and " Pontiac's War " was brought to an end. He was murdered by an Illinois Indian on the Mississippi river. 46. We have now arrived at a point in the history of the Uni- ted States, of great interest and importance. We have traced the growth of the colonies through infancy and youth, their interests and destinies gradually commingling, until they really formed one people,* strong and lusty, like the mature man, pre- 1. France and Englnnd, Spain and Portugal were parties to the treaty. New Orleans, with the whole of Louisiana west of the Mississippi, was ceded by France to Spain at the same time, and she relinqiiished her entire possessions in North America. In 1800, Spain, by a secret treaty, retrocoded Louisiana to France ; and in 1803, Napoleon sold it to the United States for $15,000,000. 2. The cost to England of this Seven Years' War, as the conflict was called in Europe, was five hundred and sixty millions of dollars. 3. Note 6, pnge 98. 4. It must not be understood that there was yet a perfect unity of feeling among the vari- ous colonists. Sectional interests produced sectional jealousies, and these worked much mischief, even while soldiers from almost every colony were fighting shoulder to shoulder in the Continental army. Burnabj', who traveled in America at this period, expressed the opinion, that sectional .jealousy and dissimilarity would prevent a permanent union ; yet he avers that the people were imbued with ideas of independence, and that it was frequently remarked among them, that " the tide of dominion was running westward, and that America was destined to be the mistress of the world." Questions.— 44. What can you tell about ditficulties with the Indians in the south ? How were they chastised ? 45. What can you tcl others in tents on the Common. Cannon were planted at d fVrent points ; sentinels challenged the citigeos {\s they passed ; apd the wholQ city lind the Mppearance of a camp, "3. Verse 15, page 121. QuKSTiONS.— 15. What happened in Boston? What cnn you tell of a mob there? 16. What d d the covcs formed ouv of the most powerful eutrines in cnnyinir on the work of the Revolution. Simila'- commttces lind alrcuiv been formed in several tow^ne in Maesnchusctte. 2. The terms Whig an.l Tory had been long used in Engla^ d as titles of po'itical parties. Thefontur denoted the opposers of royaly; t! e latter iiidicated t^ suppor.ere. These term< we'c introduced into Amer'ea two or three years before the Revolution broke out, and I ec- me the d'siinctive titles of the ^>a^r(oAs' and 'loyalists. 3. Ver.-e 2^!, page 12G. QcFiSTioxs.— 27. What can you tell about committers of rarrrspondence? What about party naires? 28. TTow flid the Maes: chusetts people act ? What can you tell a' out ] rcpa- r.ations fo- a Continental Congress ? 29. What can you tell of the assembling of th it Con- gress ? What did they do ? 5NAKK DEVICE. 128 THE KEVOLUTION. I)oiug8 of the Continental Congress. Preparations for war. Minute-men. prayer from the Rev. Jacob Duche, of Philadelphia. They re- mained in session until the 26th of October, during which time they matured jilans for future action, and prepared and put forth several state pa- pers which chal- lenged the admi- ration of the statesmen of Eu- rope, and received the approval of their countrymen. They expressed a firm loyalty to the king, and adjourned to meet on the 10th of May succeeding [1775], unless the grievances complained of should, in the mean time, be redressed. Then was formed the first great bond of the American Union. C Vl i ENTEK :> UALL. SECTIOK II. FIRST TEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE [1775.] 1. While preparations were making for the Continental Con- gress, in the summer of 1774, the people were arming and drill- ing. In Massachusetts, in particular, the patriotic s})irit was very zealous. The people enrolled themselves into companies, chose leaders, and prepared to take up arms at a minute's warn- ing. From this circumstance they were called 3Iinute-men. During the session of the Congress in autumn,' and also through- out the ensuing winter, these warlike preparations continued, and public speakers everywhere, as well as the newspapers, boldly proclaimed the right of the people to resist oppression. General 1. Verse 29, page 127. Questions.— 1. What were the people doing in the summer and autumn of 1774? How did Ihfcir actions affect General Gage ? What did he do ? FIRST YEAK OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 129 Spirit of the New England people. New measures of oppression. Gage^ was alarmed, and commenced fortifying Boston Neck.'^ He seized all the ammunition that he could find in the vicinity of Boston, and, in many ways, so exasperated the people, that it was with difficulty that prudent counselors ke2:)t them from at- tacking the troops/ 2. The spirit of New England was manifested early in Sep- tember. A rumor went abroad that British ships were cannon- ading Boston. AYithin two days, full thirty thousand armed Minute-men were on their way to that city. It was a false re- port, but the eilcct gave Gage a useful lesson. He lowered his haughty tone, and sought to soothe the people by calling an assembly of delegates to meet at Salem. Then, dreading their presence, he revoked the order. Ninety delegates met [October 5, 1774], appointed John Hancock their president, and l^roceeding to Cambridge, formed a Provincial Congress, almost within cannon-shot of Gage's headquarters. They made provis- ions for an army, and boldly declared General Gage to be an " inveterate enemy " of the people. 3. Such v,^?-s the state of affairs in America at the beginning of 1775. It was an absorbing topic in Great Biitain, for Dr. Franklin, the agent there for several of the colonies, had given wide circulation to the proceedings of the first Continental Con- gress." The subject received the early attention of Parliament, and Pitt proposed [January 7, 1775] conciliatory measures. They were rejected, and in their stead Parliament struck another severe blow at the prosperity of Xew England ^ [March], by prohibiting fishing on the banks of NcAvfoundland.*' The colonists now lost 1. Verse 26, pnL'-e 126, 2. The pc'iiinsula of Boston was orieinally connectod wHh the main land by a narrow isthnnis called the Neck. It has heon greatly widi-iied by fillinir in the marginal morasses ; and over it now passes the fine avenue whicli connects the city with Roxbury, on tlie main. 3. Many hundreds of armed men assembled at Cambridge. At Charlestowii, the people took possession of the arsenal, after Gase had carried off the powd-'r. At Portsmouth, N. H., they captured the fort, tuid carried off tlie ammunition. At Newport, R, I., tht- people seized the powder, and took possession of forty pieces of cannon at the entrance to the liar- bor. Ii: New York, Philadelphia, Annapolis,"\Viniamsbiirg, Charleston, and Savannah, the people took active defensive measures, and the whole country was In a blaze of indignation. 4. Verse 29, page 127. 5. " Verse 25, page 126. 6. Verse 3, page 16. At that time there were employed by the Americans, in the British Newfoundland fisheries, about 400 ships, 2,000 fishing shallop?, and 20,000 men. On account Questions.— 2. What can you tell about a war rumor, and its effects? Wliat can yon tell about the Massachusetts assembly and a Provincial Congnss? 3. What can yon tell about the impression made bj^ American aflairs in England ? What did Parliament do? What did the coloni.sts resolve to do ? 6* 130 THE REVOLUTIO]^. British troops in Boston. Bloodshed at Lexinglon ar.d Co::Coid. The country aroused. all hopes of reconciliation, and, Avitli reliance upon the justice cf their cause and the aid of the Lord God Omnipotent, they resolved to defy the fleets and armies of Great Britain. 4. On the 1st of April, 1775, there were three thousand British troops in Boston ; yet Gage was uneasy. He was told that the people Avere gathering ammunition and stores at Concord, six- teen miles from the city. He sent Lieutenant-Colonel Smith and Major Fitcairn, with some troops, at near midnight on the 18th, to destroy them. The movement was made secretly, but vigilant men, like Dr. Joseph Warren and Paul Revere, were watching unceas- ingly. The latter hastened toward Concord to arouse the inhab- itants and tlie Minute-men, and when, at dawn [April 19, 1775], Pitcairn approached Lexington, he found eighty armed men pre- pared to meet him. " Disperse, you rebels ! lay down your arms ! " he shouted. They stood firm. A severe skirmish ensued, in which eight citizens were killed and wounded. Then and there the FIRST BLOOD was shed in the great Pevolution. 5. The British pushed on to Concord, and, after a skirmish with the Minute-men there, destroyed the stores, and then moved hastily toward Boston. They were terribly harassed by the militia concealed behind trees, stone fences, and buildings ; and nothing saved the eight hundred men from destruction or capture but the arrival of relaiforcements under Lord Percy. The whole body fled to Charlestown, pursued by the Americans, who killed or wounded two hundred and seventy-three of them. The Ameri- cans lost one hundred and three. 6. The whole country was soon aroused to action by this in- vasion. Before the close of April, full twenty thousand Ameri- cans were engaged in building a line of fortifications fromPoxbury to the Mystic river, for the purpose of confining the foe to the narrow peninsula on which Boston stood.' The Provincial Con- gress, Avith Joseph Warren at its head, was in perpetual session of this hlow to the fishinsr trade, a creat many inhabitants of Nnntufket and vichiity, ch-cfiy Quakers, went to North Curolina. and in Orange and Guilford connties hecnnie 'planters. Their descendnnls were yet numerous there when the civil war broke out in 18G1. 1. Verse 6, page 5S. QpESTiONS.— 4. What can yon tell of British tioo'^s in Bo4on ? What did Gasre do? TVhat scenes e-isued at Lexington? 5. What happened at Concord? What can ynu tell of the retreat of British troops toward Boston ? 6. What were the effects of this armed invasion ? FIRST YEAPw OF THE WAll FOR IIS^DEPEIS'DEXCE. 131 Aggressive measures. Committee of SMfety. Tiie British reeiiforced. at Watertown, working day and night for the public good/ The same zeal was manifested in otlier colonies, in which provincial congresses were formed, arms and ammunition seized, and royal governors defied. Before the close of summer, the power of every one of these magistrates, from Massachusetts to Georgia, was utterly destroyed. 7. The Americans did not confine them-selvcs to the task of imprisoning the British in Boston. They struck an aggressive blow early in May, wliich opened the way to an invasion of Cana- da. Some Connecticut and Vermont militia, led by Colonels Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold, seized Ticonderoga * on the 10th of May ; and two days afterv/ard a detacliment, under Colo- nel Seth VV^arner, took possession of Crown Point.^ The spoils of victory were one hundred and forty pieces of cannon and a large amount of ammunition and stores. 8. Meanwhile the Provincial Congress of Massachusetts had appointed a Committee of Safety, and clothed them with full power to regulate the operations of the army. They sat at Cam- bridge and worked faithfully. Artemas Ward v/as appointed commander-in-chief of the troops, and Richard Gridley chief en- gineer. Putnam, Stark, and other veterans of the French and Indian war * Avere ap])ointed to important commands. 9. On the 25th of May large reenforcemeuts for Gage arrived at Boston, under the command of the three experienced generals, 'Howe, Clinton, and Burgoyne, making the whole British force tliere about twelve thousand men. Admiral Graves was also there with several vessels of war. Thus strengtiicned, Ga2:e pre- pared to break through the American lines that hemmed him in, and penetrate the country. He issued a proclamation declaring ail Americans in arms to be rebels and traitors, and offering a free pardon to all who should return to their allegiance, excepting 1. T' eyappo'ntpd mi'lr;irv oflTirers ; orijnn'ze'l n svstorn of snpnl'es : 's^ued bi"s o'credit to the :uTi Hint of $o75,00"), f• "ra and €ro-'. n Poin' ? ?. W!i:t did tlio Provinfial C in^-rc?* of Ma'-^sa- chn^-tts do? 9. What oa • vo-i tell of the arrival of fresh British troops in Bosto.,? What d.d Gage prepare to do ? What was done ? 132 THE KE VOLUTION. Breed's Hill fortified. The British alarmed. The Americans attacked. John Hancock ' and Samuel Adams,'^ whom he hitended to seize and send to England to be hanged. 10. The watchful patriots, aware of Gage's intentions, strength- ened their intrenchments on Boston Neck;^ and on the evening of the 16th of June, Colonel Prescottwas sent, with a detachment, to take possession of and fortify Bunker's Hill, which commanded Boston and the surrounding waters. They ascended Breed's Hill, nearer the city, by mistake, and before morning they had thrown up a strong redoubt," which greatly astonished the British officers. 11. Gage and his associates perceived the necessity for driv- ing the Americans from this strong position before they should plant heavy cannon there, and, before sunrise on the morning of the lYth, they opened a cannonade upon the redoubt from Copp's Hill in Boston, and from the shipping in the harbor. The effect was small ; and hour after hour the patriots labored on. At noon they rested, for their work was done. They exchanged their im- plements for guns and knapsacks, and prepared for battle. 12. General Howe, with General Pigot and three thousand men, crossed the Charles river to Morton's Point, at the foot of the eastern slopes of Breed's Hill, where he formed his troops into two columns, and marched slowly to attack the redoubt. Al- though the British commenced firing cannon soon after they had begun to ascend the hill, and the great guns of the ships, and the battery on Copp's Hill, poured out an incessant storm upon the redoubt, the Americans kept perfect silence until the enemy had approached within close musket-shot. Hardly an American could be seen by the invaders, yet behind those rude mounds of earth lay fifteen hundred determined men. 13. When the British column was within ten rods of the re- doubt, Prescott shouted Fire ! and instantly whole platoons of the assailants were prostrated by well-aiaied bullets. The sur- 1. Verse 15, pa^e 121. 2. Pago 121. 3. Note 2, page 129. 4. A redouht is a small fortification, aenerally composed of eartVi, and having very few featiires of a r'.gular fort, except its arrangement for tlie use of cannons and nmskets. Thoy are often temporary structures, cast up in the progress of a sioge, or a protracted battle. The diagram A^ on the map, page 133, shows the form of the redoubt ; a is the entrance. Questions.— 10. Wliat can you tell about the movements of the Americans? 11. How did the British regard and treat tbe redoubt on Breed's Hill? What did the Americans do ? 12. What can you^tell of the attack of the British on the Americans in their redoubt? FIKST YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 133 Battle of Bunker's Hill. Result of the battle. vivors fell back in great confusion, but were soon rallied for a second attack. They v/ere again repulsed, with heavy loss, and while scattering in all directions. General Clinton arrived with a few followers, and joined Howe as a volunteer. The fugitives were rallied, and they rushed up to the redoubt in the face of a galling fire. For ten minutes the bat- tle raged fearfully, and, in the mean # while, - Charles- town, at the foot of the emin- ence, hav- ing been set on fire by a car- cass^ from one of the hills,- sent BUNKERS HILL TATTLE. up a col- umn of dense smoke, which completely enveloped the combatants. 14. The firing in the redoubt soon grew weaker, for the am- munition of the Americans became exhausted. It ceased, and then the British scaled the banks and compelled the Americans to retreat, Avhile they fought fiercely with clubbed muskets. They fled across Charlestown Neck,^ gallantly covered by Putnam and a few brAve men, and under that commander took position on Prospect Hill, and fortified it. The British took possession of 1. A cfircfl'ss is a hollow cafae, formed of rihs of iron, covered with cloth or metal, with holes in it. Reinsr filled with combustibles, and set on tire, it is thrown from a mortar, like a bombshell, upon the roofs of bnildliigs, and ignites them. A bombshell is a hollow ball with an orifice, filled with powder, which is ignited by a slow match when fired, explodes, and its fragments proluce terrible destruction. 2. Copn's Hill. Verse 12, page 132. 3. Charlestown, like Boston, is on a peninsula, almost surrounded by water and a marsh. The Neck wns a narrow causeway connecting it with the main. Charlestown was a flourish- ing rival of Boston at the time of the battle. It was then completely destroyed. Six hun- dred buildings perished in the flames. Burgoyiie, speaking of the battle and conflagration, said It was the most awful and sublime sight he had ever witnessed. Questions.— 13. Relate the incidents of the battle of " Bunker's Hi fina? result. 14. Tell about the 134 THE EEVOLUTIOK The Revolution in the southern colonies. Second Continental Congress. Bunker's Hill ' and erected a fortification there. There was abso- lutely no victory in the case. The Americans had lost, in killed, wounded, and prisoners, about four hundred and fifty men. The loss of the British, from like causes, was almost eleven hundred.'' This was the first real battle of the Revolution, and lasted almost two hours. ^ 15. While these events were occurring in New England, the Revolution was making rapid progress elsewhere. Patrick Henry's eloquence had again aroused the Virginians, and his burning words in the assembly at Richmond, " Give me liberty, or give me death ! " * became the war-cry of the people. When Lord Dunmore, the governor of Virginia, sent on board a British war vessel powder belonging to the colony, that bold patriot de- manded and received full indemnity from him ; and, before the battle of Bunker's Hill, that detested magistrate Avas driven from the soil of Virginia to the shelter of a British man-of-war in the York river. In North Carolina a still bolder step had been taken. A convention of delegates, chosen by the people of Mecklenburg county, virtually declared [May, 1775], by a series of resolutions, the people absolved from all allegiance to the British crown. In South Carolina and Georgia arms and ammunition were seized by the people, and royal authority was spurned. 16. In the midst of these excitements, the Second Continen- 1 As tiie Tiatt'e took p'ace on BrFPrPs, and not on BiivJc'fs Hill, the former name should have been trivcn lo it, but the name of Bunker^s Hid is to;) sacred in the records of patriotism to be cluuigi.'d. 2 The Provincial Congress estimated the loss at abont 1,'00 , G Nicral G^ge reported 1,054. Of the Amencrs, only- US weie killed ; the remainder were wounded or made pris- onei o. 3 A ^ong the An^er'cans who were k Ted was Dr. Jo- soi)h W lire ', "v^iio hai ju^t r<'re:ved the eominission of ma- 1 ) --tneril. He crossed Charlestown Neck in thf ni'dst of fl\i z hill-' fro n thp Biiiish shipping, and reached the leloubt on Breed's Hill at the moment when the ei.emy )i )d i-c lied Us banks He wtis killed hy a musket hall, w i^e n tre-'tiu", and was buried near whcr»* befell. The B \\\\iY T[ 11 mo umcnt commemorates his death as well as p itiioli-m of h's countrymen. 4 In that a-isetnhly then- was donM, and hesitation, and I ti n d desire to postpou" action. T/ie fervent Henry ex- c umeil, in t' e sp r t of Joshua. "I know not what course otheia may take, but as fur n\c, give ine liberty, or give me d tilt It '" JOSEPH WARREN. Questions.— 15. What can you tell of the Revohition elsewherf? What did Patrick Henry do ? What occurred in North Carolina, South Carolii.a, and Georgia ? FIRST YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 135 Wasbington commander-in-chief. He takes command of the army. The Canadians. TAL CoxGEESs assembled [May 10, 1775] at Philadelphia. With commendable prudence and moderation, that body offered to Great Britain the hand of reconciliation, at the same time saying, with firmness, " We have counted the cost of this contest, and find nothing so dreadful as voluntary slavery." They voted to raise an army of twenty thousand men ; and, on the 15th of June [1775], they chose George Washington, a delegate from Vir- ginia, commander-in-chief of all the forces raised, or to be raised, for the defense of the colonies. They adopted the troops at Bos- ton as a Continental army, and appointed general officers to assist Washington in its organization and future operations.* 17. Washington took command of the army, at Cambridge, on the od of July. It was fourteen thousand strong, and partially in- trenched. He gave the command of the right wing, at Roxbury to General Ward," and the left wing, at Prospect Hill, two miles northwest of Breed's Hill, to General Lee. The centre, at Cam- bridge, he commanded himself. He then prepared to commence a regular siege of Boston, with as much vigor as his limited means would allow. 18. The Canadians, having refused to join the other colonics in their movement toward free government, were considered positive supportei's of the royal cause. To prevent their giving aid to the enemy, whose armies for invasion and their supplies might ascend the St. Law- rence, it was resolved to take posses- sion of the country, and, for this pur- pose, a considerable force, composed of I^ew England and New York troops, were sent down Lake Cham- plain, in the summer of 1775, under GENERAL SCHUTLEI 1. Artomns Ward, Chnrles Lee, Pliilip Sc.hnyler, ami Isrn.l Piitnnm, nnqor-^-^nprals ; Ho':'f o Gates, ari/ii/tinl-s-fnpral ; and Seth Pomerov, Pi 'hnrd Monlsro i orv, David Wim-ter, Wi'liam Heath, ,To>epii Spencer, John Thomas, John Sulhvan, aiTd Nathaniel Greene (.all but Montsromery New Enirland men), hrigndier-generals. 2. A soldier of the French and Indian war. QuESTI0x^5.— 16. What can you tell al out t'^e Secon 1 Cn"ti"ertal Co-gresa? Give an account of the annoi tmcit of comma'der-iucliief. and tl e creation of a Co' tincutal army. 17. Tell al^ont Washii gto i taking: conmiand. Deecribe tht^ po.sit'on of the army around Boston. IS. What can you tell about the attitude of the Canadians? What did the Ameri- cans do ? What can you tell about an invasion of Canada ? 136 THE KEVOLUTION. Invasion of Canada, Capture of Montreal, Arnold's expedition. tlie command of General Schuyler. On account of illness, that officer was compelled to give the command to General Mont- gomery, who, toward the close of September, laid siege to St. John's, on the Sorel, the outlet of Lake Champlain. It was the first post within the Canadian border. After a siege of more than a month, it was surrendered on the 3d of November. 19. While Montgomery was before St. John's, Colonel Ethan Allen and eighty men crossed the St. Lawrence, to attack Mon- treal [September 25, 1*775], but promised assistance having been withheld, they were captured, and the leader sent to England in irons. Another expedition, under Colonel Bedell, captured Chambly, at the rapids of the Sorel ; and Colonel Warner ' pre- vented Sir Guy Carleton, the governor of Canada, reenforcing the garrison at St. John's. These events hastened the surrender of that post. 20. Montgomery pushed on and captured Montreal^ on the 13th of November, and then hastened down the river toward Quebec. Twenty miles above that city ^ he was joined by Colo- nel Arnold,* who had reached the St. Lawrence after one of the most wonderful marches on record. He left Cambridge in September, followed the Kennebec river deep into the wilderness, and, among lakes and morasses filled with ice and snow, made his way to the Canadian settlements in the valley of the Chaudiere. He suddenly appeared, with seven hundred and fifty followers, before Quebec [November 13], and demanded its surrender. It was refused, and biting, wintry winds, on the Plains of Abraham,^ compelled him to withdraw to the place where he joined Mont- gomery. 21. With less than a thousand eliective men,' Montgom- ery and Arnold appeared upon the Plains of Abraham, before 1. Verse 7, pacce 131. 2. Verse 6, page 17. 3. At Point nu Tremlles. 4. Verse 7, pnse 131. 5. Note 1, page 109. 6. Not much more than half of Arnold's Reven hundred and fiftv men weie fit \ov duty, they had been so much weakened by hardsh'ps They were half nuked until woolen chithf s furnished by Montgomery covered them. They had not more than four hundred muskets, and no artillery. OuESTiONS.— 19. What can you tell about Colonels Ethnn Allen, Bedell, and Warner ? 20. What can you tell about Mo'utgomery's movements? What can you tell about Arnold's expedition ? riKST YEAK OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 137 Siege of Quebec. Disasters to the Americans. Quebec, on the evening of the 5th of December. On the follow ing morning, Montgomery made a demand for its surrender. His flag was fired upon.^ He had no heavy cannon, and for three weeks he besieged the city, in vain. Then he prepared to take it by assault. He divided his little army into four columns. He was to lead one down to Wolfe's cove' and along the St. Lawrence, while Arnold should lead another through the Lower Town, along the St. Charles, and join him in an attack upon Prescott gate,^ for the purpose of forcing a passage into the city. At the same time two other columns, un- der Majors Livingston and Brown, Avere to make a feigned attack upon the Upper Town, from the Plains. 22. The assault ended in a disastrous failure. It was at- tempted just before dawn, on the 31st of December. A blinding snow-storm was raging. As Montgomery was moving along the St. Lawrence, at the foot of Cape Diamond,' a masked battery opened upon him. He was slain, and his troops were driven back. At about the same time, Arnold was wounded, and Captain Morgan took command. His troops were taken prisoners, and Arnold, with the rem- .nant of the little army, abandoned the siege, and took a post a short distance up the river. In April, General Wooster came down from Montreal with some fresh troops, when another attempt was made to take Quebec. It GENERAL MONTGOMERY, .1 Messene;crs are sent from army to army with a white flag, indicating a desire for a peaceful interview. These flags, hy common coi sent, me respected, and it is considered au outrage to fire on the beurcr of one. The Americans were regarded as rebels, and unde- eervini; the usual courtesy. 2. Verse 39, pa^re 110. 3. I'resi'ott gate is on the St. T.nwrence side of the town, and there bars Mountain street in its sinuous waj' from the Avatei- up into the walled city. The above diagram sliows the plan of the city walls, and relative positions of the several gates mentioueil. A is the St. Charles river.'B the 8t. Lawrence, « Wolfe and Montcalm's monument (verse 40, page 110), 6 place where Montgomery fell, c place where Arnold was wounded. 4. A high, rocky promontory, on which the citadel stands. Questions. — 21. Relate the circumstances of the siege of Quebec. 22. What was the re- sult? What can you tell of the attempt to take the place by storm ? What was the final rceult? 138 THE REVOLUTION Troubles in Lower Canada. The Union flag. failed ; and, by the middle of June, the American patriots were driven out of Canada. 23. While the Americans in the north were suffering de- feats and misfortunes, their Virginia brethren were engaged zeal- ously in the good work of revolution. After his escape to the British man-of-war,' Governor Dunmore collected a force of Tories and negroes, and commenced depredations in Lower Virginia. He attacked Hampton [October 24, 1775], and was repulsed. He then declared open war. The Virginia mili- tia flew to arms," and, in a severe battle, at the CULPEPPER FLAG. Great Bridge, near the Dismal Swamp, twelvo miles from Nor- folk, he was defeated and driven to the British shipping in Norfolk harbor. In revenge, he burned that city on the 1st of January,^ and committed other atrocities on the seaboard, when he was driven away, and returned to England. SECTIOISr HI. SECOND YExiR OF THE WAR FOE IXDEPENDENCE [l776]. 1. On the 1st of January, 177G, the Union flag ^^ composed of thirteen stripes, alternate red and v/hite, was first raised at Wash- ington's headquarters at Cambridge, and Avas greeted with shouts by the army. That army was then less than ten thousand 1. Vor3el5, riaso 134. 2. Atno- sj the various flairs borne hy the military oompinies, that of the men of Cn'p"p- per county was the most notable. It bore the sitrniticint device of a ratt'eBnake, and the injunction, DjnU tread on me / It pa^d to tl^e opposer, Don't tre'd on me, I have danajerous faners. It also bi)re the words of Patrick Henry (verse l.i, p ure 134), Lihprtij or Dpntli ! 3. Norfolk then co itained a popnl-ition of aliout 6,0110. The actual los« by the conflascra- tion was oHtimaled at more than $1,500,000, chiefly private prO'ierty. Many elavea were carried oft*. 4. This wng a fliig composed of thirteen stripes, alternate red and white, symholizme the thirteen revolted co'onies. In one corner was the device on the British Union fins^ name'v, t' e cro s of St. Greora:e, eompo-ed of a horizontal and verpend'cu'ar bar, and the cross of St. Andrew (represeiitint;- Scotl.-nid), which is in the form of a \ y. This flaj^ is represented in the sketch. () i the 14th of Jun", 1777, Co'!£rn.g.< ordered " thirteen stars, white, in a blue tield," to 1 e put in the ulace of the F>iitish Union dev-ce. Suf^h is the des'srn of our flag at the present day. A star has been adiled for every new State admitted into the Union. Questions.— 23, What can you say about the Virginians? What can you tell about events in Lower Virginia? SECOND TEAR OF THE WAR FOR OTDEPENDENCE. 139 Doings of Congress. Continental n;o ey. strong, in eftective men, and these were poorly fed, clotlicd, and disciplined. But they were sufficient to hold the British, prisoners in Boston,' with a firm grasp, while the Continental Congress'^ prepared meas- ures for the great struggle at hand. They issued bills of credit, known as Contmeyital money ; ^ agreed to articles of Avar; declared the causes for taldng up arms ; commenced a naval estab- lishment ; appointed a board of war and finance UNION FLAG. issued com- missions to privateers, and sent an agent to E urope. ™8°m'ai0utcir^ Six ::DOLemi§. •'P HIS Bill entule.tkc f^^r •Scare-r- to -rr-ceivf SIX SPANISH MILLED DOLLARS, or i\\e VdluetheT'ec/ in^OLD or SILVER- acrcrd.nir to ^ReaWticn of c6V- GRESSMlMat Phi. ludelplia Ncv-2.-ij/6- o viAf}^ -71/ Elis!Mi# A BILL OF CREDIT, OR CONTINESTAL J:0NEY. 2. The British Parliament, in the mean time^ convinced of the earnestness of the Americans, made extensive arrangements for crushing the revolt. In November, 1775, that body declared the revolted colonists to be rebels ; forbade all intercourse with them ; authorized the destruction of their property on the high seas, and 1. Verso 17, page 135. 2. Verse 29, pige 127. 3. At the heuin'i.ing of 1780, Congress had issued two hundred nnlli() s of dollars in paper money. After tiie svcoad year, these hills began to depret-iote ; aiul in 1780, forty ] ai er dol- lars were worth only o:ie in specie. At the close of 1781, t'ey were wort i less. They hud performed a temTior.nry good, but were finally productive of great public evil, and much in- dividual sutJeriiig. Questions.— 1. "What can you tell ahout the Union flag near Boston ? What can you tell aTiout the Continental army 'there? Wnat did the Cungresd do ? 2. What did the Britisli Parliament believe and do? 140 THE KE VOLUTION. Necessity for a blow. Siege of Boston. Lee Kent to New York. placed the colonies under martial law/ Soldiers and seamen, to the nmnber of fifty-five thousand men, were voted for service in Amer- ica ; and, in addition to these, seventeen thousand troops were hired by the British Government of the Prince of Hesse Cassel, and other petty German rulers, to assist in putting down the great insurrection.'^ This last-named act was properly denounced in Parliament, as " disgraceful to the British name." 3. The Americans now felt the necessity of striking an imme- diate and effective bloAV for their liberties. The Congress urged Washington to attack the British in Boston immediately. Having fourteen thousand troops on the 1st of March, he felt able to do so. On the evening of the 2d he opened a heavy cannonade upon thu city, and on the night of the 4th, when it ceased, he sent General Thomas secretly, "with a fatigue party, to cast up intrenchments on Dorchester Heights, south of Boston. The British were amazed, on the morning of the 5th, on seeing heavy cannon planted on that hill, commanding the town. They vainly endeavored to dislodge the Americans; and on the 17th, under an arrangement made with Washington, General Howe and his troops left the city by water. They sailed to Halifax, with the families of fifteen hundred Tories. The Congress gave Washing- ton a e;old medal for driving; the British from Boston. 4. Early in January, Washington was informed that Sir Henry Clinton had sailed from Boston with troops. Rightly suspecting that he was going to attack New York, the commander-in-chief sent General Charles Lee thither, Avith orders to gather troops in Connecticut. Lee was able to encamp with twelve hundred men a short distance from the city, six weeks before the evacuation of Boston; and when Clinton appeared off New York, Lee was there 1.. It places the military above the civil power for the time. 2. The landgrave (or petty prince) of Hesse Cassel, having furnished the most considera- ble ])ortion of these troops, they were called by the general name of Hessians. Ignorant, brutal, and bloodthirsty, they were hated by the patriots, and despised even by the" regular English army. Thev were always emplove'd in posts of greatest danger, or in expeditions least creditable. These troops cost the British G-overnment almost eight hundred thousand dollars, liesides the necessity, according to the contract, of defending the little principalities thus stripped, against their foes. Questions.— 3. What necessity was imposed on the Americans? Relate the incidents of the siese of Boston. 4. What information did Washington receive ? What did he do ? Tell about Generals Lee and Clinton at New York. SECOND YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 141 Waehiiigton goes to New York. Clinton and Lee moving southward. GENERAL LEE. to meet him. The British general prudentlj^ withdrew and sailed southward.^ 5. Washington susj^ected Howe had sailed for New York. After making Bos- ton secure, he marched for the Hudson with the main body of his army, and reached N'ew York at the middle of April. Lee, in the mean time, had been appointed to the command of tlie troops in tlie south, and was hastening toward the Carolinas, leaving the troops in Kew York [March ^] in command of Lord Stirling.^ Wash- ington proceeded at once to fortify the city,' and cast up military works on the Hudson at the passes of the Highlands. 6. Clinton went down the southern coasts, closely watched by Lee, who was making his way by land. At the Cape Fear river ^ the former was joined by a fleet under Sir Peter Parker, just from England, and all sailed for Charleston. They arrived off the bar on the 4th of June, and Clinton landed Avith ■ ' many troops on Long island, for the pur- pose of crossing a shallow strait to Sulli- van's island, and attacking a small fort •there. 7. The South Carolinians vv^ere ready to meet the invader. Tliey had been clieered by a A^ctory over armed Tories in Xorth Carolina, and had pretty thorouglily fortified Charleston and its vicinity. On Sullivan's island, which commanded its harbor, they had erected a fort of palmetto logs and earth, and placed five hundred men in it, under the command of Colonel William Moul- GENERAL MOULTRIE. 1. Before Lee's arrival, the Sons of Liberty (verse 7, page 118) in New York hnd seized the c:iniion at Fort George (on the site of the present Battery), and driven Tryon, the royal goverror, on board a British armed vessel in the harbor. 2. William Alexander. 3. Verse 2, page 46. Questions.— 5. What cnn you tell about the movements of Washington ? What did Lee do? 6. Whut can you tell of Clinton and Lee on the southern coii„«t ? What of the British fleet and army oil' Cliarleston ? 7. What can you tell about the South Carolinians and their prepar:;tion9 ? 142 THE REVOLUTION. Attack OQ Fort Moultrie. Declaration of Independence. trie. On the same day when Clinton landed on Long island, General Lee arrived at Charleston and assumed the chief com- mand. 8. On the morning of the 28th of June, the British proceeded to make a combined attack, by land and water, upon the fort on Sul- livan's island. It failed. Clinton's troops were kept from pass- ing the shallow strait by a battery ; and the fleet, which crossed the bar and commenced a furious attack on the fort,' was so terri- bly shattered by Moultrie's balls that, after a conflict of ten hours, and enduring dreadful slaughter,^ the vessels that were able to do so withdrew, were repaired, and with the land troops sailed for New York toward the close of July. There was no more war below the Roanoke river ^ for two years. 9. A few days after the repulse of the British at Charleston, the Continental Congress, sitting in the State House in Phila- delphia, perfbnned a most important act. They had been for some time debating a proposition to declare the colonies free and inde- pendent of Great Britain. This grand idea had occupied the minds of the people for several months; and on the 7th of June, 1776, Rich- ard Henry Lee, a delegate from Virginia, offered the following res- olution: ''''Resolved,, That these uni- ted colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states ; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, and that all political connection between them and the state of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved." I STATE HOUSE. 1. During the action, the staff, bearing a large flao^, was cnt down Viy a cannon-ball from the fleet. The colors fell ou's'de the fort. A pergetmt named JaBper leaped doAvn from one oft'ie bastions, and in the midst of the iron hail that was pourinar from the fort, coolly picke'erved in a srhiss case, in the rooms of the National Irm/i/ufe at Washington city. That l)and of patr ots Ioiilt asio departed. C'larles Carroll was the last to leave us. ' He died in 1832, at tlie acre of ninetj' years. It is worthv of ri'membrance that not one of all tho-^e signers of tlie Declarnt on of Independei'.ce died with a tarnished reinitatio'i. The memory of aJi is sweet. Washington caused it to he read at the liead of each britrnde of the army, then in New York city, on the 9th of Jul v. That nijht eitizens nnd soldiers pulled d.iwn tiie iea^len eqnestr-an statue of George III., wh^ch sto xl in the Boniin? Green, and it was soon afterward converted into bullets for the use of the Continental army. The statue ■\v:i8 gilded. 2. Verse 3, pncr,. 140. 3. This iartr^' island, embracina: the who'e conntv of Richmond, forms the lower boundary of the hay of New York. B.-twcen it and Long island is the chief southern entrance to the bay from the ocean, called the Narrows. 4. Verse 8, paice 142. 5. Note 2, page 14'J. Question's.- 10. What can you tell about the Declaration of Independence? 11. What •was the position of I he British at that time? Tell about their g.atherjag near New York. What was their object ? 144 THE REVOLUTION. Peace propositions. Troops on Long island. Advance of the British. had also arrived ; and early in August, not less than thirty thou- sand troops, many of them veterans, were menacing New York, then defended by seventeen thousand men, mostly militia/ The object of the foe was to secure Ncav York and the line of the Hudson river, and separate the Nevv' England from the other colonies. 12. Admiral and General Ilovv^e were jointly commissioned to treat for i3eace with the Americans, on the terms of the absolute submission of the colonies. Of course these were rejected, and the invaders prepared to fight. On the 22d of August [IIIQ] the British landed ten thousand troops and forty pieces of cannon on the west end of Long island. General Sullivan^ was then with a few troops in a fortified camp at Brook- GENERAL PUTNAM. lyu^ oppositc Xcw York, and was imme- diately reenforced by a considerable body of soldiers under the veteran General Putnam, who took the chief command. The whole number of American troops on Long island was then about five thousand. 13. The British marched to attack the Americans at Brooklyn, in three columns. Tlie right, under General Grant, took the road along the shore from the Narrows. The left, under Generals Clinton and Cornwallis ^ marched well in the interior ; and the centre, composed chiefly of Hessians,* under De Heister, proceeded just beyond the hills which extend from the Narrows to Jamaica, and halted at Flatbush. 14. Early in the morning of the 27th [August], Clinton, by a 1. There Tvere ahont 27,000 men enrolled, but not more than 17,000 men were fit for duty. A great many Avere Bick, and a large number were without arms. Many of the British ships passed through the Narrows, and anchored in the bay. Howe's fiag-slup, the Eagle, lay near Governor's island. While in that position, a bold soldier went m a submarine vessel, with a machine for blowing up a ship, and endeavored to fasten it to the bottom of the Eagle, but failed. He was discovered, and l)arely escaped. An explosion took place near the Eagle, and she was hastily moved farther down the bay. This machine was called a torpedo, 2. Note 1, pase 135. 3. Verse 9, page 131. 4. Note 2, page 140. Questions.— 12. What can you toll of peace commissioners? Tell about the movements of the British on Long island. What was the position of the Americans at Brooklyn? 13. W"hat was the order of the British march against the Americans ? BATTLE OF LONG ISLAND. SECOND YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 145 Battle on Long island. Defeat of the Americans. Howe's caution. quick movement, gained a pass in the hills toward Jamaica, and at the same time Grant and De Heister advanced. The former met Lord Stirling with the American right, at the site of Green- wood Cemetery, and the latter was confronted by Sullivan on the left, near the Flatbush pass. A bloody conflict ensued, which ended in the total defeat of the Americans. Clinton had pressed forward by way of Bedford, and falling upon Sullivan, cut off his retreat to his camp, and compelled him to surrender.^ At the same time Cornwallis swept down upon Stirling's flank at Gowanus, and he, too, w^as compelled to surrender, after a desperate conflict. The loss of the Americans, in killed, wounded, and pris- oners, was about sixteen hundred. That of the British was three hundred and sixty-seven.^ 15. During the action near Brooklyn, Washington was in New York, with troops too few to allow him to send aid to their suffer- ing brethren. Early the following morning. General Mifflin came from Harlem with a thousand soldiers, and with these the com- mander-in-chief crossed to the Brooklyn camp, where a remnant of the army lay, utterly helpless against the victorious foe. But Howe was exceedingly cautious, and dared not attack these lines without the cooperation of his ships. While w^aiting for them to come up, his intended prey escaped. 16. Washington had penetrated Howe's design, and instantly conceived a plan for the withdrawal of his army. Toward mid- night they were moved silently lo the water's edge, and crossed over, under cover of the darkness and a thick fog in the morning, carrying everything with them excepting their heavy cannon.^ 1. Some of the American troops fought their way through and gained their camp, but a large portion were made prisoners. 2. The Americans had live liundred killed and wounded, and eleven himdred made pris- oners. The latter were soon suffering dreadful horrors in prisons and prison-ships in and around New York. 3. During the uight, a woman living near the present Fulton ferry, where the Americans Questions —14 Give an account of the attack of British and Hessians, and the result. What did Cornwallis do? Wliat was the result of the battle? 15. What can you tell of Washington and his movements? What was the position of affairs at Brooklyn after the battle? 16. 01%-© an account of the retreat of the Americans from Brooklyn. 146 THE EEVOLUTION. Retreat of the American army. Condition of that army. British movements. The British commander was greatly astonished and chagrined, when the fog rolled away on the morning of the 29th, to find the camp before him deserted, and the little American army safely in New York. He at once prepared to cross and attack them before they should be reenforced or escape from the island. 17. Washington's army, after the retreat from Long island, was little better than a half-organized mob. Troops from different sections ' quarreled, and insubordination was the rule. Disheart- ened by disaster, hundreds deserted; and the hopeful mind of Washington was clouded with gloomy forebodings during much of the month of September. At a council of war, on the 12th, it was determined to send the military stores in New York to a secure place on the Hudson at Dobb's Ferry,' and to withdraw to and fortify Harlem Heights, on the upper end of York or Manhattan island. When, on the 15th, a strong detachment of the British crossed the East river at the present Thirty-fourth street, a greater portion of the Americans were on Harlem Heights. 18. On the following day the British moved forward to attack Washington in his new camp. They were met on Harlem Plains, and a severe skirmish ensued. The Americans were victorious ; and before the British could recover from the check, the lines on Harlem Heights were strong enough to defy the whole British army.^ Howe therefore determined to make a flank movement, and gain Washington's rear. He sent vessels up the Hudson, to cut off communication with New Jersey, and with a greater part of his army (now reenforced from England) he went up the East river, and landed on the main in Westchester county. embarked, sent her neirro servant to inform the British of the movement. The nesrro fell into the hands of the Hessians. Thoy could not understand a Avord of his language, and de- tained Inm until so late in the morning that his information was of no avail. 1. The army, which at tirst consisted chiefly of New Ei'^dand people, had been reinforced by others from New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia, ail of them jealous of their respective claims to i;recedence, etc. 2. Tweitv-two tniles from New York. 3. Wishing to ascertain the exact condition of the British army, Washington engaged Captain Nathan Hale, of Knowlton's regiment, to visit their camps on Long island. He Avas caught, taken to Howe's headquarters at New York, and executed as a spy by the brutal provost-marshal, Cunningham. He was not allowed to have a Bible nor clergyman during Ins last hours, nor to send letters to friends. His fate and Andre's have been compared. Questions.— 16. How was the British commander affected ? What did he do? 17. What have you to say concerning Washington's army after the retreat from Long island ? What was done ? 18. What can yon tell of movements near Harlem ? Where were the Americana strongly encamped ? What did General Howe do ? SECOND YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 147 Battle of White Plains. Capture of Fort Waehiugton. Prison-ships. 19. When Washington was informed of Howe's movements, he placed a strong garrison in Fort Washington, nnder Colonel Ma- gaw, and with the remainder of his army hastened across the Harlem river to confront Howe. They met and fonght severely at White Plains on the 28th of October. The Americans were driven to the hills of North Castle, five miles farther north, whither the British dared not follow, and from which, on the 4th of No- vember, Washington made a safe jmssage of the Hudson with a greater part of his army, and joined General Greene at Fort Lee, on the New Jersey shore. 20. This movement was. made by Washington to prevent an invasion of New Jersey by the foe, and his march upon Philadel- phia, the seat of the infant national government.' It invited Howe back to York island. He sent General Knyp- hausen, just arrived with fresh Hessian troops,^ to attack Fort Washington. He captured it after a loss of one thousand men. More than two thousand Americans were made prisoners ; and with their fellow captives taken on Long island,^ they suffered the horrors of the loath- some prisons and j^rison-ships." 21. Two days after the fall of Fort Washington [November 18, 1V76], Cornwallis,^ with six thousand British troops, crossed FORT WASUIXGTON. 1. Verse 9, pngre 14'2 2. Note 2, page 140. 3. Verse 14, page 145. 4. Nothing cotild exceed the horrors of these crowded prisons, as describtd by an eye-witness. The suu^ar-housfs of New York, beinij large, were used for the purpose, and tliercin scores sufiered and died. But the most terrible t-cer es occurred on board several old hulks, which were anchored in the waters around New York, and used for prison- ers. Of tliese, the Jersi^xj, was the most famous for the s'jfforings it contained, :iinl the brutality of its ofticers. From these vessels, anchored near the present Navy Yard at Brooklyn, almost eleven thousand victims were carried ashore during the war, and buried in shallow graves in the sand. Their remains were gathered in 1S08, aid put iu a vault situated near the termination of Front street, at Hudson avenue, Brooklyn. 5. Verse 9, page 131. THE JERSEY PUISON-SniP. QcF.STiONS.— 19. What movement did Washington make? What can you tell of a b.attlo at White Plains ? What can vou tell of Washington's retreat and passage of the Hudson ? 20. What was the object of Washington's movement? Relate the circumstances of the cap- ture of Fort Washington. What can you tell about prisons and prison-ships? 148 THE REVOLUTION. Flight of the Americans. Delay of the British. Battle at Trenton, the Hudson at Dobb's Ferry/ and took possession of Fort Lee, which the Americans abandoned on his approach, leaving behind them their baggage and stores. For three weeks afterward, Washington and his shattered army were flying before the victors across 'New Jersey, in the direction of Philadelphia ; and when, on the 8th of December, he reached the Delaware and crossed it, he had less than three thousand effective men, most of whom were ill fed and ill clothed. 22. Howe, in the mean time, was moving slowly and cautiously. He was alarmed at the impetuosity of Cornwallis ; and when that oflicer asked permission to construct boats, cross the Delaware, annihilate the Continental army, and seize Philadelphia, his timid chief refused, and bade him wait until the river should be suffi- ciently frozen over for the passage of his army. Troops were posted at Trenton and other places on the Delaware, and Corn- wallis impatiently awaited at Princeton and New Brunswick the coming of the dilatory frost. 23. Washington profited by this delay. The arrival of fresh troops and the enlistment of recruits placed an army of almost five thousand men at his disposal on Christmas day.'^ He had planned an aggressive movement, and on Christmas night he performed it. In the darkness and a storm of sleet he crossed the river among floating ice, with twenty-four hundred men, accom- panied by Generals Greene and Sullivan. Early the next morning [December 26, 1776] he fell suddenly upon the foe at Trenton, capturing a thousand Hessians,^ with arms and stores.* Thinking it imprudent to remain on the New Jersey shore, Washington immediately recrossed the Delaware Avith his prisoners and spoils. 1. Note 2, page 14G. 2. Recruits were obtained hy the offer of liberal bounliep, as well as appeals to patriotism. Each soldier was to have a bounty of twenty dollars, l)e8ides an allotment of land at the close of the war. A common soldier was ta.have one hundred acres, and a colonel five hundred. These were given to thosi' only who enlisted to serve " during the war." 8. Colonel Ralle, the Hessian commander, Avas killed. 4. Five hundred British cavalry at Trenton barely escaped, and fled to Burlington, QpESTiONS.— 21. What can you tell about the British crossing the Hudson ? What can yon tell of Washington's flight across New Jersey ? 22. What c:>n you tell about Howe's caution ? What w;is the disposition of British troops in New Jersey? 23. How did Wash- ington profit l.y General Howe's delay ? What can you tell about the recruiting of his army ? W"h;it rneasure did he phan ? Can you give an account of the crossing of the Delaware and the capture of Trei.ton ? THIKD YEAK OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 149 Effects of the battle of Trenton. Movements of the Americans. Position of the armies. 24. This victory elated the Americans and alarmed the British. Fourteen hundred soldiers, whose terms of enlistment would expire with the year, cheerfully agreed to remain six months longer. The gloom was lifted from the public heart, and hope filled every patriot's soul. The British were atonished. Their dream battle at trenton. of the speedy end of the rebellion, was broken.^ Their contempt for " rebels " was changed to respect and fear. The Congress, who had fled from Philadelphia to Baltimore [December 1 2] on the approach of the enemy,'^ perceiving the necessity of giving the commander- in-chief greater powers, wisely clothed [December 27] Washington with the strength and independence of a dictator^ for six months. 25. Encouraged by his success at Trenton, Washington resolved to continue his aggressive movements. He ordered General Heath to march most of his troops at PeekskilP into New Jersey, and directed the new recruits to keep up an annoying warfare against the British outposts. In the mean time, Washington crossed the Delaware with his main army, and took j^ost at Tren- ton, while the British and Hessians were gathering in large num- bers at Princeton, only two miles distant, under Cornwallis. Such was the position and condition of the two main armies at the close of the second year of the war. SECTION IV. THIRD TEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE [HTV]. 1. During a greater part of the year 1776, the British Govern- ment, faiUng, ajjparently, to comprehend the depths of the move- 1. When Washiiigton fled across the Delaware, the British commanders believed the re- hellion was at an end, and Cornwallis returiied to New York to embark for England. Wash- nigtoii'8 sudden blow at Trenton caused Howe to order Cornwallis back with reenforcements, to retrain what had been lost. 2. A committee to represent Congress was left in Philadelphia, who cooperated with Wasliington. Conarress assembled at Biltimore on the 20th of December. 3. A village at the lower entrance to the Hudson Highlands. Questions.— 24. What were the eftects of this victory ? What did the Continental Con- gress do? 25. What did Washington now do ? What was the relative position of the two armies at the close of 1776 ? 150 THE KE VOLUTION. Proceedings of Faiiiament. The American Congress. Foreign Diplomacy. ment in America, showed very little concern. Troops had been sent to crush the rebellion, and they were satisfied that the work would be done. When the Parliament assembled in October, the king congratulated them on the success of the royal arms ; and when they had voted more troops and supplies, they adjourned to keep the Christmas holidays, satisfied that when they should reassemble in January, they would be informed of the complete submission of the Ameiican colonies. At that very time Wash- ington was planning his brilliant achievement on the Delaware.* 2. The members of the American Congress, on the contrary, were hard workers, and fully conscious of the great interests at stake in the struggle. Their perpetual session was marked by perpetual labor. As early as March, 1776, they sent Silas Deane, of Connecticut, to France, as agent of the Congress, to solicit cooperation, well knowing that France, Spain, and Holland would gladly see the pride of haughty Britain humbled. Deane was successful. He obtained from France arms and money, and cordial sympa- thy from all. After the Declaration of Inde- pendence, a regular embassy to France was ap- pointed [September 22], and agents were sent to other courts. They took measures for the establishment of a National League, which, after more than two years' consideration, was adopted by the Congress as a form of government, under the title of Articles of Confederation.'^ 1. Verse 23, page 148. 2. In July, 1775, Dr. Frankl'n euhmittod a plan of union to CongroFS. On the lllh of June, 1776, a committee was apTioiiiten to draw up a ])lan. Tlu^r report was laid aside, and not called up until April, 1777. From that time until the 15th of November following, the sub- ject was debated two or three times a week, when W\\x\.qqw Articles of Confederation vtexQ adopted. The substance M'as that the thirteen confedernted States should be known as the United Stales of America ; that all enaage in a reciprocal tieaty of alliance and friendship, for mutual advantage, each to assist the other when help should he needed • that each State should have the right to regulate its own internal affairs ; that no Slate should separately send or receive emliassies, begin any negotiations, contract eni!;agement8 or alliances, or con- clude treaties with any foremn power, without the consent of the general Congress • that no public officer should be allowed to accept any presents, emoluments, office, or title t^rom any foreig'i power ; and that neither Congress nor State Governments should possess the power to coiifer any title of nobility ; that none of the States should have the right to form alliances among themselves, without the consent of Congress ; that they should not have the power to Questions.— 1. What can you say of the unconcern of the British Government ? What was Washington then domg? 2. Wh:it can you tell otthedoincs of the American Congres^s? What sti ps did they take for the friendohip of foreign Goveri.ments, and the establishment Of a National League ? SILAS DEAXE. THIRD YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 151 Armies at Trenton. Curnwallie deceived. Battle at Princetoi: DR. FRANKHM. 3. We left Washington at Trenton, clothed with the powers of a dictator.* There, on the night of the first of January, 1777, he was joined by- some troops under Generals Mifflin and Cadwallader; and yet his effective force did not exceed five thousand men. To- ward evening the next day, Cornwallis ap- proached from Princeton with a strong force, and the two armies encamped on op- posite sides of a small stream, in Trenton, within pistol-shot of each other. 4. Cornwallis went to sleep feeling cer- tain of the capture of Washington and his army in the morning. At dawn [January 3, 1777], the British commander found the Ameri- can camp deserted ; and at sunrise he heard what seemed like the rumbling of thunder in the direction of Princetoru Washington, ful- ly aware of his perilous situation, had silently left his camp at midnight, and it was the thunder of his cannon, in an attack on the British reserves at Princeton, that Cornwallis heard. These were just moving forward toward Trenton when Washington fell upon them. 5. The fight at Princeton was severe. The British turned fiercely upon the Americans with a shout that frightened the militia and caused them to flee. The British pursued, ex- jiecting a complete rout of Washington's army, when they were levy dutif^s contrary to the enactments of Conerees ; that no State ehould keep up a standing: army or t^hips of w.ar, in time of peace, beyondthe amount stipulated by Congress ; that when any "of the States should raise troops for the common defense, all the officers of the rank of colonel and under, should he appointed by the legislature of the State, and the superior offi- cers by Coniiress ; that all the expenses of the war should be paid out of the public treasury ; that Conunese alone should have power to coin money, and that Canada might at any time Ve admitted to the confederacy when she felt disposed, Tl^e last clauses were explanatory of the power of certain governmental operations, and contained details of the same. Such was the form of government which existed as the basis of our Republic for almost twelve yea re. 1. Verse 24, page 149. QcESTroNS.— 3. Relate what occurred at Trenton at the bes^inning of 1777. 4. What were Cornwallis's expectations? How did Washington disappoint himi Give an account of Washington's withdrawal to Princeton 'i BATTLE AT PBIXCETON, 152 THE KEVOLUTION. End of the battle at Princeton. Washington in New Jersey. Small expeditions. met by a select corps of veterans, led by the commander-in-chief in person. The fugitives were soon rallied, the pursuers were as- sailed, and a decided victory was Avon by the Americans. General Hugh Mercer was slain while fighting at the head of his troops ; and other beloved officers fell. The battle had just ended, when Corn- wallis, who had hastened back from Trenton,^ appeared. Washing- ton's soldiers had not slept, and had scarcely tasted food, for thirty- six hours. They were unable to fight again so soon; so the chief led them away, and took post among the hills of East Jersey.'^ 6. Washington established his headquarters at Morristown, and placed cantonments^ at different points from Princeton to the Hudson Highlands. He sent out detachments to harass the Brit- ish continually ; and so successful was this kind of guerilla war- fare, that by the 1st of March [1777], there was not an armed foe to be found in New Jersey, excepting at New Brunswick and Amboy. This result revived the drooping spirits of the Ameri- cans ; caused hundreds in New Jersey, who had been deceived by a proclamation by Howe, to openly espouse the Whig " cause ; and inspired the Congress with sufficient confidence in the future to cause them to resume their sittings in Philadelphia.^ 7. The summer campaign of 1777 was not fairly opened before June. Both parties set small detachments in motion in the mean time. One went up from the British camp at New York to de- stroy the American stores at PeekskilP in charge of General McDougall. That officer could not defend them, so he burned them [March 23, 1777], and fled to the hills. At the middle of April, Cornwallis went up the Raritan and fell upon General Lincoln, at Boundbrook, in Ncav Jersey, but Avith little effect ; and toward the close of the month, Governor Tryon, at the head of tAvo thou- sand British and Tories, went up Long Island sound to desolate the Connecticut coast. 1. Verse 3, pase 151. 2. Verse 4, page 82. 8. Permanent stations for small bodies of troops. 4. Note 2, page 127. 6. Verse 24, page 149. 6. Note 3, page 149. Questions.— 5. What can you tell of the battle of Princeton? What did Waphington then do, and why ? 6. How did Washington dispose of his army ? What did his troops do ? What effect did the successes of the Americans have? 7. What can you tell of the opening of the summer campaign ? What can you tell of operations on the Hudson, and in New Jersey ? THIRD YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 158 The British in Connecticut. Bold expeditions. Waehington perplexed. 8. Tryon landed near Norwalk, and marched to Danbury and destroyed it. This outrage roused the neighboring militia, and the British retreated with great haste the next morning [April 27, 1777], by way of Ridgefield, Avhen they were attacked by the yeomanry under Generals Wooster, Arnold, and Silliman. Wooster was killed, Arnold narrowly escaped capture, while Silliman har- assed the enemy all the way back to his shipping. During this marauding expedition, Tryon lost almost three hundred men, and killed or Avounded about half that number of Americans. 9. The British were not always the aggressors. At two o'clock in the morning of the 23d of May [1777], one hundred and sev- enty men, under Colonel Meigs, who had crossed Long Island sound from Connecticut, attacked a British provision post at Sag- Harbor, on the eastern extremity of Long island. They burned a dozen vessels, the store-houses and their contents, and returned with ninety prisoners, without losing a man. An equally bold exploit was performed on Rhode Island soon afterward. On the night of the 10th of July, Colonel William Barton, with some men in whale-boats, crossed Narraganset bay, went silently to the quarters of General Prescott, the British commander there, took him from his bed, and carried him away a prisoner. 10. Washington remained at Morristown until the close of May, preparing his army for the campaign.* Recruits had come in freely ; and he found himself in command of about ten thousand men. He refrained from moving, for some time, because he was perplexed by the operations of the enemy. He knew that Bur- goyne was preparing to invade the valley of the Hudson from Canada, but whetJier Howe intended to cooperate with him, or make another attempt to seize Philadelphia, he could not deter- mine. He disposed his army so as to be prepared to oppose either movement, by placing a strong force on the Hudson, and 1. He had caused a ereatcr part of his nrmv to be inoculated with the small-pox:. The common pvaclic" of vaccination at the jiresent day, was then unknown in the couj.trv, In- docil, the attention of .Tenner, the father of the practict-, had then just b.en turned to the subject. It was practiced here a year after the close of the war. OtTKSTio^JS.— S. What did troops under Tryon do in Coi.necticnt ? Tell about the battle at Ridgoti'^d. What were Tryon'e losses? 9. What can you tell of Co'onel Meigs's expedi- tion to Long island, and of Colonel Barton's rapture of General Prescott? 10. How Ion;; did Waehington remain at Morrislown, ami for what purpose ? What was the strength of his array ? How was he perplexed ? What did he do? 154 THE REVOLUTION. The armies in New Jert^ey. Washington in Philadelphia. Battle on the Brandywine, moving his main body to Middlebrook, within ten miles of the British at New Brunswick. 11. Howe's plans were developed toward the middle of June. He led his main army from New York to New Brunswick, and, by a feigned movement, on the 14tli [June, 1777], he tried to draw Washington into battle, but failed. Then he suddenly re- treated, and Washington pursued. Howe as suddenly turned and became the aggressor. A sharp skirmish ensued on the 26th be- tween Cornwallis and Lord Stirling ; and a few days afterward [June 30], the British all left New Jersey. 12. Washington's vigilance never slept. When, at the middle of July, information reached him that Bur- goyne was in possession of Crown Point and Ticonderoga,' he saw indications of an ascent of the Hudson by a land and naval force, to cooperate with him ; but ten days afterward he ascertained that Howe, with a large force, had sailed with his brother's fleet ^ for the Delaware. Washington at once set his main army in motion toward the Delaware, and was soon in Philadelphia, where he was joined by the marquis de Lafayette, a wealtliy Frencli nobleman, less than twenty years of age, who had come to assist the Amer- icans struggling for freedom. 13. Howe did not go up the Delaware, but ascended Chesa- peake bay, debarked at its liead, and pushed on toward Philadel- phia. YV^ashington marched to meet liim, and had advanced beyond the Brandywine creek, when Howe's superior forces compelled him to fall back to the east side of it. There, at Chad's Ford, he made a stand and fought a severe battle. Knyphausen and his Hessians attacked the American left wing, commanded by Washington in person, while Howe and Cornwallis crossed the 1. Burffoyne's army consisted of about seven thousand British and German troops, and a larjre lody of Canadians and Indians. 2. Verse 11, page 143. QuESTinxs.— 11. What can you tell of Howe's movements ? 12. What can yon tell of Washington's vigilance and ohservat'on ? What did he do? Who joined hiin.at I'hiladclphia ? 13. What can you tell of Howe's exncdition against Pliiladelphia, and of Washington's movements to meet him ? Give an account of the battle ou the Brandywine, and retreat of the Americans. GENEIiAL LAFAYETTE. tTHIRD YEAR OF THE WAR FOR LNDEPENDEISrCE. 155 Defeat of the Ainer.caus. Capture of Philadelphia. Stream several miles above, and fell upon the American right, commanded by Sullivan, near the Birmingham meeting-house. The battle continued until evening ; and that night the shattered and defeated American army retreated to Ches- ter, and the following day to Philadelphia. The patriots lost full twelve hundred men, killed, wounded, and made prisoners. 14. Washington re- mained in Philadelphia only long enough for his troops to rest, wdien he crossed the Schuyl- kill to meet Howe, who was advancing upon that city. They had a skirmish twenty miles west of Philadel- phia, but a heavy rain prevented a general battle, and Washing- ton fell back to Reading. General Wayne, in the mean time, was hanging upon the enemy's rear, with fifteen hundred men. He was surprised on the night of the 20th by a party under Gen- eral Grey, and lost about three hundred men.* 15. After various maneuvers, Howe crossed the Schujdkill, and took possession of Philadelphia on the 26th of September [1777]. He encamped his army at Germantown, and prepared to make the federal city ^ the winter quarters for his troops. The BATTLE AT THE BRANDYWINE. 1. The bodies of fifty-three AmericanP, fonnd on the field the next morniner, were interred in one broad 2;rave ; and forty years afterward, the "Republican Artillerists" of Chester coinitv >^rected a neat marble mo:.ument over them. 2. While the States formed a simple leacfue in carryint? on the war and battling for their inrlividual and asgrearate independence, and during the period when the Articles of Confed- eration (note 2, page 150) were the organic law of the land, the term federal city, or capital of the confeder:Ued States, was a proper oie. After the league was abandoned, and a Nation was formed under the new Cnnstitutioti in 1789, the term was no lonjrer correct. Then it be- came the seat of a National Government— the national city. Philadelphia, New York, and A\'a.shingto;i have been, respectively, national cities, where the Congress of the United States have held their sessions. QnESTioKS.— 14. What did Washington do at Philadelphia ? What befell troops under General Wayne ? 15. Give an account of Howe's taking Philadelphia. "Where did he ea- camp his army ? What did Congress do ? 156 THE KEVOLUTION. Events on the Delaware. Battle of Germantown. do of a series of heavy timbers, pointed with iron, and secured at an an^le in a strong frame filled with stones, as seen in the engraving. The up- per figure shows the position under water— the lower one shows how the timbers are arranged, and the stones placed in tliem. 2. About three miles beyond Germantown, on the road from Philadelphia. 3! Washington felt certain of victory at the beginning of tl e battle. Just as it com- menced, a dense fog oversprend the country ; and through the inexperience of some of his troops, great confusion in their movements was produced. A false rumor caused a panic among the Americars, just as the British were about to fall back, and a general retreat and loss of victory were the result. In Germantown, a strong stone house is yet [1864] standing, which belonged to Judge Chew. This a part of the enemy occupied, and from the windows tired with deadly effect upon the Americans. Questions.— 16. What can you tell of the movements of the British ileet ? Can you give an account of the obstructio'is in the Delaware, and the capture of Forts Mifflin and Mercer ? 17. What can you tell of a battle at Germantown, and its results ? BATTLE AT GERMANTOWN. THIRD YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 157 Burgoyne's invasion. The Americans driven to the Mohawk. army into that city, and there he remained until the following spring. 18. While the Americans were suiFering disasters near the Delaware, important events were occurring on the Hudson river and Lake Champlain. With more than ten thousand men under his command, Burgoyne ^ drove General St. Clair from Ticon- deroga [July 2, 1777], over Mount Independence opposite, and through the hill-country in the direction of Fort Edward,^ the headquarters of General Schuyler,^ the commander of the North- ern Department. The British pursued by land and water. At Hubbardton, in Vermont, the rear division of St. Clair's army were defeated with considerable loss, and on the same day a British flotilla destroyed boat-loads of ammunition and stores, which St. Clair had sent up the lake ; and soldiers went ashore and set Are to other supplies at Skenesborough." 19. The fragments of St. Clair's army reached Fort Edward on the 12th of July. Within a week the Americans had lost almost two hundred pieces of artillery and a large amount of provisions and stores. Even with St. Clair's reenforcements, Schuyler could not muster more than four thousand effective men. He could not hope, with these, to confront the victorious Burgoyne success- fully ; so, after felling trees in the invader's path, and destroying all the bridges, he slowly retreated down the Hudson valley to the mouth of the Mohawk river, and there established a fortified camp.^ There he was joined by a large body of New England militia, under 1. Veree 12, pasfe 154. 2. Verse 14, vase 100. 3 Verse 18, pnge 135. 