TO Hi UBS Hit ■m Hi Hill H BBi iBl J-" *v iV c THE LATIN PRIMER: THREE PARTS. PART I. RULES OF CONSTRUCTION; (VeYy fully mid elegantly exemplified from the Lathi Poets) By which the Learner may in a short Time be taught to redd the Latin Authors with Judgment and Precisian. PART II. RULES OF POSITION, Teaching the Classic Way of writing Latin* with regard to tlih Arrangement of Words, according to the peculiar idioms and Customs of the Latin Tongue* PART III. A LARGE AND ft. ATS DESCRIPTION OF THE LATIN VERSS, And of many Kinds of Composition in Verse. A summary Account of Terence's Metres; and a more minute one ©f the Metsa Horatiana ; With a Table designed to give a ready and perfect Knowledge of ail Horace's Metres at one View. BY THE REV. RICHARD "LYNE, SECTOR OF LJTTLE PF.THERICK, AND LATE MASTER $f» TKF GRAMMAR SCHOOL AT LISEEARD* THE SIXTH EDITION FRITTED FOR LAW AND WHITTAK EI^ >Q. 13 A AVE*MARJA-LANE, LUDG-ATE-5TREET- 1.817/ -f/l Ml The peculiar object of Part I. of this Book is, by various expedients, to secure the child's own good will and attention to the proper mode of learning: and for this pur pose all difficulties, though not all occasions of exertion, have been carefully obviated for him. m I & s £ ft. GHhert, Printers, dt. John's Souare, terpen. OF THU ETOIT LATIN GRAMMAR. ▼V hen I was ilduced to attempt a short account of soma of the Principle of tlie Latin Tongue, in the form of an Introduction forChildren. I furnished myself with as many books on the sulject, aritient and modern, as I could pro- cure and read ; aid such was my endeavour to make good use of them, that before I could hit upon what turned out at last to be the -try plain and simple doctrine of the Latin Subjunctive Mold, as exhibited in one short rule in my Introduction, I fas closely engaged for more than five weeks in collating and digesting what I found to have been the equally laboired and fruitless endeavours of the very first Grammarian] on the same point: and after all I wa* obliged to turn frnn them to the oracles of the language, the old poets andShistonaus, before I could strike out this one spark in thai one word, finding it to be still more latent, the farther! searched after it in that received opi- nion, that the cause or government of the Subjunctive, is in some Adverb, Conjunctive or Indefinite word, whereas it is always and only in this, That the Subjunctive is not the principal, but the subsequent verb of the sentence in fight construction. My design here Being to submit a comparison in some essential points between me Eton Latin Grammar and my humble effort, I use this preiace in justice to the former, and to shew that possibly I may not be hasty in my opiuiojfttag that although the Westminster Grammar, and especially the Oxford, are more elaborate, and notwithstanding the very learned Mr, Richard Johnson's Animadversions upon Lilly's System, evidently, and jnstly 2 shot against the Eton Grammar; yet the Eton is the best adapted for school use of all the grammars I have ever seen. I wish it no othe? discredit than a made virtute implies. I was not indeed the author, as some have been pleased to imagine, of some late strictures on the Eton Grammar, nor have I ever seen them: but had I inclination and ability to perform th© a 2 Grille if Of the Ifoon Latin Grammar* critic ©n any af our popular grammars, it sould be on fh# Eton for tUe same reasons, as 1 doubt not actuated Mr. Johnson; because it is already the nearer, and may be the most easily brought to perfection for tlnuse of children. My object here is by no means to depreciat that grammar, nor to set mine above, or on a level with i (alii judi cent), much less to reflect on those gentlemen wb teach it in that illustrious school, where they may not be t liberty to cor- rect it without royal authority: but my esire is to shew that it has its faults, which as it is now bafcme in a manner the national grammar, ought, m justice -t) the nation, by competent authority to be amended; ani I heartily wish that the following observations may, witiout offence, ope- irate towards that effect. A school grammar should, I believe, fe little more than a syllabus of the subject, in what is w be committed verbatim to the memory. But the syllabi s itself should be compleat. First, it should be a perfect outline of the subject. Secondly, every position sfruld be precisely true. Thirdly, nil should be of nearly present use, and as intelligible to a boy somewhat advance^ in understanding, as the necessary matter is capable of leing made. And iourthly, what can be fully and obviously expressed at ■once, should not be scattered about a a multiplicity of rules. Contrary to those four requisites, the faults most injurious to the learning and comfort >f a child, are, not omissions of some truths in grammar, but, 1. Essential defects, leaving the foundation impertct. 2. False posi- tions. 3. Thfe introduction of mattei that perplexes, or may be as well acquired by other exercises than that of Joatlinf the memory. And, 4. Repetitions or prolixities. I shall point out some of the blemishes of each kind in the Eton Grammar. And here, E. denotes the Eton Grant* mar, X. Lime's^ ESSENTIAL DEFECTS. I conceive that there is a great want of definitions in tbc Eton Grammar, such as of the very thing which it professes to teach, grammar itself, of the several parts of grammar, unci of many other terms which the learner has perpetually in his mouth, and without his understanding of which the very first stone of the building cannot belaid down for him. • There are no rules in this Grammar for the Pivision of Syllables j nor any for Punctuation: his know- Of the Eton Latin Grammar. v ledge of both which is essentia! to correct and gramma* tical writing;. The account of the First and Fourth De- clensions of Nouns is very deficient: as is that of the Irregular Comparison of Adjectives; there being nine distinct sorts of this, and the Grammar leaving the learner to suppose that there are no more than three. There is no account of the Pronominal Adjectives as distinct from the Pronouns; though there are near twenty distinct classes of these adjectives, as distinct from pronouns, as nominal adjectives are from nouns, and the error as great of mis- taking one for the other. It is necessary to know the part of speech of every word. The learner is told of Gerunds and Supines, hut not to which of the eight parts of speech they belong. Some of the higher Grammarians haye pro- nounced them to be verbs ; some to be adjectives ; some to be participles ; some, neither of these, but to be two more parts