Digitized by tine Internet Arciiive in 2010 with funding from Tine Library of Congress littp://www.arcliive.org/details/liistoryofleecounOOwest Keokuk THE HISTORY LEE COUNTY, t I O T^ ^ CONTAINING jl !|i$iar^ uf ll^i SuttnJ^, ti$ Sttte$, lumtt$, let., A Biographical Directory of Citizens, War Record of its Vol unteers in the late Rebellion, General and Local Statistics, Portraits of Early Settlers and Prominent Men, History of the Northwest, History of lov/a. Map of Lee County, Constitution of the United States, Miscellaneous Matters, &c. ini.IjTJSTI5-.A-TE i:> CHICAGO : WESTERN HISTORICAL COMPANY, 1879. Entered, according to Act ol Congress, in the year 1870, by THE WESTERN HISTORICAL COMPANY In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C. ■a'- PREFACE. "VTEARLY sixty years have come and gone since Dr. Samuel C. Muir built a house JL^ at Puck-e-she-tuck as a permanent home for his Indian wife and children, and almost half a century has been added to the pages of time since white men began to exercise dominion in the land of the Sacs and Foxes. These years were full of change and of history, and, had some of the vigorous minds and ready pens of the early set- tlers been directed to the keeping of a chronological journal of events, the record woulii be invaluable to the local historian of the present. With such help, it would be a comparatively easy task to write a reliable and correct history. Without such aid, the undertaking is a difficult one, and the difficulty is materially increased by reason of the absence of nearly all the pioneer fathers and mothers. Of those who came here in pursuit of homes and fortunes between 1833 and 1840, but few are left to greet those who now come to write the local history of their county — a county second to none in the great State of Iowa in point of historic interest. The struggles, changes and vicissitudes that fifty years evoke are as trying to the minds as to the bodies of men. Physical and mental strength waste away together beneath accu- mulating years, and the memory of names, dates and important events becomes buried in the confusion brought by time and its restless, unceasing mutations. Circumstances that were fresh in memory ten and twenty years after their occurrence are almost, if not entirely, forgotten when fifty years have gone ; or, if not entirely lost from the mind, are so nearly so that, when recalled by one seeking to preserve them in printed pages, their memory comes slowly back, more like the recollections of a midnight dream than an actual occurrence in which they were partial, if not active, participants and prominent actors. The footprint of time leaves its impressions and destroying agencies upon everything, and hence it would be unreasonable to suppose that the annals, incidents and happenings of almost half a century in a community like that whose history we have attempted to write, could be preserved intact and unbroken in memory alone. In the absence of written records, recourse was had to the minds of such of the Pioneers and Old Settlers as have been spared to see the wilds of 1820 and 1833 eman- cipated from Indian hunting-grounds and camping-places and made the abode of thrift, wealth, intelligence, refinement, of schools, colleges, churches and cities, of the highest order. In seeking to supply missing links in the county's history by personal inter- views, difterent individuals rendered different and conflicting, although honest and sincere, accounts of the same events and circumstances. To sift these statements and arrive at the most reasonable and tangible conclusions was a delicate task, but a task we sought to discharge with the single purpose of writing of incidents as they actually transpired. If, in such a multiplicity of names, dates, etc., some errors are not detected, it will be strange indeed. But, such as it is, our offering is completed, and it only PREFACE. remains for us to acknowledge our obligations to the gentlemen named below for the valuable information furnished by them, without which this history of Lee County would not be so nearly perfect as it is : To Isaac R. Campbell and Nathan Smith, Esqs., of St. Francisville, Mo. ; Capt. James W. Campbell, Hon. Philip Viele, Judge John Whitaker, JoNAt< S. Knapp, John G. Kennedy, Otway Cutler, R. McFarland, Charles J. Hyde. A. L. Rice, xIaron Johnson, Peter Miller, Sr., and others, of Fort Madison, and vicinity; Valencourt Yanausdol, Henry D. Bartlett. Col. James C. Parrott, Israel Anderson, Judge Edward Johnstone, Hon. Daniel F. Miller, Sr., Col. William Patterson, Col. James Monroe Reid and others, of Keokuk; Alexander Cruickshank, Esq., of Franklin Township; John 0. Smith, Esq.. of Denmark; William Skinner, Esq., of Jefierson Township; A. W. Harlan, Esq., of Van Buren Township ; R. W. Pitman, of West Point, and D. C. Riddick, Es<(., of Montrose; L. B. Fleak, Esq., editor of the Brighton (lowa^ Sun, and Col. J. B. Patterson, editor of the Oquawka (111.) Spectator, this paragraph of acknowledgment is, therefore, respectfully inscribed. To the press of Fort Madison and Keokuk — Dr. A. C. Roberts, of the Democrat, and Messrs. Tremaine & Dawley, of the Plaindealer, and R. V. Albright, Esq., the founder of the Courier, and to Messrs. HowELL & Clark, of Gate City, and Messsrs. Smith, Clendenin & Rees, of the Constitution, we are under obligations for the use of the well-preserved files of their respective papers, and other journalistic courtesies. Our thanks are also due to the county ofl&cers for free access to the books and records of their sevei'al offices ; and to the city and various township authorities, as- well as to the ministers and official representatives of the various churches, and the Principals and teachers of the schools of the county, for statistical and historical infor- mation, without which this volume would be incomplete. To the parties named above is due, in a great measure, whatever of merit may be ascribed to this undertaking. To the people of the county in general, and the citizens of Fort Madison and Keo- kuk in particular, our most grateful considerations are due for their universal kindness and courtesy to our r epresentatives and agents ta^whom was intrusted the labor of col- lecting and arranging the information herein preserved to that posterity that will come in the not far distant by-and-by to fill the places of the fathers and mothers, so many of whose names and honorable biographies are to be found in the pages of this book. In conclusion, the publishers and writers can but express the hope that, before another fifty years will have passed, other and abler minds will have taken up and recorded the historical events that will follow after the close of this offering to the people of Lee County, that the annalistic literature of county may be fully preserved and maintained intact and unbroken from county to nation. Western Historical Company. April. 1879. CONTENTS. HISTORY NORTHWEST ABilD STATE OF IOWA. Page. History Northwest Territory 19 Geographical Position 19 Early Explorations 20 Discovery of the Ohio 33 English Explorations and Set- tlements 35 American Settlements 60 Division of the Northwest Ter- ritory 66 Tecumseh and the War of 1812 70 Black Hawk and the Black Hawk War 74 Other Indian Troubles 79 Present Condition of the North- west 86 Chicago 95 Illinois.... 257 Indiana 259 Iowa 260 Michigan 263 Wisconsin 264 Minnesota 266 Nebraska 267 History of Iowa : • Geographical Situation 109 Topography 109 Drainage System 110 Page. History ol Iowa : Kivers Ill Lakes 118 Springs '. 119 Prairies 120 Geology 120 Climatology 137 Discovery and Occupation 139 Territory 147 Indians 147 Pike's Expedition 151 Indian Wars 152 Black Hawk War 157 Indian Purchase, Reserves and Treaties... 159 Spanish Grants 163 Half-Breed Tract 164 Early Settlenients...*.; ..T66' Territorial History 173 Boundary Question 177 State Organization 181 Growth and Progress 185 Agricultural College and Farm.186 State University 187 State Historical Society 193 Penitentiaries 194 Page History of Iowa: Insane Hospitals 195 College for the Blind 197 Deaf and Dumb Institution 199 Soldiers' Orphans' Homes 199 State Normal School 201 Asylum for Feeble Minded Children 201 Reform School 202 Fish Hatching Establishment..203 Public Lands 204 Public Schools 218 Political Kecord 223 War Kecord 229 Infantry 233 Cavalry 244 Artillery 247 Miscellaneous 248 Promotions from Iowa Reg- iments 249 Number Casualties — Officers.250 Number Casualties — Enlist- ed Men 252 Number Volunteers 254 Population 255 Agricultural Statistics 320 AlBSTRAtT or IOWA STATE LAWS. Page. Adoption of Children 303 Bills of Exchange and Promissory Notes 293 Commercial Terms 305 Capital Punishment 298 Charitable, Scientific aud Religious Associations 316 Descent •. 293 Damages from Trespass 300 Exemptions from Execution 298 Estrays 299 Forms : Articles of Agreement 307 Bills of Sale 308 Bond for Deed 315 Bills of Purchase 306 Page. Forms : Chattel Mortgage 314 Confession of Judgment 306 Lease 312 Mortgages 310 Notice to Quit 309 Notes 306,313 Orders 306 Quit Claim Deed 315 Receipts 306 Wills and Codicils 309 Warranty Deed 314 Fences 300 Interest 293 Intoxicating Liquors 317 Jurisdiction of Courts 297 Page. Jurors 297 Limitation of Actions 297 Landlord and Tenant 304 Married Women 298 Marks and Brands 300 Mechanics' Liens 301 Koads and Bridges ; 302 Surveyors and Surveys 303 Suggestions to Persons Purchasing Books by Subscription 319 I Support of Poor 303 Taxes 295 Wills and Estates 293 Weights and Measures 305 I Wolf Scalps 300 Page. Mouth of the Mississippi 21 Source of the Mississippi 21 Wild Prairie 23 La Salle Landing on the Shore of Green Bay 25 Buffalo Hunt 27 Trapping 29 Hunting 32 Iroquois Chief 34 Pontiac, the Ottawa Chieftain 43 Indians Attacking Frontiersmen.. 56 A Prairie Storm 59 Page. Map of Lee County Front. Constitution of United States 269 Vote for President, Governor and Congressmen. 283 Practical Rules for Every-Day Use..284 United States Government Land ILiIilJSTRATIONS. Page. A Pioneer* Dwelling 61 Breaking Prairie 63 Tecumseh, the Shawanoe Chieftain 69 Indians Attacking a Stockade 72 Black Hawk, the Sac Chieftain 75 Big Eagle 80 Captain Jack, the Modoc Chieftain 83 Kinzie House 85 A Representative Pioneer 86 Lincoln Monument 87 A Pioneer School House 88 MIS€EL.L, 4NK01J!«». Page. Surveyor's Measure 288 How to Keep Accounts 288 Interest Table 289 Miscellaneous Tai'le 289 Names of the States of the Union and their Significations 290 Measure 287 I Population of the United States 291 Page Pioneers' First Winter 94 Great Iron Bridge of C, R. I. & P. R. R., Crossing the Mississippi at ■ • Davenport, Iowa , 91 Chicago in 1833 95 Old Fort Dearborn, 1830 98 Present Site Lake Street Bridge, Chicago. 1833 98 Ruins of Chicago 104 View of the City of Chicago 106 Hunting Prairie Wolves 268 Page Population of Fifty Principal Cities of the United States 291 Population and Area of the United States 292 Population of the Principal Coun- tries in the World 292 CONTENTS. HISTORT OF LE^ OOUXTY. Page. Discovery of lowii 324 Footpiiiite oil the Sands of Time. ..325 The Aboriginal 0ccui)ant8 326 Condition of tlie Country 60 Years Ago 328 KecolU'ctions of Valenconrt Van- ausdol 333 Black Hawk War 336 Black Hawk Purchase 347 Other Purchases 347 Last Dajs of the Indians Trr..34S Peraonal Sketches, Character- istics, etc 34S Black Hawk and his Wife 348 Wapello and other Chiefs 350 Anecdote of Pashapaho 358 Miscellaneous Pleasantries, etc.359 Wapello's Death 375 Ka-Ija-Wa-Quois 375 Possessing the Land 377 The Pioneer Era 377 Fort Des Moines , 381 Relics 382 Personal Sketches and Anec- dotes 382 First Iowa Counties 384 First Election 384 First Court 381 Settlers of 1835 and 1836 385 German Pioneer Settlers 392 Fragments 398 Indian Gluttony — Hominy- Blocks and Log Cabins — Wild Game — First Crops— .\musements of the Pio- neers, etc 398 Pioneer Times in Skinner'g^^ Neighborhood 402 (Joingto Mill under Difficulties405 A Pione4' CONTENTS. HII^TORV or FORT MAOISON. Page. Early History 589 The First Settler 592 Incidents and Personal Sketches. ..598 Religious Interests 603 Presbyterian Church 603 Methodist Church 604 Christian Church 604 Episcopal Church 605 Catholic Churches 605 Catholic Schools 606 Baptist Church 606 Colored Baptist Church 606 Page. Eeligious Interests — German Lutheran and Re- formed Church 607 Evangelical Lutheran, St. Paul's Church 607 Educational Interests 607 Fire Department 608 Mills 608 Potowonok Mills 608 Old Settlers' Mills 608 Atlee's Lumber Mills 609 Weston Mills 610 Pagh. Banking 610 Concordia Hall 610 Secret Societies 611 Masonic 611 Odd Fellows 611 Knights of Pythias 012 A. 0. U. W 612 Red Ribbon Movement 613 Plow Works 614 Breweries 614 TOWJT HISTORIKIS. Page. Page. I Page. West Point 664 Nashville 679 Primrose 679 Denmark 670 i Croton 679 South Franklin 679 Montrose 6;f&J Pilot Grove 679 Vincenues 679 Franklin Centre 677 ' St. Paul 679 i Wever 679 Charleston 678 , j BIOGRAHHICAI. TOWNSHIP l>IRKCTORT. Page. Cedar 823 Charleston 818 Denmark 867 Des Moines 784 Franklin 774 Page. ' Harrison 766 Jefferson 788 Jackson 719 Keokuk City 681 Madison 722 Green Bay 877 Marion 794 Pack. Montrose 757 Pleasant Ridge 805 Van Buren 884 Washington 829 West Point 853 l,ITHOGRAPHI€ PORTRAITS. Page. Atlee. John C, Fort Madison 355 Atlee, S., " 593 Angear,J.J. M. " 423 Bacon, J. H. Jr. " 611 Beck, J. M. " 279 Bower. R. F., Keokuk 261 Page. Davis, C. F., Keokuk 627 Hughes, J. C. " 321 Henkle, Amos, Van Buren Tp 457 Hunt, J. P., Charleston Tp 491 Johnstone, Edward, Keokuk 227 Page. Keokuk Frontispiece Pittman, Wm.G., West Point 389 Rogers, Millard H., Gieen Bay Tp..525 South, John, Charleston Tp 559 Skinner, Wm , Jefferson Tp 441 ^iAP o^ ^$> ^ B lUM M The Northwest Territory. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION. When the Northwestern Territory was ceded to the United States by Virginia in 1784, it embraced only the territory lying between the Ohio and the Mississippi Rivers, and north to the northern limits of the United States. It coincided with the area now embraced in the States of Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, Wisconsin, and that portion of Minnesota lying on the east side of the Mississippi River. The United States itself at that period extended no farther west than the Mississippi River; but by the purchase of Louisiana in 1803, the western boundary of the United States was extended to the Rocky Mountains and the Northern Pacific Ocean. The new territory thus added to the National domain, and subsequently opened to settlement, has been called the *' New Northwest," in contradistinction from the old " Northwestern Territory. " In comparison with the old Northwest this is a territory of vast magnitude. It includes an area of 1,887,850 square miles ; being greater in extent than the united areas of all the Middle and Southern States, including Texas. Out of this magnificent territory have been erected eleven sovereign States and eight Territories, with an aggregate popula- tion, at the present time, of 13,000,000 inhabitants, or nearly one third of the entire population of the United States. Its lakes are fresh-water seas, and the larger rivers of the continent flow for a thousand miles through its rich alluvial valleys and far- stretching prairies, more acres of which are arable and productive of the highest percentage of the cereals than of any other area of like extent on the globe. For the last twenty years the increase of population in the North- west has been about as three to one in any other portion of the United States. (19) 20 THE NOKTHWEST TEERITORY. EARLY EXPLORATIONS. In the year 1541, DeSoto first saw the Great West in the New World. He, however, penetrated no farther north than the 35th parallel of latitude. The expedition resulted in his death and that of more than half his army, the remainder of whom found their way to Cuba, thence to Spain, in a famished and demoralized condition. DeSoto founded no settlements, produced no results, and left no traces, unless it were that he awakened the hostility of the red man against the white man, and disheartened such as might desire to follow up the career of discovery for better purposes. The French nation were eager and ready to seize upon any news from this extensive domain, and were the first to profit by DeSoto's defeat. Yet it was more than a century before any adventurer took advantage of these discoveries. In 1616, four years before the pilgrims " moored their bark on the wild New England shore," Le Caron, a French Franciscan, had pene- trated through the Iroquois and Wyandots (Hurons) to the streams which run into Lake Huron ; and in 1634, two Jesuit missionaries founded the first mission among the lake tribes. It was just one hundred years from the discovery of the Mississippi by DeSoto (1541) until the Canadian envoys met the savage nations of the Northwest at the Falls of St. IMary, below the outlet of Lake Superior. This visit led to no permanent result; yet it was not until 1659 that any of the adventurous fur traders attempted to spend a Winter in the frozen wilds about the great lakes, nor was it until 1660 that a station was established upon their borders by Mesnard, who perished in the woods a few months after. In 1665, Claude Allouez built the earliest lasting habitation of the white man among the Indians of tlie Northwest. In 1668, Claude Dablon and James Marquette founded the mission of Sault Ste. Marie at the Falls of St. Mary, and two years afterward, Nicholas Perrot, as agent for M. Talon, Governor Gen- eral of Canada, explored Lake Illinois (Michigan) as far south as the present Cit}^ of Chicago, and invited the Indian nations to meet him at a grand council at Sault Ste. Marie the following Spring, Avhere the}' were taken under the protection of the king, and formal possession was taken of the Northwest. This same year Marquette established a mission at Point St. Igiiatius, where was founded the old town of Michillimackinac. During M. Talon's explorations and jMarquette's residence at St. Ignatius, they learned of a great river away to the west, and fancied — as all others did then — that upon its fertile banks whole tribes of God's children resided, to whom the sound of the Gospel had never come. Filled with a wish to go and preach to them, and in compliance with a THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 21 22 TBGE NORTHWEST TEKRITO^Y. request of M. Talon, who earnestly desired to extend the domain of his king, and to ascertain whether the river flowed into the Gulf of Mexico or the Pacific Ocean, Marquette with Joliet, as commander of the expe- dition, prepared for the undertaking. On the loth of May, 1673, the explorers, accompanied by five assist- ant French Canadians, set out from Mackinaw on their daring voyage of discovery. The Indians, who gathered to witness their departure, were astonished at the boldness of the undertaking, and endeavored to dissuade them from their purpose by representing the tribes on the Mississippi as exceedingly savage and cruel, and the river itself as full of all sorts of frightful monsters ready to swallow them and their canoes together. But, nothing daunted by these terrific descriptions, Marquette told them he was willing not only to encounter all the perils of the unknown region they were about to explore, but to lay down his life in a cause in which the salvation of souls was involved; and having prayed together they separated. Coasting along the northern shore of Lake Michigan, the adventurers entered Green Bay, and passed thence up the Fox River and Lake Winnebago to a village of the Miamis and Kickapoos. Here Mar- quette was delighted to find a beautiful cross planted in the middle of the town ornamented with white skins, red girdles and bows and arrows, which these good people had offered to the Great Manitou, or God, to thank him for the pity he had bestowed on them during the Winter in giving them an abundant " chase." This was the farthest outpost to which Dablon and Allouez had extended their missionary labors the year previous. Here Marquette drank mineral waters and was instructed in the secret of a root which cures the bite of the venomous rattlesnake. He assembled the chiefs and old men of the village, and, pointing to Joliet, said : " My friend is an envoy of France, to discover new coun- tries, and I am an ambassador from God to enlighten them with the truths of the Gospel." Two Miami guides were here furnished to conduct them to the Wisconsin River, and they set out from the Indian village on the 10th of June, amidst a great crowd of natives who had assembled to witness their departure into a region where no white man had ever yet ventured. The guides, having conducted them across the portage, returned. The explorers launched their canoes upon the Wisconsin, which they descended to the Mississippi and proceeded down its unknown waters. What emotions must have swelled their breasts as they struck out into the broadening current and became conscious that they were now upon the bosom of ths Father of Waters. The mystery was about to be lifted from the long-sought river. The scenery in that locality is beautiful, and on that delightful seventeenth of June must have been clad in all its primeval loveliness as it had been adorned by the hand of THE NORTHWEST TEREITORY. 2S Nature. Drifting rapidly, it is said that the bold bluffs on either hand " reminded them of the castled shores of their own beautiful rivers of France." By-and-by, as they drifted along, great herds of buffalo appeared on the banks. On going to the heads of the valley they could see a country of the greatest beauty and fertility, apparently destitute of inhab- itants yet presenting the appearance of extensive manors, under the fas- tidious cultivation of lordly proprietors. THE WILD PRAIRIE. On June 25, they went ashore and found some fresh traces of men upon the sand, and a path which led to the prairie. The men remained in the boat, and Marquette and Joliet followed the path till they discovered a village on the banks of a river, and two other villages on a hill, within a half league of the first, inhabited by Indians. They were received most hospitably by these natives, who had never before seen a white person. After remaining a few daj's they re-embarked and descended the river to about latitude 33°, where they found a village of the Arkansas, and being satisfied that the river flowed into the Gulf of Mexico, turned their course 24 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. up the river, and ascending the stream to the mouth of the Illinois, rowed up that stream to its source, and procured guides from that point to the lakes. " Nowhere on this journey," says Marquette, ''did we see such grounds, meadows, woods, stags, buffaloes, deer, wildcats, bustards, swans, ducks, parroquets, and even beavers, as on the Illinois River." The party, without loss or injury, reached Green Bay in September, and reported their discovery — one of the most important of the age, but of which no record was preserved save Marquette's, Joliet losing his by the upsetting of his canoe on his way to Quebec. Afterward Marquette returned to the- Illinois Indians by their request, and ministered to them until 1675. On the 18th of May, in that year, as he was passing the mouth of a stream — going with his boatmen up Lake Michigan — he asked to land at its mouth and celebrate Mass. Leaving his men with the canoe, he retired a short distance and began his devotions. As much time passed and he did not return, his men went in search of him, and found him upon his knees, dead. He had peacefuU}' passed away while at prayer. He was buried at this spot. Charlevoix, who visited the place fifty years after, found the waters had retreated from the grave, leaving the beloved missionary to repose in peace. The river has since been called Marquette. While Marquette and his companions were pursuing their labors in the West, two men, differing widely from him and each other, were pre- paring to follow in his footsteps and perfect the discoveries so well begun by him. These were Robert de La Salle and Louis Hennepin. After La Salle's return from the discovery of the Ohio River (see the narrative elsewhere), he established himself again among the French trading posts in Canada. Here he mused long upon the pet project of those ages — a short way to China and the East, and was busily planning an expedition up the great lakes, and so across the continent to the Pacific, when Marquette returned from the Mississippi. At once the vigorous mind of LaSalle received from his and his companions' stories the idea that bj' fol- lowing the Great River northward, or by turning up some of the numerous western tributaries, the object could easily be gained. He applied to Frontenac, Governor General of Canada, and laid before him the plan, dim but gigantic. Frontenac entered warmly into his plans, and saw that LaSalle's idea to connect the great lakes by a chain of forts with the Gulf of Mexico would bind the country so wonderfully together, give un- measured power to France, and glory to himself, under whose adminis- tration he earnestly hoped all would be realized. LaSalle now repaired to France, laid his plans before the King, who warmly approved of them, and made him a Chevalier. He also received from all the noblemen the warmest wishes for his success. The Ghv'^v- THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 25 alier returned to Canada, and busily entered upon his work. He at once rebuilt Fort Frontenac and constructed the first ship to sail on these fresh-water seas. On the 7th of August, 1679, having been joined by Hennepin, he began his voyage in the Griffin up Lake Erie. He passed over this lake, through the straits beyond, up Lake St. Clair and into Huron. In this lake they encountered heavy storms. They were some time at Michillimackinac, where LaSalle founded a fort, and passed on to Green Bay, the " Bale des Puans *' of the French, where he found a large quantity of furs collected for him. He loaded the Griffin with these, and placing her under the care of a pilot and fourteen sailors. LA SALLE LANDING ON THE SHORE OP GREEN BAY. started her on her return voyage. The vessel was never afterward heard of. He remained about these parts until early in the Winter, when, hear- ing nothing from the Griffin, he collected all the men — thirty working men and three monks — and started again upon his great undertaking. By a short portage they passed to the Illinois or Kankakee, called by the Indians, "Theakeke," ivolf, because of the tribes of Indians called by that name, commonly known as the Mahingans, dwelling there. The French pronounced it KiaJciki, which became corrupted to Kankakee. "Falling down the said river by easy journeys, the better to observe the country," about the last of December they reached a village of the Illi- nois Indians, containing some five hundred cabins, but at that moment 26 THE NORTHWEST TEERITORY. no inhabitants. The Seur de LaSalle being in want of some breadstuffs, took advantage of the absence of the Indians to help himself to a sufiQ- ciency of maize, large quantities of which he found concealed in holes under the wigwams. This village was situated near the present village of Utica in LaSalle County, Illinois. The corn being securely stored, the voyagers again betook themselves to the stream, and toward evening, on the 4tli day of January, 16S0, they came into a lake which must have been the lake of Peoria. This was called by the Indians Pim-i-te-wi, that is, a place where there are many fat beasts. Here the natives were met with in large numbers, but they were gentle and kind, and having spent some time with them, LaSalle determined to erect another fort in that place, for he had heard rumors that some of the adjoining tribes were trying to disturb the good feeling which existed, and some of his men were disposed to complain, owing to the hardships and perils of the travel. He called this fort "• Crevecoeur"' (broken-heart), a name expressive of the very natural sorrow and anxiety which the pretty certain loss of his ship. Griffin, and his consequent impoverishment, the danger of hostility on the part of the Indians, and of mutiny among his own men, might well cause him. His fears were not entirely groundless. At one time poison was placed in his food, but fortunately was discovered. While building this fort, the Winter wore away, the prairies began to look green, and LaSalle, despairing of any reinforcements, concluded to return to Canada, raise new means and new men, and embark anew in the enterprise. For this purpose he made Hennepin the leader of a party to explore the head waters of the Mississippi, and he set out on his jour- ney. This journey was accomplished with the aid of a few persons, and was successfully made, though over an almost u iknown route, and in a bad season of the year. He safely reached Canaia, and set out again for the ob.iect of his search. Hennepin and his party left Fort Crevecoeur on the last of February, 1680. When LaSalle reached this place on his return expedition, he found the fort entirely deserted, and he was obliged to return again to Canada. He embarked the third time, and succeeded. Seven days after leaving the fort, Hennepin reached the Mississippi, and paddling up the icy stream as best he could, reached no higher than the Wisconsin River by the 11th of April. Here he and his followers were taken prisoners by a band of Northern Indians, who treated them with great kindness. Hen- nepin's comrades were Anthony. Auguel and Michael Ako. On this voy- age they found several beautiful lakes, and " saw some charming prairies." Their captors were the Isaute or Sauteurs, Chippewas, a tribe of the Sioux nation, who took them up the river until about the first of May, when they reached some fails, which Hennepin christened Falls of St. Anthony THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 27 in honor of his patron saint. Here they took the land, and .traveling nearly two hundred miles to the north v/est, brought them to their villages. Here they were kept about three months, were treated kindly by their captors, and at the end of that time, were met by a band of Frenchmen. BUFFALO HUNT. headed by one Seur de Luth, who, in pursuit of trade and game, had pene- trated thus far by the route of Lake Superior ; and with these fellow- countrymen Hennepin and his companions were allowed to return to the borders of civilized life in November, 1680, just after LaSalle had returned to the wilderness on his second trip. Hennepin soon after went to France, where he published an account of his adventures. 28 THE NORTHWEST TERRITOEY. The Mississippi was first discovered by De Soto in April, 1541, in his vain endeavor to find gold and precious gems. In the following Spring, De Soto, weary with hope long deferred, and worn out with his wander- ings, he fell a victim to disease, and on the 21st of May died. His followers, reduced by fatigue and disease to less than three hundred men, wandered about the country nearly a year, in the vain endeavor to rescue them- selves by land, and finally constructed seven small vessels, called brigan- tines, in which they embarked, and descending the river, supposing it w^ould lead them to the sea, in July they came to the sea (Gulf of Mexico), and by September reached the Island of Cuba. They were the first to see the great outlet of the Mississippi ; but, being so weary and discouraged, made no attempt to claim the country, and hardly had an intelligent idea of what they had passed through. To La Salle, the intrepid explorer, belongs the honor of giving the £rst account of the mouths of the river. His great desire was to possess this entire country for his king, and in January, 1682, he and his band of explorers left the shores of Lake Michigan on their third attempt, crossed the portage, passed down the Illinois River, and on the 6th of February, reached the banks of the Mississippi. On the 13th they commenced their downward course, which they pursued with but one interruption, until upon the 6th of March they dis- covered the three great passages by which the river discharges its waters into the gulf. La Salle thus narrates the event: " We landed on the bank of the most western channel, about three leagues (nine miles) from its mouth. On the seventh, M. de LaSalle went to reconnoiter the shores of the neighboring sea, and M. de Tonti meanwhile examined the great middle channel. They found the main outlets beautiful, large and deep. On the 8th we reascended the river, a little above its confluence with the sea, to find a dry place beyond the re:^\\ of inundations. The elevation of the North Pole was here about twenty-seven degrees. Here we prepared a column and a cross, and to the column were afSxed the arms of France with this inscription : Louis Le Grand, Roi De France et de Navarre, regne ; Le neuvieme Avril, 16S2. The whole party, under arms, chanted the Te Deum, and then, after a salute and cries of " Vive le Roi," the column Avas erected by M. de La Salle, who, standing near it, proclaimed in a loud voice the authority of the King of France. LaSalle returned and laid the foundations of the Mis- sissippi settlements in Illinois, thence he proceeded to France, where another expedition was fitted out, of which he was commander, and in two succeeding voyages failed to find the outlet of the river by sailing along the shore of the gulf. On his third voyage he was killed, through the THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 29 treachery of his followers, and the object of his expeditions was not accomplished until 1699, when D'lberville, under the authority of the crown, discovered, on the second of March, by way of the sea, the mouth of the " Hidden River." This majestic stream was called by the natives *^ Malbouchia,"" and by the Spaniards, " Z« Palissade^'" from the great TRAPPING. number of trees about its mouth. After traversing the several outlets, and satisfying himself as to its certainty, he erected a fort near its western outlet, and returned to France. An avenue of trade was now opened out which was fully improved. In 1718, New Orleans was laid out and settled by some European colo- nists. In 1762, the colony was made over to Spain, to be regained by France under the consulate of Napoleon. In 1803, it was purchased hy 30 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. the United States for the sum of fifteen million dollars, and the territory of Louisiana and commerce of the Mississippi River came under the charge of the United States. Although LaSalle's labors ended in defeat and death, he had not worked and suffered in vain. He had thrown open to France and the world an immense and most valuable country ; had established several ports, and laid the foundations of more than one settlement there. " Peoria, Kaskaskia and Cahokia, are to this day monu- ments of LaSalle's labors : for, though he had founded neither of them, (unless Peoria, which was built nearly upon the site of Fort Crevecoeur,) it was by those whom he led into the West that these places were peopled and civilized. He was, if not the discoverer, the first settler of the Mississippi Valley, and as such deserves to be known and honored." The French early improved the opening made for them. Before the year 1698, the Rev. Father Gravier began a mission among the Illinois^ and founded Kaskaskia. For some time this was mereW a missionary station, where none but natives resided, it being one of three such vil- lages, the other two being Cahokia and Peoria. What is known of these missions is learned from a letter written by Father Gabriel ]\Iarest, dated " Aux Cascaskias, autrement dit de rimmaculate Conception de la Sainte Vierge, le 9 Novembre, 1T12." Soon after the founding of Kaskaskia, the missionary. Pinet, gathered a flock at Cahokia, while Peoria arose near the ruins of Fort Crevecceur. This must have been, about the year 1700. The post at Vincennes on the Oubache river, (pronounced Wa-bii, meaning summer cloud movim/ swifflf/') was estab- lished in 1702, according to the best authorities.* It is altogether prob- able that on LaSalle's last trip he established the stations at Kaskaskia and Cahokia. In July, 1701, the foundations of Fort Ponchartrain. were laid by De la Motte Cadillac on the Detroit River. These sta- tions, with those established further north, were the earliest attempts to occupy the Northwest Territory. At the same time efforts were being made to occupy the Southwest, which finally culminated in the settle- ment and founding of the City of New Orleans by a colony from England in 171S. This was mainly accomplished through the efforts of the famous Mississippi Company, established by the notorious John Law, who so quickly arose into prominence in France, and who witli his scheme so quickly and so ignominiously passed away. From the time of the founding of these stations for fifty years the French nation were engrossed with the settlement of the lower ^lissis- sippi, and the war with the Chicasaws, who had, in revenge for repeated • There is consiileraWe aisputo about this date, some asserting it was foundea as late as 174-2. When the new court house at Vinoennes was erootod, all authorities o;i the subject were carefully examined, anil *V03 fixetl upon as the correct date. It was accordingly engraved ou the corner-stone of the court house. THE NOKTHWEST TEEKITORY. 31 injuries, cut off the entire colony at Natchez. Although the company did little for Louisiana, as the entire West was then called, yet it opened the trade through the Mississippi River, and started the raising of grains indigenous to that climate. Until the year 1750, but little is known of the settlements in the Northwest, as it was not until this time that the attention of the English was called to the occupation of this portion of the New World, which they then supposed they owned. Vivier, a missionary among the Illinois, writing from "' Aux Illinois," six leagues from Fort Chartres, June 8, 1750, says: "We have here whites, negroes and Indians, to say nothing of cross-breeds. There are five French villages, and three villages of the natives, within a space of twenty-one leagues situated between the Mississippi and another river called the Karkadaid (Kaskaskias). In the five French villages are, perhaps, eleven hundred whites, three hundred blacks and some sixty red slaves or savages. The three Illinois towns do not contain more than eight hundred souls all told. Most of the French till the soil; they raise wheat, cattle, pigs and horses, and live like princes. Three times as much is produced as can be consumed ; and great quantities of grain and flour are sent to New Orleans.*' This city was now the seaport town of the Northwest, and save in the extreme northern part, where only furs and copper ore were found, almost all the products of the country found their way to France by the mouth of the Father of Waters. In another letter, dated Novem- ber 7, 1750, this same priest says: "For fifteen leagues above the mouth of the Mississippi one sees no dwellings, the ground being too low to be habitable. Thence to New Orleans, the lands are only partially occupied. New Orleans contains black, white and red, not more, I think, than twelve hundred persons. To this point come all lumber, bricks, salt-beef, tallow, tar, skins and bear's grease ; and above all, pork and flour from the Illinois. These things create some commerce, as forty vessels and more have come hither this year. Above New Orleans, plantations are again met with : the most considerable is a colony of Germans, some ten leagues up the river. At Point Coupee, thirty-five leagues above the German settlement, is a fort. Along here, within five or six leagues, are not less than sixty habitations. Fifty leagues farther up is the Natchez post, where we have a garrison, who are kept prisoners through fear of the Chickasaws. Here and at Point Coupee, they raise excellent tobacco. Another hundred leagues brings us to the Arkansas, where we have also a fort and a garrison for the benefit of the river traders. * * * From the Arkansas to the Illinois, nearly five hundred leagues, there is not a settlement. There should be, however, a fort at the Oubache (Ohio), the only path by which the English can reach the Mississippi. In the Illinois country are numberless mines, but no one to 82 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. work them as they deserve." Father Marest, writing from the post at Vineeniiesin 1812, makes the same observation. Vivier also says : "■ Some individuals dig lead near the surface and supply the Indians and Canada. Two Spaniards now here, who claim to be adepts, say that our mines are like those of Mexico, and that if we would dig deeper, we should find silver under the lead ; and at any rate the lead is excellent. There is also in this country, beyond doubt, copper ore, as from time to time large pieces are found in the streams." «-, .^-.»^- HTJXTIXG. At the close of the year 1750, the French occupied, in addition to the lower ]\rississip2U posts and those in Illinois, one at Du Quesne, one at the Maumee in the country of the Miamis, and one at Sandusky in what may be termed the Ohio Valley. In the northern part of the Northwest they liad stations at St. Joseph's on the St. Joseph's of Lake Michigan, at Fort Ponchartrain (^Detroit), at Michillimackanac or Massillimacanac, Fox River of Green Bay, and at Sault Ste. Marie. The fondest dreams of LaSalle were now fully realized. The French alone were possessors of this vast realm, basing their claim on discovery and settlement. Another nation, however, was now turning its attention to this extensive country, THE NORTHWEST TEREITOEY. 33; and hearing of its wealth, began to lay plans for occupying it and for securing the great profits arising therefrom. The French, however, had another claim to this country, namely, the DISCOVERY OF THE OHIO. This " Beautiful " river was discovered by Robert Cavalier de La- Salle in 1669, four years before the discovery of the Mississippi by Joliet and Marquette. While LaSalle was at his trading post on the St. Lawrence, he found leisure to study nine Indian dialects, the chief of which was the Iroquois. He not only desired to facilitate his intercourse in trade, but he longed to travel and explore the unknown regions of the West. An incident soon occurred which decided him to fit out an exploring expedition. While conversing with some Senecas, he learned of a river called the Ohio, which rose in their country and flowed to the sea, but at such a distance that it required eight months to reach its mouth. In this state- ment the Mississippi and its tributaries were considered as one stream. LaSalle believing, as most of the French at that period did, that the great rivers flowing west emptied into the Sea of California, was anxious to embark in the enterprise of discovering a route across the continent to the commerce of China and Japan. He repaired at once to Quebec to obtain the approval of the Gov- ernor. His eloquent appeal prevailed. The Governor and the Intendant» Talon, issued letters patent authorizing the enterprise, but made no pro- vision to defray the expenses. At this juncture the seminary of St. Sul- pice decided to send out missionaries in connection with the expedition, and LaSalle offering to sell his improvements at LaChine to raise money, the offer was accepted by the Superior, and two thousand eight hundred dollars were raised, with which LaSalle purchased four canoes and the necessary supplies for the outfit. On the 6th of July, 1669, the party, numbering twenty-four persons, embarked in seven canoes on the St. Lawrence; two additional canoes carried the Indian guides. In three days they were gliding over the bosom of Lake Ontario. Their guides conducted them directly to the Seneca village on the bank of the Genesee, in the vicinity of the present City of Rochester, New York. Here they expected to procure guides to conduct them to the Ohio, but in this they were disappointed. The Indians seemed unfriendly to the enterprise. LaSalle suspected that the Jesuits had prejudiced their minds against his plans. After waiting a month in the hope of gaining their object, they met an Indian 84 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. from the Iroquois colony at the head of Lake Ontario, who assured them that they could there find guides, and offered to conduct them thence. On their way they passed the mouth of the Niagara River, when they heard for the first time the distant thunder of the cataract. Arriving IBOyllOlS CUIKF. amono- the Iroquois, they met with a friendly reception, and learned from "a Shawanee prisoner that they could reach the Ohio m six weeks. Delic-hted Avith the unexpected good fortune, they made ready to resume their" journey; but just as they were about to start they heard of the arrival of two Frenchmen in a neighboring village. One of them proved to be Louis Joliet, afterwards famous as an explorer in the West. He THE NORTHWEST TERRITOKY. 35 had been sent by the Canadian Government to explore the copper mines on Lake Su|)erior, but had failed, and was on his way back to Quebec. He gave the missionaries a map of the country he had explored in the lake region, together with an account of the condition of the Indians in that quarter. This induced the priests to determine on leaving the expedition and going to Lake Superior. LaSalle warned them that the Jesuits were probably occupying that field, and that they would meet with a cold reception. Nevertheless they persisted in their purpose, and after worship on the lake shore, parted from LaSalle. On arriving at Lake Superior, they found, as LaSalle had predicted, the Jesuit Fathers, Marquette and Dablon, occupying the field. These zealous disciples of Loyola informed them that they wanted no assistance from St. Sulpice, nor from those who made him their jDatron saint ; and thus repulsed, they returned to Montreal the following June without having made a single discovery or converted a single Indian, After parting with the priests, LaSalle went to the chief Iroquois village at Onondaga, where he obtained guides, and passing thence to a tributary of the Ohio south of Lake Erie, he descended the latter as far as the falls at Louisville. Thus was the Ohio discovered by LaSalle, the persevering and successful French explorer of the West, in 1669. The account of the latter part of his journey is found in an anony- mous paper, which purports to have been taken from the lips of LaSalle himself during a subsequent visit to Paris. In a letter written to Count Frontenac in 1667, shortly after the discovery, he himself says that he discovered the Ohio and descended it to the falls. This was regarded as an indisputable fact by the French authorities, who claimed the Ohio Valley upon another ground. When Washington was sent by the colony of Virginia in 1753, to demand of Gordeur de St. Pierre why the French had built a fort on the Monongahela, the haughty commandant at Quebec replied : " We claim the country on the Ohio by virtue of the discoveries of LaSalle, and will not give it up to the English. Our orders are to make prisoners of every Englishman found trading in the Ohio Valley." ENGLISH EXPLORATIONS AND SETTLEMENTS. When the new year of 1750 broke in upon the Father of Waters and the Great Northwest, all was still wild save at the French posts already described. In 1749, when the English first began to think seri- ously about sending men into the West, the greater portion of the States of Indiana, Ohio, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota were yet under the dominion of the red men. The English knew, however, pretty 86 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. conclusivel}' of the nature of the wealth of these wikls. As early as 1710, Governor Spotswood, of Virginia, had commenced movements to secure the countr}- west of the Alleghenies to the English crown. In Pennsylvania, Governor Keith and James Logan, secretary of the prov- ince, from 1719 to 1731, represented to the powers of England the neces- sity of securing the Western lands. Nothing was done, however, by that power save to take some diplomatic steps to secure the claims of Britain to this unexplored wilderness. England had from the outset claimed from the Atlantic to the Pacific, on the ground that the discovery of the seacoast and its possession was a discovery and possession of the countrj', and, as is well known, her grants to the colonies extended ^ from sea to sea." This was not all her claim. She had purchased from the Indian tribes large tracts of land. This lat- ter was also a strong argument. As earl}- as 16S1, Lord Howard, Gov- ernor of Virginia, held a treaty with the six nations. These were the great Northern Confederacy, and comprised at first the ISIohawks, Onei- das, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Seneeas. Afterward the Tuscaroras were taken into the confederac}*, and it became known as the Six Nations. They came under the protection of the mother country, and again in 1701, they repeated the agreement, and in September, 1726, a formal deed was drawn up and signed by the chiefs. The validity of this claim has often been disputed, but never successfully. In 1744, a purchase was made at Lancaster, Pennsylvania, of certain lands within the " Colony of Virginia," for which the Indians received £200 in gold and a like sum in goods, with a promise that, as settlements increased, more should be paid. The Commissioners from Virginia were Colonel Thomas Lee and Colonel William Beverly. As settlements extended, the promise of more pa}- was called to mind, and Mr. Conrad Weiser was sent across the mountains with presents to appease the savages. Col. Lee, and some Virginians accompa- nied him with the intention of sounding the Indians upon their feelings regarding the English. They were not satisfied with their treatment, and plainly told the Commissioners why. The English did not desire the cultivation of the country, but the monopoly of the Indiaa»trade. In 1748, the Ohio Company was formed, and petitioned the king for a grant of land beyond the Alleghenies. This was granted, and the government of Virginia was ordered to grant to them a half million acres, two hun- dred thousand of which were to be located at once. Upon the 12th of June, 1749, 800,000 acres from the line of Canada north and west was made to the Loyal Company, and on the 29th of October, 1751, 100,000 acres were given to the Greenbriar Company. All this time the French were not idle. They saw that, should the British gain a foothold in tlie West, especially upon the Ohio, they might not only prevent the French THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 37 settling upon it, but in time would come to the lower posts and so gain possession of the whole country. Upon the 10th of May, 1774, Vaud- reuil. Governor of Canada and the French possessions, well knowing the consequences that must arise from allowing the English to build trading- posts in the Northwest, seized some of their frontier posts, and to further secure the claim of the French to the West, he, in 1749, sent Louis Cel- eron with a party of soldiers to plant along the Ohio River, in the mounds and at the mouths of its principal tributaries, plates of lead, on which were inscribed the claims of France. These were heard of in 1752, and within the memory of residents now living along the '' Oyo," as the beautiful river was called by the French. One of these plates was found with the inscription partly defaced. It bears date August 16, 1749, and a copy of the inscription with particular account of the discovery of the plate, was sent by DeWitt Clinton to the American Antiquarian Society, among whose journals it may now be found.* These measures did not, however, deter the English from going on with their explorations, and though neither party resorted to arms, yet the conflict was gathering, and it was onl}^ a question of time when the storm would burst upon the frontier settlements. In 1750, Christopher Gist was sent by the Ohio Company to examine its lands. He went to a village of the Twigtwees, on the Miami, about one hundred and fifty miles above its mouth. He afterward spoke of it as very populous. From there he went down the Ohio River nearly to the falls at the present City of Louisville, and in November he commenced a survey of the Company's lands. Dur- ing the Winter, General Andrew Lewis performed a similar work for the Greenbriar Company. Meanwhile the French were bus}^ in preparing their forts for defense, and in opening roads, and also sent a small party of soldiers to keep the Ohio clear. This party, having heard of the Eng- lish post on the Miami River, early in 1652, assisted by the Ottawas and Chippewas, attacked it, and, after a severe battle, in which fourteen of the natives were killed and others wounded, captured the garrison. (They were probably garrisoned in a block house). The traders were carried away to Canada, and one account says several were burned. This fort or post was called by the English Pickawillany. A memorial of the king's ministers refers to it as " Pickawillanes, in the center of the terri- tory between the Ohio and the Wabash. The name is probably some variation of Pickaway or Picqua in 1773, written by Rev. David Jones Pickaweke." * The following is a tnnislatioii of the inscriptiou on the plate: "In the year 1749. reign of Louis XV.. King of France, we, Celeron, commandant of a detachment by Monsieur the Marquis of Gallisoniere, com- mander-in-chief of New France, to estaijlish tranciuility in certain Indian villages of these cantons, have buried this plate at the confluence of the Toradakoin, this twenty-ninth of July, near the river Ohio, otherwise Beautiful River, as a monumeutof renewal of possession which we have taken of the said river, and all its tributaries; inasmuch as the preceding Kings of France have enjoyed it, and maintained it by their arms and treaties; especially by tliose of Ryswick, Utrecht, aad Aix La Chapelle." 88 THE NORTHWEST TERRITOEY. This was the first blood shed between tlie French and English, and occnrred near the present City of Piqua, Ohio, or at least at a point about forty-seven miles north of Dayton. Each nation became now more inter- ested in the progress of events in the Northwest. The English deter- mined to purchase from the Indians a title to the lands they wished to occupy, and Messrs. Fry (afterward Commander-in-chief over Washing- ton at the commencement of the French War of 1775-1763), Lomax and Patton were sent in the Spring of 1752 to hold a conference with the natives at Logstown to learn what they objected to in the treaty of Lan- caster already noticed, and to settle all difficulties. On the 9tli of June, these Commissioners met the red men at Logstown, a little village on the north bank of the Ohio, about seventeen miles below the site of Pitts- burgh. Here had been a trading point for many years, but it was aban- doned by the Indians in 1750. At first the Indians declined to recognize the treaty of Lancaster, but, the Commissioners taking aside Montour, the interpreter, who was a son of the famous Catharine Montour, and a chief among the six nations, induced him to use his influence in their favor. This he did, and upon the 13th of June they all united in signing a deed, confirming the Lancaster treaty in its full extent, consenting to a settlement of the southeast of the Ohio, and guaranteeing that it should not 1)6 disturbed by them. These were the means used to obtain the first treaty Avith the Indians in the Ohio Valle}'. Meanwhile the powers be^'ond the sea were tr3'ing to out-manoeuvre each other, and were professing to be at peace. The English generally outwitted the Indians, and failed in many instances to fulfill their con- tracts. They thereby gained the ill-will of the red men, and further increased the feeling by failing to provide them with arms and ammuni- tion. Said an old chief, at Easton, in 1758 : " The Indians on the Ohio left you because of your own fault. When we heard the French were coming, we asked you for help and arms, but we did not get them. The French came, they treated us kindly, and gained our affections. The Governor of Virginia settled on our lands for his own benefit, and, when we wanted help, forsook us.'' At the beginning of 1653, the English thought they had secured by title the lands in the West, but the French had quietly gathered cannon and military stores to be in readiness for the expected blow. The Eng- lish made other attempts to ratify these existing treaties, but not until the Summer could the Indians be gathered together to discuss the plans of the French. They had sent messages to the French, Avarning them away ; but they replied that they intended to complete the chain of forts already begun, and would not abandon the field. Soon after this, no satisfaction bein^" obtained from the Ohio regard- THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 39 ing the positions and purposes of the French, Governor Dinwiddie of Virginia determined to send to them another messenger and learn from them, if possible, their intentions. For this purpose he selected a young man, a surveyor, who, at the early age of nineteen, had received the rank of major, and who was thoroughly posted regarding frontier life. This personage was no other than the illustrious George Washington, who then held considerable interest in Western lands. He was at this time just twenty-two years of age. Taking Gist as his guide, the two, accompanied by four servitors, set out on their perilous march. They left Will's Creek on the 10th of November, 1753, and on the 22d reached the Monon- gahela, about ten miles above the fork. From there they went to Logstown, where Washington had a long conference with the chiefs of the Six Nations. From them he learned the condition of the French, and also heard of their determination not to come down the river till the fol- lowing Spring. The Indians were non-committal, as they were afraid to turn either way, and, as far as they could, desired to remain neutral. Washington, finding nothing could be done with them, went on to Venango, an old Indian town at the mouth of French Creek. Here the French had a fort, called Fort Machault. Through the rum and flattery of the French, he nearly lost all his Indian followers. Finding nothing of importance here, he pursued his way amid great privations, and on the 11th of December reached the fort at the head of French Creek. Here he delivered Governor Dinwiddie's letter, received his answer, took his observations, and on the 16th set out upon his return journey with no one but Gist, his guide, and a few Indians who still remained true to him, notwithstanding the endeavors of the French to retain them. Their homeward journey was one of great peril and suffering from the cold, yet they reached home in safety on the 6th of January, 1754. From the letter of St. Pierre, commander of the French fort, sent by Washington to Governor Dinwiddie, it was learned that the French would not give up without a struggle. Active preparations were at once made in all the English colonies for the coming conflict, while the French finished the fort at Venango and strengthened their lines of fortifications, and gathered their forces to be in readiness. The Old Dominion was all alive. Virginia was the center of great activities ; volunteers were called for, and from all the neighboring colonies men rallied to the conflict, and everywhere along the Potomac men were enlisting under the Governor's proclamation — which promised two hundred thousand acres on the Ohio. Along this river they were gathering as far as Will's Creek, and far beyond this point, whither Trent had come for assistance for his little band of forty-one men, who were 40 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. working" away in hunger and want, to fortify that point at the fork of the Ohio, to which both parties were looking with deep interest. " The first birds of Spring filled the air with their song ; the swift river rolled by tlie Allegheny hillsides, swollen by the melting snows of Spring and the April showers. The leaves were appearing ; a few Indian scouts were seen, but no enemy seemed near at hand ; and all was so quiet, that Frazier, an old Indian scout and trader, who had been left by Trent in command, ventured to his home at the mouth of Turtle Creek, ten miles up the Monongahela. But, though all was so quiet in that wilder- ness, keen eyes had seen the low intrenchment rising at the fork, and swift feet had borne the news of it up the river ; and upon the morning of the 17th of April, Ensign Ward, who then had charge of it, saw upon the Allegheny a sight that made his heart sink — sixty batteaux and three hundred canoes filled with men, and laden deep Avith cannon and stores. * * * That evening he supped with his captor, Contrecoeur, and the next day he was bowed off by the Frenchman, and with his men and tools, nuxrched up the Monongahela." The French and Indian war had begun. The treaty of Aix la Chapelle, in 1748, had left the boundaries between the French and English possessions unsettled, and the events already narrated show the French were determined to hold the country watered by the Mississippi and its tributaries ; while the English laid claims to the country by virtue of the discoveries of the Cabots, and claimed all the country from New- foundland to Florida, extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific. The first decisive blow had now been struck, and the first attempt of the English, through the Ohio Company, to occupy these lands, had resulted disastrously to them. The French and Indians immediately completed the fortifications begun at the Fork, \vliich they had so easily captured, and when completed gave to the fort the name of DuQuesne. Washing- ton was at Will's Creek when the news of the capture of the fort arrived. He at once departed to recapture it. On his way he entrenched him- self at a place called the "• Meadows,"' where he erected a fort called by him Fort Necessity. From there he surprised and captured a force of French and Indians marching against him, but was soon after attacked in his fort by a much superior force, and was obliged to yield on the morning of July 4tli. He was allowed to return to Virginia. The English Government immediately planned four campaigns ; one against Fort DuQuesne ; one against Nova Scotia ; one against Fort Niagara, and one against Crown Point. These occurred during 1755-6, and were not successful in driving the French from their possessions. The expedition against Fort DuQuesne was led by the famous General Braddock, who, refusing to listen to the advice of Washington and those THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 41 acquainted with Indian warfare, suffered such an inglorious defeat. This occurred on the morning of July 9th, and is generally known as the battle of Monongahela, or " Braddock's Defeat." The war continued with various vicissitudes through the years 1756-7 ; when, at the commence- ment of 1758, in accordance with the plans of William Pitt, then Secre- tary of State, afterwards Lord Chatham, active preparations were made to carry on the war. Three expeditions were planned for this year : one, under General Amherst, against Louisburg ; another, under Abercrombie, against Fort Ticonderoga ; and a third, under General Forbes, against Fort DuQuesne. On the 26th of July, Louisburg surrendered after a desperate resistance of more than forty days, and the eastern part of the Canadian possessions fell into the hands of the British. Abercrombie captured Fort Frontenac, and when the expedition against Fort DuQuesne, of which Washington had the active command, arrived there, it was found in flames and deserted. The English at once took possession, rebuilt the fort, and in honor of their illustrious statesman, changed the name to Fort Pitt. The great object of the campaign of 1759, was the reduction of Canada. General Wolfe was to lay siege to Quebec ; Amherst was to reduce Ticonderoga and Crown Point, and General Prideaux was to capture Niagara. This latter place was taken in July, but the gallant Prideaux lost his life in the attempt. Amherst captured Ticonderoga and Crown Point without a blow ; and Wolfe, after making the memor- able ascent to the Plains of Abraham, on September 13th, defeated Montcalm, and on the 18th, the city capitulated. In this engagement Montcolm and Wolfe both lost their lives. De Levi, Montcalm's successor, marched to Sillery, three miles above the city, with the purpose of defeating the English, and there, on the 28th of the following April, was fought one of the bloodiest battles of the French and Indian War. It resulted in the defeat of the French, and the fall of the City of Montreal. The Governor signed a capitulation by which the whole of Canada was surrendered to the English. This practically concluded the war, but it was not until 1763 that the treaties of peace between France and England were signed. This was done on the 10th of February of that year, and under its provisions all the country east of the Mississippi and north of the Iberville River, in Louisiana, were^ceded to England. At the same time Spain ceded Florida to Great Britain. On the 13th of September, 1760, Major Robert Rogers was sent from Montreal to take charge of Detroit, the only remaining French post in the territory. He arrived there on the 19th of November, and sum- moned the place to surrender. At first the commander of the post, Beletre. refused, but on the 29th, hearing of the continued defeat of the 42 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. French arms, surrendered. Rogers remained there until December 23d under the personal protection of the celebrated chief. Pontiac, to whom, no doubt, he owed his safety. Pontiac had come here to inquire the purposes of the English in taking possession of the country. He was assured that they came simply to trade with the natives, and did not desire their country. This answer conciliated the savages, and did much to insure the safety of Rogers and his party daring their stay, and while on their journey home. Rogers set out for Fort Pitt on December 23, and was just one month on the way. His route was from Detroit to Maumee, thence across the present State of Ohio directly to the fort. This was the com- mon trail of the Indians in their journeys from Sandusky to the fork of the Ohio. It went from Fort Sandusky, where Sandusky City now is, crossed the Huron river, then called Bald Eagle Creek, to " Mohickon John's Town"' on Mohickon Creek, the northern branch of White Woman's River, and thence crossed to Beaver's Town, a Delaware town on what is now Sandy Creek. At Beaver's Town were probably one hundred and fifty warriors, and not less than three thousand acres of cleared land. From there the track went up Sandy Creek to and across Big Beaver, and up the Ohio to Logstown, thence on to the fork. The Northwest Territory was now entirely under the English rule. New settlements began to be rapidly made, and the promise of a large trade was speedily manifested. Had the British carried out their promises with the natives none of those savage butcheries would have been perpe- trated, and the country would have been spared their recital. The renowned chief, Pontiac, was one of the leading spirits in these atrocities. We will now pause in our narrative, and notice the leading events in his life. The earliest authentic information regarding this noted Indian chief is learned from an account of an Indian trader named Alexander Henry, who, in the Spring of 1761, penetrated his domains as far as Missillimacnac. Pontiac was then a great friend of the French, but a bitter foe of the English, whom he considered as encroaching on his hunting grounds. Henry was obliged to disguise himself as a Canadian to insure safety, but was discovered by Pontiac, who bitterly reproached him and the English for their attempted subjugation of the West. He declared that no treaty had been made with them; no presents sent them, and that he would resent any possession of the West by that nation. He was at the time about fifty years of age, tall and dignified, and was civil and military ruler of the Ottawas, Ojibwas and Pottawatamies. The Indians, from Lake Michigan to the borders of North Carolina, were united in this feeling, and at the time of the treaty of Paris, ratified February 10, 1763, a general conspiracy was formed to fall suddenly THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. ta PONTIAC, THE OTTAWA CHIEFTAIN. 44 THE XOBTHWEST TERRITORY. upon the frontier British posts, and with one blow strike every man dead. Poutiac was the marked leader in all this, and was the commander of the Chippewas, Octawas, "Wyandots, Miamis, Shawanese, Delawares and Mingoes, who had, for the time, laid aside their local quarrels to unit^ in this enterprise. The blow came, as near as can now be ascertained, on Mar 7, 176:-*. Nine British posts fell, and the Indians drank, " scooped up in the hollow of joined hands," the blood of many a Briton. Pontiac's immediate field of action was the garrison at Detroit. Here, however, the plans were frustrated by an Indian woman disclosing the plot the evening previous to his arrival. Everything was carried out, however, according to Pontiac's plans until the moment of action, when Major Gladwyn, the commander of the post, stepping to one of the Indian chiefs, suddenly drew aside his blanket and disclosed the concealed musket. Pontiac, though a brave man, turned pale and trembled. He saw his plan was known, and that the garrison were prepared. He endeavored to exculpate himself from any such intentions : but the guilt was evident, and he and his followers were dismissed with a severe reprimand, and warned never to again enter the walls of the post. Pontiac at once laid siege to the fort, and until the treaty of peace between the British and the Western Indians, concluded in August, 1764, continued to harass and besiege the fortress. He organized a regular commissariat department, issued bills of credit written out on bark, which, to his credit, it may be stated, were punctually redeemed. At the conclusion of the treaty, in which it seems he took no part, he went further south, living many years among the Illinois. He had given up all hope of saving his country and race. After a time he endeavored to unite the Illinois tribe and those about St. Louis in a war with the whites. His efforts were fruitless, and only ended in a quarrel between himself and some Kaskaskia Indians, one of whom soon afterwards killed him. His death was, however, avenged by the northern Indians, who nearly exterminated the Illinois in the wars which followed. Had it not been for the treachery of a few of his followei's. his plan for the extermination of the whites, a masterly one, would undoubtedly have been carried out. It was in the Spring of the year following Rogers' visit that Alex- ander Henry went to Missillimacnac, and everywhere found the strongest feelings against the English, who had not carried out their promises, and were doing nothing to conciliate the natives. Here he met the chief, Pontiac, who, after conveying to him in a speech the idea that their French father would awake soon and utterly destroy his enemies, said : '• Englishman, although you have conquered the French, you have not THE NOETHWEST TERRITORY. 45 yet conquered us ! We are not your slaves ! These lakes, these woods, these mountains, were left us by our ancestors. They are our inheritance, and we will part with them to none. Your nation supposes that we, like the white people, can not live without bread and pork and beef. But you ought to'know that He, the Great Spirit and Master of Life, has provided food for us upon these broad lakes and in these mountains." He then spoke of the fact that no treaty had been made with them, no presents sent them, and that he and his people were yet for war. Such were the feelings of the Northwestern Indians immediately after the English took possession of their country. These feelings were no doubt encouraged by the Canadians and French, who hoped that yet the French arms might prevail. The treaty of Paris, however, gave to the English the right to this vast domain, and active preparations were going on to occupy it and enjoy its trade and emoluments. In 1762, France, by a secret treaty, ceded Louisiana to Spain, to pre- vent it falling into the hands of the English, who were becoming masters of the entire West. The next year the treaty of Paris, signed at Fon- tainbleau, gave to the English the domain of the country in question. Twenty years after, by the treaty of peace between the United States and England, that part of Canada lying south and west of the Great Lakes, comprehending a large territory which is the subject of these sketches, was acknowledged to be a portion of the United States; and twenty years still later, in 1803, Louisiana was ceded by Spain back to France, and bj^ France sold to the United States. In the half century, from the building of the Fort of Crevecoeur by LaSalle, in 1680, up to the erection of Fort Chartres, many French set- tlements had been made in that quarter. These have already been noticed, being those at St. Vincent (Vincennes), Kohokia or Cahokia, Kaskaskia and Prairie du Rocher, on the American Bottom, a large tract of ]ich alluvial soil in Illinois, on the Mississippi, opposite the site of St. Louis. By the treaty of Paris, the regions east of the Mississippi, including all these and other towns of the Northwest, were given over to England; but they do not appear to have besn taken possession of until 1765, when Captain Stirling, in the name of the Majesty of England, established him- self at Fort Chartres bearing with him the proclamation of General Gage, dated December 30, 1764, which promised religious freedom to all Cath- olics who worshiped here, and a right to leave the country with their effects if they wished, or to remain with the privileges of Englishmen. It was shortly after the occupancy of the West by the British that the war with Pontiac opened. It is already noticed in the sketch of that chieftain- By it many a Briton lost his life, and many a frontier settle- 46 THE NOETHWEST TERRITORY. ment in its infancy ceased to exist. This was not ended until the year 1764, when, failing to capture Detroit, Niagara and Fort Pitt, his confed- eracy became disheartened, and, receiving no aid from the French, Pon- tiac abandoned the enterprise and departed to the Illinois, among whom he afterward lost his life. As soon as these difficulties were definitely settled, settlers began rapidly to survey the country and prepare for occupation. During the year 1770, a number of persons from Virginia and other British provinces explored and marked out nearly all the valuable lands on the Mononga- hela and along the banks of the Ohio as far as the Little Kanawha. This was followed by another exploring expedition, in which George Washing- ton was a party. The latter, accompanied by Dr. Craik, Capt. Crawford and others, on the 20tli of October, 1770, descended the Ohio from Pitts- burgh to the mouth of the Kanawha ; ascended that stream about fourteen. miles, marked out several large tracts of land, shot several buffalo, which were then abundant in the Ohio Valley, and returned to the fort. Pittsburgh was at this time a trading post, about which was clus- tered a village of some twenty houses, inhabited by Indian traders. This same year, Capt. Pittman visited Kaskaskia and its neighboring villages. He found there about sixty-five resident families, and at Cahokia only forty-five dwellings. At Fort Chartres was another small settlement, and at Detroit the garrison were quite prosperous and strong. For a year or two settlers continued to locate near some of these posts, generally Fort Pitt or Detroit, owing to the fears of the Indians, who still main- tained some feelings of hatred to the English. The trade from the posts was quite good, and from those in Illinois large quantities of pork and flour found their way to the New Orleans market. At this time the policy of the British Government was strongly opposed to the extension of the colonies west. In 1763, the King of England forbade, by voyal proclamation, his colonial subjects from making a settlement beyond the sources of the rivers which fall into the Atlantic Ocean. At the instance of the Board of Trade, measures were taken to prevent the settlement without the limits prescribed, and to retain the commerce within easy reach of Great Britain. The commander-in-chief of the king's forces wrote in 1769 : " In the course of a few years necessity will compel the colonists, should they extend their settlements west, to provide manufactures of some kind for themselves, and when all connection upheld by commerce with the mother country ceases, an independency in their government will soon follow." In accordance with this policy, Gov. Gage issued a proclamation in 1772, commanding the inhabitants of Vincennes to abandon their set- Uements and join some of the Eastern English colonies. To this they THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 47 strenuously objected, giving good reasons therefor, and were allowed to remain. The strong opposition to this policy of Great Britain led to its change, and to such a course as to gain the attachment of the French population. In December, 1773, influential citizens of Quebec petitioned the king for an extension of the boundary lines of that province, which was granted, and Parliament passed an act on June 2, 1774, extend- ing the boundary so as to include the territory lying within the present States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and Michigan. In consequence of the liberal policy pursued by the British Govern- ment toward the French settlers in the West, they were disposed to favor that nation in the war which soon followed with the colonies ; but the early alliance between France and America soon brought them to the side of the war for independence. In 1774, Gov. Dunmore, of Virginia, began to encourage emigration to the Western lands. He appointed magistrates at Fort Pitt under the pretense that the fort was under the government of that commonwealth. One of these justices, John Connelly, who possessed a tract of land in the Ohio Valley, gathered a force of men and garrisoned the fort, calling it Fort Dunmore. This and other parties were formed to select sites fot settlements, and often came in conflict with the Indians, who yet claimed portions of the valley, and several battles followed. These ended in the famous battle of Kanawha in July, where the Indians were defeated and driven across the Ohio. During the years 1775 and 1776, by the operations of land companies and the perseverance of individuals, several settlements were firmly estab- lished between the Alleghanies and the Ohio River, and western land speculators were busy in Illinois and on the Wabash. At a council held in Kaskaskia on July 5, 1773, an association of English traders, calling themselves the "Illinois Land Company," obtained from ten chiefs of the Kaskaskia, Cahokia and Peoria tribes two large tracts of land lying on the east side of the Mississippi River south of the Illinois. In 1775, a mer- chant from the Illinois Country, named Viviat, came to Post Vincennes as the agent of the association called the " Wabash Land Company." On the 8th of October he obtained from eleven Piankeshaw chiefs, a deed for 37,497,600 acres of land. This deed was signed by the grantors, attested by a number of the inhabitants of Vincennes, and afterward recorded in the office of a notary public at Kaskaskia. This and other land com- panies had extensive schemes for the colonization of the West ; but all were frustrated by the breaking out of the Revolution. On the 20th of April, 17S0, the two companies named consolidated under the name of the " United Illinois and Wabash Land Company." They afterward made 48 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. strenuous efforts to have these grants sanctioned by Congress, but all signally failed. When the War of the Revolution commenced, Kentucky was an unor- ganized country, though there were several settlements within her borders. In Hutchins' Topography of Virginia, it is stated thai: at that time *' Kaskaskia contained 80 houses, and nearly 1,000 white and black in- habitants — the whites being a little the more numerous. Cahokia con- tains 50 houses and 300 white inhabitants, and 80 negroes. There were east of the Mississippi River, about the year 1771 " — when these observa- tions were made — " 300 white men capable of bearing arms, and 230 negroes." From 1775 until the expedition of Clark, nothing is recorded and nothing known of these settlements, save what is contained in a report made by a committee to Congress in June, 1778. From it the following- extract is made : "Near the mouth of the River Kaskaskia, there is a village which appears to have contained nearly eighty families from the beginning of the late revolution. There are twelve families in a small village at la Prairie du Rochers, and near fifty families at the Kahokia Village. There are also four or five families at Fort Chartres and St. Philips, which is five miles further up the river." St. Louis had been settled in February, 1764, and at this time con- tained, including its neighboring towns, over six hundred whites and one hundred and fifty negroes. It must be remembered that all the country west of the Mississippi was now under French rule, and remained so until ceded again to Spain, its original owner, who afterwards sold it and the country including New Orleans to the United States. At Detroit there were, according to Capt. Carver, who was in the Northwest from 1766 to 1768, more than one hundred houses, and the river was settled for more than twenty miles, although poorly cultivated — the people being engaged in the Indian trade. This old town has a history, which we will here relate. It is the oldest town in the Northwest, having been founded by Antoiue de Lamotte Cadillac, in 1701. It was laid out in the form of an oblong square, of two acres in length, and an acre and a half in width. As described by A. D. Frazer, who first visited it and became a permanent resident of the place, in 1778, it comprised within its limits that space between Mr. Palmer's store (Conant Block) and Capt. Perkins' house (near the Arsenal building), and extended back as far as the public barn, and was bordered in front by the Detroit River. It was surrounded by oak and cedar pickets, about fifteen feet long, set in the ground, and had four gates — east, west, north and south. Over the first three of these THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 49 gates were block houses provided with four guns apiece, each a six- pounder. Two six-gun batteries were planted fronting the river and in a parallel direction with the block houses. There were four streets running east and west, the main street being twenty feet wide and the rest fifteen feet, while the four streets crossing these at right angles were from ten to fifteen feet in width. At the date spoken of by Mr. Frazer, there was no fort within the enclosure, but a citadel on the ground corresponding to the present northwest corner of Jefferson Avenue and Wayne Street. The citadel was inclosed by pickets, and within it were erected barracks of wood, two stories high, sufficient to contain ten officers, and also barracks sufficient to contain four hundred men, and a provision store built of brick. The citadel also contained a hospital and guard-house. The old town of Detroit, in 1778, contained about sixty houses, most of them one story, with a few a story and a half in height. They were all of logs, some hewn and some round. There was one building of splendid appearance, called the " King's Palace," two stories high, which stood near the east gate. It was built for Governor Hamilton, the first governor commissioned by the British. There were two guard-houses, one near the west gate and the other near the Government House. Each of the guards consisted of twenty-four men and a subaltern, who mounted regularly every morning between nine and ten o'clock. Each furnished four sentinels, who weie relieved every two hours. There was also an officer of the day, who pjr- formed strict duty. Each of the gates was shut regularly at sunset ; even wicket gates were shut at nine o'clock, and all the keys were delivered into the hands of the commanding officer. They were opened in the morning at sunrise. No Indian or squaw was permitted to enter town with any weapon, such as a tomahawk or a knife. It was a stand- ing order that the Indians should deliver their arms and instruments of every kind before they were permitted to pass the sentinel, and they were restored to them on their return. No more than twenty-five Indians were allowed to enter the town at any one time, and they were admitted only at the east and west gates. At sundown the drums beat, and all the Indians were required to leave town instantly. There was a council house near the water side for the purpose of holding council with the Indians. The population of the town was about sixty families, in all about two hundred males and one hundred females. This town was destroyed by fire, all except one dwelling, in 1805. After which the present '' new " town was laid out. On the breaking out of the Revolution, the British held every post of importance in the West. Kentucky was formed as a component part of Virginia, and the sturdy pioneers of the West, alive to their interests. 60 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. and recognizing the great benefits of obtaining the control of the trade in this part of the New World, held steadily to their purposes, and those within the commonwealth of Kentucky proceeded to exercise their civil privileges, by electing John Todd and Richard Gallaway, burgesses to represent them in the Assembly of the parent state. Early in September of that year (1777) the first court was held in Harrodsburg, and Col. Bowman, afterwards major, who had arrived in August, was made the commander of a militia organization which had been commenced the March previous. Thus the tree of loyalty was growing. The chief spirit in this far-out colony, who had represented her the year previous east of the mountains, was now meditating a move unequaled in its boldness. He had been watching the movements of the British throughout the Northwest, and understood their whole plan. Ht saw it was through their possession of the posts at Detroit, Vincennes, Kaskaskia, and other places, which would give them constant and easy access to the various Indian tribes in the Northwest, that the British intended to penetrate the country from the north and soutn, ana annihi- late the frontier fortresses. This moving, energetic man was Colonel, afterwards General, George Rogers Clark. He knew the Indians were not unanimously in accord with the English, and he was convinced that, could the British be defeated and expelled from the Northwest, the natives might be easily awed into neutrality ; and by spies sent for the purpose, he satisfied himself that the enterprise against the Illinois settlements might easily succeed. Having convinced himself of the certainty of the project, he repaired to the Capital of Virginia, which place he reached on November 5th. While he was on his way, fortunately, on October 17th, Burgoyne had been defeated, and the spirits of the colonists greatly encouraged thereby. Patrick Henry was Governor of Virginia, and at once entered heartily into Clark's plans. The same plan had before been agitated in the Colonial Assemblies, but there was no one until Clark came who was sufficiently acquainted with the condition of affairs at the scene of action to be able to guide them. Clark, having satisfied the Virginia leaders of the feasibility of his plan, received, on the 2d of January, two sets of instructions — one secret, the other open — the latter authorized him to proceed to enlist seven companies to go to Kentucky, subject to his orders, and to serve three months from their arrival in the West. The secret order authorized him to arm these troops, to procure his powder and lead of General Hand at Pittsburgh, and to proceed at once to subjugate the country. With these instructions Clark repaired to Pittsburgh, choosing rather to raise his men west of the mountains, as he well knew all were needed in the colonies in the conflict there. He sent Col. W. B. Smith to Hoi- THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 61 ston for the same purpose, but neither succeeded in raising the required number of men. The settlers in these parts were afraid to leave their own firesides exposed to a vigilant foe, and but few could be induced to join the proposed expedition. With three companies and several private volunteers, Clark at length commenced his descent of the Ohio, which he navigated as far as the Falls, where he took possession of and fortified Corn Island, a small island between the present Cities of Louisville, Kentucky, and New Albany, Indiana. Remains of this fortification may yet be found. At this place he appointed Col. Bowman to meet him with such recruits as had reached Kentucky by the southern route, and as many as could be spared from the station. Here he announced to the men their real destination. Having completed his arrangements, and chosen his party, he left a small garrison upon the island, and on the 24th of June, during a total eclipse of the sun, which to them augured no good, and which fixes beyond dispute the date of starting, he with his chosen band, fell down the river. His plan was to go by water as far as Fort Massac or Massacre, and thence march direct to Kaskaskia. Here he intended to surprise the garrison, and after its capture go to Cahokia, then to Vincennes, and lastly to Detroit. Should he fail, he intended to march directly to the Mississippi River and cross it into the Spanish country. Before his start he received two good items of infor- mation : one that the alliance had been formed between France and the United States ; and the other that the Indians throughout the Illinois country and the inhabitants, at the various frontier posts, had been led to believe by the British that the " Long Knives" or Virginians, were the most fierce, bloodthirsty and cruel savages that ever scalped a foe. With this impression on their minds, Clark saw that proper management would cause them to submit at once from fear, if surprised, and then from grati- tude would become friendly if treated with' unexpected leniency. The march to Kaskaskia was accomplished through a hot July sun, and the town reached on the evening of July 4. He captured the fort near the village, and soon after the village itself by surprise, and without the loss of a single man or by killing any of the enemy. After sufficiently working upon the fears of the natives, Clark told them they were at per- fect liberty to worship as they pleased, and to take whichever side of the great conflict they would, also he would protect them from any barbarity from British or Indian foe. This had the desired effect, and the inhab- itants, so unexpectedly and so gratefully surprised by the unlooked for turn of affairs, at once swore allegiance to the American arms, and when Clark desired to go to Cahokia on the 6th of July, they accom- panied him, and through their influence the inhabitants of the place surrendered, and gladly placed themselves under his protection. Thus 52 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. the tvro important posts in Illinois passed from the hands of the English into the possession of Virginia. In the person of the priest at Kaskaskia, M. Gibault, Clark found a powerful ally and generous friend. Clark saw that, to retain possession of the Northwest and treat successfully with the Indians within its boun- daries, he must establish a government for the colonies he had taken. St. Vincent, the next important post to Detroit,remained yet to be taken before the Mississippi Valley was conquered. M. Gibault told him that he would alone, by persuasion, lead Vincennes to throw off its connection with England. Clark gladly accepted his offer, and on the 14th of July, in company with a fellow-townsman. ^I. Gibault started on his mission of peace, and on the 1st of August returned with the cheerful intelligence that the post on the "' Oubache "' had taken the oath of allegiance to the Old Dominion. During this interval, Clark established his courts, placed garrisons at Kaskaskia and Cahokia, successfully re-enlisted his men, sent word to have a fort, which proved the germ of Louisville, erected at the Falls of the Ohio, and dispatched Mr. Rocheblave, who had been commander at Kaskaskia, as a prisoner of war to Richmond. In October the County of Illinois was established by the Legislature of Virginia, John Todd appointed Lieutenant Colonel and Civil Governor, and in November General Clark and his men received the thanks of the Old Dominion through their Legislature. In a speech a few days afterward, Clark made known fully to the natives his plans, and at its close all came forward and swore alle- giance to the Long Knives. While he was doing this Governor Hamilton, having made his various arrangements, had left Detroit and moved down the Wabash to Vincennes intending to operate from that point in reducing the Illinois posts, and then proceed on down to Kentucky and drive the rebels from the West. Gen. Clark had, on the return of M. Gibault, dispatched Captain Helm, of Fauquier County, Virginia, with an attend- ant named Henry, across the Illinois prairies to command the fort. Hamilton knew nothing of the capitulation of the post, and was greatly surprised on his arrival to be confronted by Capt. Helm, who, standing at the entrance of the fort by a loaded cannon ready to fire upon his assail- ants, demanded upon what terms Hamilton demanded possession of the fort. Being granted the rights of a prisoner of war, he surrendered to the Biitish General, who could scarcely believe his eyes when he saw the force in the garrison. Hamilton, not realizing the character of the men with whom he was contending, gave up his intended campaign for the Winter, sent his four hundred Indian warriors to prevent troops from coming down the Ohio, THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 53 and to annoy the Americans in all ways, and sat quietly down to pass the Winter. Information of all these proceedings having reached Clark, he saw that immediate and decisive action was necessary, and that unless he captured Hamilton, Hamilton would capture him. Clark received the news on the 29th of January, 1779, and on February 4th, having suffi- ciently garrisoned Kaskaskia and Cahokia, he sent down the Mississippi a " battoe," as Major Bowman writes it, in order to ascend the Ohio and Wabash, and operate with the land forces gathering for the fray. On the next day, Clark, with his little force of one hundred and twenty men, set out for the post, and after incredible hard marching through much mud, the ground being thawed by the incessant spring rains, on the 22d reached the fort, and being joined by his " battoe," at once commenced the attack on the post. The aim of the American back- woodsman was unerring, and on the 24th the garrison surrendered to the intrepid boldness of Clark. The French were treated with great kind- ness, and gladly renewed their allegiance to Virginia. Hamilton was sent as a prisoner to Virginia, where he was kept in close confinement. Daring his command of the British frontier posts, he had offered prizes to the Indians for all the scalps of Americans they would bring to him, and had earned in consequence thereof the title " Hair-buyer General," by which he was ever afterward known. Detroit was now without doubt within easy reach of the enterprising Virginian, could he but raise the necessary force. Governor Henry, being apprised of this, promised him the needed reinforcement, and CJark con- cluded to wait until he could capture and sufQciently garrison the posts. Had Clark failed in this bold undertaking, and Hamilton succeeded in uniting the western Indians for the next Spring's campaign, the West would indeed have been swept from the Mississippi to the Allegheny Mountains, and the great blow struck, which had been contemplated from the commencement, by the British. " But for this small army of dripping, but fearless Virginians, the union of all the tribes from Georgia to Maine against the colonies might have been effected, and the whole current of our history changed." At this time some fears were entertained by the Colonial Govern- ments that the Indians in the North and Northwest were inclining to the British, and under the instructions of Washington, now Commander-in- Chief of the Colonial array, and so bravely fighting for American inde- pendence, armed forces were sent against the Six Nations, and upon the Ohio frontier, Col. Bowman, acting under the same general's orders, marched against Indians within the present limits of that State. These expeditions were in the main successful, and the Indians were compelled to sue for peace. 54 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. During this same year (1779) the famous " Land Laws" of Virginia were passed. The passage of these laws was of more consequence to the pioneers of Kentucky and the Northwest than the gaining of a few Indian conflicts. These laws confirmed in main all grants made, and guaranteed to all actual settlers their rights and privileges. After providing for the settlers, the laws provided for selling the balance of the public lands at forty cents per acre. To carry the Land Laws into effect, the Legislature sent four Virginians westward to attend to the various claims, over many of which great confusion prevailed concerning their validity. These gentlemen opened their court on October 13, 1779, at St. Asaphs, and continued until April 26, 1780, when they adjourned, having decided three thousand claims. They were succeeded by the surveyor, who came in the person of Mr. George May, and assumed his duties on the 10th day of the month whose name he bore. With the opening of the next year (1780) the troubles concerning the navigation of the Missis- sippi commenced. The Spanish Government exacted such measures in relation to its trade as to cause the overtures made to the United States to be rejected. The American Government considered they had a right to navigate its channel. To enforce their claims, a fort was erected below the mouth of the Ohio on the Kentucky side of the river. The settle- ments in Kentucky were being rapidly filled by emigrants. It was dur- ing this year that the first seminary of learning was established in the West in this young and enterprising Commonwealth. The settlers here did not look upon the building of this fort in a friendly manner, as it aroused the hostility of the Indians. Spain had been friendly to the Colonies during their struggle for independence, and though for a while this friendship appeared in danger from the refusal of the free navigation of the river, yet it was finally settled to the satisfaction of both nations. The Winter of 1779-80 was one of the most unusually severe ones ever experienced in the West. The Indians always referred to it as the "Great Cold." Numbers of wild animals perished, and not a few pioneers lost their lives. The following Summer a party of Canadians and Indians attacked St. Louis, and attempted to take possession of it in consequence of the friendly disposition of Spain to the revolting colonies. They met with such a determined resistance on the part of the inhabitants, even the women taking part in the battle, that they were compelled to abandon the contest. They also made an attack on the settlements in Kentucky, but, becoming alarmed in some unaccountable manner, they fled the country in great haste. About this time arose the question in the Colonial Congress con- cerning the western lands claimed by Virginia, New York, Massachusetts THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 55 and Connecticut. The agitation Qf)ncernJng this subject finally led New York, on the 19th of February, 1780, to pass a law giving to the dele- gates of that State in Congress the power to cede her western lands for the benefit of the United States. This law was laid before Congress during the next month, but no steps were taken concerning it until Sep- tember 6th, when a resolution passed that body calling upon the States claiming western lands to release their claims in favor of the whole body. This basis formed the union, and was the first after all of those legislative measures which resulted in the creation of the States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota. In December of the same year, the plan of conquering Detroit again arose. The conquest might have easily been effected by Clark had the necessary aid been furnished him. Nothing decisive was done, yet the heads of the Government knew that the' safety of the Northwest from British invasion lay in the capture and retention of that important post, the only unconquered one in the territory. Before the close of the year, Kentucky was divided into the Coun- ties of Lincoln, Fayette and Jefferson, and the act establishing the Town of Louisville was passed. This same year is also noted in the annals of American history as the year in which occurred Arnold's treason to the United States. Virginia, in accordance with the resolution of Congress, on the 2d day of January, 1781, agreed to . yield her western lands to the United States upon certain conditions, which Congress would not accede to, and the Act of Cession, on the part of the Old Dominion, failed, nor was anything farther done until 1783. During all that time the Colonies were busily engaged in the struggle with the mother country, and in consequence thereof but little heed was given to the Avestern settlements. Upon the 16th of April, 1781, the first birth north of the Ohio River of American parentage occurred, being that of Mary Heckewelder, daughter of the widely known Moravian missionary, whose band of Christian Indians suffered in after years a horrible massacre by the hands of the frontier settlers, who had been exasperated by the murder of several of their neighbors, and in their rage committed, without regard to humanity, a deed which forever afterwards cast a shade of shame upon their lives. For this and kindred outrages on the part of the whites, the Indians committed many deeds of cruelty which darken the years of 1771 and 1772 in the history of the Northwest. During the year 1782 a number of battles among the Indians and frontiersmen occurred, and between the Moravian Indians and the Wyan- dots. In these, horrible acts of cruelty were practised on the captives, manv of such dark deeds transpiring under the leadership of the notorious 56 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. frontier outlaw, Simon Girty, whose name, as well as those of his brothers, was a terror to women and children. These occurred chiefly in the Ohio valleys. Cotemporary with them were several engagements in Kentucky, in which the famous Daniel Boone engaged, and who, often by his skill and knowledge of Indian warfare, saved the outposts from cruel destruc- INDIAKS ATTACKING FKONTIERSJIEN. tion. By the close of the year victory had perched upon the American banner, and on the 30th of November, provisional articles of peace had been arranged between the Commissioners of England and her uncon- querable colonies. Cornwallis had been defeated on the 19th of October preceding, and the liberty of America was assured. On the 19th of April following, the anniversary of the battle of Lexington, peace was THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 57 proclaimed to the army of the United States, and on the 2d of the next September, the definite treaty which ended our revolutionary struggle was concluded. By the terms of that treaty, the boundaries of the West were as follows : On the north the line was to extend along the center of the Great Lakes ; from the western point of Lake Superior to Long Lake ; thence to the Lake of the Woods ; thence to the head of the Mississippi River; down its center to the 31st parallel of latitude, then on that line east to the head of the Appalachicola River; down its center to its junc- tion with the Flint ; thence straight to the head of St. Mary's River, and thence down along its center to the Atlantic Ocean. Following the cessation of hostilities with England, several posts were still occupied by the British in the North and West. Among these was Detroit, still in the hands of the enemy. Numerous engagements with the Lidians throughout Ohio and Lidiana occurred, upon whose lands adventurous whites would settle ere the title had been acquired by the proper treaty. To remedy this latter evil. Congress appointed commissioners to treat with the natives and purchase their lands, and prohibited the set- tlement of the territory until this could be done. Before the close of the year another attempt was made to capture Detroit, which was, however, not pushed, and Virginia, no longer feeling the interest in the Northwest she had formerly done, withdrew her troops, having on the 20th of December preceding authorized the whole of her possessions to be deeded to the United States. This was done on the 1st of March following, and the Northwest Territory passed from the control of the Old Dominion. To Gen. Clark and his soldiers, however, she gave a tract of one hundred and fifty thousand acres of land, to be situated any where north of the Ohio wherever they chose to locate them. They selected the region opposite the falls of the Ohio, where is now the dilapidated village of Clarksville, about midway between the Cities of New Albany and Jeffer- sonville, Indiana. While the frontier remained thus, and Gen. Haldimand at Detroit refused to evacuate alleging that he had no orders from his King to do so, settlers were rapidly gathering about the inland forts. In the Spring of 1784, Pittsburgh was regularly laid out, and from the journal of Arthur Lee, who passed through the town soon after on his way to the Indian council at Fort Mcintosh, we suppose it was not very prepossessing in appearance. He says : " Pittsburgh is inhabited almost entirely by Scots and Irish, who live in paltry log houses, and are as dirty as if in the north of Ireland or even Scotland. There is a great deal of trade carried on, the goods being bought at the vast expense of forty-five shillings per pound from Phila- 58 THE NOKTHWEST TERRITORY. delphia and Baltimore. They take in the shops flour, wheat, skins and money. There are in the town four attorneys, two doctors, and not a priest of any persuasion, nor church nor chapel." Kentucky at this time contained thirty thousand inhabitants, and was beginning to discuss measures for a separation from Virginia. A land office was opened at Louisville, and measures were adopted to take defensive precaution against the Indians who were yet, in some instances, incited to deeds of violence by the British. Before the close of this year, 1784, the military claimants of land began to occupy them, although no entries were recorded until 1787. The Indian title to the Northwest was not yet extinguished. They held large tracts of lands, and in order to prevent bloodshed Congress adopted means for treaties with the original owners and provided for the survey's of the lands gained thereby, as well as for those north of the Ohio, now in its possession. On January 31, 1786, a treaty was made with the Wabash Indians. The treaty of Fort Stanwix had been made in 1784. That at Fort Mcintosh in 1785, and through these much land was gained. The Wabash Indians, however, afterward refused to comply with the provisions of the treaty made with them, and in order to compel their adherence to its provisions, force was used. During the year 1786, the free navigation of the Mississippi came up in Congress, and caused various discussions, which resulted in no definite action, only serving to excite speculation in regard to the western lands. CongTess had promised bounties of land to the soldiers of the Revolution, but owing to the unsettled condition of affairs along the Mississippi respecting its naviga- tion, and the trade of the Northwest, that body had, in 1783, declared its inability to fulfill these promises until a treaty could be concluded between the two Governments. Before the close of the year 1786, how- ever, it was able, through the treaties with the Indians, to allow some grants and the settlement thereon, and on the 14th of September Con- necticut ceded to the General Government the tract of land known as the '' Connecticut Reserve," and before the close of the following year a large tract of land north of the Ohio was sold to a company, who at once took measures to settle it. By the provisions of this grant, the company were to pay the United States one dollar per acre, subject to a deduction of one-third for bad lands and other contingencies. They received 750,000 acres, bounded on the south by the Ohio, on the east b}' the seventh range of townships, on the west by the sixteenth range, and on the north by a line so drawn as to make the grant complete without the reservations. In addition to this, Congress afterward granted 100,000 acres to actual settlers, and 214,285 acres as army bounties under the resolutions of 1789 and 1790. THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 69 While Dr. Cutler, one of the agents of the company, was pressing its claims before Congress, that bod}' was bringing into form an ordinance for the political and social organization of this Territory. When the cession was made by Virginia, in 1784, a plan was offered, but rejected. A motion had been made to strike from the proposed plan the prohibition of slavery, which prevailed. The plan was then discussed and altered, and finally passed unanimously, with the exception of South Carolina. Bv this proposition, the Territory was to have been divided into states A PRAIKIE STOKM. by parallels and meridian lines. This, it was thought, would make ten states, which were to have been named as follows — beginning at the northwest corner and going southwardly : Sylvania, Michigania, Cher- sonesus, Assenisipia, Metropotamia, Illenoia, Saratoga, Washington, Poly- potamia and Pelisipia. There was a more serious objection to this plan than its category of names,— the boundaries. The root of the difficulty was in the resolu- tion of Congress passed in October, 1780, which fixed the boundaries of the ceded lands to be from one hundred to one hundred and fifty miles 60 THE NORTHWEST TEREITOEY. square. These resolutions being presented to the Legislatures of Vir- giaia and Massachusetts, they desired a change, and in July, 1786, the subject was taken up in Congress, and changed to favor a division into not more than five states, and not less than three. This was approved by the State Legislature of Virginia. The subject of the Government was again taken up by Congress in 1786, and discussed throughout that year and until July, 1787, when the famous "Compact of 1787"' was passed, and the foundation of the government of the Northwest laid. This com- pact is fully discussed and explained in the history of Illinois in this book, and to it the reader is referred. The passage of this act and the grant to the New England Company was soon followed by an application to the Government by John Cleves Symmes, of New Jersey, for a grant of the land between the Miamis. This gentleman had visited these lands soon after the treaty of 1786, and, being greatly pleased with them, offered similar terms to those given to the New England Company. The petition was referred to the Treasury Board with power to act, and a contract was concluded the following year. During the Autumn the directors of tlie New England Company were preparing to occup}' their grant the following Spring, and upon the 2od of November made arrangements for a party of forty-seven men, under the superinteudency of Gen. Rufus Putnam, to set forward. Six boat-builders were to leave at once, and on the first of January the sur- veyors and their assistants, twenty-six in number, were to meet at Hart- ford and proceed on their journey westward : the remainder to follow as soon as possible. Congress, in the meantime, upon the od of October, had ordered seven hundred troops for defense of the western settlers, and to prevent unauthorized intrusions ; and two days later appointed Arthur St. Clair Governor of the Territor}* of the Northwest. AMERICAN SETTLEMENTS. The civil organization of the Northwest Territory was now com^. plete, and notwithstanding the uncertainty of Indian affairs, settlers from the East began to come into the country rapidly. The New England Company sent their men during the "Winter of 1787-8 pressing on over the Alleghenies by the old Indian path which had been opened into Braddock's road, and which has since been made a national turnpike from Cumberland westward. Throitgh the weary winter days they toiled on, and by April were all gathered on the Yohiogany. where boats had been built, and at once started for the Muskingum. Here they arrived on the 7th of that month, and unless the Moravian missionaries be regarded as the pioneers of Ohio, this little band can justly claim that honor. THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 61 Gen. St. Clair, the appointed Governor of the Northwest, not having yet arrived, a set of haws were passed, written out, and published by being nailed to a tree in the embryo town, and Jonathan Meigs appointed to administer them. Washington in writing of this, the first American settlement in the Northwest, said : " No colony in America was ever settled under such favorable auspices as that which has just commenced at Muskingum. Information, property and strength will be its characteristics. I know many of its settlers personally, and there never were men better calcu- lated to promote the welfare of such a community.'" A PIONEER DAVELLING. On the 2d of July a meeting of the directors and agents was held on the banks of the Muskingum, " for the purpose of naming the new- born city and its squares." As yet the settlement was known as the "Muskingum," but that was now changed to the name Marietta, in honor of Marie Antoinette. The square upon which the block -houses stood was called ^'' Campus 3Iartius ;"" square number 19, ^'- Capitolium ;"" square number 61, '■^ Cecilia;^' and the great road through the covert way, " Sacra Via^ Two days after, an oration was delivered by James M. Yarnum, who with S. H. Parsons and John Armstrong had been appointed to the judicial bench of the territory on the 16th of October, 1787. On July 9, Gov. St. Clair arrived, and the colony began to assume form. The act of 1787 provided two district grades of government for the Northwest, 62 THE XOKTHWEST TEKKITOKY. under the first of -^111011 rhe whole power was invested in the hands of a governor and three district judges. This was immediately formed upon the Governor's arrival, and the fii"st laws of the colony passed on the 25th of July. These provided for the oi-ganization of the militia, and on the next day appeared the Governor's proclamation, erecting all that country that had been ceded by the Indians east of the Scioto River into the County of Washington. From that time forward, notwithstanding the doubts yet existing as to the Indians, all Marietta prospered, and on the 2d of September the first court of the territory was held with imposing ceremonies. The emigration westward at this time was very great. The com- mander at Fort Harmer, at the mouth of the Muskingum, reported four thousand five hundred persons as having passed that post between Feb- ruary and June, 1TS8 — many of whom would have purchased of the "Associates," as the New England Company was called, had they been ready to receive them. On the 26th of November, ITST. Symmes issued a pamphlet stating the terms of his contract and the plan of sale he intended to adopt. In January. ITSS. Matthias Denman, of New Jei-sey. took an active interest in Symmes' purchase, and located among other tracts the sections upon which Cincinnati has been built. Retaining one-third of this locality, he sold the other two-thirds to Robert Pattei^on and John Filson, and the three, about August, commenced to lay out a town on the spot, which was designated as being opposite Licking River, to the mouih of which they proposed to have a road cut from Lexington. The naming of the town is thus narrated in the "Western Annals '" : — •• Mr. Filson, who had been a schoolmaster, was appointed to name the town. and. in respect to its situation, and as if with a prophetic perception of the mixed race that were to inhabit it in after days, he named it Losantiville, Avhich. being interpreted, means : rille^ the town : anti, against or opposite to ; tv*. the mouth : L. of Licking." Meanwhile, in July, Symmes got thirty persons and eight four-hoi"se teams under way for the West. These reached Limestone (now Mays- ville) in September, where were several persons from Redstone. Here Mr. Symmes tried to found a settlement, but the great freshet of 1789 caused the " Point," as it was and is yet called, to be fifteen feet under water, and the settlement to be abandoned. The little band of settlers removed to the mouth of the Miami. Before Symmes and his colony left the " Point." two settlements had been made on his purchase. The first was by Mr. Stiltes. the original projector of the whole plan, who, with a colony of Redstone people, had located at the mouth of the Miami, whither Svmmes went with his Mavsville colony. Here a clearing had THE NORTHWEST TERKITOEY. 63 been made by the Indians owing to the great fertility of the soil. Mr. Stiltes with his colony came to this place on the 18th of November, 1788, with twenty-six persons, and, bnilding a block-house, prepared to remain through the Winter. They named the settlement Columbia. Here they were kindly treated by the Indians, but suffered greatly from the flood of 1789. On the 4th of March, 1789, the Constitution of the United States went into operation, and on April 30, George Washington was inaug- urated President of the American people, and during the next Summer, an Indian war was commenced by the tribes north of the Ohio. The President at first used pacific means ; but these failing, he sent General Harmer against the hostile tribes. He destroyed several villages, but BBEAKI^TG PEAIEIE. -was defeated in two battles, near the present City of Fort Wayne, Indiana. From this time till the close of 1795, the principal events were the wars with the various Indian tribes. In 1796, General St. Clair was appointed in command, and marched against the Indians ; but while he was encamped on a stream, the St. jSIary, a branch of the Maumee, he was attacked and defeated with the loss of six hundred men. General Wayne was now sent against the savages. In August, 1794, he met them near the rapids of the Maumee, and gained a complete victory. This success, followed by vigorous measures, compelled the Indians to sue for peace, and on the 30th of July, the following year, the treaty of Greenville was signed by the principal chiefs, by which a large tract of country was ceded to the United States. Before proceeding in our narrative, we will pause to notice Fort Washington, erected in the early part of this war on the site of Cincinnati. Nearly all of the great cities of the Northwest, and indeed of the 64 THE NORTHWEST TEREITORY. whole country, have had their nuclei in those rude pioneer structures, known as forts or stockades. Thus Forts Dearborn, Washington, Pon- chartrain, mark the original sites of the now proud Cities of Chicago, Cincinnati and Detroit. So of most of the flourishing cities east and west of the Mississippi. Fort Washington, erected by Doughty in 1790, was a rude but highly interesting structure. It was composed of a number of stronglj^-built hewed log cabins. Those designed for soldiers' barracks were a story and a half high, while those composing the officers quarters were more imposing and more conveniently arranged and furnished. The whole were so placed as to form a hollow square, enclosing about an acre of ground, with a block house at each of the four angles. The logs for the construction of this fort were cut from the ground upon which it was erected. It stood between Third and Fourth Streets of the present city (Cincinnati) extending east of Eastern Row, now Broadway, which was then a narrow alley, and the eastern boundary of of the town as it was originally laid out. On the bank of the river, immediately in front of the fort, was an appendage of the fort, called the Artificer's Yard. It contained about two acres of ground, enclosed by small contiguous buildings, occupied by workshops and quarters of laborers. Within this enclosure there was a large two-story frame house, familiarly called the " Yellow House," built for the accommodation of the Quartermaster General. For many years this was the best finished and most commodious edifice in the Queen City. Fort Washington was for some time the headquarters of both the civil and military governments of the Northwestern Territor3^ Following the consummation of the treaty various gigantic land spec- ulations were entered into by different persons, who hoped to obtain from the Indians in Michigan and northern Indiana, large tracts of lands. These Avere generally discovered in time to prevent the outrageous schemes from being carried out, and from involving the settlers in war. On October 27, 1795, the treaty between the United States and Spain was signed, whereby the free navigation of the Mississippi was secured. No sooner had the treaty of 1795 been ratified than settlements began to pour rapidly into the West. The great event of the year 1796 was the occupation of that part of the Northwest including Michigan, which was this year, under the provisions of the treaty, evacuated by the British forces. The United States, owing to certain conditions, did not feel justified in addressing the authorities in Canada in relation to Detroit and other frontier posts. When at last the British authorities were called to give them up, they at once complied, and General Wayne, who had done so much to preserve the frontier settlements, and who, before the year's close, sickened and died near Erie, transferred his head- THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 66 quarters to the neighborhood of the'lakes, where a county named after him was formed, which included the northwest of Ohio, all of Michigan, and the northeast of Indiana. During this same year settlements were formed at the present City of Chillicothe, along the Miami from Middle- town to Piqua, while in the more distant West, settlers and speculators began to appear in great numbers. In September, the City of Cleveland was laid out, and during the Summer and Autumn, Samuel Jackson and Jonathan Sharpless erected the first manufactory of paper — the " Red- stone Paper Mill" — in the West. St. Louis contained some seventy houses, and Detroit over three hundred, and along the river, contiguous to it, were more than three thousand inhabitants, mostly French Canadians, Indians and half-breeds, scarcely any Americans venturing yet into that part of the Northwest. The election of representatives for the territory had taken place, and on the 4th of February, 1799, they convened at Losantiville — now known as Cincinnati, having been named so by Gov. St. Clair, and considered the capital of the Territory — to nominate persons from whom the members of the Legislature were to be chosen in accordance with a previous ordinance. This nomination being made, the Assembly adjourned until the 16th of the following September. From those named the President selected as members of the council, Henry Vandenburg, of Vincennes, Robert Oliver, of Marietta, James Findlay and Jacob Burnett, of Cincinnati, and David Vance, of Vanceville. On the 16th of September the Territorial' Legislature met, and on the 24th the two houses were duly organized, Henry Vandenburg being elected President of the Council. The message of Gov. St. Clair was addressed to the Legislature September 20th, and on October 13th that body elected as a delegate to Congress Gen. Wm. Henry Harrison, who received eleven of the votes cast, being a majority of one over his opponent, Arthur St. Clair, son of Gen. St. Clair. The whole number of acts passed at this session, and approved by the Governor, were thirty-seven — eleven others were passed, but received his veto. The most important of those passed related to the militia, to the administration, and to taxation. On the 19th of December this pro- tracted session of the first Legislature in the West was closed, and on the 30th of December the President nominated Charles Willing Bryd to the office of Secretary of the Territory vice Wm. Henry Harrison, elected to Congress. The Senate confirmed his nomination the next day. 6G THE NOKTHWEST TERRITORY. DIVISION OF THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. The increased emigration to the Northwest, the extent of the domain, and the inconvenient modes of travel, made it very difficult to conduct the ordinary operations of government, and rendered the efficient action of courts almost impossible. To remedy this, it was deemed advisable to divide the territory for civil purposes. Congress, in 1800, appointed a committee to examine the question and report some means for its solution. This committee, on the od of March, reported that : " In the three western countries there has been but one court having cognizance of crimes, in five years, and the immunity which offenders experience attracts, as to an asylum, the most vile and abandoned crim- inals, and at the same time deters useful citizens from making settlements in such society. The extreme necessity of judiciary attention and assist- ance is "experienced in civil as well as in criminal cases. * * * * Xo minister a remedy to these and other evils, it occurs to this committee that it is expedient that a division of said territory into two distinct and separate governments should be made ; and that such division be made by a line beginning at the mouth of the Great Miami River, running directly north until it intersects the boundary between the United States and Canada." The report was accepted by Congress, and, in accordance with its suggestions, that body passed an Act extinguishing the Northwest Terri- tory, which Act was approved May 7. Among its provisions were these : " That from and after July 4 next, all that part of the Territory of the United States northwest of the Ohio River, which lies to the westward of a line beginning at a point on the Ohio, opposite to the mouth of the Kentucky River, and running thence to Fort Recovery, and thence north until it shall intersect the territorial line between the United States and Canada, shall, for the purpose of temporary government, constitute a separate territory, and be called the Indiana Territory." After providing for the exercise of the civil and criminal powers of the territories, and other provisions, the Act further provides: " That until it shall otherwise be ordered by the Legislatures of the said Territories, respectively, Chillicothe on the Scioto River shall be the seat of government of the Territory of the United States northwest of the Ohio River ; and that St. Vincennes on the Wabash River shall be the seat of government for the Indiana Territory." Gen. Wm. Henry Harrison was appointed Governor of the Indiana Territory, and entered upon his duties about a year later. Connecticut also about this time released her claims to the reserve, and in March a law THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 67 was passed accepting this cession. Settlements had been made upon thirty-five of the townships in the reserve, mills had been built, and seven hundred miles of road cut in various directions. On the 3d of November the General Assembly met at Chillicothe. Near the close of the year, the first missionary of the Connecticut Reserve came, who found no township containing more than eleven families. It was upon the first of October that the secret treaty had been made between Napoleon and the King of Spain, whereby the latter agreed to cede to France the province of Louisiana. In January, 1802, the Assembly of the Northwestern Territory char- tered the college at Athens. From the earliest dawn of the western colonies, education was promptly provided for, and as early as 1787, newspapers were issued from Pittsburgh and Kentucky, and largely read throughout the frontier settlements. Before the close of this year, the Congress of the United States granted to the citizens of the Northwestern territory the formation of a State government. One of the provisions of the "compact of 1787" provided that whenever the number of inhabit- ants within prescribed limits exceeded 45,000, they should be entitled to a separate government. The prescribed limits of Ohio contained, from a census taken to ascertain the legality of the act, more than that number, and on the 30th of April, 1802, Congress passed the act defining its limits, and on the 29th of November the Constitution of the new State of Ohio, so named from the beautiful river forming its southern boundary, came into existence. The exact limits of Lake Michigan were not then known, but the territory now included within the State of Michigan was wholly within the territory of Indiana. Gen. Harrison, while residing at Vincennes, made several treaties with the Indians, thereby gaining large tracts of lands. The next year is memorable in the history of the West for the purchase of Louisiana from France by the United States for $15,000,000. Thus by a peaceful mode, the domain of the United States was extended over a large tract of country west of the Mississippi, and was for a time under the jurisdiction of the Northwest government, and, as has been mentioned in the early part of this narrative, was called the "New Northwest." The limits of this history will not allow a description of its territory. The same year large grants of land were obtained from the Indians, and the House of Representatives of the new State of Ohio signed a bill respecting the College Township in the district of Cincinnati. Before the close of the year, Gen. Harrison obtained additional grants of lands from the various Indian nations in Indiana and the present limits of Illinois, and on the 18th of August, 1804, completed a treaty at St. Louis, whereby over 51,000,000 acres of lands were obtained from the 68 THE NORTHWEST TEERITOBY. aborigines. Measures were also taken to learn the condition of affairs in and about Detroit. C. Jouett, the Indian agent in Michigan, still a part of Indiana Terri- tory, reported as follows upon the condition of matters at that post : " The Town of Detroit. — The charter, which is for fifteen miles square, was granted in the time of Louis XIV. of France, and is now, from the best information I have been able to get, at Quebec. Of those two hundred and twenty-five acres, only four are occupied by the town and Fort Lenault. The remainder is a common, except twenty-four acres, which were added twenty years ago to a farm belonging to Wm. Macomb. * * * A stockade incloses the town, fort and citadel. The pickets, as well as the public houses, are in a state of gradual decay. The streets are narrow, straight and regular, and intersect each other at right angles. The houses are, for the most part, low and inelegant.