4. Now Whitehnll. It was named after Philip Skene, who eellled there in 1764. The narrow part of Lake Champlain, from Tii onderoiia to Whitehal', w:;s formerly cfilled Wood Creek (the larae of the etream tliaf enters the lake at Whitehall), and aleo t^oiUh River. 5. Thaddeus Koscitiszko, a Polish refugee, who came with Lafayette (verse 12, pas:e 154), was now attached to Schuyler's army, as en2:ineer. Under his directio;i, the Intreiichments at the mouth of the Mohawk river were constructed ; also those at Stillwater ai d Saratoga. The camp at the mouth of the Mohawk was upon islands just below the Great, or Cohoes Falls. QcESTioxs.— 18. What can you tell about movements on the Hudson river and Lake Champlain? Whnt can vou tell of Burgoyne's invasion ? 19. Where did the remains of St. Clair's array retreat to"? What had the Americans lost ? "What was the condition of the army ? What can you tell of its retreat, and Burgoyne's pursuit ? Give an account of affiiirs at the mouth of the Mohawk. COSCIUSZKO. 158 THE REVOLUTION. Burgoyne anout two huncTred. For his gallantry on that occasion, Stark, who had be-n a cnptaiu in the French and Indian war, was made a brigadier-general. 3. Note 2, pa ere 127. 4. Son of Sir William Johnson (verse 14, page 100), then dead. Johnpon's family were the worst enemi<'S of the Americans dnrimj the war, in that region. His son, John, raised a regimf^nt of T.iries, called the Johnson Grrens (those who joined St. Leger) ; and John But- ler, a cruel leader, was at the head of another band, called Bufle.r''s Rans-prs. These co- oiierated with Brant, the great Mohawk sachem, and for years they made the Mohawk val- ley and vicinity a scene of terror. These men were the allies of St. Leger on the occasion in question. Questions.— 20. "WTiat can you tell of the British at Fort Edward, and a foraging expedi- tion ? Can youirive an account of the defeat of the British near Bennington ? What were Bur- goyne's losses ? 21. What can you tell of an attack on Fort Schuyler? How was it relieved i THIRD YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 159 Battle at Bemis's Heights and Saratoga. Surrender of Burgoy; e. Its eftecte. 22. The expulsion of St. Leger increased Burgoyne's perplexi- ties. He could not advance, retreat, nor remain inactive, in safety. He formed a fortified camp on the hills at Saratoga, while Gates did the same thins: on Bemis's near Stilhvater, to Heights GENEllAL BURGOYNE. BF.MIS'3 HEIGHTS. which he had ad- vanced. Burgoyne came forward and gave battle on the 19th of September. He was repulsed, and fell back to Saratoga.^ Gates soon advanced, and they had another severe conflict at Saratoga on the 7th of October. Ten days afterward [October 17, 1777] Burgoyne and his whole army w^ere compelled to surrender themselves prisoners of ^Aar.^ 23. This victory produced great joy in America. The highest hopes of the British ministry rested on this campaign of Bur- goyne, and their disappointment was intense. The opposition in Parliament were furnished with keen weapons. Pitt eloquently denounced [December 1777] the employment of German hirelings and brutal savages. " If I were an American, as I am an Eng- lishman," he exclaimed, " while a foreign troop was landed in my country, I never would lay dow^n my arms — never, never, never ! " In the Lower House, Burke, Fox, and Barro were equally severe 1. It ■vras! an indeci'pive hattlo. Both parties claimed a victory. Burgoyne had been es- j^ectine^ a triumphant passacrc up ti.e Hudson, hy Sir Henry Clinton, in aid of hiss invasion, and now rt'sohod to wait. But the disaffectio- of his Indians :.nd Canadians, scarcity of provisions, and the rapidly increasing army of G:ites, taught him tliat he must speedily fioht or flee. The Indians had been disappointed in their expectations of blood and plundei- ; and now was their huntiiisr serison, when provisions must be secured f.sr winter use. Tho Canadians saw nothing but defeat in the future, and left the army in whole companies. 2. The whole number surrendered was 5,791, of whom 2.412 were Germans or /fessians (note 2, paue 140), under the cliief command of the Baron Reidesel, whose wife accompanied him, aid afterward wrote a very interesting account of her experence in America. Bur- poyn'-> liiid boastt d that he would eat his Christmas dinner in Albany. He ate dinner there be'fore Christmas, not as conqueror, but as prisoner. He was a guest at the table of Gene- ral Schuyler. His troops were marched to Cambridge, with the view of sending them to Europe, but Congress thought it proper to retain them, and they were marched to the inte- rior of Virginia. Questions. — 22. How were Burgoyne's perplexities increased ? Give an accotmt of the battles at Bemis's Heights and Saratoga. 23. What were the eSccts at home and abroad i 160 THE REVOLUTIOJN^. Capture of the Highland forts. British depredations. upon the Government. The victory also weighed heavily in favor of the Americans at the French court; and in less than three months after the surrender of Burgoyne, France formed an al- liance with the United. States [February 6, I'ZVS], and publicly avowed it. 24. We have referred to Burgoyne's expectation of aid from General Clinton.^ That commander tried to give it. He ascended the Hudson with a strong force, captured the Highland forts [October 6, 1776], and sent a marauding expedition above these mountain barriers, to devastate the country [October 13], and endeavor to draw off some of the patriot troops from Saratoga. They burned Kingston, and penetrated as far as Livingston's manor, in Columbia county. Informed of the surrender of Bur- goyne, they hastily retreated, and Clinton and his army returned to Is^ew York. Some of Gates's troops now joined Washington at Whitemarsh. HoAve made several attempts to entice the chief from his encampment, but without success. Finally Washington moved from that position [December 11], and went into winter quarters at the Valley Forge, where he might more easily afford, protection to Congress at York,^ and his stores at Reading. The events of that encampment at Valley Forge afford some of the gloomiest, as well as some of the most brilliant scenes in the records of American patriotism. SECTION V. FOUETII TEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE [1778.] 1. The Valley Forge ^ Vv^as in the bosom of a rugged gorge on the banks of the Schuylkill, twenty miles north-west from Phila- delphia. There the American army encamped during the severe 1. Note 1, paare 159. 2. Verse 15. page 155. 3. There was afoi\'^e on a little stream that came down through a mountain gorge and emptied into the Sdniylkill river. It was quite celebrated, and was called the Valley •Forge. The village there bears that name. Questions.— 24. What o-m you tell of Clintoi's efforts to aid Burgoyne ? What outrages did the Brit'Bh commit? What can vou tell of the armies of Washington and Howe, not far from Philadelphia ? What can you say about the army at the Valley Forge ? FOURTH YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 161 The Americans at Valley Forge, Bright side of the picture. winter of 1777 and 1778. The soldiers suffered from insufficient food, clothing, and shelter, yet, like their hopeful commander-in- chief, they never despaired of success in the good cause, nor mur- mured because of their hardships.^ The intrigues of ambitious men did not disturb the serenity of Washington's mind," nor did suffering and temptation cause a soldier's departure from duty. Both relied upon the Lord of Hosts. ^ 2. It was not all gloom at the Valley Forge. Early in the spring, news came of the alliance with France," and the camp was a scene of great joy. Mrs. Washington and the wives of a few other officers spent most of the winter at Valley Forge, and gave pleasure by their presence ; and finally the troops were cheered by news that the British ministry had appointed commissioners to come to America and offer terms of reconciliation. The hopes inspired by the latter measure were soon dispelled, for when the conciliatory bills of Parliament reached the Congress, it was perceived that the commissioners had no authority to treat for the inde- pendence of the colonies. The overture was therefore rejected, and the Avar went on. 3. Immediately after making the treaty with the United States,^ the French Government sent a fleet, under the count ENCAMPMENT AT VALLEY FCRE. 1. They were so ill-shod, that in their march from Whitemarph to the Valley Forge, many of them left bloody foot-prints in the snow. At this lime the British army were in- dultring in every comfort in Ph-ladelphia. Yet that indulgence greatly weakened them. Profliiracy hcgnt disfase, crime, and insubordination. The evil effects produced upon the army led Dr. Franklin to say, " Howe did not take Philadelphia— Philadelphia took Howe." 2. During this season a scheme was formed among a few olficers of the army, and mem- bers of Congress, for depriving Washington of his command, and giving it to Gates or Lee. One of the chief actors in the plot was General Conway, an Irishman, who belonged to the Continental army. The nlot was discovered and defeated, and Conway was led to make a most humble apology to "Washington for liis conduct. 3. On one o>-casibn, Isaac Potts, whose house was Washington's headquarters at the Valley Forge, discovered the chief in a retired place, pouring out his soul in prayer to his God. VoXU went to his wife and said, " If there is any one on this earth to whom the Lord will listen, it is George Washington." 4. Verse 23, page 159. 5_^ Verse 23, page 159. Questions.— 1. Where is Valley Forge ? What events occurred there in the winter of 1777-'78 ? 2. What enlivened the camp ? What can you tell of a proposed reconciliation ? 162 THE llEVOLUTION. British ministry alarmed. The British flee from Philadelphia. Battle at Monmouth. D'Estaing, to aid the patriots.' This was officially made known to the British ministry on the 17th of March [1778]. It created alarm ; and a dispatch vessel was sent with orders for the British army and navy to leave Philadelphia and the Delaware, and return to New York. Lord Howe had just obeyed the order, when D'Estaing appeared [July 8, 1778] in Delaware bay. The British fleet found safety in Amboy bay, into which the heavier French vessels could not enter. 4. Sir Henry Clinton succeeded Howe in chief command, in the spring of 1778, and on the 18th of June he crossed the Dela- w^are with his whole army, and moved through New Jersey for New York. Wash- ington left the Yalley Forge at the same time, and pursued him vigorously with about twelve thousand men.* He overtook him near Monmouth Court House, and there, on a sultry Sabbath morning [June 28, 1778], a severe battle vras fought. It was begun by the treacherous Charles Lee,^ who had lately rejoined the army ; and it was almost lost by his bad conduct. He and his troops were flying in a panic from the field, without reason, when Washington, advancing with the main army, checked them, and led them back to battle and honor. 5. The contest now became general, and raged during all of that long, hot summer's day. It ceased at night, and both parties lay upon GENERAL CLINTON. BATTLE OF MONMOUTU. their arms. After midnight,, when the moon had set, Clinton and 1. It consisted of twelve ships of the line and four large frif^atos ,,, 2 General Arnold, who was wounded in the lecc at Bemis's Ilcighls (verse 22, page ISSj^f was, at his own solicitation, left in command at Philadelphia, as military governor. ,a_ 3. Verse 5, page 141. There are proofs of his treason. Qdfstions.— 3. What did the French Government do ? How dd their act affect the Brit- ish ? Whnt onn you tell about the escnpe of the British flee t fmm capture by thai of tho French? 4. What chancre Avas made in British commanders? Vrhat movement did Clin- ton make ? What can you tell of Washington's movements ? Can you give an account of the battle of Monmouth ? FOURTH YEAR OF THE WAR FOR mDEPElS^DENCE. 163 Events in Rhode Island. Bad conduct of the French. Battle of Quaker Hill. his army stole away in silence, escaped to the British fleet, and found rest and safety in New York. Washington marched liis troops slowly to the Hudson river, crossed it, and lay in camp at White Plains ' until late in autumn, when he passed into New Jersey, and went into winter quarters at Middlebrook, on the Raritan river. ^.. 6. When D'Estaing found it impossible to reach the British fleet,' he sailed eastward, at the request of Washington, to coope- rate with General Sullivan in an attempt to drive the British from Rhode Island. On the 9th of August [1778], Sullivan, accom- panied by Lafayette,^ and by John Hancock* with Massachusetts militia, crossed the channel at Tiverton, and landed on the north end of Rhode Island. On the same day, Howe's fleet, which had been reinforced, appeared off the island, and D'Estaing went out to fight him. Both vessels Avere disabled by a terrible storm [August 12], and sought port for repairs.^ 7. D'Estaing returned to Newport on the 20th, when Sullivan was very near the town. He had promised the American general four thousand troops from his fleet. These were not only withheld at this critical mo- ment, but D'Estaing sailed away for Boston, for repairs to his vessels.^ Sullivan Avas compelled to retreat. He was pursued ; and on Quaker Hill, near the northern end of the island, a severe engagement took place on tlie 29th. The British were repulsed, and that night the Americans withdrew to the Bristol. The movement Avas count d'estaing. 1 Verso 19, pnce 147. 2. Verse 3, paare 161. 3. Verse 12, pa-c 154. 4. Verse 10, page 143. 5. This was rememl^ered as the " great storm," and was spoken of as such by very old people who experienced it, when I visited Rhode Island in 1848. (5. This conduct was warmly censured by tlie American commanders, because it had no valid excuse. It deprived them of a victory just within their trrasp. Congress, however, unwilliuir to offend the French, uttered not a word of blame. The matter was passed over, but not forgotten. Once again [at Savannah, in 1779] the same admiral abandoned the Americans. Questions.— 5. Give a further account of the battle of Monmouth ? How did the British esscape^ What did Washington tlieii t'o? 6. What have j'ou to say about an attack on Khodo island? What did the French fleet do ? What happened to it? 7. How did the French admu-al behave? How did his conduct affect the Americans? What can you toll of a battle oa Rhode Island, and retreat of the Americans I 164 THE REVOLUTION. i . ^ : , S Indian and Torv raids. Devastation of the Wyoming vallej\ Brant. ^ • ^ ^ ■ i timely, for tlie British had jnst received a reenforcement of four J thousand men under General Clinton. 'jj 8. During the summer of 1778, Indians and Tories combined ' in making murderous raids among settlements in the Mohawk, Schoharie, and Cherry valleys, in New York, and the Wyoming valley, in Pennsylvania. At the beginning of July, eleven hun- t dred of these white and dusky savages, under Colonel John Butler, f entered the beautiful valley of Wyoming [July 2], when the ii' strong men were away. Only a very few trained soldiers, aged . men, youths, and resolute women were left to defend the homes. Four hundred of these, under Colonel Zebulon Butler, resolved to '■ meet the invaders, but were utterly routed [July 4, 1778]. Many fled for safety into a fort near Wilkesbarre, and on the following day were compelled to surrender.^ 9. A terrible tragedy now ensued. The Indians, thirsting for blood and plunder, could not be restrained. They swept over the valley, and spread death and desolation everywhere. The blaze of more than twenty dwellings lighted the scene on that eventful night ; and when the moon arose, the terrified j)eople fled to the mountains and morasses eastward, where many women and chil- dren perished.^ That dreary mountain region has ever since been called The Shades of Death. 10. Brant, in the mean time, was sending out or leading war- parties of savages over the country south of the Mohawk riverj' 1. All our histories contain liorrible statements of the fif^ndrke character of John Bntlcr, and his unmitigated wickedness on this occusion. They nlso ep.ak of the " monster Bi-ant," as the leader of the Indians, and tlie instijjrator of the crimes of which they were guilty. Both of these men wei'e bad enough ; hut recei.t investisrations clearly dernonstrate that Brant was not there at all ; and the treaty for purrendcr, which is still in existence, granted ^^i mo.5t humane terms iq the besieged, instead of the terrible one represented in our histories, as " The Hntvhel."' 2. A greater portion of the settlers in the Wyoming valley were from Connecticut, and they fled in the direction of their early homes. Many of them crossed the Hudson river at Poughkeepsie, where they told their terrilile stories, the facts of which were greatly ex- aggerated by tlieir fears. These were published in IIoWs Jour7ial, and formed a text for a tale of the direst wo(^ for the future historian. 3. A party of Tories, under Walter Butler, a son of Colonel John Butler, accompanied by Indiat'S under Brant, fell upon the settlement of Cherry Valley on the 11th of Novemher, 1778, killed many people, or carried them into captivity ; and for months no eye, in all that region, was closed in security. Amoig the captives carried oft" was the now [1864] venera- ble juilge, James S. Campbell, of Cherry Valley villar^e. He was carried first to Niagara (verse 35, page 108), and then to Caughnawaga, near Montreal. He wns gone two years. Judge Campbell enjo^-s remarkable vigor of mind and body, though more than ninety years of age. Questions.— 8. What can yoii tell of Indian and Tory raids ? Give an account of a battle in the Wyoming valley. 9. What can you tell of dreadful events in the Wyoming valley? ^ FOURTH YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDEIS^CE. 165 Campaign in tlie South, Capture of Savannah. Condition of the Americans, < while the Johnsons and their Tory adherents * allied with the , Indians in scourging the Mohawk valley. For four years the people in that region of New York suffered such untold horrors ' that it was called " the dark and bloody ground." This conduct , brought fearful retaliation upon the Indians, in 1779. f 1 1 . Late in the autumn of 1 7 7 8, the seat of actual war was trans- > ferred to Georgia. D'Estaing had gone to the West Indies ['No ' vember 3, 1778], to attack the British possessions there, and the British fleet left the American coast and went there to defend them. Thus deprived of naval cociperation, Clinton could not hope to carry on aggressive warfare against the populous north ; so he sent [November 27] two thousand troops, under Colonel Camp- bell, to invade Georgia. They were met at Savannah ^ [December 29] by a thousand Americans, under Colonel Robert Howe, who, after a spirited defense of the town, fled up the Savannah river, and took shelter in South Carolina. The British thus gained a foothold at Savannah, which they kej^t un- til almost the close of the war. 12. The fourth year of the war now 1 closed, and the relative position of the con- tending armies, as to advantage, wa^ very little changed from that at the close of 1776. " The Americans had gained strength by ^ ^ '^"^ """^^ •■,', ^ , . • ,1 ^ • T n BAKON STEUBEN. experience in military tactics, the aid oi good foreign ofl^icers,^ a treaty with France," and the sympathies of other powerful nations. But their finances v/ere in a wretched condition. One hundred millions of dollars of Continental money, ^rapidly depreciating in value, were afloat, and the public credit 1. Verse 21, paso 158. 2. Verse 3, paare 48. 3. Among the foreign officer* who came to America in 1777, was the Baron Steuhen, who joined the Continental army at Valley Forsxe (verse 1, page 160). He w.-is a vpteran from the armies of Frederic the Great of Prussia, and a ekillfnl disciplinarian. He was made inspec- tor-pencral of the army ; and the vast advantn^cs of his military inFtruction were seen on the field of Monmouth (verse 4, page 162), and in other subsequent conflicts. 4. Verse 23, page 159. Questions.— 10. What did Brant and the Johnsons do? 11. "Wliere was the seat of ac- tnal war transferred to late in 1778 ? Where was the French fleet? Why did the British po to the south? How did thfy gain possession of Savannah ? 12. What have you to say of the position of the contending armies at the close of the fourth year of the war? What CLiii you say of the strength and finances of the Americans? 166 THE REVOLUTION. A defensive policy adopted. Lincoln on the Savannali. was daily sinking/ Only small loans had been obtained in Eu- rope ; and the Congress were powerless in attempts to procm-e money from general taxation in the different States. The French had not fairly fufilled the stipulations of the treaty, for no French army was in America, and their navy had sailed away to the West Indies." ^>-^ SECTION YI. riFTII YEAR OF THE WAK FOR INDEPENDEXCE [1779]. 1. At the beginning of 1779, the Congress and Washington carefully considered plans for the year's campaign. It was resolved to act on the defensive, excepting in the chastisement of the In- dians and Tories in the interior. The chief effort was to be for the confinement of the British to the sea-board,^ and preventing their obtaining any advantages. A wild scheme for the conquest of Can- ada and the eastern British provinces, matured by Congress and the Board of War, was abandoned, and thoughtful men applauded the resolution to adopt the safe and less expensive mode of warfare. 2. The campaign was opened, as Ave have seen, by Campbell, at Savannah.* Soon after the fall of that place. General Prevost marched from Florida, captured the American fort at Sunbury, in Georgia [January 9, 1779], and assumed the chief command of the British forces in the South. In the mean time, General Lincoln had been sent to take command of the American armies in the 1. Robert Morris, of Philadolphia, who was the chief fijiaicial asrent of the Government duri'.g the Revolution, was a wealthy merchant, with almost unlimited credit. At the period" in question, when Congress could not borrow n dollar on its own credit, Robert Morris found no 'difficulty in raisint^ millions upon his. For a longtime he alone furnished the "hard nionev" which Government used. • 2. Verse 11, pat,^' 165. 3. At tliis time their chief forces were hemmed in on York or Manhattan island, and Rhodc^ island. 4. Verse 11, page 165. Questions.— 12. "FTnd the French kept their promises?— 1. What can you tell about plars for the campaign of 1779 ? What was to be the chief effort ? What have you to say of a scheme to conquer Canada? 2. How and where was the campaign opened ? What can you tell of General Lincoln in the south? GDNEKAL LINCOLN FIFTH YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 167 Operations in Georgia. Battle at Brier creek. Defeat of Asho. south [September, 1778], and on the 6th of January [1779] made his headquarters at Perrysburg, twenty-five miles above Savan- nah. There, with the broken forces of General Howe,* he com- menced the formation of an army. 3. While Lincoln was making these preparations on the Carolina bank of the Savannah, Campbell marched up the Georgia side to Augusta, to encourage the Tories and open a com- munication with the Creek Indians. At the same time a band of Tories, under Colonel Boyd, was desolating the Carolina frontiers, but these were utterly broken up by Colonel Pickens, in a battle on Kettle creek, on the 14th of February.^ This dis- aster alarmed Campbell, and on the ap- proach of General Ashe and about two thousand men, sent to- ward Augusta by Lincoln, Campbell fled tow^ard the sea [Feb- ruary 13, 1779]. 4. Ashe pursued Campbell forty miles, wdien he halted and formed a camp at Brier creek. There he was surprised and de- feated [March 3, 1779] by General Prevost, and lost nearly his wiiole army by death, capture, or dispersion. This disaster de- prived Lincoln of one fourth of his military strength, and so em- boldened Prevost that he crossed the Savannah river with about two thousand regulars, and a large body of Tories and Indians, and marched directly for Charleston.^ Lincoln was then just ready, with about five thousand men, to attempt the recovery of Georgia, but, perceiving the danger to Charleston, he pursued Prevost. When that general appeared before Charleston on the 1. Verse 11, pa£?e 165. 2. They were on their march to join the royal troops. Boyd and seventy of his men were killed, and seveiity-tive were mnde prisoners. Pickens lost thirty-eitjlit. Seventy of the Tories wore found guilty of treason, and condemned to be hnna:, but only five were okecuted. 3. The destruction of Ashe's army cnnged a temporary reestablishrnent of roval author- ity in Georiri:), which had been extinguished at tlie bpsrinning of 1776 by the bold Whigs (Note 2, page 127), who had made Governor Sir Jaines Wright a prisoner in his own house ; and tlie prDvinci.al assembly, assummy eovernmental rowers, made provisions for military defense, issued bills of credit, etc. [February, 1776]. Wright escaped and went to England. I He returned in Julj', 1T79, and resumed his office as governor of the " colony." Questions.— 3. What account can you give of events on the Georsria side of the Savan- nah river ? 4. What can you tell of a battle at Brier creek, and its effect ? Give an account of the movements of the British and Americans toward Charleston. 168 THE EEVOLUTIOX. The British before Charleston. Battle at Stono Ferry. British plunderers. 11th of May, he found the inhabitants well prepared to defend their city. 5. Prevost demanded the immediate surrender of Charleston. He was promptly refused. Then he prepared to take it by assault. At evening he heard of the near approach of the pursu- ing Lincoln; and at midnight he commenced a retreat toward Savannah, along the famous Sea islands between the two cities, to avoid his dreaded foe. For more than a month a detachment of his army lingered on John's island, near Charleston ; and on the 20th of June Lincoln sent a force to drive them off. A severe battle occurred at Stono Ferry, when the Americans were repulsed with a loss of over three hundred men. The British suffered se- verely. The hot season now produced a suspension of hostilities in the south. 6. Unable to make any extension of military movements at the north, Sir LLenry Clinton contented himself with sending out marauding expedition^, to plunder and harass the people on the sea-coast. Tryon ^ Vv^as sent on a plundering expedition toward Connecticut, with fifteen hundred British regulars and Hessians.^ He attacked and dispersed some troo^os at Greenwich, under General Putnam. That officer escaped with difficulty, but soon rallying his troops, he pursued the British toward ISTev/ York, re- captured some plunder, and took thirty prisoners. 7. Li May [1V79], Sir George Collier, with a small squadron, took General Ma- thews and some land troops to Hampton Roads. They ravaged the country on both sides of the water, all the way to Norfolk. Returning to New York, Col- lier went up the Hudson and assisted Gen- eral Clinton in the capture of Stony Point [May 31], and Yerplanck's Point, opj^o- slte [June 1], after small resistance. A month later [July 4], Collier conveyed id STONY POINT. ,J 1. Verse 7, page 152. 2. Note 2, page 140. Questions.— 5. What did the British do before Charleston? Grive an nocount of their retreat, and a battle at Stono Ferry, o. What did Sir Henry Clinton at New York do? Give an account of Tryoii's expedition toward Connecticut. 7. What did Collier and Mathews do in the vicinity of Hampton and Norfolk? What can you tell of .an expedition up the Hudson river? Of a marauding expedition to the Connecticut coast ? FIFTH YEAR OF THE WAR FOR mDEPEI^DEiq^CE. 169 Capture of Stony Point and Puulus' Hook. Daniel Boone. Tryon, with twenty-five hundred troops, to Connecticut, where the marauder phmdered New Haven [July 5] and laid East Haven [July 6], Fairfield [July 8], and Norwalk [July 12] in ashes, and then boasted of his clemency in leaving a single house standing on the New England coast. !>>■ 8. The bold and dashing General Wayne struck the British a severe blow in retaliation. He led a small force secretly to the vicinity of Stony Point [July 15, 1779], and at midnight attacked the fortress there, in two columns. The garrison were surprised and con- founded ; and at two o'clock in the morn- ing [July 16], Wayne wrote to Washing- ton : " The fort and garrison, with Colonel Johnson, are ours." This was a brilliant achievement. The British lost, in killed, wounded, and prisoners, about six hundred men.' Three days afterward [July 19], Major Henry Lee sur- prised a British post at Paulus' Hook (noAV Jersey City), oppo- site New York, killed thirty-six of the garrison, and captured one hundred and sixty. These, and similar successes, greatly inspir- -0 dted the Americans ; but a reverse in Maine, a month later, saddened them. Forty vessels, with troops, w^ere sent from Mas- sachusetts to capture a British post at Castine, on the east side of Penobscot bay. A British fleet entered the bay, destroyed the i; flotilla, captured many soldiers and sailors, and dispersed the rr* remainder in the wilderness. 9. The vast solitudes west of the Alleghany mountains, in which Boone' and other pioneers had battled with the savages for several years, now resounded with the din of arms. The British and Indians came from beyond the Ohio to ravage the settlements GENERAL WAYNE. 1 The Americans lost fifteen killed and eighty-three wounded. The spoils were a large ""S"Boon:t-as"L> ome boldest pioneers of che great West. He went over the mountainB a. earlv as 1769, and took his family there in 1773 He ^^^^l ,*/^f .«°, ^^f/^^J ^^n^^^^f^^ Boonesborough, in 17T5, and his ^v^fe and daughters were the first white women ever seen on the banks of the Kain-tuck-ee. Ohestions -8 Give an account of Wayne's cai^tnre of Stony Point on the Hudson^ What c";^yo'u tell of Malor Henry Lee's exploits ? What misfortune occurred in Maine ? 170 THE REVOLUTION. The war in the wilderness. Sullivan chastises the Indians, DAKIEL BOONE. in what is now Kentucky. At length, Major Clarke' led an ex- pedition which captured several British posts north of the Ohio. One of them (Vincennes) was recaptured [January, 1779], hut Clarke, after a fatiguing and perilous march, again wrested it from the British in February.^ 10. In the summer of 1779, General Sul- livan was sent to chastise the savages who were engaged in the devastation of the "Wyoming valley.^ He led about three thousand troops. At Ti- oga Point * he was joined [August 22, 1779] by sixteen hundred men, under Gen- eral James Clinton, from the Mohawk val- ley ; and in the course of three weeks, the combined forces destroyed forty Indian vil- lages and a vast amount of food.^ They penetrated the heart of the country of the Six Nations, to the Genesee valley. The retribution was terrible, and was long re- membered by the Indians. 11. D'Estaing came from the West Indies with a powerful fleet to the coast of Georgia early in September [1779], pre- pared to cooperate with General Lincoln in an attack upon Sa- vannah. He landed troops and battery guns ; and the combined GENERAL SULLIVAN. 1. George Rogers Clarke was a native of Virginia, and was born in 1752. He was the most accomplished and useful, in a military point of view, of all the western pioneers dur- ing the Revolution. He was then a young man. He died near Louisville, Kentucky, in 1818. 2. With a few men, Clarke traversed the dreadful wilderness of a hundred miles from the Ohio. Over what was known as the "drowned lands" of Illinois, through ice and snow, they traveled for a whole week ; and just before reaching Vincennes, they waded throngh the cold flood that covered the country, more than five miles, the Avater sometimes so deep as to leave only their breasts and heads above it. They planted the American flag on the fort on the 20th of February. 3. Verse 8, page 164. 4. At the junction of the Susquehanna and Tioga rivers, near the border between Penn- sylvania and New York. 5. The Seneca Indians were beginning to cultivate rich openings in the forests, known as the "Genesee Flats," quite extensively. They raised large quantities of corn, and culti- vated gardens and orchards. The dwellings were of the rudest character, and their villages consisted of a small collection of these miserable huts, of no value except for winter shelter. Qdestions.— 9. What can you tell of military movements westward of the Alleghany mountains? 10. Can you give an account of SuUivan's campaign against the Indians in Western New York ? 11. What can you tell of an attack by the Americans and French on Savannah in 1779 ? How came the siege to be abandoned ? FIFTH YEAR OF THE WAR FOR II^DEPENDENCE. 171 ?e of Savannah. Pulaski Biege abandoned. armies commenced a siege of the British works on the 23d. They finally attempted to carry the works iby storm [October 9]. After five liours' hard fighting, there was a truce to bury the dead, when D'Estaing pro- posed to abandon the siege. ^ Lincoln was compelled to agree to it ; and ten days afterward he was in full retreat for Charleston, and the French fleet was at sea. This was a second time that D'Estaing had deprived the Americans of victory. Thus closed the campaign in the south. 12. Immense difficulties beset Great Britain during the year 1779. Spain declared war against her, in June, and a powerful French and Spanish armament attempted an invasion of England, in August. Lafayette had persuaded the French Government to send another fleet and several thousand soldiers to America ; and American and French cruisers were destroying British merchant vessels in their own waters.^ In September, John Paul Jones, BIEGE OF SAVANXAH. 1779. 1. Already nearly one thousand of the assailants had been killed and wounded. Among the mortally wounded was Count Pulaski, a brave Pole who was met in the battle on the Brandywine (verse 13, page 154). He died on board a vessel bound for Charleston, a few days after the eiege. Ser- jeant Jasper, whose bravery at Fort Moultrie we have noticed (note 1, page 142), was also killed, while nobly holding aloft, upon a bastion of the British works which he had mounted, one of tlie beautiful colors which had been presented to Moul- trie's regiment by ladies of Charleston. Savannah honors both these heroes, by having parks bearing their names. 2. The naval operations during the war for independence do not occupy a conspicuous place in history, yet they were by no means insignificant. The Continental Congress took action on the subject of an armed marine in the autumn of 1775. Already Washington had fitted out some armed ves- sels at Boston, and constructed some gun-boats for use in the waters around that city. These were propelled by oars, and covered. In November, the Gnvernmeiit of Massachusetts established a Board of Admiralty A committee on naval afi'airs, of which Silas Deane (verse 2, page 150) was chairman, Avas fippointed by the Continental Congress in October, 1775. Before the close of the year, the construction of almost twenty vessels had been ordered by Congress ; and the Marine Committee was so reorganized as to have in it a representative from each colony. In November, 1776, a Continental Navy Board to assist the Marine Com- mittee was appointed ; and in Octolier, 1779, a Board of Admiralty was installed. Its secretary (Secretary of the Navy) was John Brown, until 1771, when he was succeeded by General McDougal (verse 7, page 152). Robert Morris also acted as authorized Agent of Marine ; &nd many privateers COUNT PULASKI. A GUN-BOAT AT BOSTON. Questions— 12. What difficulties beset Great Britain at thjj time ? What service for the Americans did Lafayette perform? 172 THE EEVOLUTIOK. Great Britain's ditticuUii Naval affairs John Paul Jones. the intrepid cruiser, conquered two of her ships of war in sight of her coast, while her armies in America had achieved no marked success. On the Continent, and among her own people, there was wide- spread sympathy for the struggling Amer- icans ; and she found opposition on every liand. Yet in the midst of all these diffi- culties, the Government put forth mighty energies. Parliament voted an ample amount of men and money for the general service. JOHN PALL JONES. were fitted out by him on his own account. In November, 1776, Congress determined the relative rank of the naval commanders, such as admhrd equal to a major-general on land ; a commodore equal to a brigadier-general, etc. The 13rst com- mander-in-chief of the navy, or high admiral, was Esek Hop- kins, of Ehode Island, whom Congress commissioned as such in December, 1775. He first went against Dunmore (verse 23, page 138) on the coast of Virginia. He also went to the Ba- hamas and captured the town of New Providence, and its governor. Sailing for home, he captured some British ves- sels oft' the east end of Long island, and with these prizes he Avent into Narraganset bay. In the mean while, Paul Jones and Captain Barry were doing good service, and New Eng- land cruisers were greatly an: oying English shippirg on our coast. In 1777, Dr. Franklin, under the authority of Con- gress, issued commissions to naval oflicers in Europe. Ex- peditions were fitted out in French sea-ports, and these pro- duced great alarm on the British coasts. While these things were occurring in European waters, Captains Biddle, Manly, McNeil, Hinman, Barry, and others, were making many prizes on the American coasts. Finally, in the spring of 1779, an expedition was fitted out at L' Orient, under the auspices of the French and American Govern- ments. It consisted of five vessels, under the command of John Paul Jones. They sailed fir-t in June, for the British waters, took a few prizes, and returned. They sailed again in August, and on the 23d of September, while off the coast of Scotland, not far above the mouth of the Humber, Jones, with his flag-ship (the Bonhomme Richard) and two others, fell in with and enrountered a small British fleet, which was convoy- ing a number of merchant vessels to the Baltic sea. An engagement took place after night had fallen upon the scene, and for three hours one of the mos^t desperate seafights on record raged ofl^ Flamborough Head. Jones managed to lash, the Richard to the British ship bera- pis, and with muzzle to muzzle they poured broadsides into each other. Three times both ships were on fire. The Serapis filially yielded, and ten minuti b afterward, the Counters of Scarborough, a' other large English vessel, surrendered. Jones's ship was so much injured that, sixteen hours after the battle, she went to the bottom of the ocean. Congress gave Jones a gold medal for his bravery. Manv other brave acts were performed by American seamen during the remainder of the war. For a condensed account of the whole naval ope- rations of the Revolution, and of the "whale-boat warfare" on the coast, see supplement to Lossing's Field-Book of the Revolution. ADMIRAL HOPKINS. Questions.— 12. "What can you tell of the American navy, and John Paul Jones's ex- ploits ? FIFTH YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 173 N E 174 THE EEVOLUTION^. Movements in the Southern States. Charleston threatened and prepared. SECTION VII SIXTH TEAK OF THE WAK FOR INDEPENDENCE [1780]. 1. When tlie British ministry were informed of Lafayette's success at the French court/ they sent orders for the immediate abandonment of Rhode Island, and the concentration of troops at New York. When this was accomplished, Clinton sailed south- ward [December 25] with about five thousand troops, leaving General Knyphausen " in command at New York. In Admiral Arbuthnot's fleet, that bore him, there were two thousand marines, making an aggregate of seven thousand fighting men. 2. As early in the spring of 1780 as possible, Washington sent the baron De Kalb, and other good officers, with troops, to assist the patriots of the South; and this weakening of his army caused the Tories to be more active than ever. The chief seat of war was, however, transferred to the South, and the people of the North had some rest from anxiety and alarm. 3. Clinton landed his troops on the isl- lands below Charleston [February 11, 1780], and prepared to besiege the city. General Lincoln was there with a feeble force, but so well did the militia answer the call of John Rutledge, their governor, that when the invaders appeared before the American works on Charleston Neck, the patriots felt strong enough to resist them. The intrenchments had been strengthened; batteries had been planted at various points around the harbor, and there was a small flotilla of little armed vessels near the town. BARON DE KALB. GOVERNOR RUTLEDGE. 1. Verse 12, page 171. 2. Verse 20, page 147. Questions.—!. What orders did the British Government give, and why? What can you tell of British forces goinor Pouthward? 2. What movements in that direction were made hy the Americans? 3. What c;in you tell of the British movements against Charleston 1 What was the position of affiiirs at that city ? SIXTH YEAR OF THE WAR FOR EST>EPENDENCE. 175 Siege of Charlet^tou. Incidents of the siege. Surrender of Charleston. 4. Arbuthnot, with his fleet, passed up the harbor on the morn- ing of the 9th of April. Clinton had already erected batteries in front of the American works on Charleston Keck,' and the two commanders now demanded a surrender of the town. Lincoln refused, and for a month a siege went on. In the mean time, Com- wallis arrived with fresh troops from New York, and the city was completely surrounded by the foe.^ 5. On the night of the 9th of May, two hundred cannon opened upon the town, and bombshells, like meteors, filled the air. At one time the city was on fire in five jDlaces. The fleet moved toward the town to join in the bom- bardment. The terrible assault continued about forty-eight hours, when, at two o'clock in the momhig of the 12th [May, 1780], Lincoln offered to surrender. SIEGE OF CHARLESTOU, 1789. The firing ceased, and the ai-my and many citizens, about six thousand in number, became prisoners of w^ar." The spoils were four hundred pieces of cannon, ammuni- tion, and stores. 6. This was a terrible blow for the Americans. It was followed by expeditions into the interior;* and very soon the quiet of ]3eace' 1. Verge 4, page 47. 2. Detachments had been sent out between the Cooper and Santee rivers, to keep open a communication between the cit^- and country. These were defeated. On the 14th of April, Tarleton defeated Colonel Huger at Monk's Corners, on the head waters of the Cooper river, and killed twenty-five Americans. On the 6th of May, a party under Colonel White, of New .Ter6e\', were routed at a ferry on the Santee, with a loss of about thirty in killed, wounded, and prisoners. These British detachments overran the whole country below the Cooper and Santee, in the course of a few days, and the city was cut off' from the country. 3. The citizens and a large number of the soldiers were paroled. 4. One, under Cornwallis, marched up the Santee, toward Camden ; another, under Lieu- tenant-Colonel Cruger, was ordered to penetrate the country to Ninety-six, and a third, un- der Lieutenant-Colonel Brown, marched to Augusta, in Georgia. Among the American de- tachments which had hastened toward Charleston to assist Lincoln, and retreated when they heard of his fall, was that of Colonel Buford, consisting of four hundred Continental infantry, and a small troop of cavalry, with two field-pieces. He retreated from Camden on Oornwallis's approach, and near the Waxhaw creek, some sixty miles further north, he was overtaken and surprised by Tarleton and his cavalry. They gave no quarter, but massacred or maimed the larger portion of Buford's command. His loss in killed, wounded, and pris- oners was three hundred and thirteen. He also lost his artillery, ammunition, and baggage. The cruelty of Tarleton was condemned by British writers themselves. Questions.— 4. What did the commanders of the British land and naval forces do? 6. Give an account of the siege and capture of Charleston by the British. 176 THE EEV0LUTI01S-. Invasion of South Carolina. Partisans aroused. Their movements. GENERAL GATES, prevailed in South Carolina. Mistaking this lull in the storm for permanent tranquillity, Clinton, with a large number of troops, sailed in the fleet for New York [June 5, 1780], leaving Corn- wallis ' and a small force to hold the subjugated State. 1. The lull was of short duration. We have observed that De Kalb had been sent to the assistance of Lincoln.^ He did not arrive till long after the fall of Charleston. General Gates was also sent to the same field, and, on forming a junction with De Kalb, took chief com- mand of all the forces, and pushed forward. The South Carolinians were aroused into action by intelligence of the approach of the " conqueror of Burgoyne," ^ and parti- sans like Marion, Sumter, Pickens, and Clarke, were soon in the field with follov/- ers, striking British and Tory detachments here and there, and staying the tide of invasion. 8. Sumter first appeared in power on the Catawba. Repulsed at Rocky Mount [July 30, 1780], on that river, he crossed it, and at Hanging Rock, a few miles eastward, he fell upon and dispersed [August 6] a large body of British and Tories ; yet, through the i^//M"^\ x'^ iv:!*^- ^B^n^ folly of his men, he did not secure a vic- ^/||»M^^,^r>/^^Bffll'fjiMi tory." Marion, at the same time, was smiting the enemy among the swamps of the lower country, on the borders of the Pedce. Pickens was annoying Cruger" in the neighborhood of the Saluda, and Clarke was calling for the patriots along the Sa- vannah, Ogeechee, and Altamaha, to drive Brown ^ from Augusta. GENERAL SUMTER, 1. Verse 4, page 175, 2. Verse 2, page 174. 3. Verse 22,page 159. H.aving Becured a portion of the British camp, Sumter's men commenced plundering, and drinliing the liquors found there. They became intoxicated, and were unable to com- plete the vintory, yet the British dared, not follow Sumter in his slow retreat. 5, Note 4, page' 175. 6. Note 4, page 175. Questions.— 6. What ■u'jjs the effect of the capture of Charleston ? What did the British then do? 7. What can you tell of the movements of Gates and De Kalb? How d d Gates's approach afiect the South Carolinians? 8, Give an account of the doings of partisan leaders in South Carolina. SIXTH YEAR OF THE WAR FOR IIS^DEPEIS^DENCE. 177 Battle near Camden. Defeat of Gates, Sumter's defeat. 9. Gates entered South Carolina near the upper waters of the Santee. Lord Rawdon was in command in that region, and was joined at Camden by Lord Cornwallis. Gates came down through Lancaster district to attack them, and Cornwallis advanced from Camden to meet him. They unexpectedly met, at a little past midnight [August 16, 1780], near Sanders's creek, a few miles north of Camden, and early in the morning engaged in a general battle. Tlie British had an overwhelming force ; and after a des- perate struggle, the Americans were compelled to yield.' They lost, in killed, wounded, and prisoners, about a thousand men, be- sides all their artillery, and nearly everything else. The British lost three hundred and twenty-five. Gates's army was dispersed, and, with a few followers, he escaped to Charlotte, in North Car- olina, about eighty miles distant. 10. A few days after Gates's defeat, Sum- ter's forces were almost annihilated by Col- onel Tarleton, on Fishing creek, near the Catawba river [August 18,1780]; and at the close of summer there were no republi- cans in arms in South Carolina, excepting Marion and his men. Within three months, two American armies had been annihilated, and one of the most active of their partisan corps scattered to the winds. South Carolina swarmed with Tories, and Cornwallis now treated the people as subjugated vassals. liis tyranny produced a reaction, and the patriots OEXEHAL MARION. prcparcd to strike povrerfully for home COLONEL TATILETON, and freedom. 1. Among the slain was tlie baron De Kalb, whose remains lie undci at Camden. neat monument Questions. — 9. C:m von give an account of the m battle near Camden ? AVhat was the result? 10. What dr-.imvi ..vr.en L-unmr. » ,» n^v na^i the Anierioans lost in the South ? What can you my of Tories in South Carolina, and the etfects of British tyranny? arch of G;ites and Cornwallis, a!id their " ' "" aster befell Sumter ? What had 1T8 THE REVOLUTION. Battle at King's mountain. Cornwallis perplexed Movements at New York. 11. Cornwallis invaded Western North Carolina early in Sep- tember, and sent out detachments to awe the republicans and encourage the Tories. Among other commanders, he sent Major Ferguson to embody the Tory militia west of Broad river, among the hills. With fifteen hundred of them, Ferguson en- camped on King's mountain, in Yorkville district, early in October. There he was attacked and defeated, on the 7th, by Whig ' LORD CORNWALLIS. militia, uudcr the respective commands of Colonels Campbell, Shelby, Cleveland, Sevier, Winston, McDow- ell, and Williams.^ This defeat was to Cornwallis what the affair near Bennington was to Burgoyne.^ 12. The partisans already mentioned,* again appeared in the field, with daily increasing forces.^ These movements alarmed Cornwallis, and he returned to South Carolina [October 14], and made his headquarters at Winnsborough, between the Broad and Catawba rivers, in Fairfield district, where we will leave him for the present. 13. While the events we have just related v/ere occurring in the South, others of importance marked the progress of the war in the North, where extensive military operations were almost sus- pended during the year 1780. Clinton, as Ave observed, left Knyp- hausen in command at New York.^ That officer sent General 1. Note 2, page 127. , , , , , ^ ^,, 2. The Amerfcans lost only twenty men. They killed and woimded three hundred of the enemy, and took eight hundred of them prisoners, with fifteen hundred stand of arms. Major Ferguson was^among the plain. On the snot where he fell, he was buried, and a plain Btone with^au inscription commemorates that officer and some Americans killed at the same averse 20, page 158. 4. Verse 7, page 17«. 5. Sumter collected a small force in the vicinity of Charlotte, and returned to South Carolina. For some weeks he annoyed the British and Tories very much, and Lord Corn- wallis, who called him The Carolina Game Cock, used great endeavors to crush him. On the night of the 12th of November, Maiiu- Wemyss, at the head of a British detachment, fell upon him at the Fish Dam Fort on the Broad river, but was repulsed. Eight days afterward he had a very severe engagement with Tarleton, at Blackstock's pl.antation on the Tyger river, in Union district. He had now been joined by some Georgians under Colonels Clarke and Twiggs. Tlie British were repulsed, with a loss, in killed and wounded, of al)out three hundred. The Americans lost only three killed and five wounded. Sumter was among the latter, and he was detained from the field for several months by his wounds. 6. Verse 1, page 174. Questions.— 11. What did Cornwallis do in September ? What can you tell of the battle of King's mountain, in October, 1780 ? 12. Tell how Cornwallis was alarmed and called back from North Carolina. SIXTfi: YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. l79 Invasion of New Jersey. Arrival of French forces. Arnold plotting treason. Mathews' to invade New Jersey with five thousand men, from Staten island. Washington, then encamped at Morristown,^ sent detachments which drove them back to the coast, where they remained until joined by Clinton [June 22] on his return from the south,' when he reenforced Mathews, and endeavored to draw Washington into battle, or capture liis stores. He failed in both. In a severe skirmish at Springfield [June 23], the Americans, under General Greene, defeated the British, and they fled back to Staten island. 14. A few days after this invasion, a French fleet, under Admiral Temay, arrived at Newport, Rhode Island, with six thousand French troops, commanded by the count De Rochambeau. They came to give substantial aid to the Americans. Their coming gave joy to the patriots, and alarm to the British and Tories. They did not enter upon the campaign that season, but prepared to pass the winter in New England. At the same time, General Benedict Arnold was bargaining with Sir Henry Clinton for the transfer of West Point and its dependencies on the Hudson, wdth the liberties of his country, into the hands of the British. 15. Arnold was a brave soldier, but a bad man. He had be- come deeply involved in debt, in Philadelphia,* where he married the beautiful young daughter of a leading Tory.' He was officially disgraced for bad conduct;" and the combined motives of revenge and lust for money and poAver made him a traitor. He was to receive fifty thousand dollars and a brigadier's commission for his perfidy. By false professions he obtained command of West Point, and while Washington was in New England for the pur- pose of conferring with the French officers, he sought to accom- plish his wicked work and receive his reward. 16. The ncixotiations with Arnold Avere made through Major 1. Verse 7, pace 168. 2. In East Jersey. 3. Verse 6, pace 175. 4. Note 2, paee 162. 5. Mr Shippen. 6. He was charged, before the Continental Congress, with fraudulent transactions while acting as military governor in Philadelphia, and was found guilty. He was sentenced to a reprimand bv Washington. This was given as tenderly as possible, but the bad nature oi Arnold would not allow liim to forget or forgive even so slight a punishment. OcESTiONS— 13. Can you give an account of military movements from Isew'iork into New ,it>r9ey ? What were the incidents and results of a Brifsh invasion of New Jersey i 14 What can vou tell of the arrival of a French fleet and army at Newport ? What was General Arnold doing ? 16. Give an account of Arnold's preparations to betray West Foint 180 THE REVOLUTION. Arnold's treason. Capture and death of Andrfi. Energy of the British. i - EENEDICT ARNOLD, Andre, Clinton's adjutant-general/ It was done by letters until the 22d of September [1780], when tliey met, for the first time, near Haverstraw, on the west side of the Hudson. The bargain was then closed. The Vulture^ sloop-of-w:ir, in which Andre Avas conveyed up the river, had been driven from 'ler anchorage during the long conference, and the adjutant was compelled to cross the Hud- son, and make his way back by land. At Tarrytown he was seized and searched by three young militia-men, who, finding papers in his boots, took him to the nearest military station. 1 7. Arnold was informed of the capture,^ and immediately fled to the Yult'ure^ in his barge, and joined the British army. Major Andre was hung as a spy ; ^ and the Congress voted a silver medal and a pension of two hundred dollars a year during their lives to his captors."* 1 8. The sixth year of the war was now drawing to a close, and yet the patriots were not subdued. Yet Eng- land seemed not to suffer discourage- CAPT0X.3' MEDAL. j^icnt. Fumiudful of the powerful French army and navy on our shores, and the necessity which compelled her to declare war against Holland [December 20, 1780],' she put forth as mighty energies as ever, and made large preparations to meet the rebellion in 1781. 1. Arnold's handwriting was disguised, and he signed his letters Gtistavus. Andre's let- ters were signed John Anderson. A correspondence was carried on between them for more than n year. 2. The commnndant of the station, too stupid, apparently, to comprehend the character of his prisoner, allowed him to write a letter to Arnold, informing him of his capture, and thus giving him warning, that he might escape. 3. At Tappan, on the west side of the Hudson, nearly opposite Tarrytown. 4. On one side is the word " Fidelity," on the other, " Vincit amor patei^," " The love of country conquers." 5. War was declared Avhen the British ministry learned that this maritime rival of Eng- land was secretly negotiating a treaty with the United States for assistance in their struggle. Questions.— 16. How did Arnold bargain with the British ? What can j^on tell of the meeting of Arnold and Andre? Relate the circumstances of Andre's capture. 17. What did Arnold do when informed of Andre's arrest ? What was done with Andre ? 18. What have you to ssy concerning the subjugation of the patriots, and the giant efforts of England? SEVENTH YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 181 Mutiny. Noble conduct of mutineers. Action of Congress. SECTIOISr VIII. SEVENTH TEAR OP THE WAIi FOR INDEPENDENCE [iVSl]. 1. Owing to the tardiness of Congress in providing pay and cloth- ing for the troops, discontent assumed the sha})e of open mutiny at the beginning of 1 781. On the 1st of January, thirteen hundred of the Pennsylvania line left the camp at Morristown,^ with the avowed purpose of demanding, in person, full justice at the hands of Congress. Two kinds of embassies met them at Princeton.^ One was composed of British emissaries, who tried to seduce them, by bribes, into the royal service ; the other was a com- mittee from Congress. They handed the former over to the American general, for punishment as spies ; ^ and confiding in the promises of the latter, that they should receive their dues speedily, they returned to camp. 2. On the ISth of the same month [Januarj^, 1781], a portion of the New Jersey line, at Pompton, left camp in the same way. This was promptly quelled by military force [January 27], and nothing of the kind appeared afterward. Congress and peo- ple, warned by these events, put forth greater exertions ; and Robert Morris, of Philadelphia, was chosen agent for the management of the finances of the Government. To his energy and j^er- robert morris. 1. The headquarters of Waehinfifton were row at New Windsor, jnet above the Hudson Highlands. The Pennsylvania troops were cantoned at Morristown, New Jersey ; and the New Jersey troops were at Pompton. in the same State. 2. Washine^ton had sent Wayne to brintr the insurgents hack to duty. When he placed himself before tbem, with loaded pistols, they put their bayonets to his breast, and said, " We love and respect you, but if you fire you are a dead man. We are not going to the enemy •, on the conlrary, if they were now to come out, you should see us fight under your orders with as much alacrity as ever." 3. They were indignant because of the implied doubt of their patriotism which the ap- proaches of the British emissaries created, and they cheerfully handed them over to W.ayne. WHien oft'ered a reward for delivering tliera up, lh.>y refu-^ed it, saying, "Our necessities compelled us to demand justice from our Government ; we ask no reward for doing our duty to our country against its enemies." QiTESTioxs.— 1. What can you tell of mutinies in the American army at the beginning of 1781 ? Elow was American patriotism illustrated? 2. Give an account of a mutiny by New Jersey troops. What were the effects of these mutinies? What can you tell of Robert Morris ? 182 THE EEVOLUTION. Arnold's invasion of Virginia. Greene in South Carolina. Battle of the Cowpens. sonal credit the country was indebted for the means to commence offensive operations in the spring of 1781. 3. Arnold, the traitor/ commenced the work of his royal pur- chaser, with a few armed vessels and sixteen hundred Tories, at the beginning of 1781. He went up the James river, and destroyed [January 5, 1781] much property at Richmond. Re- turning, he made his headquarters at Portsmouth [January 29], opposite Norfolk. A portion of the French fleet was sent to keep him there, but was driven back [March 16] by the British fleet. Lafayette was sent, with twelve hundred men, to oppose his fur- ther invasion of Virginia, but Arnold was soon joined [March 26] by more than two thousand men, under General Phillips, when they went up the James on another marauding expedition. We shall meet Arnold, presently, in New England. 4. The Southern States became the chief theatre of the cam- paign of 1781. General Greene^ suc- ceeded Gates in the command at the South,^ at the close of 1780. He took post, with the main body of his little army, at Cheraw, on the Pedee, and sent the remainder, about a thousand A strong, under Morgan, to occupy a posi- tion near the Broad river. This dispo- sition of his forces disconcerted the plans of Cornwallis, who was about to invade North Carolina again.' It would not do to leave Morgan on his flank or rera\ So he sent Tarleton ' to capture or disperse his command. They fought a severe battle [January 17, 1781] at a place called The Coicpens, in Spartanburg district, and the Americans won a brilliant victory.' The Congress gave Morgan GENERAL GREENE. 1. Verse 15, page 179. 2. Verse 13, page 178. 3. Verse 9, page 177. 4 Verse 11 page 178. 5- Verse 10, page 177. e! Tlie British lost almost three hundred men killed and wounded, and five hundred made prisoners. ■] Questions.— 3. When and how did Arnold, the traitor, commence serving his British master? Give an account of eftbrts to take him. By whom was he joined, m Virginia ? 4 Where was the chief tiieiitre of wnr in 1781 ? What did General Greene do ? What dis- position did he make of his army ? How did it affect the enemy ? What can you tell of a battle at the Cowpe.s ? SEVENTH YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 183 Greene's retreat before Coriiwallis. His return in force. GENERAL MORGAN. COLONEL WASUINGTON, a gold medal, and to Colonels Howard ' and Washington ^ each a silver medal, for their services on that occasion. 5, At the close of the battle, Morgan hurried toward Virgi- nia with his five hundred prisoners. Cornwallis tried, in vain, to intercept him. Greene joined him ; and then commenced a remark- able retreat by the Americans, from the Yadkin to the Dan, closely pursued by the ^- British. The main body from Cheraw joined Greene [Febru- ary V] at Guilford Court House. After many narrow escapes tiliey all crossed the Dan [February 13], and at its bank Cornwallis gave up the chase. Mortified and dispirit- ed, he moved sullen- ly back [February 14] and established his headquarters at Hills- borough, in North Ca- rolina. 6. Greene remained in Virginia only long enough to refresh his COLONEL HENRY LEE. troops aud receivc re- cruits, when he recrossed the Dan to confront his foe. Colonel Henry Lee was sent forward with cavalry, to foil Tarleton's at- ^1 Court House ^ ^ Ami. ^ i BATTLE OF GUILFORD. 1. John Ensrer Howard, of the Marylnnd line. Willinm Washinerton was a bloofi relation of the general-in-chief, and commanded a corps of Virpii ia cavalry. Both Avere active pa- triots. Howard afterward became governor of Marylai d and United Ptntes eei ator. 2. Ill a personal combat with Tarleton, at the battle of the Cowpens, W.asliiiigjton wonnded his antagonist in his hand. Some months afterward, Tarleton said eneerintrly to Mrs. Willie Jones, a witty American lady, " Tliat Colonel Was'iington, I am told, is illiterate, and can- not write Ills own name." "Ah! Colonel," said Mrs. Jones, " you ought to know better, for you bear evidence that he can make his i7inrk." At another time he expressed a desire to see ('olonel Washington. Mrs. Jones's sister instnntly replied, " Had you looked behind you at the Coicpensj you might have had that pleasure." Questions.— 5. What did Morgan do after the battle of the Cowpens ? Can j-ou give an account of a remarkable retreat and pursuit ? 184 THE KEVOLUTIOIS^. Battle at Gruilford Court House. Battle at Hobkirk's nil Flight of Rawdon. tempt to recruit among the Tories, and was successful. Greene, meanwhile, moved cautiously, and was continually increased in strength. On the 1st of March [1781] he had almost five thousand men. He desired a battle with Cornwallis, and w^as gratified on the 15th. They met and fought a very severe combat at Guilford Court House. Greene was driven from the field, but Cornwallis's army was so much shattered by the shock, that he fled with the remnant toward the sea-board, followed some distance by Greene. 1. At the beginning of April, Greene marched against the British under Lord liawdon, at Camden. He encamped [April J 9] on Hobkirk's Hill, two miles from that vil- lage, where he was attacked and defeated [April 25, 1781], after a desperate struggle, with a loss of two hundred and sixty-six killed, wounded, and missing. The British loss was about the same. Greene carried aw^ay, in his retreat, all of his artillery and baggage, and fifty prisoners. 8. Kecruits Hocked to Greene's camp. This alarmed Rawdon. He set fire to Camden [May 10], fled to Nelson's Ferry on the Santee, and called toward him the garrisons of more remote outposts. Greene moved at once with vigor, and in the space of a w eek he captured four im- portant British posts,^ and w^as well on his w^ay toward Ninety- Six.^ ' At the beginning of June [1781], the British held only three places in South Carolina, namely, Charleston, Nelson's Ferry, and Ninety-Six. HOBKIRK'S HILL 1. Lee and Marion were tine principal leaders against these posts. Orangeburg, on the North Edisto, Kixty-five milee below Columbia, was taken on the 11th of May ; Fort Motto on the 12th ; the poet at Nelson's Ferry on the 14th, and Fort Granby, on the Congaree, two miles from Columbia, on the 16th. Fort Watson, situaterl on the Santee, a few miles above Nelson's Ferry, wns taken on the 16th of April. Fort Motte was near the junction of the "Wateree and Congaree, forty miles south from Camden. Nelson's Ferry is at the mouth of Eutaw creek, on the Sai tee, about fifty miles from Charlesto'.-i. This was abandoned on the npproach of Rawdon, and was held by him to the close of May. 2. So called because it was ninety-six miles from the frontier fort, Prince George, on the Keowee river. Its site is occupied by the pleasant village of Ciimbridg.e, in Abbeville dis- trict, one hundred and forty-seven miles north-west from Charle.*ton. QcESTiONS.— 6. What did Greeno then do? What have you to sny of Major Lee? Can you give an account of a battle at Guilford Court House? 7. Givo an aci^ount of the move- ments of Greene toward Camden. What can you tell about a battle nt Hol>kirk'e Hill ? 8. W^hat alarmed Rawdon ? What did he do? What can vou tell of Greene's operations? What ports did the British hold ? SEVENTH YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 185 Jiege of Ninetj--Six. Capture of Augusta. Summer camp. FORT NIXr.TT-SIX.2 9. Greene commenced the siege of Ninety-Six on the 22d of May, with less than a thousand regulars and a few raw militia. For almost a month his efforts were unavail- ing. Then hearing of the approach of Raw- don, v/ith a strong force, for the relief of Cruger,^ the Americans made an unsuccessful effort [June 18] to take the place by storm. They raised the siege the following evening [June 19], and retreated beyond the Saluda. Rawdon pursued them a short distance, v/hen he wheeled and marched to Orangeburg. 10. Lee, Pickens, and Clarke were bucy^ in the mean time, on the Savannah. They captured Augusta on the 5th of June [1781], after a siege of twelve days, and took over three hundred prisoners, losing, in killed and wounded, fifty-one — the same as the enemy. ' They then hastened to join Greene, who pursued Rawdon to Orange- burg. Finding the British strongly in- trenclied there, Greene crossed the Con- garee, and, leading his army to the high hills of Santee, in Santee district, en- ■camped there for several weeks during the hot and sickly season. Rawdon left his troops in command of Colonel Stewart and de- parted for England.^ 11. Greene was joined by North Carolina troops in August, 1. Note 4, pa^e 175. 2. The principal work was a star redoubt (note 4, page 132). There was a picketed in- do>ure (note 1, ]iage 6.3) aronnd the Kttle villaije ; and o:i the Avest side of a stream ruiinini? from a spring (n) was a stockade (note 1, pasrc 63) fort. The besiegers encamped at fotir ditlerer.t points aronnd tlie works. Kosciuszko (verse 10, page 157) was the enuineer-in-chitf. 3. A short time before he sailed, Rawdon was a party to a cruel transaction which crea- ted a great deal of excitement throughout the South. Among those who took British pro- tection after the fall of Charleston, in 1780 (verse 5, page 175), was Colonel Isaac Hayne, a highly respectable Carolinian. When General Greene, the fol'owing year, confined the British to Charleston alone, and these protections had no force, Hayne considered himself released from the obligations of his parole, took up arms i'ov his country, ai;d was made- a prisoner. (Jolonel Balfour was then in chief command at Charleston, :;nd from the begin- nintj seemed dctermiied on the death of Hayne. Rawdon exerted Lis inflr.ei c- to save the prisoner, >mt finally he consented to his execution, as a traitor. Gree; e was inclined to re- tftliute, but, fortunately, hostilities soon afterward ceased, and the flow of blood was stopped. Questions. —9. Can you sive an account of the s^ege of Ninety-Six? 10. What can you tell of Lee, Pickens, and Clarke, and the capture of Augusta ? 'SVhat did Greene do with GENERAL PICKENG. his army ? 186 THE REVOLUTION. Battle of Eutaw Springs. British posts. Invasion of Virginia. and at the close of the month marched against Orangeburg. Cruger ^ had joined Stewart there, and the whole British force retreated to Eutaw Springs, near the Santee. Greene pursued, and on the morning of the 8th of September [1781] fell upon the enemy at Eutaw, and drove him from the field. Stewart rallied and renewed the fight with so much vigor, that after a struggle of four hours, the Americans were driven from the position. On that night the British fled toward Charleston, and the Americans reoccupied the battle-field. 1 2. Greene sent detachments in pursuit of the enemy, and soon afterward returned, with his main army, to the High Hills of San- tee, leaving those active partisans, Marion, Sumter, Lee, and others, to confine the enemy to the sea-board. They were successful; and at the close of 1781 the British did not hold a single post southward of New York, excepting Charleston and Savannah. Greene moved his army to the vicinity of the former city, intf November; while Wayne, early in 1782, was closely w^atchingii the British at Savannah. 13. While these events were occurring in South Carolina, Corn- wallis was trying to subjugate Virginia. He reached Petersburg, from Wilmington,'^ on the 20th of May, where he found Lafayette, with a feeble force, to oppose him, and he pressed on beyond Richmond, destroying an immense amount of property.^ For several weeks the State was at his mercy, when the appearance of Lafayette, Wayne, and Steuben, with combined forces, caused him to retire suddenly toward the sea, closely followed by these opponents. He crossed the James river at Old Jamestown [July 9], and made his way to Portsmouth, opposite Norfolk." 1. Verse 9, page 185. _« 2. After the battle at Guilford Court House in March, Cornwallis marched to Wilming- ton, to rest and recruit his shattered army. He moved northward from that point on the 25th of April, and reached Petersburg on the 20th of May, where he took command of the troops of Phillips (verse 3, page 182), who had died there. 3. The principal object of Cornwallis in marching beyond Richmond, was to prevents junction of troops, under Wayne, then approaching through Maryland, with Lafayette. But the marquis was too expert, out-marched the ear), and met Wayne on the 10th of June. 4. Verse 23, page 138. QuESTTONS.— 11. What can you tell of Greene's pursuit of the British, and the battle at Eutaw Springs? 12. Where did Greene take h's army ? What can you fell of the doings of partisan leaders? Where were Greene and Wayne at the beginning of 1782? 13. What was Cornwallis now trying to do? What can you tell of his invasion of Virginia, and his depar- ture from it ? SEVENTH YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 187 The allied armies. Arnold, the traitor, in Virginia. COUNT DE ROCHAMBKAU. 14. Cornwallis soon moved from Portsmouth to Yorktown, on the York river [August, 1781], nnd cast up fortifications there. In the mean time, a formidable foe was approaching him from the north. Rochambeau and his army joined Washing- ton, on the Hudson, early in July, with the intention of driving Clinton from New York. This scheme was abandoned when it was as- certained that the British had been reenforced, and that the count de Grasse, with a powerful French fleet, was about to sail from the West Indies to the Chesapeake, with many land troops. Washington resolved to march for Virginia and drive the enemy from that State. 15. Washington so concealed his movements, that his army was beyond successful pursuit when Clinton was assured that his adversary was hastening forward. Hoping to recall him by maraudings on the New England coast, he sent Arnold to do that Avork. He burned New London [September 6, 1781], and committed dreadful atrocities at Fort Grisvrold, opposite,' but Washington did not turn back. Clinton also sent reenforce- ments to Cornwallis, in the fleet of Admiral Graves, but De Grasse was at the entrance to the Chesapeake [September 5], to dispute their entrance. Graves was driven ofl* after a partial engagement, and the French fleet anchored within the capes. 16. The allied armies appeared before Yorktown on the 2Sth of September. They numbered about twelve thousand effective men.'^ COTTNT DE GRASSE. 1. Arnold landed at the month of the Thames, and proceeded to attack Fort Trumbnll, near New London. The garrison evacuated it, and the village was burned. Another divis- ion of the expedition went up on the east side of the Thames, attacked Fort Griswold at Groton, and after Colonel Ledyard had surrendered it, he and almost every man in the fort were cruelly murdered, or badly wounded. There is a monument to their memory at Groton. 