of speech, in addition to the eight. This comes from a want of definitions in grammars. Verbs predicate : adjectives and participles arc not names, but only denote the qualities or conditions of things. Gerunds and supines do not predicate ; nor do they denote the qualities or conditions of things; but they are all names, the names of some action, passion, or condition; therefore are not verbs, nor adjectives, nor participles, nor distinct parts of speech of themselves, but nouns, verbal nouns. There are thirty different sorts of feet in Latin metrology ; here are only two mentioned, the dactyl and the spon- dee. There are at least seventy live different sorts' of Latki verse, of which some intimation is necessary, even in a syllabus, under such a title as De Generihus Versuum; but here are only two so much as alluded to, the heroic hexa meter, and the elegiac pentameter ; and do not many understand that this is the sum total? And are there not mam in our Universities, who know the composition of no more? II. PALSE POSITIONS. I.E. " The parts of speech are eight: norm, pronoun^ ** verb, participle, declined. Adverb, conjunction, pre- 4 ' position, interjection, undeclined. Nouns are of two " kinds, substantives and adjectives.' 7 Here are two fallacies. Tor here-fhe learner is taught that adjectives are nouns, and that participles are not adjectives. But nouns are names, as precisely as komen a 3 m fi Oftlie Mon Latin (Grammar. est nomen. Adjectives never give the names of tilings, hilt' only imply, without naming-, some quality belonging to them; therefore adjectives are not nouns, nor are nouns adjectives. Then adjectives are either nominal, pronominal or verbal; an4 verbal adjectives are eicher compared, or not compared. If compared, they lose the tense and govern- ment of verbs, governing only a genitive case, and then are not participles; if not compared, they have that tense and government, and so are participles ; and thus parti- ciples are adjectives, verbal adjectives* L. " Parts of speech are radically two, substantives, anct *' words, not substantives, called particles, that is, smaller *' parts of speech" Tins will appear from the definition of substantive and particle, h. " A substantive shews the subsistence or being of a " thing.'* But how ? In one or other of these four points, viz. 3L. " By a designation of its name, or of its essence, or of *' its quality, or of its condition/ 1 ' Hence, L. " Substantives are of four kinds, nouns, pronouns, adjectives and verbs ; which are declined." L. " A particle shews the modes or relations of other 4t words; or betokens some unpredicated motion of the " mind." Hence, L. " Particles are of four kinds, adverbs, conjunctions, s * prepositions, and Interjections; which are not declined." 2. E. " A noun adjective always requires to be joined " with a substantive, of which it shews the nature or qua- *t'he meaning is, an adjective always requires to be joined *wiik a noun, of which it shews, &c. And this is true: yet not a true definition. L. "' An adjective (so named because never _ used but " in conned ion with a noun,) shews the subsistence or being iC of a thing by a designation or intimation of its quality, " relation, or condition." Such is the necessary definition, in order to include the three sorts of adjectives, namely, Nominal, denoting qua- lities; Pronominal,, denoting relations; and verbal, de- noting conditions. 3. E. " A Verb is the chief w r ord in every sentence, and is expresses either the action or being of a thing." This is to say, a verb is a verb, and that is true, but not a true definition of the verb. Moreover the property of the verb is, not merely to express action or being, which all its Jjf the Eton Latin Grammar. vii it', vc|4als do likewise, but to prcditfte or affirm what it which none but > erbs do. There tore, L. k * The verb or chief weird of n sentence is that " which predicates or affirms the condition of a thins;, and " so shews its subsistence or being." The latter part ef this definition is necessary, to shew how a verb is a substantive. 4. E. " Of verbs there arc two voices; 1. The Active u ending in o. 2. The Passive ending* in or." A voice, in grammar, is genus affinnaiionis, a distinct signification of affirmation. Therefore, L. " Of verbs there are four general classes or signi- " fications of affirmation, called Genera or Voices. 1. The " Entitive Voice, aflirUiing simple being only. 2. The Ac- " live, affirming action, transitive, or intransitive. 3. The " Passive, affirming passion. 4. The Neuter, affirming " neither action, nor passion, nor simple being only, but " something more than being, yet an inactive, impassive " state, and therefore called by the antients, the Supine " Voice; as, i" live, scand, sit, lie. 77 5. E. " There are fire moods, the indicative, imperative, •" potential, e: adjunctive, and the infinitive/* 1 L. " The moods (or indict tives, that is, modes or manners " of indicating j in verbs; are radically Three • the indicative, " the imperative, and the s'lbjuncme." The potential must not be considered as wholly distinct from the subjunctive, because it is itself always a subjunc- tive or subsequent mood in the fall sentence. -\.nd if it be so distinct, then the optative is equally so, and should then be mentioned here; and thus there would be six moods, But the optative too is always subjunctive in plena construc- tione. Thus the subjunctive is threefold in its use ; but one radical] v. (See L. p. 26. 81. and Phraseologicon, p. 140. Farther, Infinitive is not the name of any mood. When the infinitive (which ,"s mostly a noun, sometimes an ad- jective) happens to be a mood or verb, it is always either an indicative or a subjunctive, and then, as a mood, indi- cative or subjunctive is its name, Infinitive is its name on a far other account, namely, as being a word of no one finite vse, but of a use wonderfully and beautifully varied. See L. p. 26. 79, and Phraseologicon. p. 121. and Lat. Primer y p.7\. 