*' During this year. Congress granted a township of laud for the sup- port of a college, and began to offer inducements for settlers in these wilds, and the country now comprising the State of Michigan began to fill rapidly with settlers along its southern borders. This same year, also, a law was passed organizing the Southwest Territory, dividing it into two portions, the Territory- of New Orleans, which eit}'- was made the seat of Qfovernmeut, and the District of Louisiana, which was annexed to the domain of Gen. Harrison. On the 11th of Januar3% 1805, the Territory of Michigan was formed, Wm. Hull was appointed governor, with headquarters at Detroit, the change to take effect on June 30. On the 11th of that month, a fire occurred at Detroit, which destroyed almost every building in the place. When the officers of the new territorv reached the post, they found it in ruins, and the inhabitants scattered throughout the country. Rebuild- ing, ho\yever, soon commenced, and ere long the town contained more houses than before the fire, and many of them much better built. While this was being done, Indiana had passed to the second grade of government, and through her General Assembly had obtained large tracts of land from the Indian tribes. To all this the celebrated Indian, Tecumthe or Tecumseh, vigorously protested, and it was the main cause of his attempts to unite the various Indian tribes in a conflict with the settlers. To obtain a full account of these attempts, the workings of the British, and the signal failure, culminating in the death of Tecumseh at the battle of tlie Thames, and the close of the war of 1812 in the Northwest, we will step aside in our story, and relate the principal events of his life, and his connection with this conflict. THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY, 6tf TECUMSEH, THE SHAWANOE CHIEFTAIN. 70 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. TECUMSEH, AND THE WAR OF 1812. This famous Indian chief was born about the year 1768, not far from the site of the present City of Piqua, Ohio. His father, Puckeshinwa, was a member of the Kisopok tribe of the Swanoese nation, and his mother, Methontaske, was a member of the Turtle tribe of the same people. They removed from Florida about the middle of the last century to the birthplace of Tecumseh. In 1774, his father, who had risen to be chief, was slain at the battle of Point Pleasant, and not long after Tecum- seh, by his bravery, became the leader of his tribe. In 1795 he was declared chief, and then lived at Deer Creek, near the site of tlie present City of Urbana. He remained here about one year, when he returned to Piqua, and in 1798, he went to White River, Indiana. In 1805, he and his brother, Laulewasikan (Open Door), who had announced himself as a prophet, went to a tract of land on the Wabash River, given them by the Pottawatomies and Kickapoos. From this date the chiei comes into prominence. He was now about thirty-seven years of age, was five feet and ten inches in height, was stoutly built, and possessed of enormous powers of endurance. His countenance was naturally pleas- ing, and he was, in general, devoid of those savage attributes possessed by most Indians. It is stated he could read and write, and had a confi- dential secretary and adviser, named Billy Caldwell, a half-breed, who afterward became chief of the Pottawatomies. He occupied the first house built on the site of Chicago. At this time, Tecumseh entered upon the great work of his life. He had long objected to the grants of land made by the Indians to the whites, and determined to unite all the Indian tribes into a league, in order that no treaties or grants of land could be made save by the consent of this confederation. He traveled constantly, going from north to south ; from the south to the north, everywhere urging the Indians to this step. He was a matchless orator, and his burning words had their effect. Gen. Harrison, then Governor of Indiana, by watching the move- ments of the Indians, became convinced that a grand conspiracy was forming, and made preparations to defend the settlements. Tecuraseh's plan was similar to Pontiac's, elsewhere described, and to the cunning artifice of that chieftain was added his own sagacity. During the year 1809, Tecumseh and the prophet were actively pre- paring for the work. In that year, Gen. Harrison entered into a treaty with the Delawares, Kickapoos, Pottawatomies, Miamis, Eel River Indians and Weas, in which these tribes ceded to the whites certain lands upon the Wabash, to all of which Tecumseh entered a bitter protest, averring THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 71 as one principal reason that he did not want the Indians to give up any lands north and west of the Ohio River. Tecumseh, in August, 1810, visited the General at Vincennes and held a council relating to the grievances of the Indians. Becoming unduly angry at this conference he was dismissed from the village, and soon after departed to incite the southern Indian tribes to the conflict. Gen. Harrison determined to move upon the chief's headquarters at Tippecanoe, and for this purpose went about sixty-five miles up the Wabash, where he built Fort Harrison. From this place he went to the prophet's town, where he informed the Indians he had no hostile inten- tions, provided they were true to the existing treaties. He encamped near the village early in October, and on the morning of November 7, he was attacked by a large force of the Indians, and the famous battle of Tippecanoe occurred. The Indians were routed and their town broken up. Tecumseh returning not long after, was greatly exasperated at his brother, the prophet, even threatening to kill him for rashly precipitating the war, and foiling his (Tecumseh's) plans. Tecumseh sent word to Gen. Harrison that he was now returned from the South, and was ready to visit the President as had at one time previously been proposed. Gen. Harrison informed him he could not go as a chief, which method Tecumseh desired, and the visit was never made. In June of the following year, he visited the Indian agent at Fort Wayne. Here he disavowed any intention to make a war against the United States, and reproached Gen. Harrison for marching against his people. The agent replied to this ; Tecumseh listened with a cold indif- ference, and after making a few general remarks, with a haughty air drew his blanket about him, left the council house, and departed for Fort Mai- den, in Upper Canada, where he joined the British standard. He remained under this Government, doing effective work for the Crown while engaged in the war of 1812 which now opened. He was, however, always humane in his treatment of the prisoners, never allow- ing his warriors to ruthlessly mutilate the bodies of those slain, or wan- tonly murder the captive. In the Summer of 1813, Perry's victory on Lake Erie occurred, and shortly after active preparations were made to capture Maiden. On the 27th of September, the American army, under Gen. Harrison, set sail for the shores of Canada, and in a few hours stood around the ruins of Mai- den, from which the British army, under Proctor, had retreated to Sand- wich, intending to make its way to the heart of Canada by the Valley of the Thames. On the 29th Gen. Harrison was at Sandwich, and Gen. McArthur took possession of Detroit and the territory of Michigan. 72 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. On the 2d of October, the Americans began their pursuit of Proctor, whom they overtook on the 5th, and the battle of the Thames followed. Early in the engagement, Tecumseh. who was at the head of the column of Indians was slain, and they, no longer hearing the voice of their chief- tain, fled. The victory was decisive, and practically closed the war in the Northwesto INDIANS ATTACKING A STOCKADE. Just who killed the great chief has been a matter of much dispute ; but the weight of opinion awards the act to Col. Richard M. Johnson, who fired at him with a pistol, the shot proving fatal. In 1805 occurred Burr's Insurrection. He took possession of a beautiful island in the Ohio, after the killing of Hamilton, and is charged by many with attempting to set up an independent government. His plans were frustrated by the general government, his property confiscated and he was compelled to flee the country for safety. THE NORTETWEST TERRITORY. 73 In January, 1807, Governor Hull, of Michigan Territory, made a treaty with the Indians, whereby all that peninsula was ceded to the United States. Before the close of the year, a stockade was built about Detroit. It was also during this year that Indiana and Illinois endeavored to obtain the repeal of that section of the c.ompact of 1787, whereby slavery was excluded from the Northwest Territory. These attempts, however, all signally failed. In 1809 it was deemed advisable to divide the Indiana Territory. This was done, and the Territory of Illinois was formed from the western part, the seat of government being fixed at Kaskaskia. The next year, the intentions of Tecumseh manifested themselves in open hostilities, and then began the events already narrated. While this war was in progress, emigration to the West went on with surprising rapidity. In 1811, under Mr. Roosevelt of New York, the first steamboat trip was made on the Ohio, much to the astonishment of the natives, many of whom fled in terror at the appearance of the " monster," It arrived at Louisville on the 10th day of October. At the close of the first week of January, 1812, it arrived at Natchez, after being nearly overwhelmed in the great earthquake which occurred while on its downward trip. The battle of the Thames was fought on October 6, 1813. It effectually closed hostilities in the Northwest, although peace was not fully restored until July 22, 1814, when a treaty was formed at Green- ville, under the direction of General Harrison, between the United States and the Indian tribes, in which it was stipulated that the Indians should cease hostilities against the Americans if the war were continued. Such, happily, was not the case, and on the 24th of December the treaty of Ghent was signed by the representatives of England and the United States. This treaty was followed the next year by treaties with various Indian tribes throughout the West and Northwest, and quiet was again restored in this part of the new world. On the 18th of March, 1816, Pittsburgh was incorporated as a city. It then had a population of 8,000 people, and was already noted for its manufacturing interests. On April 19, Indiana Territory was allowed to form a state government. At that time there were thirteen counties organized, containing about sixty-three thousand inhabitants. The first election of state officers was held in August, when Jonathan Jennings was chosen Governor. The officers were sworn in on November 7, and on December 11, the State was formally admitted into the Union. For some time the seat of government was at Corydon, but a more central location being desirable, the present capital, Indianapolis (City of Indiana), was laid out January 1, 1825. 74 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. On the 28th of December the Bank of Illinois, at Shawneetown, was chartered, with a capital of $300,000. At this period all banks were under the control of the States, and were allowed to establish bran^rshes at different convenient points. Until this time Chillicothe and Cincinnati had in turn enjoyed the privileges of being the capital of Ohio. But the rapid settlement of the northern and eastern portions of the State demanded, as in Indiana, a more central location, and before the close of the year, the site of Col- umbus was selected and surveyed as the future capital of the State. Banking had begun in Ohio as early as 1808, when the first bank was chartered at Marietta, but here as elsewhere it did not bring to the state the hoped-for assistance. It and other banks were subsequently unable to redeem their currency, and were obliged to suspend. In 1818, Illinois was made a state, and all the territory north of her northern limits was erected into a separate territory and joined to Mich- igan for judicial purposes. By the following year, navigation of the lakes was increasing with great rapidity and affording an immense source of revenue to the dwellers in the Northwest, but it was not until 1826 that the trade was extended to Lake Michigan, or that steamships began to navigate the bosom of that inland sea. Until the year 1832, the commencement of the Black Hawk War, but few hostilities were experienced with the Indians. Roads were opened, canals were dug, cities were built, common schools were estab- lished, universities were founded, many of which, especially the Michigan University, have achieved a world wide-reputation. The people were becoming wealthy. The domains of the United States had been extended, and had the sons of the forest been treated with honesty and justice, the record of many years would have been that of peace and continuous pros- perity. BLACK HAWK AND THE BLACK HAWK WAR. This conflict, though confined to Illinois, is an important epoch in the Northwestern history, being the last war with the Indians in this part of the United States. Ma-ka-tai-me-she-kia-kiah, or Black Hawk, was born in the principal Sac village, about three miles from the junction of Rock River with the Mississippi, in the year 1767. His father's name was Py-e-sa or Pahaes ; his grandfather's, Na-na-ma-kee, or the Thunderer. Black Hawk early distinguished himself as a warrior, and at the age of fifteen was permitted to paint and was ranked among the braves. About the year 1783, he went on an expedition against the enemies of his nation, the Osages, one THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 75 BLACK HAWK, THE SAC CHIEFTAIN. 76 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. of whom he killed and scalped, and for this deed of Indian bravery he was permitted to join in the scalp dance. Three or four years after he, at the head of two hundred braves, went on another expedition against the Osages, to avenge the murder of some women and children belonging to , his own tribe. Meeting an equal number of Osage warriors, a fierce battle ensued, in which the latter tribe lost one-half their number. The Sacs lost only about nineteen warriors. He next attacked the Cherokees for a similar cause. In a severe battle with them, near the present City of St. Louis, his father was slain, and Black Hawk, taking possession of the " Medicine Bag," at once announced himself chief of the Sac nation. He had now conquered the Cherokees, and about the year 1800, at the head of live hundred Sacs and Foxes, and a hundred lowas, he waged Avar against the Osage nation and subdued it. For two years he battled successfully with other Indian tribes, all of whom he conquered. Black Hawk does not at any time seem to have been friendly to the Americans. When on a visit to St. Louis to see his '* S[)anish Father," he declined to see any of the Americans, alleging, as a reason, he did not want ttoo fathers. The treaty at St. Louis was consummated in 1804. The next year the United States Government erected a fort near the head of the Des Moines Rapids, called Fort Edwards. This seemed to enrage Black Hawk, who at once determined to capture Fort Madison, standing on the west side of the Mississippi above the mouth of the Des Moines River. The fort was ^•arrisoned by about fifty men. Here he was defeated. The difficulties with the British Government arose about this time, and the War of 1812 followed. That government, extending aid to the Western Indians, by living them arms and ammunition, induced them to remain hostile to the Americans. In August, 1812, Black Hawk, at the head of about five hundred braves, started to join the British forces at Detroit, passing on his way the site of Chicago, where the famous Fort Dearborn jSIassacre ' \i few days before occurred. Of his connection with the British _ L . ernment but little is known. In 1813 he with his little band descended the Mississippi, and attacking some United States troops at Fort Howard was defeated. In the early part of 1815, the Indian tribes west of the Mississippi were notified that peace had been declared between the United States ■and England, and nearly all hostilities had ceased. Black Hawk did not sign any treaty, however, until May of the following year. He then recog- nized the validity of the treaty at St. Louis in 1804. From the time of signing this treaty in 1816, until the breaking out of the war in 1832, he and his band passed their time in the common pursuits of Indian life. Ten years before the commencement of this war, the Sac and Fox THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 77 Indians were urged to join the lowas on the west bank of the Father of Waters. All were agreed, save the band known as the British Band, of which Black Hawk was leader. He strenuously objected to the removal, and was induced tocomply only after being threatened with the power of the Government. This and various actions on the part of the white set- tlers provoked Black Hawk and his band to attempt the capture of his native village now occupied by the whites. The war followed. He and his actions were undoubtedly misunderstood, and had his wishes been acquiesced in at the beginning of the struggle, much bloodshed would have been prevented. Black Hawk was chief now of the Sac and Fox nations, and a noted warrior. He and his tribe inhabited a village on Rock River, nearly three miles above its confluence with the Mississippi, where the tribe had lived many generations. When that portion of Illinois was reserved to them, they remained in peaceable possession of their reservation, spending their time in the enjoyment of Indian life. The fine situation of their village and the quality of their lands incited the more lawless white settlers, who from time to time began to encroach upon the red men's domain. From one pretext to another, and from one step to another, the crafty white men gained a foothold, until through whisky and artifice they obtained deeds from many of the Indians for their possessions. The Indians were finally induced to cross over the Father of Waters and locate among the lowas. Black Hawk was strenuously opposed to all this, but as the authorities of Illinois and the United States thought this the best move, he was forced to comply. Moreover other tribes joined the whites and urged the removal. Black Hawk would not agree to the terms of the treaty made with his nation for their lands, and as soon as the military, called to enforce his removal, had retired, he returned to the Illinois side of the river. A large force was at once raised and marched against him. On the evening of May 14, 1832, the first engagement occurred between a band from this army and Black Hawk's band, in which the former were defeated. This attack and its result aroused the whites. A large force of men was raised, and Gen. Scott hastened from the seaboard, by way of the lakes, with United States troops and artillery to aid in the subjugation of the Indians. On the 24th of June, Black Hawk, with 200 warriors, was repulsed by Major Demont between Rock River and Galena. The Ameri- can army continued to move up Rock River toward the main body of the Indians, and on the 21st of July came upon Black Hawk and his band, and defeated them near the Blue Mounds. Before this action. Gen. Henry, in command, sent word to the main army by whom he was immediately rejoined, and the whole crossed the N'oTE.— The above is the generally accepted version of the cause of the Black Hawk War, but in our History of Jo Daviess County. 111., we had occasii. n to go to the bottom of this matter, and have, we think, found the actual cause of the war, which will be found on page 157. (8 THE NORTHWEST TERKITORy. "Wisconsin in pursuit of Black Hawk and his band who were fleeing to the Mississippi. They were overtaken on the 2d of August, and in the battle which followed the power of the Indian chief was completely broken. He fled, but was seized by the Winnebagoes and delivered to the whites. On the 21st of September, 1832, Gen. Scott and Gov. Reynolds con- cluded a treaty with the Winnebagoes, Sacs and Foxes by which they ceded to the United States a vast tract of country, and agreed to remain peaceable with the whites. For the faithful performance of the provi- sions of this treaty on the part of the Indians, it was stipulated that Black Hawk, his two sons, the prophet Wabokieshiek, and six other chiefs, of the hostile bands should be retained as hostages during the pleasure of the President. They were confined at Fort Barracks and put in irons. The next Spring, by order of the Secretary of War, they were taken to Washington. From there they were removed to Fortress Monroe, "there to remain until the conduct of their nation was such as to justify their being set at liberty." They were retained here until the 4th of June, when the authorities directed them to be taken to the principal cities so that they might see the folly of contending against the white people. Everj^where they were observed by thousands, the name of the old chief being cKtensively known. By the middle of August they reached Fort Armstrong on Rock Island, where Black Hawk was soon after released to go to his countrymen. As he passed the site of his birth- place, now the home of the white man, he was deeply moved. His village where he was born, where he had so happily lived, and where he had hoped to die, was now another's dwelling place, and he was a wanderer. On the next day after his release, he went at once to his tribe and his lodge. His wife was yet living, and with her he passed the remainder of his days. To his credit it may be said that Black Hawk always re- mained true to his wife, and served her with a devotion uncommon among the Indians, living with her upward of forty years. Black Hawk now passed his time hunting and fishing. A deep mel- ancholy had settled over him from which he could not be freed. At all times when he visited the whites he was received with marked atten- tion. He was an honored guest at the old settlers' reunion in Lee County, Illinois, at some of their meetings, and received many tokens of esteem. In September, 1838, while on his way to Rock Island to receive his annuity from the Government, he contracted a severe cold which resulted in a fatal attack of bilious fever which terminated his life on October 3. His faithful wife, who was devotedly attached to him, mourned deeply during his sickness. After his death he was dressed in the uniform pre- sented to him by the President while in Washington. He was buried in a grave six feet in depth, situated upon a beautiful eminence. " The THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 79 body was placed in the middle of the grave, in a sitting posture, upon a seat constructed for the purpose. On his left side, the cane, given him by Henry Clay, was placed upright, with his right hand resting upon it. Many of the old warrior's trophies were placed in the grave, and some Indian garments, together with his favorite weapons.'" No sooner was the Black Hawk war concluded than settlers began rapidly to pour into the northern parts of Illinois, and into Wisconsin, now free from Indian depredations. Chicago, from a trading post, had grown to a commercial center, and was rapidly coming into prominence. In 1835, the formation of a State Government in Michigan was discussed, but did not take active form until two years later, when the State became a part of the Federal Union. The main attraction to that portion of the Northwest lying west of Lake Michigan, now included in the State of Wisconsin, was its alluvial wealth. Copper ore was found about Lake Superior. For some time this region was attached to Michigan for judiciary purposes, but in 1830 was made a territory, then including Minnesota and Iowa. The latter State was detached two years later. In 1848, Wisconsin was admitted as a State, Madison being made the capital. We have now traced the various divisions of the Northwest Territory (save a little in Minnesota) from the time it was a unit comprising this vast territor}', until circumstances compelled its present division. OTHER INDIAN TROUBLES. Before leaving this part of the narrative, we will narrate briefly the Indian troubles in Minnesota and elsewhere by the Sioux Indians. In August, 1862, the Sioux Indians living on the western borders of Minnesota fell upon the unsuspecting settlers, and in a few hours mas- sacred ten or twelve hundred persons. A distressful panic was the immediate result, fully thirty thousand persons fleeing from their homes to districts supposed to be better protected. The military authorities at once took active measures to punish the savages, and a large number were killed and captured. About a year after, Little Crow, the chief, was killed by a Mr. Lampson near Scattered Lake. Of those captured, thirty were hung at Mankato, and the remainder, through fears of mob violence, were removed to Camp McClellan, on the outskirts of the City of Davenport. It was here that Big Eagle came into prominence and secured his release by the following order : 80 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. BIG EAGLE. THE NOETHWEST TERRITORY. 01 "Special Order, No. 430. "War Department, " Adjutant General's Office, Washington, Dec. 3, 1864. " Big Eagle, an Indian now in confinement at Davenport, Iowa,, will, upon the receipt of this order, be immediately released from confine- ment and set at liberty. " By order of the President of the United States. " Official : " E. D. TowNSEND, Ass't Adft Gen. " Capt. James Vanderventer, Com'y Sub. Vols. " Through Com'g Gen'l, Washington, D. C." Another Indian who figures more prominently than Big Eagle, and who was more cowardly in his nature, with his band of Modoc Indians, is noted in the annals of the New Northwest: we refer to Captain Jack. This distinguished Indian, noted for his cowardly murder of Gen. Canby, was a chief of a Modoc tribe of Indians inhabiting the border lands between California and Oregon. This region of country comprises what is known as the " Lava Beds," a tract of land described as utterly impene- trable, save by those savages who had made it their home. The Modocs are known as an exceedingly fierce and treacherous race. They had, according to their own traditions, resided here for many generations, and at one time were exceedingly numerous and powerful. A famine carried off nearly half their numbers, and disease, indolence and the vices of the white man have reduced them to a poor, weak and insignificant tribe. Soon after the settlement of California and Oregon, complaints began to be heard of massacres of emigrant trains passing through the Modoo country. In 1847, an emigrant train, comprising eighteen souls, was en- tirely destroyed at a place since known as " Bloody Point." These occur- rences caused the United States Government to appoint a peace commission^ who, after repeated attempts, in 1864, made a treaty with the Modocs, Snakes and Klamaths, in Avhich it was agreed on their part to remove to a reservation set apart for them in the southern part of Oregon. With the exception of Captain Jack and a band of his followers, who remained at Clear Lake, about six miles from Klamath, all the Indians complied. The Modocs who went to the reservation were under chief Schonchin. Captain Jack remained at the lake without disturbance until 1869, when he was also induced to remove to the reservation. The Modocs and the Klamaths soon became involved in a quarrel, and Captain Jack and his band returned to the Lava Beds. Several attempts were made by the Indian Commissioners to induce them to return to the reservation, and finally becoming involved in a 82 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. difficulty with the commissioner and his military escort, a fight ensued, in which the chief and his band were routed. They were greatly enraged, and on their retreat, before the day closed, killed eleven inoffensive whites. The nation was aroused and immediate action demanded. A com- mission was at once appointed by the Government to see what could be done. It comprised the following persons : Gen. E. R. S. Canby, Rev. Dr. E. Thomas, a leading Methodist divine of California ; Mr. A. B. Meacham, Judge Rosborough, of California, and a Mr. Dyer, of Oregon. After several interviews, in which the savages were always aggressive, often appearing with scalps in their belts, Bogus Charley came to the commission on the evening of April 10, 1873, and informed them that Capt. Jack and his band would have a " talk " to-morrow at a place near Clear Lake, about three miles distant. Here the Commissioners, accom- panied by Charley, Riddle, the interpreter, and Boston Charley repaired. After the usual greeting the council proceedings commenced. On behalf of the Indians there were present : Capt. Jack, Black Jim, Schnac Nasty Jim, Ellen's Man, and Hooker Jim. They had no guns, but carried pis- tols. After short speeches by Mr. Meacham, Gen. Canby and Dr. Thomas, Chief Schonchin arose to speak. He had scarcely proceeded when, as if by a preconcerted arrangement, Capt. Jack drew his pistol and shot Gen. Canby dead. In less than a minute a dozen shots were fired by the savages, and the massacre completed. Mr. Meacham was shot by Schon- chin, and Dr. Thomas by Boston Charley. Mr. Dyer barely escaped, being fired at twice. Riddle, the interpreter, and his squaw escaped. The troops rushed to the spot where they found Gen. Canby and Dr. Thomas dead, and Mr. Meacham badly wounded. The savages had escaped to their impenetrable fastnesses and could not be pursued. The whole country was aroused by this brutal massacre ; but it was not until the following May that the murderers were brought to justice. At that time Boston Charley gave himself up, and offered to guide the troops to Capt. Jack's stronghold. This led to the capture of his entire gang, a number of whom were murdered by Oregon volunteers while on their way to trial. The remaining Indians were held as prisoners until July when their trial occurred, which led to the conviction of Capt. Jack, Schonchin, Boston Charley, Hooker Jim, Broncho, alias One-Eyed Jim, and Slotuck, who were sentenced to be hanged. These sentences were approved by the President, save in the case of Slotuck and Broncho whose sentences were commuted to imprisonment for life. The others were executed at Fort Klamath, October 3, 1873. These closed the Indian troubles for a time in the Northwest, and for several years the borders of civilization remained in peace. They were again involved in a conflict with the savages about the country of the THE NORTHWEST TERRLTOKY. 83 CAPTAIN JACK, THE MODOC CHIEFTAIN. «J4 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. Black Hills, in which war the gallant Gen. Custer lost his life. Just now the borders of Oregon and California are again in fear of hostilities ; but as the Government has learned how to deal with the Indians, they will be of short duration. The red man is fast passing away before the march of the white man, and a few more generations will read of the Indians as one of the nations of the past. The Northwest abounds in memorable places. We have generally noticed them in the narrative, but our space forbids their description in detail, save of the most important places. Detroit, Cincinnati, Vincennes, Kaskaskia and their kindred towns have all been described. But ere we leave the narrative we will present our readers Avith an account of the Kinzie house, the old landmark of Chicago, and the discovery of the source of the Mississippi River, each of which may well find a place in the annals of the Northwest. Mr. John Kinzie, of the Kinzie house, represented in the illustra- tion, established a trading house at Fort Dearborn in 1804. The stockade had been erected the year previous, and named Fort Dearborn in honor of the Secretary of War. It had a block house at each of the two angles, on the southern side a sallyport, a covered way on the north side, that led down to the river, for the double purpose of providing means of escape, and of procuring water in the event of a siege. Fort Dearborn stood on the south bank of the Chicago River, about half a mile from its mouth. When Major Whistler built it, his soldiers hauled all the timber, for he had no oxen, and so economically did he work that the fort cost the Government only fifty dollars. For a while the garrison could get no grain, and W histler and his men subsisted on acorns. Now Chicago is the greatest grain center in the world. Mr. Kinzie bought the hut of the first settler, Jean Baptiste Point aii Sable, on the site of which he erected his mansion. Within an inclosure in front he planted some Lombardy poplars, seen in the engraving, and in the rear he soon had a fine garden and growing orchard. In 1S12 the Kinzie house and its surroundings became the theater of stirring events. The garrison of Fort Dearborn consisted of fifty-four men. under the charge of Capt. Nathan Heald, assisted by Lieutenant Lenai T. Helm (^son-in-law to Mrs. Kinzie), and Ensign Ronan. The surgeon was Dr. Voorhees. The only residents at the post at that time were the wives of Capt. Heald and Lieutenant Helm and a few of the soldiers, Mr. Kinzie and his family, and a few Canadian vo^-agers with their wives and children. The soldiers and Mr. Kinzie were on the most friendly terms with the Pottawatomies and the Winnebagoes, the prin- cipal tribes around them, but they could not win them from their attach- ment to the British. THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. S5 After the battle of Tippecanoe it was observed that some of the lead- ing chiefs became sullen, for some of their people had perished in that conflict with American troops. One evening in April, 1812, Mr. Kinzie sat playing his violin and his children were dancing to the music, when Mrs. Kinzie came rushing into the house pale with terror, and exclaiming, " The Indians ! the Indians ! " " What? Where ? " eagerly inquired Mr. Kinzie. " Up at Lee's, killing and scalping," answered the frightened mother, who, when the alarm was given, was attending Mrs. Burns, a newly-made mother, living not far off. KIWZIE HOUSE. Mr. Kinzie and his family crossed the river in boats, and took refuge in the fort, to which place Mrs. Burns and her infant, not a day old, were conveyed in safety to the shelter of the guns of Fort Dearborn, and the rest of the white inhabitants fled. The Indians were a scalping party of Winnebagoes, who hovered around the fort some days, when they dis- appeared, and for several weeks the inhabitants were not disturbed by alarms. Chicago was then so deep in the wilderness, that the news of the declaration of war against Great Britain, made on the 19th of June, 1812, did not reach the commander of the garrison at Fort Dearborn till the 7th of August. Now the fast mail train will carry a man from New York to Chicago in twenty-seven hours, and such a declaration might be sentj every word, by the telegraph in less than the same number of minutes. 86 THE KOETHWEST TERRITORY. PRESENT CONDITION OF THE NORTHWEST. Preceding chapters have brought us to the close of the Black Hawk war, and Ave now turn to the contemplation of the growth and prosperity of the Northwest under the smile of peace and the blessings of our civili- za.tion. The pioneers of this region date events back to the deep snow A EEPKESENTATIVE PIOJfEEE. of 1831, no one arriving here since that date taking first honors. The inciting cause of the immigration which overflowed the prairies early in the '30s was the reports of the marvelous beauty and fertility of the region distributed through the East by those who had participated in the Black Hawk campaign with Gen. Scott. Chicago and Milwaukee then had a few hundred inhabitants, and Gurdon S. Hubbard's trail from the former citv to Kaskaskia led almost through a wilderness. Veo-etables and clothing were largely distributed through the regions adjoining the THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 87 lakes by steamers from the Ohio towns. There are men now living in Illinois who came to the state when barely an acre was in cultivation, and a man now prominent in the business circles of Chicago looked over the swampy, cheerless site of that metropolis in 1818 and went south ward into civilization. Emigrants from Pennsylvania in 1830 left behind LINCOLN MONUMENT, SPKINGFIELD, ILLINOIS. them but one small railway in the coal regions, thirty miles in length, and made their way to the Northwest mostly with ox teams, finding in Northern Illinois petty settlements scores of miles apart, although the southern portion of the state was fairly dotted with farms. The water courses of the lakes and rivers furnished transportation to the second great army of immigrants, and about 1850 railroads were pushed to that extent that the crisis of 1837 was precipitated upon us, THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. horn the effects of which the Western country had not fully recovered at the outbreak of the war. Hostilities found the colonists of the prairies folly alive to the demands of the occasion, and the honor of recruiting liliilliliitiiii'^l'^^il'^^ the vast armies of the Union fell largely to the Governors of the Western States. The struggle, on the whole, had a marked effect for the better on the new Northwest, giving it an impetus which twenty years of peace would not have produced. In a large degree, this prosperity was an inflated one; and, with ihe rest of the Union, we have since been compelled to atone therefor by four THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 89 years of depression of values, of scarcity of employment, and loss of fortune. To a less degree, however, than the manufacturing or mining regions has the West suffered during the prolonged panic now so near its end. Agriculture, still the leading feature in our industries, has been quite prosperous through all these dark years, and the farmers have cleared away many incumbrances resting over them from the period of fictitious values. The population has steadily increased, the arts and sciences are gaining a stronger foothold, the trade area of the region is becoming daily more extended, and v\^e have been largely exempt from the financial calamities wMch have nearly wrecked communities on the seaboard dependent wholly on foreign commerce or domestic manufacture. At the present period there are no great schemes broached for the Northwest, no propositions for government subsidies or national works of improvement, but the capital of the world is attracted hither for the purchase of our products or the expansion of our capacity for serving ths nation at large. Anew era is dawning as to transportation, and we bid fair to deal almost exclusively with the increasing and expanding lines of steel rail running through every few miles of territory on the prairies. The lake marine will no doubt continue to be useful in the warmer season, and to serve as a regulator of freight rates; but experienced navigators forecast the decay of the system in moving to the seaboard the enormous crops of the West. Within the past five years it has become quite common to see direct shipments to Europe and the West Indies going through from the second-class towns along the Mississippi and Missouri. As to popular education, the standard has of late risen very greatly, and our schools would be creditable to any section of the Union. More and more as the events of the war pass into obscurity will the fate of the Northwest be linked with that of the Southwest, and the next Congressional apportionment will give the valley of the Mississippi absolute control of the legislation of the nation, and do much toward securing the removal of the Federal capitol to some more central location. Our public men continue to wield the full share of influence pertain- ing to their rank in the national autonomy, and seem not to forget that for the past sixteen years they and their constituents have dictated the principles which should govern the country. In a work like this, destined to lie on the shelves of the library for generations, and not doomed to daily destruction like a nevvspaper, one can not indulge in the same glowing predictions, the sanguine statements of actualities that fill the columns of ephemeral publications. Time may bring grief to the pet projects of a writer, and explode castles erected on a pedestal of facts. Yet there are unmistakable indications before us of 90 THE NORTHWEST TEERITORY. the same radical change in onr great Northwest which characterizes its history- for the past thirty years. Our domain has a sort of natural geographical border, save where it melts away to the southward in the cattle raising districts of the southwest. Our prime interest will for some years doubtless be the growth of the food of the world, in which branch it has already outstripped all competitors, and our great rival in this duty will naturally be the fertile plains of Kansas, Nebraska and Colorado, to say nothing of the new empire so rapidly growing up in Texas. Over these regions there is a continued progress in agriculture and in railway building, and we must look to our laurels. Intelligent observers of events are fully aware of the strides made in the way of shipments of fresh meats to Europe, many of these ocean cargoes being actually slaughtered in the West and transported on ice to the wharves of the seaboard cities. That this new enterprise will continue there is no reason to doubt. There are in Chicago several factories for the canning of prepared meats for European consumption, and the orders for this class of goods are already immense. English capital is becoming daily more and more dissatisfied with railway loans and investments, and is gradually seeking mammoth outlays in lands and live stock. The stock yards in Chicago, Indianapolis and East St. Louis are yearlj^ increasing their facilities, and their plant steadily grows more valuable. Importations of blooded animals from the pro- gressive countries of Europe are destined to greatly improve the quality of our beef and mutton. Nowhere is there to be seen a more enticing display in this line than at our state and county fairs, and the interest in the matter is on the increase. To attempt to give statistics of our grain production for 1877 would be useless, so far have we surpassed ourselves in the quantity and quality of our product. We are too liable to forget that we are giving the world its first article of necessity — its food supply. An opportunity to learn this fact so it never can be forgotten was afforded at Chicago at the outbreak of the great panic of 1873, when Canadian purchasers, fearing the prostration of business mightbring about an anarchical condition of affairs, went to that city with coin in bulk and foreign drafts to secure their supplies in their own currency at first hands. It may be justly claimed by the agricultural community that their combined efforts gave the nation its first impetus toward a restoration of its crippled industries, and their labor brought the gold premium to a lower depth than the government was able to reach by its most intense efforts of legislation and compulsion. The hundreds of millions about to be disbursed for farm products have alread}-, by the antici|)ation common to all commercial THE NORTHWEST TERRITOEY. 91 nations, set the wheels in motion, and will relieve us from the perils so long shadowing our efforts to return to a healthy tone. Manufacturing has attained in the chief cities a foothold which bids fair to render the Northwest independent of the outside world. Nearly our whole region has a distribution of coal measures which will in time support the manufactures necessary to our comfort and prosperity. As to transportation, the chief factor in the production of all articles except food, no section is so magnificently endowed, and our facilities are yearly increasing beyond those of any other region. 92 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. The period from a central point of the war to the outbreak of the panic was marked by a tremendous growth in our railway lines, but the depression of the times caused almost a total suspension of operations. NoAv that prosperity is returning to our stricken country we witness its anticipation by the railroad interest in a series of projects, extensions, and leases whicli bid fair to largely increase our transportation facilities. The process of foreclosure and sale of incumbered lines is another matter to be considered. In the case of the Illinois Central road, which formerly transferred to other lines at Cairo the vast burden of freight destined for the Gulf region, we now see the incorporation of the tracks connecting through to New Orleans, every mile co-operating in turning toward the northwestern metropolis the weight of the inter-state commerce of a thousand miles or more of fertile plantations. Three competing routes to Texas have established in Chicago their general freight and passenger agencies. Four or five lines compete for all Pacific freights to a point as as far as the interior of Nebraska. Half a dozen or more splendid bridge structures have been thrown across the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers by the railwavs. The Chicao-o and Northwestern line has become an ao-are- gation of over two thousand miles of rail, and the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul is its close rival in extent and importance. The three lines running to Cairo via Vincennes form a through route for all traffic with the states to the southward. The chief projects now under discussion are the Chicago and Atlantic, which is to unite with lines now built to Charleston, and the Chicago and Canada Southern, which line will con- nect with all the various branches of that Canadian enterprise. Our latest new road is the Chicago and Lake Huron, formed of three lines, and entering the city from Valparaiso on the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago track. The trunk lines being mainly in operation, the progress made in the way of shortening tracks, making air-line branches, and running extensions does not show to the advantage it deserves, as this process is constantly adding new facilities to the established order of things. The panic reduced the price of steel to a point where the railways could hardly afford to use iron rails, and all our northwestern lines report large relays of Bessemer track. The immense crops now being moved have given a great rise to the value of railway stocks, and their transportation must result in heavy pecuniary advantages. Few are aware of the importance of the wholesale and jobbing trade of Chicago. One leading firm has since the panic sold $24,000,000 of dry goods in one year, and they now expect most confidently to add seventy per cent, to the figures of their last year's business. In boots and shoes and in clothing, twenty or more great firms from the east have placed here their distributing agents or their factories ; and in groceries THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 93 Chicago supplies the entire Northwest at rates presenting advantages over New York. Chicago has stepped in between New York and the rural banks as a financial center, and scarcely a banking institution in the grain or cattle regions but keeps its reserve funds in the vaults of our commercial insti- tutions. Accumulating here throughout the spring and summer months, they are summoned home at pleasure to move the products of the prairies. This process greatly strengthens the northwest in its financial operations, leaving home capital to supplement local operations on behalf of home interests. It is impossible to forecast the destiny of this grand and growing section of the Union. Figures and predictions made at this date might seem ten years hence so ludicrously small as to excite only derision. -,£e£'^^ HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST. 95 r CHICAGO. It is impossible in our brief space to give more than a meager sketch of such a city as Chicago, which is in itself the greatest marvel of the Prairie State. This mysterious, majestic, mighty city, born first of water, and next of fire ; sown in weakness, and raised in power ; planted among the willows of the marsh, and crowned with the glory of the mountains ; sleeping on the bosom of the prairie, and rocked on the bosom of the sea , CHICAGO IN lSo'3. the youngest city of the world, and still the eye of the prairie, as Damas- cus, the oldest city of the world, is the eye of the desert. With a com- merce far exceeding that of Corinth on her isthmus, in the highway to the East ; with the defenses of a continent piled around her by the thou- sand miles, making her far safer than Rome on the banks of the Tiber ; 96 HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST. with schools eclipsing Alexandria and Athens : with liberties more con- spicuous than those of the old republics ; with a heroism equal to the first Carthage, and with a sanctity scarcely second to that of Jerusalem— set your thoughts on all this, lifted into the eyes of all men by the miracle of its growth, illuminated by the flame of its fall, and transfigured by the divinity of its resurrection, and you will feel, as I do, the utter impossi- bility of compassing this subject as it deserves. Some impression of her importance is received from the shock her burning gave to the civilized world. When the doubt of her calamity was removed, and the horrid fact was accepted, there went a shudder over all cities, and a quiver over all lands. There was scarcely a town in the civilized world that did not shake on the brink of this opening chasm. The flames of our homes red- dened all skies. The city was set upon a hill, and could not be hid. All eyes were turned upon it. To have struggled and suffered amid the scenes of its fall is as distinguishing as to have fought at Thermopylae, or Salamis, or Hastings, or Waterloo, or Bunker Hill. Its calamity amazed the world, because it was felt to be the common property of mankind. The early history of the city is full of interest, just as the early his- tory of such a man as Washington or Lincoln becomes public property, and is cherished by every patriot. Starting with 560 acres in 1833, it embraced and occupied 23,000 acres in 1869, and, having now a population of more than 500,000, it com- mands general attention. The first settler — Jean Baptiste Pointe au Sable, a mulatto from the West Indies — came and began trade with the Indians in 1796. John Kinzie became his successor in 1804, in which year Fort Dearborn was erected. A mere trading-post was kept here from that time till about the time of the Blackhawk war, in 1832. It was not the city. It was merely a cock crowing at midnight. The morning was not yet. In 1833 the set- tlement about the fort was incorporated as a town. The voters were divided on the propriety of such corporation, twelve voting for it; and one against it. Four years later it was incorporated as a city, and embraced 560 acres. The produce handled in this city is an indication of its power. Grain and flour were imported from the East till as late as 1837. The first exportation by way of experiment was in 1839. Exports exceeded imports first in 1842. The Board of Trade was organized in 1848, but it was so weak that it needed nursing till 1855. Grain was purchased by the wagon-load in the street, I remember sitting with my father on a load of wheat, in the long HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST. 9T line of wagons along Lake street, while the buyers came and untied the bags, and examined the grain, and made their bids. That manner of business had to cease with the day of small things. Now our elevators will hold 15,000,000 bushels of grain. The cash value of the produce handled in a year is $215,000,000, and the produce weighs 7,000,000 tons or 700,000 car loads. This handles thirteen and a half ton each minute, all the year round. One tenth of all the wheat in the United States is handled in Chicago. Even as long ago as 1853 the receipts of grain in Chicago exceeded those of the goodly city of St. Louis, and in 1854 the exports of grain from Chicago exceeded those of New York and doubled those of St. Petersburg, Archangel, or Odessa, the largest grata markets in Europe. The manufacturing interests of the city are not contemptible. In 1873 manufactories employed 45,000 operatives ; in 1876, 60,000. The manufactured product in 1875 was worth $177,000,000. No estimate of the size and power of Chicago would be adequate that did not put large emphasis on the railroads. Before they came thundering along our streets canals were the hope of our country. But who ever thinks now of traveling by canal packets ? In June, 1852, there were only forty miles of railroad connected with the city. The old Galena division of the Northwestern ran out to Elgin. But now, who can count the trains and measure the roads that seek a terminus or connection in this city ? The lake stretches away to the north, gathering in to this center all the harvests that might otherwise pass to the north of us. If you will take a map and look at the adjustment of railroads, you will see, first, that Chicago is the great railroad center of the world, as New York is the commercial city of this continent ; and, second, that the railroad lines form the iron spokes of a great wheel whose hub is this city. The lake furnishes the only break in the spokes, and this seems simply to have pushed a few spokes together on each shore. See the eighteen trunk lines, exclusive of eastern connections. Pass round the circle, and view their nuirbers and extent. There is the great Northwestern, with all its branches, one branch creeping along the lake shore, and so reaching to the north, into the Lake Superior regions, away to the right, and on to the Northern Pacific on the left, swinging around Green Bay for iron and copper and silver, twelve months in the year, and reaching out for the wealth of the great agricultural belt and isothermal line traversed by the Northern Pacific. Another branch, not so far north, feeling for the heart of the Badger State. Another pushing lower down the Mississippi — all these make many con- nections, and tapping all the vast wheat regions of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, and all the regions this side of sunset. There is that elegant road, the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, running out a goodly number of 98 HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST. OLD FORT DEARBOKN, 1830. PEESENT SITE OF LAKE STKEET BlllDGE, CHICAGO, 1^ 1833. HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST. 99 branches, and reaping the great fields this side of the Missouri River. I can only mention the Chicago, Alton & St. Louis, our Illinois Central, described elsewhere, and the Chicago & Rock Island. Further around we come to the lines connecting us with all the eastern cities. The Chicago, Indianapolis & St. Louis, the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne & Chicago, the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern, and the Michigan Cen. tral and Great Western, give us many highways to the seaboard. Thus we reach the Mississippi at five points, from St. Paul to Cairo and the Gulf itself by two routes. We also reach Cincinnati and Baltimore, and Pitts- burgh and Philadelphia, and New York. North and south run the water courses of the lakes and the rivers, broken just enough at this point to make a pass. Through this, from east to west, run the long lines that stretch from ocean to ocean. This is the neck of the glass, and the golden sands of commerce must pass into our hands. Altogether we have more than 10,000 miles of railroad, directly tributary to this city, seeking to unload their wealth in our coffers. All these roads have come themselves by the infallible instinct of capital. Not a dollar was ever given by the city to secure one of them, and only a small per cent, of stock taken originally by her citizens, and that taken simply as an investment. Coming in the natural order of events, they will not be easily diverted. There is still another showing to ail this. The connection between New York and San Francisco is by the middle route. This passes inevit- ably through Chicago. St. Louis wants the Southern Pacific or Kansas Pacific, and pushes it out through Denver, and so on up to Cheyenne. But before the road is fairly under way, the Chicago roads shove out to Kansas City, making even the Kansas Pacific a feeder, and actually leav- ing St. Louis out in the cold. It is not too much to expect that Dakota, Montana, and Washington Territory will find their great market in Chi- cago. But these are not all. Perhaps I had better notice here the ten or fifteen new roads that have just entered, or are just entering, our city. Their names are all that is necessary to give. Chicago & St. Paul, look- ing up the Red River country to the British possessions ; the Chicago, Atlantic & Pacific ; the Chicago, Decatur & State Line; the Baltimore & Ohio; the Chicago, Danville & Vincennes; the Chicago & LaSalle Rail- road ; the Chicago, Pittsburgh & Cincinnati ; the Chicago and Canada Southern ; the Chicago and IlUnois River Railroad. These, with their connections, and with the new connections of the old roads, already in process of erection, give to Chicago not less than 10,000 miles of new tributaries from the richest land on the continent. Thus there will be added to the reserve power, to the capital within reach of this city, not less than 11,000,000,000. 100 HISTORY OF THE KORTUWEST. Add to all this transporting power the ships that sail one every nine minutes of the business hours of the season of navigation ; add, also, the canal boats that leave one every five minutes during the same time — and you will see something of the business of the city. THE Ce^MMERCE OF THIS CITY has been leaping along to keep pace with the growth of the country around us. In 1852, our commerce reached the hopeful sum of 820,000,000. In 1870 it reached .-^100,000,000. In 1871 it was pushed up above 8150,000,000. And in 1875 it touched nearly double that. One-half of our imported goods come directly to Chicago. Grain enough is exported directly from oin- docks to the old world to employ a semi-weekly line of steamers of 3,000 tons capacity. This branch is not likely to be greatly developed. Even after the great Welland Canal is completed we shall have only fourteen feet of water. The great ocean vessels will continue to control the trade. The banking capital of Chicago is 821,131,000. Total exchange in 1875, 8659,000,000. Her wholesale business in 1875 was 8291,000,000. The rate of taxes is less than in any other great city. The schools of Chicago are unsurpassed in America. Out of a popu- lation of 300,000 there were only 186 persons between the ages of six and twenty-one unable to read. This is the best known record. In 1881 the mail system was condensed into a half-breed, who went on foot to Niles, Mich., once in two weeks, and brought back what papers and news he could tind. As late as 1816 there was often only one mail a week. A post-office was established in Chicago in 1833, and the post- master nailed up old boot-legs on one side of his shop to serve as boxes for the nabobs and literary men. It is an interesting fact in the growth of the yoimg city that in the active life of the business men of that day the mail matter has grown to a daily average of over 6,500 pounds. It speaks equally well for the intelligence of the people and the commercial importance of the place, that the mail matter distributed to the territory immediately tributary to Chicago is seven times greater than that distributed to the territory immediately tributary to St. Louis. The improvements that have characterized the city are as startling as the city itself. In 1831, ^lark Beaubien established a ferry over the river, and put himself under bonds to carry all the citizens free for the privilege of charging strangers. Now there are twenty-four large brido-es and two tunnels. In 1833 the government expended 830,000 on the harbor. Then commenced that series of manoeuvers with the river that has made it one HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST. 101 of the world's curiosities. It used to wind around in tlie lower end of the town, and make its way rippling over tlie sand into the lake at the foot of Madison street. Tliey took it up and put it down where it now is. It was a narrow stream, so narrow that even moderately small crafts had to go up through the willows and cat's tails to the point near Lake street bridge, and back up one of the branches to get room enough in which to turn around. In 1844 the quagmires in the streets were first pontooned by plank roads, which acted in wet weather as public squirt-guns. Keeping you out of the mud, they compromised by squirting the mud over you. The wooden-block pavements came to Chicago in 1857. In 1840 water was delivered by peddlers in carts or by hand. Then a twenty-five horse- power engine pushed it through hollow or bored logs along the streets till 1854, when it was introduced into the houses by new works. The first fire-engine was used in 1835, and the first steam fire-engine in 1859, Gas was utilized for lighting the city in 1850. The Young Men's Chris- tian Association was organized in 1858, and horse railroads carried them to their work in 1859. The museum was opened in 1863. The alarm telegraph adopted in 1864. The opera-house built in 1865. The city grew from 560 acres in 1833 to 23,000 in 1869. In 1834, the taxes amounted to $48.90, and the trustees of the town borrowed $60 more for opening and improving streets. In 1835, the legislature authorized a loan of $2,000, and the treasurer and street commissioners resigned rather than plunge the town into such a gulf. Now the city embraces 36 square miles of territory, and has 30 miles of water front, besides the outside harbor of refuge, of 400 acres, inclosed by a crib sea-wall. One-third of the city has been raised up an average of eight feet, giving good pitch to the 263 miles of sewerage. The water of the city is above all competition. It is received through two tunnels extending to a crib in the lake two miles from shore. The closest analy- sis fails to detect any impurities, and, received 35 feet below the surface, it is always clear and cold. The first tunnel is five feet two inches in diameter and two miles long, and can deliver 50,000,000 of gallons per day. The second tunnel is seven feet in diameter and six miles long, running four miles under the city, and can deliver 100,000,000 of gal- lons per day. This water is distributed through 410 miles of water- mains. The three grand engineering exploits of the city are : First, lifting the city up on jack-screws, whole squares at a time, without interrupting the business, thus giving us good drainage ; second, running the tunnels under the lake, giving us the best water in the world ; and third, the turning the current of the river in its own channel, delivering us from the old abominations, and making decency possible. They redound about 102 HISTORY OF THE ^-ORTHWEST. eqiiallj to the credit of the engineering, to the energy of the people, and to the healtli of the city. That \yliioh really constitutes the city, its indescribable spirit, its soul, the way it lights up in every feature in the hour of action, has not been touched. In meeting strangers, one is often surprised how some homely women marry so well. Their forms are bad, their gait uneven and awk- ward, their complexion is dull, their features are misshapen and mismatch- ed, and when we see them there is no beauty that we should desire tliem. But when ouce they are aroused on some subject, the}' put on new pro- portions. They light up into great power. The real person comes out from its unseemh' ambush, and captures us at will. They have power. They have ability to cause things to come to pass. We no longer wonder why they are in such high demand. So it'is with our city. There is no grand scenery except the two seas, one of water, the other of prairie. Nevertheless, there is a spirit about it, a push, a breadth, a power, that soon makes it a place never to be forsaken. One soon ceases to believe in impossibilities. Balaams are the only prophets that are disappointed. The bottom that has been on the point of falling out has been there so long that it has grown fast. It can not fall out. It has all the capital of the world itching to get inside the corporation. The two great laws that govern the growth and size of cities are, first, the amount of territory for which they are the distributing and receiving points ; second, the number of medium or moderate dealers that do this distributing. Monopolists build up themselves, not the cities. They neither eat, wear, nor live in proportion to their business. Both these laws help Chicago. The tide of trade is eastward — not up or down the map, but across the map. The lake runs up a wingdam for 500 miles to gather in the business. Commerce can not ferry up there for seven months in the year, and the facilities for seven months can do the work for twelve. Then the great region west of us is nearly all good, productive land. Dropping south into the trail of St. Louis, you fall into vast deserts and rocky dis- tricts, useful in holding the world together. St. Louis and Cincinnati, instead of rivaling and hurting Chicago, are her greatest sureties of dominioD. They are far enough away to give sea-room, — farther oif than Paris is from London, — and yet they are near enough to prevent the springing up of any other great city between them. St. Louis will be helped by the opening of the Mississippi, but also hurt. That will put New Orleans on her feet, and with a railroad running over into Texas and so West, she will tap the streams that now crawl up the Texas and ^Missouri road. The current is East, not North, and a sea- port at New Orleans can not permanently help St. Louis. Chicago is in the lield almost alone, to handle the wealth of one- HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST. 103 fourth of the territory of this great republic. This strip of seacoast divides its margins between Portland, Boston, New York, Philade'^phia, Baltimore and Savannah, or some other great port to be created f( • the South in the next decade. ButCliicago has a dozen empires casting their treasures into her lap. On a bed of coal that can run all the machinery of the world for 500 centuries ; in a garden that can feed the race by the thousand years ; at the head of the lakes that give her a temperature as a summer resort equaled by no great city in the land ; with a climate that insures the health of her citizens ; surrounded by all the great deposits of natural wealth in mines aud forests and herds, Chicago is the wonder of to-day, and will be the city of the future. MASSACRE AT FORT DEARBORN. During the war of 1812, Port Dearborn became the theater of stirring events. The garrison consisted of fifty-four men under command of Captain Nathan Heald, assisted by Lieutenant Helm (son-in-law of Mrs. Kinzie) and Ensign Ronan. Dr. Voorhees was surgeon. The only resi- dents at the post at that time were the wives of Captain Heald and Lieu- tenant Helm, and a few of the soldiers, Mr. Kinzie and his family, and a few Canadian voyageurs^ with their wives and children. The soldiers and Mr. Eanzie were on most friendly terms with the Pottawattamies and Winnebagos, the principal tribes around them, but they could not win them from their attachment to the British. One evening in April, 1812, Mr. Kinzie sat playing on his violin and his children were dancing to the music, when Mrs. Kinzie came rushing into the house, pale with terror, and exclaiming: "The Indians! the Indians!" "What? Where?" eagerly inquired Mr. Kinzie. "Up at Lee's, killing and scalping," answered the frightened mother, who, when the alarm was given, was attending ]\Irs. Barnes (just confined) living not far off. Mr. Kinzie and his family crossed the river and took refuge in the fort, to which place Mrs. Barnes and her infant not a day old were safely conveyed. The rest of the inhabitants took shelter in the fort. This alarm was caused by a scalping party of Winnebagos, who hovered about the fort several days, when they disappeared, and for several weeks the inhabitants were undisturbed. On the 7th of August, 1812, General Hull, at Detroit, sent orders to Captain Heald to evacuate Fort Dearborn, and to distribute all the United States property to the Indians in the neighborhood — a most insane order. The Pottawattamie chief, who brought the dispatch, had more wisdom than the commanding general. He advised Captain Heald not to make the distribution. Said he : " Leave the fort and stores as they are, and let the Indians make distribution for themselves; and while they are engaged in the business, the white people may escape to Fort Wayne." HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST. 105 Captain Heald held a council with the Indians on the afternoon of the 12th, in which his officers refused to join, for they had been informed that treachery was designed — ^that the Indians intended to murder the white people in the council, and then destroy those in the fort. Captain Heald, however, took the precaution to open a port-hole displaying a cannon pointing directly upon the council, and by that means saved his life. Mr. Kinzie, who knew the Indians well, begged Captain Heald not to confide in their promises, nor distribute the arms and munitions among them, for it would only put power into their hands to destroy the whites. Acting upon this advice, Heald resolved to withhold the munitions of war ; and on the night of the 13th, after the distribution of the other property had been made, the powder, ball and liquors were thrown into the river, the muskets broken up and destroyed. Black Partridge, a friendly chief, came to Captain Heald, and said : " Linden birds have been singing in my ears to-day: be careful on the march you are going to take." On that dark night vigilant Indians had crept near the fort and discovered the destruction of their promised booty going on within. The next morning the powder was seen floating on the surface of the river. The savages were exasperated and made loud com- plaints and threats. On the following day when preparations were making to leave the forfc, and all the inmates were deeply impressed with a sense of impend- ing danger, Capt. Wells, an uncle of Mrs. Heald, was discovered upon the Indian trail among the sand-hills on the borders of the lake, not far distant, with a band of mounted Miamis, of whose tribe he was chief, having been adopted by the famous Miami warrior. Little Turtle. When news of Hull's surrender reached Fort Wayne, he had started with this force to assist Heald in defending Fort Dearborn. He was too late. Every means for its defense had been destroyed the night before, and arrangements were made for leaving the fort 'on the morning of the 15th. It was a warm bright morning in the middle of August. Indications were positive that the savages intended to murder the white people ; and when they moved out of the southern gate of the fort, the march was like a funeral procession. The band, feeling the solemnity of the occa- sion, struck up the Dead March in Saul. Capt. Wells, who had blackened his face with gun-powder in token of his fate, took the lead with his band of Miamis, followed by Capt. Heald, with his wife by his side on horseback. Mr. Kinzie hoped by his personal influence to avert the impending blow, and therefore accompanied them, leaving his family in a boat in charge of a friendly Indian, to be taken to his trading station at the site of Niles, Michigan, in the event of his death. 106 HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST. HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST. 107 The procession moved slowly along the lake shore till they reached the sand-hills between the prairie and the beach, when the Pottawattamie escort, under the leadership of Blackbird, filed to the right, placing those hills between them and the white people. Wells, with his Miamis, had kept in the advance. They suddenly came rushing back, Wells exclaim- ing, " They are about to attack us ; form instantly." These words were quickly followed by a storm of bullets, which came whistling over the little hills which the treacherous savages had made the covert for their murderous attack. The white troops charged upon the Indians, drove them back to the prairie, and then the battle was waged between fifty- fonr soldiers, twelve civilians and three or four women (the cowardly Miamis having fled at the outset) against five hundred Indian warriors. The white people, hopeless, resolved to sell their lives as dearly as possible. Ensign Ronan wielded his weapon vigorously, even after falling upon his knees weak from the loss of blood. Capt. Wells, who was by the side of his niece, Mrs. Heald, when the conflict began, behaved with the greatest coolness and courage. He said to her, " We have not the slightest chance for life. We must part to meet no more in this world. God bless you." And then he dashed forward. Seeing a young warrior, painted like a demon, climb into a wagon in which were twelve children, and tomahawk them all, he cried out, unmindful of his personal danger, " If that is your game, butchering women and children, I will kill too." He spurred his horse towards the Indian camp, where they had left their squaws and papooses, hotly pursued by swift-footed young warriors, who sent bullets whistling after him. One of these killed his horse and wounded him severely in the leg. With a yell the young braves rushed to make him their prisoner and reserve him for torture. He resolved not to be made a captive, and by the use of the most provoking epithets tried to induce them to kill him instantly. He called a fiery young chief a squaiv, when the enraged warrior killed Wells instantly with his tomahawk, jumped upon his body, cut out his heart, and ate a portion of the warm morsel with savage delight ! In this fearful combat women bore a conspicuous part. Mrs. Heald was an excellent equestrian and an expert in the use of the rifle. She fought the savages bravely, receiving several severe wounds. Though faint from the loss of blood, she managed to keep her saddle. A savage raised his tomahawk to kill her, when she looked him full in the face, and with a sweet smile and in a gentle voice said, in his own language, *' Surely you will not kill a squaw!" The arm of the savage fell, and the life of the heroic woman was saved. Mrs. Helm, the step-daughter of Mr. Kinzie, had an encounter with a stout Indian, who attempted to tomahawk her. Springing to one side, she received the claucing blow on her shoulder, and at the same instant 108 HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST. seized the savage round the neck with her arms and endeavored to get hold of his scalping knife, which hung in a sheath at his breast. While she was thus struggling she was dragged from her antagonist by ano jhei powerful Indian, who bore her, in spite of her struggles, to the margin of the lake and plunged her in. To her astonishment she was held by him so that she would not drown, and she soon perceived that she was in the hands of the friendly Black Partridge, who had saved her life. The wife of Sergeant Holt, a large and powerful woman, behaved as bravely as an Amazon. She 2'ode a fine, high-spirited horse, which the Indians coveted, and several of them attacked her with the butts of their guns, for the purpose of dismounting her ; but she used the sword which she had snatched from her disabled husband so skillfully that she foiled them ; and, suddenly wheeling her horse, she dashed over the prairie, followed by the savages shouting, " The brave woman ! the brave woman ! Don't hurt her ! " They finally overtook her, and while she was fighting them in front, a powerful savage came up behind her, seized her by the neck and dragged her to the ground. Horse and woman were made captives. Mrs. Holt was a long time a captive among the Indians, but was afterwards ransomed. In this sharp conflict two-thirds of the white people were slain and wounded, and all their horses, baggage and provision were lost. Only twenty-eight straggling men now remained to fight five hundred Indians rendered furious by the sight of blood. They succeeded in breaking through the ranks of the murderers and gaining a slight eminence on the prairie near the Oak Woods. The Indians did not pursue, but gathered on their flanks, while the chiefs held a consultation on the sand-hills, and showed signs of willingness to parley. It would have been madness on the part of the whites to renew the fight ; and so Capt. Heald went for- ward and met Blackbird on the open prairie, where terms of surrender were soon agreed upon. It was arranged that the white people should give up their arms to Blackbird, and that the survivors should become prisoners of war, to be exchanged for ransoms as soon as practicable. With this understanding captives and captors started for the Indian camp near the fort, to which Mrs. Helm had been taken bleeding and suffering hj Black Partridge, and had met her step-father and learned that her husband was safe. A new scene of horror was now opened at the Indian camp. The wounded, not being included in the terms of surrender, as it was inter- preted by the Indians, and the British general, Proctor, having offered a liberal bounty for American scalps, delivered at Maiden, nearly all the wounded men were killed and scalped, and the j)rice of the trophies was afterwards paid by the British government. THE STATE OF IOWA. GEOGRAPHICAL SITUATION. The State of Iowa has an outline figure nearly approaching that of a rec- tangular parallelogram, the northern and southern boundaries being nearly due east and west lines, and its eastern and western boundaries determined by southerly flowing rivers — the Mississippi on the east, and the Missouri, together with its tributary, the Big Sioux, on the west. The northern boundary is upon the parallel of forty-three degrees thirty minutes, and the southern is approxi- mately upon that of forty degrees and thirty-six minutes. The distance from the northern to the southern boundary, excluding the small prominent angle at the southeast corner, is a little more than two hundred miles. Owing to the irregularity of the river boundaries, however, the number of square miles does not reach that of the multiple of these numbers ; but according to a report of the Secretary of the Treasury to the United States Senate, March 12, 1863, the State of Iowa contains 35,228,200 acres, or 55,014 square miles. When it is understood that all this vast extent of surface, except that which is occupied by our rivers, lakes and peat beds of the northern counties, is susceptible of the highest cultivation, some idea may be formed of the immense agricultural resources of the State. Iowa is nearly as large as England, and twice as large as Scotland ; but when Ave consider the relative area of surface which may be made to yield to the wants of man, those countries of the Old World will bear no comparison with Iowa. TOPOGRAPHY. No complete topographical survey of the State of Iowa has yet been made. Therefore all the knowledge we have yet upon the subject has been obtained from incidental observations of geological corps, from barometrical observations by authority of the General Government, and levelings done by railroad en- gineer corps within the State. Taking into view the facts that the highest point in the State is but a little more than twelve hundred feet above the lowest point, that these two points are nearly three hundred miles apart, and that the whole State is traversed by 109 110 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. gently flowing rivers, it will be seen that in reality the State of Iowa rests wholly within, and comprises a part of, a vast plain ; with no mountain or hill rano;es within its borders. A clearer idea of the great uniformity of the surface of the State may be obtained from a statement of the general slopes in feet per mile, from point to point, in straight lines across it : From the N. E. corner to the S. E. corner of the State 1 foot 1 inch per mile. From the N. E. corner to Spirit Lake 5 feet 5 inches per mile. From the N. W. corner to Spirit Lake..... 5 feetO inches per mile. From the N. W. corner to the S. W. corner of the State 2 feet inches per mile. From the S. W. corner to the highest ridge between the two great rivers (in Ringgold County) 4 feet 1 inch per mile From the dividing ridge in the S. E. corner of the State 5 feet 7 inches per mile. From the highest point in the State (near Spirit Lake) to the lowest point in the State (at the mouth of Des Moines River) 4 feet inches per mile. It will be seen, therefore, that there is a good degree of propriety in regard- ing the whole State as a part of a great plain, the lowest point of which within its borders, the southeast corner of the State, is only 444 feet above the level of^ the sea. The average height of the whole State above the level of the sea is not far from eight hundred feet, although it is more than a thousand miles inland from the nearest sea coast. These remarks are, of course, to be under- stood as applying to the surface of the State as a whole. When we come to consider its surface feature in detail, we find a great diversity of surface by the formation of valleys out of the general level, which have been evolved by the action of streams during the unnumbered years of the terrace epoch. It is in the northeastern part of the State that the river valleys are deepest ; consequently the country there has the greatest diversity of surface, and its physical features are most strongly marked. DRAINAGE SYSTEM. The Mississippi and Missouri Rivers form the eastern and western bounda- ries of the State, and receive the eastern and western drainage of it. The eastern drainage system comprises not far from two-thirds of the en- tire surface of the State. The great watershed which divides these two systems is formed by the highest land between those rivers along the whole length of a line running southward from, a point on the northern boundary line of the State near Spirit Lake, in Dickinson County, to a nearly central point in the northern part of Adair County. From the last named point, this highest ridge of land, between the two great rivers, continues southward, without change of character, through Ringgold County into the State of Missouri ; but southward from that point, in Adair County, it is no longer the great watershed. From that point, another and lower ridge bears off more nearly southeastward, through the counties of Madi- Son, Clarke, Lucas and App;moose, and becomes itself the great watershed. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. Ill RIVERS. All streams that rise in Iowa rise upon the incoherent surface deposits, occupying at first only slight depressions in the surface, and scarcely percept- ible. These successively coalesce to form the streams. The drift and bluff deposits are both so thick in Iowa that its streams not only rise upon their surface, but they also reach considerable depth into these deposits alone, in some cases to a depth of nearly two hundred feet from the general prairie level. The majority of streams that constitute the western system of Iowa drainage run, either along the whole or a part of their course, upon that peculir deposit known as bluff deposit. Their banks are often, even of the small streams, from five to ten feet in height, quite perpendicular, so that they make the streams almost everywhere unfordable, and a great impediment to travel across the open country where there are no bridges. The material of this deposit is of a slightly yellowish ash color, except where darkened by decaying vegetation, very fine and silicious, but not sandy, not very cohesive, and not at all plastic. It forms excellent soil, and does not bake or crack in drying, except limy concretions, which are generally dis- tributed throughout the mass, in shape and size resembling pebbles ; not a stone or pebble can be found in the whole deposit. It was called " silicious marl" by Dr. Owen, in his geological report to the General Government, and its origin referred to an accumulation of sediment in an ancient lake, which was afterward drained, when its sediment became dry land. Prof Swallaw gives it the name of "bluff," which is here adopted; the term Lacustral would have been better. The peculiar properties of this deposit are that it will stand securely with a precipitous front two hundred feet high, and yet is easily excavated with a spade. Wells dug in it require only to be walled to a point just above the water line. Yet, compact as it is, it is very porous, so that water which falls on its surface does not remain, but percolates through it ; neither does it accumulate within its mass, as it does upon the surface of and within the drift and the stratified formations. The bluff deposit is known to occupy a region through which the Missouri runs almost centrally, and measures, as far as is known, more than two hun- dred miles in length and nearly one hundred miles in width. The thickest part yet known in Iowa is in Fremont County, where it reaches two hundred feet. The boundaries of this deposit in Iowa are nearly as follows : Com- mencing at the southeast corner of Fremont County, follow up the watershed between the East Nishnabotany and the West Tarkio Rivers to the southern boundary of Cass County ; thence to the center of Audubon County ; thence to Tip Top Station, on the Chicago & Northwestern Railway ; thence by a broad curve westward to the northwest corner of Plymouth County. This deposit is composed of fine sedimentary particles, similar to that which the Missouri River now deposits from its waters, and is the same which 112 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. that river did deposit in a broad depression in the surface of the drift that formed a lake-like expansion of that river in the earliest period of the history of its valley. That lake, as shown by its deposit, which now remains, was about one hundred miles wide and more than twice as long. The water of the river was muddy then, as now, and the broad lake became filled with the sedi- ment which the river brought down, before its valley had enough in the lower portion of its course to drain it. After the lake became filled with the sedi- ment, the valley below became deepened by the constant erosive action of the waters, to a depth of more than sufiicient to have drained the lake of its first waters ; but the only effect then was to cause it to cut its valley out of the de- posits its own muddy waters had formed. Thus along the valley of that river, so far as it forms the western boundary of Iowa, the bluffs which border it are composed of that sediment known as bluff deposit, forming a distinct border along the broad, level flood plain, the width of which varies from five to fifteen miles, while the original sedimentary deposit stretches far inland. All the rivers of the western system of drainage, except the Missouri itself, are quite incomplete as rivers, in consequence of their being really only branches of other larger tributaries of that great river , or, if they empty into the Missouri direct, they have yet all the usual characteristics of Iowa rivers, from their sources to their mouths. Chariton and Qrand Rivers both rise and run for the first twenty-five miles of their courses upon the drift deposit alone. The first strata that are exposed by the deepening valleys of both these streams belong to the upper coal meas- ures, and they both continue upon the same formation until they make their exit from the State (the former in Appanoose County, the latter in Ringgold County), near the boundary of which they have passed nearly or quite through the whole of that formation to the middle coal measures. Their valleys gradu- ally deepen from their upper portions downward, so that within fifteen or twenty miles they have reached a depth of near a hundred and fifty feet below the gen- eral level of the adjacent high land. When the rivers have cut their valleys down through the series of limestone strata, they reach those of a clayey com- position. Upon these they widen their valleys and make broad flood plains (commonly termed "bottoms "), the soil of which is stiff and clayey, except where modified by sandy washings. A considerable breadth of woodland occupies the bottoms and valley sides along a great part of their length ; but their upper branches and tributaries are mostly prairie streams. Platte River. — This river belongs mainly to Missouri. Its upper branches pass through Hinggold County, and, with the west fork of the Grand River, drain a large region of country. Here the drift deposit reaches its maximum thickness on an east and west line across the State, and the valleys are eroded in some instances to a depth of two hundred feet, apparently, through this deposit alone. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 11^ The term " drift deposit " applies to the soil and sub-soil of the greater part of the State, and in it alone many of our wells are dug and our forests take root. It rests upon the stratified rocks. It is composed of clay, sand, gravel aud boulders, promiscuously intermixed, without stratification, varying in char- acter in different parts of the State. The proportion of lime in the drift of Iowa is so great that the water of all our wells and springs is too '' hard " for washing purposes ; and the same sub- stance is so prevalent in the drift clays that they are always found to have suffi- cient flux when used for the manufacture of brick. One Rundred and Two River is represented in Taylor County, the valleys of which have the same general character of those just described. The country around and between the east and west forks of this stream is almost entirely prairie. JSfodaivay River. — This stream is represented by east, middle and west branches. The two former rise in Adair County, the latter in Cass County. These rivers and valleys are fine examples of the small rivers and valleys of Southern Iowa. They have the general character of drift valleys, and with beautiful undulating and sloping sides. The Nodaways drain one of the finest agricultural regions in the State, the soil of which is tillable almost to their very banks. The banks and the adjacent narrow flood plains are almost everywhere composed of a rich, deep, dark loam. Nislinahotany River. — This river is represented by east and west branches, the former having its source in Anderson County, the latter in Shelby County. Both these branches, from their source to their confluence — and also the main stream, from thence to the point where it enters the great flood plain of the Missouri — run through a region the surface of which is occupied by the bluff deposit. The West Nishnabotany is probably without any valuable mill sites. In the western part of Cass County, the East Nishnabotany loses its identity by becoming abruptly divided up into five or six different creeks. A few good mill sites occur here on this stream. None, however, that are thought reliable exist on either of these rivers, or on the main stream below the confluence, except, perhaps, one or two in Montgomery County. The valleys of the two branches, and the intervening upland, possess remarkable fertility. Boyer River. — Until it enters the flood plain of the Missouri, the Boyer runs almost, if not quite, its entire course through the region occupied by the bluff deposit, and has cut its valley entirely through it along most of its pas- sage. The only rocks exposed are the upper coal measures, near Reed's mill, in Harrison County. The exposures are slight, and are the most northerly now known in Iowa. The valley of this river has usually gently sloping sides, and an ndistinctly defined flood plain. Along the lower half of its course the adjacent upland presents a surface of the billowy character, peculiar to the bluff deposit. The source of this river is in Sac County. 114 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. Soldier Mivci'. — The east and middle brandies of this stream have their source in Crawford County, and the west branch in Ida County. The whole course of this river is through the bluff deposit. It has no exposure of strata along its course. Little Sioux Biver. — Under this head are included both the main and west l)ranches of that stream, together with the Maple, which is one of its branches. The west branch and the Maple are so similar to the Soldier River that they need no separate description. The main stream has its boundary near the northern boundary of the State, and runs most of its course upon drift deposit alone, entering the region of the bluff deposit in the southern part of Cherokee County. The two principal upper branches, near their source in Dickinson and Osceola .Counties, are small prairie creeks, with indistinct valleys. On entering Clay County, the valley deepens, and at their confluence has a depth of one hundred feet, which still further increases until along the boundary line laetween Clay and Buena Vista Counties, it reaches a depth of two hundred feet. Just as the valley enters Cherokee County, it turns to the southward and becomes much widened, with its sides gently sloping to the uplands. When the valley enters the region of the bluff deposit, it assumes the billowy appearance. ITo exposures of strata of any kind have been found in the valley of the Little Sioux or any of its branches. FJoijd Bivcr. — This river rises upon the drift in O'Brien County, and flow- ino- southward enters the region of the bluff deposit a little north of the center of Plymouth County. Almost from its source to its mouth it is a prairie stream, with slightly sloping valley sides, which blend gradually with the uplands. A single slight exposure of sandstone of cretaceous age occurs in the valley near Sioux City, and which is the only known exposure of rock of any kind along its whole length. Near this exposure is a mill site, but farther up the stream it is not valuable for such purposes. Roch River. — This stream passes through Lyon and Sioux Counties. It was evidently so named from the fact that considerable exposures of the red Sioux quartzite occur along the main branches of the stream in Minnesota, a few miles north of our State boundary. Within this State the main stream and its branches are drift streams, and strata are exposed. The beds and banks of the streams are usually sandy and gravelly, with occasional boulders intermixed. Big Sioux Bivcr. — The valley of this river, from the northwest corner of the State to its mouth, possesses much the same character as all the streams of the surface deposits. At Sioux Falls, a few miles above the northwest corner of the State, the stream meets with remarkable obstructions from the presence of Sioux quartzite, which outcrops directly across the stream, and causes a fall of about sixty feet within a distance of half a mile, producing a series of cas- cades. For the first twenty-five miles above its mouth, the valley is very broad, with a broad, flat flood plain, with gentle slopes occasionally showing indistinctly defined terraces. These terraces and valley bottoms constitute some of the finest HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 115 agricultural land of the region. On the Iowa side of the valley the upland presents abrupt bluffs, steep as the materials of which they are composed will stand, and from one hundred to nearly two hundred feet high above the stream. At rare intervals, about fifteen miles from its mouth, the cretaceous strata are found exposed in the face of the bluffs of the Iowa side. No other strata are exposed along that part of the valley which borders our State, with the single exception of Sioux quartzite at its extreme northwestern corner. Some good mill sites may be secured along that portion of this river which borders Lyon County, but below this the fall will probably be found insufficient and the location for dams insecure. Missouri River. — This is one of the muddiest streams on the globe, and its waters are known to be very turbid far toward its source. The chief pecul- iarity of this river is its broad flood plains, and its adjacent bluff" deposits. Much the greater part of the flood plain of this river is upon the Iowa side, and continuous from the south boundary line of the State to Sioux City, a distance of more than one hundred miles in length, varying from three to five miles in width. This alluvial plain is estimated to contain more than half a million acres of land within the State, upward of four hundred thousand of which are now tillable. The rivers of the eastern system of drainage have quite a different character from those of the western, system. They are larger, longer and have their val- leys modified to a much greater extent by the underlying strata. For the lat- ter reason, water-power is much more abundant upon them than upon the streams of the western system. Des Moines River. — This river has its source in Minnesota, but it enters Iowa before it has attained any size, and flows almost centrally through it from northwest to southeast, emptying into the Mississippi at the extreme southeast- ern corner of the State. It drains a greater area than any river within the State. The upper portion of it is divided into two branches known as the east and west forks. These unite in Humboldt County. The valleys of these branches above their confluence are drift- valleys, except a few small exposures of subcarboniferous limestone about five miles above their confluence. These exposures produce several small mill-sites. The valleys vary from a few hun- dred yards to half a mile in width, and are the finest agricultural lands. In the northern part of Webster County, the character of the main valley is modified by the presence of ledges and low cliffs of the subcarboniferous limestone and gypsum. From a point a little below Fort Dodge to near Amsterdam, in Ma- rion County, the river runs all the way through and upon the lower coal-meas- ure strata. Along this part of its course the flood-plain varies from an eighth to half a mile or more in width. From Amsterdam to Ottumwa the subcarbon- iferous limestone appears at intervals in the valley sides. Near Ottumwa, the sub- carboniferous rocks pass beneath the river again, bringing down the coal-measure strata into its bed ; but they rise again from it in the extreme northwestern part 116 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. of Van Buren County, and subcarboniferous strata resume and keep their place along the valley to the north of the river. From Fort Dodge to the northern part of Lee County, the strata of the lower coal measures are present in the valley. Its flood plain is frequently sandy, from the debris of the sandstone and sandy shales of the coal measures produced by their removal in the process of the formation of the valley. The principal tributaries of the Des Moines are upon the western side. These are the Raccoon and the three rivers, viz.: South, Middle and North Riv- ers. The three latter have their source in the region occupied by the upper coal-measure limestone formation, flow eastward over the middle coal measures, and enter the valley of the Des Moines upon the lower coal measures. These streams, especially South and Middle Rivers, are frequently bordered by high, rocky cliffs. Raccoon River has its source upon the heavy surface deposits of the middle region of Western Iowa, and along the greater part of its course it has excavated its valley out those deposits and the middle coal measures alone. The valley of the Des Moines and its branches are destined to become the seat of extensive manufactures in consequence of the numerous mill sites of immense power, and the fact that the main valley traverses the entire length of the Iowa coal fields. Skunk River. — This river has its source in Hamilton County, and runs almost its entire course upon the border of the outcrop of the lower coal meas- ures, or, more properly speaking, upon the subcarboniferous limestone, just where it begins to pass beneath the coal measures by its southerly and westerly dip. Its general course is southeast. From the western part of Henry County, up as far as Story County, the broad, flat flood plain is covered with a rich deep clay soil, which, in time of long- continued rains and overflows of the river, has made the valley of Skunk River a terror to travelers from the earliest settle- ment of the country. There are some excellent mill sites on the lower half of this river, but they are not so numerous or valuable as on other rivers of the eastern system. Iowa River. — This river rises in Hancock County, in the midst of a broad, slightly undulating drift region. The first rock exposure is that of subcarbon- iferous limestone, in the southwestern corner of Franklin County. It enters the region of the Devonian strata near the southwestern corner of Benton County, and in this it continues to its confluence with the Cedar in Louisa County. Below the junction with the Cedar, and for some miles above that point, its valley is broad, and especially on the northern side, with a well marked flood plain. Its borders gradually blend with the uplands as they slope away in the distance from the river. The Iowa furnishes numerous and valua- ble mill sites. Cedar River. — This stream is usually understood to be a branch of the Iowa, but it ought, really, to be regarded as the main stream. It rises by numerous branches in the northern part of the State, and flows the entire length HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 117 of the State, through the region occupied hj the Devonian strata and along the trend occupied by that formation. The valley of this river, in the upper part of its course, is narrow, and the sides slope so gently as to scarcely show where the lowlands end and the up- lands begin. Below the confluence with the Shell Rock, the flood plain is more distinctly marked and the valley broad and shallow. The valley of the Cedar is one of the finest regions in the State, and both the main stream and its branches afford abundant and reliable mill sites. Wapsipinnicon River. — This river has its source near the source of the Cedar, and runs parallel and near it almost its entire course, the upper half upon the same formation — the Devonian. In the northeastern part of Linn County, it enters the region of the Niagara limestone, upon which it continues to the Mississippi. It is one hundred miles long, and yet the area of its drain- age is only from twelve to twenty miles in width. Hence, its numerous mill sites are unusually secure. Turkey River. — This river and the Upper Iowa are, in many respects, un- like other Iowa rivers. The difference is due to the great depth they have eroded their valleys and the different character of the material through which they have eroded. Turkey River rises in Howard County, and in Winnesheik County, a few miles from its source, its valley has attained a depth of more than two hundred feet, and in Fayette and Clayton Counties its depth is increased to three and four hundred feet. The summit of the uplands, bordering nearly the whole length of the valley, is capped by the Maquoketa shales. These shales are underlaid by the Galena limestone, between two and three hundred feet thick. The valley has been eroded through these, and runs upon the Trenton limestone. Thus, all the formations along and within this valley are Lower Silurian. The valley is usually narrow, and without a well-marked flood plain. Water power is abundant, but in most places inaccessible. Upper Iowa River. — This river rises in Minnesota, just beyond the north- ern boundary line, and enters our State in Howard County before it has attained any considerable size. Its course is nearly eastward until it reaches the Mis- sissippi. It rises in the region of the Devonian rocks, and flows across the out- crops, respectively, of the Niagara, Galena and Trenton limestone, the lower magnesian limestone and Potsdam sandstone, into and through all of which, except the last, it has cut its valley, which is the deepest of any in Iowa. The valley sides are, almost everywhere, high and steep, and cliffs of lower magne- sian and Trenton limestone give them a wild and rugged aspect. In the lower part of the valley, the flood plain reaches a width sufficient for the location of small farms, but usually it is too narrow for such>purposes. On the higher surface, however, as soon as you leave the valley you come immediately upon a cultivated country. This stream has the greatest slope per mile of any in Iowa, consequently it furnishes immense water power. In some places, where creeks come into it, the valley widens and affords good locations for farms. The town 118 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. of Becorali, in Winnesheik County, is located in one of these spots, which makes it a lovelj location ; and the power of the river and the small spring streams around it offer fine facilities for manufacturing. This river and its tributaries are the only trout streams in Iowa. Mississippi River. — This river may be described, in general terms, as a broad canal cut out of the general level of the country through which the river flows. It is bordered by abrupt hills or bluffs. The bottom of the valley ranges from one to eight miles in width. The whole space between the bluffs is occupied by the river and its bottom, or flood plain only, if we except the occasional terraces or remains of ancient flood plains, which are not now reached by the highest floods of the river. The river itself is from half a mile to nearly a mile in width. There are but four points along the whole length of the State where the bluffs approach the stream on both sides. The Lower Silurian formations com- pose the bluffs in the northern part of the State, but they gradually disappear by a southerly dip, and the bluffs are continued successively by the Upper Silurian, Devonian, and subcarboniferous rocks, which are reached near the southeastern corner of the State. Considered in their relation to the present general surface of the state, the relative ages of the river valley of Iowa date back only to the close of the glacial epoch ; but that the Mississippi, and all the rivers of Northeastern Iowa, if no others, had at least a large part of the rocky portions of their valleys eroded by pre-glacial, or perhaps even by palgeozoic rivers, can scarcely be doubted. LAKES. The lakes of Iowa may be properly divided into two distinct classes. The first may be called drift lakes, having had their origin in the depressions left in the surface of the drift at the close of the glacial epoch, and have rested upon the undisturbed surface of the drift deposit ever since the glaciers disappeared. The others may be properly termed flitvatih or alluvial lakes, because they have had their origin by the action of rivers while cutting their own valleys out from the surface of the drift as it existed at the close of the glacial epoch, and are now found resting upon the alluvium, as the others rest upon the drift. By the term alluvium is meant the deposit which has accumulated in the valleys of rivers by the action of their own currents. It is largely composed of sand and other coarse material, and upon that deposit are some of the best and most productive soils in the State. It is this deposit which form the flood plains and deltas of our rivers, as well as the terraces of their valleys. ' The regions to which the drift lakes are principally confined are near the head waters of the principal streams of the State. We consequently find them in those regions which lie between the Cedar and Des Moines Rivers, and the Des Moines and Little Sioux. No drift lakes are found in Southern Iowa. The largest of the lakes to be found in the State are Spirit and Okoboji, in HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 119 Dickinson County ; Clear Lake, in Cerro Gordo County ; and Storm Lake, in Bunea Vista County. Spirit Lake. — The width and length of this lake are about equal , and it contains about twelve square miles of surface, its northern border resting directly on the boundary of the State. It lies almost directly upon the great watershed. Its shores are mostly gravelly, and the country about it fertile. Okohoji Lake. — This body of water lies directly south of Spirit Lake, and has somewhat the shape of a horse-shoe, with its eastern projection within a few rods of Spirit Lake, where it receives the outlet of the latter. Okoboji Lake extends about five miles southward from Spirit Lake, thence about the same distance westward, and then bends northward about as far as the eastern projec- tion. The eastern portion is narrow, but the western is larger, and in some places a hundred feet deep. The surroundings of this and Spirit Lake are very pleasant. Fish are abundant in them, and they are the resort of myriads of water fowl. Cleai' Lake. — This lake is situated in Cerro Gordo County, upon the watershed between the Iowa and Cedar Rivers. It is about five miles long, and two or three miles wide, and has a maximum depth of only fifteen feet. Its shores and the country around it are like that of Spirit Lake. Storm Lake. — This body of water rests upon the great water shed in Buena Vista County. It is a clear, beautiful sheet of water, containing a surface area of between four and five square miles. The outlets of all these drift-lakes are dry during a portion of the year, ex- cept Okoboji. Walled Lakes.— Along the water sheds of Northern Iowa great numbers of small lakes exist, varying from half a mile to a mile in diameter. One of the lakes in Wright County, and another in Sac, have each received the name of " Walled Lake," on account of the existence of embankments on their borders, which are supposed to be the work of ancient inhabitants. These embankments are from two to ten feet in height, and from five to thirty feet across. They are the result of natural causes alone, being referable to the periodic action of ice, aided, to some extent, by the force of the waves. These lakes are very shallow, and in winter freeze to the bottom, so that but little unfrozen water remains in the middle. The ice freezes fast to everything upon the bottom, and the expansive power of the water in freezing acts in all directions from the center to the cir- cumference, and whatever was on the bottom of the lake has been thus carried to the shore, and this has been going on from year to year, from century to century, forming the embankments w^hich have caused so much wonder. SPRINGS. Springs issue from all formations, and from the sides of almost every valley, but they are more numerous, and assume proportions which give rise to the name of sink-holes; along the upland borders of the Upper Iowa River, ovang 120 lUSTvHn' OF TRK STATl- OF TO'WA. to tlio peculiar fissured niul laminated ohnraoter and i::;reat tliiokness of the strata ot" tlie aire of the Trenton limestone Avhieh underlies the whole region of the valley of that sirean\. No mineral springs, properly so called, have yet been discovered in Iowa, thoui^h the water of several artesian wells is frequently foutul charged with soluble mineral substances. OKUUN OF TUK PUAIRTES. It is estimated tliat seven-eighths of the surface of the State was prairie when tirst settled. They are i\ot contined to level surfaces, nor to any partic- ular varietv of soil, for witliin tlie State they rest upon all formations, from those of the Azoic to those of the Cretaceous age, ii\clusive. Whatever may have boon their on\}in, their present existence in Iowa is not due to the intlu- euce oi' climate, nor the soil, nor any of the underlying formations. Tiie real cause is the prevalence of the annual tires. If these had been prevented fifty vears ai^o. Iowa wouhl now be a timbered country. The encroachment of forest troes upon prairie farms as; soon as the bordering woodland is protected from tlie annual prairie fires, is well known to farmei*s throughout the State. The stul of Iowa is justly famous for its fertility, and there is probably no eciual area of the earths sm-face that contains so little nntillable land, or whose soil has so high an average of fertility. Ninety -five per cent, of its surface is tiUablc land. Gl-OLOOY. The soil of loAva may be separated into three general divisions, which not oiilv possess difterent physical characters, but also differ in the mode of their oriijin. These are drift, bluff and alluvial, and belong respectively to the deposits bearing the san\e names. The drift occupies a much larger part of the surface of the State than both the others. The blutl' has the next greatest ai*ea of surface, and the alluvial least. All soil is disintegrated rock. The drift deposit of Iowa was derivoii to a considerable extent, from the rocks of Minnesota : but the greater part of lowra drift was derived from its own rocks, much of which has been transported but a short distance. In general terms the i'onsta)it component element of the drift soil is that portion which was transported from the north, while the incomtant elements are those portions which were derived from the adjacent or underlying strata. For example, in "Western Iowa, wherever that cretaceous formation known as the Xishnabotany sandstone exists, the soil contains more sand than elsewhere. The same nuiy be said of the soil of some parts of the State occu- pied by the lower coal measures, the sandstones aivd sandy shales of that forma- tion furnishiitg the sand. In Xorthern and Northwestern Iowa, the drift contains more sand and o;r:\vel than elsewhere. This sand and o-ravel was, doubtless, derived from the HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA 121 cretaceous rocks that now do, or formerly did, exist there, and also in part from the conglomerate and pudding-stone beds of the Sioux quartzite. In Southern Iowa, the soil is frequently stiff and clayey. This preponder- ating clay is doubtless derived from the clayey and shaly beds which alternate with the limestones of that region. The bluff soil is that which rests upon, and constitutes a part of, the bluff deposit. It is found only in the western part of the State, and adjacent to the Missouri River. Although it contains less than one per cent, of clay in its composition, it is in no respect inferior to the best drift soil. The alluvial soil is that of the flood plains of the river valleys, or bottom lands. That which is periodically flooded by the rivers is of little value for agricultural purposes ; but a large part of it is entirely above the reach of the highest floods, and is very productive. The stratified rocks of Iowa range from the Azoic to the Mesozoic, inclu- sive ; but the greater portion of the surface of the State is occupied by those of the Palaeozoic age. The table below will show each of these formations in their order : SYSTEMS. AGES. Cretaceous Carboniferous.. Devonian Upper Silurian Lower Silurian Azoic GROUPS. PERIODS. Post Tertiary Lower Cretaceous. Coal Measures. Subcarboniferous. I Hamilton Niagara Cincinnati FORMATIONS. EPOCHS. Trenton. Primordial. Huronian .\Drift \lnoceramous bed j Woodbury Sandstone and Shales.. Nishnabotany Sandstone Upper Coal Measures Middle Coal Measures Lower Coal Measures St. Louis Limestone Keokuk Limestone Burlington Limestone Kinderhook beds Hamilton Limestone and Shales. Niagara Limestone Maquoketa Shales Galena Limestone Trenton Limestone St. Peter's Sandstone Lower Magnesian Limestone Potsdam Sandstone Sioux Quartzite THICKNESS. IN FEET. 10 to 200 50 130 100 200 200 200 76 90 196 175 200 350 80 250 200 80 250 300 50 THE AZOIC SYSTEM. The Sioux quartzite is found exposed in natural ledges only upon a few acres in the extreme northwest corner of the State, upon the banks of the Big Sioux River, for which reason the specific name of Sioux Quartzite has been given them. It is an intensely hard rock, breaks in splintery fracture, and a color varying, in different localities, from a light to deep red. The process of metamorphism has been so complete throughout the whole formation that the rock is almost everywhere of uniform texture. The dip is four or five degrees to the northward, and the trend of the outcrop is eastward and westward. This 122 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. rock may be quarried in a few rare cases, but usually it cannot be secured in dry forms except that into which it naturally cracks, and the tendency is to angular pieces. It is absolutely indestructible. LOWER SILURIAN SYSTEM. PRIMORDIAL GROUP. Potsda}n Sandstone. — This formation is exposed only in a small portion of the northeastern portion of the State. It is only to be seen in the bases of the bluflfs and steep valley sides which border the river there. It may be seen underlying the lower magnesian limestone, St. Peter s sandstone and Trenton limestone, in their regular order, along the bluffs of the Mississippi from the northern boundary of the State as far south as Guttenburg, along the Upper Iowa for a distance of about tAventy miles from its mouth, and along a few of the streams Avhich empty into the jNIississippi in Allamakee County. It is nearly valueless for economic purposes. No fossils have been discovered in this formation in Iowa. Loiver Magnesium Limestone. — This formation has but little greater geo- graphical extent in Iowa than the Potsdam sandstone. It lacks a uniformity of texture and stratification, owing to which it is not generally valuable for building purposes. The onW fossils found in this formation in Iowa are a few traces of crinoids, near McGregor. St. Peter s Sandstone. — This formation is remarkably uniform in thickness throughout its known geographical extent ; and it is evident it occupies a large portion of the northern half of Allamakee County, immediately beneath the drift. TRENTON GROUP. Tre7iton Limestone. — With the exception of this, all the limestones of both Upper and LoAver Silurian age in Iowa are magnesian limestones — nearly pure dolomites. This formation occupies large portions of Winnesheik and x\lla- makee Counties and a portion of Clayton. The greater part of it is useless for economic purposes, yet there are in some places compact and evenly bedded layers, which afford fine material for window caps and sills. In this formation, fossils are abundant, so much so that, in some places, the rock is made up of a mass of shells, corals and fragments of tribolites, cemented by calcareous material into a solid rock. Some of these fossils are new to science and peculiar to Iowa. The Gfalena Limestone. — This is the upper formation of the Trenton group. It seldom exceeds twelve miles in width, although it is fullv one hundred and fifty miles long. The outcrop traverses portions of the counties of HoAvard, Winnesheik, Allamakee, Fayette, Clayton, Dubuque and Jackson. It exhibits its greatest development in Dubuque County. It is nearly a pure dolomite, with a slight admixture of silicious matter. It is usually unfit for dressing. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 123' though sometimes near the top of the bed good blocks for dressing are found. This formation is the source of the lead ore of the Dubuque lead mines. The lead region proper is confined to an area of about fifteen miles square in the vicinity of Dubuque. The ore occurs in vertical fissures, which traverse the rock at regular intervals from east to west ; some is found in those which have a north and south direction. The ore is mostly that known as Galena, or sul- phuret of lead, very small quantities only of the carbonate being found with it. CINCINNATI GROUP. Maquoketa Shales. — The surface occupied by this formation is singularly long and narrow, seldom reaching more than a mile or two in width, but more than a hundred miles in length. Its most southerly exposure is in the bluffs of the Mississippi near Bellevue, in Jackson County, and the most northerly yet recognized is in the western part of Winnesheik County. The whole formation is largely composed of bluish and brownish shales, sometimes slightly arena- ceous, sometimes calcareous, which weather into a tenacious clay upon the sur- face, and the soil derived from it is usually stiff and clayey. Its economic v:ilue is very slight. Several species of fossils which characterize the Cincinnati group are found in the Maquoketa shales ; but they contain a larger number that have been found anywhere else than in these shales in Iowa, and their distinct faunal char- acteristics seem to warrant the separation of the Maquoketa shales as a distinct formation from any others of the group. UPPER SILURIAN SYSTEM. NIAGARA GROUP. Niagara Limestone. — The area occupied by the Niagara limestone is nearly one hundred and sixty miles long from north to south, and forty and fifty miles ■ wide. This formation is entirely a magnesian limestone, with in some places a con- siderable proportion of silicious matter in the form of chert or coarse flint. A large part of it is evenly bedded, and probably affords the best and greatest amount of quarry rock in the State. The quarries at Anamosa, LeClaire and Farley are all opened in this formation. DEVONIAN SYSTEM. HAMILTON GROUP. Hamilton Limestone. — The area of surface occupied by the Hamilton lime- stone and shales is fully as great as those by all the formations of both Upper and Lower Silurian age in the State. It is nearly two hundred miles long and from forty to fifty miles broad. The general trend is northwestward and south- eastws^'d. Although a large part of the material of this formation is practically quite "ajarthless, yet other portions are valuable for economic purposes ; and having a 124 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. larije o-ooo-raphical extent in the State, is one of the most important formations, in a practical point of view. At Waverly, Bremer County, its value for the production of hydraulic lime has been practically demonstrated. The heavier and more uniform magnesian beds furnish material for bridge piers and other material requiring strength and durability. All the Devonian strata of Iowa evidently belong to a single epoch, and re- ferable to the Hamilton, as recognized by New York geologists. The most conspicuous and characteristic fossils of this formation are bra- chiopod, mollusks and corals. The coral Acervularia Davidsoni occurs near Iowa City, and is known as "Iowa City Marble," and •' bird's-eye marble." CARBONIFEROUS SYSTEM. Of the three groups of formations that constitute the carboniferous system, viz., the subcarboniferous, coal measures and permian, only the first two are found in Iowa. SUBCARBONIFEROUS GROUP. The area of the surface occupied by this group is very large. Its eastern border passes from the northeastern part of Winnebago County, with consider- able directness in a southeasterly direction to the northern part of Washington County. Here it makes a broad and direct bend nearly eastward, striking the Mississippi River at Muscatine. The southern and western boundary is to a considerable extent the same as that Avhich separates it from the coal field. Fiom the southern part of Pocahontas County it passes southeast to Fort Dodge, thence to Webster City, thence to a point three or four miles northeast of El- dora, in Hardin County, thence southward to the middle of the north line of Jasper County, thence southeastward to Sigourney, in Keokuk County, thence to the northeastern corner of Jefferson County, thence sweeping a few miles eastward to the southeast corner of Van Buren County. Its area is nearly two hundred and fifty miles long, and from twenty to fifty miles wide. The Kinderhook Beds. — The most southerly exposure of these beds is near the mouth of Skunk River, in Des Moines County. The most northerly now- known is in the eastern part of Pocahontas County, more than two hundred miles distant. The principal exposures of this formation are along the bluffs which border the ^lississippi and Skunk Rivers, where they form the eastern and northern boundary of Des Moines County, along English River, in Wa^ih- ington County : along the Iowa River, in Tama, Marshall, Hamlin and Frank- lin Counties : and along the Des Moines River, in Humboldt County. The economic value of this formation is very considerable, particularly in the northern portion of the region it occupies. In Pocahontas and Humboldt Counties it is almost invaluable, as no other stone except a few boulders are found here. At Iowa Falls the lower division is very good for building pur- poses. In Marshall County all the limestone to be obtained comes from this formation, and the quarries near LeGrand are very valuable. At this point HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 125 some of the layers are finely veined with peroxide of iron, and are wrought into ornamental and useful objects. In Tama County, the oolitic member is well exposed, where it is manufac- tured into lime. It is not valuable for building, as upon exposure to atmosphere and frost, it crumbles to pieces. The remains of fishes are the only fossils yet discovered in this formation that can be referred to the sub-kingdom vertebrata ; and so far as yet recog- nized, they all belong to the order selachians. Of ARTICULATES, Only two species have been recognized, both of which belong to the genus phillipsia. The sub-kingdom mollusca is largely represented. The radiata are represented by a few crinoids, usually found in a very im- perfect condition. The sub-kingdom is also represented by corals. The prominent feature in the life of this epoch was molluscan ; so much so in fact as to overshadow all other branches of the animal kingdom. The pre- vailing classes are : lamellibranchiates, in the more arenaceous portions ; and brachiopods, in the more calcareous portions. No remains of vegetation have been detected in any of the strata of this formation. The Burlington Limestone. — This formation consists of two distinct calca- reous divisions, which are separated by a series of silicious beds. Both divi- sions are eminently crinoidal. The southerly dip of the Iowa rocks carries the Burlington limestone down, so that it is seen for the last time in this State in the valley of Skunk River, near the southern boundary of Des Moines County. The most northerly point at which it has been recognized is in the northern part of Washington County. It probably exists as far north as Marshall County. This formation affords much valuable material for economic purposes. The upper division furnishes excellent common quarry rock. The great abundance and variety of its fossils — crinoids — now known to be more than three hundred, have justly attracted the attention of geologists in all parts of the world. The only remains of vertebrates discovered in this formation are those of fishes, and consist of teeth and spines ; bone of bony fishes, like those most counnon at the present day, are found in these rocks. On Buffington Creek, in Louisa County, is a stratum in an exposure so fully charged with these remains that it might with propriety be called bone breccia. Remains of articulates are rare in this formation. So far as yet discovered, they are confined to two species of tribolites of the genus phillipsia. Fossil shells are very common. The two lowest classes of the sub-kingdom radiata are represented m the genera zaphrcntis, amplexus and syringapora, while the highest class — echino- derms — are found in most extraordinary profusion. 126 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. The Keokuk Limestone. — It is only in the four counties of Lee, Van Buren, Henry and Des Moines that this formation is to be seen. In some localities the upper silicious portion of this formation is known as the Geode bed. It is not recognizable in the northern portion of the formation, nor in connection with it where it is exposed, about eighty miles below Keokuk. The geodes of the Geode bed are more or less spherical masses of silex, usually hollow and lined with crystals of quartz. The outer crust is rough and unsightly, but the crystals which stud the interior are often very beautiful. They vary in size from the size of a walnut to a foot in diameter. The economic value of this formation is very great. Large quantities of its stone have been used in the finest structures in the State, among which are the post offices at Dubuque and Des Moines. The principal quarries are along the banks of the Mississippi, from Keokuk to Nauvoo. The only vertebrate fossils found in the formation are fishes, all belonging to the order selachians, some of which indicate that their owners reached a length of twenty -five or thirty feet. Of the articulates, only two species of the genus phillipsia have been found in this formation. Of the mollusks, no cephalopods have yet been recognized in this formation in this State ; gasteropods are rare ; brachiopods and polyzoans are quite abundant. Of radiates, corals of genera zaphrentes, amplexus and aulopera are found, but crinoids are most abundant. Of the low forms of animal life, the protozoans, a small fossil related to the sponges, is found in this formation in small numbers. The /St. Louis Limestone. — This is the uppermost of the subcarboniferous group in Iowa. The superficial area it occupies is comparatively small, because it consists of long, narrow strips, yet its exten^ is very great. It is first seen resting on the geode division of the Keokuk limestone, near Keokuk. Pro- ceeding northward, it forms a narrow border along the edge of the coal fields in Lee, Des Moines, Henry, Jeff"erson, Washington, Keokuk and Mahaska Counties. It is then lost sight of until it appears again in the banks of Boone River, where it again passes out of view under the coal measures until it is next seen in the banks of the Des Moines, near Fort Dodge. As it exists in Iowa, it consists of three tolerably distinct subdivisions — the magnesian, arena- ceous and calcareous. The upper division furnishes excellent material for quicklime, and when quarries are well opened, as in the northwestern part of Van Buren County, large blocks are obtained. The sandstone, or middle division, is of little economic value. The lower or magnesian division furnishes a valuable and durable stone, exposures of which are found on Lick Creek, in Van Buren County, and on Long Creek, seven miles west of Burlington. Of the fossils of this formation, the vertebrates are represented only by the remains of fish, belonging to the two orders, selachians and ganoids. The HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 127 articulates are represented by one species of the trilobite, genus j9^z7?i)?sza, and two ostracoid, genera, cythre and heyricia. The mollusks distinguish this formation more than any other branch of the animal kingdom. Radiates are exceedingly rare, showing a marked contrast between this formation and the two preceding it. The rocks of the subcarboniferous period have in other countries, and in other parts of our own country, furnished valuable minerals, and even coal, but in Iowa the economic value is confined to its stone alone. The Lower Silurian, Upper Silurian and Devonian rocks of Iowa are largely composed of limestone. Magnesia also enters largely into the subcarbon- iferous group. With the completion of the St. Louis limestone, the production of the magnesian limestone seems to have ceased among the rocks of Iowa. Although the Devonian age has been called the age of fishes, yet so far as Iowa is concerned, the rocks of no period can compare with the subcarbon- iferous in the abundance and variety of the fish remains, and, for this reason, the Burlington and Keokuk limestones will in the future become more famous among geologists, perhaps, than any other formations in North America. It will be seen that the Chester limestone is omitted from the subcarbon- iferous group, and which completes the full geological series. It is probable the whole surface of Iowa was above the sea during the time of the formation of the Chester limestone to the southward about one hundred miles. At the close of the epoch of the Chester limestone, the shallow seas in which the lower coal measures were formed again occupied the land, extending almost as far north as that sea had done in which the Kinderhook beds were formed, and to the northeastward its deposits extended beyond the subcarbon- iferous groups, outlines of which are found upon the next, or Devonian rock. THE COAL-MEASURE GROUP. The coal-measure group of Iowa is properly divided into three formations, viz., the lower, middle and upper coal measures, each having a vertical thick- ness of about two hundred feet. A line drawn upon the map of Iowa as follows, will represent the eastern and northern boundaries of the coal fields of the State : Commencing at the southeast corner of Van Buren County, carry the line to the northeast corner of Jefferson County by a slight easterly curve through the western portions of Lee and Henry Counties. Produce this line until it reaches a point six or eight miles northward from the one last named, and then carry it northwest- ward, keeping it at about the same distance to the northward of Skunk River and its north branch that it had at first, until it reaches the southern boundary of Marshall County, a little west of its center. Then carry it to a point 128 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. three or four miles northeast from Eldora. in Hardin Coimtv ; thence west- ward to a point a little north of Webster City, in Hamilton County ; and thence further -westward to a point a little north of Fort Dodge, in "Webster County. Lower Coal Jleasuns. — In consequence of the recedence to the southward of the borders of the middle and upper coal measures, the lower coal measures alone exist to the eastward and northward of Des Moines Kiver. They also occupy a large area westward and southward of that riyer, but their southerly dip passes them below the middle coal measures at no great distance from the riyer. No other formation in the whole State possesses the economic yaliie of the lower coal measures. The clay that underlies almost eyery bed of coal furnishes a large amount of material for potters" use. The sandstone of these measures is usiuiUy soft and unfit, but in some places, as near Red Rock, in Marion County, blocks of large dimensions are obtained which make good building material, samples of which can be seen in the State Arsenal, at Des Moines. On the whole, that portion of the State occupied by the lower coal measures, is not well supplied with stone. Bur few fossils haye been found in any of the strata of the lower coal meas- ures, but such animal remains as haye been found are without exception of marine origin. Of fossil plants found in these measures, all probably belong to the class acrogens. Specimens of calamites, and seyeral species of ferns, are found in all of the coal measures, but the genus lepidodendron seems not to haye existed later than the epoch of the middle coal measures. Middle Coal Measures. — This formation within the State of Iowa occupies a narrow belt of territory in the southern central portion of the State, embrac- ing a superficial area of about fourteen hundred square miles. The counties more or less imderlaid by this formation are Guthrie. Dallas, Polk, Madison, Warren, Clarke. Lucas, Monroe. AVayne and Appanoose. This formation is composed of alternating beds of clay, sandstone and lime- stone, the clays or shales constituting the bulk of the formation, the limestone occurring in their bands, the lithological peculiarities of which ofier many con- trasts to the limestones of the upper and lower coal measures. The formation is also characterized by regular waye-like undulations, with a parallelism which indicates a Ayidespread disturbance, though no dislocation of the strata haye been diseoyered. Generally speaking, few species of fossils occur in these beds. Some of the shales and sandstone haye afiorded a few imperfectly preseryed land plants — three or four species of ferns, belonging to the genera. Some of the carbonif- erous shales afford beautiful specimens of what appear to haye been sea-weeds. Radiates are represented by corals. The mollusks are most numerously repre- sented. Tn'lohittS and ostracoids are the only remains known of articulates. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 129' Vertebrates are only known by the remains of salachians, or sharks, and ganoids. Upper Coal Measures. — The area occupied by this formation in Iowa is very great, comprising thirteen whole counties, in the southwestern part of the State. It adjoins by its northern and eastern boundaries the area occupied by the middle coal measures. The prominent lithological features of this formation are its limestones, yet it contains a considerable proportion of shales and sandstones. Although it is known by the name of upper coal measures, it contains but a single bed of coal, and that only about twenty inches in maximum thickness. The limestone exposed in this formation furnishes good material for building as in Madison and Fremont Counties. The sandstones are quite worthless. No beds of clay for potter's use are found in the whole formation. The fossils in this formation are much more numerous than in either the middle or lower coal measures. The vertebrates are represented by the fishes of the orders selachians and ganoids. The articulates are represented by the trilobites and ostracoids. Mollusks are represented by the classes cephalapoda, gasteropoda, lamelli, branchiata, brachiapoda and polyzoa. Radiates are more numerous than in the lower and middle coal measures. Protogoans are repre- sented in the greatest abundance, some layers of limestone being almost entirely composed of their small fusiform shells. CRETACEOUS SYSTEM. There being no rocks, in Iowa, of permian, triassic or Jurassic age, the next strata in the geological series are of the cretaceous age. They are found in the western half of the State, and do not dip, as do all the other formations upon -which they rest, to the southward and westward, but have a general dip of their own to the north of westward, which, however, is very slight. Although the actual exposures of cretaceous rocks are few in Iowa, there is reason to believe that nearly all the western half of the State was originally occupied by them ; but being very friable, they have been removed by denuda- tion, which has taken place at two separate periods. The first period was during its elevation from the cretaceous sea, and during the long tertiary age that passed between the time of that elevation and the commencement of the glacial epoch. The second period was during the glacial epoch, when the ice produced their entire removal over considerable areas. It is difficult to indicate the exact boundaries of these rocks ; the following will approximate the outlines of the area : From the northeast corner to the southwest corner of Kossuth County ; thence to the southeast corner of Guthrie County; thence to the southeast corner of Cass County ; thence to the middle of the south boundary of Mont- gomery County ; thence to the middle of the north boundary of Pottawattamie County ; thence to the middle of the south boundary of Woodbury County ; 130 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. thence to Sergeant's bluifs ; up the Missouri and Big Sioux Rivers to the northwest corner of the State ; eastward along the State line to the place of heginning. All the cretaceous rocks in Iowa are a part of the same deposits farther up the Missouri River, and in reality form their eastern boundary. Nishnahotany Sandstone. — This rock has the most easterly and southerly extent of the cretaceous deposits of Iowa, reaching the southeastern part of Guthrie County and the southern part of Montgomery County. To the north- ward, it passes beneath the Woodbury sandstones and shales, the latter passing beneath the inoceramus, or chalky, beds. This sandstone is, with few excep- tions, almost valueless for economic purposes. The only fossils found in this formation are a few fragments of angiosper- mous leaves. Woodbury Sandstones and Shales. — These strata rest upon the Nishna- hotany sandstone, and have not been observed outside of "Woodbury County, hence their name. Their principal exposure is at Sergeant's Bluifs, seven miles below Sioux City. This rock has no value except for purposes of common masonry. Fossil remains are rare. Detached scales of a lepidoginoid species have been detected, but no other vertebrate remains. Of remains of vegetation, leaves of salix meekii and sassafras cretaceum have been occasionally found. Inoceramus Beds. — These beds rest upon the Woodbury sandstones and shales. They have not been observed in Iowa, except in the bluffs which border the Big Sioux River in Woodbury and Plymouth Counties. They are composed almost entirely of calcareous material, the upper portion of which is extensively used for lime. No building material is to be obtained from these beds ; and the only value they possess, except lime, are the marls, which at some time may be useful on the soil of the adjacent region. The only vertebrate remains found in the cretaceous rocks are the fishes. Those in the inoceramus beds of Iowa are two species of squoloid selachians, or cestratront, and three genera of teliosts. Molluscan remains are rare. PEAT. Extensive beds of peat exist in Northern Middle Iowa, which, it is esti- mated, contain the following areas : Counties. Acres. Cerro Gordo .' , 1,500 Worth 2,C00 Winnebago 2,000 Hancock 1,500 Wright 500 Kossuth 700 Dickinson 80 Several other counties contain peat beds, but the character of the peat is inferior to that in the northern part of the State. The character of the peat HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 131 named is equal to that of Ireland. The beds are of an average depth of four feet. It is estimated that each acre of these beds will furnish two hundred and fifty tons of dry fuel for each foot in depth. At present, owing to the sparse- ness of the population, this peat is not utilized ; but, owing to its great distance from the coal fields and the absence of timber, the time is coming when their value will be realized, and the fact demonstrated that Nature has abundantly compensated the deficiency of other fuel. GYPSUM. The only deposits of the sulphates of the alkaline earths of any economic value in Iowa are those of gypsum at and in the vicinity of Fort Dodge, in Webster County. All others are small and unimportant. The deposit occupies a nearly central position in Webster County, the Des Moines River running nearly centrally through it, along the valley sides of which the gypsum is seen in the form of ordinary rock clifi" and ledges, and also occurring abundantly in similar positions along both sides of the valleys of the smaller streams and of the numerous ravines coming into the river valley. The most northerly known limit of the deposit is at a point near the mouth of Lizard Creek, a tributary of the Des Moines River, and almost adjoining the town of Fort Dodge. The most southerly point at which it has been found exposed is about six miles, by way of the river, from this northerly point before mentioned. Our knowledge of the width of the area occupied by it is limited by the exposures seen in the valleys of the small streams and in the ravines which come into the valley within the distance mentioned. As one goes up these ravines and minor valleys, the gypsum becomes lost beneath the over- lying drift. There can be no doubt that the diiferent parts of this deposit, now disconnected by the valleys and ravines having been cut through it, were orig- inally connected as a continuous deposit, and there seems to be as little reason to doubt that the gypsum still extends to considerable distance on each side of the valley of the river beneath the drift which covers the region to a depth of from twenty to sixty feet. The country round about this region has the prairie surface approximating a general level which is so characteristic of the greater part of the State, and which exists ii'respective of the character or geological age of the strata beneath, mainly because the drift is so deep and uniformly distributed that it frequently almost alone gives character to the surface. The valley sides of the Des Moines River, in the vicinity of Fort Dodge, are somewhat abrupt, having a depth there from the general level of the upland of about one hundred and seventy feet, and consequently presents somewhat bold and interesting features in the land- scape. As one walks up and down the creeks and ravines which come into the valley of the Des Moines River there, he sees the gypsum exposed on either side of them, jutting out from beneath the drift in the form of 132 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. ledges and bold quarry fronts, having almost the exact appearance of ordinary limestone exposures, so horizontal and regular are its lines of stratification, and so similar in color is it to some varieties of that rock. The principal quarries now opened are on Two Mile Creek, a couple of miles below Fort Dodge. The reader will please bear in mind that the gypsum of this remarkable deposit does not occur in "heaps " or " nests," as it does in most deposits of gypsum in the States farther eastward, but that it exists here in the form of a regularly stratified, continuous formation, as uniform in texture, color and quality throughout the whole region, and from top to bottom of the deposit as the granite of the Quincy quarries is. Its color is a uniform gray, result- ing from alternating fine horizontal lines of nearly white, with similar lines of darker shade. The gypsum of the white lines is almost entirely pure, the darker lines containing the impurity. This is at intervals barely sufficient in amount to cause the separation of the mass upon those lines into beds or layers, thus facilitating the quarrying of it into desired shapes. These bedding sur- faces have occasionally a clayey feeling to the touch, but there is nowhere any intercalation of clay or other foreign substance in a separate form. The deposit is known to reach a thickness of thirty feet at the quarries referred to, but although it will probably be found to exceed this thickness at some other points, at the natural exposures, it is seldom seen to be more than from ten to twenty feet thick. Since the drift is usually seen to rest directly upon the gypsum, with noth- ing intervening, except at a few points where traces appear of an overlying bed of clayey material without doubt of the same age as the gypsum, the latter probably lost something of its thickness by mechanical erosion during the glacial epoch ; and it has, doubtless, also suffered some diminution of thickness since then by solution in the waters which constantly percolate through the drift from the surface. The drift of this region being somewhat clayey, partic- ulary in its lower part, it has doubtless served in some degree as a protection against the diminution of the gypaum by solution in consequence of its partial imperviousness to water. If the gypsum had been covered by a deposit of sand instead of the drift clays, it would have no doubt long since disappeared by being dissolved in the water that would have constantly reached it from the sur- face. Water merely resting upon it would not dissolve it away to any extent, but it rapidly disappears under the action of running water. Where little rills of water at the time of every rain run over the face of an unused quarry, from the surface above it, deep grooves are thereby cut into it, giving it somewhat the appearance of melting ice around a waterfall. The fact that gypsum is now suffering a constant, but, of course, very slight, diminution, is apparent in the fact the springs of the region contain more or less of it in solution in their waters. An analysis of water from one of these springs will be found in Prof. Emery's report. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 133 Besides the clayey beds that are sometimes seen to rest upon the gypsum, there are occasionally others seen beneath them that are also of the same age, and not of the age of the coal-measure strata upon which they rest. Age of the Gypsum Deposit. — In neither the gypsum nor the associated clays has any trace of any fossil remains been found, nor has any other indica- tion of its geological age been observed, except that which is afforded by its stratigraphical relations ; and the most that can be said with certainty is that it is newer than the coal measures, and older than the drift. The indications afforded by the stratigraphical relations of the gypsum deposit of Fort Dodge are, however, of considerable value. As already shown, it rests in that region directly and unconformably upon the lower coal measures ; but going southward from there, the whole series of coal-measure strata from the top of the subcarboniferous group to the upper coal measures, inclusive, can be traced without break or unconformability. The strata of the latter also may be traced in the same manner up into the Permian rocks of Kansas; and through this long series, there is no place or horizon which suggests that the gypsum deposit might belong there. Again, no Tertiary deposits are known to exist within or near the borders of Iowa to suggest that the gypsum might be of that age ; nor are any of the paleozoic strata newer than the subcarboniferous unconformable upon each other as the other gypsum is unconformable upon the strata beneath it. It therefore seems, in a measure, conclusive, that the gypsum is of Mesozoic age, perhaps older than the Cretaceous. Litliological Origin. — As little can be said with certainty concerning the lithological origin of this deposit as can be said concerning its geological age, for it seems to present itself in this relation, as in the former one, as an isolated fact. None of the associated strata show any traces of a double decomposiHon of pre-existing materials, such as some have supposed all deposits of gypsum to have resulted from. No considerable quantities of oxide of iron nor any trace of native sulphur have been found in connection with it; nor has any salt been found in the waters of the region. These substances are common in association with other gypsum deposits, and are regarded by some persons as indicative of the method of or resulting from their origin as such. Throughout the whole region, the Fort Dodge gypsum has the exact appearance of a sedimentary deposit. It is arranged in layers like the regular layers of limestone, and the whole mass, from top to bottom, is traced with fine horizontal laraim^ of alter- nating white and gray gypsum, parallel with the bedding surfaces of the layers, but the whole so intimately blended as to form a solid mass. The darker lines contain almost all the impurity there is in the gypsum, and that impurity is evidently sedimentary in its character. Frc"?! these facts, and also from the further one that no trace of fossil remains has been detected in the gypsum, it seems not unreasonable to entertain the opinion that the gypsum of Fort Dodge originated as a chemical precipitation in comparatively still waters which were 134 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. saturated with sulphate of lime and destitute of life ; its stratification and impurities being deposited at the same time as clayey impurities which had been held suspended in the same waters. Physical Properties. — Much has already been said of the physical proper- ties or character of this gypsum, but as it is so different in some respects from that of other deposits, there are yet other matters worthy of mention in connec- tion with those. According to the results of a complete and exhaustive anal- ysis by Prof Emery, the ordinary gray gypsum contains only about eight per cent, of impurity ; and it is possible that the average impurity for the whole deposit will not exceed that proportion, so uniform in quality is it from to top to bottom and from one end of the region to the other. When it is remembered that plaster for agricultural purposes is sometimes prepared from gypsum that contains as much as thirty per cent, of impurity, it will be seen that ours is a very superior article for such purposes. The impu- rities are also of such a character that they do not in any way interfere with its value for use in the arts. Although the gypsum rock has a gray color, it becomes quite white by grinding, and still whiter by the calcining process nec- essary in the preparation of plaster of Paris. These tests have all been practi- cally made in the rooms of the Geological Survey, and the quality of the plaster of Paris still further tested by actual use and experiment. No hesitation, therefore, is felt in stating that the Fort Dodge gypsum is of as good a quality as any in the country, even for the finest uses. In view of the bounteousness of the primitive fertility of our Iowa soils, many persons forget that a time may come when Nature will refuse to respond so generously to our demand as she does now, without an adequate return. Such are apt to say that this vast deposit of gypsum is valueless to our com- monwealth, except to the small extent that it may be used in the arts. This is undoubtedly a short-sighted view of the subject, for the time is even now rapidly passing away when a man may purchase a new farm for less money than he can re-fertilize and restore the partially wasted primitive fertility of the one he now occupies. There are farms even now in a large part of the older settled portions of the State that would be greatly benefited by the proper application of plaster, and such areas will continue to increase until it will be difiicult to estimate the value of the deposit of gypsum at Fort Dodge. It should be remembered, also, that the inhabitants of an extent of country adjoining our State more than three times as great as its own area will find it more convenient to obtain their supplies from Fort Dodge than from any other source. For want of direct railroad communication between this region and other parts of the State, the only use yet made of the gypsum by the inhabitants is for the purposes of ordinary building stone. It is so compact that it is found to be comparatively unafiected by the frost, and its ordinary situation in walls of houses is such that it is protected from the dissolving action of water, which HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 135 can at most reach it only from occasional rains, and the effect of these is too slight to be perceived after the lapse of several years. One of the citizens of Fort Dodge, Hon. John F. Duncombe, built a large, fine residence of it, in 1861, the walls of which appear as unaffected by exposure and as beautiful as they were when first erected. It has been so long and successfully used for building stone by the inhabitants that they now prefer it to the limestone of good quality, which also exists in the immediate vicinity. This preference is due to the cheapness of the gypsum, as compared with the stone. The cheapness of the former is largely due to the facility with which it is quarried and wrought. Several other houses have been constructed of it in Fort Dodge, including the depot building of the Dubuque & Sioux City Rail- road. The company have also constructed a large culvert of the same material to span a creek near the town, limestone only being used for the lower courses, which come in contact with the water. It is a fine arch, each stone of gypsum being nicely hewn, and it will doubtless prove a very durable one. Many of the sidewalks in the town are made of the slabs or flags of gypsum which occur in some of the quarries in the form of thin layers. They are more durable than their softness would lead one to suppose. They also possess an advantage over stone in not becoming slippery when worn. The method adopted in quarrying and dressing the blocks of gypsum is peculiar, and quite unlike that adopted in similar treatment of ordinary stone. Taking a stout auger-bit of an ordinary brace, such as is used by carpenters, and filing the cutting parts of it into a peculiar form, the quarryman bores his holes into the gypsum quarry for blasting, in the same manner and with as great facility as a carpenter would bore hard wood. The pieces being loosened by blasting, they are broken up with sledges into convenient sizes, or hewn into the desired shapes by means of hatchets or ordinary chopping axes, or cut by means of ordinary wood-saws. So little grit does the gypsum contain that these tools, made for working wood, are found to be better adapted for working the former substance than those tools are which are universally used for work- ing stone. MINOR DEPOSITS OF SULPHATE OF LIME. Besides the great gypsum deposit of Fort Dodge, sulphate of lime in the various forms of fibrous gypsum, selenite, and small, amorphous masses, has also been discovered in various formations in different parts of the State, includ- ing the coal -measure shales near Fort Dodge, where it exists in small quanti- ties, quite independently of the great gypsum deposit there. The quantity of gypsum in these minor deposits is always too small to be of any practical value, and frequently minute. They usually occur in shales and shaly clays, asso- ciated with strata that contain more or less sulphuret of iron (iron pyrites). Gypsum has thus been detected in the coal measures, the St. Louis limestone, the cretaceous strata, and also in the lead caves of Dubuque. In most of these cases it is evidently the result of double decomposition of iron pyrites and car- 136 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. bonate of lime, previously existing there ; in whicli cases the gypsum is of course not an original deposit as the great one at Fort Dodge is supposed to be. The existence of these comparatively minute quantities of gypsum in the shales of the coal measures and the subcarboniferous limestone which are exposed within the region of and occupy a stratigraphical position beneath the great gypsum deposits, suggests the possibility that the former may have originated as a precipitate from percolating waters, holding gypsum in solution which they had derived from that deposit in passing over or through it. Since, however, the same substance is found in similar small quantities and under similar con- ditions in regions where they could have had no possible connection with that deposit, it is believed that none of those mentioned have necessarily originated from it, not even those that are found in close proximity to it. The gypsum found in the lead caves is usually in the form of efflorescent fibers, and is always in small quantity. In the lower coal-measure shale near Fort Dodge, a small mass was found in the form of an intercalated layer, which had a distinct fibrous structure, the fibers being perpendicular to the plane of the layer. The same mass had also distinct, horizontal planes of cleavage at right angles with the perpendicular fibers. Thus, being more or less transpa- rent, the mass combined the characters of both fibrous gypsum and selenite. No anhydrous sulphate of lime {anhydrite) has been found in connection with the great gypsum deposit, nor elsewhere in Iowa, so far as yet known. SULPHATE OF STRONTIA. {^Celes'.ine .) The only locality at which this interesting mineral has yet been found in Iowa, or, so far as is known, in the great valley of the Mississippi, is at Fort Dodge. It occurs there in very small quantity in both the shales of the lower coal measures and in the clays that overlie the gypsum deposit, and which are regarded as of the same age with it. The first is just below the city, near Rees' coal bank, and occurs as a lUyer intercalated among the coal measure shales, amounting in quantity to only a few hundred pounds' weight. The mineral is fibrous and crystalline, the fibers being perpendicular to the plane of the layer. Breaking also with more or less distinct horizontal planes of cleavage, it resem- bles, in physical character, the layer of fibi'O-crystalline gypsum before men- tioned. Its color is light blue, is transparent and shows crystaline facets upon both the upper and under surfaces of the layer ; those of the upper sui-face being smallest and most numerous. It breaks up readily into small masses along the lines of the perpendicular fibers or columns. The layer is probably not more than a rod in extent in any direction and about three inches in maxi- mum thickness. Apparent lines of stratification occur in it, corresponding with those of the shales which imbed it. The other deposit was still smaller in amount, and occurred as a mass of crystals imbedded in the clays that overlie the gypsum at Cummins' quarry in HISTORY OF THE STATE OF lOAVA. 137 the valley of Soldier Creek, upon the north side of the town. The mineral is in this case nearly colorless, and but for the form of the separate crystals would closely resemble masses of impure salt. The crystals are so closely aggregated that they enclose but little impurity in the mass, but in almost all cases their fundamental forms are obscured. This mineral has almost no real practical value, and its occurrence, as described, is interesting only as a mineralogical fact. SULPHATE OF BARYTA. (^Barytes, Heavy Spar.) This mineral has been found only in minute quantities in Iowa. It has been detected in the coal-measure shales of Decatur, Madison and Marion Counties, ihe Devonian limestone of Johnson and Bremer Counties and in the lead caves of Dubuque. In all these cases, it is in the form of crystals or small crystalline masses. SULPHATE OF MAGNESIA. [Epsomite.) Epsomite, or native epsom salts, having been discovered near Burlington, "we have thus recognized in Iowa all the sulphates of the alkaline earths of natural origin ; all of them, except the sulphate of lime, being in very small quantity. Even if the sulphate of magnesia were produced in nature, in large quantities, it is so very soluble that it can accumulate only in such positions as afford it complete shelter from the rains or running water The epsomite mentioned was found beneath the overhanging cliff of Burlington limestone, near Starr's mill, which are represented in the sketch upon another page, illus- trating the subcarboniferous rocks. It occurs in the form of efflorescent encrus- tations upon the surface of stones and in similar small fragile masses among the fine debris that has fallen down beneath the overhanging cliff. The projection of the cliff over the perpendicular face of the strata beneath amounts to near twenty feet at the point where epsomite was found. Consequently the rains never reach far beneath it from any quarter. The rock upon which the epsom- ite accumulates is an impure limestone, containing also some carbonate of mag- nesia, together with a small proportion of iron pyrites in a finely divided con- dition. It is doubtless by double decomposition of these that the epsomite re- sults. By experiments with this native salt in the office of the Survey, a fine article of epsom salts was produced, but the quantity that might be annually obtained there would amount to only a few pounds, and of course is of no prac- tical value whatever, on account of its cheapness in the market. CLIMATOLOGY. No extended record of the climatology of Iowa has been made, yet much of great value may be learned from observations made at a single point. Prof T. S. Parvin, of the State University, has recorded observations made from 1839 to the present time. Previous to 1860, these observations were made at Mus- - 138 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. catine. Since that date, they were made in Iowa City. The result is that the atmospheric conditions of the climate of Iowa are in the highest degree favor- able to health. The highest temperature here occurs in August, while July is the hottest month in the year by two degrees, and January the coldest by three degrees. The mean temperature of April and October most nearly corresponds to the mean temperature of the year, as well as their seasons of Spring and Fall, while that of Summer and Winter is best represented in that of August and December. The period of greatest heat ranges from June 22d to August 31st ; the next mean time being July 27th. The lowest temperature extends from December 16th to February 15th, the average being January 20th — the rai^e in each case being two full months. The climate of Iowa embraces the range of that of New York, Pennsyl- vania, Ohio, Indiana and Illinois. The seasons are not characterized by the frequent and sudden changes so common in the latitudes further south. The temperature of the Winters is somewhat lower than States eastward, but of other seasons it is higher. The atmosphere is dry and invigorating. The surface of the State being free at all seasons of the year from stagnant water, with good breezes at nearly all seasons, the miasmatic and pulmonary diseases are unknown. Mortuary statistics show this to be one of the most healthful States in the Union, being one death to every ninety-four persons. The Spring, Summer and Fall months are delightful ; indeed, the glory of Iowa is her Autumn, and nothing can transcend the splendor of her Indian Summer, which lasts for weeks, and finally blends, almost imperceptibly, into Winter. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. DISCOVERY AND OCCUPATION. Iowa, in the symbolical and expressive language of the aboriginal inhab- itants, is said to signify " The Beautiful Land," and was applied to this- magnificent and fruitful region by its ancient owners, to express their apprecia- tion of its superiority of climate, soil and location. Prior to 1803, the Mississippi River was the extreme western boundary of the United States. All the great empire lying west of the " Father of Waters,'' from the Gulf of Mexico on the south to British America on the north, and westward to the Pacific Ocean, was a Spanish province. A brief historical sketch of the discovery and occupation of this grand empire by the Spanish and French governments will be a fitting introduction to the history of the young and thriving State of Iowa, which, until the commencement of the present century, was a part of the Spanish possessions in America. Early in the Spring of 1542, fifty years after Columbus discovered the New World, and one hundred and thirty years before the French missionaries discov- ered its upper waters, Ferdinand De Soto discovered the mouth of the Mississippi River at the mouth of the Washita. After the sudden death of De Soto, in. May of the same year, his followers built a small vessel, and in July, 1543, descended the great river to the Gulf of Mexico. In accordance with the usage of nations, under which title to the soil was claimed by right of discovery, Spain, having conquered Florida and discovered the Mississippi, claimed all the territory bordering on that river and the Gulf of Mexico. But it was also held by the European nations that, while discovery gave title, that title must be perfected by actual possession and occupation. Although Spain claimed the territory by right of first discovery, she made no effort to occupy it; by no pei'manent settlement had she perfected and held her title, and therefore had forfeited it when, at a later period, the Lower Mississippi Valley was re-discovered and occupied by France. The unparalleled labors of the zealous Fr( nc^ Jesuits of Canada in penetrating the unknown region of the West, commencing in 1611, form a history of no ordi- nary interest, but have no particular connection with the scope of the present work, until in the Fall of 1665. Pierre Claude Allouez, who had entered Lake Superior in September, and sailed along the southern coast in search of copper, had arrived at the great village of the Chippewas at Chegoincegon. Here a grand council of some ten or twelve of the principal Indian nations was held. The Pottawatomies of Lake Michigan, the Sacs and Foxes of the West, the Hurons from the North, the Illinois from the South, and the Sioux from the land of the prairie and wild rice, were all assembled there. The Illinois told 140 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. the storv of their ancient glorj and about the noble river on the banks of which they dwelt. The Sioux also told their white brother of the same great river, and Allouez promised to the assembled tribes the protection of the French nation against all their enemies, native or foreign. The purpose of discovering the great river about Avhich the Indian na- tions had given such glowing accounts appears to have originated with Mar- quette, in 1669. In the year previous, he and Claude Dablon had established the Mission of St. Mary's, the oldest white settlement within the present limits of the State of Michigan. Marquette was delayed in the execution of his great undertaking, and spent the interval in studying the language and habits of the Illinois Indians, among whom he expected to travel. About this time, the French Government had determined to extend the do- minion of France to the extreme western borders of Canada. Nicholas Perrot ■was sent as the agent of the government, to propose a grand council of the Indian nations, at St. Mary's. When Perrot reached Green Bay, he extended the invitation far and near ; and, escorted by Pottawatomies, repaired on a mission of peace and friend- ship to the Miamis, who occupied the region about the present location of Chicago. In May, 1671, a great council of Indians gathered at the Falls of St. Mary, from all parts of the Northwest, from the head waters of the St. Law- rence, from the valley of the Mississippi and from the Red River of the North. Perrot met Avith them, and after grave consultation, formally announced to the assembled nations that their good French Father felt an abiding interest in their welfare, and had placed them all under the powerful protection of the French Government. Marquette, during that same year, had gathered at Point St. Ignace the i-emn ants of one branch of the Hurons. This station, for a long series of years, was considered the key to the unknown West. The time was now auspicious for the consummation of Marquette's grand project. The successful termination of Perrot's mission, and the general friend- liness of the native tribes, rendered the contemplated expedition much less per- ilous. But it was not until 1673 that the intrepid and enthusiastic priest was finally ready to depart on his daring and perilous journey to lands never trod by white men. The Indians, who had gathered in large numbers to witness his departure; were astounded at the boldness of the proposed undertaking, and tried to dis- courage him, representing that the Indians of the Mississippi Valley were cruel and bloodthirsty, and would resent the intrusion of strangers upon their domain. The great river itself, they said, was the abode of terrible monsters, who could swallow both canoes and men. But Marquette was not to be diverted from his purpose by these fearful re- ports. He assured his dusky friends that he was ready to make any sacrifice, even to lay down his life for the sacred cause in which he was engaged. He prayed with them ; and having implored the blessing of God upon his undertak- ing, on the 13th day of May, 1673, with Joliet and five Canadian-French voy- -ageurs, or boatmen, he ieft the mission on his daring journey. Ascending Green Bay and Fox River, these bold and enthusiastic pioneers of religion and discovery proceeded until they reached a Miami and Kickapoo village, where Marquette was delighted to find " a beautiful cross planted in the middle of the town, ornamented with white skins, red girdles and boAvs and arrows, which these good people had offered to the Great Manitou, or God, to thank Him for HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 141 the pity He had bestowed on them during the Winter, in having given them abundant chase." This was the extreme point beyond which the explorations of the French missionaries had not then extended. Here Marquette was instructed by his Indian hosts in the secret of a root that cures the bite, of the venomous rattle- snake, drank mineral water with them and was entertained with generous hos- pitality. He called together the principal men of the village, and informed them that his companion, Joliet, had been sent by the French Governor of Can- ada to discover new countries, to be added to the dominion of France ; but that he, himself, had been sent by the Most High God, to carry the glorious religion •of the Cross ; and assured his wondering hearers that on this mission he had no fear of death, to which he knew he would be exposed on his perilous journeys. Obtaining the services of two Miami guides, to conduct his little band to the Wisconsin River, he left the hospitable Indians on the 10th of June. Conduct- ing them across the portage, their Indian guides returned to their village, and the little party descended the Wisconsin, to the great river which had so long been so anxiously looked for, and boldly floated down its unknown waters. On the 25th of June, the explorers discovered indications of Indians on the ■west bank of the river and land -d a little above the mouth of the river now known as Des Moines, and for the first time Europeans trod the soil of Iowa. Leaving the Canadians to guard the canoes, Marquette and Joliet boldly fol- lowed the trail into the interior for fourteen miles (some authorities say six), to an Indian village situate on the banks of a river, and discovered two other vil- lages, on the rising ground about half a league distant. Their visit, while it created much astonishment, did not seem to be entirely unexpected, for there was a tradition or prophecy among the Indians that white visitors were to come to them. They were, therefore, received with great respect and hospitality, and were cordially tendered the calumet or pipe of peace. They were informed that this band was a part of the Illini nation and that their village was called Mon- in-gou-ma or Moingona, which was the name of the river on which it stood. This, from its similarity of sound, Marquette corrupted into Des Moines (Monk's River), its present name. Here the voyagers remained six days, learning much of the manners and customs of their new friends. The new religion they boldly preached and the authority of the King of France they proclaimed were received without hos- tility or remonstrance by their savage entertainers. On their departure, they were accompanied to their canoes by the chiefs and hundreds of warriors. Marquette received from them the sacred calumet, the emblem of peace and safeguard among the nations, and re-embarked for the rest of his journey. It is needless to follow him further, as his explorations beyond his discovery of Iowa more properly belong to the history of another State. In 1682, La Salle descended the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico, and in the name of the King of France, took formal possession of all the immense region watered by the great river and its tributaries from its source to its mouth, and named it Louisiana, in honor of his master, Louis XIY. The river he called " Colbert," after the French Minister, and at its mouth erected a column and a cross bearing the inscription, in the French language, "Louis the Great, King of France and Navarre, Reigning April 9th, 1682." At the close of the seventeenth century, France claimed, by right of dis- covery and occupancy, the whole valley of the Mississippi and its tributaries, including Texas, as far as the Rio del Norte. 142 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA The province of Louisiana stretched from the Gulf of Mexico to the sources of the Tennessee, the Kanawha, the Allegheny and the Monongahela on the east, and the Missouri and the other great tributaries of the Father of Waters- on the west. Says Bancroft, " France had obtained, under Providence, the guardianship of this immense district of country, not, as it proved, for her own benefit, but rather as a trustee for the infant nation by which it was one day to- be inherited." By the treaty of Utrecht, France ceded to England her possessions in Hudson's Ba,y, Newfoundland and Nova Scotia. France still retained Louisiana ; but the province had so far failed to meet the expectations of the crown and the people that a change in the government and policy of the country was deemed indispensable. Accordingly, in 1711, the province was placed in the hands of a Governor General, with headquarters at Mobile. This govern- ment was of brief duration, and in 1712 a charter was granted to Anthony Crozat, a wealthy merchant of Paris, giving him the entire control and mo- nopoly of all the trade and resources of Louisiana. But this scheme also failed. Crozat met with no success in his commercial operations ; every Spanish harbor on the Gulf was closed against his vessels ; the occupation of Louisiana was deemed an encroachment on Spanish territory ; Spain was jealous of the am- bition of France. Failing in his efforts to open the ports of the district, Crozat "sought ta develop the internal resources of Louisiana, by causing trading posts to be opened, and explorations to be made to its remotest borders. But he actually accomplished nothing for the advancement of the colony. The only prosperity which it ever possessed grew out of the enterprise of humble indi- viduals, who had succeeded in instituting a little barter bjtwe^n themselves and the natives, and a petty trade with neighboring European settlements. After a persevering effort of nearly five years, he surrendered his charter in August, 1717." Immediately following the surrender of his charter by Crozat, another and more magnificent scheme was inaugurated. The national government of France was deeply involved in debt ; the colonies were nearly bankrupt, and John Law appeared on the scene with his famous Mississippi Company, as the Louisiana branch of the Bank of France. The charter granted to this company gave it a. legal existence of twenty-five years, and conferred upon it more extensive powers, and privileges than had been granted to Crozat. It invested the new company with the exclusive privilege of the entire commerce of Louisiana, and of New France, and with authority to enforce their rights. The Company was author- ized to monopolize all the trade in the country ; to make treaties with the Indians ; to declare and prosecute war ; to grant lands, erect forts, open mines of precious metals, levy taxes, nominate civil officers, commission those of the army, and to appoint and remove judges, to cast cannon, and build and equip ships of war. All this was to be done with the paper currency of John Law's Bank of France. He had succeeded in getting His Majesty the French King to adopt and sanction his scheme of financial operations both in France and in the colonies, and probably there never was such a huge financial bubble ever blown by a visionary theorist. Still, such was the condition of France that it was accepted as a national deliverance, and Law became the most powerful man in France. He became a Catholic, and was appointed Comptroller General of Finance. Among the first operations of the Company was to send eight hundred emigrants to Louisiana, who arrived at Dauphine Island in 1718. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 143 In 1719, Philipe Francis Renault arrived in Illinois with two hundred miners and artisans. The war between France and Spain at this time rendered it extremely probable that the Mississippi Valley might become the theater of Spanish hostilities against the French settlements ; to prevent this, as well as to extend French claims, a chain of forts was begun, to keep open the connection between the mouth and the sources of the Mississippi. Fort Orleans, high up the Mississippi River, was erected as an outpost in 1720. The Mississippi scheme was at the zenith of its power and glory in January, 1720, but the gigantic bubble collapsed more suddenly than it had been inflated, and the Company was declared hopelessly bankrupt in May following. France was impoverished by it, both private and public credit Avere overthrown, capi- talists suddenly found themselves paupers, and labor was left without employ- ment. The effect on the colony of Louisiana was disastrous. While this Avas going on in Lower Louisiana, the region about the lakes was the theater of Indian hostilities, rendering the passage from Canada to Louisiana extremely dangerous for many years. The English had not only extended their Indian trade into the vicinity of the French settlements, but through their friends, the Iroquois, had gained a marked ascendancy over the Foxes, a fierce and powerful tribe, of Iroquois descent, whom they incited to hostilities against the French. The Foxes began their hostilities with the siege of Detroit in 1712, a siege which they continued for nineteen consecutive days, and although the expedition resulted in diminishing their numbers and humbling their pride, yet it was not until after several successive campaigns, embodying the best military resources of New France, had been directed against them, that were finally defeated at the great battles of Butte des Morts, and on the Wisconsin River, and driven Avest in 1746. The Company, having found that the cost of defending Louisiana exceeded the returns from its commerce, solicited leave to surrender the Mississippi wilderness to the home government. Accordingly, on the 10th of April, 1732, the jurisdiction and control over the commerce reverted to the crown of France. The Company had held jDossession of Louisiana fourteen years. In 1735, Bien- ville returned to assume command for the King. A glance at a few of the old French settlements will show the progress made in portions of Louisiana during the early part of the eighteenth century. As early as 1705, traders and hunters had penetrated the fertile regions of the Wabash, and from this region, at that early date, fifteen thousand hides and skins had been collected and sent to Mobile for the European market. In the year 1716, the French population on the Wabash kept up a lucrative commerce with Mobile by means of traders and voyageurs. The Ohio River was comparatively unknown. In 1746, agriculture on the Wabash had attained to greater prosperity than in any of the French settlements besides, and in that year six hundred barrels of flour were manufactured and shipped to New Orleans, together with consider- able quantities of hides, peltry, tallow and beeswax. In the Illinois country, also, considerable settlements had been made, so that, in 1730, they embraced one hundred and forty French families, about six hundred "converted Indians," and many traders and voyageurs. In 1753, the first actual conflict arose between Louisiana and the Atlantic colonies. From the earliest advent of the Jesuit fathers, up to the period of which we speak, the great ambition of the French had been, not alone to preserA^e their possessions in the West, but by every possible means to prevent the slightest attempt of the English, east of the mountains, to extend their settle- 144 HISTOKY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. ments toward the Mississippi. France was resolved on retaining possession of the great territory which her missionaries had discovered and revealed to the world. French commandants had avowed rheir purpose of seizing every Englishman within the Ohio Valley. The colonies of Penn.sylvania, New York and Virginia were most aftected bv the encroachments of France in the extension of her dominion, and particularly in the great scheme of uniting Canada with Louisiana. To carry out this purpose, the French had taken possession of a tract of country claimed by Vir- ginia, and had commenced a line of forts extending from the lakes to the Ohio- River. Virginia was not only alive to her own interests, but attentive to the vast importance of an immediate and eflectual resistance on the part of all the English colonies to the actual and contemplated encroachments of the French. In 17C3, Goventor Diuwiddie. of Virginia, sent George "Washington, then a young man just twenty-one, to demand of the French commandant " a reason for invading British dominions while a solid peace subsisted." Washington met the French commandant, Gardeur de St. Pierre, on the head waters of the Alleghany, and having communicated to him the object of his journey, received the insolent answer that the French would not discuss the matter of right, but would make prisoners of every Englishman found trading on the Ohio and its waters. The country, he said, belonged to the French, by virtue of the dis- coveries of La Salle, and they would not withdraw from it. In January, 1754, Washington returned to Virginia, and made his report to the Governor and Council. Forces were at once raised, and Washington, as Lieutenant Colonel, was dispatched at the head of a hundred and fifty men, to the forks of the Ohio, Avith orders to "finish the fort already begun there by the Ohio Cuuipany, and to make prisoners, kill or destroy all who interrupted the English settlements." On his march through the forests of Western Pennsylvania. Washington, through the aid of friendly Lidians, discovered the French concealed among the rocks, and as they van to seize their arms, ordered his men to fire upon them, at the same time, with his own musket, setting the example. An action ^lasting about a quarter of an hour ensued; ten of the Frenchmen were killed, among them Jumonville, the commander of the party, and twenty-one were made pris- oners. The dead were scalped by the Indians, and the chief, bearing a toma- hawk and a scalp, visited all the tribes of the Miamis, urging them to join the Six Nations and the English against the French. The French, however, were soon re-enforced, and Col. Washington was compelled to return to Fort Necessity. Here, on the od day of July, De Villiers invested the fort with 600 French troops and 100 Indians. On the 4th. Washington accepted terms of capitulation, and the English garrison withdrew from the valley of the Ohio. This attack of Washington upon Jumonville arouseil the indignation of France, and war was formally declared in May, 1T5G, and the "French and Indian War"' devastated the colonies for several years. Montreal, Detroit and all Canada were surrendered to the English, and on the 10th of February. 1763, by the treaty of Paris — which had been signed, though not formally ratified by the respective governments, on the 3d of November. 1 762 — France relinquished to Great Britian all that portion of the p^rovince of Louisiana lying on the east side of the Mississippi, except the island and town of New Orleans. On the same day that the treaty of Paris was signed, France, by a secret treaty, ceded to Spain all her possessions on the west side of the Mississippi, including the HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 145 whole country to the head waters of the Great River, and west to the Rocky Mountains, and the jurisdiction of France in America, which had lasted nearly a century, was ended. At the close of the Revolutionary war, by the treaty of peace between Great Britain and the United States, the English Government ceded to the latter all the territory on the east side of the Mississippi River and north of the thirty- first parallel of north latitude. At the same time, Great Britain ceded to Spain all the Floridas, comprising all the territory east of tlie Mississippi and south of the southern limits of the United States. At this time, therefore, the present State of Iowa was a part of the Spanish possessions in North America, as all the territory west of the Mississippi River was under the dominion of Spain. That government also possessed all the territory of the Floridas east of the great river and south of the thirty-first parallel of north latitude. The Mississippi, therefore, so essential to the pros- perity of the western portion of the United States, for the last three hundred miles of its course flowed wholly within the Spanish dominions, and that govern- ment claimed the exclusive right to use and control it below the southern boun- dary of the United States. The free navigation of the Mississippi was a very important question during all the time that Louisiana remained a dependency of the Spanish Crown, and as the final settlement intimately affected the status of the then future State of Iowa, it will be interesting to trace its progress. The people of the United States occupied and exercised jurisdiction over the entire eastern valley of the Mississippi, embracing all the country drained by its eastern tributaries ; they had a natural right, according to the accepted in- ternational law, to follow these rivers to the sea, and to the use of the Missis- sippi River accordingly, as the great natural channel of commerce. The river was not only necessary but absolutely indispensable to the prosperity and growth of the western settlements then rapidly rising into commercial and political importance. They were situated in the heart of the great valley, and with wonderfully expansive energies and accumulating resources, it was very evident that no power on earth could deprive them of the free use of the river below them, only Avhile their numbers were insufiicient to enable them to maintain their right by force. Inevitably, therefore, immediately after the ratification of the treaty of 1783, the Western people began to demand the free navigation of the Mississippi — not as a favor, but "as a right. In 1786, both banks of the river, below the mouth of the Ohio, were occupied by Spain, and military posts on the east bank enforced her power to exact heavy duties on all im- ports by way of the river for the Ohio region. Every boat descending the river was forced to land and submit to the arbitrary revenue exactions of the Spanish authorities. Under the administration of Governor Miro, these rigor- ous exactions were someAvhat relaxed from 1787 to 1790 ; but Spain held it as her I'ight to make them. Taking advantage of the claim of tlie American people, that the Mississippi should be opened to them, in 1791, the Spanish Govern- ment concocted a scheme for the dismerabership of the Union. The plan was to induce the Western people to separate from the Eastern States by liberal land grants and extraordinary commercial privileges. Spanish emissaries, among the people of Ohio and Kentucky, informed them that the Spanish Government would grant them fiivorable commercial privileges, provided, they would secede from the Federal Government east of the mountains. The Spanish Minister to the United States plainly declared to his confidential correspondent that, unless the Western people Avould declare their independence T4G HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. ■^nd refuse to remain in the Union. Spain -was determined never to i:;rant the free navigation of the Mississippi. By the treaty of Madrid, Oetober '20, 179o. however. Spain formally stip- ulated that the 31ississippi l\iver. from its souree to the Gnlf, for its entire -width, should be free to American trade and commerce, and that the people of the United States should be permitted, for three years, to use the port of New Orleans as a port of deposit for their merchandise and produce, duty free. In November. ISOl. the United States Government received, through Kufus King, its Minister at the Court of St. James, a copy of the treaty between Spain and France, signed at Madrid March 21, 1801, by Avhich the cession ot^ Loui- siana to France, made the previous Atitumn, -was contirmed. The change oftered a tavorable opportunity to secure the just rights of the United States, in relation to the tree navigation of the Mississippi, and ended the attempt to dismember the Union by an effort to secure an independent government Avest of the Alleghany Mountains, vbi the Ttli of January. 1S08, the American House of Eepresentatives adopted a resolution declaring their ** unalterable determination to maintain' the boundaries and the rights of navi- gation and commerce through the Eiver ISIississippi. as established by existing treaties." In the same month. President Jefferson nominated and the Senate contirmed Robert R. Livingston and James Monroe as Envoys Plenipotentiary to the Court of France, and Charles Pinckney and James * Monroe to the Court of Spain, -with plenary powers to negotiate treaties to effect the object enunciated by the popular branch of the National Legislature. These envoys were in- structed to secure, if possible, the cession of Florida and New Orleans, but it does not appear that Mr. Jefferson and his Cabinet had any idea of purchasing that part of Louisiana lying on the ivcsf side of the Mississippi. In tact, on the 2d of March following, the instructions were sent to our Ministers, contain- ing a plan -which expressly left to France "all her territory on the -west side of the Mississippi.'' Had these instructions been followed, it might have been that there would not have been any State of Iowa or any other member of the glori- ous Union of States west of the "Father of Waters." In obedience to his instructions, however, 3Ir. Livingston broached this plan to M. Talleyrand. Napoleon's Prime Minister, when that courtly diplo- matist quietly suggested to the American Minister that France might be willing to cede the wJioh' French domain in North America to the United States, and asked how much the Federal Government would be willing to give for it. Liv- ingston intimated that twenty millions of francs might be a lair price. Talley- rand thotight that not enough, but asked the Americans to " think of it."' A few days later. Napoleon, in an interview with Mr. Livingston, in effect informed the American Envoy that he had secured Louisiana in a contnict with Spain for the purpose of turning it over to the United States for a mere nominal sum. He had been compelled to provide for the safety of that province by the treaty, and he was *' anxious to give the United States a magniticent barg-ain for a mere trifle." The price proposed was one hundred and tweuty-tive million francs. This was subsequently modified to fifteen million dollars, and on this basis a treaty was negotiated, and was signed on the 30th day of April, iSOo. This treaty was ratified by the Federal Government, and by act of Congress, approved October 31, 1S03, the President of the United States was authorized to take possession of the territory and provide for it a temporary government. Accordingly, on the 20th day of December foil nving, on behalf of the Presi- dent. Gov. Clairborne and Gen. Wilkinson took possession of the Louisiana HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 147 purchase, and raised the American flag over tlie newly acquired domain, at New Orleans. Spain, although it had by treaty ceded the province to France in 1801, still held quasi possession, and at first objected to the transfer, but with- drew her opposition early in 1804. By this treaty, thus successfull_y consummated, and the peaceable withdrawal of Spain, the then infant nation of the New World extended its dominion west of the Mississippi to the Pacific Ocean, and nortii from the Gulf of Mexico to British America. If the original design of Jefferson's administration had been accomplished, the United States would have acquired only that portion of the French territory lying east of the Mississippi River, and while the American people would thus have acquired the free navigation of that great river, all of the vast and fertile empire on the west, so rich in its agricultural and inexhaustible mineral resources, would have remained under the dominion of a foreign power. To Napoleon's desire to sell the whole of his North American possessions, and Liv- ingston's act transcending his instructions, which was acquiesced in after it w^as done, docs Iowa owe her position as a part of the United States by the Louisiana purchase. By authority of an act of Congress, approved March 26, 1804, the newly acquired territory was, on the 1st day of October following, divided : that part lying south of the 33d parallel of north latitude was called the Territory of Orleans, and all north of that parallel the District of Louisiana, which was placed under the authority of the officers of Indiana Territory, until July 4, 1805, when it was organized, with territorial government of its own, and so remained until 1812, when the Territory of Orleans became the State of Louisiana, and the name of the Territory of Louisiana was changed to Missouri. On the 4th of July, 1814, that part of Missouri Territory comprising the present State of Arkansas, and the country to the westwartl, Avas organized into the Arkansas Territory. On the 2d of March, 1821, the State of Missouri, being a part of the Terri- tory of that name, was admitted to the Union. June 28, 1834, the territory west of the Mississippi River and north of Missouri was made a part of the Territory of Michigan ; but two years later, on the 4th of July, 1836, Wiscon- sin Territory was erected, embracing within its limits the present States of Iowa, Wisconsin and Minnesota. By act of Congress, approved June 12, 1838, the TERRITORY OP IOWA was erected, comprising, in addition to the present State, much the larger part of Minnesota, and extending north to the boundary of the British Possessions. THE ORIGINAL OWNERS. Having traced the early history of the great empire lying west of the Mis- sissippi, of which the State of Iowa constitutes a part, from the earliest dis- covery to the organization of the Tei'ritory of Iowa, it becomes necessary to give some history of THE INDIANS OP IOWA. According to the policy of the Eui'opean nations, possession perfected title to any territory. We have seen that the country west of the Mississippi was first discovered by the Spaniards, but afterward, was visited and occupied by the French. It was ceded by France to Spain, and by Spain back to France again, 148 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. and then was purchased and occupied by the United States. During all that time, it does not appear to have entered into the heads or hearts of the high contracting parties that the country they bought, sold and gave away was in the possession of a race of men who, although savage, owned the vast domain before Columbus first crossed the Atlantic. Having purchased the territory, the United States found it still in the possession of its original owners, who had never been dispossessed ; and it became necessary to purchase again what had already been bought before, or forcibly eject the occupants; therefore, the his- tory of the Indian nations who occupied Iowa prior to and during its early set- tlement by the whites, becomes an important chapter in the history of the State, that cannot be omitted. For more than one hundred years after Marquette and Joliet trod the virgin soil of Iowa, not a single settlement had been made or attempted ; not even a trading post liad been established. The whole country remained in the undis- puted possession of the native tribes, who roamed at will over her beautiful and fertile prairies, hunted in her woods, fished in her streams, and often poured out their life-blood in obstinately contested contests for supremacy. That this State so aptly styled "The Beautiful Land," had been the theater of numerous, fierce and bloody struggles between rival nations, for possession of the favored region, long before its settlement by civilized man, there is no room for doubt. In these savage wars, the weaker party, whether aggressive or defensive, was either exterminated or driven from their ancient hunting grounds. In 1673, when Marquette discovered Iowa, the Illini were a very powerful people, occupying a large portion of the State ; but when the country was again visited by the whites, not a remnant of that once powerful tribe remained on the west side of the Mississippi, and Iowa was principally in the possession of the Sacs and Foxes, a warlike tribe which, originally two distinct nations, residing in New York and on the waters of the St. Lawrence, had gradually fought their way westward, and united, probably, after the Foxes had been driven out of the Fox River country, in 1846, and crossed the Mississippi. The death of Pontiac, a famous Sac chieftain, was made the pretext for war against the Illini, and a fierce and bloody struggle ensued, which continued until the Illinois were nearty destroyed and their hunting grounds possessed by their victorious foes. The lowas also occupied a portion of the State for a time, in common with the Sacs, but they, too, were nearly destroyed by the Sacs and Foxes, and, in "The Beautiful Land," these natives met their equally warlike foes, the l^orthern Sioux, with whom they niaintained a constant Avarfare for the posses- sion of the country for many years. When the United States came in possession of the great valley of the Mis- sissippi, by the Louisiana purchase, the Sacs and Foxes and lowas possessed the entire territory now comprising the State of Iowa. The Sacs and Foxes, also, occupied the most of the State of Illinois. The Sacs had four principal villages, where most of them resided, viz. : Their largest and most important town — if an Indian village may be called such — and from which emanated most of the obstacles and difficulties encoun- tered by the Government in the extinguishment of Indian titles to land in this region, was on Rock River, near Rock Island ; another was on the east bank of the Mississippi, near the mouth of Henderson River ; the third was at the head of the Des Moines Rapids, near the present site of Montrose, and the fourth was near the mouth of the Upper Iowa. The Foxes had three principal villages, viz. : One on the west side of the Mississippi, six miles above the rapids of Rock River ; another about twelve HISTORY OF TFIE STATE OF IOWA. 149 miles from the river, in the rear of the Dubuque lead mines, and the third on Turkey River. The lowas, at one time identified with the Sacs, of Rock River, had with- drawn from them and become a separate tribe. Their principal village was on the Des J\foines River, in Van Buren County, on the site where lowaville now stands. Here the last great battle between the Sacs and Foxes and the lowas was fought, in Avhich Black Hawk, then a young man, commanded one division of the attacking forces. The following account of the battle has been given : '• Contrary to long established custom of Indian attack, this battle was commenced in the day- time, the attending circumstances justifying this departure from the well settled usages of Indian warfare. The battle field was a level river bottom, about four miles in length, and two miles wide near the middle, narrowing to a point at either end. The main area of this bottom rises perhaps twenty feet above the river, leaving a narrow strip of low bottom along the shore, covered with trees that belted the prairie on the river side with a thick forest, and the immediate bank of the river was fringed with a dense growth of willows. Near the lower end of this prairie, near the river bank, was s'tuated the Iowa village. About two miles above it and near the middle of the prairie is a mound, covered at the time with a tuft of small trees and underbrush growino- on its summit. In the rear of this little elevation or mound lay a belt of wet prairie, covered, at that time, with a dense growth of rank, coarse grass. Bordering this wet prairie on the north, the country rises abruptly into elevated broken river bluffs, covered with a heavy forest for many miles in extent, and in places thickly clustered with undergrowth, affording a convenient shelter for the stealthy approach of the foe. " Through this forest the Sac and Fox war party made their way in the night and secreted themselves in the tall grass spoken of above, intending to remain in ambush during the day and make such observations as this near proximity to their intended victim might afford, to aid them in their contemplated attack on the town during the following night. From this situation their spies could take a full survey of the village, and watch every movement of the inhabitants, by which means they were soon convinced that the lowas had no suspicion of their presence. "At the foot of themoundabovementioned, the lowas had their race course, where they diverted themselves with the excitement of horse racing, and schooled their young warriors in cavalry evolutions. In these exercises mock battles were fought, and the Indian tactics of attack and defense carefully inculcated, by which meansaskill in horsemanship was acquired rarely excelled. Unfortunately for them this day was selected for their equestrian sports, and wholly uncon- scious of the proximity of their foes, the warriors repaired to the race ground, leaving most of their arms in the village and their old men and women and children unprotected. " Pash-a-po-po, who was chief in command of the Sacs and Foxes, perceived at once the advantage this state of things afforded for a complete surprise of his now doomed victims, and ordered Black Hawk to file off with his young warriors through the tall grass and gain the cover of the timber along the river bank, and with the utmost speed reach the village and commence the battle, while he remained with his division in the ambush to make a simultaneous as ailt. on the unarmed men whose attention was engrossed with the excitement of the races. The plan was skillfully laid and most dexterously executed. Black Hawk with his forces reaihed the village undiscovered, and made a furious onslaught upon the defenseless inhabi ants, by firino- one general volley into their midst, and completing the slaughter with the tomaha\vk an 1 scalp- ing knife, aided by the devouring fliames with which they enveloped the village as Sv.OJ as the fire brand could be spread from lodge to lodge. "On the instant ot the report of firearms at the village, the forces under Pash-i-po-po leaped from their couthant position in the grass and sprang tiger-like upon the astonished and unarmed lowas in the midst of their r.icing sports. The fir_-t impulse of the latter natuially led them to make the utmost speed toward their arms in the village, and protect if possblo their wives and ch 1 Iren fi'om the attack of their merciless assaihmts. The distance from the pi :cj of attack on the prairie was two miles, and a great number fell in their flight by the liuUeis and tomahawks of their enemies, who pressed them closely with a running fire the whole way. and the survivors only reached their town in time to witness the horrors of its destriicti m. Their whole vilLige was in flames, and the dearest objects of their lives lay in slaught'r d heaps amidst the devouring element, anl the agonizing groans of the dying, mingled with ih ■ exti tino- shouts of the victorious foe, fille.l their hearts with maddening despair. Their wives an I children who had been spared the general massacre were prisoners, ami togeiher with theii- arms were in the hands of the victors ; and all that could now be done was to draw off their shaiterel and defenseless forces, and save as many lives as possible by a retreat across the Des Moiiie-s River, which they effected in the best possible manner, and took a position among the Soap Creek Hills." The Sacs and Foxes, prior to the settlement of their village on Rock River, had a fierce conflict with the Winnebagoes, subdued them and took Dossession 150 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. of their lands. Their village on Rock River, at one time, contained upward of sixty lodges, and was among the largest Indian villages on the continent. In 1825, the Secretary of War estimated the entire number of the Sacs and Foxes at 4,600 souls. Their village was situated in the immediate vicinity of the upper rapids of the Mississippi, where the beautiful and flourishing towns of Rock Island and Davenport are now situated. The beautiful scenery of the island, the extensive prairies, dotted over with groves ; the picturesque blufts along the river banks, the rich and fertile soil, producing large crops of corn, squash and other vegetables, with little labor ; the abundance of wild fruit, game, fish, and almost everything calculated to make it a delightful spot for an Indian village, which was found there, had made this place a favorite home of the Sacs, and secured for it the strong attachment and veneration of the whole nation. North of the hunting grounds of the Sacs and Foxes, were those of the Sioux, a fierce and warlike nation, who ofcen disputed possession with their ^ rivals in savage and bloody warfare. The possessions of these tribes were mostly located in Minnesota, but extended over a portion of Northern and Western Iowa to the Missouri River. Their descent from the north upon the hunting grounds of Iowa frequently brought them into collision with the Sacs and Foxes ; and after many a conflict and bloody struggle, a boundary line was established between them by the Government of the Uniteil States, in a treaty held at Prairie du Chien, in 1825. But this, instead of settling the difiiculties, caused them to quarrel all the more, in consequence of alleged trespasses upon each other's side of the line. These contests were kept up and became so unre- lenting that, in 1830, Government bought of the respective tribes of the Sacs and Foxes, and the Sioux, a strip of land twenty miles in width, on both sides of the line, and thus throwing them forty miles apart by creating between them a "neutral ground," commanded them to cease their hostilities. Both the Sacs and Foxes and the Sioux, however, were allowed to fish and hunt on this ground unmolested, provided they did not interfere with each other on United States territory. The Sacs and Foxes and the Sioux were deadly enemies, and neither let an opportunity to punish the other pass unimproved. In April, 1852, a fight occurred between the Musquaka band of Sacs and Foxes and a band of Sioux, about six miles above Algona, in Kossuth County, on the west side of the Des Moines River. The Sacs and Foxes were under the leadership of Ko-ko-wah, a subordinate chief, and had gone up from their home in Tama County, by way of Clear Lake, to what was then the "neutral ground." At Clear Lake, Ko-ko-wah was informed that a party of Sioux were encamped on the west side of the East Fork of the Des Moines, and he deter- mined to attack them. With sixty of his warriors, he started and arrived at a point on the east side of the river, about a mile above the Sioux encampment, in the night, and concealed themselves in a grove, where they were able to dis- cover the position and strength of their hereditary foes. The next morning, after many of the Sioux braves had left their camp on hunting tours, the vin- dictive Sacs and Foxes crossed the river and suddenly attacked the camp. The conflict was desperate for a short time, but the advantage was with the assail- ants, and the Sioux were routed. Sixteen of them, including some of their women and children, were killed, and a boy 14 years old was captured. One of the Musquakas was shot in the breast by a squaw as they were rushing into the Sioux's camp. He started to run away, when the same brave squaw shot him through the body, at a distance of twenty rods, and he fell dead. Three other Sac braves were killed. But few of the Sioux escaped. The victorious HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. ' 151 4 party hurriedly buried their own dead, leaving the dead Sioux above ground, and made their way home, wiih their captive, with all possible expedition. pike's EXPEDITION. Very soon after the acquisition of Louisiana, the United States Government adopted measures for the exploration of the ncAV territory, having in view the conciliation of the numerous tribes of Indians by whom it was possessed, and, also, the selection of proper sites for the establishment of military posts and trading stations. The Army of the West, Gen, James Wilkinson commanding, had its headquarters at St. Louis. From this post. Captains Lewis and Clark, with a sufficient force, were detailed to explore the unknoAvn sources of the Missouri, and Lieut. Zebulon M. Pike to ascend to the head waters of the Mis- sissippi. Lieut. Pike, with one Sergeant, two Corporals and seventeen privates, left the military camp, near St. Louis, in a keel-boat, with four months' rations. on the 9th day of August, 1805. On the 20th of the same month, the expe- dition arrived within the present limits of Iowa, at the foot of the Des Moines Rapids, where Pike met William Ewing, who had just been appointed Indian Agent at this point, a French interpreter and four chiefs and fifteen Sac and Fox warriors. At the head of the Rapids, where Montrose is now situated. Pike held a council with the Indians, in which he addressed them substantially as follows : "Your great Father, the President of the United States, wished to be more intimately acquainted with the situation and wants of the different nations of red people in our newlv acquired territory of Louisiana, and has ordered the General to send a number of his warriors in different directions to take them by the hand and make such inquiries as might afford the satisfaction required." At the close of the council he presented the red men with some knives, whisky and tobacco. Pursuing his way up the river, he arrived, on the 23d of August, at what is supposed, from his description, to be the site of the present city of Burlington, which he selected as the location of a military post. He describes the place as being " on a hill, about forty miles above the River de Moyne Rapids, on the west side of the river, in latitude about 41° 21' north. The channel of the river runs on that shore ; the hill in front is about sixty feet perpendicular ; nearly level on top ; four hundred yards in the rear is a small prairie fit for gardening, and immediately under the hill is a limestone spring, sufficient for the consumption of a whole regiment." In addition to this description, which corresponds to Burlington, the spot is laid down on his map at a bend in the river, a short distance below tbe mouth of the Henderson, Avhich pours its waters into the Mississippi from Illinois. The fort was biult at Fort Madison, but from the distance, latitude, description and map furnished by Pike, it could not have been the place selected by him, while all the circumstances corroborate the opinion that the place he selected was the spot where Burlington is now located, called by the early voyagers on the Mississippi, "Flint Hills."' On the 24th, with one of his men, he went on shore on a hunting expedition, and following a stream which they supposed to be a part of the Mississippi, they were led away from their course. Owing to the intense heat and tall grass, his two favorite dogs, which he had taken with him, became exhausted and he left them on the prairie, supposing that they would follow him as soon as they should get rested, and went on to overtake his boat. Reaching the river, he waited sometime for his canine friends, but they did not come, and as he deemed it inexpedient to detam the boat longer, two of his men volunteered to go in pur- 152 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. suit of them, and he continued on his way up the river, expecting that the two men -woukl soon overtake him. They kist their way, however, and for six days were without food, except a few morsels gathered from the stream, and might have perished, had they not accidentally met a trader from St. Louis, who in- duced two Indians to take them up the river, and they overtook the boat at Dubuque. At Dubuque, Pike was cordially received by Julien Dubuque, a Fi*enchman, who held a mining claim under a grant from Spain. Dubuque had an old field piece and fired a salute in honor of the advent of the first Americans who had visited that part of the Territory. Dubuque, hoAvever, was not disposed to pub- lish the wealth of his mines, and the young and evidently inquisitive officer obtained but little information from him. After leaving this place, Pike pursued his way up the river, but as he passed beyond the limits of the present State of Iowa, a detailed history of his explo- rations on the upper waters of the Mississippi more properly belongs to the his- tory of another State. It is sufficient to say that on the site of Fort Snelling, Minnesota, at the mouth of the Minnesota River, Pike held a council with the Sioux, September 23, and obtained from them a grant of olie hundred thousand acres of land. On the 8th of January, 1806, Pike arrived at a trading post belonging to the Northwest Company, on Lake De Sable, in latitude 17°. At this time the then powerful Northwest Company carried on their immense operations from Hudson's Bay to the St. LaAvrence; up that river on both sides, along the great lakes to the head of Lake Superior, thence to the sources of the Red River of the north and west, to the Rocky jNIountains, embracing Avithin the scope of their operations the entire Territory of Iowa. After successfully aeeom]ilishing his mis?!ion, and performing a valuable service to Iowa and the whole Northwest, Pike returned to St. Louis, arriving there on the 30th of April, 1806. IKDIAN WARS. The Territory of loAva, although it had been purchased by the United States, and Avas ostensibly in the posses:^ion of the Government, Avas still occupied by the Indians, Avho claimed title to the soil by right of OAvnership and possession. Before it could be open to settlement by the Avhites, it was indispensable that the Indian title should be extinguished and the original owners removed. The accomplishment of this purpose required the expenditure of large sums of money and blood, and for a long series of years the frontier Avas disturbed by Indian Avars, terminated repeatedly by treaty, only to be rencAvcd by some act of oppression on the part of the whites or some violation of treaty stipulation. As previously shown, at the time Avhen the United States assumed the con- trol of the country by virtue of the Louisiana purchase, nearly the whole State was in possession of the Sacs and Foxes, a powerful and Avarlike nation, Avho were not disposed to submit without a struggle to what they considered the encroachments of the pale faces. Among the most noted chiefs, and one Avhose restlessness and hatred of the Americans occasioned more trouble to the Government than any other of his tribe, AA'as Black HaAvk, Avho Avas born at the Sac village, on Rock River, in 1767. He Avas simply the chief of his own band of Sac Avarriors, but by his energy and ambition he became the leading spirit of the united nation of Sacs and Foxes, and one of the prominent figures in the history of the country from 1804 until his death. In early manhood he attained some distinction as a fighting chief, having led campaigns against the Osages, and other neighboring HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 153 tribes. About the beginning of the present century he began to appear prom- inent in affairs on the Mississippi. Some liistorians have added to the statement that " it does not appear that he was ever a great general, or possessed any of the qualifications of a successful leader." If this was so, his life was a marvel. How any man who had none of the qualifications of a leader became so prom- inent as such, as he did, indicates either that he had some ability, or that his cotemporaries, both Indian and Anglo-Saxon, had less than he. He is said to have been the "victim of a narrow prejudice and bitter ill-will against the Americans," but the impartial historian must admit that if he was the enemy of theAmericans, it was certainly not without some reason. It will be remembered that Spain did not give up possession of the country to France on its cession to the latter power, in 1801, but retained possession of it, and, by the authority of France, transferred it to the United States, in 1804. Black Hawk and his band were in St. Louis at the time, and were invited to be present and witness the ceremonies of the transfer, but he refused the invitation, and it is but just to say that this refusal was caused probably more from regret that the Indians were to be transferred from the jurisdiction of the Spanish authorities than from any special hatred toward the Americans. In his life he says : " I found many sad and gloomy faces because the United States were about to take possession of the town and country. Soon after the Americans came, I took my band and went to take leave of our Spanish father. The Americans came to see him also. Seeing them approach, we passed out of one door as they entered another, and immediately started in our canoes for our village, on Rock River, not liking the change any more than our friends appeared to at St. Louis. On arriving at our village, we gave the news that strange people had arrived at St. Louis, and that we should never see our Spanish father again. The information made all our people sorry." On the 3d day of November, 1804, a treaty was concluded between William Henry Harrison, then Governor of Indiana Territory, on behalf of the L^nited States, and five chiefs of the Sac and Fox nation, by which the latter, in con- sideration of two thousand two hundred and thirty-four dollars' worth of goods then delivered, and a yearly annuity of one thousand dollars to be paid in goods at just cost, ceded to the United States all that land on the east side of the Mississppi, extending from a point opposite the Jefferson, in Missouri, to the Wisconsin River, embracing an area of over fifty-one millions of acres. To this treaty Black Hawk always objected and always refused to consider it binding upon his people. He asserted that the chiefs or braves who made it had no authority to relinquish the title of the nation to any of the lands they held or occupied ; and, moreover, that they had been sent to St. Louis on quite a different errand, namely, to get one of their people released, who had been imprisoned at St. Louis for killing a white man. The year following this treaty (1805), Lieutenant Zebulon M. Pike came up the river for the purpose of holding friendly councils with the Indians and select- ing sites for forts within the territory recently acquired from France by the United States. Lieutenant Pike seems to have been the first American whom Black Hawk ever met or had a personal interview with ; and he was very much prepossessed in Pike's fiivor. He gives the following account of his visit to Rock Island : " A boat came up the river with a young American chief and a small party of soldiers. We heard of them soon after they passed Salt River. Some of our young braves watched them every day, to see what sort of people he had on board. The boat at length arrived at Rock River, and the young chief came on 154 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. shore with his interpreter, and made a speech and gave us some presents. We in turn presented them with meat and such other provisions as we had to spai-e. We were well pleased with the young chief. He gave us good advice, and said our American father would treat us well." The events Avhicli soon followed Pike's expedition were the erection of Fort Edwards, at what is now Warsaw, Illinois, and Fort Madison, on the site of the present town of that name, the latter being the first fort erected in Iowa. These movements occasioned great uneasiness among the Indians. When work was commenced on Fort Edwards, a delegation from their nation, headed by some of their chiefs, went down to see what the Americans were doing, and had an in- terview with the commander; after which they returned home apparently satis- fied. In like manner, when Fort Madison was being erected, they sent down another delegation from a council of the nation held at Rock River. Accord- ing to Black Hawk's account, the American chief told them that he was build- ing a house for a trader who Avas coming to sell them goods cheap, and that the soldiers were coming to keep him company — a statement Avhich Black Hawk says they distrusted at the time, believing that the fort Avas an encroachment upon their rights, and designed to aid in getting their lands aAvay from them. It has been held by good American authorities, that the erection of Fort Madison at the point Avhere it Avas located ioas a violation of the treaty of 1804. By the eleventh article of that treaty, the United States hud a right to build a fort near the mouth of the Wisconsin River ; by article six they had bound themselves "that if any citizen of the United States or any other Avhite persons should form a settlement upon their lands, such intruders should fortlnvith be removed." Probably the authorities of the United States did not regard the establishment of military posts as coming properly within the meaning of the term "settlement," as used in the treaty. At all events, they erected Fort Madison Avithin the territory reserved to the Indians, Avho became very indig- nant. Not long after the fort Avas built, a party led by Black IlaAvk attempted its destruction. They sent spies to Avatch the movements of the garrison, Avho ascertained that the soldiers Avere in the habit of marching out of the fort every morning and evening for parade, and the plan of the party was to conceal them- selves near the fort, and attack and surprise them Avhen they Avere outside. On the morning of the proposed day of attack, five soldiers came out and Avere fired upon hj the Indians, two of them being killed. The Indians Avere too hasty in their movement, for the regular drill had not yet commenced. HoAvever, they kept up the attack for several days, attempting the old Fox strategy of setting fire to the fort Avitli blazing arroAvs ; but finding their efforts unavailing, they soon gave up and returned to Rock River. AVhen Avar Avas declared betAveen the United States and Great Britain, m 1812, Black IlaAvk and his band allied themselves Avith the British, partly because he Avas dazzled by their specious promises, and more probably because they had been deceived by the Americans. Black HaAvk himself declared that they were "forced into the Avar by being deceived." He narrates the circum- stances as folloAvs: " SeA^eral of the chiefs and head men of the Sacs and Foxes were called upon to go to Washington to see their Great Father. On their return^ they related Avhat had been said and done. They said the Great Father wished them, in the event of a Avar taking place Avith England, not to interfere on either side, but to remain neutral. He did not Avant our help, but Avished us to hunt and support our families, and live in peace. He said that British traders Avould not be permitted to come on the IMississippi to furnish us with goods, but that Ave should be supplied Avith an American trader. Our HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. IbS- chiefs then told him that the British traders always gave them credit in the Fall for guns, powder and goods, to enable us to hunt and clothe our families. He repeated that the traders at Fort Madison Avould have plenty of goods ; that we should go there in the Fall and he would supply us on credit, as the British traders had done." Black Hawk seems to have accepted of this proposition, and he and his people were very much pleased. Acting in good faith, they fitted out for their Winter's hunt, and went to Fort Madison in high spirits to receive from the trader their outfit of supplies. But, after waiting some time, they were told by the trader that he would not trust them. It was in vain that they pleaded the promise of their great father at Washington. The trader was inexorable ; and, disappointed and crestfallen, they turned sadly toward their own village. -'Few of us," says Black Hawk, "slept that night; all was gloom and discontent. In the morning, a canoe was seen ascending the river ; it soon arrived, bearing an express, who brought intelligence that a British trader had landed at Rock Island with two boats loaded with goods, and requested us to come up imme- diately, because he had good news for us, and a variety of presents. The express presented us with tobacco, pipes and wampum. The news ran through our camp like fire on a prairie. Our lodges were soon taken down, and all started for Rock Island. Here ended all hopes of our remaining at peace, having been forced into the war by being deceived." He joined the British, who flattered him, styled him " Gen. Black Hawk," decked him Avith medals, excited his jealousies against the Americans, and armed his band ; but he met with defeat and disappointment, and saon aban- doned the service and came home. With all his skill and courage, Black Hawk was unable to lead all the Sacs and Foxes into hostilities to the United States. A portion of them, at the head of whom was Keokuk ("the Watchful Fox"), were disposed to abide by the treaty of 1804, and to cultivate friendly relations with the American people. Therefore, when Black Hawk and his band joined the fortunes of Great Britain, the rest of the nation remained neutral, and, for protection, organized, with Keokuk for their chief. This divided the nation into the " War and the Peace party." Black Hawk says he was informed, after he had gone to the war, that the nation, which had been reduced to so small a body of fighting men, were unable to defend themselves in case the Americans should attack them, and havnig all the old men and women and children belonging to the warriors who had joined the British on their hands to provide for, a council was held, and it was agreed that Quash-qua-me (the Lance) and other chiefs, together with the old men, women and children, and such others as chose to accompany them, should go to St. Louis and place themselves under the American chief stationed there. They accordingly went down, and were received as the "friendly band" of the Sacs and Foxes, and were provided for and sent up the Missouri River. On Black Hawk's return from the British army, he says Keokuk was introduced to him as the war chief of the braves then in the village. He inquired how he had become chief, and was informed that their spies had seen a large armed force going toward Peoria, and fears were entertained of an attack upon the village ; whereupon a council was held, which concluded to leave the village and cross over to the west side of the Mississippi. Keokuk had been standing at the door of the lodge where the council was held, not being allowed to enter on account of never having killed an enemy, where he remained until Wa-co-me came out. Keokuk asked permission to speak in the council, which Wa-co-me 156 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. obtained for him. Keokuk then addressed the chiefs ; he remonstrated against the desertion of their village, their own homes and the graves of their fathers, and offered to defend the village. The council consented that he should be their war chief. He marshaled his braves, sent out spies, and advanced on the trail leading to Peoria, but returned without seeing the enemy. The Americans did not disturb the village, and all were satisfied with the appointment of Keokuk. Keokuk, like Black Hawk, was a descendant of the Sac branch of the nation, and was born on Rock River, in 1780. He was of a pacific disposition, but possessed the elements of true courage, and could fight, when occasion required, with a cool judgment and heroic energy. In his first battle, he en- countered and killed a Sioux, which placed him in the rank of warriors, and he was honored with a public feast by his tribe in commemoration of the event. Keokuk has been described as an orator, entitled to rank with the most gifted of his race. In person, he was tall and of portly bearing ; in his public speeches, he displayed a commanding attitude and graceful gestures ; he spoke rapidly, but his enunciation was clear, distinct and forcible ; he culled his fig- ures from the stores of nature and based his arguments on skillful logic. Un- fortunately for the reputation of Keokuk, as an orator among white people, he was never able to obtain an interpreter who could claim even a slight acquaint- ance with philosophy. With one exception only, his interpreters were unac- quainted with the elements of their mother-tongue. Of this serious hindrance to his fame, Keokuk was well aware, and retained Frank Labershure, who had received a rudimental education in the French and English languages, until the latter broke down by dissipation and died. But during the meridian of his career among the white people, he was compelled to submit his speeches for translation to uneducated men, whose range of thought fell below the flights of a gifted mind, and the fine imagery drawn from nature was beyond their power of reproduction. He had sufficient knowledge of the English language to make him sensible of this bad rendering of his thoughts, and often a feeling of morti- fication at the bungling efforts Avas depicted on his countenance while speaking. The proper place to form a correct estimate of his ability as an orator was in the Indian council, where he addressed himself exclusively to those who under- stood his language, and witness the electrical effect of his eloquence upon his audience. Keokuk seems to have possessed a more sober judgment, and to have had a more intelligent view of the great strength and resources of the United States, than his noted and restless cotemporary, Black Hawk. He knew from the first that the reckless war which Black Hawk and his band had determined to carry on could result in nothing but defeat and disaster, and used every argument against it. The large number of warriors whom he had dissuaded from following Black Hawk became, however, greatly excited with the war spirit after Stillman's defeat, and but for the signal tact displayed by Keokuk on that occasion, would have forced him to submit to their Avishes in joining the rest of the warriors in the field. A war-dance was held, and Keokuk took part in it, seeming to be moved with the current of the rising storm. When the dance was over, he called the council to prepare for Avar. He made a speech, in which he admitted the justice of their complaints against the Americans. - To seek redress was a noble aspiration of their nature. The blood of their brethren had been shed by the Avhite man, and the spirits of their braves, slain in battle, called loudly for vengeance. "I am your chief," he said, "and it is my duty to lead you to bat- tle, if, after fully considering the matter, you are determined to go. But before HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 157 you decide on taking this important step, it is wise to inquire into the chances of success." He then portrayed to them the great power of the United States, against whom they would have to contend, that their chance of success was utterly hopeless. " But," said he, " if you do determine to go upon the war- path, I will agree to lead you, on one condition, viz.: that before Ave go, Ave Avill kill all our old men and our Avives and children, to save them from a lingering deatli of starvation, and that every one of us determine to leave our homes on the other side of the Mississippi." This Avas a strong but truthful picture of the prospect before them, and Avas presented in such a forcible light as to cool their ardor, and cause them to aban- don the rash undertaking. But during the Avar of 1832, it is now considered certain that small bands of Indians, from the Avest side of the Mississippi, made incursions into the Avhite settlements, in the lead mining region, and committed some murders and dep- redations. When peace Avas declared betAveen the United States and England, Black HaAvk was required to make peace Avith the former, and entered into a treaty at Portage des Sioux, September 14, 1815, but did not "touch the goose-quill to it until May 13, 1816, when he smoked the pipe of peace Avith the great white chief," at St. Louis. This treaty was a rencAval of the treaty of 1804, but Black HaAvk declared he had been deceived ; that he did not knoAv that by signing the treaty he Avas giving aAvay his village. This Aveighed upon his mind, already soured by previous disappointment and the irresistible encroachments of the Avhites ; and when, a feAV years later, he and his people Avere driven from their possessions by the military, he determined to return to the home of his fathers. It is also to be remarked that, in 1816, by treaty Avith various tribes, the United States relinquished to the Indians all the lands lying north of a line drawn from the southernmost point of Lake Michigan Avest to the Mississippi, except a reservation five leagues square, on the Mississippi River, supposed then to be sufficient to include all the mineral lands on and adjacent to Fever River, and one league square at the mouth of the Wisconsin River. THE BLACK HAAVK AVAR. The immediate cause of the Indian outbreak in 1830 was the occupation of Black HaAvk's village, on the Rock River, by the Avhites, during the absence of tbe chief and his braves on a hunting expedition, on the Avest side of the Mississippi. When they returned, they found their AvigAvams occupied by Avhite families, and their own women and children Avere shelterless on the banks of the river. The Indians Avere indignant, and determined to repossess their village at all hazards, and early in the Spring of 1831 recrossed the Mississippi and menacingly took possession of their own cornfields and cabins. It may be Avell to remark here that it was expressly stipulated in the treaty of 1804, to Avhich they attributed all their troubles, that the Indians should not be obliged to leave their lands until they were sold by the United States, and it does not appear that they occupied any lands other than those OAvned by the Government. If this was true, the Indians had good cause for indignation and complaint. But the whites, driven out in turn by the returning Indians, became so clamorous against Avhat they termed the encroachments of the natives, that Gov. Reynolds, of Illinois, ordered Gen Gaines to Rock Island Avith a military force to drive the Indians again from their homes to the west side of the Mississippi. Black Hawk says he did not intend to be provoked into war by any thing less than the blood of 158 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. some of his own people ; in other words, that there would be no war unless it should be commenced by the pale faces. But it was said and probably thought by the mili- tary commanders along the frontier that the Indians intended to unite in a general war against the whites, from Rock River to the Mexican borders. But it does not appear that the hardy frontiersmen themselves had any feai's, for their experi- ence had been that, when well treated, their Indian neighbors were not danger- ous. Black Hawk and his band had done no more than to attempt to repossess the the old homes of which they had been deprived in their absence. No blood had been shed. Black Hawk and his chiefs sent a flag of truce, and a new treaty was made, by which Black Hawk and his band agreed to remain forever on the Iowa side and never recross the river without the permission of the President or the Governor of Illinois. Whether the Indians clearly understood the terms of this treaty is uncertain. As was usual, the Indian traders had dictated terms on their behalf, and they had received a large amount of pro- visions, etc., from the Government, but it may well be doubted whether the Indians comprehended that they could never revisit the graves of their fathers without violating their treaty. They undoubtedly thought that they had agreed never to recross the Mississippi with hostile intent. However this may be, on the 6th day of April, 1832, Black Hawk and his entire band, with their women and children, again recrossed the Mississippi in plain view of the garrison of Fort Armstrong, and went up Rock River. Although this act was construed into an act of hostility by the military authorities, who declared that Black Hawk intended to recover his village, or the site where it stood, by force ; but it does not appear that he made any such attempt, nor did his apearance create any special alarm among the settlers. They knew that the Indians never went on the war path encumbered with the old men, their women and their children. The Gfalenian, printed in Galena, of May 2, 1832, says that Black Hawk was invited by the Prophet and had taken possession of a tract about forty miles up Rock River ; but that he did not remain there long, but commenced his march up Rock River. Capt. W. B. Green, who served in Capt. Stephen- son's company of mounted rangers, says that " Black Hawk and h^s band crossed the river with no hostile intent, but that his band had had bad luck in hunting during the previous Winter, were actually in a starving condition, and had come over to spend the Summer with a friendly tribe on the head waters of the Rock and Illinois Rivers, by invitation from their chief. Other old set- tlers, who all agree that Black Hawk had no idea of fighting, say that he came back to the west side expecting to negotiate another treaty, and get a new supply of provisions. The most reasonable explanation of this movement, which resulted so disastrously to Black Hawk and his starving people, is that, during the Fall and Winter of 1831-2, his people became deeply indebted to their favorite trader at Fort Armstrong (Rock Island). They had not been fortunate in hunting, and he was likely to lose heavily, as an Indian debt was outlawed in one year. If, therefore, the Indians could be induced to come over, and the fears of the military could be sufficiently aroused to pursue them, another treaty could be negotiated, and from the payments from the Government the shrewd trader could get his pay. Just a week after Black Hawk crossed the river, on the l-3th of April, 1832, George Davenport wrote to Gen. Atkinson : " I am informed that the British band of Sac Indians are determined to make war on the frontier settlements. * * * From every information that I have received, I am of the opinion that the intention of the British band of Sac Indians is to commit depredations on the inhabitants of the frontier." And \ HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 159 yet, from the 6tli day of April until after Stillman's men commenced war by firing on a flag of truce from Black Hawk, no murders nor depredations were committed by the British band of Sac Indians. It is not the purpose of this sketch to detail the incidents of the Black Hawk war of 1832, as it pertains rather to the history of the State of Illinois. It is sufficient to say that, after the disgraceful affair at Stillman's Run, Black Hawk, concluding that the whites, refusing to treat with him, were determined to exterminate his people, determined to return to the Iowa side of the Missis- sippi. He could not return by the way he came, for the army was behind him, an army, too, that would sternly refuse to recognize the white flag of peace. His only course was to make his way northward and reach the Mississippi, if possible, before the troops could overtake him, and this he did ; but, before he could get his women and children across the Wisconsin, he was overtaken, and a battle ensued. Here, again, he sued for peace, and, through his trusty Lieu- tenant, "the Prophet," the whites were plainly informed that the starving Indians did not wish to fight, but would return to the west side of the Missis- sippi, peaceably, if they could be permitted to do so. No attention was paid to this second effort to negotiate peace, and, as soon as supplies could be obtained, the pursuit was resumed, the flying Indians were overtaken again eight miles before they reached the mouth of the Bad Axe, and the slaughter (it should not be dignified by the name of battle) commenced.' Here, overcome by starvation and the victorious whites, his band was scattered, on the 2d day of August, 1832. Black Hawk escaped, but was brought into camp at Prairie du Chien by three Winnebagoes. He was confined in Jefferson Barracks until the Spring of 1833, Avhen he was sent to Washington, arriving there April 22. On the 26th of April, they were taken to Fortress Monroe, where they remained till the 4th of June, 1833, when orders were given for them to be liberated and returned to their own country. By order of the President, he was brought back to Iowa through the principal Eastern cities. Crowds flocked to see him all along his route, and he was very much flattered by the attentions he received. He lived among his people on the Iowa River till that reservation was sold, in 1836, when, with the rest of the Sacs and Foxes, he removed to the Des Moines Reservation, where he remained till his death, Avhich occurred on the 3d of October, 1838. INDIAN PURCHASES, RESERVES AND TREATIES, At the close of the Black Hawk War, in 1832, a treaty was made at a council held on the west bank of the Mississippi, where now stands the thriving city of Davenport, on grounds now occupied by the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad Company, on the 21st day of September, 1832. At this council, the United States were represented by Gen. Wmfield Scott and Gov. Reynolds, of Illinois. Keokuk, Pash-a-pa-ho and some thirty other chiefs and warriors of the Sac and Fox nation were present. By this treaty, the Sacs and Foxes ceded to the United States a strip of land on the eastern border of Iowa fifty miles wide, from the northern boundary of Missouri to the mouth of the Upper Iowa River, containing about six million acres. The western line of the purchase was parallel with the Mississippi. In consideration of this cession, the United States Government stipulated to pay annually to the confederated tribes, for thirty consecutive years, twenty thousand dollars in specie, and to pay the debts of the Indians at Rock Island, which had been accumulating for IGO ' HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. sevoutoon years and aniountod to fifty thousami dollars, due to Davenport & Farnhaui, Indian traders. The Giovernnient also generously donated to the Sao and Fox Avonien and children whose husbands and ftithers had fallen in the Black ILnvk war, thirty-live beef cattle, twelve bushels of salt, thirty barrels of pork, fifty barrels of flour and six thousand bushels of corn. This territory is known as the "-Black Hawk Purchase." Although it Avas not the first portion of Iowa ceded to the United States by the Sacs and Foxes, it was the first opened to actual settlement by the tide of emigration that flowed across the Mississippi as soon as the Indian title was extinguished. The treaty was ratified February 13, 1S33, and took efiect on the 1st of June following, when the Indians quietly removed from the ceded territory, and this fertile and beautiful region was opened to white settlers. By the terms of the treaty, out of the Black Hawk Purchase was reserved for the Sacs and Foxes 400 scpiare miles of land situated on the Iowa Kiver, and in- Icuding within its limits Keokuk's village, on the right bank of that river. This tract was known as '" Keokuk's Reserve, ' and was occupied by the Indians until 1836, when, by a treaty made in September between them and Gov. Dodge, of Wisconsin Territory, it was ceded to the United States. The council Avas held on the banks of the jNIississippi, above Davenport, and was the largest assem- blage of the kind ever held by the Sacs and Foxes to treat for the sale of lands. About one thousand of their chiefs and braves Avere present, and Keokuk Avas their leading spirit and principal speaker on the occasion. By the terms of the treatAs the Sacs and Foxes Avere removed to another reservation on the Des Moines RiA-er, AA"here an agency Avas established for them at Avhat is noAv the toAvn of Agency City. Besides the Keokuk Reserve, the Government gave out of the Black IlaAvk Purchase to Autoine Le Claire, interpreter, in fee simple, one section of land opposite Rock Island, and another at the head of the first rapids above the island, on the loAva side. This Avas the first land title granted by the United States to an individual in loAva. Soon after the removal of the Sacs and Foxes to their new reservation on the Des Moines River, Gen. Joseph M. Street Avas transferred from the agency of the AVinnebagoes, at Prairie du Chien. to establish an agency among them. A farm Avas selected, on Avhich the necessary buildings Avere erected, includiuir a comfortable farm h nise for the aii'ent and his family, at the expense of the Indian Fund. A salaried agent Avas employed to superin- tend the farm and dispose of the crops. Tavo mills Avere erected, one on Soap Creek and the other on Sugar Creek. The latter Avas soon SAvept aAvay by a flood, but the former remained and did good service for many years. Connected Avith the agency Avere Joseph Smart and John Goodell, interpreters. The latter Avas interpreter for Hard Fish's band. Three of the Indian chiefs, Keo- kuk, "Wapello and Appanoose, had each a large field improved, the tAvo former on the right bank of the Des INIoines, back from the river, in Avhat is noAV '• Keokuk's Prairie," and the latter on the present site of the city of Ottumwa. Among the traders connected Avith the agency were the INIessrs. E\ving, from Ohio, and Phelps & Co., from Illinois, and also Mr. J. P. Eddy, Avho estab- lished his post at Avliat is now the site of Eddyville. The Indians at this agency became idle and listless in the absence of their natural and Avonted excitements, and many of them plunged into dissipation. Keokuk himself became dissipated in the latter years of his life, and it has boon reported that he died of delin'td}! trcnwiis after his removal Avith his tribe to Kansas. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 101 In May, 1843, most of tlie Iiulians were removed up the Des Moines River, above the teniporarj line of lied Rock, having ceded the remnant of their lands in Iowa to the United States on the 21st of September, 1837, and on the 11th of October, 1842. By the terms of the latter treaty, they held possession of the " New Purchase " till tlie Autumn of 1845, when the most of them were removed to their reservation in Kansas, the balance being removed in the Spring of 184G. 1. Treat]/ with the Sioux — Made July 19, 1 SI. "j ; ratified December Id, 181'). This treaty was made at Portage des Sioux, between the Sioux of Minnesota and Upper Iowa and the United States, by William Clark and Ninian Edwards, (lommissioners, and was merely a treaty of peace and friendship on the part of those Indians toward the United States at the close of the war of 1812. 2. Treaty with the Sacs.— A similar treaty of peace was made at Portage des Sioux, between the United States and the Sacs, by William Clark, Ninian Edwnrds and Augustc Choteau, on the loth of September, 181;'), and ratified at the same date as the above. In this, the treaty of 1804 was re-aflirmed, and the Sacs hero represented promised for themselves and their bands to keep entirely separate from the Sacs of Uock llivcr, who, under Black Hawk, had joined the British in the war just then closed. 3. Treaty ivith the Foxes. — A separate treaty of peace was made with the Foxes at Portage des Sioux, by the same Commissioners, on the Mth of September, 1815, and ratified the same as the above, wherein the Foxes re-affirmed the treaty of St. Louis, of November u, 1804, and agreed to deliver up all their prisoners to the oflicer in command at Fort Clark, now Peona, Illinois. 4. Treafij with the loioas. — A treaty of peace and mutual good will was made between the United States and the Iowa tribe of Indians, at Portage des Sioux, by the same Commissioners as above, on the IGth of September, 1815, at the close of the war with Great Britain, and ratified at the same date as the others. 5. Treat)/ with the Sacs of Rock River— Made at St. Louis on the 13th of May, 181G, between the United States and the Sacs of Uock River, by the Commissioners, William Clark, Ninian Edwards and Auguste Choteau, and ratified December 30, 181G. In this treaty, that of 1804 was reestablished and confirmed by twenty-two chiefs and head men of the Sacj of Rock River, and Black Hawk himself attached to it his signature, or, as he said, " touched the goose quill." G. Treat!/ of 1S24 —On the 4th of August, 1824, a treaty was made between the United States and tlie Sacs and Foxes, in the city of Washington, by William Clark, Commissioner, wherein the Sao and Fox nation relinquished their title to all lands in Missouri and that portion of the southeast corner of Iowa known as the " Half-Breed Tract" was set ofl:' and reserved for the use of the half-breeds of the Sacs and Foxes, they holding title in the same manner as In- dians. Ratified January 18, 1825. 7. Treati/ of August 19, lS25.—ki this date a treaty was made by William Clark and Lewis Cass, at Prairie du Chien, between the United States and the Chippewas, Sacs and Foxes, Me- nomonees, Winnebagoes and a portion of the Ottawas and Pottawatomies. In this treaty, in order to make peace between the contending tribes as to the limits of their respective hunting grounds in Iowa,, it was agreed that the United States Government should run a boundary line between the Sioux, on the north, and the Sacs and Foxes, on the south, as follows : Commencing at the mouth of the Upper Iowa River, on the west bank of the Mississippi, and ascending said Iowa Iliver to its west fork ; thence up the fork to its source ; thence cross- in"- the fork of Red Cedar River in a direct line to the second or upper fork of the Des Moines River ; thence in a direct line to the lower fork of the Calumet River, and down that river to its junction with the Missouri River. „ , ^ 8. Treaty of lS30.—On the 15th of July, 1830, the confederate tribes of the Sacs and Foxes ceded to the United States a strip of country lying south of the above line, twenty miles in width, and extending along the line aforesaid from the Mississippi to the Des Moines River. The Sioux also, like sti treaty, ing along . - - , • , /. ^ i- territory was known as the "Neutral Ground," and the tribes on either side of the line wore allowed to fish and hunt on it unmolested till it was made a Winnebago reservation, and the Winnebagoes were removed to it in 1841. _ „ , , , ^ U Treat!/ tvnh tht^. Sacs and F<:fcs and other Tribes.— \t the same time of the above treaty re- specting the "Neutral Ground" (July 15, 1830), the Sacs and Foxes, Western Sioux, Omahas, lowas and Missouris ceded to the United States a portion of the western slope of Iowa, the boun- daries of which were defined as follows: Beginning at the upper fork of the Des Moines River, and passing the sources of the Little Sioux and Floyd Rivers, to the fork of the first creek that falls into the Bi^r Sioux, or Calumet, on the east side ; thence down said creek and the Calumet 162 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. River to the Missouri River; tlience down said Missouri River to the Missouri State line above the Kansas ; thence along said line to the northwest corner of said State ; thence to the high lands between the waters falling into the Missouri and Des Moines, passing to said high lands alono- the dividing ridge between the forks of the Grand River : thence along said highlands or rido-e separating the waters of the Missouri from those of the Des Moines, to a point opposite the source of the Bover River, and thence in a direct line to the upper fork of the Des Moines, the place of beginning. It was understood that the lands ceded and relinquished by this treaty were to be assio^ned and allotted, under the direction of the President of the United States, to the tribes then living thereon, or to such other tribes as the Tresident might locate thereon for hunting and other pui° poses. In consideration of three tracts of land ceded in this treaty, the UnitedStates agreed to pay to the Sacs three thousand dollars ; to the Foxes, three thousand dollars ; to the° Sioux, two thousand dollars; to the Yankton and Santie bauds of Sioux, three thousand dollars; to the Omahas, two thousand five hundred dollars; and to the Ottoes and Missouris, two thousand five hundred dollars— to be paid annually for ten successive years. In addition to these anmiities, the Government agreed to furnish some of the tribes with blacksmiths and agricultural imple- ments to the amount of two hundred dollars, at the expense of the United States, and to set apart three thousand dollars annually for the education of the children of these tribes. It does not appear that any fort was erected in this territory prior to the erection of Fort Atkinson on the Neutral Groitnd, in 1840-41. This treaty was made by AVilliam Clark, Superintendent of Indian aifairs, and Col. Willoushby Morgan, of the United States First Infantry, and came into eflect bv proclamation, February 24. 1831. 10. Treat!/ tcith the Winnebagoes. — Made at Fort Armstrong, Rock Island, September 15, 1832, by Gen. Winfield Scott and Hon. John Reynolds, Governor of Illinois. In this treaty the Win- nebagoes ceded to the United States all their land lying on the east side of the Mississippi, and in part consideration therefor the United States granted to the AVinnebagoes. to be held as other Indian lands are held, that portion of Iowa known as the Neutral Ground. The exchange of the two tracts of country was to take place on or before the 1st day of June, 1833. In addition to the Neutral Ground, it was stiptilared that the United States should give the Winnebagoes, begin- ning in September, 1833. and continuing for twenty-seven successive years, ten thousand dollars in specie, and establish a school among them, with a farm and garden, and provide other facili- ties for the education of their children, not to exceed in cost three thousand dollars a year, and to continue the same for twenty-seven sticcessive years. Six agriculturists, twelve yoke of oxen and plows and other farming tools were to be supplied by the Government. 11. Treat)/ of ISSJ u-ith the Sacs and Foxes. — Already mentioned as the Black Hawk purchase. 12. Treat!/ of 1SS6, with the Sacs and Foxes, ceding Keokuk's Reserve to the United States; for which the Government stipulated to pay thirty thousand dollars, and an annuity of ten thou- sand dollars for ten successive years, together with other sums and debts of the Indians to vtvrious parties. 13. Treat!/ of 1SS7.— On the 21st of October. 1837, a treaty was made at the city of ^Vash- ington, between Carey A. Harris, Commissioner of Indian Afiairs, and the confederate tribes of Sacs and Foxes, ratified February 21, 1838. wherein another slice of the soil of Iowa was obtained, described in the treaty as follows: "A tract of country containing 1,2-30,000 acres, lying west and adjoining the tract conveyed by them to the United States in the treaty of September 21, 1832. It is understood that the points of termination for the present cession shall be the north- ern and southern points of said tract as fixed by the survey made tinder the authority of the United States, and that a line shall be drawn between them so as to intersect a line extended westwardly from the angle of said tract nearly opposite to Rock Island, as laid down in the above survey, so far as may be necessary to include the number of acres hereby ceded, which last mentioned line, it is estimated, will be about twenty-tive miles." This piece of land was twenty-five miles wide in the middle, and ran off to a point at both ends, lying directly back of the Black Hawk Purchase, and of the same length. 14. Treat!/ of Relinquishment. — At the same date as the above treaty, in the city of Washing- ton, Carey A. Harris, Commissioner, the Sacs and Foxes ceded to the United States all their right and interest in the country lying south of the boundary line between the Sacs and Foxes and Sioux, as described in the treaty of August 19, 1825. and between the Mississippi and Mis- souri Rivers, the United States paying for the same one hundred and sixty thousand dollars. The Indians also gave up all claims and interests under the treaties previously made with them, for the satisfaction of which no appropriations had been made. 15. Treat)/ of 1S4'^. — The last treaty was made with the Sacs and Foxes October 11, 1842 ; ratified March 23. 1843. It was made at the Sac and Fox agency (Agency City), by John Chambers, Commissioner on behalf of the United States. In this treaty the Sac and Fox Indians " ceded to the United States all their lands west of the Mississippi to which they had any claim or title." By the terms rf this treaty they were to be removed from the country at the expira- tion of three years, and all who remained after that were to move at their own expense. Part of them were removed to Kansas in the Fall of 1845, and the rest the Spring following. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 163 SPANISH GRANTS. While the territory now embraced in the State of Iowa was under Spanish rule as a part of its province of Louisiana, certain claims to and grants of land were made by the Spanish authorities, with which, in addition to the extinguishment of Indian titles, the United States had to deal. It is proper that these should be briefly reviewed. Dubuque. — On the 22d day of September, 1788, Julien Dubuque, a French- man, from Prairie du Chien, obtained from the Foxes a cession or lease of hxnds on the INIississippi River for mining purposes, on the site of the present city of Dubuque. Lead had been discovered here eight years before, in 1780, by the wife of Peosta Fox, a warrior, and Dubuque's claim embraced nearly all the lead bearing lands in that vicinity. He immediately took possession of his claim and commenced mining, at the same time making a settlement. The place became known as the "Spanish Miners," or, more commonly, "Dubuque's Lead Mines." In 1796, Dubuque filed a petition with Baron de Carondelet, the Spanish Governor of Louisiana, asking that the tract ceded to him by the Indians might be granted to him by patent from the Spanish Government. In this petition, Dubuque rather indefinitely set forth the boundaries of this claim as "about seven leagues along the Mississippi River, and three leagues in width from the river," intending to include, as is supposed, the river front between the Little Maquoketa and the Tete des Mertz Rivers, embracing more than twenty thou- sand acres. Carondelet granted the prayer of the petition, and the grant was subsequently confirmed by the Board of Land Commissioners of Louisiana. In October, 1804, Dubuque transferred the larger part of his claim to Auguste Choteau, of St. Louis, and on the 17th of May, 1805, he and Choteau jointly filed their claims with the Board of Commissioners. On the 20th of September, 1806, the Board decided in their favor, pronouncing the claim to be a regular Spanish grant, made and completed prior to the 1st day of October, 1800, only one member, J. B. C. Lucas, dissenting. Dubuque died March 24, 1810. The Indians, understanding that the claim of Dubuque under their former act of cession was only a permit to occupy the tract and work the mines during his life, and that at his death they reverted to them, took possession and continued mining operations, and were sustained by the military authority of the L^nited States, notwithstanding the decision of the Commissioners. When the Black Hawk purchase was consummated, the Du- buque claim thus held by the Indians was absorbed by the L^nited States, as the Sacs and Foxes made no reservation of it in the treaty of 1832. The heirs of Choteau, however, were not disposed to relinquish then' claim without a struggle. Late in 1832, they employed an agent to look after their interests, and authorized him to lease the right to dig lead on the lands. The miners who commenced work under this agent were compelled by the military to abandon their operations, and one of the claimants Avent to Galena to institute legal proceedings, but found no court of competent jurisdiction, although he did bring an action for the recovery of a quantity of lead dug at Dubuque, for the purpose of testing the title. Being unable to identify the lead, however, he was non-suited. By act of Congress, approved July 2, 1836, the town of Dubuque was sur- veyed and platted. After lots had been sold and occupied by the purchasers, Henry Choteau brought an action of ejectment against Patrick Malony, who 164 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. held land in Dubuque under a patent from the United States, for the recovery of seven^undivided eighth parts of the Dubuque claim, as purchased by Auguste Choteau in 1804. The case was tried in the District Court of the United States for the District of Iowa, and was decided adversely to the plaintiff. The case was carried to the Supreme Court of the United States on a writ of error, when it was heard at the December term, 1853, and the decision of the lower court was affirmed, the court holding that the permit from Carondolet was merely a lease or permit to work the mines ; that Dubuque asked, and the Governor of Louisiana granted, nothing more than the " peaceable possession " of certain lands obtained from the Indians ; that Carondelet had no legal authority to make snch a grant as claimed, and that, even if he had, this was but an " inchoate and imperfect title." Criard. — In 1795, the Lieutenant Governor of Upper Louisiana granted to Basil Giai'd five thousand eight hundred and sixty acres of land, in what is now Clayton County, known as the " Giarcl Tract." He occupied the land during the time that Iowa passed from Spain to France, and from France to the United States, in consideration of which the Federal Government granted a patent of the same to Giard in his own right. His heirs sold the whole tract to James H. Lockwood and Thomas P. Burnett, of Prairie du Chien, for three hundred dollars. Sonori. — March 30, 1799, Zenon Trudeau, Acting Lieutenant Governor of Upper Louisiana, granted to Louis Honori a tract of land on the site of the present town of Montrose, as follows : " It is permitted to Mr. Louis (Fresson) Henori, or Louis Honore Fesson, to establish himself at the head of the rapids of the River Des Moines, and his establishment once formed, notice of it shall be given to the Governor General, in order to obtain for him a commission of a space sufficient to give value to such establishment, and at the same time to render it useful to the commerce of the peltries of this country, to watch the Indians and keep them in the fidelity which they OAve to His Majesty." Honori took immediate possession of his claim, which he retained until 1805. While trading with the natives, he became indebted to Joseph Robedoux, who obtained an execution on Avhich the property was sold May 13, 1803, and was purchased by the creditor. In these proceedings the property was described as being " about six leagues above the River Des Moines." Robedoux died soon after he purchased the proprerty. Auguste Choteau, his executor, disposed of the Honori tract to Thomas F. Reddeck, in April, 1805, up to which time Honori continued to occupy it. The grant, as made by the Spanish government, was a league square, but only one mile square was confirmed by the Uuited States. After the half-breeds sold their lands, in which the Honori grant was included, various claimants resorted to litigation in attempts to invalidate the title of the Reddeck heirs, but it was finally confirmed by a decision of the Supreme Court of the United States in 1839, and is the oldest legal title to any land in the State of Iowa. THE HALF-BREED TRACT. Before any permanent settlement had been made in the Territory of Iowa, white adventurers, trappers and traders, many of whom were scattered along the Mississippi and its tributaries, as agents and employes of the American Fur Company, intermarried with the females of the Sac and Fox Indians, producing a race of half-breeds, whose number was never definitely ascertamed. There were some respectable and excellent people among them, children of men of some refinement and education. For instance : Dr. Muir, a gentleman educated HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 165 at Edinburgh, Scotland, a surgeon in the United States Army, stationed at a military post located on the present site of Warsaw, married an Indian woman, and reared his family of three daughters in the city of Keokuk. Other exam- ples might be cited, but they are probably exceptions to the general rule, and the race is now nearly or quite extinct in Iowa. A treaty Avas made at Washington, August 4, 1824, between the Sacs and Foxes and the United States, by which that portion of Lee County was reserved to the half-breeds of those tribes, and which was after >vard known as " The Half-Breed Tract." This reservation is the triangular piece of land, containing about 119,000 acres, lying between the Mississippi andDes Moines Rivers. It is bounded on the north by the prolongation of the northern line of Missouri. This line Avas intended to be a straight one, running due east, which would have caused it to strike the Mississippi River at or below Montrose ; but the surveyor who run it took no notice of the change in the variation of the needle as he proceeded eastward, and, in consequence, the line he run was bent, deviating more and more to the northward of a direct line as he approached the Mississippi, so that it struck that river at the lower edge of the town of Fort Madison. " This errone- ous line," says Judge Mason, "has been acquiesced in as well in fixing the northern limit of the Half-Breed Tract as in determining the northern boundary line of the State of Missouri." The line thus run included in the reservation a portion of the lower part of the city of Fort Madison, and all of the present townships of Van Buren, Charleston, Jefierson, Des Moines, Montrose and Jackson - Under the treaty of 1824, the half-breeds had the right to occupy the soil, but could not convey it, the reversion being reserved to the United States. But on the 30th day of January, 1834, by act of Congress, this reversionary right was relinquished, and the half-breeds acquired the lands in fee simple. This ,was no sooner done, than a horde of speculators rushed in to buy land of the half-breed owners, and, in many instances, a gun, a blanket, a pony or a few quarts of whisky was sufiicient for the purchase of large estates. There was a deal of sharp practice on both sides ; Indians Avould often claim ownership of land by virtue of being half-breeds, and had no difficulty in proving their mixed blood by the Indians, and they Avould then cheat the speculators by selling land to which they had no rightful title. On the other hand, speculators often claimed land in which they had no ownership. It was diamond cut diamond, until at last things became badly mixed. There were no authorized surveys, and no boundary lines to claims, and, as a natural result, numerous conflicts and quarrels ensued. To settle these difficulties, to decide the validity of claims or sell them for the benefit of the real owners, by act of the Legislature of Wisconsin Territory, approved January 16, 1838, Edward Johnstone, Thomas S. Wilson and David Brigham were appointed Commissioners, and clothed with power to effect these objects. The act provided that these Commissioners should be paid six dollars a day each. The commission entered upon its duties and continued until the next session of the Legislature, when the act creating it was repealed, invalidat- ing all that had been done and depriving the Commissioners of their pay. The repealing act, however, authorized the Commissioners to commence action against the owners of the Half-Breed Tract, to receive pay for their services, in the Dis- trict Court of Lee County. Two judgments were obtained, and on execution the whole of the tract Avas sold to Hugh T. Rcid, the Sheriff executing the deed. Mr. Reid sold portions of it to various parties, but his OAvn title Avas questioned and he became involved in litigation. Decisions in favor of Reid 166 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. and those holding under him were made by both District and Supreme Courts, but in December, 1850, these decisions were finally reversed by the Supreme Court of the United States in the case of Joseph Webster, plaintiff in error, vs. Hugh T. Reid, and the judgment titles failed. About nine years before the "judgment titles " were finally abrogated as above, another class of titles were brought into competition with them, and in the conflict between the two, the final decision was obtained. These were the titles based on the " decree of partition " issued by the United States District Court for the Territory of Iowa, on the 8th of May, 1841, and certified to by the Clerk on the 2d day of June of that year. Edward Johnstone and Hugh T. Reid, then law partners at Fort Madison, filed the petition for the decree in behalf of the St. Louis claimants of half-breed lands. "Francis S. Key, author of the Star Spangled Banner, who was then attorney for the New York Land Company, which held heavy interests in these lands, took a leading part in the measure, and drew up the document in which it was presented to the court. Judge Charles Mason, of Burlington, pre- sided. The plan of partition divided the tract into one hundred and one shares and arranged that each claimant should draw his proportion by lot, and should abide the result, whatever it might be. The arrangement was entered into, the lots drawn, and the plat of the same filed in the Recorder's office, October 6, 1841. Upon this basis the titles to land in the Half-Breed Tract are now held. EARLY SETTLEMENTS. The first permanent settlement by the whites within the limits of Iowa was made by Julien Dubuque, in 1788, when, with a small party of miners, he set- tled on the site of the city that now bears his name, where he lived until his death, in 1810. Louis Honori settled on the site of the present town of Mon- trose, probably in 1799, and resided there until 1805, when his property passed into other hands. Of the Giard settlement, opposite Prairie du Chien, little is known, except that it was occupied by some parties prior to the commencement of the present century, and contained three cabins in 1805. Indian traders, although not strictly to be considered settlers, had established themselves at various points at an early date. A Mr. Johnson, agent of the American Fur Company, had a trading post below Burlington, where he carried on traffic with the Indians some time before the United States possessed the country. In 1820, Le Moliese, a French trader, had a station at what is now Sandusky, six miles above Keokuk, in Lee County. In 1829, Dr. Isaac Gallaud made a set- tlement on the Lower Rapids, at what is now Nashville. The first settlement in Lee County was made in 1820, by Dr. Samuel C. Muir, a surgeon in the United States army, who had been stationed at Fort Edv/ards, now Warsaw, 111., and who built a cabin where the city of Keokuk now stands. Dr. Muir was a man of strict integrity and irreproachable char- acter. While stationed at a military post on the Upper Mississippi, he had married an Indian woman of the Fox nation. Of his marriage, the following romantic account is given : The post at which he was stationed was yisitod by a beautiful Indian maiden — whose native name, unfortunately, has not been preserved — who, in her dreams, had seen a white brave un- moor his canoe, paddle it across the river and come directly to her lodge. She felt assured, according to the superstitious belief of her race, that, in her dreams, she had seen her future husband, and had come to the fort to iind him. Meeting Dr. Muir, she instantly recognized him as the hei'O of her dream, which, with childlike innocence and simplicity, she related lo him. Her dream was, indeed, prophetic. Charmed with Sophia's beauty, innocence and devo- tion, the doctor honorably married her; but after a while, the sneers and gibes of his brother HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 167 officers — less honorable than he, perhaps— made him feel ashamed of his dark-skinned wife, and when his regiment was ordered down the river, to Bellefontaine, it is said he embraced the opportunity to rid himself of her, and left her, never expecting to see her again, and little dreaming thai, she would have the courage to follow him. But, with her infant child, this in- trepid wife and mother started alone in her canoe, and, after many days of weary labor and a lonely journey of nine hundred miles, she, at last, reached him. She afterward remarked, when speaking of this toilsome journey down the river in search of her husband, " When I got there I was all perished away — so thin ! " The doctor, touched by .such unexampled devotion, took her to liis heart, and ever after, until his death, treated her with marked respect. She always pre- sided at bistable with grace and dignity, but never abandoned her native style of dress. In 1819-20, he was stationed at Fort Edward, but the senseless ridicule of some of his brother ofBcers on account of his Indian wife induced him to resign his commission. After building his cabin, as above stated, he leased his claim for a term of years to Otis Reynolds and John Culver, of St. Louis, and went to La Pointe, afterward Galena, where he practiced his profession for ten years, when he returned to Keokuk. His Indian wife bore to him four children — Louise (married at Keokuk, since dead), James, (drowned at Keokuk), Mary and Sophia. Dr. Muir died suddenly of cholera, in 1832, but left his property m such condition that it was soon wasted in vexatious litigation, and his brave and faithful wife, left friendless and penniless, became discouraged, and, with her children, disappeared, and, it is said, returned to her people on the Upper Missouri. Messrs. Reynolds & Culver, who had leased Dr. Muir's claim at Keokuk, subsequently employed as their agent Mr. Moses Stillwell, Avho arrived with his family in 1828, and took possession of Muir's cabin. His brothers-in-law, Amos and Valencourt Van Ansdal, came with him and settled near. His daughter, Margaret Stillwell (afterward Mrs. Ford) was born in 1831, at the foot of the rapids, called by the Indians Puch-a-she-tuck, where Keokuk now stands. She was probably the first white American child born in Iowa. In 1831, Mr. Johnson, Agent of the American Fur Company, who had a station at the foot of the rapids, removed to another location, and, Dr. Muir having returned from Galena, he and Isaac R. Campbell took the place and buildings vacated by the Company and carried on trade with the Indians and half-breeds. Campbell, who had first visited and traveled through the southern part of Iowa, in 1821, was an enterprising settler, and besides trading with the natives carried on a farm and kept a tavern. Dr. Muir died of cholera in 1832. In 1830, James L. and Lucius H. Langworthy, brothers and natives of Verrtiont, visited the Territory for the purpose of working the lead mines at Du- buque. They had been engaged in lead mining at Galena, Illinois, the former from as early as 1824. The lead mines in the Dubuque region were an object of great interest to the miners about Galena, for they Avere known to be rich in lead ore. To explore these mines and to obtain permission to work them was therefore eminently desirable. In 1829, James L. Langworthy resolved to visit the Dubuque mines. Cross- ing the Mississippi at a point now known as Dunleith, in a canoe, and swim- ming his horse by his side, he landed on the spot now knoAvn as Jones Street Levee. Before him spread out a beautiful prairie, on which the city of Du- buque now stands. Two miles south, at the mouth of Catfish Creek, was a vil- lage of Sacs and Foxes. Thither Mr. Langworthy proceeded, and was well re- ceived by the natives. He endeavored to obtain permission from them to mine in their hills, but this they refused. He, however, succeeded in gaining the con- fidence of the chief to such an extent as to be allowed to travel in the interior for three weeks and explore the country. He employed two young Indians as guides, and traversed in diiforent directions the whole region lying between the Maquoketa and Turkey Rivers. He returned to the village, secured the good will of the Indians, and, returning to Galena, formed plans for future opera- tions, to be executed as soon as circumstances would permit. 168 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. In 1830, with his brother, Lucius H., and others, having obtained the con- sent of the Indians, Mr. Langworthy crossed the Mississippi and commenced mining in the vicinity around Dubuque. At this time, the lands were not in the actual possession of the United States. Although they had been purchased from France, the Indian title had not been extinguished, and these adventurous persons were beyond the limits of any State or Territorial government. The first settlers were therefore obliged to be their own law-makers, and to agree to such regulations as the exigencies of the case demanded. The first act resembling civil legislation within the limits of the present State of Iowa was done by the miners at this point, in June, 1830. They met on the bank of the river, by the side of an old cottonwood drift log, at what is now the Jones Street Levee, Dubuque, and elected a Committee, con- sisting of J. L. Langworthy, H. F. Lander, James McPhetres, Samuel Scales, and E. M. Wren. This may be called the first Legislature in Iowa, the mem- bers of which gathered around that old cottonwood log, and agreed to and re- ported the following, written by Mr. Langworthy, on a half sheet of coarse, un- ruled paper, the old log being the writing desk : We, a Comniiltee having been chosen to draft certain rules and regulations (laws) by which we as miners will be governed, and having duly considered the subject, do unanimously agree that we will be governed by the regulations on the east side of the Mississippi River,* with the following exceptions, to wit : Afticl-r I. That each and every man shall hold 200 yards square of ground by working said ground one day in six. Articlf- If. AVe further agree that there shall be chosen, by the majority of the miners present, a person who shall hold this article, and who shall grant letters of arbitration on appli- cation having been made, and that said letters of arbitration shall be obligatory on the parties so applying. The report was accepted by the miners present, who elected Dr. Jarote, in accordance with Article 2. Here, then, we have, in 1830, a primitive Legisla- ture elected by the people, the law drafted by it being submitted to the people for approval, and under it Dr. Jarote was elected first Governor within the limits of the present State of Iowa. And it is to be said that the laws thus enacted were as promptly obeyed, and the acts of the executive officer thus elected as duly respected, as any have been since. The miners who had thus erected an independent government of their own on the west side of the Mississippi River continued to work successfully for a long time, and the new settlement attracted considerable attention. But the west side of the Mississippi belonged to the Sac and Fox Indians, and the Gov- ernment, in order to preserve peace on the frontier, as well as to protect the Indians in their rights under the treaty, ordered the settlers not only to stop mining, but to remove from the Indian territory. They were simply intruders. The execution of this order was entrusted to Col. Zachary Taylor, then in com- mand of the military post at Prairie du Chien, who, early in July, sent an officer to the miners with orders to forbid settlement, and to command the miners to remove within ten days to the east side of the Mississippi, or they would be driven off" by armed force. The miners, however, were reluctant about leaving the rich " leads " they had already discovered and opened, and were not dis- posed to obey the order to remove with any considerable degree of alacrity. In due time. Col. Taylor dispatched a detachment of troops to enforce his order. The miners, anticipating their arrival, had, excepting three, recrossed the river, and from the east bank saw the troops land on the western shore. The three Avho had lingered a little too long Avere, however, permitted to make their escape * Established by the Superintendent of U. S. Lead Mines at Fever River. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 169 unmolested. From this time, a military force was stationed at Dubuque to prevent the settlers from returning, until June, 1832. The Indians returned, and were encouaged to operate the rich mines opened by the late white occupants. In June, 1832, the troops were ordered to the east side to assist in the annihilation of the very Indians whose rights they had been protecting on the west side. Immediately after the close of the Black Hawk war, and the negotia- tions of the treaty in September, 1832, by which the Sacs and Foxes ceded to the United States the tract known as the "Black Hawk Purchase," the set- tlers, supposing that now they had a right to re-enter the territory, returned and took possession of their claims, built cabins, erected furnaces and prepared large quantities of lead for market. Dubuque was becoming a noted place on the river, but the prospects of the hardy and enterprising settlers and miners were again ruthlessly interfered with by the Government, on the ground that the treaty with the Indians would not go into force until June 1, 1833, although they had withdrawn from the vicinity of the settlement. Col. Taylor was again ordered by the War Department to remove the miners, and in January, 1833, troops were again sent from Prairie du Chien to Dubuque for that purpose. This was a serious and perhaps unnecessary hardship imposed upon the settlers. They were compelled to abandon their cabins and homes in mid-winter. It must now be said, simply, that "red tape" should be respected. The purchase had been made, the treaty ratified, or was sure to be ; the Indians had retired, and, after the lapse of nearly fifty years, no very satisfactory reason for this rigorous action of the Government can be given. But the orders had been given, and there was no alternative but to obey. Many of the settlers recrossed the river, and did not return ; a few, however, removed to an island near the east bank of the river, built rude cabins of poles, in which to store their lead until Spring, when they could float the fruits of their labor to St. Louis for sale, and where they could remain until the treaty went into force, when they could return. Among these were James L. Lang- worthy, and his brother Lucius, who had on hand about three hundred thousand pounds of lead. Lieut. Covington, who had been placed in command at Dubuque by Col. Taylor, ordered some of the cabins of the settlers to be torn down, and wagons and other property to be destroyed. This wanton and inexcusable action on the part of a subordinate clothed with a little brief authority was stei'nly rebuked by Col. Taylor, and Covington was superseded by Lieut. George Wil- son, who pursued a just and friendly course with the pioneers, who were only waiting for the time when they could repossess their claims. June 1, 1833, the treaty formally went into effect, the troops were withdrawn, and the Langworthy brothers and a few others at once returned and resumed possession of their home claims and mineral prospects, and from this time the first permanent settlement of this portion of Iowa must date. Mr. John P. Sheldon was appointed Superintendent of the mines by the Government, and a system of permits to miners and licenses to smelters was adopted, similar to that which had been in operation at Galena, since 1825, under Lieut. Martin Thomas and Capt. Thomas C. Legate. Substantially the primitive law enacted by the miners assembled around that old cottonwood drift log in 1830 was adopted and enforced by the United States Government, except that miners were required to sell their mineral to licensed smelters and the smelter was required to give bonds for the payment of six per cent, of all lead manufactured to the Government. This was the same rule adopted in the United States mines on Fever River in 170 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. Illinois, except that, until 1830, the Illinois miners were compelled to pay 10 per cent. tax. This tax upon the miners created much dissatisfaction among the miners on the west side as it had on the east side of the Mississippi. They thought they had suffered hardships and privations enough in opening the way for civilization, without being subjected to the imposition of an odious Govern- ment tax upon their means of subsistence, when the Federal Government could better afford to aid than to extort from them. The measure soon became unpop- ular. It was difficult to collect the taxes, and the whole system was abolished in about ten years. During 1833, after the Indian title was fully extinguished, about five hun- dred people arrived at the mining district, about one hundred and fifty of them from Galena. In the same year, Mr. Langworthy assisted in building the first school house in Iowa, and thus was formed the nucleus of the now populous and thriving City of Dubuque. Mr. Langworthy lived to see the naked prairie on which he first landed become the site of a city of fifteen thousand inhabitants, the small school house Avhich he aided in constructing replaced by three substantial edifices, wherein two thousand children Avere being trained, churches erected in every part of the city, and railroads connecting the wilderness which he first explored with all the eastern world. . He died suddenly on the 13th of March, 1865, while on a trip over the Dubuque & Southwestern Railroad, at Monticello,. and the evening train brought the news of his death and his remains. Lucius H. Langworthy, his brother, was one of the most worthy, gifted and influential of the old settlers of this section of Iowa. He died, greatly lamented by many friends, in June, 1865. The name Dubuque was given to the settlement by the miners at a meeting held in 1834. In 1832, Captain James White made a claim on the present site of Montrose. In 1834, a military post was established at this point, and a garrison of cavalry was stationed here, under the command of Col. Stephen W. Kearney. The soldiers were removed from this post to Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, in 1837. During the same year, 1832, soon after the close of the Black Hawk War, Zachariah Hawkins, Benjamin Jennings, Aaron White, Augustine Horton, Samuel Gooch, Daniel Thompson and Peter Williams made claims at Fort Madison. In 1833, these claims were purchased by John and Nathaniel Knapp, upon which, in 1835, they laid out the town. The next Summer, lots were sold. The town was subsequently re-surveyed and platted by the United States Government. At the close of the Black Hawk War. parties who had been impatiently looking across upon "Flint Hills," now Burlington, came over from Illinois and made claims The first was Samuel S. White, in the Fall of 1832, who erected a cabin on the site of the city of Burlington. About the same time, David Tothero made a claim on the prairie about three miles back from the river, at a place since known as the farm of Judge Morgan. In the Winter of that year, they were driven off by the military from Rock Island, as intruders upon the rights of the Indians, and White's cabin was burnt by the soldiers. He retired to Illinois, where he spent the Winter, and in the Summer, as soon as the Indian title was extinguished, returned and rebuilt his cabin. White was joined by his brother-in-law, Doolittle, and they laid out the original town of Burlington in 1834. All along the river borders of the Black Hawk Purchase settlers were flocking into Iowa. Immediately after the treaty with the Sacs and Foxes, in Septem- HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 171 ber, 1832, Col. George Davenport made the first claim on the spot where the thriving city of Davenport now stands. As early as 1827, Col. Davenport had established a flatboat ferry, which ran between the island and the main shore of Iowa, by which he carried on a trade with the Indians west of the Mississippi. In 1833, Capt. Benjamin W. Clark moved across from Illinois, and laid the foundation of the town of Buffalo, in Scott County, which was the first actual settlement within the limits of that county. Among other early settlers in this part of the Territory were Adrian H. Davenport, Col. John Sullivan, Mulli- gan and Franklin Easly, Capt. John Coleman, J. M. Camp, William White, H. W. Higgins, Cornelius Harrold, Richard Harrison, E. H. Shepherd and Dr. E. S. Barrows. The first settlers of Davenport were Antoine LeClaire, Col. George Daven- port, Major Thomas Smith, Major William Gordon, Philip Hambough, Alexan- der W. McGregor, Levi S. Colton, Capt. James May and others. Of Antoine LeClaire, as the representative of the two races of men who at this time occu- pied Iowa, Hon. C. C. Nourse, in his admirable Centennial Address, says : "• Antoine LeClaire was born at St. Joseph, Michigan, in 1797. His father was French, his mother a granddaughter of a PottoAvatomie chief. In 1818, he acted as official interpreter to Col. Davenport, at Fort Armstrong (now Rock Island). He was well acquainted with a dozen Indian dialects, and was a man of strict integrity and great energy. In 1820, he married the granddaughter of a Sac chief. The Sac and Fox Indians reserved for him and his wife two sections of land in the treaty of 1833, one at the town of LeClaire and one at Davenport. The Pottawatomies, in the treaty at Prairie du Chien, also reserved for him two sections of land, at the present site of Moline, 111. He received the appointment of Postmaster and Justice of the Peace in the Black Hawk Purchase, at an early day. In 1833, ho bought for $100 a claim on the land upon which the original town of Davenport was surveyed and platted in 1836. In 1836, LeClaire built the hotel, known since, with its valuable addi- tion, as the LeClaire House. He died September 25, 1861." In Clayton County, the first settlement was made in the Spring of 1832, on Turkey River, by Robert Hatfield and William W. Wayman. No further settlement was made in this part of the State till the beginning of 1836. In that portion now known as Muscatine County, settlements were made in 1831, by Benjamin Nye, John Vanater and G. W. Kasey, who were the first settlers. E. E. Fay, William St. John, N. Fullington, H. Reece, Jona Petti- bone, R. P. Lowe, Stephen Whicher, Abijah Whiting, J. E. Fletcher, W. D. Abernethy and Alexis Smith were early settlers of Muscatine. During the Summer of 1835, William Bennett and his family, from Galena, built the first cabin within the present limits of Delaware County, in some timber since known as Eads' Grove. The first post ofiice in Iowa was established at Dubuque in 1833. Milo H. Prentice was appointed Postmaster. The first Justice of the Peace was Antoine Le Claire, appointed in 1833, as " a very suitable person to adjust the difficulties between the white settlers and the Indians still remainmg there." The first Methodist Society in the Territory was formed at Dubuque on the 18th of May, 1834, and the first class meeting was held June 1st of that year. The first church bell brought into Iowa was in March, 1834. The first mass of the Roman Catholic Church in the Territory was celebrated at Dubuque, in the house of Patrick Quigley, in the Fall of 1833. 172 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. The first school house in the Territory was erected by the Dubuque miners in 1833. The first Sabbath school was organized at Dubuque early in the Summer of 1834. The first woman who came to this part of the Territory with a view to per- manent residence was Mrs. Noble F. Dean, in the Fall of 1832. The first family that lived in this part of Iowa was that of Hosea T. Camp, in 1832. The first meeting house was built by the Methodist Episcopal Church, at Dubuque, in 1834. The first newspaper in Iowa was the Dubuque Visitor, issued May 11th, 1836. John King, afterward Judge King, was editor, and William C. Jones, printer. The pioneers of Iowa, as a class, were brave, hardy, intelligent and enterprising people. As early as 1824, a French trader named Hart had established a trading post, and built a cabin on the bluffs above the large spring now known as " Mynster Spring," within the limits of the present city of Council Bluffs, and had probably been there some time, as the post was known to the employes of the American Fur Company as Laeote de Hart, or " Hart's Bluff." In 1827, an agent of the American Fur Company, Francis Guittar, Avith others, encamped in the timber at the foot of the bluffs, about on the present location of Broad- way, and afterward settled there. In 1839, a block house was built on the bluff in the east part of the city. The Pottawatomie Indians occupied this part of the State until 1846-7, when they relinquished the territory and removed to Kansas. Billy Caldwell was then principal chief. There were no white settlers in that part of the State except Indian traders, until the arrival of the Mormons under the lead of Brigham Young. These people on their way westAvard halted for the Winter of 1846-7 on the west bank of the Missouri River, about five miles above Omaha, at a place now called Florence. Some of them had reached the eastern bank of the river the Spring before, in season to plant a crop. In the Spring of 1847, Young and a portion of the colony pursued their journey to Salt Lake, but a large portion of them returned to the Iowa side and settled mainly within the limits of Pottawattamie County. The principal settle- ment of this strange community was at a place first called "Miller's Hollow," on Indian Creek, and afterward named Kanesville, in honor of Col. Kane, of Pennsylvania, who visited them soon afterward. The Mormon settlement extended over the county and into neighboring counties, wherever timber and water furnished desirable locations. Orson Hyde, priest, lawyer and editor, was installed as President of the Quorum of Twelve, and all that part of the State remained under Mormon control for several years. In 1846, they raised a bat- talion, numbering some five hundred men, for the Mexican war. In 1848, Hyde started a paper called the Frontier Gruardian, at Kanesville. In 1849, after many of the faithful had left to join Brigham Young at Salt Lake, the Mormons in this section of Iowa numbered 6,552, and in 1850, 7,828, but they were not all Avithin the limits of Pottawattamie County. This county was organized in 1848, all the first officials being Mormons. In 1852, the order was promulgated that all the true believers should gather together at Salt Lake. Gentiles flocked in, and in a few years nearly all the first settlers were gone. May 9, 1843, Captain James Allen, with a small detachment of troops on board the steamer lone, arrived at the present site of the capital of the State, Des Moines. The lone was the first steamer to ascend the Des Moines River to this point. The troops and stores Avere landed at what is noAV the foot of HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 173 Court avenue, Des Moines, and Capt. Allen returned in the steamer to Fort Sanford to arrange for bringing up more soldiers and supplies. In due time they, too, arrived, and a fort was built near the mouth of Raccoon Fork, at its confluence with the Des Moines, and named Fort Des Moines. Soon after the arrival of the troops, a trading post was established on the east side of the river, by two noted Indian traders named Ewing, from Ohio. Among the first settlers in this part of Iowa were Benjamin Bryant, J. B. Scott, James Drake (gunsmith), John Sturtevant, Robert Kinzie, Alexander Turner, Peter Newcomer, and others. The Western States have been settled by many of the best and most enter- prising men of the older States, and a large immigration of the best blood of the Old World, who, removing to an arena of larger opportunities, in a more fertile soil and congenial climate, have developed a spirit and an energy peculiarly Western. In no country on the globe have enterprises of all kinds been pushed forward with such rapidity, or has there been such independence and freedom of competition. Among those who have pioneered the civiliza- tion of the West, and been the founders of great States, none have ranked higher in the scale of intelligence and moral worth than the pioneers of Iowa, who came to the territory when it was an Indian country, and through hardship, privation and suffering, laid the foundations of the populous and prosperous commonwealth which to-day dispenses its blessings to a million and a ci[uarter of people. From her first settlement and from her first organization as a terri- tory to the present day, Iowa has had able men to manage her affairs, wise statesmen to shape her destiny and frame her laws, and intelligent and impartial jurists to administer justice to her citizens ; her bar, pulpit and press have been able and widely influential ; and in all the professions, arts, enterprises and industries which go to make up a great and prosperous commonwealth, she has taken and holds a front rank among her sister States of the West. TERRITORIAL HISTORY. By act of Congress, approved October 31, 1803, the President of the United States was authorized to take possession of the territory included in the Louisiana purchase, and provide for a temporary government. By another act of the same session, approved March 26, 1804, the newly acquired country was divided, October 1, 1804 into the Territory of Orleans, south of the thirty-third parallel of north latitude, and the district of Louisiana, which latter was placed under the authority of the officers of Indiana Territory. In 1805, the District of Louisiana was organized as a Territory with a gov- ernment of its own. In 1807, Iowa was included in the Territory of Illinois, and in 1812 in the Territory of Missouri. When Missouri was admitted as a State, March 2, 1821, " Iowa," says Hon. C. C. Nourse, "was left a political orphan," until by act of Congress, approved June 28, 1834, the Black Hawk purchase having been made, all the territory west of the Mississippi and north of the northern boundary of Missouri, was made a part of Michigan Territory. Up to this time there had been no county or other organization in what is now the State of Iowa, although one or two Justices of the Peace had been appointed and a post office was established at Dubuque in 1833. In September, 1834, however, the Territorial Legislature of Michigan created two counties on the west side of the Mississippi River, viz. : Dubuque and Des Moines, separated by a line drawn westward from the foot of Rock Island. These counties were 174 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. partially organized. Jolm King -was appointed Chief Justice of Dubuque County, and Isaac Leffler, of Burlington, of Des Moines County. Two Associate Justices, in each county, were appointed by the Governor. On the first Monday in October, 1835, Gen. George W. Jones, now a citi- zen of Dubuque, was elected a Delegate to Congress from this part of Michigan Territory. On the 20th of April, 1836, through the efforts of Gen. Jones, Congress passed a bill creating the Territory of Wisconsin, which went into operation, July 4, 1836, and Iowa was then included in THE TERRITORY OF WISCONSIN, of which Gen. Henry Dodge was appointed Governor: John S. Horner, Secre- tary of the Territory ; Charles Dunn, Chief Justice ; David Irwin and William C. Frazer, Associate Justices. September 9, 1836, Governor Dodge ordered the census of the new Territory to be taken. This census resulted in showing a population of 10,531 in the counties of Dubuque and Des Moines. Under the apportionment, these two counties were entitled to six members of the Council and thirteen of the House of Representatives. The Governor issued his proclamation for an election to be held on the first Monday of October, 1836, on which day the following members of the First Territorial Legislature of Wisconsin were elected from the two counties in the Black Hawk purchase : Dubuque County. — Council : John Fally. Thomas McKnight, Thomas Mc- Craney. House: Loring Wheeler, Hardin Nowlan, Peter Hill Engle, Patrick Quigley, Hosea T. Camp. Des Moines County. — Council: Jeremiah Smith, Jr., Joseph B. Teas, Arthur B. Ingram. House: Isaac Leffler, Thomas Blair, Warren L. Jenkins, John Box, George W. Teas, Eli Reynolds, David R. Chance. The first Legislature assembled at Belmont, in the present State of Wiscon- sin, on the 25th day of October, 1836. and was organized by electing Henry T. Baird President of the Council, and Peter Hill Engle, of Dubuque, Speaker of the House. It adjourned December 9, 1836. The second Legislature assembled at Burlington, November 10, 1837. Adjourned January 20, 1838. The third session was at Burlington ; com- menced June 1st, and adjourned June 12, 1838. During the first session of the Wisconsin Territorial Legislature, in 1836, the county of Des Moines was divided into Des Moines, Lee, Van Buren, Henry, Muscatine and Cook (the latter being subsequently changed to Scott) and defined their boundaries. During the second session, out of the territory embraced in Dubuque County, were created the counties of Dubuque, Clayton, Fayette, Delaware. Buchanan, Jackson, Jones, Linn, Clinton and Cedar, and their boun- daries defined, but the most of them were not organized until several years afterward, under the authority of the Territorial Legislature of Iowa. The question of a separate territorial organization for Iowa, which was then a part of Wisconsin Territory, began to be agitated early in the Autumn of 1837. The wishes of the people found expression in a convention held at Bur- lington on the 1st of November, which memorialized Congress to organize a Territory west of the Mississippi, and to settle the boundary line between Wis- consin Territory and Missouri. The Territorial Legislature of Wisconsin, then in session at Burlington, joined in the petition. Gen. George W. Jones, of Dubuque, then residing at Sinsinawa Mound, in what is now Wisconsin, was Delegate to Congress from Wisconsin Territory, and labored so earnestly and successfully, that " An act to divide the Territory of Wisconsin, and to estab- HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 175 lish the Territorial Government of Iowa," was approved June 12, 1838, to take effect and be in force on and after July 3, 1838. The new Territory embraced "all that part of the present Territory of Wisconsin which lies west of the Mis- sissippi River, and west of a line drawn due north from the head water or sources of the Mississippi to the territorial line." The organic act provided for a Governor, whose terra of office should be three years, and for a Secretary, Chief Justice, two Associate Justices, and Attorney and Marshal, who should serve four years, to be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. The act also provided for the election, by the white male inhabitants, citizens of the United States, over twenty-one yeurs of ac^e, of a House of Representatives, consisting of twenty-six members, and a Council' to consist of thirteen members. It also appropriated |5,000 for a public library, and 120,000 for the erection of public buildings. President Van Buren appointed Ex-Governor Robert Lucas, of Ohio, to be the first Governor of the new Territory. William B. Conway, of Pittsburgh, was appointed Secretary of the Territory; Charles Mason, of Burlington^ Chief Justice, and Thomas S. Wilson, of Dubuque, and Joseph Williams, of Pennsylvania, Associate Judges of the Supreme and District Courts; Mr. Var, Allen, of New York, Attorney; Francis Gehon, of Dubuque, Marshal; Au gustus C. Dodge, Register of the Land Office at Burlington, and Thomas Me- Knight, Receiver of the Land Office at Dubuque. Mr. Van Allen, the District Attorney, died at Rockingham, soon after his appointment, and Col. CharleM Weston was appointed to fill his vacancy. Mr. Conway, the Secretary, also died at Burlington, during the second session of the Legislature, and Jamen Clarke, editor of the Gazette, was appointed to succeed him. Immediately after his arrival, Governor Lucas issued a proclamation for tho election of members of the first Territorial Legislature, to be held on the lOtk of September, dividing the Territory into election districts for that purpose, and appointing the 12th day of November for meeting of the Legislature to bo elected, at Burlington. The first Territorial Legislature was elected in September and assembled al; Burlington on the 12th of November, and consisted of the following members : CoM7i(7z7.— Jesse B. Brown, J. Keith, E. A. M. Swazey, Arthur Ingram, Robert Ralston, George Hepner, Jesse J. Payne, D. B. Hughes, James M- Clark, Charles Whittlesey, Jonathan W. Parker, Warner Lewis, Stephen Hempstead. Rouse. — William Patterson, Hawkins Taylor, Calvin J. Price, James Brierly, James Hall, Gideon S. Bailey, Samuel Parker, James W. Grimes, George Temple, Van B. Delashmutt, Thomas Blair, George H. Beeler,"' William G. Coop, William H. Wallace, Asbury B. Porter, John Frierson, William L. Toole, Levi Thornton, S. C. Hastings, Robert G. Roberts, Laurel Summers,t Jabez A. Burchard, Jr., Chauncey Swan, Andrew Bankson, Thomas Cox and Hardin Nowlin. Notwithstanding a large majority of the members of both branches of the Legislature were Democrats, yet Gen. Jesse B. Browne (Whig), of Lee County, was elected President of the Council, and Hon. William H. Wallace (Whio-), of Henry County, Speaker of the House of Representatives — the former unani- mously and the latter with bu5 little opposition. At that time, national politics * Cyrus S. Jacobs, who was elected for Pes Moines County, wa9 killed in an unfortunate encounter at Burlington before the meeting of the Legishiture, and Mr. Beeler was elected to fill the vacancy. t Samuel R. Murray was returned us elected from Cliutoa County, but his seat was successfullv contested bv xJurcLard. ■' 176 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. were little heeded by the people of the new Territory, but in 1840, during the Presidential campaign, party lines were strongly drawn. At the election in September, 1838, for members of the Legislature, a Con- gressional Delegate was also elected. There were four candidates, viz. : William W. Chapman and David Rohrer, of Des Moines County ; B. F. Wallace, of Henry County, and P. H. Engle, of Dubuque County. Chapman was elected, receiving a majority of thirty-six over Engle. The first session of the Iowa Territorial Legislature was a stormy and excit- ing one. By the organic law, the Qovernor was clothed with almost unlimited veto power. Governor Lucas seemed disposed to make free use of it, and the independent Hawkeyes could not quietly submit to arbitrary and absolute rule, and the result was an unpleasant controversy between the Executive and Legis- lative departments. Congress, however, by act approved March 3, 1839, amended the organic law by restricting the veto power of the Governor to the two-thirds rule, and took from him the power to appoint Sheriffs and Magistrates. Among the first important matters demanding attention was the location of the seat of government and provision for the erection of public buildings, for which Congress had appropriated f 20,000. Governor Lucas, in his message, had recommended the appointment of Commissioners, witR a view to making a central location. The extent of the future State of Iowa was not known or thought of. Only on a strip of land fifty miles wide, bordering on the Missis- sippi River, was the Indian title extinguished, and a central location meant some central point in the Black Hawk Purchase. The friends of a central location supported the Governor's suggestion. The southern members were divided between Burlington and Mount Pleasant, but finally united on the latter as the proper location for the seat of government. The central and southern parties were very nearly equal, and, in consequence, much excitement prevailed. The central party at last triumphed, and on the 21st day of January, 1839, an act was passed, appointing Chauncey Swan, of Dubuque County ; John Ronalds, of Louisa County, and Robert Ralston, of Des Moines County, Commissioners, to select a site for a permanent seat of Government within the limits of John- son County. Johnson County had been created by act of the Territorial Legislature of Wisconsin, approved December 21, 1837, and organized by act passed at the special session at Burlington in June, 1838, the organization to date from July 4th, following. Napoleon, on the Iowa River, a few miles below the future Iowa City, was designated as the county seat, temporarily. Then there existed good reason for locating the capital in the county. The Territory of Iowa was bounded on the north by the British Possessions ; east, by the Mississippi River to its source ; thence by a line drawn due north to the northern boundary of the United States; south, by the State of Missouri, and west, by the Missouri and White Earth Rivers. But this immense territory was in un- disputed possession of the Indians, except a sti-ip on the Mississippi, known as the Black Hawk Purchase. Johnson County was, from north to south, in the geographical center of this purchase, and as near the east and west geographical center of the future State of Iowa as could then be made, as the boundary line between the lands of the United States and the Indians, established by the treaty of October 21, 1837, was immediately west of the county limits. The Commissioners, after selecting the site, were directed to lay out 640 acres into a town, to be called Iowa City, and to proceed to sell lots and erect public buildings thereon, Congress having granted a section of land to be selected by the Territory for this purpose. The Commissioners met at Napo- HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 177 leon, Johnson County, May 1, 1839, selected for a site Section 10, in Town- ship 79 North of Range 6 West of the Fifth Principal Meridian, and immedi- ately surveyed it and laid off the town. The first sale of lots took place August 16, 1839, The site selected for the public buildings was a little west of the geographical center of the section, where a square of ten acres on the elevated grounds overlooking the river was reserved for the purpose. The capitol is located in the center of this square. The second Territorial Legislature, which assembled in November, 1839, passed an act requiring the Commissioners to adopt such plan for the building that the aggregate cost when complete should not exceed $51,000, and if they had already adopted a plan involving a greater expenditure they were directed to abandon it. Plans for the building were designed and drawn by Mr. John F. Rague, of Springfield, 111., and on the 4th day of July, 1840, the corner stone of the edifice was laid with appropriate ceremonies. Samuel C. Trowbridge was Marshal of the day, and Gov. Lucas delivered the address on that occasion. When the Legislature assembled at Burlington in special session, July 13, 1840, Gov. Lucas announced that on the 4th of that month he had visited Iowa City, and found the basement of the capitol nearly completed. A bill author- izing a loan of $20,000 for the building was passed, January 15, 1841, the unsold lots of Iowa City being, the security offered, but only $5,500 was obtained under the act. THE BOUNDARY QUESTION. The boundary line between the Territory of Iowa and the State of Missouri was a difficult question to settle in 1838, in consequence of claims arising from taxes and titles, and at one time civil war was imminent. In defining the boundaries of the counties bordering on Missouri, the Iowa authorities had fixed a line that has since been established as the boundary between Iowa and Mis- souri. The Constitution of Missouri defined her northern boundary to be the parallel of latitude which passes through the rapids of the Des Moines River. The lower rapids of the Mississippi immediately above the mouth of the Des Moines River had always been known as the Des Moines Rapids, or "the rapids of the Des Moines River." The Missourians (evidently not well versed in history or geography) insisted on running the northern boundary line from the rapids in the Des Moines River, just below Keosauqua, thus taking from Iowa a strip of territory eight or ten miles wide. Assuming this as her northern boundary line, Missouri attempted to exercise jurisdiction over the disputed territory by assessing taxes, and sending her Sheriil's to collect them by distraining the personal property of the settlers. The lowans, however, were not disposed to submit, and the Missouri officials were arrested by the Sheriffs of Davis and Van Buren Counties and confined in jail. Gov. Boggs, of Missouri, called out his militia to enforce the claim and sustain the ofiicers of Missouri. Gov. Lucas called out the militia of Iowa, and both parties made active preparations for war. In Iowa, about 1,200 men were enlisted, and 500 were actually armed and encamped in Van Buren County, ready to defend the integrity of the Territory. Subsequently, Gen. A. C. Dodge, of Burlington, Gen. Churchman, of Dubuque, and Dr. Clark, of Fort Madison, were sent to Missouri as envoys plenipotentiary, to effect, if possible, a peaceable adjustment of the difficulty. Upon their arrival, they found that the County Commissioners of Clarke County , Missouri, had rescinded their order for the collection of the taxes, and that Gov. Boggs had despatched messengers to the Governor of Iowa proposing 178 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. to submit an agreed case to the Supreme Court of the United States for the final settlement of the boundary question. This proposition was declined, but afterward Congress authorized a suit to settle the controversy, which was insti- tuted, and which resulted in a judgment for Iowa. Under this decision, William G. Miner, of Missouri, and Henry B. Hendershott were appointed Commissioners to survey and establish the boundary. Mr. Nourse remarks that " the expenses of the war on the part of Iowa were never paid, either by the United States or the Territorial Government. The patriots who furnished supplies to the troops had to bear the cost and charges of the struggle." The first legislative assembly laid the broad foundation of civil equality, on which has been constructed one of the most liberal governments in the Union. Its first act was to recognize the equality of woman with man before the law by providing that " no action commenced by a single woman, who intermarries during the pendency thereof, shall abate on account of such marriage." This prin- ciple has been adopted by all subsequent legislation in Iowa, and to-day woman has full and equal civil rights with man, except only the right of the ballot. Religious toleration was also secured to all, personal liberty strictly guarded, the rights and privileges of citizenship extended to all white persons, and the purity of elections secured by heavy penalties against bribery and corruption. The judiciary power Avas vested in a Supreme Court, District Court, Probate Court, and Justices of the Peace. Real estate was made divisible by will, and intestate property divided equitably among heirs. Murder was made punishable by death, and proportionate penalties fixed for lesser crimes. A system of free schools, open for every class of white citizens, was established. Provision was made for a system of roads and highways. Thus under the territorial organi- zation, the country began to emerge from a savage wilderness, and take on the forms of civil government. By act of Congress of June 12, 1838, the lands which had been purchased of the Indians were brought into market, and land offices opened in Dubuque and Burlington. Congress provided for military roads and bridges, which greatly aided the settlers, who were now coming in by thousands, to make their homes on the fertile prairies of Iowa — " the Beautiful Land." The fame of the country had spread far and wide; even before the Indian title was extinguished, many were crowding the borders, impatient to cross over and stake out their claims on the choicest spots they could find in the new Territory. As soon as the country was open for settlement, the borders, the Black Hawk Purchase, all along the Mississipi, and up the principal rivers and streams, and out over the broad and rolling prairies, began to be thronged Avith eager land hunters and immigrants, seeking homes in Iowa. It was a sight to delight the eyes of all comers from every land — its noble streams, beautiful and picturesque hills and valleys, broad and fertile prairies extending as far as the eye could reach, with a soil surpassing in richness anything Avhich they had ever seen. It is not to be wondered at that immigration into Iowa Avas rapid, and that within less than a decade from the organization of the Territory, it contained a hundred and fifty thousand people. As rapidly as the Indian titles were extinguished and the original owners removed, the resistless tide of emigration floAved Avestward. The folloAving extract from Judge Nourse's Centennial Address shoAVS hoAV the immigrants gathered on the Indian boundary, ready for the removal of the barrier : In obedience to our progressive and aggressive spirit, the Government of the United States made another treaty with the Sac and Fox Indians, on the 11th day of August, 1842, for the remaining portion of their land in Iowa. The treaty provided that the Indians should retain HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 179 possession of all the lands thus ceded until May 1, 1843, and should occupy that portion of the ceded territory west of a line runnincr north and south through Kedrock, until October 11, 1845. These tribes, at this time, had their principal village at Ot-tum-wa-no, now called Ottumwa. As soon as it became known that the treaty had been concluded, there was a rush of immigration to Iowa, and a great number of temporary settlements were made near the Indian boundary, wait- ing for the 1st day of May. As the day approached, hundreds of families encamped along the line, and their tents and wagons gave the scene the appearance of a military expedition. The country beyond had been thoroughly explored, but the United States military authorities had prevented any settlement or even the making out of claims by any monuments whatever. To aid them in making out their claims when the hour should arrive, the settlers had placed piles of dry wood on the rising ground, at convenient distances, and a short time before twelve o'clock of the night of the 30th of April, these were lighted, and when the midnight hour arrived, it was announced by the discharge of firearms. The night was dark, but this army of occupa- tion pressed forward, torch in hand, with axe and hatchet, blazing lines with all manner of curves and angles. When daylight came and revealed the confusion of these wonderful surveys, numerous disputes arose, settled generally by compromise, but sometimes by violence. Between midnight of the 30th of April and sundown of the 1st of May, over one thousand families had settled on their new purchase. While this scene was transpiring, the retreating Indians were enacting one more impressive and melancholy. The Winter of 1842-43 was one of unusual severity, and the Indian prophet, who had disapproved of the treaty, attributed the severity of the Winter to the anger of the Great Spirit, because they had sold their country. Many religious rites were performed to atone for the crime. When the time for leaving Ot-tum-wa-no arrived, a solemn silence pervaded the Indian camp, and the faces of their stoutest men were bathed in tears; and when their cavalcade was put in motion, toward the setting sun, there was a spontaneous outburst of frantic grief from the entire procession. The Indians remained the appointed time beyond the line running north and south through Redrock. The government established a trading post and military encampment at the Raccoon Fork of the Des Moines River, then and for many years known as Fort Des Moines. Here the red man lingered until the 11th of October, 1845, when the same scene that we have before described was re-enacted, and the wave of immigration swept over the remainder of the " New Purchase." The lands thus occupied and claimed by the settlers still belonged in fee to the Gen- eral Government. The surveys were not completed until some time after the Indian title was extinguished. After their survey, the lands were publicly proclaimed or advertised for sale at public auction. Under the laws of the United States, a pre-emption or exclusive right to purchase public lands could net be acquired until after the lands had thus been publicly offered and not sold for want of bidders. Then, and not until then, an occupant making improvements in good faith might acquire a right over othei's to enter the land at the minimum price of $1.25 per acre. The " claim laws " were unknown to the United States statutes. They originated in the " eternal fitness of things," and were enforced, probably, as belonging to that class of natural rights not enumerated in the constitution, and not impaired or disparaged by its enumeration. The settlers organized in every settlement prior to the public land sales, appointed officers, and adopted their own rules and regulations. Each man's claim was duly ascertained and recorded by the Secretary. It was the duty of all to attend the sales. The Secretary bid off the lands of each settler at $1.25 per acre. The others were there, to see, first, that he did his duty and bid in the land, and, secondly, to see that no one else bid. This, of course, sometimes led to trouble, but it saved the excitement of competition, and gave a formality and degree of order and regularity to the proceedings they would not otherwise have attained. As far as practicable, the Territorial Legislature recognized the validity of these " claims " upon the public lands, and in 1839 passed an act legalizing their sale and making their transfer a valid consideration to sup- port a promise to pay for the same. (Acts of 1843, p. 456). The Supreme Territorial Court held this law to be valid. (See Hill v. Smith, 1st Morris Rep. 70). The opinion not only con- tains a decision of the question involved, but also contains much valuable erudition upon that " spirit of Anglo-Saxon liberty" which the Iowa settlers unquestionably inherited in a direct line of descent from the said " Anglo-Saxons." But the early settler was not always able to pay even this dollar and twenty-five cents per acre for his land. Many of the settlers had nothing to begin with, save their hands, health and courage and their family jewels, " the pledges of love," and the " consumers of bread." It was not so easy to accumulate money in the early days of the State, and the "beautiful prairies," the '* noble streams," and all that sort of poetic imagery, did not prevent the early settlers from becoming discouraged. An old settler, in speaking of the privations and trials of those early days, says : Well do the "old settlers '' of Iowa remember the days from the first settlement to 1840. Those were days of sadness and distress. The endearments of home in another land had been 180 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. broken up ; and all that was hallowed on earth, the home of childhood and the scenes of youth, we severed ; and we sat down by the gentle waters of our noble river, and often " hung our harps on the willows." Another, from another part of the State, testifies : There was no such thing as getting money for any kind of labor. I laid brick at $3.00 per thousand, and took my pay in anything I could eat or wear. I built the first Methodist Church at Keokuk, 42x60 feet, of brick, for $600, and took my pay in a subscription paper, part of which I never collected, and upon which I only received |50 00 in money. Wheat was hauled 100 miles from the interior, and sold for 37 J cents per bushel. Another old settler, speaking of a later period, 1843, says : Land and everything had gone down in value to almost nominal prices. Corn and oats could be bought for six or ten cents a bushel ; pork, $1 .00 per hundred ; and the best hors% a man could raise sold for $50.00, Nearly all were in debt, and the Sheriff and Constable, with legal processes, were common visitors at almost every man's door. These were indeed "the times that tried men's souls." "A few," says Mr. Nourse, "who were not equal to the trial, returned to their old homes, but such as had the courage and faith to be the worthy founders of a great State remained, to more than realize the fruition of their hopes, and the reward of their self-denial." On Monday, December 6, 1841, the fourth Legislative Assembly met, at the new capital, Iowa City, but the capitol building could not be used, and the Legislature occupied a temporary frame house, that had been erected for that purpose, during the session of 1841-2. At this session, the Superintendent of Public Buildings (who, with the Territorial Agent, had superseded the Commis- sioners first appointed), estimated the expense of completing the building at $33,330, and that rooms for the use of the Legislature could be completed for 115,600. During 1842, the Superintendent commenced obtaining stone from a new quarry, about ten miles northeast of the city. This is now known as the " Old Capitol Quarry," and contains, it is thought, an immense quantity of excellent building stone. Here all the stone for completing the building was obtained, and it was so far completed, that on the 5th day of December, 1842, the Legis- lature assembled in the new capitol. At this session, the Superintendent esti- mated that it would cost $39,143 to finish the building. This was nearly $6,000 higher than the estimate of the previous year, notwithstanding a large sum had been expended in the meantime. This rather discouraging discrep- ancy was accounted for by the fact that the officers in charge of the work were constantly short of funds. Except the congressional appropriation of $20,000 and the loan of $5,500, obtained from the Miners' Bank, of Dubuque, all the funds for the prosecution of the work were derived from the sale of the city lots (which did not sell very rapidly), from certificates of indebtedness, and from scrip, based upon unsold lots, which was to be received in payment for such lots when they were sold. At one time, the Superintendent made a requisition for bills of iron and glass, which could not be obtained nearer than St. Louis. To meet this, the Agent sold some lots for a draft, payable at Pittsburgh, Pa., for which he was compelled to pay twenty-five per cent, exchange. This draft, amounting to $507, that officer reported to be more than one-half the cash actually handled by him during the entire season, when the disbursements amounted to very nearly $24,000. With such uncertainty, it could not be expected that estimates could be very accurate. With all these disadvantages, however, the work appears to have been prudently prosecuted, and as rapidly as circumstances would permit. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 181 Iowa remained a Territory from 1838 to 1846, during which the office of Governor was held by Robert Lucas, John Chambers and James Clarke. STATE ORGANIZATION. By an act of the Territorial Legislature of Iowa, approved February 12, 1844, the question of the formation of a State Constitution and providing for the election of Delegates to a convention to be convened for that purpose was submitted to the people, to be voted upon at their township elections in April following. The vote was largely in favor of the measure, and the Delegates elected assembled in convention at Iowa City, on the 7th of October, 1844. On the first day of November following, the convention completed its work and adopted the first State Constitution. The President of the convention, Hon. Shepherd Leffler, was instructed to transmit a certified copy of this Constitution to the Delegate in Congress, to be by him submitted to that body at the earliest practicable day. It was also pro- vided that it should be submitted, together with any conditions or changes that might be made by Congress, to the people of the Territory, for their approval or rejection, at the township election in April, 1845. The boundaries of the State, as defined by this Constitution, were as fol- lows : Beginning in the middle of the channel of the Mississippi River, opposite mouth of the Des Moines River, thence up the said river Des Moines, in the middle of the main channel thereof, to a point where it is intersected by the Old Indian Boundary line, or line run by John C. Sullivan, in the year 1816 ; thence westwardly along said line to the " old " northwest corner of Missouri ; thence due west to the middle of the main channel of the Missouri River ; thence up in the middle of the main channel of the river last mentioned to the mouth of the Sioux or Calumet River; thence in a direct line to the middle of the main channel of the St. Peters River, where the Watonwan River— according to Nicollet's map — enters the same ; thence down the middle of the main channel of said river to the middle of the main channel of the Mississippi River ; thence down the middle of the main channel of said river to the place of beginning. These boundaries were rejected by Congress, but by act approved March 3,, 1845, a State called Iowa was admitted into the Union, provided the people accepted the act, bounded as follows : Beginning at the mouth of the Des Moines River, at the middle of the Mississippi, thence by the middle of the channel of that river to a parallel of latitude passing through the mouth of the Mankato or Blue Earth River; thence west, along said parallel of latitude, to a point where it is intersected by a meridian line seventeen degrees and thirty minutes west of the meridian of Washington City ; thence due south, to the northern boundary line of the State of Missouri ; thence eastwardly, following that boundary to the point at which the same intersects the Des Moines River ; thence by the middle of the channel of that river to the place of beginning. These boundaries, had they been accepted, would have placed the northern boundary of the State about thirty miles north of its present location, and would have deprived it of the Missouri slope and the boundary of that river. The western boundary would have been near the west line of what is now Kossuth County. But it was not so to be. In consequence of this radical and unwel- come change in the boundaries, the people refused to accept the act of Congress and rejected the Constitution at the election, held August 4, 1845, by a vote of 7,656 to 7,2-35. A second Constitutional Convention assembled at Iowa City on the 4th day of May, 1846, and on the 18th of the same month another Constitution for the new State with the present boundaries, was adopted and submitted to the people for ratification on the 3d day of August following, when it was accepted ; 9,492 votes were cast "for the Constitution," and 9,036 "against the Constitution " 182 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. The Constitution was approved by Congress, and by act of Congress approved December 28, 1846, Iowa was admitted as a sovereign State in the American Union. Prior to this action of Congress, however, the people of the new State held an election under the new Constitution on the 26th day of October, and elected Oresel Briggs, Governor ; Elisha Cutler, Jr., Secretary of State ; Joseph T. Fales, Auditor ; Morgan Reno, Treasurer ; and members of the Senate and House of Representatives. At this time there were twenty-seven organized counties in the State, with a population of nearly 100,000, and the frontier settlements were rapidly push- ing toward the Missouri River. The Mormons had already reached there. The first General Assembly of the State of Iowa was composed of nineteen Senators and forty Representatives. It assembled at Iowa City, November 30, 1846, about a month before the State was admitted into the Union. At the first session of the State Legislature, the Treasurer of State reported that the capitol building was in a very exposed condition, liable to injury from storms, and expressed the hope that some provision would be made to complete it, at least sufiiciently to protect it from the weather. The General Assembly responded by appropriating |2,500 for the completion of the public buildings. At the first session also arose the question of the re-location of the capital. The Western boundary of the State, as now determined, left Iowa City too far toward the eastern and southern boundary of the State ; this was conceded. Congress had appropriated five sections of land for the erection of public buildings, and toward the close of the session a bill was introduced providing for the re-location of the seat of government, involving to some extent the location of the State University, which had already been discussed. This bill gave rise to a deal of discussion and parliamentary maneuvering, almost purely sectional in its character. It provided for the appointment of three Commissioners, who were authorized to make a location as near the geographical center of the State as a healthy and eligible site could be obtained ; to select the five sections of land donated by Congress ; to survey and plat into town lots not exceeding one section of the land so selected ; to sell lots at public sale, not to exceed two in each block. Having done this, they were then required to suspend further operations, and make a report of their proceedings to the Governor. The bill passed both Houses by decisive votes, received the signature of the Governor, and became a law. Soon after, by "An act to locate and establish a State University," approved February 25, 1847, the unfinished public buildings at Iowa City, together with the ten acres of land on which they were situated, were granted for the use of the University, reserving their use, however, by the General Assembly and the State ofiicers, until other provisions were made by law. The Commissioners forthwith entered upon their duties, and selected four sections and two half sections in Jasper County. Two of these sections are in what is now Des Moines Township, and the others in Fairview Township, in the southern part of that county. These lands are situated between Prairie City and Monroe, on the Keokuk & Des Moines Railroad, which runs diagonally through them. Here a town was platted, called Monroe City, and a sale of lots took place. Four hundred and fifteen lots were sold, at prices that were not considered remarkably remunerative. The cash payments (one-fourth) amounted to $1,797.43, while the expenses of the sale and the claims of the Commissioners for services amounted to $2,206.57. The Commissioners made a report of their proceedings to the Governor, as required by law, but the loca- tion was generally condemned. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 183 When the report of the Commissioners, showing this brilliant financial ope- ration, had been read in the House of Representatives, at the next session, and while it was under consideration, an indignant member, afterward known as the eccentric Judge McFarland, moved to refer the report to a select Committee of Five, with instructions to report " how much of said city of Monroe was under water and how much was burned." The report was referred, without the instructions, however, but Monroe City never became the seat of government. By an act approved January 15, 1849, the law by which the location had been made was repealed and the ncAV town was vacated, the money paid by purchas- ers of lots being refunded to them. This, of course, retained the seat of govern- ment at Iowa City, and precluded, for the time, the occupation of the building and grounds by the University. At the same session, $3,000 more were appropriated for completing the State building at Iowa City. In 1852, the further sum of $5,000, and in 1854 $4,000 more were apppropriated for the same purpose, making the whole cost $123,000, paid partly by the General Government and partly by the State, but principally from the proceeds of the sale of lots in Iowa City. But the question of the permanent location of the seat of government was not settled, and in 1851 bills were introduced for the removal of the capital to Bella and to Fort Des Moines. The latter appeared to have the support of the majority, but was finally lost in the House on the question of ordering it to its third reading. At the next session, in 1853, a bill was introduced in the Senate for the removal of the seat of government to Fort Des Moines, and, on final vote, was just barely defeated. At the next session, however, the effort was more successful, and on the 15th day of January, 1855, a bill re-locating the capital within two miles of the Raccoon Fork of the Des Moines, and for the appoint- ment of Commissioners, was approved by Gov. Grimes. The site was selected in 1856, in accordance with the provisions of this act, the land being donated to the State by citizens and property -holders of Des Moines. An association of citizens erected a building for a temporary capitol, and leased it to the State at a nominal rent. The third Constitutional Convention to revise the Constitution of the State assembled at Iowa City, January 19, 1857. The new Constitution framed by this convention was submitted to the people at an election held August 3, 1857, when it was approved and adopted by a vote of 40,311 " for " to 38,681 " against," and on the 3d day of September following was declared by a procla- mation of the Governor to be the supreme law of the State of Iowa. Advised of the completion of the temporary State House at Des Moines, on the 19th of October following. Governor Grime.«^ issued another proclamation, declaring the City of Des Moines to be the capital of the State of Iowa. The removal of the archives and offices was commenced at once and con- tinued through the Fall. It was an undertaking of no small magnitude; there was not a mile of railroad to facilitate the work, and the season was unusually disagreeable. Rain, snow and other accompaniments increased the difficulties ; and it was not until December, that the last of the effects — the safe of the State Treasurer, loaded on two large " bob-sleds " — drawn by ten yoke of oxen was de- posited in the new capital. It is not imprudent now to remark that, during this passage over hills and prairies, across rivers, through bottom lands and timber, the safes belonging to the several departments contained large sums of money, mostly individual funds, however. Thus, Iowa City ceased to be the capital of the State, after four Territorial Legislatures, six State Legislatures and three 184 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. Constitutional Conventions had held their sessions there. By the exchange, the old capitol at Iowa City became the seat of the University, and, except the rooms occupied by the United States District Court, passed under the immedi- ate and direct control of the Trustees of that institution. Des Moines was now the permanent seat of government, made so by the fundamental law of the State, and on the 11th day of January, 1858, the seventh General Assembly convened at the new capital. The building used for governmental purposes was purchased in 1864. It soon became inadequate for the purposes for which it was designed, and it became apparent that a new, large and permanent State House must be erected. In 1870, the General Assembly made an appropriation and provided for the appointment of a Board of Commissioners to commence the work. The board consisted of Gov. Samuel Merrill, ex officio. President ; Grenville M. Dodge, Council Bluffs ; James F. Wilson, Fairfield; James Dawson, Washington; Simon G. Stein, Muscatine; .James 0. Crosby, Gainsville ; Charles Dudley, Agency City ; John N. Dewey, Des Moines ; William L. Joy, Sioux City ; Alexander R. Fulton, Des Moines, Secretary. The act of 1870 provided that the building should be constructed of the best material and should be fire proof; to be heated and ventilated in the most approved manner; should contain suitable legislative halls, rooms for State officers, the judiciary, library, committees, archives and the collections of the State Agricultural Society, and for all purpoees of State Government, and should be erected on grounds held by the State for that purpose. The sum first appropriated was $150,000 ; and the law provided that no contract should be made, either for constructing or furnishing the building, which should bind the State for larger sums than those at the time appropriated. A design was drawn ,and plans and specifications furnished by Cochrane & Piquenard, architects, which were accepted by the board, and on the 23d of November, 1871, the cor- ner stone was laid with appropriate ceremonies. The estimated cost and present value of the capitol is fixed at $2,000,000. From 1858 to 1860, the Sioux became troublesome in the northwestern part of the State. These warlike Indians made frequent plundering raids upon the settlers, and murdered several families. In 1861, several companies of militia were ordered to that portion of the State to hunt down and punish the murderous thieves. No battles were fought, however, for the Indians fled when they ascertained that systematic and adequate measures had been adopted to protect the settlers. " The year 1856 marked a new era in the history of Iowa. In 1854, the Chicago & Rock Island Railroad had been completed to the east bank of the Mississippi River, opposite Davenport. In 1854, the corner stone of a railroad bridge, that was to be the first to span the "Father of Waters," was laid with appropriate ceremonies at this point. St. Louis had resolved that the enter- prise was unconstitutional, and by writs of injunction made an unsuccessful effort to prevent its completion. Twenty years later in her history, St. Louis repented her folly, and made atonement for her sin by imitating our example. On the 1st day of January, 1856, this railroad Avas completed to Iowa City. In the meantime, two other railroads had reached the east bank of the Missis- sippi — one opposite Burlington, and one opposite Dubuque — and these were being extended into the interior of the State. Indeed, four lines of railroad had been projected across the State from the Mississippi to the Missouri, hav- ing eastern connections. On the 15th of May, 1856, the Congress of the United States passed an act granting to the State, to aid in the construction of HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 185 railroads, the public lands in alternate sections, six miles on either side of the proposed lines. An extra session of the General Assembly was called in July of this year, that disposed of the grant to the several companies that proposed to complete these enterprises. The population of our State at this time had increased to 500,000. Public attention had been called to the necessity of a railroad across the continent. The position of Iowa, in the very heart and center of the Republic, on the route of this great highway across the continent, began to attract attention Cities and towns sprang up through the State as if by magic. Capital began to pour into the State, and had it been employed in developing our vast coal measures and establishing manufactories among us, or if it had been expended in improving our lands, and building houses and barns, it would have been well. But all were in haste to get rich, and the spirit of speculation ruled the hour. " In the meantime, every effort was made to help the speedy completion of the railroads. Nearly every county and city on the Mississippi, and many in the interior, voted large corporate subscriptions to the stock of the radroad companies, and issued their negotiable bonds for the amount." Thus enormous county and city debts were incurred, the payment of Avhich these municipalities tried to avoid upon the plea that they had exceeded the constitutional limit- ation of their powers. The Supreme Court of the United States held these bonds to be valid ; and the courts by mandamus compelled the city and county authorities to levy taxes to pay the judgments. These debts are not all paid even yet, but the worst is over and ultimately the burden will be entirely removed The first railroad across the State was completed to Council Bluffs in Jan- uary, 1871. The others were completed soon after. In 1854, there was. not a mile of railroad in the State. In 1874, twenty years after, there were 3,765 miles in successful operation. GROWTH AND PROGRESS. When Wisconsin Territory was organized, in 1836, the entire population of that portion of the Territory now embraced in the State of Iowa was 10.531. The Territory then embraced two counties, Dubuque and Des Moines, erected by the Territory of Michigan, in 1834. From 1836 to 1838, the Territorial Legislature of Wisconsin increased the number of counties to sixteen, and the population had increased to 22,859. Since then, the counties have increased to ninety-nine, and the population, in 1875, was 1,366,000. The following table will show the population at different periods since the erection of Iowa Territory : Year. Population. 1838 22,589 1840 43,115 1844 75,152 1846 97,588 1847 116,651 1849 152,988 1850 191,982 1851 204,774 Tear. Population. 1852 23(7,713 1854 326,013 1856 519.055 1859 638,775 I860 674,913 1863 701,732 1865 754,699 Year. Population. 1869 1,040,819 1870 1,191,727 1873 1,251,333 1875 1,366,000 1876 1877 1867 902,040 The most populous county in the State is Dubuque. Not only in popula,- tion, but in everything contributing to the growth and greatness of a State has Iowa made rapid progress. In a little more than thirty years, its wild but beautiful prairies have advanced from the home of the savage to a highly civ- ilized commonwealth, embracing all the elements of progress which characterize the older States. 186 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. Thriving cities and towns dot its fair surface ; an iron net-work of thou- sands of miles of railroads is woven over its broad acres ; ten thousand school houses, in which more than five hundred thousand children are being taught the rudiments of education, testify to the culture and liberality of the people; high schools, colleges and universities are generously endowed by the State ; manufactories spring up on all her water courses, and in most of her cities and towns. Whether measured from the date of her first settlement, her organization as a Territory or admission as a State, Iowa has thus far shown a growth unsur- passed, in a similar period, by any commonwealth on the face of the earth ; and, with her vast extent of fertile soil, with her inexhaustible treasures of mineral wealth, with a healthful, invigorating climate ; an intelligent, liberty- loving people; with equal, just and liberal laws, and her free schools, the future of Iowa may be expected to surpass the most hopeful anticipations of her present citizens. Looking upon Iowa as she is to-day — populous, prosperous and happy — it is hard to realize the wonderful changes that have occurred since the first white settlements were made within her borders. When the number of States was only twenty-six, and their total population about twenty millions, our repub- lican form of government was hardly more than an experiment, just fiiirly put upon trial. The development of our agricultural resources and inexhaustible mineral wealth had hardly commenced. Westward the " Star of Empire " had scarcely started on its way. West of the great Mississippi was a mighty empire, but almost unknown, and marked on the maps of the period as " The Great American Desert." Now, thirty-eight stars glitter on our national escutcheon, and forty-five millions of people, who know their rights and dare maintain them, tread American soil, and the grand sisterhood of States extends from the Gulf of Mexico to the Canadian border, and from the rocky coast of the Atlantic to the golden shores of the Pacific. THE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE AND FARM. Ames, Story County. The Iowa, State Agricultural College and Farm were established by au act of the General Assembly, approved March 22, 1858. A Board of Trustees was appointed, consisting of Governor R. P. Lowe, John D. Wright, William Duane Wilson, M. W. Robinson, Timothy Day, Richard Gaines, John Pattee, G. W. F. Sherwin, Suel Foster, S. W. Henderson, Clement Cofiin and E. G. Day ; the Governors of the State and President of the College being ex officio mem- bers. Subsequently the number of Trustees was reduced to five. The Board met in June, 1859, and received propositions for the location of the College and Farm from Hardin, Polk, Story and Boone, Marshall, Jeft'erson and Tama Counties. In July, the proposition of Story County and some of its citizens and by the citizens of Boone County was accepted, and the farm and the site for the buildings were located. In 1860-61, the farm-house and barn were erected. In 1862, Congress granted to the State 240,000 acres of land for the endowment of schools of agriculture and the mechanical arts, and 195,000 acres were located by Peter Melendy, Commissioner, in 1862-3. George W. Bassett was appointed Land Agent for the institution. In 1864, the General Assem- bly appropriated $20,000 for the erection of the college building. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 18T In June of that year, the Building Committee, consisting of Suel Foster, Peter Melendy and A. J. Bronson, proceeded to let the contract. John Browne, of Des Moines, was employed as architect, and furnished the plans of the build- ing, but was superseded in its construction by C. A. Dunham. The $20,000 appropriated by the General Assembly were expended in putting in the foun- dations and making the brick for the structure. An additional appropriation of $91,000 was made in 1866, and the building was completed in 1868. Tuition m this college is made by law forever free to pupils from the State over sixteen years of age, who have been resident of the State six months pre- vious to their admission. Each county in the State has a prior right of tuition for three scholars from each county ; the remainder, equal to the capacity of the college, are by the Trustees distributed among the counties in proportion to the population, and subject to the above rule. All sale of ardent spirits, wine or beer are prohibited by law within a distance of three miles from the college, except for sacramental, mechanical or medical purposes. The course of instruction in the Agricultural College embraces the following branches: Natural Philosophy, Chemistry, Botany, Horticulture, Fruit Growing, Forestry, Animal and Vegetable Anatomy, Geology, Mineralogy, Meteorology, Entomology, Zoology, the Veterinary Art, Plane Mensuration, Leveling, Sur- veying, Bookkeeping, and such Mechanical Arts as are directly connected with agriculture ; also such other studies as the Trustees may from time to time prescribe, not inconsistent with the purposes of the institution. The funds arising from the lease and sale of lands and interest on invest- ments are sufficient for the support of the institution. Several College Societies are maintained among the students, who publish a monthly paper. There is also an " out-law " called the " ATA^ Chapter Omega." The Board of Trustees in 1877 was composed of C. W. Warden, Ottumwa, Chairman ; Hon. Samuel J. Kirkwood, Iowa City ; William B. Treadway, Sioux City ; Buel Sherman, Fredericksburg, and Laurel Summers, Le Claire. E. W. Starten, Secretary ; William D. Lucas, Treasurer. Board of Instruction. — A. S. Welch, LL. D., President and Professor of Psychology and Philosophy of Science ; Gen. J. L. Geddes, Professor of jNlili- tary Tactics and Engineering; W. H. Wynn, A. M., Ph. D., Professor of English Literature; C. E. Bessey, M. S., Professor of Botany, Zoology, Ento- mology ; A. Thompson, G. E., Mechanical Engineering and Superintendent of Workshops; F. E. L. Beal, B. S., Civil Engineering; T. E. Pope, A. M., Chemistry; M. Stalker, Agricultural and Veterinary Science; J. L. Budd, Horticulture ; J. K. Macomber, Physics ; E. W. Stanton, Mathematics and Political Economy ; Mrs. Margaret P. Stanton, Preceptress, Instructor in French and Mathematics. THE STATE UNIVERSITY. Iowa City, Johnson County. In the famous Ordinance of 1787, enacted by Congress before the Territory of the United States extended beyond the Mississippi River, it was declared that in all the territory northwest of the Ohio River, " Schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged." By act of Congress, approved July 20, 1840, the Secretary of the Treasury was authorized "to set apart and re- serve from sale, out of any of the public lands within the Territory of Iowa, to which the Indian title has been or may be extinguished, and not otherwise ap- propriated, a quantity of land, not exceeding the entire townships, for the use 188 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. and support of a university within said Territorry when it becomes a State, and for no other use or purpose whatever ; to be located in tracts of not less than an entire section, corresponding with any of the large divisions into which the pub- lic land are authorized to be surveyed." William W. Dodge, of Scott County, was appointed by the Secretary of the Treasury to make the selections. He selected Section 5 in Township 78, north ■of Range 3, east of the Fifth Principal Meridian, and then removed from the Territory. No more lands were selected until 1846, when, at the request of the Assembly, John M. Whitaker of Van Buren County, was appointed, who selected the remainder of the grant except about 122 acres. In the first Constitution, under which Iowa was admitted to the Union, the people directed the disposition of the proceeds of this munificent grant in ac- cordance with its terms, and instructed the General Assembly to provide, as soon as may be, effectual means for the improvement and permanent security of the funds of the university derived from the lands. The first General Assembly, by act approved February 25, 1847, established the " State University of Iowa " at Iowa City, then the capital of the State, "with such other branches as public convenience may hereafter require." The " public buildings at Iowa City, together with the ten acres of land in which they are situated," were granted for the use of said university, -provided, how- ever, that the sessions of the Legislature and State offices should be held in the ■capitol until otherwise provided by law. The control and management of the University w^ere committed to a board of fifteen Trustees, to be appointed by the Legislature, five of whom were to be chosen bienially. The Superintendent of Public Instruction was made President of this Board. Provisions were made for the disposal of the two townships of land, and for the investment of the funds arising therefrom. The act further provides that the University shall never be under the exclusive control of any religious denomination whatever," and as soon as the revenue for the grant and donations amounts to $2,000 a year, the University should commence and continue the instruction, free of charge, of fifty students annually. The General Assembly retained full supervision over the University, its officers and the grants and donations made and to be made to it by the State. Section 5 of the act appointed James P. Carleton, H. D. Downey, Thomas Snyder, Samuel McCrory, Curtis Bates, Silas Foster, E. C. Lyon, James H. Gower, George G. Vincent, Wm. G. Woodward, 'Theodore S. Parvin, George Atchinson, S. G. Matson, H. W. Starr and Ansel Briggs, the first Board of Trustees. The organization of the University at Iowa City was impracticable, how- ever, so long as the seat of government was retained there. In January, 1849, two branches of the University and three Normal Schools were established. The branches were located — one at Fairfield, and the other at Dubuque, and were placed upon an equal footing, in respect to funds and all other matters, with the University established at Iowa City. "This act," says Col. Benton, "created three State Universities, with equal fights and powers, instead of a 'University with such branches as public conven- ience may hereafter demand,' as provided by the Constitution." The Board of Directors of the Fairfield Branch consisted of Barnet Ris- tine, Christian W. Slagle, Daniel Rider, Horace Gaylord, Bernhart Henn and Samuel S. Bayard. At the first meeting of the Board, Mr. Henn was elected President, Mr. Slagle Secretary, and Mr. Gaylord Treasurer. Twenty acres of land were purchased, and a building erected thereon, costing $2,500. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 189 This building was nearly destroyed by a hurricane, in 1850, but was rebuilt more substantially, all by contributions of the citizens of Fairfield. This branch never received any aid from the State or from the University Fund, and by act approved January 24, 1853, at the request of the Board, the Gen- eral Assembly terminated its relation to the State. The branch at Dubuque was placed under the control of the Superintendent of Public Instruction, and John King, Caleb H. Booth, James M. Emerson, Michael J. Sullivan, Richard Benson and the Governor of the State as Trustees. The Trustees never organized, and its existence was only nominal. The Normal Schools were located at Andrew, Oskaloosa and Mount Pleasant, respectively. Each was to be governed by a board of seven Trustees, to be appointed by the Trustees of the University. Each was to receive $500 annu- ally from the income of the University Fund, upon condition that they should ed- ucate eight common school teachers, free of charge for tuition, and that the citizens should contribute an equal sum for the erection of the requisite buildings. The several Boards of Trustees were appointed. At Andrew, the school was organized Nov. 21, 1849; Samuel Ray, Principal; Miss J. S. Dorr, Assist- ant. A building was commenced and over $1,000 expended on it, but it was never completed. At Oskaloosa, the Trustees organized in April, 1852. This school was opened in the Court House, September 13, 1852, under the charge of Prof. G. M. Drake and wife. A two story brick building was completed in 1853, costing $2,473. The school at Mount Pleasant was never organized. Neither of these schools received any aid from the University Fund, but in 1857 the Legislature appropriated $1,000 each for those at Oskaloosa and Andrew, and repealed the law authorizing the payment of money to them from the University Fund. From that time they made no further effort to continue in operation. At a special meeting of the Board of Trustees, held February 21, 1850, the " College of Physicians and Surgeons of the Upper Mississippi," established at Davenport, was recognized as the " College of Physicians and Surgeons of the State University of Iowa," expressly stipulating, however, that such recog- nition should not render the University liable for any pecuniary aid, nor was the Board to have any control over the property or management of the Medical Association. Soon after, this College was removed to Keokuk, its second ses- sion being opened there in November, 1850. In 1851, the General Assembly confirmed the action of the Board, and by act approved January 22, 1855, placed the Medical College under the supervision of the Board of Trustees of the University, and it continued in operation until this arrangement was termi- nated by the new Constitution, September 3, 1857. From 1847 to 1855, the Board of Trustees was kept full by regular elec- tions by the Legislature, and the Trustees held frequent meetings, but there was no effectual organization of the University. In March, 1855, it was partially opened for a term of sixteen weeks. July 16, 1855, Amos Dean, of Albany, N. Y,, Avas elected President, but he never entered fully upon its duties. The University was again opened in September, 1855, and continued in operation until June, 1856, under Professors Johnson, Welton, Van Valkenburg and Guffin. In the Spring of 1856, the capital of the State was located at Des Moines; but there were no buildings there, and the capitol at Iowa City was not vacated by the State until December, 1857. In June, 1856, the faculty was re-organized, with some changes, and the University was again opened on the third Wednesday of September, 1856. 190 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF lOAVA. There were one hundred and twenty-four students — eighty-three males and forty-one females — in attendance during the year 1856-7, and the first regular catalogue was published. At a special meeting of the Board, September 22, 1857, the honorary de- gree of Bachelor of Arts was conferred on D. Franklin Wells. This was the first degree conferred by the Board. Article IX, Section 11, of the new State Constitution, which went into force September 3, 1857, provided as follows : The State TJniversity shall be established at one place, without branches at any other place ; and the University fund shall be applied to that institution, and no other. Article XI, Section 8, provided that The seat of Government is hereby permanently established, as now fixed by law, at the city of Des Moines, in the county of Polk ; and the State University at Iowa City, in the county of Johnson. The new Constitution created the Board of Education, consisting of the Lieutenant Governor, who was ex officio President, and one member to be elected from each judicial district in the State. This Board was endowed with " full power and authority to legislate and make all needful rules and regula- tions in relation to common schools and other educational institutions," subject to alteration, amendment or repeal by the General Assembly, which was vested with authority to abolish or re-organize the Board at any time after 1863. In December, 1857, the old capitol building, now known as Central Hall of the University, except the rooms occupied by the United States District Court, and the property, with that exception, passed under the control of the Trustees,. and became the seat of the University. The old building had had hard usage, and its arrangement was illy adapted for University purposes. Extensive i-epairs and changes were necessary, but the Board was without funds for these pur- poses. The last meeting of the Board, under the old law, was held in January, 1858. At this meeting, a resolution was introduced, and seriously considered, to exclude females from the University ; but it finally failed. March 12, 1858, the first Legislature under the new Constitution enacted a new law in relation to the University, but it was not materially different from the former. March 11, 1858, the Legislature appropriated $3,000 for the re- pair and modification of the old capitol building, and $10,000 for the erection of a boarding house, now knoAvn as South Hall. The Board of Trustees created by the new law met and duly organized April 27, 1858, and determined to close the University until the income from its- fund should be adequate to meet the current expenses, and the buildings should be ready for occupation. Until this term, the building known as the " Mechan- ics' Academy" had been used for the school. The Faculty, except the Chan- cellor (Dean), was dismissed, and all farther instruction suspended, from the close of the term then in progress until September, 1859. At this meeting, a reso- lution was adopted excluding females from the University after the close of the existing term ; but this was afterward, in August, modified, so as to admit them to the Normal Department. At the meeting of the Board, August 4, 1858, the degree of Bachelor of Science was conferred upon Dexter Edson Smith, being the first degree con- ferred upon a student of the University. Diplomas were awarded to the mem- bers of the first graduating class of the Normal Department as follows : Levi P. Aylworth, Cellina H. Aylworth, Elizabeth L. Humphrey, Annie A. Pinney and Sylvia M. Thompson. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 191 An "Act for the Government and Regulation of the State University of Iowa," approved December 25, 1858, was mainly a re-enactment of the law of March 12, 1858, except that changes were made in the Board of Trustees, and manner of their appointment. This law provided that both sexes were to be admitted on equal terms to all departments of the institution, leaving the Board no discretion in the matter. The new Board met and organized, February 2, 1859, and decided to con- tinue the Normal Department only to the end of the current term, and that it was unwise to re-open the University at that time ; but at the annual meeting of the Board, in June of the same year, it was resolved to continue the Normal Department in operation ; and at a special meetmg, October 25, 1859, it was decided to re-open the University in September, 1860. Mr. Dean had resigned as Chancellor prior to this meeting, and Silas Totten, D. D., LL. D., was elected President, at a salary of $2,000, and his term commenced June, 1860. At the annual meeting, June 28, 1860, a full Faculty was appointed, and the University re-opened, under this new organization, September 19, 1860 (third Wednesday) ; and at this date the actual existence of the University may be said to commence. August 19, 1862, Dr. Totten having resigned, Prof Oliver M. Spencer was elected President and the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws was conferred upon Judge Samuel F. Miller, of Keokuk. At the commencement, in June, 1863, was the first class of graduates in the Collegiate Department. The Board of Education was abolished March 19, 1864, and the office of Superintendent of Public Instruction* was restored ; the General Assembly resumed control of the subject of education, and on March 21, an act was ap- proved for the government of the University. It was substantially the same as the former law, but provided that the Governor should be ex officio President of the Board of Trustees. Until 1858, the Superintendent of Public Instruction had been ex officio President. During the period of the Board of Education, the University Trustees were elected by it, and elected their own President. President Spencer was granted leave of absence from April 10, 1866, for fifteen months, to visit Europe; and Prof. Nathan B. Leonard was elected President ji??*o tern. The North Hall was completed late in 1866. At the annual meeting in June, 1867, the resignation of President Spencer (absent in Europe) was accepted, and Prof. Leonard continued as President ^jro tern., until March 4, 1868, when James Black, D. D., Vice President of Wash- ington and Jefferson College, Penn., was elected President. Dr. Black entered upon his duties in September, 1868. The Law Department was established in June, 1868, and, in September fol- lowing, an arrangement was perfected with the Iowa Law School, at Des Moines, which had been in successful operation for three years, under the management of Messrs. George G. Wright, Chester C. Cole and William G. Hammond, by which that institution was transferred to Iowa City and merged in the Law De- partment of the University. The Faculty of this department consisted of the President of the University, Hon. Wm. G. Hammond, Resident Professor and Principal of the Department, and Professors G. G. Wright and C. C. Cole. Nine students entered at the commencement of the first term, and during the year ending June, 1877, there were 103 students in this department. At a special meeting of the Board, on the 17th of September, 1868, a Com- mittee Avas appointed to consider the expediency of establishing a Medical De- 192 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. partment. This Committee reported at once in favor of the proposition, the Faculty to consist of the President of the University and seven Professors, and recommended that, if practicable, the new department should be opened at the commencement of the University year, in 1869-70. At this meeting, Hon. Ezekiel Clark was elected Treasurer of the University. By an act of the General Assembly, approved April 11, 1870, the "Board of Regents " was instituted as the governing power of the University, and since that time it has been the fundamental law of the institution. The Board of Regents held its first meeting June 28, 1870. Wm. J. Haddock was elected Secretary, and Mr. Clark, Treasurer. Dr. Black tendered his resignation as President, at a special meeting of the Board, held August 18, 1870, to take eflfect on the 1st of December following. His resignation was accepted. The South Hall having been fitted up for the purpose, the first term of the Medical Department was opened October 24, 1870, and continued until March, 1871, at which time there were three graduates and thirty-nine students. March 1, 1871, Rev. George Thacher was elected President of the Univer- sity. Mr. Thacher accepted, entered upon his duties April 1st, and was form- ally inaugurated at the annual meeting in June, 1861. In June, 1874, the " Chair of Military Instruction" was established, and the President of the United States was requested to detail an officer to perform its duties. In compliance with this request, Lieut. A. D. Schenck, Second Artil- lery, U. S. A., Avas detailed as "Professor of Military Science and Tactics," at Iowa State University, by order of the War Department, August 26, 1874, who reporte^ for duty on the 10th of September following. Lieut. Schenck was relieved by Lieut. James Chester, Third Artillery, January 1, 1877. Treasurer Clark resigned November 3, 1875, and John N. Coldren elected in his stead. At the annual meeting, in 1876, a Department of Homoeopathy was established. In March, 1877, a resolution was adopted affiliating the High Schools of the State with the University. In June, 1877, Dr. Thacher's connection with the University was termi- nated, and C. W. Slagle, a member of the Board of Regents, was elected Pres- ident. In 1*872, the ex officio membership of the Superintendent of Public Instruc- tion was abolished ; but it was restored in 1876. Following is a catalogue of the officers of this important institution, from 1847 to 1878 : TRUSTEES OR REGENTS. PRESIDENTS. FROM TO James Harlan, Superintendent Public Instruction, ex officio 1847 1848 Thomas H. Benton, Jr,, Superintendent Public Instruction, ex officio 1848 1854 James D. Eads, Superintendent Public Instruction, ex officio 1854 1857 Maturin L. Fisher, Superintendent Public Instruction, ex officio 1857 1858 Amos Dean, Chancellor, ex officio 1858 1859 Thomas H. Benton, Jr 1859 1863 Francis Springer , 1863 1864 William M. Stone, Governor, ex officio 1864 1868 Samuel Merrill, Governor, ex officio 1868 1872 Cyrus C. Carpenter, Governor, ex officio 1872 1876 Samuel J. Kirkvi^ood, Governor, ex officio , 1S76 1877 Joshua G. Newbold, Governor, ex officio 1877 1878 John H. Gear * 1878 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 19S VICE PRESIDENTS. y^OM TO Silas Foster 1847 1851 Robert Lucas 1851 1853 Edward Connelly I854 1855 Moses J. Morsman 1855 1858 SECRETARIES. Hugh D. Downey I847 1851 Anson Hart 1851 1857 Elijah Sells I857 1858 Anson Hart 1858 1864 William J. Haddock 1864 TREASURERS. Morgan Reno, State Treasurer, ex officio 1847 1850 Israel Kister, State Treasurer, ex officio 1850 1852 Martin L. Morris, State Treasurer, ex officio 1852 1855 Henry W. Lathrop [[[[[[] I855 1862 William Crura 1862 1868 Ezekiel Clark 1868 1876 John N. Coldren 1876 PRESIDENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY. Amos Dean, LL. D I855 1858 Silas Totten, D. D., LL. D I860 1862 Oliver M. Spencer, D. D.