2. The whole of the American and French forces, employed in the siege, amounted to a little over sixteen thousand men. Of the Americans, about seven thousand were regular troops, and four thousand militia. The French troops numbered about five thousand, in- cluding those brought by De Grasse from the West Indies. QtjESTioNS.— 14. Where did Cornwallis make a fortified camp? What can you tell of the French army ? What scheme was plaiuied and abandoned ? What did Washington resolve to do? 15. ilow did AVashington deceive Clinton? What did Clinton do? What can you tell of a naval skirmish ? 188 THE EEVOLUTION. Siege of Yorktown. Surrender of Cornwallis. Clinton'B movements. A regular siege Avas soon commenced; and on the evening of the 9th of Oc- tober, a heavy cannonade was opened n^^on the town and the British works, and several vessels were set on fire by red-hot balls. Per- ceiving his peril, and despair- ing of aid from Clinton, Cornwallis attempted to es- cape on the night of the 16th, bnt was foiled by a tremendous storm/ Three days afterward [October 1 9, 1781], he surrendered his soldiers and posts, his seamen and ship- ping, into the hands of Washington and De Grasse.'' : 1 7. A few days after the surrender of Cornwallis, Clinton ap- peared off the entrance to Chesapeake bay, with seven thousand men. He was too late. The withering blow to British power in America had been struck, and he returned to l^ew York, amazed and disheartened. All over the land were heard voices of thanks- giving for the great victory which gave assurances of 2:>eace. The Tories were silenced and awed ; and the war party in Great Britain, utterly confounded, began to talk of the expediency of peace. ^ The administration of Lord ISTorth, which had misled the SIEGE OF YOKKTOWN. 1. He made preparntions to crosp the York river to Gloucepter, break tlirongh the line of French troops stationed there, and, by forced marches through Maryland, escape to New- York. A fearful storm of wind and rain came on suddenly, and compelled him to abandon the design, 2. The British lost one hundred and fifty-six killed, three hundred and twenty-six ■wounded, and seventy missinar. The combined armies lost, in killed and wounded, about three hundred. Among the spoils were seventy-five brass, and one hundred and sixty iron cannon; seven thousand seven hundred and ninety-four muskets : twenty-eight regimental standards ; a large quantity of musket and cannon balls, and nearly eleven thousand dollars in specie in the military chest. The army was surrendered to "Washington, and the shipping and senmen to De Grasse. The latter soon afterward left the Chesapeake and went to the West Indies. 3. Lord George Germaine said that Lord North received the intelligence as he would have done a cannon-ball in his breast. He paced the room, and throwing his arms wildly about, kept exclaiming, " O God ! it is all over, it is all over 1" Questions.— 16. Can you give an account of the siege and capture of Yorktown ? 17. Whnt can you tell of Clinton's movements? What were the eflfects of the capture of Cornwallis and his army ? SEVENTH YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPEIS^DENCE. 189 W'^w 190 THE REVOLUTION. Peace approaching. Proceedings of the British House of Commons, nation for twelve years, gave way to the control of more liberal men [March, 1782 J; and early in May, Sir Guy Carlton' arrived in New York, with propositions for a reconciliation. SECTION IX. CLOSING EVENTS OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE [1782-1 789]. 1. The news of the surrender of Cornwallis was hailed in Greene's army ^ [October 30, 1781], in South Carolina, as an omen of peace, and Governor Rutledge ^ called a legislative assembly to reestab- lish civil authority. Pardon was oifered to offending Tories, and hundreds came from the British lines to accept the favor. The British at Wilmington fled to the vicinity of Charleston for safety ; Wayne watched the enemy at Savannah ; and Washing- ton kept Clinton and his army close prisoners in New York. 2. On the 4th of March, 1782, the British House of Commons* resolved to end the war. Orders for a cessation of hostilities speedily went forth to the British commanders in America. On the 11th of July [1782] the British evacuated Savannah, and on the 14th of December following, they also departed from Charles- ton.* They remained in New York almost a year longer [No- vember 25, 1783], under the command of Sir Guy Carleton,^ who succeeded Sir Henry Clinton, because the final negotiations 1 Verse 19, page 136. 2. Verse 12, paee 186. 3. Verse 3, page 174. 4. The popular branch of the British Parliament. 5. During the preceding Bummer, General Leslie, the British commander at CharloBton,^ made several attempts to penetrate the country for the purpose of seizing provisions for his army. Late in August, he attempted to ascend the Combahee for that purpose, when he was opposed by the Americans under General Gist, of the Maryland line. Colonel John^ Laurens volunteered in the service ; and in a skirmish at daybreak, on the 25th of August, he was killed. The last blood of the Revolution was shed at tftono Ferry (verse 5, page 168) in September following, when Captain Wilmot was killed in a skirmish with a British foraging party. 6. Verse 19, page 136. Questions.— 1. How did Greene's army receive the news of the defeat of Cornwallis? What did the authorities of South Carolina do ? How and where were the British watched ? 2. What peace measures were taken by Parliament? What can you tell of the British leav- ing our shores ? CLOSING EVENTS OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 191 Negotiations for peace. Treaty of peace agreed to. for peace were not completed, by ratification, until near that time.' 3. Five commissioners" were appointed by the United States to conclude a treaty of peace with Great Britain, They met two English commissioners, for that purpose, at Paris, and there, on the 30th of November, 1782, they signed a preliminary treaty. French and English commissioners also signed a treaty of peace on the 20th of January following. Congress ratified the action of its commissioners in April, 1783, yet negotiations were in progress until September following, when a definitive treaty was signed' [September 3, 1V83] at Paris. At the same time, defini- 1, The following is a list of me principal battles of the Revolution, with the dates of their occurrence : Namk. Date. 1775. 130 las 136 137 142 145 147 147 148 151 153 157 158 158 155 159 155 156 160 159 156 156 162 164 Pagb. 167 167 168 Namb. Datb. Kettle Creek, Feb. 14. Brier Creek, March 3. Stone Ferry, lime 20. Stony Point, July 15. Penobscot, Aua:. 13. Panlus' Hook, July 19. Indian Country in New York, .Aug. 29. Flamboro' Head, Sept. 23. 172. Savanuab, Oct. 9. 171 1780. Monk's Corner, April 14. 175, n. Santee Ferry, May 6. 175, n. Charleston, . '. May 12. 175 Waxhaw, May 29. 175, n. 170 Sprii gtield, June 23. Rocky Mount, July CO, Hanging Rock, Aug. 6. Sanderb's Creek, Aug. 16. Fishing Creek, Aug. 18. King's Mountain, Oct. 7. Fish Dam Ford, Nov. 12. Hi 178 176 176 177 177 178 , n. Lexington, April 19. Bunker Hill, June 17. Siege of St. John's, Nov. Quebec, Dec. 31. 1776. Fort Moultrie, June 28. Long Island, Aug. 27. White Plains, Oct. 28. Fort Washington, Nov. 16. Trenton, Dec. 26. 1777. Princeton, Jan. 3. Ei deefield, April 27. Ilubbanlton..^ July 7. Oriskany , Aug. 6. .Bennington, Aug. 1 6. Brandy wine, Sept. 11. Beinis's Heights, Sept. 19, Paoli, Sept. 20. Germai t own, Oct. 4. Forte Clinton and Mo;.tgoniery,.Oct. 6. Saratoga, Oct. 7. Fort Mercer, Oct. 22. Fort Milllin , Nov, 16, 1778. Monmouth, June 28. Wyom ins:, July 3. Quaker Hill or Rhode Island,, .\ufir. 29. Savannah, Dec. 29. 1779. Sunbury, Jan. 9. 2. This number was appointed in order that different sections of the Union might be represented. Tlie commissioners were John Adams, John Jay, Dr. Franklin, Thomas Jef- ferson, and Henrv Laurens. Jefferson did not serve. 3. England acknowledged the independence of the United States : allowed ample bound- aries, extending northward to the great lakes, and Avestward to the Mississippi, and an un- limited right of fishing on the banks of Newfoundland. The two Floridas were restored to Spain, • Blackstock, , , Nov, 20. 178, n. 1781. Cowpens Jan. 17. 182 Guilford Court House, March 15. 183 Hobkirk's Hill April 25. 184 Ninetv-Six, June 18. 185 Fort Griswold, Sept. 6. 187, n. Eutaw Springs, Sept. 8. 186 Yorktown, Oct. 19. 188 1782. Combahee, Aug. 25. 190, n. Stono Ferry, Gept. — . 190, n. Questions. — 3. What can you tell of treaties at the close of the war. 192 THE REVOLUTIOj^. Public dangers. The army disbanded. Washington resigns his commission. tive treaties between England, France, Spain, and Holland, were signed by tlieir respective commissioners, and the United States became an acknowledged Power among the nations of the earth. 4. With the joy that gladdened the Americans on the return of peace, were mingled gloomy apprehensions of coming evil, foreshadowed in the murmurings of the unpaid soldiers,' the con- dition of the finances, and the jealousies of the States. For a long time the soldiers had been unpaid, for the Treasury was empty. Crafty men increased their discontent by charging Con- gress with neglect; and finally, when, in the spring of 1783, the time drew near for the disbanding of the army, an address was circulated through the American camp at Newburg, on the Hud- son, which advised the army to take matters into their own hands, make a demonstration that should arouse the fears of the people and of Congress, and thus obtain justice for themselves. Washington's sagacity and prudence nipped a mischievous scheme in the bud. 5. On the eighth anniversary of the skirmish at Lexington [April 19, 1783], a cessation of hostilities was proclaimed in the army, and on the 3d of November following, that glorious Continental army was disbanded, and its members returned quietly to their homes.^ Washington met his officers in ^STew York [December 4, 1783], and affectionately parted with them. Then he hastened to Annapolis, in Maryland, where the Con- gress was sitting, with General Mifflin at their head, and resigned into their hands [December 23] the com- mission which he received [June 16, 1775] from them more than eight years before. It was a spectacle of great moral sublimity. GENERAL MIFFLIN. 1. Verse 1, paa:e 181. 2. Of the 230,000 Continental soldiers, and the 56,000 militia, who bore arms during tho ■war, only twelve now [August, 1864] remain among us, and the average age of the.-'here diil he take the oath of office ? 196 THE NATION. The new Government in motion. Its machinery. Washington's tour. 4^T^^, 2. The first session of Congress was chiefly devoted to the organ iza- tion of the new Government, and the \V arrangement of measures for the fu- ^y ture jDrosperity of the Republic. The ? ^ HA public finances and a system of reve- nues first engaged their attention. Three Executive Departments were created ; namely, Treasury, War, and Foreign Afiairs, the heads of which Avere to be styled Secretaries, instead of 3£inisters, as in Europe. These the President might appoint or dismiss with the concurrence of the Senate of the United States. They were to con- 'h stitute a cabinet council, always ready ' for consultation with the President on ^ public aflairs, and bound to give him their opinions in writing, when requir- ed. A national judiciary was estab- lished, consisting of a Supreme Court, having a Chief Justice and five as- WASHINGTON, AND HIS RESIDENCE. sociates;' also, circuit and district courts, which had jurisdiction over certain specified cases. 3. The Congress adjourned on the 29th of September [1789], and Washington, having appointed his cabinet council,'^ made a brief tour in Xew England, to make himself better acquainted with the people and their resources. The second session of Con- gress began early in January, 1790, when Mr. Hamilton, the Secretary of the Treasury, made able reports on the monetary aflairs 1. John Jay w:i8 nppointed Chief Justice ; John Rutledge (verse 3, paelievinsf, no doubt, that the States would again become British provinces. The forts were not given up until 1796. 2. The Federalists advocated the National Constitution, which concentrated power in the General Government. The Republica-ns advocated the supremacy of the States, in most cases, and were more favorable to the old Confed^-atioyi than to the' new National Govern- ment. They did not advocate a return to it, hut Avith the speeious plea for a ditfusion of power amom; the people, they sought to weaken that of the General Government. These parties had di.-Ainct organizations for about twenty years. Questions.— 5. Wh.at can yon tell about troubles with tbe Indians, nnd wir with them? 6. Can you give an account of W:tyne's movements in the Indian country? What was the result? 7. What can you tell al)out the formation of politic:il parties? Wh.at about the reelection of Washington and Adams, and the sympathies of the Republicans ? WASHLN^GTOn's ADMINISTEATIOK-. 199 A representative of French democracy. His conduct. "Whiskey iTisurrection. murdered their king, and proclaimed liberty^ equality^ and frater- nity^ as the true basis of government. *i 8. The French democrats, holding the government of France, sent M. Genet, an ardent republican, to represent that so-called republic, in this country. He was received with open arms by a large party arrayed against the United States Government. He at once proceeded to set that Government at defiance, by fitting out privateers in its ports to depredate on the commerce of England, Spain, and Holland, against which delirious France had pro- claimed war; and he sneered at Washington's proclamation of neutrality,^ which was instrumental in keeping the United States free from the perils of entanglement in European politics. Wash- ington finally requested his recall [July, 1793], and the French Government foraaally disapproved of Genet's proceedings. 9. One of the fruits of the influence of French politics was an armed resistance to the oflicers of the Government in Western Pennsylvania, when they attempted to collect a tax levied on do- mestic-distilled whiskey. This was in the summer of 1794. The President issued two proclamations [Au- gust 7 — September 25] warning the insur- gents to desist, and he finally sent Gene- ral Lee, of Virginia, with competent mili- tary power to enforce obedience. The re- ■ bellion, which is known in history as The WhisTcey Insurrection^ was soon sup- pressed.^ 10. At this time [1794] a bitter feeling was growing up between the American and British Governments. There were ^^^^ ^^^" mutual accusations of a violation of the treaty of 1783.^ Finally, 1. This was issued on the 9th of May, 1793, and declared it to he the duty and the interest of the people of the United States to preserve a strict neutrality toward the contending Power- of Europe. 2. The insurrection became eeneral in all the western counties, and in the vicinity of Pittsburg many outraares were committed. Buildings were burned, mails were robbed, and Government officers were insulted and abused. It was estimated that at one time the in- surae:its numbered seven thousand. 3. Xote 1, page 19S. The Americans complained that no indemnification had been made for negroes carried away at the close of the Revolution ; that the British held military posts Questions. — 8. What can you tell about the reprpsentative of the French democrats? What did he do ? What did Washinstmi do ? 9. What have you to say about French poli- tics and an insurrection in Penhsylvauia ? 200 THE NATION. Jay's treaty, Algerine pirates. Close of Washington's Administrat-on. - in the spring of 1794, John Jay was appointed a special envoy to' Great Britain, to adjust all matters in dispute. He negotiated a treaty which was not satisfactory to all parties at home/ It met Avith the most violent opposition, hut was finally ratified by the Senate on the 24th of June, 1*795. In October following, a treaty was concluded with Spain, by which the boundary lines be- tween her territories of Louisiana and Florida, and the United States, were defined. 11. American commerce now began to find its way into the Mediterranean sea, and was there met by Algerine pirates, who seized the property and held the seamen as slaves for ransom.^ These depredations called for a navy to protect American com- merce, and, in 1*794, Congress made appropriations for the creation of one. Until that work was accomplished, our Governmeilt was compelled to pay tribute to the dey or governor of Algiers, as a bribe to let our commerce alone. 12. The Administration of Washington was now drawing to a close. It had been one of vast importance and incessant action. The machinery of a National Government had been put in motion, and the foreign and domestic policy of the Republic had been set- tled. It was a glorious Administration; and its last year was signalized by the admission of Tennessee into the Union as a State. And now the second struggle for ascendency between the Federalists and Republicans occurred. Washington would not again accept the office of President.* The Federalists nominated on their front'ers, contrary to the treaty ; that British emissaries had excited the hostility of the Indians, and that to retaliate on France, the English had captiired our neutral vessds, and impressed our seamen into the British service. The British complained tliat stipula- tions concerning the property of Loyalists, and also in relation to debts contracted in Eng land hefore the close of the war, had not been complied with. 1. The most serious objections to it were that it provided for the collection of debts here, by British creditors, which had been contracted before the Revolution, and failed to procure redress for those who had lost negroes. 2. Between the years 1785 and 1793, the Algerine pirntes captured and carried into Al- giers fifteen American vessels, used the property, and made one hundred and eighty oflacers and seamen slaves of the most revolting kind. In 1795 the United States agreed, by treaty, to pay $800,000 for captives then alive, and in addition, to mnke the dey, or governor, a present of a frigate, wortli $100,000. An annual tribute of $23,000, in maritime stores, was also to be paid. This was complied with until the breaking out of the war of 1812. 3. In September, 1796, Washington published his immortal Fareicell Address to his coun- trymen. It is a most precious legacy to posterity. It is a plea for Union, and was drawn Questions.— 10. What were now the relations between the United States and Grent Brit- ain? What can you te.ll about a treaty between them and the United States and Sp:nn? 11. What can you tell about commerce and the Algerines ? 12. What have you to say about the close of Washington's Administration? What can you tell about a struggle between tho Federalists and Republicans, and the result ? What did Washington do 1 JOHN ADAMS S ADMINISTRATION. 201 President John Adams. Difficulties with the French. John Adams, and the Republicans, Thomas Jefferson. The con- test was close and fierce. Adams was chosen President, and Jefferson Vice-President. On the 4th of March, 1796, Washing- ton retired from public office, and returned to Mount Vernon with the hope that he should never be called from it again. SECTION II. JOHN ADAMS's ADMINISTBATION [1797- 1801]. 1. President Adams retained the cabinet officers left by Washington.^ Unpleasant relations between the Uni- ted States and France ^ then existing, caused him to call an extraordinary session of Congress on the 15th of May, 1797, to consider the matter. That body, in July, appointed three envoys, with Charles Cotesworth Pinckney at their head, to proceed to France for the adjustment of all diffi- culties. The French Government re- fused to receive them [October, 1797] until they should pay a large sum of money into the treasury of that coun- try. The demand was indignantly refused ; and only the Republican en- voy (Mr. Gerry) was allowed to remain in France. from the great patriot by the evidences of a growintf hostility to the Union, among the politi- cal leaders in his natlve'State of Virginia. The Great Civil War has shown the necessity for such a plea and warning. 1. Timothy Pickering, Secretary of State* Oliver Wolcott, Secretary of the Treasury; James McHenry, Secretary of War ; and Charles Lee, Attorney-General. Washii gton's fir^t cabinet had all resigned during the early part of his second term of office rtlie President is elected for four years), and the above-named gentlemen were api^ointed during 1795 and 1796. 2. The republican Government of France was administered by a council called the Di- rectory. It was composed of five members, and ruled in connection with two representative bodies, called, respectively, the Council of Ancients and the Council of Five Hundred. The Directory was the head, or e.x:ecutive power of the Government. Questions.— 1. What did President Adams do? tell of the conduct of the French Government ? 9* JOHN ADAMS, AND HIS RESIDENCE. What did Congress do ? W^hat can you 202 THE NATIO]?^. Preparations for war. Napoleon Bonaparte. A.ii n and ei d.tion laws. 2. War with the French seemed inevitable, and the Americans prepared for it. In May, 1 798, a large provisional army was author- ized, and Washington was appointed [July] commander-in-chief. A Navy Department was organized, and a naval armament ordered. Hostilities on the ocean vv^ere commenced, and it was evident that the young Republic was conscious of strength. This dignified and decided course modified the haughty tone of the French Directory, and that body humbly proposed an adjustment. Adams appointed three envoys for the purpose [February, 1799], but when they arrived the weak Directory was gone, and Napoleon Bonaparte was ruler of France [November, 1799] as First Consul. Peace was established betvreen the two Governments, and the provisional army of the United States was disbanded. 3. In the summer of 1798, two very unpopular acts, called the Alien and Sedition JjCIics,^ were passed, and approved by Mr. Adams. Much excitement ensued. At the middle of December, the following year, Washington died. The event produced a most profound sensation in the public mind in America and in Europe. Impressive funeral ceremonies v/ere observed by Congress and the people ; and millions of men who loved genuine freedom, sin- cerely mourned him as a lost friend. 4. In the summer of 1800, the seat of the National Government was removed to the city of Washington, in the District of Colum- bia.'* Then commenced the third struggle for poAver between the Federali&t and BcpuhUccm parties. Messrs. Adams and Pinck- ney were nominated for President by the former, and the latter nominated Mr. Jefterson and Aaron Burr. The Republicans were successful. Jefl'erson and Burr having an equal number of votes, 1. The first anthori:?:c(l fic President to expel from the conntr}' nny alien (not a citizen) who ehoulcl be suspected of con-jnriug airairst the Rcpnblic. It was 'computed that there were then more than t'lirty thousand Frenchmen in the Uirled States. The Sedition Law au- thorized the suppression of publicntioiis calculated to weaken the authority of the Govern- ment. Tliese were U'ipopulir, b^fauso they mii^ht lead to ^re^i abuses. 2. Verse 3, page 196. A tract ten miles squafe, on each s'de of tlie Potomac, and ceded to the United States by Maryland and Virginia, in 1790. The city of Washington was laid out there in 1791, and the erection of the Capitol was commenced in 1793. Questions.— 2. What can you tell about prer^arat'ons for war with France? What were t' e effects of tb.ese preparations? How were pp-ic-ful relations restored? 3. What else dis- tinjruished the Administration of Adams? What have you to smv of the death of Washing- ton? 4. What can you tell a'out ttie seat of government? What about another struggle between the Federalists and Republicans? What about aa elect'.o.i ? JEFFEKSO:^r S ADMII^ISTRATIOiS-. 203 President Jetlerson. His character and Administration. the election was carried to the House of Representatives, when Jefferson was chosen, and Burr became Vice-President.* SECTION III. Jefferson's administration [1801-1809]. 1. Chief- Justice MarshalP adminis- tered the oath of office to Mr. Jeffer- son, in the new Capitol, on the 4th of March, 1801. He retained in his cabi- net, for a while, Mr. Adams's Secretaries of the Treasury and Navy, but called Republicans to the other seats. '^ He commenced his Administration with A'igor, and his political foes confessed his wisdom and forecast. Duifeto ^^^^ first term, one State and tw^^Terri- tories were added to the Union namely, Ohio and the Territories of New Orleans and Louisiana. Ohio was formed of a part of the North- western Territory,* and the two latter, of the magnificent domain of Louisiana, which the United States purchased from France in the spring of 1803, for fifteen millioils of dollars.^ fj:A% JEFFERSON, AND HIS ERSTDENCE. 1. The cho'fe ffll upon Mr. JefT' rson, aft"r th'rty-five hallotings ; ard Mr. Burr -w-ap pro- claimed Vice-President. Duri' 2: 1800, another enumeration of Ihe itlialiitants of the Union Svas made. The popuhxtion w:i8 then 5,319,762, an incrcaee of 1,400.000 in ten years. The rcvenne, whicli amounted to $4,771,000 in 1790, amounted to almo:st $13,000,000 iu'lSOO. 2. He was appointed in January, 1801. 3. James Mad'son, Ser-retary of State; Henry Dearborn, Seoretarv of War; Levy Lin- coln, Attorney-General. Before the meelihg of ConL-ress, in D»-cember, he aj pointed Al- bert GallMtin S'cretar^^of tlie Treasury, and Robert Smith Secretary of the Navy. They were both Repubbeji^ijg&r. . s^.^,. 4. Verse 4, pad become citizens of another nation. Our laws give equal protection to native and adopted citizens, and would not allow Great Britain to exercise her asserted privilege toward one of her sub- jects whi) had become a citizen of the United States. QpESTiONS.— 7. What did American merchants do? What offensive acts did Great Uriiain perform ? What was said of them? 8. Can you give an account of the affair be- tween the Chesapeake and Leopard 7 208 THE NATION. Retaliation. Embargo. President Madison. (colored men) were native Americans, and that the fourth had been impressed into the British service, and had deserted. 9. This outrage aroused the nation and provoked retaliatory- measures. The President issued a proclamation in July [ISOV], ordering all British armed vessels to leave the waters of the United States immediately, and forbidding any to enter, until full satisfaction for the recent insult, and security against future" aggressions, should be made. In the mean time, France and Eng- land continued to play their desperate commercial game, unmind- ful of the interests of other nations, or the obligations of interna- tional law. When the National Congress met [December 22], they decreed an embargo, which detained all vessels, American and foreign, then in our ports, and ordered American vessels abroad to return home. Thus the chief commerce of the world was brought to a full stop. The embargo failed to accomplish its object, namely, the obtaining of justice from England and France, and it was removed in the spring of 1809, when all inter- course with those countries was forbidden. 10. While the nation was in this feverish state, Mr. Jefferson retired from office [March 4, 1809], and w^as succeeded by James '- Mddison, as President, and George Clinton, as Vice-President. SECTION IV. Madison's administration [1809-1817], 1. Mr. Madison entered upon the duties of his exalted station at a time of great commotion. He had been Mr. Jefferson's first cabinet officer for eight years,' and w^as perfectly familiar with public affairs. He chose a cabinet of able men ; ' and of the eleventh Congress,^ a majority were his political friends. On 1. Note 3, page 203. „ , _ „^., 2. Robert Smith, Secretary of State • Albert Gall-atin, Secretary of the Treasury ; Wil- liarc EiistiH., Secretary of War ; Paul Hamilton, Secretary of the Navy ; Caeear Rodney, Attorney-General. 3. The duration of each Congress is two years. Questions.— 9. What followed the attack of the Leopard on the Chenapmke 1 What did England and France do? What did the American Cont^rees do ? What can you tell of an embargo ? 10. Wliat official change occurred ?—l. What have you to say about Mr, Madison, his cabinet, and the political character of Congress? MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 209 Promices of peace. They fsiil. The President and Little Belt. account of the critical state of national affairs, the Congress were convened on the 22d of May [1800], and therein was found a very powerful party of Federalists,' hostile to Madison's political creed. 2. On coming into ofiice, Madison was assured by Mr. Erskine, the Brit- ish minister, that a special envoy from Great Britain would soon arrive, to settle all matters in dispute. Suppos- ing this to be an official communica- tion, the President proclaimed [April, 1809] a renewal of commercial inter- course with Great Britain.'^ That Gov- ernment disavowed Ersldne's act, and in August the President again pro- claimed non-intercourse. 3. France and England continued their desperate game, inflicting great injury upon American commerce. The English went so far, in the sprhig of 1811, as to send armed ships into American waters, to seize American merchant vessels as prizes, under the \J operations of some order in council.' '" While enorao^ed in this infamous busi- ^ ^_, ness, the British sloop-of-war Zittle "^^ Belt Avas met by the American frigate madison, and his residf.nce. JPt^esident, Captain Rodgers, and answered the simple question, " Who are you ? " with a cannon-shot. Rodgere opened u])on the insolent foe, and, after killing and wounding thirty-two of his men, received a civil answer from her commander. Both Governments commended the .acts of their respective officers.'' 1. Ver^e 7, page 198. 2. Tn consequence of this assurance, and the peaceful aspect of affaire thereby given, the special st'ssion of Congress lasted only about five weeks. 3. Note 2, page 206. 4. Powerful as was the navy of Great Britain, and weak as was that of the United States, the latter was willing to accept of war as an alternative for submission, and to measure Questions.— 2. Wbat can yon tell al)ont our Government and the British representatives on the subject of peace? What about noi-intercourse ? 3. What did France and England do ? What can you tell about British emissaries ? Give an accouut of the affair between the President and the Little Belt. 210 THE NATION. Indian hostilities. Battle of Tippecanoe. Declaration of war. 4. British emissaries were again successful in exciting the Indians to make war upon settlers on the American frontier/ Among the savage leaders who had been won to the British interest, was Tecumtha, an able Shawnoese warrior, who attempted to form a confederacy of Indian tribes, for the purpose of driving the Americans from the country north-westward of the Ohio river. His movements were so hostile in the spring and summer of 1811, that General Harrison, governor of the Indiana Territory, took measures to oppose him. In the autumn, Harrison marched up the Wabash with a considerable force, toward the Tippecanoe creek, where the Prophet,^ an influential brother of Tecumtha, lived, and had collected many warriors. The Prophet profess- ed friendship, and then treacherously attacked Harrison's camp before daylight [November 7, 1811] with savage fury. The Indians were repulsed after a bloody fight. The battle of Tippe- canoe was one of the most desperate ever fought with the Indians, and both sides lost heavily. 5. There was now felt a general desire in the United States for war against England. But the Government, feeling the awful responsibility of proclaiming hostilities, hesitated, and suffered insults, until the British press insolently declared that the Ameri- cans " could not be kicked into a war." Forbearance ceased to be a virtue, and became a fault; and on the 19th of June, 1812, the President of the United States, by the authority of Congress, issued a proclamation which formally declared war against Great Britain. This is known in history as the War of 1812, or, THE SECOND WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 6. Congress followed up the declaration of war by acts for strength on the ocean. The Britit^h na\'y consisted of almo11 General officers. Invasion of Canada. Surrender of Detroit. GEXERAL DEARBORN. providing men and money to cany it on/ Henry Dearborn, of Massachusetts, was ap- pointed general-in-chief, and liis principal brigadiers were James Wilkinson, Wade Hampton, William Hull, and Joseph Bloom- field. These officers had all been active subalterns in the Revolution, or Old War for Independence. The chief object of the first campaign was the invasion and con- quest of Canada. 7. Hull was governor of Michigan, and, contrary to his advice, he was instructed to cross the Detroit river, invade Canada, and attack Fort Maiden, eighteen miles below Detroit. Canada was invaded [July 12, 1812], but Maiden was not attacked. The expedition was a failure. K'ev/s had arrived of the capture of Mackinaw [July 17], a strong American barrier against the Indians of the far North-west ; and a small force under Major Van Home, sent to escort to Detroit some reenforcements and supplies, then at the river Raisin, were defeated [August 5] and driven back.'' Tliese disasters, and the appearance of General Brock with reenforcements at Maiden, caused Hull to withdraw from Canada to the shelter of the fort at Detroit. 8. General Brock crossed the river on the 9th of August, with white and Indian troops, and demanded the surrender of Detroit and Hull's army, at the same time intimating that, in the event of a refusal, the savages would have free rein in the exercise of their bloody method of warfare. Hull was cautious and humane. An intercepted letter assured him that a large force of Indians lard on hoth sides of the Wabash. The Prophet \vib present and made no objoction ; hut Tecumtha. who was ahsont, was greatly dissatisfied. I'hc British emissaries took advan- tajZL'of this dissatisfactio i, to inflame him and his people atrainst the Americans. 1. They passed an act wliich cave the President authority to eidist 25,000 men, to accept 60,000 volunteers, and to call out 100,000 militia for the defense of the sea coast and frtrntiers. 2. On the 8th of August, Colonel Miller and several hundred men, sent by Hull to accom- plish the ob.iect of Van Home's expedition, met and defeated the British and Indians near the scene of Van Home's disaster. Questions.— 6. WTiat measures did Consress adopt ? What can you tell about the ap- pointment of trenerals ? What was the chief object of the first campaign ? 7. What can vou tell about General Hull and his invasion of Canada? What have you to say about disas- ters at that time? What did Hull do? 8. What can you tell about Brock's invasion of Michigan, an intercepted letter, and Hull's surrender ? 212 THE NATIOJS-. Passage of the Niagara river. B ittle of Queenstown. Defeat of the Americans. might be expected from Mackinaw.^ Doubtful of his ability to sustain a siege with his limited supplies, and desirous of saving the people in the fort, Hull surrendered [August 16, 1812] the town, garrison, stores, and the Michigan Territory, into the hands of the British. 9. After the failure of Hull's expedition, a plan was arranged for invading Canada on the Niagara frontier. In expectation of such movement, the British had collected a considerable force in the vicinity of Queenstown, in the early autumn of 1812. On the morning of the 13th of October, before daylight, between two and three hundred Americans, under Colonel Solomon Van Rensselaer, crossed over from Lewiston to attack them. The commander was severely wounded at the landing, and the leadership was given to Captain Wool. He led the troops gallantly up the hill, captured a battery near the summit, and gained possession o^ Queenstown Heights. 10. General Brock came up from Fort George with reenforce- ments, and attempted to retake the heights. He was repulsed and killed. General Sheaffe followed him with another body of fresh troops, and Wool (who was shot through both thighs) and his little band were in great peril. Only about one thousand of the militia at Lewiston could be induced to cross over to the aid of their brethren, and some of them lingered on the shore. In the mean time Colonel Winfield Scott had crossed over and taken chief command. After a severe battle with Sheaffe, he was over- powered, and most of the Americans who were not killed were made prisoners. Another attempt to invade Canada was made just below Buffalo, but failed. 11. While disasters were falling upon the land forces of the Americans, their little navy was winning great honor on the sea.^ 1. This, as has since heen ascertained, was -written at Maiden, as if from a British agent abovo, and so convoyed as to fall into the hands of Hull. He was completely deceived by it. 2. At this time the British navy numbered 1,060 vessels, while that of the United States, exclusive of gun-boats (note 1, pace 207), numbered only twenty. Two of these were un- seaworlhy, and one was on Lake Ontario. Nine of the American vessels ^ere of a class less than frigates. Questions.— 9. What new plan for the invasion of Canada was arranged ? What prepa- rations bad the British made to meet it? What can you tell of movements at Queenstown, and of the first battle there? 10. Can you give an account of other battles on that day, and the results ? What can you say about a later attempt at invasion ? Madison's administration. 213 Naval operations. Doings of American armsd vessels. Madison reelected. The first action of imi^ortance was between the American frigate Essex^ Captain Porter, and the British sloop-of-war Alert [August 13], in which the former was victorious. On the 19th of August [1812], the United States frigate Constitution, Captain Hull, cap- tured and destroyed the British frigate Guerriere. On the 1 8th of October following, the United States sloop- of-war Wasp, Captain Jones, captured the British brig Frolic, after a desperate encoun- ter. In the afternoon of the same day, the British ship Poictiers captured both the vic- tor and her prize. A week later [October 25], the frigate United States, Captain De- catur, captured the Macedonian; and on the A SL00P"0K-WAR 29th of December, the Constitution, thert com- manded by Bainbridge, fought the Java almost three hours off the coast of Brazil, and captured her. 1 2. The Americans were greatly elated by these victories. At the same time numerous American privateers * were seizing British prizes in every direction. During the first six months of the war [July to January], about fifty British armed vessels and two hun- dred and fifty merchantmen, with three thousand prisoners and a vast amount of booty, were captured by the Americans. At the close of the year, naval armaments were in preparation, on Lakes Erie and Ontario, to assist in the invasion of Canada. 13. The Federalists,^ as a party, had violently opposed the war, and tried to make it unpopular. They did not succeed, as the reelection of Madison in the autumn of 1812, with Elbridge Gerry as Vice-President, fully attested. That election was ac- cepted as a test of the war spirit of the people. m^ « .-. 1. Private armed vessels, commissioned by Government to seize or destroj' the property of the enemy. 2. Ver^e 7, page 198. Questions.— 11. What can ynu tell about naval operations in the year 1312? 12. Ho-w ■were the Americans affected ? What can you tell about the doines of American privateers ? What prep;iration8 for the command of the lakes were made? 13. What had the Federal- ists done ? What can you tell about an election of President in 1812 ? How was it regarded ? 214 THE NATIOIS-. The American armies. Enthusiasm in the West. Tragedy at Frenchtowli. SECTION y. THE SECON-D WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE [1813], 1. Three armies were prepared for the campaign of 1813, and all were looking toward Canada as an objective point. The Army of the West, under General Harrison, of Tippecanoe fame, was de- signed to recover what Hull had lost, and invade Canada ; the Army of the Center, under General Dearborn, was to hold a j^osi- tion on the Niagara river ; and the Army of the North, under General Hampton, was placed on the borders of Lake Champlain, to operate in the region of the St. Lawrence. Sir George Prevost was the successor of Sir Isaac Brock, in command of the British army in Canada. 2. The people of the West were determined to drive the British into Canada, and recover all that had been lost in Michigan.' At the call of Harrison, thousands of tlie young men of Kentucky and Ohio flew to arms," and he made the vicinity of the western end of Lake Erie his chief mustering-ground. There a terrible tragedy occurred early in 1813. On the 10th of January, General Win- chester, with a fine body of Kentuckians, reached the Maumee Rapids, and sent forward a portion of them to drive the British from Frenchtown, on the river Raisin.^ They did so [Januarjl 18], and two days afterward Yfinchester arrived there with reen^ forcemcnts. 3. The British general Proctor was at Maiden, and proceeded immediately, with fifteen hundred white men and Indians, to attack the Americans at Frenchtown. He fell upon them at daw^n 1. Durini? the autumn of 1812, the whole Western country, incensed hy Hull's surrender, seemed filled with the zeal of the old Crusaders. The leaders found volunteers everywhere, anxious to find employment against the foe. They were engaged for many weeks in driving tlie Indians from poet to post^in the vicinity of the extreme western settlements, and in deso- lating their vilhiges and plantations, after the manner of Sullivan (verse 10, page 170) in 1779. Fierce iiidisnation was thus excited among the tribes, and led to terrible retaliations under the stimuius of their white allies. 2. So numerous were the volunteers, that Harrison was compellexi to issue an ordet against further enlistments. 3. Now Monroe, Michigan, The Raisin was so called by the French, because of the great quantity of grapes found growing on its banks. Questions.— 1. Wliat preparations were made for the campaign of 1813 ? 2. What had the people of the West resolved to do? What did they do at the call of Harrison ? What can you tell about doings at Frenchtown, on the river Raisin ? seco:n"d wak tor independence. 215 Fort Meigs twice besieged. Defense of Fort Stephenson. on the 22d of January, and, after a severe battle, Winchester sur- rendered, on the condition that the prisoners should be protected from the savages. Proctor, feanng the approach of Harrison, fled, leaving the sick and wounded Americans to be slaughtered by the Indians. After that, the war-cry of the Kentuckians was, " Remember the river Raisin ! " '. 4. General Harrison was at the Maumee Rapids ' when he heard of the affair at Frenchtown. There he established a fortified camp [February, 1813], and called it Fort Meigs. There he was besieged by two thousand men, British and Indians, under Proctor and Tecum- tha,^ at the beginning of May. He was relieved by the arrival of General Green Clay with reenforce- ments ^ [May 5], and four days afterward [May 9], Proctor, deserted by his Indian allies, abandoned the siege, and returned to Maiden. 5. About four thousand British and Indians, un- der Proctor and Tecumtha, again appeared before Fort Meigs on the 21st of July. General Clay was in command, and resisted the invaders so vigorously that they turned eastward and attacked Fort Stephen- son, at Lower Sandusky, on the 2d of August. It was garrisoned by one hun- dred and fifty men, under Major Croghan, a brave sol- FORT MEIGS. FORT STEPHENSON. dier, only twenty-one years of age. It was bravely defended, and the assailants, ter- I ribly injured by grape-shot from the only cannon in the fort, fled in confusion.'' MAJOR CROGHAN. 1. Verse 6, pnge 198. 2. Tecumtha had bcrno tbe commiseiun of a brigadier-general in the British armj', since the surrender of Hull at Detroit. 3. A portion of Clay'rt Kentuckians, under Colonel Dudley, landed on the opposite side oftiie ^laumee, to attack some British batteries there. They were successtul, but, Av!:en madly pursuing ti)e retreating enemy, they fell into an Indian ambush, and were lost, being either killed or made prisoi ers, excepting" one hundred and seventy. 4. Proctor had demanded the instant surrender of the fort, and threatened to allow the QtTESTioxs.— o. What did General Troctor do ? What can you tell of a tragedy at French- town ? 4. What d'd General Harrison do ? What ran vou tell about Fort Meigs and a siege ? 5. What can you tell about a second sieue of Fort Meigs ? What other place did the Brit sh' attack? Give an accouiit of the aflair at Fort Stephenson. 216 THE NATIOlSr. Perry's victory on Lake Erie. Another invasion of Canada. COMMODORE PERRV, stratioiis of joy. 6. While these events were occurring on the land, a squadron of nine vessels was constructed at Erie, in Pennsyl- vania, under the charge of Commodore Perry,^ to cooperate with the Army of the West. The British had also prepared a squadron of six vessels, commanded by Commodore Barclay. The hostile fleets met near the western extremity of Lake Erie, on the morning of the 10th of September, 1813, and a very severe battle ensued. The brave Perry managed with the skill of an old admiral and the courage of the proudest soldier. At four o'clock in the afternoon, every British vessel had sur- rendered to him; and before sunset, he had sent a messenger to General Harrison with the famous dispatch, " We have met the e7iemy^ and they are oursP This vic- tory was hailed with unbounded demon- For a moment, party rancor was almost for- gotten ; and bonfires and illuminations light- ed up the whole country. Y. The command of Lake Erie now being secured, and four thousand Kentuckians, under the command of the veteran Gover- nor Shelby, having reached Harrison's camp [September 17], the army moved across the lake in a portion of Perry's vessels [Septem- ber 27]. They found Maiden deserted. Har- rison pressed on in pursuit of the flying Proc- tor and Tecumtha, and at the Moravian Town, on the Thames, Indians to mapsaore the garrison, in the event of their refusal. In reply, Croshan said, in substance, that when the fort should be taken, there would be none left to massacre, as it would not be iriven up while there was a man left to fisrht. 1. Commodore Channcey, who was commander-in-chief on the lakes, had fitted out a squadron at Sackett's Harbor, in tlie autumn of 1812, to dispute the mastery of Lake Onta- rio. It consisted of six vessels, mounting thirty-two guns, in all. The British squadron consisted of the same numVjer of vessels, but mounting more than a hundred guns. Not- withstanding this disparity, Chauncey attacked them near Kinirston (note 2, page 99) early in November, damaged them a good deal, and captured and carried into Sackett's Harbor a schooner belonging to the enemy. He then captured another schooner, which had $12,000 in specie on board, and the baggage of the deceased General Brock. Questions. — 6. What can you tell about naval preparations on Lake Erie? What can you tell of a fight, and victory for the Americans, on Lake Erie? 7. What caused Harrison's army to move across Lake Erie ? Can you relate how the war in the North-west was ended ? GENERAL SHELBY. SECOND WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 217 Capture of York or Toronto. Capture of Fort George. Battle at Stoney Creek. deep in Upper Canada, he overtook, fought, and conquered them. Proctor's force was completely broken up. All that Hull had lost was regamed,* and more, and the war in the North-west was ended.'* 8. Toward the close of April, General Dearborn was at Sack- ett's Harbor, but with troops too few to assist the exposed places between that post and Ogdensburg on the St. Lawrence,'' against which the British had been operating. For the purpose of drawing the foe away from the St. Law- rence, and to seize Toronto (then called York), the capital of Upper Canada and chief place for the supplies of the western British garrisons, he crossed the lake in Chauncey's fleet [April 25], with seventeen hundred men, under General Pike, and two i^i=.-MiKAL h^e. days afterward became master of the place. The Biitis!), under Sheafie, blew up their magazine by a train of wet powder when they fled, and Pike was mortally wounded by stones hurled by the explosion. 9. A month later [May 27], Dearborn and Chauncey attacked the British at Fort George, at the mouth of the Niagara river. The enemy v/ere driven westward, toward the head of Lake Ontario, closely pursued by the victors for many miles. On the *l*riight of the 6th of June they turned, and fell upon the American -' camp at Stoney Creek, in Canada. They were repulsed ; but in the darkness and confusion, Generals Chandler and Winder, the ""American commanders, were made prisoners. -Oi: . jB': 1. Vcr«e 8, paee 211. Here the Americans recaptured six brass field-pieces, -which had --been surrendered by Hull, on two of which were engraved the words, " Surrendered by Buraoyne at Saratocta." See verse 22, page 159. 2. Almost the whole of Proctor's command were killed or made prisoners. Tecnmtha ■vvaB slain, and Proctor himself narrowly escaped capture by some cavalry that pursued him. Harrison's prisoners amounted to about six hundred. 3. In February a detachment of British soldiers crossed the St. Lawrence on the ice from Prescott to Ogdensbursc, and, under pretense of seeking for deserters, committed robberies. Major Forsyth, then in command of riflemen there, retaliated. This was resented, in turn, bv a large British force, which crossed on the 21st of February, and, after a conflict of an hour, drove out the few military defenders of Ogdensburg, plundered and destroyed a large amount of property, and then returned to Canada. QcESTtONS.— 8. Wliat can you tell about affairs at Sackett's Harbor? What can you tell about the attack on and capture of York, or Toronto? 9. Can you give an account of opera- t-^oiis at the moutli of the Niagara river ? What can you tell about a night battle at Stoney Creek, and capture of American generals ? ' 10 218 THE T^ATIOINT. Battle at Sackett's Harbor. Operations on the St. Lawrence. Niagara frontier desolated. 10. On the day [May 27] when the Americans attacked Fort George, a British squadron appeared before Sackett's Harbor; and two days afterward [May 29] Sir George Prevost' and a thousand soldiers landed in the face of a severe lire from some regulars^ stationed there. General Brown, the commander, rallied the militia, and their rapid gathering near the landing- place so alarmed Prevost, lest they should cut off his retreat, that he hastily reembarked, leaving almost the whole of his wounded behind. .Soon after this, Dearborn retired from active service, and was succeeded in command by General Wilkinson, in August. The Government had arranged a plan for another invasion of Canada, and Wilkinson, at the head of a large force assembled at French Creek [November 5, 1813], Avent down the St. Lawrence in boats. 11. Near Williamsburg, on the Canada shore below Ogdens- burg, Wilkinson landed troops under General Brown, to disperse the gathering enemy. A severe battle ensued [November 11], in which both parties suffered much without a decisive result. The enemy were crippled, and Wilkinson Avent on, expecting to find General Hampton^ with a cooperating force at St. Regis.'' He was disappointed ; and the attempt to capture Montreal, which was the first object of the expedition, was abandoned. The army went into winter quarters at French Mills, and there suffered much. 12. At this time. General McClure with a few troops was hold- ing Fort George. The British pressed him so hard that, on the 10th of December, he burned the village of Newark, near the fort, and on the 12th fled to Fort Niagara,^ on the opposite side of the 1. Verse 1, page 214. 2. Soldiers of the permanent army. 3. Verse 6, page 210. 4. An Indian town and early French settlement, about twenty-five miles south-east from Williamsburg. There w:is enniity between Wilkinson and Hampton, and General Arm- strong, then "Secretary of War, resolved to command the expedit'on himself, to prevent trouble on account of precedence. He joined the army at ISackett's Harbor, but soon re- turned to Washington, for he and Wilkinson could not ngree. To the jealousies and bicker- ings of these old officer?, must the disasters of the land troops be, in a great degree, at- tributed. General Hampton did move forward toward Canada, but finally returned to Plattsbur?, and, leaving the command with General Izard, went to his Southern home. 5. On the St. Lawrence, mouth of the St. Regis river. Questions.— 10. Can you give an account of an attack on Sackett's Harbor by the British, and their repulse ? W'hat change of officers took place ? What have you to say about another invasion of Can-ula ? 11. Can you give an account of a battle near Williamsburg, in Canada? What did Wilkinson do, and how was he disappointed ? What course did he pursue? 12. Can you give an account of events at Fort George and its vicinity? How did the British retaliate on the Americans? SECOND WAR FOR rN"DEPENDENCE. 219 War with the Creek Indians. Their power and spirit brol^en. river. That fortress was surprised and captured by the British and Indians on the night of the 29th, wlien they proceeded to lay waste by lire the American shores of the river, all the way to Buffalo/ Tliis retaliation was the closing scene of the campaign of 1813 in fort Niagara, isia the north. 13. There was serious trouble in the extreme south. Tecum- tha had stirred up the powerful Creeli Indians to make war on the white people. On the 30th of August [1813] they surprised and destroyed Fort Mimms, on the Ala- bama river, and massacred the inmates, in- cluding many women and children. This act created the most intense indignation. General Andrew Jackson, with over two thousand men, marched into the Creek country, and in a series of conflicts with the savages, between the beginning of No- vember, 1813, and the close of March, 1814," the CreeJcs were thoroughly subdued, and their power and spirit as a nation so broken that they humbly begged for peace. ^ 14. The ocean was a thea.ter of sharp conflicts in 1813. On the 24th of February, the United States sloop-of-war Hornet ca}> tured the British brig Peacock^ after a severe fight of fifteen minutes. The latter suddenly sunk, carrying down with her CAPTAIN LAWRENCE. 1. Younsrstown, Lewiston, Manchester (Niagara Falls), Tusoarora (Indinn) village, Black Rock, and Buffalo were laid in ashes, with a larce amount of public property. 2. General CotJee was Jackson's most active assistant. The series of battles are known as those of Tallushatchnp, near the present village of Jacksonville, in Benton cou' ty ; Talla- dpga, a little east of the Coosa, in Talladega county ■ Aiftose^e, on the bank of the Tailnnoosa. in Mafon county ; Emucfau, on the wot bank of the Tallapoosa, near the mouth of Emuc- fau creek ; and Tohoppka, or Great Horse-Shoe, near the north-east corner of Tallapoosa county. In tlie latter battle, about six hundred warriors were slain. 3. Among those who bowed in submission, was Weatliersford, their greatest leader. He appeared suddenly before Jackson, in his tent, and standing erect, he said, " I am in your power : do with nie wliat you please. I have do e the white people all the harm 1 could. I have fought them, and fought them bravely. My warriors are all gone low. and I can do no more. When tliere was a chance for success I never asked for peace. There is none now, and I ask it for the remnant of ray natio.i." He was spared. QpESTiONS.— 13. Can you give an account of Tecumtha's movements in the South, and the war with the Creek Indians ? 220 THE NATION. Naval operations. Chesapeake and Shannon. Death of Lawrence. nine British and three American seamen. Lawrence was pro- moted to the command of the frigate Chesapeake^ and on the 1st of June had a severe combat with the British frigate Shanno7i^ LATVR3NCE CARKIED BELOW, not far from Boston harbor. The struggle lasted only fifteen minutes, but in that time the Chesapeake lost her commander ; also forty-eight of her officers and crew killed, and ninety-eight 1. Verse 8, page 207. QuESTioxs.— 14. What can you tell about naval operation?, and the gallantry of Lawrence ? SECOND WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 221 War on the ocean. Distressing warfare. Events at Craney island and Hampton. wounded. The ChesapeaJce was captured and taken to Halifax, in Nova Scotia.' 15. The American brig Argus, Captain Allen, conveyed Mr. Crawford, the United States minister, to France. She then cruised successfully near the English coast, and was finally cap- tured [August 14] by the British sloop-of-war PeliGan, after a short and sharjD fight. The loss of the Chesapeake and Argus depressed the Americans ; but their spirits were raised to the highest pitch by a victory of the Enterprise, Captain Burrows, over the Boxer, oif Portland (September 5),^ and the great victory of Perry on Lake Erie, five days afterward." 16. During the spring and summer of 1813, a small squadron, under Admiral Cockburn, carried on a distressing warfare along the shores of the Delaware and Chesapeake bays, with the hope of drawing the American troops from the northern frontier, for the defense of the sea-board. After cannonading Lewistown on the Delaware, and plundering Frenclitown, Ilavre de Grace, Fredericktown and Georgetown on the Chesapeake, Cockburn, with a land force under Sir Sidney Beckwith, attempted to cap- ture Norfolk. The Americans had fortified Craney island, and placed gunboats ^^across the channel. With these the enemy were re- pulsed [June 22, 1813]. They then commit- ted great atrocities at Hampton ; after which Cockburn went plundering down the Caro- lina coasts, and carried away many negroes to the West Indies, and sold them. At the same time, Commodore Hardy was block- adins: the New Enoland coast, and his con- duct was honorable. commodore porter. 1. The two vessels became entangled, when the British boarded the Chesapeake., and, after a desperate hand-to-hand struggle, hoisted the British flair. Lawrence wasmortally wonnded at the I'cgiiining of the action; and when he was carried lielow, he uttered those brave words, which Perry afterward displayed on his ilag-ship on Lake Erie : '■'■ Don^t give up the skip P'' 2. In this contest, the commanders of both vessels were slain, and their remaii.s rest in one grave in the city of Tortland, Maine. 3. Verse 6, page 216. 4. Verse 7, page 207. Questions. — 15. Give an account of the brig Argus., and the conflict between the Enter' prise and Boxer. What gave the Americans .ioy ? 16. What occurred on the shores of Chesapeake and Delaware bays ? What was the object of the British ? Give an account of the marauding operations of Cockburn. What can you tell about the repulse of the British at Crauey island, and the doings of Cockburn and Hardy ? 222 THE ISTATION. Loss of the Essex. Operations at Oswego. 17. The United States frigate Essex^ Captain Porter, made a long and successful cruise in the Atlantic and Pacific,' during the year 1813, but was finally captured in the harbor of Valparaiso [March 28, 1814], on the western coast of South America, by tlie British frigate Phoehe and sloop-of-war Cherub^ after one of the most desperately fought battles of the war. The Essex lost one hundred and fifty-four in killed and wounded. Captain Porter wrote to the Secretary of the Navy, "We have been unfortunate, but not diso^raeed." SECTION VI. SECOND WAR FOR INDEPEXDENCE, CONTINUED [1814, 1815], 1. Napoleon's power seemed so utterly broken early in 1814, that several thousand veteran soldiers were drawn from Wel- lington's army in France and sent to Canada, the conquest of which was yet the favorite project of the Americans. Move- ments in that direction were made by Wilkinson, at the close of March, 1814,^ but were unsuccessful. On the 5th of ]\Iay following, the British, in search of naval stores deposited near Os- wego, on Lake Ontario, captured that vil- lage and the fort, after a severe struggle,^ but withdrew on the Vth, after losing more than two hundred men, without accom- plishing their object. 2. A few weeks later. General Brown arrived on the Niagara frontier, with troops GENERAL BROWN. who had marchcd from French Mills to ^ 1. While in the Pacific, the Essex captured twelve British whale-Bhips, with an agarregate of three hundred and twd men, and one hundred and seven guns. The Essex carried at her mast-head the popular motto, " Free Trade and Sailors' liis'hlsy 2. Wilkinson had broken up the camp at French Mills (verse 11, page 218), and returned to Plattsburg, Avhile General Brown, with two thousand men, marched to Sackett's Harbor. 3. Tlie place was defended by Colonel Mitchell with three hundred troops, a few militia, and seamen under Captain Woolsey, who commanded a small flotilla. Questions.— 17. Can you give an account of the cruise of the Essex, artc^ her loss? — 1. How were the British able to send large reenforcements to Canada, in 1814? What did Wilkinson attempt ? What can you tell about an attack on Oswego? SECOND WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 223 Battles at Chippewa and Niagara. Operations at Fort Erie. Close of campaign. Sackett's Harbor/ and thence westward ; and on the 3d of July, as chief commander, he crossed the river with Generals Scott ^ and Ripley, and their brigades, and captured Fort Erie. He then pushed down the western bank of the river, and at Chippe- wa, a short distance above Niagara Falls, he won a brilliant vic- tory over the British, under General Riall, on the 5th. The foe lost five hundred men, and retired to the shores of Lake Ontario, to wait for reenforcements. These soon came, with Lieutenant- General Drummond, who assumed the chief command. 3. Drummond advanced to the Niagara, with a force one third greater than that of Brown, and, at the close of a sultry day, vrithin sound of the roar of the great cataract of Niagara, one of the most bloody battles of the war was fought. It commenced at sunset [July 25, 1814] and ended at midnight. It was a battle without a decided victory for either party.' Both had lost over eight hundred men. Brown and Scott being wounded, the com- mand devolved on Ripley, who withdrew [July 26th] to Fort Erie, where General Gaines took the chief command. 4. On the 4tli of August, Erie, with five thousand men. NIAGARA FRONTIER. Drummond appeared before Fort He made an assault on the 15th, and lost nearly one thousand of them. For a month he remained quiet. Brown, in the mean time, had resumed command, and on the 1 Vth of September he sent out a strong force to attack the foe. These were driven from their works toward Chippewa, and soon afterward retired to Fort George. Early in November the armies abandoned and destroyed Fort Erie, crossed the river, and never again attempted the conquest of Canada. 1. Note 2, pnge 222. 2. Verse 10, pngc 212. 3. This battle, having been fought near a road called Lundy's Lane^ has borne that name • also the title of the Battle of Bridgetoater, a hamlet of that name being near. The true and beet title is the Buttle of Niagara. OoESTioxs.— 2. What did General Brown do? Whnt onn yon tell about another invasion of Cinada? What have yon to say about tbe capture of Fort Erie, and battle at Chippewa 2 a What can you tell about a battle near Niagara Falls? What did the Americans finally do? 4. Can you give an account of the British siege of Fort Erie? What can you tell about a sortie, and its results ? Of the evacuation of Canada ? 224 THE NATION. Invasion of New York. Battles at Plattsburg. Attack on Stonington. 5. General Izard commanded the army at Plattsburg, on Lake Champlain, in the summer of 1814. He was dh-ected to re- enforce Brown, on the Niagara,' and in August he marched, with five thousand men, leaving General Macomb in command at Plattsburg, with only fifteen hundred. When Prevost ' heard of this movement, he advanced from the St. Lawrence with fourteen thousand veteran trooi:)S, and with a larger part of them appeared before Plattsburg on the 6th of September. Both parties had constructed a small squadron on Lake Champlain, and Macomb, with great diligence, had completed some fortifications on the southern side of the Saranac at Plattsburg. He was also strengthened by a considerable body of militia, under General Mooers. G. On the morning of the 11th of September [1814], the British squadron, under Commodore Downie, advanced to attack the Ameri- can squadron, under Commodore Mac- donough, then lying in battle order off Plattsburg. At the same time the British _ ^ ^,^^ land forces advanced to attack Macomb. ■W^^^^^^'^^Bl '^^^^ ^^^^^ and naval contest was sharp and decisive. Macdonough captured all the British vessels excepting some galleys ; and that night Prevost and his army fied COMMODORE MACDONOrOH. • j. T j j. 1^1/^ tit m great haste toward the Canada border. The victory of the Americans was complete, and created the liveliest joy throughout the land. 1. While these events were occurring on the northern frontier, stirring scenes were witnessed near the coast, which was block- aded from Maine to South Carolina. For four days [August 9- 14], Stonington, in Connecticut, was cannonaded and bombarded by Commodore Hardy, who was finally driven off. In September the British took possession of the country east of the Penobscot, 1. Verse 2, page 222, 2. Verse 1, page 214. Questions. — 5. Give an account of aftairs on Lake Champlnin. What did Izard do? What course did the Britisti commander pursue ? What preparations were made for a battle at Plattsburg ? 6. Can yon give an account of naval and militnry operations there ? 7. What have you to say about stirring scenes on the coast ? What did the British do ? SECOND WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 225 226 THE natio:n". Capture of ■Washington. British repulsed at Baltimore. Jackson in Florida. in Maine ; and in many places marauding parties plundered and destroyed property on the New England coast. 8. Early in the spring of 1814, Cockburn commenced depre- dations in and around the Chesapeake ; and finally, at the middle of August, a land and naval force under General Ross and Admiral Cochrane, more than five thousand strong, went up the Patuxent, in spite of Commodore Barney's flotilla that was there to oppose them. After a severe fight at Bladensburg [August 24] with the Americans under General Winder,' they pushed on to Washington city, captured it, and burned the public buildings on the same day.'^ 9. Elated by success, the British proceeded to attack Balti- more, where the veteran General Smith was in command. The squadron sailed up to attack Fort McHenry, that defended the harbor, then in charge of Major Armistead, while Ross, with his land troops, landed at North Point [September 12, 1814], several miles from the city. The Americans, under General Strieker, went out to meet them. Ross was killed while advancing ; and after a severe battle about seven miles from Baltimore the Ameri- cans were driven back. The squadron kept tip a bombardment until toward the morning of the 14th, when all the assailants withdrew.' This gallant defense of Baltimore was regarded as a great victory. 10. When Jackson had subdued the Creeks,* the war in the Gulf region was considered as at an end. It was a mistake. The Spaniards of Florida allowed the British the use of Pensacola as a base of operations. Troops were landed there from a British squadron in the Gulf, and an expedition, composed partly of two 1. Ver^e 9, page 217. 2. Until the latest moment, it was not known whether Washington or Baltimore was to he attacked. Winder's troops, employed for the defense of hoth cities, Avere divided. The loss of the British, in killed, wonnded, and hy desertion, was almost a thousand men ; that of the Americans was about a hundred killed and wounded, and a hundred and twenty taken prisoners. The President and his cabinet were at Bladensburg when the British ap- proached, but returned to the city when the conflict began, and narrowly escaped capture. 3. The estimated loss of the British in this attack was between six and seven hundred. 4. Verse 13, page 219. Questions.— 8. "What did Cockburn do in the spring of 1814? Can you give an account of the invasion of Maryland, battle of Bladensburg, and the capture of Washington city? 9. How were the British affected ? What did they do? Can you give an account of the at- tempt to capture Baltimore, and its results? 10. What can you say about troubles in fhe Gulf region ? How did the Spaniards act ? What can you tell about the capture of Fort Bowyer ? SECOND WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 22*7 Capture of Pensacola. Battles near New Orleans. hundred Creek warriors, proceeded against Fort Bowyer (now Fort Morgan), near Mobile, in command of Major Lawrence. The assailants were repulsed, with the loss of a ship-of-war and many men. 11. Jackson was at Mobile. He held the Sj)anish governor sible for shelterincy the enemies of the United States, and on resp marched upon Pensacola with two thousand Tennesseeans. He drove the British to their shipping [November 7, 1814], and made the Spanish governor, who begged for mercy, surrender the post into his hands. The British disappeared the next day [No- vember 8] ; and when Jackson returned to Mobile he found urgent calls for him to hasten to New Orleans, for a large British land force was in vessels on the Gulf, on its way to invade Louis- iana. 12. Jackson hastened to New Orleans, and prepared to defend it.' He was none toQ soon. The British, under General Paken- ham, twelve thousand strong, speedily aj^peared below the city.' Jackson with a detachment went out to meet them. He fell upon their camp on the night of the 23d of December, and withdrew after killing and wounding about four hundred of the enemy. 13. Jackson now concentrated his little army (about three thousand in number, and mostly militia) within intrenchments between three and four miles below the city, commanding the plain of Chalmette from the Mississippi to a cypress swamp.' There he was soon joined by three thousand Kentuckians, and there, on the 8th of January, 1815, he was attacked by the British, twelve thousand strong, led by Pakenham in person. A most 1. He declared martial law, obptrucled all the bayous and inlets, and so fortified the hanks of the Mississippi as to prevent tlie ascent of vessels. 2. The British fleet captured a flotilla of Amencan gun-boats (verse 7, page 207) in L-ike Borgup, on the 14lh of Dect-mber, and, on the 22d, about 2,500 of the enemy reached the Mis- sissippi. The Americans lost, in killed and wounded, about forty ; the British, about three huiulrcd. The attack was made by the enemy in about forty barL^es, conveyinir twelve hun- dred men. The American eun-boats were under the command of Lieutenant (late Commo- dore) Thomas Ap Catesby Jones. 3. These intrenchments were a mile in length, extending from the river so far into the swamp as to be impassable at the e.xtremity. A'ong this line were eight distinct batteries, with heavy cannon ; and on the opposite side of the river was a battery with fifteen cannon. QcKSTiONS.— 11. What did General Jackson do in Florida? What did he find on his re- turn to Mobile? 12. What can you tell about Jackson in New Orleans ? Can you give an account of the appearance of the British, and a skirmish ? 13. What did Jackson do? Can you give an account of the battle of New Orleans? 228 THE NATION. Naval operations. The victory at New Orleans. sanguinary battle ensued. VJ ^S<3 \\m Cavalry" ° ^^'LKZ^^ \\™ _^S Am. Reserve:_--- JdcJcsorisH.Zrs. x ('""^'^JACKsorfs Line IS. [[I'll " Br-Batteries IBritishS Column Br^Battcrics BATTLK OF NEW ORLEAKS. Pakenham was killed, and his entire array fled in dismay, leav- ing seven hundred dead, and more than a thou- sand wounded on the field. ^ The Americans, well intrenched, lost only seven killed, and sixty wounded. It was the last land battle of im- portance. It was the crowning victory of the Americans in the Second Wae for Independence. 14. During 1814 the war continued on the ocean. On the 29th of April the Peacock captured the Epervier off the coast of Florida. The Wasp^ commanded by Captain Blakeley, made a very successful cruise this year, capturing no less than thirteen vessels. She took the Remdeer on the 28th of June, and the Avon on the 1st of September. After capturing her thirteenth prize she was never heard of. She was probably lost in a storm. On the 16th of January, \%\h^\)ciQ President^ Commodore Decatur,^ was captured by a British squadron off Long island ; and on the 20th of February following, the Constitution,^ commanded by the now [1864] venerable Commodore Stewart, fought desperately with and captured the frigate Gyane and sloop Levant. On the 23d of March the Hornet captured the Penguin ;^ and this was the close of naval operations, excepting by the American privateers.