6th ed. 6. E. " In verbs there are five tenses or times, expres- sing an action or affirmation ; the present; the preterim- " perfect^ vii£ Of the Eton Latin Grammar. " perfect, the preterperfect, the preterpluperfect, and tire " future/' The definition or distinguishing character of a tense in verbs and verbals, is, that it designates the time of being, action, passion, or some other condition; not that it barely expresses an action, which other words do, that have no tense; nor that it expresses affirmation, by the different significations of which the voices of -verbs are constituted. And as time can be no more than either present, past, or future; there can be, I believe, but only three tenses. And as the being, action, &c, of a thing, whether present, past, or future, must be predicated as either not ended, or ended, hence each of these tenses must be twofold, imper- fect, or perfect. Again, as time, though already past, cannot be more than past, and as nothing can be more than perfect, the term pluperfect, plus quam perfectum, is absurd, as well as false. And as the present perfect, and the pretei imperfect, are frequently used for preterperfects ; here are evidently two indefinites, the first indefinite, and the second indefinite, in the Latin as much as in the Greek. And thus: L. " Tlie tenses .(or designations of time, (in Latin verbs " are principally three; the present (imperfect or perfect,) " the pretei' or past (imperfect or perfect), and the future u (i m >perfect or perfect" EXAMPLE. Indie. Subj. Pres. imperfect > Sum { Sim Fres. perf. or 1 indef. very inconsistent. Tire truth is, that the imperative, which is also called the Precative and Permissive Mood, lias the three persons in each number. See this most fully exemplified from the best antient authors, in the Phrase- itogicm, p !»35. 8. E, Of the Eton JAlin Crammar* ix 3. E. "Am adverb is a part of speech joined to verbs, " adjectives and nouns, to increase or diminish their Big- « 4 nilication." Here a difference is rightly supposed between adjec- tives and nouns, contrary to what lias been laid down be- fore: yet here the definition is not true. Other parts of speech are joined to verbs, at! md nouns, to in- crease or diminish their signification ; and adverbs are never so added to nouns. Therefore such cannot be the deliui- tion of an adverb. L. 4 * An adverb is a particle added to another word r (to an *- adjective, verb, or adverb, to denote its quality, d< gree, rt or other circumstance." 9. r. " A preposition is a part of speech most commonly fore another word ; or else joined in composition/* All other parts of speech are most commonly set before other words, and also joined in composition. Ia "A preposition is a particle, which always governs \ * ; and is never governed in construction ; shewing the force * or dependance of one word upon another* 7 ' In other words, a preposition is a particle that govern* a case. If what were otherwise an adverb only, governs a case, then it is an adverb in relation to the word which it modifies, and a preposition also in relation to that which it governs; as, nuLi imaiUtcr fecit, 10. E. " An interjection is a part of speech, which be- " tokeneth a sudden motion of the mind, be it grief, joy, " or other passion." Other parts of speech, nouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs, do the same, though not interjections. L. u An interjection is mostly a particle (sometimes a " noun, neuter adjective, or verb; not necessarily, but * aptly, thrown into a sentence, to denote some emotion of ^ the mind ; as Va I Dolor ! Turin ! Sodes (for si audes.) I "-Amabo I Quccso ! 11. E. " Quibus verborum modis quae dam congTuant ad- " verbia et conjunetioues/' P. 104. Here are five rules to teach the construction of the moods of verbs ; but into which they do not afford the smallest grammatical insight : nor can it be done by as many rules of the kind, as would till the volumes oP Stephens's Thesaurus of the Latin Tongue. The most learned grammarians have toiled in vain this way to shew what words govern an indicative, and what a subjunctive, and in what different senses and intentions of the speaker ox -% -Of the Eton Latin Grammar. or writ&r the same word is to have now an indicative after it, and now a subjunctive, and now which you please. The whole mystery lies all this while but in only one little word, position in the natural order. Know but the principal verb 'in a sentence; this (expressed or understood) must be an indicative, or an imperative, as it happens ; and it is al- ways the first in the natural order : then all the rest in that sentence are subjunctives, come what adverb, conjunction or indefinite word soever before either of them. A little practical instruction Will soon shew what is meant by t\\% natural order. L. " De modis verborum." " Modus imperatives est, quo impcraiur, sinitur, aut u oratur. — Indicativus est verbum loei prioris in recta con- " structione. — Suhjanctivus est verbum loci subsequcntis in "plena constructions: Et hie est, 4k 1. V el mere Subjunctivus, absolute* sed suhsequenter pra- u dicans : u 2. Yel et Potentialis, potcniiam in affirmations invofc fi tens : u 3. Vel et-Optativus, optationem innuens" III. MATTER TOO REMOTE. Tco remote from the outline or more fundamental parts $f grammar, and therefore from the present attention of a child, whose mind is detained too long hereby from more obvious and necessary acquisitions, and from the know- ledge of this very matter in a more pleasant and impressive way, namely, by occasional observation, assisted by the teacher, in classic reading and writing. The outline of grammar, when all laid down (and should not this be done first?) is a great deal for a boy (especially if his time at school be short) to commit verbatim to his me- mory. With much more than- the outline, particularly with what the most learned men have seldom or never oc- casion to apply, I do not think it honest to charge him in that way ; first, because much more may be better learnt in a better way, and secondly, because his memory in the mean while might be better occupied with other exercises, aj3d among others, the outline of Greek Grammar. Matter of this kind in the Eton Grammar, I take to be neariy all that from Propria qua? maribus, ^c. (Ve. to Verbum Personale, fyc; all of it, except the general rules of the genders of nouns, and some few of the excepted words. What a gauntlet must that poor boy run, and who knows at what expense of time, labour, and better learning to him- self; Of the Eton Latin Grammar, xi~ self, and of money to his parents, who, before he is allowed ta set forward in his race, to enter upon the syntax and other exercises more pleasant and more important, must have his memory abused, and his understanding slabbered with those Cyclopiaii monsters, that horrid and mishapen hodge-podge of near twenty pages before the syntax, a great deal of which, I say, scholars, learned men of the first class and most studious dispositions, have seldom or never oc- casion to apply ! IV. PROLIXITIES. 