* i862 1867 James Black, D. D 1868 1870 George Thacher, D. D 1871 1877 C. W. Slagle '.'.".".'.'.'."'.*.'.".'.'.".'.'.'.'.'." 1877 The present educational corps of the University consists of the President, nine Professors in the Collegiate Department, one Professor and six Instructors in Military Science ; Chancellor, three Professors and four Lecturers in the Law Department ; eight Professor Demonstrators of Anatomy ; Prosector of Surgery and two Lecturers in the Medical Department, and two Professors in the Homoeopathic Medical Department. STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY. By act of the General Assembly, approved January 28, 1857, a State His- torical Society was provided for in connection with the University. At the commencement, an appropriation of |250 was made, to be expended in collecting, embodying, and preserving in an authentic form a library of books, pamphlets, charts, maps, manuscripts, papers, paintings, statuary, and other materials illus- trative of the history of Iowa; and with the further object to rescue from oblivion the memory of the early pioneers; to obtain and preserve various accounts of their exploits, perils and hardy adventures ; to secure facts and statements relative to the history and genius, and progress and decay of the Indian tribes of Iowa ; to exhibit faithfully the antiquities and past and present resources of the State ; to aid in the publication of such collections of the Society as shall from time to time be deemed of value and interest ; to aid in binding its books, pamphlets, manuscripts and papers, and in defraying other necessary incidental expenses of the Society. There was appropriated by law to this institution, till the General Assembly shall otherwise direct, the sum of $500 per annum. The Society is under the management of a Board of Curators, consisting of eighteen persons, nine of whom are appointed by the Governor, and nine elected by the members of the Society. The Curators receive no compensation for their services. The annual 194 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. meeting is provided for by law, to be held at Iowa City on Monday preceding the last Wednesday in June of each year. The State Historical Society has published a series of very valuable collec- tions, including history, biography, sketches, reminiscences, etc., with quite a large number of finely engraved portraits of prominent and early settlers, under the title of " Annals of Iowa." THE PENITENTIARY. Located at Fort Madison, Lee County. The first act of the Territorial Legislature, relating to a Penitentiary in Iowa, was approved January 25, 1839, the fifth section of which authorized the Oovernor to draw the sum of $20,000 appropriated by an act of Congress ap- proved July 7, 1838, for public buildings in the Territory of Iowa. It provided for a Board of Directors of three persons elected by the Legislature, who should direct the building of the Penitentiary, which should be located within one mile of the public square, in the town of Fort Madison, Lee County, provided Fort Madison should deed to the directors a tract of land suitable for a site, and assign them, by contract, a spring or stream of water for the use of the Penitentiary. To the Directors Avas also given the power of appointing the Warden ; the latter to appoint his own assistants. The first Directors appointed were John S. David and John Claypole. They made their first report to the Legislative Council November 9, 1839. The citi- zens of the town of Fort Madison had executed a deed conveying ten acres of land for the building site. Amos Ladd was appointed Superintendent of the building June 5, 1839. The building was designed of sufiicient capacity to con- tain one hundred and thirty-eight convicts, and estimated to cost ^55,933.90. It was begun on the 9th of July, 1839 ; the main building and Warden's house were completed in the Fall of 1841. Other additions were made from time to time till the building and arrangements were all complete according to the plan of the Directors. It has answered the purpose of the State as a Penitentiary for more than thirty years, and during that period many items of practical ex- perience in prison management have been gained. It has long been a problem how to conduct prisons, and deal with what are called the criminal classes generally, so as to secure their best good and best subserve the interests of the State. Both objects must be taken into considera- tion in any humaritarian view of the subject. This problem is not yet solved, but Iowa has adopted the progressive and enlightened policy of humane treat- ment of prisoners and the utilization of their labor for their own support. The labor of the convicts in the Iowa Penitentiary, as in most others in the United States, is let out to contractors, who pay the State a certain stipulated amount therefor, the State furnishing the shops, tools and machinery, as well as the supervision necessary to preserve order and discipline in the prison. While this is an improvement upon the old solitary confinement system, it still falls short of an enlightened reformatory system that in the future will treat the criminal for mental disease and endeavor to restore him to usefulness in the community. The objections urged against the contract system of dis- posing of the labor of prisoners, that it brings the labor of honest citizens into competition with convict labor at reduced prices, and is disadvantageous to the State, are not without force, and the system will have no place in the prisons of the future. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 195 It is right that the convict should labor. He should not be allowed to live in idleness at public expense. Honest men labor ; why should not they? Hon- est men are entitled to the fruits of their toil ; why should not the convict as well ? The convict is sent to the Penitentiary to secure public safety. The State deprives him of his liberty to accomplish this purpose and to punish him for violations of law, but, having done this, the State wrongs both itself and the criminal by confiscating his earnings ; because it deprives his family of what justly belongs to them, and an enlightened civilization will ere long demand that the prisoner in the penitentiary, after paying a fair price for his board, is as justly entitled to his net earnings as the good citizen outside its walls, and his family, if he has one, should be entitled to draw his earnings or stated portion of them at stated periods. If he has no family, then if his net earnings should be set aside to his credit and paid over to him at the expiration of his term of imprisonment, he would notbe turned out upon the cold charities of a somewhat Pharisaical world, penniless, with the brand of the convict upon his brow, with no resource save to sink still deeper in crime. Let Iowa, " The Beautiful Land," be first to recognize the rights of its convicts to the fruits of their labor ; keep their children from the alms-house, and place a powerful incentive before them to become good citizens when they return to the busy world again. ADDITIONAL PENITENTIARY. Located at Anamosa, Jones County. By an act of the Fourteenth General Assembly, approved April 23, 1872, William Ure, Foster L. Downing and Martin Heisey were constituted Commis- sioners to locate and provide for the erection and control of an additional Penitentiary for the State of Iowa. These Commissioners met on the 4th of the following June, at Anamosa, Jones County, and selected a site donated by the citizens, within the limits of the city. L. W. Foster & Co., architects, of Des Moines, furnished the plan, drawings and specifications, and work was commenced on the building on the 28th day of September, 1872. May 13, 1873, twenty convicts were transferred to Anamosa from the Fort Madison Penitentiary. The entire enclosure includes fifteen acres, with a frontage of 663 feet. IOWA HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE. Mount Pleasant, Henry County. By an act of the General Assembly of Iowa, approved January 24, 1855, $4,425 were appropriated for the purchase of a site, and $50,000 for building an Insane Hospital, and the Governor (Grimes), Edward Johnston, of Lee County, and Charles S. Blake, of Henry County, were appointed to locate the institution and superintend the erection of the building. These Commission- ers located the institution at Mt. Pleasant, Henry County. A plan for a building designed to accommodate 300 patients, drawn by Dr. Bell, of Massa- chusetts, was accepted, and in October work was commenced under the superin- tendence of Mr. Henry Winslow. Up to February 25, 1858, and including an appropriation made on that date, the Legislature had appropriated $258,555.67 to this institution, but the building was not finished ready for occupancy by patients until March 1, 1861. The Trustees were Maturin L. Fisher, Presi- dent, Farmersburg; Samuel McFarland, Secretary, Mt. Pleasant; D. L. 196 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. McGudn, Keokuk; G. W. Kincaid, Muscatine; J. D. Elbert, Keosauqua ; John B. Lash and Harpin Riggs, Mt. Pleasant. Richard J. Patterson, M. D., of Ohio, -was elected Superintendent; Dwight C. Dewey, M. D., Assistant PliYsioian; Henry Winslow, Steward; Mrs. Catharine Winslow, Matron. The Hospital was formally opened March G, 1861, and one hundred patients were admitted within three months. About 1865, Dr. Mark Ranney became Superintendent. April 18, 1876, a portion of the hospital building Avas destroyed by fire. From the opening of the Hospital to the close of October, 1877, 3,584 patients had been admitted. Of these, 1,141 were discharged recovered, 505 discharged improved, 589 discharged unimproved, and 1 died ; total discharged, 2,976, leaving 608 inmates. During this period, there were 1,384 females admitted, whose occupation was registered "domestic duties ;" 1'2'2, no occupation; '25, female teachers; 11, seamstresses; and 25, servants. Among the males were 916 farmers, 394 laborers, 205 without occupation, 39 cabinet makers, 23 brewers, 31 clerks, 26 merchants, 12 preachers, 18 shoe- makers, 13 students. 14 tailors, 13 teachers, 14 agents, 17 masons, 7 lawyers, 7 physicians, 4 saloon keepers, 3 salesmen, 2 artists, and 1 editor. The pro- ducts of the farm and garden, in 1876, amounted to iJ^13,721.26. Trustees, ZcST/.'—T. Whiting, President, Mt. Pleasant; Mrs. E. M. Elliott, Secretary, Mt. Pleasant; William C. Evans, West Liberty; L. E. Fellows, Lansing ; and Samuel Klein, Keokuk ; Treasurer, M. Edwards, Mt. Pleasant. Besident Officers: — Mark Ranney, M. D., Medical Superintendent; H. M. Bassett, M, D..* First Assistant Physician; M. Riordan, M. D., Second Assistant Physician; Jennie McCowen, M. D., Third Assistant Physician ; J. W. Hender- son, Steward ; Mrs. Martha W. Ranney, Matron ; Rev. Milton Sutton, Chaplain. HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE. IndejH'ndenee, BucJianan Counti/. In the Winter of 1867-8, a bill providing for an additional Hospital for the Insane was passed by the Legislature, and an appropriation cf §125,000 was made for that purpose. Maturin L. Fisher, of Clayton County ; E. G. Morgan, of Webster County, and Albert Clark, of Buchanan County, were appointed Commissioners to locate and supervise the erection of the Building. Mr. Clark died about a year after his appointment, and Hon. G. W . Bemis, of Indepen- dence, was appointed to fill the vacancy. The Commissioners met and commenced their labors on the 8th day of June, 1868, at Independence. The act under which they were appointed required them to select the most eligible and desirable location, of not less than 320 acres. Avithin two miles of the city of Independence, that might be offered by the citizens free of charge to the State. Several such tracts Avere ofiered, but the Commissioners finally selected the south half of soutliAvest quarter o1 Section 5 ; the north half of northeast quarter of Section 7 ; the north half of nortliAvest quarter of Section 8, and the north half of northeast quarter of Sec- tion 8, all in ToAA'nship 88 north. Range 9 Avest of the Fifth Principal Meridian. This location is on the Avest side of the Wapsipinicon River, and about a mile from its banks, and about the same distance from Independence. Col. S. Y. Shipman, of Madison, Wis., Avas emploved to prepare plans, specifications and draAvings of the building, Avhich, Avhen completed, Avere sub- mitted to Dr. M. Ranney, Superintendent of the Hospital at Mount Pleasant. Avho suggested several improvements. The contract for erecting the building HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 197 was awarded to Mr. David Armstrong;, of Dubuque, for |88,114. The con- tract was signed November 7, 1868, and Mr. Armstrong at once commenced work. Mr. George Josselyn was appointed to superintend the work. The main buihlings were constructed of dressed limestone, from the quarries at Anamosa and Farley. The basements are of the local granite worked from the immense boulders found in large quantities in this portion of the State. In 1872, the buihling was so liir completed that the Commissioners called the first meeting of the Trustees, on the 10th day of July of that year. These Trustees Avere Maturin L. Fisher, Mrs. P. A. Appleman, T. W. Fawcett, C. / C. Parker, E. G. Morgan, George W. Bemis and John M. Boggs. This board was organized, on the day above mentioned, by the election of Hon. M. L. Fisher, President ; Rev. J. G. Boggs, Secretary, and George W. Bemis, Treas- urer, and, after adopting preliminary measures for organizing the local govern- ment of the hospital, adjourned to the first Wednesday of the following Septem- ber. A few days before this meeting, Mr. Boggs died of malignant fever, and Dr. John G. House was appointed to fill the vacancy. Dr. House was elected Secretary. At this meeting, Albert Reynolds, M. D., was elected Superintendent ; George Josselyn, Steward, and Mrs. Anna B. Josselyn, Matron. September 4, 1873, Dr. Willis Butterfield was elected Assistant Physician. The building was ready for occupancy April 21, 1873, In the Spring of 1876, a contract was made with Messrs. Mackay & Lundy, of Independence, for furnishing materials for building the outside walls of the two first sections of the south wing, next to the ctnter ^building, for $6,250. The carpenter work on the fourth and fifth stories of the center building was completed during the same year, and the wards were furnished and occupied by patients in the Fall. In 1877, the south wing was built, but it will not be completed ready for occupancy until next Spring or Summer (1878). October 1, 1877, the Superintendent reported 322 patients in this hospital, and it is now overcrowded. The Board of Trustees at present (1878) are as follows : Matyrin L. Fisher, President, Farmersburg ; John G. House, M. D., Secretary, Indepen- dence ; Wm. G. Donnan, Treasurer, Independence ; Erastus G. Morgan, Fort Dodge ; Mrs. Prudence A. Appleman, Clermont ; arid Stephen E. Robinson, M. D., West Union. RESIDENT OFFICERS. Albert Reynolds, M. D., Superintendent; G. IT. Hill, M. D., Assistant Physician; Noyes Appleman, Steward; Mrs. Lucy M. Gray, Matron. IOWA COLLEGE FOR THE BLIND. Vinton, Benton 'Counts/. In August, 1852, Prof. Samuel Bacon, himself blind, established an Insti- tution for the Instruction of the Blind of Iowa, at Keokuk. By act of the General Assembly, entitled " An act to establish an Asylum for the Blind," app,roved January 18, 1853, the institution was adopted by the State, removed to Iowa City, February 3d, and opened for the reception of pupils April 4, 1853, free to all "the blind in the State. The first Board of Trustees were James D. Eads, President ; George W. McClary, Secretary; James II. Gower, Treasurer; Martin L. Morris, Stephen Hempstead, Morgan Reno and John McCaddon. The Board appointed Prof 198 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. Samuel Bacon, Principal; T. J. McGittigen, Teacher of Music, and Mrs. Sarah K. Bacon, Matron. Twenty-three pupils were admitted during the first term. In his first report, made in 1854, Prof. Bacon suggested that the name should be changed from ''Asylum for the Blind," to that of " Institution for the Instruction of the Blind." This was done in 1855, when the General As- sembly made an annual appropriation for the College of ^55 per quarter for each pupil. This was subsequently changed to $3,000 per annum, and a charge of $25 as an admission fee for each pupil, which sum, with the amounts realized from the sale of articles manufactured by the blind pupils, proved sufiicient for the expenses of the institution during Mr. Bacon's administration. Although Mr. Bacon was blind, he was a fine scholar and an economical manager, and had founded the Blind Asylum at Jacksonville, Illinois. As a mathematician he had few superiors. On the 8th of May, 1858, the Trustees met at Yinton, and made arrange- ments for securing the donation of $5,000 made by the citizens of that town. In June of that year, a quarter section of land was donated for the College, by John W. 0. Webb and others, and the Trustees adopted a plan for the erection of a suitable building. In 1860, the plan was modified, and the con- tract for enclosing let to Messrs. Finkbine & Lovelace, for $10,420. In August, 1862, the building was so far completed that the goods and fur- uiture of the institution were removed from Iowa City to Vinton, and early in October, the school was opened there with twenty-four pupils. At this time. Rev. Orlando Clark was Principal. In August, 1864, a new Board of Trustees were appointed by the Legisla- ture, consisting of James McQuin, President; Reed Wilkinson, Secretary; Jas. Chapin, Treasurer; Robert Gilchrist, Elijah Sells and Joseph Dysart, organized and made important changes. Rev. Reed Wilkinson succeeded Mr. Clark as Principal. Mrs. L. S. B. Wilkinson and Miss Amelia Butler were appointed Assistant Teachers ; Mrs. N. A. Morton, Matron. Mr. Wilkinson resigned in June, 1867, and Gen. James L. Geddes was appointed in his place. In September, 1869, Mr. Geddes retired, and was succeeded by Prof. S. A. Knapp. Mrs. S. C. LaAvton was appointed Matron, and was succeeded by Mrs. M. A. Knapp. Prof. Knapp resigned July 1, 1875, and Prof. Orlando Clark was elected Principal, who died April 2, 1876, and was succeeded by John B. Parmalee, who retired in July, 1877, when the present incumbent. Rev. Robert Carothers, was elected. Trustees, 1S77-S. — Jeremiah L. Gay, President; S. H.Watson, Treasurer; H. C. Piatt, Jacob Springer, C. L. Flint and P. F. Sturgis. Faculty. — Principal, Rev. Robert Carothers, A. M. ; Matron, Mrs. Emeline E. Carothers; Teachers, Thomas F. McCune, A. B., Miss Grace A. Hill, Mrs. C. A. Spencer, INIiss Mary Baker, Miss C. R. Miller, Miss Lorana Mat- tice. Miss A. M. McCutcheon;' Musical Director, S. 0. Spencer. The Legislative Committee who visited this institution in 1878 expressed their astonishment at the vast expenditure of money in proportion to the needs of the State. The structure is well built, and the money properly expended ; yet it was enormously beyond the necessities of the State, and shows an utter "disregard of the fitness of things. The Committee could not understand why $282,000 should have been expended for a massive building covering about two and a half acres for the accommodation of 130 people, costing over eight thou- sand dollars a year to heat it, and costing the State about five hundred dollars a year for each pupil. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 199 INSTITUTION FOR THE DExVF AND DUMB. Council Bluffs, Pottawattomie County. The Iowa Institution for the Deaf and Dumb was established at Iowa City by an act of the General Assembly, approved January 24, 1855. The number of deaf mutes then in the State was 301 ; the number attending the Institution, 50. The first Board of Trustees Avere: Hon. Samuel J. Kirkwood, Hon. E. Sells, W. Penn Clarke, J. P. Wood, H. D. Downey, William Crum, W. E. Ijams, Principal. On the resignation of Mr. Ijams, in 1862, the Board appointed in his stead Mr. Benjamin Talbot, for nine years a teacher in the Ohio Institution for the Deaf and Dumb. Mr. Talbot was ardently devoted to the interests of the institution and a faithful worker for the unfortunate class under his charge. A strong effort was made, in 1866, to remove this important institution to Des Moines, but it was located permanently at Council Bluffs, and a building rented for its use. In 1868, Commissioners were appointed to locate a site for, and to superintend the erection of, a new building, for which the Legislature appropriated $125,000 to commence the work of construction. The Commis- sioners selected ninety acres of land about two miles south of the city of Coun- cil Bluffs. The main building and one wing were completed October 1, 1870, and immediately occupied by the Institution. February 25, 1877, the main building and east wing were destroyed by fire; and August 6 following, the roof of the new west wing was blown off and the walls partially demolished by a tornado. At the time of the fire, about one hundred and fifty pupils were in attendance. After the fire, half the classes were dismissed and the number of scholars reduced to about seventy, and in a week or two the school was in run- ning order. The Legislative Committee which visited this Institution in the Winter of 1857-8 was not Avell pleased with the condition of affairs, and reported that the building (west wing) was a disgrace to the State and a monument of unskillful workmanship, and intimated rather strongly that some reforms in management were very essential. Trustees, 7<577-<§.— Thomas Officer, President ; N. P. Dodge, Treasurer ; Paul Lange, William Orr, J. W. Cattell. Superintendent, Benjamin Talbot, M. A. Teachers, Edwin Southwick, Conrad S. Zorbaugh, John A. Gillespie, John A. Kennedy, Ellen J. Israel, Ella J. Brown, Mrs. H. R. Gillespie ; Physician, H. W. Hart, M. D. ; Steward, N. A. Taylor; Matron, Mary B. Swan. SOLDIERS' ORPHANS' HOMES. Davenport, Cedar Falls, Grlenwood. The movement which culminated in the establishment of this beneficent in- stitution was originated by Mrs. Annie Wittenmeyer, during the civil Avar of 1861-65. This noble and patriotic lady called a convention at Muscatine, on the 7th of October 1863, for the purpose of devising measures for the support and education of the orphan children of the brave sons of Iowa, who had fallen in defense of national honor and integrity. So great Avas the public interest in the movement that there Avas a large representation from all parts of the State on the day named, and an association was organized called the loAva State Or- phan Asylum. -00 HISTORY OF Tin-: STATE OF IOWA. The lirst oHioors were: rresideut, "William M. Stone ; Tice Presidents, Mrs. G-. G. Wright, 3Irs. R. L. Cadle, Mrs. J. T. llaneoek, John R. Needham, J. AV. Cattell, Mrs. Marv ]M. Bagg ; Recording Secretary, Miss Marv Kibben ; Cor- responding Secretary, Miss M. E. Shelron ; Treasurer, X. IT. Brainerd; Board of Trustees, Mrs. Annie Witrennun-er, Mrs. 0. B. Darwin. ]Mrs. D. T. Newcouib. Mrs. L. B. Stephens, 0. Favville,' E. H. Williams, T. S. Parvin, Mrs. Shields. Caleb Baldwin, C. C. Cole, Isaac Pendleton, H. C. Henderson. The first meeting of the Trustees was held February 14, 1864, in the Repre- sentative Hall, at Des Moines. Counnittees from both branches of the General Assembly were present and were invited to ]iartici}iate in their deliberations. Gov. Kirkwood suggested that a home for disabled soldiers should be connected with the Asylum. Arrangements Avere made for raising funds. At the next meeting, in Davenport, in March, 1864, the Trustees decided to commence operations at once, and a committee, of which Mr. Howell, of Keo- kuk, was Chairman, was appointed to lease a suitable building, solicit donations, and procure suitable furniruve. This committee secured a large brick building in LaAvrence, A'an Buren Countv, and enmisi'ed jNIr. Fuller, of Mt. Pleasant, as b toward. At the annual meeting, in Des Moines, in June, 1864, Mrs. C. B. Baldwin, Mrs. G. G. Wriglit, Mrs. Dr. Horton, Miss :Mary E. Shelton and Mr. George Shernuin were aj^pointed a committee to furnish the building and take all neces- sary steps for opening the "Home," and notice was given that at the next meeting of the Association, a motion would be made to change the name of the Institution to Iowa Orphans' Home. The work of preparation was conducted so vigorously that on the loth day of July following, the Executive Committee announced that they were ready to receive the children. In three weeks twenty-one were admitted, and the num- ber constantly increased, so that, in a little UKtre than six months from the time of opening, there were seventy children admitted, and twenty more applica- tions, which the Committee had not acted upon — all orphans of soldiers. Miss M. Elliott, of Washington, was appointed Matron. She resigned, in February, 1865, and Avas succeeded by Mrs. E. G. Piatt, of Fremont County. The "•Home " was sustained by the voluntary contributions of the people, until 1866, Avhen it Avas assumed by the State. In that year, the General Assembly provided for the location of several such "Homes" in the different counties, and Avhich Avere established at Davenport, Scott County; Cedar Falls, Black HaAvk County, and at GleuAvood, Mills County. The Board of Trustees elected by the General Assembly had the oversight and numagement of the Soldiers' Orphans' Homes of the State, and consisted of one person from each county in Avhich such Home Avas located, and one for the State at large, Avho held their othce tAvo years, or nntil their successors were elected and qualified. An appropriation of ^10 per month for each orphan actually supported Avas ntade by the General Assembly. The Home in Cedar Falls Avas organized in 1S65, and an old hotel building Avas fitted up for it. Rufus C, INIary L. and Emma L. Bauer Avere the first children received, in October, and by January, 1866, there Avere ninety-six in- mates. October 12, 1860, the Home Avas removed to a large brick building, about two miles Avest of Cedar Falls, and Avas A-ery prosperous for several years, but in 1876, the General Assembly established a State Normal School at Cedar Falls and appropriated the bnildings and grounds for that purpose. HISTOllY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 201 By " An act to provide for the organization and support of an asyliun at Glenwood, in Mills County, for feeble minded children," approved March 17, 1876, the buildings and grounds used by the Soldiers' Orphans' Home at that place were appropriated for this purpose. 15y another act, approved March 15, 1870, the soldiers' orphans, then at tlie Homes at (glenwood and Cedar Falls, were to be removed to the Home at Davenport within ninety days tlicreafter, and the Board of Trusteesof the Home were authorized to receive other indigent children into that institution, and provide for their education in industrial pursuits. STATE NORMAL SCHOOL. Cedar Falls, Black Hawk County. Chapter 129 of the laws of the Sixteenth General Assembly, in 1876, estab- lished a State Normal School at Cedar Falls, ]51ack 1 lawk County, and reciuired the Trustees of the Soldiers' Orphans' Home to turn over the property in their charge to the Directors of the new institution. the Board of Directors met at Cedar Falls June 7, 1876, and duly organ- ized by the election of IL C. Hemenway, President; J. J. Toleston, Secretary, and E. Townsend, Treasurer. The Board of Trustees of the Soldiers' Orphans' Home met at the same time for the purpose of turning over to the Directors the property of that institution, which was satisfactorily done and properly receipted for as required by law. At this meeting, Prof. J. C. Gilchrist was elected Principal of the School. On the 12th of July, 1876, the Board again met, when executive and teachers' committees were appointed and their duties assigned. A Steward and a Matron were elected, and their respective duties defined. The buildings and grounds were repaired and fitted up as Avell as the appro- priation would admit, and the first term of the school opened September 6, 1876, connnencing with twenty-seven and closing with eighty-seven students. The second term closed with eighty-six, and one hundred and six attended during the third term. The following are the Board of Directors, Board of Officers and Faculty : Board of Directors. — H. C. Hemenway, Cedar Falls, President, term expires 1882 ; L. D. Lewelling, Salem, Henry County, 1878 ; W. A. Stow, Hamburg, Fremont County, 1878; S. G. Smith, Newton, Jasper County, 1880; E. 11. Thayer, Clinton, Clinton County, 1880; G. S. Robinson, Storm Lake, Buena Vista County, 1882. Board of Otfieers.—3. J- Toleston, Secretary; E. Townsend, Ireasurer; William Pattes,' Steward ; Mrs. P. A. Schermerhorn, Matron— all of Cedar Faculty.— J. C. Gilchrist, A. M., Principal, Professer of Mental and Moral Philosophy and Didactics ; M. W. Bartlett, A. M., Professor of Lan- guao-es and Natural Science ; D. S. Wright, A. M., Professor of Mathematics ; Miss Frances L. Webster, Teacher of Geography and History ; E. W. Burnham, Professor of Music. ASYLUM FOR FEEBLE MINDED CHILDREN. Cflemvoodj Mills County. Chapter 152 of the laws of the Sixteenth General Assembly, approved March 17, 1876, provided for the establishment of an asylum for feeble minded children at Glenwood, Mills County, and the buildings and grounds of the 202 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. Soldiers' Orphans' Home at that place were to be used for that purpose. The asylum was placed under the management of three Trustees, one at least of whom should be a resident of Mills County. Children between the ages of 7 and 18 years are admitted. Ten dollars per month for each child actually sup- ported by the State was appropriated by the act, and ^2,000 for salaries of officers and teachers for two years. Hon. J. W. Cattell, of Polk County ; A. J. Russell, of Mills County, and W. S. Robertson, were appointed Trustees, who held their first meeting at Glen wood, April 26, 1876. J\Ir. Robertson was elected President; Mr. Russell, Treasurer, and Mr. Cattell, Secretary. The Trustees found the house and farm which had been turned over to them in a shamefully dilapidated condition. The fences were broken down and the lumber destroyed or carried away; the win- dows broken, doors oif their hinges, floors broken and filthy in the extreme, cellars reeking with oflensive odors from decayed vegetables, and every conceiv- able variety of filth and garbage ; drains obstructed, cisterns broken, pump demoralized, wind-mill broken, roof leaky, and tlie whole property in the worst possible condition. It was the first work of the Trustees to make the house tenable. This was done under the direction of Mr. Russell. At the request of the Trustees, Dr. Charles T. Wilbur, Superintendent of the Illinois Asylum, visited Glenwood, and made many valuable suggestions, and gave them much assistance. 0. W. Archibald, M. D., of Glenwood, was appointed Superintendent, and soon after was appointed Secretary of the Board, vice Cattell, resigned. Mrs. S. A. Archibald was appointed Matron, and Miss Maud M. Archibald, Teacher. The Institution was opened September 1, 1876 ; the first pupil admitted September 4, and the school was organized September 10, with only five pupils, which number had, in November, 1877, increased to eighty-seven. December - 1, 1876, Miss Jennie Van Dorin, of Fairfield, was employed as a teacher and in the Spring of 1877, Miss Sabina J. Archibald was also employed. THE REFORM SCHOOL. Eldora, Hardin County. By "An act to establish and organize a State Reform School for Juvenile Offenders," approved March 31, 1868, the General Assembly established a State Reform School at Salem, Lee (Henry) County ; provided for a Board of Trustees, to consist of one person from each Congressional District. For the purpose of immediately opening the school, the Trustees were directed to accept the proposition of the Trustees of White's Iowa Manual Labor Institute, at Salem, and lease, for not more than ten years, the lands, buildings, etc., of the Institute, and at once proceed to prepare for and open a reform school as a temporary establishment. The contract for fitting up the buildings was let to Clark & Haddock, Sep- tember 21, 1868, and on the 7th of October following, the first inmate was received from Jasper County. The law provided for the admission of children of both sexes under IS years of age. In 1876, this was amended, so that they are now received at ages over 7 and under 16 years. April 19, 1872, the Trustees were directed to make a permanent location for the school, and $45,000 was appropriated for the erection of the necessary buildings. The Trustees were further directed, as soon as practicable, to organize a school for girls in the buildings where the boys were then kept. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. " 203 The Trustees located the school at Eldora, Hardin County, and in the Code of 1873, it is permanently located there by law. The institution is managed by five Trustees, who are paid mileage, but no compensation for their services. The object is the reformation of the children of both sexes, under the age of 16 years and over 7 years of age, and the law requires that the Trustees shall require the boys and girls under their charge to be instructed in piety and morality, and in such branches of useful knowledge as are adapted to their age and capacity, and in some regular course of labor, either mechanical, manufac- turing or agricultural, as is best suited to their age, strength, disposition and capacity, and as may seem best adapted to secure the reformation and future benefit of the boys and girls. ; A boy or girl committed to the State Reform School is there kept, disci- plined, instructed, employed and governed, under the direction of the Trustees, until he or she arrives at the age of majority, or is bound out, reformed or legally discharged. The binding out or discharge of a boy or girl as reformed, or having arrived at the age of majority, is a complete release from all penalties incurred by conviction of the offense for which he or she was committed. This is one step in the right direction. In the future, however, still further advances will be made, and the right of every individual to the fruits of their labor, even while restrained for the public good, will be recognized. FISH HATCHING ESTABLISHMENT. N'ear Anamosa, Jones County. The Fifteenth General Assembly, in 1874, passed " An act to provide for the appointment of a Board of Fish Commissioners for the construction of Fishways for the protection and propagation of Fish," also " An act to provide for furnishing the rivers and lakes with fish and fish spawn." This act appro- priated |3,000 for the purpose. In accordance with the provisions of the first act above mentioned, on the 9th of April, 1874, S. B. Evans of Ottumwa, Wapello County ; B. F. Shaw of Jones County, and Charles A. Haines, of Black Hawk County, were appointed to be Fish Commissioners by the Governor. These Commissioners met at Des Moines, May 10, 1874, and organized by the election of Mr. Evans, President ; Mr. Shaw, Secretary and Superintendent, and Mr. Haines, Treasurer. The State was partitioned into three districts or divisions to enable the Commissioners to better superintend the construction of fishways as required by law. That part of the State lying south of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad was placed under the especial supervision of Mr. Evans ; that part be- tween that railroad and the Iowa Division of the Illinois Central Railroad, Mr. Shaw, and all north of the Illinois Central Railroad, Mr. Haines. At this meeting, the Superintendent was authorized to build a State Hatching House ; to procure the spawn of valuable fish adapted to the waters of Iowa ; hatch and prepare the young fish for distribution, and assist in putting them into the waters of the State. In compliance with these instructions, Mr. Shaw at once commenced work, and in the Summer of 1874, erected a " State Hatching House" near Anamosa, 20x40 feet, two stories; the second story being designed for a tenement ; the first story being the "hatching room." The hatching troughs are supplied with water from a magnificent spring four feet deep and about ten feet in diam- eter, affording an abundant and unfailing supply of pure running water. During 204 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. the first year, from May 10, 1874, to May 10, 1875, the Commissioners distributed within the State 100,000 Shad, 300,000 California Salmon, 10,000 Bass, 80,000 Penobscot (Maine) Salmon, 5,000 land-locked Salmon, 20,000 of other species. By act approved March 10, 1876, the law was amended so that there should be but one instead of three Fish Commissioners, and B. F. Shaw was appointed, and the Commissioner was authorized to purchase twenty acres of land, on which the State Hatching House was located near Anamosa. In the Fall of 1876, Commissioner Shaw gathered from the sloughs of the Mississippi, where they would have been destroyed, over a million and a half of small fish, which were distributed in the various rivers of the State and turned into the Mississippi. In 1875-6, 533,000 California Salmon, and in 1877, 303,500 Lake Trout were distributed in various rivers and lakes in the State. The experiment of stocking the small streams with brook trout is being tried, and 81,000 of the speckled beauties were distributed in 1877. In 1876, 100,000 young eels were distributed. These came from New York and they are increasing rapidly. At the close of 1877, there were at least a dozen private fish farms in suc- cessful operation in various parts of the State. Commissioner Shaw is en- thusiastically devoted to the duties of his office and has performed an important service for the people of the State by his intelligent and successful operations. The Sixteenth General Assembly passed an act in 1878, prohibiting the catching of any kind of fish except Brook Trout from March until June of each year. Some varieties are fit for food only during this period. THE PUBLIC LANDS. The grants of public lands made in the State of Iowa, for various purposes, are as follows : 1. The 500,000 Acre Grant. 2. The 16th Section Grant. 8. The IVIortgage School Lands. 4. The University Grant. 5. The Saline Grant. 6. The Des Moiiles Kiver Grant. 7. The Des Moines River School Lands. 8. The Swamp Land Grant. 9. The Railroad Grant. 10. The Agricultural College Grant. I. THE FIVE HUNDRED THOUSAND ACRE GRANT. When the State was admitted into the Union, she became entitled to 500,000 acres of land by virtue of an act of Congress, approved September 4, 1841, which granted to each State therein specified 500,000 acres of public land for internal improvements ; to each State admitted subsequently to the passage of the act, an amount of land which, with the amount that might have been granted to her as a Territory, would amount to 500,000 acres. All these lands were required to be selected within the limits of the State to which they were granted. The Constitution of Iowa declares that the proceeds of this grant, together with all lands then granted or to be granted by Congress for the benefit of schools, shall constitute a perpetual fund for the support of schools throughout the State. By an act approved January 15, 1849, the Legislature established HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 205 a board of School Fund Commissioners, and to that board was confided the selection, care and sale of these lands for the benefit of the School Fund. Until 1855, these Commissioners were subordinate to the Superinteudent of Public Instruction, but on the 15th of January of that year, they Avere clothed with exclusive authority in the management and sale of school lands. The office of School Fund Commissioner was abolished March 23, 1858, and that officer in each county was required to transfer all papers to and make full settlement with the County Judge. By this act. County Judges and Township Trustees were made the agents of the State to control and sell the sixteenth sections ; but no further provision was made for the sale of the 500,000 acre grant until April 3d, 1860, when the entire management of the school lands was committed to the Boards of Supervisors of the several counties. II. THE SIXTEENTH SECTIONS. By the provisions of the act of Congress admitting Iowa to the Union, there was granted to the new State the sixteenth section in every towLship, or where that section had been sold, other lands of like amount for the use of schools. The Constitution of the State provides that the proceeds arising from the sale of these sections shall constitute a part of the permanent School Fund. The control and sale of these lands Avere vested in the School Fund Commissioners of the several counties until March 23, 1858, when they were transferred to the County Judges and Township Trustees, and were finally placed under the supervision of the County Boards of Supervisors in January, 1861. HI. THE MORTGAGE SCHOOL LANDS. These do not belong to any of the grants of land proper. They are lands that have been mortgaged to the school fund, and became school lands when bid off by the State by virtue of a law passed in 1862. Under the provisions of the law regulating the management and investment of the permanent school fund, persons desiring loans from that fund are required to secure the payment thereof with interest at ten per cent, per annum, by promissory notes endorsed by two good sureties and by mortgage on unincumbered real estate, which must be situated in the county where the loan is made, and which must be valued by three appraisers. Making these loans and taking the required securities was made the duty of the County Auditor, who was required to report to the Board of Supervisors at each meeting thereof, all notes, mortgages and abstracts of title connected with the school fund, for examination. When default was made of payment of money so secured by mortgage, and no arrangement made for extension of time as the law provides, the Board of Supervisors were authorized to bring suit and prosecute it with diligence to secure said fund ; and in action in favor of the county for the use of the school fund, an injunction may issue without bonds, and in any such action, when service is made by publication, default and judgment may be entered and enforced without bonds. In case of sale of land on execution founded on any such mortgage, the attorney of the board, or other person duly authorized, shall, on behalf of the State or county for the use of said fund, bid such sum as the interests of said fund may require, and if struck off to the State the land shall be held and disposed of as the other lands belonging to the fund. These lands are known as the Mortgage. School Lands, and reports of them, including description and amount, are re(piired to be made to the State Land Office- 206 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. IV. UNIVERSITY LANDS. By act of Congress, July 20, 18-10, a quantity of land not exceeding two f-ntire townships Avas reserved in the Territory of Iowa for the use and support )f a university within said Territory when it should become a State. This land was to be located in tracts of not less than an entire section, and could be used for no other purpose than that designated in the grant. In an act supplemental to that for the admission of loAva, March 3, 1845, the grant was renewed, and it was provided that the lands should be used "solely for the purpose of such university, in such manner as the Legislature may prescribe." Under this grant there were set apart and approved by the Secretary of the Treasury, for the use of the State, the following lands : AOKES. lu the lowiiCity Land District. Feb. 26, 1849 20,150.49 In the Faivtiekl Land District, Oct. 17, 1S49 9,685.20 In the Iowa Oitv Land District. Jan. 28. 1850 2,571.81 lu the FairtieUr Land District, Sept. 10, 1850 3,198.20 lu the Dubuque Laud District, May 19, 1852 10,552.24 , Total 45,957.94 These lands were certified to the State November 19, 1859. The University lands are placed by law under the control and management of the Botird of Trustees of the Iowa State University. Prior to 1865, there had been selected and located under 282 patents, 22,892 acres in sixteen counties, and 23,036 acres unpatented, making a total of 45,928 acres. V. — SALINE LANDS. By act of Congress, approved March 3, 18-15, the State of Iowa was granted the use of the salt springs within her limits, not exceeding twelve. By a subsequent act, approved May 27, 1852, Congress granted the springs to the State in fee simple, together with six sections of land contiguous to each, to be disposed of as the Legislature might direct. In 1861, the proceeds of these lands then to be sold were constituted a fund for founding and support- ing a lunatic asylum, but no sales Avere made. In 1856, the proceeds of the saline lands were appropriated to the Insane Asylum, repealed in 1858. In 1860, the saline lands and funds were made a part of the permanent fund of the State University. Tliese lands were located in Appanoose, Davis, Decatur, Lucas, Monroe, Van Buren and Wayne Counties. VI. — THE DES MOINES RIVER GRANT. By act of Congress, approved August 8, 1846, a grant of land was made fertile improvement of the navigation of Des Moines River, as follows: Beit enacted bi/ the Senate and flotise of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled. That there be. and hereby is, granted to said Territory of Iowa, for the purpose of aiding said Torritoi-y to improve the navigation of the Des Moines River from its mouth to the Raccoon Fork (so called) in said Territory, one equal moiety, in alternate sections, of the public lands (^remaining unsold and not otherwise disposed of. incumbered or appropri- ated\ in a strip tive miles in width on each side of said I'iver. to be selected within said Terri- tory by an agent or agents to be appointed by the Grovernor thereof, subject to the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury of the United States. Sec. 2. And be it further enacted. That the lands hereby granted shall not be conveyed or disposed of by said Territory, nor by any State to be formed out of the same, except as said improvement shall progress; that is, the said Territory or State may sell so much of said lands as shall produce the sum of thirty thousat^d dollars, and then the sales shall cease until the Gov- ernor of said Territory or State shall certify the fact to the President of the United States that one-half of said sum lias been expended upon said improvements, when the said Territoi-y or HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. ' 207 State may sell and convey a quantity of the residue of said lands sufficient to replace the amount expended, and thus the sales shall progress as the proceeds thereof shall be expended, and the fact of such expenditure shall be certified as aforesaid. Sec. 3. And be it further enacted, That the said River Des Moines shall be and forever remain a public highway for the use of the Government of the United States, free from any toll or other charge whatever, for any property of the United States or persons in their service passing through or along the same : Provided alwai/n, That it shall not be competent for the said Territory or future State of Iowa to dispose of said lands, or any of them, at a price lower than, for the time being, shall be the minimum price of other public lands. Sec. 4. And be it further enacted, That whenever the Territory of Iowa shall be admitted into the Union as a State, the lands hereby granted for the above purpose shall be aud become the property of said State for the purpose contemplated in this act, and for no other : Provided the Legislature of the State of Iowa shall accept the said grant for the said purpose." Approved Aug. 8, 184G. By joint resolution of the General Assembly of Iowa, approved January 9, 1847, the grant was accepted for the purpose specified. By another act, ap- proved February 24, 1847, entited "An act creating the Board of Public Works, and providing for the improvement of the Des Moines River," the Legislature provided for a Board consisting of a President, Secretary and Treasurer, to be elected by the people. This Board was elected August 2, 1847, and was organized on the 22d of September following. The same act defined the nature of the improvement to be made, and provided that the work should be paid for from the funds to be derived from the sale of lands to be sold by the Board. Agents appointed by the Governor selected the sections designated by "odd numbers" throughout the w^hole extent of the grant, and this selection Avas ap- proved by the Secretary of the Treasury. But there was a conflict of opinion as to the extent of the grant. It was held by some that it extended from the mouth of the Des Moines only to the Raccoon Forks ; others held, as the agents to make selection evidently did, that it extended from the mouth to the head waters of the river. Richard M. Young, Commissioner of the General Land Office, on the 23d of February, 1848, construed the grant to mean that " the State is entitled to the alternate sections within five miles of the Des Moines River, throughout the whole extent of that river within the limits of Iowa." Under this construction, the alternate sections above the Raccoon Forks would, of course, belong to the State; but on the 19th of June, 1848, some of these lands were, by proclamation, thrown into market. On the 18th of September, the Board of Public Works filed a remonstrance with the Com- missioner of the General Land Office. The Board also sent in a protest to the State Land Office, at which the sale was ordered to take place. On the 8th of January, 1849, the Senators and Representatives in Congress from Iowa also protested against the sale, in a communication to Hon. Robert J. Walker, Sec- retary of the Treasury, to which the Secretary replied, concurring in the opinion that the grant extended the whole length of the Des Moines River in Iowa. On the 1st of June, 1849, the Commissioner of the General Land Office directed the Register and Receiver of the Land Office at Iowa City " to with- hold from sale all lands situated in the odd numbered sections within five miles on each side of the Des Moines River above the Raccoon Forks." March 13, 1850, the Commissioner of the General Land Office submitted to the Secretary of the Interior a list "showing the tracts falling within the limits of the Des Moines River grant, above the Raccoon Forks, etc., under the decision of the Secretary of the Treasury, of March 2, 1849," and on the 6th of April following, Mr. Ewing, then Secretary of the Interior, reversed the decision of Secretary Walker, but ordered the lands to be withheld from sale until Con- 208 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. gress could have an opportunity to pass an explanatory act. The Iowa author- ities appealed from this decision to the President (Taylor), who referred the matter to the Attorney General (Mr. Johnson). On the 19th of July, Mr. Johnson submitted as his opinion, that by the terms of the grant itself, it ex- tended to the very source of the Des Moines, but before his opinion was pub- lished President Taylor died. When Mr. Tyler's cabinet was formed, the . question was submitted to the new Attorney General (Mr. Crittenden), who, on the 30th of June, 1851, reported that in his opinion the grant did not extend above the Raccoon Forks. Mr. Stewart, Secretary of the Interior, concurred Avith Mr. Crittenden at first, bat subsequently consented to lay the whole sub- ject before the President and Cabinet, who decided in favor of the State. October 29, 1851, Mr. Stewart directed the Commissioner of the General Land Office to "submit for his approval such lists as had been prepared, and to proceed to report for like approval lists of the alternate sections claimed by the State of Iowa above the Raccoon Forks, as far as tlie surveys have progressed, or may hereafter be completed and returned." And on the following day, three lists of these lands were prepared in the General Land Office. The lands approved and certified to the State of Iowa under this grant, and all lying above the Raccoon Forks, are as follows : By Secretary Stewart, Oct. 30, 1851 81,707.93 acres. March 10, 1852 143.908.37 " By Secretary McLellan, Dec. 17, 1853 33,142.43 " Dec. SO, 1853 12,813.51 " Total > 271,572.24 acres. The Commissioners and Register of the Des Moines River Improvement, in their report to the Governor, November 30, 1852, estimates the total amount of lands then available for the work, including those in possession of the State and those to be surveyed and approved, at nearly a million acres. The indebtedness then standing against the fund was about §108,000, and the Commissioners estimated the work to be done would cost about $1,200,000. January 19, 1853, the Legislature authorized the Commissioners to sell " any or all the lands which have or may hereafter be granted, for not less than 11,300,000." On the 24th of January, 1853, the General Assembly provided for the elec- tion of a Commissioner by the people, and appointed two Assistant Commission- ers, with authority to make a contract, selling the lands of the Improvement for $1,300,000. This new Board made a contract, June 9, 1855, with the Des Moines Navigation & Railroad Company, agreeing to sell all the lands donated to the State hj Act of Congress of August 8, 1846, which the State had not sold prior to December 23, 1853, for $1,300,000, to be expended on the im- provement of the river, and in paying the indebtedness then due. This con- tract was duly reported to the Governor and General Assembly. By an act approved January 25, 1855, the Commissioner and Register of the Des INIoines River Improvement were authorized to negotiate with the Des Moines Navigation & Railroad Company for the purchase of lands in Webster County which had been sold by the School Fund Commissioner as school lands, but which had been certified to the State as Des Moines River lands, and had, therefore, become the property of the Company, under the provisions of its contract with the State. March 21, 1856, the old question of the extent of the grant was again raised and the Commissioner of the General Land Office decided th>^ it was limited to HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 209 the Raccoon Fork. Appeal was made to the Secretary of the Interior, and by him the matter was referred to the Attorney General, who decided that the grant extended to the northern boundary of the State; the State relinquished its claim to lands lying along the river in Minnesota, and the vexed question was supposed to be finally settled. The land which had been certified, as well as those extending to the north- ern boundary within the limits of the grant, were reserved from pre-emption and sale by the General Land Commissioner, to satisfy the grant of August 8, 1846, and they were treated as having passed to the State, which from time to time sold portions of them prior to their final transfer to the Des Moines Navi- igation & Railroad Company, applying the proceeds thereof to the improve- ment of the river in compliance with the terms of the grant. Prior to the final sale to the Company, June 9, 1854, the State had sold about 327,000 acres, of which amount 58,830 acres were located above the Raccoon Fork. The last certificate of the General Land Office bears date December 30, 1853. After June 9th, 1854, the Des Moines Navigation & Railroad Company carried on the work under its contract with the State. As the improvement progressed, the State, from time to time, by its authorized officers, issued to the Company, in payment for said work, certificates for lands. But the General Land Office ceased to certify lands under the grant of 1846. The State had made no other provision for paying for the improvements, and disagree- ments and misunderstanding arose between the State authorities and the Company. March 22, 1858, a joint resolution was passed by the Legislature submitting a proposition for final settlement to the Company, which was accepted. The Com- pany paid to the State |20,000 in cash, and released and conveyed the dredge boat and materials named in the resolution ; and the State, on the 3d of May, 1858, executed to the Des Moines Navigation & Railroad Company fourteen deeds or patents to the lands, amounting to 256,703.64 acres. These deeds were intended to convey all the lands of this grant certified to the State by the Gen- eral Government not previously sold ; but, as if for the purpose of covering any tract or parcel that might have been omitted, the State made another deed of conveyance on the 18th day of May, 1858. These fifteen deeds, it is claimed, by the Company, convey 266,108 acres, of which about 53,367 are below the Raccoon Fork, and the balance, 212,741 acres, are above that point. Besides the lands deeded to the Company, the State had deeded to individual purchasers 58,830 acres above the Raccoon Fork, making an aggregate of 271,- 571 acres, deeded above the Fork, all of which had been certified to the State by the Federal Government. By act approved March 28, 1858, the Legislature donated the remainder of the grant to the Keokuk, Fort Des Moines & Minnesota Railroad Company, upon condition that said Company assumed all liabilities resulting from the Des Moines River improvement operations, reserving 50,000 acres of the land in security for the payment thereof, and for the completion of the locks and dams at Bentonsport, Croton, Keosauqua and Plymouth. For every three thousand .dollars' worth of work done on the locks and dams, and for every three thousand dollars paid by the Company of the liabilities above mentioned, the Register of the State Land Office was instructed to certify to the Company 1,000 acres of the 50,000 acres reserved for these purposes. Up to 1865, there had been pre- sented by the Company, under the provisions of the act of 1858, and allowed, claims amounting to |109,579.37, about seventy-five per cent, of which had been settled. 210 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. After the passage of the Act above noticed^ the question of the extent of the original grant was again mooted, and at the December Term of the Supreme Court of the United States, in 1859-60, a decision was rendered declaring that the grant did not extend above Raccoon Fork, and that all certificates of land above the Fork had been issued without authority of law and were, therefore, void (see 23 How., m). The State of Iowa had disposed of a large amount of land without authority, according to this decision, and appeal was made to Congress for relief, which was granted on the 3d day of March, 1861, in a joint resolution relinquishing to the State all the title which the United States then still retained in the tracts of land along the Des Moines River above Raccoon Fork, that had been im- properly certified to the State by the Department of the Interior, and which is now held by bona fide purchasers under the State of Iowa. In confirmation of this relinquishment, by act approved July 12, 1862, Congress enacted : That the grant of lands to the then Territory of Iowa for the improvement of the Des Moines River, made bj the act of August 8, 1846, is hereby extended so as to include the alternate sec- tions (designated by odd numbers) lying within five miles of said river, between the Raccoon Fork and the northern boundary of said State ; such lands are to be held and applied in accord- ance with the provisions of the original grant, except that the consent of Congress is hereby given to the application of a portion thereof to aid in the construction of the Keokuk, Fort Des Moines & Minnesota Railroad, in accordance with the provisions of the act of the General Assembly of the State of Iowa, approved March 22, 1858. And if any of the said lands shall have been sold -or otherwise disposed of by the United States before the passage of this act, except those released by the United States to the grantees of the State of Iowa, under joint resolution of March 3, 1861, the Secretary of the Interior is hereby directed to set apart an equal amount of lands within said State to be certified in lieu thereof; Provided, that if the State shall have sold and conveyed any portion of the lands lying within the limits of the grant the title of which has proved invalid, any lands which shall be certified to said State in lieu thereof by virtue of the provisions of this act, shall inure to and be held as a trust fund for the benefit of the person or persons, respect- ively, whose titles shall have failed as aforesaid. The grant of lands by the above act of Congress was accepted by a joint resolution of the General Assembly, September 11, 1862, in extra session. On the same day, the Governor was authorized to appoint one or more Commis- sioners to select the lands in accordance with the grant. These Commissioners were instructed to report their selections to the Registrar of the State Land Ofiice. The lands so selected were to be held for the purposes of the grant, and were not to be disposed of until further legislation should be had. D. W. Kil- burne, of Lee County, Was appointed Commissioner, and, on the 25th day of April, 1864, the General Land Ofiicer authorized the selection of 300,000 acres from the vacant public lands as a part of the grant of July 12, 1862, and the selections were made in the Fort Dodge and Sioux City Land Districts. Many difficulties, controversies and conflicts, in relation to claims and titles, grew out of this grant, and these difficulties were enhanced by the uncertainty of its limits until the act of Congress of July, 1862. But the General Assem- bly sought, by wise and appropriate legislation, to protect the integrity of titles derived from the State. Especially was the determination to protect the actual settlers, who had paid their money and made improvements prior to the final settlement of the limits of the grant by Congress. VII. — THE DES MOINES RIVER SCHOOL LANDS. These lands constituted a part of the 500,000 acre grant made by Congress in 1841; including 28,378.46 acres in Webster County, selected by the Agent of the State under that grant, and approved by the Commissioner of the General Land Ofiice February 20, 1851. They were ordered into the market June 6, HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 211 1853, by the Superintendent of Public Instruction, who authorized John Tol- man, School Fund Commissioner for Webster County, to sell them as school lands. Subsequently, when the act of 1846 was construed to extend the Des Moines River grant above Raccoon Fork, it was held that the odd numbered sections of these lands within five miles of the river were appropriated by that act, and on the 30th day of December, 1853, 12,813.51 acres were set apart and approved to the State by the Secretary of the Interior, as a part of the Des Moines River grant. January 6, 1854, the Commissioner of the General Land Office transmitted to the Superintendent of Public Instruction a certified copy of the lists of these lands, indorsed by the Secretary of the Interior. Prior to this action of the Department, however, Mr. Tolman had sold to indi- vidual purchasers 3,194.28 acres as school lands, and their titles were, of course, killed. For their relief, an act, approved April 2, 1860, provided that, upon application and proper showing, these purchasers should be entitled to draw from the State Treasury the amount they had paid, with 10 per cent, interest, on the contract to purchase made with Mr. Tolman. Under this act, five appli- cations were made prior to 1864, and the applicants received, in the a^ffreffate, $949.53. ,.88, By an act approved April 7, 1862, the Governor was forbidden to issue to the Dubuque & Sioux City Railroad Company any certificate of the completion of any part of said road, or any conveyance of lands, until the company should execute and file, in the State Land Office, a release of its claim — first, to cer- tain swamp lands ; second, to the Des Moines River Lands sold by Tolman ; third, to certain other river lands. That act provided that "the said company shall transfer their interest in those tracts of land in Webster and Hamilton Counties heretofore sold by John Tolman, School Fund Commissioner, to the Register of the State Land Office in trust, to enable said Register to carry out and perform said contracts in all cases when he is called upon by the parties interested to do so, before the 1st day of January, A. D. 1864. The company filed its release to the Tolman lands, in the Land Office, Feb- ruary 27, 1864, at the same time entered its protest that it had no claim upon them, never had pretended to have, and had never sought to claim them. The Register of the State Land Office, under the advice of the Attorney General, decided that patents would be issued to the Tolman purchasers in all cases where contracts had been made prior to December 23, 1853, and remaining uncanceled under the act of 1860. But before any were issued, on the 27th of August, 1864, the Des Moines Navigation & Railroad Company commenced a suit in chancery, in the District Court of Polk County, to enjoin the issue of such patents. On the 30th of August, an ex lo arte injunction was issued. In January, 1868, Mr. J. A. Harvey, Register of the Land Office, filed in the court an elaborate answer to plaintiffs' petition, denying that the company had any right to or title in the lands. Mr. Plarvey's successor, Mr. C. C. Carpen- ter, filed a still more exhaustive answer February 10, 1868. August 3, 1868, the District Court dissolved the injunction. The company appealed to the Supreme Court, where the decision of the lower court was affirmed in December, 1869. VIII. — SWAMP LAND GRANT. By an act of Congress, approved March 28, 1850, to enable Arkansas and other States to reclaim swampy lands within their limits, granted all the swamp and overflowed lands remaining unsold within their respective limits to the several States. Although the total amount claimed by Iowa under this act 212 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. does not exceed 4,000,000 acres, it has, like the Des Moines River and some of" the land grants, cost the State considerable trouble and expense, and required a deal of legislation. The State expended large sums of money in making the selections, securing proofs, etc., but the General Government appeared to be laboring under the impression that Iowa was not acting in good faith ; that she had selected a large amount of lands under the swamp land grant, transferred her interest to counties, and counties to private speculators, and the General Land Office permitted contests as to the character of the lands already selected by the Agents of the State as "swamp lands." Congress, by joint resolution Dec. 18, 1856, and by act March 3, 1857, saved the State from the fatal result of this ruinous policy. Many of these lands were selected in 1854 and 1855, immediately after several remarkably wet seasons, and it was but natural that some portions of the selections would not appear swampy after a few dry seasons. Some time after these first selections were made, persons desired to enter parcels of the so-called swamp lands and offering to prove them to be dry. In such cases the General Land Office ordered hearing before the local land ofiicers, and if they decided the land to be dry, it was permitted to be entered and the claim of the State rejected. Speculators took advantage of this. Affidavits were bought of irresponsible and reckless men, who, for a few dollars, would confidently testify to the character of lands they never saw. These applica- tions multiplied until they covered 3,000,000 acres. It was necessary that Congress should confirm all these selections to the State, that this gigantic scheme of fraud and plunder might be stopped. The act of Congress of March 3, 1857, was designed to accomplish this purpose. But the Commis- sioner of the General Land Office held that it was only a qualified confirma- tion, and under this construction sought to sustain the action of the Department in rejecting the claim of the State, and certifying them under act of May 15, 1856, under wdiich the railroad companies claimed all swamp land in odd num- bered sections within the limits of their respective roads. This action led to serious complications. When the railroad grant W'as made, it w^as not intended nor was it understood that it included any of the swamp lands. These were already disposed of by previous grant. Nor did the companies expect to receive any of them, but under the decisions of the Department adverse to the State the way was opened, and they W'cre not slow to enter their claims. March 4, 1862, the Attorney General of the State submitted to the General Assembly an opinion that the railroad companies were not entitled even to contest the right of the State to these lands, under the swamp land grant. A letter from the Acting Commissioner of the General Land Office expressed the same opinion, and the General Assembly by joint resolution, approved April 7, 1862, expressly repudiated the acts of the railroad companies, and disclaimed any intention to claim these lands under any other than the act of Congress of Sept. 28, 1850. A great deal of legislation has been found necessary in rela- tion to these swamp lands. IX. — THE RAILKOAD GRANT. One of the most important grants of public lands to Iowa for purposes of internal improvement was that known as the "Railroad Grant," by act of Congress approved May 15, 1856. This act granted to the State of Iowa, for the purpose of aiding in the construction of railroads from Burlington, on the Mississippi River, to a point on the Missoitri River, near the mouth of Platte River ; from the city of Davenport, via Iowa City and Fort Des Moines to HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 213 Council Bluffs ; from Lyons City northwesterly to a point of intersection with the main line of the Iowa Central Air Line Railroad, near Maquoketa ; thence on said main line, running as near as practicable to the Forty-second Parallel ; across the said State of Iowa to the Missouri River ; from the city of Dubuque to a point on the Missouri River, near Sioux City, with a branch from the mouth of the Tete des Morts, to the nearest point on said road, to be com- pleted as soon as the main road is completed to that point, every alternate section of land, designated by odd numbers, for six sections in width on each side of said roads. It was also provided that if it should appear, when the lines of those roads were definitely fixed, that the United States had sold, or right of pre- emption had attached to any portion of said land, the State was authorized to select a quantity equal thereto, in alternate sections, or parts of sections, within fifteen miles of the lines so located. The lands remaining to the United States within six miles on each side of said roads were not to be sold for less than the double minimum price of the public lands when sold, nor w^ere any of said lands to become subject to private entry until they had been first offered at public sale at the increased price. Section 4 of the act provided that the lands granted to said State shall be disposed of by said State only in the manner following, that is to say : that a, quantity of land not exceeding one hundred and twenty sections for each of said roads, and included within a continuous length of twenty miles of each of said roads, may be sold ; and when the Governor of said State shall certify to the Secretary of the Interior that any twenty continuous miles of any of said roads is completed, then another quantity of land hereby granted, not to exceed one hundred and twenty sections for each of said roads having twenty continuous miles completed as aforesaid, and included Avithin a continuous length of tAventy miles of each of such roads, may be sold ; and so from time to time until said roads are completed, and if any of said roads are not completed within ten years, no further sale shall be made, and the lands unsold shall revert to the United States." At a special session of the General Assembly of Iowa, by act approved July 14, 1856, the grant was accepted and the lands were granted by the State to the several railroad companies named, provided that the lines of their respective roads should be definitely fixed and located before April 1, 1857 ; and pro- vided further, that if either of said companies should fail to have seventy-five miles of road completed and equipped by the 1st day of December, 1859, and its entire road completed by December 1, 1865, it should be competent for the State of loAva to resume all rights to lands remaining undisposed of by the company so failing. The railroad companies, with the single exception of the Iowa Central Air Line, accepted the several grants in accordance with the provisions of the above act, located their respective roads and selected their lands. The grant to the Iowa Central Avas again granted to the Cedar Rapids & Missouri River Railroad Company, which accepted them. By act, approved April 7, 1862, the Dubuque & Sioux City Railroad Com- pany Avas required to execute a release to the State of certain swamp and school lands, included within the limits of its grant, in compensation for an extension of the time fixed for the completion of its road. A careful examination of the act of Congress does not reveal any special reference to railroad companies. The lands were granted to the State, and the act evidently contemplate the sale of them hi/ the State, and the appropriation of the proceeds to aid in the construction of certain lines of railroad Avithin its. 214 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. limits. Section 4 of the act clearly defines the authority of the State in dis- posing of the lands. Lists of all the lands embraced by the grant were made, and certified to the State hj the proper authorities. Under an act of Congress approved August 3, lb54, entitled "An act to vest in the several States and Territories the title in fee of the lands whieh have been or may he cert/tied to them,'' these certified lists, the originals of "which are filed in the General Land Office, conveyed to the State ''the fee simple title to all the lands embraced in such lists that are of the char- acter contemplated " by the terms of the act making the grant, and "intended to be granted thereby ; but where lands embraced in such lists are not of the character embraced by such act of Congress, and were not intended to be granted thereby, said lists, so iar as these lands are concerned, shall be perfectly null and void; and no right, title, claim or interest shall be conveyed thereby.'" Those certified lists made under the act of May 15, 1856, were forty-three in number, viz.: For the Burlington & JNIissouri River Railroad, nine ; for the jNLssissippi & INIissouri Railroad, 11 ; for the Iowa Central Air Line, thirteen ; and for the Dubuque l^^ Sioux City Railroad, ten. The lands thus approved to the State were as follows : Burlington & Missouri Eiver E. E 287,0^5.34 acres. Mississippi & jMissouri Eiver E. E 774,674.36 " Cedar Eapids & Missouri Eiver R. E 775,454.19 " Dubuque & Sioux City E. R 1,226,558.32 " A portion of these had been selected as swamp lands by the State, under the act of September :28, 1850, and these, by the terms of the act of August 3, 1854, could not be turned over to the railroads unless the claim of the State to them as swamp was first rejected. It was not possible to determine from the records of the State Land Office the extent of the conflicting claims arising under the two grants, as copies of the swamp land selections in some of the coimties Avere not tiled of record. The Commissioner of the General Land Office, however, prepared lists of the lands claimed by the State as swamp under act of September 28, 1850, and also claimed by the railroad companies under act of May 15, 1856, amounting to 553,293.33 acres, the claim to which as swamp had been rejected by the Department. These were consequently certified to the State as railroad lands. There was no mode other than the act of July, 1856, prescribed for transferring the title to these lands from the State to the companies. The courts had decided that, for the purposes of the grant, the lands belonged to the State, and to her the companies should look for their titles. It was generally accepted that the act of the Legislature of July, 1856, was all that was neces- sary to complete the transfer of title. It was assumed that all the rights and powers conferred upon the State by the act of Congress of May 14, 1856, were by the act of the General Assembly transferred to the companies : in other words, that it was designed to put the companies in the place of the State as the grantees from Congress — and, therefore, that which perfected the title thereto to the State perfected the title to the companies by virtue of the act of July, 1856. One of the companies, however, the Burlington & Missouri River Rail- road Company, was not entirely satisfied with this construction. Its managers thought that some further and specific action of the State authorities in addition to the act of the Legislature was necessary to complete their title. This induced Gov. Lowe to attach to the certified lists his official certificate, imder the broad seal of the State. On the 9th of November, 1859, the Governor thus certified to them (commencing at the Missouri River) 187,207.44 acres, and December 27th, 43,775.70 acres, an ao;o;reirate of 231.073.14 acres. These were the only HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 215 lands under the grant that were certified by the State authorities with anj design of perfecting the title already vested in the company by the act of July, 1856. The lists which were afterward furnished to the company were simply certified by the Governor as being correct copies of the lists received by the State from the United States General Land Office. These subsequent lists embraced lands that had been claimed by the State under the Swamp Land Grant. It was urged against the claim of the Companies that the effect of the act of the Legislature was simply to substitute them for the State as parties to the grant. 1st. That the lands were granted to the State to be held in trust for the accomplishment of a specific purpose, and therefore the State could not part with the title until that purpose should have been accomplished. 2d. That it was not the intention of the act of July 14, 1856, to deprive the State of the con- trol of the lands, but on the contrary that she should retain supervision of them and the right to withdraw all rights and powers and resume the title condition- ally conferred by that act upon the companies in the event of their failure to complete their part of the contract. 3d. That the certified lists from the Gen- eral Land Office vested the title in the State only by virtue of the act of Con- gress approved August 3, 1854. The State Land Office held that the proper construction of the act of July 14, 1856, when accepted by the companies, was that it became a conditional contract that might ripen into a positive sale of the lands as from time to time the work should progress, and as the State thereby became authorized by the express terms of the grant to sell them. This appears to have been the correct construction of the act, but by a sub- sequent act of Congress, approved June 2, 1864, amending the act of 1856, the terms of the grant were changed, and numerous controversies arose between the companies and the State. The ostensible purpose of this additional act was to allow the Davenport k Council Bluffs Railroad "to modify or change the location of the uncompleted portion of its line," to run through the town of NeAvton, Jasper County, or as nearly as practicable to that point. The original grant had been made to the State to aid in the construction of railroads within its limits and not to the com- panies, but Congress, in 1864, appears to have been utterly ignorant of what had been done under the act of 1856, or, if not, to have utterly disregarded it. The State had accepted the original grant. The Secretary of the Interior had already certified to the State all the lands intended to be included in the grant within fifteen miles of the lines of the several railroads. It will be remembered that Section 4, of the act of May 15, 1856, specifies the manner of sale of these lands from time to time as work on the railroads should progress, and alse provided that "if any of said roads are not completed within ten years, no fur- ther sale shall be made, and the lands unsold shall revert to the United States.'* Having vested the title to these lands in trust, in the State of Iowa, it is plain that until the expiration of the ten years there could be no reversion, and the State, not the United States, must control them until the grant should expire by limitation. The United States authorities could not rightfully require the Secretary of the Interior to certify directly to the companies any portion of the lands already certified to the State. And yet Congress, by its act of June 2, 1864, provided that Avhenever the Davenport & Council Bluffs Railroad Com- pany should file in the General Land Office at Washington a map definitely showing such new location, the Secretary of the Interior should cause to be cer- tified and conveyed to said Company, from time to time, as the road progressed, out of any of the lands belonging to the United States, not sold, reserved, or 216 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. otherwise disposed of, or to which a pre-emption daim or right of homestead had not attached, and on which a bona fide settlement and improvement had not been made under color of title derived from the United States or from the State of Iowa, within six miles of such newly located line, an amount of land per mile equal to that originally authorized to be granted to aid in the construction of said road by the act to which this was an amendment. The term " out of any lands helonging to the United States, not sold, re- sei-ved or otherwise disposed of, etc.," w^ould seem to indicate that Congress did intend to grant lands already granted, but when it declared that the Company should have an amount per mile equal to that originally authorized to be granted, it is plain that the framers of the bill were ignorant of the real terms of the original grant, or that they designed that the United States should resume the title it had already parted with two years before the lands could revert to the United States under the original act, which was not repealed. A similar change was made in relation to the Cedar Rapids & Missouri Hailroad, and dictated the conveyance of lands in a similar manner. Like provision was made for the Dubuque & Sioux City Railroad, and the Company was permitted to change the location of its line between Fort Dodge and Sioux City, so as to secure the best route between those points ; but this change of location was not to impair the right to the land granted in the orig- inal act, nor did it change the location of those lands. By the same act, the Mississippi & Missouri Railroad Company was author- ized to transfer and assign all or any part of the grant to any other company or person, " if, in the opinion of said Company, the construction of said railroad across the State of Iowa would be thereby sooner and more satisfactorily com- pleted ; but such assignee should not in any case be released from the liabilities and conditions accompanying this grant, nor acquire perfect title in any other manner than the same would have been acquired by the original grantee." Still further, the Burlington & INIissouri River Railroad was not forgotten, and was, by the same act, empowered to receive an amount of land per mile equal to that mentioned in the original act, and if that could not be found within the limits of six miles from the line of said road, then such selection might be made along such line within twenty miles thereof out of any public lands belonging to the United States, not sold, reserved or otherwise disposed of, or to which a pre-emption claim or right of homestead had not attached. Those acts of Congress, which evidently originated in the ''lobby," occa- sioned much controversy and trouble. The Department of the Interior, how- ever, recognizing the fact that when the Secretary had certified the lands to the State, under the act of 1856, that act divested the United States of title, under the vesting act of August, 1854, refused to review its action, and also refused to order any and all investigations for establishing adverse claims (except in pre-emption cases), on the ground that the United States had parted with the title, and, therefore, could exercise no control over the land. May 12, 1864, before the passage of the amendatory act above described. Congress granted to the State of Iowa, to aid in the construction of a railroad from McGregor to Sioux City, and for the benefit of the McGregor Western R/iilroad Company, every alternate section of land, designated by odd numbers, for ten sections in width on each side of the proposed road, reserving the right to substitute other lands whenever it was found that the grant infringed upon pre-empted lands, or on lands that had been reserved or disposed of for any other purpose. In such cases, the Secretary of the Interior was instructed to select, in lieu, lands belonging to the United States lying nearest to the limits specified. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 217 X. — AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE AND FARM LANDS. An Agricultural College and Model Farm was established by act of the General Assembly, approved March 22, 1858. By the eleventh section of the, act, the proceeds of the five-section grant made for the purpose of aiding in the erection of public buildings was appropriated, subject to the approval of Con- gress, together with all lands that Congress might thereafter grant to the State for the purpose, for the benefit of the institution. On the 23d of March, by joint resolution, the Legislature asked the consent of Congress to the proposed transfer. By act approved July 11, 1862, Congress removed the restrictions imposed in the "five-section grant," and authorized the General Assembly to make such disposition of the lands as should be deemed best for the interests of the State. By these several acts, the five sections of land in Jasper County certified to the State to aid in the erection of public buildings under the act of March 3, 1845, entitled " An act supplemental to the act for the admission of the States of Iowa and Florida into the Union," were fully appropriated for the benefit of the Iowa Agricultural College and Farm. The institution is located in Story County. Seven hundred and twenty-one acres in that and two hundred in Boone County were donated to it by individuals interested in the success of the enterprise. By act of Congress approved July 2, 1862, an appropriation was made to each State and Territory of 30,000 acres for each Senator and Representative in Congress, to which, by the apportionment under the census of 1860, thev were respectively entitled. This grant was made for the purpose of endowing colleges of agriculture and mechanic arts. Iowa accepted this grant by an act passed at an extra session of its Legis- lature, approved September 11, 1862, entitled "An act to accept of the grant, and carry into execution the trust conferred upon the State of Iowa by an act of Congress entitled ' An act granting public lands to the several States and Territories which may provide colleges for the benefit of agriculture and the mechanic arts,' approved July 2, 1862," This act made it the duty of the Governor to appoint an agent to select and locate the lands, and provided that none should be selected that were claimed by any county as swamp lands. The agent was required to make report of his doings to the Governor, who was instructed to submit the list of selections to the Board of Trustees of the Agricultural College for their approval. One thousand dollars were appro- priated to carry the law in^ effect. The State, having two Senators and six Representatives in Congress, was entitled to 240,000 acres of land under this grant, for the purpose of establishing and maintaining an Agricultural College. Peter Melendy, Esq., of Black Hawk County, was appointed to make the selec- tions, and during August, September and December, 1863, located them in the Fort Dodge, Des Moines and Sioux City Land Districts. December 8, 1864, these selections were certified by the Commissioner of the General Land Ofiice, and were approved to the State by the Secretary of the Interior December 13, 1864. The title to these lands was vested in the State in fee simple, and con- flicted with no other claims under other grants. The agricultural lands were approved to the State as 240,000.96 acres; but as 35,691.66 acres were located within railroad limits, which were computed at the rate of two acres for one, the actual amount of land approved to the State under this grant was only 204,309.30 acres, located as follows: In Des Moines Land District 6,804.96 acres. In Sioux City Land District 59,025.87 " In Fort Dodge Land District 138,478.97 " 218 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. By act of the General Assembly, approved March 29, 1864, entitled, " An act authorizing the Trustees of the Iowa State Agricultural College and Farm to sell all lands acquired, granted, donated or appropriated for the benefit of said college, and to make an investment of the proceeds thereof," all these lands were granted to the Agricultural College and Farm, and the Trustees were au- thorized to take possession, and sell or lease them. They were then, under the control of the Trustees, lands as follows : Under the act of July 2, 1852 204,309.30 acres. Of the five-section grant 3,200.00 " Lands donated in Story County 721.00 " Lands donated in Boone County 200.00 " Total 208,430.30 acres. The Trustees opened an office at Fort Dodge, and appointed Hon. G. W» Bassett their agent for the sale of these lands. THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS. The germ of the free public school system of Iowa, which now ranks sec- ond to none in the United States, was planted by the first settlers. They had migrated to the " The Beautiful Land " from other and older States, where the common school system had been tested by many years' experience, bringing with them some knowledge of its advantages, which they determined should be enjoyed by the children of the land of their adoption. The system thus planted was expanded and improved in the broad fields of the West, until now it is justly considered one of the most complete, comprehensive and liberal in the country. Nor is this to be wondered at when it is remembered humble log school houses were built almost as soon as the log cabin of the earliest settlers were occupied by their brave builders. In the lead mining regions of the State, the first to be occupied by the white race, the hardy pioneers provided the means for the education of their children even before they had comfortable dwellings for their families. School teachers were among the first immigrants to Iowa. Wherever a little settlement was made, the school house was the first united public act of the settlers; and the rude, primitive structures of the early time only disappeared when the communities had increased in population and wealth, and were able to replace them with more commodious and comfortable buildings. Perhaps in no single instance has the magnificent progress of the State of Iowa been more marked and rapid than in her common school system and in her school houses, which, long since, superseded the log cabins of the first settlers. To- day, the school houses which everywhere dot the broad and fertile prairies of Iowa are unsurpassed by those of any other State in the great Union. More especially is this true in all her cities and villages, where liberal and lavish appropriations have been voted, by a generous people, for the erection of large, commodious and elegant buildings, furnished with all the modern improvements, and costing from ^10,000 to ^60,000 each. The people of the State have ex- pended more than ^10,000,000 for the erection of public school buildings. The first house erected in Iowa was a log cabin at Dubuque, built by James L. Langworthy and a few other miners, in the Autumn of 1833. When it was completed, George Cabbage was employed as teacher during the Winter of 1833-4, and thirty-five pupils attended his school. Barrett Whittemore taught the second term with twentv-five pupils in attendance. Mrs. Caroline Dexter HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 219 commenced teaching in Dubuque in March, 1836. She was the first female teacher there, and probably the first in Iowa. In 1839, Thomas H. Benton, Jr., afterward for ten years Superintendent of Public Instruction, opened an English and classical school in Dubuque. The first tax for the support of schools at Dubuque was levied in 1840. Among the first buildings erected at Burlington was a commodious log school house in 1834, in which Mr. Johnson Pierson taught the first school in the Winter of 1834-5. The first school in Muscatine County was taught by George Bumgardner, in the Spring of 1837, and in 1839, a log school house was erected in Musca- tine, which served for a long time for school house, church and public hall. The first school in Davenport was taught in 1838. In Fairfield, Miss Clarissa Sawyer, James F. Chambers and Mrs. Reed taught school in 1839. When the site of Iowa City was selected as the capital of the Territory of Iowa, in May, 1839, it was a perfect wilderness. The first sale of lots took place August 18, 1839, and before January 1, 1840, about twenty families had settled within the limits of the town ; and during the same year, Mr. Jesse Berry opened a school in a small frame building he had erected, on what is now College street. The first settlement in Monroe County was made in 1843, by Mr. John R. Gray, about two miles from the present site of Eddyville; and in the Summer of 1844, a log school house was built by Gray, William V. Beedle, C. Renfro, Joseph McMullen and Willoughby Randolph, and the first school was opened by Miss Urania Adams. The building was occupied for school purposes for nearly ten years. About a year after the first cabin was built at Oskaloosa, a log school house was built, in which school was opened by Samuel W. Caldwell in 1844. At Fort Des Moines, now the capital of the State, the first school was taught by Lewis Whitten, Clerk of the District Court in the Winter of 1846-7, in one of the rooms on " Coon Row," built for barracks. The first school in Pottawattomie County was opened by George Green, a Mormon, at Council Point, prior to 1849 ; and until about 1854, nearly, if not quite, all the teachers in that vicinity were Mormons. The first school in Decorah was taught in 1853, by T. W. Burdick, then a young man of seventeen. In Osceola, the first school was opened by Mr. D. W. Scoville. The first school at Fort Dodge was taught in 1855, by Cyrus C. Carpenter, since Governor of the State. In Crawford County, the first school house was built in Mason's Grove, in 1856, and Morris McHenry first occupied it as teacher. During the first twenty years of the history of Iowa, the log school house pre- vailed, and in 1861, there were 893 of these primitive structures in use for school purposes in the State. Since that time they have been gradually dis- appearing. In 1865, there were 796; in 1870, 336, and in 1875, 121. Iowa Territory was created July 3, 1838. January 1, 1839, the Territorial Legislature passed an act providing that " there shall be established a common school, or schools in each of the counties in this Territory, which shall be open and free for every class of white citizens between the ages of five and twenty-one years." The second section of the act provided that "the County Board shall, from time to time, form such districts in their respective counties whenever a petition may be presented for the purpose by a majority of the voters resident within such contemplated district." These districts were gov- erned by boards of trustees, usually of three persons ; each disti'ict was required 220 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. to maintain school at least three months in eveiy year ; and later, laws were enacted providing for county school taxes for the payment of teachers, and that whatever additional sum might be required should be assessed upon the parents sending, in proportion to the length of time sent. When Iowa Territory became a State, in 1846, with a population of 100,- 000, and with 20,000 scholars within its limits, about four hundred school dis- tricts had been organized. In 1850, there were 1,200, and in 1857, the number had increased to 3,265. In March, 1858, upon the recommendation of Hon. M. L. Fisher, then Su- perintendent of Public Instruction, the Seventh General Assembly enacted that " each civil township is declared a school district," and provided that these should be divided into sub-districts. This law went into force March 20, 1858, and reduced the number of school districts from about 3,500 to less than 900. This change of school organization resulted in a very material reduction of the expenditures for the compensation of District Secretaries and Treasurers. An effort was made for several years, from 1867 to 1872, to abolish the sub- district system. Mr. Kissell, Superintendent, recommended, in his report of January 1, 1872, and Governor Merrill forcibly endorsed his views in his annual message. But the Legislature of that year provided for the formation of inde- pendent districts from the sub-districts of district townships. The system of graded schools was inaugurated in 18-49 ; and new schools, in which more than one teacher is employed, are universally graded. The first official mention of Teachers' Institutes in the educational records of Iowa occurs in the annual report of Hon. Thomas H. Benton, Jr., made December 2, 1850, who said, "An institution of this character was organized a few years ago, composed of the teachers of the mineral regions of Illinois, Wisconsin and Iowa. An association of teachers has, also, been formed in the county of Henry, and an effort was made in October last to organize a regular institute in the county of Jones." At that time — although the beneficial influence of these institutes was admitted, it was urged that the expenses of attending them was greater than teachers with limited compensation M-ere able to bear. To obviate this objection, Mr. Benton recommended that '' the sum of $150 should be appropriated annually for three years, to be drawn in install- ments of $50 each by the Superintendent of Public Instruction, and expended for these institutions." He proposed that three institutes should be held annu- ally at points to be designated by the Superintendent. No legislation in this direction, however, was had until March, 1858, when an act was passed authorizing the holding of teachers' institutes for periods not less than six working days, whenever not less than thirty teachers should desire. The Superintendent was authorized to expend not exceeding $100 for any one institute, to be paid out by the County Superintendent as the institute might direct for teachers and lecturers, and one thousand dollars was appropriated to defray the expenses of these institutes. December 6, 1858, Mr. Fislier reported to the Board of Education that institutes had been appointed in twenty counties within the preceding six months, and more would have been, but the appropriation had been exhausted. The Board of Education at its first session, commencing December 6, 1858, enacted a code of school laws which retained the existing provisions for teachers' institutes. In March, 1860, the General Assembly amended the act of the Board by appropriating " a sum not exceeding fifty dollars annually for one such institute, held as provided by law in each county." HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 221 In 1865, Mr. Faville reported that " the provision made by the State for the henefit of teachers' institutes has never been so fully appreciated, both by the people and the teachers, as during the last two years." By act approved March 19, 1874, Normal Institutes were established in each county, to be held annually by the County Superintendent. This was regarded as a very decided step in advance by Mr. Abernethy, and in 1876 the Sixteenth General Assembly established the first permanent State Normal School at Cedar Falls, Black Hawk County, appropriating the building and property of the Soldiers' Orphans' Home at that place for that purpose. This school is now " in tlie full tide of successful experiment." The public school system of Iowa is admirably organized, and if the various officers who are entrusted with the educational interests of the commonwealth are faithful and competent, should and will constantly improve. " The public schools are supported by funds arising from several sources. The sixteenth section of every Congressional ToAvnship was set apart by the General Government for school purposes, being one-thirty-sixth part of all the lands of the State. The minimum price of these lands was fixed at one dollar and twent3^-five cents per acre. Congress also made an additional donation to the State of five hundred thousand acres, and an appropriation of five per cent. on all the sales of public lands to the school funcl. The State gives to this fund the proceeds of the sales of all lands which escheat to it ; the proceeds of all fines for the violation of the liquor and criminal laws. The money derived from these sources constitutes the permanent school fund of the State, which cannot be diverted to any other purpose. The penalties collected by the courts for fines and forfeitures go to the school fund in the counties where collected. The proceeds of the sale of lands and the five per cent, fund go into the State Treasury, and the State distributes these proceeds to the several counties accord- ing to their request, and the counties loan the money to individuals for long terms at eight per cent, interest, on security of land valued at three times the amount of the loan, exclusive of all buildings and improvements thereon. The interest on these loans is paid into the State Treasury, and becomes the avail- able school fund of the State. The counties are responsible to the State for all money so loaned, and the State is likewise responsible to the school fund for all moneys transferred to the counties. The interest on these loans is apportioned by the State Auditor semi-annually to the several counties of the State, in pro- portion to the number of persons between the ages of five and twenty-one years. The counties also levy an annual tax for school purposes, which is apportioned to the several district townships in the same Avay. A district tax is also levied for the same purpose. The money arising from these several sources constitutes the support of the public schools, and is sufficient to enable every sub-district in the State to afford from six to nine months' school each year." The taxes levied for the support of schools are self-imposed. Under the admirable school laws of the State, no taxes can be legally assessed or collected for the erection of school houses until they have been ordered by the election of the district at a school meeting legally called. The school houses of Iowa are the pride of the State and an honor to the people. If they have been some- times built at a prodigal expense, the tax payers have no one ^to blame but themselves. The teachers' and contingent funds are determined by the Board of Directors under certain legal restrictions. These boards are elected annually, except in the independent districts, in which the board may be entirely changed every three years. The only exception to this mode of levying taxes for support 222 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. of schools is the county school tax, which is determined by the County Board of Supervisors. The tax is from one to three mills on the dollar ; usually, however, but one. Mr. Abernethy, who was Superintendent of Public Instruc- tion from 1872 to 1877, said in one of his reports : There is but little opposition to the levy of taxes for the support of schools, and there would be still less if the funds were always properly guarded and judiciously expended. How- ever much our people disagree upon other subjects, they are practically united upon this. The opposition of wealth has long since ceased to exist, and our wealthy men are usually the most liberal in their views and the most active friends of popular education. They are often found upon our school boards, and usually make the best of school officers. It is not uncommon for Boards of Directors, especially in the larger towns and cities, to be composed wholly of mea who represent the enterprise, wealth and business of their cities. At the close of 1877, there were 1,086 township districts, 3,138 indepen- dent districts and 7,015 sub-districts. There were 9,948 ungraded and 476 graded schools, with an average annual session of seven months and five days. There were 7,348 male teachers employed, whose average compensation was ^34.88 per month, and 12,518 female teachers, with an average compensation. of $28.69 per month. The number of persons between the ages 5 and 21 years, in 1877, was 567.859; number enrolled in public schools, 421,163; total average attendance, 251,372; average cost of tuition per month, $1.62. There are 9,279 frame, 671 brick, 257 stone and 89 log school houses, making a grand total of 10,296, valued at $9,044,973. The public school libraries number 17,329 volumes. Ninety-nine teachers' institutes were held during 1877. Teachers' salaries amounted to $2,953,645. There was expended for school houses, grounds, libraries and apparatus, $1,106,788, and for fuel and other contingencies, $1,136,995, making the grand total of $5,197,428 expended by the generous people of loAva for the support of their magnificent public schools in a single year. The amount of the permanent school fund, at the close of 1877, was $3,462,000. Annual interest, $276,960. In 1857, there were 3,265 independent districts, 2,708 ungraded schools, and 1,572 male and 1,424 female teachers. Teachers' salaries amounted to $198,142, and the total expenditures for schools was only $364,515. Six hun- dred and twenty-three volumes were the extent of the public school libraries twenty years ago,' and there were only 1,686 school houses, valued at $571,064. In twenty years, teachers' salaries have increased from $198,142, in 1857, to $2,953,645 in 1877. Total school expenditures, from $364,515 to $5,197,428. The significance of such facts as these is unmistakable. Such lavish expen- ditures can only be accounted for by the liberality and public spirit of the people, all of whom manifest their love of popular education and their faith in the public schools by the annual dedication to their support of more than one per cent, of their entire taxable property ; this, too, uninterruptedly through a series of years, commencing in the midst of a war which taxed their energies and resources to the extreme, and continuing through years of general depression in business — years of moderate yield of produce, of discouragingly low prices, and even amid the scanty surroundings and privations of pioneer life. Few human enterprises have a grander significance or give evidence of a more noble purpose than the generous contributions from the scanty resources of the pioneer for the purposes of public education. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 223 POLITICAL RECORD. TERRITORIAL OFFICERS. G-overnors — Robert Lucas, 1838-41 ; John Chambers, 1841-45 ; James Clarke, 1845. Secretaries— WiW'mm B. Conway, 1838, died 1839 ; James Clarke, 1839 ; 0. H. W. Stull, 1841 ; Samuel J. Burr, 1843 ; Jesse Williams, 1845. Auditors— J ease "Williams, 1840 ; Wm. L. Gilbert, 1843 • Robert M. Secrest, 1845. Treasurers — Thornton Bayliss, 1839 ; Morgan Reno, 1840. Judges — Charles Mason, Chief Justice, 1838 ; Joseph Williams, 1838 ; Thomas S. Wilson, 1838. Presidents of Council — Jesse B. Browne, 1838-9 ; Stephen Hempstead, 1839-40; M. Bainridge, 1840-1; Jonathan W. Parker, 1841-2; John D. Elbert, 1842-3 ; Thomas Cox, 1843-4 ; S. Clinton Hastings, 1845 ; Stephen Hempstead, 1845-6. Speakers of the House — William H. Wallace, 1838-9 ; Edward Johnston, 1839-40 ; Thomas Cox, 1840-1 ; Warner Lewis, 1841-2 ; James M. Morgan, 1842-3 ; James P. Carleton, 1843-4 ; James M. Morgan, 1845 ; George W. McCleary, 1845-6. First Constitutional Convention, 184-4- — Shepherd Leffler, President ; Geo. S. Hampton, Secretary. Second Constitutional Convention, 1846 — Enos Lowe, President ; William Thompson, Secretary. OFFICERS OF THE STATE GOVERNMENT. Governors — Ansel Briggs, 1846 to 1850 ; Stephen Hempstead, 1850 to 1854; James W. Grimes, 1854 to 1858 ; Ralph P. Lowe, 1858 to 1860; Sam- uel J. Kirkwood, 1860 to 1864 ; William M. Stone, 1864 to 1868 ; Samuel Morrill, 1868 to 1872 ; Cyrus C. Carpenter, 1872 to 1876 ; Samuel J. Kirk- wood, 1876 to 1877 ; Joshua G. Newbold, Acting, 1877 to 1878 ; John H. Gear, 1878 to . Lieutenant Gfovernor — Office created by the new Constitution September 3, 1857— Oran Faville, 1858-9 ; Nicholas J. Rusch, 1860-1 ; John R. Needham, 1862-3; Enoch W. Eastman, 1864-5; Benjamin F. Gue, 1866-7; John Scott, 1868-9; M. M. Walden, 1870-1; H. C. Bulls, 1872-3; Joseph Dy- sart, 1874-5 ; Joshua G. Newbold, 1876-7 ; Frank T. Campbell, 1878-9. Secretaries of State — Elisha Cutler, Jr., Dec. 5, 1840, to Dec. 4, 1848 ; Josiah H. Bonney, Dec. 4, 1848, to Dec. 2, 18o0; George W. McCleary, Dec. 2, 1850, to Dec. 1, 1856 ; Elijah Sells, Dec. 1, 1856, to Jan. 5, 1863 ; James Wright, Jan. 5, 1863, to Jan. 7, 1867 ; Ed. Wright, Jan. 7, 1867, to Jan. 6, 1873 ; Josiah T. Young, Jan. 6, 1873, to . Auditors of State— Joseph T. Fales, Dec. 5, 1846, to Dec. 2, 1850 ; Will- iam Pattee, Dec. 2, 1850, to Dec. 4, 1854; Andrew J. Stevens, Dec. 4, 1854, resigned in 1855 ; John Pattee, Sept. 22, 1855, to Jan. 3, 1859 ; Jonathan W. Cattell, 1859 to 1865 ; John A. Elliot, 1865 to 1871 ; John Russell, 1871 to 1875 ; Buren R. Sherman, 1875 to . Treasurers of State— Morgan Reno, Dec. 18, 1846, to Dec. 2, 1850 ; Israel Kister, Dec. 2, 1850, to Dec. 4, 1852 ; Martin L. Morris, Dec. 4. 1852, to Jan. 2, 1859 ; John W. Jones. 1859 to 1863 ; William H. Holmes, 1863 to 224 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 1867 ; Samuel E. Rankin, 1867 to 1873 ; William Christy, 1873 to 1877 ; George W. Bemis, 1877 to . Superintendents of Public Instruction— Of^ce created in 1847 — James Harlan, June 5, 1845 (Supreme Court decided election void) ; Thomas H. Benton, Jr., May 23, 1844, to June 7, 1854 ; James D. Eads, 1854-7 ; Joseph C. Stone, March to June, 1857 ; Maturin L. Fisher, 1857 to Dec, 1858, when the office was abolished and the duties of the office devolved upon the Secretary of the Board of Education. Secretaries of Board of Education — Thomas H. Benton, Jr., 1859-1863; Oran Faville, Jan. 1, 1864. Board abolished March 23, 1864. Superintendents of Public Instruction — Office re-created March 23, 1864 — Oran Faville, March 28, 1864, resigned March 1, 1867 ; D. Franklin Wells, March 4, 1867, to Jan., 1870 ; A. S. Kissell, 1870 to 1872 ; Alonzo Abernethy, 1872 to 1877 ; Carl W. Von Coelln, 1877 to . State Binders — Office created Februarv 21, 1855 — William M. Coles, May 1, 1855, to Mav 1, 1859 ; Frank M. Mills, 1859 to 1867 ; James S. Carter, 1867 to 1870;" J. J. Smart, 1870 to 1874; H. A. Perkins, 1874 to 1875; James J. Smart, 1875 to 1876; H. A. Perkins, 1876 to . Registers of the State La)id Office — x\nson Hart, May 5, 1855, to May 13, 1857 ; Theodore S. Parvin, May 13, 1857, to Jan. 3, 1859 ; Amos B. Miller, Jan. 3, 1859, to October, 1862; Edwin Mitchell, Oct. 31, 1862, to Jan 5, 1863 ; Josiah A. Harvey, Jan. 5, 1863, to Jan. 7, 1867 ; Cyrus C. Carpenter, Jan. 7, 1867, to January, 1871 ; Aaron Brown, January, 1871, to to January, 1875 ; David Secor, January, 1875, to . State Printers — Office created Jan. 3, 1840 — Grarrett D. Palmer and George Paul, 1849; William H. Merritt, 1851 to 1853; William A. Hornish, 1853 (resigned May 16, 1853); Mahoney & Dorr, 1853 to 1855; Peter Moriarty, 1855 to 1857; John Teesdale, 1857 to 1861; Francis W. Palmer, 1861 to 1869; Frank M. Mills, 1869 to 1870; G. W. Edwards, 1870 to 1872 ; R. P. Clarkson, 1872 to . Ad;jutants G-eneral — Daniel S. Lee, 1851-5 ; Geo. W. McCleary, 1855-7 ; Elijah 'Sells, 1857 ; Jesse Bowen, 1857-61; Nathaniel Baker, 1861 to 1877; John H. Looby, 1877 to . Attorneiis aeneral—D^^i^l C. Cloud, 1853-56 ; Samuel A. Rice, 1856-60 : Charles C. Nourse. 1861-4 : Isaac L. Allen, 1865 (resiscned January, 1866) ; Frederick E. Bissell, 1866 (died June 12, 1867); Henry^O' Connor, 1867-72; Marsena E. Cutts, 1872-6; John F. McJunkin, 1877. Presidents of the Senate — Thomas Baker, 1846-7 ; Thomas Hughes, 1848 ; John J. "Selmaii, 1848-9 ; Enos Lowe. 1850-1 ; William E. Leffing- well, 1852-3; Maturin L. Fisher, 1854-5; William W. Hamilton, 1856-7. Under the new Constitution, the Lieutenant Governor is President of the Senate. SjjeaJcers of the Rouse — Jesse B. Brown, 1847-8; Smiley H. Bonhan, 1849-50: George Temple, 1851-2; James Grant, 1853-4; Reuben Noble, l^bb-Q ; Samuel McFariand, 1856-7 ; Stephen B. Sheledv, 1858-9 ; John Edwards, 1860-1 : Rush Clark, 1862-3 ; Jacob Butler, 1864-5 : Ed. Wright, 1866-7 ; John Russell, 1868-9 ; Avlett R. Cotton, 1870-1 ; James Wilson, 1872-3 ; John H. Gear, 1874-7 ; John Y. Stone, 1878. J^cw Constitutional Convention, 1859 — Francis Springer, President ; Thos. J. Saunders, Secretary. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 225 STATE OFFICERS, 1878. John H. Gear, Governor; Frank T. Campbell, Lieutenant Governor; Josiah T. Young, Secretary of State ; Buren R. Sherman, Auditor of State ; George W. Bemis, Treasurer of State; David Secor, Register of State Land Office; John H. Looby, Adjutant General; John F. McJunken, Attorney General; Mrs. Ada North, State Librarian ; Edward J. Holmes, Clerk Supreme Court ; John S. Runnells, Reporter Supreme Court; Carl W. Von Coelln, Superintend- ent Public Instruction; Richard P. Clarkson, State Printer; Henry A. Perkins, State Binder; Prof. Nathan R. Leonard, Superintendent of Weights and Measures; William H. Fleming, Governor's Private Secretary; Fletcher W. Young, Deputy Secretary of State; John C. Parish, Deputy Auditor of State; Erastus G. Morgan, Deputy Treasurer of State; John M. Davis, Deputy Reg- ister Land Office; Ira C. Kling, Deputy Superintendent Public Instruction. THE JUDICIARY. SUPREME COURT OF IOWA. Oliief Justices. — Charles Mason, resigned in June, 1847 ; Joseph Williams, Jan., 1847, to Jan., 1848 ; S. Clinton Hastings, Jan., 1848, to Jan., 1849; Joseph Williams, Jan., 1849, to Jan. 11, 1855; Geo. G. Wright, Jan. 11, 1855, to Jan., 1860 ; Ralph P. Lowe, Jan., 1860, to Jan. 1, 1862 ; Caleb Baldwin, Jan., 1862, to Jan., 1864; Geo. G. Wright, Jan., 1864, to Jan., 1866; Ralph P. Lowe, Jan., 1866, to Jan., 1868; John F. Dillon, Jan., 1868, to Jan., 1870; Chester C. Cole, Jan. 1, 1870, to Jan. 1, 1871; James G. Day, Jan. 1, 1871, to Jan. 1, 1872; Joseph M. Beck, Jan. 1, 1872, to Jan. 1, 1874; W. E. Miller, Jan. 1, 1874, to Jan. 1, 1876; Chester C. Cole, Jan. 1, 1876, to Jan. 1, 1877; James G. Day, Jan. 1, 1877, to Jan. 1, 1878; James H. Rothrock, Jan. 1, 1878. Associate Judges. — Joseph Williams; Thomas S. Wilson, resigned Oct., 1847; John F. Kinney, June 12, 1847, resigned Feb. 15, 1854; George Greene, Nov. 1, 1847, to Jan. 9, 1855; Jonathan C. Hall, Feb. 15, 1854, to succeed Kinney, resigned, to Jan., 1855; William G. Woodward, Jan. 9, 1855; Norman W. Isbell, Jan. 16, 1855, resigned 1856; Lacen D. Stockton, June 3, 1856, to succeed Isbell, resigned, died June 9, 1860; Caleb Baldwin, Jan. 11, 1860, to 1864; Ralph P. Lowe, Jan. 12, 1860; George G. Wright, June 26, 1860, to succeed Stockton, deceased; elected U. S. Senator, 1870; John F. Dil- lon, Jan. 1, 1864, to succeed Baldwin, resigned, 1870; Chester C. Cole, March 1, 1864, to 1877 ; Joseph M. Beck, Jan. 1, 1868 ; W. E. Miller, October 11, 1864, to succeed Dillon, resigned; James G. Day, Jan. 1, 1871, to succeed Wright. SUPREME COURT, 1878. James H. Rothrock, Cedar County, Chief Justice; Joseph M. Beck, Lee County, Associate Justice ; Austin Adams, Dubuque County, Associate Justice ; William H. Seevers, Oskaloosa County, Associate Justice; James G. Day, Fre- mont County, Associate Justice. CONGRESSIONAL REPRESENTATION. UNITED STATES SENATORS. (The first General Assembly failed to elect Senators.) George W. Jones, Dubuque, Dec. 7, 1848-1858 ; Augustus C. Dodge, Bur- lington, Dec. 7, 1848-1855; James Harlan, Mt. Pleasant, Jan. 6, 1855-1865; James W. Grimes, Burlington, Jan. 26, 1858-died 1870 ; Samuel J. Kirkwood, Iowa City, elected Jan. 13, 1866, to fill vacancy caused by resignation of James 22b HISTORY OF THE STATF OF IOWA. llavlan : James Harlan, Mt. rioasaut, March 4, 1SG0-1S72 ; James T>. Howell, Keokuk, elected Jan. '20, ISTO. to till vacancy caused bv the death of J. W. Grimes — term expired March od ; Georoje G* Wriijht, Des Moines, ^larch -1, 1ST1-1ST7: William B. Allison, Dubm-fue. Marcir-i, 1S7'2 ; Samuel J. Kirk- "wood, March 4, 1ST 7. MBMEEKS OV llOVSK OV I^KTRKSKXTATIVKS. Tarnfihiihith Co)iij)rss — IS40 to IS4^. — S. Clinton Hastino;s : Shepherd Leiller. Thirtieth Conan'ss — Z>V" to 1S49. — First District. William Thompson ; Second District, Shepherd Leiller. 'Ihirt (/-first Comrrt'ss — 1S49 to 1S51. — Fii-st District, First Session, Wm. Thompson; unseated by the House of Kepvesentatives on a contest, and election remanded to the pei^ple. First District. Second Session. Daniel F. Miller. Second District. Shepherd LetHer. Thirtu-socond Couar.ss — iSol to ISoS. — First District, Bernhart Heun. Second District. Lincoln Ohvrk. Thirtu-third Coth7rcss — icS'o^? to i.S'JJ. — First District. Bernhart Henn. Second District, John P. Cook. 'Thirtu-fourth Conprcss — i>>\>J to lSo7. — First District. Augustus Hall. Second District. James Thorington. Thirti/-n/th Co)hjrt\.wp»*n>^* of iromuiission as Brigadier C«»afx*l, »ad .t. TT '\A";',s.5v, chos^iii his sucwes^ir. #; j//\ HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 22S William Loughridge; Seventh District, John A, Kasson ; Eighth District, James W. McDill ; Ninth District, Jackson Orr. Forty-fourth Congress— 1875 to ic?7/'.