^ 15. The victory at New Orleans produced unbounded joy throughout the country. It was soon followed by a proclamation of PEACE [February 18, 1815], for which American and British 1. While these operations were in proerress on the Mipsissippi, the British fleet had not been inactive. Some vessels bombarded Fort St. Philip, below New Orleans, on the ilth of January, and continued Ihe attack for eie:ht days without success. In the mean while, Ad- miral Cockburn was pursuing his detestable warfare along the Carolina and Georgia coasts, menacing Charleston and Savannah with destruction, and landing at obscure points to plun- der the inhabitants. 2. Verse 11, page 212. 3. Verse 11, page 212. 4. Verse 14, page 219. 5. During the war there were 250 private armed vessels commissioned, and they cap- tured or destroyed about 1,600 British vessels. Questions.— 14. What have you to say about the continuance of the war upon the ocean, and its operations ? SECOND WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 229 Land battles. Naval battles. commissioners had been negotiating at Ghent, in Belgium/ It ended in a treaty signed on the 24th of December, 1814, which both Governments speedily ratified. The voice of faction ^ almost 1. The United States commissioners were John Quincy Adams, James A. Bayard, Henry Clay, Jonathan Russel, and Alliert Gallatin. Those of Great Br, tain were Admiral Lord Gam bier, Henry Goull)Ourn, and "William Adams. These commissioners are all dead. Mr. Clay, who died in 1S52, was the last survivor. 2. There was a faction of the Federal party, who were unconditional " peace men," and they cast every possible obstacle in the way of the Administration in its prosecution of the war. As the war advanced, the opposition of the Federal party grew more intense. It reached its culmination when delegates, appointed by several New England legislatures, met [December 15, 1814] in convention at Hartford, for the purpose of considering the griev- ances of the people, caused by a state of war, and to devise speedy measures for its termi- nation. This convention, whose sessions were secret, was denounced as treasonable, but patriotism appears to have prevailed in its councils, Avhatever may have been the designs of some. Its plans for disunion or secession, if any were formed, were rendered abortive soon after its adjournment, by the proclamation of peace. Note.— The following is a list of the principal land and naval battles fought during the second war for indepeuilence : LAND BATTLES. Namb. Date. Page. 1812. Van Home's, Aug. 5 211 jsliller-e, Aug. 9. 211 Detroit, Ana. 15, 212 Queenstown, Oct. 13. 212 1813. Frenchtown, Jan. 22. 214 York, April 27. 217 Fort Meigs, May 5. 215 Stoney Creek, June 6. 217 Craney Island, Tune 22. 221 S.ackett's Harbor, May 29. 218 Fort Stephenson, Aug. 2. 215 Thames Oct. 5. 216 Creek War, November. 219 Chrysler's Field, Nov. IL 218 1814. Oswego, May 6. 222 Chippewa, July 5. 223 Niairara, July 25. 223 Stoninston Aug. 10. 224 Fort Erie, Aug. 15. 223 Bladensburg, Aug. 24. 226 Plattsburg,. Sept. 11. 224 North Point, Sept. 12. 226 Fort McHenry, Sept. 13. 226 Fort Bowyer, Sept. 15. 227 Fort Erie (sortie) Sept. 17. 223 Below New Orleans, Dec. 23. 227 1815. New Orleans, Jan. 8. 227 NAVAL BATTLES. Name. Date. 1812. 5S.*( ^"^-^^ SS'eTi ^"^-^^ Wasp Frolic, United States, Macedonian, Constitution, ( Java, < • Oct. 18. .Oct. 25. Dec. 29. ¥e'Z%\ ^«^-24. S^nC^'( J"-l- ^^P'«' ; Aug 14. Pelican, S Sept.5. Sept. 10. 1814. March 28. April 29. June 28. Sept. 1. Enterpri Boxer, Lake Erie, Essex, ) Phoebe, S Peacock, ( Epervier, S ' Wasp, ) Reindeer, ^ Wasp, ; Avon, I Lake Champlain, Sept. 11. Lake Borgne, Dec. 14. 1815. President, ) British squadron, s " Constitution, ) Cyane and Levan, S ' " Hornet, ) March 23. 228 Penk'uin, S . , * The American vessels are trst named, each time. 213 213 213 213 213 219 220 221 221 216 222 228 228 224 227, n .Jan. 15. ,Feb. 20. QUESTI0NS.-15. What was the eHect of the victory at New Orleans? What can you tell about negotiations for peace? 230 THE NATION. War with Algiers. Decatur on the Mediterranean sea. ceased, and the ISTatioD, truly independent, started on a glorious career. SCALE OF MILES iOO 150 16. The contest with England had but just ended when the United States were compelled to engage in a brief WAR WITH ALGIERS. 17. Believing that the United States navy had been almost annihilated by the British, the insolent Algerines renewed their depredations on American commerce.^ Decatur^ w^as sent, in May, 1815, with a squadron, to humble the pirates. He was successful. On the 17th of June he captured the frigate of the Algerine ad- miral, and, Avith another vessel, and several hundred prisoners, he 1. Verse 2, page 204. 2. Verse 2, page 204, and verse 14, page 228. Questions.— 16. What followed the war with England i 17. Can you give an account of the way in which the Algerines were humbled by Decatur ? Monroe's administratio]^. 231 Decatur humbles the pirates, Monroe and his Admiiiistrfxtion. sailed into the bay of Algiers. He demanded [June 28] the in- stant release of all American prisoners, full indemnification for all property destroyed, and absolute relinquishment of all claims to tribute from the United States in future. The terrified dey signed a treaty to that effect two days afterward. 18. Decatur obtained similar concessions from the rulers of Tunis and Tripoli ; and accomplished, in that single cruise in the Mediterranean sea in the summer of 1815, what the combined Powers of Europe had not dared to attempt, namely, the acquire- ment of full security to commerce in those waters. 19. The eventful Administration of Mr. Madison now drew to a close. James Monroe, of Virginia, w^as elected his successor, with Daniel D. Tompkins, of New York, as Vice-President. In December [1816] Indiana was admitted into the Union as a State. Louisiana had already been admitted in 1812. On the 4th of March, 1817, Mr. Madison retired to private life. sectio:n' VII. Monroe's administration [1817-1825]. 1. Mr. Monroe took the oath of ofBce on the 4th of March, 1817. Pie selected an able cabinet,^ composed of his Republican friends ; and he entered w^ith vigor upon the duties of his high position at the critical period of our country's history when the na- tion was beginning to recover from the excitements and disturb- ances of war. His Administration was not distinguished by such 1. John Quincy Adams, Secretary of State ; William H. Crawford, Secretary of the Treasury ; John C. Calhoun, Secretary of War : Benjamin Crowninshield, Secretaiy of the Navy ; and William Wirt, Attorney-General. He offered the War Department to the ven- erable Governor Shelby, of Kentucky (verse 7, page 216), who declined it. Calhoim was ap- pointed in December, 1817. Crowninshield, who was in Madison's cabinet, continued in otfice until the close of November, 1S18, when Smith Thompson, of New York, was appointed in his place. QUESTION'S.— 18. W^hat else did Decatur do ? 19. What have you to say about the close of. Madison's Administration, the election of his successor, and the admission of new State's?— 1. What can you say about Monroe and his Administration ? 232 THE ]SrATIO]^. Fillibiistere dispersed. Troubles in the South. Jackson again in Florida. Stirring events as marked that of his predecessors, but it has the glory of embracing a period in which five new States were added to the Union, namely, Mississippi, Il- linois, Alabama, Missouri, and Maine. 2. On Amelia island, oif the coast of Florida, and at Galveston, Texas, piratical and slave-dealing establish- ments existed. The men engaged in the business pretended to have au- thority from the South American re- publics to attempt the liberation of Florida from Sj)anish rule. These es- tablishments were broken up by the power of the United States at the close of 1817. 3. At about the same time the frontier settlements of Georgia were greatly disturbed by the murderous raids of Seminole and Creek Indians, whom British subjects, under the pro- tection of the Spanish authorities in Florida, had excited to hostilities. MONROE, AND HIS RESIDENCE. Troops were sent to suppress them ; and in April, 1818, General Jackson, with Tennessceans, captured the post of St. Mark's in Florida, sent the authorities to Pensacola, and hanged two English subjects who were known to have excited the Indians to war. Jackson then took possession of Pensacola, and its fort. Barrancas, and sent the Spanish civil authorities and troops to Havana. These measures soon led to a treaty,' by w^hich Spain ceded to the United 1. Made by John Quincv Adams for the United States, and Don Onis, the Spanish em- bassador at Washington. Hitherto, the United States had claimed a large portion of Texas, as a part of Louisiana. By this treaty, Texas was retained by the Spaniards. The cession •was made as an equivalent for all cl.aims against Spain for injury done to American com- merce, to an amount not exceeding $5,000,000. This treaty was not finally ratified until Feb- ruary, 1821. Geueral Jackson was appointed the first governor of the Territory of Florida. Questions.— 2. What can you tell about breaking up piratical and slave-dealing estab- lishments? 3. W^hat can you tell about dsturbances on the frontiers of Georgia ? What did Jackson again do in Florida? What was the result ? Monroe's administration. 233 A struggle for political power. The Missouri Compromise. States all of the Floridas; and in February, 1821, that country was erected into a Territory. 4. While the Florida question was under consideration, the first serious struggle between the slaveholders and non-slaveholders for supremacy in the Republic commenced in Congress. A por- tion of the great domain of Louisiana ' was erected into a Terri- tory in 1812, called Missouri. At the session of 181.8-19, appli- cation was made for the admission of Missouri as a State, when a bill was ofiered which forbade the introduction of slavery into the new State, when admitted. Long and violent debates ensued, and the decision was postponed. Finally, on the 28th of February, 1821, a compromise was agreed to, by which slavery should be allowed in Missouri, and in all territory south of its southern boundary (36° 30' north latitude), and prohibited in all the terri- tory northerly and westerly of these limits. This is known as The Missouri Compromise. Under this compromise, Missouri was admitted on the 21st of August, 1821. 5. Monroe and Tompkins were reelected by an almost unani- mous vote in 1820. The Federalist party,^ as a political organiza- tion, was almost extinct. The Administration was very popular ; and several events made it memorable. Among the most important was the recognition, by the United States, of the independence of the South American republics, when the President proclaimed •that, as a principle, the American continents " are henceforth not to be considered as subject for future colonization by any European Power." This is known as the " Monroe Doctrine." 6. The passage of a law for the relief of soldiers of the Revo- lution ; an agreement with Great Britain for a share in the New- foundland fisheries by American citizens, and the visit of Lafayette as the guest of the nation,^ are memorable events. Mr. Monroe's 1. Verse 1, page 203. 2. Verse 7, page 198. 3. Lafayette (verso 12, page 154") arrived at New York from France in Aiierust, 1824, and during about eleven months he made a tour of over five tlonsand miles in the United States. lie was received everywhere with great enthusiasm. When he was prepared to return, an American frigate, named Brnynlyxcine in compliment to him, was sent by the United Slates Government to convey him home. It was on the banks of the Brandywino that La- fayette first drew his sword in aid of the Americans. QtTESTiONS.— 4. What etruegle now commenced in Congress? What can you tell about the " Missouri Compromise " ? 5. What can you say about another Presidential election, and Monroe's Administration ? Can you give an account of the origin of the " Monroe Doctrine \ " 234 THE NATION. John Quincy Adams and his Adtninistration. quiet and prosperous Administration closed on the 4th of March, 1825, when John Quincy Adams, of Massachusetts, one of four candidates for the Presidency, became his successor, with John C. Calhoun, of South Carolina, as Vice-President. SECTION VIII. JOHN QUINCY ADAMS'S ADMINISTRA- TION [1825-1829]. 1. On the 4th of March, 1825, John Quincy Adams took the seat at the national capital which his father had left twenty-five years before. The Senate of the United States was in session, and all but one of his cabinet nominations were confirmed by unan-' imous vote.^ ' 2. Mr. Adams's Administration is remarkable in our history for the prev- alence of quiet at home and friendly relations with foreign Governments. There was a little trouble at the be- ginning, caused by the assumption of State supremacy by the Governor of Georgia, in the matter of the removal The cloud soon passed away.^ J. Q. ADAMS, AND HIS RESIDENCK of Indians from that State. 1. Henry Clay, Secretary of State ; Richard Rush, Secretary of the Treasury •, James Burbour, Secretary of Wai- ; Samuel L. Southard (continued in office), Secretary of the Navy , and William Wirt (cnntiuued), Attorney-General. There was considerable oppo- sition in the Senate to tlie confirmation of Henry Clay's nomination. He had been charged with defeating the election of General Jnckson, by giving his influence to Mr. Adams, on condition that he should be appointed his Secretary of State. This, however, seems to have been only a bubV>le on the surface of pohtical strife, and had no truthful substance. In the Senate, there were twenty-seven votes in favor, and fourteen against confirming the nomina- tion of Mr. Clay. 2. When Georgia relinquished her claims to portions of the Mississippi Territory the National Government agreed to purchase, for that State, the Indian lands within its borders, Questions. — 6. What memorable events occurred during Monroe's Administr.ation ? What can you say about its close, and Monroe's successor?—!. What can you tell about Adams's inauguration, and his cabinet appoii.tments? 2. For what was his Admiuietratioa remarkable ? W^hat trouble at first appeared ? JOHN QUINCY ADA;MS's ADMINISTRATIO^Sr. 235 An impressive coincidence. Tlie American System. Its opponenta 3. A remarkable coincidence, that made a profound impres- sion on the public mind throughout the country, occurred on the fiftieth anniversary of the Declaration of Independence,' or the 4th of July, 1826. On that day, and almost at the same liour, Thomas Jefterson^ died at Monticello, in Virginia, and John Adams,' at Quincy, Massachusetts. Their States had been chief leaders in the Revolution.* They had each assisted, as members of the same committee, in preparing the great Declaration ; ^ had each signed it ; had each been a minister at a foreign court, and had each been Vice-President and President ^ of the United States. 4. It was during th^ Administration of Mr. Adams that the policy of protecting home manufactures, by imposing a heavy duty upon foreign articles of the same kind, assumed the shape of a settled national policy, and the foundations of the American Sys- tem,^ as that policy is called, were then laid. It was very popular with the man- ufacturers of the North ; but the peo- ple of the cotton-growing States, Avho found a ready market for the raw ma- terial in England, opposed it. A tariff law passed in 1828 [May 15] was •made to appear very obnoxious to the Southern planters by " whenever it conld be peaceably done upon reasonable terras." The Crppks, who, with their nei^hborp, the Cherokeps, were beginning to practice the arts of civilized life, refused to sell thc'if lands. The Governor of Georgia "demanded the immediate fulfillment of the contridt He caused a survey of the lai-ds to be made, and prepared to distribute them by lottery to the citizens of that State. The National Government interfered in behalf of the Indians, and a civil war was nieniced. The difticiilties were finally settled, and the Indians were removed gradually to the rich wilderness beyond the Mississippi. 1. Verse 10, page 143. 2. Verse 10, page 143. 3. Verse 19, page 12.3. , 4. Verse 28, page 127, and verse 15, page 134- 5. Verse 19, page 123. 6. Verse 1, page 201, and verse 1, page 203. 7. The Illiberal commercial policy of Great Britain caused tariff laws to be enacted by Congress as early as 1816, as retaliatory measures. In 1824, imposts were l;iid on foreign fabrfcs, with a view to encourage American manufactures. In July, 1827, a national conven- tion Avas held at TTarrisburg, in Pennsylvania, to discuss the subject of protective tar.ffs. Only four of the Sl.ave States sent delegates. The result of the convention was a memorial to Congress, asking an augmentation of duties on several articles then manufactured in the Fnitcd States The Secretary of the Treasury called attention to the subject in his report in December, 1827. Congress took up the matter, and a Tariff Bill became a law in May fol- lowing. Questions —3 What remarkable and impressive coincidence occurred in 1826 ? What have vou to say of Adams ai d Jefferson ? 4. Can you give an account of the origin of the Amer'icanSys1e.m7 How did it affect the people of the North and South? What did the pohticiaiiB do ? What teachings were begun ? JOHN C. CALHOUN. 236 THE NATIOIS-. Dirsloyal teachings. President Jackson's collision with the Supreme Court. llie politicians, especially by John C. Calhoun, who appears to have made use of this measure as an instrument for creating ill feeling in his section against the National Government. Then was commenced that systematic teaching of disloyalty to the Government, vv^hich created a slight rebellion in South Carolina in 1832, and the great civil war kindled in 1861. 5. Mr. Adams left the chair of state in the spring of 1829, when his country was at peace with all the world, and the na- tional debt almost extinguished. General Andrew Jackson, of Tennessee, had been elected his successor, after a contest in which almost unexampled malignity of party feeling had been exhibited. John C. Calhoun was reelected Vice-President. SECTION IX. Jackson's administration [1829-183 7]. 1. Several surviving officers and soldiers of the Revolution surrounded General Jackson, when, on the 4th of March, 1829, he took the oath of office as seventh President of the United States. He constructed a cabinet wholly of his political friends,^ and with inflexible honesty, a strong will, incorruptible integ- rity, and audacity which amazed his friends and alarmed his op- ponents, he began the administration of public affairs with great i: vigor. 2. In 1832, the President and the Supreme Court of the United States came into collision. The authorities of Georgia claimed for that State the lands of the Cherokee Indians within its borders.^ The President favored the claim. The Georgians proceeded 1. Martin Van Biiren, Secretary of State ; Samuel D. Insrham, Secretary of the Treasury ; John H. Eato!, Secretary of War; John Branch, Secretary of tlie Navy; and Jolin McThereon Berrien, Attorney-General. It having been determined to make the Postmas- ter-General a cabinet officer, William T. Barry was appointed to that station. 2. Note 4, page 5. Questions.— 5. What can you say of Mr. Adams leaving the chair of state? Who was elected his successor?— 1. What can you tell about Jackson's inauguration? How did he construct his cabinet, and begin his administration of public affairs? Jackson's ADMrNiSTRATio:N". 237 Re-charter of the U. S. Bank. Removal of the public money. to expel tliera, when the Supreme Court decided against the claims of that State. The authorities of Georgia, favored by Jackson, re- sisted the decision, and great trouble was anticipated. The difficulty was settled, and in the course of a few years the Cherokees peacefully mi- grated to lands west of the Missis- sippi river.' 3. Another cause of public agita- tion soon appeared. The charter of the United States Bank,^ in which the public money was deposited, would expire in 1836. In his first annual message [December, 1828] the Presi- dent took ground against a renewal of the charter ; ^ and in 1832, he recom- mended the withdravral of the public funds (-^10,000,000) from its custody, because it was an unsafe depository. Congress refused to authorize the measure, when the President took the responsibility of ordering the Secre- tary of the Treasury to remove them. It was done in October, 1S33, and produced a terrible financial and business convulsion. The act was doubtless beneficial to the country. JACKSON, AND HIS RESIDENCE. 1. The Cherokees were involved in the difficulties of their Creek neighbor-". They were defended aecainbt tlie encroachments of the Georsfianedurint? Adams's Administration, bnt in December, 1829, they were crushed, as a nation, by an act of Con^rees. The Cherokees were more advaictd in the arts of civilized life than the Creeps. They had churches, schools, and a printingiiress, and were becomins: successful agricnlturists. It appeared cruel in the extreme to remove them from their fertile lamls and the graves of their lathers, to the wil- derness ; yet it was, doubtless, a proper measure for insurintr the prosj'crity of both races. Bnt now, again, the tide of civilization is beati: s against their borders. Will they not be borne upon its powerful wave, further into the wilderness ? 2. Note 7, page 197. It was rechartered in 1816. 3. Jackson regarded the bank as unauthorized by the National Oonstitution, and an in- Btrunient of political corruption. Questions.— 2. What can yon say about .i collision between the President and the Su- preme Court, in refere- ce to the notion of the antliorities of Georgia? 3. Whnt other cause of public agitatio.i appeared \ What can you tell about the President and the Uu'.ted States Bank ? 238 THE NATIOIT. Black Hawk war. Rebellion in South Carolina. A compromise. BLACK HAWK. 4. At the same period, still more important events agitated the public mind. In the spring of 1832, a portion of the Western Indian tribes, led by Black Hawk, a fiery Sac chief, commenced a warfare upon the frontier set- tlements of Illinois. They were utterly subdued in August, when Black Hawk was made a prisoner.' Then came menaces of civil war from South Caro- lina. The imposition of additional duties upon foreign goods,^ by act of Congress, in the spring of 1832, led to a State convention in November, which declared the law unconstitutional, and therefore null and void. 5. The State authorities of South Carolina, assuming the right to annul any act of the National Government, prepared to resist by force of arms the collection of duties in the port of Charleston. Jackson met the crisis promptly by a proclamation [December 10, 1832]^ in Avhich he warned the fomenters of rebellion that the laws of the United States would be enforced by military power. The NuUifiers, as the re- bellious leaders were called,* quailed, and gladly accepted a compromise adroitly pre- pared by Henry Clay, for the sake of peace. A bill prepared by him, providing for the gradual reduction of the obnoxious duties, became a law on the 3d of March [1833], and quiet was restored.' 6. The intense excitement caused by the removal of the public [ENRY CLAY. 1. This brief strife appeared very alarminsr, at one time. Black Hawk was taken to Washington, New York, and other cities, that he might be impressed with the number and power of the white people. 2. Verse 4, pagf 235. '' 3. Jackson had just been reelected President, with Martin Van Bnren as Vice-President, 4. The princ.pai leaders were John C. Calhoun, who had recently re.*icned the ofllce of Vice-President, and was now a member of the United States Senate, and Hobert Y. Hayne who was also in the Senate. Calhoun asserted the doctrine of State Supremacy., whicli he adroitly called State liig/tts, with great boldness, on the floor of Congress, and so did Hayne. 5. The conspirators against the Union were o: ly cliecked in their wickedne-s, and at once set about the corruption of the people. Jackson predicted that their next pretext for rebellion would not be a tariil', but slavery. That prediction was fulfilled at the beginning of 1861. Questions.— 4. Wh.at can you tell about an Indian war ? What important event occurred in South Carolina? 5. What can you tell of the reliellious position of the State authorities of South Carolina ? What did the President do i How did the Nullifiers avoid great trouble for themselves ? JACKSON S ADMINISTRATION. 239 War with the Seminoles. Osceola and his treachery. funds from the United States Bank had just subsided, when [December, 1835] war with the Seminole Indians in Florida com- menced. A majority of the tribe were dissatisfied with a treaty which a few chiefs had made for their emigTation west of the Mis- sissippi river ; and when General Thompson was sent by the National Go rernment to remove them by force, Osceola, a very able chief, was so defiant and dangerous in his opposition, that he was seized and imprisoned. He feigned penitence, and, on promising to fulfill the agreements of the treaty, he was released. 7. Osceola was treacherous. In violation of his promise, and for the healing of his wounded pride, he led a war party in murderous at- tacks on the frontier settlers, and killed General Thompson and five of his friends [December 28, 1835] near Fort King. Almost at the same hour, a hundred men under Major Dade, who had been sent to the relief of Gene- ral Clinch at Fort Drane, in the in- terior of Florida, were attacked by the savages, and all but four were osceolj. killed. Two days later, General Clinch and his troops had a bat- tle with the Seminoles on the Withlacoochee ; and on the 29th of February [1836], General Gaines had a battle with the savages near the same place. 8. In May following, the Creeks aided the Seminoles by attack- ing settlers in Western Georgia and Eastern Alabama, and thou- sands of white people fled in terror from their homes. By the judicious management of General Scott, then in command in the South, they v/ere soon subdued, and sent beyond the Mississippi. The Seminoles still held out; and in October, 1836, Governor Call, of Georgia, marched into their country with two thousand men, a part of whom had a severe battle with the Indians at QpESTioxs. — 6.. What exc'temeit had subsided, and what new sensation was produced? What can you tell about the dissatisfaction of the Seminole Indians ' 7. What have you to eaj' about Osceola? What crime did he commit ? What military movements took place in Florida? 8. What did the Creek In.lians do? What did General Scott eftect ? What can you tell about an expedition under Governor Call ? 240 THE TTATION. Osceola's capture and death. End of the war. Growth of the Republic. Ft. Mi canopy £Block House ^, "^ GainesX 3 Tj-^ mill I c 1 'Mc£l'jhc Ft. Cross 1!S FtOa.e.^'^ W Wahoo swamp [November 21, 1836], near the scene of Dade's massacre. It was indecisive. 9. All winter the war went on; and in March, 1837, a number of chiefs came to General Jesup, then in chief command, at Fort Dade, and made a treaty of peace. The treacherous Os- ceola broke it, and in October following he Yv\as seized by stratagem, and impris- oned in Fort Moultrie, at Charleston, where he died. Soon after this [De- cember 25, 1837], Colonel Taylor, who had succeeded Jesup in command, gave the Indians a severe chastisement on the borders of Lake Macaco; yet for four years longer the Seminolcs, in their swamp fastnesses, called The Everglades^ resisted almost nine thousand United States troops. The war was not really closed before 1842. 10. General Jackson's official career ended in the spring of 1837. His 'Administration of eight years had been marked by great vigor and important events.' Two new States had been added to the Union,' making the number twenty-six. The origi- nal thirteen States had been doubled. In the autumn of 1836, Martin Van Bui en was elected his successor. The people having failed to elect a Vice-president, Richard M. Johnson, of Kentucky, was chosen such by the United States Senate. SEAT OF SKJIINOLE WAR. 1. At the close of Jackson's first term, our foreign relations were very satisfactory, ex- cept with France. That Government had agreed to pay about $5,000,000, by installments, as indemnification for French tipoliations o;i American commerce, under the operations of the several decrees of Napoleon, from 1806 to 1811. The French Government did not promptly comply with the agreement, and the President assumed a hostile tone, which caused France to perform her duty. Similar claims acainst Portutral were made, and payment obtained. A treaty of reciprocity was made w-ith Russia and Belgium, and everywhere the American flajr commanded the highest respect. The last official act of President Jackson produced much excitement and bitter feelings toward him. A circular was issued from the Treasury Department on the 11th of Jidy, 1836, requiring all collectors of the public revenue to receive nothing but gold and silver in payment. This was intended to check speculations in the public lands, but it also bore heavily upon every kind of business. The " specie circular" was denounced ; and so loud was the clamor, that toward the close of the session in 1837, both Houses of Congress adopted a partial repeal of it. Jackson refused to sign the bill, and by keeping it in his possession until after the adjournment of Congress, prevented it be- coming a law. This act was dencm'^ced as usurpation. 2. Arkansas in June, 1836, and Michigan in January, 1837. QPESTIONS.— 9. What further can you tell about the war with the Indians? What can you tell about Osceola's treachery, and his seizure and death? What more can you relate about the war, and its close? 10. What have you to say about Jackson's Administration? Who was elected his successor ? VAlSr BUREN S ADMIT^ISTRATION. 241 Bad condition of the country. A poor remedy for an evil Causes of trouble. SECTION X. '' VAJ^ bueen's administration [1837-1841], 1. Mr. Van Bureii' commenced his official career with an able cabinet, at a time when the business of the coun- try was on the verge of a terrible convulsion and utter prostration. The distressing effects of the removal of the public funds [October, 1833] from the United States Bank,' and the opera- tions of the " specie circular," ^ had disappeared, in a measure ; but as the remedy for the evil was superficial, the cure was only apparent. ^o 2. The chief remedy was in the form of loans of the public money to individuals, by the State banks with whom it had been deposited. The medicine produced a disease worse than the one it was intended to cure. A sudden expansion of paper currency was the result, and excessive impor- tations, inordinate stimulus to all in- dustrial pursuits, and a wild spirit of speculation ensued. Overtrading and speculation, relying for support upon continued bank loans, Avere suddenly checked by bank contractions early in 1837; and during March and April of that year, there were mercantile failures in the city of New York aloiie to the amount of more than a hun- VAN BUREN, AND HIS RESIDENCK. 1. He apnointed John Forsyth Secretnry of State ; Levi Wooflbury, Secretary of the Treasury ; Joel R. Poinsett, Secretiry of War ; Mahlon Dickinso % Secretary of tlie Navy: Amos Kendall, Po^tmaster-G-eneral; and Benjamin F. Ruthn-, Attorney-General, All of tbem, except Mr. Poinsett, held their respective offices under President Jackson. 2. Verse 3, page 237. 3. Note 1, page 240. Questions. — 1. What have you to say about the commencement of Van Biiren's Adniinis-. tration ? What evils existed ? 2. What was the chief remedy for the evil ? How did it work ? 11 242 THE NATION. Insurrection in Canada. The North-eastern boundary. Harrison elected. dred millions of dollars. The effects of these failures wiere felt to the remotest borders of the Union, and credit and confidence were destroyed. 3. The Seminole war, as we have observed,' continued during Van Buren's Administration ; and the peaceful relations between the United States and Great Britain were somewhat disturbed by revolutionary movements in Canada, that commenced in 1837.'' The movement, being professedly to secure the independence of Canada, enlisted the warm sympathies of the American people, and banded companies and individuals crossed the border to aid the "patriots." ^ It was this practical sympathy that offended Great Britain. It was suppressed by the prompt action of the Govern- ment of the United States." 4. At this time a long-pending dispute concerning the boundary between Maine and New Brunswick had ripened into preparations for a settlement by war. This threatened danger to the friend- ship between the United States and Great Britain was soon re- moved by General Scott, who was sent to that frontier by the President, clothed with power to make peace or war. His concil- iatory course produced perfect quiet, and the matter was perma- nently adjusted by treaty, in August, 1842.^ 5. Mr. Van Buren was nominated for reelection in 1 840. He was opposed by General William Henry Harrison.^ The contest was very exciting, and was characterized by demoralizing pro- 1. Verse 6, pacfe 238, to A-eree 9, pn^e 249. 2. Both Upper and liOwcr Canada exhibited revohitionary movementp. The principal leader of the revolt in Upper Canada was William Lyon Mtickenzie : the prime mover in tho Lower Province was Louie Joseph Papineau. The movements of the revolutioniiry party were well planned, but local jealousies prevented unity of action, and the scheme failed. 3. A party of Americans took possession of Navy island, sitnated in the Niagara river about two miles above the falls, and belonging to Canada. They numbered seven hnndrea strong, well provisioaed, and provided with twenty pieces of canno'. They bad a small steamboat named Caroline, to ply between Schlo^^ser, on the American side, and Navy isl. and. Oa a dark night in December, 1837, a party of rovalists from the Canada shore crossed over, cut the' Cwro^me loose, set heron fire, and she went over the great catarac( while in full bl.aze. 4. In 1838, General Scott was sent to the front'er to preserve order, and was assisted by proclamations by the President, and also by the Governor of New York. Yet secret revolution, ary associations, called " Hunters' Lodi-es," continued for two or three years. Against these, President Tyler's proclamation, here referred to, was siiecially directed. 5. This was negotiated at Washington city by Daniel Webster for the United States, and Lord Ashburton (special minister) for Great B "itain. Besides settling the boundary ques. tion, this agreement, known as the Ashburton Treaty, provided for the final suppression of the slave trade, and for the giving up of criminal fugitives from justice, in certain cases. 6. Verse 1, page 214. Questions.— 3. What have you to say about the Seminole war, and disturbances in Can. ada? 4. What can you tell about a dispute and its settleme.it concerning the boundary be- tween the United States and a British province ? haeeison's and tylee's administeations. 243 Population of the Republic. Death of President Harrison. ceediiigs* hitherto unknown in the United States. It resulted in the election of General Harrison, with John Tyler, of Virginia, as Vice-President. And now, at the close of the first fifty years of ■the existence of the Republic, the population had increased from three and a half millions, of all colors, to seventeen millions. SECTION XI. haeeison's and tylee's administea- TIONS [1841-1845]. 1. President Harrison took the oath of office on the 4th of March, 1841 ; and when his cabinet was announced,* the people felt a conviction that a brighter day was about to dawn upon the country by a change of policy and measures. But he was suddenly re- moved by death [April 4, 1841], pre- cisely one month after Chief-Justice Taney administered the oath to him.^ 2. In accordance with the provis- ions of the Constitution, the Vice- President became the official successor of the deceased President, and on the 6th of April, 1841, the oath of office was administered to HARRISOX, AND HIS RESIDENCE. JOni^' TYLER. 3. The cabinet officers appointed by Harrison remained in place 1. Daniel Wcbi«tor, Secretary of Stnte ; Thomas Ewing:, Secretary of the Treasury ; John Bell, Secretary of War; Georije H Badger. Secretary of the Navy ; Francis Granger, Post- mastcr-Genernl ; and J. J. Crittenden, Attorney-General. 2. The only ofiicial act of general importance performed by President Harrison during his brief Administration, was the issuing of a proclamation on the 17th of March, calling an extraordinary session of Congress, to commence at the close of the following May, to legis- late upon the subject of finance and revenue. Questions.— 5. Wliat was the result of the Presidential election in 1840 ? AVhat have you to say about an increase in the population?—!. What can you tell about the inauguration of Harrison? What did the people anticipate, and how were they disappointed ? 2. What change occurred in consequence of the death of Harrison ? Who succeeded him ? 244 THE NATION. The successoi* of Hairieon. His relations to his party. Cabinet changes. until the following September, when all but Mr. Webster, the Secretary of State, resigned.' Great public interests would have suffered by Mr. Webster's withdrawal at that time, and he patriotically remained at his post, while his associate minis- ters, dissatisfied Avith the President, retired. 4. The extraordinary session of Congress called by Harrison, com- menced on the 31st of May, and continued until the 13th of September. The chief object sought to be obtained was the recharter of the United States Banlv.^ The actions of the President in this matter (who vetoed two separate bills passed for the pur- pose) were regarded as violations of pledges to his party and the friends of that institution throughout the country, and, for that reason, his ministers and party deserted him. 5. Mr. Tyler's Administration was distinguished by the return of a South Sea exploring expedition ; ' the settlement of the north-eastern boundary question;' and for domestic difficulties in Rhode Island, TTLER, AND HIS RESIDENCE. 1. He then appoi'-ecl WnltorF.M-ward, Secretary of the Treasury; John C. Spencer, Secre- tary of War; Ahe\ P. Unshnr, Secretary of the Navy; Charles A. Wicklifle, Foitmaster- Gencral ; and Hujjfh S. Legare, Attorney-Greiieral, 2. Verse 3, p:)£re 237. . , ,,,.,, „ , 3. This expediton. commanded by Lieutenant (now— 1864— renr-admiral) VV ilkes, of the United States navy, had been sent several years before, to explore the great southern ocean. It coasted .alons wliat is supposed to be the Antarctic continent, fo;- seventeen hundred miles in the vicinity of latitude sixty-six degrees south, and between longitude ninety-six and one hundred .Mud fifty-four degrees east. The exncdition brought home a great ma;iy curiosities of island human life, and a large number of fine specimens of natural history, all of which are now [1864] in the Smithsonian Institute, in Washington city. The expedition made a voyage of about ninety thousand miles, equal to almoit four times the circumference of the globe. 4. Verse 4, page 242. Questions —3. What can you tell about cabinet otficera? What about the patriotism of Mr. Webster? 4. Whut can you tell about an extra session of Congress ? How did Tyler oftend h's party, and cause a dissolution of his cabinet? Tyler's administratio]^. 245 Difficulties in Rhode Island. Admission of Texas. DANIEL WEESTER. SO serious as to demand the interposition of the National Gov- ernment. The Rhode Island difficulty grew out of an effort to exchange the charter granted by Charles the Second/ under which the commonwealth had been ruled for one hundred and eighty years, for a new State constitution. Two parties were formed ; a bitter quarrel ensued ; each armed in defense of its po- ition, and the State was on the verge of civil war. The President sent United States troops to prevent bloodshed, and the excitement was quelled. A Constitution was adopted in 1842, and went into operation in the spring of 1843. 6. The admission of the Republic of Texas,^ as a State of the LTuion, was made a subject for warm discussion toward the close of Tyler's Administration. It was opposed, on one hand, because it would increase the political power of slavery ; and was advo- cated, on the other hand, for precisely the same reason. A treaty for annexation, signed on the 12th of April, 1844, was rejected by the Senate, and the subject had an important bearing on the Presi- dential election held in the ensuing autumn. James K. Polk, who was favorable to the annexation, was elected, with George M. Dallas, of Pennsylvania, as Vice-President. 1. Tn 1663. See verse 4, page 43. 2. Texas was apirt of the doni'iin of t'nt ancient Mexico conquered h\ Cortez (verse 9, page 14). In 1S24, Mexico became a repulilic ui dor Generals Victoria and "Saita Anna, and ■was divided into Btates nn'ted by a Federal Constitution. One of these was Texus, a terri- tory which was oricjin.allv claimed by the United States as a part of Louisiana, purchased (verse 1, page 203) from France in 1803, but ceded to Spain in 1820. InlS21-'22, a colony from the United States, under Stephen F. Austin, made a settlement on both sides of the Colo- rado river ; and the Spanish Government favoring immigration thither, caused a rapid in- crease in the population. There were ten thousand Americans in that province in 1833. Santa Anna became military dictator, and these settlers in Texas, having resolved to seize the province, rebelled. A war ensued; and on the 2d of March, 1836, a convention de- clared. Tvx:\b itidppoidpnf. Much bloodshed occurred afterward; nut a final battle at San Jacinto, in which the Texans were led by the late General Samuel Houston, afterward a member of the United States Senate from Texas, sustained the position the people had taken, and terminated the strife. Texas remained an independent republic until its admis- sion into our National Union in 1845. Questions.— 5. What events distinoruished Tyler's Administration ? What can you tell about troubles in Rhode Island ? 6. Wh.at was done concerning the admission of Texas into the Union? What have you to say concerninp the election of James K. Polk ? 7. What was the last important official act performed by Tyler? 246 THE NATIOJN". President Polk. The Texas question. Action of Texas. v. The last important official act of President Tyler was the signing, on the 3d of March, 1845, of a bill for the admission of Florida and Iowa into the Union of States. SECTION XII. folk's ADMINISTRATION [1845-1849]. 1. An immense concourse of citi- zens were present when James K. Polk took the oath of office on the 4th of March, 1845. On the follow- ing day he nominated his cabinet offi- cers," and entered with vigor upon the duties of his exalted station. 2. The annexation of Texas and a claim of Great Britain to a large por- tion of the Territory of Oregon, on the Pacific coast, occupied the earliest and most serious attention of the new Administration. The Texas question was held to be first in importance ; Tyler had sent a messenger to the Government of that republic, with a copy of the bill (or joint resokitions) for annexation. On the 4th of July [1845] the Texan Government form- ally approved the measure, and that republic became a State of our Union. 3. Mexico, from which Texas had been wrested,^ had never acknowl- 1. James Buchanan, Secretary of State , Robert J. Walker, Secretary of the Treasury; William L. Marcy, Secretary ot War ; George Bancroft, Secretary of the Navy ; Cave John- son, Postmaster-Greneral ; and John Y. Mason, Attorney-G-enerai. 2. Note 2, page 245. Questions.- 1. Wliat can you tell about Polk's inauguration, and his cabinet appoint- ments ? 2. What subjects occupied the earliest attention of the new Administration ? What can you tell about the Texas matter ? POLKS ADMINISTRATIOTf. 247 War with Mexico probable. General Taylor in Texas. Two heavy battles. edged the independence of her stolen territory ; and, as had heen predicted, its annexation to the United States produced a rupture between that Government and Mexico/ Expecting this, Presi- dent Polk ordered Genei-al Zachary Taylor ^ to march into Texas with ahout fifteen hundred troops, and take post near the Mexican frontier as an " array of ohservation." At the same time, a squad- ron, under Commodore Conner, was sent to the Gulf of Mexico for the protection of Ameiican interests in that quarter. 4. Taylor fii-st formed a camp at Corpus Christi, near the mouth of the Neuces river, where he remained until the following March [1846], when he advanced to the mouth of the Rio Grande, opposite the Mexican city of Matamoras, and there established a fortified camp. The Mexicans were gathering in force at Mata- moras ; and toward the middle of Aj^ril their leader sent a per- emptory demand for Taylor to withdraw instantly. Scouting parties were out on both sides ; and on the 24th of April, on the Texas bank of the Rio Grande, the first blood was shed ^ in THE WAE WITH 3IEXIC0. 5. Leaving a small force under Major Brown to hold the posi- tion opposite Matamoras, General Taylor marched to Point Isabel, where his stores were menaced by a large body of Mexicans. He was recalled by an attack upon Brown, and while making his way back with a little more than two thousand men, he met the Mexican anny [May 8, 1846], six thousand strong, under General Arista, at a prairie called Palo Alto. A hot battle of five hours ensued, and Taylor won a victory. On the following day [May 1. There -was alrendy a serious miBnnderf^tandin'j; between the United States and Mexico, concernine; claims of American citizens on the latter Governmcit, for losses of property occasioned by the nets of its public offifials. Comnrssoners appointed by the two Govern- ments, to adjust these claims, met in 1840. The Mexican commissioners acknowledged two millions of dollars, and no more. In 1843 the wliole amount was ncknowledgeossession of Matamoras on the 18th of May. Late in August, the army, led by General Worth, was put in motion for the interior ; and late in September, General Taylor was before Monterey, with six thousand men. It was defended by General Ampudia with nine thousand men. After a siege and assault which lasted about four days, Ampudia surrendered [September 24, 1846] the fort and garrison. This accomplished, Taylor waited for further orders from his Government, 8. General Wool, in the mean time, had been preparing the volunteers, and before the middle of July, twelve thousand of them were mustered into the service. Nine thousand of these were sent to reinforce Taylor, and v.ith the remaining three thou- sand Wool prepared, at Bexar, in Texas, for an invasion of Mex- 1. Then general- in-chief of the armies of the Un'.ted States. Questions.— 6. Wliat did Congress do on hearing of bloodshed? What can you tell about a plan of campaign? 7. Can you give an account of Taylor's invasion of Mexico, and the capture of Monterey ? POLK s admi:n^istration. 249 General Wool in Mexico, Taylor's forces weakened. Victory at Buena Vista. ico. This was accomplished in October, and he won the friendship of the people by his justice and kindness. Taylor, in the mean time, iiad gone farther into Mexico, without much opposition ; and late in December the divisions of Wool and Worth were imited. On the 29th, Taylor, with his combined forces, took and occupied Victoria, the capital of Tamauiipas, with the intention of attacking Tampico, on the coast/ 9. Just as Taylor was about to commence a vigorous winter campaign. General Scott, who !?Saltillo = BuEN/\ Vista ° ACUA Nu£VA REGION 07 TAYLORS OPERATIONS. had started for Mexico, ordered him, by a messenger, to send a large portion of his best officers and troops to assist in the siege of Vera Cruz.' By this order, which he promptly obeyed, Taylor v»'as left with only about five thousand men, to act on the defensive against twenty thousand Mexicans, then gathering at San Luis Potosi, under General Santa Anna. These advanced upon the Americans early in February [1847], and at Buena Vista,^ eleven miles from Saltillo, a heavy battle was fought on the 2od. Taylor, ably assisted by Wool, repulsed the enemy, and drove them in confusion from the field. They fled during the night, leaving their dead and wounded behind them.* 10. The Americans were now in possession of all the northern provinces of Mexico.^ General Taylor was left in a position of 1. Commodore Connor, who commanrlcd the "Home Squadron" in the Gulf, ciiptured Tampico. Tobasco and Tnepan were captured hy Commodore Terry, in October foUowintf. 2. The recessity for this order was as painful to Gi'neral Scott as it was mortifying to General Taylor. Before leaving Washinsiton, Scott wrote a long private letter to General Taylor, apprising him of this necessity, expres-insr his sincere regrets, and speaking in high- est praise of the victories already achieved in Mexico. o. Pleasant View, 'i'his was the name of a plantation at Anerostura. 4. The Americans lost two hundred and sixty-seven killed, four hundred and fifty-six wounded, ard twenty-three missing. The Mexicans lost almo-t two thousarid. They left five hundred of their comrades dead om the field. Among the Americ.nns slain was Lieuten- ant-Colonel Clay, son of tlie distinguished Henry Clay, of Kentucky. Verse 5, page 238. 5. On the day of the battle at Bueni Vista, General Mlnon, with eight hundred cavalry, was driven frorn Saltillo by Captain Webster and a small party of Americans. On the 26ih of February, Colonels Morgan and Irvin defeated a party at Agua Frio ; and on the 7th of March, Major Giddings was victorious at Ceralvo. Questions. — 8. What was General Wool doing wit^ the vo'untr^ers? What can yon tell of his invasion of Mex'co, and junct'on with T.aylor? Wh:'t did Taylor thi-n do? 9. What can you tell of General Scott's order to GeneralTaylor ? flow d"d it affect Taylor? What can you tell of the Mexican force, and the battle at Buena Vista ? 11* 250 THE NATION. COLONEL FREMONT. The conquest of California. Exploits of Doniphan in Mexico. inactivity, and in September following he assigned the command of his army to Wool, and returned to the United States. In the mean time, the "Army of the West" had been ac- (nm.- " . "^W tive, under General Kearny. He took formal possession of New Mexico, at Santa Fe, its capital, on the 18th of Au- gust, 1846, and then pushed on toward California. He was soon met by intel- ligence that the conquest of that coun- try had been accomplished by Colonel Fremont.* He sent back the main body of his troops to Santa Fe, and with one hundred men went for- ward, and shared with Stockton and Fremont the honor of the complete conquest and pacification of California. On the 18th of February, 1847, he proclaimed its annexation to the United States. 11. General Kearny sent Colonel Doniphan, with one thousand Missouri volunteers, to chastise the Navajo Indians. He forced them to make a treaty of peace on the 22d of November, 1846, and then proceeded to join General Wool.^ At Sacramento, near Chihuahua, the capital of the State of that name, he fought and 1. Lientenant-Colonel Fremont was sent with a party of about sixty men, to explore por- tions of New Mexico and California. When he arrived i'l the vicinity of Monterey, on the Pacific coast, he was opposed l)y a Mexican force under General Castro. Fremont aroused all the American settlers in the vicinity of San Francisco bay, captured a Mexican post and Sarrison, and nine cannon and two hundred and fifty muskets, at Sonoma Pass [June 15, 1846], and then advanced to Sonoma, and defeated Castro and his troops. The Mexicm authorities were eflectually driven out of that region of the country ; and on the 5th of July, the American Californ'ans declared themselves independent, and placed Fremont at the head of their affair.-. Two days afterward, Commodore Sloat, then in command of the squadron in the Pacific, hombaVded and captured Monterey ; ai d on the 9th, Commodore Montgomery took possession of Ban Francisco. Commodore Stockton arrived on the 15th, and, wth Colonel Fremo.it, took possession of the city of Los Angelos on the 17ih of Au- gust. When California bename a State, Fremont was elected [1S51] its first United Stales senator, an.d in 1850, he was the candidate of the " Republican" party for the office of Presi- dent of the United 8tat"s. lie served as major-general of volunteers in the earlier part of the Great Civil Wnv. See page 265. 2. At Braceto, in the valley of the Rio del Norte, he met a large Mexican force on t> e 22d of December, under General Ponce de Leon, who sent a black flag to Doniphan, with the message : " We will neither ask nor give quarter." The Mexicans then advanced and fired three rounds. The Missourians felT upon theking safety by flight io the shores of the Gulf. 3. It stipulated the evacuation of Mexico by the American army, within three months ; the payment of $.^000,000 in hand, and $12,000,000 in four annual installments by the United Stntes'to ^fexico, for the territory acquired bv conquest ; and, in addition, to assume debts due to certain citize.s of the United States to the amount of $3,500,000. It also fix(d bound- pries, etc. During the same month whe i that treaty was signed, a man employed by Cap- tain Sutter, who owned a mill tweuty-tive m'les up' the American fork of tl;e Sacramento river, discovered gold. It was vf-ry soon found in other localities, and during the summer rumors of the fact" reached the United States. These rumors nssnmed tangible form in the President's me:=sa£re in December, 1S48 ; and at the beginning of 1849, thousands were on their wav to the land of gold. Around Cape Horn, across the isthmus of Panama, and over the LM-eat central plains of the continent, men went by hundreds ; and far and wide in Cali- fornia the precious metal was found. From Europe and South America hundreds flocked thither ; and the Chinese came also by scores from Asia, to dig gold. Tho dreams of the early Spanish voyagers, and those of the English who sought gold on the coasts of Labrador QrESTiONS —17. What m^ght Scott have done, and what did he do? What can you tell about the treac.i ery of Santa Anna? What did Scott do? What can you tell of the events that led to the final conquest of Mexico? 18. What can you tell about afl;airs in the Mexican capital ? What cm you tell about Santa Anna? 254 THE NATION. Peace. General Taylor elected President of the United States. New Mexico and California became Territories of the United States. President Polk proclaimed peace on the 4th of July fol- lowing/ 1 9. During the last year of Polk's Administration, Wisconsin was admitted [May 29, 1848] as a State of the Union. At about the same time, General Taylor, whose deeds in Mexico made him very popular, was nominated for the office of President of the United States ; and in the autumn he was elected by a large majority over his opponent. General Cass, with Millard Fillmore, of New York, as Vice-President. SECTION XIII. tayloe's administration [1849-1850]. 1. The 4th of March, 1849, fell on the Sabbath, and President Taylor did not take the oath of office until the 5th. He nomi- nated his cabinet^ on the following day, and, with pure and honest purposes, he entered upon the duties of his high station. and up the rivers of the middle of the continent, have been more than realized, and hun- dreds continue to go thither, and to other torritories, in which the gold BCt-ms inexhaustible. New Kold regions "are discovered every year. 1. The following are the names and "dates of the principal battles in the war with Mex- ico ■ Namb. Datb. Pagb. 1846. Pnlo Alto, Mays. 247 Resaca de la Palma, May 9. 248 Mont(M-ey, Sept. 24. 248 Bracito, Dec. 25. 250, n. 1847. Buena Vista, Feb. 23. 249 Name. Date. Page. Sacramento, Feb. 28. 250 Vera Cruz, March 27. 251 Sierra Gordo, April 18. 251 Contreras, / . 20 2'i2 Churubusco, \ ^"?- ^"- ^^^ Molin;) del Rey, Sept. 8. 253 Chapultepec, Sept. 13. 253 Huamantla, Oct. 9. 253, n. 2. He appointed John M. Clayton Secretary of State ; William M. Meredith, Secretary of the Trea.sury •, Georae W. Crawford, Secretary of War ; William B. Preston, Secretary of the Navy; Thomas Ewing, Secretary of the Interior (a new office recently established, in which some of the duties before performed by the State and Treasury Departments are attended to) , Jacob CoUamer, Postmaster-General ; and Reverdy Johnson, Attorney- General. QtTESTioNS.— 18. Whnt can you tell about the treaty of peace? 19. Whnt State was now admitted to the Union ? What can you say about Po'lk's successor ?— 1. What can you teU about Taylor's inauguration, and his cabinet? Taylor's administration. 255 Slavery agitation. Aumiesio:i of California. CompromiBe Act. r^rft: ^'^^->^J|5' 2. The agitation of the slavery question was now revived by tlie ac- tion of the inhabitants of California, who, in convention at San Francisco, Lad formed a State Constitution, by which slavery should be excluded from the territory forever. When, in Feb- , ^. ruary, 1850, her representatives' asked *|5^ ^ Congrcps to admit her as a State of the Uriion, the friends of the Slave Power in that body violently opposed her ad- mission as a Free State, and op only de- clared that such an act would be a sufficient reason for the Slave States to withdravv^ from the Union. 3. The threats of the Slave Power so intimidated the real friends of the Union that they became ready to yield. Henry Clay offered a i:>hin of compromise^ [January 25, 1850] in the United States Senate. A com- mittee of thirteen (of which Mr. Clay was chairman) was appointed to con- sider tlie various propositions, and, on the 8th of May, Clay introduced a comi3romise bill. The subject was discussed about four months, when, on the 9th of September, the famous Compromise Act of 1850 became law.^ During the TAYLOR, AND HIS RESIDENCE. 1. Under the new Conptitution, John C. Fremont and William M. Gwin were elected senators, and Edward Gilbert and G. H. Wriyht were elected members of the House of Representatives. The si-nators carried the new Constitution with them to Washington. 2. It was Mr. Cl.ay who proposed the Missouri Compromisp, and the compramise with Calhoun and hie fellow conspirators in 1833. See note 4, page 238. 3. Because sever.al measures, distinct in the'r objects, were embodied in the act, it is poraetimes known as the " Omnibus Bill." The most important stipulations of the act were, 1st. That California should be admitted into the Un on as a State, with its anti-slavery Con- ftitutio^i, and its territorial extent from Oregon to the Mexican possessions ; 2ci. That the vast country east of California, containing the Mormon settlements near the Great Salt Lake, should be erected into a Territory, called Utah, without mention of slavery ; 3d. That New Mexico should be erected into a Territory, Aviihin satisfactory boundaries, and without any stipulatio; s respecting slavery, and that ten millions of dollars should be paid to Texas from the National treasury in purcliase of her claims ; 4th. That the slave-trade in the Dis- QuESTiONS.— 2. How was slavery agitntion revived ? What occurred in Conerress in rela- tion to California ? 3. What were the effects of the threats of the Slave Power? What can you tell of another compromise ? What sad event occurred ? 256 THE NATION". Death of President Taylor. Fillmore his successor. His Administration. discussions of this matter, President Taylor sickened and died [July 9, 1850], and Mr. Fillmore became, by the operation of the Constitution,' President of the United States. ?1LLM0RE, AND HIS RESIDENCE, fillmoke's administeation [1850-1 853]. 4. Mr. Fillmore took the oath of office on the 10th of July, 1850. President Taylor's cabinet ministers remained in place until the 15th, when new heads of departments'^ were appointed.^ The most impor- tant measures of his Administration were the Compromise Act ; * the set- tlement of disputes with Great Brit- ain concerning the fisheries on the coast of British America,^ and the sending of an expedition to open di- plomatic and commercial relations w^ith Japan. 5. The country was agitated, at times, from the spring of 1850 until near the close of President Buchan- an's Administration in 1861, by the fitting out of expeditions in the Uni- ted States with the professed object tn'ct of Columbia should be abolished ; 5th. A law providing for the arrest, in the Northern oi- Free States, and return to their masters, of all slaves who should escape from bondage. The List measure of the Compromise Aft produced much dissat'sfactioii at the North ; and the execution, evasion, and violation of the law, in several instances, led to serious disturb- ances and much bitter sectional feeling. 1. Verse 2. paee 243. 2. Verse 2, page 196. S.Daniel Webster, Secretary of State; Thomas Corwin, Secretary of the Treasury; Charles M. C!onrad, Secretary of War ; Alexander H. H. Stuart, Secretary of the Interior ; William A. Graham, Secretary of the Navy ; John J. Crittenden, Attorney-General ; Na- than K. Hall, Postmaster-General. 4. Verse ,", page 255. 5. This stipulation was so construed as to allow American fishermen to catch cod within the large hays, where they could easily carry on their avocation nt a greater d'Stance than three mdes from any land. Snch had been the common practice, without interference, until the assumption of exclusive light to these bays was promulgated hy the British. Questions.— 4. Who was Taylor's successor? What did Fillmore do? What were the most important measur<.s of his Administration ? Pierce's administration. 257 Fillibustering. Repose and prosperity looked for. A delusion. of liberating Cuba from the rule of Old Spain,^ establishing more liberal governments in Central America, et cetera. These jillibiistering movements, as they were termed, formed a practical part of the scheme, then fast ripening, for the destruction of our Union and the establishment of a confederacy of Slave States. At one time they threatened to involve our country in serious difficulties.' 6. During the Administrations of Taylor and Fillmore, one State (California) was added to the Union, and four new Territories Avere organized, namely, Minnesota, New Mexico, Utah,^ and Washing- ton, There was a delusive belief that the " slavery agitation " had been laid at rest forever b}^ the Compromise Act of 1850 ; * and a pe- riod of uncommon prosperity and repose for the nation was looked for. The election of President of the United States in the autumn of 1852 was a quiet one, and resulted in the choice of Franklin Pierce, of N'ew Hampshire, with William K. King, of Alabama, as Vice-President. SECTIOlSr XIV. Pierce's administration [1853-1857]. 1. The 4th of March, 1853, when Franklin Pierce took the oath of office, was a cheerless, stormy day. The oath was admin- 1. The leader of the earlier expedition was General Lopez, a Cuban, who sailed from New Orleans in April, 1850. He landed at Cardenas, Cuba, Avith the expectation of being joined l>y native Cubans. lie was disapiiointed, and returned to the United States. In Austuet, 1851, he again sailed from Kew Orleans, with iibout four hundred and eighty fol- lowers, and Ian-led on the northern coast of Cuba. The leader and many of his followers were captured and executed. 2. The idea became prevalent in Cuba and in Europe that it had become the policy of the United States Government to ultimately acquire absolute possession of that island and thus control the commerce of the gulf of Mexico (the door to Cnlifornia) and the trade of the West India islands. To prevent this, the cabinets of PVance and Eidand asked the Govern- ment of the United States to enter M'ith them into ji treaty which should secure Cuba to Spain. Franco and Enurland were plainly told by Mr. Everett, tlie Secret-n-y of State, that the subje'-'t was not within the scope of their interference. This put an end to the matter. 3. The greater portion of the inhabitants of Utah are of the religious sect called Mor- mons, who, after suffering much in Missouri and Illinois from their onposers. penetrated the deep wilderness [1848] in the ii terior of our continent, and near the Great Salt Luke, in the midst of the savage Utah tribes, they have built a large city, made extensive plantations, and founded an empire almost as hu-ge, in territorial extent, as that of Alexander the Great. 4. Verse 3, page 255. Questions.— 5. What have you to say about " fillibustering" operations? What were they a part of? 6. What additions were made to the Union ? What did the people believe and look for ? What can you say about the Presidential elecfoa in 1852? 258 THE natio:n^. President Pierce. Explorations by land and sea. Slavery agitation aroused. istered by Chief-Justice Taney, and the cabinet appointments were confirmed by the Senate three days afterward.^ 2. Pierce's Administration is dis- tinguished for the revival of the "slavery agitation" in all its inten- sity ; and by explorations on land and sea, carried on by the National Gov- -^% , ernment, and having reference to the future commerce of the Republic with Asia and the islands of the Pacific ocean. The future tracks of steamships across the ocean from our Western ports were thoroughly trav- ersed. The land explorations were for the purpose of deciding upon the best route for the railway about to be constructed between the valley of the Mississippi and the Pacific ocean. 3. Good feeling marked the open- ing of Congress in December, 1853, but just as preparations were completed for carrying out measures for the na- tional welfare, a bill was introduced in the Senate for the organization of a vast region in the interior of the con- tinent into two Territories, to be called, respectively, Nebraska and Kansas. The bill contained a provision concerning slavery, which would annul the Missouri Compromise ; * and the measure was regarded as a blow aimed by the Slave Power against univer- sal freedom. It was vehemently opposed as such. The measure PIERCE, AND HIS RESIDENCE. 1. William L. Marcy, Secretary of State ; James Gntlirie, Secretary of the Treasury ; Robert McClelland, Secretary of the Interior; Jefferson Davis, Secretary of War; James C. Dobbin, Secretary of ihe Navy ; James Campbell, Postmnstc-r-Goncral , Caleb Cushing, Attorney-G-i'neral. Mr. Marcy and Mr. Dobbin left office at the close of Pierce's Administi'a- tion, and both died the ensuing summer. 2. Verse 4, page 233, Questions.— 1. What can you tell about Pierce's inauguration and cabinet appointments ? 2. For what is his Admuiistrntion distinguished ? What important work was done? ".What have you to say about the opening of Congress in 1853? What measure disturbed their har- mony, and revived slavery agitation ? Pierce's ADMimsTRATioT^. 259 Civil war in Kansas. Ostend Manifesto. Atlantic cable. was carried through, and the Missouri Compromise was virtually repealed. 4. Two years later, when the Territory of Kansas was organ- ized, the friends of freedom and slavery there, contended for the mastery. Civil war ensued, but when the Presidential election came on in 1856, it quieted the storm for the time. Meanwhile. xT- ic IlAl'l u^ • 11 . OCEAN STEAMSHIP. the "tillibusterjng movements led to a conference of American ministers in Europe, at Ostend, who issued a paper known as the Ostend Manifesto^ Avhich was highly discreditable to the American character, for it was a plea for the abominable doctrine that " might makes right." ^ 5. Little else that is remarkable distinguished the Administra- tion of Pierce, excepting the effort to connect America and Europe by telegraphic wires, beneath the waters of the Atlantic ocean, made under the auspices of the Governments of the United States and Great Britain. The effort was successful, when the bond was immediately broken.^ At this time [1858], James Buchanan, of Pennsylvania, was President, having been elected in the autumn of 1856, over two rival candidates." John C. Breckinridge, of Kentucky, was elected Vice-President. 1. The ministers were Messrs. Buchanan, in England, Mason, in France, and Soule in Spain. Ostend is in Belgium. Their conference was professedly to consider the serious misunderstanding between the United States and Spain, on account of the attempts of ad- venturers to seize Cuba. In that "manifesto" they said : "If Spain, actuated by stubborn pride and a false sense of honor, should refuse to sell Cuba to the United States, then, by every law, human and divine, we [United States] shall be justified in wresting it from Spain, if ice possess the poirer ! " 2. The insulated cable, composed of many wires, was stretched from Trinity bay, New- foundland, to Valentia bay in Ireland, a distance of 1,600 miles. It was successfully laid be- (tween those places on the 5th of August, 1858, and on the I6th a message was sent from the Queen of England to the President of the United States, and a reply returned by him. Only one more message passed perfectly, when the coble was severed. 3. James Buchanan was nominated by the " Democraf-c " party, John C. Fremont by the "Republican" party, and Millard Fillmore by the "Know Nothing" or "American" J'arty. Questions, — 4. Wh.at occurred in Kansas? What have you to say about Civil War and the presidential election? What about the "Ostend Manifesto"? 5. What else distin- guished the Administration of Pierce ? What have you to eay about the " Atlantic Cable " 1 260 THE NATION. The Dred Scott decision. Slavery agitation aroused. SECTION XV. Buchanan's administration [1857-18G1], 1. James Buchanan took the^oath of office on the 4th of March, 1857, and two days afterward the Senate confirmed his nominations for cabi- net officers.^ The "slavery agitation" was aroused at the beginning of his Administration by the decision of the Chief-Justice of the United States [March 6, 1857], that a freed negro slave, or the descendant of a slave, could not become a citizen of the Re- public — a decision which afiected al- most every man of African descent in the United States.' 2. This decision pi'ovoked much feeling and wide discussion. The President and the " Democratic " party agreed with the Chief-Justice (Taney); but in 1862, the National Government, in accordance with the decision of the Attorney-General^ made a practical reversal of this judgment, by granting a passport to which he was called " a citizen of the BUCHANAN, AND HIS RESIDENCE. a neo-ro to travel abroad, in United States." The agitation caused by Judge Taney's decision 1. Lewis Casfs, Secretary of Stnte ; Howell Co>ib, Secretary of the Treasury ; John B. Floyd, Secretary of War ; Isaac Toucey, Secretary of the Navy ; Jacob Thompson, Secre- tary of the Interior ; Aaron V. Brown, Postmaster-General ; and Jeremiah S. Black, Attor- ney-General. 2. This decision was in the case of Dred Scott, who had been a slave in Missouri, but claimed to be a freeman on account of an involuntary residence in a Free State. The Chief- Justice asstrted that the fathers did not include the negro in the Declaration of Ii.depend- ence, and that they were regarded "as so far inferior that they had no rights which the white man was bound to respect," Questions.—!. What can you tell about Buchanan's inauguration and cabinet appoint- ments? What aroused the slavery agitat'on ? 2. What followed the decision of the Chief- Justice ? How was that decision reversed ? BUCHANAIS^'S ADMINISTRATIO]^. 261 Great public uneasiness. John Brown's raid, and its results. continued, in a violent form, throughout Buchanan's Adrahiistra- tion. 3. Civil war again became imminent in Kansas. The Presi- dent sided with the Slave Power, but the opponents of that Power, 1 aided by Congress, succeeded in bringing Kansas into the Union as a Free State [January 30, 1860], and the controversy ceased/ Not so the " slavery agitation." That increased in intensity. The Fugitive Slave Act of ISSO'* was offensive to a large majority of the people of the Free States ; and as it was evident that measures were perfecting to nationalize the system of slavery, it was op- posed by legislative enactments, called " Personal Liberty Bills," ^ and otherwise, most vehemently. 4. The excitement became intense in both sections of the Union ; and the Slave Power was naturally maddened, in the autumn of 1859, by a foolish attempt of an enthusiast, named John Brown, to liberate the slaves of Virginia. He and a few followers seized the arsenal at Harper's Ferry, in the autumn of 1859 [Oc- tober 16], but were overpowered by National and State troops. Brown was tried [October 29] and hung [December 2] by the authorities of Virginia. The politicians of the Slave States de- clared it to be the act of the people of the Free States," and the alarm and exasperation in the former became intense. It con- tinued to increase in volume until the next year [1860], when, in the autumn, Abraham Lincoln, of Illinois, an opponent of the system of slavery, was elected President of the United States, with Hannibal Hamlin, of Maine, as Vice-President. Buchanan retired to private life on the 4th of March, 1861.' 1. Two other States were admitted to the Union during Buchanan's Administration, namely 3IiP7ifso(a, in 1858, and Oregon, in 1859. The admispion of Kansas was followed by the organization of tie Territories of Nevada, Colorado, and Dakotah. 2. Note 3, pasre 255. 3. None of these assumed a position of a violation of the Fugitive Slave Act, which all were bound to obey so lonj,' as it was law ; but they were intended as guardians of the nat- ural right.4 of the fuaritive, and to nrevent the kid lapping of free nejtroes. 4. A C(.mmittee of the United States Senate, with MrT Mason (a conspirator in 1860) at its head, was appointed to investigate the matter, when it was proven that John Brown had no confederates or confidants in the Free Stales, other than those Avho were hin immediate followers, and these did not exceed twenty in number. 