1. The rules of genders, if they were new cast, might in fewer words be made much more general, so as to compre- hend a greater variety of significations and terminations, and thereby greatly to reduce the number of exceptions. SIGNIFICATION. L. " Mas flumcn,mons, mensis, ventus, mascula sunto." L. "Foemina, gemma, niius, terrae, oppida, planta, fe* * mellae." Of these two lines, the first conveys more information than the four corresponding ones in E. ; and the second ^jnore than the five corresponding in E. TERMINATION. In L. the general rules are in six contiguous Hexame- ters, and comprehend so many terminations, as greatly to curtail the Eton exceptions, especially the more usual ones; thus, l.F. 2. M. Fcemineum a primae. Mas est us rcpie secunda?. 2. N. 3. M. Um neutrum est. Er, or, os, o, mascula tertiae hahentur. 3. E. i Foeminea, impurum s ; ex, aus, as ; fere et es, is; \ Et verbale in io ; et polysyllabon in do, vel in go. 3. N. Hasc sunt omnia neutra, n, ar ur, t, c, us, e, 7, ma, 4. M. 4. N. 5. F. Us quartae mas. U neutrum est. Es foemina quintas. In E. the general rules, including attamen ex cunctis, So, are in ten lines, compressing so little of the habit of the language, as to be indeed very justly called there special rules, and creating so many exceptions, that those men- tioned fill up ninety Hexameter verses. 2. The concords and exceptions in E. make fourteen rules 5 in L. tv. o. * 3.Th« >xii Of tlie Eton, Latin Grammar. 3. The remainder of the Syntax in E. engages one huit- dred and forty-six rules; in L. fourteen. And more mat- ter, necessary to be known, is very plainly and intelligibly conveyed in the fourteen, than in the one hundred and forty-six: witness the last eight of the fourteen, pointing to the most common and admired elegances of the Latin Tongue, and to the accordances and discrepances between the English and Latin Idioms, of which very little notice indeed occurs in the Eton Grammar: so that the first six rules in L. contain the matter of the far greater part of the one hundred and forty-six in E. and that in terms equally sure, and far more intelligible to an English school boy. For example : 4. CONSTRUCTION OF THE DATIVE. In L. thus, in only one rule : " RECTIO DATTVI." " Nomen,vel duo simul nomina, quibus Anglice attingunt u to vel for vclationis ; before; on ; over; from an ii ferendi, vel absent i ce ; et BY agentis, post quodcunqae vo- " cabulum, — Item nomina post vocabula cum piseposition* " composita — in Dativo ponuntur. — Sed et nomina hujus- " modi aliquando in accusativo vel ablativo cum praeposi- " tione feruntur i" comprising the matter of at least twenty rules in E. 5. PROSODIA. B. About one hundred and two rules ami exceptions, to be learnt by heart. L. Twenty-two rules, and thirty-six exceptions to be learnt by heart, and comprising all the matter, concerning quantity, of the Eton, Westminster and Port Royal Gram- mars. 1 shall rejoice to see, after this, a censure more severe, upon my own Grammar ; not doubting that there are faults in it, which escape my eye, and knowing now that there is in it a want of definitions, a want of arrangement, some less necessary matter, and that notwithstanding the copious ac- count of the Latin feet, verse and carmen, given in this Primer, there ought to be some brief account of them in tha Grammar also. Lor these, and whatever blemishes in it, I have to plead only that it has been but once upon the anvil, and that if I ever get it there again, I hope it will go forth better shaped, and better seasoned. RICHARD LYNK Little Petherick, PadstoWj Jan. 6, 1817. THE LATIN PRIMER. PART I. GENERAL RULES OF CONSTRUCTION, TO BE LEARNT BY HEART. RULE 1. CONSTRUE the nominative case first, (with the words thereto belonging, if any) then the verb : then the word or words governed of the verb ; lastly, the preposition (if any) with the word depending on it. rule 2. A genitive case is usually construed after another noun. rule 3+ An infinitive noun is generally construed after a verb* rule 4. An adjective or participle, if no other word depend on it, must be construed before its noun, rule 5. If an adjective or participle govern a word after it, it must be construed after its noun. rule fj. In an ablative absolute construe tte paiticiple or adjective last, i, e. after the noun or word, witk which it agrees. B RULE 7, 2 CONSTRUCTION. RULE 7. If two adjectives or participles agree with the same noun, they must not be construed one before, and ano- ther after that noun ; but either both before, by Kule 4, or both after, by Rule o. RULE 8. Let the relative and its clause be construed as soon as possible after the antecedent. rule g. Certain adverbs and conjunctions are construed be- fore the nominative case and verb ; i. e. they are con- strued first in their own clause or sentence : so is the relative qui ; and so are quis the interrogative, quan- tus, quicunque, and such like words, (with their ac- companiments) in whatever case. rule 10. When a question is asked, construe the nom. case {unless it be the interrogative quis, quotus, quantus, uter, Sic.) after the verb, or else between the English verb and its auxiliary, expressing the auxiliary first. RULE 11. After the verb sum, a verb passive, and a verb neu- ter, a nom. case is sometimes construed ; but then there is usually another nom. case, expressed or im- plied, to come before. rule 12. An adverb is not to be construed with a noun, but rather with a verb, or an adjective, or participle. rule 13. After a preposition constantly look for an accusative, or ablative case. rule 14. The word governed must be construed after (gene* rally immediately after) that word, which governs it; except such words as Rule 9 specifies ; and even they must be construed after prf positions. rule 15. CONSTRUCTION. I RULE 15. When in a sentence there is no finite verb, but only an infinitive, with a nom. case, expressed or under, stood, construe such an infinitive like an indicative, the nom. being construed in iis proper place. rule 16. When there occur an accusative case and an inf. mood, quod or ut being left out, construe the ace. first, with the word that before it, because it is there virtual- ly a nominative, and should iherefore, with its ad- juncts, be construed like a nom. before the verb, rule 17. Words in apposition must be construed as near t* %ne another as 'possible rule 18. All correspondent words must be construed as near to one another as possible. rule 19. Generally construe every word in any clause you have entered on after the nom. case, before you pro- ceed to another clause ; beginning each clause, as you pass from one to another with the nom. case and verb, if there be such in it, and finishing it according to Rule 1* RULE 20. An oblique case, unless it be an adjunct to the nom. should be construed after the zero; and when more obliques than one depend on the same word, construe accusatives before datives, datives before ablatives^ and ge- nitives immediately after the words which govern them. RULE 21. WhensMTW is put for habeo, the English nominative is expressed in Latin by a dative, and the accusative by a nominative : in this case construe the dative first like a nominative* then the verb, as if declined from habeo, and the,n the nominative after the ^verb, like an accusative. B.2. RULE 22. 