— First District, George W. Mc- Crary ; Second District, John Q. Tufts ; Third District, L. L. Ainsworth ; Fourth District, Henry 0. Pratt; Fifth District, James Wilson ; Sixth District, Ezekiel S. Sampson ; Seventh District, John A. Kasson ; Eighth District, James W. McDill ; Fifth District, Addison Oliver. Forty-fifth Congress — 1S77 to 1879. — First District, J. C. Stone; Second District, Hiram Price ; Third District, T. W. Burdick ; Fourth District, H. C. Deering ; Fifth District, Rush Clark ; Sixth District, E. S. Sampson ; Seventh District, H. J. B. Cummings ; Eighth District, W. F. Sapp ; Ninth District, Addison Oliver. WAR RECORD. The State of Iowa may well he proud of her record during the War of the Rebellion, from 1S61 to 1865. The following brief but comprehensive sketch of the hibtory she made during that trying period is largely from the pen of Col. A. P. Wood, of Dubuque, the author of '' The History of Iowa and the War," one of the best works of the kind yet written. "Whether in the promptitude of her responses to the calls made on her by the Gre-ieral Government, in the courage and constancy of her soldiery in the field, or in the wisdom and efficiency with which her civil administration was conduct d during the trying period covered by the War of the Rebellion, Iowa proved . erself the peer of any loyal State. The proclamation of her Governor, responsive to that of the President, calling for volunteers to compose her First Regiment, was issued on the fourth day after the fall of Sumter. At the end of only a single week, men enough were reported to be in quarters (mostly in the vicinity of their own homes) to fill the regiment. These, however, were hardly more than a tithe of the number who had been off'ered by company com- manders for acceptance under the President's call. So urgent were these offers that the Governor requested (on the 24th of April) permission to organize an additional regiment. While awaiting an answer to this request, he conditionally accepted a sufficient number of companies to compose two additional regiments. In a short time, he was notified that both of these would be accepted. Soon after the completion of the Second and Third Regiments (which was near the close of May), the Adjutant General of the State reported that upward of one hundred and seventy companies had been tendered to the Governor to serve against the enemies of the Union. " Much difficulty and considerable delay occured in fitting these regiments for the field. For the First Infantry a complete outfit (not uniform) of clothino- was extemporized — principally by the volunteered labor of loyal women in the different towns — from material of various colors and qualities, obtained within the limits of the State. The same was done in part for the Second Infantry. Meantime, an extra session of the General Assembly had been called by the Governor, to convene on the loth of May. With but little delav, that'^body au':horized a loan of $800,000, to meet the extraordinary expenses incurred, and to be incurred, by the Executive Department, in consequence of the new emer- gency. A wealthy merchant of the State (Ex-Governor Merrill, then a resident of iNIcGregor) immediately took from the Governor a contract to supply a com- plete outfit of clothing for the three regiments organized, agreeino- to receive, should the Governor so elect, his pay therefor in State bonds at par. This con- 230 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. tract he executed to tlie letter, and a portion of the clothing (which Avas manu- factured in Boston, to his order) was delivered at Keokuk, the place at which the troops had rendezvoused, in exactly one month from the day on which the contract had been entered into. The remainder arrived only a few days later. This clothing was delivered to the regiment, but was subsequently condemned by the Government, for the reason that its color was gray, and blue had been adopted as the color to be worn by the national troops." Other Stat€S also clothed their troops, sent forward under the first call of President Lincoln, with gray uniforms, but it was soon found that the con- federate forces were also clothed in gray, and that color was at once abandoned by the Union troops. If both armies were clothed alike, annoying if not fatal mistakes were liable to be made. But while engaged in these efforts to discharge her whole duty in common with all the other Union-loving States in the great emergency, Iowa was compelled to make immediate and ample provision for the protection of her own borders, from threatened invasion on the south by the Secessionists of INIissouri, and from danger of incursions from the west and northwest by bands of hostile Indians, who were freed from the usual restraint imposed upon them by the presence of regular troops stationed at the frontier posts. These troops were withdrawn to meet the greater and more pressing danger threatening the life of the nation at its very heart. To provide for the adequate defense of her borders from the ravages of both rebels in ai*ms against the Government and of the more irresistible foes from the Western plains, the Governor of the State was authorized to raise and equip two regiments of infantry, a squadron of cavalry (not less than five companies) and a battalion of artillery (not less than three companies.) Only cavalry were enlisted for home defense, however, "but," says Col. Wood, "in times of special danger, or when calls were made by the Unionists of Northern Missouri for assistance against their disloyal enemies, large numbers of militia on foot often turned out, and remained in the field until the necessity for their services had passed. " The first order for the Iowa volunteers to move to the field was received on the loth of June. It was issued by Gen. Lyon, then commanding the United States forces in Missouri. The First and Second Infantry immediately embarked in steamboats, and moved to Hannibal. Some two weeks later, the Third Infantry was ordered to the same point. These three, together with many other of the earlier organized Iowa regiments, rendered their fii'st field service in jNIissouri. The First Infantry formed a part of the little army with which Gen. Lyon moved on Springfield, and fought the bloody battle of Wilson's Creek. It received unqualified praise for its gallant bearing on the field. In the following month (September), the Third loAva, with but very slight support, fought with honor the sanguinary engagement of Blue Mills Landing ; and in November, the Seventh Iowa, as a part of a force commanded by Gen. Grant, greatly distinguished itself in the battle of Belmont, where it poured out its blood like water — losing more than half of the men it took into action, " The initial operations in which the battles referred to took place were fol- lowed by the more important movements led by Gen. Grant, Gen. Curtis, of this State, and other commanders, which resulted in defeating the armies defending the chief strategic lines held by the Confederates. in Kentucky, Tenn- nessee, Missouri and Arkansas, and compelling their Avithdrawal from much of the territory previously controlled by them in those States. In these and other movements, down to the grand culmiTiating campaign by which Yicksburg was HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 231 captured and the Confederacy permanently severed on the line of the Mississippi River, Iowa troops took part in steadily increasing numbers. In the investment and siege of Vicksburg, the State was represented by thirty regiments and two batteries, in addition to which, eight regiments and one battery were employed on the outposts of the besieging army. The brilliancy of their exploits on the many fields where they served won for them the highest meed of praise, both in military and civil circles. Multiplied Avere the terms in which expi-ession was given to this sentiment, but these words of one of the journals of a neigh- boring State, ' The Iowa troops have been heroes among heroes,' embody the spirit of all. " In the veteran re-enlistments that distinguished the closing months of 1863 above all other periods in the history of re-enlistments for the national armies^ the Iowa three years' men (who were relatively more numerous than those of any other State) were prompt to set the example of volunteering for another term of equal length, thereby adding many thousands to the great army of those who' gave this renewed and practical assurance that the cause of the Union should not be left without defenders. " In all the important movements of 1864-65, by which the Confederacy was penetrated in every quarter, and its military power finally overthrown, the Iowa troops took part. Their drum-beat was heard on the banks of every great river of the South, from the Potomac to the Rio Grande, and everywhere they rendered the same faithful and devoted service, maintaining on all occasions their wonted reputation for valor in the field and endurance on the march. " Two Iowa three-year cavalry regiments were employed during theii' whole term of service in the operations that were in progress from 1863 to 1866 against the hostile Indians of the western plains. A portion of these men were among the last of the volunteer troops to be mustered out of service. The State also supplied a considerable number of men to the navy, who took part in most of the naval operations prosecuted against the Confederate power on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts, and the rivers of the West. " The people of Iowa were early and constant workers in the sanitary field,, and by their liberal gifts and personal eff"orts for the benefit of the soldiery, placed their State in the front rank of those who became distinguished for their exhibitions of patriotic benevolence during the period covered by the war. Agents appointed by the Governor were stationed at points convenient for ren- dering assistance to the sick and needy soldiers of the State, while others were employed in visiting, from time to time, hospitals, camps and armies in the field,, and doing whatever the circumstances rendered possible for the health and comfort of such of the Iowa soldiery as might be found there. " Some of the benevolent people of the State early conceived the idea of establishing a Home for such of the children of deceased soldiers as might be left in destitute circumstances. This idea first took form in 1863, and in the following year a Home was opened at Farmington, Van Buren County, in a- building leased for that purpose, and which soon became filled to its utmost capacity. The institution received liberal donations from the general public,. and also from the soldiers in the field. In 1865, it became necessary to pro- vide increased accommodations for the large number of children who Avere seeking the benefits of its care. This was done by establishing a branch at Cedar Falls, in Black Hawk County, and by securing, during the same year, for the use of the parent Home, Camp Kinsman near the City of Davenport. This property was soon afterward donated to the institution, by act of Cono;ress. 232 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. " In 1866, in pursuance of a law enacted for that purpose, the Soldiers' Orphans' Home (which then contained about four hundred and fifty inmates) became a State institution, and thereafter the sums necessary for its support were appropriated from the State treasury. A second branch was established at Glenwood, Mills County. Convenient tracts were secured, and valuable improve- ments made at all the different points. Schools were also established, and em- ployments provided for such of the children as were of suitable age. In all ways the provision made for these wards of the State has been such as to chal- lenge the approval of every benevolent mind. The number of children who have been inmates of the Home from its foundation to the present time is considerably more than two thousand. " At the beginning of the war, the population of Iowa included about one hundred and fifty thousand men presumably liable to render military service. The State raised, for general service, thirty-nine regiments of infantry, nine regiments of cavalry, and four companies of artillery, composed of three years' men ; one regiment of infantry, composed of three months' men; and four regi- ments and one battalion of infantry, composed of one hundred days' men. The original enlistments in these various organizations, including seventeen hundred and twenty-seven men raised by draft, numbered a little more than sixty-nine thousand. The re-enlistments, including upward of seven thousand veterans, numbered very nearly eight thousand. The enlistments in the regular army and navy, and organizations of other States, will, if added, raise the total to upward of eighty thousand. The number of men who, under special enlistments, and as militia, took part at difi"erent times in the operations on the exposed borders of the State, was probably as many as five thousand. " Iowa paid no bounty on account of the men she placed in the field. In some instances, toward the close of the war, bounty to a comparatively small amount was paid by cities and towns. On only one occasion — that of the call of July 18, 1864 — was a draft made in Iowa. This did not occur on account of her proper liability, as established by previous rulings of the War Department, to supply men under that call, but grew out of the great necessity that there existed for raising men. The Government insisted on temporarily setting aside, in part, the former rule of settlements, and enforcing a draft in all cases where subdistricts in any of the States should be found deficient in their supply of men. In no instance was Iowa, as a whole, found to be indebted to the General Government for men, on a settlement of her quota accounts." It is to be said to the honor and credit of Iowa that while many of the loyal States, older and larger in population and wealth, incurred heavy State debts for the purpose of fulfilling their obligations to the General Government, Iowa, while she was foremost in duty, while she promptly discharged all her obligations to her sister States and the Union, found herself at the close of the war without any material addition to her pecuniary liabilities incurred before the war com- menced. Upon final settlement after the restoration of peace, her claims upon the Federal Government were found to be fully equal to the amount of her bonds issued and sold dui'ing the war to provide the means for raising and equipping her troops sent into the field, and to meet the inevitable demands upon her treasury in consequence of the war. HISTOEY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 233 INFANTRY. THE FIRST INFANTRY was organized under the President's first proclamation for volunteers for three months, with John Francis Bates, of Dubuque, as Colonel ; William H. Mer- ritt, of Cedar Rapids, as Lieutenant Colonel, and A. B. Porter, of Mt. Pleas- ant, as Major. Companies A and C were from Muscatine County; Company B, from Johnson County; Companies D and E, from Des Moines County; Company F, fi'om Henry County; Company G, from Davenport; Companies H and I, from Dubuque, and Company K, from Linn County, and were mus- tered into United States service May 14, 1861, at Keokuk. The above com- panies were independent military organizations before the war, and tendered their services before breaking-out of hostilities. The First was engaged at the battle of Wilson's Creek, under Gen. Lyon, where it lost ten killed and fifty wounded. Was mustered out at St. Louis Aug. 25, 1861. THE SECOND INFANTRY was organized, with Samuel R. Curtis, of Keokuk, as Colonel; Jas. M. Tuttle, of Keosauqua, as Lieutenant Colonel, and M. M. Crocker, of Des Moines, as Major, and was mustered into the United States service at Keokuk in May, 1861. Company A was from Keokuk; Company B, from Scott County; Com- pany C, from Scott County ; Company D, from Des Moines ; Company E, from Fairfield, Jefi'erson Co. ; Company F, from Van Buren County ; Company G, from Davis County; Company H, from Washington County; Company I, from Clinton County ; and Company K, from Wapello County. It participated in the following engagements : Fort Donelson, Shiloh, advance on Corinth, Corinth, Little Bear Creek, Ala.; Tunnel Creek, Ala.; Resaca, Ga.; Rome Cross Roads, Dallas, Kenesaw Mountain, Nick-a-Jack Creek, in front of Atlanta, January 22, 1864 ; siege of Atlanta, Jonesboro, Eden Station, Little Ogeechee, Savannah, Columbia, S. C. ; Lynch's Creek, and Bentonsville. Was on Sherman's march to the sea, and through the Carolinas home. The Second Regiment of Iowa Infantry Veteran Volunteers was formed by the consolidation of the battalions of the Second and Third Veteran Infantry, and was mustered out at Louisville, Ky., July 12, 1865. THE THIRD INFANTRY was organized with N. G. Williams, of Dubuque County, as Colonel ; John Scott, of Story County, Lieutenant Colonel ; Wni. N. Stone, of Marion County, Major, and was mustered into the United States service in May, 1861, at Keokuk. Company A was from Dubuque County ; Company B, from Marion County ; Company C, from Clayton County ; Company D, from Winneshiek County ; Company E, from Boone, Story, Marshall and Jasper Counties ; Com- pany F, from Fayette County ; Company G, from Warren County ; Company II, from Mahaska County ; Company I, from Floyd, Butler Black Hawk and Mitchell Counties, and Company K from Cedar Falls. It was engaged at Blu« Mills, Mo. ; Shiloh, Tenn. ; Ilatchie River, Matamoras, Vicksburg, Johnson, Miss., Meridian expedition, and Atlanta, Atlanta campaign and Sherman's march to Savannah, and through the Carolinas to Richmond and Washington. The veterans of the Third Iowa Infantry were consolidated with the Second, and mustered out at Louisville, Kv., Julv 12, 18ti4. 234 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. THE FOURTH INFANTRY was organized with G. M. Dodge, of Council Bluffs, as Colonel ; John Galligan, of Davenport, as Lieutenant Colonel ; Wm. R. English, Glenwood, as Major. Company A, from Mills County, was mustered in at Jefferson Bar- Tacks, Missouri, August 15, 1861 ; Company B, Pottawattamie County, was mustered in at Council Bluifs, August 8, 186] ; Company C, Guthrie County, mustered in at Jefferson Barracks, Mo., May 3, 1861 ; Company D, Decatur County, at St. Louis, August 16th ; Company E, Polk County, at Council Bluffs, August 8th ; Company F, Madison County, Jefferson Barracks, August 15th ; Company G, Ringgold County, at Jefferson Barracks, August 15th ; Company H, Adams County, Jefferson Barracks, August 15th; Company I, Wayne County, at St. Louis, August 31st; Company K, Taylor and Page Counties, at St. Louis, August 31st. Was engaged at Pea Ridge, Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas Post, Vicksburg, Jackson, Lookout Mountain, Missionary Ridge, Ringgold, Resaca, Taylor's Ridge; came home on veteran furlough February 26, 1864. Returned in April, and was in the campaign against Atlanta, and Sherman's march to the sea, and thence through the Carolinas to Washington' and home. Was mustered out at Louisville, Kentucky, July 2i, 1865. ^ THE FIFTH INFANTRY was organized with Wm. H. Worthington, of Keokuk, as Colonel; C Z. Mat- thias, of Burlington, as Lieutenant Colonel; W. S. Robertson, of Columbus City, as Major, and was mustered into the United States service, at Burlington, July 15, 1861. Company A was from Cedar County; Company B, from Jaspe'r County ; Company C, from Louisa County ; Company D, from Marshall County ; Company E, from Buchanan County ; Company F, from Keokuk County ; Com- pany G, from Benton County ; Company H, from Van Buren County ; Company I, from Jackson County ; Company K, from Allamakee County ; was engaged at jSTew Madrid, siege of Corinth, luka, Corinth, Champion Hills, siege of Vicks- burg, Chickamauga ; went home on veteran furlough, April, 1864. The non- veterans went home July, 1864, leaving 180 veterans who were transferred to the Fifth Iowa Cavalry. The Fifth Cavalry was mustered out at Nashville, Tennessee, Aug. 11, 1865. THE SIXTH INFANTRY. was mustered into the service July 6, 1861, at Burlington, with John A. McDowell, of Keokuk, as Colonel ; Markoe Cummins, of Muscatine, Lieuten- ant Colonel ; John M. Corse, of Burlington, Major. Company A was from Linn County; Company B, from Lucas and Clarke Counties; Company C, from Hardin County ; Company D, from Appanoose County ; Company E, from Monroe County ; Company F, from Clarke County ; Company G, from Johnson County ; Company H, from Lee County ; Company I, from Des Moines County ; Company K, from Henry County. It was engaged at Shiloh, Mission Ridge, Resaca. Dallas, Big Shanty, Kenesaw Mountain, Jackson, Black River Bridge, Jones' Ford, etc., etc. The Sixth lost 7 officers killed in action, 18 wounded ; of enlisted men 102 were killed in action, 30 died of wounds, 124 of disease, 211 were discharged for disability and 301 were Avounded in action, which was the largest list of casualties, of both officers and men, of any reg- iment from Iowa. Was mustered out at Louisville, Kentucky, July 21, 1865. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 235 THE SEVENTH INFANTRY was mustered into the United States service at Burlington, July 24, 1861, with J. G. Lauman, of Burlington, as Colonel ; Augustus Wentz, of Daven- port, as Lieutenant Colonel, and E. W. Rice, of Oskaloosa, as Major. Com- pany A was from Muscatine County ; Company B, from Chickasaw and Floyd Counties ; Company C, from Mahaska County ; Companies D and E, from Lee County ; Company F, from Wapello County ; Company G, from Iowa County ; Company H, from Washington County ; Company I, from Wapello County ; Company K, from Keokuk. Was engaged at the battles of Belmont (in which it lost in killed, wounded and missing 237 men). Fort Henry, Fort Donelson, Shiloh, siege of Corinth, Corinth, Rome Cross Roads, Dallas, New Hope Church, Big Shanty, Kenesaw Mountain, Nick-a-Jack Creek, siege of Atlanta, battle on 22d of July in front of Atlanta, Sherman's campaign to the ocean, through the Carolinas to Richmond, and thence to Louisville. Was mustered out at Louisville, Kentucky, July 12, 1865. [HE EIGHTH INFANTRY was mustered into the United States service Sept. 12, 1861, at Davenport, Iowa, with Frederick Steele, of the regular army, as Colonel ; James L. Geddes, of Vinton, as Lieutenant Colonel, and J. C. Ferguson, of Knoxville, as Major. Company A was from Clinton County ; Company B, from Scott County ; Company C, from Washington County ; Company D, from Benton and Linn Counties; Company E, from Marion County; Company F, from Keokuk County ; Company G, from Iowa and Johnson Counties ; Company H. from Mahaska County ; Company I, from Monroe County ; Company K, from Lou- isa County. Was engaged at the following battles : Shiloh (where most of the regiment were taken prisoners of war), Corinth, Vicksburg, Jackson and Span- ish Fort. Was mustered out of the United States service at Selma, Alabama, April 20, 1866. THE NINTH INFANTRY was mustered into the United States service September 24, 1861, at Dubuque, with Wm. Vandever, of Dubuque, Colonel ; Frank G. Herron, of Dubuque, Lieutenant Colonel : Wm. H. Coyle, of Decorah, Major. Company A was from Jackson County ; Company B, from Jones County ; Company C, from Bu- chanan County ; Company D, from Jones County ; Company E, from Clayton County ; Company F, from Fayette County ; Company G, from Black Hawk County ; Company H, from Winneshiek County ; Company I, from Howard County and Company K, from Linn County. Was in the following engage- ments": Pea Ridge, Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas Post, siege of Vicksburg, Ringgold, Dallas, Lookout Mountain, Atlanta campaign, Sherman's march to the sea, and through North and South Carolina to Richmond. Was mustered out at Louisville, July 18, 1865. THE TENTH INFANTRY was mustered into the United States service at Iowa City September 6, 1861, with Nicholas Perczel, of Davenport, as Colonel ; W. E. Small, of Iowa City, as Lieutenant Colonel ; and John C. Bennett, of Polk County, as Major. Com- pany A was from Polk County ; Company B, from Warren County ; Company C, from Tama County ; Company D, from Boone County ; Company E, from Washington County ; Company F, from Poweshiek County ; Company G, from 236 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. Warren County : Company IT, from Groono County ; Company I, from Jasper County : Company K, from Polk and Madison Counties. Participated in the following engagements : Siege of Corintli, luka, Corinth, Port Gibson, Ray- mond, Jackson, Champion Hills, Yicksburg and JNIission Ridge. In Septem- ber, IStU. the non-veterans being mustered out, the veterans were transferred to the Fifth Iowa Cavalry, -where will be found their future operations. THE ELEVENTH INFANTRY was mustered into the United States service at Davenport, Iowa, in September and October, ISGl, with A. ^I. Hare, of Muscatine, as Colonel ; Jno. C. Aber- crombie, as Lieutenant Colonel ; "Wm. Hall, of Davenport, as Major. Com- pany A Avas from Muscatine ; Company B, from Marshall and Hardin Counties ; Company C, from Louisa County ; Company D, from Muscatine County ; Com- pany E, from Cedar County ; Company F, from Washington County ; Company G, from Henry County ; Company II, from Muscatine County ; Company I from Muscatine County ; Company K, from Linn County. Was engaged in the battle of Shiloh, siege of Corinth, battles of Corinth, Yicksburg, Atlanta cam- paign, battle of Atlanta, July '2'2, 1864. Was mustered out at Louisville, Kv.. Jul}^ 15, 18G5. THE TWELFTH INFANTRY was mustered into the United States service November 25, 1861. at Dubuque, with J. J. Wood, of IMaquoketa, as Colonel ; John P. Coulter, of Cedar Rapids, Lieutenant Colonel ; Samuel D. Brodtbeck, of Dubuque, as Major. Company A was from Hardin County : Company B, from Allamakee County ; Company C, from Fayette County; Company D, from Linn County : Company E, from Black Hawk County ; Company F, from Delaware Counry ; Company G, from AVinne- shiek County ; Company H, from Dubuque and Delaware Counties ; Company I, from Dubuque and Jackson Counties : Company K, from Delaware County. It was engaged at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, where most of the regiment was captured, and those not captured were organized in what was called the Union Brigade, and Avere in the battle of Corinth ; the prisoners were exchanged November 10, 1862, and the regiment re-organized, and then participating in the siege of Yicksburg, battle of Tupelo. !Miss.: White River, Nashville and Spanish Fort. The regiment was mustered out at Memphis, January 20, 1866. THE TUlKTEENXn INFANTRY was mustered in November 1, 1861, at Davenport, with INI. M. Crocker, of Des Moines, as Colonel; M. M. Price, of Davenport, Lieutenant Colonel: John Shane, \'inton. Major. Company A was from Mt. Yernon ; Company B, from Jasper County ; Company C, from Lucas County ; Company D, from Keokuk County : Company E, from Scott County ; Company F, from Scott and Linn Counties ; Company G, from Benton County ; Company II, froui ^larshall County ; Company I, froui Washington County ; Company K, from Washington County. It participated in the following engagements : Shiloh, siege of Corinth, Corinth, Kenesaw Mountain, siege of Yicksburg, Campaign against Atlanta. Was on Sherman's march to the sea, auil through North and South Carolina. Was mustered out at Louisville July 21. 1865. Till' FOrilTEEXTn INFANTRY was mustered in the United States service October, 1861, at Davenport, with Wm. T. Shaw, of Anamosa, as Colonel ; Edward W. Lucas, of Iowa Citv. as HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 237 Lieutenant Colonel; Hiram Leonard, of Des Moines County, as Major. Com- pany A was from Scott County ; Company B, from Bremer County ; Company D, from Henry and Van Buren Counties ; Company E, from Jasper County ; Company F, from Van Buren and Henry Counties ; Company G, from Tama and Scott Counties; Company H, from Linn County; Company I, from Henry County ; Company K, from Des Moines County. Participated in the follow- ing engagements : Ft. Donelson, Shiloh, Corinth (where most of the regiment were taken prisoners of war), Pleasant Hill, Meridian, Ft. De Russey, Tupelo, Town Creek, Tallahatchie, Pilot Knob, Old Town, Yellow Bayou, etc., etc., and was mustered out, except veterans and recruits, at Davenport, Iowa, No- vember 16, 1864. THE FIFTEENTH INFANTRY was mustered into the United States service March 19, 1862, at Keokuk, with Hugh T. Reid, of Keokuk, as Colonel ; Wra. Dewey, of Fremont County, as Lieutenint Colonel ; W. W. Belknap, of Keokuk, as Major. Company A was from Linn County; Company B, from Polk County; Company C, from Mahaska County ; Company D, from Wapello County ; Company E, from Van Buren County ; Company F, from Fremont and Mills Counties ; Company G, from Marion and Warren Counties ; Company H, from Pottawattamie and Harrison Counties ; Company I, from Lee, Van Buren and Clark Counties ; Company K, from Wapello, Van Buren and Warren Counties. Participated in the battle of Shiloh, siege of Corinth, battles of Corinth, Vicksburg, campaign against At- lanta, battle in front of Atlanta, July 22, 1864, and was under fire during the siege of Atlanta eighty-one days; was on Sherman's march to the sea, and through the Carolinas to Richmond, Washington and Louisville, where it was mustered out, August 1, 1864. THE SIXTEENTH INFANTRY was mustered into the L^nited States service at Davenport, Iowa, December 10, 1861, Avith Alexander Chambers, of the regular army, as Colonel; A. H. Sanders, of Davenport, Lieutenant Colonel ; Wm. Purcell, of Muscatine. Major. Company A was from Clinton County ; Company B. from Scott County ; Company C, from Muscatine County ; Company D, from Boone County ; Company E, from Muscatine County ; Company F, from Muscatine, Clinton and Scott Counties ; Company G, from Dubuque County : Company H, from Du- buque and Clayton Counties ; Company I, from Black Hawk and Linn Counties ; Company K, from Lee aid INIuscatine Counties. Was in the battles of Shiloh, siege of Corinth, luka, Corinth, Kenesaw Mountain, Nick-a-Jack Creek, battles around Atlanta; was in Sherman's campaigns, and the Carolina campaigns. Was mustered out at Louisville, Ky., July 19, 1865. THE SEVENTEENTH INFANTRY was mustered into the United States service at Keokuk, in March and April, 1862, with Jno. W. Rankin, of Keokuk, Colonel ; D. B. Hillis, of Keokuk, as Lieutenant Colonel; Samuel M. Wise, of Mt. Pleasant, Major. Company A was from Decatur County; Company B, from Lee County; Company C, from Van Buren, Wapello and Lee Counties ; Company D, from Des Moines, Van Buren and Jefterson Counties; Company E, from Wapello County; Com- pany F, from Appanoose County; Company G, from Marion County; Com- pany H, from Marion and Pottawattamie Counties; Company I, from Jefi'erson and Lee Counties; Company K, from Lee and Polk Counties. They were in 238 niSTOKY OF thk statk of unvA. rlio following ougngomonts: Siogo of Corinth, luka, Oorinth. Jackson. Cham- pion Hills, Forr Hill, siogo of Nioksburg. Mission Kiiigo, and at Tilton, Oa., Oct. lt\ 18lU. most of the regiment were taken prisoners of >Yar. Wa^-i mus- tered out at l.onisville. Ky.. July -o. ISt^o. TIVK EIGHTEENTH INFANTRY wa^ mustered into the United States service August o. and 7, 1S6*2, at Clin- ton. ^vith John l\d\vards, of Chariton. Colonel: T. Z. Cook, of Cedar Rapids, Lieutenant Colonel: Hugh d. Campbell, of Muscatine, as Major. Company A, was from Linn and various other counties ; Company B, from Clark County : Company C, from l-ncas County; Company D. from Keokuk and Wapello Counties : Company E. from Muscatine County: Company F, from Appanoose County: Company 0. from Marion and AVarren Counties: Company H, from Fayette ai\d Benton Counties: Company L from ^V ash ington County: Com- pany K, from ^Yapello, Muscatine and Henry Counties, and was engt\ged in the battles of Springtield, ^loscow. Poison Spring, Ark., and was mustered out at Little Kock. Ark., duly ilO, 18t>5. THE NINETEENTH INFANTRY was mustered into the United States service August 17, ISt^i!. at Keokuk, witli Benjamin Crabb, of Washington, as Colonel : Samuel McFarland, of Mt. Pleas- ant. Lieutenant Colonel, and Haniel Kent, of Ohio. Major. Company A was from Lee and Van Buren Counties: Company B. from detferson County: Com- v«ivMc-. ^ ai. iv^i'iiii;, J. ii^.v.>(.> xm fi c-vptMii i<.'u. cu'i iiui; L'aiiii, lOfiiK'uutfr _«', .1011,0, at which place they surrendered: three othcers and eight enlisted men were killed, sixteen enlisted men were wounded, and eleven othcei's and two hundred and three enlisted men taken prisonei-s out of live hundred engtiged: they were exchanged duly i!ild. and joined their regiment August 7th. at New Or- leans. Was engaged at Spanish Fort. Was mustered out at Mobile. Ala., July 10. IStv^. THE TWENTIETH INFANTBY wa* mustered into the United States service August 25, 18t>-. at Cliiuoxi, with Wm. McE. l\ve. of Marion. Linn Co., as Colonel : J. B. Leek, of Davenport, as liieutenant Colonel, and Wm. 0. Thompson, of Marion. Linn Co., as Major. Companies A, B. F, 11 and 1 were fivm Linn County : (.^ompanies C, D. E. G and K, from Scott County, and was engaged in the following battles: Pnurio Orove, and assjuilt on Fort Blakelv. Was mustered out at Mobile, Ala., July .^. 1865. THE TWENTY -FIRST INFANTRY was mustered into the service at Clinton in June and August. lSt^-l. with Samuel Merrill (^late Ooveruvn- of lowa^i as Colonel : Charles W. Dunlap, of Mitchell, as Lieutenant Colonel: S. 0. VanAnda. of Delhi, as Major. Com- pany A was from Mitchell and Black Hawk Counties : Company B. from Clayton County ; Company C. fron\ Dubuque County : Company D. from Clayton County; Oorapauy E, from Dubu»|ue County; Oorapanv F. from Du- buque County : Companv C. fnMu Clayton County: Company ll. from Dela- HISTOUV OF THE STATH OF IOWA. 239 Avarc County ; Company 1, from Dubuque County ; Company K, from Delaware County, and Avas in the following engagements : ilartsville, Mo. ; Black River Bridge, Fort Beauregard, was at the siege of Vieksburg, Mobile, Fort Blakely, and was nnistered out at Baton Rouge, La., July 15, 18G5. THE T\VENTY-SECOND INFANTRY was mustered into the United States service Sept. 10, 1862, at Iowa City, with Wm. M. Stone, of Knoxville (since Governor of Iowa), as Colonel ; J no. A. Garrett, of Newton, Lieutenant Colonel ; and Harvey Graham, of Iowa City, as Major. Company A was from Johnscni County ; Company B, Johnson County ; Company C, Jasper County ; Company D, Monroe County ; Company E, Wa})ello County ; Company F, Johnson County ; Company G, Johnson County ; Company 11, Johnson County ; Company I, Johnson County ; Com- pany K.Johnson County. Was engaged at Vieksburg. Thompson's Hill, Cham- pion Hills, Sherman's campaign to Jackson, at Winchester, in Shenandoah Val- ley, losing 100 men, Fisher's Hill and Cedar Creek. Mustered out at Savannah, G*a.. July 25, 18(35. THE TWENTY-THIRD INFANTRY was mustered into United States service at Des Moines, Sept. 19, 1862, with AVilliam Dewey, of Sidney, as Colonel; W. II. Kinsman, of Council Bluffs, as Lieutenant Colonel, and S. L. Glasgow, of Corydon, as Major. Companies A, B and C, were from Polk County: Company D, from Wayne County; Com- pany E, from Bottawattamie County; Company F, from ]Montgomery Count3" ; Company G, from Jasper County; Company II, from Madison County; Com- pany I, from Cass County, and Company K, from INIarshall County. Was in Vieksburg, and engaged at Port Gibson, Black River, Champion Hills, A^'icks- burg, Jackson, INIilliken's Bend, Fort Blakely, and was mustered out at Harris- burg, Te.\as, July 26, 1865 THE TWENTY-FOURTH was mustered into United States service at ^luscatine, September 18. 1862, Avith Eber C. Byam, of Mount Vernon, as Colonel; John Q. Wilds, of Mount Vernon, as Lieutenant Colonel, and Ed. Wright', of Springdule, as Major. Oompiuiy A was from Jackson and Clinton Counties ; Companies B and C, from Cedar County; Company D, from Washington, Johnson and Cedar Counties; Company E, from Tama County; Companies F, G and H, from Linn County : Company I, from Jackson County, and Company K, from Jones County. Was engaged at Port Gibson, Champion Hills, Gen. Banks' Red River expedition; Winchester and Cedar Creek. Was mustered out at Savan- nah. Ga., July 17, 1865. THE TWENTY-FIFTH INFANTRY was organized with George A. Stone, of Mount Pleasant, as Colonel: Fabian Brydoif as Lieutenant Colonel, and Calom Taylor, of Bloomfield, as Major, and was mustered into United States service at Mount Pleasant, September 27. 1862. Companies A and I were from Washington County; Companies B and H, from Henry County ; Company C, Irom Henry and Lee Counties ; Com- panies D. E and G, from Des Moines County : Company F, from Louisa County, and Company K. from Des Moines and Lee Counties. Was engaged iit Arkansas Post. Vicksburij, Walnut BluiV, Chattanooga, Campain, Ring- 240 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. gold, Ga., Resaca, Dallas, Kenesaw Mountain, battles around Atlanta, Love- joy Station, Jonesboro, Ship's Gap, Bentonville, and on Sherman's march, through Georgia and the Carolmas, to Richmond and Washington. Was mustered out at Washington, D. C, June 6, 1865. THE TWENTY-SIXTH was organized and mustered in at Clinton, in August, 1862, with Milo Smith,. of Clinton, as Colonel ; S. G. Magill^ of Lyons, as Lieutenant Colonel, and Samuel Clark, of De Witt, as Major. Company A was from Clinton and Jackson Counties ; Company B, from Jackson County ; Companies C, D, E, F, G, H, I and K, from Clinton County. Was engaged at Arkansas Post,. Vicksburg, Snake Creek Gap, Ga., Resaca, Dallas, Kenesaw Mountain, De- catur, siege of Atlanta, Ezra Church, Jonesboro, Lovejoy Station, Ship's Gap,, Sherman's campaign to Savannah, went through the Carolinas, and was mus- tered out of service at Washington, D. C, June 6, 1865. THE TWENTY-SEVENTH was mustered into United States service at Dubuque, Oct. 3, 1862, with James I. Gilbert, of Lansing, as Colonel ; Jed Lake, of Independence, as Lieutenant Colonel ; and G. W. Howard, of Bradford, as Major. Companies A, B and I were from Allamakee County ; Companies C and H, from Buchanan County ; Companies D and E, from Clayton County ; Company F, from Delaware County ; Company G, from Floyd and Chickasaw Counties, and Company K, from Mitchell County. Engaged at Little Rock, Ark., was on Red River ex- pedition. Fort De Russey, Pleasant Hill, Yellow Bayou, Tupelo, Old Town Creek and Fort Blakely. Was mustered out at Clinton, Iowa, Aug. 8, 1865. THE TWENTY-EIGHTH was organized at Iowa City, and mustered in Nov. 10, 1862, with William E. Miller, of Iowa City, as Colonel; John Connell, of Toledo, as Lieutenant Colonel, and H. B. Lynch, of Millersburg, as Major. Companies A and D were from Benton County ; Companies B and G, from Iowa County ; Companies C, H and I, from Poweshiek County; Company E, from Johnson County; Company F, from Tama County, and Company K, from Jasper County. Was- engaged at Port Gibson, Jackson and siege of Vicksburg; was on Baliks' Red River expedition, and engaged at Sabine Cross Roads ; was engaged in Shen- andoah Valley, Va., and engaged at Winchester, Fisher's Hill and Cedar Creek. Was mustered out of service at Savannah, Ga., July 31, 1865. THE TWENTY-NINTH was organized at Council Bluffs, and musteted into the United States service December 1, 1862, with Thomas H. Benton, Jr., of Council Bluffs, as Colonel; R. F. Patterson, of Keokuk, as Lieutenant Colonel ; and Charles B. Shoe- maker, of Clarinda, as Major. Company A was from Pottawattamie County; Company B, from Pottawattamie and Mills Counties ; Comuany C, from Harrison County ; Company D, from Adair and Adams Counties , Company E, from Fremont County ; Company F, from Taylor County ; Company G, from Ring- gold County. Was engaged at Helena, Arkansas and Spanish Fort. Was mustered out at New Orleans August 15, 1865. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 241 THE THIRTIETH INFANTRY was organized at Keokuk, and mustered into the United States service September 23, 1862, with Charles B. Abbott, of Louisa County, as Colonel; Wm. M. G. Tor- rence, of Keokuk, as Lieutenant Colonel ; and Lauren Dewey, of Mt. Pleasant, as Major. Companies A and I were from Lee County ; Company B, from Davis County ; Compan;y C, from Des Moines County ; Company D, from Van Buren County ; Companies E and K from Washington County ; Company F, from Davis County ; and Companies G and H, from Jefferson County. Was engaged at Arkansas Post, Yazoo City, Vicksburg, Cherokee, Ala., Ringgold, Resaca, Kenesaw Mountain, Atlanta, Lovejoy Station, Jonesboro, Taylor's Ridge; was in Sherman's campaigns to Savannah and through the Carolinas to Richmond ; was in the grand review at Washington, D. C, where it was mus- tered out June 5, 1865. THE THIRTY-FIRST INFANTRY was mustered into the service at Davenport October 13, 1862, with William Smyth, of Marion, as Colonel ; J. W. Jenkins, of Maquoketa, as Lieutenant Colonel ; and Ezekiel Cutler, of Anamosa, as Major. Company A was from Linn County; Companies B, C and D, from Black Hawk County; Companies E, G and H, from Jones County ; Companies F, I and K, from Jackson County. Was engaged at Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas Post, Raymond, Jackson, Black River, Vicksburg, Cherokee, Lookout Mountain, Mission Ridge, Ringgold, Taylor's Hills, Snake Creek Gap, Resaca, Dallas, New Hope Church, Big Shanty, Kenesaw Mountain, Atlanta, Jonesboro ; was in Sherman's campaign through Georgia and the Carolinas, and was mustered out at Louisville, Ken- tucky, June 27, 1865 THE THIRTY-SECOND INFANTRY was organized at Dubuque, with John Scott, of Nevada, as Colonel ; E. H. -Mix, of Shell Rock, as Lieutenant Colonel, and G. A. Eberhart, of Waterloo, as Major. Company A was from Hamilton, Hardin and Wright Counties ; Company B, from Cerro Gordo County ; Company C, from Black Hawk County ; Company D, from Boone County; Company E, from Butler County; Company F, from Hardin County ; Company G, from Butler and Floyd Coun- ties ; Company H, from Franklin County ; Company I, from Webster County, and Company K, from Marshall and Polk Counties, and was mustered into the United States service October 5, 1862. Was engaged at Fort De Russey, Pleasant Hill, Tupelo, Old Town Creek, Nashville, etc., and was mustered out of the United States service at Clinton, Iowa, Aug. 24, 1865. THE THIRTY-THIRD INFANTRY was organized at Oskaloosa, with Samuel A. Rice, of Oskaloosa, as Colonel ; Cyrus H. Maskey, of Sigourney, as Lieutenant Colonel, and Hiram D. Gibson, of Knoxville, as Major. Companies A and I were from Marion County; Com- panies B, F and H, from Keokuk County ; Companies C, D, E and K, from Makaska County, and Company G, from Marion, Makaska and Polk Counties, and mustered in October 1, 1862. Was engaged at Little Rock, Helena, Sa- line River, Spanish Fort and Yazoo Pass. Was mustered out at New Orleans, July 17, 1865. 242 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. THE THIRTY-FOURTH INFANTRY' was organized with George W. Clark, of Indianola, as Colonel ; W. S. Dunsian^ of Chariton, as Lieutenant Colonel, and R. D. Kellogg, of Decatur County, as Major, and mustered in at Burlington, October 15. 1862, Companies A and I were from Decatur County ; Companies B, C and D, from Warren County ; Com- pany E, from Lucas County; Company F, from "Wayne County: Company G, from Lucas and Clark Counties : Company IL from ^ladison and Warren Counties, and Company K, from Lucas County. Was engaged at Arkansas Post, Ft. Gaines, etc., etc. Was consolidated with the Thirty-eighth Infantry., January 1, 1865, and mustered out at Houston, Texas, August 15, 1865. THE THIRTY-FIFTH INFANTRY was organized at jSIuscatine, and mustered in the United States service Sep- tember"l8, 1862, with S. G. Hill, of Muscatine, as Colonel ; James H. Roth- rock, as Lieutenant Colonel, and Henry O'Conner, of Muscatine, as Major. Companies A. B. C, D and E. were from Muscatine County: Company F, from Muscatine and Louisa Counties : Companies G. H and I, from Muscatine and Cedar Counties, and Company K. from Cedar County. Participated in the battles of Jackson, siege of Vicksburg, Bayou Rapids, Ba^^ou de Glaze, Pleasant Hill. Old River Lake, Tupelo, Nashville, etc. Was mustered out at Davenport. August 10, 1865. THE THIRTY'-SIXTH INFANTRY was organized at Keokuk, with Charles W. Kittredge, of Ottumwa, as Colonel : F. M. Drake, of Unior.ville, Appanoose County, as Lieutenant Colonel, and T. C. Woodward, of Ottumwa. as Major, and mustered in October 4, 1862 ; Com- pany A was from ]Monroe County ; Companies B, D, E, H and K, from Wapello County^, and Companies C, F, G and I, from Appanoose County. Was engaged in the following battles : Mark's Mills. Ark. ; Elkins' Ford, Camden, Helena, Jenkins' Ferry, etc. At Mark's Mills, April 25. 1864. out of 500 engaged, lost 200 killed and wounded, the balance being taken prisoners of war : was exchanged October 6, 1864. Was mustered out at Duvall's Bluti', Ark.j August 24, 1865. THE THIRY-SEVENTH INFANTRY (OR GRAY BEARDS, was organized with Geo. W. Kincaid. of Muscatine, as Colonel : Geo. R. West, ot Dubiique, as Lieutenant Colonel, and Lyman Allen, of Iowa City, as Major, and was mustered into United States service at Muscatine December 15, 1862. Company A was from Black Hawk and Linn Counties : Company B, from IMuscatiiie County : Company C, from Yan Buren and Lee Counties : Company D. from Johnsonanil Iowa Counties : Company E, from Wapello and Mahaska Counties : Company F. from Dubuque County : Company G. from Appanoose, Des Moines, Henry and Washington Counties : Company H. from Henry and Jeft'erson Counties : Company I. from Jasper. Linn and other counties, and Company K, from Scott and Fayette Counties. The object of the Thirty- seventh was to do garrison duty and let the young men go to the front. It was mustered out at Davenport on expiration of fhree years" serrice. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 243 THE THIRTY-EIGHTH INFANTRY was organized at Dubuque, and mustered in November 4, 1862, with D. H. Hughes, of Decorah, as Colonel ; J. 0. Hudnutt, of Waverly, as Lieutenan, Colonel, and Charles Chadwick, of West Union, as Major. Companies A, Ft G and H were from Fayette County ; Company B, from Bremer County ; Com- pany C, from Chickasaw County ; Companies D, E and K, from Winneshiek County, and Company I, from Howard County. Participated in the siege of Vicksburg, Banks' Red River expedition, and on December 12, 1864, was consolidated with the Thirty-fourth Infantry. Mustered out at Houston, Texas, August 15, 1865. THE THIRTY-NINTH INFANTRY was organized with H. J. B. Cummings, of Winterset, as Colonel; James Red- field, of Redfield, Dallas County, as Lieutenant Colonel ; and J. M. Griffiths, of Des Moines, as Major. Companies A and F were from Madison County : Companies B and I, from Polk Couuty ; Companies C and H, from Dallas County ; Company D, from Clark County ; Company E, from Greene County ; Company G, from Des Moines and Henry Counties ; and Company K, from Clark and Decatur Counties. Was engaged at Parker's Cross Roads, Tenn.; Corinth, Allatoona, Ga.; Resaca, Kenesaw Mountain, Atlanta, Sherman's march to Savannah and through the Carolinas to Richmond, and was mustered out at Washington June 5, 1865. THE FORTIETH INFANTRY was organized at Iowa City November 15, 1862, with John A. Garrett, of Newton, as Colonel; S. F. Cooper, of Grinnell, as Lieutenant Colonel; and S. G. Smith, of Newton, as Major. Companies A and H were from Marion County; Company B, from Poweshiek County; Company C, from Mahaska County ; Companies D and E, from Jasper County ; Company F, from Ma- haska and Marion Counties ; Company G, from Marion County ; Company I, from Keokuk County; and Company K, from Benton and other counties. Par- ticipated in the siege of Vicksburg, Steele's expedition. Banks' Red River expedition. Jenkins' Ferry, etc. Was mustered out at Port Gibson August 2, 1866. THE FORTY-FIRST INFANTRY, formerly Companies A, B and C of the Fourteenth Infantry, became Compa- nies K, L and M of the Seventh Cavalry, under authority of the War Depart- ment. Its infantry organization was under command of John Pattee, of Iowa City. Company A was from Black Hawk, Johnson and other counties ; Com- pany B, from Johnson County ; and Company C, from Des Moines and various counties. THE FORTY-FOURTH INFANTRY (100 DAYS) was organized at Davenport, and mustered in June 1, 1864. Company A was from Dubuque County; Company B, Muscatine County; Company C, Jones, Linn and Dubuque Counties ; Company D, Johnson and Linn Counties ; Com- pany E, Bremer and Butler Counties ; Company F, Clinton and Jackson Counties ; Company G, Marshall and Hardin Counties ; Company H, Boone and Polk Counties ; Companies I and K, Scott County. The Forty-fourth did garrison duty at Memphis and La Grange, Tenn. Mustered out at Daven- port, September 15, 1864. 244 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. THE FORTY-FIFTH INFANTRY (100 DAYS) was mustered in at Keokuk, May 25, 1864, with A. H. Bereman, of Mount Pleasant, as Colonel ; S. A. Moore, of Bloomfield, as Lieutenant Colonel, and J. B. Hope, of Washington, as Major. The companies were from the following counties : A, Henry ; B, Washington ; C, Lee ; D, Davis ; E, Henry and Lee ; F, Des Moines ; G, Des Moines and Henry ; H, Henry ; I, Jefferson, and K, Van Buren. Was mustered out at Keokuk, September 16, 1864. THE FORTY-SIXTH INFANTRY (100 DAYS) was organized with D. B. Henderson, of Clermont, as Colonel; L. D, Durbin, of Tipton, as Lieutenant Colonel, and G. L. Tarbet, as Major, and was mus- tered in at Dubuque, June 10, 1864. Company A was from Dubuque ; Com- pany B, from Poweshiek ; C, from Dallas and Guthrie ; D, from Taylor and Fayette ; E, from Ringgold and Linn ; F, from Winneshiek and Delaware ; G, from Appanoose and Delaware;, H, from Wayne; I, from Cedar, and K, from Lucas. Was mustered out at Davenport, iSeptember 23, 1864. THE FORTY-SEVENTH INFANTRY (100 DAYS) was mustered into United States service at Davenport, June 4, 1864, with James P. Sanford, of Oskaloosa, as Colonel; John Williams, of Iowa City, as Lieutenant Colonel, and G. J. Wright, of Des Moines, as Major. Company A was from Marion and Clayton Counties; Company B, from Appanoose County; Company C, from Wapello and Benton Counties; Company B, from Buchanan and Linn Counties; Company E, from Madison County; Company F, from Polk County ; Company G, from Johnson County ; Company H, from Keokuk County; Company I, from Mahaska County, and Company K, from Wapello. THE FORTY-EIGHTH INFANTRY BATTALION (100 DAYS) was organized at Davenport, and mustered in July 13, 1864, with 0. H. P. Scott, of Farmington, as Lieutenant Colonel. Company A was from Warren County ; Company B, from Jasper County ; Company C, from Decatur County, and Company D, from Des Moines and Lee Counties, and was mustered out at Rock Island Barracks Oct. 21, 1864. CAVALRY. THE FIRST CAVALRY was organized at Burlington, and mustered into the United States service May 3, 1861, with Fitz Henry Warren, of Burlington, as Colonel ; Chas. E. Moss, of Keokuk, as Lieutenant Colonel ; and E. W. Chamberlain, of Burlington, James 0. Gower, of Iowa City, and W. M. G. Torrence, of Keokuk, as Majors. Company A was from Lee, Van Buren and Wapello Counties ; Company B, from Clinton County ; Company C, from Des Moines and Lee Counties ; Com- pany D, from Madison and Warren Counties; Company E, from Henry County ; Company F, from Johnson and Linn Counties ; Company G, from Dubuque and Black Hawk Counties ; Company H, from Lucas and Morrison Counties ; Company I, from Wapello and Des Moines Counties ; Company K, from Allamakee and Clayton Counties ; Company L, from Dubuque and other HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 245 HrMo'-^Rdr&^'/'''' ^''''Z^'r'y- ^' -^^ -"g-ged at Pleasant Hill, Mo., Rolla, New Lexington, Elkins' Ford, Little Rock, Bayou Metoe WarrensDurg, Big Creek Bluffs, Antwineville, Clear Creek, etc. Was mustered out at Austin, Texas, February 15, 1866. musierea THE SECOND CAVALRY was organized with W. L. Elliott, of the regular army, as Colonel; Edward Hatch of Muscatine as Lieutenant Colonel; and N. P. Hepburn, of Marshall- town, D. E. Coon of Mason City, and H. W. Love, of Iowa City, as Majors and was mustered into the United States service at Davenport September l' 1861 Company A was from Muscatine County; Company B, from Marshall County; Company C, from Scott County; Company D, from Polk County; Company E, from Scott County; Company F, from Hamilton and Franklin Counties; Company G from Muscatine County; Company H, from Johnson County ; Company I, from Cerro Gordo, Delaware and other counties ; Com- pany K, from Des Moines County; Company L, from Jackson County, and Company M from Jackson County. The Second Cavalry participated in the fo owing military movements : Siege of Corinth, battles of Farmington, Boone- ville, Rienzi luka, Corinth, Coffeeville, Palo Alto, Birmingham, Jackson, Grenada, Collierville, Moscow, Pontotoc, Tupelo, Old Town, Oxford and en- gagements against Hood's march on Nashville, battle of Nashville etc Was mustered out at Selma, Ala., September 19, 1865. THE THIRD CAVALRY was organized and mustered into the United States service at Keokuk, in Au- gust and September, 1861, with Cyrus Bussey, of Bloomfield, as Colonel; H. 11 f fe n ^°T^^^^' ^' Lieutenant Colonel, and C. H. Perry, H. C. Cald- well and W C. Drake, of Corydon, as Majors. Companies A and E were fi^om Davis County; Company B, from Van Buren and Lee Counties; Company C from Lee and Keokuk Counties; Company D, from Davis and Van Buren Counties; Company F from Jefferson County; Company G, from Van Buren County; Company H, from Van Buren and Jefferson Counties; Company I, from Appanoose County; Company K, from Wapello and Marion Counties Company L from Decatur County, and Company M, from Appanoose and De- catur Counties It was engaged in the following battles and skirmishes: P pi ^^'t. 1 J^S?'. S:^^^mo^e, near Little Rock, Columbus, Pope's Farm Big Blue, Ripley, Coldwater, Osage, Tallahatchie, Moore's Mill, near Monte- Tut'lo''T-ll T r'%.?^^' ^^"^' ?°"^' ^"'^' ^^^ Town, White's Station, Ga. Au usl'i' 1865 '^'''^'' """^ '^ ^""'^^^ ^*^*'' '^'^''^ ^^ ^^^^^*^' THE POURTH CAVALRY was organized with AsburyB. Porter, of Mount Pleasant, as Colonel; Thomas Drummond of Vinton as Lieutenant Colonel ; S. D. S^-an, of Mount fZI ant, J. E. Jewett, of Des Moines, and G. A. Stone, of Moivnt Pleasant as Majors and mustered into United States service at Mount Pleasant Novell Zl, 1851 Company A was from Delaware County; Company C from Jef ferson and Henry Counties; Company D, from Hen^y CounV;^ Company f 246 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. from Jasper and Poweshiek Counties ; Company F, from Wapello County ; Company G, from Lee and Henry Counties ; Company H, from Chickasaw County ; Company I, from Madison County ; Company K, from Henry County; Company L, from Des Moines and other counties; and Company M, from Jefferson County. The Fourth Cavalry lost men in the following engage- ments : Guntown, Miss.; Helena, Ark.; near Bear Creek, Miss.; near Mem- phis, Tenn.; Town Creek, Miss.; Columbus, Ga.; Mechanicsburg, Miss.; Little Blue Eiver, Ark.; Brownsville, Miss.; Ripley, Miss.; Black River Bridge, Miss.; Grenada, Miss.; Little Red River, Ark.; Tupelo, Miss.; Yazoo River, Miss.; White River, Ark.; Osage, Kan.; Lick Creek, Ark.; Okalona, Miss.; St. Francis River, Ark. Was mustered out at Atlanta, Ga., August 10, 1865. THE FIFTH CAVALRY was organized at Omaha with Wm. W. Lowe, of the regular army, as Colo- nel ; M. T. Patrick, of Omaha, as Lieutenant Colonel ; and C. S. Bernstein, of Dubuque, as Major, and mustered in September 21, 1861. Companies A, B, C and D were mostly from Nebraska ; Company B, from Dubuque County ; Company F, from Des Moines, Dubuque and Lee Counties ; Company G, from Minnesota ; Company H, from Jackson and other counties ; Companies I and K were from Minnesota ; Company L, from Minnesota and Missouri ; Com- pany M, from Missouri ; Companies G, I and K were transferred to Minnesota Volunteers Feb. 25, 1864. The new Company G was organized from veterans and recruits and Companies C, E, F and I of Fifth Iowa Infantry, and trans- ferred to Fifth Cavalry August 8, 1864. The second Company 1 was organ- ized from veterans and recruits and Companies A, B, D, G, H and K of the Fifth Iowa Infantry, and transferred to Fifth Iowa Cavalry August 18, 1864. Was engaged at second battle of Fort Donelson, Wartrace, Duck River Bridge, Sugar Creek, Newnan, Camp Creek, Cumberland Works, Tenn.; Jonesboro, Ebenezer Church, Lockbridge's Mills, Pulaski, Cheraw, and mustered out at Nashville, Tenn., August ]1, 1865. THE SIXTH CAVALRY. was organized with D. S. Wilson, of Dubuque, as Colonel ; S. M. Pollock, of Dubuque, as Lieutenant Colonel ; T. H. Shephard, of Iowa City, E. P. Ten- Broeck, of Clinton, and A. E. House, of Delhi, as Majors, and was mustered in at Davenport, January 31, 1863. Company A was from Scott and other counties; Company B, from Dubuque and other counties; Company C, from Fayette County; Company D, from Winneshiek County; Company E, from Southwest counties of the State ; Company F, from Allamakee and other counties ; Company G, from Delaware and Buchanan Counties ; Company H, from Linn County ; Company I, from Johnson and other counties ; Company K, from Linn County ; Company L, from Clayton County ; Company M, from Johnson and Dubuque Counties. The Sixth Cavalry operated on the frontier against the Indians. Was mustered out at Sioux City, October 17, 1865. THE SEVENTH CAVALRY was organized at Davenport, and mustered into the United States service April 27, 1863, with S. W. Summers, of Ottumwa, as Colonel ; John Pattee, of Iowa City, as Lieutenant Colonel ; H. II. Heath and G. M. O'Brien, of Dubuque, HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 24T and John S. Wood, of Ottumwa, as Majors. Companies A, B, C and D, were from Wapello and other counties in inmiediate vicinity; Companies E, F, G and H, were from all parts of the State ; Company I, from Sioux City and known as Sioux City Cavalry; Company K was originally Company A of the Fourteenth Infantry and afterward Company A of the Forty-first Infantry, was from Johnson and other counties ; Company L was originally Company B, of the Forty-first Infantry and afterward Company B, of the Forty , and was from Johnson County; Company M was originally Company C, of the Fourteenth Infantry, and afterward Company C, of the Forty-first and from Des Moines and other counties. The Seventh Cavalry operated against the Indi- ans. Excepting the Lieutenant Colonel and Companies K, L and M, the regi- nient was mustered out at Leavenworth, Kansas, May 17, 1866. Companies K, L, and M were mustered out at Sioux City, June 22, 1866. THE EIGHTH CAVALRY was organized with J. B. Dorr, of Dubuque, as Colonel ; H. G. Earner, of Sidney, as Lieutenant Colonel ; John J. Bowen, of Hopkinton, J. D. Thompson, of Eldora, and A. J. Price, of Guttenburg, a^ Majors, and were mustered in at Davenport September 30, 1863. The companies were mostly from the follow- ing counties : Company A, Page; B, Wapello; C, Van Buren; D, Ring- gold; E, Henry; F, Appanoose; G, Clayton; H, Appanoose; I, Marshall; K, Muscatine; L, Wapello ; M, Polk. The Eighth did a large amount of duty guarding Sherman's communications, in which it had many small engagements^ It Avas in the battles of Lost Mountain, Lovejoy's Station, Newnan, Nashville, etc. Was on Stoneman's cavalry raid around Atlanta, and Wilson's raid through Alabama. Was mustered out at Macon, Ga., August 13, 1865.. THE NINTH CAVALRY was mustered in at Davenport, November 30, 1863, with M. M. Trumbull, of Cedar Falls, as Colonel ; J. P. Knight, of Mitchell, as Lieutenant Colonel ; E. T. Ensign, of Des Moines, Willis Drummond, of McGregor, and William Had- dock, of Waterloo, as Majors. Company A was from Muscatine County; Company B, Linn County ; Company C, Wapello and Decatur Counties ; Com- pany D, Washington County ; Company E, Fayette County ; Company F, Clayton County ; Companies G and H, various counties ; Company I, Wapello and Jefferson Counties ; Company K, Keokuk County ; Company L, Jasper and Marion Counties ; Company M, Wapello and Lee Counties. Was mustered out at Little Rock, Ark., February 28, 1866. ARTILLERY. THE FIRST BATTERY OF LIGHT ARTILLERY was enrolled in the counties of Wapello, Des Moines, Dubuque, Jefferson, Black Hawk, etc., and was mustered in at Burlington, Aug. 17, 1861, with C. U. Fletcher, of Burlington, as Captain. Was engaged at Pea Ridge, Port Gibson in Atlanta campaign, Chickasaw Bayou, Lookout Mountain, etc. Was mus^ tered out at Davenport July 5, 1865. 248 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. THE SECOND BATTERY OF LIGHT ARTILLERY was enrolled in the counties of Dallas, Polk, Harrison, Fremont and Pottawat- tamie, and mustered into United States service at Council Bluffs and St. Louis, Mo, Aug. 8 and 31, 1861, with Nelson T. Spear, of Council Bluffs, as Captain. Was engaged at Farmington, Corinth, etc. Was mustered out at Davenport, Aug. 7, 1865. THE THIRD BATTERY OF LIGHT ARTILLERY was enrolled in the counties of Dubuque, Black Hawk, Butler and Floyd, and mustered into United States service at Dubuque, September, 1861, with M. M. Hayden, of Dubuque, as Captain. Was at battle of Pea Ridge, etc., etc. Was mustered out at Davenport, Oct. 23, 1865. THE FOURTH BATTERY OF LIGHT ARTILLERY was enrolled in Mahaska, Henry, Mills and Fremont Counties, and was mus- tered in at Davenport, Nov. 23, 1863, with P. H. Goode, of Glenwood, Cap- tain. Was mustered out at Davenport, July 14, 1865. MISCELLANEOUS. THE FOURTH BATTALION Company A, from Fremont County, W. Hoyt, Captain; Company B, from Taylor County, John Flick, Captain; Company C, from Page County, J. Whitcomb, Captain. THE NORTHERN BORDER BRIGADE was organized by the State of Iowa to protect the Northwestern frontier, James A. Sawyer, of Sioux City, was elected Colonel. It had Companies A, B, C, D and E, all enlisted from the Northwestern counties. THE SOUTHERN BORDER BRIGADE was organized by the State for the purpose of protecting the Southern border of the State, and was organized in counties on the border of Missouri. Com- pany A, First Battalion, was from Lee County, Wm. Sole, Captain; Company B, First Battalion, Joseph Dickey, Captain, from Van Buren County; Company A, Second Battalion, from Davis County, Capt. H. B. Horn; Company B, Sec- ond Battalion, from Appanoose County, E. B. Skinner, Captain; Company A, Third Battalion, from Decatur County, J. H. Simmons, Captain; Company B, Third Battalion, from Wayne County, E. F. Estel, Captain; Company C, Third Battalion, from Ringgold County, N. Miller, Captain. THE FIRST INFANTRY — AFRICAN DESCENT — (SIXTIETH U. S.) was organized with John G. Hudson, Captain Company B, Thirty-third Mis- souri, as Colonel; M. F. Collins, of Keokuk, as Lieutenant Colonel, and J. L. Murphy, of Keokuk, as Major. Had ten companies, and were mustered in at various places in the Fall of 1863. The men were from all parts of the State and some from Missouri. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 249 During the war, the following promotions were made by the United States Government from Iowa regiments:* MAJOR GENERALS Samuel E. Curtis, Brigadier General, from March 21, 1863. Frederick Steele, Brigadier General, from November 29, 1862. Frank J. Herron, Brigadier General, from November 29, 1862. Grenville M. Dodge, Brigadier General, from June 7, 1864. BRIGADIER GENERALS. Samuel E. Curtis, Colonel 2d Infantry, from May 17, 1861. Frederick Steele. Colonel 8th Infantry, from February 6, 1862. Jacob G. Lauman, Colonel 7th Infantry, from March 21, 1862. Grenville M. Dodge, Colonel 4th Infantry, from March 31, 1862. James M. Tuttle, Colonel 2d Infantry, from June 9, 1862. Washington L. Elliott, Colonel 2d Cavalry, from June 11, 1862. Fitz Henry Warren, Colonel 1st Cavalry , from July 6, 1862. Frank J. Herron, Lieutenant Colonel 9th Infantry, from July 30, 1863. Charles L. Matthies, Colonel 5th Infantry, from JSTovember 29, 1862. William Yandever, Colonel 9th Infantry, from November 29, 1862. Marcellus M. Crocker, Colonel 13th Infantry, from Nov. 29, 1862. (Since died.) Hugh T. Eeid, Colonel 15th Infantry from March 13, 1863. Samuel A. Eice, Colonel 33d Infantry, from August 4, 1863, John M. Corse, Colonel 6th Infantry, from August 11, 1863. Cyrus Bussey, Colonel 3d Cavalry, from January 5, 1864. Edward Hatch, Colonel 2d Cavalry, from April 27, 1864. Elliott W. Eice, Colonel 7th Infantry, from June 20, 1864. Wm. W. Belknap, Colonel 15th Infantry, from July 30, 1864. John Edwards, Colonel 18th Infantry, frqm September 26, 1864. James A. Williamson, Colonel 4th Infantry, from January 13, 1864. James I. Gilbert, Colonel 27th Infantry, from February 9, 1865. BREVET MAJOR GENERALS. John M. Corse, Brigadier General from October 5, 1864. Edward Hatch, Brigadier General, from December 15, 1864. Wm. W. Belknap, Brigadier General, from March 13, 1865. W. L. Elliott, Brigadier General, from March 13, 1865. Wm. Vandever, Brigadier General, from June 7, 1865. BREVET BRIGADIER GENERALS. Wm. T. Clark, A. A. G., late of 13th Infanhy, from July 23, 1864. Edward F, Winslow, Colonel 4th Cavalry, from December 12, 1864. S. G. Hill, Colonel 35th Infantry, from December 15, 1864. (Since died.) Thos. H. Benton, Colonel 29th Infantry, from December 15, 1864. Samuel L. Glasgow, Colonel 23d Infantry, from December 19, 1864. Clark E. Wever, Colonel 17th Infantry, from February 9, 1865. Francis M. Drake, Lieutenant Colonel 36th Infantry, from February 22, 1865. Geo]-ge A. Stone, Colonel 25th Infantry, from March 13, 1865. Datus E. Coon, Colonel 2d Cavalry, from March 8, 1865. George A7. Clark, Colonel 34th Infantry, from March 13, 1865. Herman H. Heath, Colonel 7th Cavalry, from IMarch 13, 1865. J. M. Hedrick, Colonel 15th Infantry, from j\Iarch 13, 1865. W. W. Lowe, Colonel 5th Cavalry, from March 13, 1865. ♦Thomas J. McKean was appointed Paymaster in U. S. A. from Iowa, and subsequently promoted Brigadier General, to date from Nov. 21, 1861. 250 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. •F?ox CO uD CO — i 05 CO rH 7^O5COt^03t^?^00t— OiO •S9i:HUiisuj [u^ujj Tt< -"Tl » UO (M 04 Tti 03 r-( CD 00 lOCDOt~Ot~iO'l<-^CO •passTtasiQ CO CO r-l (M : I^ i-l r-t r-l(M CO -lr-l(Mr-l7qr-l r-ll-l , , • : ■ : r-l : cN : : c^ : !5 O •Aiiiiiuapiooy T}( (N 05 00 to ,1-1 (N ^ ■* CO CO rH IC IcOt-OOCNT^lT^COOOrHCn ^ t-i -0 1— 1 1-H C^ (M >-i ^_i ?1 I— 1 t— : r-l CO 10 ■* lO ■| (M 1-H (M T-H I— 1 I— 1 Ttl Tt< (N CO ■* CO -im asnuQ to r-< r-l i-l » >i >.b H : >.fe ^s h a a '-' H- 1 r^ : >» M O N pi -J '. > ^r. ■> '0 ^ t Hi. i '^ CC H '^ c ^^ f ^ ^ ^1 i"3V _r2 a*jj^ a>;::;-2 ■t^ 5; h -^ ''Z ai jS ^ '^ t:^ -^ ^ V, c s- i 1 ■»c/ Sfi < > '■OTt.b J?H .r^C s- >. .c3 a ,c5 CI — 1-1 I -5^ a g a <»- cs si r^ >.£? ;;2P .«-=! " rO en — ^ •- oi ^ -ii a O JH ■S •5 j3 a - -d eg ^ lS '-' ^ -3 TS a-p 'Zir. UlSTOUY OF TllK ST.VrK OF 10>V.\. i as ^ t-- „ f- cr X O — c>? c^ ».? >x^ I-- M >M t~_ t— ■M ,-H .x^ •IBJOX or cc cc c-r r- ^ ^ : : i — r, C':' r*. CM :c vN ''J" •)U3ia c^ T-^ t- 00 eo «i «5 : T-< : T-« : : : «0 :eo'^ Cll Tt" •sdaojjivv^U r-l •-jeor-^oiK ; :t~r-( :r-< : : : ; CO oooco'^OTticoiNeo^ •paan^d«Q — ^ : : c^ : : ; : T-< rHgOIN^a»lOt~aO(Mr-l CO eo>^^c-o:^^.^^.^^'>*1« rn CO ^ Ut ■«* r. •AiivmappoY T-tooooot^o-'i^voeooo-^i,'? • • t-TKrSOO CO c; 00 r^ 00 o -^ t^ •uopoy wi 00 «5 o O -^ i-< t- i-H ?^ >-t 1-t : ; JO-^-,•? i-t r-t r-l ; : r-l(M CO CO c^ J? re CN c>r i^ eoc5 0C'rcooo'«**i^?C'-lrH00-*-*^3 ;r-< r-< i-i ?4 ?^ r- i^ ;M r-l ?^»..:>-*0"*«2 :-* cocc■*^~c^ooc•'<^^:^^^oo T^oj. r-ts^-^QWc-oot-ocoeo : CO S-<-T}< CN ?< 5 •IiUTnA^O.1^ AJJ •v>ppjng A^^^ '-<:::'-< ^ ::: : ; : ; rH : : i : t^T-l-^5Sb-C5I^r-.t-t-X'r}t •as«dsi(i JO 0005I<)0D?^>O053iOOC^C0 ! r-l r-l C< r-( rH r-( J r-l ;m „^^ 5^;; O 30 CS -^ t" O ?^ OS O CO r-lrH • ; >o t~ eo : 00 r-i r-i >rj o >.T T*< i^ o •sptmow JO c^vNi-i^ r-< : . ; •ir-l . S^ O ^ CO w --ico : : i^a0r-l-<*lkOt~00Q3^-* O CO t- r-l O r-l VOr-HOOOaSOt'O rH i •nuoj. •.'CivKUiopioov 00 CO Tj* ■ t^ ■* lO J> r^ C<» ; ? r-< C^kOr-l'*CN«r-t~OJI^l-0 r-l i ill ■a s- ■> >• • • .-« si : : w > a i •: i>>:5 a ^ * ; .-< _, ^-i ^ : : "- •- r^ „ • : = B Is c^ : :x ^ t> : : >» i t- i ^ S i i^^^l^l^l c5 c5 1 ^ 1 > > > > > s. > '1 - i > S- > j3i > jj — -M c-:- ^ j£ ^ i. c ■a > -» s. ■> t 1. ""1 ,5 ■> |:^'6;;di!£t^'?rh^??li..*3:^^^->~;=^^":~- 1 s 4 a ' 'Z ;l > a ! 1 > js t; -•= n: : "-;; v: <; < ' "^ 1 1 :2 ■| <'*■ y :? c/ £^ J 1 *~ 5 ■J <\5 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 253 t^l^^oeo(^^^-^~^ooooo■*|^^(^<^-*0505^oeo^-^-(^^(^300lM CO(MeO-IOOcD050CO.— IXlC^t^QO(M (Nf-1i-Ii-I rHC^lM CSeO-'?^>*ia5 •00(M'*CO'*0005COI^t^'*01C5C002COCOCOCO lOCO0OTt< :i--rTlCDCOOT-l(Nt- l^i-H!MC000lO>-ll-lO5t~ CO C^ : CM (M o OO-tlCiCMOSi— i-^0i-l^Csl0tDi-X) C^ l— itot-coi— ilo i0>0tOC3rHOOC-)'>JQ0t0u0v0r~O00M-030'— iOOO'<*^oou:>ooiot^oc^TtHcotoi— i(Mco>-oooo (^^I:^oo(^^OQOr-l,-l 1— li— ll— Ir-H (Ml— li— IC^li— ll— iT-li— li— ((Ml— li— li—ii— IrHi— li-li— li— l(M 1— li— ICOl— 1 1— 1 o o s ■^tOC^iO •'^C3'-jDa501 £?£.'>. h ,.CS .2 ■» -S C ^ ;g ^ g ;2 H-i a G =t: ^ ^ a^'S a =1 ^ -d ^ ^ s-i 3 -ti " ^ o 5 fi eS b" i d I" O !<-H ;::: d ^ 00 hS-^ ►^ H S d^« .:5 !:e i» -^ -^ Q c 1* d S o oo ri =1-1 >> d i b oj &' O O t*^ tH H h b 't: ,?s cS jq'-''Scd'3'Ziai .d >"* J3 111 > s UJH -^ ■— r-1 '- ^ -d " td ffj " tw td P>i tk (k >i tk --; -r fc. tH ai E-i fi< tti tt| I ;: > >> >> -e M ^ ^ =1-1 .2 oj .2r--i t*-Citdooin-> >! >% P*i !>> f>-. >i'S _ b == ^>^>^>~>>^^ OE£<00000.3 * JJLi fJL, ^ fx^ (jn Qu 254 HISTOKV OF THE STATE OF IOWA. NUMBER OF TROOPS FURNISHED BY THE STATE OF IOWA DURING THE WAR OF THE REBELLION, TO JANUARY 1, 1865. No. Resiimeut. 1st Iowa 2d 3d 4tli 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th nth 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22d 23d 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th 31st 32d 33d 34th 35th o6th 37th 38th Infantry . No. of men No. Resiiment. 959 39th Iowa Infantry l,247|40th •• " ' 41st Battalion Iowa Infantry... 44th Infantry (100-days men). 45th 4Gth " " " . 47th " " " . 4Sth Battalion '= " . 1st Iowa Cavalry 2d '• " 1,074 1.184 1,037 1,013 1,138 1.027 1,090 1,027 l,022j 981 989 840 1,1 9t= 919 956 875 9S5 925 980 1,008 961 979 995, 919 940 956 1,005 978 977 925 985 953 984 986 914 9]0i No. of men. 3d " " 4th " " 5th " « 6th " " 7th " " 8th " " 9th " " Sioux City Cavalry* Co. A, lltli Penn. Cavalry 1st Battery Artillery 2d " " Sd " " 4th " " 1st Iowa African Infantry, 60th U. Sf .. Dodge's Brigade Band Band of 2d Iowa Intantry Enlistments as far as reported to Jan. 1, 1864, for the older Iowa resriments Enlistments of Iowa men in regiments of other States, over Total Re-enlisted Veterans for different Regi- ments Additional enlistments 933 900 294 867 912 892 884 346 1,478 1,394 1,360 1,227 1,245 1,125 562 1,234 1,178 93 87 149 123 142 152 903 14 10 2,765 2,500 Grand total as far as reported up to Jan. 1, 1865 61,653 7,202 6,664 75,519 This does not include those Iowa men who veteranized in the regiments of other States, nor the names of men who enlisted during 1864, in regiments of other States. * Afterward consolidated with Seventh Cavalry, f Only a portion of this regiment was credited to the State. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 255 POPULATION OF IOWA, By Counties. COUNTIES. Adair Adams Allamakee... Appanoose ... Audubon Benton Black Hawk. Boone Bremer Buchanan Buena Vista . Buncombe*... Butler Calhoun Carroll Cass Cedar Cerro Gordo . Cherokee Chickasaw.... Clarke Clay Clayton Clinton Crawford Dallas Davis Decatur Delaware Des Moines... Dickinson Dubuque Emmett Fayette Floyd Franklin Fremont Greene Grundy Guthrie Hamilton Hancock Hardin , Harrison Henry Howard , Humboldt Ida Iowa Jackson Jasper .Jefferson Johnson Jones AGGREGATE. 1875. 1870. 1860. 1850. 1840. Voters 7045 7832 19158 17405 2370^ 28807 22913 17251 13220 17315 3561 11734 3185 5760 10552 17879 6685 4249 11400 10118 3559 27184 34295 6039 14386 1575 13249 16893 35415 1748 43845 1436 20515 13100 6558 13719 7028 8134 9638 7701 1482 15029 11818 21594 7875 3455 794 174561 23061 24128 17127 24654 19168: 3982 4614 17868 16450 1212 22454 21706 14584 12528 17034 1585 9951 1602 2451 5464 19731 4722 1967 10180 8735 1523 27771 35357 2530 12019 15565 12018 17432 27256 1389 38969 1392 169 10768 4738 11173 4627 639^? 7061 6055 999 13684 8931 21463 6282 2596 226 16644 22619 22116 17839 24898 19731 984 1533 12237 11931 454 8496 8244 4232 4915 7906 57 3724 147 281 1612 12949 940 58 4336 5427 52 20728 18938 383 5244 13764 8677 11024 19611 180 31164 105 12073 3744 1309 5074 1374 793 3058 1699 179 5440 3621 18701 3168 332 43 8029 18493 9883 15038 17573 13306 777 3131 672 135 735 517 3941 79 3873 2822 854 7264 965 1759 12988 10841 825 1244 8707 822 7210 1280 9904 4472 3007 1253 1101 821 168 6577 3059 1411 1491 471 * In 1862, name changed to Lyon. 256 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. POPULATION OF IOWA— Concluded. COUNTIES. Keoknk Kossuth Lee Linn Louisa , Lucas , Lyon* , Madison Mahaska Marion Marshall Mills Mitchell Monona Monroe Montgomery... Muscatine O'Brien Osceola Page Palo Alto Plymouth Pocahontas Polk Pottawattomie. Poweshiek Ringgold Sac Scott Shelby Sioux Story Tama Taylor Union Van Buren Wapello Warren Washington Wayne Webster Winnebago Winneshiek Woodbury Worth Wriffht Total Formerly Buncombe. agquegatb. . 1875. 1870. 1860. 1850. 1840. Voters. 20488 3765 33913 31815 12499 11725 1139 16030 23718 24094 19629 10555 11523 2267 12811 1U389 21623 2349 1778 14274 2728 5282 2249 31558 21665 16482 7546 2873 39763 5664 3120 13111 18771 10418 8827 16980 23865 18541 19269 13978 13114 2986 24233 8568 4908 19434 3351 38210 28852 12877 10388 221 13884 22508 24436 17576 8718 9582 3654 12724 5934 21688 715 13271 416 29232 18947 10370 5766 4822 4202 773 7274 7509 2899 2464 18861 5444 4939 471 6093 1373 1927 287 3632 7339 1-^816 16813 6015 4481 3409 832 8612 1256 16444 8 1179 5989 5482 338 5287 4988 4445 2365 2338 1292 2743 2884 2485 6731 1942 6588 595 498 9975 1336 2199 1446 27857 16893 15581 5691 1411 38599 2540 576 11651 16131 6989 6986 17672 22346 17980 18952 11287 10484 1562 23570 6172 2892 2392 4419 132 148 103 11625 4968 5668 2923 246 25959 818 10 4051 5285 3590 2012 17081 14518 10281 14235 6409 2504 168 13942 1119 756 653 551 3222 556 1136 464 4513 7828 615 6842 4392 3634 1496 657 5986 2140 7109 1084 637 2574 8 204 3911 2282 1924 12270 8471 961 4957 340 6146 3893 5346 4168 1594 4168 2947 2747 406 546 4117 1776 763 3244 I 694 1 1353118 1191792 674913 192214 43112 284557 THE NORTHWESTERN STATES, 257 ILLINOIS. Length, 880 miles, mean width about 156 miles. Area, 55,410 square miles, or 35,462,400 acres. Illinois, as regards its surface, constitutes a table-land at a varying elevation ranging between 350 and 800 feet above the sea level ; composed of extensive and highly fertile prairies and plains. Much of the south division of the State, especially the river-bottoms, are thickly wooded. The prairies, too, have oasis-like clumps of trees scattered here and there at intervals. The chief rivers irrigating the State are the Mississippi — dividing it from Iowa and Missouri — the Ohio (forming its south barrier), the Illinois, Wabash, Kaskaskia, and San- gamon, with their numerous affluents. The total extent of navigable streams is calculated at 4,000 miles. Small lakes are scattered over vari- ous parts of the State, Illinois is extremely prolific in minerals, chiefly coal, iron, copper, and zinc ores, sulphur and limestone. The coal-field alone is estimated to absorb a full third of the entire coal-deposit of North America. Climate tolerably equable and healthy ; the mean temperature standing at about 51° Fahrenheit As an agricultural region, Illinois takes a competitive rank with neighboring States, the cereals, fruits, and root- crops yielding plentiful returns ; in fact, as a grain-growing State, Illinois may be deemed, in proportion to her size, to possess a greater area of lands suitable for its production than any other State in the Union. Stock- raising is also largely carried on, while her manufacturing interests in regard of woolen fabrics, etc, are on a very extensive and yearly expand- ing scale. The lines of railroad in the State are among the most exten- sive of the Union, Inland water-carriage is facilitated by a canal connecting the Illinois River with Lake Michigan, and thence with the St. Lawrence and Atlantic. Illinois is divided into 102 counties ; the chief towns being Chicago, Springfield (capital), Alton, Quincy, Peoria, Galena, Bloomington, Rock Island, Vandalia, etc. By the new Consti- tution, established in 1870, the State Legislature consists of 51 Senators, elected for four years, and 153 Representatives, for two years ; which numbers were to be decennially increased thereafter to the number of six per every additional half-million of inhabitants. Religious and educational institutions are largely diffused throughout, and are in a very flourishing condition. Illinois has a State Lunatic and a Deaf and Dumb Asylum at Jacksonville ; a State Penitentiary at Joliet ; and a Home for 258 THE NORTHWESTERN STATES. Soldiers' Orphans at Normal. On November 80, ISTO, the public debt of the State was returned at $4,870,937, with a balance of J^l, 808,833 unprovided for. At tlie same period the value of assessed and equalized property presented the following totals: assessed, 8840,031,703 : equal- ized !i^480,t^64,058. The name of Illinois, through nearly th. whole of the eighteenth century, embraced most of the known regions north and west of Ohio. French colonists established themselves in 1673, at Cahokia and Kaskaskia, and the territory of which these settlements formed the nnclens was, in 1763, ceded to Great Britain in ooujunction with Canada, and ultimately resigned to the United States in 1787. Illinois entered the Union as a State, December 3, 1818 ; and now semis 19 Representatives to Congress. Population, 2,539,891, in 1S70. THE NORTHWESTERN STATES. INDIANA. 259 The profile of Indiana forms a nearly exact parallelogram, occupy- ing one of the most fertile portions of the great Mississippi Valley. The greater extent of the surface embraced within its limits consists of gentle undulations rising into hilly tracts toward the Ohio bottom. The chief rivers of the State are the Ohio and Wabash, with their numerous affluents. The soil is highly productive of the cereals and grasses — most particularly so in the valleys of the Ohio, Wabash, Whitewater, and White Rivers. The northeast and central portions are well timbered with virgin forests, and the west section is notably rich in coal, constitut- ing an offshoot of the great Illinois carboniferous field. Iron, copper, marble, slate, gypsum, and various clays are also abundant. From an agricultural point of view, the staple products are maize and wheat, with the other cereals in lesser yields ; and besides these, flax, hemp, sorghum, iiops, etc., are extensively raised. Indiana is divided into 92 counties, and counts among her principal cities and towns, those of Indianapolis (the capital), Fort Wayne, Evansville, Terre Haute, Madison, Jefferson- ville, Columbus, Vincennes, South Bend, etc. The public institutions of the State are many and various, and on a scale of magnitude and efficiency commensurate with her important political and industrial status. Upward of two thousand miles of railroads permeate the State in all directions, and greatly conduce to the development of her expanding manufacturing interests. Statistics for the fiscal year terminating October 31, 1870, exhibited a totalof receipts, $3,896,541 as against dis- bursements, $3,532,406, leaving a balance, $364,135 in favor of the State Treasury. The entire public debt, January 5, 1871, $3,971,000. This- State was first settled by Canadian voyageurs in 1702, who erected a fort at Vincennes ; in 1763 it passed into the hands of the English, and was. by the latter ceded to the United States in 1783. From 1788 till 1791, an Indian ware fare prevailed. In 1800, all the region west and north of Ohio (then formed into a distinct territory) became merged in Indiana. In 1809, the present limits of the State were defined, Michigan and Illinois having previously been withdrawn. In 1811, Indiana was the theater of the Indian War of Tecumseh, ending with the decisive battle of Tippecanoe. In 1816 (December 11), Indiana became enrolled among the States of the American Union. In 1834, the State passed through a monetary crisis owing to its having become mixed up with railroad, eanal, and other speculations on a gigantic scale, which ended, for the lime being, in a general collapse of public credit, and consequent bank- ruptcy. Since that time, however, the greater number of the public 2U0 THE NOHTinVESTEllN STATES. works Avluch had brought about that imbroglio — especially the great Wabash and Erie Oaual — have been completed, to the great beuelit of the State, \\'hose subsequent progress has year by year been marked by rapid strides iu the paths of wealth, eomtnoree, and general social and political prosperity. The constitution now in force was adopted in 1851. Population, 1,680,637. I o ^v A . In shape, loAva presents an almost perfect parallelogram ; has a length, north to south, of about 300 miles, by a pretty even width of 208 miles, and embraces an area of 55,045 square miles, or 35,llii8,800 acres. The surface of the State is generally undulating, rising toward the middle into an elevated plateau which forms the '•'' divide " of the Missouri and Mississippi basins. Rolling prairies, especially in tlie south section, constitute a regnant feature, and the river bottoms, belted with woodlands, present a soil of the richest alluvion. Iowa is well watered ; the principal rivers being the jNIississippi and Missouri, which form respectively its east and west limits, and the Cedar, Iowa, and Des ]Moines, allluents of the lirst named. ^lincralogically, Iowa is important as occupying a section of the great Northwest coal field, to the extent of an area estimated at i!5,000 square miles. Lead, copper, zinc, and iron, are also mined in considerable quantities. The soil is well adapted to the production of wheat, maize, and the other cereals ; fruits, vegetables, and esculent roots; maize, wheat, and oats forming the chief staples. Wine, tobacco, hops, and wax, are other noticeable items of the agricul- tural yield. Cattle-raising, too, is a branch of rural industry largely engaged in. The climate is healthy, although liable to extremes of heat and cold. The annual gross product of the various manufactures carried on in this State approximate, in round numbers, a sum of 8-0,000,000. Iowa has an immense railroad system, besides over 500 miles of water- cotumunication by means of its navigable rivers. The State is politically divided into 90 counties, with the following centers of population: Des Moines (capitaH, Iowa City (former capital), Dubuque, Davenport, Bur- lington, Council Bluffs, Keokuk, ^Muscatine, and Cedar Rapids. The State institutions of Iowa — ^i-eligious, scholastic, and philanthropic — are on a par, as regards number and perfection of organization and operation, with those of her Northwest sister States, and education is especially well cared for, and largely diffused. Iowa formed a portion of the American territorial acquisitions from France, by the so-called Louisiana purchase in 1 803, and was politically identified with Lotiisiana till ISlii, ■fe& / »'^ ""^U^^^^^Z THE NORTHWESTERN STATES. 263 when it merged into the Missouri Territory; in 1834 it came under the Michigan organization, and, in 1836, under that of Wisconsin. Fmally, after being constituted an independent Territory, it became a State of the Union, December 28, 1846. Population in 1860, 674,913 ; in 1870, 1,191,792, and in 1875, 1,353,118. MICHIGAN. United area, 56,243 square miles, or 35,995,520 acres. Extent of the Upper and smaller Peninsula — length, 316 miles; breadth, fluctuating between 36 and 120 miles. The south division is 416 miles long, by from 50 to 300 miles Avide. Aggregate lake-shore line, 1,400 miles. The Upper, or North, Peninsula consists chiefly of an elevated plateau, expanding into the Porcupine mountain-system, attaining a maximum height of some 2,000 feet. Its shores along Lake Superior are eminently bold and picturesque, and its area is rich in minerals, its product of copper constituting an important source of industry. Both divisions are heavily wooded, and the South one, in addition, boasts of a deep, rich, loamy soil, throwing up excellent crops of cereals and other agricultural produce. The climate is generally mild and humid, though the Winter colds are severe. The chief staples of farm husbandry include the cereals, grasses, maple sugar, sorghum, tobacco, fruits, and dairy-stuffs. In 1870, the acres of land in farms were : improved, 5,096,939 ; unimproved woodland, 4,080,146 ; other unimproved land, 842,057. The cash value of land was $398,240,578 ; of farming implements and machinery, $13,711,979. In 1869, there were shipped from the Lake Superior ports, 874,582 tons of iron ore, and 45,762 of smelted pig, along with 14,188 tons of copper (ore and ingot). Coal is another article largely mined. Inland communication is provided for by an admirably organized railroad system, and by the St. Mary's Ship Canal, connecting Lakes Huron and Superior. Michigan is politically divided into 78 counties ; its chief urban centers are Detroit, Lansing (capital), Ann Arbor, Marquette, Bay City, Niles, Ypsilanti, Grand Haven, etc. The Governor of the State is elected biennially. On November 30, 1870, the aggi;egate bonded debt of Michigan amounted to $2,385,028, and the assessed valuation of land to $266,929,278, representing an estimated cash value of $800,000,000., Education is largely diffused and most excellently conducted and pro- vided for. The State University at Ann Arbor, the colleges of Detroit and Kalamazoo, the Albion Female College, the State Normal School at Ypsilanti, and the State Agricultural College at Lansing, are chief among the academic institutions. Michigan (a term of Chippeway origin, and 264 THE NORTHWESTERN STATES. signifying " Great Lake), was discovered and first settled by French Canadians, who, in 1670, founded Detroit, the pioneer of a series of trad- ing-posts on the Indian frontier. During the " Conspiracy of Pontiac," following the French loss of Canada, Michigan became the scene of a sanguinary struggle between the whites and aborigines. In 1796, it became annexed to the United States, which incorporated this region with the Northwest Territory, and then with Indiana Territory, till 1803, when it became territorially independent. Michigan was the theater of warlike operations during the war of 1812 with Great Britain, and in 1819 was authorized to be represented by one delegate in Congress ; iu 1837 she was admitted into the Union as a State, and in 1869 ratified the 15th Amendment to the Federal Constitution. Population, 1,184,059. WISCONSIN. It has a mean length of 260 miles, and a maximum breadth of 215. Land area, 53,924 square miles, or 34,511,360 acres. Wisconsin lies at a considerable altitude above sea-level, and consists for the most part of an upland plateau, the surface of which is undulating and very generally diversified. Numerous local eminences called mounds are interspersed over the State, and the Lake Michigan coast-line is in many parts char- acterized by lofty escarped cliffs, even as on the west side the banks of the Mississippi form a series of high and picturesque bluffs. A group of islands known as The Apostles lie off the extreme north point of the State in Lake Superior, and the great estuary of Green Bay, running far inland, gives formation to a long, narrow peninsula between its waters and those of Lake Michigan. The river-system of Wisconsin has three outlets — those of Lake Superior, Green Bay, and the Mississippi, which latter stream forms the entire southwest frontier, widening at one point into the large watery expanse called Lake Pejain. Lake Superior receives the St. Louis, Burnt Wood, and Montreal Rivers ; Green Bay, the Menomonee, Peshtigo, Oconto, and Fox ; while into the Mississippi empty the St. Croix, Chippewa, Black, Wisconsin, and Rock Rivers. The chief interior lakes are those of Winnebago, Horicon, and Court Oreilles, and smaller sheets of water stud a great part of the surface. The climate is healthful, with cold Winters and brief but very warm Summers. Mean annual rainfall 31 inches. The geological system represented bj^ the State, embraces those rocks included between the primary and the Devonian series, the former containing extensive deposits of copper and iron ore. Besides these minerals, lead and zinc are found in great quantities, together with kaolin, plumbago, gypsum. THE NORTHWESTERN STATES. 265 and various clays. Mining, consequently, forms a prominent industry,, and one of yearly increasing dimensions. The soil of Wisconsin is of varying quality, but fertile on the whole, and in the north parts of tire State heavily timbered. The agricultural yield comprises the cereals, together with flax, hemp, tobacco, pulse, sorgum, and all kinds of vege- tables, and of the hardier fruits. In 1870, the State had a total number of 102,904 farms, occupying 11,715,321 acres, of which 5,899,343 con- sisted of improved land, and 3,437,442 were timbered. Cash value of farms, $300,414,064 ; of farm implements and machinery, $14,239,364, Total estimated value of all farm products, including betterments and additions to stock, $78,027,032 ; of orchard and dairy stuffs, $1,045,933 ; of lumber, $1,327,618 ; of home manufactures, $338,423 ; of all live-stock, $45,310,882. Number of manufacturing establishments, 7,136, employ- ing 39,055 hands, and turning out productions valued at $85,624,966. The political divisions of the State form 61 counties, and the chief places of wealth, trade, and population, are Madison (the capital), Milwaukee, Fond du Lac, Oshkosh, Prairie du Chien, Janesville, Portage City, Racine, Kenosha, and La Crosse. In 1870, the total assessed valuation, reached $333,209,838, as against a true valuation of both real and personal estate aggregating $602,207,329. Treasury receipts during 1870, $886,- 696 ; disbursements, $906,329. Value of church property, $4,749,983> Education is amply provided for. Independently of the State University at Madison, and those of Galesville and of Lawrence at Appleton, and the colleges of Beloit, Racine, and Milton, there are Normal Schools at Platteville and Whitewater. The State is divided into 4,802 commoix school districts, maintained at a cost, in 1870, of $2,094,160. The chari- table institutions of Wisconsin include a Deaf and Dumb Asylum, an Institute for the Education of the Blind, and a Soldiers' Orphans' School. In January, 1870, the railroad system ramified throughout the State totalized 2,779 miles of track, including several lines far advanced toward completion. Immigration is successfully encouraged by the State author- ities, the larger number of yearly new-comers being of Scandinavian and German origin. The territory now occupied within the limits of the State of Wisconsin was explored by French missionaries and traders itl 1639, and it remained under French jurisdiction until 1703, when it became annexed to the British North American possessions. In 1796, it reverted to the United States, the government of which latter admitted it within the limits of the Northwest Territory, and in 1809, attached it to that of Illinois, and to Michigan in 1818. Wisconsin became independ- ently territorially organized in 1836, and became a State of the Union,, March 3, 1847. Population in 1870, 1,064,985, of which 2,113 were of the colored race, and 11,521 Indians, 1,206 of the latter being out of tribal relations. 266 THE NORTHWESTERN STATES. MINNESOTA. Its length, north to south, embraces an extent of 380 miles ; its oreadth one of 250 miles at a maximum. Area, 84,000 square miles, or 54,760,000 acres. The surface of Minnesota, generally speaking, con- sists of a succession of gently undulating plains and prairies, drained by an admirable water-sj'stem, and with here and there heavily- timbered bottoms and belts of virgin forest. The soil, corresponding with such a superfices, is exceptionally rich, consisting for the most part of a dark, calcareous sandy drift intermixed with loam. A distinguishing physical feature of this State is its riverine ramifications, expanding in nearly every part of it into almost innumerable lakes — the whole presenting an aggregate of water-power having hardly a rival in the Union. Besides the Mississij)pi — which here has its rise, and drains a basin of 800 miles of country — the principal streams are the Minnesota (334 miles long), the Red River of the North, the St. Croix, St. Louis, and many others of lesser importance ; the chief lakes are those called Red, Cass, Leech, Mille Lacs, Vermillion, and Winibigosh. Quite a concatenation of sheets of water fringe the frontier line where Minnesota joins British America, culminating in the Lake of the Woods. It has been estimated, that of an area of 1,200,000 acres of surface between the St. Croix and Mis- sissix^pi Rivers, not less than 73,000 acres are of lacustrine formation. In point of minerals, the resources of Minnesota have as yet been very imperfectly developed; iron, copper, coal, lead — all these are known to exist in considerable deposits ; together with salt, limestone, and potter's cla}^ The agricultural outlook of the State is in a high degree satis- factory ; wheat constitutes the leading cereal in cultivation, with Indian corn and oats in next order. Fruits and vegetables are grown in great plenty and of excellent quality. The lumber resources of Minnesota are important ; the pine forests in the north region alone occupying an area of some 21,000 square miles, which in 1870 produced a return of scaled loo-s amounting:' to 313,116,416 feet. The natural industrial advantages possessed by Minnesota are largely improved upon by a railroad system. The political divisions of this State number 78 counties ; of which tlie chief cities and towns are : iSt. Paul (the capital), Stillwater, Red Wing, St. Anthony, Fort Snelling, Minneapolis, and Mankato. Minnesota has already assumed an attitude of high importance as a manufacturing State ; this is mainly due to the wonderful command of water-power she pos- sesses, as before spoken of. Besides her timber-trade, the milling of flour, the distillation of whisky, and the tanning of leather, are prominent interests, which in 1869, gave returns to the amount of ^14,831,043. TME NORTHAVESTERN STATES. . 267 Education is notably provided for on a broad and catholic scale, the entire amount expended scholastically during the year 1870 being $857,- 816 ; while on November 30 of the preceding year the permanent school fund stood at $2,476,222. Besides a University and Agricultural College, Normal and Reform Schools flourish, and with these may be mentioned such various philanthropic and religious institutions as befit the needs of an intelligent and prosperous community. The finances of the State for the fiscal year terminating December 1, 1870, exhibited a balance on the right side to the amount of $136,164, being a gain of $44,000 over the previous year's figures. The earliest exploration of Minnesota by the whites was made in 1680 by a French Franciscan, Father Hennepin, who gave the name of St. Antony to the Great Falls on the Upper Missisippi. In 1763, the Treaty of Versailles ceded this region to England. Twenty years later, Minnesota formed part of the Northwest Territory transferred to the United States, and became herself territorialized inde- pendently in 1849. Indian cessions in 1851 enlarged her boundaries, and, May 11, 1857, Minnesota became a unit of the great American federation of States. Population, 439,706. NEBRASKA. Maximum length, 412 miles ; extreme breadth, 208 miles. Area, 75,905 square miles, or 48,636,800 acres. The surface of this State is almost entirely undulating prairie, and forms part of the west slope of the great central basin of the North American Continent. In its west division, near the base of the Rocky Mountains, is a sandy belt of country, irregularly defined. In this part, too, are the " dunes," resem- bling a wavy sea of sandy billows, as well as the Mauvaises Terres, a tract of singular formation, produced by eccentric disintegrations and denuda- tions of the land. The chief rivers are the Missouri, constituting its en- tire east line of demarcation ; the Nebraska or Platte, the Niobrara, the Republican Fork of the Kansas, the Elkhorn, and the Loup Fork of the Platte. The soil is very various, but consisting chiefly of rich, bottomy loam, admirably adapted to the raising of heavy crops of cereals. All the vegetables and fruits of the temperate zone are produced in great size and plenty. For grazing purposes Nebraska is a State exceptionally well fitted, a region of not less than 23,000,000 acres being adaptable to this branch of husbandry. It is believed that the, as yet, comparatively infertile tracts of land fotmd in various parts of the State are susceptible of productivity by means of a properly conducted system of irrigation. Few minerals of moment have so far been found within the limits of 168 THE NORTIIWESTEKN STATES. Nebraska, if we ma}' except important saline deposits at the head of Salt Creeic in its southeast section. The State is divided into 67 counties, independent of the Pawnee and Winnebago Indians, and of unorganized territory in the northwest part. The principal towns are Omaha, Lincoln (State capital), Nebraska City, Columbus, Grand Island, etc. In 1870, the total assessed value of property amounted to $53,000,000, being an increase of 811,000,000 over the previous 3'ear's returns. The total amount received from the school-fund during the year 1869-70 was $77,999. Education is making great onward strides, the State University and an Agricultural College being far advanced toward completion. In the matter of railroad communication, Nebraska bids fair to soon place herself on a par with her neighbors to the east. Besides being inter- sected by the Union Pacific line, with its off-shoot, the Fremont and Blair, other tracks are in course of rapid construction. Organized by Con- gressional Act into a Territory, May 30, I80I, Nebraska entered the Union as a full State, March 1, 1867. Population, 122,993. ^ iniXTlX(i PKAIKIE WOLVES IN AN" EARLY DAY. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 269 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND ITS AMENDMENTS. We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish jzistice, insure do7nestic tranquillity, provide for the coWimon defense, promote the general xoelfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. Article I. Section 1. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. Sec. 2. The House of Representatives shall be composed of mem- bers chosen every second year by the people of the several states, and the lectors in each state shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislature. No person shall be a representative who shall not have attained to the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state in which he shall be chosen. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the sev- eral states which may be included within this Union, according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons. The actual enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subse- quent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each state shall have at least one Representative ; and until such enumeration shall be made the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plan= tations one, Connecticut five, New York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylva- nia eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten. North Carolina five, and Georgia three. When vacancies happen in the representation from any state, the Executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other officers, and shall have the sole power of impeachment. Sec. 3. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each state, chosen by the Legislature thereof for six years ; and each Senator shall have one vote. Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. The seats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expira- 270 -^^^ ITS AMENDMENTS. tion of the second year, of the second class at the expiration of the fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen every second year; and if vacancies happen by resignation or otherwise, during the recess of the Legislature of any state, the Executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies. No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the age of thirty years and been nine years a citizen of the United States, aud who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state for which he shall be chosen. The Vice-President of the United States shall be President of th Senate, but shall have no vote unless they be equally divided. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he shall exercise the office of President of the United States. The Senate shall have the sole powder to try all impeachments. When sitting for that purpose they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried the Chief Justice shall preside. And no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present. Judgment, in cases of impeachment, shall not extend further than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit under the United States ( but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment, and punishment according to law. Sec. 4. The times, places and manner of holding elections for Sen- ators and Representatives shall be prescribed in each state by the Legis- lature thereof ; but the Congress mnj at any time by law make or alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing Senators, The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a different day. Sec. 5. Each house shall be the judge of the election, returns, and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members in such manner and under such penalties as each house may provide. Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may, in their judgment, require secrecy ; and the yeas and nays of the members of either house on any question shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal. Neither house, during the session of Congress, shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting. Sec. 6. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a compen- sation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the treasury of the United States, They shall in ail cases, except treason, CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 271 felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective houses, and in going to and returning from the same; and for any speech or debate in either house they shall not be questioned in any other place. No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such time ; and no person holding any office under the United States, shall be a member of either house during his continuance in office. Sec. 7. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives ; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments as on ether bills. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the President . the United States ; if he approve he shall sign it ; but if not he shall return it, with his objections, to that house in which it shall have origi- nated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objec- tions, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that house, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten days (Sundays exbepted), after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress, by their adjournment, prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of adjournment), shall be presented to the President of the United States, and before the same shall take effect shall be approved by him, or, being disapproved by him, shall be re-passed by two-thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and lim- itations prescribed in the case of a bill. Sec. 8. The Congress shall have power — To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts, and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United Jtates ; but all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States ; To borrow money on the credit of the United States ; To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several 3tr.tes, and with the Indian tribes ; To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States ; To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures ; To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States; To establish post offices and post roads ; 272 -^NI^ l-^'S AMENDMENTS. To promote the progress of sciences and useful arts, by securing, for limited times, to authors and inventors, the exclusive right to ilieir respective -writings and discoveries ; To coustitute tribunals inferior to the Supreu\e Court; To detine and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high se»is, and oifenses against the law of nations ; To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water ; To raise aiid support armies, but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for tt. longer term than two years; To provide and maintain a navy ; To make rules for the government and regulation of the laud and naval forces ; To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions ; To provide for organizing, arming and disciplining the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the states respectively the appointment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia according to the disci- pline prescribed by Congress ; To exercise legislation in all oases whatsoever over such district (not exceeding ten miles squared as may, by cession of particular states, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the Legislature of the state in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock yards, and other needful buildings ; and To inake all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all otlier powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any depart- ment or officer thereof. Sec. 0. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the states now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohilited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in oases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it. No bill of attainder or <\r post facto law sliall be passed. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census or enumeration hereinbefore directed to be taken. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any state. No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or rev enue to the ports of one state over those of another: nor shall vessels bound to or from one state be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another. No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in consequence of appropriations made by law ; and a regular statement and account of the receipts and expeditures of all public money shall be published from time to time. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 273 No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States : and no person holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall, without the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state. Sec. 10. No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confeder- ation ; grant letters of marque and reprisal ; coin money ; emit bills of credit ; make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts ; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility. No state shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws, and the net produce of all duties and imposts laid by any state on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the Treasury of the United States \ and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congress. No state shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty on tonnage, keep troops or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another state, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay. Article II. Section 1. The Executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four years, and, together with the Vice-President chosen for the same term, be elected as follows : Each state shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a number of Electors, equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives to which the state may be entitled in the Congress; but no Senator or Representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under tho United States, shall be appointed an Elector. [ * Tlie Electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each ; which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit, sealed, to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The Pres- ident of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Rep- resentatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person having tlie greatest number of votes shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed ; and if there be more than one who have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately choose by ballot one of them for President ; and if no person have a ma- jority, then from the five highest on the list the said House shall in like manner choose the President. But in choosing the President, the vote shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice of the President, • This clause between brackets has been superseded and auuuUcd by the Twelfth amendment 274 AND ITS AMENDMENTS. the person having the greatest number of votes of the Electors shall be the Vice-President. But if there should remain two or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them by ballot the Vice-Presi- dent.] The Congress may determine the time of choosing the Electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes ; which day shall be the same throughout the United States. No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of President ; neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United States. In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-President, and the Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inabil- ity, both of the President and Vice-President, declaring what officer shall then act as President, and such officer shall act accordingly, until the dis- ability be removed, or a President shall be elected. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a com- pensation which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument from the United States or any of them. Before he enters on the execution of his office, he shall take the fol- lowing oath or affirmation: " I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States." Sec. 2. The President shall be commander in chief of the army and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several states, when called into the actual service of the United States; he may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their resj^ective offices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardon for offenses against the United States, ex-cept in cases of impeachment. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the S^ate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators present con- cur; ai)d he shall nominate, and by and with the advice of the Senate, !;hall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law ; but the Congress may by law vest the appointment of such inferior officers as they think proper in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments. The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of their next session. Sec. 3. He shall from time to time give to the Congress information of the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such mea- sures as he shall judge necessary and expedient ; he may on extraordinary CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 275 occasions convene both houses, or either of them, and in case of disagree- ment between them, with respect to tlie time of adjournment, he maj adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper ; he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers ; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the United States. Sec. 4. The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of the United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and con viction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. Article III. Section I. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the Supreme and inferior courts, sliall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated times, receive for their services a compensation, which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office. Sec. 2, The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority; to all cases affecting ambassadors, otlier public ministers, and consuls ; to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction ; to controversies to which the United States shall be a party ; to controversies between two or more states ; between a state and citizens of another state ; between citizens of differ- ent states ; between citizens of the same state claiming lands under grants of different states, and between a state or the citizens tliereof, and foreign states, citizens, or subjects. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls, and those in which a state shall be a party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions and under such regulations as the Congress shall make. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be hy jury ; and such trial shall be held in the state where the said crimes shall have been committed ; but when not committed within any state, the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have directed. Sec. 3. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levy- ing war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the tes- timony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture except during the life of the person attainted. Article IV. Section 1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of everv other state. A.ud 276 AND ITS AMENDMENTS. tlie Congress may, by general laws, prescribe the manner in -wliicli such acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. Sec. 2. The citizens of each state shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several states. A person charged in any state with treason, felony, or other crime, who sliall flee from justice and be found in another state, shall, on demand of the executive authority of the state from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the state having jurisdicl'on of the crime. No person held to service or labor in one state, under the laws thereof escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on the claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due. Sec. 3. New states may be admitted by the Congress into this Union ; but no ncAV state shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of an}'- other state ; nor any state be formed by the junction of two or more states, or parts of states, withottt the consent of the Legislatures of the states concerned, as well as of the Congress. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States ; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so constrtied as to prejttdice any claims of the United States or of any particular state. Sec. 4. The United States shall gtiarantee to ever}'- state in this Union a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion, and on application of the Legislature, or of the Execu- tive (when the Legislature can not be convened), against domestic vio- lence. Article V. The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on the ap- plication of the Legislattires of two-thirds of the several states, shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and ptirposes as part of this Constitution, when rati- fied by the Legislatures of tliree fourths of the several states, or by con- ventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratifi- cation may be proposed by the Congress. Provided that no amendment which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in au}^ manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article ; and that no state, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal stiffrage in the Senate. Article VL All debts contracted and engagements entered into before the adop- tion of this Constittition shall be as valid against the United States under this Constittition as under the Confederation. This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the LTnited States, shall be the supreme law of the land ; and the Judges in every state shall be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution or laws of any state to the contrary notAvithstanding. The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the mem- CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 277 "bers of the several state Legislatures, and all executive and judicial offi- cers, both of the United States and of the several states, shall be bound by oath or affirmation to support this Constitution ; but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States. Article VII. The ratification of the Conventions of nine states shall be sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution between the states so ratifying the same. Done in convention by the unanimous consent of the states present, the seventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven, and of the independence of the United States of America the twelfth. In witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names. GEO. WASHINGTON, President and Deputy from Virginia. New Hampshire. John Langdon, Nicholas Gilman. Massachusetts. Nathaniel Gorham, Rupus King. Connecticut. Wm. Sam'l Johnson, Roger Sherman. New York, Alexander Hamilton. New Jersey. WiL. Livingston, Wm. Paterson, David Brearley, JoNA. Dayton. Pennsylvania. B. Franklin, RoBT. Morris, Thos. Fitzsemons, James Wilson, Thos. Mifflin, Geo. Clymer, Jared Ingersoll, Gouv. Morris. Delaware. Geo. Read, John Dickinson, Jaco. Broom, Gunning Bedford, Jr., Richard Bassett. Maryland. James M' Henry, Danl. Carroll, Dan. of St. Thos. Jenifer. Virginia. John Blair, James Madison, Jr. North Carolina. Wm. Blount, Hu Williamson, Rich'd Dobbs Spaight. South Carolina. j. rutledge, Charles Pinckney, Chas. Cotesworth Pinckney, Pierce Butler. Georgia. William Few, Abr. Baldwin. WILLIAM JACKSON, Secretary. AKD ITS AMENDMENTS. Articles in Addition to axd Amendatoky of the Constitution OF THE United States of America, Proposed hi/ Oomjriss and ratijied hi/ the Lcijhlatio'cs of tJie several states, pursuant to the fifth article of the oriijinaJ Constitutioti. Article I. CoiigTess shall make no law respecting an esmblisliment cf religion, or prohilnring the free exereij^ thereof ; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press: or tlili right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. Article II . A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. Article III. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner, noi- in time of war but in a manner to be pre- scribed by law. Article IV. The right of tlie people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and etfects against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be vio- lated ; and no warrants shall issue but tipon probable catise, supported by oath or allirmation, and partietdarly describing the place to be searched and the persons or things to be seized. Article V. No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentuienc or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia when in actual service in time of war or public danger ; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, Avithout due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use. without just compensation. Article VI. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to o speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor; and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense. Article VII. In suits at common law. where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trif\l by jury shall be preserved, and no tact 4,t^ ' :/ki CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES ' 281 tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States than according to the rules of the common law. Article VIII. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. Article IX. The enumeration, in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. ArvTiCLE X. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people. Article XI. The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of another state, or by citizens or sub- jects of any foreign state. Article XII. The Electors shall meet in their respective states and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves ; they shall name in their ballots the person to be voted for as president, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice- President, and of the number of votes for each, which list thej' shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in presence of the Senate and House of Rejpresentatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes for President shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed ; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest number not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President, But in choosing the President,, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each state having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two- tliirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a Presi- dent whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President. The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice- President, shall be the Vice-President, if such number be the majority of the whole number of electors appointed, and if no person have a major- 282 AND ITS AMENDMENTS. itj; then from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice-President ; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States. Aeticle XIII. Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their juris- diction. Sec. 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appro- priate legislation. Aeticle XIV. Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States, and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. Sec. 2. Representatives shall be appointed among the several states according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of per- sons in each state, excluding Indians not taxed ; but when the right to vote at any election for the choice of Electors for President and Vice- President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the execu- tive and judicial officers of a state, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such state, being twenty-one years of age and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged except for participation in rebellion or other crimes, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the num- ber of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such state. Sec. 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or Elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any state, who, having previ- ously taken an oath as a Member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any state Legislature, or as an execu- tive or judicial officer of any state to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each house, remove such disability. Sec. 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States author- ized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and boun- ties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be ques- tioned. But neither the United States nor any state shall pay any debt or obligation incurred in the aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any loss or emancipation of any slave, but such debts, obligations, and claims shall be held illegal and void. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 283 Aeticle xy. Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any State, on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. VOTE FOR GOVERNOR, 1877, AND PRESIDENT, 1876. Counties. Adair Adams Allamakee . . . Appanoose ..., Audubon Benton Black Hawk.. Boone Bremer Buchanan Buena Vista.. Butler Calhoun Carroll Cass Cedar Cerro Gordo.. Cherokee Chickasaw ..., Clark Clay Clayton Clinton Crawford Dallas Davis Dacatur Delaware , Des Moines ... Dickinson Dubuque Emmett Fayette - Floyd , Franklin Fremont Greene Grundy......... Guthrie Hamilton Hancock Hardin Harrison Henry Howard Humboldt Ida Iowa Jackson , Jasper Jefferson 1877. Governor. Rep. Dem. Gr. Pro 982 876 1547 1165 410 1432 1780 1612 1180 1290 747 1453 418 633 1592 1315 903 562 1279 1054 517 1873 2444 898 1541 893 1269 1226 2315 197 1587 213 1933 1233 1311 1250 1031 909 1160 842 340 1492 1348 1770 551 382 321 1132 1619 1977 1396 101 397 1540 1049 352 71 nil 981 582 769 192 758 75 744 839 1093 348 74 1107 267 16 1770 2327 651 215 1231 961 1143 1384 3415 28 1067 208 336 1331 215 504 496 205' 95 661 86) 424 047 149 54 1120 1960 1154 753 581 485 69 729 20 567 95 466 196 725 161 19 171 141 116 206 72 383 37 813 20 66 286 19 1241 803 311 32 767 406 162 16 334 551 364 422 29 238 523 1041 201 115 104 642 224 1018 576 1876. President. Rep. Dem 449 244 10 1 223 20 95 74 11 30 446 40 86 94 19 67 167 66 111 80 12 19 525 6 12 53 51 57 2 1.54 19 140 519 64 228 15 263 109 1334 1376 1709 1711 427 290l| 2979 2018 1737 2227 770 1828 022 799 1876 2328 1274 861 1574 1405 567 2662 3654 1043 21.36 1586 1647 2233 3325 259 2798 246 3029 2U32 1178 1658 1310 1099 1434 1187 281 2152 1557 2809 1194 523 21 i 1870 2126 3375 2106 593 620 1646 1419 352 1356 1592 1305 757 1416 200 780 196 771 979 1445 448 175 1090 816 94 2621 3398 638 752 1631 1282 1466 2917 48 4977 36 1709 751 379 1682 510 417 629 425 99 980 1386 1485 600 1S3 57 1348 2485 1804 1449 Counties. Johnson Jones Keokuk Kossuth Lee Linn Louisa Lucas Lyon Madison Mahaska Marion Marshall Mills Mitchell Monona Monroe Montgomery . Muscatine O'Brien Osceola 1877. Governor. Rep. Dem. I Gr. Palo Alto Plymouth Pocahontas jPolk Pottawattamie.... Poweshiek Ringgold Sac Scott Shilby Sioux story Tama Taylor Union Van Buren Wapello Warren .Washington Wayne Webster Winnebago j Winneshiek iWoodbury Worth Wright Totals. 1884 1808 1772 463 2157 2524 1328 1203 261 1792 1823 1976 1448 1435 1396 680 1034 1122 1753 306 295 1166 311 779 370 3171 2223 1496 964 6£6 3031 8S« 436 1260 1426 1325 899 1490 17 1726 1087 1316 850 544 2074 1109 628 3in 121 2345 1218| 1526) 236 2863 2316 817 804 17 1077 10S6 1866 837 1102 459 119 928 441 1775 21 40 508' 357' 487 j 93 18S5t 2059 18 14 322 13 350 75 89 103 9 616 1011 760 3S9 98 35 432 247 532 171 201 13 34'; 71 128 1903 639 132 344 833 293 516 1305 1029 944 1221 832 127 40' 1009! 279 867i 226 132 8 106 11' 77 44 1353 218 420 071 177 309 3 49 641 196 S6S 830 301 1205 742 303 404 1421 1876. President, Rep. Dem. 273 6S 105 89 299 585 108 12 14 56 590 95 504 28 36 9 26 47 387 14 33 293 3 39 30 94 121 346 47 13 37 16 187 133 63 130 290 101 112 3 47 2154r Majorities | 4j19:'. 79353 3422.' 238 9 14 9S 2345 2.591 2364 638 3160 4331 1920 1478 262 2246 3221 2736 3056 1452 1663 713 1418 1749 2523 463 329 2243; 343 835, 374 4321 2565J 2509! 12461 061 3819! 897j 43&I 184.3; 2337 1727 123Sl 2113' 2582 2439| 24671 1692, 1299 498 27.59 1034 703 571 17133: 59211 3503 1703 1862: 227 3682 291T 1008^ 1044 4e 1538 1701 23C4 1189 1165 671 304 1246 759 2075 110 5^ 801 33:i 60:i 141 2382; 2414 1083. 422 16fr 2S53. 631 220- 579 1317 076- 795 1661 2412; 1315 150? 1341 987 3» 1617 997 149 184 12127 Total vote, 1877, 245,766 , 1876 (including2949 Greenback), 292,943. VOTE FOR CONGRESSMEN, 1876. District. Rep. Dem. R. Maj. Totul. Maj. '74. District. Rep. 1 Dem. R. Maj. Total. Jlaj. '74. I 17188 16439 17423 20770 19274 14814 140S3 10100 9379 11154 ■ 2374 1750 1323 11391 8120 41159 32002 31122 33523 311149 30428 33497 n. 1803 R. 657 D. 63 R. 3824 R. 6243 Ivii 19490i 11688 19358 15236 19503 10583 7808 4122 8980 31184 34594 30146 R. 230a R. 212r R. 584» 11 VIII Ill IX IV V 168289 118356 49933 *29''lll VI 18778 14719 R. 2724 Total vote, 1874, 184,640 ; aggregate Republican majority, 24,524. *including 5,406 Greenback voto Practical Rules for Every Day Use. Sow to find the gain or loss per cent, when the cost and selling price are given. Rule. — Find the difference between the cost and selhng price, which will be the gain or loss. Annex two ciphers to the gain or loss, and divide it by the cost price ; the result will be the gain or loss per cent. Soio to change gold into currency. Rule. — Multiply the given sum of gold by the price of gold. Sow to change currency into gold. Divide the amount in currency by the price of gold. Sow to find each partner's share of the gain or loss in a copartnership business. Rule. — Divide the whole gain or loss by the entire stock, the quo- tient .will be the gain or loss per cent. Multiply each partner's stock by this per cent., the result will be each one's share of the gain or loss. Sow to find gross and net weight and price of hogs. A short and simple method for finding the net weight., or price of hogs, when the gross iveight or price is given, and vice versa. Note. — It is generally assumed that the gross weight of Hogs diminislied by 1-5 or 20 per cent, of itself gives the net weight, and the net weight increased by K or 25 per cent, of itself equals the gross weight. To find the net weight or gross price. Multiply the given number by .8 (tenths.) To find the gross weight or net price. Divide the given number by .8 (tenths.) Sow to find the capacity of a granary, bin, or loagon-bed. Rule. — Multiply (by short method) the number of cubic feet by ^ 6308, and point off one decimal place — the result will be the correct nswer in bushels and tenths of a bushel. For only an approximate ansiver, multiply the cubic feet by 8, and point off one decimal place. Soio to find the contents of a corn-crih. Rule. — Multiply the number of cubic feet by 54, short method, or (284) MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. 285 by 4i ordinary method, and point off one decimal place — the result will be the answer in bushels. Note.— In estimating corn in the ear, the quality and the time it has been cribbed must be taken into consideration, since corn will shrinlc considerably during the Winter and Spring. This rule generally holds good for corn measured at the time it is cribbed, provided it is sound and clean. How to find the contents of a cistern or tank. Rule. — Multiply the square of the mean diameter by the depth (all in feet) and this product by 5681 (short method), and point off one decimal place — the result will be the contents in barrels of 31^ gallons. How to find the contents of a barrel or cask. Rule. — Under the square of the mean diameter, write the length (all in inches) in reveee:j:d order, so that its units will fall under the TENS ; multiply by short method, and this product again by 430 ; point off one decimal place, and the result will be the answer in wine gallons. How to measure hoards. Rule. — Multiply the length (in feet) by the width (in inches) and divide the product by 12 — the result will be the contents in square feet. How to measure scantlings., joists, planks, sills, etc. Rule. — Multiply the width, the thickness, and the length together (the width and thickness in inches, and the length in feet), and divide the product by 12 — the result will be square feet. How to find the number of acres in a body of land. Rule. — Multiply the length by the width (in rods), and divide the product by 160 (carrying the division to 2 decimal j^laces if there is a remainder) ; the result will be the answer in acres and hundredths. When the opposite sides of a piece of land are of unequal length, add them together and take one-half for the mean lencrth or width. Hoiv to find the number of square yards in a floor or wall. Rule. — Multiply the length by the width or height (in feet), and divide the product by 9, the result will be square yards. How to find the number of bricks required in a building. Rule. — Multiply the number of cubic feet by 22^. The number of cubic feet is found by multiplying the length, height nd thickness (in feet) together. Bricks are usually made 8 inches long, 4 inches wide, and two inches thick ; hence, it requires 27 bricks to make a cubic foot without mortar, but it is generally assumed that the mortar fills 1-6 of the space. How to find the number of shingles required in a roof. Rule. — Multiply the number of square feet in the roof by 8, if the shingles are exposed 4^- inches, or by 7 1-5 if exposed 5 inches. To find the number of square feet, multiply the length of the roof by twice the lensrth of the rafters. 286 MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. To find the length of the rafters, at one-fourth pitch, multiply the •width of the building by .56 (hundredths) ; at one-third pitch, by .6 (tenths) ; at two-fifths pitch, by .64 (hundredths) ; at one-half pitch, by .71 (hundredths). This gives the length of the rafters from the apex to the end of the wall, and whatever they are to project must be taken into consideration. Note.