5. During the year 1860, the crown prince of Great Britain, and embassadors from the empire of Japan, visited the United States. Such events never occurred before. Questions.— 3. What have yon to say about Karsas? What about sl.avery agitation? What ca'i you tell about excitements on the suWect of slavery ? What about John ginia slaves, and Its result ? What can you tell about the Presidential election in 1860? 262 THE NATION. President Lincoln. Rebellious movements in Slave States. SECTION XVI. Lincoln's administration [1861-1865]. ■-» 1. The oath of office was admin- istered to Mr. Lincohi by Chief- Justice Taney on the 4th of March, 1861. He had been elected over three rival candidates ' by a consti- tutional majority, in the regular wf.y. The political leaders of the great proprietors or small ruling class in the Slave States, professing to regard Mr. Lincoln as the repre- sentative of the Abolitionists, who, for years, they alleged, had been trying to deprive them of their rights and property, and by whom these "fanatics," as they called them, now expected to accomplish the destruction of slavery, would not accept him. Making his elec- tion and its alleged menaces a pre- text,'* they at once adopted measures for seizing or destroying the Gov- ernment, pleading the " right of revolution," and the law of self- preservation, in justification of their acts. 2. South Carolinians (as in 1832) ' took the lead in rebellion. The politicians of that State, in convention at Charleston, declared 1. The wedge of slavery split the " Democratic'" party at their convention in Charleston, In April, 1860. One wing of tLie party nominated John C. Breckinridge, of Kentucky, and the otlier wing chose Stephen A. Douglas, of Illinois. A new organization, calling them- selves tlie Constitutional Union Party^ nominated John Bell, of Tennessee. 2. President Jackson, as Ave have seen (note 5, page 238), predicted that the politicians of the cotton-producing States would make the subject of slavery their next pretext for en- deavoring to destroy the Union. 3. Verse 5, page 238. LINCOLN, AND HIS RESIDENCE. Questions.— 1. What have you to say about Lincoln's election? How did the ruling class in the Slave States act ? JEFF.RSON DAVl 263 So-called " secession of States" from the Union. A confederacy of poliliciane. [December 20, 1860] that commonwealth to be withdrawn from the Union forever. Similar action immediately followed in six other of the more southern Slave States ; ' and, on the 4th of February, 1861, a " Southern Confederacy " was formed at Montgomery, Alabama, by delegates from six States, with the title of Confederate States of America.^ Five days afterward, the Montgomery " Congress " chose Jefferson Davis, of Mississijjpi, President of the "Con- federation." ^ It was wholly the act of politicians^ for no ordinance of secession, nor the question of a Confederacy, was ever submitted to the judgment or decision of the people:' * The conspirators seized 1. Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. 2. This name does not express the trutli. No States, as States, had withdrawn from the Union, for the people, wlio compose a State in our Republic, had never been asked to sanction such change. 0,i]y certain persons in certain States were in rebellion against the natioi al authority. They usurped the power and suspended the Constitutions of several of the States -, but the confeileration formed at Montgomery was only a band of confederate rebels, not of States. With this qualification, the name of Confederate may properly be given to the insurgents, ami in the sense of that qualification it is used in the text. Seces- sion ordinances were passed in conventions in eleven Slave States in the following order : South Carolina, December 20, 1860 ; 3lississippi, January 8, 1861 ; Florida, January 10 ; Ala- bama, January 11; 6r^or^/a, January 19 ; Louisiana, January 26 ; Texas, February 1 ; Vir- ginia, April 25 ; Arkansas, May 6 ; North Carolina, May 30 ; Tennessee, June 8. 3. The " Congress" at Montgomery adopted a provisional constitution. This was super- seded a month later by a "permanent" one, and, by the votes of electors chosen in eleven States, Davis was elected President for six years, from the 22d of February, 1S62. 4. The case of Arkansas is an example of the method of secession. Tlie conspirators, by means of a secret organization known as Knio-hls of the Golden Circle, procured the election ef a disloyal legislature and governor, who called a conventio'i to vote on secession. That con- vention voted for Union by a majority of over two-thirds. The foiled conspirators, by false promises, gained the consent of the Unionists to an adiournment subiect to the call of the president, who pretended to he a loyal man, but was really one of the traitors. It was agreed to refer the question back to the people, and that the convention should not reassemble before the vote should be taken, in Augnst. The president, in violation of that pleclsre, called the con- vention in May, soon after Fort Sumter was take!\ The hall in which the members met was filled by an excited crowd. When the roll had been called, a conspirator offered an ordi- nance of secession, and moved that the "yeas "and "nays" on the question should be taken uithout debate. The president fraudulently declared the motion carried ; and when the vote on the ordinance was taken, and it was found that there was a majorty against it, he arose, and in the midst of cheers and threats of the mob, urged the Unionists to change their votes to " aye" immediatelv. It was evident that the mob were prepared to execute their threats, and the terrified Un'onists complied. There was one excention. His name was Murphy He was compelled to fly for his life. He is now [1S64] the Union governor of the btate. Phus, by fraud and violence, Arkansas was placed in the position of a rebellious State, The conspirators at once commenced a system of terrorism. Unionists were mur- ?«"'"ed, irnnrisoned, and exiled. Confederate troo-s from Texas and Louisiana were brought ^?'°a State, and Arkansas troops, raised chiefly Viy fraud ard violenc*', were seit out of the State. The voice of opprisition was silenced ; and the usurpers, with their feet on the necks of the people, proclaimed the unanimity of the inhabitants of Arkansas in favor of dis- uninn > ^ ^ ^ Questions.— 2. What d=d South Carolinians do? What was done in other States? What can you tell about a Confederacy? 264 THE NATION-. Acts of the conspirators. Attack on Fort Sumter. Its abandonment. forts, arsenals, mints, ships, custom-houses, and other Government property ; and armies were raised in support of this usurpation, and for the overthrow of the Republic. The President of the United States (Buchanan), paralyzed by fear, or restrained by pledges of complicity, made no serious effort to suppress the rising rebellion — the conspiracy against American nationality/ 3. In the midst of these excitements, Mr. Lincoln entered upon the duties of his office, and declared his intention to maintain the supreme authority of the National Government. The Senate, re- lieved of most of the conspirators, confirmed his cabinet appoint- ments.^ He found the offices swarming with disloyal men, and proceeded to purge them. Meanwhile, thousands of armed insur- gents had assembled, under P. G. T. Beauregard, at Charleston. They had already fired [January 9, 1861] on a Government ves- sel (Star of the West), when malving her way, with reenforce- FORT SUMTER. ments and food, to Fort Sumter ; and they demanded the surrender of that fort. Its commander (Major Robert Anderson) refused, and on the 12tli of April [18G1] it was furiously bombarded. Its 1. Oil the4lh of February, 1861, there was an assemblage at Washirgfon city of delegates from several States, which was called the Peace Converition. It was called on the recom- mendatio i of the Lesrislature of Virginia, for the professed object of eetiling all diiflculties and preserving the Union. John Tyler, of Virg'nia, one of "the conspirators, was chosen president After a session of three weeks, it closed. Their action was not approved by Co"gr('S^. 2. William H. Seward. Secretary of State ; Salmon P. Chase, Secretary of the Treasury ; S'mon Cameron, Secretary of War •, Gideon Welles. Secretary of the Navy , Caleb Smith, Secretary of the Interior : Montgomery Blair, Postmaster-General ; Edward Bate^. Attor- ney-General. Edwin M. Stanton succeeded Mr. Cameron in January, 1862. -To'-n P. TJ^her succeeded Mr. Smith (deceased) the same year; and at the beginning of July, 1864, Mr. Chase, having resigned his office, was succeeded by William Pitt Fessenden, a 'member of the Senate of the United i^tates. Questions.— 2. What did conspirators do? What did President Buchanan fa'l to do ? 3. What have you to say about Lincoln's entrance upon the duties of his office ? What did he And ? What had armed insurgents done ? THE GREAT CIVIL WAE. 265 Troops called to quell the insurrection. Response of the people. The National forces. interior was set in flames, and Anderson was compelled to evacu- ate it. It was never surrendered.^ 4. The Confederates had intended to follow up this first blow by seizing the National capital. It was saved by the loyal peo- ple. The President called [April 15] for seventy-five thousand men, from the militia of the country, to serve for three months in putting down the insurrection." The response in men and money was wonderful. Within thirty days, almost two hun- dred thousand citizens were ready to fight under the old flag for the life of the Republic. Then commenced a conflict which, in numbers engaged, territorial extent of operations, and destruc- tive engines used, has no parallel in history. We will now con- sider some of the i^rominent events in THE GREAT CIVIL YfAK [1861]. 5. The National army, at the beginning of the war, consisted of only about sixteen thousand men ; and the navy was com- posed of only ninety vessels of all classes, carrying about twenty- four hundred guns, and seven thousand men. The land troops were mostly on the extreme Western frontier, professedly to check the Indians ; * and the naval force was in distant seas. Only one steamship (BrooM^/n),* of twenty-five guns, and a relief ship, of two guns, were available for the defense of the whole Atlantic coast of the United States. The late Secretary of War' had 1. Arderson had only three days' provisions left, and would have been compelled to sur- render, if he had not been attacked. This the insurgents knew, but they hoped to " fire the Southern heart" against the Government, by bloodshed, and so they made haste to begin war. Fort Monroe and Fort Pickens were the only military works of great importance, excepting the one on the Dry Tortugas, at tlie southern extremity of Florida, that now re- mained in possession of the United States southward of the National capital. Fort Pickens had been saved by the prndence and valor of its commander, Lieutenant Slemmer. 2. The governors of several of the border Slave States refused to respond favorably to the call, and the Free States alone contributed the means for saving the Republic from in- stant nssassination. There were thousands of true men in the Slave States, anxious to sup- port the old flag, but they were generally restrained by their rulers. 3. In February, 1861, General Twiggs, commanding the Department of Texas, and having under him nearly om-half of the mil tary force of the United States, surrendered them to the " authorities of Texas," one of the States professedly withdrawn from the Union, with public propertv valued at $1,250,000. r /-it, i 4. ller draught was too great, excepting at very high tides, to enter the harbor ot Charles- ton, where it hnd been arranged for the war to begin. 5. John B. Floyd. Questions.— 4. What had the Confederates intended to do ? What did the President do ? What can vou tell of the action of the people, and the beginning of Avar 1 5. What can you tell about the National army and navy T W^hat had late cabinet officers d«ne to weaken the power of the Government ? 12 266 THE 1>TATI0N. Magnitude of the rebellion. Measures to euppresB it. Meeting of Congress. transferred most of the arras from the forts and arsenals in the Free States to those of the Slave States ; ' and the late Secretary of the Treasury" had, months before, deliberately attempted to injure the public credit and bankrupt the Treasury. Thus, it will be seen, the conspirators had put far away from the immediate control of the Government every implement that might be used for its defense and protection. 6. The magnitude of the rebellion was soon perceived. The National capital was in great danger. It was surrounded by re- sident enemies. Troops, on their way for its defense, had been assailed and murdered." The navy yard at Norfolk and the arm- ory at Harper's Ferry were in the hands of the insurgents,* and armed men from the Gulf States were pouring into Virginia, for the purpose of seizing Washington city. In view of great and impending danger, the President, on the ord of May [1861], called for over sixty-four thousand more troops, to serve ''during the war," and eighteen thousand men for the navy. Forts Mon- roe and Pickens were recinforced, and the blockade of the Southern ports was proclaimed. T. The President had summoned [April 15] the Congress to meet on the 4th of July. When they assembled, there were two hundred and thirty thousand troops in the field under the old flag, independent of the three-months' men. The Congress authorized 1. The defensive fortifications within the " seceded States" -wpre about thirty in number, mountino: over 3,000 guns, and having cost at least $20,000,000. These hnd nearly nil been seized before the close of Buchanan's Administration, excepting Forte Monroe, Sumter, Pickens (gallantly held by Lieutenant Slemmer), and those on Key West and the Tortugas off the Florida coast. It is estimated that the value of National property seized by the " con- spirators" previous to the 4th of March, 1S61, was at least $30,000,000. 2. Howell Cobb, afterward a general in the Confederate array. 3. While the 6th Massachusetts volunteer regiment, ColonelJones, were passing through Baltimore, on the 19th of April, 1861, they were attacked by a mob. Two men were killed, and e'ght were wounded. One of the latter afterward died. Nine of the mob were killed, and three wounded. 4. On the 17th of April, Governor Letcher, of Virsinia, ordered the entrance to Norfolk harbor to be obstructed by the sinking of vessels, and on that day it-sued a proclamation recognizing the independence of the " Confederacy," and ordering Virginia troops to hold themselves in readiness to act in its defense. On that day a minority of the Virginia con- vention voted for the secession of that State, and the Tisurpers proclaimed the ordit;ancc adopted. On the 18th of April, Lieutenant Jones, hearing of the approach of Virginia troops to Harper's Ferry, destroyed the armory, and ereatly irjured its contents, by fire, to prevent its falling into the hands of the insurgents. The Virginians took possession that night. Questions.— 6. What have you to say about the magnitude of the rebellion, and the ?er=ls of the National capital? What had occurred? What did the President do? .What can you tell about the meeting of (Jongress, and troops in the field? What did Congress do ? "What had the people done ? THE GREAT CIVIL WAR. 26^? Doings of Congress. Movements in Virginia and Missouri. [July 10] the raising of five hundred thousand men, and appropri- ated five hundred millions of dollars to defray the expenses of the kindling war. In the mean time, towns, villages, cities, and States had made contributions of money for the public service, to the amount of almost fifty millions of dollars. Party spirit disap- peared for the moment, and the people in the Free States were united in efforts to save the life of the Republic. 8. The veteran Scott, ^ general-in-chief of the armies of the Republic, gathered a greater portion of the troops eastward of the Alleghany mountains, at or near Washington city, for the defense of the capital ; while the Confederate troops, estimated at more than one hundred thousand in number, occupied an irregular line from Harper's Ferry, by way of Richmond, to ISTorfolk. Their heaviest force was at Manassas Junction, within about thirty miles of "Washington city, and there, very soon, the first heavy shock of war was felt. Montgomery was soon abandoned as the headquarters of the conspirators, and Richmond was established as such on the 20th of July, 18G1. 9. The first invasion of a State in which rebellion existed, oc- curred on the 24th of May [18G1], when National troops crossed the Potomac and seized Alexandria, and Arlington Heights op- posite Washington city.'-^ Already [May 10], Captain (after- >vard brigadier-general) Lyon had captured a " Confederate " camp near St. Louis, and, taking possession of the arsenal there, saved Missouri f-om actual secession. The theatre of the opening war rapidly v/idened, and by the first of June the whole country was in commotion from Maine to Texas. 10. On the 10th of June a severe battle occurred at Big Bethel, in South-eastern Virginia, in which the National troops were re- pulsed. This misfortune was atoned for the next day [June 11], when Colonel (afterward major-general) Lewis Wallace, with a few 1. Verso G, page 248. 2. On the previous day, a Confederate flag displayed at Alexandria attracted attention. William MoSpedon, of Now York city, and Samuel Smith, of Queens county, N. Y., went over from Washington and captured it. This was the Jirstjlug taketi/rom the insurgents. QuFSTioxs.— 8. What did General Scott do? What can you tell about the Confederate forces? What about the headquarters of the conspirators? 9. Wliat can you tell about the fir^^t invasion of a State in which rebellion w:is seen ? What important event occurred at St. Ix)uis ? What was the efF.'ct ? What was the state of the country ? 268 THE NATIOJS-. Battle at Bull Run, The Nationals defeated. Eflecte of the "battle. Indiana troops, disi^ersed five hundred Confederates at Romney, in Virginia. Twenty-one days later [July 2], General Patterson, with a considerable force, crossed the Potomac and entered the Shenandoah valley, in Virginia. At the same time, National troops were advancing in Western Virginia, under General George B. McClellan ; and on the 11th of July a severe engagement oc- curred atjlich mountain, in which the Nationals were successful. 11. On the 18th of July, the National army, under General Irvin McDowell, marched from Fairfax Court House, in Virginia, to attack the Confederates at Manassas.^ A severe fight occurred near Centreville. From that point the army moved forward on the 21st, and at Bull Run a very heavy battle was fought. The Confederates were commanded by Beauregard,' assisted by able generals. At a moment when they were about to give way, they receiv- ed reenforcements from the Shenan- doah valley. The National troops were utterly defeated and routed, with a loss of about three thousand men. The army fled back toward Washington city in the wildest con- fusion. On the following day, Gene- I ral McClellan v/as called to the com- mand of the Army of the Potomac^ GENERAL M'CLELLAN. in T -ttt t • as the lorces around VVashington were named. 12. The disaster at Bull Run stimulated the loyal people to greater exertions, and volunteers flocked to the army in large numbers. There was an anxious desire for the capture of Rich- mond, the Confederate capital, distant from Washington about one hundred and thirty miles ; but the Army of the Potomac did not move in that direction again until the next spring. The au- 1. Verse 8, page 267. 2. Verse 3, page 264. QuKSTiONS. — 10. What can yoii tell of the hattles at Big Bethel nnd Romney ? "What did General Patterson do? What occurred in Wrstern Virtrinia ? 11. What can you tell of events near Centreville, and the battle at l^ull Run? Wh;it were the results? Who was called to the command of the Army of the Potomac? 12. How did tlie disaster .at Bull Run affect the loyal people ? What was their desire ? What can you say about the Army of the Potomac ? THE GKEAT CIVIL WAR. 269 Doings in Missouri. Operations at Hattcras. Movements in Virginia and Missouri, tumn of 1861, and the following winter, were spent in preparations for an advance/ 13. In the mean time, the war was progressing elsewhere. There was a fierce struggle in Missouri for the control of that State. On the 5th of July a severe engagement took place near Carthage, between the Nationals, under Colonel (afterward major- general) Sigel, and Confederates, under Jackson, the disloyal Governor of Missouri. On the 2d of August, General Lyon fought the Confederates, under General Ben McCullough, at Day Spring, near the Arkansas border ; and he lost his life while gallantly fighting a still more severe battle at Wilson's creek, on the 10th. 14. A considerable navy was created by the close of summer, composed chiefly of purchased vessels, Avhich were changed into ships of war. A military and naval expedition, under General B. F. Butler and Commodore Stringham, captured the fortifica- tions at Hatteras inlet, off the coast of North Carolina, on the 29th of August. It was an important victory, and led to others more important. 15. Early in September, General W. S. Rosecrans defeated the Confederate General Floyd ^ at Carnifcx Ferry (Gauley river), in Western Virginia ; and, ten days afterward [September 20], Lex- ington, Missouri, was surrendered, with a body of National troops, to General Price, of the Confederate army. It was retaken [Octo- •ber 16] by Major White, at the head of National cavalry. 16. On the 31st of October, General Stone's troops were badly beaten at Ball's Bluff, on the Upper Potomac, by Confed- erates under General Evans; and, a week later [November 7], the insurgents gained a victory over troops under General Ulysses S. Grant, at Belmont, Missouri, on the east bank of the Missis- sippi river. On the same day [November V], the forts at Port 1 On the Slat of October, General Scott resiened his post at the head of the armies of the Republic, on account of physical infirmities. On bis recommendation, General McClellaa was appoint.'d general-in-chief of the armies of the United States. 2. Secretary of War under President Buchanan. See verse 5, page 265. He died at Abingdon, Virginia, in August, 1863. Questions.— 13. What can you tell of the war elsewhere ? What occurred in Missoiiri, and what liave you to say of Sigel and Lyon ? 14. What, can you tell about the navy ? Give an account of a military and naval expedition. 15. What did Rosecrans do in WcBtern Virginia? What can you tell about events at Lexington, Missouri ? 16. What can you tell about a battlo at Ball's Bluff and Belmont? What can you tell about an expedition to Port Koyai ? 270 THE NATION. Capture of Port Royal and Sea islands. Extent of the war. Foreign relations. Royal entrance, on the Atlantic, hundreds of miles east of the Mississippi, were captured by the National navy, under Admiral Du Pont. This victory led to the permanent occupation, by Gov- ernment troops, of the Sea islands along the South Carolina coast, so famous for the production of fine cotton. 17. We have mentioned only the most important warlike movements in 1861. There were a thousand others in a thousand places, for the line along which were disputes and conflicts was full two thousand miles in length, from the Susquehanna to the liio Grande. There were struggles everywhere — in Mary- land, Virginia, Kentucky, Missouri, Arkansas, Texas, on the rivers, and along three thousand miles of sea-coast, where block- ading squadrons were rapidly closing up ports useful to the Con- federates. 18. Our foreign relations were unpleasant. England declared her neutrality at the beginning,^ and called the confederate rebels a " belligerent nation." Her ruling class, and that of most other European countries, sympatliized with the Confederates ; and the latter rightfully cherished such strong liopes of speedy recognition and aid from France and England, at least, that they were en- couraged to persevere. At the close of 1861 their hopes were blasted, for the circumstance known as " the Trent affair " had led to action between the United States and Great Britain which promised peaceful relations.^ From tliat time forward, the Gov- ernments of Europe seemed less and less inclined to interfere in the hot quarrel. 1. By proclamation of the Qncen, dated 13th of May, ISGl. 2! On the 7th of November, 1861, Captain W^ilke:^, U. S. N., in command of the steam slnop-of-war San Jacinto^ overhauled the English mail steamer Trent^ in the Bahama chan- nel and took from her James M. Mason and John Slidell, who were proceeding to Europe as commit^sioners of the "Confederates." They had been arch conspirators inthe United States Senate. Wilkes brought them to the United States, and they were placed in Fort "Warren, at Boston. The act was contrary to the American doctrine of the sanctity of a neutral vessel, and our Government promptly disavowed the act, and Mason and Slidell were sent on board an English vessel {Hinaldo)\)o\x\\d. for Europe, on the 2d of January, 1861. Not expecting such an exhibition of national honor, the British Government had demanded the surrender of the commissioners and prepared for war. It was a shameful exhibition, which the E 'glish people speedily rebuked. That people have ever since curbed the desires of the Government and the ruling classes to aid the insurgents. Otjestions.— 17. What have vou to say about war movements, and their extent? 18. What can you say about our foreign relations ? What did England do ? What can you gay about foreign sympathy for the rebels? How were their hopes of aid blasted ? THE GEE AT CIVIL WAR. 271 Capture of Koanoke island. Capture of Fort Donelson. Battle of Pea Ridge. THE GREAT CIVIL WAR, CONTINUED [1862]. 19. On the 19tli of January [1862], the National troops, under General George H. Thomas, won an important victory over the enemy, under General Crittenden, in Somerset, Kentucky. The conflict is sometimes called the battle of Mill Spring.' A few days before [January 11, 1862], a heavy land and naval expedi- tion, under General A. E. Burnside and Commodore Goldsbor- ough, left Fortress Monroe. They passed througli Hatteras inlet ' on the 26th, and on the 8th of February, after a severe fight, captured Roanoke island, and over twenty-five hundred Confederates, with thirty-five hundred small arms. This victory gave the Nationals control over that region, and imperiled Nor- folk. 20. A still more important victory was won by the Nationals on the 16th of Febraary [1862], in tlie capture of Fort Donelson, near Dover, on the Cumberland river, in Tennessee, with over thirteen thousand i3risoners, three thousand horses, sixty-two cannon, and twenty thousand small arms. The Nationals were commanded by General Grant, and the Confederates by Gen- eral Buckner, at the time of the surrender.' This victory, in the accomplishment of which a flotilla of gun-boats, under Commo- dore A. H. Foote, bore a conspicuous part, opened the way to 'Nashville and the conquest of Western Tennessee, and caused the insurgents to abandon Kentucky. 21. Early in March, the National forces, under General S. R. Curtis, fought and conquered the Confederates, under General Van Dorn, at Pea Ridge, a portion of the Ozark mountains, in Arkansas.* The victory was won on the 8th, after a struggle of 1. Tho "Confederates"' lost nearly 400 men, 1,200 horeep, several cannon, 1,000 musketsi, and other vnluahle property. General Zollicofi'cr, formerly a member of the National Con- grees, was killed. 2. Verse 14, pat^e 269. 3. The s'ege commenced on the l.Oth, when the erarrison, 18,000 strong, were under the command of Generals Pillow and Floyd. Grant's force was about 40,000 strong. His loss was over 2,000. 4. Van Dorn was assisted by Price and McCullouffh. The latter was killed. Questions.— 19. What can you tell about the battle at Mill Spring? What can you tell of the operations of a land and naval force at Roanoke island? 20. What can you tell about the capture of Fort Donelson ? What were its effects ? 272 THE NATION. Raid of the Merrimac. Success of the Monitor. Battle of Shiloh. three days, and the Confederates were dispersed. On the same day :_ ..,. [March 8, 1862], the iron- f- j^ clad '' ram " Merrimac^ went down from Norfolk, sunk the fn'gates Oumherland 2^^^ Con- gress in the mouth of the James river, and threatened THE MONITOR. thc destructiou of the Na- tional fleet in Hampton Roads. That night a newly invented floating battery, named the 3Ionitor^ commanded by Lieutenant John H. Worden, arrived, attacked the Iferrimac the next morn- ing [March 9], drove her back to Norfolk disabled, and held com- mand of Hampton Roads. 22. The President ordered [January 27] a general movement of the land and naval forces on the 22d of February.^ When the Army of the Potomac advanced, the Confederates at Manassas fled [March 10] toward Richmond, and General McClellan pre- pared to approach that city by way of the Peninsula. On the 23d, National troops, under General Shields, gained a victory over the Confederates near Winchester, in Virginia. Already New- bern, in North Carolina, had been captured by Burnside [March 14]; and Grant's victorious army were preparing to ascend the Tennessee toward the heart of the rebellion. Early in April it was at Pittsburg landing, and on the 6th, while encamped near Shiloh Church, it was attacked by a large force of Confederates, under Beauregard and A. S. Johnston. Victory was with the assailants that night, but, after a desperate struggle the next day [April 7], it was won by the Nationals, and the Confederates fled 1. The Merrimac was a common steam frigate. The Confederates plated her with iron, and affixed to her bow an extcn^iion of iron with which she might push terribly. It was sharp, and could scarcely fail to destroy an ordinary vessel. 2. Invented by Captain J. Ericsson, a native of Sweden. This vessel was afterward foundered at sea, in a storm, while on her way to the Southern coast. Many vessels of her class, but improved, were afterward built for the Government. 3. At thai time there were four distinct armies, namely, one at Fortress Monroe, the Army of the Potomac, the Army of Western Virginia, and the army near Mumfordsville, Kentucky. There was also an army and flotilla at Cairo, and a naval force in the gulf of Mexico, Questions.— 21. What can you tell about the bnttle of Pea Ridse, in Arkansas? What can you tell about the Merrimac and ber doings ? What about the Monitor ? 22. What order did the President issue ? What csn you tell about the movements of the Army of the Po- tomac ? What was done in North Carolina? What oan you tell of Grant's army ? What did it do at Shiloh ? What can you tell about Island No. 10 ? COMMODORE FOOTE. THE GREAT CIVIL WAR. 273 Capture of Fort Pulaski and Huntsville. Capture of New Orleans, toward Corinth, in Mississippi.' On the same day, the important post of Island No. 10, m the Mississippi river, was surrendered to the National troops.'' A fleet of gun-boats, under Com- modore Foote, was chiefly instrumental in achieving this victory. 23. On the 11th of April, Fort Pulaski, at the mouth of tlie Savannah river, was surrendered to Captain (afterward major- general) Q. A. Gillmore ; and, on the same day, General O. M. Mitchell, after an ex- traordinary forced march from Kentucky through Tennessee, captured Huntsville, in Northern Alabama. Seven days afterward [April 18], General Augur drove the Confed- erates out of Fredericksburg, in Virginia, and took possession. 24. On the 28th of April, New Orleans was taken possession of by the National forces. Commodores D. G. Farragut and D. D. Porter, with a gun-boat and mortar fleet,' had bombarded Forts Jackson and St. Philip, below the city, for six days, when they ran by them [April 24] and passed up the river.* When they approached New Orleans, the Confederates set shipping and cotton on Are at the levees, and destroyed property to the amount of three millions of dollars. The Confederate troops, under Gen- eral Lovell, twenty thousand strong, fled, and General Butler, with troops from Ship island, took possession of the city. 1. The Nationals lopt durinsr the two days over 13,000 men in killed, wounded, and pris- oners. Tlie Confederates left 3,000 dead oi; the field. This is known ;is the hattU^ of Shiloh. 2. Tliia was a vi-ry important victory. The attack and bombardment had continued daily for twenty-three days, by Commodore Footo. The works, consistintj of nine batteries, were very strong. Tlie total number of guns captured was eevei ty. The total loss to the Con- federates was about $378,000. The operations on the land, at the same time, were carried on by General Pope. Commodore Foote was wounded in the ank'e at Fort Do'elson (verse 20, p'lge 271), but remained in service uitil the conclusion of the affair at Island No. 10, when lie was compelled to leave on account of the painfulness of his unhealed wound. The command of the fleet devolved upon Captain Davis. In June, 1S63, while preparing to take command of the South Atlantic squadron, Foote died at the Astor House, in New Tork. 3. The combined Union fleet was comprised of two fl.ig-ships, seven steam sloops-of-war, fourteen gun-boats, one sailing schooner, twenty-one mortar schooners, and six tow-boats and steamers ; in all fifly-one, with two hundred aid eighty-six guns. 4. When they rushed by the forts. Confederate rams, gun-boats, floating batteries, fire- Bhips, and rafts attacked them. A most destructive naval engagement ensued, in which the Nationals lost thirteen gun-boats and three transports. Questions.— 23. What can you tell about Fort Pulaski? What a^ out Mitchell's expedi- tion? What did General Augur do? 24. What can you tell about the capture of New Orleans ? 12* 2U THE NATIOIS'. Movements toward Richmond. Battle at Fair Oaks. The seven days' battle. ADMIRAL FARRAGUT. This loss was a terrible blow to the Confederates, from which they never recovered. 25. On the 4th of April, General McClellan commenced his march up the Virginia peninsula, from Fortress Monroe. On the 3d of May Yorktown was abandoned by the Confederates, and they fled toward Richmond. A pursuit commenced two days after- ward [April 5], and resulted in a ter- rible battle at Williamsburg, on the same day, in which the Nationals were victorious. Four days afterward [May 9], General Wool captured Norfolk, when the Confederates destroyed the Merrimac^^ and the National i^^^^^^^^m^ gun-boats were enabled to go up the James river to coope- .3^^ _ rate with the army advan- cing toward Richmond. 26. Cautiously that army moved forward. A portion of it crossed the Chicka- hominy river on the 22d of May, and on the 31st and the following day [June 1], a very severe battle was fought at a place called Fair Oaks, in which the Nationals lost five thousand men, and the Confederates eight thousand, without any advantage to either party. For about three weeks succeed- ing, preparations were in progress for an advance, and then there was a change. Hitherto supplies had been received by the York river. Now [June 24] McClellan prepared to change his base to the James river. This brought on attacks from the enemy, which resulted in a memorable series of brilliant and destructive battles, THE " RAM" MKURIMAC. 1. Verse 21, page 271. Questions.— 25. G've ;'n ic.connt of the movements of the Army of the Totomac toward Richmond, the capture of Norfolk, and destruction of the Mprrimar. 26. What more can yon t(^ll about the Army of the Potomac on the Peninsula? What did McClellan do ? What did the President do ? THE GREAT CIVIL WAK. 275 Disasters to the Nationals in Virginia. Invasion of Maryland. during seven days, at the close of June. On the 1st of July the President, at the request of the governors of eighteen States, called for three hundred thousand more men for the army. 27. In the mean time, the forces under N. P. Banks, J. C. Fre- mont, and McDowell,' were consolidated [June 25], and, with the name of the Army of Virginia, were placed in the charge of General John Pope. Elated by their successes before Richmond, the Confederates soon pushed northward, for the purpose of at- tempting the capture of Washington. The danger was immi- nent. McClellan was ordered [August.3] to withdraw from the Peninsula, and hasten to the aid of Pope. He commenced mov- ing on the 14th, and on the 22d reached Alexandria. 28. On the 9th of August, Banks had a severe but indecisive battle with "Stonewall Jackson,"^ at Cedar mountain, in Cul- pepper county, Virginia. He held the enemy at bay, when the Confederates, by a quick movement, flanked Pope's army ; and, from the 23d of Auo;ust until the close of the month, the strusfSfle between the contestants w^as fierce. The Army of Virginia was driven toward the fortifications around Washington, and, on the 1st of September, General McClellan was placed in command of all the troops for the defense of that city.^ 29. The Confederates, under Robert E. Lee, their general-in- chief, now pushed across the Potomac, into Maryland. McClellan followed [September 7] on their right flank. On the 14th [Sep- tember, 1862], a severe battle, favorable to the Nationals, was fought at South mountain, in Maryland. On the same day. Harper's Ferry ^ was attacked; and on the 15th it was surrendered to the 1. Verse 11, page 268. 2. This name was given General T. J. Jackpon after the bnttle of Bull Run, in July, 1861. The Confederate General Bee, speaking of Jackson's conduct on that occasion, s:iid that he " utood like a stone wall against tlie ass'iults of the enemy." He was ever afterward called <' Stonewall Jackson," and his troops the " Stonewall Brigade." 3. The armies of Virginia and of the Potnmnc Avere thea consolidated, and thereafter 'kno\Yn -AS \\\Q Army of tlie Potomac. General McClellan had been superseded as seneral-in- chief by General H.'W. Halleck, who, by an order dated Ju'y 11, 1862, was called to that post from ihe command of the armies in the West. 4. Verse 6, page 266. Questions. — 27. Can you tell how the Army of Virginia was firmed ? What did the Con- federates do ? What was McClellan ordered 'to do? What did he do ? 28. What can you tell of a battle at Cedar mountain ? "WTiat followed ? 29. G've an account of an invasion of Maryland, and a battle there. What occurred at Harper's Ferry ? 2*76 THE NATION. Battles in Maryland. A Confederate raid. Repulse at Fredericksburg. GENERAL LEE. Confederates, with eleven thousand men and all its vast munitions of war. 30. On the 17th of September a great battle was fought near the Antietam creek (which name it bears), in Maryland, between the forces of McClellan and Lee. The latter was defeated, with a loss of twenty thou- sand men, and then fell back to the Potomac, which they slowly crossed, and retired toward Richmond, without being pursued. Three weeks after- ward, a Confederate cavalry force made a sweeping raid around the entire Na- tional army, carrying away one thou- sand horses, and destroying property to the amount of sixty thousand dollars. 31. A portion of the Army of the Potomac, under Burnside,' crossed into Virginia on the 2'7th of October, and moved south- ward along the eastern base of the Blue Ilidge. McClellan and the remainder crossed the Potomac on the 31st ; and on the 5th of November he Avas relieved of the command and succeeded by Burnside. The latter led the army slowly forward, and appeared on the Rappahannock, opposite Fredericksburg, on the 1 7th. He attempted the capture of that city and the Confederate works be- yond, on the 13th of December, but was rejiulsed with a loss of nearly eight thousand men. He w^ithdrew across the river, and there the army remained until near the close of the following April. 32. While the events just related were occurring eastward of the Alleghany mountains, very important events were transpiring westward of them. We have already considered some of these." The last one mentioned was that of Shiloh, on the 6th and 7th of April, 1862. All summer long the Confederates tried to regain 1. VersG 19, page 271. 2. The capture of Fort Doneleon, February 10 ; bnttle of Pea Ridge, March 8 ; battle of Bhilob, April 7-8 ; the surrender of Island ISfo. 10, April 7 , surrender of Fort Pulaski, April 11 ; capture of Huntsville, April 18, and tlie capture of New Orleans, April 28. QuKSTiONS.— 30. What can you tell ahout the b.ittle at Antietam creek ? What followed ? "What can you tell about a raid? 31. What have you to say about the movements of the Potomac army into Virginia? AVhat chancre iu commanders occurred? What did Burn- Bide do ? What occurred at Fredericksburg ? THE GEE AT CIVIL WAR. 277 Invasion of Kentucky. Operations on the Mississippi. National successes. what they had lost in Kentucky and Tennessee. They unsuc- cessfully attacked Fort Donelson [August 25], and then invaded Eastern Kentucky in considerable force. They defeated the Na- tional troops, under General Nelson, at Richmond, Kentucky [August 29-30], and then pushed rapidly toward the Ohio, to seize, plunder, and destroy Cincinnati. Their design was frus- trated by General Wallace,' and they fled southward. General Bragg (Confederate) invaded the more western portion of Ken- tucky, at about the same time, and penetrated almost to Louis- A^lle, at the close of September, watched and foiled by General D. C. Buell, with National troops. Soon after a severe fight near Perryville, with Rousseau and others, Bragg was compelled to retreat southward. 33. General Hallec-k'^ besieged Corinth, and drove out the Confederates on the 26th of May. Little else of importance oc- curred in that region until September. The naval vessels, under Farragut, Davis, and others, on the Mississippi, were not idle meanwhile. Farragut captured Natchez on the 12th of May ; and on the 6th of June, Memphis was surrendered to Flag-officer Davis, after a severe naval engagement. Other movements, tend- ing to the final opening of the Mississippi, took place. Finally, General Rosecrans, with a National force, fought and dispersed [September 1 9] the Confederates, under Price, at luka, in Missis- sippi. Early in October, there were severe battles in the vicinity of Corinth, which resulted in favor of the Nationals, and the partial rescue of all West Tennessee from the insurgents. 34. During the season, there had been National successes in Texas. Pensacola, on the gulf of Mexico, had been taken pos- session of; and over many places on the Lower Mississippi river, the flag of the Republic was floating. The last days of the year were signalized by some severe struggles. On the 27th of Decem- ber, General W. T. Sherman attempted to capture Yicksburg, on 1. Verse 10, page 267. 2. Note 3, page 275. Questions.— 32. What have you to say of affairs westward of the Alleghany mountains? What did the rebcl8 do? Give an account of the invasions of Kentucky. 33. What did General Halleckdo? What was done on the Mississippi river ? What did General Rose- crans do? 34. What can you tell al)out National succee-^cs? What did General Sherman attempt to do? What can you tell about a battle near Murfreesboro' ? 278 THE ]!TATIO]^. Battle of Murfreeeboro'. Abolition of slavery threatened. The two armies. the Mississippi, but was repulsed, after severe fighting. At Mur- freesboro', in Tennessee, General Rosecrans had a terrible conflict with the Confederates, beginning on the 29th of December [1862], and ending on the 4th of January, 1863. Rosecrans was victo- rious, but at the cost of almost twelve thousand men. 35. While military and naval contests were waging during 1862, the National Government was devising and executing meas- ures for the suppression of the great insurrection. Congress made ample provisions for money and men, the latter by draft, if not otherwise obtained. Believing that a heavy blow at slavery had become a military necessity, they authorized the President to proclaim the emancipation of the slaves.' He did not do so imme- diately; but, by proclamation [September 22, 1862], he assured the Confederates that unless they should lay down their arms within a hundred days, he should issue an edict which would pro- claim the freedom of all bondmen in territory wherein rebellion existed. 36. The year [1862] closed gloomily for the N'ational cause. The rebellion was as rampant as ever, and the area of its opera- tions had been very little diminished. Party spirit was diverting the public attention from the great business in hand, namely, the suppression of the insurrection ; and menaces of foreign interference were loud and somewhat alarming. The N'ational army, at that time, numbered about seven hundred thousand men, while that of the Confederates was probably larger than at any time before or since. THE GREAT CIVIL WAR CONTINUED [1863]. 37. The Confederates scorned the warning of the President [September 22, 1862], and on the first of January, 1863, he pro- claimed forever free all the slaves in Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana, 1. Early in April, slavery was abolished in the District of Colnmbin, by an act of Con- gregs. It was signed by the President and became law on the 16th of that month. Con- presB also passed a bill in June, forever prohibiting slavery in the Territories of the Eepub- lic. It was signed by the President on the 20th of June. Questions.— 35. What did the National Government do? What can you tell about measures for the emancipation of slaves ? 36. What was the situation of affairs at the close of 1862 ? What can you say of the two armies ? THE GREAT CIVIL WAR. 2^9 Proclamation of freedom to the slaves. Battle of Chancellorsville. Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia, excepting West Virginia and portions of those States that were occupied by the National troops at that time. The friends of the Administration regarded the Procla- mation of Emancipation as just, necessary, and efficacious ; the opponents of the Administration regarded it as wrong, unneces- sary, and futile. It doubtless increased the number and strength- ened the faith of the friends of the Republic in Europe. 38. The military movements during 1863 were vast in num- ber and the area of operations.^ We may take only a general view of them. The different armies and their duties w^ere then so well defined, that we may consider the doings of each sepa- rately. That of the Potomac Avas commanded by Burnside.^ He was relieved on the 25th of January [1863], and was succeeded by General Joseph Hooker. That commander led his anny across the Rappahannock toward the end of April, and on the 2d and 3d of May they had a severe contest with Lee in the " Wilderness," which is known as the battle of Chancellorsville. It was inde- cisive. The National army fell back to the left bank ^ of the Rap- pahannock on the 5th. 39. Early in June, Lee advanced in full force to the Potomac, and invaded Maryland at the middle of the month.* Hooker fol- lowed on his right flank to cover Washington and Baltimore ; and on the 28th of June he was relieved, and succeeded in com- 1. The Conarress. durincc its session that ended on the 3d of March, 1863, placed the Sword and Pnrr-e of the Republic in the hands of the President The financial resources and the military power of tlie conntry were placed at the disposal of the Government. A Conscrip- tion Act was passed, and hecame law on the 3d of March, hy which the aide-bodied men of the nation might be called to the field, at the discretion of the President. On the 8th of May following,' he proclaimed his intention to enforce the Conscription Act, and preparations were made throiicrhont the country for a draft. There was much opposition to the measure manifested, and the public mind became much excited. On the day when the draft was to commence m the city of New York [July 13, 18631, a fearful riot broke out there, which co!> tinued about three days. The rioters were chiefly of foreign birth, and their violence wiis mainly directed against the negro population, and persons supposed to t)e their friends. A colored orphan asylum was burned, and several colored people were murdered. Many lives were lost during the riot, and a vast amount of property was destroyed. 2. Ve.-se 31, pa^re 276. 3. The " right" or " left " bank of a strenm is that to the right or left of the observer who, on its surface, is looking toward its mouth. 4. On the 15th of June the President issued a proclamation which announced the in- vasion, and called for 100,000 militia to oppose it, to serve six months, as follows : from Mary- land, 10.000 ; Pennsylvania, 50,000 ; West Virginia, 10,000 ; Ohio, 30,000. Questions. — 37. What did the Confederates do? What did the President do? How was his act regarded? 38. What have you to say about the militarj' movements during 1863? What can you say about the doings of the Army of the Potomac ? 280 THE NATION. Another invasion of Maryland. Battle of Gettysburg. "War in North Carolina. mand by General G. G. Meade. Lee pushed on into Pennsylva- nia, and at Gettysburg he and Meade struggled desperately for victory from the 1st to the 3d of July. Meade won it on the afternoon of the 3d, and Lee fled toward Virginia. By the middle of August, the Confederates were beyond the Rappahan- nock. The battle of Gettysburg [July 1, 2, and 3, 1863] was one of the most severe and important of the war.^ 40. For a long time the two armies confronted each other. In September, Lee sent General Longstreet with reenforcements to the army of Bragg, on the Tennessee and Georgia border ; and on the 8th of October he boldly advanced and compelled Meade to fall back to the line of Bull Run, and, after destroying the railway from Manassas "" to the Rapid Anna,' took post behind that stream, near Orange Court House. During these maneuvers there was heavy skirmishing [October 8 to 23], and on the Vth of November, Generals John Sedgwick and W. H. French captured two thousand Confederates at Kelly's ford. The Army of the Potomac then crossed the Rappahannock, and advanced upon the Confederate camp. They skirmished heavily, and then fighting was suspended for a long time. 41. At the close of 1862, the National forces in North C^irolina, under General J. G. Foster, were very active in the vicinity of tho Neuse, Tar, and Roanoke rivers. In March and April following [1863], they struggled with Confederates under Hill and Pettigrew for the mastery of that region, and succeeded. At the same time, Longstreet, one of the best of Lee's generals, v/as trying to drive the Nationals from the vicinity of Norfolk.* 1. The Inee of the Nnt'onal forces during this invnpion by the Confederates was a little more than 23,000 men. That of the insurgents is not known. It is believed to have been full 30,000 men. Almost 14,000 prihOiiers, with 3 cannon, 41 standards, and over 28,000 small arms, fell into the hands of the Nationals. 2. Verse 8, pasre 267. 3. The name of this stream has been generally written, during the war, Rapidan, anrl oc- casionally Rapid Ann. Its correct name is Rapid Anna. There are three streams in that portioM of Virginia named Anna, namely. North Anna, South Anna, and Rapid Anna. 4. Verse 25, page 274. Questions.— 39. What can you tell of another invasion of Maryland by the Confederates? What did Hooker do? Who succeeded him in command? What can vou te'l about the battle of Gettysburtr? 40. What have you to say about the two armies? What did Lee do? What did a portion of the Army o'f the Potomac do? Whnt movement was made by the whole army? 41. What can you tell about movements in North Carolina and Lower Virginia ? THE GEEAT CIVIL WAE. 281 Operations near Charleston. Operations in Louisiana and Texas. Capture of Port Iludeon. He failed ; and at the close of the year the latter held a firm grasp upon Eastern North Carolina and Virginia, from the Neiise north- ward to the Potomac. 42. In the Department of the South, the principal operations were near Charleston. Admiral Du Pont attacked Fort Sumter^ on the 1th. of April [1863], with his iron-clad fleet, but was re- pulsed. It was found necessary to have a cooperating land force. General Gillmore was ordered there for the purpose. He landed, with a competent force, on Morris island, and at once commenced a siege of the works defending Charleston harbor. On the 23d of August, after a terrible bombardment for seven days, Fort Sumter was reduced, it v/as reported, to a "shapeless and harmless mass of ruins." * Shells were afterward thrown into Charleston ; and Gillmore, with a waiting fleet of iron-clads, continued the siege the remainder of the year, and longer. 43. In the Department of the Gulf, General N. P. Banks was in command at the close of 1862, with headquarters at "New Orleans. He at once commenced operations in Louisiana, west of the Mississippi river; and between January and May he swept victoriously across the wealthy country from New Orleans to Alexandria, on the Red river. He captured two thousand pris- oners, twenty-two cannon, several steamboats, and a large amount of public property. Banks returned; went up the Mississippi, and invested Port Hudson, above Baton Rouge. He captured that post on the Sth of July, with over six thousand prisoners, fifty- one cannon, two steamboats, and a large quantity of small arms, ammunition, and stores. He soon afterward sent an expedition by water to Texas; and at the close of the year [1863] the Na- tional troops occupied the line of the Rio Grande, from its mouth to Brownsville,' opposite Matamoras. 44. General Grant was in command of the Department of Ten- 1. Verse 3, pac'c 264. 2. Not precisely so. It -was made " shapeless," but not alto[?ether "harmless." It has maintained a c^arrison ever since [Sept. 1864], and its guns have given the National forces Bomfc hard blows. 3. This place was named in honor of Major Urown, who built a fort there and lost his life in its defeiiSe, at the beginning of the war with Mexico. See verse 5, page 247. Questions.— 42. What was done in the Department of the South ? Tell what took place near Charleston. 43. What have you to say about the Department of the Gulf? What did General Banks do ? What was efiected ? ,282 THE Ts^ATION. Sherman'B doings in Arkansas. Attempts to take Vicksburg. nessee at the close of 1862, and his chief business was the opening of the Mississippi river. Vicksburg, the strongest Confederate post on that river, was considered impregnable by them. Grant com- menced movements for its capture, by the destruction of its railway communications. Sherman, as we have seen,^ unsuccessfully at- tacked its outworks at the close of December, 1862, v\^hen he crossed the Mississippi, went up the Arkansas river, and, with Ad- miral Porter, captured [January, 1863] Arkansas Post, with five thousand prisoners, seventeen cannon, and a large quantity of small arms and ammunition. This was a severe blow for the insurgents. 45. Grant now took the immediate command of the Army of the Mississippi, in cooperation with the fleet of Admiral Porter. _ Pie first attempted to cut a new and straight channel for the Missis- sippi, across a neck, which might leave Yicksburg inland. He failed. Other attempts to pass around the city also failed. He then moved his army down the west side of the Mississippi, while Porter boldly ran by Vicksburg with his fleet, and met Farragut, who had passed Port Hudson, coming up. On the 14th of April, the army recrossed the Mississippi, defeated the Confede- rates in tw.o battles, not far from' Port Gibson, and pushed on rapidly to the rear of Yicksburg. 46. After a series of brilliant and successful battles,^ Grant, late in May [1863], invested Vicksburg, where General Pember- ADMIEAL PORTER, 1. Verse 34, nage 277. 2. Battle of Raymond, May 12 ; of Jackson, May 14 ; of Champion Hill, May 16 ; and of Big Black river bridge, May 17. In order to facilitate Grant's movements and keep renn- forcements and supplies from Johnston in his rear, a considerable force of cavalry under Colonel (now general) Grierson was sent to cut the railway communications in Mississippi. This was eft'eftually done. Grierson left La Grange, in South-western Tennessee, and after making a wide circuit with destructive effect, he reached Baton Rouge, Louisiana, on the 2d of May. Questions.— 44. What have you to say about General Grant and the Mississippi ? What did he attempt? What can you tell about Sherman in Arkansas? 46. Give an account of Grant's attempt to take Vicksburg. THE GREAT CIVIL WAR. 283 Capture of Vicksburg. Effects of it. Tiie Army of tlie Cumberland. ton was in chief command. A severe struggle ensued, for Gene- ral Johnston was in his rear with a strong Confederate force. Vicksburg at length yielded to starvation and the force of arms. On the 4th of July it was surrendered, with over thirty thousand prisoners,' and arms and munitions of war for an army of sixty thousand men ; also steamboats, cotton, and other property of immense value. Besides the prisoners, the Confederates lost ten thousand killed and wounded." The fall of Port Hudson followed ^ [July 8], and the Mississippi was speedily opened to commerce. These victories, coincident with that at Gettysburg,* produced the liveliest joy among the loyal people of the Republic. The re- bellion had received a crushing blow. 47. Tlie capture of Vicksburg, and other successes in the vicinity, enabled Grant to send troops to the aid of General Steele, in Arkansas, and General Banks, in Louisiana. General J. B. McPherson was placed in command at Vicksburg ; and, on the 19th of October [1863], Grant was called to the command of the Army of the Cumberland, in place of Rosecrans, who had steadily pursued the Confederates southward, after the severe battle of Murfreesboro', at the close of 1862.^ 48. After their defeat at Murfreesboro', the Confederates w^ere very active in efforts to destroy Rosecrans's communications with the North, and he was compelled to be very cautious. He remained quiet, but not inactive, until the following summer, when he moved forward [June 25, 1863] vigorously, drove the Confederates, under General Bragg, from their strong position on the Duck river, and, by a series of heavy blows, compelled them to abandon Middle Tennessee, cross the Cumberland mountains, and take position at Chattanooga, which they strongly fortified. 1. These were paroled, when the Confederate Government, in \-iolation of the principles of ho:ior :md the usages of war, it is said, placed most of them in their arinie^ again. Alter that, the Is ationals refused to parole any prisoners whom they could hold. Tiiey were sent to appointed t-tations in the Free States, for continement until exchanged. 2. Grant's loss in the several battles from Port Gibson to the capture of Vicksburg, m killed, wounded, and missing, did not exceed 10,000 men. 3. Verse 43, page 281. 4. Verse 39, page 279. 6. Verse 34, page 277. Questions —46. Give an af^connt of the investment and capture of Vicksburs. What w:.3 the result ? 47 What was Grant enabled to do? Who took command at Vicksburg? Where was Grant called to? 48. What have you to eny about tlie Confederates after their defeat at Murfreesboro'? What did Rosecrans do? 'SVhat important movements took place ? 284 THE NATION". Operations near Chattanooga. Battles of Chickamauga and Chattanooga. 49. Rosecrans followed Brao^sT over the Cumberland moun- tains at the middle of August, and, by a flank movement, com- pelled him to march on in the direction of Georgia. Some of the National troops took possession of Chattanooga, while the remain- der pressed forward through the passes of the great Lookout and Missionary mountains, to flank the Confederates. Longstreet and his corps, from Lee's army,^ now reenforced Bragg, who turned suddenly and furiously upon his pursuer [September 19]. They fought until night. The Confederates renewed the battle fiercely in the morning. The conflict was terrible, and disastrous to both parties.'* The National troops were compelled to fall back to Chattanooga, and seek safety behind the fortifications there. This is known as the Battle of Chickamauga. 50. Rosecrans was in a perilous position. Grant hastened to liis relief with reenforcements, and, at the close of October, the Confederates were driven from Lookout mountain and valley, and communication with Chattanooga was restored. Supplies were now moved rapidly to that point. Late in November, General W. T. Sherman, in command of the Department of Tennessee, joined Grant, who attacked the Confederates on the 23d. Then commenced that remarkable and fierce conflict, known as the Battle of Chattanooga. It continued until the 25th, when the Confederates were completely routed and driven into Georgia. Both parties lost heavily.^ 51. The victory at Chattanooga gave immense advantages to the National cause. The key to the military resources of Ala- bama and Georgia was thus placed in the hands of the patriots. At the same time, Burnside was struggling for the possession of East Tennessee, and the railway communications with Richmond 1. Verse 40, page 280. 2 The loss of the Nationals in the battles of September 19th and 20th, was 16,S51 men, 3G cannon, over 8,000 small arms, and a large amount of munitions of war. The Cimfederates losr, in killed, wounded, and missing, according to their own statements, about 20,000. Of these, 2 000 were prisoners in the hands of Rosecrans. This conflict occurred on the Chick- amang;^ creek, and is known as the Battle of Chickamauga. 3. The National loss, in killed, wounded, and missing, wne about 4,000 men. The Con- federate loss is not known. Over 6,000 prisoners, besides the wounded, 42 cannon, about 6,000 small arms, and a large supply-train fell into the hands of the Nationals. Questions. — 49. What did Rosecrans do? What occurred at and near Chattanooga? 50. What have you to say about Rosecrans's position ? How was he relieved ? What victory and advantages were gained? What can yon say about the great battle at Chattanooga? 51. What were the eflects of the battle of Chattanooga ? What was Burnside doing ? THE GEEAT CIVIL WAR. Operations at Kuoxville. Doings in Missouri. Morgan's raid. in that direction. He was besieged in Knoxville [November 29] by Longstreet, Avho went up from Bragg's broken army, for the purpose of driving him out of that region. Grant sent troops, under Sherman, to relieve him. Longstreet fled eastward, and, finally, made his way back to Lee's army in Virginia. 52. There was much activity in the Department of Missouri during 1863. No considerable battle occurred, but there were many skirmishes, in which the Nationals were generally success- ful. The Confederates were repulsed at Springfield, Missouri, early in January ; and were also driven away in confusion when they attacked the National forces [July 4, 1863], under General Prentiss, at Helena, Arkansas. On the 1st of September, General Blunt took Fort Smith from them; and on the 10th of the same month. General Steele attacked and captured Little Rock, the capital of Arkansas. The power of the insurgents was now com- pletely broken in that State. 53. At the time of Lee's invasion of Maryland and Pennsj^l- vania [June, 1863], a large guerrilla* band, under General Morgan, a famous leader, composed of about three thousand cavalry, with six cannon, crossed the Ohio river into Indiana, and moved rap- idly eastward, plundering as they went. Their intention, doubt- less, was to cross into Western Virginia, and join Lee in Pennsyl- vania. They were foiled by the valor of home troops, who killed 'or captured almost the entire band of invaders. Morgan, with a remnant of eight hundred, surrendered to General Shackleford in Morgan county, Ohio, on the 26th of July. 54. The National army had made large progress at the close of 1863. Missouri, Arkansas, Kentucky, Tennessee, a large por- tion of Louisiana, Mississippi, and Florida, the Kio Grande fron- tier of Texas, and the control of the Mississippi river, had been wrested from the Confederates. Some of these districts were great food-producing regions, which made their loss to the insur- 1. Gnerrilla is the Spanish word signifying "little war." It is a term applied to an irreg- ular mode of carrying on war by the constant attacks of independent bands. Questions.— 51. What can you tell about the siege of Knoxville? 52. What have yon to say about affairs in Missouri? What can you tell of battles at Sprincrfield and Helena? "Wliat did General:* Blunt and Steele do? 53. Can you s\ve an account of Morgan's raid into Indiana and Ohio? What was it-i probable object'? What was the result? 54. What can you tell about the progress of the National army during 1863? 286 THE NATIOl^. National successes. Doings of the Navy. Proceedings of Congress. gents very serious. The friends of the Government had cause for joy and firm hope.* 55. The National navy, divided into six squadrons,^ and em- ployed in the blockading service and in cooperation with armies, was very active and successful during the year, on the coasts and on the rivers inland. Those in the coast service Avere chiefly em- ployed in blockading Confederate ports, and in cooperation with land forces in attacking harbor defenses. We have already al- luded to the unsuccessful attack on Sumter. On the IVth of June, the TPeeAai^^e/i captured the Confederate "ram" ^?Zm2^a, on the Georgia coast ; and in July, several of the iron-clad steam- ers joined Gillmore's land forces in an attack on the defenses of Charleston, and lay there, for that purpose, a whole year or more. In the mean time, the squadrons under Farragut and Porter were doing noble service on the Mississippi and its tributaries.^ 56. The thirty-seventh Congress closed its last session on the 4th of March, 1863. It had placed the entire resources of the country in the hands of the President, and adopted measures for the increase and efficiency of the anny. All distinctions between regular and volunteer troops were removed. Arrangements were made for the organization of colored troops ; * and on the 3d of 1. The secretary of War, in his report in December, 1863, said: "The success of our armies during the last year, has enabled the Department to make a reduction of over $200,000,000 in the war estimates for the ensuing fiscal year." 2. The whole number of vessels owned by the Government, at the close of 1863, was 588, carrying about 4,500 guns, and about 26,000 seamen. Of these vessels, 384 were in actual ser- vice, of which number, 75 were iron-clad steamers. Of these steamers, 46 were engaged in the coast service, and 29 on the rivers in the interior. The squadrons were geographically designated as follows : Potomac Flotdla, North Atlantic Squadron, South Atlantic Squad- ron, ^Eastern Gulf Squadron, Western Gulf Squadron, Mississippi Flotilla, West India Squad- ron, East India Squadron, Mediterranean Squadron, Pacific Squadron ; besides half a dozen vessels on special service, and about as many engaged in miscellaneous duties. There were only six vessels on foreign stations ; the remainder were engaged in home service, 3. The Mississippi flotilla, at the close of the year, numbered over a hundred vessels, car- rying 462 cannon, and about 5,500 men. The blockading service was performed with great vigilance, generally. The number of vessels captured from the beginning of the war until November^ 1863, was 1,045. These were chiefly fitted out in England or her colonies, for the purpose of running the blockade. The four principal coast squadrons captured over three hundred prizes during 1863, about one third of wiiich were steamers. 4. At the close of the year 1863, there were about 60,000 colored troops regularly mustered into the armies of the Republic. The Emancipation Proclamation (verse 37, page 278) had caused immense numbers of slaves to flock into the lines of the National army, and meas- ures were taken to give them employment as soldiers or laborers. Measures were also taken for their instruction and moral discipline. The results have been wonderful. There are large communities of these freedmen and their families in different parts of the Southern States held by the National arms, where may be seen promises of the most radical improve- QuESTiONS.— 55. What have you to say about the National navy? What were its duties ? What can you tell about the capture of a " ram," and the siege of Charleston? 56. What did the National Congress do ? What can you tell about colored troops ? THE GREAT CIVIL WAE. 287 The Draft. Riots in New York. The Army, the Treasury, and the People. March [1863] a Conscription Act became law/ The President at once summoned [March 10] all enlisted or drafted troops to their places in the field or camp ; and, early in May, he called for a draft of three hundred thousand men. Violent opposition was excited against the measure ; and, on the day when the draft was to commence in Xew York city, a great riot broke out there, and lasted three days. Many lives and much property were sacrificed.'^ The Government, sustained by every right-minded citizen, went steadily on in its duty. The draft was enforced in twelve States. Fifty thousand men were added to the army by it, and ten and a half millions of dollars to the Treasury,^ by the first of Decem- ber, 1SC3. THE GREAT CIVIL WAR CONTII^J■FED [1864]. O '7. The ISTational armies were strong, cheerful, and well-ap- pointed, at the opening of the year, and the money affairs of the nation were in a healthful condition.'' The patriotic war-spirit of the people was increasing; and there Avere many indications to inspire confidence that the great insurrection would be subdued before the close of the year. On the 1st of February, the Presi- dent ordered preparations for a draft for three hundred thousand men; and, on the 15th of March, he called for two hundred thou- ments in the condition rxnd character of their r;ice. They arc nlso hitjhly commended as eoldiers. It is estimated that at midsummer, 1864, there were 100,000 colored troops under irms in the United States service. 1. A compulsory enrollment of individuals for military or naval service. From these a certain number are chosen by lot for service in the field. This is performed by placing the name of each man enrolled on a card, and, putting these into a revolving cylinder, the reqiiired number of names are drawn out by a person with his eyes bandaged. This is com- monly called a drafts and cannot but be impartial. 2. About 100 lives, and property valued at $2,000,000, were destroyed. 3. There was a provision in the Conscription Act, that anv drafted person might be ex- empted from duty, by paying three hundred dollars. A large number of the drafted men availed themselves of this privilege. 4. The National debt at the close of 1863, amounted to about 1,400 millions of dollars. This was due chiefly to the citizens of the IJLiited States who held Government bonds or circulating Treasury notes, familiarly known as "greenbacks," because on the backs of the bills there were tisures and devices printed in green ink. Ccnrress had levied taxes and impost duties sufficient to form a safe promise of redemption, and the people had the fullest confidence in the ability of the Government to meet all demands that might be made upon it. On the Ist of September, 1864, the exact amount of the public debt was $1,878,565,233, of which $519,111,267 bore no interest. The actual amount of the interest, a year, of the debt at the ahove date, was $77,795,000. The amount of fractional currency in circulation was $24,490,000. ^ QrESTioNS.— 56. What about a draft for the army, and a rot in New York city ? What was the result of the draft? 57. W^hat can you say about the National armies at the begin- ning of 1864 ? What about mon^y aflairs, the war-spirit of the people, and promises of slic- cess? W hat did the President do in February and March ? What did General Averill do 2 288 THE NATION. Preparations for a campaign. Sherman's Invasion of Mississippi. Red river expedition. sand volunteers, to serve in the army and navy. At about the same time, the National troops, everywhere, were ready to begin the campaign. Prej^aratory to the movement of the Army of the Potomac, General W. W. Averill, with cavalry, had struck [Jan- uary 16, 1864] the Virginia and Tennessee railway, at Salem, west- ward of Lynchburg, and destroyed fifteen miles of the track between Lee and Longstreet.' 58. On the 3d of February, General Sherman'^ left Yicksburg, with a heavy column, and made a most destructive invasion of the country eastward, almost to the borders of Alabama. Li the space of twenty-four days he marched four hundred miles, and destroyed an immense amount of property of every kind, useful to the Confederates, and liberated about ten thousand slaves.^ On the 5th of February [1864], General T. Seymour left Port Royal, South Carolina, at the head of an expedition to invade Florida. At Jacksonville he fought and defeated the Confed- erates, toward the middle of the month, and then pushed on, with about five thousand men, to Olustee, on the Florida Central rail- way, where he was met by a heavy force of insurgents [February 20] and thoroughly defeated. He retreated in good order to Jacksonville, and abandoned the enterprise. 59. On the 10th of March, General A. J. Smith left Vicksburg, with a considerable body of troops, and, with the fleet of Admiral Porter, went up the Red river. On the 13th, he captured Fort de Russey from the Confederates under General Taylor. This opened the way to Alexandria, and the invaders pushed forward to that place [March 15, 1864]. There they were joined by Gen- eral Banks, with a heavy column from New Orleans, and the fleet and a portion of Smith's army advanced toward Shreveport." The Nationals were met at Cane river on the 26tli, where they fought and defeated the Confederates who opposed them. 60. Onward the National troops moved, and on the 8th of 1. Verse 51, imije 284. 