4 CONSTRUCTION. JIULE 52. By a very common ellipsis, the verb sum may be un» derstood in any mood or tense ; when it is so, it must be supplied in construing, as the sense requires. rule 23. By a ?nost elegant ellipsis, any verb may be under- stood and inferred by reflection from another verb of like import, actually expressed within the period, RULE 24. Adjectives are often elegantly used as adverbs ; and are then joined with verbs in the construction, and rendered adverbially. See R. 25. in an Appendix to Part 1. GENERA NOMINUMET TERMINATIONS. 1. F. 2. M. Fcemineum a prima% Mas est us r que secundae. 2. N. 3. Bf. Urn neutrum est. Er, or, os, o,mascula tertiae habentur. -3. 5 Foeminea impurum s } x, aus, as ; fere et e$ % is ; F. \ Et verbale in io; et polysyllahon in do vel in go* 3. N. Haec sunt omnia neutra, en, ar,ur\ t, c, us, e, I, ma* 4. M. 4. N. 5. F. Us quartae mas. U neutrum est. Es fcemina quintan Note- — The characters 1. F. 2. M. Sec. shew to what declension and gender the several rules apply j as 1. F. the first declension feminine $ and the construing is after this manner ; viz. The genders and terminations of HorNs. — a. a word ending in a, primae of the first dccleib- sioji, fcemineum is feminine. — Us, r que, a word ending in us, or in r, securdae of the second declension, est is, mas, masculine.— Um, a word ending in vm, est is, neutrum neuter. Er, or, os, o, words ending in er, or, os, o, teniae of the third decl. habentur are accounted, mascula mascu- line. — Foeminea all these are feminine, impurum s, a word ending in s after a consonant; x } aus } as, words ending in x. aus % CONSTRUCTION. 5 x, *US, as; et and fere commonly, es. n. words ending in et, is ; et and, verbale * noun derived from a verb, in io," ending in io; et and, polysyliabon a word of many syllabks, in do, ending, §c. PARSING. If the learner be very young, he may be led on step by step to parse, in the following manner. IN CHAPTER 1. He may nam* the parts of speech according to his grammar. 2. He may also decline some of the more easy nouns and verbs,. 3 and 4, And here some that are less easy, naming their de- clensions and conjugations. 5. He may resolve nominative cases and their verbs by the first concord and what other rules he may have learnt in his grammar applicable to the nom. case, particularly its gender. 6. He may go on to parse accusative cases governed by verbs ; genitive cases, the latter of two nouns ; infini- tives; adjectives of whatever sort agreeing with nouns in the nom. accus. or gen. cases ; always declining such verbs as what participles he parses are derived from, and applying his grammar-rules,. as far as he has learnt them. r. He may account for other oblique cases governed of verbs, and likewise of prepositions : and under rule 6 here, he may begin to parse the ablative absolute. 8. In the eighth chapter, he may parse verbs that have E0 nom. cas* expressed, and adjectives thai have no mum 6 CONSTRUCTION. nouns expressed, supplying the ellipsis: and here, im~ der rule 8, he may begin to parse relatives as connect- ed with their antecedents, if he can be made to com- prehend that. 9. Now he may resolve the governments of adjectives; parse nouns of time and place; and observe under rule 11. how nom. cases, as well as others follow after cer> tain verbs. 10 and 11. In. parsing the word governed, he may observe how such word,, though construed after the word governing it, is commonly and elegantly set before in the Latin t and he should be careful to write so himself in his Latin exercises. 12*13, and 14. He may be reasonably expected to resolve any word that occurs in these chapters, particularly in such pe- culiarities of the Latin idiom as are here exemplified t and these too he should study to imitate in his writings. N. B. Of what words or sentences the learner is about to parse in Latin, he may, in each chapter, parse first the concise English translation. This will greatly assist him in both languages, by leading him to ob- serve their relative differences and accordances. In this he must compare adjectives aud adverbs- in the three degrees ; note the signs of cases, persons, voices,, moods, tenses ; their agreements, governments; and decline nouns, pronouns, and verbs, in this or som© such manner ; viz, Rovw# CONSTRUCTION. * ii U •*-» CA Greek t part, fore it ion 01 gh not « (2 8 HH h^ ^ Ok 0) ^ O U w § c e C ;« 2 c« B j- ^5 c « ~ c .5 ^2 j- 01 ••* 9 6 05 su *~ c c ^ f3 3 1 «= 8 i . k # ■*-» bJ0*j . *- -5 « o 0) 2 3 g c* *; c • > ■ •Hi o < 5 cu rt ^; ^ A J) r2 ^6 ^bii^cs a o s ap-a •-X3 »J5 "** H J> It III a! « 3 Ph oq C^ rt S3 .5 « § b > *2 O c ^ • P z •§g-s c .ti 9 c ••"' m 2 rs 5 •? « O ,- vTj .tj *- 1; s ^ u BO rs I B Q. tJ C CO . -M - .5 v • n c c S t5 £ ^ §.« fe s ^'^ > 18 o o O a ^ ►^ o ^o O O &N h£ +j O ,ft O G t 8 ) THJ GENERAL RULES OF CONSTRUCTION EXEMPLIFIED. CHAP. I. RULE !•■ CONSTRUE the nom. case first, (with the. words thereto belonging, if any) then the verb ; then the word or words governed of the verb ; lastly, the pre- position,* if any, with the word depending on it. Construe the No?n. Casejirst. The Norn* Case is in Italics* The learner is here informed,, that " the nominative case,, which is to be const rued jS/\tf, in this chapter is in Italics" that he may know, only by looking, without any trouble, with what word he is to begin every ex- ample. In the same manner the exemplifying words will be held out to him perpetually under every rule 5 and would he but duly note, and bestow a little consi- deration on the words in Italics, he would need no other assistance in this book, and would infallibly learn by it the art of turning Latin into English. But easy and obvious, and almost unavoidable, as it is, so to observe the v/ords in Italics in theil* relation to the Rule, when he is repeatedly perusing them; yet to win his good will and observation in this instance is the grand difficulty. For that purpose however I have very successfully tried the expedient of proposing certain, questions to him at each example, previous to his at- temptingit. I shall now therefore subjoin those questions, after each Rule. To propose them constantly will cost a little time, and save much ; it will save a deal of trouble ; it may most properly be made a part of the Blaster's examination. The learner will then previously consider chap i. CONSTRUCTION. 