— By H or }4 pitch is meant that tlie apex or comb of thereof is to be >f or M the width of the buiUUug higher than tlie walls oi- base of the rafters. Mow to reckon the cost of hay. Rule. — Multiply the number of pounds by half the price per ton, and remove the decimal point three places to the left. Hoiv to measure grain. Rule. — Level the grain ; ascertain the space it occupies in cubic feet ; multiply the number of cubic feet by 8, and point off one place to the left. NOTB.— Exactness requires the addition to every three hundred bushels of one extra bushel. The foregoing rule may be used for finding the number of gallons, by multiplying the number of bushels by 8. If the corn in the box is in the ear, divide the answer by 2, to find the number of bushels of shelled corn, because it requires 2 bushels of eai corn to make 1 of shelled corn. Rapid rules for measuring land tvithout instruments. In measuring land, the first thing to ascertain is the contents of any given plot in square j-ards ; then, given the number of yards, find out the number of rods and acres. The most ancient and simplest measure of distance is a step. Now, an ordinary-sized man can train himself to cover one yard at a stride, on the average, with sufficient accuracy for ordinary purposes. To make use of this means of measuring distances, it is essential to walk in a straight line ; to do this, fix the eye on two objects in a line straight ahead, one comparatively near, the other remote ; and, in walk- ing, keep these objects constantly in line. Farmers and others hy adopting the following simple and ingenious con- trivance., may alivays carry loith them the scale to construct a correct yard measure. Take a foot rule, and commencing at the base of the little finger oi the left hand, mark the quarters of the foot on the outer borders of the left arm, pricking in the marks with indelible ink. To find how many rods in length ivill make an acre., the width being given. EULE. — Divide 160 by the width, and the quotient will be the answer. ^ MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. 287 Hoio to find the number of acres in any plot of land^ the number of rods being given. Rule. — Divide the number of rods by 8, multiply the quotient by 5, and remove the decimal point two places to the left. The diameter being given, to find the circumference. Rule. — Multiply the diameter by 3 1-7. How to find the diameter., when the circumference is given. Rule. — Divide the circumference by 3 1-7. To find hoiv many solid feet a round stick of timber of the same thick- ness throughout will contain when squared. Rule. — Square half the diameter in inches, multiply by 2, multiply by the length in feet, and divide the product by 144. General rule for measuring timber., to find the solid contents in feet. Rule. — Multiply the depth in inches by the breadth in inches, and then multiply by the length in feet, and divide by 144. To find the number of feet of timber in trees with the bark on. Rule. — Multiply the square of one-fifth of the circumference in inches, by twice the length, in feet, and divide by 144. Deduct 1-10 to 1-15 according to the thickness of the bark. Hotvard s neiv rule for computing interest. Rule. — The reciprocal of the rate is the time for which the interest on any sum of money will be shown by simply removing the decimal point two places to the left ; for ten times that time, remove the point one place to the left; for 1-10 of the same time, remove the point three places to the left. Increase or diminish the results to suit the time given. KoTE.— The reciprocal of the rate is founa by inverting: the rate ; thus 3 per cent, per month, in- verted, becomes K of a month, or 10 clays. When the rate is expressed by one figure, always write it thus : 3-1, three ones. Hule for converting English into American currency. Multiply the pounds, with the shillings and pence stated in decimals, by 400 plus the premium in fourths, and divide the product by 90. U. S. GOVERNMENT LAND MEASURE. A township — 36 sections each a mile square. A section — 640 acres. A quarter section, half a mile square — 160 acres. An eighth section, half a mile long, north and south, and a quarter of a mile wide — 80 acres. A sixteenth section, a quarter of a mile square — 40 acres. Tho sections avo nil timnbovod I to ;h\ i.\MnuuMu-ithi' at tho vu>vth-i\t!>t coriior. The soot ions ivre divided into quart ei"s, whioh avo named bv tl\o eavvlinal points. The quartei"s are divided in the san\e Nvay. The de sevipuonot" a torty aeivlot Avould read: The souih halt of the \vesthal£ ot* tlio South-west quarter of section 1 iu township 24, north of range 7 \rest, or as the ease might he ; and sometimes will tall short and sometimes overrun the nuu\ber of acivs it is supposed to eontuin. The nautical mik^ is 795 4-o feet h^jng-er than the common mih>. SURVEYORS" MEASURE. 7 92-100 inches make I link. -o links s " I rod. ■IriHls " I obtain. 80 chains •• 1 mile. KOTK. — \ chain is 100 links, equal to 4 rods or od leei. Shoemaker formerly used a subdivisiot\ of the itioh ealled a hai-loy- coru ; three of which made an inch. Horses are measured diwctly over the fore feet., and the stiuulavd v>t" measure is four inches— called a hand. In lUblieal ai\d other old measurements^ the term sjmn is sometimes used, which is a leiigth of nine inches. The sacred cubit of the Jc\a*s was 24.0-4 inches in length. The common cuhit of the Jews was 21.704 inches in length. A pace is equal to a j*ard or SO inches. A fathom is equal to feet. A league is three miles, but. its length is \-ariabl0, for it is stxiotly speaking a nautical term, and should he three g>80graphieal miles, equal to 8.45 statute miles, but wheii used on land, thive statute miles art* said to be a league. In cloth measure an antte is equal to li v.vrds^ or 45 inches. An Amstcixlam ell is equal to 20. TOO inches. A Trieste ell is equal to 25.2S4 inches, .\ Brabant ell is equal to 27.1 Id inches. HOW TO KEEP ACCOUNTS. Every ftu^mer and mechanic, whether he does much or little business, should keep a record of his transivotions in a clear and s^*stematic man- ner. For the benefit of those who have not had the opportuitity of ac- quiring a primary knowledge of the principles of book-keeping, we here present a simple form of keeping acoounts which is easily compix^hendcd, wid well adapted to record the business transactions of farmei's, mechanics and laborei-s. MISCELLANEOUS INFOHMATTON. 289 1876. A. II. JACKS(3N. Dr. Cr. Jan. VrU. Mar(>h it u a April May July To 7 bushols AVhoat at li 1.25 By sliooiiio- span of Horses . To 11: bushels Oats at $ .45 To 5 lbs. 15utter at .25 liy noAV IIarro^v By sharpeuinj^ 2 Plows. By new 1 )ouhle-Tree To Cow anil C-air To half ton of Hay 1 ^y C-Ash By repairing' Corn-Planter To one Sow with Pigs _ IJy Cash, to balance account ._ 1^8 75 ^2 G 30 ' 1 25 18 ■18 00 2 25 25 4 17 50 35 $88 05 $588 50 00 10 00 75. 15 05 is7r». CASS A MASON. I>r. Cr. March 21 21 23 1 1 IS) 2li 10 20 12 12 1 By 3 days' labor To 2 Shoats . at 11.25 at 3.00 8 10 2 2 20 18 00 10 00 75 70 00 20 25 12 18 9 75 May To 18 bushels Corn. By 1 month's Labor . . at .45 00 To Cash Jiuie 1 >y 8 days' Mowing- . _ _ at ,*1 50 00 " To 50 lbs. Flour July To 27 lbs. Meat at 1 .10 Auff. By S) days' Harvesting By G tlays' liabor at 2.00 at 1 .50 00 00 « To Cash... Sept. To Cash to balance account __ $G7 75 $67 75 INTEREST TABLE. A SlMPLlS Uum l-'OU .VOCUllATKLY COMPUTINO INTEREST AT AT(Y GIVKH- Pkii CKNT I-OU A,NY Lenutii Ob'" Time. oucl MiiltU>ly tho priii<:if)(it(amountof luonoy at interest) by the time reduced to days; t'len aivido this prodii tlio quofi(!Ut olitalneiUiy lUvidins 300 (tlio number of davs in tlve iiuorest year) by the per cent, ol intere clf.'ic quotient thus obtained \vlH bo tlio roquiroil interest. product St, ILl.l'STKATlOX. Koiiuiro the iulerost of !>4i)'v.r)0 fiir one nionlh ami eicrliteen ilavs at 6 per eent. .\n intere.'^t numih is ;!t)il:ivs; o\\^^ mouth and eitrhteen day-; eiiii.U IS days. S.t()•.i..^O niul ti- ff 4G-J. 50 .48 370000 plied 1m .-IS ;vives ;:^-JC'> 0000; liiH) ilivided bv li ^!he per eent. of iutcM-est i trives 00, and ?'.^0'.*. 0000 divide.l bv 00 will t;i\-e veil the eN.:ii't intere-;t, whie'i is S3. 70. tirho ra'e of iuieresi in the ahove e\anipl> were 1'.3 per eeut., we ^vould divide the S:i'.i!j.0000 liy 30 fi)3R0 \ l^^."''0■ ew Grenada Chili Switzerland Peru Bolivia Argentine Republic Wurteniburg Denmark Venezuela Baden Greece Guatemala Ecuador Paraguay Hesse Liberia San Salvador Hayti Nicaragua Uruguay Honduras San Domingo Costa Rica Hawaii , Population. 446, 226 81, 38. 36, 35, 34, 31, 29, 27 U. 10 16, 9, 5, 5, 5, 4 3, 3 3, 500.000 817.108 925.400 935,600 469,800 904,400 785.300 817,100 906,093 439,931 643,000 000.060 463,000 173.000 931,500 000,000 031,300 861,400 995,300 688,300 000.000 000,000 669.100 500,000 000,000 813,000 ; 818, 500 784.700 500,000 ,461,400 ,457.900 180.000 ,300.000 ,000.000 833,138 718,000 600,000 572,000 350,000 300,000 350,000 136,000 165.000 62.9.50 Date of Census. 1871 1871 1871 1870 1866 1869 1871 1871 1871 1871 1867 1869 1870 1870 1869 1871 1868 1870 1870 1869 1870 1871 "1869 1871 1870 '1871 1870 1871 'isii "isfi 1871 'isii 1871 1871 "isfo Area in Square Miles. 3,741,846 4,677,432 8,003,778 3,603,884 204,091 340.348 149,399 121,315 160,207 118,847 195,775 3,253,039 673.631 761.536 393.871 635,964 11.373 29.393 34.494 13.680 357,157 133,616 15,992 471.838 497.331 871,848 7,533 14,753 368.338 5,913 19,353 40,879 318,928 63,787 2,969 9,576 7,335 10,205 58,171 66,723 47.093 17,827 21.505 7.633 Inhabitants to Square Mile. 119.3 48.6 10.2 7.78 178.7 149.4 232.8 262.3 187. 230.9 85. 3.07 24.4 " '20'. 7.8 441.5 165.9 115.8 290.9 8.4 15.1 166.9 5.3 4. 2.1 241.4 130.9 4.2 247. 75.3 38.9 5.9 15.6 277. 74.9 81.8 56. 6. 6.5 7.4 7.6 7.7 80. Pekin London St. Petersburg. Washington ... Paris Vienna Yeddo London Berlin Rome Madrid Rio Janeiro Constantinople Mexico Stockholm Teheran Brussels Municli Lisbon Hague Bogota Santiago Berne Lima Chuquisaca Buenos Ayres.. Stuttgart Copenhagen — Caraccas Carlsruhe Athens Guatemala Quito Asuncion Darmstadt Monrovia Sal Salvador . . . Port au Prince Managua Monte Video... Comayagua San Domingo... San Jose Honolulu Population. 1,648,800 3,251,800 667,000 109,199 1,825,300 833,900 1,554,900 3,251,800 835,400 244,484 333,000 430,000 1,075,000 210,300 136,900 130,000 314,100 169,500 234,063 90,100 45.000 115,400 36,000 160,100 25,000 177.800 91,600 163,043 47,000 36,600 43,400 40,000 70,000 48,000 30.000 3,000 15.000 20,000 10,000 44.500 13,000 20,000 3.000 7,633. ABSTRACT OF IO¥A STATE LAWS. BILLS OF EXCHANGE AND PROMISSORY NOTES. Upon negotiable bills, and notes payable in this State, grace shall be allowed accordino- to the law merchant. All the above mentioned paper falling due on Sunday, New Year's Day, the Fourth of July, Christmas, or any day appointed or recommended by the President of the United States or the Governor of the State, as a day of fast or thanksgiving, shall be deemed as due on the day pre- vious. No defense can be made against a negotiable instrument (assigned before due) in the hands of the assignee without notice, except fraud was used in obtaining the same. To hold an indorser, due diligence must be used by suit against the maker or his representative. Notes payable to person named or to order, in order to absolutely transfer title, must be indorsed by the payee. Notes payable to bearer may be transferred by delivery, and when so payable, every indorser thereon is held as a guarantor of payment, unless otherwise expressed. In computing interest or discount on negotiable instruments, a month shall be considered a calendar month or twelfth of a year, and for less than a' month, a day shall be figured a thirtieth part of a month. Notes only bear interest when so expressed; but after due, they draw the legal interest, even if not stated. INTEREST. The legal rate of interest is six per cent. Parties may agree, in writing, on a rate not exceeding ten per cent. If a rate of interest greater than ten per cent, is contracted for, it works a forfeiture of ten per cent, to the school fund, and only the principal sum can be recov.^red. DESCENT. The personal property of the deceased (except (1) that necessary for pay- ment of debts and expenses of administration ; (2) property set apart to widow, as exempt from execution; (3) allowance by court, if necessary, of twelve months' support to widow, and to children under fifteen years of age), includino- life insurance, descends as does real estate. One-third in value (absolutely) of all estates in real property, possessed by •husband at any time during marriage, which have not been sold on execution or other judicial sale, and to which the wife has made no relinquishment of her right, shall be set apart as her property, in fee simple, if she survive him, (2981 294 ABSTRACT OF lOAVA STATE LAWS. The same share shall be set apart to the surviving husband of a deceased wife. The widow's share cannot be affected by any will of her husband's, unless she consents, in writing thereto, within six months after notice to her of pro- visions of the will. The provisions of the statutes of descent apply alike to surviving husband or surviving wife. Subject to the above, the remaining estate of which the decedent died siezed, shall in absence of other arrangements by will, descend First. To his or her children and their descendants in equal parts ; the descendants of the deceased child or grandchild taking the share of their deceased parents in equal shares among them. Second. Where there is no child, nor descendant of such child, and no widow or surviving husband, then to the parents of the deceased in equal parts ; the surviving parent, if either be dead, taking the whole ; and if there is no parent living, then to the brothers and sisters of the intestate and their descend- ants. Third. When there is a widow or surviving husband, and no child or chil- dren, or descendants of the same, then one-half of the estate shall descend to such' widow or surviving husband, absolutely; and the other half of tlie estate shall descend as in other cases where there is no widow or surviving husband, or child or children, or descendants of the same. Fourth. If there is no child, parent, brother or sister, or descendants of either of them, then to wife of intestate, or to her heirs, if dead, according to like rules. Fifth. If any intestate leaves no child, parent, brother or sister, or de- scendants of either of them, and no widow or surviving husband, and no child, parent, brother or sister (or descendant of either of them) of such widow or surviving husband, it shall escheat to the State. WILLS AND ESTATES OF DECEASED PERSONS. No exact form of words are necessary in order to make a will good at law. Every male person of the age of twenty-one years, and every female of the age of ei^diteen years, of sound mind and memory, can make a valid will ; it must be iii^writino;, signed by the testator, or by some one in his or her presence, and by his or her e'xpress' direction, and attested by two or more competent wit- nesses. Care should be taken that the witnesses are not interested in the will. Inventory to be made by executor or administrator within fifteen days from date of letters testamentary or of administration. Executors' and administra- tors' compensation on amount of personal estate distributed, and for proceeds of sale of real estate, five per cent, for first one thousand dollars, two and one-half per cent, on overplus up to five thousand dollars, and one per cent, on overplus above five thousand dollars, with such additional allowance as shall be reasona- ble for extra services. Within ten dai/s after the receipt of letters of administration, the executor or administrator shall give such notice of appointment as the court or clerk shall direct. Claims (other than preferred) must be filed within one year thereafter, are forever barred, unless the claim, is pending in the District or Supreme Court, or unless peculiar circumstances entitle the claimant to equitable relief. ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 295 Claims are classed and payable in the following order: 1. Expenses of administration. 2. Expenses of last sickness and funeral. 3. Allowance to widow and children, if made by the court. 4. Debts preferred under laws of the United States. 5. Public rates and taxes. 6. Claims filed within six months after the first publication of the notice given by the executors of their appointment. 7. All other debts. 8. Legacies. The award, or property which must be set apart to the widow, in her own right, by the executor, includes all personal property which, in the hands of tho deceased, as head of a family, would have been exempt from execution. TAXES. The owners of personal property, on the first day of January of each year, and the owners of real property on the first day of November of each year, are liable for the taxes thereon. The following property is exempt from taxation, viz. ; 1. The property of the United States and of this State, including univer- sity, agricultural, college and school lands and all property leased to the State ; property of a county, township, city, incorporated town or school district when devoted entirely to the public use and not held for pecuniary profit ; public grounds, including all places for the burial of the dead ; fire engines and all implements for extinguishing fires, with the grounds used exclusively for their buildings and for the meetings of the fire companies ; all public libraries, grounds and buildings of literary, scientific, benevolent, agricultural and reli- gious institutions, and societies devoted solely to the appropriate objects of these institutions, not exceeding 640 acres in extent, and not leased or otherwise used with a view of pecuniary profit ; and all property leased to agricultural, charit- able institutions and benevolent societies, and so devoted during the term of such lease ; provided, that all deeds, by which such property is held, shall be duly filed for record before the property therein described shall be omitted from the assessment. 2. The books, papers and apparatus belonging to the above institutions; used solely for the purposes above contemplated, and the like property of stu- dents in any such institution, used for their education. 3. Money and credits belonging exclusively to such institutions and devoted solely to sustaining them, but not exceeding in amount or income the sum pre- scribed by their charter. 4. Animals not hereafter specified, the wool shorn from sheep, belonging to the person giving the list, his flinn produce harvested within one year previous to the listing; private libraries not exceeding three hundred dollars in value; family pictures, kitchen furniture, beds and bedding requisite for each family, all wearing apparel in actual use, and all food provided for the family ; but no person from whom a compensation for board or lodging is received or expected, is to be considered a member of the family within the intent of this clause. 5. The polls or estates or both of persons who, by reason of age or infirm- ity, may. in the opinion of the Assessor, be unable to contribute to the public 296 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. revenue ; such opinion and the fact upon which it is based being in all cases reported to the Board of Equalization by the Assessor or any other person, and subject to reversal by them. 6. The farming utensils of any person who makes his livelihood by farming, and the tools of any mechanic, not in either case to exceed three hundred dollars in value. 7. Government lands entered or located or lands purchased from this State, should not be taxed for the year in which the entry, location or purchase is made. There is also a suitable exemption, in amount, for planting fruit trees or forest trees or hedges. Where buildings are destroyed by fire, tornado or other unavoidable casu- alty, after being assessed for the year, the Board of Supervisors may rebate taxes for that year on the property destroyed, if same has not been sold for taxes, and if said taxes have not been delinquent for thirty days at the time of destruction of the property, and the rebate shall be allowed for such loss only as is not covered by insurance. All other property is subject to taxation. Every inhabitant of full age and sound mind shall assist the Assessor in listing all taxable property of which he is the owner, or which he controls or manages, either as agent, guardian, father, husband, trustee, executor, accounting officer, partner, mortgagor or lessor, mortgagee or lessee. Road beds of railway corporations shall not be assessed to owners of adja- cent property, but shall be considered the property of the companies for pur- poses of taxation ; nor shall real estate used as a public highway be assessed and taxed as part of adjacent lands whence the same was taken for such public purpose. The property of railway, telegraph and express companies shall be listed and assessed for taxation as the property of an individual would be listed and assessed for taxation. Collection of taxes made as in the case of an individual. The Township Board of Equalization shall meet first Monday in April of each year. Appeal lies to the Circuit Court. The County Board of Eqalization (the Board of Supervisors) meet at their regular session in June of each year. Appeal lies to the Circuit Court. Taxes become delinquent February 1st of each year, payable, without interest or penalty, at any time before March 1st of each year. Tax sale is held on first Monday in October of each year. Redemption may be made at any time within three years after date of sale, by paying to the County Auditor the amount of sale, and twenty per centum of such amount immediately added as penalty, with ten per cent, interest per annum on the whole amount thus made from the day of sale, and also all sub- sequent taxes, interest and costs paid by purchaser after March 1st of each year, and a similar penalty of twenty per centum added as before, with ten per cent, interest as before. If notice has been given, by purchaser, of the date at which the redemption is limited, the cost of same is added to the redemption money. Ninety days' notice is required, by the statute, to be published by the purchaser or holder of certificate, to terminate the right of redemption. ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS 297 JURISDICTION OF COURTS DISTRICT COURTS have jurisdiction, general and original, both civil and criminal, except in such cases where Circuit Courts have exclusive jurisdiction. District Courts have exclusive supervision over courts of Justices of the Peace and Magistrates, in criminal matters, on appeal and writs of error. CIRCUIT COURTS have jurisdiction, general and original, with the District Courts, in all civil actions and special proceedings, and exclusive jurisdiction in all appeals and writs of error from inferior courts, in civil matters. And exclusive jurisdiction in matters of estates and general probate business. JUSTICES OF THE PEACE have jurisdiction in civil matters where $100 or less is involved. By consent of parties, the jurisdiction may be extended to an amount not exceeding $300. They have jurisdiction to try and determine all public offense less than felony, committed within their respective counties, in which the Jitie, by law, does not exceed ^100 or the imprisonment thirty days. LIMITATION OF ACTIONS. Action for injuries to the person or reputation; for a stutute penalty; and to enforce a mechanics' lien, must be brought in two (2) years. Those against a public officer within three (3) years. Those founded on unwritten contracts; for injuries to property; for relief on the ground of fraud ; and all other actions not otherwise provided for, within five (5) years. Those founded on written contracts; on judgments of any court (except those provided for in next section), and for the recovery of real property, within ten (10) years. Those founded on judgment of any court of record in the United States, within twenty (20) years. All above limits, except those for penalties and forfeitures, are extended in favor of minors and insane persons, until one year after the disability is removed — time during which defendant is a non-resident of the State shall not be included in computing any of the above periods. Actions for the recovery of real property, sold for non-payment of taxes, must be brought within five years after the Treasurer's Deed is executed and recorded, except where a minor or convict or insane person is the owner, and they shall be allowed five years after disability is removed, in which to bring action. JURORS. All qualified electors of the State, of good moral character, sound judgment, and in full possession of the senses of hearing and seeing, are competent jurors in their respective counties. United States officers, practicing attorneys, physicians and clergymen, acting professors or teachers in institutions of learning, and persons disabled by 298 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. bodily infirmity or over sixty-five years of age, are exempt from liability to act as jurors. Any person may be excused from serving on a jury when his own interests or the public's will be materially injured by his attendance, or when the state of his health or the death, or sickness of his family requires his absence. CAPITAL PUNISHMENT was restored by the Seventeenth General Assembly, making it optional with the jury to inflict it or not. A MARRIED WOMAN may convey or incumber real estate, or interest therein, belonging to her ; may control the same or contract with reference thereto, as other persons may con- vey, encumber, control or contract. She may own, acquire, hold, convey and devise property, as her husband may. Her husband is not liable for civil injuries committed by her. She may convey property to her husband, and he may convey to her. She may constitute her husband her attorney in fact. EXEMPTIONS FROM EXECUTION. A resident of the State and head of a family may hold the following prop- erty exempt from execution : All wearing apparel of himself and family kept for actual use and suitable to the condition, and the trunks or other receptacles nec- essary to contain the same ; one musket or rifle and shot-gun ; all private libraries, family Bibles, portraits, pictures, musical instruments, and paintings not kept for the purpose of sale ; a seat or pew occupied by the debtor or his family in any house of public worship ; an interest in a public or private burying ground not exceeding one acre; two cows and a calf; one horse, unless a horse is exempt as hereinafter provided ; fifty sheep and the wool therefrom, and the materials manufactured from said wool ; six stands of bees ; five hogs and all pigs under six months ; the necessary food for exempted animals for six months ; all flax raised from one acre of ground, and manufactures therefrom ; one bed- stead and necessary bedding for every two in the family ; all cloth manufactured by the defendant not exceeding one hundred yards ; household and kitchen fur- niture not exceeding two hundred dollars in value ; all spinning wheels and looms ; one sewing machine and other instruments of domestic laber kept for actual use ; the necessary provisions and fuel for the use of the family for six months ; the proper tools, instruments, or books of the debtor, if a farmer, mechanic, surveyor, clergyman, lawyer, physician, teacher or professor; the horse or the team, consisting of not more than two horses or mules, or two yokes of cattle„and the wagon or other vehicle, with the proper harness or tackle, by the use of which the debtor, if a physician, public officer, farmer, teamster or other laborer, habitually earns his living ; and to the debtor, if a printer, there shall also be exempt a printing press and the types, furniture and material nec- essary for the use of such printing press, and a newspaper office to the value of twelve hundred dollars ; the earnings of such debtor, or those of his family, at any time within ninety days next preceding the levy. Persons unmarried and not the head of a family, and non-residents, have exempt their own ordinary wearing apparel and trunks to contain the same. ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 299 There is also exempt, to a head of a family, a homestead, not exceeding forty acres ; or, if inside city limits, one-half acre with improvements, value not limited. The homestead is liable for all debts contracted prior to its acquisition as such, and is subject to mechanics' liens for work or material furnished for the same. An article, otherwise exempt, is liable, on execution, for the purchase money thereof. Where a debtor, if a head of a family, has started to leave the State, he shall have exempt only the ordinary wearing apparel of himself and family, and other property in addition, as he may select, in all not exceeding seventy-five dollars in value. A policy of life insurance shall inure to the separate use of the husband or "wife and children, entirely independent of his or her creditors. ESTRAYS. An unbroken animal shall not be taken up as an estray between May 1st and November 1st, of each year, unless the same be found within the lawful enclosure of a householder, who alone can take up such animal, unless some other person gives him notice of the fact of such animal coming on his place ; and if he fails, within five days thereafter, to take up such estray, any other householder of the township may take up such estray and proceed with it as if taken on his own premises, provided he shall prove to the Justice of the Peace such notice, and shall make affidavit where such estray was taken up. Any swine, sheep, goat, horse, neat cattle or other animal distrained (for damage done to one's enclosure), when the owner is not known, shall be treated as an estray. Within five days after taking up an estray, notice, containing a full descrip- tion thereof, shall be posted up in three of the most public places in the town- ship ; and in ten days, the person taking up such estray shall go before a Justice of the Peace in the township and make oath as to where such estray was taken up, and that the marks or brands have not been altered, to his knoAvledge. 'J he estray shall then be ajppraised, by order of the Justice, and the appraisement, description of the size, age, color, sex, marks and brands of the estray shall be entered by the Justice in a book kept for that purpose, and he shall, within ten days thereafter, send a certified copy thereof to the County Auditor. When the appraised value of an estray does not exceed five dollars, the Justice need not proceed further than to enter the description of the estray on his book, and if no owner appears within six months, the property shall vest in the finder, if he has complied with the law and paid all costs. Where appraised value of estray exceeds five and is less than ten dollars, if no owner appears in nine months, the finder has the property, if he has com- plied with the law and paid costs. An estray, legally taken up, may be used or worked with care and moderation. If any person unlawfully take up an estray, or take up an estray and fail to comply with the law regarding estrays, or use or work it contrary to above, or work it before liiaving it appraised, or keep such estray out of the county more than five days at one time, before acquiring ownership, such offender shall foifeit to the county twenty dollars, and the owner may recover double damages with costs. If the owner of any estray fail to claim and prove his title for one year after the taking up, and the finder shall have complied with the law, a comolete title rests in the finder. 300 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. But if the owner appear within eighteen months from the taking up, prove his ownership and pay all costs and expenses, the finder shall pay him the appraised value of such estray, or may, at his option, deliver up the estray. WOLF SCALPS. A bounty of one dollar is paid for wolf scalps. MARKS AND BRANDS. Any person may adopt his own mark or brand for his domestic animals, and have a description thereof recorded by the Township Clerk. No person shall adopt the recorded mark or brand of any other person residing in his township. DAMAGES FROM TRESPASS. When any person's lands are enclosed by a Imvful fence, the owner of any domestic animal injuring said lands is liable for the damages, and the damages may be recovered by suit against the owner, or may be made by distraining the animals doing the damage ; and if the party injured elects to recover by action against the owner, no appraisement need be made by the Trustees, as in case of distraint. When trespassing animals are distrained within twenty-four hours, Sunday not included, the party injured shall notify the owner of said animals, if known ; and if the owner fails to satisfy the party within twenty-four hours thereafter, the party shall have the township Trustees assess the damage, and notice shall be posted up in three conspicuous places in the township, that the stock, or part thereof, shall, on the teiitli day after posting the notice, between the hours of 1 and 3 P. M., be sold to the highest bidder, to satisfy said damages, with costs. Appeal lies, within twenty days, from the action of the Trustees to the Cir- cuit Court. Where stock is restrained, by police regulation or by law, from running at large, any person injured in his improved or cultivated lands by any domestic animal, may, by action against the owner of such animal, or by distraining such animal, recover his damages, whether the lands whereon the injury was done were inclosed by a lawful fence or not. FENCES. A lawful fence is fifty-four inches high, made of rails, wire or boards, with posts not more than ten feet apart where rails are used, and eight feet where boards are used, substantially built and kept in good repair ; or any other fence which, in the opinion of the Fence Viewers, shall be declared a lawful fence — provided the lower rail, wire or board be not more that twenty nor less than six- teen inches from the ground. The respective owners of lands enclosed with fences shall maintain partition fences between their own and next adjoining enclosure so long as they improve them in equal shares, unless otherwise agreed between them. If any party neglect to maintain such partition fence as he should maintain, the Fence Viewers (the township Trustees'), upon complaint of aggrieved party, may, upon due notice to both parties, examine the fence, and. if found insuf- ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 301 ficient, notify the delinquent party, in writing^ to repair or re-build the same within such time as they judge reasonable. If the fence be not repaired or rebuilt accordingly, the complainant may do so, and the same being adjudged sufficient by the Fence Viewers, and the value thereof, with their fees, being ascertained and certified under their hands, the complainant may demand of the delinquent the sum so ascertained, and if tlie same be not paid in one month after demand, may recover it with one per cent a month interest, by action. In case of disputes, the Fence Viewers may decide as to who shall erect or maintain partition fences, and in what time the same shall be done ; and in case any party neglect to maintain or erect such part as may be assigned to him, the aggrieved party may erect and maintain the same, and recover double damages. No person, not wishing his land inclosed, and not using it otherwise than in common, shall be compelled to maintain any partition fence ; but when he uses or incloses his land otherwise than in common, he shall contribute to the parti- tion fences. Where parties have had their lands inclosed in common, and one of the owners desires to occupy his separate and apart from the other, and the other refuses to divide the line or build a sufficient fence on the line when divided, the Fence Viewers may divide and assign, and upon neglect of the other to build as ordered by the Viewers, the one may build the other's part and recover as above. And when one incloses land which has lain uninclosed, he must pay for one-half of each partition fence between himself and his neighbors. Where one desires to lay not less than twenty feet of his lands, adjoining his neighbor, out to the public to be used in common, he must give his neighbor SIX months' notice thereof. Where a fence has been built on the land of another through mistake, the owner may enter upon such premises and remove his fence and material withn six months after the division line has been ascertained. Where the material to build such a fence has been taken from the land on which it was built, then, before it can be removed, the person claiming must first pay for such material to the owner of the land from which it was taken, nor shall such a fence be removed at a time when the removal will throw open or expose the crops of the other party ; a reasonable time must be given beyond the six months to remove crops. MECHANICS' LIENS. Every mechanic, or other person who shall do any labor upon, or furnish any materials, machinery or fixtures for any building, erection or other improve- ment upon land, including those engaged in the construction or repair of anv work of internal improvement, by virtue of any contract with the owner, his agent, trustee, contractor, or sub-contractor, shall have a lien, on complying with the forms of law, upon the building or other improvement for his labor done or materials furnished. It would take too large a space to detail the manner in which a sub- contractor secures his lien. He should file, within thn-ty days after the last of the labor was performed, or the last of the material shall have been furnished, with the Clerk of the District Court a true account of the amount due him, after allowing all credits, setting forth the time when such material was furnished or labor performed, and when completed, and containing a correct description of 302 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. the property sought to be charged with the lien, and the whole verified by affidavit. A principal contractor must file such an affidavit within ninety days, as above. Ordinarily, there are so many points to be examined in order to secure a mechanics' lien, that it is much better, unless one is accustomed to managing such liens, to consult at once with an attorney. Remember that the proper time to file the claim is ninety days for a princi- pal contractor, thirty days fi^r a sub-contractor, as above; and that actions to enforce these liens must be commenced within two years, and the rest can much better be done with an attorney. ROADS AND BRIDGES. Persons meeting each other on the public highways, shall give one-half of the same by turning to the right. All persons failing to observe this rule shall be liable to pay all damages resulting therefrom, together with a fine, not exceed- ing five dollars. The prosecution must be instituted on the complaint of the person wronged. Any person guilty of racing horses, or driving upon the public highway, in a manner likely to endanger the persons or the lives of others, shall, on convic- tion, be fined not exceeding one hundred dollars or imprisoned not exceeding thirty days. It is a misdemeanor, without authority from the proper Road Supervisor, to break upon, plow or dig within the boundary lines of any public highway. The money tax levied upon the property in each road district in each town- ship (except the general Township Fund, set apart for purchasing tools, machin- ery and guide boards), whether collected by the Road Supervisor or County Treasurer, shall be expended for highway purposes in that district, and no part thereof shall be paid out or expended for the benefit of another district. The Road Supervisor of each district, is bound to keep the roads and bridges therein, in as good condition as the funds at his disposal will permit ; to put guide boards at cross roads and forks of highways in his district; and when noti- fied in writing that any portion of the public highway, or any bridge is unsafe, must in a reasonable time repair the same, and for this purpose may call out any or all the able bodied men in the district, but not more than two days at one time, without their consent. Also, when notified in writing, of the growth of any Canada thistles upon vacant or non-resident lands or lots, within his district, the owner, lessee or agent thereof being unknown, shall cause the same to be destroyed. Bridges when erected or maintained by the public, are parts of the highway, and must not be less than sixteen feet wide. A penalty is imposed upon any one who rides or drives faster than a walk across any such bridge The manner of establishing,"vacating or altering roads, etc., is so well known to all township officers, that it is sufficient here to say that the first step is by petition, filed in the Auditor's office, addressed in substance as follows : The Board of Supervisors of County : The undersigned asks that a highway, commencing at and running thence and terminating at , be established, vacated or altered (as the case may be.) When the petition is filed, ell necessary and succeeding steps will be shown and explained to the petitioners by the Auditor, ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 303 ADOPTION OF CHILDREN. Any person competent to make a will can adopt as his own the minor child of another. The consent of both parents, if living and not divorced or separ- , ated, and if divorced or separated, "or if unmarried, the consent of the parent lawfully having the custody of the child ; or if either parent is dead, then the consent of the survivor, or if both parents be dead, or the child have been and remain abandoned by them, then the consent of the Mayor of the city where the child is living, or if not in the city, then of the Clerk of the Circuit Court of the county shall be given to such adoption by an instrument in writing, signed by party or parties consenting, and stating the names of the parties, if known, the name of the child, if known, the name of the person adopting such child, and the residence of all, if known, and declaring the name by which the child is thereafter to be called and known, and stating, also, that such child is given to the person adopting, for the purpose of adoption as his own child. The person adopting shall also sign said instrument, and all the parties shall acknowledge the same in the manner that deeds conveying lands shall be acknowledged. The instrument shall be recorded in the ofl&ce of the County Jiecorder. •- SURVEYORS AND SURVEYS. There is in every county elected a Surveyor known as County Surveyor, who has power to appoint deputies, for whose official acts he is responsible. It is the duty of the County Surveyor, either by himself or his Duputy, to make all surveys that he may be called upon to make within his county as soon as may be after application is made. The necessary chainmen and other assist- ance must be employed by the person requiring the same to be done, and to be by him paid, unless otherwise agreed ; but the chainmen must be disinterested persons and approved by the Surveyor and sworn by him to measure justly and impartially. Previous to any survey, he shall furnish himself with a copy of the field notes of the original survey of the same land, if there be any in the office of the County Auditor, and his survey shall be made in accordance there- with. Their fees are three dollars per day. For certified copies of field notes, twenty -five cents. SUPPORT OF POOR. The father, mother and children of any poor person who has applied for aid, and who is unable to maintain himself by work, shall, jointly or severally, maintain such poor person in such manner as may be approved by the Town- ship Trustees. In the absence or inability of nearer relatives, the same liability shall extend to the grandparents, if of ability without personal labor, and to the male grand- children who are of ability, by personal labor or otherwise. The Township Trustees may, upon the failure of such relatives to maintain a poor person, who has made application for relief, apply to the Circuit Court for an order to compel the same. Upon ten days' notice, in writing, to the parties sought to be charged, a hearing may be had, and an order made for entire or partial support of the poor person. 304 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. Appeal may be taken from such judgment as from other judgments of the Circuit Court. When any person, having any estate, abandons either children, wife or hus- band, leaving them chargeable, or likely to become chargeable, upon the public for support, upon proof of above fact, an order may be had from the Clerk of the Circuit Court, or Judge, authorizing the Trustees or the Sheriff to take into possession such estate. The Court may direct such personal estate to be sold, to be applied, as well as the rents and profits of the real estate, if any, to the support of children, wife or husband. If the party against whom the order is issued return and- support the per- son abandoned, or give security for the same, the order shall be discharged, and the property taken returned. The mode of relief for the poor, through the action of the Township Trustees, or the action of the Board of Supervisors, is so well known to every township officer, and the circumstances attending applications for relief are so varied, that it need now onl^^ be said that it is the duty of each county to pro- vide for its poor, no matter at what place they may be. LANDLORD AND TENANT. A tenant giving notice to quit demised premises at a time named, and after- ward holding over, and a tenant or his assignee willfully holding over the prem- ises after the term, and after notice to quit, shall pay double rent. Any person in possession of real property, Avith the assent of the owner, is presumed to be a tenant at will until the contrary is shown. Thirty days' notice, in writing, is necessary to be given by either party before he can terminate a tenancy at will ; but when, in any case, a rent is reserved payable at intervals of less than thirty days, the length of notice need not be greater than such interval betweeu the days of payment. In case of tenants occupying and cultivating farms, the notice must fix the termination of the tenancy to take place on the 1st day of March, except in cases of field tenants or croppers, whose leases shall be held to expire when the crop is har- vested ; provided, that in case of a crop of corn, it shall not be later than the 1st day of December, unless otherwise agreed upon. But when an express agreement is made, whether the same has been reduced to writing or not, the tenancy shall cease at the time agreed upon, without notice. But where an express agreement is made, whether reduced to writing or not, the tenancy shall cease at the time agreed upon, without notice. If such tenant cannot be found in the county, the notices above required may be given to any sub-tenant or other person in possession of the premises ; or, if the premises be vacant, by affixing the notice to the principal door of the building or in some conspicuous position on the land, if there be no building. The landlord shall have a lien for his rent upon all the crops grown on the premises, and upon any other personal property of the tenant used on the premises during the term, and not exempt from execution, for the period of one year after a year's rent or the rent of a shorter period claimed falls due ; but such lien shall not continue more than six months after the expiration of the term. The lien may be effected by the commencement of an action, within the period above prescribed, for the rent alone ; and the landlord is entitled to a writ ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 305 of attachment, upon filing an afiidavit that the action is commenced to rcover rent accrued within one year previous thereto upon the premises described in the affidavit. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. Whenever any of the following articles shall be contracted for, or sold or delivered, and no special contract or agreement shall be made to the contrary, the weight per bushel shall be as follows, to-wit: Apples, Peaches or Quinces, 48 Cherries, Grapes, Currants or Gooseberries, 40 Strawberries, Raspberries or Blackberries, 82 Osage Orange Seed 32 Millet Seed 45 Stone Coal 80 Lime 80 Corn in the ear 70 Wheat 60 Potatoes 60 Beans 60 Clover Seed 60 Onions 57 Shelled Corn 56 Rye. 56 Sand 130' Sorghum Seed 30 Broom Corn Seed 80 Buckwheat 52 Salt 50 Barley 48 Corn Meal 48 Castor Beans 46 Timothy Seed 45 Hemp Seed 44 Dried Peaches 33 Oats 83 Dried Apples 24 Bran 20 Blue Grass Seed 14 Hungarian Grass Seed 45 Flax Seed 56 Sweet Potatoes 46 Penalty for giving less than the above standard is treble damages and costs and five dollars addition thereto as a fine. DEFINITION OF COMMERCIAL TERMS. $ means dollars, being a contraction of U. S., which was formerly placed before any denomination of money, and meant, as it means now. United States Currency. £•— — means pounds, English money. @ stands for at or to; S) for pounds, and bbl. for barrels ; ^ for per or % the. Thus, Butter sells at 20@30c f S), and Flour at $8@$12 f bbl. % for per cent, and J for number. May 1. Wheat sells at $1.20@$1.25, " seller June." Seller June means that the person who sells the wheat has the privilege of delivering it at any time during the month of June. Selling short, is contracting to deliver a certain amount of grain or stock, at a fixed price, within a certain length of time, when the seller has not the stock on hand. It is for the interest of the person selling "short" to depress the market as much as possible, in order that he may buy and fill his contract at a profit. Hence the "shorts " are termed "bears." Buying long, is to contract to purchase a certain amount of grain or shares of stock at a fixed price, deliverable within a stipulated time, expecting to make a profit by the rise in prices. The " longs " are termed " bulls," as it is for their interest to "operate" so as to "toss" the prices upward as much as possible. 306 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. NOTES. Form of note is legal, worded in the simplest way, so that the amount and %jine of payment are mentioned : $100. Chicago, 111., Sept. 15, 1876. Sixty days from date I promise to pay to E. F. Brown or order, one hun- dred dollars, for value received. L. D. Lowry. A note to be payable in anything else than money needs only the facts sub- stituted for money in the above form. ORDERS. Orders should be worded simply, thus : Mr. F. H. Coats : Chicago, Sept. 15, 1876. Please pay to H. Birdsall twenty-five dollars, and charge to F. D. SiLVA. RECEIPTS. Receipts should always state when received and what for, thus : $100. Chicago, Sept. 15, 1876. Received of J. W. Davis, one hundred dollars, for services rendered in grading his lot in Fort Madison, on account. Thomas Brady. If receipt is in full, it should be so stated. BILLS OF PURCHASE. W. N. Mason, Salem, Illinois, Sept. 18, 1876. Bought of A. A. Graham. 4 Bushels of Seed Wheat, at $1.50 $6 00 2 Seamless Sacks " 30 60 Received payment, $6 60 A. A. Graham. CONFESSION OF JUDGMENT. $ . , Iowa, ,18—. after date — promises to pay to the order of , — '■ — dollars, at , for value received, with interest at ten per cent, per annum after until paid. Interest payable , and on interest not paid when due, interest at same rate and conditions. A failure to pay said interest, or any part thereof, within 20 days after due, shall cause the whole note to become due and collectable at once. If this note is sued, or judgment is confessed hereon, $ shall be allowed as attorney fees. No. — . P. 0. , . CONFESSION OF JUDGMENT. — VS. — . In Court of County, Iowa, , of County, Iowa, do hereby confess that justly indebted to , in the ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 307 sum of — dollars, and the further sum of $ as attorney fees, with interest thereon at ten per cent, from , and — hereby confess judgment against as defendant in favor of said , for said sum of $ , and $ as attorney fees, hereby authorizing the Clerk of the Court of said county to enter up judgment for said sum against with costs, and interest at 10 per cent, from , the interest to be paid . Said debt and judgment being for . It is especially agreed, however. That if this judgment is paid within twenty days after due, no attorney fees need be paid. And hereby sell, convey and release all right of homestead we now occupy in favor of said so far as this judgment is concerned, and agree that it shall be liable on execution for this judgment. Dated , 18—. . The State of Iowa, County. being duly sworn according to law, depose and say that the forego- ing statement and Confession of Judgment was read over to , and that — understood the contents thereof, and that the statements contained therein are true, and that the sums therein mentioned are justly to become due said as aforesaid. Sworn to and subscribed before me and in my presence by the said this day of , 18 — . , Notary Public. ARTICLES OF, AGREEMENT. An agreement is where one party promises to another to do a certain thing in a certain time for a stipulated sum. Good business men always reduce an agreement to writing, which nearly always saves misunderstandings and trouble. No particular form is necessary, but the facts must be clearly and explicitly stated, and there must, to make it valid, be a reasonable consideration. GENERAL FORM OF AGREEMENT. This Agreement, made the Second day of June, 1878, between John Jones, of Keokuk, County of Lee, State of Iowa, of the first part, and Thomas Whiteside, of the same place, of the second part — WITNESSETH, that the said John Jones, in consideration of the agreement of the party of the second part, hereinafter contained, contracts and agrees to and with the said Thomas Whiteside, that he will deliver in good and market- able condition, at the Village of Melrose, Iowa, during the month of November, of this year. One Hundred Tons of Prairie Hay, in the following lots, and at the following specified times ; namely, twenty-five tons by the seventh of Nov- ember, twenty-five tons additional by the fourteenth of the month, twenty-five tons more by the twenty-first, and the entire one hundred tons to be all delivered by the thirtieth of November. And the said Thomas Whiteside, in consideration of the prompt fulfillment of this contract, on the part of the party of the first part, contracts to and agrees with the said John Jones, to pay for said hay five dollars per ton, for each ton as soon as delivered. 308 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. In case of failure of agreement by either of the parties hereto, it is hereb}' stipulated and agreed that the party so failing shall pay to the other, One Hun- dred dollars, as fixed and settled damages. In witness whereof, we have hereunto set our hands the day and year first above written. John Jones, Thomas Whiteside. agreement avith clerk for services. This Agreement, made the first day of May, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-eight, between Reuben Stone, of Dubuque, County of Dubuque, State of Iowa, party of the first part, and George Barclay, of McGregor, County of Clayton, State of Iowa, party of the second part — WITNESSETH, that Said George Barclay agrees faithfully and diligently to work as clerk and salesman for the said Reuben Stone, for and during the space of one year from the date hereof, should both live such length of time, without absenting himself from his occupation ; during which time he, the said Barclay, in the store of said Stone, of Dubuque, will carefully and honestly attend, doing and performing all duties as clerk and salesman aforesaid, in accordance and in all respects as directed and desired by the said Stone. In consideration of which services, so to be rendered by the said Barclay, the said Stone agrees to pay to said Barclay the annual sum of one thousand dol- lars, payable in twelve equal monthly payments, each upon the last day of each month ; provided that all dues for days of absence from business by said Barclay, shall be deducted from the sum otherwise by the agreement due and payable by the said Stone to the said Barclay. Witness our hands. Reuben Stone. George Barclay. BILLS OF SALE. A bill of sale is a written agreement to another party, for a consideration to convey his right and interest in the personal property. The purchase^' must take, actual possession of the propej'ti/, or the bill of sale must be acknowledged and recorded. COMMON FORM OF BILL OF SALE. Know all Men by this instrument, that I, Louis Clay, of Burlington, Iowa, of the first part, for and in consideration of Five Hundred and Ten Dollars, to me paid by John Floyd, of the same place, of the second part, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, have sold, and by this instrument do convey unto the said Floyd, party of the second part, his executors, administra- tors and assigns, my undivided half of ten acres of corn, now growing on the arm of Thomas Tyrell, in the town above mentioned ; one pair of horses, sixteen sheep, and five cows, belonging to me and in my possession at the farm aforesaid ; to have and to hold the same unto the party of the second part, his executors and assigns forever. And I do, for myself and legal representatives, agree with the said party of the second part, and his legal representatives, to warrant and defend the sale of the afore-mentioned property and chattels unto the said party of the second part, and his legal representatives, against all and every person whatsoever. Li witness whereof, I have hereunto affixed my hand, this tenth day of October, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-six. Louis Claw ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 309 NOTICE TO QUIT. To John Wontpay : You are hereby notified to quit the possession of the premises you now occupy to wit : [Insert Description. 1 on or before thirty days from the date of this notice. Dated January 1, 1878. Landlord. [^Reverse for Notice to Landlord.'] GENERAL FORM OF WILL FOR REAL AND PERSOI^AL PROPERTY. I, Charles Mansfield, of the Town of Bellevue, County of Jackson, State of Iowa, being aware of the uncertainty of life, and in failing health, but of sound mind and memory, do make and declare this to be my last will and tes- tament, in manner following, to-wit : First. I give, devise and bequeath unto my eldest son, Sidney H. Mans- field, the sum of Two Thousand Dollars, of bank stock, now in the Third National Bank, of Cincinnati, Ohio, and the farm owned by mjself, in the Township of Iowa, consisting of one hundred and sixty acres, with all the houses, tenements and improvements thereunto belonging ; to have and to hold unto my said son, his heirs and assigns, forever. Second. I give, devise and bequeath to each of my two daughters, Anna Louise Mansfield and Ida Clara Mansfield, each Two Thousand Dollars in bank stock in the Third National Bank of Cincinnati, Ohio; and also, each one quarter section of land, owned by myself, situated in theTownship of Fairfield, and recorded in my name in the Recorder's oSice, in the county where such land is located. The north one hundred and sixty acres of said half section is devised to my eldest daughter, Anna Louise. • Third. I give, devise and bequeath to my son, Frank Alfred Mansfield, five shares of railroad stock in the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, and my one hundred and sixty acres of land, and saw-mill thereon, situated in Manistee, Michigan, with all the improvements and appurtenances thereunto belonging, which said real estate is recorded in my name, in the county where situated. Fourth. I give to my wife, Victoria Elizabeth Mansfield, all my household furniture, goods, chattels and personal' property, about my home, not hitherto disposed of, including Eight Thousand Dollars of bank stock in the Third National Bank of Cincinnati, Ohio, fifteen shares in the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, and the free and unrestricted use, possession and benefit of the home farm so long as she may live, in lieu of dower, to which she is entitled by law — said farm being my present place of residence. Fifth. I bequeath to my invalid father, Elijah H. Mansfield, the income from rents of my store building at 145 Jackson street, Chicago, Illinois, during the term of his natural life. Said building and land therewith to revert to my said sons and daughters in equal proportion, upon the demise of my said father. Sixth. It is also my will and desire that, at the death of my wife, Victoria Elizabeth Mansfield, or at any time when she may arrange to relinquish her 310 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. life interest in the above mentioned homestead, the same may revert to mj above named children, or to the lawful heirs of each. A7id lastli/. I nominate and appoint as the executors of this, my last will and testament, my wife, Victoria Elizabeth Mansfield, and my eldest son, Sidney H. Mansfield. I further direct that my debts and necessary funeral expenses shall be paid from moneys now on deposit in the Savings Bank of Bellevue, the residue of such moneys to revert to my wife, Victoria Elizabeth Mansfield, for her use for- ever. In witness whereof, I, Charles Mansfield, to this my last will and testament, have hereunto set my hand and seal, this fourth day of April, eighteen hundred and seventy-two. Charles Mansfield. Signed, and declared by Charles Mansfield, as and for his last will and tes- ment, in the presence of us, who, at his request, and in his presence, and in. the presence of each other, have subscribed our names hereunto as witnesses thereof. Peter A. Schenck, Dubuque, Iowa, Frank E. Dent, Bellevue, Iowa. CODICIL. Whereas I, Charles Mansfield, did, on the fourth day of April, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-two, make my last Avill and testament, I do now, by tliis writing, add this codicil to my said will, to be taken as a part thereof. Whereas, by the dispensation of Providence, my daughter, Anna Louise, has deceased, November fifth, eighteen hundred and seventy-three ; and whereas, a son has been born to me, Avhich son is noAv christened Richard Albert Mans- field. I give and bequeath unto him my gold Avatch, and all right, interest and title in lands and bank stock and chattels bequeathed to my deceased daughter, Anna Louise, in the body of this will. In witness whereof, I hereunto place my hand and seal, this tenth day of March, eighteen hundred and seventy-five. Charles Mansfield. Signed, sealed, published and declared to us by the testator, Charles jMans- field, as and for a codicil to be annexed to his last will and testament. And we, at his request, and in his presence, and in the presence of each other, have subscribed our names as Avitnesses thereto, at the date hereof. Frank E. Dent, BelleA^ue, Iowa, John C. Shay, Bellevue, loAva. {Form No. 1.) SATISFACTION OF MORTGAGE. State of Iow\\, } n 4. >ss. ' County, J I, , of the County of , State of Iowa, do hereby acknowledge that a certain Indenture of , bearing date the — — day of , A. D. 18 — , made and executed by and , his wife, to said on the following described Real Estate, in the County of , and State of loAva. to-Avit : (here insert description) and filed for record in the office of the Recorder of the County of , and State of Iowa, on the day of . ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 311 A. D. 18 — , at o'clock . M. ; and recorded in Book of Mortgage Records, on page , is redeemed, paid off, satisfied and discharged in full. . [seal,] State of Iowa, \ ^ County, j Be it Remembered, That on this day of , A. D. 18 — , before me the undersigned, a in and for said county, personally appeared , to me personally known to be the identical person who executed the above (satisfaction of mortgage) as grantor, and acknowledged signature thereto to be voluntary act and deed. Witness my hand and seal, the day and year last above written. ONE FORM OF REAL ESTATE MORTGAGE. Know all Men by these Presents : That , of County, and State of , in consideration of dollars, in hand paid by of County, and State of , do hereby sell and convey unto the said the following described premises, situated in the County , and State of , to wit : (here insert description,) and do hereby covenant with the said that lawfully seized of said premises, that they are free from incumbrance, that have good right and lawful authority to sell and convey the same ; and do hereby covenant to Avarrant and defend the same against the lawful claims of all persons whomsoever. To be void upon condition that the said ^ shall pay the full amount of principal and interest at the time therein specified, of certain promissory note for the sum of dollars. One note for $ , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. One note for | , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. One note for ^ , due , 18—, with interest annually at per cent. One note for § , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. And the said Mortgagor agrees to pay all taxes that may be levied upon the above described premises. It is also agreed by the Mortgagor that if it becomes necessary to foreclose this mortgage, a reasonable amount shall be allowed as an attorney's fee for foreclosing. And the said hereby relinquishes all her right of dower and homestead in and to the above described premises. Signed to day of , A. D. 18 — . [Acknowledge as in Form No. 1.] SECOND FORM OF REAL ESTATE MORTGAGE. This Indenture, made and executed by and between of the county of • and State of , part of the first part, and of the county of and State of party of the second part, Witnesseth, that the said part of the first part, for and in consideration of the sum of dollars, paid by the said party of the second part, the receipt of which is hereby acknowledged, ha to granted and sold, and do by these presents, grant, bargain, sell, convey and confirm, unto the said party of the second part, heirs°and 312 ' ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. assigns forever, the certain tract or parcel of real estate situated in the county of and State of , described as follows, to-wit : (^Here insert description.) t The said part of the first part represent to and covenant with the part of the second part, that he have good right to sell and convey said premises, that they are free from encumbrance and that he will warrant and defend them against the lawful claims of all persons whomsoever, and do expressly hereby release all rights of dower in and to said premises, and relinquish and convey all rights of homestead therein. This Instrument is made, executed and delivered upon the following con- ditions, to-wit : First. Said first part agree to pay said or order Second. Said first part further agree as is stipulated in said note, that if lie shall fail to pay any of said interest when due, it shall bear interest at the rate often per cent, per annum, from the time the same becomes due, and this mortgage shall stand as security for the same. Third. Said first part further agree that he will pay all taxes and assessments levied upon said real estate before the same become delinquent, and if not paid the holder of this mortgage may declare the whole sum of money herein secured due and collectable at once, or he may elect to pay such taxes or assessments, and be entitled to interest on the same at the rate of ten per cent, per annum, and this mortgage shall stand as security for the amount so paid. Fourth. Said first part further agree that if he fail to pay any of said money, either principal or interest, within days after the same becomes due ; or fail to conform or comply with any of the foregoing conditions or agree- ments, the whole sum herein secured shall become due and payable at once, and this mortgage may thereupon be foreclosed immediately for the whole of said money, interest and costs. Fifth. Said part further agree that in the event of the non-payment of either principal, interest or taxes wdien due, and upon the filing of a bill of foreclosure of this mortgage, an attorney's fee of dollars shall become due and pay- able, and shall be by the court taxed, and this mortgage shall stand as security therefor, and the same shall be included in the decree of foreclosure and shall be made by the Sheriff on general or special execution with the other money, interest and costs, and the contract embodied in this mortgage and the note described herein, shall in all respects be governed, constructed and adjudged by the laws of — , where the same is made. The foregoing conditions being performed, this conveyance to be void, otherwise of full force and virtue. [Acknowledge as in form No. 1.] FORM OF LEASE. This Article of Agreement, Made and entered into on this day of A. D. 187- by and between , of the county of , and State of Iowa, of the first part, and , of the county of and State of Iowa, of the second part, witnesseth that the said party of the first ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. ' 313 part has this day leased unto the party of the second part the following described premises, to wit : [jffere insert description. '\ for the term of from and after the — day of , A. D. 187- a:j^ the rent of dollars, to be paid as follows, to wit : \_nere insert Terms."] And it is further agreed that if any rent shall be due and unpaid, or if default be made in any of the covenants herein contained, it shall then be law- ful for the said party of the first part to re-enter the said premises, or to destrain for such rent; or he may recover possession thereof, by action of forcible entry and detainer, notwithstanding the provision of Section 3,612 of the Code of 1873 ; or he may use any or all of said remedies. And the said party of the second part agrees to pay to the party of the first part the rent as above stated, except when said premises are untenantable by reason of fire, or from any other cause than the carelessness of the party of the second part, or persons family, or in employ, or by superior force and inevitable necessity. And the said party of the second part covenants that will use the said premises as a , and for no other purposes whatever ; and that especially will not use said premises, or permit the same to be used, for any unlawful iDusiness or purpose whatever ; that will not sell, assign, underlet or relinquish said premises without the written consent of the lessor, under penalty of a forfeiture of all rights under this lease, at the election of the party of the first part ; and that will use all due care and diligence in guarding said property, with the buildings, gates, fences, trees, vines, shrubbery, etc., from damage by fire, and the depredations of animals ; that ■ will keep buildings, gates, fences, etc., in as good repair as they now are, or may at any time be placed by the lessor, damages by superior force, inevitable necessity, or fire from any other cause than from the carelessness of the lessee, or persons of family, or in employ, excepted ; and that at the expiration of this lease, or upon a breach by said lessee of any of the said covenants herein contained, will, without further notice of any kind, quit and surrender the possession and occupancy of said premises in as good condi- tion as reasonable use, natural wear and decay thereof will permit, damages by fire as aibresaid, superior force, or inevitable necessity, only excepted. In witness whereof, the said parties have subscribed their names on the date first above written. In presence of FORM OF NOTE. $ . ■ ,18-. On or before the — day of , 18 — , for value received, I promise to pay or order, dollars, with interest from date until paid, at ten per cent, per annum, payable annually, at . Unpaid interest shall bear interest at ten per cent, per annum. On failure to pay interest within days after due, the whole sum, principal and interest, shall become due at once. 314 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. CHATTEL MORTGxiOE. Know all Men by these Presents : That of County, and State of in consideration of dollars, in hand paid by , of County and State of do hereby sell and convey unto the said the following described personal property, now in the possession of in the county and State of , to wit : \_Here insert Description. 1 And do hereby warrant the title of said property, and that it is free from any incumbrance or lien. The only right or interest retained by grantor in and to said property being the right of redemption as herein provided. This conveyance to be void upon condition that the said grantor shall pay to said grantee, or his assigns, the full amount of principal and interest at the time therein specified, of certain promissory notes of even date herewith, for the sum of dollars, One note for ^ , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. One note for $ , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. One note for $ , due , 18 — , Avith interest annually at per cent. One note for $ , due , 18 — , w^ith interest annually at per cent. The grantor to pay all taxes on said propert}^, and if at any time any part or portion of said notes should be due and unpaid, said grantee may proceed by sale or foreclosure to collect and pay himself the unpaid balance of said notes, whether due or not, the grantor to pay all necessary expense of such foreclosure, including $ Attorney's fees, and whatever remains after paying off said notes and expenses, to be paid over to said grantor. Signed the day of , 18 — . . [Acknowledged as in form No. 1.] . WARRANTY DEED. Know all Men by these Presents : That of County and State of , in consideration of the sum of Dollars, in hand paid by of , County and State of , do hereby sell and convey unto the said and to heirs and assigns, the following described premises, situated in the County of , State of Iowa, to-wit : [Here insert description.'] And I do hereby covenant with the said that — lawfully seized in fee simple, of said premises, that they are free from incumbrance : that — ha good right and lawful authority to sell the same, and — do hereby covenant to war- rant and defend the said premises and appurtenances thereto belonging, 'against the lawful claims of all persons whomsoever ; and the said hereby re- linquishes all her right of dower and of homestead in and to the above described premises. Signed the day of , A. D. 18 — . in presence of [Acknowledged as in Form No. 1.] ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 315 QUIT-CLAIM DEED. Know all Men by these Presents : That , of County, State of , in consideration of the sum of dollars, to — in hand paid by , of County, State of , the receipt whereof — do hereby acknowledge,have bargained, sold and quit-claimed, and by these presents do bargain, sell and quit-claim unto the said and to — heirs and assigns forever, all — right, title, interest, estate, claim and demand, both at law and in equity, and as well in possession as in expectancy, of, in and to the following described premises, to wit : [here insert description] with all and singular the hereditaments and appurtenances thereto belonging. Signed this day of , A. D. 18 — . Signed in Presence of [Acknowledged as in form No. 1.] BOND FOR DEED. Know all Men by these Presents: That of County, and State of am held and firmly bound unto of County, and State of , in the sum of Dollars, to be paid to the said , his executors or assigns, for which payment well and truly to be made, I bind myself firmly by these presents. Signed the day of A. D. 18 — . The condition of this obligation is such, that if the said obligee shall pay to said obligor, or his assigns, the full amount of principal and interest at the time therein specified, of — certain promissory note of even date herewith, for the sum of Dollars, One note for $ ^ due , 18 — , with interest annually at — per cent. One note for f , due , 18 — , with interest annually at — per cent. One note for $ , due , 18 — , with interest annually at — per cent. and pay all taxes accruing upon the lands herein described, then said obligor shall convey to the said obligee, or his assigns, that certain tract or parcel of real estate, situated in the County of and State of Iowa, described as fol- lows, to wit: [here insert description,] by a Warranty Deed, with the usual covenants, duly executed and acknowledged. If said obligee should fail to make the payments as above stipulated, or any part thereof, as the same becomes due, said obligor may at his option, by notice to the obligee terminate his liability under the bond and resume the posses- sion and absolute control of said premises, time being the essence of this agreement. On the fulfillment of the above conditions this obligation to become void, otherwise to remain in full force and virtue ; unless terminated by Jhe obligor as above stipulated. [Acknowladge as in form No. 1.] 316 -* ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. CHARITABLE, SCIENTIFIC AND RELIGIOUS ASSOCIATIONS. Any three or more persons of full age, citizens of the United States, a majority of whom shall be citizens of this State, who desire to associate themselves for benevolent, charitable, scientific, religious or missionary pur- poses, may make, sign and acknowledge, before any officer authorized to take the acknowledgments of deeds in this State, and have recorded in the office of the Recorder of the county in which the business of such society is to be con- ducted, a certificate in writing, in which shall be stated the name or title by which such society shall be known, the particular business and objects of such society, the number of Trustees, Directors or Managers to conduct the same, and the names of the Trustees, Directors or Managers of such society for the first year of its existence. Upon filing for record the certificate, as aforesaid, the persons who shall have signed and acknowledged such certificate, and their associates and success- ors, shall, by virtue hereof, be a body politic and corporate by the name stated in such certificate, and by that they and their successors shall and may have succession, and shall be persons capable of suing and being sued, and may have and use a common seal, which they may alter or change at pleasure ; and they and their successors, by their corporate name, shall be capable of taking, receiving, purchasing and holding real and personal estate, and of making by- laws for the management of its affairs, not inconsistent with law. The society so incorporated may, annually or oftener, elect from its members its Trustees, Directors or Managers at such time and place, and in such manner as may be specified in its by-laws, who shall have the control and management of the affaii's and funds of the society, a majority of whom shall be a quorum for the transaction of business, and whenever any vacancy shall happen among such Trustees, Directors or Managers, by death, resignation or neglect to serve, such vacancy shall be filled in such manner as shall be provided by the by-laws of such society. When the body corporate consists of the Trustees, Directors or Managers of any benevolent, charitable, literary, scientific, religious or mis- sionary institution, which is or may be established in the State, and which is or may be under the patronage, control, direction or supervision of any synod, con- ference, association or other ecclesiastical body in such State, established agreeably to the laws thereof, such ecclesiastical body may nominate and appoint such Trustees, Directors or Managers, according to usages of the appoint- ing body, and may fill any vacancy which may occur among such Trustees, Directors or Managers ; and when any such institution may be under the patronage, control, direction or supervision of two or more of such synods, con- ferences, associations or other ecclesiastical bodies, such bodies may severally nominate and appoint such proportion of such Trustees, Directors or Managers as shall be agreed upon by those bodies immediately concerned. And any vacancy occurring among such appointees last named, shall be filled by the synod, conference, association or body having appointed the last incumbent. In case any election of Trustees, Directors or Managers shall not be made on the day designated by the by-laws, said society for that cause shall not be dissolved, but such election may take place on any other day directed by such by-laws. Any corporation formed under this chapter shall be capable of taking, hold- ing or receiving property by virtue of any devise or bequest contained in any last will or testament of any person whatsoever ; but no person leaving a wife, ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 317 <3hild or parent, shall devise or bequeath to such institution or corporation more than. one-fourth of his estate after the payment of his debts, and such device or bequest shall be valid onlj to the extent of such one-fourth. Any corporation in this State of an academical character, the memberships of which shall consist of lay members and pastors of churches, delegates to any synod, conference or council holding its annual meetings alternately in this and one or more adjoining States, may hold its annual meetings for the election of officers and the transaction of business in any adjoining State to this, at such place therein as the said synod, conference or council shall hold its annual meet- ings ; and the elections so held and business so transacted shall be as legal and binding as if held and transacted at the place of business of the corporation in this State. The provisions of this chapter shall not extend or apply to any association or individual who shall, in the certificate filed with the Recorder, use or specify a name or style the same as that of any previously existing incorporated society in the county. The Trustees, Directors or stockholders of any existing benevolent, char- itable, scientific, missionary or religious corporation, may, by conforming to the requirements of Section 1095 of this chapter, re-incorporate themselves or con- tinue their existing corporate powers, and all the property and eifects of such existing corporation shall vest in and belong to the corporation so re-incorporated or continued. INTOXICATING LIQUORS. No intoxicating liquors (alcohol, spirituous and vinous liquors), except wine manufactured from grapes, currants or other fruit grown in the State, shall be manufactured or sold, except for mechanical, medicinal, culinary or sacramental purposes ; and even such sale is limited as follows : Any citizen of the State, except hotel keepers, keepers of saloons, eating houses, grocery keepers and confectioners, is permitted to buy and sell, within the county of his residence, such liquors for such mechanical, etc., purposes only, provided he shall obtain the consent of the Board of Supervisors. In order to get that consent, he must get a certificate from a majority of the elec- tors of the town or township or ward in which he desires to sell, that he is of good moral character, and a proper person -to sell such liquors. If the Board of Supervisors grant him permission to sell such liquors, he must give bonds, and shall not sell such liquors at a greater profit than thirty- three per cent, on the cost of the same. Any person having a permit to sell, shall make, on the last Saturday of every month, a return in writing to the Auditor of the county, showing the kind and quantity of the liquors purchased by him since the date of his last report, the price paid, and the amount of freights paid on the same ; also the kind and quantity of liquors sold by him since the date of his last report ; to Avhom sold ; for what purpose and at what price ; also the kind and quantity of liquors on hand ; which report shall be sworn to by the person having the permit, and shall be kept by the Auditor, subject at all times to the inspection of the public. No person shall sell or give away any intoxicating liquors, including wine or beer, to any minor, for any purpose whatever, except upon written order of parent, guardian or family physician ; or sell the same to an intoxicated person or a person in the habit of becoming intoxicated. ■U8 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. Any povj^ou who shall mix any iutoxioatinii- liquor Avith any boor, uine or eidor, bv hiui sold, and shall sell or keep for sale, as a bovevage, such niixture. shall bo punished as for sale of intoxieating liquor. But norhing in rhe chapter containing the laws governing the sale or pro- hibiting the sale of intoxicating liqnors, shall be construed to forbid tlie sale by the importer thertof of foreign intoxicating liqnor, imported under the author- ity of the laws of the United States, regarding the importation of such liquors, and in accordance with snch laws ; provided that such liquor, at the time of the sale by the importer, remains in the original casks or packages in which it was by him imported, and in quantities not less than the quantities in which the laws of the United States require such liquors to be imported, and is sold by him in such original casks or packages, and in said quantities only. All payment or compensation for intoxicating liquor sold in violation of the laws of this State, Avhether such payments or compensation be in money, goods, lands, labor, oranything else whatsoever, shall be held tohavebeen received in viola- tion of law and equity and good conscience, and to have been received upon a valid promise and agreement of the receiver, in consideration of the receipt thereof, to pay on demand, to the pei-son furnishing such considei-ation, the amount of the money on the just value of the goods or other things. All sales, transfers, conveyances, mortgages, liens, attachments, pledges and securities of every kind, which, either in whole or in part, shall have been made on account of intoxicating liquors sold contrary to law, shall be utterly null and void. Negotiable paper in the hands of holders thereof, in good faith, for valuable consideration, without notice of any illegality in its inception or transfer, how^- ever, shall not be affected by the above provisions. Neither shall the holder of land or other property who may have taken the same in good taith. without itotice of any defect in the title of the person from whom the same was taken, growing out of a violation of the liquor law, be affected by the above provision. Every wife, child, parent, guardian, employer, or other person, who shall be injured in person or property or means of support, by an intoxicated person, or in consovj^uence of the intoxication, has a right of action against any person who shall, by selling intoxicating liquors, cause the intoxication of such person, for all damages actually sustained as well as exemplary damages. For any damages recovered, the personal and real property (except home- stead, as now provided) of the person against -whom the damages are recovered, as well as the premises or property, personal or real, occupied and used by him, with consent and kt\owledge of owner, either for manutacturing or selling intox- icating liquors contrary to law. shall be liable. The only other exemption, besides the homestead, from this sweeping liability. is that the defendant may have enough for the support of his family for six months, to be determined by the Township Trustee. No ale, wine, beer or other malt or vinous liquoi-s shall be sold within two miles of the corporate limits of any municipal corporation, except at wholesale, for the purpose of shipment to places outside of such corpor-atiou and such two- mile limits. The power of the corporation to prohibit or license sale of lio^uors not prohibited by law is extended over the two miles. No ale, vrine, beer or other malfc or vinous liquors shall be sold on the day on which any election is held under the laws of this State, within two miles of the place where said election is held ; except only that any person holding a permit may sell upon the prescription of a practicing physician. ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 319 SUGGESTIONS TO THOSE PURCHASING BOOKS BY SUBSCRIP- TION. The business of publishing books by subscription, having so often been' brought into disrepute by agents making representations and declarations not authorized by the publisher, in order to prevent that as much as possible, and that there may be more general knowledge of the relation such agents bear to their principal, and the law governing such cases, the following statement is made : A subscription is in the nature of a contract of mutual promises, by which the subscriber agrees to pay a certain sum for the work described ; the consid- eration is concurrent that the publisher shall publish the book named, and deliver the same, for which the subscriber is to pay the price named. The nature and character of the work is described by the prospectus and sample shown. These should be carefully examined before subscribing, as they are the basis and consideration of the promise to pay, and not the too often exag- gerated statements of the agent, who is merely employed to solicit subscriptions, for which he is usually paid a commission for each subscriber, and has no authority to change or alter the conditions upon which the subscriptions are authorized to be made by the publisher. Should the agent assume to agree to make the subscription conditional or modify or change the agreement of the publisher, as set out by the prospectus and sample, in order to bind the princi- pal, the subscriber should see that such condition or changes are stated over or in connection with his signature, so that the publisher may have notice of the same. All persons making contracts in reference to matters of this kind, or any other business, should remember that the law as written is, that they can not be altered, varied or rescinded verbally, but if done at all, must be done in writing. It is therefore important that all perso7is contemplating subscribing shoV/ld distinctly understand that all talk before or after the subscription is made, is not admissible as evidence, and is no part of the contract. Persons employed to solicit subscriptions are known to the trade as can- vassers. They are agents appointed to do a particular business in a prescribed mode, and liave no authority to do it any other way to the prejudice of their principal, nor can they bind their principal in any other matter. They can not collect inoney, or agree that payment may be made in anything else but money. They can not extend the time of payment beyond the time of delivery, nor bind their principal for the payment of expenses incurred in their business. It would save a great deal of trouble, and often serious loss, if persons, before signing their names to any subscription book, or any written instrument, would examine carefully what it is ; if they can not read themselves call on some one disinterested who can. STATISTICS OF AGRICULTURE OF IOWA (CENSUS OF 1875.) COUNTIES. Appanoose. — Alamakee Audubou Aiiains Adair Bueua Vista . . Benton Boone Butler Bremer Black Hawk... Buchanan Clay Cherokee Cass Crawford Cedar Cerro Gordo... Clayton Clintoa CWcka-^aw Carroll Clarke Calhoun Ilavis Doeatur Dubuiiii ' Des iloiues.... Delaware Dickinson Dallas Emmet Floyd Fayette Franklin Fremont Grundy Green Guthrie Hardin Humboldt Howard Harrison Hancock Hamilton Henry Ida Iowa Jackson Johnson Jasper Jones Jefl'erson Keokuk Kossuth Lee Lucas Lvou Lmn Louisa. Mitchell Mahaska Marion Mills Madison Monroe >I:irslian Mouoii;!.. Muscatine MontETOuierv... O'Brien Osceola. Polk Pochahontas... Pottawattomie Powesheik Page Plymouth Palo Alto Ringgold Scott Storv Shelby Sioux Sac Tavlor Taina Union Van Buren "Wayne Warren "Wiiinesheik... AYoodburv "Worth,..'. AVashingtou .. "Webster "Winnebaco "Wrisrht "Wapello Xo. of Xo. of Acres Acres of Im- li uim- proved proved Laud. L;»ud. 161059 1610SS aS4TH7 i5t>s':i 21 UO 2SS19 65459 4S7S5 8SlS-i M(!SO 8311S S7034 29T51S 539U 15G9S7 nsio 1494;)S 5S>KW 145967 470tU 2iavi5 15(iSSl 190oli 7141S S7059 S9919 54t«S 2S974 110S64 45St^ 5Sa">S 2SS414 24SS69 41417 509SO S0s)S95 2l2-:!91 15190S '.;9i)S,V) 57SS7 96504 94772 SSOlKi Sft)744 9Si"'94 504S7 No, of Acres under I Culti- ! vatioii iu lS;4.; ?pnn! ; Wheat. "Winter "Wheat. Indian Corn. Totnls. liilSS 109SSS 15;)S6 54S52 66-^lS 27010 2S94K! 10M54' i24$r 104.^10 1S125B 157240 S3S75 4541-:; 927S5 152tS 1664S.- 4S648 17S62-: i4.!,;i.5, 4;20:st 1.5770 132435 99S9 1470i»S 179,i04 69359 115907 1460S9 59940 87359 12SS31 29114 115S2S 94S4S 1046-:! 6S96li 1S20S0 r292 191041 li)3290 241021 27SSS1 20S;X1T 1673S9 205125 31550 1SS532 10Si)52 15S;2 281118 loiav 126SS4 2S-231>S 199669 141512 16l9i)S 102215 22S735 52242 17S945 1046SS 831)26 18190 2076S9 2192S 1246S0 20S9S9 1567S2 5S2SS 1851 lS4tXI 235515 148649 53180 S9S24 81336 102861 2551S-J 57005 153674 147766 194265 246140 44179 4892" 225176 97238 17589 a5.516 15020.!l 62otV5 2;>S5ii 5..65 255S6 S21S0 98156 43046 19SSS2 47926 49838 47220 S9930 S69116 171048 837451 S41615 S9iV55 50249 94i>4 89357 142401 71257 179752 63298 66979 98999 4S793 7S692I 59T57 818841 63649 52922 70176 1224;W 83779 58ai4 1SS709 78206 47552 56378 4S.^3 50607 S2070 S1406 66841 85572 419489 48697 175471 51912 S33'35 5SS-39 1912; 4S374 S9S36 S67-894 47201 2^515 90222 33316 99,V38 66;9.S 1671 1316 57097 459.57 55;"5"; 61744 SOil-35 33;^7 63491 74KH 39159 7SS0S 26618 IS 1597 9.V3:5 146344 9T61S 161357 11961 1146-35 8887 1107(.>S 133758 65590 10ai39 1S5U« 53S2S 76892 97765 2701S 61871 722S7 9005 52050 1WS31 6514 158488 142401 1931119 216949 14«;S4 1255,90 149672 2SS35 1SS5S0 SSS5 1276 175655 94133 ISlCliS 153214 99837 1S797S) 91730 117S0S 89344 129699 86026 26134 14Lk)1 140450 19319 906:9 171588 115484 44379 16679 50373 185742 9il3S7 4?380 S3515 24179 79442 211941 45836 l]S3i« li;689 15873 259469 SS09 3215 157884 71)910 12421 2Sai7 ia5l73 96lVj 61880 6876 17i)47 27550 15514 99-106 S-3505 57907 48878 89361 64-391 17481 S169S 40123 24rtX) 4046 28199 S6SSS 6S68S 4016 26756 17196S 11040 5878 8311 49240 10615 60401 5701 29-256 3911 6-30(.U 60779 31096 133-29 67884 19391 27489 S8464 l-3ai6 361 15 •2S94S] 4SS9I 20676 150-36 310? 48410 4S515 45ai6 79936 S60S\' 16-337 SS-37S 10798 10351 1S954 81S2 52178 19;64i 65534 S4S62 45136; 24SS5: 875581 116SS 69395 15-534 82375 1381 14904 S769 S76S6 7434 S3S69 57312 2-3689 SS62S S606 10926 47698 26t>58 220-29 22993 11056 15446 97018 10,586 74,55 103T5 4217o 11217." 15343 23092 41616 30554 8939 18l«9 17368 r3fi2 78,50 8410435 >>354>K>5 3690711 4-3«6973! 69183 I 759^" i Xo. of I ; Bushels' ??;?f|m;^i;;;is'>^^:^ ^'""^ HarVtd ' ''^ Ac Acres. ! Value of I Products Bushels' -n^,,' Harv'td! I'ollitrs. 937639 S9235 2S1S76 435014 162737 1S4S666 4-39257 779167 644795 1103034 8r3or3 153159 40150T 676-309 S24S94 640544 4154l« 13051-35 1010345 (>4S519 S40161 217090 109631 S099S 77169 634135 113396 71":-38 445848 1510 941439 8li3670 455909 •20liiKil 976607 257160 S93574 49735lH 209O3 53-33',i? i4?:oi| 7i\\ (.' -3!iH^';3i 180'3-30 48815 670-347 55^X10 666779 1107170 4t«47S 164SK14 S6S,5-3S 1S1S9 72634 153587 76743 65l\597 189939 1033811 89,5582 5-3i)66S 84:3961 6'3SS14 101418 11-3538-'. 183811 416471 551589 157.536 747.57 563389 S0774 588971 76-38-36 S55792 44-3736 •23-308 7SS51 762315 830397 S17iU4 251286 110094 206318 148780 141188 5SS0S 76346 65467 1S1S46_ 410437 46937S1 S9ia51 163281 196166 157535 11U9 181 10 26 1347 ri s 3 10 5379 SIT 84 8638 46 I "841 ■ 36 491 100 SI 619-2 14S 140 154CO 81 ""n ISSS ""205' 189 8-2 25 26S 21 63 ■i2-353 2197 26462 37091 24066 78845 40175 7?3037 38902 413i,U 9998 9916 44730 •3067 20441 6-3673 2301 €-3518 53;HV2 7714-3 1003 IT 654-33 55061 75697 9781 593r>3 47032 2lU5 91773 49643 11274 83775 84630 5954S 69494 45575 67699 54760 89-351 6379 2510 77497 8931 473,53 86743 71836 1«19T 6641 S06IS 59071 51273 17674 6780 S(i63 48260 7S-351 240t« 50311 656-35 80330 •37135 14617 A5;^ 7S365 28;iS 1874 10(V-;9 57085 •28S5243I 905920 3iV1655 969777' 14034-33 ■323331 83-33931 1595:52 13703;3 1036641 19S9390 131 1-3,50 i3or:o S15215 190I0li2 648658 2845921 -21k544S 1471-3l!S S061333 514-379 550041 1530-360 3511-30 2115569 17i«140 1702391 2S1I7933 1690,iS5 44455 •2484898 14273 64-3443 1-396480 7,53933 170S;1S5 148-3,53-3 783037 1669134 1879961 '297331 a>7;n3 16-30192 57899 670731 2415670 108465 2713830 16r>551S 31,53178 ■ 45-35339 1909; 16i15510 SS-3733-3 119777 2l>X13lXi liK>-35a"l lOS^X- S4S993S 2134653 411W1 8763-309 S335063 15S39r6 29531^ 1733910 2803-35t; 818338 1715973 1441461 10605- 17379 8273010 2-3':t-363 1750038 S>71105 2-3SIK14S 1757 ns 14-395 1145937; 2-3-3(5346 1783477 689556 S-30SS 279716 141963(11 2842359 uaWoO 13-336-321 2405137 S561S65 977316 4iX1S7l r3-3-3;)i •283-3211 917911 524-35 •281821 214S791 1S756 r3776 783 S951 4455 2791 15490 IWOl 13337 14-359 16304 17431 4436 8545 9079 •2902 20243 7199 201-34 •23704 11744 8-338 12337 2993 13643 10555 •25115 9-342 20577 •2403 9937 1549 15461 •30770 953-3 5419 11786 4337 4145 10!\5-3 8974 10-310 8462 1353 5108 1S8S13 4,55 11756 236,52 17760 1,5-367 13-360 14005 15532 5143 11817 l-36t>5 8477 22670 6792 14078 16646 109S7 6528 6743 11512 1S611 2304 18-387 53-2-3 SlOT ISiW 12188 ■2541 527S 11416 975S 4161 2979 9118 15915 11373 2iJ54 4591 SO^ 8713 13574 61-37 1-3596 13342 8391 24SI17 8073 4445 15701 7491 13-37 4134 11570 4700176 ilS6284542i 982994 $1611937 1415769- 184153 695318 828171 '307823 2664995 1018453 1-209735 11446-3a 18984^24 2615949 r2SS4S 35019 128489* 483357 •2606149 591617 20SI79& S049019 894656 451365 7054987 221613 1608090 1024541 16S61S2 1773992 169SS14 45SS4 150-2047 15244 1867877 1503127 777106 1046066 1593977 6-30iKS 79-3461 10666'27 •2lXXK)l 734409 7S66rT S9405 5-2762 17656'7(> 7482-311 2005049 17,50091 2447875 29168SS lMHi416 l,5Svn40 1919738 KlSSOli 1631518 10Stl5.54 3-3651 2,5901X52 1665 739 1,5913T8 21957,'^5 2131346 iaiSo09 1709030 9S8S62 2S(»37S 447665 1747906 1072127 191,542 69,581 2141X1-38 11-2666 125'2629- 2398022 1^39346S 4S4r33 iXi616 ]ll,573-> S04187S 1038743 57S(r36 166980 •233330 903476 •33UMa5 6242a> 14a'536 1361376 2-303:>93 ~2;)S-3b9 S;Hv5(.16 '303.5364 733342 140319 238635 14,55;ni* •29144S52;$13153'.:747 387346 4428-39 S3-3SS 141-3i13 159739 67069 445070 4046-30 4-31719 513571 538196 556209 98766 115595 176281 99158 675837 2:38097 66il895 70-3059 446300 107577 S6764S 7318-3 S45707 844,551 6433-32 287393 63-3118 37-382 SS5r34 3^341 487729 704407 8^28679 179645 401948 r3txus 1,53505 S.569I5 1X1944 S403l>8 69140 48816 168262 S5S231 14060 S19071 521156 5^3-n97 5S^32Sil 4648^34 446r3S 447608 •27857 •2790ti9 842164 13 ;89 5S5648 175 54266^3 496-343 335746 '23-3689 -235103 •241031 4(V?345 6t>475 405562 •301635 53931 268-39 4S1S41 40494 163081 833565 346507 1-304S' 46359 •255007 533868 843265 71676 450;x; 6599 •36iXv57 334469 18774S 353698 367S9f '381510 S'3Uv50S 9164. 161557 4533-30 2074'1S 45109 135176 29359d ■r.^*i)rKB.mdlic HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. " West^A/■a^d the Star of Empire takes its Way " DISCOVERY^ OF IOWA. In 1673, James Marquette and Louis Joliette were authorized by the French Government of Canada " to start from the Straits of Mackinac and find out and explore the great river lying west of them," of which they had heard mar- velous accounts from the Indians about Lake Michigan. Marquette and Joliette, accompanied by five boatmen, left the southern ex- tremity of Green Bay and ascended Fox River in small canoes to the headwa- ters of that stream, and thence carried their canoes and provisions across to Wisconsin River. Again launching their canoes, they floated down that stream and entered the Mississippi on the 17th day of June, 1673. •' When we entered the majestic stream," wrote Marquette, " we realized a joy we could not express." Quietly and easily they were swept down to the solitudes below, filled, no doubt, with wonder and admiration as they beheld the bold blufls and beautiful meadows along the western bank of the Father of Waters, then revealed for the first time to the eyes of white men. This was the discovery of Iowa — the "Beautiful Land." At this time, and until 1788, this newly discovered territory was inhabited only by tribes of Indians, of whom there is but a vague and unsatisfactory his- tory. Marquette and Joliette left but a very brief statement concerning them, and that statement is summed up in a very brief paragraph. On the 21st day of June, 1673, the fourth day of their journey down the Mississippi, they landed on the west bank and " discovered footprints of some fellow mortals and a little path leading into a pleasant meadow." They followed the trail a short distance, when they heard the Indians talking, and, making their presence known by a loud cry, they were conducted to an Indian village, th^ location of which is believed by intelligent authorities to have been on the Des Moines River, at or near the lower "Yellow Banks," about six miles southwest of the mouth of Lemoliese Creek and five and one-half miles west from the mouth of Bloody Run, emptying into the Mississippi River within the corporate limits of the present city of Keokuk. Old and experienced river men — men who know every foot of the Missis- sippi river from New Orleans to St. Paul — every branch, creek and rivulet that comes into the Father of Waters from either side — say there is no other place between the mouths of the Des Moines and Wisconsin Rivers that answers every way so nearly the brief description given by Marquette and Joliette of their landing-place on that occasion, as the mouth of one of these creeks. They reason, too, that the fourth day from the mouth of the Wisconsin River would just about bring the voyageurs to this point. 324 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. Indian tradition says that locality was always a favorite haunt of the red men, owing to its pleasant situation and its near proximity to the ancient villages on the Des Moines River. From the mouth of Lemoliese Creek or Bloody Run to the Des Moines River and the supposed location of the Indian villages here mentioned, the distance is about six miles. Marquette and Joliette reported that they traveled " two or more leagues (six or more miles) till they came to a beautiful stream with an Indian village, one upon the right, and one upon the left bank," etc. There is no other stream, no other section of country border- ing on the Mississippi where a "beautiful stream " can be reached in " two or more leagues' " travel westward. All the facts and bearings considered, there is no reason to doubt that the mouth of Lemoliese Creek or Bloody Run was the landing-place referred to by these Canadian French explorers. They left no account of making a landing at any other point on the west bank of the Mississippi. Some, who have given much thought and investigation to the subject, insist that the landing must have been made at the mouth of Bloody Run. The first settlers of the country, says Valincourt Vanausdol, who came in 1828, found an Indian trail leading from the mouth of this creek through the lower Sand Prairie, or, as sometimes called, " Turner's Prairie," and to the Des Moines River at " Yellow Banks." There are a number of ancient mounds in that im- mediate vicinity, which is favorable for the location of Indian villages, such as is mentioned by Marquette. He left a rude map of the country, the rivers, etc., but in the two hundred years that have passed since June 21, 1673, the courses of the rivers have changed in many places, so that that map is but a poor help now in locating the villages. However much opinions may differ as to the landing-place as between the mouth of Lemoliese Creek and Bloody Run, they locate the Indian villages at very nearly the same place. Wherever the location of the villages may have been, Marquette erected a cross, and, no doubt, proclaimed the faith of the Catholic Church to the Indians, which, if true, entitles him to the honor of preaching the first Christian sermon west of the Mississippi River. Another link in support of the claim here advanced is in the fact that when the first settlers came to Northwestern Missouri and Southeastern Iowa, they found a clearly defined Indian trail starting from the mouth of Lemoliese Creek and leading westward to the Des Moines River, where the bluff-range debouches from the east side of the river. There the trail crossed the Des Moines and thence onward, over hill and dale, led to the Missouri River at the present site of Kansas City. In many places the trail was worn several inches into the ground, resembling a small, narrow ditch. The course of the trail was so laid as to avoid sloughs and lands that were subject to overflow. Where this trail crossed the Des Moines was favorable to the location of the villages visited by Marquette and Joliette, and was an important landmark in the course of Indian travel. The inhabitants of the Indian villages mentioned are believed to have been of the Illini^, who are supposed to have at one time occupied a large portion of the country bordering on the Mississippi. For a period of one hundred years following this discovery, or until 176o. France claimed jurisdiction over the country thus discovered by Marquette and Joliette, when that Government ceded it to Spain, but, in 1801, the Spanish Gov- ernment ceded back to France all interest in the Mississippi Valley, and, under treaty dated April 30, 1803, the First Consul of the French Republic ceded these possessions to the United States. *Tribc of men. HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 325 "FOOT-PRINTS ON THE SANDS OF TIxME." DUBUQUE AND TESSON.* The first white man to claim a permanent abiding-place in any part of the country of the lowas was Julien Dubuque, an adventurous Canadian Frenchman, who found his way to the galena section of Iowa and commenced working the mines at the mouth of Catfish Creek, near the city that perpetuates his name in 1788. While all that region west of the Mississippi River, and known in the history of the American Republic as the Louisiana Purchase, was under the dominion of Spain, Dubuque obtained from Blondeauf and two chiefs of the Fox tribe of Indians what he claimed was a grant of lands. His claim was described as " seven leagues (21 miles) on the west bank of the Mississippi, from the mouth of the Little Maquoketa River to the Tete Des Mortes, and three leagues (9 miles) in depth. This grant from the Indian chiefs and Blondeau was subsequently qualifiedly confirmed by Carondelet, the Spanish Governor of New Orleans. Dubuque intermarried with the Indians among whom he had cast his fortunes, and continued to operate his mines (employing about ten white men), until the time of his death, in 1810. In 1854, a case "having been made, the United States Supreme Court decided that his grant from the Indian chief Blondeau, qualifiedly confirmed by the Spanish Governor, Carondelet, was nothing more than a " temporary license to dig ore, and constituted no valid claim to the soil." [16 Howard Rep., 224.] The next white man to settle in any part of Iowa was Louis Honore Tesson who also obtained a grant of land from the Spanish Government. The circum- stances and conditions under which Tesson came to what is now Iowa are gath- ered from Mr. D. C. Riddick, who, under right of purchase by his father, became one of the heirs to a part of the lands included in the grant made to Tesson by the Government of Spain. " The mile square on which Montrose is situated was originally a Spanish claim located by Louis Honore Tesson, a French Canadian, in 1796. The grant was issued by Zenon Trudau, Lieutenant Governor General of Upper Louisiana, acting under authority and by direction of the Governor General at New Orleans, Baron de Carondelet. Trudau's oifice was located at St. Louis, and the grant was dated at that place. The right to make the settlement was conditioned that Tesson should exert his influence to bring the Indians under subjection to the dominion of Spain, and the religion of the Roman Catholic Church. The permit required him \ Tesson) to plant trees, sow seeds, and instruct the Indians in agriculture, but more particularly, to persuade them to embrace the Catholic faith. Tesson (or Honore) proceeded to take possession of the claim. He planted trees on the lower part of the presenj; town plat, at the head of the Dcs Moines Rapids," etc. He lived there with his family several years, surrounded his establishment with picket and rail fences, erected buildings and a trading-house, planted gardens, and an orchard of a hundred trees. Falling in debt at St. Louis, the whole property was seized (March 27, 1803) under the Spanish law, and sold at public sale at the door of the parish church in St. Louis, at the conclusion of high mass, the people coming out in great numbers, after due notice given in a high and intelligible voice by the public crier of the town, on three successive * Sometimes quoted as Louis Honore Tesson, and sometimes as Louis Tesson Honore. t Maurice Blondeau was a noted and intelligent French Canadian. His cabin is elsewhere mentioned as one of the firet to he huilt within the territory of Lee County. 326 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. Sundays (Mav 1. 8 and 15, 1803), On the first Sunday, the only bid for the property was ^25. On the second Sunday, ^30 -vvere bid. On the third Sun- day, at the third and hist adjudication, ^100 were bid, and subsequently ^150, by Joseph Robidoux. Tesson's creditor, "which was repeated until 12 o'clock at noon : and the public retiring, the said Robidoux demanded a deed of his bid. It was cried at 1 o'clock, at 2 o'clock and at 3 o'clock, and, no other persons presenting themselyes, the said land and appurtenances were adjudged to him for the aforementioned price of ^loO, which sum having to receive himself, he gave no security." Robidoux died a few veal's after this transfer, and left Pierre Choteau execu- tor of his last will and testament, with instructions- to sell both his real and personal property and divide the proceeds equally among his children. This sale was made at the door of the Court House in the city of St. Louis, some- time during the year lb09, and the claim at the head of the rapids Avas sold to Thomas F.^Riddick, for ^64. •' Under the various treaties between France and Spain, under and by virtue of which the Louisiana Territory was transferred to the United States in 1803. the latter Government obligated itself to respect the original grant. The validity of the grant- subsequently became a matter of Congressional consider- ation, and a commission, consisting of three members, was appointed to inves- tigate the subject and determine the character and legality of the claim. The commission reported favorably, but because the Indian title had not been extin- guished, Frederick Bates, Recorder of Land Titles at Little Rock, Ark., declined to issue a settlement right to more that 640 acres of the original Tesson grant of one league square. This right was issued sometime in 1816. The action of Mr. Bates was subsequently confirmed by the L'nited States authorities." The apple-trees in the "• old orchard," on the Tesson claim at Montrose, about which there has been some controversy, were set out about 1797, and were carried from St. Charles, Mo., on the back of a niule. When the first white settlers came to Hancock Co., 111., in the vicinity of the present site of Xauvoo, they frequently crossed the river to gather half-ripened apples from these trees. Capt. James W. Campbell, said in an address before the Old Set- tlers of Lee County, on the 16th of September, 1875. that the first apples he remembered to have tasted, grew on these trees. When his father. Isaac R. Campbell, removed from the present site of Xauvoo, and settled at Ah-we-pe- tuck. in 1830, this orchard was one of the landmarks of the country, as it had been for many years previous. The trunk of one of the trees of this historic orchard is still standing, but has passed its day of fruitage and gone into decay. THE ABORIGINAL OCCUPANTS. SACS A^S'D FOXKS. From the time Marquette and Joliette landed at the mouth of Sandusky Creek, on the 21st day of June, 1763. until after the close of the Black Hawk war, in 1832, the territory included in the present great State of Iowa, an empire in extent, was a vast, uncivilized Avild, inhabited by untutored red men, and animals native to the climate, herbage and grasses. Of all this region, now so full of life, of princely farms and farmhouses, of towns, cities, schools, colleges aiui churches, railroads and telegraphs, and all the other adjuncts of modern civilization, but little was known. It was an unexplored territory, to the interior of which no white man had ever penetrated. HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 327 It may be said that until the 1st of June, 1838, the country was in the undisputed possession of the Indians. Different tribes occupied different parts of the territory. They toiled not, neither did they spin ; they subsisted on the fruits of tlie chase, and dwelt in rude tents or wigwams, or camped in th§ open air. To them, the arts of civilized industry were unknown. They occu- pied the land, but improved it not. The command of the Great Creator that, by the sweat of his brow, man should earn his daily bread, was lost upon them. Of Hocks and herds they had none, while the earth was regarded by them as^nly a hunting-ground that had been provided by the Great Spirit for their special benefit and occupancy. The history of such a people is one full of interest. The following sketch of the Sac and Fox Indians is contributed by Col. J. B. Patterson, editor of the Oquawka (111.) Spectator. Col. Patterson was among the early settlers here, and was intimately acquainted with Black Hawk. After the Black Hawk war, he published a sketch of the life of that noted chieftain, including a history of the Black Hawk war. In collecting the mate- rial for that volume, Col. Patterson necessarily became familiar with the tra- ditions of the Sac and Fox people, and hence this sketch is entitled to be regarded as reliabl}'' authentic. Black Hawk, whose Indian name was Muck-a-tan-wisli-e-ke-ack-lce-ak (meaning a black hawk), was born at. the Sac village"" on Hock River, in Illinois, in the year 1767. His father's name was Py-e-sa. His great-grandfafher, Na-na-ma-kee (Thunder), was born near Montreal, Canada, and was placed at the head of the Sac nation by a Frenchman, who claimed to be the son of the King of France. He gave them many presents, such as guns, powder, lead, spears and lances, and showed them how to use them in peace and in war ; also, cooking utensils, and many other presents of difl'eront kinds. He afterward sailed for France, promising to return at the close of the twelfth moon. They continued to trade with the French for a long time, and until the latter were overpowered by the British. After that event, several tribes united and drove the Sacs from Montreal to Mackinac, and thence to Green Bay, where they formed an alli- ance with the Fox nation, and then retreated to the Wisconsin, and finally to Itock River, from which they drove the Kaskaskias, and commenced the erection of their village. Py-e-sa succeeded Na-na-ma-kee as war chief, and was killed in an engagement with the Cherokees, who largely outnumbered the Sacs and Foxes. On seeing him fall, Black Hawk assumed command, and fought despei-ately until the enemy retreated. In this battle, he killed three men and wounded several with his own hand, the enemy's loss being twenty-eight and Black Hawk's only seven. After this engagement, he fell heir to the great medicine bag of the tribe, and, after a season of five years' mourning with blackened faces, they determined on avenging the death of Py-e-sa, by the annihilation, if possible, of the whole Cherokee tribe, and took out a strong army for that purpose. Black Hawk succeeded in killing many of them, and in finally driving them to their own country. His next movement was against the Chippewas, Kaskaskias and Osages, with whom he had seven regular engngements, with a loss of two or three hundred. The enemy retired, and Black Hawk and his band returned to their villages. Spain was then in possession of St. Louis, and all the country south and west. The Indians congregated at St. I;0uis every spring, for many years, to do their trading. After the Louisiana purchase, the Spanish withdrew from St. Louis, and the Americans took possession. Soon after- ward. Lieutenant (subsequently General) Zebulon M. Pike, with nn escort of soldiers, went up the Mississippi River, calling on the chiefs of the various tribes that dwelt along the banks of the Father of Waters, and making them many presents in the name of their Great Father, the President of the United States, who, he told them, would always treat them well if they would listen to his advice. A few moons later, a Sac Indian killed an American, for which offense he was arrested and confined in the prison at St. Louis. As soon as intelligence of the murder, arrest and imprisonment reached Black Hawk, he called a counsel of the head men of his trilic at the Sac village to talk the matter over and consider what was best to he done. They resolved to send four of their braves to St. Louis to compromise with the authorities by pai/iny the relatives for the man killed — the only way with them for saving one person who had killed another. Quash-qua-me and three other men of the tribe were chosen to go on this mission, the result of which was thus related by Black Hawk : "Quash-qua-me and his part}' remained a long time absent. They finally returned dressed in fine coats and wearing medals, and encamped near the village. Early next morning, the coun- cil was convened, and Quash-qua-me and parly came in and reported the result of their mission. * The site of this village wiis iit the present villiige of Ciundeii, iit tlie Koek River ciossiiig of the Peoria & Bock Island Kailroad. UlSroUY OK l.KI^ COUNTY. (>u ihovr arrival at 8i. l.ouis, thoy ropovtovl to the Aworioati ohiof. and tirgod tho roU>a!!o of their . ioMii. Tho Anvovvoan ohiof said his Uovoruiuont wantod iitvn'o laud, attd if tl»o Sacs and Foxes ^\ould givo Iviin some in Illinois, opposite .lottoi-son ,^bai'raoks\ thoy would roloaso tho imprisoned ^ac. Qnshqua-uio .and his party assoutod to this, and sijjuod a paper hy making their marks. When they were wady to leave, their friend w.as ivleased. but as he was let out of the prison, he was .<6<>.' ss the Mississippi River, riiey eomplied with the "notice to quit." and rossed over the Father of Watei^s and took up their abode on the eastern slope of Iowa, in what eame to bo known ii\ after years as the Rlaok Kawk Purohase, .n< Forty-Mile Strip. Rankling under what Hlaok Hawk believed to bo a wrongful dispossession .^f thoir homes along Rook River, and hunger and want eoniing to his people in their neAv homes, they ivei'ossed the Mississippi River in the spring of ISJil, and took possession of the site of their old village and oorn-ilelds. This move- ment of Rlaok Hawk and his people excited alarm among the white people who had settled in that part of lllii\ois. and complaint was made to tho United States authorities against their presence. The complaints represented that the Indians were insolent, and that they had committeii many acts of violence, which, if true, were in all likelihood, provoked. Whatever the truth or falsity ^f the charges of insolence, violence, etc., against the Indians, Gen. Gaines was sent to Fort .Vrmstrong at Rock Island, in the fall of 18-:U, to remove them west of the Mississippi River. While the troops under command of Gen. liainos wore at the fort. jNathaniol Smith, who was an interpreter and spy for Gen. Gaines, was sent to see and talk with Black llawk at the Indian viUage. and to pei-suade him to go and see Gen. Gaines, which he did. This interview was short and conclusive, (len. Gaines told him that he was not a peace officer, and had his orders from the Government to drive them across the river. He had no discretion, but that he did not want any trouble, and that he had under- stood he had agreed to leave peaceably. If he did not leave in fen days, he Avonld tire on his village. Rlack Hawk agreed to leave and never recross the river. ai\d made a treaty to that etVect. At the expiration of the time ttxed for l^lack Hawk to leave. Gen. Gaim^ niavshaled his forces and with his artillery took up his lino of maivh for tho Indiait village, but found it deserted. The Indians had recrossoil the river. OOXDiriON OK TUK COFNTRY SIXTY YEARS .VGO. ISAAO R. CAMrUKV.l/s LKTTKR TO TllK IOWA UlSTORlOAl. SOOIETY. Fiom Tesson's time and trading-place in 175H> to 18:^0 — nearly a quarter f a centui'v — the history of the country and its white occupants, if there were ny, IS lost bevond recovery. In June, 18*21. Isaac R. Campbell, now of St. Krancisville, ^lo.. eighty-one years of age. visittnl the country, and as he ha« over since been a resident of either V.ee or one of tho avljoining counties in 'llinois or Missouri, is regtirded as the best authority on matters pertaining to 10 condition of the country at that time, now living. During the year 18()1), Ion. Edward .lohnstone. of Keokuk, commenced to collect and arrjinge in HISTORY OF \jK\<] COUNTY. 329 proper form, information which might preserve a portion, at least, of the early history of Lee County. For this purpose ho addressed letters, propounding qu(5Stiona and making suggestions on tlic subject, to a number of the surviving piojieers. Among others so ad(h'essed was Mr. Campbell, Avho, in response to Mr. Johnstone's letter, submitted his " JiccoUections of the Early Settlement," in a very able and comprehensive article, which was published in the July number (1867) of the Amials of Iowa, nearly all of which is transferred to these pages. Under date of St. Francisville, Clark Co., Mo., January 4, 1867, Mr. Campbell says: '*■ * I lirat viHitcd this locality in .liiiie, JH'Jl, it bciiij;- flicn n, wiMcriiOHS :in(l inhabited i)y the Sue and Fox tribes of Indians. The ttrst marks 1 observcil indicating the proximity of the white man, was at Puck-e-she- tuck, or "Foot ol" liapids," now Keokuk. A log cabin had been erected here one year before this, under the supervision of Dr. Samuel 0. Muvr, a Surgeon in the U. S. Army, locate/, played with three cai'ds, and one who was so stupid as not to under- stand or appreciate its beauties, was considered ineligible to our best society. Horse-racing wa* another great source of auuisemeut to us ; in this sport, our red friends were ever ready to par- ticipate, and, at times, lost on the result every article they possessed on earth. Keokuk and Ptis/)-e-j.>e-no, chiefs of the Sac tribe, were more passionately fond of this amusement than any of their cotemporaries. And when amusements of this kind ceased to he entertaining, we called upon our pugilists. Hood, McBride and Price, to further enliven the scene by a friendly exhi- bition of their prowess, by knocking down and dragging out a few of the disinterested specta- tors. We had no prize-belt to award the victor, as the science and courtesies of the ring had not then arrived at the perfection they has^e since. Before this era, civil law, of course, was unknown, and our salutary laode of punishmeni for crime was by prohibiting the criminal from the use of intoxicating liquoi's, this being the greatest punishment we could intlict. ^- * * * * ^:- v:- Our first school was taught by Jesse Craytou, in 18:>o. As his pupils were few, he was enabled to devote a large portion of his time to the mending of boots and shoes, his legitimate occupation. It will be necessary, now, to menti in other localities in connection with the history and set- tlement of Lee County. I will next refer to Ciit-yose Village (Montrose). .\fter the Indians vacated this site, Capt. James White, in 18o2, inclosed about seven acres of ground, procuring fencing-timber from the island opposite. He erected a double log house on the slope near the creek, about thirty- rods from the river. In 1834, he sold his improve- ments, and a fort was built, under the supervision of Lieut. Col, Crossman, named Des Moines, and occupied by Col. Kearney, in command of three companies of dragoons. The names of Browne, Boone and Sumner, Captains of these companies, will ever he remembered by the sur- viving pioneers of the half-breed tract for it was through their vigilance that civilization here received its first impetus. Their bayonets taught us to respect the rights of others, and from martial law we learned the necessity of a civil code. The first settlement at Fort Madison was by Peter Williams, a botanical, mullein-leaf doctor. In 1832, he erected a log house on the bank of the river, four or five hundred yards below the old fort. Here he remained until removed by the troops from Fort Armstrong, Rock Island. His house was demolished by these troops, the logs rolled into the river, and Peter was taken a prisoner to Commerce (Nauvoo), 111. Here he was released, owing to the intercessions of his friends and family, with a solemn pledge not to cross to the west bank of the river again until the Indian title to these lands should become extinct. In the latter part of 1833, or early in 1834, Peter again renewed his claim, and, about the same time, Richard Cheny squatted on the fiat above the branch and near the present site of the State Penitentiary. Those eirly settlers disagreed about their boundary lines, and, in conse- quence, war was declared, which raged ferociously for mouths, uutil Peter obtained foreign aid from Fort Des Moines ^Montrose). On the arrival of his auxiliaries, they fired a round of blank cartridges into old Dick's intrenchments, which made him beg for quarter, and promise ever after to hold his peace. Tlie first settler on the Des Moines River was John Tohlman, opposite St. Francisville, Mo. Next after him, at the same locality, was Dr. Samuel Hearn and above his farm was an Indian trail, its course east and west terminating at the water's edge on the east bank of the Des Moines, opposite the point of bluff bordering on the river above its mouth. This trail started at Lemoliese (now Sandusky), ran due west to the Des Moines, as before described, thence onward over hill and dale to the Missouri River, and terminated near Kansas City. It must have been, at some former period, a great thoroughfare, as it was worn in many places, on level ground, for miles, six inches in depth. I will now return to Puck-e-she-tuk\ unA mention a few more incidents connected with its growth and prosperity. During the first four yeai's of my residence here, I had cleared and fenced something over twenty acres on the top and side of the hill; this I used for corn and potatoes. The pi*esent landmarks, embracing the primitive potato-patch, are from Front street up Blondeau to Tenth, down Tenth to Timea ; thence along Timea to Second street ; thence along Second to Main ; thence down Main and up Front to place of beginning. Up to the year 1835, the settlement at the foot of the Rapids had been without a distinctive name. Its various aliases wei-e •' Puck-e-she-ttik," -'Point.'" 