2. Verse 50, page 284, 3. About 6,000 of these acf«ompanied the army back to Vicksburg. 4. Shreveport is on the Red river, in Louisiana, near the borders of Texas. Questions.— 58. Give an account of Sherman's invasion of Mississippi and Alabama, What can you tell .about Seymour's expedition to Florida? 59. Can you give an account of an expedition up the Red river? What was accomplished ? What did Banks do? What occurred ? THE GREAT CIVIL WAR. 289 Operations on tho Red river. Salvation of the National fleet. Array of the Potomac. April they were again met, at Pleasant Hill, by a large Confed- erate force. In the battle that ensued, the Nationals were de- feated; but they retrieved their fortunes the next day by winning a substantial victory over their conquerors of the day before. The patriots now fell back to Alexandria, and Banks ordered Porter, who had gone on toward Shreveport, to return, as he could afford him no support. The task was difficult. The Con- federates swarmed on the banks of the narrow stream. The water was rapidly falling; and when Porter approached Alexandria, it was too shallow to allow his vessels to pass the rapids near there. Under the direction of Lieutenant-Colonel Bailey, of Wisconsin, the river was dammed up, and, by a process well known to lum- bermen, the fleet was j^assed in safety on the lUh of May. The army and navy then hastened to the Mississippi. Gl. There were misfortunes elscAvhere. General Steele, in Arkansas,^ had attempted to cooperate with the Red river expedi- tion. When he heard of its retreat, he fell back toward Little Rock,'' continually annoyed by attacking Confederates on the way, who captured two thousand of his men, and a train of two hundred wagons. In March, the Confederate General Forrest, with several thousand men, made a raid into Tennessee and Ken- tucky. He captured Union City,' Tennessee, on the 24th, and, on the following day, five thousand of his troops nearly de- stroyed Paducah, on the Ohio river. On the 12th of April, they captured Fort Pillow, on the Mississippi, and committed dreadful atrocities there. 62. The grand Army of the Potomac, in the mean time, had fully prepared for the campaign, under the immediate command of General Meade ; ^ and three Western armies, concentrated under General Sherman,* were equally ready. In March, Grant was made a lieutenant-general,^ and he became the general-in-chief of 1. Verse 52, page 285. 2. Verse 52, page 285. 3. Vort^e 39, page 279. 4. Verse 58, pnge 288. 5. This rank in the army, which had been conferred only on General Scott (verse 6, Questions. — 60. What can you tell about the movements of the National troops on Red river? Tell how Porter was ordered back, and what took place. 61. What can you tell about the movements of General Steele, and his misfortunes ? What can you tell about a raid into Tennessee and Kentucky by Forrest ? 62. What can you say about the Army of the Potomac under Meade, and those of the West under Sherman ? What can you tell about General Grant ? 18 290 THE NATIOI^. Movements of the Great Armies. Severe battles in Virginia. the armies of the Republic. He en- tered upon the duties of his office with vigor, and, on tlie morning of the 3d of May, he issued an order ^ for the Potomac and the Western armies, sev- eral hundred miles distant from each other, to move forward. 63. The Army of the Potomac im- mediately crossed the Rapid Anna,' and moved toward Richmond on the right Hank of General Lee, who was XIETTTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. i i • T . • > 1 j. ' r\ behind strong mtrenchments m Orange county, Virginia. This movement compelled Lee to leave his works ; and, in the Wilderness,^ not far from the Chancellors ville battle- ground,* the two great armies, numbering together not less, prob- ably, than two hundred and fifty thousand men, fought a severe bat- tle on the 5th. Longstreet's corps ^ had reached and strengthened Lee. For three days the combatants fiercely contended for the mastery, when the Confederates withdrew [May 7, 1864] in the direction of Richmond. Near Spottsylvania Court House heavy battles were fought ; and, at the end of six days of conflict, the IsTationals had gained decided advantages.^ 64. By attacks and flank movements. Grant compelled Lee to page 20S), liad been extinguished by that officer's retirement from the service. It was now revived, with special reference to General Grant, whose services had been of the greatest im- portance. 1. These orders were sent by the magnetic telegraph, which was a most wonderful instrumentality in the conduct of this war. During the year 1863, over 1,700 miles of land and submarine telegraph were constructed under tho direction of the military authorities j and at least 3,000 despatches eacli day Avere sent and received over the military lines, during the year. These messages varied in length from 10 to 1,000 words and upward. 2. Note 3, page 280. 3. Verse 38, page 279. This is a broken, sterile tract of country in Spottsylvania county, Virginia, about fifteen miles in extent, commencing not far from the south bank of the Rapid Anna. It is intersected liy gullies, and dotted with swamps. It is covered by a thick growth of stunted pines, dwarf onks and underbrush, dense and almost impenetrable. Only rough paths go through it, and it is almost impassable after a rain. 4. Verse 38, page 279. This was the site of a tavern on the eastern edge of the Wilder- ness. 5. Verse 51, page 284. 6. At that time. Grant sent the following despatch to the Secretary of War- " We have now ended the sixth day of very heavy fighting. The result, to this time, is very much in our favor. Our losses liave been heavy as well as those of the enemy. I think the loss of the enemy must be greater. We have taken over 5,000 prisoners in battle, while he has taken from us few except stragglers. I propose to fight it out on this line, if it takes all summer." QpESTiONS. — 63. Can you give an account of the movements and doings of the Army of the Potomac from the Rapid Anna to Spottsylvania Court House ? What battles occurred? THE GEEAT CIVIL WAR. 291 Operations near Richmond. Petersburg besieged. Shermun's successes. leave one strong position after another, and fall back to the de- fences of Richmond, at the beginning of June. In the mean time, a large force, under General Butler, had gone up from Fortress Monroe and seized and fortified a strong position ' near the mouth of the Appomattox river, on the south side of the James, by which he held in check reenforcements under Beauregard,^ then hasten- ing from the Carolinas to the army under Lee. This was to aid a movement already planned for placing the Army of the Potomac on the south side of the James river. This plan was successfully executed, at the middle of June, and placed Grant in an advan- tageous position before Petersburg, a strongly intrenched town on the Appomattox river, twenty miles south of Richmond, and commanding, in a degree, the railway communication with ISTorth Carolina by way of Weldon. Go. Lee crossed the James river with the bulk of his army, and took a position to defend Petersburg, that being essential to the security of Richmond. Grant at once commenced a siege. He sent out cavalry expeditions in various directions to cut the railway communications with Lee's army and the Confederate capital. Early in July, these were placed in great peril. ^ 66. While the Army of the Potomac was achieving these suc- cesses, that in Northern Georgia, under Sherman, was equally victorious.* Sherman advanced from Chattanooija ^ at the beorin- ning of May. The Confederates, under J. E. Johnston, were then at Dalton, in Georgia. Steadily Sherman pressed forward, day after day, over a rugged mountain region, fought battle after battle, captured or passed round one stronghold after another 1. Bermuda Hundred. 2. Verse 11, page 268. 3. A force under General David Hunter captured Staunton, and then proceeded to cut the Virginia and Tennessee railway eastward of Lynchburg Another force, under General J. IT. Wilson, destroyed many miles of the Richmond and Danville railway ; nnd another, uiider General Philip H. Sherid.an, destroyed a portion of the railway between Gordonsville and Richmond. The Weldon road was also severed (but not seriously), as well as the road leadinir from Petersburg to Richmond. The James river was now in complete control of the Nationals, from its mouth to above the Appomattox river. 4. Sherman's force was composed of three armies, namely, that of the Tennessee, under General McPherc^on ; of the Ohio, under General Thomas, and of the Cumberland, under General Schotield. 5. Verse 50, page 284. Questions.— 64. What did Grant do ? "What did Butler do ? W'hat was the object of his movement ? Wh;it great .achievement was otl'i'cted ? 65. What did Lee do ? What expedi- tions were sent out by Grant, and what did they effect? 66. What have you to say nbout movements elsewhere? Can you eive an account of Sherman'^ progress in Georgia ? What can vou tell of events near Atlanta? 292 THE :n^atiott. Atlanta besieged. The Confederate Navy. Letters-of-marque. (the Confederates as steadily falling back), until the middle of July, when he had crossed the Chattahoochee river with his whole army, and advanced upon Atlanta, one of the most important military positions in the South. Near that strong post three heavy battles were fought [July 20, 22, and 28], in w hich the Confederates w^ere defeated with immense losses, when the National army close- ly invested the place.' Cavalry expedi- tions, in the mean while, had destroyed all the railway communications with At- lanta."" 67. While the hearts of loyal men were joyful because of the success of the GENERAL SHEKMAN. Natioual arms, news came of the destruc- tion, in the British channel, of the pirate ship Alabama, which had, for almost two years, been the terror of American commerce. Two days after the President called for seventy-five thousand men to put down the insurrection,^ the chief of the Confederates offered [April 17, 1861] letters-of-marque" to anybody w^ho might choose to fit out a vessel to make war on the commerce of the Republic on the high seas. The Confederates organized a navy department, and gave places to the officers w^ho had deserted the National flag;*^ but their means for the creation of a marine force were in- significant.^ So they looked to Europe for aid, and, in the greed 1. In the battle of the 22d, General McPherson M-as killed. Two days after [July 20], Johnston had been relieved of the command of the Confederate army in Georgia, and was succeeded by General Hood. 2. General Rousseau, a Kentuckian, with a cavalry force, swept down from Decatur, in Northern Alabama, almost to Montgomery, and then along the line of the railway between that city and Atlanta, destroyinsr thirty-one miles of the track, many bridges, consuming station- houses and a vast amount of public property, capturing and paroling a large number of Con- federate soldiers, and freeing many negroes. He arrived at Marietta, after a march of four hundred miles in the course of thirteen days. Already the i-ailway between Atlanta and Au- gusta had been made useless to the Confederate army in Georgia • and at the beginning of August, a force under General Stoneman destroyed many miles of the railway between At- lanta and Macon. 8. Verse 4, pnge 265. 4. Such is the European title of the commissions given to the commanders of private armed vessels, to capture or destroy the property of an enemy. See note 5, page 228. 5. A large number of the officers of the National navy, who were natives or residents of the Si.ave States, deserted their flag when the war broke out, and some resiGcned before. They all joine 1 the Confederates, but found little to do in the wav of their legitimate profession. 6. R. S. Mallory, formerly a member of the National Senate, from" Florida, was made Questions. — 67. What news made loyal men rejoce ? What can you tell about a Confect' erate navy and letters-of-marque ? Where did t'le Confederates look for aid and find it » THE GREAT CIVIL WAR. 293 Confederates aided by England. EMglish pirate vessels. Destruction of the Alabama. of England for the " supremacy of the seas," they found a stead- fast friend and helper. 68. The first formidable pirate ship put afloat was the Sumter^ (Captain Semmes,) whose destructive career Avas ended at the close of 1861.^ Meanwhile, arrangements were made by the Confederates with Laird, a member of the British Parliament and a ship-builder, at Liverpool, to construct several powerful steam- ships for their use. The Oreto (afterward Florida) was soon at sea, and, in September, 1862, she ran the blockade at Mobile under English colors. She went to sea again in December, and made havoc among American merchantmen. She was never again in a Confederate port, but always found a welcome in British colonial harbors. 69. Semmes was soon in command of a powerful vessel, built by Laird, called the Alabama. She was essentially a British pirate ship, with a Confederate commander and flag ; ^ and she fulfilled the expectations of the British shipping interest, by frightening American commerce into British vessels, and giving them a mo- nopoly of the carrying trade.^ She always avoided our national ves- sels sent after her. She was finally blockaded in the French port of Cherbourg, by the Kearsarge, Captain Winslow. The French Gov- ernment ordered the pirate to leave their waters. She went out on the 15th of June [1864], met the Kearsarge^ and, after a short con- flict, was sent to the bottom of the sea. Her commander and others were picked up by an English vessel in attendance, which carried them to England to save them from their conqueror.* Confederate Secretary of the Xavj'. They built a few iron-clad gun-boats, for the defense of their rivers, and " raniB,'' for the protection of their harbors. Most of them perished. 1. She was blockaded at Gibraltar, and was finally sold. 2. She was built, armed, and furnished in England, and almost wholly manned by Brit- ish subjects, several of them from the Royal navy. She sailed out of England under a Brit- ish flag, and was alway.s welcomed into British ports. And before she went into battle with tlie Keorsarge, her commander, in a little speech lo her ofHcers and crew, repeated the words of Lord Nelson, '-" England e.xpecte everj^ man to do his duty !" She was not allowed to carry her prizes into British ports, and so her commander generally plundered and burnt them at sea. The Alabama captured and destroyed 64 American vessels. 3. The estimated valne of property destroyed by the Alabama was .$10,000,000. It was also estimated that nearly two thirds of the carrying trade enjoyed by citizens of the United Btates was transferred to British vessels. During 1863, about 1,000 American ships were sold to foreign merchants, chiefly British. 4. One of the English aristocVacj^ named Lancaster, was near the scene of action, in his Questions.— 68. W^^at can you tell about the Sumter! What have you to say about British ship builders, and their aid of the Confederates ? What about the Oreto or Florida ? 69. What can you tell about the Alabama'^ Give an account of her destruction What did her English friends do? 294 THE NATION. Invasion of Maryland and Pennsylvania. Destruction of Chambersburg. 10. The joy produced by the sinking of the Alabama was succeeded by alarm, caused by a sudden invasion of Maryland, early in July, by way of the Shenandoah valley, by about fifteen thousand Confederate soldiers,' under General Early, whose chief object seems to have been the seizure of supplies for the use of the army at Richmond. They were held in check on the Mono- cacy river, near Frederick, by General Wallace^ and a few hastily assembled troops (about one third the number of the invaders), who fought them gallantly [July 9] for seven or eight hours, and saved Baltimore and Washington from capture or destruction. Overwhelming numbers caused Wallace to fall back. After threatening the two cities and securing a considerable amount of plunder,^ including many horses, the Confederates fled across the Potomac, pursued by National troops, who struck them a severe blow [July 20] at Winchester.* 71. Gathering force, the Confederates pushed the National troops back to the Potomac, and, at the close of July, some of them crossed the river, swept through Northern Maryland into Pennsylvania, and burned [July 30, 1864] the village of Cham- bersburg.^ They soon fled back to Virginia, closely pursued, but yacht, the Deerhoimd, evidently by previous arrangem-'ut with the pirate commander, to afibrd him any assistance in his power. He took Semmcs and other ofli-ers, who were the legal prisoners to Winslow, on board his yacht, and carried them to England out of harm's way. A public dinner was offered Semmes at Southampton •, and a British admiral (An- son) headed a list of subscribers to a fund to purchase an elegant sword, to be presented to the corsair ! 1. It was estimated that the whole number detached from Lee's army for the great for- age raid, was about 20,000, a fourth of whom remained in Virginia, at different points from the Potomac to Lynchburg. 2. Verse 10, page 2G7. 3. While the main portion of the invaders were engaged in plundering, a body of horse- men, imder a renegade Marylander, named Gilmor, swept through the country, spreading deetruct'on, nlarm,"and confusion among the people. An old ma", seventy-three years of age, named Ishmnel Day, said to some of them who came to plunder his house, over which waved the national flag ; " Gentlemen, vou may burn my barn, and rob my house, but I will shoot the first man who touches that flag." Two of Gilmor's raiders attempted to tear it down. The old man mortally wounded one of them with the contents of a duck-gun, when the other fled. The old patriot escaped to the woods. A body of Gilmor's horsemen came up, turned D.ay's family out of doors, and burned his house and barn. 4. The National troops were commanded by General Averill. lie killed or wounded three hundred of the Confederates, made two hundred prisoners, captured four cannon, and a large quantity of their plunder. 5. The marauding force that destroyed Chambersburg, a town of 6,000 inhabitants, did not exceed, it ig estimated, 400 men.. "They were led by Ge-ieral McCausland, who acted under the Avritten instructions of his commander, General Jubal Early He demanded a bribe of *500,000 to spare the village. It wis not given, and 260 buildings were soon in flames. The loss to the citizens of Chambersburg was estimated at $2,000,000. Questions.— 70. Give an account of a Confederate inva^io'i of Maryland. How were Balti- more and Washington saved ? What then occurred ? 71. What can you tell about the return of the Confederates to Maryland and Pennsylvania, and the destruction of Chambersburg? THE GEE AT CIVIL WAR. 295 Sheridan in the Shenandoah valley. Seizure of the Weldon railway. were strong enough to halt and gather food in the Shenandoah valley, which they sent off to Richmond. In the meantime, heavy reenlbrcements were sent by Grant to the opposers of the raiders, and all were placed under the command of General Sheridan,' who kept near the Potomac until the army before Petersburg had achieved an important success, when he moved forv/ard [Septem- ber] to press the Confederates up the Shenandoah valley back in their track toward Richmond. 72. While these movements were going on near the Potomac, General Grant svas making important ones on the borders of the James and Appomattox rivers ; ^ and during the months of July and August he gained substantial advantages, but not without heavy losses. He formed a mine under one of the strongest forts in the Confederate lines of defenses in front of Petersburg, and at dawn on the 3 0th of July it was exploded with feai-ful effect.^ The fort, witli about two hundred men, was destroyed. The ex- plosion was followed by a vigorous assault. The assailants were repulsed, and the well-devised plan for breaking the Confederate line and seizing Petersburg was foiled. Vo. Three weeks later Grant secured a very important advan- tage by seizing the Weldon railway beloAV Petersburg. That road was of vital importance to Lee's army, as the chief avenue through which he could receive supplies of men, munitions, and food, from the Southern portions of the Confederacy, or hold mil- itJlry communication with it. As early as the middle of August^ Grant was aware that Lee had sent re enforcements to Early in the Shenandoah valley, and he at once commenced strategic move- ments which Avere eminently successful. The Weldon road was seized [August 18], and every attempt (and they were desperate) 1. No'te 3, pncre 291. 2. VerscR 64 and 65, pngc 291. 3. The conBtruction of this mine was pusfsrested by Lieutenant-Colonel Pleasants, of the 48th Pennsylvania Rcuiment, and was performed by his men, who were mostly coal-nMners. He excavated a nearlv horizontal shaft about 500 feet in length, at the end of Avhich, 16 feet below the surfareof the earth, and directly under the fort to be destroyed, a large chamber was excavated. In this were four connected mngazines, containing, in the aggregate, between five and six tons of powder. These were ignited by means of a fuse. The explosion produced an immense crater. Questions.— 71. What did the Confederates Ihen do ? What can you tell about reenforce- ments and Sheridan's operations? 72. What was Grant doing? Can you give an account of the destruction of a Confederate fort? What was the result? 73. Give an account of the seizure of the Weldon Railway. What was its importance to the Confederates, and what did they attempt to do? What was the result? 296 THE NATION. Sherman's movements and the capture of Atlanta. "Victories in Mobile Bay, made to retake it [August 19, 20, 21, and 25] was defeated. The road was destroyed a distance of twelve miles, and the National troops, strongly intrenched, held a firm grasp upon it. V4. During the whole of August [1864] Sherman closely be- sieged Atlanta,^ making his hold upon the Confederate forces there firmer and closer every day, and continually diminishing their ability to escape or endure a long siege, while his ample guards kept his own communications free from any serious dam- age by the guerilla parties and Confederate cavalry. At length, by a skillful flank movement, he severed the Confederate army that opposed him, seized their only remaining railway communi- cation between Atlanta and the surrounding country, and com- pelled Hood^ to fly from that city [September 2], in despair, to- ward the heart of Georgia. " So Atlanta is ours, and fairly won," Sherman modestly wrote in his despatch to his government. He announced one of the most important victories of the war, for, in connection with recent events near Mobile, it promised to the National arms the speedy control of the entire region of the Gulf States from the Atlantic to the Mississippi,^ as well as of Georgia and South Corolina. 75. While the two great National armies of Meade ^ and Sher- man were struggling in close conflict with the two great Confed- erate armies of Lee and Hood," the Yf estern Gulf squadron,^ under Admiral Farragut,' was performing brilliant exploits near Mobile, assisted by a land force under General Gordon Granger. Early in the morning of the 5th of August [1864], the squadron sailed into Mobile bay past Forts Morgan and Gaines, at its en- trance. The vessels went in in pairs, lashed together,® and all 1. Verse 66, page 291. 2. Xote 1, page 292. 3. The States bordering on the Gulf of Mexico, namely, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida. By this victory, the armed Confederaies in the Southern States were driven Into the narrow compass of the seaboard portion of Georgia and South Carolina, the principal cities of which are Savannah and Charleston. 4. It must be remembered that Meade remained the ocinmander of the Army of the Po- toinac, but under the immediate direction of Lieutenant-General Grant, whose headquarters •were with that army. 8. Note 1, page 292. 6. Note 2, page 286. 7. Verse 24, page 273. 6. The Brookh/n, with the Octarora, led the way, followed by the Hartford (the Admiral's flag-ship), and the Metacomet as her consort. The Admiral wa's lashed to the maintop of the Questions.— 74. What was Sherman doing at Atlanta? Give an account of his victory there. What were its promised effects ? 75. Can you give an account of how a National naval victory was won near Mobile ? THE GREAT CIVIL WAR. 297 Capture of Forts Gained and Morgan. passed the forts in safety excepting the "monitor" Tecumseh^ which was sunk by a torpedo. A brief and furious engagement with the Confederate naval force then quickly ensued, and resulted in the capture of the formidable Confederate " ram " Tennessee^ with the commanding admiral (Buchanan), and the seizure or dis- persion of thje rest of the fleet. 76. General Granger landed with troops on Dauphin island, in the rear of Fort Gaines; and on the 8th [August, 1864] that post, with its garrison, guns, and provisions for a year, was sur- rendered to Farragut. Fort Morgan, on Mobile Point, was next attacked. Farragut's vessels took po-sition on both sides of the Point, and poured a terrific storm of shot and shell upon the doomed fortress,' while the land troops assailed it in the rear. It was surrendered unconditionally, with its garrison, on the 23d of August,^ when the preliminary work for the speedy capture of Mobile was accomplished.^ 77. The victories at Mobile and Atlanta, minor successes else- where, and the noble response given to the call of the President for more men to reinforce the two great armies in the field,* and the equally efiicient navy,^ gave assurance at the beginning of September that the end of the Civil War, and the return of peace were nigh." Because of these triumphs and this hopeful aspect of Hartford, fhat he might overlook his whole tleet and not be thrown down by the shocks of .battle; and by means of a speakinff-tube from his perch to the deck, he gave his orders. 1. About 3,nnn shells were tlirovvn into the fort. 2. It was officially reported that after the white flag had been raised in token of surren- der, the Confederates spiked most of the cannon, and wanto.ily injured the carriages, email urms, ammunition, and provisions , and that the officers, with General Page at their head, destroyed their swords that they miiijht not be surrendered. Subsequent investigatioa proved this report to have l)een entirely unfounded. 3 T le captured fort* at the entrance to the bay are about 30 miles below Mobile. 4 On the 18th of .Tulv, the President issued an order for a draft for 500,000 men at the end 'of 50 days, should the number asked for not be enrolled by volunteering before that time About 200,000 were credited in consequence of enlistments in the navy and other causes according to an act of Congress, and the number actually called for was reduced to 300.000. A large proportion of this number had volunteered, or been supplied in the form of Bubstifntes, at the end of the 50 doys. ..,,.,.. x t* 5 The operations of the navv, during the war, have been of the highest importance. Its services have not been thoroul'hly appreciated, because of its having acted merely as an auxiliary to the army. Its achievements have been wonderful, and it should receive equal credit with the army. , ■, t.^ ^ i *v ^ *i • + v^ 6 On the 5th of September, the iovful news reached New York that the pirate ship Georgia, which had done much damage to American commerce, had been capture 1 off the port "of Lisbon, Portugal, by the National steamship iV/a^-arc, and was on her way to the OrE^sTiONS —76 Can you give an account of tl*e captures of Forts Gaines and Morgan at the entrance to Mobile Bay ? 77. What caused the President to recommend public thanks- givings ? 13^ 298 THE NATION. Thanksgiving. Sheridan ii> the Shenandoah "Valley. Movements in Georgia. affairs, the President issued a proclamation [September 3, 1804], in wliicli lie requested the people to make a special recognition of Divine Goodness, by offering thanksgivings in their respective places of worship, on the following Sunday, the 11th of September/ 78. Whilst Sherman was resting his wearied troops at At- lanta,^ and Grant was holding Lee last near Richmond,^ General Sheridan was giving the Confederates heavy blows in the Shen- andoah Valley.* On the 19th of September he gained a great victory over Early, not far from Winchester. After that he held the Valley vmder complete control. 79. Late in September, Hood," with his Confederate Army, moved toward Tennessee for the purpose of destroying Sherman's communication with Chattanooga and invading that State. The watchful Sherman was soon on his track, and gave him such heavy blows that he was compelled to flee toward Northern Alabama, where he prepared to invade Tennessee and push on toward the Ohio river. 80. Leaving General Thomas in Tennessee to oppose Hood, Sherman, early in November, com- menced a grand march with his army through the heart of Georgia, for the Atlantic coast. Atlanta was abandoned on the 14th. Threatening Macon and Augusta," he moved forward, captured Milledgeville [November 20], the capi- tal of the State, and finally, on the 21st of December, he entered Savannah in GENERAL THOMAS. trlumph. Thc Confederates there un- united Statoe in chnrge of a prize crew. The Florida and Tallahassre were the only pirates known to be afloat at the becfinning of September. The latter was captured soon after. 1. On the same day the President issued orders for Falutes of a hundred cjuns to l)e fired on the 5th and the 7th, at Washington, New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Pittsburg, B.-ilti- more, Newport (Kv.), and St. Louis ; and at New Orleans, Mobile, Pensacola, Hiltoa Head, an 1 Newbern, the "day after the receipt of the order. 2, Verse 66, page 291. 3. Verpe 65, pnge 291, 4. Verse 71, page 294. 5. Note 1, page 292. 6. These towns were important as depositories of munitions of war, but of little account In a military point of view. Questions.— 78. Whntcan you tell about Sheridan in the Shenandoah Valley ? 79. What d'd Hood do? What did Sherman do? Wliat did Hood prepare to attempt to do? 80. What can you tell about Sherman's ma: ch tlirough Georgia ? What was the result i THE GEE AT CIVIL WAK. 299 Invasion of TennesBce. Capture of Wilmington. Sherman's march throutrh the Carolinas. der Hardee crossed the Savannah river and fled toward Charles- ton. 81. Ilood, in the mean time, invaded Tennessee with an army of about forty thousand men. Thomas slowly fell back toward Nashville. A heavy battle was fought by Schofield and Hood at Franklin [November 30], and then the latter besieged Nash- ville. On the 15th of December, Thomas marched out, attacked the besiegers, and drove them southward with great loss of men and materials of war. Hood, greatly crippled, fled across the Tennessee into Alabama.' 82. At the middle of December a military and naval expedi- tion was sent against Wilmington, the only seaport of importance then in possession of the Confederates.' An unsuccessful attack was made on the forts at the mouth of the Cape Fear river, on Cliristmas Day; but on the 15th of January [1865], they were captured by land troops under General Terry, assisted by the navy under Admiral Porter. Wilmington was captured by the National forces on the 21st of February. 83. General Foster cooperated with Sherman from Beaufort, South Carolina ; and at the middle of January the latter moved his army into that State. They made their way through the swamps to the borders of the Tipper Country. On the 1 7th of February they entered Columbia, the capital of South Carolina, in triumph. Thus flanked, the Confederates fled from Charleston, and on the following day [February 1 8] colored troops marched in and took possession of that cradle of the Rebellion. Sherman pushed on toward North Carolina without much opposition, whilst Schofield from Newbern and Terry from Wilmington were cooperating with him. After some fighting, the three armies 1. Dnrin? this invasion, Hood lost one third of his army, and nearly all of his cannon. 2. From the lipginnin;: of this var, the Confederates received a vast amount of supplies through Wilmington, by blockade rnniiers, and eent out cotton in return. Questions.— 81. What can you tell about Tlood's inva^tion of Tonne^-nee ? What battle was fought, and where? What occurred nt Nashville? What became of Ho'd ? 82. What canyon tell about expeditions againpt Wilmington ? 83. Who cooperated with Sherman in. 8ouih CarolinU What can you tell about Sherman's march thi'ough South Carolina, and the result ? How came Charleston to be abandoned ? What can you tell of the junction of armies in North Carolina? 300 THE NATION. Sheridan's destructive operations. Defeat of Lee. met at Goldsboro' ' [March 22], while General J. E. Johnston, with the Confederate troops, were kept at bay near Raleigh.^ 84. In the mean time Sheridan marched, with a heavy caval- ry force, up the Shenandoah Valley, and in the neighborhood of Charlottesville he almost annihi- lated Early's army ^ at the beginning of March. He then swept over the country toward Lynchburg, destroy- ing the railway and canal communi- cations with Richmond. Moving swiftly around to the north of that city, he broke up the railway com- munications Avith Fredericksburof, GENERAL SHERIDAN. uud wlthout mucli opposltlou joined the Army of the James under General Ord toward the middle of March. 85. During the nine months that Grant and Lee faced each other on the James and Appomattox rivers,* hostile movements were frequent, and sometimes resulted in battles, which were almost always favorable to the Nationals. Finding his sup- plies cut oif by Sheridan's operations, Lee prepared to aban- don Richmond, march into North Carolina, and join John- ston." The watchful Grant would not allow it. Sheridan had joined him, and at the close of March [1865] the whole Army of the Potomac, with a part of that of the James, were in motion. After three days of hard fighting, during which time he lost more than 20,000 men, Lee was compelled to abandon his works at 1. Schofield's troops hnd a liattlo with the Confedorntos under Bragg, at Kinston, and Trere victorious. Two of Sherman's columnfl had conflicts with Johnston's troops after tlie former left Fayetteville. The cavalry of Kilpatricli and Wade Hampton also had some combats, in which the former were successful. 2. The capital of North Carolina. 3. Verse 70, page 294. 4. Verset 64 and 65, page 291 5. Beauregard superseded Hood in the command of the remnant of the Army of the Ten- nessee, after its disastrous expulpion by Thomas, and he in turn was superseded by Joha- eton, who was restored to the command of what was left of his old army. Questions —84. Give an account of Sheridan's attnclv on Early and his destructive raid around Richmond. 85. What can you tell about the armies of Grant and Lee ? What did Lee attempt, and why? How was ho prevented from joining Johnston? What can you tell of his flight and surrender i THE GREAT CIVIL WAR. 801 Surrender of Lee's Army President Lincoln in Richmond. Assassination of the President. Petersburg and Richmond, and fly westward, for the IsTational troops were across his path to North Carolina. On the 9th of April he surrendered the remainder oi'his army to Grant. 8G. On the monnng of the 3d of April, General Godfrey Weitzel, at the head of his colored troops, marched into Richmond.^ The mayor surrendered the city, and the people received them with joy. The Confederate " President," Cabinet, and Congress had fled, and with that flight the active power of the Rebellion passed away for ever. On the following day [April 4, 1SG5], President Lincoln, who had been at Grant's headquarters at City Point for several days, went up to Richmond, and in the parlor of the fugi- tive, Jefierson Davis, held a public reception of army officers and citizens.^ 87. The surrender of Lee's army gave assurance that the war was at an end; and there was great joy every Avhere. This joy was suddenly turned into mourning when intelligence went over the land that the President had been assassinated [April 14] in a public place in Washington City,^ and that the Secretary of State (Mr. Seward) had been tei'ribly wounded, at his house, at the same time." It was suspected that assassins had been hired by the so-called " Confederate Government," or its agents, to murder the 1. His corps (the Twenty-fifth), attached to the Army of the James, was composed wholly of co'ored troops. A portion of these were the first national troops that niarclied into Rich- mond. 2. Just one month before [March 4], Mr. Lincoln had been inaugurated President of the "United Slates for the second time, having been roelectod by an s not restrict the power of imposing direct taxes, to States onlj'. The Congress of the United States has power to do so, but only for the purpose of paying the national debts and providing for the national welfare. See Kent's Common- tarips 071 the Constitution, abridged edition, page SCO. Direct taxes had been laid three times by the National Congress, previous to the Great Civil War that broke out in 18G1, namely, in 1798. 1810, and 1815. 5. The "other persons" here mentioned were slaves. In making the apportionment, every five slaves are accounted three persons. QPESTiovs.— Art. I. Leg i dative, Department. Sec. I. R?citc Section I. In what body are all legislative powers vested ? Of what does Congress ronsist? Sec. II. Recite the \for-keeper, and postmaster. 3. That is to say, to declare unfit for duty, any civil oflicer of the United States. 1 his clause gives the Representatives of the people the right to inspect, inquire into, and supervise the several departments of the Government, from the President down. _ ^ r *!, 4. This gives nerfect eonality to the States, in one portion of the legislative branch of the Government. The small States of Rhode Island and Delaware have as much power in the National Senate as the large ones of New York and Ohio. Questions —Sec II. Zd Clause. How manv inhabit.ants, at least, are required for one reprerieiititive? What shall ench State have? What number of representatives respectively M-ere the States then in the Union entitled to? Of how many members, consequently, did the first House of R preventatives consist? Recite the 4fh Cl'iuse. H-.w are yac-ancies m the representation of a State to be filled? Recite the bth Clause. Who shall choose the olficersof the House of Representatives? ^ ,-. , Sec III Recite the l.s« (?/"?Me. Of whom shall the Senate be composed? By whom are the Senators chosen, and for what space of time? How many votes is each Senator enti- tled to ? 308 THE NATION. expiration of the second year, of the second class at the exj^ira- tion of the fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen every second year ; ^ and if vacancies happen by resignation, or otherwise, during the recess of the legislature of any State, the executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the legis- lature, which shall then fill such vacancies. Zd Clause. — No person shall be a senator who shall not have attained to the age of thirty years, and been a^iaiification of ^.^^ ^^^^ ^ ^YijvLQxi of the United StatesV^ and Avho shall not, w^hen elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen. A:tli Clause. — The Vice-President of the United States shall be Presiding- officer of president of the Senate, but shall have no vote, the Senate. unless they be equally divided.^ htJi Clause. — The Senate shall choose their other officers,* and also a president pro tempore, in the absence of the Vice- President, or when he shall exercise the office of President of the United States. 6^A Clause. — The Senate shall have the sole power to try all Senate, a court for impeachments : " When sitting for that pur- trial of impeach- pose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. '^®''*^* When the President of the United States is tried, the chief-justice^ shall preside: and no person shall be 1. This is a wise provision. It leaves representatives of the people in that branch, at all times, familiar with the legislation thereof, and therefore more efficient than if an entirely new delegation should be chosen at the end of six years. 2. This was .to allow a foreign-born citizen to make himself familiar with our institutions, before he should be eligible to "a seat in that highest legislative hall. 3. He is not a representative of any State. By this arrangement, the equality of the States is preserved. 4. Secretary, clerk, sergeant-at-arms, door-keeper, and postmaster. 5. Note 3, page 301. The House of Representatives, it will be observed, impeach the alleged oftender, that is to say, are his accusers, and the Senate constitutes the court where- in he is tried. 6, Verse 2, page 196. Questions.— Sec. III. Id Clause. Recite the 2d Clmise. Into how many classes were the Senators at first divided? In what order were their seats vacated? What proportion of Senators are cliosen every second year? Under what conditions may the E.xecutive or Governor Of a State fill a vacancy in the Senate ? How long may a Senator so appointed fill the office? How shall the v.acancy then be filled? Recite the 3^/ Clause. At wliat age is a person eligible to be a Senator? How long must he have been a citizen of the United States? What is required concerning his residence? What are the three requisites of a Senator? Recite the Mh Clause. Who shall be the President of the Senate? W'hen may he vote? Recite the hth Clause. What officers shall the St^nate choose ? What officers may they choose pro tempore., or for the time being, and under what conditions ? Recite the Qth Clause. What sole power lias the Senate? What sole power is given to the House of Representa- tives by the 5th Clause, Section II., Article I., of the Constitution? Under what conditions B.hall the Senate sit for the trial of impeachment? When shall the Chief-Justice of the United States preside in the Senate ? THE NATIOI^AL COIS^STITUTION. 309 convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present. 1th Clause. — Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not ex- tend further than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enioy any office of ^ &^®^ ' ^^ case 1 n T 1 IT • T o( of conviction, honor, trust or pront under the United btates: but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment and punishment, according to law.^ SECTION IV. 1st Clause. — The times, places and manner of holding elections for senators and representatives, shall be pre- -,, , . „ « i . ' A Elections of Sena- scribed in each State by the legislature thereof; tors and Repre- but the Congress may at any time, by law, sentatives. make or alter such regulations, exce2)t as to the places of choosing senators.^ 2d Clause. — The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall be on the jjeeting of Con- first Monday in December, unless they shall gress. by law appoint a difterent day.^ SECTION v. Ist Clause. — Each house shall be the judge of the elections, returns and qualifications of its own members, T • -^ r. Tin .-. . Organization of and a majority ol each shall constitute a quorum _, -. . Congress, to do business ; but a smaller number may ad- 1. This was a modification of tlie British Constitution, givino: greater exchisive jurisdic- tion to the National Judiciary. (Verse 2, page 196.) In Great Britain, the House of Com- mons accuses, and the House of Lords (answering to our Senate) tries the offender. The latter is also invested with power to punish in every form known to the laws, by ordering the infliction of fines, imprisonments, forfeiture of goods, banishment, and death. 2. This provision was to prevent the mischief that might arise at a time of intense party excitement, when the very existence of the National Congress might be at the mercy of the State legislatures. The place of choosing the Senators is where the Stale legislature shall be in session at the time. 3. This secured an annual meeting of the National legislature beyond the control of State legislation. The second, or l^st session of every Congress (note 1, page 300,) expires at twelve o'clock at noon on the 4th of March. jQuESTiONS.— Pec. III. Qih C/mtse. What proportion of the Senate shall be necessary to a conviction? Recite the Ith Clause. In cases of impeachment, how far may judgment ex- tend? To what is the convicted per^•on further liable ? Sec. IV. Recite the lat Clause. Wlint prescription is allowed to each State legislature in regard to elect'f^ns for members of the Congress ? What may the Congress do in the matter ? Recite the 2<1 ClnuRe. How often and at what time shall the Congress assemble ? How may a ditterent day be apponted ? Sbc, V. Recite the \st Clatcse. Of what may each House of Congress be the judge ? 310 THE NATION. journ from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the at tendance of absent members, in such manner, and under such pen- alties as each house may provide. Id Clause. — Each house may determine the rules of its pro- ceedings, punish its members for disorderly be- | Rules of procee - j-^^^j^^j.^ ^^^^^ y^\\h the Concurrence of tv/o-thirds, expel a member. 3^ Clause. — Each house shall keep a journal of its proceed- ings, and from time to time publish the same,^ Journal of Con- • , , • xi, • • j i. exceptmg such parts as may m their judgment require secrecy,' and the yeas and nays of the members of either house on any question shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal.^ ^th Clause. — Neither house, during the session of Congress, ^! Adjournment of shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn Congress. for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting." SECTION YI. \st Clause. — The senators and representatives shall receive .a Compensation and Compensation for their services, to be ascer- privileges of mem- tained by law, and paid out of the treasury of ^®^^* the United States.' They shall in all cases, ex- cept treason, felony and breach of the peace, be privileged from 1. The object is to preserve, for the use of the sovereign people, and make public for their benefit, every act of Congress. 2. There are occasio\iB when the public good requires secret legislation, and a withholding from the people a knowledge of measures discussed and adopted in Congress, as in a time of war, of insurrection, or of very important diplomatic negotiaiiors. 3. The object of this is to make a permanent record of the votes of members, so that the constituents of each may ki.ow their action ou important questions. It is a salutary regula- tion. 4. This is to prevent a majority, in either House, from interrupting, for more than three days, the legislation of Congress. 5. Formerly the members were paid a certain amount per day, wiih a specified amount for each mile traveled in going to and returning from the National cnpital. The present compensation is six thousand dollars for each Congress, or three thousand for each bcssion, ■with mileage. Questions.— Sec. V. \st Clause. What proportion shall constitute a quorum to do busi- ness? What power is given to a smaller number? What power is given these concerning absent members? Recite the 2 as a check to legislation th:it might impos" too heavy taxation on the smaller States. 4. This power is given to the President to arrest hasty or unconstitutional legislation, and to operate as a clieck o:i the encroachment on the rights and powers of one department over another, iiy legislation. It is not absolute, as the context shows, as it may be set aside by a vote of two-thirds of the members of the Senate and House of Reprentatives, who passed it. Questions.— Sec. VI. 1st Clansp. What are tie exceptions ? How is freedom in speech and debate secured to members of Conarp-;s? Recite the 2(1 Clttnse. How are members of Congress restricted concer.nng the holding of civil offices? What will pi event a person being a member of Congress? Sec. VII Recite tlie Ist Clause. In which Honse of Congress shall revenue bills origi- nate ? What may the Senate do? Recite the I'^l CUiufie. What shall be do -e with a bill after it has passed both Houses of Congress ? What must the President do with it ? What shall the House to which the bill may be returned with the President's objections or xeio do ? 312 THE NATION. the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if ap- proved by two-thirds of that house, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays ; and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each house respectively.' If any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been pre- sented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their adjournment prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. Sd Clause. — Every order, resolution, or vote to which the con- . 1^4. currence of the Senate aud House of Repi-e- Approval and veto , ^ powers of the sentatives may be necessary (except on a ques- President. ^j^j^ ^f adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United States ; and before the same sliall take effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and House of Rep- resentatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill.^ SECTION VIII. 1st Clause. — The Congress shall have power to lay and collect Powers vested in taxGS, duties, imj^osts and excises, to pay the Congrress. debts and provide for the common defence and general welfare of the United States ; but all duties, imposts and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States ; ^ 1. Note 3, p;»ffe 304. 2. This requirement is made that Congress may not pass, with the name of order, resolu- tion, or vote, what, as a bill, the President has already vetoed, as his method of returning a bill, with his objections, is called. 3. The power of Congress to lay and collect duties, etc., for national purposes, extends to the District of Columbia, and to the Territories of the United State.*, as well as to the States ; but Congress is not bound to extend a direct tax to the District and Territories. The stipulation that the taxes, etc., shall be uniform throughout the United States, is to prevent favors being shown to one State or section of the Republic, aud not to another. Questions.— Sec. VII. 2d Clause. When shall the bill be sent to the other House ? What shall accompany the bill? What shall the other House do ? If the bill shall be approved by two-thirds of both Houses, what then ? How shall the votes of the Houses be determined, in such cases? What shall be entered in the .iournals? Under what other conditions may a bill become a law ? What is the exception ? Recite the Zd C/au,9e. What mnst be done with every order, resolution, and vote, requiring the concurrence of both Houses, before they shall take effect? What is the exception ? How may such orders, resolutions, and votes be made effeofve, notwithstandinQ: the President's veto? Sec. VIII. Rocite xhe 1st Clause. What powers are given to the Congress concer^nng taxes, duties, imposts, excises, debts and the common defense of the United States? "^hat is said about the uniformity of duties, imposts, and excises? THE NATIONAL CONSTITUTION. 313 2d Clause. — To borrow money on the credit of the United States ; ' ^d Clause. — To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian tribes ; ^ 4:th Clause. — To establish an uniform rule of naturalization,** and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States ; * 5th Clause. — To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weiglits and measures ; ' Qth Clause. — To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States ; 1th Clause. — To establish post-ofiices and post-roads ; Sth Clause. — To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times, to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries ; '^ Qth Clause. — To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court ; ' 10th Clause. — To define and punish piracies and felonies com- mitted on the high seas, and offenses against the law of nations ; * 1. This was to enable the Government to provide for its expenses at a time of domcgtic insurrection or a foreign war, when the sources of revenue by taxation and impost, might be oliptructed. 2. Tliis power was lacking, under the Articles of Confederation (verse 2, pnge 150). It is one of the most important powers delegated by the people to their representatives, for it in- volves nat onal development and prosperity. 3. The power of naturalization was possessed by each State under the Confederat'on. There was such want of uniform'ty of laws on the subject, that confusion was already manifested, when the people, by the Constitution, vested the power exclusively in Congress. Thus a State is prohibited from discouraging emigration, or casting hindenuices in the way of ob- taining citizenship. By a recent decision of the attorney-gei eral of the Republic, every per- son born within its borders is entitled to the rights of citizenship. It is a birth-right. 4. Since the adoption of the Constitution of the United Slates, a State has authority to pass a bankrupt law, provided snch law does not impair the obligations of contracts within the meaning of the Constitution (art. i., sec. 10), and provided there be i o act of Congress in force to establish a uniform system of bankruptcy conflictirg with such law. 5. This was to insure uniformity in the metallic currency of the Republic, and of weights and measures, for the benefit of the people in commercial operations. 6. The first copy-right law was enacted in 1790, o i the petition of David Ramsay, the his- torian, and others. A copv-rieht, or patent-right to an invention, is given for a specified time. A copy-right is granted for 28 years, and a renewal for 14 years. Patents are granted for 17 vears, without the right of extension. 7. Verse 2, paire 196. 8. Congress has power to provide for the punishment of offenses committed by persons on board of an American ship, wherever that ship may be. Questions.— Sec. VIII. What power is given to Congress by the 2rl Clause? What power is eiven to Congress by the Zd Clause ? Whttt power is given to Corgress by the Wi Clause f What power 's given to Congress by the bt'i Clause ? What power is given to Congress by the 6?A Clause ? What power is given to Congress by the Ifh Clause 7 What power is given to Con- gress by the 8th Clause f What power is given to Congress by the 9^/i Clause? W^hat power is given to Congress by the lOth Clause? 14 314 THE NATION. 11th Clause. — To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water ; 12th Clause. — To raise and support armies, but no appropria- tion of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years ; ISth Clause. — To provide and maintain a navy ; 14th Clause. — To make rules for the government and regula- tion of the land and naval forces ; 15th Clause. — To provide for calling forth the militia to exe- cute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections and repel inva- sions ; IQth Clause. — To provide for organizing, arming, and dis- ciplining the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively, the appointment of the officers, and the au- thority of training the militia according to the discipline pre- scribed by Congress ; ' 11th Clause. — To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular States, and the acceptance of Con- gress, become the seat of the government of the United States," and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the con- sent of the legislature of the State in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards, and other needful buildings ; — And 18th Clause. — To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof. 1. Clauses 11 to 16 inclusive, define the Avar powers of the Government, such its grant- ine licenses to privateers (note 5, page 228), raising and supporting armed forces on land and sea, calling out the militia, etc. See Article Il.^of the Amendments to this Cons'.itution. These powers, used by the hand of an efficient and judicious Executive, are quite sufficient. The President cannot exercise any of them, until the power is given him by Congress, when he is bound by his oath to take care that all the laws shall be executed. 2. Congress has authoi'ity to impose a direct tax on the District of Columbia (note 3, page 306), in proportion to the census directed by the Constitution to be taken. Questions.— Sec. VIII. What power is given to Congress by the ll^A Clause f Wl'at power is given to Congress by the 12^^ Clause ? What power is given to Congress by the IZth Clause? What power is given to Corgr^'sn hy the. l^th Clause? What power is given to Congress by the 15th Clause ? What power is given to Congress bv the 16t/i Clause? What is reserved to the States respectively ? What power is given to Congress by the Vlth Clause? What power is given to Congress by the 18th Clause? THE l^ATIONAL CONSTITUTION. 315 SECTION IX. 1st Clause. — The migration or importation of such persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the ^"""^^dSitted ^""^ Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person/ 2d Clause. — The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of re- , ,,. " \ . ,, , ,. ^ , Habeas Corpus, bell ion or invasion the public saiety may re- quire it.'^ Sd Clause. — No bill of attainder^ or ex post ^, . . facto law * shall be passed. 4th Clause. — No capitation, or other direct, tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census or enumera- tion hereinbefore directed to be taken. ^ 5th Clause. — No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State. 6th Clause. — No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to the ports of one State over those of another : nor shall vessels bound ^^^^^1^^^°^^ ^ ^^' to, or from, one State, be obliged to enter, & u i s. clear, or pay duties in another." 1. The object of this clause wis to end the slave-trnrle, or the importatioi of j^egroes from Africa, to brcomo plaves in the United States, after the fir;?t of January, 1808. The Articles of Coifi'dcrat'on nllo-wed any State to contii.ue the traffic indofi ittly, for the States were indop.Mideiit of oacli other, and the organic law was sileiit on the eubject. The importation of slaves after the beginning of 1808, Avas prohibited under severe penalties by the Act of March 2, 1807. Acts o i the subject have since been passed by Co gress from time to time. That of 1820 declared tlie foreign slave-trade to be piracy, 'in July, ISii'i, Conjrress made provi.aions for carrying into effect a treaty Avith Great Brittain for the suppression of the slave-trade. A domestic slave-trade was kept up until the beginning of the Civil War, in 1861. It was Virginia's larccst source of revenue. 2. This is a writ for delivering a person from false imprisonment, or for removing a per- son from one court to another. The act of suspending the privilege of the writ must be done l)y the Executive, in the cases specified, \inder the authority of an Act of Congress. 3. A deprivation of power to inherit or transmit property, a hiss of civil r'ghts, etc. 4. Declaring an act criminal or pen il, which was innocent when committed. 5. This was to secure uniformity in tixes laid on per.ions or on lands. 6. To secure free trade between tlie States, that one might not have an advantage over another, was the object of these two clauses. Questions.— Sec. IX. Recite the 1st C7nvfte. What restrictions were imposed upon Con- gress concerning the migration or imp )rt it'on of ccr'ain person?, meaning slaves, from Afric>a <>r elsewhere? What was the limit of thai restriction? What tax or duty might be laid ? Recite the 2d (Vause. What is said concerning the suspension of the privilege of the ■writ of haheas corpus f What does the 3d Clause prohibit ? What is said in the 4t/i Ckmse about taxation ? What does the bth Clmcse prohibit concerning exportation from any State ? What does the 6^ Claxme provide concerning the commerce between the States? 316 THE NATION. *lth Clause. — I^o money shall be draw from the treasury, but in consequence of appropriations made by law : Money, how drawn. ^ , . ^ r. -, and a regular statement and account of the receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from time to time.^ Sth Clause. — No title of nobility shall be granted by the United „.^, ^ , States: And no person holdino^ any office of Titles of nobility ^^ . . t i , 11 . , prohibited pi'ont or trust under them, shall, without the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state. ^ S E CTI o N X. 1st Clause. — l^o State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation; grant letters of marque and re- Powers of States de- -1 . -^ 1 -n x* Tx 1 prisal ; com money ; emit bills 01 credit ; make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts ; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility. 2 c? Clause. — No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any impost or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws ; and the net produce of all duties and imposts, laid by any State on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the ti-easury of the United Stales ; and all such laAvs shall be subject to the revision and con- trol of the Congress. 3c? Clause. — No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keejD troops, or ships-of-war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another State, 1. This gives to Congress the control of the money belonging to the Republic, and places it beyo'id the reaoh of the Executive. 2. This was to secure equality of rights and privileges among the citizens, and to check the bad eflects of foreign influences in the form of aristocratic diytiiictions. Questions. — Sec. IX. What is provided in the Wi Clause in relation to the drawing of money from the Treasury, and a statement and account of receipts and expenditures? Recite the 8^^ C7f/M.st be clioseii, in each State, on the 'J'uesday next after the first Moiiday in the month of November of the year in which they are to be elected. In the preceding por- tion of this history, when the election of a President is spoken of, it is meant tnat electors favorable to such candidates were chosen at that time. 2. For exainpU s, see verse 2, page 243, and verse 3, page 255. 3. Provision has been made for the PreBidcnt of the Senate, for the time being, or if there shall be no such officer, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, shall perform the execut ve functions. 4. The salary of the Pres'dent was fixed by the first Conirre«s at $25,000 a year, and that of the Vice-President at .$8,000, and such they are at present. The salary for each entire term was so fixed, that the executive mi^ht be independent of the legislative department for it. Questions.— Recite the 3*7 Clause of Section I., Article II. What may Congress deter- mine concerning electors ? What is said about the day on which electors shall vote? R"cite the 4th Clnuftf. Wh.at is said about the birth-place of a person being el'gil'le for the office of President? What shrdi be his age, at least, and the time nf h's residence in the United Stat(8? Recite the Uh Chntse On whom s^iall the office of President devolve, in t>ie event of the death or disability of that officer ? What power is given to Congress for tilling tlie places of Presiilent and Vice-President? Rec'te i\u^. Qth Clause . Wl)at is said concerning tie President's compensation ? What restrictions are laid upon him? What does the 7^A Clause declare that the President shall do? THE IN^ATIONAL CONSTITUTION. 319 ^th Clause. — Before lie enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the following oath or affirmation: — "I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Copstitution of the United States." SECTION II. 1st Clause. — The President shall be commander-in-chief of the army and navv of the United States, and of the militia of 'the several States, when called i^uties of the Pres- into the actual service of the United States ; ' he may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices,^ and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the United States, except in cases of impeachment.^ 2c? Clause. — He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, pro- vided two-thirds of the senators present concur; treaties,^ app(Snt and he shall nominate, and by and with the ami>assadors, advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint ^^*^^®^' ^*°- ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law^:* but the Congress may by law vest 1. This was to insure unity and efficiency in action, when foreign war or domestic ii sur- rection should call for the services of the armj^ and navj'. His large powers as Executive are directed l>y constitutional provisions. He is the arm of the nation to execute its bidding. 2. Verse 2, page 196. 3. It is presumed that the Executive is above the personal, local, or sectional influences that might be brought to bear, in these cases, on the courts oron leg slative bodies. The Ex- ecutive, according to a decision of the Supreme Court, has power to grant a pardon before trial or conviction. See Brightley's AncdyticaL Digest of the Laics of the United States, page 7, note (p). 4. The President is presumed to be more fully informed concerning the foreign relations of the Republic, and the fitness of men for the "highest oflices. The Senate represents the leg'slative department of the Government in treats-making and the appointment of high officers, and is a check on the Executive against any encroachments on the rights of Con- gress in the matter, QuKSTiONS.— Sec. II, Recite the 1st Clause Of what, and under what circumstances, shall the Presideiit be ?» commander in-chief ? What may he require of the officers of the executive departments? Wliat powers are given him concerninfi: reprieves and pardons? Wliat is the exceptio' ? What power is given to the President by the 2d Chtuse? What proviso is made? What officers of the government shall he nominate, and, by and with the advice of the Senate, appoint? What may the Congress do concerning ai^polnt- ments ? 320 THE NATION. the appointment of such inferior officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments. 3 J Clause. — The President shall have pov/er to fill up all vacancies that may happen during the recess May fill vacancies. ^^ ^^^ Senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of their next session.^ SECTION III. He shall from time to time give to the Congress information of the state of the Union, and recommend to o convene ^^^^^y. consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient;^ he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both houses, or either of them,^ and in case of disagreement between them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper ; he shall receive ambassadors and other pub- lic ministers ; * he shall take care that the laws be faithfully exe- cuted, and shall commission all the officers of the United States. SECTION IV. The President, Vice-President and all civil officers of the How officers may United States, shall be removed from office be renaoved. on impeachment for, and conviction of, trea- son, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors.^ 1 This limitatioi to executive .ippointmonts is to prevent the President from neutral- izing the a-tion of the Senate ;is a coord nate power. 2. It is the practice of the President to submit to Congress, nt tlie opening of each pee- sio;), a statemeiit of national affairs. This is called h's Annual Message. Washington and John Adams read their m.essages in person to the assemhled Congress." Jetfersoii first sent his mc-ssage to them, by his private secretary. That jiractice is still kept up. 3. Tiie President, with his better information concerning national affairs, can best judge when an extraordii:ary session of Congress may be necess.ary. 4. He may also refuse to receive them, and thereby annul or prevent diplomatic relations between the United States and any country. 5. See note 5, page 302, Questions.- Sec. II. Recite the Zd Clause. What power is given to the President for filling vacanci'^s ? What is the duration of such commissions ? S«:c. III. What information is the President required to give to the Congress? What recommendations shall he make ? What may he do on extraordinary occasions ? When may the President adjourn the Congress? What is his duty respeclina; ambassadors? What is his duty concerning the execution of the laws, and the commissioning of government offi- cers ? Sec, IV. For -what crimes may all civil ofiicers of the Government be removed, and by •what method? THE NATIOXAL CO^N^STITUTIOaN-. 321 A R T I C L E 1 1 I . SECTION I. The judicial power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme court/ and in such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to Judicial power, how V6sted time ordain and establish. The judges, both of the supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated times, receive for their ser- vices, a compensation, which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office. SECTIOI^ II. Ist Clause. — The judicial j^ower shall extend to all cases, in la\v and equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority ; — to all cases aliecting ambas- T .1 IT ... T ^ To what cases it ex- sadors, other public mmisters, and consuls : — „ 7. -1 . 1 n . . o . tends, to ail cases oi admiralty and maritime juris- diction ; — to controversies to which the Unl^ted States shall be a l^arty ;- — to controversies between two or more States ; — between a State and citizens of another State ; — between citizens of differ- ent States ; "^ — between citizens of the same State claiming lands under grants of diffisrent States, and between a State, or the citizens thereof, and foreign states, citizens or subjects. 2d Clause. — In all cases affecting ambassadors, other i>ublic 1. Verse 2, page 196. This section provides that the Supreme Court shall be a coordinate branch of the National Goveriiment, yet indepciident of and distinct from both the legisla- tive and executive departments. The poAvers of tiie National Government, it will be seen, &YGi\\Yce^o\d^\\axnQ\y, Icgislatire, judicial, und expcutire. TJie first euat'ts laws; the seco d interprets them, and the third enforces them. The Supreme Court consists of one chicf- ju^^t ce and several associate justices, who hold an annual session at the national capital, commencing; on the day when Congress meets — first Wednesday in December. 2. A citizen of the District of Columbia (verse 3, page 196) is not a citizen of a State, with- in the meaning of this Constitution, The District is under the immediate control of Con- gress, and has neither a legislature or governoi-. Questions. Art. III. JudidnJ Department. Sec. I. In what body or bodies is the judi- cial power of the Republic vested ? By what tenure do the judges hold their offices ? What is said about compensation for their services? Sec. II. Recite the \st Claune. How ninny subjects are named, in which th" United States courts have jurisdiction? Name the 1st ? Name the 2(1 ? Name the 3d? Name the 4lh ? Name the 5th ? Name the 6th ? Name the 7th ? Name the Sth ? Name the 9th ? 14* 822 THE NATION. ministers and consuls, and those in which a State shall be party, the supreme court shall have original jurisdic- Supreme^Coixrt - ^ ^^on. In all the other cases before mentioned, the supreme court shall have appellate jurisdic- tion, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions, and under such regulations as the Congress shall make. 3d Clause. — The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeach- ment,^ shall be by jury ; and such trial shall be Rules respecting i^gj^ {^ ^^^^ g^^te where the said crimes shall have been committed ; but when not commit- ted within any State, the trial shall be at such place ol* places as the Congress may by law have directed.^ SECTION III. 1st Clause. — Treason against the United States, shall consist », J ^ J only in levyino* war asrainst them, or in adhering^ Treason defined. -^ . "^ f . . , ' , ^ ■, to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. 2c? Glaiiss. — No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. 3d Clattss. — The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but no attainder of How punisHed. ^^,^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^.^^.j, corruption of blood, or for- feiture except during the life of the person attainted.* 1. Note 5, page 302. 2. See AraeiKlments to the Constitution, Articles V.. VI., VIT., VIII. 3. At the tri:il of Aaron Burr (verse 4, page 205), Ch'ef-Justice Marshall said " yVry combination to subvert by force the Governmei.t of the United Staes ; violently to dismem- ber the Union ; to conipei a change in the administration, to coerce the repenl or adoption of a general law, is a coyispiracij to levy war. And if conspiracy be carried ii.to efiect liy the actual employment of force, by the embodying and assembling of men for the purpose of executing the treasonable design which -vvas previously coi.ceived, it amounts to levyii.g war." 4. See note 3, page 309. The limit as to forfeiture applies only to the real estate of the criminal, which, at his death, must be restored to his heirs or assigns. The dower right of his wife also remains untouched. See Kent's Commentaries on American Law, v. 464. This is more humane than the English law of treason. It does not punish the innocent wife and children of a criminal on account of his crimes. QoESTiONS.