9 Si him; unles. he be extremely deficient. EXAMPLES. The verb in the active voice, Present T. Ind. M. QUESTIONS. Which word is the Norn, case ? Which the verb r Which must be constru ed first ? Pre*. Imp. Ind. Mi&« puanat. Nos amamus. Spirant venti. PresTPel (commonly called Pret. Perf.) Ind. koce. Ego linveni! P«e/te arriserunt. Fratres amaveruut. Pret. Imp. Ind, did. Tu dormiebas. Ego legebam Balabant oves Pret. Perf. (commonly called Pluperf.) lad. W. 6a//ii« cantaverat. Preceptor docuerat. Pt/ert/^ iiidicerant. Fut. Imp. Ind. *Aa// or wt//. Clamabit i^Mff. Titubabunt ^ui. Micabunt «• Fut. Perf. Ind. shall have, #c. Nos audiverimus. Vos dixeritis. Rexennt *** peratores. Pres. Imp. Pot. may or can. Preceptor doceat. Pres. Perf. Pot. may have fyc* Nos paruerimus. Pret. Imp. Pot. shoM, SfC. Gloria excitaret. Pret. Perf. Pot. should have. Vos surrexbsetis. Fut. Imp. Pot. may hereafter. Ludent ignavi. Fut. Prirfi Pot. may hereafter have. Panares venerint. ImperaL iO CONSTRUCTION. chap. 11. Imperat. Imp. let. Laudet magister. Gaudeant pucri. Attendant discipuli. * Imper. Perf. let — have, Docuerint pnzceptores. Adoraverint omnes. See the Phraseologicon of my Latin Grammar for many instances of the Imper. Perf in Firg. Hor. jm. Tcr. Liv. Cic. Quinct, Spc. PASSIVE VOICE. Indie. Mood* Fatigatur equus. Provectus est humilis. Legebantur wctores. Victi erant kostes. Christus adorabitur. Pueri itistituti erunt. Pot. Mood. Tnhonesta amoveantur. Leges observalas sint. Rex honoraretur. Libri perlecti essent. Urbs ex- pugnabitur. Vitia suppressa fueriut- Imper. Mood. Imperf Fares suspenduntor. Superbus contemnatur. Perf. Fares suspensi sunto. Superbus contemptus esto* The Passive auxiliaries may be learnt from the Grammar. And the Potentials may be easily con- strued as Optatives, by expressing may, might, could^ would) after the Norn, case instead of before if, as May the^m,aster teach } instead of The master may teach. CHAP. II. (sONSTRUE the nom. case first, with the words thereto belonging, if any ; then the verb. The Nom. and its adjuncts are in Italics. Note. — Words of various denominations may be ad- juncts to the Nom. Of whatever sort, they must be construed. chap. xi. CONSTRUCTION. U construed before the verb* Thus adjuncts to the Nom. may be, I. One or more adjectives agreeing with it by the secoud concord ; as, I. A single adjective to be rendered before ths noun by R. 4. QUESTIONS. Which word is the nom. case ? Which the adjunct ? Which must be rendered first ? What words must be construed before the verb ? Boni pueri amantur, Mali pueri punientur. Vera virtus nobilitat. Lupus atrox inter ficiebatur. Prctccp- tores nostri veniunt. Rosa pulchra cadet. Mare tumi- 4um furit. Navigia vcHra redibunt. 2. Two or more adjectives with a conjunction, all to be rendered before the noun, by Ji. 4. -QUESTIONS, W T hich word is the nom. case ? What the adjuncts ? Which must be rendered first? What words before the verb? Have you observed the note ? (This last question should be frequently proposed ; a true answer should be strictly required ; and, after a little practice, not only a true answer, but a true answer in the affirma- tive.) Leges justce et inviolatce prosunt. Fugit lynx velox et maculosa. Libri utiles et ingeniosi legentur. Quercus aeria, patula, et glandlfera nutat. * Sasvit inimicus im- pius et atrox. Adjuvat vita innocens et inculpata* Nocet contentio praceps et petulans et insana. Bellum ssevit anceps et lethale. Just and unviolated laws, fyc. — The swift and spotted -lynx, fyc. — Useful and ingenious books, fyc. — The lofty, spreading and acorn -bearing, fyc. — The impious and cruel, fyc— An innocent and blameless, fyc. — Rash, and petu- lant, and mad, <£c. — Doubtful and deadly war, S;c. II. Adjuncts 12 CONSTRUCTION. chap, ii, II. Adjuncts to the nom. may be other nouns in the same case, by apposition, or by conjunction. 1. By Apposition. Questions. Which the nom, case? Which the adjuncts by appo- sition ? Princeps Eugenius vicit. Cyrus, Rex Persicus, expug* navit. Pecunia, irritamentum lethale, corrumpit. hi- vidia, triste tormentum, angit. Cicero, vir bonus y ctprct- stantisrimus orator, exulabat. Claret Virgilius, dclicice meat, vir summus, et poetafere divinus. Prince Eugene, fyc. — Cyrus, the Persian King, #c— Money a deadly incentive, fyc. 2. By Conjwiction. Questions. Which the nom. case ? Which the adjuncts by con* junction ? Gavisi sunt vir et uxor. Mens pater et mater adora- bant. Julius Ccesar, Pompeius et Crassus consentiebant. Consentiebant Caesar Octavianus, Antonius et Lcpidus, Juvant panis et potus. Ventus et vinum, fallacia et ebrietas, vis, irce, et insidice nocent. Gavisi sunt rejoiced, from gaudeo.—- Consentiebant united* III. Adjuncts to the nom. may be a genitive or any other oblique case, connected with that nominative, and to be construed after it. 1. Genitive. Questions. Which the nom. case ? Which the adjunct, or genu live case ? 8 Prodest chap. «. CONSTRUCTION. IS Prodest timw Dei. Spes prcemii solatur. Prateriti periculi reminiscentia oblectat. Divitiarum, glories et voluptatis amor vittat. Hujus mundi curce contaminant. Laudetur nomen Domini, Patris mti domvs aedificatur. Fallit amicitia tnalorum. Agrorum viridantium color clelectat. Otnnium castellorum copice transducuntur. Prodest from prosum — Amor divitiarum, gloria?, &c; —Nomen let the name, or may the name, 4*c»— Laudetur be praised, in the imp. or opt. mood. 2. Other oblique cases connected with the nom. and to be construed after it. g Questions. Which the nom. case ? Which the adjuncts ? Where are the adjuncts to be construed ? What words before the verb ? 3 . Milites elati spt gaudebant. (Construe spe after elati, by R. \ 4. 2. Milites elati spe victoria* gaudebant. 3. Milites elati spe celeris victorice et hostium fuga gaudebant. Caesar. 1. Affectus solicit udine Ccesar erat profectus. 2. Magna affectus solicit udine Caesar erat profectus. 3. Magna affectus solicit udine hoc nuncio Cctsar erat profectus. Casar. 1. Hostes turris ruind commoti fugiunt. $. Hostes turris repentind ruind commoti fugiunt. 3. Hostes turris repentind ruind commoti, inopinalo malo turbati fugiunt. 4. Hostes turris repentind ruind commoti, inopinati malo turbati, deorum ird perculsi fugiunt. 5. Hostes turris repentind ruind commoti, inopinato malo turbati, deorum ira perculsi, urbis direptione per- tcrriti fugiunt. C&sar. C 1. Caius U CONSTRUCTION. chap. in. 1. Cains Curio, in Afrieam profectus ex Cilicia, pro- cessit. . 2. Cuius Curio , in Afrieam profectus ex Officio, et jam capias Publii Attii Vari detpiciens processit. Et jam despiciens andnou despising cop. Pub, At.SfC* 3. Caius Curio, in Afrieam profectus ex Cilicia, et jam ab initio copias Publii Attii Vari despiciens, pro* eessit. Cces. Et jam ab initio, &c. and now from the beginning, fyc. IV. Adjuncts to the nom. may be a relative with the constituent parts of a clause, or even a whole sentence; all to be construed before the principal verb, as, Questions. 4 Which the nom. case ? Which the relative? What words follownext after the relative, before the princi- pal verb ? Deus, qui novit, compensable Deus, qui novit corda et cogitationes, compensabit. Tenuit consuetudo, quce quo ti die magis invalescit. Ea, quce necessaria sunt, conquhantur. Vir etfxmina, quos heri videbas, sunt mortui. CHAP. III. (lONSTRUE the nom. case first, witJi the words thereU belonging + if any ; then the verb ; then the word or vords governed of the verb. Note.— In this third Chapter, the words in Italics are they which, according to ride, must be construed after the verb. Words governed of the verb, and therefore to be construed after it, may be of various sorts : I. A noun or nouns, in that case which the verb requires j soma verbs requiring a nom. after them, others an oblique mm* A, Nom* ♦hap. nr. CONSTRUCTION. 15 A Norn, after the Verb. Questions. What words are to be construed after the verb ? Winch is the verb ? What before the verb ? Deus est summum bonum. Christus est summit m bo~ num. Christus est bonus ille pastor. Alexander erat dux for tisrimus. Titus Romanus Tm- perator appellatus est Amor ac Delicice humani generis. Virtus habetur rationis huma?ice perfectio ; et honor est premium virtutis. A Gen. Case after the Verb. Haec domus et hie ager sunt fratris mei. Mors neminit misere|pr, nee divitis nee pauperis. . Satagit unusqui*que rerum suarum. Vir bonus i/j/'u- rice obliviscitur ; beneficii reminiscitur. lmplentur veteris Bacchi, pinguisque fcrincc. N^te.— When there is no nom. case expressed, it is implied in the verb, and must, in construing, be supplied by one or these pronouns, I > thou, lie, siie, it, we, ye> they ; according *o the number and person of the verb j thus in the example above, lmplentur, they are jilted. See C. 8. R. 1. Dative after the Verb. Laus virtuti debetur. Pecunia mult is com mod at, pluribus incommodat. Rex pi us reipublicce prodest. Cicero praeluxit maj*. ribus suis. Parenti debetur maxima reverentia. Famoe mendaci quis credit ? Ferucissimo leoni traditu* est Ljsimachus. Accusative after the Verb. Cyrus imperium protuht. Romani vJncebant mmtft gentes. Virtus conciliat etconservat amicitiam. Vitium %itam moltstam efficit ; et parit odium ac inimicitias. Brutum Romans matronse defensorem swum quan communem patrem iuxerunt. Filiam suam carissi/nam occidit Virgunus, ne stuprum sustinereu Stuprum violence. c £ Ablative M CONSTRUCTION. chap, m Ablative after the Verb, Divitii$ } nee minus cutis abundavit Croesus* Curu mortuns exoneratur. Morbus quiete, cura somno spoliat. Morbus spoliat quiete ; cura spoliat, &c. The first spoliat is understood, and supplied by Rule 23, from th^ spoliat expressed here. Officio suo sapiens fungitur. Vita eterna boni fruun- tur. Stultus doctis et libris abutitur. Doe lis, learned things, 1. e. learning. 2. The word governed by the verb may be an infinitive noun j and possibly that inf. also may have certain words governed by it. In such a case, construe the inf next after the verb, and then the words depending on the inf. Scribere jussit amor. Duo consules ca?perunt creari. Stultus perseverare nequiU Fiuctus dtturnescere ca3pe- runt. Car haginienses bella reparare tentabant. Nemo Ro« manoruni pads mentionem habere dignatus est. Note.— From the last example we find, that the word which the inf. governs, may likewise have, another word governed of it. The word governed, according to Rule 14, must be con* strued after that word which governs it \ therefore pads mult be construed arter mentionem* CHAP. IV. CONSTRUE the nam. case first, with the words thereto belonging, if any ; then the vetb ; then the word or words governed of the verb ; lastly, the preposition f if any r with the word depending on it. Note. — Prepositions, as we have seen, are sometimes ad- juncts to the nom. but in general they are attached to the concluding part of the sentence, and to be construed after the verb. ; # In this chapter, the words in Italics are prepositions and their adherents, to follow the verb. But the learner must know chap.t. CONSTRUCTION. 17 know, that these are not the only words to be construed after a verb j there a>e other oblique cases, &c. which he must distinguish from the nom. and its adjuncts, and construe them next after the verb, then the preposition, &c. QUESTIONS. Which is the preposition ? The word governed of it? Where to be construed ? The verb ? What words to be construed before the verb ? Romanum imperium a Romulo exordium habet. utmilius Paulus consul dc Perseo triumphum eyt. Masinissa cum Scipione amicitiam fecerat. Quintus Ponipeius cum Numuntinis pacem ignobilem fecit. Postea Cams Hostilius Mancinus cum Numan- tinis pacem Jecit infamem. Publius Scipio Africanus militem vitiosum et igna- vum sine aliqua acerbitatc correxit. Copias suas Caesar in pr&ximum collem subduxit, Oscenses et Calagurritani mittunt ad cum legatos. Equitatum ad castra mittit, ad Jlumen Bagradanu Curio copias ex locis superioribus m campum deducit. Note. — The learner h^rc will have gone through every part «f the first Rule of Construction ; which is a very compre- hensive one, and so useful, that it will oftentimes be sufficient of itself to conduct him through whole and very long sen- tences $ and though there are forms of speech, which cannot be well exemplified under this rule, and therefore other rules are necessary, yet the learner must almost always bear this first rule in mind, under whatever other rule he is reading ; beginning each sentence, unless there be expressed exceptions, for the contrary, with the nominative and its adjuncts j then proceeding to the verb j then to the words governed of the rerb $ and so on. CHAP. V. rule l. " CONSTRUE the nom. case firsts vfith the vrords 44 thereto belonging, if any; then the verb; then 11 the word or words governed of the verb ; lastly, « 3 « ihc 18 CONSTRUCTION. cbaivt. " the preposition, if any, with the word depending " on it." EXAMPLES, In which the nom. and its adjuncts, will be distin* guished by Italics* QUESTIONS. Which is the nom. case ? What adjuncts ? To be con* strued before or after the nom. I The verb ? 