— Sec. II Recite the 2d Clause. In what cases shaU the Supreme Court have original jurisdiction ? Wliat is its jur sts due to foreigners, and obligations to other creditors, survive a change in the Goverimnent." QcESTiONS.— Article V. Of what does th's ;)rti(']e treat ? In what ways mny amend- ments to the Co stitntion be prorosrd? How shall nmt ndnHMits be made a part of t'le Con- etitntion ? W^nt res'ri-iions were imposed concerning the 1st and 2d ("lattsef^ of the nir.th section of the tirst article? Roc'te tlu>se c'.auses ? Have those restrictions any force now ? "Why not ? What 's said of the equality of the States in the Senate ? Article VI. Recite the Is^ Clause. What is said of the validity of former public debts ? 326 THE NATION. Id Clause. — This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance there- Supreme law of the ^ J Ij treaties made, or which shall be land defined. ' ' made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land ; and the judges in every State shall be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding.' ?,d Clause. — The senators and representatives before men- „ , tioned, and the members of the several State Oath, of whom re- ' . t • t • i «^ quired, and for legislatures, and all executive and judicial offi- what. ^gj.g^ both of the United States and of the sev- eral States, shall be bound by oath or affirmation, to support this Constitution ; ^ but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or pubHc trust under the United States.^ APwTICLE VII. The ratification of the conventions of nine States, shall be sufficient for the establishment of this Consti- Ratification. tution between the States so ratifying the eame.* Done in convention by the unanimous consent of the States present the seventeenth day of September in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven and of the independence of the United States of America the 1. A c'ear a'ld positive declaration of the eupremacy of the National Govcrnmtnt, resist- ance to wh'ch is Ireaso \ 2 State officers are bound to support the Constitution because they may be required to perform some service in giving effect to that "supreme law of the lai;d," in other words, of the Renublic. 3. This is to prevent a political union of church and state, which is always prejudicial to the best interests of both. 4. 8 'e verse 9, pago 194. The conventions of the reople in the several States r?itified the Co'stitutioii in the foliowina: order . Drlmrnrc, December 7. 1787 ; Pennsvlvavia, December 12, 1787 -, New Jersn^u December IS, ]7f'7 ; Gpotsui, .Tanravv 2, 1788 ; Cnnnpcticuf, January 9,1788-, Mnssar/ntspttn, Febrnarv fi, 1"88; 3fari//and, AprU' ?», 1788; So^fffi CnrnJmn, May 23, 1788 ; Neic Hampshire, Jnne"fl, 1788 , Virginia, Jure 26. 1788 ; New York, July 26, 1788 ; North Carolina, November 21, 1789 ; Rhode Island, May 29, 1790. Questions. — Articlk VI. Eecite the 2 At the first session of the First Congress, begun and held in the city of New York, on Wednesday, the 4th of Marcli, 1789, many amendments to the National Constitution were oiiered for consideration. The Congress proposed ten of them to the legis- latures of the several States. These were ratified by the constitu- tional number of State legislatures * in the middle of December, 1791. Another was proposed on the 5th of March, 1794," and still another on the 12th of December, 1803.'' These were duly ratified, and became, with the other ten, a part of the National Constitution. A thirteenth amendment was proposed by Con- gress on the 1st of May, 1810, but has never been ratified.' The folio win fi^ arc the amendments : 1. V( rse 10, page 143. 2. The i'ollov/ing arc the names of the deputies representing the several States, and the order in which they signed their names . NEW HAMPSHIRE. JouN Laxgdon, IVICHOLAS GiLMAX. MASSACHUSETTS. Nathaniel GonnAM, KcFus King. CONXECTICUT. William Sa.m'l Johnson. Roger Sherman. NEW YORK. Alexander Hamilton. NEW JERSEY. William Livingston, David Brfarley, William Paterson, Jonathan Dayton. Attest : Geohge Wastiington, Frcsldent^ and Deputy from Virginia. PENNSYLVANIA. BsNJAMiN Franklin, Thomas Mifflin, Robert Morris, Thomas Clymer, Thomas Fitz Simons, Jared Ixgersoll, James Wilson, GoUVERNEUR MORRIS. DELAWARE. George Reed, Gunning Bedford, Jr., John Dickinson, Richard Bassett, Jacob Broom. MARYLAND. James McIIenry, Daniel of St. Thos. Ji Daniel Carroll. VIRGINIA. John Blair, James Madison, Jr. NORTH CAROLINA. William Blouxt, Richard Dobbs Spaight, Hugh Williamson. SOUTH CAROLINA. John Rittledge, Charles C. Pinckney, (Charles Pinckney, Pierce Butler. GEORGIA. William Few, Abraham Baldwin. William Jackson, Secretary. 3. The Amendments to the Constitution, excepting the Twelfth, are authoritative declar- ntions securinPT to the pec.plc a-^d the sevornl States, certain rights, against any possihle en- croachments of the Congre?e. They form a Bill of Rights. 4. Article VII., pacro 320. 5. T?atified in 1798. R. Ratified in 1S04. 7. It was to prohibit citizens of the United States accepting, claiming, receiving, or re- Opfstioxs.— Amendmevts. When and whore were nmondments to t'-'C Constitution offered to the Concrrc'ss? Whnt did the Coneress do? Hnw manv amendments wer^ rati- fied ? Wliat others were proposed, and when were they ratified ? What can you tell about a thirteenth amendment ? 328 THE NATION. ARTICLE I. Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of Freedom in relig-ion leligion, or prohibiting the free exercise there- and speecii, and of; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of e press. ^|,^ ^^.^^^ . ^^. ^^^^ ^,.^j^^ ^^. ^^^ people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for rediess of griev- ances.^ A R T I C L E 1 1 . A well-regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a Militia. ^^'^^ state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed. ARTICLE III. No soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, _, ,^. without the consent of the owner, nor in time of Soldiers. ^ . ^ .-,-.-,, o war, but m a manner to be prescribed by law. ARTICLE IV The right of the peopk* to be secure in their persons, houses, i^apers, and effects, against unreasonable search- Search warrants. , . t n . ^ • ^ ^ j j es and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.^ tnininsr any tith^ of nohilitv or honor, or any present, pension, office, or emolument of any kind whatever, from any "person, Ki'isr, Prince, or foreiarn Power," without ihe consent of Congress, under the penalty of disfranchisement, or ceasing to be a citizen of tlie United States. 1. This article ijives an adrlitional assurance of religious freedom. See clause 3d, Article VT., of the Constitution It also secures the invaluable right of the freedom of speech ard of the press ; and the privilege for the peop'eof making their grievances knoAvn to the Na- tio'^al Government. 2. This is to protect citizens, in time of neaoe, from the oppressicms of m.ilitary power, and to secure uniforn-'itv in the i;iilo8 for quartering poMitrs upon citizcii^s in time of war. 3. The security of the privnte citizen from an infringement of his rights by public officers, herein guaranteed, is in accordance with the English maxim that " Every man's house is his castle." See verse 4, page 116. Questions. — Article I. Rec'te the first amendment to the Constitution ? What sub- ject« are the Cono'rcss prohibited from making laws unon ? Article II. Recite this article? What is declared concerning the militia, and rights of the reorle ? Article JIT. Recite this Articl". Article IV. Recite this article ? "What right are the people to be secure in? What is declared concerning warrants ? THE NATIONAL CONSTITUTION. 329 ARTICLE V. 'No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or in- -,. ^ ^ n T • . ' • Capital crimes, dictnient of a grand jury, except ui cases aris- ing in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual ^^ervice in time of war and public danger ; ^ nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or Hmb ; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor to be deprived of life, liberty, or property, w^ithout due process of law ; nor shall private projDerty be taken for public use, without just compensation." ARTICLE YI. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation ; to be confronted with the witnesses against him ; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel ibr his defense. ARTICLE VII. In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury ®^'^*^ iaw?°'^'^°'' shall be otherwise reexamined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of common law. 1 In snch cases offenses are within the jurisdiction of the military and naval courts martial. 2. These prohibitions do not relate to State governments, but to the National Govern- ment, arcordni!? to a decision of the Supreme Court. The several Slates make their own laws on these subjects. Questions. — Article V. What is declared co- ccrning Ihc ho'dincr of persons to answer for alleged offenses? What is said about a second trial for the same olfcnae? In v/hat case sh:di a person not be compelled to testify in court? What 2unrai:tce of protection is prom- ised ? When only c-m private property be taken for the public use? Article VI. What ritrht shall a ]ier6on accused of crime enjoy ? What ricrht as to the witnesses tliat may ap: -.ear against him ? What method is secured to him for obtaining wit- nesses in his favor, and the obtaining of counsel ? Article VII. In what civil cases shall the right of tri.al by jury be preserved? In what way shall the reexamination of facte tried by a jury, be made ? 330 THE NATION. ARTICLE VIII. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, Bail. nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.^ ARTICLE IX. The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights, shall Certain rights de- ^^* ^^ construed to deny or disparage others fined. retained by the people.'' ARTICLE X. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Consti- tution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are Rigrhts reserved. t t o • i i reserved to the btates respectively, or to the people.^ ARTICLE XI. The judicial power of the United Slates sliall not be con- strued to extend to any suit in law or equity, Judicial power commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign state." ARTICLE XII. The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by Amendment re- ballot for President and Vice-President, one of spectingr the eiec- ^r^om, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of and Vice-Presi- the Same State with themselves ; they shall dent. name in their ballots the person voted for as 1. The^e several amendments concerning the operations of law through the instrumen- talily of tlie courts, are all intended to secure the citizen against the arbitrary exercise of power on the part of the judiciary. 2. That is to say, because certain rights and powers of the people are not enumerated in the Constitutiiin, it is not to be inferred that they are denied. 3. This is simply an enunclaiion of the broad democratic principle, that the people are the true sources of all political power. 4. This is to limit the judicial power of the National courts. Previous to the adoption of this amendment, the Supreme Court had decided that the power of the National judiciary extended to suits brought by or against a State of the Republic. Now, no person has a right to commence a per.«o;ia! suit against a Slate, in the Supreme Court of the United States, for the recovery of property seized and sold by a State. Questions. — Article VIII. What does this article declare? Article IX. What does this article declare? Article X. What does this article declare? Article XL What does this article declare? THE NATIONAL CONSTITUTION. ' 331 President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice- President, and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the Government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate ; — the President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the Azotes shall then be counted ; — the person having the greatest number of votes for President, shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed ; and if no person have such majority, the^ from the persons having the high- est numbers not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing tlie President, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall ac t as Presi- dent, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President. The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President, shall be the Vice-Pi'esident, if such num- ber be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed, and if no person have a majority, then, from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice-President ; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of senators, and a majorty of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States.^ 1. This aTQendraent is a substitute for the od clause, Section II., of Article I. of the Con- etitution. See note 3, page 311. Questions —Article XII. What doe^ this article declare? In what connection have we cone'dered the Twelfth Article of the Constitution, which relates to the election of Pres- ident and Vice-President of the United States? 332 * THE NATI01S-. THE NEW STATES, 1. When the National Government was established, in 1789, under the Constitution that we have just been considering,' the num- ber of the States in the Union was thirteen ; namely, New Hamp- shire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Caro- lina, South Carolina, and Georgia. These were the colonies v/hose people were united in the Revolutionary struggle, and who, for a national purpose, collectively declared themselves independent of Great Britain.^ In each of these colonies State Governments were formed in 1776 and 1777, on the recommendation of the Continental Congress, and these formed the Old Confederation, or League of States,^ which ended on the 4th of March, 1789, when the Nation commenced its career under the new Constitution. 2. Stability being given to the Government, private enterprise began its work. A stream of emigrants Ho wed into the rich wilderness west of the Alleghany mountains," and materials for new States were speedily organized. From that time the Repub- lic has grown rapidly, and the number of States has increased from thirteen to thirty-five, while no less than nine organized and immense Territories — each large enough to make several States — ^re preparing to ask for admission into the Union. 3. Lying east of Lake Champlain was a territory called the New Hampshire Grants. It was claimed by New York and New Hampshire. It was finally organized into an independent State, with the name of Vermont, and was admitted into the Union on the 4th of March, 1791. At the same time, a vast region west of tlie Alleghany mountains, forming a part of Virginia, was becom- ing populous, and a portion of it Avas admitted as a State on the 1st of June, 1792, with the name of Kentucky. Four years later, a large territory south of Kentucky was ceded to the United States by North Carolina, and on the 1st of June, 1796, it was admitted into the Union as a State, with the name of Tennessee. 1. Page 299. 2. Verse 10, page 143. 3. Verse 2, page 150. 4. Note 6, page 98. Questions.— 1. What was the number of thn States when the National Constitution was formed? Name them. What were they ? What had they done ? 2. Whnt was the conse- qnence of Government stability? What have you to aav about emigration? What about the growth of the Republic ? 3. What can you tell about Vermont ? What can you tell ''i.b^ut Kentucky ? What can you tell about Tennessee ? THE NEW STATES. 333 4. In the year 1802, Ohio was admitted as a State. It was formed from a part of the North-western Territory,' which Vir- ginia and Connecticut had ceded to the United States. Ohio was organized as a separate government in May, 1800, and admitted as a State on the 29th of November, 1802. Ten years elapsed before another State took its place in the chister of the great commonwealths that form our Republic. That State was Lou- isiana, formed of a portion of the magnificent domain purchased from France in April, 1803." It was admitted as a State on the 8th of April, 1812. 5. IxDiANA was formed out of a portion of the North-western Territory. A Territorial government was first organized in May, 1800, simultaneously with that of Ohio, when it included Illinois. It was divided in 1809, and the western portion became the Terri- tory of Illinois. It was admitted as a State on the 11th of De- cember, 1816. One year later, Mississippi was added to the Union. It Avas formed from territory ceded to the United States by South Carolina and Georgia, and was admitted as a State on the 10th of December, 1817. 6. The Territory of Illinois, separated from Indiana in 1809, steadily increased in population, and on the 3d of December, 1818, was admitted as a State. Alabama followed, a year later. It had been a part of the Territory of Mississippi. It was organ- ized as a separate government in the spring of 1817, and was admitted as a State on the 14th of December, 1819. Up to that tune, Maine had been a District of Massachusetts, and under the jurisdiction of that State, when, with the concurrence of that commonwealth, its people asked for its admission as a State. The request was granted by Congress on the 15th of March, 1820. 7. Missouri was a part of the domain of Louisiana, and was under the jurisdiction of the governor and judges of the Indiana Territory, It was formed into a separate Territory in 1812. In 1819 it was divided, and the southern part was organized into the Territory of Arkansas. Missouri was admitted to the Union as a 1. Note 6, pige 197. 2. Verse 1, page 203. Questions.— 4. What can yoti tell nhout Ohio? What cnn you tell about Lon'siana? 5. What c-.in yon tell abont Indiana? What can you tell about Mississippi? 6, Whnt can you tell about lUino's? Whr>t can 5'ou tell about Alabama? What can you tell about Maine? 7. What can von tell about Missouri ? 334 THE NATIOT^. State on the 10th of August, 1821.' And now, for the space of fifteen years, no new State was added to the Union. Then, on the 15th of June, 1836, Arkansas was admitted, and the growth again commenced. Michigan, formerly a part of the Territory of Indiana,' was given a separate government in 1805, and on the 26th of- January, 1837, it was admitted into the Union as a State. 8. The Spanish Territory of the Floridas was ceded to the United States in 1819.' They were called JEast and West Florida. They were made one Territory in 1823 ; and on the 3d of March, 1845, it was admitted as a State, with the name of Florida. On the 19th of December, 1845, Texas, which for nine years had been a sovereign state and independent republic," was admitted into the Union as a State, by the joint action of the legislature of each National Government. In the resolution of annexation, it was provided that four new States might be formed of the terri- tory of the State of Texas, and admitted into the Union. 9. In 1836, a Territory named Wisconsin was formed of a part of the Michigan Territory,^ and in 1838 a portion of that domain, lying west of the Mississippi, was formed into a separate Terri- tory. It was admitted into the Union as a State, with the name of Iowa, on the 28th of December, 1846. Wisconsin was ad- mitted as a State on the 29th of May, 1848 ; and, three years and a half later, a part of the territory on the Pncitic ocean, acquired by conquest and purchase from Mexico, was organized as a State, and admitted into the Union as such on the 9th of September, 1850, with the name of California.''' 10. Eight years now passed by before another State was a(i'ded, when, on the 11th of May, 1858, a part of the ancient domain of Louisiana, lying on the Mississippi river, was admitted as a State, with the beautiful Indian name of Minnesota. .A few months later, another portion of that niagnillcent domain of Louisiana, lying on the Pacific ocean, which had been organized into a Territory in 1848, was admitted [February 14, 1859] as a 1. Verse 4, page 233. 2. Verse 5, page 327. 3. Verse 3, page 232. 4. Note 2, page 245. 5. Verse 7, page 327. 6. Verses 2 ai.d 3, page 255. Questions.— 7. What can j'ou tell about Arkansas and Michigan? 8. What can you tell about Florida ? What can you tell about Texas? 9. What can you tell about Iowa ? What can you tell about Wiscoaein ? What can you tell about California ? 10. What can you tell about Minnesota? THE NEW STATES. 335 State, with the title of Oregon. Still another portion of ancient Louisiana was erected into a Territory in 1854, with the name of Kansas, and was admitted as a State on the 29th of January, 1861. 11. The Civil War produced a new State by the division of Virginia. It was admitted into the Union as the thirty-fifth State. The people of that part of the State which lies chiefly between the Alleghany mountains and the Ohio river, and con- tained, in 1860, a population of about three hundred and thirty- five tliousand souls, were generally loyal to the National Govern- ment when the rebellion broke out in 1861. They met in conven- tion at Wheeling, in June of that year, and organized a State government. A constitution was adopted in convention, in No- vember following, and was ratified by the people in May, 1862. WejiT Virginia was admitted into the Union as a State on the 20th of June, 1863, by the authority of an act of Congress, passed on the 31st of December, 1862. On the 31st of'October, 1864, Nevada was admitted as a State (the thirty-sixth) by the procla- mation of the President. 12. There are eic^ht orgjanized Territories belono^ino^ to the Republic, in which regular governments have been established by acts of Congress, passed respectively at the following dates : For the admission of Neio Mexico and Utah^ September 9, 1850 ; Washington^ March 2, 1853 ; Nebraska^ May 30, 1854 ; Colorado ■and Dakota^ March 9, 1861 ; Arizona^ February 24, 1863, and Idaho^' March 3, 1863. The District of Columhia, lying on the Potomac,'^ is the seat of the National Government, and is under the immediate control of Congress.^ 1. Pronounced I-dah'-o. 2. Verse 3, p;ige 196. 3. Note 2. page 315. The District originallj' compriped territory on each side of the Po- tomac, ten miles square, which was ceded to the United States by the States of Maryland and Virginia. The portion on the Maryland side, on which the city of Washington was sit- uated, was a county named Wasliinsrtoh, and that on the Virginia side was a county named Alexandria. On the 9th of July, 1846, Alexandria coui.ty was rttroceded to Virginia, and the :u-ea of the District was diminished by so much. Questions.— 10. TVhat can you tell about Oregon's What can you tell about Kansas? 11. What can you tell about West Virginia? 12. How many organized Territories are there ■within the domain of this Republic? Name them, and trive the dates of their respective organization. What can you tell about the District of Columbia ? REVIEW QUESTIONS THE ABORIGINES. PACK 1. What can you tell about the people found in America by tlie Europeans ? . . . . . . .5 2. What can you tell about their language and physical character ? 5 3. What were their dwellings, implements, food, dress, money, and records ? . . . . • . . .6 4. What were their pursuits, weapons, and dealings with prisoners ? and what was the method of peace-making, and the con- dition of the women ? . . . . . .7 5. What can you tell about their funerals and burials ? . .7 6. What w^as "their religion ? . . . . . .8 7. What was their government, and what appears to be their destiny ?*........ 9 DISCOVERIES. 1. What can you tell about alleged discoveries by Northmen ? . 10 3. What circumstances kept Western Europe from the commerce of the East? . . . . . . .11 3. What can you tell about the movements of Columbus ? . .11 4. Who aided Columbus ? and how ? . . . . .12 5. Give an account of his first exploring voyage, . . .12 6. How came this continent to be called America ? . . .13 7. What settlements and what other discoveries were made by the Spaniards ? . . . . . . .14 8. What occurred in Florida and Mexico ? . . . .14 9. What can you tell about De Soto's expedition ? . . .15 10. What can vou tell about the king of England, and the expedition oftheCabots? . . . . . . .15 11. Give an account of other voyages and discoveries by Sebastian Cabot. . . . . . . . .16 12. What can you tell of a voyage and discoveries by Verazzani ? .16 13. Give an account of the first voyage and the discoveries of Cartier. 16 14. Give an account of the second voyage and the discoveries of Cartier. ........ 17 15. What important religious movement took place in France ? .17 16. What emigration from France occurred ? . . . .18 17. What can you tell about the attempts at settlement by the Hu- guenots, and their misfortunes ? . . . .18 18. What now occurred in England ? . , . . .18 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 337 PAGE 19. What can you tell about Raleigh's efforts and expeditions ? .19 20. What did Gosnold do ? . . . . . .20 21. What can you tell about Captains Pring aud Weymouth ? . 20 22. What can you tell of De Mont's expeditions, and the discovery of Lake Champ] aiu ? . . . . . .21 23. What did English merchants and mariners do ? . . .21 24. What can you tell about the voyages and discoveries of Henry Hudson? . . . . . . .22 25. What great movements now took place ? . . . .23 SETTLEMENTS. 1. What is a settlement, and what a colony ? . . . .24 2. What territory was embraced in North and South Virginia ? . 24 3. What can you tell about social changes, and the charters given by King James ? ...... 25 4. What did the London Company do in 1606 ? . . .25 5. What can you tell of Newport's voyage ? . . . .26 6. What eminent men were with Newport ? . . . .26 7. What occurred in Virginia ? . . . . .26 8. Give an account of distress in Virginia, and how.it was relieved. 27 9. Tell the story of Captain Smith and Pocahontas . . .27 10. What kind of immigrants afterward came to Virginia, and what was the aspect of the colony ? . . . . .28 11. What became of a new governor and commissioners ? . .29 12. What sad events occurred in Virginia ? . . . .29 13. What can you tell about a change in affaii's in Virginia ? and the marriage of Pocahontas ? . o . . .30 14. What political change occurred ? . . . . .31 15. What occurred on the Hudson river and the New England coasts ? 32 16. What can you tell about the founding of the province of New Netherland by the Dutch ? . . . . .33 17. What can vou tell about Captain Smith, New England, and the Council of Plymouth ? . . . . . .34 18. What was the origin of the Puritans ? . . . .34 19. Give an account of the Pilgrim.s in Holland, and their emigration to America. . . . . . . .35 20. What can you tell about the voyage of the Mayflower, and the Pilgrims in Massachusetts ? . . . . .36 21. When and how was New Hampshire settled ? . . .37 22. Under v,hat circumstances was Maryland settled, and by whom ? 38 23. Give an account of the first settlement, and the character of the charter. . . . . . . . .38 24. Give an account of the discovery of the Connecticut river, and the beginning of settlements in the valley, . . .39 25. Give an account of emigrations to the Connecticut valley. . 40 26. How and liy whom were the settlers troubled ? . . .40 27. What can you tell about a war between the New Englanders and the Indians ? . . . . . . .41 28. How came the New Haven settlement to be formed, and in what manner ? . . . . . . .41 15 338 REVIEW QUESTIONS. PAGE 29. Can you give an account of the settlement of Rhode Island ? . 42 30. What can you tell about a charter for Rhode Island ? . .43 31. What can you relate concerning settlements on the Delaware river ? . . . . . . • .43 32. What happened to the settlers ? . . . . .44 33. What did the Dutch do in New Jersey ? . . . .44 34. Give an account of the settlement of New Jersey. . .^ 44 35. What can you tell about the Quakers, and the movements of their founder ? . . . . * • • -45 30. What did William Penn do ? . . . . .45 37. Give an account of the founding of Pennsylvania, and Penn's visit to the colony. . * . . . . .45 38. Can you give an account of the first settlements in North Caro- lina ? 46 39. Relate the circumstances of the settlement of South Carolina. . 47 40. What can you tell about the efforts of Oglethorpe, and the settle- ment of Georgia ? . . . . . .48 41. Give an account of what occurred on the site of Savannah. . 49 COLONIES. 1. What have you to sav about the colonial history of the Unifed States? . . " 50 2. Which colony was first founded ? . . . . .50 3. What have you to say about government and society in Virginia ? 51 4. Give an account of emigration to Virginia, and troubles with the Indians. . . . . . . . .51 5. What change in government took place ? . . . .52 6. What can you tell about the growth of democracy in Virginia ? . 53 7. Give au account of " Bacon's Rebellion " in Virginia. . 53, 54, 55 8. What can you tell about the Plymouth settlement in Massachu- setts? ........ 56 9. How did the colony suffer ? . . . . . .56 10. Give an account of other settlements, and a change in ownership. 56 11. Give an account of the settlement of a colony under .lohn Endicot. 57 12. Relate the circumstances of the settlement in which John Win- throp was engaged. . . . - . . .58 13. What have you to say about the Puritans in New England? . 58 14. What caused the banishment of Roger Williams ? . .59 15. What can you tell about emigration from England, and attempts to stop it ? . . . . . , .60 16. What confederacy was formed ? . . . . .60 17. What have you to say about Massachusetts ? . . .60 18. Give an account of Quakers in Massachusetts. . . .61 19. What occurred in Massachusetts on the restoration of monarchy in England? . . . . . . .61 20. Give an account of the origin of King Philip's War. . . 62 21. Relate the principal occurrences of that war. , . 62, 63 22. Tell how the king of England attempted to control the people of Massachusetts. . . . . . .64 23. What can you tell about Governor Andros in Massachusetts ? . 64 EEVIEW QUESTIONS. 339 24. Kelate the principal occurrences of King William's War. . . 65 25. What change of government took place in New England ? . 66 26. What can you tell about a delusion in Massachusetts ? . .66 27. Give an account of Queen Anne's War. . . . .67 28. What was the condition of affairs in Massachusetts for thirty years after Queen Anne's War ? , . . .67 29. Give an account of King George's War, and the capture of Louisburg ? . . . . . ' . .68 30. What happened to a French fleet ? . . . . .69 31. What did Peter Minuit do in New Netherland ? . . .69 32. What was the origin of the manorial estates in New York ? . 70 33. Wliat can you tell about Governor Kieft ? . . . .70 34. How was the germ of representative government in New Nether- land produced ? . . . . . . .70 35. Give an account of war between the Dutch and Indians. . . 71 36. What can you tell about Peter Stuyvesant ? . . .71 37. How did the people of New Netherland trouble him with their democratic notions ? . . . . . .72 38. What can you tell about the change from Dutch to English rule in New Netherland ? . . . . . .73 39. What further changes took place there ? . . . .73 40. Give an account of affairs in New York under Leisler, Bellemont, and Hyde? . . . . . . .74 41. How was the liberty of the press vindicated in New York, and by whom ? . . . . . . .74 42. What can you tell about the establishment of government in Maryland ? . . . . . . .75 43. What of Indian wars and insurrection there ? . . .75 44. What have you to say about toleration, and a change of govern- ment in Maryland ? . . . . . .76 45. Give an account of civil war in Maryland. . . . .76 46. What other troubles ensued ? . . . . .77 47. When was Maryland made a royal province ? . . .77 48. What can you tell about the establishment of government in Connecticut ? . . . . . . .78 49. Give an account of the New Haven colony, and the consolidation of that and the Connecticut colony, . , , .78 50. What can you tell about the preservation of the Connecticut charter? . . . . . . . .79 51. Give an account of Governor Fletcher's visit to Hartford. . 80 52. What can you tell about Rhode Island and its charter ? . .81 53. When did New Jersey become a colony ? . . . .82 54. Give an account of its settlement, and the organization of gov- ernment in New Jersey. . , . . .82 55. What can you tell about the Quakers there ? . .82, 83 56. When were East and West Jersey united, and made a royal prov- ince ? . . . . . . \ .83 57. When did Pennsylvania become a colony ? , . .84 58. Give an account of Penn in America, the founding of Philadel- phia, and a representative government, , . .84 59. Give an account of Penn's difficulties in England and America. . 85 340 EEVIEW QUESTIONS. PAGE 60. What can you tell about a government framed for tlie Carolinas ? 85 61. What did the people do ? . . . . . .86 62. What have you to say about Sothel, and other governors ? . 86 63. What can you tell about the Southern Carolina colony, and Charleston ? . . . . . . .86 64. When was Charleston founded ? . . . . .87 65. What immigrants came to South Carolina ? . . .87 66. What can you tell of a revolution in South Carolina, a change in North Carolina, and one governor for both of the colonies ? 87, 88 67. What can you tell about immigrants who settled in North Carolina? . . . . . . .88 68. Give an account of an Indian war in that colony. . . .88 69. Give an account of hostilities between the South Carolinians and the Spaniards. . . . . . . 89, 90 70. Give an account of another revolution in South Carolina. . 90 71. Wnen did South Carolina become a royal province ? and when were the two provinces united ? . . . 90, 91 72. Give an account of the colonists in Georgia. . . .91 73. What did Oglethorpe do ? . . . . . .91 74. What military events occurred ? . . . . . 9r 75. How many English colonies were planted in America ? . . £'J 76. Give an account of the character of the several people who formed the colonies. . . . . . . .93 77. What have you to say about agriculture and commerce ? , .94 78. What about education ? . . . . . .95 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 1. What was the comparative strength of the English and French in America in 1750 ? . . . . . .96 2. What movements caused hostile feelings between them ? . .96 3. Give an account of young Washmgton's mission to the French military commander. . . . . . .96 4. What can you tell about the origin and progress of a military expedition against the French, and its results ? . .97 5. What can you tell about Colonel Fry, Washington, and Fort Necessity? . . . . . . .97 6. Describe an important civil event at Albany in 1754. . . 98 7. What was the plan of campaign for 1755, and who were to be chief actors in it ? . . . . . .99 8. Give an accomit of Braddock's movements, and his defeat. . 99 9. What can you tell about Johnston's expedition ? . . . 100 10. What occurred near and at Lake George ? . . . . 101 11. When and by whom was war declared ? . . . . 101 12. What can you tell about the capture of Oswego by Montcalm ? . 102 13. What have you to say about Lord Loudon ? . . . 103 14. Give an account of the siege and capture of Fort William Henry. 103 15. What have you to say about the American colonists, in their rela- tions to military commanders, and William Pitt ? . . 104 16. Give an account of the capture of Louisburg in 1758. . . 105 17. Give an account of Abercrombie's expedition against Ticonderoga. 105, 106 RE\aEW QUESTIONS. 341 PAGE 18. What did Colonel Bradstreet do ? . . . . .106 19. Can you give an account of an expedition against Fort du Quesne, and its results ? . . . . . . .107 20. What magnificent scheme of conquest did Pitt conceive ? . 107 21. What was the plan of campaign for 1759? . . .108 22. Give an account of expeditions against Ticonderoga, Crown Point, and Niagara ? . . . . . .108 23. Give an account of Wolfe's expedition, and the capture of Quebec 109, 110 24. What did the French attempt to do ? . . . .110 25. When, where, and how was the death-blow to French dominion in America given ? . . . . • .111 26. What can you tell about the Treaty of 1763 ? . . .111 27. Can vou name the battles, and their dates, of the French and Indian War? . . . . . • .HI 28. What can you tell about Indian hostilities, and Pontiac's doings ? 113 THE REVOLUTION. 1. What have we observed in the course of our studies ? . . 115 2. What have you to say about the American colonists ? . . 115 3. What principle were the colonists ready to contend for ? . . 116 4. What can you tell about the cause of the emptiness of the British treasury, and the necessity for taxation ? . . . 116 5. Give an account of Writs of Assistance, and the commotion they gave rise to, . . . . , . .116 6. What can you tell about a Stamp Act ? . . . .117 7. What movements did the Stamp Act cause ? . . 118, 119 8. How did some of these movements affect British merchants ? . 119 9. Give an account of the repeal of the Stamp Act. . . .120 10. What measures of the British Parliament offended the Americans ? 120 11. AVhat did the Assembly of Massachusetts do ? . . . 121 12. What occurred in Boston ? . . . . . . 121 13. What can you tell about troops in Boston ? . . .122 11. How did the home Government attempt to punish Massachusetts ? 122 15. What can you tell about a mob and a massacre at Boston ? . 123 16. What can you tell about the administration of law and justice in Massachusetts? . . . . . . .123 17. What can you tell about the levying of a tax on tea ? . . 124 18. What can you tell about the Regulators in North Carolina ? .124 19. What did Lord North and the East India Company do about tea ? 125 20. Give an account of the destruction of tea in Boston harbor. . 125 21. Give an account of the Boston Port Bill, and other measures ob- noxious to the Americans. ..... 126 22. What were their effects in America ? . . . . 126 23. IIov,' did the people of Massachusetts behave ? . . . 127 24. What can you tell about a Continental Congress ? . . . 127 25. What preparations were made for war ? . . . . 128 26. Give an account of the formation of a Provincial Congress in Massachusetts. . . . . . . .129 342 REVIEW QUESTIONS. PAGE 27. Give an account of the skirmislies at Lexington and Concord, and retreat of the Britisli. . . . . .180 28. What did the Americans do ? . . . . .130 29. Give an account of the capture of forts on Lake Champlain. . 131 30. What can you tell about American and British troops at Boston ? 131 31. What can you tell about fortifications cast up by the Americans ? 132 32. Give an account of the battle of Bunker Hill. . . 132, 133 33. What can you tell about the progress of revolution in Virginia ? 134 34. What can you tell about the doings of the Second Continental Congress? ....... 135 35. When and where did Washington take command of the Conti- nental army ? . . . . . . .135 36. What can you tell about an expedition to invade Canada ? .135 37. Give an account of Ethan Allen, and the capture of St. Johns and Montreal. . . . . . . .136 38. Give an account of Arnold's expedition through the Wilderness. 136 39. Give an account of the siege of Quebec, and the results. . .137 40. What can you tell about operations in Lower Virginia ? . .138 41. What have you to say about the hoisting of the Union flag, and the doings of Congress i . . . . .139 42. What did the British Parliament do ? . . . .139 43. Give an account of the siege and capture of Boston by the Americans. ....... 140 44. What can you tell about the movements of the Americans at New York? 140 45. Give an account of events at Charleston. .... 141 46. What was done in Congress concerning a declaration of the inde- pendence of the colonies ?..... 142 47. What can you tell about the Declaration of Independence ? . 143 48. Give an account of the British at New York, and a battle on Long island 143, 144, 145 49. What can you tell about Washington in New York, and the retreat of the Americans from Brooklyn ? . . . 145 50. Wliat movement did the American army next make ? . . 146 51. What did the British do ? . . . . . .146 52. Give an account of the battle at White Plains, and capture of Fort Washington. . . . . . .147 53. Give an account of Washington's retreat across New Jersey, and defeat of the enemy at Trenton. .... 148 54. What did Congress and Washington now do ? . . . 149 55. What have you to say about the British Parliament and American Congress? . . . . . . .150 56. What did Silas Deane do ? . . . . . .150 57. Give an account of Washington's escape from Trenton, and the battle of Princeton. . . . . . .151 58. What did the American army do in New Jersey in the spring of 1777? . . . . . . . .152 59. Give an account of Tryon's movements. . . . . 153 60. What bold acts did the Americans perform ? . . .153 61. Give an account of the movements of the armies of Washington .154 EEVIEW QUESTIOI^S. 348 PAGE 62. What can you tell of a battle on the Brandywine ? . . 154 63. What can you tell about the battle at Germantown, and the Brit- ish in Philadelphia ? . . . . . 155, 15G 64. Give an account of events on Lake Champlain and its vicinity, and the movements of the Americans under St. Clair and Schuyler. . . . . . . .157 65. What occurred near Bennington, and at Fort Schuyler, in August, 1777? ........ 158 66. Give an account of the battles at Bemis's Height and Saratoga, and the surrender of Burgoyne. . . . .159 67. What were the effects of the victory by the Americans ? . . 159 68. What did the British do in the Hudson Highlands, and above ? . 160 69. Give an account of the American army at Valley Forge, and events there. . . . . . . .161 70. What caused the British to leave Philadelphia ? . . .162 71. Give an account of Washington's pursuit, and the battle of Mon- mouth. . . . . . . . .162 72. What have you to say about the American army and French fleet at Rhode Island ? . . . . . .163 73. What terrible event occurred in the Wyoming valley in the sum- mer of 1778 ? . , . . . . .164 74. Wliat can you tell of the British and French forces, and events at Savannah ? . . . . . . . 165 75. What was the American plan of campaign for 1779 ? . . 160 76. Give an account of events in Georgia, near the Savannah river, in the winter of 1779. . . . . . .167 77. What can you tell of an attempt to take Charleston in 1779 ? .168 78. Give an account of the capture of Stoney Pont by the British, . 168 79. Give an account of the ca]jture of Stoney Point by the Americans. 169 80. What can you tell about Daniel Boone ? . . . .169 81. Give an account of Sullivan's chastisement of the Indians. . 170 82. Give an account of the siege of Savannah, . . .171 83. What did John Paul Jones do ? . . . . .172 84. What can you tell about the siege of Charleston, in 1780 ? 174, 175 85. What partisans appeared in the South ? . . . .170 86. What can you tell about their exploits in South Carolina and Georgia? . . . . . . .176 87. What can you tell about a battle near Camden, and defeat of the Americans, in August, 1780 ? . . . . . 177 88. AVhat can you tell about Cornwallis, and the battle at King's Mountain? . . . . . . .178 89. What aid for the Americans came from abroad ? . . . 179 90. What have you to say about General Arnold and his treason? 179, 180 91. Give an account of mutinies, and the patriotism of some of the mutineers. . . . . . . .181 92. How did Arnold do service for the British ? . . .182 93. What have you to say about Greene in South Carolina, and the battle of the Cowpens ? . . . . .182 94. Give an account of Greene's retreat. .... 183 95. Give an account of the battle of Guilford. . . . 184 344 REVIEW QUESTIONS. PAGE 96. What have you to say about Grreene, and a battle near Camden ? 184 97. Give an account of the siege of Ninety-Six, and the capture of Augusta. . . . . . . , IS.'j 98. Give an account of the battle of Eutaw Springs. . . . ISG 99. Give an account of Cornwallis in Virginia. . . .183 100. What can you tell aljout the American and French armies on the Hudson, and their march soutlnvard ? . . . . 187 101. Give an account of the siege of Yorktowu, and surrender of Cornwallis. ....... 189 102. Can you give an account of the closing events of the Eevolution ? ISO 103. What can you tell about the treaty of peace ? . . . 101 104. Give the names and dates of the principal battles of the Eevo- lution. . . . . . . . .191 105. Give an account of movements at Newburg, and Washington's surrender of his commission. . . . . .192 106. What can you tell about the Articles of Confederation, and the formation and adoption of a National Constitution ? . 193, 194 THE NATION. 1. What can you tell about the first President of the United States ? 195 2. Give an account of the organization of the National Government. 196 3. What have you to say about the public debt, the seat of the Na- tional Government, the public credit, a bank and mint ? .197 4. Give an account of troubles with the Indians. . . .198 5. How and when were two distinct political parties formed ? . 198 6. What can you tell about Genet, the representative of French de- mocracy ? . . . . . . . 199 7. What insurrection occurred in Pennsylvania, and hovv^ was it put down? . . . . . . . .199 8. What have you to say about Jay's treaty, the Algerlne pirates, and Washington's Administration ? . . . . 200 9. Give an account of troubles with the French. . . 201, 202 10. What additions were made to the Republic during Jefferson's Administration ? ...... 203 11. Give an account of war with the piratical powers on the Medi- terranean Sea. ....... 204 12. What can you tell about the movements of Aaron Burr in the region of the Mississippi ?..... 205 13. When and by whom was navigation by steam introduced ? . 206 14. Relate how the hostilities between Napoleon and Great Britain injured the world's commerce. ..... 200 15. Tell what caused ill feeling in the United States against Great Britain. . . . . . . . .207 16. Give an account of the affair of the Chesapeake and Leopard. . 207 17. What caused an embargo ? . . . . . . 203 18. Wliat can you tell about the relations between the United States and Great Britain at the beginning of Madison's Adminis- tration ? . . . . . . .209 19. Tell the story of the President and Little Belt . . .209 20. What circumstances brought on the battle of Tippecanoe ? . 210 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 345 PAGE 21. Wheu was war against Great Britain proclaimed ? . . 210 22. What preparations for war were made ? . . . .211' 28. Give an account of Huirs campaign, and the surrender of Detroit. 211 24. What stirring events occurred at Queenstown ? . . . 212 25. Give an account of naval operations in 1812. . . . 213 20. What was the plan of campaign for 1813 ? . . . 214 27. What was done by the people of the West ? . . . 214 28. Give an account of the attacks on Forts Meigs and Stephenson. 215 29. Relate the story of Perry's victory. . . . .216 80. Give an account of Harrison's invasion of Canada. . . 216 31. What occurred at York or Toronto, and Fort George, in April and May, 1813 ? . . . . . . . 217 32. Give an account of events at Sackett's Harbor, and at Williams- burg, in Canada. . . . . . .218 33. What occurred on the Niagara frontier ? . . . . 213 34. Give an account of war with the Creek Indians. . . .219 35. What have you to say about Lawrence and the Chesapeale f . 230 36. What navaroperations took phrce in 1818 ? . . . 221 37. Give an account of British marauders on Chesapeake bay. . 221 38. What took place in the spring of 1814 ? . . . . 222 39. Give an account of the battles at Chippewa," Niagara Falls, and Fort Erie. . . . . . . .223 40. Give an account of land and naval movements near Plattsburg, and the battles there. ...... 224 41. What were the circumstances of the capture and destruction of Washington city, and the repulse of the British at Baltimore ? 226 42. Relate the story of the defense of New Orleans, and the defeat of the British there. . . . . . .227 43. Give an account of naval operations in 1814. . . . 228 44. Recite the names and dates of the principal battles daring the Second War for Independence. ..... 229 45. Wliat can you tell about war with Algiers, and Decatur's suc- cesses ? ....... 230, 231 43. What can you tell about the breaking up of piratical establish- ments ? . . . . . . . . 232 47. What did Jackson do in Florida, and what was the result ? . 232 48. Give an account of slavery agitation, and the Missouri Compro- mise. . . . " . . . . . 233 49. For what v/as John Quincy Adams's Administration remarkable ? 234 50. What remarkable coincidence was observed in 1826 ? . . 235 51. Give an account of the American Si/stem, and the discontent of cotton growers. ....... 235 52. Give an account of Jackson's opposition to the United States Bank, and t'lie result. . . . . . .237 58. Give an account of rebellious movements in South Carolina, and the result. ....... 288 54. Relate the story of the war with the Seminole Indians. . 230, 240 55. Wh.at marked the beginning of Van Buren's Administration ? . 241 56. What can you tell about disputes on the borders ? . . 242 57. What have you to say about President Harrison, his death, and his successor ? . , . . . . .243 15* 346 KEVIEVV QUESTIONS. 58. What was done at the extraordinary session of Congress in 1841 ? 244 59. What difficulties occurred in Rhode Island ? . . . 245 '60. What important questions occupied the early attention of Presi- dent Polk ? . . . . . . .246 61. What hostile movements toward Mexico were made ? . . 247 62. Give an account of the battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma? ....... 247, 248 63. Describe the plan of campaign made by the Secretary of War and General Scott. ...... 248 64. Give an account of Taylors invasion of Mexico. . . . 248 65. Give an account of the battle of Buena Vista. . . . 249 66. Relate how California was wrested from Mexico. . . . 250 67. Give an account of Doniphan's movements. . . . 250 68. Relate how Vera Cruz was taken, and the Mexicans defeated at the Sierra Gordo. ...... 251 69. Give an account of Scott's triumiDhant march toward the Mexican capital. ........ 252 70. What can you tell about battles near the city of Mexico, and the final capture of the capital ? . . . . 252, 253 71. What can jou tell about a treaty ? . . . . .253 72. Name the principal battles in the war with Mexico, and the dates of their occurrence. ...... 254 73. Give an account of the admission of California as a State, and the Compromise of 1850. ..... 255 74. What have you to say about fiUibustering movements? . . 257 75. For what was Pierce's Administration distinguished ? . . 258 76. How was the Missouri Compromise virtually repealed ? . . 258 77. What have you to say about Kansas, also about the Atlantic Tele- graph cable ? . . . . . . . Zod 78. How was slavery agitation aroused at the beginning of Mr. Bu- chanan's Administration ? . . . . . ^CO 79. What did Chief Justice Taney declare ? . . . .200 80. Give an account of John Brown's raid, and its results. . .201 81. What have you to say about Mr. Lincoln, and his opponents in the Slave States ? . . . . . . 2G2 82. Give an account of the formation of a confederacy in the Slave States. . . . . . . . .203 83. Who formed it, and what did they do ? . . . . 263 84. What occurred at Charleston in the spring of 1801 ? . . 264 85. What did the Confederates intend to do, and how were they foiled? . . . . . . . . 265 86. Give an account of the National Army and Navy, and the doings of the conspirators. ..... 265, 266 THE GREAT CIVIL WAR. 1. Give an account of the beginning of the great Civil War. . 266 2. What did Congress do ? . . . . . .266 3. What were the ijositions of the two principal armies in July, 1861 ? 267 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 347 4. Where was the first invasion by national trooi^s ? and where the first battle ? . . . . . . .267 5. Give an account of the first battle of Bull Run. . . . 268 C. Wliat have you to say about the war in Mssouri ? . . 269 7. Give an account of the capture of Hatteras, and fighting in West- ern Virginia, on the Upper Potomac, in Missouri, and at Port Roval entrance. ....... 269 8. What was the extent of the war ? . . . . .270 9. What have you to say about our foreign relations ? . . 270 10. Give an account of the capture of Roanoke island. . . 271 11. Give an account of the capture of Fort Donelson, and the battle of Pea Ridge. . . . . . . .271 12. What can you tell al)out the Merrimac and Monitor ? . . 272 13. What can vou tell about the battle of Shiloh, and capture of Island No. 10 ? . . . . . . .272 14. Give an account of the capture of Fort Pulaski, and of New Orleans. . . . . . . . .273 15. Give an account of the capture of Norfolk, and the movements of the Army of the Potomac on the Peninsula. . . . 274 16. How was the Army of Virginia formed ? . . . . 275 17. What didit do andsufier? . . . . . .275 18. Give an account of an invasion of Maryland, and the surrender of Harper's Ferry. ...... 275 19. What can you tell about battles in Maryland, and the doings of Confederate cavalry ? . . . . . . 276 20. What did the Army of tlie Potomac afterward do in Virginia ? . 276 21. What can you tell about operations in Kentucky, Tennessee, and Upper Mississippi ? . . . ' . . . 277 23. What great battle did Rosecrans fight ? . . . .277 23. What can you tell of an attemj)t to capture Vicksburg ? . . 277 24. What did Congress do ? . . . . . .278 25. What liave you to say about the President's Emancipation Proc- lamation ? . . . . . . .279 26. Give an account of the doings of the Army of the Potomac. . 279 27. Give an account of another invasion of Maryland and Pennsyl- vania, and the battle at Gettysburg. .... 280 28. What further have vou to say of the two armies in Virginia ? . 280 29. What occurred in North Carolina ? . . . . .280 30. What occurred at Charleston in the summer of 1863 ? . . 281 31. Give an account of operations in Louisiana under General Banks. 281 32. Give an account of the doings of Sherman and Porter in Arkansas. 282 33. Relate the story of the siege and capture of Vicksburg and Port Hudson, and the result. ...... 283 34. What did Rosecrans do in South-eastsrn Tennessee ? . . 283 35. Give an account of operations near Chattanooga. . . . 284 36. Give an account of the great battle of Chattanooga, and its ad- vantages. ....... 284 37. What was done in Arkansas bv Steele and Blunt ? . . 285 38. What had the National armies accomplished at the close of 1833 ? 285 39. What have vou to say about the National navy ? . . . 286 40. What did the National Congress do ? . . . .386 348 KEVIEW QUESTIO]N^S. PAGB 287 287 41. What occurred in New York city ? . 42. What was tlie aspect of affairs at the beginning of 1864 ? 43. Give an account of Sherman's invasion of Mississipjpi, and Sey- mour's invasion of Florida. ..... 44. Give an account of an expedition up the Red River. 45. What have you to say about the doings of the expedition up the Red River, and its result ? . . . . 43. What have you to say about General Steele's misfortunes, and Confederate doings at Paducah and Fort Pillow ? 47. To what office was Grant promoted ? . . . . 48. What order did he issue ? . 49. Give an account of the movements of the Army of the Potomac toward Richmond. ...... 50. What did Butler do ? and for what purpose ? . 51. What did Grant accomplish ? and what was the position of the two armies early in July, 1884 ? . . . . 52. Give an account of Slierman's movements in Georgia. 53. AVhat had he accomplished at the close of July, 1864 ? 54. Give an account of the destruction of the Alabama. 55. Give an account of English -Confederate j)irate ships, and the de- struction of the Alabama. .... 292, 293 53. What can you tell about an invasion of Maryland by the Confed- erates, in July, 1834 ? . 57. Give an account of the doings of the Confederates in Pennsyl- vania and the Shenandoah valley. .... 58. Give an account of the doings of Grant near Petersburg, and the seizure of the Weldon road. .... 59. What can you tell about events in the Carolinas, Georgia and Tennessee? ...... 296, 298, 299 60. What can you tell about events near Mobile ? . . . 296 61. Give an account of events connected with the final breaking up of the Confederate armies, the death of the President, and the 288 . 289 289 289 290 290 291 291 291 292 292 . 294 294 . 295 close of the war. 300, 301, 302 THE CONSTITUTION. 1. Of what powers of the Government does Article I 2. State the contents of the several sections. . 3. Of what powers does Article II. treat ? 4. State the contents of the several sections. .. 5. Of what powers does Article III. treat ? 6. State the contents of the several sections. . 7. Of what powers does Article IV. treat? 8. State the contents of the several sections. . 9. Of what does Article V. treat ? , 10. Of what does Article VI. treat ? , . 11. Of what does Article VII. treat ? . 12. How many amendments have been made to the Constitution 13. Of what do the several amendments treat ? . treat ? 299, 310 . 299, 310 . 311, 314 . 311, 314 . 315, 316 . 315, 316 317, 318 317, 318 . 319 . 319 . 320 )nstituti on? . 321 SUPPLEMENT THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 1. The following preamble and specifications,^ known as the Declara- tion of Independence,^ accompanied the resolution of Richard Henry- Lee,^ which was adopted by Congress on the 2d day of July, 1776, This declaration was agreed to on the 4th, and the transaction is thus recorded in the Journal for that day : 2. " Agreeably to the order of the day, the Congress resolved itself into a Committee of the Whole, to take into their further consideration the Declaration ; and, after some time, the President resumed the chair, and Mr. Harrison reported that the committee have agreed to a declara- tion, which they desired him to rejDort. The Declaration, being read, was agreed to as follows : " A rECLARATION OF THE EEPEESENTATIVES OF THE UNITED STATES, IN CONGRESS ASSEMBLED, When, in the course of human events, it lecom.es necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which nave connected them with another, and to assume, among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station, to wliich the laws of nature, and of nature's God, entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. 3. We hold these truths to be self-evident— that all men are created equal ; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights ; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That, to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, de- riving their just powers from the consent of the governed; that, when- ever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or abolish it, and to institute a new govern- m.-nt, lavins? its foundations on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long estab- lished should not be changed for light and transient causes ; and, accord- ingly, all experience hath'" shown, that mankind are more disposed to suf- 1. TtmuPtbe remembered that tbese specific charges made against the kms: of Great Britain, include, m the r denunciations, the government of which he was the head. Person- ally, George the Third was not a tyrant, but as the representative of a government, he was BO. 2. Verse 10, page 143. 3. Verse 9, page 142. 350 SUPPLEMENT. fer, while evils are suflferable, than to rif^ht themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to j^rovide new guards for their future security. Such has been the patient sufferance of these colonies, and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former systems of government. Tlie history of the present king of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these States. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world. 4. He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary for the public good.' 5. He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operations till his assent should be obtained ; and, when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them.^ 6. He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of rep- resentation in the Legislature — a right inestimable to them, and formida- ble to tyrants only.^ 7. He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncom- 1. The colonial assemblies, from time to time, made enactments touching their commer- C'al operations, the emission of a colonial currency, and concerning representatives in the Imperial Parliament, but the assent of the sovereisrn to these laws -svas witlihekl. After the Stamp Act excitements (verse 7, page 118), Secretary Co lAvay informed the Americans that the tumults sliould be overlooked, provided the Assemblies would make provision for full compensation for all public i)roperty which had been destroyed. In complying with this de- mand, the Assembly of Massachusetts thought it would be "wholesome and necessary for the public good," to grant free pardon to all who had been entraged in the disturbances, and passed an act accordingly. It would have produced quiet and good feeling, but the royal assent was refused. 2. In 1764, the Assembly of New York took measures to conciliate the Six Nations, and other Indian tribes. The motives of the assembly wer^- misconstrued, representations hav- ing been made to the king that the colonies wished to mike allies of the Indians, so as to increase their physical power and proportionate independe ice of the British crown. The monarch sent instructions to all his governors to de:-ist from such alliance*, or to suspend their operatio s until his assent should be given. He then " utterly neglected to attend to them." The Massachusetts Assembly passed a law in 1770 for taxing oiiicers of the British Government in that colony. The governor was ordered to withhold 'his assent to such ttix- bill. This was in violation of the colonial charter, and the people justly complained. The Assembly was prorogued from time to time, and laws of great importance were "utterly neg- lected." 3. A law was passed by Parliament in the spring of 1774, by which the popular repre- sentative system in the province of Quebec (Canada) was aimiilled, and officers appointed by the crown had all power as legislators, except that of levying taxes. The Canadians being Rnnan Catholics, were ets ly pacified under the new ord'er of tl.intrs, by having their religious system declared the established relig'on of the province. But "large districts of people" bordering on Nova Scofa felt this deprivation to be a great grievance. Their hum- ble petitions concerning commercial regulations were unheeded, because the_\»remonstrated against the new order of thiniis, and Goverror Carleton (verse 19, p. 136) plainly told them that t'ley must cease the'r clamor about representatives, before they should have anv new commercinl laws. A bill for "better reiiulatirg the government in the province of Massa- chusetts Bay," passed that year, provided for the abridgmei t of the privileges of popular elections, to take the government out of the hands of the people, and to vest the nomina- tion of julges, mairistrates, and even sheriffs, in the crown. When thus deprived of " free representation in t!ie Legislature," ai;d the aovernor refused to issue waiTants for the elec- tion of members of the Assembly, the'j^ called a convention of the freemen, and asked for the passage of " laws for the accommodation of large districts of people." These requests were disregarded, and they were told that no laws should be passed until they should quietly " relinquish the right of representation iu the Legislature — a right inestimable to them, and formidable to tyrants only." BECLAKATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 351 fortable, and distant from the repository of their public records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures.^ 8. He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for ojDposing, with manly lirnmess, his invasions on the rights ot the people." 9. He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected, whereby the legislative powers, incapable of anni- hilation, have returned to the people at large for their exercise ; the State remaining, in the mean time, exposed to all the dangers of invasions from without, and convulsions within.^ 10. He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States ; for that purpose obstructing the laws for the naturalization of foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the conditions of new appropriations of lands/ 11. He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his assent to laws for establishing judiciary powers.^ 1. In consequence of the destruction of tea in Boston harbor (verse 24, p. 125) in 1773, the inhabitants of that town became the special objects of roj-al displeasure. The Boston Port Bill (verse 25, p. 126) was passed as a punislimeiit. The custom house, courts, and other public operations were removed to Snlem, while the public records were kept in Boston, and 60 well guarded by two regiments of eoldierg, that the patriotic members of the colonial as- eemblj- could i;ot have referred to them. Although compelled to meet at a place (note .3, p. 12G) " distant from the repository of the public records," and iu a place extremely " uncom- fortable," they were not fatigued into compliance, but, in spile of the efiorts of the governor, they elected delegates to a general congress (verse 28, p. 127), and adopted other measures for the public good. 2. When the British Government became info^-med of the fact that the Assembly of Mas- Bachueetts, in 1768, had issued a circular (verse 12, page 120) to other asseml'lies, inviting their cooperation in asserting the principle that Great Britain had no right to tax the colo- nists without their consent, Lord Hillsborough, the secretary for Foreign Affairs, was directed to order the governor of Massachusetts to require the Assembly of that province to rescind its obnoxious resolutions expressed in the circular. In case of their refusal to do so, the governor was ordered to dissolve them immediately. Other assemblies were warned not to imitate that of Massachusetts, and when they refused to accede to the wishes of the king, as expressed by the several royal governors, they were repeatedly dissolved. The assemblies of Virginia and North Carolina were dissolved for denying the rik'-ht of the king to tax the colonies, or to remove otii-nders out of the country, for tri:d. In 1774, when the several as- semblies entertained the proposition to elect delegates to a general congress (verse 28, page 127), pearly all of tbem were dissolved. 3. When the Assembly of Xew York, in 1766, refused to comply with the provisions of the Mutiny Act (verse 10, pace 120), its legislative functions were suspended by royal authority (verse 11, page 120), ai d for several months the State remained " exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions within." The Assembly of Massachusetts, after its dissolution in July, 1768, was not permitted to meet asjain until the last Wednesday of May, 1769, and then they found the place of meeting surrounded by a military guard, with cannons po'nted directly at their place of meeting. They refused "to act under such tyran- nical restraint, and their legislative powers "returned to the people." 4. Secret agents were sent to America soon after the accession of George the Third to the throne of England (verse 3, page 116), to spy out the condition of the colonists. A lar^e influx of liberty-loving Ger.i an cmisrai ts was ol-served, and the kmg was advised to d's- courage the-c immiirrations. Obstacles in the way of procuring lands, and otherwise, Avere put in the way of all emigrants, ^ce})t from Enirland, and thetende; cy of Fren.ch IRoman Catholics to settle in Maryland, was also discouraged. The British Gn-'ernment wasjealous of the increasing power of the colonies, and the danger of having that power controlled by democratic ideas, caused the employment of restrictive measures." The easy conditions iipou which actual settlers might obtain lands on the Westerii frontier, after tbe peace of 1763 (verse 43, page 111), were so changed, that toward the dawning of the Revclut'on, the vast solitudes west of the AUeghanies were seldom penetrated by any but the hunter from the Beaboard provinces. When the War for Independence broke out, immigration had almost ceased. The king coniectured wisely, for almost the entire German population in the colo- nies were on the side of the patriots. 5. By an act of Parliament in 1774, the judiciary was taken from the people of Massachu- setts. The judges were appointed by the king, were dependent on him for their s.alaries, and were subject to his will Their salaries were paid from moneys drawn from tlie people by the commissioners of customs (verse 11, page 120), in the form "of duties. The same act de- prived them, m most cases, of the benefit of trial by jury, and the " administration of jus- tice " was efl'ectually obstructed. The rights for which Englishmen so manfully contended 352 SUPPLEMENT. 12. He has made judges dependent on his will alone for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries.^ 1 13. He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of officers to harass our people and eat out their substance.^ 14. He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies, with- out the consent of our Legislatures.^ 15. He has aflected to render the military independent of, and superior to, the civil power.^ 16. He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction for- eign to our constitutions, and unacknowledged by our laws ; giving his assent to their acts of pretended legislation : ^ 17. For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us ; ® in 1688 (verse 16, page 55), were trampled under foot. S milar grievarices concerning the courts of law existed in otlit-r colonies, and throughout the Anglo-American domain there was but a semblance of ju^^tice left. The people met in conventions, when assemblies were dissolved, and endeavored to establish "judiciary powers," but in vain, and were finallj'^ driven to rebellion. 1. As we have observed in note 5, page 845, judges were made independent of the peo- ple. Royal goven ors were placed in the same position. Instead of checking their tei deucy to petty tyrannv, by having tliem depend upon the colonial assemblits fir their salaries, these were paid out of the national treasury. Indcpendi nt of the people, they had no sym- pathies with the people, aid thus became fit instruments of oppression, ai.d ready at all times to do the bidding of the king and his ministers. Tlie colonial assemblies protested against the measure, and out of tlie excitement which it produced, grew that power of the Revolution, the committees of correspondence (verse 27, paee 127). When, in 1774, Chief- Justice Oliver, of Massachusetts, declared it to be h's intention to receive hie salary from the crown, the assembly proceeded to impeach him, and petitioned the governor for his removal. The governor refused compliance, and great irritation enused. 2. After the passage of the Stamp Act, st:imp distributors were appointed in every consid- erable town. In 1766 and 1767, acts for the collection of duties created " swarms of officers," all of whom received h'gh salaries ; and when, in 1768, admiralty aid vice-admiralty courts were established on a r.ew basis, an increase in the number of officers was made. Tlie high salaries and extensive perquit-ites of all of these were pr.id with the people's money, and thus " swarms of officers " " eat out their subttance." 3. After the treaty of peace with France, in 1763 (verse 43, page 111), Great Britain left quite a laree number of troops in America, and required the colonists to contribute to their support. There was no use for this standing army, except to repress tie growing spirit of dem.ocracy among the colonists, and to enforce compliai ce with taxation laws. The pres- ence of troops was always a cause of complaint, ai d wl en, finally, the colonists boldly op- posed the uniust measures of the British Government, armies weie sent hither, to awe the peeple into submission. It was one of those " ctanoing armies" ke] t here " without the consent of the Legislature," against which tie patriots at Lexington and Con' ord (verses 4 and 5, page 130, and Bunker Hill (verse 13, page 132), so manfully battled in 1775. 4. General Gago, commander-in-chief of the British forces in America, was appointed governor of Massachusetts, in 1774, and to put the measures of the Boston Port Bill (verse 26, pago 126) into execution, he encamped several r.'gnv.ents of soldiers upon Boston Com- mon. The military there, and also in New York, was made independei t of, and superior to, the civil power, and this, too, in a time of peace, before the minute men (verse 1, page 128) were organized. 5. The establishment of a board of trade, to act independent of colonial legislation through its creatures (resident commissioners of customs) in the enforci ment of revenue laws, was altogether foreign to the constitution of any of the co'on'er, ^'vnd produced great indignation. The^ establishment of this power, and the remodeling of the admiralty courts, so as to ex- clude trial by jury therein, in most cases, rendered the Government fully olinoxious to tie charge in the text. The people felt ther degradation under such pdty tyranny, s'nd re- solved to spurn it. It was eflectually done in Boston, as we have seen (ver^e 15, page 121), and the Government, after :dl its bluster, was obliged to recede. In 1774, the members of the council of Mnssachusctts (answering to our Senate), were, by a parliamentary enactment, chosen by the king, to hold the office during his pleasure. Almost unlimited j ower Avas also given to the governor, and the people were indeed subjected to " a jurisdiction foreign to their constitution," by the-^e creatures of royalty. 