1. Fortes fortuna juvaK Adag. 2. Audentes fortuna juvat. Virg. 3. Vocat labor ultimus ornnes. Id. 4. Omnes eodem cogimur. Hur. 5. Vents agitatur in gens Pin us : et cetsae graviore casu Deeidunt turrcs : feriunt que summos lulmina rnontes. Id* »ULE 2. €t A genitive case is usually construed after another ffs noun/' EXAMPLES. Genitive cases, and the words they depend on, will appear in Italics. QUESTIONS. Which is the genitive case ? What word does it fol- low in construction ? What words precede the verb f I. Proh Dt&m at que konibiumjidtm* Ter» €. O cur as hominum ! Pers. 3. Amantium Jrce amoris integratio est. Amantium irae amoris integratio est. 4. Internum lacrymae fondera wcis habent. Ov. £» Nunignarumali, iniseiis succurrere disco. Virg* nuts chap, t, CONSTRUCTION. 19 RULE 3. " An infinitive noun is generally construed after a " verb/' These and such like infinitive words are not verbs or moods (as they are commonly called) because they do not declare, affirm, or predicate ; they are nouns, be- cause they are names, names of actions or conditions* EXAMPLES. The infinitives, and the words they depend on, in Italics. QUESTI0N8. Which is the infiniti- e noun ? The verb it follows J The nom. and its adjuncts? 1. Non ignara mali miseris succurrere disco. Vitg % 2. . Qu'isjallere pussit amaniem ? Id. 3. Possunt, quia / osse videntur. Id. 4 # Q ul timide rogat, Docet negare. Sen. 5. Fortuna opes auferre, non animum, potest, Id* BULE 4. il An adjective or participle, if no other word de«> pend on it, must be construed before its noun." EXAMPLES. Adjectives and their nouns distinguished by Italics* QUESTIONS. Which the noun ? Which the adj. ? Which of th^ two to be construed first? Betore or after the verb? 1 # Fallacia Alia aliam trudit. Ter. 2. Omnium rerum, heus, vicissitudo est ! Id. 3. Summum jus saepe summa est malit'ia. Id, 4. Nulla salus bello. Virg. 5. — — — Vocal labor ultimus oinnes. Id. RULt 30 CONSTRUCTION. ciiai*. r, RULE 5. " If an adjective or participle govern a word after i€ it, it must be construed after its noun/' EXAMPLES. The noun and adjective, and the word governed of that adjective, in Italics. QUESTIONS. The noun ? The adj. ? The word governed of the adjecfi e ? Which first of the three? Which next ? Before or after the verb ? 1. Vis consili expers mole ruit sua, Hor. 2 . Res est solliciti plena timoris amor. Ov. 3. lnvia virtuti nulla est via. Id. Est, nulla via, $c* 4 # Errat, Quisquis ab event u facta notanda putat. Id* 5. Versus mopes rerum, nugseque canorae. Hur. Rerum, of matter* KULE 6. 4i In an ablative absolute construe the participle or 44 adjective last, that is, after the noun or word with 14 which it agrees. EXAMPLES. The ablative absolute is in Italics, questions. What words are the example, or abl. absolute ? Which of them the noun ? Which the participle ? Which of the two to be construed Erst ? The nora. r 1. Deo Voletite, ridet et ftet quilibet. Ad&g. 2. Auro loquente, sermo in an is omnis est. Adag* 3. Atbore dejecta, quivis ligna colligit. Adag. 4. Etiam sanato vulnerc, cicatrix manet, haber\ £. Via sxacta viaticum quserere. C*c. cwaf, v, CONSTRUCTION. 21 RULE 7. a U two adjectives or participles agree with the same M noun, they must not be construed one before, and u the other after that noun, but either both before by u Rule 4, or both after by Rule 5" EXAMPLES. The nouns and adjectives here concerned, in Italics. QUESTIONS. The Example ? Which of these the noun ? The ad- jectives ? To be construed by Rule 4, or by II. 5 ? Why ? (If by It. 4, say, u Because the adjectives govern no word after them." If by R* 5, say, " Because the ad. jective — governs the word — after it.") The nom. and adjuncts ? Where to be construed ? j , Prosperum acfelix scelus Virtus vocatur. Sen. Felix, successful. 2. ' Nee me tuafervida terrent Dieta, ferox : Dii me terrent. Virg* 3. Vir bonus et prudens versus reprehendet inertes. Hor. Inertes, useless, or good for nothing. 4 # ■ ■ Male verum exanrinat omnis Corrupt us judex. Id. $, ,. , Nobilitas* ola est at que unica virtus* Juv. or, Nebilitas sola est atque unica virtus. rule 8. u Let the relative and its clause be construed &8 " soon as possible after the antecedent." EXAMPLES, The antecedent, the relative, and its adjuncts, in Italics : The antecedent, to be construed immediately before the .» CONSTRUCTION. chip, *t, the relative. If the antecedent be in the nom. case> construe it first of all, as Lex quve jubet, §c. If the antecedent be in an oblique case, construe it after the word which governs it, as Rege animum, quiimperat, fyc. Questions. The antecedent? The relative? Its clause? Where is the antecedent to be construed? Where the rel. and its clause ? Before or after the verb ? If before, Why ? (Be- cause the antecedent is in the nom. case.) If after, Whv ? (Because the antecedent is in an oblique case,) and governed of . 1. Lex wm versa est, qucejubet nasci et mori. Lab. 2. Gravior est inimicus, qui latet in ptctort. Id. 3. Homo, qui in homine calamitoso est misericors, me- mi nit suu Id. 4. Minor est quam servus, dominus, qui servos timet. Id. $ t - Animum rege, qui nisi pant,. Jmperat. Hor. Animum,: thy anger. CHAP. VI. RULE I. * CONSTRUE the nom. case first, &c." EXAMPLES. Questions. The norn. and adjuncts I The verb? What after the verb I 1. Dies adimit aegritudinem hominibus. Ter* Dies, Time. 2. . - Trahit sua quemque vduptas. Virg* 3. Quis enim modus adsit amori? Id. 4. Omnia fert cetas, animum quoque. Id. Animum quoque, even the recollection. 5. Alitur vitium, vivitque tegendo. Id. Tegendo, a passive gerund in do, by being concealed* Note, The gerunds in di, dQ, dum, though commonly re* presented fjr*F. vi. CONSTRUCTION. 2S presented in our Grammars to be only of the actke voice, are someti7nes, not active, but passive. So the supine in urn if sometime* passive ; and the supine in U is sometimes tUive ; though not so represented in our Grammars, See my Lat. Guam. Q, . Sasvit que animis ignobile vulgus. Id. 7. Furor arma ministrat. Id. $• Dabit Deus his quoque finem, Id. RULE 2. * A gecitive case is usually construed after another "' noun." EXAMPLES. Questions. The gen. case? The word it follows r The verb? What words precede the verb? 1. Omnium rerum, heus, vichsitudo est ! Tcr. 2. Sat habetfavitorum semper, qui recte facit. Plaut,