6. In 1774 seven hundred troops were landed m Boston, under cover of the cannons of British armed ships in the harbor ; and early the following year, Parliament voted ten thou- sand men for the American service, for it saw the wave of rebellion rising high under the gale of indignation which unrighteous acts had spread over the land. The tragedies at Lexington and Concord soon followed, and at Bunker Hill the War for Independence was opened in earnest. DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 353 18. For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment for any murders which they should commit on the inhabitants of these States ; ' 19. For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world ; " 20. For imposing taxes on us without our consent ; ^ 21. For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury ; * 22. For transporting us beyond seas, to be tried for pretended oflenses ; ^ 23. For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring province, estal)lishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its boundaries, so as to render it at once an example and fit instrunient for introducing the same absolute rule into these colonies ; ^ 24. For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and altering, fundamentally, the forms of our governments ; ^ 1. In 1768, two citizens of Annapolip, in Maryland, were murdered by some marines be- loniring to a British armed ship. The trial was a mockery of justice, and, in the face of clear evidence against them, they were acquitted. In the ditficulties with the Regulators (verse 21, page 124) in North Carolina, in 1771, some of the soldiers who had shot down citizens wlien standing up in defense of their rights, were tried for murder and acquitted, while Governor Trj-on mercilessly hnng six prisoners, who were certainly entitled to the benefits of the laws of war, if his own soldiers were. 2. The navigation laws were always oppressive in character ; and in 1764, the British naval commanders, having been clothed with the authority of custom-house officers, com- pletely broke up a profitable trade which the colonists had long enjoyed with the Spanish and French West Indies, notwithstanding it was in violation of the old navigation act of 1660, which had been almost ineffectual. Finally, Lord North concluded to punish the re- fractory colonists of New England, by crippling their commerce Avith Great Britain, Ireland, and the West Indies. Fishing on the banks of Newfoundland was also prohibited, and thus, as far as parliamentary enactments could accomplish it, their " trade with all parts of the world " was cut off. 3. In addition to the revenue taxes imposed from time to time, and attempted to be col- lected by means of writs of assistance (verse 4, page 116) the Stamp Act (verse 6, page 117) was passed, and duties upon paper, painters' colors, glass, tea, &c., were levied. This was the great l)one of contention between the colonists and the Imperial Government. It was contention, on the one hand, for the great political truth that taxation and representation are inseparable, and a lu-t for power, and the means for replenishing an exhausted treasury, on the other. The climax of the contentio:i was the Revolution. 4. This was especially the case, when commi-ioners of customs were concerned in the suit. AftiT these functionaries were driven from Boston in 1768 (verse 15, page 121), an act was passed which placed violations of the revenue laws under the jurisdiction of the admi- ralty courts, where the offenders were tried by a creature of the crown, and were deprived " of the benefits of trial by jury." 5. A law of 1774 provided that any person in the province of Massachusetts, who should be accused of riot, resistance of magistrates or the officers of customs, murder, "or any other capital offense," might, at the option of the governor, be taken for trial to another colony, or transported to Great Britain for the purpose. The minister pretended that im- partial justice could not be administered in Massachusetts, but the facts of Captain Pres- ton's case (verse 19, page 123) refuted his arguments in that direction. The bill was vio- lently opp )>ed in Parliament, yet it became a law. It was decreed that Americans might be " tr.ansported beyond the seas, to be tried for pretended offeises," or real crimes. 6. This charge is enibod'eil in an earlier one (verse 6, page 344) considered in note 3, page 344. The British ministry thought it prudent to take early steps to secure a footing in Ameriva, so near the scene of inevitable rebellion, as to allow them to breast, successfully, the gathering storm. The investing of a legislative council in Canada, with all the powers except levying of taxes, was a great stride tovrard that absolute military rule Avhich bore Bway there within eightoen months afterward. Giving up their political rights for doubtful religious privileges, made them willing slaves, and Canada remained a part of the British empire, when its sister colonies rejoiced in freedom. 7. This is a reiteration of the charge cons-dered in note 5, page 345, and refers to the alteration of the Massachusetts charter, so as to make judges and other officers independet;t of the peopl'^, and subservient to the crown. The governor was empowered to remove and appoint all inferior judees, the attorney-general, provosts, marshals, and just'ces of the peace, and to appoint sheriffs indcpendeiit of the council. As the sherifls chose jurors, triai by Jury might easily be made a mere mockery. The people had hitherto been allowed, by their charter, to select jurors ; now the whole matter was placed in the hands of the crea- tures of Government. 354 SUPPLEIHENT. 25. For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves in- vested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever ; ^ 26. He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his pro- tection, and waging war against us,^ 27. He has jjlundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burned our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people.^ 28. He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries, to complete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny already begun, with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation.* 29. He has constrained our fellow citizens, taken captive on the high seas, to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands.^ 30. He has excited domestic insurrection among us, and has endeav- ored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes, and conditions,^ 31. In every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned for redress in the most humble terms ; our rejDeated petitions have been answered only by repeated iujur3\ A prince whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people.' 1. TliirJ, loo, is another phaeo of tho charge just considered. We have roticed the sup- prcssiou of the Legislature of New York (verse 11, page 120), and in several cases the gov- ernors, after dissolving colonial assemblies, assumed the right to make pri)clamations stand in the place of statute law. Lord Dnnmore assumed this right in 1775, and so did Sir James "Wright, of Georgia, and Lord William Campluell, of South Carolina. They were driven from the country in consequence. 2. In his message to Parliament early in 1775, the king declared the colonists to be in a state of open rebellion, and by sending armies hither to make war upon them, he really " abdicated government," by thus declarintr them " out of his protection." He sanctioned the acts of governors in employing the Indiahs ai^aiiist his subjects, and himself bargained for the employment of German hirelings. And when, yielding to the pressure of popular w^ill, his representatives (the royal governors) fled before the indignant people, he certainly " abdicated government." 3. When naval commanders were clothed with the powers of custom-house oflBcers, they seized many American vessels ; and after the aftair at Lexington and Bunker Hill, British ships of war "plundered our seas" whenever an American vessel could be found. They also " ravaged our coasts and burnt our towns." Charlestown (verse 13, page 132), Fal- inouth (now Portland, in Maine), and Norfolk were burnt, and Dimmore and others (verse 23, page 138) " ravaged our coasts," and " destroyed the lives of our people." And at the very time when ths Declaration was being read to the assembled congress, the shattered fleet of Sir Peter Parker was sailing northward (verse 8, page 142), after an attack upon Charleston, South Carolina. 4. This charge refers to the infamous employment of German troops, known here as Hessians. See note 2. page 140. 5. An act of Parliament passed toward the close of December, 1775, authorized the capture of all American vessels, and also directed the treatment of the crews of armed vessels to be as slaves, and not as prisoners of Avar. They were to be enrolled for "the service of his majesty," and were thus compelled to fight for the crown, even against their own friends and countrymen. This act was loudly condemned on the floor of Parlia- ment, as unworthy of a Christian people, and " a refinement of cruelty unknown among savage nations." 6. This was done in several instances. Governort Dunmore was charged with a de- sia:n to employ the Indians against the Virginians, as early as 1774 ; and while ravaging the Virginia coast in 1775 and 1776, he endeavored to excite the slaves against their masters. He was also concerned with Governor Gnge and others, under instructions from the British ministry, in exciting the Shnnmoese^ and other savages of the Ohio country, against the white people. Emissaries were also sent among the Cherokees and Crekes for the same purpose, and all of the tribes of the Six Nations, except the Oneidas, were found in arms Avith the British when war began. Thus excited, dreadful massacres occurred on the bor- ders of the several colonies. 7. For ten long years +he colonies petitioned for redress of grievances, " in the most hum- DECLAEATION OF INDEPENDEIS^CE. 355 32. Nor have we been wanting in our attentions to our British breth- ren.^ We have warned them, from time to time, of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them, by the ties of our common kindred, to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They, too, have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity which denounces our separation, and hold them as we hold the rest of mankind — enemies in war — in peace, friends. 33. We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of America, in general Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name and by the authority of the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and de- clare that these united colonies are,* and of right ought to be, free and independent States ; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, and that all political connection between them and the state of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved ; and that, as free and independent States, they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and do all other acts and things which independent States may of right do. And for the support of this Declaration, « with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. Such was the form and substance of the Declaration of Independence made by the representatives of the thirteen Anglo-American colonies, in 1776. They did more than declare that people independent of the Brit- ish crown. They proclaimed, in justification of their act, the great "birth-right to natural equality belonging to every human creature, and the inalienable rights of man as a free agent, responsible only to his Maker, from whom he received them. The doctrine put forth in that Declara- tion was not applied to any particular nation, people, or race, but to all mankind. They also declared the sovereignty of the people, by claiming for them the right of revolt against government whenever it becomes destructive of those natural and inalienable rights ; and then proceeded to show, by accusations against the head of their own Government, as its representative, the lawfulness of their own revolt. How truthful were their accusations, and how perfectly they were justified, let the preceding pages of this little volume testify. ble terms," and loyal manner. It was done by the Coloninl Congress of 1765 (verse 8, page 119), and also bv the Continental Congresses of 1774 (verse 29, page 127) and 1775 (verge 16, page 134). But their potiHoiis were almost always " answered only by repeated injuries." 1. From the beginning, the colonists appealed, in the most afTectionate terms, to "their British brethren"" The first address, put forth by the Congress of 17T4, was " To the Peo- ple of Great Britain ;" and the Congress of 1775 sent an aflfectionate appeal "To the People of Ireland," SIGNERS OF THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. The following is a list of the members of the Continental Congress, who signed the Declaration of Indopeudence, with the places and dates of their birth, and the time of their respective deaths. NAMES OF THE SIGNERS. BORN AT DELEGATE FROM DIED. Adams, John Braintree, Mass., 19th Oct. 1735 Massachusetts, 4th July, 1826 Adams, Samuel . Boston, " 22d Sept. i; 22 Massachusetts, 2d Oct., 1803 Bartlett, Josiah . Amesbury, " in Nov. 1729 New Hampshire, 19th May, 1795 Braxton, Carter . Newinglon, Va., 10th Sept. 17S6 Virginia, 10th Oct., 1797 (yarroll (Hia's of Car'lton Annapolis, Md., 2Uth Sept. 1737 Mai y land, 14lhNov., 1H32 Chase, Siimuel Somerset CO., Md., lUh April 1/41 Maryland, 19th June, 1811 Clark, Abraham . Elizabetht'n, N.J. 15th Feb. 1726 New Jersey, Jime, i;94 Clvmer, George . Philadelphia, Penn., in 17S9 Pennsylvania, 24lh Jan., 1813 Kliery, William . Newport, R. I., 22d Dec. 1727 R. I. & Prov. PL, 15th Feb., 1820 Floyd, William . SuJfolk CO., N. Y., 17th Dec. 1734 New York, 4lh Aug., 1821 Franklin, Benjamin . Boston, Mass., 17lh Jan. 1706 Marblehead, Mass., 17th Jul. 1744 Pennsylvania, 17th April, 1790 Gerry, Elbridge . Massachusetts, 23d Nov., 1814 (Jwinnet, Button . England, • in 1732 Georgia, 27lhMay, 1777 Hall, Lyman (Connecticut, in 1731 Georgia, Feb., 1790 Hancock, John . Braintree, Mass., in li37 Massachusetts, SihOct., 1793 Harrison, Benjamin . Berkcly, Virginia, Virginia, April, 1791 Hart, John . Hopewell, N. J., about 1715 New Jersey, , 1780 Heyward, Thomas, jr. St. Luke's, S C, in 1746 SoTith Carolina, Mar., 1809 Howes, Joseph . Kingston, N. J., in 17S0 North ('arolina. lOih Nov., 1779 Hooper, William Boston, Mass., 17th June 1742 North Carolina, Oct., 1790 Hopkins, Stephen Scituate, " 7th Mar. 1707 R. I. & Piov. PL, 19ihJu!y, 1785 Hopkinson, Francis . Philadelphia, Penn., in i;.37 New Jersey, 9ihMay, 1790 Huntington, Samuel . Windham, Conn., 3d July 1/22 Connecticut, 6th Jan., 1796 Jeilerfion, Thomas Shadwell, Va., l.^th Apiil 1743 Virginia, 4th July, 1826 Lee, Francis liightfoot Stratford, " 14ih Oct. 1734 Virginia, April, 1797 Lee, Richard Henry . Stratford, " 20(h Jan. 1732 Virginia, 19th June, 1794 T/Cwis, Francis . Landaff, Wales, in March 1713 New York, 30th Dec, 1803 Liviiicston, Philip Albany, N. Y., 15th Jan. 1716 New Yoik, r2th June, 1778 Lynch, Thomas, jr. . St. George's, S. C, 5th Aug. 1749 South Carolina, lost at sea, 1779 M'Kean, Thom&s Chester co., Pa., 10th Mar. 1734 Delaware, 24th June, 1817 Middleton, Arthur Middleton Place, S. C, in 1743 South Carolina, 1st Jan., 1787 Morris, Lewis Morrisania, N. Y., in 1726 New York, 22d Jan., 1798 Morris, Robert . Lancashire, England, Jan. 1733 Pennsylvania, 8th May, 1806 Morton, John Ridley, Penn., in 1724 Pennsylvania, April, 1777 Nelson, Thomas, jr. . York, Virginia, 26th Dec. 17S8 Virginia, 4th Jan., 1789 Paca, William . Wye-Hill, Md., 31st Oct. 1740 Maryland, , 1^99 Paine, Robert Treat . Boston, Mass., in 1731 Massachusetts, 11th May, 1814 Penn, John . Caroline co., Va., 17th May 1741 North Carolina, Sept., 1788 Read, George Cecil CO., Md., in 1734 Delaware, , 1798 Rodney, Caesar . Dover,>©elaware, in 1730 Delaware, , 1783 Ross, George New Castle, Del., in 1730 Pennsylvania, July, 1779 Rush, Benjamin, M.D. Byberry, Penn., 24th Dec. 1745 Pennsylvania, 19th April, 1813 Rutledge, Edward Ciiarleston S. C, in Nov. 1749 South Carolina, 23d Jan., 1800 Sherman, Roger . Newton, Mass., 19th April 1721 Connecticut, 23d July, 1793 Smith, James Ireland, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, nth July, 1806 Stockton, Richard Princeton, N. J., 1st Oct. 1730 28th Feb., 1781 Stone, Thomas . Charles co., Md., in 1742 Maryland, 5lh Oct , 1787 Taylor, George . Ireland, in 1716 Pennsylvania, 2.3d Feb., 1781 Thornton, Matthew Ireland, in 1714 New Hampshire, 24th June, 1803 Walton, George . Frederick co., Va., in 1740 Georgia, 2d Feb., 1804 Whipple, William Kittery, Maine, in 1730 New Hampshire, 28th Nov., 1785 Williams, William . Lebanon, Conn., 8th April 1731 Connecticut, 2d Aug., 1811 Wilson, James . Scotland, about 1742 Pennsylvania, 28th Aug., 1798 Witherspoon, John Yester, Scotland, 5th Feb. 1722 New Jersey, 15th Nov., 1794 Wolcott, Oliver . Windsor, Conn., 26th Nov. 1726 (Connecticut, 1st Dec, 1,97 Wythe, George . Elizabeth city co., Va., 1726 Virginia, 8th June, 1806 Among the signers of the Declaration of Independence, were men engaged in almost every vocation. There were twenty -four lawyers ; fourteen fanners, or men devoted chiefly to agriculture; nine merchants; four physicians ; one gospel minister, and three who were educated for that profession, but chose other avocations ; and one manufacturer. A large portion of them lived to the age of three score and ten years. Three of them were over 90 years of age when they died; ten over 80; eleven over 70; fourteen over 60; eleven over 50 ; and six over 44. Mr. Lynch (lost at sea) was only 30. The aggregate years of life of the fifty-six patriots, were 3,68V years. rHE PRESIDENTS OF THE REPUBLIC. The presidents of the Continental Congress during the Revolutionaiy period, and under the Articles of Confederation, held the same political relations to the Government and the jDeople (though with far less power) as Washington and his successors did under the National Constitution. They may therefore properly be termed Presidents of the Republic, and, as such, they are introduced here in the company of those known as the Presidents of the United States. PEYTON RANDOLPH. When the First Continental Congress met in Philadelphia, in 1774,^ they chose Peyton Randolph, of Virginia, to preside over them. He was descended from one of the oldest families of that commonwealth. The law was his profession, and, in 1750, he was attorney-general of that colony. He was chosen president of the Second Continental Congress in May, 1775,^ but was compelled to leave his chair and go home, on account of illness. Pie returned, and took his seat as a delegate, and died of apoplexy at Philadelphia, on the 32d of October, 1775. Ill health had compelled hiu\ to leave the First Congress before the close of its session, when his place was temporarily filled by HENRY MIDDLETON, An eldeily gentleman, and delegate from South Carolina. He was a son of the first royal governor of South Carolina, and ftither of Arthur Mid- dleton, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. He was a man of great wealth, but did not engage much in public aff\iirs. He remained a member of Congress until"l776, when he retired to private life. JOHN HANCOCK. Succeeded Peyton Randolph as president of Congress, in May, 1775. He was the sou of a Massachusetts clergyman, and was born in that province in 1737. He was educated at Harvard College, trained to mercantile business, and became a leading merchant of Boston.^ He was chosen to the seat of a representative in the Assembly of Massachusetts, in 1766, and became one of the jDopular leaders at the beginning of the Revolu- tion. He was a delegate in the First Continental Congress, and remained 1. Verse 29, page 127. 2. Verse 16, page 134. 3. Verse 15, page 121. 358 SUPPLEMENT. a member of that body until November, 1777, when ill health compelled him to leave it. He was president of Congress from May, 1775, until that time, and, as such, was the first to sign the Declaration of Indepen- dence. \ He was the first governor of Massachusetts, when it became a State. Mr. Hancock died on the 8th of October, 1793. HENRY LAURENS. When Hancock left the Congress, in November, 1777, he was suc- ceeded, as president, by Henry Laurens, a delegate from South Carolina. He was an active patriot, and had been prominent in public aff'airs in his province and State for some time. He occupied the presidential chair for little more than a year. In 1780, he was sent to negotiate a treaty with Holland. He was captured on the sea, taken to England, and imprisoned until the close of 1781. He was one of the signers of the preliminaries of peace, in 1782.^ Mr. Laurens died at Charleston, S. C, on the 8th of December, 1793, at the age of sixty-nine years. JOHN JAY. Mr. Jay, the successor of Mr. Laurens, was a native of New York. His family were Huguenot refugees.^ He was born in December, 1745, educated at King's (now Columbia) College, and at an early age became distinguished as a lawyer. He was a member of the First Continental Congress, and was author of one of the able state papers put forth by that body. In succeeding Congresses, his pen was ever busy. He suc- ceeded Mr. Laurens as president on the 10th of December, 1778. At that time he was chief-justice of the State of New York. He was sent as minister to Spain in 1779, and was one of the commissioners for negotia- ting peace with Great Britain. In 1784 he was appointed Secretary of State for Foreign Aff'airs ; and, three years later, assisted in the formation of the National Constitution. "Washington appointed him chief-justice of the United States.* He became governor of New York, after returning from an embassy to England in 1795. He withdrew from public life in 1801, and died in May, 1829, at the age of eighty-four years. SAMUEL HUNTINGTON. Mr. Jay's successor was Mr. Huntington, of Connecticut, who was born in that colony in 1732. He was a lawyer by profession, represented his district in the colonial legislature in 1764, and became the king's attorney the following year. He was chosen a delegate to the Second Continental Congress in 1775, and he remained a member of that body until 1781. He succeeded Mr. Jay as president on the 28th of Septem- ber, 1779. In 1784, he was appointed chief-justice of Connecticut, and, two years later, was elected governor of that State. He continued in that office until his death, in January, 1796, when he was sixty-three years of age. 1. Verse 10, pasje 143. 2. Verse 3, page 191. 3. Verse 7, page 17. 4. Verse 2, pnge 196. THE PEESIBENTS OF THE REPUBLIC. 359 THOMAS McKEAN. The little State of Delaware was represented in the First Continental Congress by Mr. MeKean, who became president of its successor on the retirement of Mr. Huntington. He was born in March, 1734, and was educated for the practice of the law. He represented the New Castle dis- trict in the Legislature of Delaware, in 1762 ; and in 1765 he was a dele- gate in the Stamp Act Congress in New York.' He entered the Conti- nental Congress, as delegate, in 1774, and served in that capacity until 1783, holding, much of that time, the office of chief-justice of Delaware. He was elected governor of Delaware in 1799, and held that office until 1808, when he retired from public life. Mr. McKean died in June, 1817, in the eighty-third year of his age. JOHN HANSON. This gentleman does not appear conspicuously in public records, until his election to the Continental Congress, in 1781, as a representative of Maryland. He entered that body in the summer, became an active and able member, and, on the retirement of Mr. McKean, was chosen his suc- cessor as president, on the 5th of November, 1781. He held that office precisely one year, when he left Congress. Mr. Hanson died in Prince George's county, Md., in November, 1783. ELIAS BOUDINOT. Another descendant of the Huguenots, Elias Boudinot, was called to preside over the Congress. He was a native of New Jersej'', and a lawyer by profession. He to^k an active part as a patriot in the Revolution. In 1777, the Congress appointed him commissary-general of prisoners, and he was elected to a seat in that body the same year, where he remained until 1783. He succeeded Mr. Hanson as president on the 4th of Novem- ber, 1782, and in that capacity he signed, the definitive treaty of peace. He was for six years [1789-1795] a representative of New Jersey in the Congress of the United States, and was appointed chief director of the Mint in 1796. He was one of the founders of the American Bible Soci- ety, in 1816, and was ever usefully employed. Mr. Boudinot died in October, 1821, aged eighty-one years THOMAS MIFFLIN. Tv/o soldiers of the Revolution occupied the presidential chair under the Confederation. These were Generals Mifflin and St. Clair. General Mifflin succeeded Mr. Boudinot on the 3d of November, 1783. He was a native of Pennsylvania, where he was born, of Quaker parents, in 1744. He was an active patriot, and entered the Continental army at the close of the First Congress, of which he was a member. He arose to the rank of general, and served his country well during the war. As the president of Congress, he received Washington's commission, when he resigned it 1. Yevfe 8, pa?e 119. 360 SUPPLEMEl^T. in December, 1783.' Greneral Mifflin assisted in the construction of the National Constitution. In 1790 he was chosen governor of Pennsylvania, and held the office nine years. He died in January, 1800, at the age of fifty-six years. RICHARD HENRY LEE. Few patriots were more active, during the Revolutionary struggle, than Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia. He was born a month earlier than Washington, in 1732. He first appeared conspicuously in public life during the Stamp Act excitement." In the First Continental Congress he was an active member; and, in 1776, he submitted the immortal resolu- tion which declared the colonies to be " free and independent States." ^ He withdrew from Congress in 1778, but was reelected in 1784. On the 30th of November of that year, he was chosen president of that body as successor to General Mifflin. He was the first representative of Virginia- in the Senate of the United States under the National Constitution. He died in June, 1794, at the age of sixty-two years. NATHANIEL GORHAM. Mr. Gorham succeeded Mr. Lee on the 6th of June, 1786. He was born in Massachusetts in 1738, and was often a member of the legislature of that commonwealth. During the Revolution he was an active but not very prominent patriot. He was elected to Congress in 1784 ; and, after he left that body, he l^ecame a judge, and was a delegate in the conven- tion that framed the National Constitution. He died in June, 1796, at the age of fifty-eight years. ARTHUR ST. CLAIR. This soldier of the Revolution, who was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, in 1734, came to America with Admiral Boscawen, in 1755. Pie served under Wolfe, in Canada,'' and, after the peace of 1763, was appointed to the command of a fort in Pennsylvania. He entered the Continental army as colonel, in 1776, and in August of that year he was appointed a brigadier-general. He was a faithful officer, with the rank of major- general, throughout the war. He was elected to represent a district of Pennsylvania, in Congress, in 1786, and on the 2d of February, 1787, he was chosen to preside over that body. In 1788 he was appointed gov- ernor of the North-western Territory,^ and held that office until 1802. He died in August, 1818, at the age of eighty-four years. CYRUS GRIFFIN. The last of the presidents of Congress was Cyrus Griffin, a native of England, but, for many years previous to the Revolution, a resident of Virginia. He was a firm patriot during that struggle. In 1778 he was 1. Verse 5, page 192. 2. Verse 8, page 119. 3. Verse 9, page 142. 4. Verse 36, page 109. 5. Note 6, page 197. THE PEESLDENTS OF THE EEPUBLIC. 3b 1 elected a delegate to the Continental Congress ; and nine years afterward lie was again honored with a seat in that body. On the 22d of January, 1788, he was chosen president ; and, under the provisions of the National Constitution, he was appointed a judge of the United States district court in Virginia.' Mr. Gritfin died at Yorktown, Va., in December, 1810, at the age of sixty-two years. The Continental Congress ceased to exist in the spring of 1789, when the National Government, under the new Constitution, commenced its career.^ The first President of the Kepublic, under the new order of things, and the first chief magistrate elected by the people, was GEORGE WASHINGTON. The great leader of the armies of the Revolution was born in Febru- ary, 1732, in the colony of Virginia, and was educated chiefly by his mother, who was left a widow when George was little more than ten years of age. He became a surveyor, and was early inured to hardships, and filled with a knowledge of the forests, and of the Indian character, which became of much service to him. He was employed in the military service of Virginia during the French and Indian ^Y'dr,^ and was for some time a member of the Virginia House of Burgesses.* He espoused the cause of the patriots, and was a, delegate in the first Continental Congress. In June, the following year, he was chosen commander-in-chief of the armies of the Revolution,' and with signal ability he led them to the achieve- ment of the independence of the colonies. He assisted in the construc- tion of the National Constitution, w^as president of the Convention, and was chosen the first chief magistrate of the Republic under its provisions. He held that oflice eight years [1789-1797], when he retired to private life. He died in December, 1799, when almost sixty-eight years of age. JOHN ADAMS. The fii-st successor of Washington was John Adams, who was inaugu- rated in March, 1797, and held the oflfice four years. He was a native of Massachusetts, and was born in October, 1735. He was a prominent law- yer before the Revolution, and was one of the most active of the patriots of that struggle, from its inception to its close.'' He was a member of the First Continental Congress ; and, in the Second, he proposed the ap- pointment of Washington to the position of commander-in chief of the armies. Mr. Adams was a faithful worker in Congress, until sent on a diplomatic mission to Europe. He served his country in that capacity for many years, and at one time was intrusted with no less than six missions. He assisted in negotiating the treaty of peace ; and was the first United States minister sent to England after the Revolution. He was chosen Vice-President under Washington, and, after serving as his successor, he retired from public life in 1801. He died in the summer of 1826, in the ninety-second year of his age.'' 3. Page 95 1. Verse 2, pac:e 196. 2. Verse 9, pase 194. 4. Note 4, pa2ce 51. 5. Verse 16, page 134. 7. Verse 3, page 235. 16 3. l^age 95. 6. Verse 19, page 123. 362 SUPPLEMET^T. THOMAS JEFFERSON, The writer of the Declaration of Independence, was the third President of the United States. He was born in Virginia, in April, 1743. He was educated at William and Mary College, became a lawyer, and took an active part in the public affairs of the colony immediately after the Stamp Act excitement. He was elected to a seat in Congress in 1775, and w^as active in the work of securing the independence of the colonies. He drew up the Declaration of Independence after its substance w^as agreed upon in committee ; and, not long after its adoption, he left Congress, and engaged in the civil aflfiiirs of his State. He was elected governor in 1779. He was sent as minister to France in 1784, and remained there until 1789, when he returned, and became secretary of state. He was chosen Vice-President in 1796, and became President in 1809. After serv- ing eight years, he retired to private life, and died in the summer of 1826, at the age of eighty-three years. JAMES MADISON The fourth President of the United States, was also born in Virgini?5. That event occurred in March, 1751. He was educated at Princeton, \ , J. He studied law, and took an active part in the opening scenes of tL Revolution. He was a member of the convention of Virginia tha formed its first State constitution, in 1776, and was elected to the legisla- ture. He was chosen to represent his State in Congress in 1779, and he served three years in that body. He was active in the business of pro curing a convention to reform the General Government, and was one of the ablest of the framers and defenders of the National Constitution. He was one of the first representatives of Virginia in tlie National Congress. and was highly esteemed by Washington as an able and trusty friend. He was chosen to be secretary of state in 1801, and in 1808 lie was elected President of the United States. He retired from that office to private life in the spring of 1817. He died in June, 1836, at the age of eighty- five years. JAMES MONROE, The fifth President of the United States, was also a native of Virginia. He was born in April, 1759. He was educated at William and Mary Col- lege, and at the age of nearly eighteen he entered the Continental army as a soldier, under the immediate eye of Washington. He left the army not long after the battle of Monmouth,^ and was active in public affairs in Virginia. He became a member of the Virginia legislature in 1782, and, at the age of twenty-five years, was promoted to a seat in Congress. ^ He was one of the originators of the convention that framed the National Constitution, but was one of the most zealous opposers of the ratification of that instrument. He was a member of the first Senate of the United States; and in 1794 he went to France as minister. He was chosen governor of Virn:inia in 1796, but soon afterward went to France as min- ister. He was again governor in 1811 ; and, in 1813, President Madison 1, Verse 4, page 162. THE PRESIDENTS OF THE REPUBLIC. 363 called him to liis cabinet as secretary of state. He was elected President in 1816, and retired from that office in the spring of 1825. He died in the city of New York, in July, 1831, in the seventy-second year of his age. JOHN QUINCY ADAMS, The accomplished son of John Adams, became President of the United States in March, 1825. He was born in Massachusetts, in 1767. He went abroad with his father, at the age of eleven years, and from that time until his death he was more or less connected with public life. He was the private secretary to Mr. Dana, American ambassador to the Russian court, at the age of fourteen years. His education was completed at Har- vard University, in 1787, when he studied law. In 1794 he was appoint- ed resident minister in the Netherlands. He served as minister at other courts, as well as lawmaker in the Senate of the United States. He assisted in neootiating the treaty of peace in 1814,^ and then became min- ister at the British court. He was secretary of state during Monroe's Administration, and was elected President in 1824. After he left that office, in 1828, he was called to a seat in Congress, and was a member thenceforward until the day of his death. That event occurred in the room of the speaker of the House of Representatives, on the 22d of Feb- ruary, 1847, when he was almost eighty-one years of age. ANDREW JACKSON. The seventh President of the United States was Andrew Jackson, who was born in North Carolina, in March, 1767. His mother educated him for the Christian ministry. He became a young soldier in the Revolution, and was a prisoner to the British at Charleston, in 1781. He commenced the practice of law in 1786, and soon afterward he began a career in that profession, in the wild regions of Tennessee, that was full of romantic incident. In 1790 he made his residence at Nashville. He was then active in public matters, and in 1797 took his seat as a member of the United States Senate. He was afterward appointed judge of the supreme court of Tennessee, and in 1803 he became somewhat involved, innocently, in the scheme of Aaron Burr, which led to that man's trial for treason.^ During the war of 1812, and afterward, Jackson was an active military leader in the region of the gulf of Mexico, and acquired glory by his vic- tory over the British at New Orleans, in 1815. He was made governor of Florida in 1821,=* and was elected United States senator the next year. He was elected President in 1828, and held the office eight years. He retu-ed from public hfe in 1837, and in June, 1845, he died, near Nash- ville, at the age of sevelity-eight years. MARTIN VAN BUREN, The eighth President of the United States, was born in the State of New York, in December, 1782. His origin was very humJ^le, and his early school education was extremely limited. He became a lawyer in 1803, 1. Veree 15, pasre 22S. 2. Verse 4, page 205. 3. Verse 3, page 232. 364 SUPPLEMENT. and in 1815 was appointed attorney-general of his State. He was elected governor in 1828. He had already served a full term in the Senate of the United States, and had been reelected. He became secretary of state under Jackson, in 1829, by whom he was sent as minister to England in 1831. He was elected Vice-President in 1832, and President in 1836. He retired to private life in 1841. Mr. Van Buren died at the place of his birth (Kinderhook, N. Y.), in July, 1862, at the age of eighty years. WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON, The ninth President of the United States, was born in Virginia, in Febru- ary, 1773. He commenced the study of medicine, but entered the army as an ensign in 1791. He was with Wayne in his war with the Indians in the North-west,^ and in 1799 was elected the first delegate to Congress from the North-western Territory. He was appointed the first governor of Indiana, and was one of the earliest officers in the field when tlie war of 1812 broke out. He served with distinction in that war, as a major- general. In 1824 he was elected to a seat in the Senate of the United States, and in 1828 he was appointed minister to the Republic of Colom- bia. In 1840 he was elected President of the United States, and died in April, 1841 — just one month after he took his seaf^ — at the age of sixty- eight years. JOHN TYLER. The Vice-President under Harrison was John Tyler, of Virginia. On the death of his superior, he became President.^ He was born in March, 1790, and was educated at William and Mary College. He became a law- yer at the age of nineteen, and a member of the Virginia legislature when he was twenty-one years old. In 1816 he was elected to Congress, and served nearly two terms. In 1825 he was elected governor of Virginia, and in 1827 he took a seat in the United States Senate. He served in that body several years. He was President of the United States for four years, and then retired to private life. He died early in 1804, at the age of seventy-four years. JAMES KNOX POLK, The eleventh President of the United States, was born in North Carolina, in November, 1795. While he was a child, his father removed, with his family, to Tennessee. At the age of seventeen years James became a mer- chant's clerk, but left that business for the profession of law. He was educated at the University of North Carolina, and entered upon his pro- fession at the close of 1820, in Tennessee. Three years afterward he was elected a member of the legislature of that State, and in 1825 he was chosen a member of Congress, where he became conspicuous. He was elected speaker of that body (of which he was a member about fourteen years) in 1835. In 1839 he was chosen governor qf Tennessee, and in 1844 he was elected President of the United States. He retired to private life in March, 1849, and died at Nashville, on the 15th of June following, at the age of fifty-four years. 1. Verse 6, page 198. 2. Verse 1, page 243. 3. Verse 2, page 243. THE PRESIDENTS OF THE EEPUBLIC. 365 ZACHARY TAYLOR, The twelfth President of tlie United States, was born in Virginia, in Sep- tember, 1784. He was a soldier by profession, having entered the army at tlie age of twenty-four years, and remained in it until his death. He was a useful officer in the West during the war of 1812 ; and was active in the suppression of the " Black Hawk War," ^ when he bore the com- mission of a colonel. He was a trusted leader in the war against the Seminoles in Florida." In the war with Mexico ^ he was a successful com- mander, and on that account he was elected President of the United States in 1848. He died in July, 1850, at the age of sixty-five years, and was succeeded in office by the Vice-President.* MILLARD FILLMORE, General Taylor's successor, was bom in the State of New York, in Janu- ary, 1800. His early opportunities for education vrere very limited. He was apprenticed to learn the trade of a fuller, but afterward studied law, and taught school. He practiced his profession in the interior of New York, and at Buffalo, until 1847, when he w\as appointed comptroller of his State. He had been in the State legislature as early as 1828, where he served three successive terms. He was sent to Congress in 1832, where he* served for several years. He was elected Vice-President in 1848, and became President on the death of Taylor, in July, 1850.^ He retired from public life in 1853, and has since then, until now [1864], resided in Buffalo. FRANKLIN PIERCE, The fourteenth President of the United States, was born in New Hamp- shire, in November, 1804. He was educated at Bowdoin College, and commenced the practice of the law in 1827. In 1829 he was elected a member of the New Hampshire legislature, and in 1833 was sent as a rep- resentative to Congress. He was elected to the United States Senate in 1837, which he left in 1842. He served as a brigadier-general in the war with Mexico, and in 1852 was elected President of the United States. He retired from office in 1857, and has since, until now [1864], resided at Concord, in his native State, JAMES BUCHANAN, The fifteenth President of the United States, was born in Pennsylvania, in April, 1791. He was educated at Dickinson College, where lie was gradu- ated in 1809. He studied law, and commenced its iDractice in 1812. He was elected to the Pennsylvania legislature in 1814. He entered Congress in 1820, wherein he served, in both branches, many years. Mr. Buchanan was appointed minister to St. Petersburg in 1831, and, on his return, was elected to the United States Senate. He became secretary of state under Mr. Polk, in 1845, and was sent as minister to England by Mr. Pierce, in 1, Verse 4, pace 238. 2. Verse 6, page 238. 3. Verse 3, page 246. 4. Verse 3, page 255. 5. Verse 3, page 255. 366 SUPPLEMENT. 1853. He returned in 1856, and in tlie autumn of that year he was elected President of the United States. He retired to private life in 1861, and now [1864] resides near Lancaster, Pa. ABRAHAM LINCOLN, The sixteenth President of the United States, was born in Kentucky, in February, 1809. His early life w^as passed in hard labor on a farm in Lidiana. Li 1819 he made a trip to New Orleans on a flat-boat, as a hired hand. In 1830 he settled, with his fether, in Illinois, and made another trip to New Orleans. He led a company of militia in the " Black Hawk War." ^ He was elected to the Illinois legislature in 1834, and served iu that body eight years. Meanwhile he studied law, and Avas admitted to practice in 1837, at Springfield. He arose rapidly to distinction in his profession. He was elected to Congress in 1836, and again in 1846. In 1860 he was elected President of the United States. He was reelected in 1864, and inaugurated a second time on the 4tli of March, 1865. On the evening of the 14th of April following, he was shot by an assassin, and died early the next morning.^ On the day of his death he was succeeded in office by the Vice President, ANDREW JOHNSON, Who was born at Raleigh, in North Carolina, on the 29th of Decem- ber, 1808. Johnson never attended school, but obtained a good common education by self-culture. In early life he was engaged iu the business of a tailor. He moved to Greenville, Tennessee ; and he commenced his public career, in 1830, as Mayor of that place. He was elected to the Tennessee Legislature in 1835 ; to the State Senate in 1841, and to the National Congress in 1843, in which he served ten years. In 1853 he was elected Governor of Tennessee, served four years, and reentered Congress as a member in 1857. He was appointed Military Governor of Tennessee in 1863, and in the autumn of 1864 was elected Vice-President of the United States. On the death of Mr. Lincoln, he became President, and was inaugurated on the 15th of April, 1865.^ The oath of office was administered to him by Chief-Justice Chase. 1. Verse 4, page 238. 2. Verse 87, page 301. 3. Verse 87, page 301. A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF THE MOST IMPORTAFr EYEMS ME.\T10.\ED IN THIS BOOK. DISCOVERIES. 1002, America said to have been visited by Nortlimeii. 1493, West India islands discovered by Columbus, October 11. 1497, Cabot discovers the American continent at Labrador, June 24. 1498, Columbus discovers the coast of South America, August. 1499, Amerigo Vespucci discovers the coast of South America. 1510, Balboa discovers the Pacific ocean. 1512, John Ponce de Leon discovers Florida. 1517. Cordova discovers Mexico, 1521. Cortez conquers Mexico. 1523. Verrazzani explores the coast from Cape Fear to Newfoundland. 1534. Cartier discovers the St. Lawrence, June. * 1535. Cartier explores the St. Lawrence to Montreal. 1539. De Soto discovers the Mississippi river, 1562, Arrival of Huguenots in America, 1565, St, Augustine founded, and Huguenots massacred, September. 1583, New England coast explored by Sir H, Gilbert, 1585, Settlement attempted on Roanoke Island, 1587, Another settlement attempted on Roanoke Island, 1602, Cape Cod discovered and named by Bartholomew Gounold, May 14. 1603, Coast of Maine discovered by Martin Pring, June. 1604, Annapolis, Nova Scotia, settled by the French, 1608. Quebec founded by Captain Champlain, 1609, Lake Champlain discovered by Champlain. " Hudson river discovered by Henry Hudson, SejDtember 21. SETTLEMENTS. 1606. London and Plymouth Companies chartered, April 20. 1607. English land in Virginia, and found JamestoA^ai, May 23. 1608. Another company of emigrants land in Virginia, September. 1609. New" charter given to the London Company. 1610. " Starving time " in Virginia. '' Dutch trading vessels on the Hudson. 1613. Marriage of Rolfe and Pocahontas, April. 1614. New England coast explored by Captain Smith. " Connecticut river discovered by Adrian Block. 368 SUPPLEMEIS^T. 1619. Meeting of the first representative assembly in Virginia, June 28. 1620. New charter granted to the Plymouth Company, November 3. " Negro slaves introduced into America, August. " Pilgrims land on the coast of Massachusetts, December 22. 1621. Dutch West India Company founded. " Schools for Indians established in Virginia. 1622. Maryland charter granted, June. 1623. Albany, on the Hudson, founded. " Fort Nassau built on the Delaware river, in New Jersey. " First settlement in New Netherland. 1629. First settlement in New Hampshire. 1633. First settlement in Connecticut. " Dutch Church found a school in New Amsterdam. 1634. First settlement in Maryland, March. 1635. Meeting of first legislative assembly in Maryland, March 8. " Roger Williams banished from Massachusetts. 1636. Providence, R. I., founded. " Hartford, Conn., founded, July 4. 1637. War against the Pequod Indians declared. " Pequods vanquished, June. " Harvard College founded. 1638. New Haven founded. " First settlement in Delaware, April. 1639. Connecticut settlers adopt a written constitution, January. " Nev/port founded. 1644. Rhode Island obtains a charter. 1655. Swedes on the Delaware subjugated by the Dutch. 1663. First settlement in North Carolina., 1664. First i3ermanent settlement in New Jersey. 1665. Representative government established in New Jersey. 1670. First settlement in South Carolina. 1673. George Fox, founder of the Quakers, visits America. 1675. Quakers settle West Jersey. 1681. First legislative assembly of Quakers. " Pennsylvania charter granted, March 14. 1682. Penn visits America. " Charleston, S. C, founded. 1688. First legislative assembly in South Carolina. 1692. William and Mary College, in Virginia, founded. 1701. Yale College, in Connecticut, founded. 1732. Georgia charter granted, June. 1733. Savannah, Ga., founded, February. " Oglethorpe and Indians in council. 1738. College of New Jersey founded. COLONIES. 1619. Virginia colony founded. 1620. First European women in Virginia. 1621. Indians welcome the English to Massachusetts, March 26. " Virginia receives a written constitution. 1623. Virginia made a royal province. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 369 1626. York, or Manhattan Island, bought of the Indians. 1627. Partnership of London merchants and American settlers dissolved. 1628. Salem, Mass., founded by Endicot. " Charter for Massachusetts Bay province granted, March 14. 1629. Massachusetts charter surrendered to the settlers. 1630. Boston founded. 1633. Van T wilier governor of New Netherland. 1634. Representative government established in Massachusetts. 1638. Kieft governor ot Nev/ Netherland. 1641. Beginning of rejDresentative government in New Netherland. 1642-1645. Indian war in Maryland. 1643. New England confederacy formed. 1644-1645, Rebellion in Maryland, and war with the Indians in Virginia. 1647. Stuyvesant governor of New Netherland. 1649. Maryland Toleration Act passed. 1653. Popular assembly in New Amsterdam. 1656. Quakers persecuted in Boston. 1660, Supreme authority of the people declared in Maryland. 1662. Connecticut colony obtain a royal charter. 1663. New^ charter granted to Rhode Island. 1664. New Netherland surrendered to the English. 1665. Union of Connecticut and New^ Haven colonies. 1674. First legislative assembly in South Carolina meet. 1675. King Philip's w ar breaks out. 1676. New Jersey divided into East and West, " Bacon's rebellion in Virginia, and Jamestown destroyed. 1682. East Jersey bought by Quakers. 1683. Charter of Liberties granted to New York. 1687. Connecticut charter saved. 1688. Revolution in England, and King James driven away. 1689. Governor Andros expelled from New England, and King William's War breaks out. 1690. Schenectady destroyed by the French and Indians, and an expedi- tion against Quebec, 1691. Acadie seized and plundered. " Maryland made a royal province. 1692. Massachusetts made a royal province, and Pennsylvania taken from William Penn. 1694. Pcnn's rights in Pennsylvania restored. 1697. Witchcraft in Salem. 1701, New frame of government given to Pennsylvania. 1702. War between the South Carolianians and Spaniards in Florida. " The Jerseys united in a royal province. " Queen Anne's War begins. 1710. Nova Scotia made a British province. 1711, Indian war in North Carolina, 1713, Peace with the French and Indians, 1729, North and South Carolina separated. 1740. Georgians at war with the Spaniards in Florida. 1744. King George's War. 1745. Capture of Louisburg by the British. 16* 370 SUPPLEMENT. 1746. French fleet under D'Anville destroyed. 1753. Georgia becomes a royal province. FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 1749. The Ohio Company chartered. 1754. Washington returns from his mission to the French commander. '' March of colonial troops for the Ohio country, April 32. " Washington in command of the troops, May 30. " Colonial Congress meets at Albany, N. Y., June 19. " Surrender of Fort Necessity, July 4. 1755. Capture of Forts Beausejour (Juae 10) and Gaspereau (June 17). " Battle on the Monongahela, and defeat of Braddock, July 9. " Americans defeated by the French near Lake George, N. Y., Sep- tember 8. " French defeated at Lake George by the Americans, September 8. 1756. England declares war against France, May 17. " Oswego, N. Y., captured by thfc French, August 14. 1757. Fort William Henry (Lake George) surrendered to the French, August 9. 1758. Lord Howe killed near Ticonderoga, N, Y., July 0. " The English repulsed at Ticonderoga, July 8. " Louisburg, Cape Breton, taken by the English, July 26. " Fort Frontenac, Canada, surrendered to the English, August 27. " Grant defeated near Fort du Quesne, Pa., Saptember 31. 1759. Ticonderoga (July 26) and Crown Point (August 1) abandoned by the French. " Fort Niagara, N. Y., surrendered to the English, July 25. " Battle of Montmorenci, near Quebec, July 31. " Battle on the Plains of Abraham, Quebec, September 13. " Quebec surrendered to the English, September 18, 1760. Attempt to recover Quebec — Battle at Sillery, April 28. " Montreal, Canada, surrendered to the English, and French domin- ion in America ended, September 8. 1761. George III. ascends the throne. 1763. Peace concluded at Paris, February 10. ." Florida ceded to Great Britain, February 10. " Pontiac's War. THE REVOLUTION. 1765. Stamp Act passed by the British Parliament, March 8. Colonial Congress meet in New York, October 7. Stamp Act repealed, March 18. Duties levied on glass, paper, &c., June 29. Arrival of British troops in Boston, Mass., September 27. The " Boston Massacre," March 5. Battle with the " Regulators " in North Carolina, May 16. The Om'pe schooner 4jurned in Narraganset bay, R. I., June 9. Destruction of tea in Boston harbor, December 16. Boston " Port Bill " passed by Parliament, March 7. Port of Boston closed, June 1. 1766 1767 1768 1770 1771 1772 1773 c 1774 chrojstological table. 371 1774. First Continental Congress meet in Philadelphia, September 5. 1775. Skirmishes at Lexington and Concord, Mass., April 19. " Ticonderoga cajjtnred by Allen and Arnold, May 10. " Crown Point captured by Setli Warner, May 12. " Washington chosen commander-in-chief, June 15. " Battle ol' Bunker Hill, near Boston, June 17. " Washington takes command of the army near Boston, July 3. " Surrender of St. Johns, Canada, November 3. '' Arnold before Quebec, November 13. " Montreal surrenders to Montgomery, November 13. " Assault on Quebec, December 31. 1776. Norfolk, Va., destroyed by Governor Dunmore, January 1, '' Boston evacuated by the British, March 1. " Repulse of the British at Charleston, S. C, June 28. " Declaration of Independence, July 4. " Battle on Long Island, N. Y., August 27. " Battle on Harlem Plains, N. Y., September 13. " Battle at White Plains, N. Y., October 28. " Capture of Fort Washington, N. Y., by the British, November 16. " Capture of Fort Lee, N.'j., by the British, November 18. " Battle at Trenton, N. J., December 26. 1777. Battle at Princeton, N. J., January 3. " Diplomatic agent sent to Europe, March. " Destruction of stores at Peekskill, N. Y., March 23. " Tryon's marauding expedition in Connecticut, April 26, 27. " Meigs's expedition against Sag Harbor, L. I., May 23. " Burgoyne invades New York, June. " The Americans abandon Ticonderoga, July 5. " Battle at Hubbardton, Yt., July 7. ' " Capture of General Prescott by Americans, R. I., July 10. " Battle at Oriskany, Mohawk Valley, N. Y., August 6. " Sortie at Fort Schuyler (now Rome), N. Y., August 6. " Battle near Bennington, Vt,, August 16. " Battle on the Brandywine, Pa., September 11. " Battle on Bemis's Heights, N. Y., September 19. " Massacre at Paoli, Pa., September 20. " British take Philadelphia, September 26. " Battle at Germantown, near Philadelphia, October 4. " Capture of Forts Clinton and Montgomery, on the Hudson, October 6. " Battle at Saratoga, N. Y., Octobef 7. " Surrender of Burgoyne to Gates, October 17. " British fleet pass Forts Mifflin and Mercer, on the Delaware, No- vember 18. " Washington marches to the Valley Forge, Pa., December 11. 1778. A treaty between the United States and France, and acknowledg- ment of the independence of the former, February 6. " Philadelphia evacuated by the British, June 18. " Battle at Monmouth, N. J, June 28. " Battle and massacre in the Wyoming Valley, Pa., July 4, 5. " Arrival of a French fleet under D'Estaing, July 8. " Battle at Quaker Hill, R. I., August 29. 372 SUPPLEMENT. 1778. Massacre by IndiaDs and Tories at Cherry Valley, N. Y., November 11. " Capture of Savannah, Ga., by the British, December 29. 1779. Capture of Sunbury, Ga., by the British, January 9, " Battle of Kettle Creek, Ga., February 14. " Battle at Brier Creek, Ga., March 8. " Capture of Stoney Point, N. Y., by the British, May 31. " Cai^ture of Verplanck's Point, N. Y., by the British, June 1. " Tryon's raid in Connecticut, July 5 to 12. " Recapture of Stoney Point by the Americans, July 15. " Caj^ture of the British garrison at Paulus's Hook, N. J., July 19. " Castine, Me., captured by the British, August 13. " Sullivan's chastisement of the Indians in Western New York, Au- gust and September. " Siege of Savannah, Ga., by the Americans and French, September. " Paul Jones's victory off the coast of Great Britain, September 23. " Assault on Savannah, and abandomnent of siege, October 9. 1780. Charleston, S. C, besieged by the British, April and May. " Skirmish at Monk's Corner, S. C, April 14. " Surrender of Charleston to the British, May 12. " Skirmish on the Waxhaw, S. C, May 29. " Battle at Springfield, N. J., June 23. " Arrival of a French fleet and army at Newport, R. I., July 10. " Battle at Rocky Mount, S. C, July 30. " Battle at Hanging Rock, S. C, August 6. " Battle at Sander's Creek, S. C, August 16. " Defeat of Sumter at Fishing Creek, S. C, August 18. " Meeting of Arnold and Andre at Haverstraw, N. Y., to arrange the business of treason, September 22. " Execution of Andre at Tappan, N. Y., October 2. " Battle on King's Mountain, S. C, October 7. " Battle at Fish Dam Fort, S. C, November 12. " Battle at Blackstock's, S. C, November 20. 1781. Mutiny of Pennsylvania troops, January 1. " Battle at the Cowpens, S. C, January 17. " General Greene's retreat, N. C, January and February. " Mutiny of New Jersey troops, January 18. " Battle near Guilford Court House, N. C, March 15. " Battle at Hobkirk's Hill, S. C, April 25. " Capture of Augusta, June 5. " Siege of Ninety-Six, S. C, June 18, 19. " Arnold destroys New London, Conn., September 6. " Massacre at Fort Griswold, Conn., September 6. " Battle at Eutaw Springs, S. C, September 8. " Siege of Yorktown, Va,, commenced, October 9. " Surrender of Cornwallis, at Yorktown, October 19. 1782. British Parliament resolve to end the war, March 4. " Savannah, Ga., evacuated by the British, July 11. " Preliminary treaty of peace signed at Paris, November 30. " Charleston, S. C, evacuated by the British, December 14. 1783. Cessation of hostilities proclaimed in America, April 19. " Formation of the Cincinnati Society, June 10. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 373 1783. Definitive treaty of peace signed at Paris, September 3. " American army disbanded by order of Congress, November 3. " New York evacuated by the British, November 25. " Washington parts with his officers at New York, December 4. " Washington resigns his commission to Congress, at Annapolis, Md,, December 23. 1787. National Constitution adopted in convention, at Philadelphia, Sep- tember 17. THE NATION. 1787. The first Congress under the National Constitution assembles at New York, March 4. " Inauguration of Washington as the first President, at New York, April 30. 1790. Harmar defeated by the Indians on the Maumee, in Indiana, Oc- tober 17, 22. 1791. Vermont admitted to the Union, March 4. " St. Clair defeated by the Indians in Ohio, November 4. 1792. Kentucky admitted into the Union, June 1. 1794. Wayne defeats the Indians on the Maumee, in Ohio, August 20. " " Wliisky Insurrection " in Pennsylvania. 1795. Jay's Treaty with Great Britain ratified, June 24. " Treaty with the Indians at Greeneville, Ohio, August. 1796. Tennessee admitted into the Union, June 1. '' Washington's Farewell Address issued, September. 1797. John Adams inaugurated second President, at New York, March 4. 1798. A provisional army to fight the French, authorized, May. 1799. Death of Washington at Mount Vernon, Deceml^er 14. 1800. Seat of the National Government removed to Washington city. 1801. Jefterson inaugurated third President, March 4. " War with Tripoli commenced, June 10. 1802. Ohio admitted into the Union, November 29. 1803. Louisiana purchased from France, April 30. 1804. The frigate President destroyed at Tripoli by Decatur, February 4. " Hamilton murdered in a duel by Burr, at Weehawken, N. J., July 12. 1805. Peace concluded with Tripoli, June 3. 1806. British " Orders in Council," May. " Bonaparte's " Berlin Decree," November 21. 1807. Affair between the GhesapeaJce and Leopard^ June 22. " British armed vessels ordered from American waters by the Presi- dent of the United States, July. " Burr tried for treason at Richmond, Va., and acquitted, September. " Embargo on commerce declared by Congress, December 22. 1809. Madison inaugurated the fourth President, March 4. 1811. Battle between the President and Little Belt, May 16. " Battle of Tippecanoe, Ind., November 7. 1812. Louisiana admitted into the Union, April 8. " Declaration of war against Great Britain, June 19, SECOND WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 1812. Hull invades Canada, July 12. " Surrender of Mackinaw, Mich., July 17. 374 SUPPLEMENT. 1812. Van Home defeated, August 5. " Miller defeated, August 8. " Hull surrenders Detroit, August 16. " The Essex captures tlie Alert at Valparaiso, August 13. " The Constitution captures the Gnerrierre^ August 19. " Battle on Queenstown Heights, Canada, October 13. " The Frolic captures the ^Yasp^ October 18. " The United States captures the Macedonian^ October 25. " Tiie Constitutiotl captures the Java^ December 29. 1813. Massacre at Frenchtown, Mich., January 22. " The Hornet captures the Peacoch^ February 24. " Madison inaugurated President a second time, March 4. " Capture of York, or Toronto, Canada, April 27. " First siege of Fort Meigs, Ohio, May 1, 5. " Fort George, Canada, captured by the Americans, May 27. " Battle at Sackett's Harbor, N. Y., May 29. " The Shannon captures the GTiesapealce^ June 1. " Battle at Stoney Creek, Canada, June 6. " British repulsed at Craney Island, June 22. " Defense of Fort Stephenson, Ohio, August 2. " The Pelican captures the Aligns, August 14. " Massacre at Fort Mimms, Ala., August 30. " The Enterprise captures the Boxer^ September 5. " Capture of a British fleet on Lake Erie, by Perry, September 10. " Battle on the Thames, in Canada, October 5. " Battle at Williamsburg, Canada, November 11. " Burning of Newark, Canada, December 12. " Capture of Fort Niagara, N. Y., by the British, December 29. " Desolation of the Niagara frontier by the British, December 30. 1814. Battle of the Horse Shoe (Creek War), Ala., March 27. " Capture of the Essex at Valparaiso, March 28. " The Peacock captures the Epermer^ April 29. " Capture of Oswego, May 5. " The Reindeer captured by the Wasp^ June 28. " Fort Erie, Canada, taken by the Americans, July 3. " Battle at Chippewa, Canada, July 5. " Battle at Niagara Falls, Canada, July 25. " Attack on Stonington, Conn., April 9-14. " Battle at Fort Erie, August 15. " Battle at Bladensburg, Md., August 24. " Washington city captured and partly burned, August 24. " The Wasp captures the Arion^ September 1. " Battles on land and water at Plattsburg, N. Y., September 11. " Battle near North Point, Md., September 12. " Bombardment of Fort McHenry, Baltimore, SeiDtember 13, 14. " Attack on Fort Bower (now Morgan), Ala., September 5. " Sortie at Fort Erie, September 17. " British expelled from Pensacola, Fla., by Jackson, November 7. " Battle on Lake Borgne, La., December 14. " Battle below New Orleans, La., December 23. " Treaty of peace between the IFnited States and Great Britain, De- fi^rnber 24. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 375 1815. Battle near New Orleans, January 8. " The President captured by a British squadron, January 15. " Peace proclaimed, February 18. " The Constitution captures the Cyane and Levant^ February 20. " The Hornet captures the Penguin^ March 23. " War with Algiers, March. " Decatur sent against Algiers, May. " Algerinc frigate captured, June 17. 1816. Indiana admitted into the Union, "December 11. 1817. Monroe inaugurated President, March 4. " Mississippi admitted into the Union, December 10. 1818. Jackson expels the Spaniards from Florida, April. '' Jackson seizes Pensacola, Fla., May 24. " Illinois admitted into the Union, December 3. 1819. Alabama admitted into the Union, December 14. 1820. ]\Iaine admitted into the Union, March 15. " Florida ceded to the United States by Spain, October. 1821. Missouri admitted into the Union, August 21. 1824. Lafayette visits the United States, August. v 1825. John Quincy Adams inaugurated President, March 4. 182G. Death of Jeflerson and Adams, July 4. 1828. Tariff law obnoxious to cotton planters passed, May 15. 1829. Andrew Jackson inaugurated President, March 4. 1832. Black Hawk War, on the Mississippi. " Rebellion in South Carolina, November. " Jackson's proclamation against the rebels, December 10. 1833. Compromise act, proposed by Henry Clay, passed, March 3. " Removal of the public money from the United States Bank, October. 1835. War with the Seminole Indians, Florida, commenced, December. " General Thompson and companions murdered in Florida, Decem- ber 28. . " Major Dade and his command massacred in Florida, December 28. 1836. Arkansas admitted into the Union, June 15. " Governor Call, of Georgia, invades the Seminole countiy, October. " He fights them at Wahoo Swamp, November 21. 1837. Michigan admitted into the Union, January 25. " Van Buren inaugurated President, March 4. '' Commencement of the Canadian '' Rebellion.' 1841. General Harrison inaugurated President, March 4. " Harrison dies, April 4. " Tyler (Vice-President) inaugurated President, April 6. 1842. End of the Seminole War. " Threatened civil war in Rhode Island. 1845. Resolutions for the admission of Texas signed by Tyler, March 1. " Florida admitted into the Union, March 3. " Polk inaugurated President, March 4. " Texas admitted into the Union, July 4. WAR WITH MEXICO. 1846. Army of Observation in Texas. '' First blood shed in the war with Mexico, April 26. 376 SUPPLEMENT. 1846. Battle at Palo Alto, Texas, May 8. " Battle at Resaca de la Palma, Texas, May 9. " Congress declares war with Mexico, May 11. " General Taylor captures Matamoros, Mexico, May 18. " Monterey, Mexico, surrendered to Taylor, September 24. " Battle at Braceto, Mexico, December 25. " Iowa admitted into the Union, December 28. 1847. Battle at Buena Vista, Mexico, February 23. " Battle at Sacramento, Mexico, February 28. " Vera Cruz surrenders to General Scott, March 27. " Battle at Sierra Gordo, Mexico, April 18. " Battle at Contreras and Churubusco, Mexico, August 20. " Battle at Molino del Rey, Mexico, September 8. " Battle at Cliapultepec, Mexico, September 13. " Scott enters the city of Mexico a conqueror, September 14. " Battle at Huamantla, Mexico, October 9 1848. Treaty of peace signed at Guadalupe Hidalgo, February 3. " Wisconsin admitted into the Union, May 29. 1849. Zachary Taylor inaugurated President, March 5. 1850. Death of President Taylor, July 9. " Fillmore (Vice-President) inaugurated President, July 10. " California admitted into the Union, September 9. " Fugitive Slave Bill passed, September 9. 1853. Pierce inaugurated President, March 4, 1854. " Missouri Compromise " virtually repealed, June. 1857. Buchanan inaugurated President, March 4. " Dred Scott decision, March 6. 1858. Minnesota admitted into the Union, May 11. 1859. Oregon admitted into the Union, February 14. " John Brown's raid into Virginia, October 16. 1860. Secession of South Carolina from the Union declared, December 20. 1861. Secession of MississiiDpi declared, January 8. " United States steamship Star of the West fired on, January 9. " Secession of Florida declared, January 10. " Secession of Alabama declared, January 11. " Secession of Georgia declared, January 19. " Kansas admitted into the Union, January 29. " A " Southern Confederacy '" formed at Montgomery, Ala., February 4. " Jefferson Davis chosen President, February 9. " Lincoln inaugurated President, March 4. THE GREAT CIVIL WAR. 1861. Fort Sumter attacked by the insurgents, April 11. " Fort Sumter evacuated, April 12. " President Lincoln calls for 75,000 troops, April 15. " Volunteer troops attacked in Baltimore, April 19. " More than 64,000 more troops called for. May 4. " Virginia invaded by National forces at Alexandria, May 24. " Battle at Big Bethel, Va., June 10. " Battle at Romney, Va., June 11. chkojS^ological table. 377 1861. Congress meet in extraordinary session, July 4. " Battle near Carthage, Mo. July, 5. " Battle at Rich Mountain, Va., July 11. " Battle near Centreville, Va., July 18. " Richmond becomes the headquarters of the Confederates, July 20. " Battle at Bull Run, Va., July 21. " Battle at Wilson's Creek, Mo., August 10. " Capture of forts at Hatteras Inlet, N. C, August 20. " Battle at Carnifex Ferry, Va., September. " Battle at Ball's Bluff, Va.., October 30. " Battle at Belmont, Mo , November 7. " Capture of Port Royal Entrance, S. C, November 7. 1862. Battle at Mill Spring, Ky., January 8. " Capture of Roanoke Island, N. C, February 8. " Capture of Fort Donelson, Tenn., February 16. " Battle at Pea Ridge, Ark., March 5, 8. " The Congress and Cumberland sunk by the Merrimric, March 8. " First appearance of a Monitor, March 9. " Newbern, N. C, captuied, March 14. " Battle at Shiloh, Tenn., April 6, 7. " Capture of Island No, 10, Mississippi river, Apiil 7. " Capture of Fort Pulaski, Ga., April 11. " Capture of New Orleans, April 24. " Norfolk, Va., captured by the Nationals, May 9. " Natchez, on the Mississippi, captured. May 12. " Confederates driven from Corinth, Miss., May 26. " Battle at Fair Oaks, Va., May 31, June 1. " Memphis, Tenn., surrendered to the Nationals, June 6. " Seven clavs' battles on the Virginia peninsula commence, Jane 25. " The President calls for 300,000 more troops, July 1. " Battles between Manassas and Washington city, August 23 to 30. " Battle at South Mountain, Md., September 14.^ " Surrender of Harper's Ferry to the Confederates, September 15. " Battle at Antietam creek, Md., September 17. " Battle at luka. Miss., September 19. " Battle at Fredericksburg, Va., December 13. "■ Battle near Murfreesboro', Tenn., December 29, January 4. 1863. The President's Emancipation Proclamation issued, January 1. " Capture of Arkansas Post, Ark., January 11. " Passage of a conscription act, March 3. " Battle of Chancellorsville, May 2, 3. " Grant's six battles in Mississippi, May 1 to 17. " Lee invades Maryland, June. " Capture of Confederate " ram " Atlanta, June 17. " West Virginia admitted into the Union, June 20. " Battle at Gettysburg, Pa., July 1,3. " Surrender of Vicksburg, Miss., July 4. " Capture of Port Hudson by National troops, July 8. " Great riot in New York city, July 13-16. '• I>Iorgan's guerilla band broken up in Ohio, July 26. " Fort Smith, Ark., captured by National troops, September 1. 378 SUPPLEMENT. 1863. Little Rock, Ark., captured by National troops, September 10. " Battle of Chickamauga, Ga., September 19. " Battle of Chattanooga, Ga., September 23. " Knoxville, Tenn., besieged, November 29. 1864. President orders a draft for 300,000 more men, February 1. " Grant created a lieutenant-general, March. " General Sherman's invasion of Mississippi, February 3, 21. " Battle of Olustee, Fla., February 20. " Capture of Fort De Russey, La., March 13. " Battle of Cane river, La., March 26. " Massacre at Fort Pillow, Tenn., by Forrest's forces, April 13. " Grant orders a general forward movement, May 3. " Battles in the Wilderness, Va., Mav 5, 6, 7. " Battle near Pleasant Hill, La., May 8, 9. " Passage of the Red river rapids by Porter's fleet. May 11. " Lee falls back to Richmond early in June. " The Potomac Army on the south side of James river in June. " Destruction of the Al'dama, June 15. " Third invasion of Maryland and Pennsylvania, July, " Chambersburg, Pa., destroyed by the Confederates, September 80. " Petersburg and Richmond besieged, July, August, and September. " The Weldon railway seized by the iSTational troops, August 18. '' Capture of forts and dispersion of the Confederate fleet near Mo- bile, August. " Ca])ture of Atlanta, Ga., September 3. " The President, by proclamation, recommends public thanksgivings for victories. " Nevada admitted into the Union, October 31. " Slavery abolished in Maryland, November 1. " Sherman leaves Atlanta for Savannah, November 14. " Hood invades Tennessee, November. " Milledgeville, the capital of Georgia, captured, November 20. " Battle at Franklin, November 30. " Sherman enters Savannah, December 21. 1865. Slavery abolished in Missouri, January. " Capture of Fort Fisher, January 15. " Act to amend the Constitution so as to abolish slavery throughout the Union, passed both Houses of Congress, January 31. " Slavery abolished in Tennessee, February. " Capture of Columbia, the capital of South Carolina, FebriiarT 17. " National troops enter Charleston, February 18. O^^ " Capture of Wilmington, North Carolina, February 2^ *^ " Flight of the Confederates from Richmond, A^^il 2."^ " President Lincoln enters Richmond, April 4.\j^ " Surrender of Lee's army, April 9. " Assassination of the President, April 14. " Andrew Johnson inaugurated President, April 15. " Surrender of Johnston's Army, April 26. " Capture of Jefferson Davis, May 10. May. ,?' '->■■