'Foot of the Rapids." etc. It was finally proposed by a number of steamboatmen, while detained here in lightening over the rapids, that it should commemorate the name of the Peace Chief of the Sac tribe, owing to his fidelity and friendship for the white people. I sold my potato patch to Dr. Isaac Galland, agent of the New York Land Company, and under his supervision, a city in embryo was formally inaugurated and recorded as Keo/cuh. *John Gaiaes was appointed the first Justice or Notary of Lee County, the half-breed reservation of Sacs and Foxes, Ouisconsin Territory, in 1S36. His monument (,» rough limestone') stood on tho cornt-r of Second anl Blondeau streets, Keokuk, as late as 1867. HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 338 In the fall of 1836, a puhlic meeting was held at the forks of the road six miles west of Keokuk, on what was then known as John Gaines'* claim. The object of this first meeting was for mutual consultation regarding the organization of Iowa Territoi-y, and to know to what rights this locality might he entitled, as heretofore it had been thought by maiiy of us that this reser- vation of lands for the half-breeds of the Sac and Fox Indians could not be included or embraced in any other organization. We thought, seriously, of setting out on our own hook, by forming" an independent government of our own, but, after James Briei-ly and Hem-y J. Campbell had, in succession, mounted upon the head of a whisky-barrel and unburdened themselves of a vast ■amount of eloquence, we became convinced that this resei-vation did owe allegiance to the United States Government, and we must abide by its declarations. Dui'ing this couvention, the name " Lee " was suggested as an appropi'iate name for the county, owing to his survey of the rapids bounding it upon the east. " Others among us thought " Sprigg" or "Rapids" more appropriate than the first, and to what source it owes its name, if not to Lieut. Lee, I cannot state, as I removed from the county before it was named. RECOLLECTIONS OF VALENCOURT VANAUSDOL. After Tesson, came Lemoliese, a French trader, in 1820, who established his trading-piace at what is now Sandusky, which was first known to the white settlers as Lemoliese. Maurice Blondeau, was here at the same time. Mr. Isaac R. Campbell, in his letter just quoted, and Capt. James W. Camp- bell, in a speech before the "Old Settlers," previously mentioned, both refer to the improvements made by Lemoliese, as probably the first made in Southern Iowa, The extent of these improvements is not given, but in all likelihood they consisted of nothing more than his trader's cabin and a small patch culti- vated in garden vegetables, corn, pumpkins, etc. Valencourt Vanausdol, of Keokuk, is, beyond question, the oldest continu- ous white citizen in the State of Iowa. In 1827, Mr. Vanausdol was a boy ten years of age, living with his brother-in-law, Moses Stillwell, a carpenter by trade, at St. Louis, Mo. In the fall of 1827, Stillwell concluded to change his residence from St, Louis to what was then called Indian Territory, at the foot of the Lower Rapids, where Keokuk now stands. He placed himself and family and young Vanausdol on board the old steamboat Indiana, lying at the wharf at St. Louis, and after a six weeks' trip the boat landed them at the site of the present city of Quincy, 111. The steamer was a small concern, of little power, and so very slow that a keelboat coming up the river passed her several times during the trip. The same fall, Stillwell and family, including Vanaus- dol, came in an ox-wagon from Quincy to old Fort Edwards, now Warsaw, 111., and wintered in the fort. In the spring of 1828, they moved from the fort in canoes to the opposite side of the river, and settled at the foot of the rapids, where Vanausdol has lived ever since. During the winter, Stillwell had come over to the foot of the falls and built two cabins, one of which he occupied with his family when they removed from Fort Edwards at the time mentioned. In those days, Indians were numerous on both sides of the Mississippi, but were friendly and inoffensive to the few whites amongst them. Vanausdol says that Moses Stillwell and his wife, and their four children, and himself, were the only white residents at the foot of the rapids in the spring of 1828, and if there was a white inhabitant besides them in any portion of the country which now constitutes the State of Iowa, he was not aware of the fact. Stillwell 's cabin, where he first located, stood near where is now the foot of Main street, Keokuk, and a little farther up the hill he cut oft' the trees and cleared and fenced some ground and raised potatoes and corn on it in the summer of lS28. He lived there two years, and then built a cabin on the bank of the river near the foot of High street, which he made the residence of himself and family until his death, about 1834. 334 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. When Vanausdol came to the present site of Keokuk with Stillwell in the spring of 1828, the ground was covered with heavy timber. The woods were full of wild turkeys, deer, squirrels and other wild game native to the country. He saw any number of turkeys and deer killed on the ground now occupied bv Keokuk. A person could go out at any time and without going over half a mile from the river, in an hour's hunt load himself down with game. For several years after their arrival here, their only meat was wild game. Honey was plenty. The woods were full of wild bees, and Yanausdol helped cut down many trees with hives of bees and rich stoi'es of honey in them on the present plat of Keokuk. Stillwell's business between the time of his arrival here and his death, was in cutting wood and selling to steamboats, which occasionally passed up the river, and selling calicoes, blankets, knives and trinkets to the Indians, which he received from St. Louis. Dr. Isaac Galland comes next in the list of early first settlers. He came from Edgar County. 111., in 1829. Those who knew him say he was a man of rare genius, and that his busy brain was always forming new schemes, and that his ready pen could describe anything in which he was interested, in glowing colors. He was quite a character in his time, and acheived an almost national reputation because of a number of public and prominent transactions in which he took a leading part, especially when he became opposed to the New York Land Company. Dr. Galland died at Fort Madison, in 1858. Eleanor, his daughter (now Mrs. McPherson, at Ottumwa), says Mr. Isaac R. Campbell, was the first white female child born in the territory of Lee County. In 1830, Isaac E. Campbell and his family moved over from Nauvoo, or Commerce, as it was then called, and settled at the site of Galland's ideal city — Nashville. He remained there until March. 1831, and then removed to the foot of the falls and occupied a log house that had been built by Dr. Muir. In his letter to Hon. Edward Johnstone and published in the July (1867') number of the Annals of Iowa. Mr. Campbell mentions the name of Berryman Jen- nings, who taught a school at Nashville in 1830. There was also a Dedman family, who first came to the Mississippi River in 1828. and to Nashville in 1830, and remained there until the Black Hawk war excitement, when they re-crossed the Mississippi River and sought safety and protection at Fort Edwards. Tollifer Dedman, one of the sons, is now a resident of Clarke County, Mo. Samuel Brierly, the father of James Brierly, Lee county's first legislative representatives, occupied the old Lemoliese cabin in 1831. To this list of early first settlers might be added the name of the present well-known and highly-esteemed Capt. James ^Y. Campbell, although he was a mere lad then. He has grown to manhood on this part of the Black Hawk Purchase, and has seen it redeemed from an Indian wild and made a garden of beauty, wealth and intelligence. The names herein quoted, according to the best sources of information, rep- resent the entire Avhite and civilized population of Avhat is now Lee County at the close of the year 1831. Counting from the time it is believed Tesson set- tled at the '' Old Orchard'' (in 1796), thirty-five years have passed since the first attempt was made to plant the standartl of civilization in Southern Iowa, instruct the Indians in the arts of agricultural industry and convert them to the religion of the Roman Catholic Church. The progress of settlement was- slow as compared with the settlement of new territories nowadays, but there were many hindrances. When Tesson first came here, all that vast region west of the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean was under the dominion of Spain. From April, 1803, until after the Black Hawk Purchase was HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 335 opened to white settlement in 1833, it was as effectually barred against white occupancy as if it had remained under the ownership and government of foreign powers. It was an Indian wild — nothing more — into which a few Indian traders like Tesson, and honest white men whom the Indians liked, as Mr. Isaac R. Campbell, occasionally found their way, and in that con- ^ dition it remained until the Indian right to possession expired m 1833. Mr. Valencourt Vanausdol, whom we have already quoted, says, after the American Fur Company commenced business at Puck-a-she-tuck, large crowds of Sac and Fox Indians were generally about the foot of the rap- ids, when not on a hunt. Winnebago, Chippewa and Menominee Indians came here with their furs to trade, sometimes, but, as they were not on very friendly terms with the Sacs and Foxes, they were rather watchful when they came about. The Indians brought immense quantities of buffalo, elk, deer, wolt, coon, mink, otter, beaver and muskrat skins to trade to the whites for such things as suited them in exchange, especially blankets, knives, trinkets and whisky. _ They were excessively fond of whisky, but not much in the habit of drink- ing to excess unless by pre-arrangement to get on a " big drunk," when a cer- tain number were appointed to stay sober and protect the drunken ones from doing harm to themselves or others. Their favorite places for having '^big drunks" were at what is now known as the mouth of Bloody Run, and on the bank of the Mississippi, where Anschutz's brewery now stands. During these sprees the days and nights were made hideous with the howls and war- whoops of the Indian bacchanalians. _^ At the commencement of the Black Hawk war in the early summer of 18oi^, there were only about a dozen families at Puck-e-she-tuck. There were a num- ber of unmarried men, but the entire adult male population did not exceed fifty, includinff boys large enough to be made available in repelling an Indian attack. The American Fur Company sold their buildings, etc., to Isaac R. Campbell, and all the traders abandoned the place. This reduced the resi- dent male population to Mr. Campbell and thirty-four employes. Jenifer T. Spriggs, who had come on to survey the half-breed tract of land, and who was an inmate of Mr. Campbell's family, thought it advisable to garrison the place, and a stockade was built. The men were organized 'into a com- pany to do duty in case of an attack, and Mr. Spriggs was elected Captain. Mr. Campbell wrote to the commandant at St. Louis for arms, and the com- pany was furnished with one swivel, thirty-four muskets and 500 rounds of ammunition. Vanausdol, then a boy, was made to do duty as a scout, and car- ried a weekly express to what was then known as Fort Pike, now St. Fran- cisville, Mo. But the Indians came not, and no one here was injured by them during those troubles. During the excitement consequent upon the Black Hawk war, the (jovern- ment intrusted to Mr. Campbell's care 1,500 barrels of flour and a large quantity of other stores. The company was promised pay for guarding this property, and orders were given to make out a muster-roll for the purpose of payment. Capt. Spriggs took the roll and went to St. Louis to draw the money, but on the way to St. Louis he lost the roll, and that was the end of it.' 336 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. THE BLACK HAWK WAR. REDIVIVUS. The history of this war has generally been conceded to belong to the history of Illinois, which accounts for the very brief sketch to be found on pp. 157-8-9 of this volume. The concession is erroneous. It is not so much a part of the history of Illinois as of Lee County and the State of Wisconsin. Before the commencement of hostilities, the Black Hawk Indians wel-e occupants of the lower part of the eastern slope of Iowa. They started on the war-path from Keokuk, rendezvoused at Fort Madison, crossed the Mississippi River to the present site of Pontoosuc, traveled up through Illinois and fought the only two battles of the war in what is now the State of Wisconsin, after which the survivors returned to the Iowa side of the river, many of them to what is now Lee County, where Black Hawk subsequently became well known to the set- tlers, from 1833 to the time of his death in October, 1838. Not one of the battles of the Black Hawk war was fought on Illinois soil. The Stillman's Run affair was not a battle. It was only a big scare brought upon that officer's command and the country by the drunken recklessness of some of his men who fired upon an Indian flag of truce. These facts are clearly established and completely overturn the generally received opinion that the history of that war belongs to Illinois, and places it where it of right belongs — to Lee County and the State of Wisconsin. "After Black Hawk and his people returned to the west side of the Missis- sippi River, in the fall of 1831," says Mr. Isaac R. Campbell, "they estab- lished themselves on the north bank of the Iowa River, about two and a 'half miles above its mouth, where they had a village." [Capt. James W. Campbell locates the village at the present site of Black Hawk village, two and a half miles from the old village of Toolesboro, in Louisa County, and almost directly opposite the town of New Boston, Mercer County, 111.] " They did not remain there very long, however, when they went to the hunting-grounds on Salt River, in Missouri. In the early spring of 1832, Black Hawk and his full band came to Keokuk, where they had a war-dance, and then went up the Mis- sissippi River. They camped a night or two in the timber along Devil Creek, about six miles west from Fort Madison. Their real starting-point was from Fort Madison. The women and children, cooking-utensils, etc., were trans- ported in canoes. The men followed along on the west bank of the Mississippi, with their horses and ponies, until they reached a point opposite the present site of Pontoosuc, 111., where they crossed on the 6th day of April." It has been stated that they crossed their ponies by swimming, but the statement is at fault. They were crossed on what was known as "floats." These floats were made by lashing three canoes together, covering them with poles, which, in turn, were covered with leaves to a thickness sufficient to make a plat- form strong enough to carry as many ponies as could be made to stand upon it. Capt. Love, the commander of a small steamboat, was coming down the river, and arrived at Pontoosuc soon after the Indians had crossed, and his attention was directed to many large bunches of leaves floating on the surface of the water. Some of these bunches were several feet in diameter, and, seem- ingly, a foot or two in thickness. Unadvised of the origin of this vast collec- tion of leaves, Capt. Love characterized their presence as a strange, and, to him. unaccountable phenomenon. It was subsequently explained that, after HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 337 the Indians had crossed their stock, the leaves were thrown into the river and floated along on the surface of the water. Mrs. Isaac R. Campbell says the Indians were mad and threatening when they started up the river ; that they had on their war-paint, and danced their war- dance near their house at Keokuk ; but Mr. Campbell, who was on friendly terms with Black Hawk, states that the old chief told him they were not going over into Illinois to fight, but to care for the graves of their fathers. Fred- erick Stahl, an old and highly-respected citizen of Galena, states that he was informed by John Dixon, the founder of the city of Dixon, Lee County, 111., that the Indians stopped at his house, at Dixon, as they were going up Rock River ; that Ne-o-pope, one of Black Hawk's head men, had the young bravts well in hand, and that he assured him they intended to commit no depredations, and that they would not fight unless they were attacked. Whatever Black Hawk's purposes may have been, his crossing the Missis- sippi River was considered an invasion, and the war followed. However, it is the unanimous testimony of survivors of that period now living on the old bat- tle-fields whom the writer has interviewed, that, except the violation of treaty stipulations and an arrogance of manner natural to an Indian who wanted to make a new trade with the " Great Father," the Sacs under Black Hawk com- mitted no serious acts of hostility, and intended none until the alternative of war or extermination was presented to them. It is certain, too, that the people of Galena and of the mining district generally apprehended no war. The intimation (see pp. 158-9) that Davenport played a conspicuous part in prevailing upon Black Hawk to cross back to the Rock River country, in tlie spring of 1832, and that liis letter to Gen. Atkinson was only a cunning device to enable him to secure what he had come to regaird as a bad debt, is not sus- tained by subsequent events. On the contrary, it would seem that he was fully advised of Indian intentions when, on the 13th of April he wrote to Gen. Atkinson that he was " informed that the British bands of Sacs are determined to make war on the frontier settlements," and that it was their purpose to "commit depredations on the inhabitants of the frontier." The British band did invade Illinois, and kill the Indian Agent, Saver. About the same time, some Winnebagoes also killed one of three or four men who were engaged at work in a field near Oquawka. The other men, among whom was Nathan Smith, now of St. Francisville, took to flight and managed to escape, although they were closely pursued for some distance by the Indians. These acts hastened the conflict. Gov. Reynolds, of Illinois, called out the militia, and, on Saturday, the 12th day of May, 1832, was at Dixon's Ferry (now the city of Dixon) with about two thousand mounted riflemen, where he waited to be joined by the United States Regulars from Fort Armstrong (Rock Island), under command of Gen. Atkinson. "A day or two previous," said the Galenian of that period, Dr. Philleo, editor, "Maj. Isaiah Stillman, with about four hundred well- mounted volunteers, commenced his march with a fixed determination to wage a war of extermination Avherever he might find any of the hostile bands.' Just before nightfall, on the evening of the 12th of May, Stillman's forces went into camp in White Rock Grove, in what is now Ogle County, 111., about thirty-five miles above Dixon. His camp was in close proximity to that of Black Hawk, but he was ignorant of the fact. It has been said that at that very time Black Hawk was making arrangements to sue for a treaty of peace. How true this statement may be is not for the writer to determine, and the reader is left to compare the statement with the declarations made to Isaac R. ^38 HllSTORr OF LEE COUNTY. Campbell, before lie started to Roek River from Keokuk, and bv Ne-o-ope to Mr. Dixon, when the Indians arrived at Dixon. Whether true or false, it was of no benefit to the Indians. Stillman's forces were well supplied with whisky, some authorities having asserted that they had with them a barrel of " fire water," and that a number of the men and ofiicers were drunk. They were eager to get sight of an Indian, and boastful that they could never be happy again until each one of them had the scalp of a Sac dangling from his belt. Soon" after Stillman had gone into camp. Black Hawk became aware of the near presence of an armed force, and sent a small party of his braves to Still- man's camp with a flag of truce. Their approach was discovered by some of Still- man's men. who. Avithout reporting to their commander, and without orders, hastily mounted their horses and dashed down upon the approaching Indians. The liag of truce party of Indians, not understanding the sudden movement, and no doubt suspicious, retreated toward the camp of their chief. The whites fired upon them, killing two of their number and captured two more. The others escaped but were closely pursued by the reckless volunteers. "When Black Hawk and his war-chief Xe-o-pope saw them dashing down upon their camp, that their tiag of truce had been disregarded, and believing that their overtures for peace had been rejected, they raised their terrible war«-whoop and marshaled for the fray. It was now the turn of the volunteers to retreat, and. after killing their two captives, they turned and fled as rapidly as their horses could travel. Supposing that thev were being followed by a thousand savage Indians, they dashed through their camp, spreading terror and consternation among their comrades, but late so eager to meet the foe. The wildest panic ensued ; there was '• mounting in hot haste," and, without waiting to see whether there was anything or anybodv to run from, every man fled, and never halted until they reached Dixon's Ferry or some other place of safety, or had been stopped by Indi^i bullets and tomahawks. The first man to reach Dixon was a Kentucky lawyer, who, as he strode into Dixon, thirty-five miles away, reported that every man in Stillman's command had been killed except himself. Another man. named Corn- stock, never stopped until he reached Gralena, where he reported that - the men were all drunk, as he was, got scared, and made the best time they could to get out of danger, but that he didn't see a single Indian." All accounts agree that the meii Avere drunk, and that the white flag displayed by the Indians was tired upon in utter disregard of all recognized rules of warfare, even among Indians. The whites had commenced the work of murder, and the Indians, losing all hope of a peaceable solution of the difficulties, determined that a war of exter- u\ination was a game at which both parties could play, and. who can blame them for their determination to sell their lives as dearly a? possible. Gen. Whiteside was in command at Dixon, and at once proceeded to the fatal field : but the enemy had gone, the main body having moved northward, while the rest scattered in" small bands to avenge the death of their flag-of-truce bearers upon the unoS'ending settlers. Eleven of Stillman's men Avere killed,^ \mong whom were Capt. Adams and Maj. Perkins. The mutilated remains of those Vho had fallen because of the drunken recklessness of the men who fired upon the flag of truce were gathered together and buried, and to this day the place is known as Stillman's Run. The Stillman's Run aftair was the beginning of active hostilities, and pre- cipitated all the horrors of border warfare upon the white settlements in Jo HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 339 Daviess County,* and in the adjoining portion of Michigan Territory (now Wis- consin). Truth of history compels the impartial historian to record the fact that the whites were the aggressors, a fact that was appreciated by many of the volunteers themselves. It was not such rare sport to kill Indians when it was^ found that Indians might kill them, and especially when war had been com- menced by firing upon and killing the bearers of a flag of peace. The vol- unteers commenced grumbling, and demanded to be mustered out, and were dismissed soon after by Gov. Reynolds. Another call was issued, and a new regiment of volunteers was mustered in at Beardstown, with Jacob Fry as Colonel ; James D. Henry, Lieutenant Colonel, and John Thomas, Major. The late commanding General, Whiteside, volunteered as a private. Among the first results of " Stillman's defeat " was the descent of about seventy Indians upon an unprotected settlement on Indian Creek, in what is now La Salle County, 111., where they massacred fifteen men, women and children of the families of Hall, Davis and Pettigrew, and captured two young women, Sylvia and Rachel Hall. These girls, aged seventeen and fifteen years respectively, were afterward taken by Winnebagoes to Gratiot's Grove, where they were ransomed by Maj. Henry Gratiot, by the payment of |2,000 in horses, wampumf (Indian currency or medium of exchange) and trinkets. Gratiot subsequently took the girls to Galena, from whence, at a later period, they were restored to their surviving relatives. On the 15th of May, 1832, Capt. James W. Stephenson arrived at Galena with full particulars of Stillman's disastrous defeat, and the intelligence that the Indians had commenced bloody hostilities. The news spread like wildfire, and created intense excitement and alarm. The settlers and miners were called together at the old race-course, on the bottom near Fever River, where a com- pany of mounted rangers was organized, with James W. Stephenson as Captain. At 3 o'clock on the morning of Saturday, the 19th of May, Sergt. Fred Stahl (now a banker at Galena) and privates William Durley, Vincent Smith, Redding Bennett and James Smith, started to bear dispatches'to Gen. Atkinson, at Dixon's Ferry, with John D. Winters, the mail contractor, for a guide; but' on Sunday, the 20th, Sergt. Stahl, from whom these particulars are gathered, returned to Galena and added to the alarm of the people by reporting that his party had been ambuscaded by the Indians just on the edge of Buflalo Grove (now in Ogle County), fifty miles from Galena, about 5 o'clock on Saturday afternoon, and that Durley was instantly killed and left on the spot where he had fallen. Stahl received a bullet through his coat-collar, and James Smith afterward found a bullet-hole in his hat, and became intensely frightened. After the war, the leader of the ambuscading Indians told Dixon that he could have killed the young fellow (Stahl) as well as not, but he had a fine horse, and in trying to shoot him without injuring the horse he shot too high, as Stahl suddenly stooped as he pulled the trigger. On the 23d of May, Felix St. Vrain, agent for the Sacs and Foxes, bearer of dispatches, left Gen. Atkinson's headquarters on Rock River, accompanied by John Fowler, Thomas Kenney, William Hale, Aquilla Floyd, Aaron Haw- ley and Alexander Higginbotham. At Buffalo Grove, they fu'und the body of the lamented Durley, and buried it within a rod of where it was found. The VI *v.v* ^H^* "'"^' '^° I>a'*'iess County included a large part of Northern Illinois— Ogle, Stephenson, Carroll White- side, Winnebago, Boone, Lee, and other northern counties, as they are now organized. t Wampum is also called pe-se-me-kuk. This consists of strings of small sea-shells, about the size of barley- corns, or somewhat larger, being perforated lengthwise, are strung on thread-like fibers of animal sinews and has constituted the ancient currency of many tribes. Its value has been variously estimated at ditferent periods in American history, as would seem from the statement that the Colony of New York was purchased from the Indians lor a few pounds of these shells, while at Inter dates a string containing about thirty shells has been estimated at nne dollar. ■ -g " 340 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY, next day (the 2ith), they were attacked by a party of thirty Indians, near Kellogg's old place (in Ogle County). St. Vrain, Fowler, Hale and Hawley wei-e killed. The other three escaped and arrived at Galena on the 26th. May 23, 1832, the Galenian said : " The tomahawk and scalping-knife have again been drawn on our frontier ; blood of our best citizens has been spilt in great profusion within the borders of Illinois. * * * * r^i^Q Indians must be exterminated or sent off." The people were thoroughly alarmed. Blockhouses and stockades were built in nearly all the settlements. The men were organized into companies, and every possible preparation was made for protection and defense. Farming and mining operations were suspended, and nothing was thought of but the Indian war. Some of the settlers who had made claims and were breaking ground for their first crops when the news that hostilities had commenced reached them, unhitched their teams, left their plows in the furrows and hurried to convey their families for safety and protection to some one of the numerous stockades and then to join the forces that were being raised for the war. Scatter- ing bands of Indians — Winnebagoes and others — harassed the outskirts of the settlements, occasionally killing a man and carrying off his stock. On the night of June 8, fourteen horses were stolen from just outside the stockade at Elizabeth, on Apple River, and on the night of the 17th, ten more were stolen. On the morning of the 18th, Capt. Stephenson and twelve of his Galena company and nine more from the Apple River stockade (twenty-two men in all) started on the trail of the red thieves, and overhauled them about twelve miles east of Kellogg's Grove, where a hot chase commenced, and was continued for several miles. At little northeast of Waddam's Grove (Stephen- son County, 111.), the Indians, seven in number, says Capt. Green, took refuge in a dense thicket and awaited the attack. Stephenson dismounted his men, and detailing a guard for the horses, led his men in gallant charge against the concealed foe, received their fire and returned it, and then retired to the open prairie to reload. Three times they chai-ged upon the fatal thicket, each time losing one of their number. Aiter the third charge, Stephenson retreated, leaving his dead where they fell, and returned to Galena on the 19th. Only one Indian was known to be killed. He was bayoneted by Private Hood and stabbed in the neck by Thomas Sublet. The slain Indian was scalped several times, and a piece of his scalp is still in the possession of William H. Snyder, Esq., of Galena. Capt. Stephenson himself was wounded. The three men killed were Stephen P. Howard, George Eames and Michael Lovell. On the 20th, Stephenson's and Craig's companies, under command of Col. Strode, went out to Waddam's Grove and buried the remains of Howard, Eames and Lovell, but left the dead Indian above ground. On their return, they heard some suspicious sounds, but pushed on to Imus', in Rush Township, (now) Jo Daviess County, and from there to Galena, where they arrived in safety. "Afterward," says Capt. Green, who was one of the party, "we learned that a large party of Sacs were within a half-hour's march of us, when we left the graves of our dead comrades." This party, which numbered about one hundred and fifty, had left the main body of the Sacs on Rock River, and after following Strode's command, were supposed to be the same party who made a furious attack on the Apple River stockade on the night of the 24th, the circumstances of which are thus related : F. Dixon, Edmund Welsh, G. W. Herclerode and another man, named Kirk- patrick, started to carry dispatches to Gen. Atkinson. After they passed Apple River, they were fired upon by Indians, and Welsh was badly Avounded. His HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 341 companions told him to retreat to the fort, and to give him time, turned upon the foe and raised a yell, whicB temporarily checked them. Welsh reached the fort and gave the alarm. Their stratagem succeeded. Dixon dashed through the savages and escaped to Galena, Kirkpatrick and Herclerode gained the stockade, the gate was closed and for three-quarters of an hour the battle raged with furious heat. The women and girls molded bullets and loaded the guns. Herclerode was killed while taking deliberate aim at an Indian over the pickets. The number of Indians killed was not known, but they were believed to have lost several. They finally withdrew, after destroying a good deal of property and stealing a large number of cattle. On the evening of June 14, five men w^ere killed while at work in a corn- field on Spafford's farm, on Spafford's Creek, five miles below Fort Hamilton; and on the morning of the 16th, Henry Apple, a German, was killed within half a mile of the fort. Gen. Henry Dodge, with a mounted force of twenty- nine men, started in pursuit and came in sight of the murdering party about three miles from the fort, but did not overtake them until after they had crossed the Pec-a-ton-i-ca River and entered an almost impenetrable swamp, at Horse- Shoe Bend. At the edge of the swamp. Gen. Dodge ordered his men to dis- mount and link horses. Four men were left in charge of the horses, four were posted around the swamp to prevent the escape of the savages, and the remain- der, twenty-one in number, with Gen. Dodge at their head, advanced about half a mile into the swamp, where they received the fire of the Indians. Three of the men fell mortally wounded. Gen. Dodge instantly ordered a charge upon the Indians, who were found lying under the bank of the slough, but were not seen until Dodge and his men had approached within a few feet of them. Ten of the Indians were killed and scalped in less than that many minutes. The eleventh one swam the slough in an attempt to escape, and was shot on the oppo- site bank. In this foray F. M. Morris and Samuel Wells were mortally, and Samuel Black and Thomas Jenkins severely, wounded. This was the first victory over the Indians and occasioned great rejoicing in the settlements. On the 17th of June, Capt. Adam W. Alexander, of Col. Fry's regiment, was sent out to scout the country between Rock River and Galena, and while encamped near Burr Oak Grove, in what is now the township of Erin, in Stephenson County, was fired upon by four Indians. He pursued and killed them, losing one man, who fell mortally wounded. Returning, he was attacked by seventy Indians, both parties taking positions behind trees. Gen. White- side, then a private, shot the leader of the band, when the Indians retreaied, but were not pursued. Snyder lost two men killed and one wounded. On the 25th, a detachment of Gen. Posey's brigade, commanded by Maj. John Dement, and encamped at Kellogg's Grove (then called Burr Oak Grove), was attacked by a large party of Indians and a sharp skirmish ensued. Maj. Dement lost five men and about twenty horses killed. The Indians left nine of their number stretched upon the field. Gen. Posey, who was encamped at Buffalo Grove, went to the relief of Dement, but the Indians had retreated two hours before he arrived. He returned to Kellogg's Grove to await the arrival of his baggage- wagons, and then marched to Fort Hamilton, Michigan Terri- tory (now Wisconsin.) On the 29th of June, three men at work in a corn-field at Sinsinawa (Jones' Mound), ten miles from Galena, were attacked by a small party of Indians, and two of them, James Boxley and John Thompson, were killed. The third one escaped and carried the news to Galena, when Maj. Stephenson, with thirty 342 HISTORY OP LEE COUNTY. men, immediately started out to buvv the murdered men and pursue the mur- derers. The bodies of Boxley and Thompson -were horribly mutilated. Both had been scalped, and Thompson's heart cut out. The Indians were followed to Jordan's farm (now Dunleith), on the Mississippi River, where they had stolen a canoe and crossed to the Iowa side. It has always been admitted by those who were tamiliar with the facts, that the Stillman's Run affair precipitated the war and led to the several murders and outrages herein quoted. But it never was believed that aU these atrocities were committed under the direction, with his knowledge and approval, or by members of Black Hawk's band. It is certain that a large number of young "Winnebagoes. Pottawatomies and straggling representatives of other tribes took advantage of the condition of attairs and hung on the outskirts of his forces, just as the bummers hovered in the shadows of Sherman's army, when he was marching from "Georgia to the sea." When the war suddenly closed at Bad Axe, it was learned beyond question, that nearly all the murders had been com- mitted by these stragglers. The excitement continued, the alarm increased, and, on the 30th of June, all the inhabitants along the Mississippi River from the present site of Savannah and north of Galena to Cassville ("Wisconsin), either went to Galena or some of the other stockades for safety, and it was not considered safe to go the shortest distance outside of any of the forts. Capt. George W. Harrison, in command of Fort Hamilton, on the Pecaton- ica River, thirty miles from Galena, after vainly trying to get a cannon, went to Col. Hamilton's* lead furnace and cast several lead pieces, to represent 22-pounders, which were properly mounted at the stockade, and answered every purpose. While the whirligig of time was recording the events here narrated, Black Hawk's forces kept on their march up Rock River, with the intention, it was believed, of returning to the west side of the Mississippi, as the forces of Gen. Atkinson below, prevented their return by the way they came, and as they no doubt believed, after the affair with Stillman, no Hag of truce or proposals for peace woiild be received by the whites. Various Indian signs Avere discovered along the Mississippi. July 6, Lieut. Orrin Smith and twenty men were sent to Jordan's farm (Dunleith) to reconnoiter the country round about there. On the 9th, Indians were in the vicinity of Rountrees Fort (Plattsville, AVis.), where they held a war-dance around the scalp of a white woman. On the 10th, the iTah'uiau said: "To-day we learn that the trail of the Indians shows that they must have come from the west of the Mississippi, in a direction from Dubuque's mines. " July 14, Gov. Reynolds, Col. Field (Secretary of State), Judges Smith and Brown,' Cols. Hickman, Grant (not Gen. Grant), Breese and Gatewood. Capt. Jeffreys and others, arrived at Galena from the army, and reported that the Indians were entirely destitute of provisions, and were endeavoring to reach and recross the Mississippi. July 15, an express arrived at Galena, and stated that Capt. Harney, of the U. S. A., had found and pursued the trail of the Indians for thirty miles, passing four of their encampments in that distance, and that he found many signs oif their want of provisions, "such as where they had butchered horses, duo- for roots, and scraped the trees for bark." It became evident that the military had concluded that Black Hawk was doing his best to escape to the west side of the Mississippi. Orders were sent to troops stationed on the * A sou of Alexander Hamilton, who was kilUnl in :i duel with Aaivn Burr. HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 343 banks of the river to. prevent or delay the Indians from crossing until the brigade sent by Gen. Atkinson could come up with them. Murders and depredations by straggling Indians had now nearly ceased, and the movements of the troops were directed against the main body of the Black Hawk Indians. On the 15th of June, 1832, the new levies of volunteers, in camp at Dixon's Ferry, had been organized into three brigades ; the first was com- manded by Gen. Alexander Posey, the second by Gen. Milton R. Alexander, !uid the third by Gen. James D. Henry. About the 25th of June, Gen. Atkinson commenced his slow and cautious march up Rock River. At Lake Kosh-ko-nong he was joined by Gen. Alex- a;iider's brigade. Further on, at Whitewater or Wliite River, they were joined by Gen. Posey's brigade and the Galena battalion under Maj. Henry Dodge, when Gens. Alexander and Henry, and Maj. Dodge were sent to Fort Winne- bago for supplies. At Fort Winnebago they heard that Black Hawk was making his way toward the Wisconsin River, when, without orders, Gen. Henry and Maj. Dodge started in pursuit, Gen. Alexander and his brigade returning to Gen. Atkinson. They struck the broad, fresh trail of the Indians and followed it witli tireless energy. Ever and anon they would find old men, women and children who could not keep up with the main body of the fleeing Indians, and had been left to their fate. Some of them were killed. One old man who had been left to die was found sitting against a tree, and was boldly shot and scalped by a surgeon, who afterward exhibited the scalp as a trophy of his valor. On the 21st of July, the pursuing forces arrived at the hills that skirt the left bank of the Wisconsin River, at a point nearly opposite Sauk Prairie, near the present village of Muscada, about fifty miles above ils mouth, and were brought in plain sight of Black Hawk's entire party, including their women and children. The Indians were in the bottom-lands, hastening to remove their people to an island in the river, to avoid a conflict in which they could not reasonably expect anything but destruction. But to cove^ the retreat of the women and children, the aged and infirm, it became necessary for Black Hawk to make as bold a stand as possible until this purpose was accomplished. The scouts who ware some distance in advance of the column of pursuit, came suddenly upon some Indians as they were descending the high grounds, and were instantly attacked and forced to fall back on the main body, which had already been formed for action. Col. Dodge occupied the front and received the first attack of the enemy. The main body, under Gen. Henry, soon joined Col. Dodge, .and in their united action a complete victory was obtained over the Indians. The battle commenced about 5 o'clock in the after- noon, and closed about sunset. The Indians were supposed to number from six to eight hundred, but Col. Patterson, of Oquawka, 111., who is the author of at life of Black Hawk and a history of the Black Hawk war, is authority for he statemsnt thic Black Hiwk told him that his forces at no time exceeded five hundred braves. A few of these were Winnebagoes. When he started up Rock River, he expected that his army would be re-enforced and doubled by Winnebagoes and Pottawatomies, but was disappointed in the latter, as not one of them joined him. The loss of the whites in this engagement was one killed and eight wounded. The Indian loss was estimated at about sixty killed and a great number wounded, many of whom died on the march to the Missis- sippi. The first Indian killed was one who was discovered with a pack of 34-i HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. meat on his back. A soldier fired at him but missed his aim, when the Indian threAv down his gun and was bayoneted by Sample Journey after he surren- dered. '•At this battle,"' says Mr. Townsend, one of the participants, and now a resident of Warren Township, Jo Daviess Co., 111., ''the Indians were badly whipped by our troops, and worse-whipped by starvation." The fighting com- menced about the middle of the afternoon, but the hottest part of the battle was about sunset. The firing ceased about 10 o'clock at night, and the men bivouacked for rest on their arms. •' About daybreak the next morning," says Capt. D. S. Harris, of Galena, then a Lieutenant in command of Stephenson's Company, '' the camp was alarmed by the clarion voice of the Prophet, from a hill nearly a mile away. At first, we thought it was an alarm, but soon found that the Prophet wanted peace. Although he was so far distant, I could distinctly hear everv word, and I understood enousjh to know he did not want to fight. The interpreter reported that the Prophet said • they had their squaws and children with them, and that they were starving, that they did not want to fight any moi'e, and Avould do no more harm if they were allowed to cross the Mississippi in peace." " Mr. J. W. Pilcher, now of Elizabeth, Jo Daviess Co., who was also present, says " they were awakened by the shrill voice of the chief, and that he plainly understood ^ N'e-c-om, Pe-e-1-o-o-o — Friends, ive fight no more.' " Mr. Pilcher further adds, that he told Gen. Henry what the Indians said, and that that officer replied, " pay no attention to anything they say or do, but form in line of battle." The Winnebagoes in our camp also informed the officers of the meaning of the Prophet's message. ''Early in the morning,'' continues Mr. Pilcher, " the Winnebagoes went with us to the spot where the Indians stood when he proclaimed a desire for peace, and there we found a tomahawk buried, an emphatic declai'ation, that so far as Black Hawk and his band were concerned, hostilities were ended." No attention Avas given to this second attempt to ne- gotiate peace. It has been said that the officers had no interpreter, and did not know what the Prophet said until after the war closed. But this excuse is ex- ploded by the direct and emphatic testimony of Capt. Harris and Mr. Pilcher. The night after the battle at Wisconsin Heights, Black Hawk made his es- cape down the river with his remaining force and people. A dispatch was sent to the commandant at Fort Crawford (Prairie du Chien) to intercept them in their passage down the river. That officer captured several canoes containing women and children, but the Avarriors marched on foot along the banks of the river. Meanwhile, the forces under Gen. Atkinson and Col. Dodge had crossed to the north side of the Wisconsin, and discovered the trail of the Indians under the bluft's, which they followed till they reached the Mississippi, near the mouth of Bad Axe, on the first day of August. The great number of dead bodies and newly-made Indian graves which they discovered, told too plainly the losses and sufferings sustained by Black Hawk's people. A steamboat had been dispatched by Col. Loomis from Fort Crawford up the Mississippi, as far as Black River, Avhere a number of canoes were seized, which had been provided (as was believed) by the Winnebagoes to aid Black Hawk in his contemplated retreat across the Mississippi. The boat returned to the fort, and the next day a more serviceable one was sent up, and arrived at the mouth of Bad Axe soon after the battle commenced, and in time to par- ticipate in the last armed conflict of the Black Hawk war. About 2 o'clock on the morning of the ^d day of August, 1832, the forces under command of Gen. Atkinson and Col. Dodge took up their line of march HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 345 for the field of the last and decisive battle, which terminated Black Hawk's career. Col. Dodge's command, supported by the regular troops under Col. Zachary Taylor, formed the advance. About sunrise, Capt. Dickson, who commanded the scouts, reported that he was up with the Indians, and asked for^ orders. Col. Dodge directed him to attack them at once, and, at the same time, moved rapidly forward with his own command, supported by the regulars under Col. Taylor. The Indians were attacked in front by fire from the steamboat, and on all sides and in the rear by an exasperated foe. Many of the women endeavored to escape by swimming the Mississippi with their children on their backs, and were drowned. Others succeeded in crossing, and were pursued and killed by a large body of Sioux on the opposite shore. The battle lasted about two hours, and was a complete slaughter and rout of the Indians. It is stated as a fact by old settlers, upon evideiice we have no reason to doubt, that when the Indians were swimming the river, the steamboat that was present at the battle was made to run among them, drowning the starved, fleeing creatures by scores. If this statement is true, it does not reflect any credit upon the civilization and Christianity of that day. Again we quote from Mr. Townsend : " For eight miles, we skirmished with their rear-guard, and numbers of squaws and children were killed. One squaw had fallen with a child strapped to her back, as Indian women always carry their children. The ball that found the mother's life had hit and broken her child's arm, and when the mother fell the child was fastened between her dead body and the ground. When the soldiers went to secure the child, it was making no moan, but was gnawing ravenously at a horse bone from which the flesh had nearly all been eaten away ; nor did the child make any moan while the surgeon was amputating the shattered limb. It sat and ate a hard cracker, Avith as much indifterence as if its arm had been made of wood or stone. The maimed papoose was taken to Prairie du Chien, where it fully recovered. After the battle at Bad Axe, Black Hawk fled to the Winnebago village at Prairie la Crosse for refuge. At the instance of the authorities in command at Fort Crawford, two Winnebago Indians, Decorah (the one-eyed) and Ch^ter, went to him with the message that, if he would come in and surrender to Gen. Street, Indian Agent at Prairie du Chien, he would be immediately released. It was reported that the fallen chief told them he knew they lied ; but that, for the sake of his wife and children, who were starving, he would go. On the 27th of August, the messengers returned with Black Hawk and the Prophet, and delivered them to Gen. Street, to whom, it is reported, Black Hawk made the following speech. Referring to the late conflict, he said : My warriors fell arouud me. It. began to look dismal. I saw my evil day at hand. The sun rose clear on us in the morning ; at. night, it sank in a dark cloud, and looked like a ball of fire. This was the last sun that shone on Black Hawk. He is now a prisoner to the white man. But he can stand the torture. He is not afraid of death. He is no coward. Black Hawk is an Indian. He has done nothing of which an Indian need be ashamed. He has fought the battles of his country against the white man, who came year after year to cheat them and take away their lands. You know the cause of our making war. It is known to all white nien. They ought to be ashamed of it. The white men despise the Indians, and drive them from their homes. But the Indians are not deceitful. Indians do not steal. Black Hawk is satisfied. He will go to the world of spirits contented. He has done his duty. His Father will meet and reward him. The white niea do not scalp the heads, but they do worse — they poison the heart. It is not pure with them. His countrymen will not be scalped ; but they will, in a few years, become like the white man, so that you can not hurt them ; and there must be. as in the white settle- ments, as many officers as men, to lake care of them and keep them in order. Farewell to my nation ! Farewell to Black Hawk '. 346 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. Black Hawk and his two sons were held as prisoners of war. By the terms of the treaty made at Davenport in September, 1832, between Gen. Winfield Scott and Gov. Reynolds, of Illinois, on the part of the United States, and Keokuk and other chiefs, by which the Indians agreed to relinquish their right to the eastern slope of Iowa (commonly known as the Black Hawk Purchase), it was agreed that the captives should be held in confinement during the pleasure of the President, who referred the matter to Congress. At that time, Col. Zachary Taylor (afterward President), was in command at Fort Crawford, and the captives were placed in charge of the late rebel, Jeff Davis, then a Lieutenant in the regular army, to be taken to Jefferson Bar- racks, at St. Louis. They were afterward held at Fortress Monroe until June 4, 1833, when President Jackson ordered their release from captivity and gave them in charge of Maj. Garland, to be taken on a grand tour through the country to exhibit to them the folly of ever renewing hostilities against the United States. They were told the people of the United States were as numer- ous as the leaves of the forest, and everywhere they went they attracted much attention. At this time, in 1833, Black Hawk was, according to his own state- ment, a man of about sixty-six years of age, though looking much younger. He was about five feet eight inches in height, sinewy, with a broad chest, the high cheek-bones of the Indian, high forehead and great penetrating black eyes, with the glance of an eagle, dignified and majestic manner, though mani- festly much depressed in spirits since his great misfortunes. The starving condition of his wife and children, more than any other cause, induced Black Hawk to surrender himself at Prairie du Chien. After his surrender, his wife and little son came south and stopped near St. Francisville, Mo., where she was a frequent visitor at the house of Jere Wayland, one of the " old settlers " in that neighborhood. Wayland, always one of nature's noblemen, fully sympathized with her in her misfortunes. She brooded sorrow- fully over the absence of her lord, and often declared she never expected him to return; but Wayland kept up her courage with the assurance that he would return in good time. When at last he did return, she was filled with joy, and his arrival was made an occasion for a great feast, at which Black Hawk. Keo- kuk and their families were all present. After his return from captivity, Black Hawk lived among his people on the Iowa River until that Reservation was sold in 1836, when, with the rest of the Sacs and Foxes, he removed to the Des Moines, where he remained until his death, on the 3d day of October, 1838. His burial-place was near a large spring, not far from the residence of James Jordan, an old Indian trader, near the village of Ashland (nowEldon), at the crossing of the C, R. I. & P. R. R. His burial place is thus described in a letter published in the Hawk-Eye, in Oc- tober, 1843: " It is constructed after the Indian mode of burial, by building a pen of round poles about ten feet long, and three feet wide, and about as high as a man's shoulders when sitting on the ground. "In the west end of this pen, the mighty Black Hawk was placed in a sitting posture, with his face toward the rising sun; his gun, tomahawk and blanket were placed at his side, and the pen covered over, leaving the head and neck above, and exposed to the weather. His face was painted red and striped off with blnck, just as a living young Indian dandy paints when he goes a courting. thus conveying the idea to the living Indians, that their great chief had gone a courting to another world, where, should he receive the favor of the Great Spirit, he would be united to some squaw, Avho had passed the bounds of immortality and that there they would be forever in the green hunting- HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 347 grounds, where deer and elk abound, and no white man could come to molest them." The writer of the above description of Black Hawk's burial ought to have added that the old chieftain was buried in a swallow-tailed coat made from bluer broad cloth, which was elaborately decorated with brass buttons, epaulets, etc. After the " pen " was completed, a plug hat, adorned with a broad red-ribbon, was placed upon his head, and thus was left all that was mortal of the once powerful and warlike chieftain. During the administration of Robert Lucas, as Governor of Iowa Territory, a vandal doctor from Quincy, 111., invaded the burying-place and carried away the old chieftain's remains. Gov. Lucas issued a requisition on the Governor of Illinois for the arrest of the grave-robber and the recovery of the bones, and they were surrendered as a skeleton, and tendered to his people, but with Indian superstition and indifference, they never appeared to claim them, and they were deposited for safe-keeping in the Territorial museum at the Capitol in Burling- ton. A fire destroyed the building and its contents, and with them was destroyed all that was mortal of the great Sac chieftain. Between the time of his release from captivity and his death. Black Hawk was a frequent visitor to Fort Madison. Keokuk and other parts of the county, and surviving settlers of that period tell many anecdotes of his character and presence. He was a warm personal friend of Isaac R. Campbell, and often expressed his regrets that he had not taken Mr. Campbell's advice and refrained from his visit to Illinois, in the spring of 1832, On one of his visits to Mr. Campbell's place, he presented that venerable pioneer and excellent citizen with his favorite hunting-gun as an earnest of his friendship and a token that he would never again go to war against the whites. The gun is now in the pos- session of Capt. James W. Campbell, of Fort Madison. Vale, Black Hawk. THE BLACK HAWK PURCHASE. The last battle of the Black Hawk war was fought at the mouth of Bad Axe River. Wis., on the 2d day of August, 1832. On the 21st day of September following. Gen. Winfield Scott and Gov. Reynolds, of Illinois, representing the United States, concluded a treaty at the present site of the City of Davenport, on the grounds now occupied by the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad Depot, with the confederate tribes of Sac and Fox Indians, by which the Indian title was extinguished to that portion of Iowa known as the "Black Hawk Purchase." This was a strip of land on the west bank of the Mississippi River, the western boundary of which commenced at the southeast corner of the present county of Davis ; thence to a point on Cedar River, near the northeast corner of Johnson County ; thence northwest to the neutral grounds of the Winnebagoes ; thence to the Mississippi River, at the mouth of the Little Iowa River, opposite the mouth of Bad Axe River, where the last battle of the Black Hawk war was fought. These boundaries included about six million acres of land. The treaty was ratified and confirmed on the 13th of February, 1833. The terms of the treaty allowed the Indians to remain in undisturbed possession of the lands until the first of June, 1833. OTHER PURCHASES. • In 1836, Keokuk, for himself and immediate adherents, ceded his reserve from the Black Hawk Purchase of 1832 to the United States. As he and his 348 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. followers disappeared iu the west, "squatters" appeared on the east. On the 21st of October, 1837, a treaty was made at the city of Washington, between Gary A. Smith, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, and the confederate tribes of Sacs and Foxes, which was ratified on the 21st of February, 1838, by which 1.250,000 acres were added to the tract of land conveyed by them to the United States on the 21st of September, 1832. This strip of land adjoined the Black Hawk Purchase on the west, was of the same length, twenty-five miles in the center, and tapered oft' to a point at both ends. LAST DAYS OF THE INDIANS. PERSONAL SKETCHES, CHARACTERISTICS, ETC. A history of the last days of the Sac and Fox Indians, the immediate pred- ecessors of the white occupants of the eastern slope of Iowa, is as much a part of the history of the county under consideration as are the incidents that have occurred since they gave way before the advancement of enlightened civilization. These sketches will necessarily extend to and include the area of several of the adjacent counties, but they will preserve to the present and future generations a. record of aboriginal events that were familiar to the men and women who pioneered the way to the fertile prairies of the Black Hawk Purchase, and almost kindled their camp-fires from the smoldering embers left by the Indians when they turned their backs upon the lands that had been theirs for genera- tions agone. Human improvement, rushing through civilization, crushes in its march all who cannot grapple to its car. This law is as inexorable as Fate. " You colo- nize the lands of the savage with the Anglo-Saxon,'' says Stephen Montague; " you civilize that portion of the earth ; but is the savage civilized ? He is exterminated ! You accumulate machinery, you increase the total of wealth ; but what becomes of the labor you displace ? One generation is sacrificed to the next. You diff'use knowledge, and the world seems to grow brighter ; but Discontent at Poverty replaces Ignorance happy with its crust. Every Improve- ment, every advancement in civilization, injures some to benefit others, and either cherishes the want of to-day or prepares the revolution of to-morrow." It is only yesterday, as it were, since the prairies and grove-covered hillsides of Eastern Iowa, now so full of happy homes and agricultural and mechanical industry, re-echoed the mournful dirge of the departing red men. The years are comparatively few in number since the sorrowful cortege passed slowly toward the setting sun, leaving behind the noble dead, sleeping in the cold embrace of the grim monarch, by the side of their beloved white father ; leaving the homes they had been taught to claim as their own ; leaving all, even hope, behind. There still live, in different parts of the country, many persons who beheld the strange sight of a remnant of a race departing forever from the scenes of their early life, and such will doubtless be disposed to sneer at the pen which finds a source of sadness in the contemplation of this event. But worthy hands have written lines of living power upon the theme, nor can the harsh character of the fact denude the subject of a glamour which poetry and romance have cast around the dusky subject and his fate. There is a grandeur in the record of the race which the stern force of truth is powerless to dispel. Those men who were compelled to meet the groveling band which had sur- vived the first shock of defeat, saw only the ruin which the strong had wrought upon the weak. The native power had fled: a subjugated race was subsisting HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 349 in its helplessness upon the bounty of its conquerors. There was no spot on earth left for them. Foot by foot their mighty possessions were taken from them, not in the din and whirl of battle, but by the humiliating processes of peace. Here, at last, they stood with bowed heads, meekly awaiting the decree which should compel them to resume their endless march. Behind them was the tradition of their strength ; before them, annihilation of their clans. Even their warlike instincts were dwarfed in the presence of their masters. Had thej disputed titles with the whites, the memories clustering about them now would be far different. But that resort to arms, that defiant struggle to the end, that disappearance in dramatic terror — all was denied them. Had they been other in nature than they were, this placid surrender to fate would seem less pitiful. Once fierce and bloody, then subdued, their stolid acceptance of des- tiny carried with it a mournful air that will be breathed through history's pages while our race shall live. The Indian is the embodiment of the dramatic, and when the curtain is rung down upon a scene so spiritless and tame as this of which we write, the admiration which is his due is turned to pity. The actual spectators of the drama find it impossible to forget the sordid character of the players, it is true; but at so short a remove of time as this which has already elapsed since this country was the theater of the play, a shade of romance is imparted and the events become absorbing in their interest. In the State history which precedes this department of the work, an extended histoiy of the several tribes is given. It is the purpose of this chap- ter to take up the thread of narrative at the point where this immediate section becomes the scene of action, extending backward far enough to merely gather the scattered ends. The facts herein presented are mainly obtained from a series of papers pre- pared by the late Maj. John Beach, son-in-law of the original Indian Agent, Gen. Street, and who, in turn, was Agent after the death of the General, in 1840. These papers were prepared in the summer of 1874, and were pub- lished in the Agency Independent. Maj. Beach died on the 2d of September, 1874, before the series Avas published in full. That such forethought was man- ifested by him, is a matter of congratulation among all who are interested in this country. It is to be regretted, however, that the Major did not prepare a still more elaborate history of the tribes he was so long associated with. While we do not consider it essential to preserve, in exact form, the series of articles alluded to, we have carefully extracted all salient points, and have added to them much more information, obtained from those conversant with the matter. BLACK HAWK AND KIS AVIFE. In his old age, Black Hawk sought the companionship of the garrison ; his band was broken up, and the once great chief was left alone in his declining years. Maj. Beach relates the following incident, derived from personal ob- servation : "• Black HaAvk's lodge Avas always th,e perfection of cleanliness, a quite unusual thing for an Indian. The writer has seen the old woman busily at Avork with her broom, by the time of sunrise, sweeping doAvn the little ant-hills in the yard that had been throAvn up during the night. As the chiefs of the nation seemed to pay him but little attention in the waning years of his life. Gen. Street, the Agent, looked out for his comfort more carefully than otherwise he would have thought it needful to do, and, among other things, gave him a cow — an appendage to an Indian's domestic establishment hitherto unheard of. 350 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. The old squaw and daughter were instructed in the art of milking her, and she was held among them in almost as great reverence as the sacred ox Apis was held among the ancient Egyptians. " This was in the summer of 1838, when the Agency (after which Agency City was named) was in process of erection, and Black Hawk had established his lodge on the banks of the Des Moines, about three miles below Eldon. Close by was the trading-house of Wharton McPherson, with whom the writer stayed one night in August of that year (1838), and as he rode past the lodge Mme. Black Hawk was complacently sitting upon a log by the side of her cow, under a heavily-shaded tree, industriously brushing the flies and mosquitoes from the bovine with a rag tied to the end of a stick. Mr. McPherson said this was her daily occupation in fly-time, often following the animal around as it grazed at a distance. This was the last interview the writer had with Black Hawk, as he died within two months of that time (October 3, 1838"), and was even then so infirm that he could barely move about his wigwam. WAPELLO AND OTHER CHIEFS. Wapello, the chief after whom Wapello County and the county seat of Louisa County were named, was a powerful ruler among his people, but was a fast friend of the whites, especially of the first Indian Agent, Gen. Street. Incidents illustrative of his character are dispersed through the following pages. He died in 1841, and was buried by the side of his friend, the General, on the Agency Farm. His grave was recently cared for by the managers of the Chi- cago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, which passes near by, and is now in a condition to withstand the shocks of time for years to come. Poweshiek, a chief co-equal with Wapello, but of the Foxes, while the latter was of the Sac tribe, was located on the reserve on the Iowa River, and does not figure in this history. He died before the Indians left the State, and thus escaped the humiliation of the scene. Keokuk, the grand sachem, was a man of tall,- commanding presence, straight as an arrow, and, when aroused, could make an eloquent speech to his tribe. He was selected by the United States Government to distribute the annuities to the Sacs and Foxes — not only for his energies when opposed to the nation in battle, but for his influence among the red men everywhere. But he Avas avaricious and intemperate, putting any amount of whisky under his royal toga, and stealing from his red brothers the hard silver so kindly given them by the Great Father at Washington. He had a chronic quarrel with Hardfish's band, that lived in Kishkekosh, near Eddyville, and, receiving a severe wound from one of this tribe. From a sketch of Keokuk, published in the Annals of Iowa, 1865, by Uriah Biggs, one of the pioneers of Ottumwa, the following interesting ex- tracts are made : " Keokuk is deserving of a prominent page in the history of the country, and a truthful history of his life would be read and cherished as a memento of one of nature's noblemen. As an orator, he was entitled to a rank with the most gifted of his race. , In person, he was tall and of portly bearing, and in his public speeches he displayed a commanding attitude and graceful gestures. He spoke rapidly, but his enunciation was clear and distinct and very forcible, culling his figures from the stores of nature, and basing his arguments in skill- ful logic. He maintained in good faith the stipulations of treaties with the United States and with the neighboring tribes. He loved peace and the social amenities of life, and was fond of displaying these agreeable traits of character HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 351 in ceremonious visits to neighboring chiefs, in which he observed the most punctilious etiquette and dignified decorum. He possessed a ready insight into the motives of others, and was not easily misled by sophistry or beguiled by flattery ; and in the field of wit he was no mean champion. It is not my par- pose to write a history of his life, but I will give one anecdote in illustration of these traits of his character. " While residing near Ottumwah-noc, he received a message from the Mor- mon Prophet, Joe Smith, inviting Keokuk, as King of the Sacs and Foxes, to a royal conference at his palace at Nauvoo. on matters of the highest importance to their respective people. The invitation was readily accepted, and a train of ponies was soon winding its way to the Mormon city, bearing Keokuk and his suite in stately procession and savage pomp. '' Notice had circulated through the country of this diplomatic interview, and a number of spectators attended to witness the denouement. The audience was given publicly in the Mormon temple, and the respective chiefs were attended by their suites, the Prophet by the dignitaries of the Mormon Church, and the Indian potentate by the high civil and military functionaries of his tribe, and the Gentiles were comfortibly seated as auditors. " The Prophet opened the conference in a set speech of considerable length, giving Keokuk a brief history of the children of Israel, as detailed in the Bible, and dwelt forcibly upon the story of the lost tribes, and of the direct revelation he had received from a divine source, that the North American Indians were these identical lost tribes, and that he, the prophet of God, held a divine com- mission to gather them together and to lead them to a land ' flowing with milk and honey.' After the prophet closed this harangue, Keokuk 'waited for the words of his pale-faced brother to sink deep into his mind,' and, in making his reply, assumed the gravest attitude and most dignified demeanor. He would not controvert anything his brother had said about the lost and scattered condi- tion of his race and people, and if his brother was commissioned by the Great Spirit to collect them together and lead them to a new country, it was his duty to do so. But he wished to inquire about some particulars his brother had not named, that were of the highest importance to him and his people. The red men were not much used to milk, and he thought that they would prefer streams of water, and in the country where they now were there was a good supply of honey. The points they wished to inquire into were whether the new government would pay large annuities, and whether there was plenty of whisky. Joe Smith saw at once that he had met his match, and that Keokuk was not the proper material with which to increase his army of dupes, and closed the. con- ference in as amiable a manner as possible. " He was gifted by nature with the elements of an orator in an eminent degree, and as such is entitled to rank with Logan, Red Jacket and Tecumseh ; but unfortunately for his fame among the white people and with posterity, he was never able to obtain an interpreter who could claim even a slight acquaint- ance with philosophy. With one exception only, his interpreters were unac- quainted even with the elements of their mother-tongue. Of this serious hindrance to his fame Keokuk was well aware, and retained Frank Labashure, who had received a rudimental education in the French and English languages, until the latter broke down by dissipation and died. But during the meridian of his career among the white people, he was compelled to submit his speeches for translation to uneducated men, whose range of thought fell below the flights of a gifted mind, and the fine imagery, drawn from nature, was beyond their powers of reproduction. He had sufficient knowledge of the English tongue 352 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. to make him sensible of this bad rendering of his thoughts, and often a feeling of mortification at the bungling eftbrts was depicted upon his countenance while he was speaking. The proper place to form a due estimate of his ability as an orator was in the Indian council, where he addressed himself exclusively to those who understood his language, and where the electric effects of his elo- (juence could be plainly noted upon his audience. It was credibly asserted that by the force of his logic he had changed the vote of a council against the strongly predetermined opinions of its members. A striking instance of the influence of his eloquence is related as occurring while the forces under Black Hawk were invading Illinois, in 1832. ** Keokuk knew from the first that this reckless war would result in great disaster to the tribe, and used all diligence to dissuade warriors from following Black Hawk, and succeeded in retaining a majority with him at his town on the Iowa River. But after Stillman's defeat, in what is now Ogle County, 111., the war spirit raged with such ardor that a war-dance was held, and Keokuk took part in it, seeming to be moved with the eurreirt of the rising storm, and, when the dance Avas over, he called a council to prepare for war. In his address he admitted the justice of his complaints against the white man, and to seek redress was a noble aspiration of their natures. The blood of their brethren had been shed by the white man, and the spirits of their biaves slain in battle called loudly for vengeance. ' I am your chief,' he said, • and it is my duty to lead you to battle, if, after fully considering the matter, you are determined to go. But, before you take this important step, it is wise to inquire into the chances for success.' He then represented to them the great power of the United States, against whom they would have to contend — that their chance of success was utterly hopeless. ' But if you now determine to go upon the war, path, I will agree to lead you, upon one condition — that before we go we kill all our old men and our wives and children to save them from a lingering death by starvation, and that every one of us determines to leave his bones on the other side of the Mississippi." •• This was a strong and truthful picture of the project before them, and was presented in such a forcible light as to cool their ardor and to cause them to abandon their rash undertaking. Many other incidents are related of his elo- quence and tact in allaying arising storm, fraught with war and bloodshed, not only in his own tribe, bnt also among neighboring tribes, where his people had been the aggressors. Some of these incidents have been preserved by writers on Indian research, but many will be lost to history. He delivered a eulogy upon Gen. Harrison, at the Sac and Fox Agency, which was interpreted by Mr. Antoine Le Claire, and considered by many who heard its delivery as one of his best efforts. This speech, however, was not written down, and is lost to history, but enough of the incidents of his career as an orator have been saved from the wreck of time to stamp his reputation for natural abilities of the highest order, and furnish another positive refutation of Buffon's theory on the deterioration of men and animals on the American continent. " We have thus for portrayed the bright side of Keokuk's character ; but like most, if not all, great intellects, there is a dark background which the truth of history demands shall be brought to view. His traits of character, thus far sketched, may not inaptly be compared with the great Grecian orator : but here the similitude ends. The great blot on Keokuk's life was his inordi- nate love of money, and tOAvard its close, he became a contirmed inebriate. His withering reply to the Mormon prophet was intended by him as a pure stroke of wit: it, nevertheless, expressed his ruling passions. HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 863 " A bitter and incurable feud existed in the tribe during their time of res- idence on the Des Moines River, between what was denominated 'Keokuk's band' and • Bhick Hawk's band," the hitter recognizing Hardfish as their leader. Their distrust and, indeed, hatred were smothered in their common' intercourse Avhen sober ; but when their blood was fired with whisky, it some- times assumed a tragic feature amongst the leaders of the respective bands. An instance of this character occurred on the lower part of the Des Moines, on a return of a partv making a visit to the ' half-breeds " at the town of Keokuk, on the INlississippi. In a quarrel, excited by whisky, Keokuk received a dan- gerous stab in the breast from a son of Black Hawk. The writer of the pres- ent sketch saw him conveyed by his friends homeward, lying in a canoe, unable to rise. ''Hardfish and his coadjutors lost no occasion to find fault with Keokuk's administration. The payments were made in silver coin, put up in boxes, con- taining $oOO each, and passed into Keokuk's hands for distribution. The sev- eral traders received each his quota according to their several demands against the tribes admitted by Keokuk, Avhich invariably consumed the far greater por- tion of the amount received. The remainder was turned over to the chiefs and distributed among their respective bands. Great complaints were made of these allowances to the traders on the ground of exorbitant prices charged on ' the goods actually furnished, and it was alleged that some of these accounts were spurious. In confirmation of this last charge, over and above the charac- ter of the items exhibited in these accounts, an afiidavit was filed with Gov. Lucas by an individual, to which the Governor gave credence, setting forth that Keokuk had proposed to the maker of the afiidavit to prefer a purely fictitious account against the tribe for the sum of |10,000, and he would admit its cor- rectness, and when paid, the money should be divided among themselves, share and share alike. To swell the trader's bills, items were introduced of a char- acter that showed fraud upon their fiice, such as a large number of ' blanket- coats,' articles which the Indians never wore, and ' telescopes,' of the use of which they had no knowledge. This showed the reckless manner in which these- bills Avere swollen to the exorbitant amounts complained of, in which Keokuk was openly charged with being in league with the traders to defraud Hardfish 's band. At this time, the nation numbered about 2,300 souls, and only about one-third of the whole number belonojed to Keokuk's party. Gov. Lucas warmly espoused the popular side in the controversy that arose in relation to the mode and manner of making the annual payment, and the matter A\as re- ferred to the Indian Bureau, and the mode was changed, so that payments were made to the heads of families, approximating a per-capita distribution. This method of making the payments met the unqualified disapprobation of the traders, and after one year's trial, fell back into the old channel. Keokuk led his tribe west to the Kansas country in 1845, where he died, three years after- ward. The Keokuk 2ie(/ister of June 15, 1848, contained the following notice of his death, with some additional sketches of his life : " 'The St. Louis New Era announces the death of this celebrated Indian^ chief. Poison was administered to him by one of the tribe, from the effects of which he died. The Indian was apprehended, confessed his guilt and was shot. "'The oratorical powers and diplomatic skill of Keokuk ranked him as no ordinary man. When sent as a deputy by his tribe to confer with the Govern- ment at Washington, his speech at the time was considered as one of the first efforts of declamation. As a speaker, he perhaps ranked first among the tribe. 354 HISTORY OP LEE COUNTY. As a good man and a warrior, he was considered much inferior to Black Hawk. His success, as well as his reputation, was based upon the words of honey that dropped from his lips, enriched by the dignity of his manner and the splendor of his gesticulation, supported by arts of the profoundest dis- simulation. It was these, which, by the treaty of peace, placed him chief for life over his tribe, and gave him the control of the annuities due the heads of families. Profligate, fond of regal splendor, unscrupulously dishonest, he lav- ished with reckless profusion the moneys of which, as chief of his tribe, by the principles of the Christian and the savage, he should have been scrupulously exact in the distribution. The consequence was that many, by his excesses, were reduced to pressing want, and, according to the treaty of peace, without the privilege of deposing him. For these causes his life had been threatened sev- eral times, and the sword suspended by a single hair, fell probably, when least expected. ' " Keokuk leaves a son of some prominence, but there is little probability of his succeding to the same station, as he is looked upon by the tribe as inheriting the disposition and principles of his father.' Appanoose, Pashapaho, Hardfish and Kishkekosh all play conspicuous parts in the drama. An anecdote or two of the last named will serve as an illustra- tion of the nature of the men. Kishkekosh did not rank equal to Appanoose, Pashapaho or Hardfish, but he seems to have held a prominent place in councils because of his native talents. George Washington Kishkekosh (whose last name means cut teeth, or savage biter) was a subchief, and had accompanied Black Hawk, as one of his suite of braves, during the tour of that renowned chief through the East as a prisoner of war. With his leaders, he had been hospitably entertained at hotels and other places, and had a high appreciation of the sumptuous and cleanly-looking fare that was set before them. How he was enabled, after such an experience, to return with a good stomach to the frugal diet and indiiferent cooking of his own people, we are left to conjecture. At all events, he retained his partiality for clean victuals, and was even overfastidious in this respect, as the following instance will show: One night, he, with his company of three or four braves, slept at the house of a white man with whom he was on very friendly terms, and were to remain at breakfast. Kish had an eye on the preparations for this meal, and observed one neglect that his tender stomach rebelled against. The lady of the house (it is possible she did it intentionally, for she was not a willing entertainer of her savage guests), neglected to wash her hands before making up the bread. Kish, thought he would rather do without his breakfast than eat after such cook- ing, a^ privately signified as much to his followers, whereupon they mounted their ponies and left, much to the relief of their hostess. Arrived at a house some distance from the one they had left, they got their breakfast and related the circumstance. These people, though generally accustomed and limited to the poorest fare, were not averse to the best that could be provided, and made themselves glut- tons whenever they could get enough of it. Like the wolf, they were capable of a long fast, and then would gorge themselves at a plenteous feast, even to stupidity. On another occasion, Kishkekosh and his suite, consisting of several prom- inent personages of the tribe, being then encamped on Skunk River, in Jasper County, went to the house of a Mr. Mikesell, on a friendly visit, and he treated them to a feast. Besides Kish and his wife, who was a very ladylike person, HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 357 this party consisted of his mother ; Wykoma, the son of Wapello, and his two wives (for polygamy was not an uncommon practice with these people) ; Masha Wapetine, his wife, and all their children. The old woman, on being asked how old she was, replied: " Mack-ware-renaak-we-kauk " (may be a hundred), and indeed her bowed form and hideously-shriveled features would justify the belief that she was fully that old. The whole party were dressed in more than usually becoming style, probably out of respect for their hostess, who. knowing something of their voracious appetites, had made ample preparations for them. When the table was surrounded, Kish, who had learned some good manners, as well as acquired cleanly taste, essayed to perform the etiquette of the occasion before eating anything himself. With an amusiugly awkward imitation of what he had seen done among the whites, he passed the various dishes to the others, showing the ladies special attention, and helped them to a part of every- thing on the table with much apparent disinterestedness. But when he came to help himself his politeness assumed the Indian phase altogether. He ate like a person with a bottomless pit inside of him for a stomach, taking everything within his reach, without regard to what shouid come first or last in the course, so only that he liked the taste of it. At length, after having drank five or six €ups of coftee, and eaten a proportionate amount of solid foods, his gastronomic energy began to abate. Seeing this, his host approached him, and, with apparent concern for his want of appetite, said, " Why, Kish, do you not eat your dinner? Have another cup of coffee, and eat something." In reply to this hospitable urgency, Kish leaned back in his seat, lazily shook his head and drew his finger across his throat under his chin, to indicate how full he was. And" then, in further explanation of his satisfied condition, he opened his huge mouth and thrust his finger down his throat as far as he dared, as much as to say he could almost touch the victuals. Of course the others had eaten in like proportion, making the most of a'h event that did not happen every day. Kishkekosh seems to have had in him the elements of civilization, which needed but opportunity to spring up and bear pretty fair fruit. Not only did he become fastidious as to cleanliness, but he observed and imitated other usages among the whites, even more. radically different from those of his savage people. It is well known that among the Indians, as well as among all unenlightened races, the Avomen are, in a manner, the slaves of the other sex. They are made to do all the drudgery of the camp, cultivate the corn, bring in the game after the hunter has had the sport of slaughtering it, no matter how fiir away he may be. he being either too lazy or feeling it beneath his dignity to bear the burden. They procure all the fuel to cook with, catch the ponies for their masters to ride, pack up their tents and household goods, when preparing to move, and set them up when they again come to a halt in their wanderings. Kishkekosh had noticed the different fashion of the white settlers in regard to their women, and had, moreover, been reasoned with by them like an intelligent being, and he was very ready to admit the force of their arguments. He made an effort to institute reform among his people by having the men do a fair share of the Avork that, according to the ordniary usage, fell to the squaws. He set them an example by taking hold heartily himself, and, though it is not probable that any very extended reformation took place, owing to the long-continued laziness of the men, and the deeply-rooted belief that their province was alone that of the hunter or warior, yet the movement itself indicates a capacity in this savage chief for progress and enlightenment. The Indians in this region, as far back as 184I-4'2, had a novel way of ld Pash,' probably not finding his larder as Avell stocked for the Avinter as our modern publicans alAA-ays advertise theirs to be, ' Avith the best the market aft'ords.' conceived the brilliant idea of imposing himself as a guest, indirectly, upon his Great Father, tlie President. So, calling one day upon Col. Davenport, the commandant, he informed him that, being recently out upon a hunt, he had the misfortune to meet one of his traditional foes, a Sioux, and the morbid impulse to '' lift his hair ' entirely overcame the kinder sentiments of his naturally humane character, so that he yielded to it. But he knew that HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. .859 lie had done wrong, and that the best of his friends, the Great Father, whom he held in great esteem and affection, would hear of it, and be very angry, and, therefore, to save him the additional vexation of having to send out a letter de- manding his arrest, he had, at once, voluntarily come in to make confession and surrender himself. Col. Davenport, who saw pretty well into the scheme, lauded him as a most honorable Indian, and told him that he was satisfied that his oifer of surrender was sufficient evidence that he would return whenever sent for, therefore he would not consent to make him a prisoner a day earlier than could be avoided. No more was ever heard of it." MISCELLANEOUS PLEASANTRIES, ETC. ' (From Maj. Beach's History of the Agency.) " The war of 1882 resulted in a treaty which left the Indians no further claim to any territory east of the Mississippi, and, a latter treaty in 1837, obtained for the United States the cession of the beautiful and fertile belt of Eastern Iowa, that extends, in our neighborhood, to within a mile or two of Batavia, and crosses the Des Moines River, at its boundary, at lowaville. There was a reservation left for the Poweshiek band of Foxes on or near the Iowa River, the purchase of which was the object of a treaty held in the fall of 1836, on a spot now within the city of Davenport, but then belonging to the famous half-blood, Leclaire. Iowa was then attached, for Government purposes, to Wisconsin, and its Governor, the late Henry Dodge, was the Commissioner to negotiate the treaty, and the late Gov. Grimes, then a new settler, was the Secretary. This treaty is referred to for the sake of an incident which shows that, whether common or not to the ' Lo ' family in general, the Sacs and Foxes, at least, possessed an honorable side to their character. " The country around was already densely settled, and the Indians could easily have procured an unlimited supply of whisky. Gov. Dodge, in his opening speech at the preliminary council, impressed upon them the importance and necessity of strict sobriety during the negotiations, and expressed his hope that his advice would be heeded. Keokuk and the other chiefs, in reply, said their father's talk about the fire-water was good, and gave their word that none of it should be allowed among them during the proceedings. Immediately the council closed, they appointed a sufficient guard or police of the most reliable braves, to prevent the introduction or use of liquor, at whatever cost. In fixct, the very bluest blood of the tribes was selected for the duty, and each one instructed to carry a designated badge of his authority. "Before the conclusion of the treaty, a Sunday intervened, and nearly all the Indians came over to Rock Island to the trading-house. Meanwhile, a steamboat came along and tied up there at the bank. The boat was crowded with passengers, who were excited at the view of so many savages, and Black Hawk, who was conspicuous, was soon recognized and became the object of chief interest. A passenger came ashore, took him by the hand a^d led him on board, his wish being to invite him to a friendly glass at the bar. But Black Hawk, whether influenced by a sense of personal honor or the presence of the police, would not go there, and soon returned to the shore. Next, the boat began to push off, and Black Hawk's new friend, anxious not to be disappointed of his kind design, had already procured a bottle filled with liquor and stood reaching it out from the guards of the boat. At the last instant, one of the Indian police, with quiet and courteous dignity, took the bottle, and a smile of satis- faction diffused itself over the donor's face, which soon changed to a very differ- ent cast of countenance, for instantly the young brave hurled the bottle upon 360 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. the rock at liis feet, and dashed it into countless atoms, and the poor fellow was glad to slink away in the rear of the stentorian shout that ascended and came echoing back from the opposite blufis, and in which it was hard to distinguish whether the exulting whoop of the Indians or the less terrific, though no less hearty and derisive, shout of the steamer's company predominated. " There was a somewhat singular coincidence in regard to names existing upon Rock Island for some time subsequent to the Black Hawk war, and the more so, as Davenport is not as common a patronymic as Jones or Smith. George Davenport, called Colonel, had been for many years the head of the trading establishment there. He was an Englishman by birth, had amassed an ample fortune, and lived hospitably and generously in his pleasant mansion, a short half-mile from the fort. It will be remembered by some who read this, that he was murdered in his house at high noon, one Fourth of July, by villains who had entered to fob him. Soon after the Avar, a new Agent was sent out to replace the one who had been killed by the Indians. His name was also Davenport, and he was called Colonel ; and, a few months later, Col. William Davenport, of the First United States infantry, was sent there to command the fort. These three gentlemen, each a head of one of the three departments pertaining to the Indians, were in no way related to each other. "Some two or three years later, a change in the organization of the Indian Department transferred Gen. Street from the Agency of the Winnebagoes at Prairie du Chien, which he had filled for several years, to that of the Sacs and Foxes. Gen. Street was fully known for a most uncompromising Whig of the Henry Clay persuasion ; yet he retained his office throughout the terms of Gen. Jackson, and until he died in Mr. Van Buren's last year. In 1837, the Agency at Rock Island was abandoned, the fort having been evacuated and dismantled the year previous, though Gen. Street still paid and met the Indians there for some months later. But the inconvenience to the Indians of bring- ing them so far from their villages, and through the border settlements, now slowly extending, suggested the propriety of removing their Agency into then- own country. " In the fall of 1837, a party of about thirtyof the chiefs and head men were taken by Gen. Street, under orders, to Washington. Wapello had along his wife and little son, and perhaps one or two more women were of the party. The writer, then going to his native State on furlough, accompanied them from Rock Island to Wheeling, and afterward was pi'esent with the Indians during nearly the week they were visitors in Boston. They were a novelty in this city, and were received and entertained with great attention and kindness. The mili- tary were turned out to escort them about in their line of carriages and clear the streets of the throngs that filled them. Black Hawk and his two sons, splendid specimens of manly symmetry and beauty of form, were of the party, and nat- urally the most noticed by tlie multitude, their recent fame as warriors being yet fresh in the popular mind. The party was received with all due ceremony, in old Faneuil Hall by the Mayor and city government, and welcomed to the city ; and on the succeeding day the Governor, the late Hon. Edward Everett, received them in the State-house on behalf of the State. This ceremony was held in the spacious hall of the Representatives, every inch of which was jammed with humanity. After the Governor had ended his eloquent and appropriate address of welcome, it devolved upon the chiefs to reply, and Appanoose, in his turn, as, at the conclusion of his ' talk,' he advanced to grasp the Governor's hand, said : ' It is a great day that the sun shines upon when two such great chiefs take each other by the hand ! ' The Governor, with HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 361 a nod of approbation, controlled his facial muscles in a most courtly gravity. But the way the house came down ' was a caution,' which Appanoose doubtless considered the Yankee fashion of applauding his speech. " There were two theaters then in Boston, and a struggle ensued between them to obtain the presence of the Indians, in order to ' draw houses.' At the Tremont, the aristocratic and fashionable one, the famous tragedian, Forrest, was filling an engagement. His great play, in which he acted the part of a gladiator, and always drew his largest audiences, had not yet come off, and the manager was disinclined to bring it out while the Indians were there, as their presence always insured a full house. Gen. Street, being a strict Presbyterian, was not much in the theatrical line, and hence the Avriter, who had recently become his son-in-law, took these matters off his hand ; and, as he knew this particular play would suit the Indians far better than those simple, declamatory tragedies, in which, as they could not understand a word^ there was no action to keep them interested, he finally prevailed upon Mr. Barry, the manager, to bring it out, promising that all the Indians should come. " In the exciting scene, where the gladiators engage in deadly combat, the Indians gazed with eager, breathless anxiety ; and as Forrest, finally pierced through the breast with his adversary's sword, fell dying, and as the other drew his bloody weapon from the body, heaving in the convulsions of its expir- ing throes, while the curtain falls, the whole Indian company burst out with their fiercest war-whoop. It was a frightful yell to strike suddenly upon unac- customed ears, and was instantly succeeded by screams of terror from among the more nervous of the ladies and children. For an instant the audience seemed at a loss, but soon uttered a hearty round of applause — a just tribute to b(jth actor and Indians. '' After ceding the belt of country upon the Iowa side of the Mississippi, as heretofore mentioned, and having considerably increased the width of this belt by an additional cession in the treaty of 1837, the Sacs and Foxes still retained a large and most valuable portion of our State. This last treaty was negotiated with the party whose visit to Washington and other Eastern cities we have just mentioned, and was concluded on the 21st day of October. This was the first treaty ever made with the Sacs and Foxes in which the principle was incor- porated that had just then begun to be adopted, of making the sum allowed the Indians for their land a permanent fund, to be held in trust by the United States, upon which interest only, at the rate of 5 per cent, would be annually paid to them. Hitherto it had been the custom to provide that the gross sura granted for a cession should be paid in yearly installments. For instance, $10,000 in regular payments of $1,000, over a term of ten years, would have left the Indians, at the end of that time, destitute of all further benefit from that cession. But now the more humane policy had come to be followed — of saving for them, in perpetuity, the principal sum. For their cession of 1837, they were allowed $200,000, upon which the interest annually paid is $10,000 ; and the treaty of October 11, 1842, that finally dispossessed them of their land in Iowa, pays them $40,000, as the interest, upon $800,000, which, together with the payment by the United States of a large amount of claims, and some minor stipulations of a cash character, was the consideration for which that cession was obtained. Under a very old treaty, they were also receiving an unlimited annuity of $1,000, so that now there is the yearly sum of $51,000 payable to the Sacs and Foxes, so long as any of their people live to claim and receive it. " This treaty of 1837 also stipulated for the erection of mills and support of millers ; the breaking-up and fencing of fields ; the establishment of a model 362 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. farm, and other schemes of the pestilent brood of so-called philanthropists, who were then beginning to devise their various plans for plundering the savages, and fastening upon them their hosts of vampires and leeches, schemes, causing the outlay of many thousands of dollars of the money granted to these Indians for their lands, from which, it is safe to say, they never derived the slightest benefit. "Appanoose persuaded Gen. Street that Sugar Creek, between Ottumwa and Agency, was fifty miles long, and the General had a mill erected on it. A freshet occurred within the next twelve months or so, sufficient in size and force to wash it away ; but the writer doubts if ever a bushel of grain was ground in it, nor, had it stood to this day, and had the Indians remained to this day, does he believe they could have been prevailed upon to have raised a bushel of corn to carry to it. Another mill was put up on Soap Creek, and when the writer took charge of the Agency, in June, 1840, that, also, was destroyed ; but as that was a better stream, and he was fortunate enough to secure the services of Mr. Peter Wood, a man who fully understood his business and was honestly disposed to attend to it, a second mill that was erected fared better, but the Indians took no interest in it whatever. " A large field, cornering where the creek, just below the depot at Ottumwa, debouches from the bluff, was made and cultivated for one of the villages then located opposite. The field extended in this direction and toward the river. Another was made on the opposite bank, near to the villages, and still a third in the same neighborhood, giving one to each of the three villages located oppo- site and below Ottumwa. A splendid wheat crop, harvested by the hands employed on the Pattern Farm, was stacked, and a very high fence built around until it could be threshed ; but, in a very little time, the young men, too lazy to hunt- up their ponies if turned out to graze, and having no squaws of whom to exact the duty, tore down the fences and turned their ponies upon the grain. " Their farm, which embraced the land now occupied by Mr. Van Zantand David Staubine's farm, as also part of Mrs. Bradley's and some other tracts, was capable of being conducted in a way to secure to them somewhat more ben- efit than any of their other so-called improvements. Yet it Avas utterly impos- sible, and, doubtless, would have been even to the present day, to fulfill with it the chief designs contemplated by the humane simpletons — estimable gentleman in countless ways, as they surely are — who were then, and still are, busy in de- vising projects to ameliorate the condition of the Indians. Sad, irretrievable, irremediable necessity may compel a savage to many all act or course that no other pressure could persuade him to attempt ; and the patient exercise of sen- sible discretion and judgment can sometimes effect what it were otherwise folly to undertake. Now, here was a^tribe, with hardly an element of its character as yet in the least subdued or toned down from its aboriginal purity. Work, hard manual labor, it was part of their natura to look upon as degrading and contemptible, even apart from the indolence that in itself would disincline them to it. The disdainful scorn of their demeanor toward certain half-civilized tribes, in whose vicinity they settled in Kansas, was characteristic. The hybrid styles of dress, neither Indian nor white man, that these fellows had been civil ized up to the point of glorying in, were a source of never-ending amusement to the Sacs and Foxes. " At the time that the Sacs and Foxes were prevailed upon to consent to the expenditure of a portion of the proceeds of their lands, with a view to the introduction among them of all this new machinery of mills, farms and the like, they had not the slightest ground for apprehending that so much of their sub- HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 363 sistence as depended upon their favorite occupation of the chase could diminish in a long time to come ; and their annual cash receipts from the United States were large in their eyes. Under such conditions, not the least motive existed to induce them to labor ; while the design of the farm was to serve as a model, an exemplar, where they could come and look on, and learn to work by obser- vation, by such practice as they might be willing to attempt, and by the instruc- tions of the skilled farmer and hands employed. The expenses of maintaining, as well as of the original establishment of the farm, were taken from their annuities, from the consideration allowed them for the lands they had sold. And the chief benefit that ever accrued to them was, that parties coming in from a distance to get work done by their black and gun smith could some- times, in bad weather, depend on it for shelter while detained, as well as for pro- visions. And, even here, the farmer was always liable to be imposed upon by the worthless vagabonds of the tribes, who would make it a pretext for indulging their laziness ; and it was also the source of jealousy and discord among the bands if the slightest charge could be established that one had received the least benefit more than another, requiring constant caution and delicate management to prevent. " Indeed, the writer never considered these schemes to be anything in fact, although not in intent, but barefaced plunder of the Indians. Since that time, they have doubtless increased in number and in kind, so as to embrace every object out of which a 'job ' can be got ; and the only chance of justice to the Indian is in their utter expulsion, and the restoration of the entire Indian service to the War Department, where alone it properly and reasonably be- longs, where for years it was conducted to the general welfare and contentment of the Indians, and where, if restored to it, remedies could soon be devised to abate the countless perfidies and iniquities against the savages, to which its first removal paved the way. The powerful interests that have already once or twice defeated measures undertaken in Congress for this object, and rendered of no avail the most convincing; arguments in its favor of those least liable to suspicion of personal interest, are proof enough that the simple welfare of the Indian is not the sole incentive, and also justify the apprehension that venality may not be an unwelcome guest in the patriotic breast of a Congress- man. " The treaty of 1837 having been ratified by the Senate, Gen. Street took early measures, in 1838, to establish the agency within the boundaries, and as conveniently as possible to 'the village of the Sacs and Foxes, and at once entered into contract with a gentleman, whose name the writer has forgotten, but who lived not far below Clarksville, in Missouri, to put up the requisite buildings for his family residence and office, the smiths' shops, etc. The great length of Gen. Street's service in the Indian Department, and the high consid- eration, both officially and personally, in which he was held, caused the Depart- ment to be more liberal toward him in the sums allowed for these objects than perhaps otherwise it would have been ; for, beside consenting to a house quite substantia] and of convenient size, they allowed him, also, a sum sufficient to pay for the breaking-up and inclosing of a large field, with quite convenient stables and other buildings attached to the domicile. The contractor was a responsible person, of considerable means, and, when he undertook business, was disposed to push it through without delay or vexatious annoyances ; and so, starting from his home with teams, some of his negroes and an ample force of hired mechanics and laborers, he soon had a large company at work upon the ground. 364 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. " The writer came out for a couple of days in August, 1838. The old Council-house, intended for a place wherein to hold talks with the Indians, was already completed, being the first building put up, with a view to using it as a shelter for the provisions and other perishable stores. Many of the timbers for the Agency-house were upon the ground, and being continually hauled there, ready hewn. Two heavy breaking teams were at work upon the future field, and wagons hauling on the rails, and the ring of the blacksmith's hammer being quite steadily maintained, quite a business air was imparted to the new settlement. As the party of four, of whom the writer was one, rode in, about 11 o'clock, hot and tired with the saddle, from beyond Birmingham, without an intervening house, the hospitable-looking camp of tents and board sheds, close to the Council-house, the blazing fire, over which two or three female Africans were busy at the steaming cofiee, bacon, biscuits and divers vegetables of the season, excited in his mind an impression of the new agency, the satisfactory contentment of which has never to this day worn off. " Mr. Richard Kerr was one of this party. He had just been appointed Farmer to the Indians, and arranging with Gen. Street to meet in Burlington, the object of the trip out was to select a suitable location for the Pattern Farm, and to receive his preliminary instructions for commencing operations. The place was selected, and Mr. Kerr set about employing laborers, who were paid, as well as himself, out of the appropriation set apart for agricultural purposes. Mr. Kerr's pay was |50 per month, and his wife received $20 per month as Matron, which, with the free use of whatever was raised, made it a very com- fortable position. Their house, the one now occupied by Mr. Van Zant, was not long in making its appearance. Mr. Kerr understood the art of farming in all its minutise, and the Pattern, once under way, was always kept in the best of order and made productive. " At the Agency, bricks, lime and whatever could be manufactured on" the premises were ready by the time needed, and by winter the contract was about completed and the buildings ready for occupancy. In April, 1839, Gen. Street moved down his family from Prairie du Chien, and took possession. Erelong his health began to fail, and the result was a combination of obstinate maladies under which he succumbed early in May of the next year. For several months, he had been totally incapable of attending to his duties, and the De- partment had consented that any of his sons or sons-in-law of age might dis- charge them for him — of course his bond being held responsible. He had been out to ride with his brother-in-law. Dr. Posey, of Shawneetown, 111., who had been professionally caring for him during several weeks. Alighting from the carriage, he had stepped quite firmly across the stile and yard and seated him- self within the door and bade a servant to bring a glass of cold water. As the boy stood presenting it, he sat motionless in the chair. Mrs. Street was there in an instant from an adjoining room, and called to her brother, the Doctor, who had passed up stairs. It was the delay of hardly a minute, but no flow of blood responded to the Doctor's lancet. He had died in his chair. " The Indians were greatly attached to their 'Father,' as they usually term their Agent, and word of the General's sudden demise reaching the villages, opposite Ottumwa, numbers of them came immediately to the Agency. Wapello and his band, especially, were so demonstrative in their grief as to augment the distress of Mrs. Street and the writer's wife — who had been some weeks in attendance upon her father — and younger members of the family to the extent that it became necessary to have the interpreter kindly explain it to them, and beg them to give expression to their sorrow at some point more remote from the house. HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 365 " The writer who was then living in Dubuque, hastened to Washington as soon as the sad news reached him, the hope being to save the family their home, in which they were now comfortably established, and of which the succession of a stranger to the office would have deprived them. When he arrived there — -.by a then unusually quick journey of twelve days — he found his nomination already awaiting the action of the Senate, and in a day or two more, obtaining his com- mission, he came direct to the Agency. At the time of his arrival, about June 1, 1840, the Agency, with its dependencies, was about as follows : In the Agency-house was Mrs. Street and the nine youngest of her children, of whom William B. Street, of Oskaloosa, was the senior. Just over the branch, in rear of the Agency, was Josiah A. Smart, the interpreter, one of God's noblemen, who combined m his character every brave, honest and generous sentiment that can adorn a man ; and within a few steps of his residence was that of the black- smith, Charles H. Withington. There was also Harvey Sturdevant, the gun- smith ; but, being unmarried, he boarded with Withington, until, a year or so later, he put himself up a cabin, where the writer now lives, August, 1874, and dug that famous old well. As distance (from the rest of us) did not lend enchantment to the view of his bachelorhood, he soon switched on to the matri- monial track. Then there was the household of the Pattern Farm, some half- dozen in number, except in extra times, such as harvesting. This was the actual Agency settlement. On the Des Moines, a mile or so below the County Farm, where the bluff approaches nearest to the bank, was the trading-post of P. Chou- teau, Sr., & Co., but later more familiarly known as the ' Old Garrison.' This was usually superintended by Capt. William Phelps. And just above the mouth of Sugar Creek, on the creek bank, at the old road crossing, lived the miller, Jeremiah Smith, Jr., with his family. This embraced all the whites lawfully living in the country at the time. " Through some unfortunate misunderstanding in regard to the boundary line, several persons had intruded upon the Indian land upon the lowaville bottom and the ridges in the rear, as well as upon the south side of the river ; and as the Indians made complaint to the Government, it had no alterna- tive but to remove them. This duty fell upon the writer to execute, and was a very unwelcome one, if only for the reason that several of the intruders were persons who would not willingly have violated any law. Among them was that fine old specimen of West Virginia hospitality. Van Caldwell ; but by reason of his location, and his readiness by any reasonable arrangement to escape the terrors of fire and sword, the writer obtained permission from the Department that he should remain, upon the condition of his maintaining a ferry for access to Soap Creek Mills during high water. " At the time of Gen. Street's decease, the Indians were occupying their country with their permanent or spring and summer villages, located as fol- lows : Upon the bank of the Des Moines, opposite the mouth of Sugar Creek, where there is quite a spacious bottom, extending for a mile or more below, where the bluff closes in pretty closely upon the bank, and for a much longer distance in the up-river direction, toward and past Ottumwa, was the village of Keokuk ; and, still above, were those of Wapello, 'Foxes and Appanoose, a Sac chief. According to the writer's present memory, that of Wapello was the intermediate one. Keokuk himself, had selected a pleasant, commanding, and picturesque point for his own summer wigwam, some half-way up the side of the bluff, in the rear of his village, where, with his own little field of corn and beans, despite the arge field of Uncle Sam just beneath him, he enjoyed the otium cum dignitate of his authority and rank during the hot weather. ^66 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. " His wigwam was a very conspicuous object to a traveler along the road that crests the bluft' and Avinds down the long hill to Sugar Creek on this side. • From his elevated position, where, like another Robinson Crusoe in the boys' story-books, he could contemplate himself as ' monarch of all he sur- veyed,' he had a fine view of the three villages spread beneath him, as well as of the bluffs and bottoms for a considerable distance up and down the river on this side. Several of the lodges in every town had their own small patches of cultivated ground in the neighborho'od of their villages ; but the hillside, now covered by Ottumwa, seemed to offer them more attractive spots for this purpose, probably because the soil was more easily worked, and situated more favorably for the influence of the sun, than upon their side of the river. A light, easily- turned soil was, of course, an object to the poor squaws, upon whom devolved the duty of working it with their hoes, and of inserting the rickety posts that with light poles bound to them, made the fence, not exceeding four feet in height, but, in general, very respectfully treated by the ponies, the only animal liable to intrude injuriously upon their fields. " The whole hillside, on its lower slope (for they seldom cultivated it more than half-way up), was occupied in this way by the Indians, for some distance below the depot fully up to or above the Court House ; often the writer, on the receipt of some instructions requiring a ' talk ' with the leading men, in order to save time, and to the Indians the trouble of a ride to Agency, has appointed ^ome shady spot in one of these patches. " The Indians seldom occupied their permanent villages, except during the time of planting or securing their crop, after which they would start out on a short hunt, if the annuity — which was generally paid within the six weeks from the 1st of September — had not yet been received. Immediately after payment, it was their custom to leave the village for the winter, hunting through this season by families and small parties, leading the regular nomad life, changing their location from time to time, as the supply of game and the need — so essential to their comfort — of seeking places near to timbered streams best protected from the rigors of weather, would require. " Hardfish's band of Sacs was composed mainly of those who had been the leading parties in the Black Hawk war, and who had been, by degrees, freeing themselves from the restraint imposed upon them by the treaty, demanding their dispersion among the friendly villages. But, as all unfriendly feeling had now subsided, and they were now disposed to conduct themselves with the utmost good-will in all their intercourse with the Government ; and as, more- over, the Department, with a view to an early effort to acquire possession of their remaining lands in Iowa, deemed it most conducive to success in that object to pursue toward them a policy apparently oblivious of former strife, the writer was instructed, so long as there was no reason tB apprehend unfriendly designs, to ignore these requirementsof the treaty, and to avoid all cause for re-awaken- ing former strife. " For some years previously to the writer's appointment as Agent, Messrs. P. Chouteau, Jr., & Co., of St. Louis, had been the only traders among the Sacs and Foxes, and the magnitude of their interests was enough to excite any rivalry. Col. George Davenport, of Rock Island, had been admitted as part- ner to their trade with that particular tribe, and he was looked to to reside among them and to carry it on. S. S. Phelps, Esq., of Oquawka, in connection with his brother, Capt. William Phelps, of jovial memory, had been gaining a foot-hold on trade for two, three, and perhaps, four years before the treaties of 1836 and 1837, and after the removal of the Agency from the island, and its HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 367 ■consequent effect of rendering a change in the location of the chief trading-post inevitable. Col. Davenport, who had already acquired a comfortable fortune, concluded to withdraw. Mr. S. S. Phelps fell into the position thus made vacant in the company, although he relied upon his brother to reside in the Indian country, and maintain personal oversight of the company's affairs. A new trader now appeared in the field, with at least means enough to prevent the old company from being monopolists. Of course rivalry of feeling and interest would now spring up, and every occasion be employed by each rival to gain and secure what advantage he could. The writer is not intimating any idea of his own that any unfair or dishonorable appliances would be used by the gentlemen heads respectively of the rival establishments ; but the employes or others, hoping advantage to themselves in the success of either party, might be less scrupulous. "' It was probably through some such strategy that Gov. Lucas became impressed with the most sincere conviction that the Chouteau Company sup- plied whisky, with their other merchandise, to the Indians, and a conviction once fixed Avith the Governor was pretty apt to stay. So persuaded was he of the truth of his belief, that he was never disposed to the least reticence upon the subject ; and it was generally believed in Burlington that if the Trading Com- pany could be caught, flagrante delicto, it would prove a pretty good haul for the catcher — certainly not less than the transfer to his own pocket of the half value of a large stock of goods. " As the writer soon saw that any effort of his own, however reasonable, to lead the Governor to a different opinion was opening the way to suspicions against liimself of some personal interest in the company's affaii-s, prudence naturally admonished him to desist. One morning, Mr. S. S. Phelps, to whom the Governor's belief — and propensity to express it — was no secret, being in Burlington, stepped in a place where the Governor happened at that moment to be engaged in his favorite pastime of denouncing Mr. Chouteau's establish- ment, etc., and the Governor, totally unacquainted with Mr. Phelps, still kept up in his presence his conversation on the subject. " Now, if there was anything Capt. Billy Phelps loved better than another, it was to play off a trick ; or if anything he knew better than another, it was how to plan and play it. The company had on its license a man named Simp- son Vassar, who was better known at the Agency and its various dependencies under the sobriquet of ' Suggs.' When any deviltry lurked in Capt. Billy's mind, ' Capt. Suggs ' was his most reliable assistant in getting rid of it. So a scheme was planned. Suggs was sent over on pretext of some message to Phelps at Oquawka, with instructions not to leave Burlington until he had exe- cuted his part of the programme. " A person, who was either' the City Marshal, or attached to his official ret- inue, soon heard of Suggs in Burlington, and became so ambitious of his acquaintance as to introduce himself without delay. He learned from Suggs that the latter lived out in the Agency neighborhood ; that he knew the Trading Company — in fact, sometimes worked for them when an extra force was needed ; ■clever people ; good paymasters, with the cash always in hand ; knew nothing of their dealings in whisky ; had never seen them supply it to the Indians ; and, €ven if he had, as he had heard they were accused of it, a dollar, when needed, was not so easily made out there that a man could afford to make enemies out of good-paying employers ! After several interviews, Suggs embarked upon the ferry-boat. But his newly-made-friend was not long in joining him, and during the crossing, Suggs yielded to the potent arguments and promises that had 368 HISTOEY OF LEE COUNTY. alreadv shaken his sense of personal honor and interest. He admitted that he had seen a Uirge lot of kegs, and these not empty, landed by night at the trading-house from a boat not long before, and immediately buried upon the bank, where most of them were ; and if he could be guaranteed ao;ainst suspi- cion as the informer, and terms arranged to suit — as he expected to remain about the place some time after his return — he would put his friend upon the right- track. The boat having landed them, and all details being adjusted, each party went on his way rejoicing — Suggs' way being to Oquawka, and at once back to the trading-post to report to Capt. Phelps. Not many days later, an hour or so before dinner-time. Col Jesse Williams — later of Henn. Williams c<: Co., of Fairtield, but then Private Secretary to Gov. Lucas — rode up to the Agency. Being, doubtless, himself disposed (as indeed the Agency hospitality would suggest) to consider that an expedition which would demand a three-miles ride and several hours of time could be more satisfactorily completed as a post-prandial duty, he made no mention of his bus- iness. But as soon as the meal was over, he handed to the Agent a package from the Governor, containing a deposition in full form, taken before Judge Mason, of the Territorial Supreme Court, by Suggs' Burlington friend, to the effect that so many kegs of whisky, etc., etc., and were then secreted, etc., etc., in violation of the statute, etc., by the said P. Chouteau Jr.'s Company, traders, etc., as aforesaid. And there was also a line to the Agent that, in the execution of so delicate a duty, which must involve judicial process, he had deemed it best to send out Col. Williams to (?^*^^^«f the Agent. Whatever the motive may have been, it is certain that, until both were in their saddles. Col. AVilliams proved liimself able to icatoh the Agent with untiring eye. Reaching the trading-house, the person who took the deposition and a companion were found there waiting, they having 'forked-off' by another trail so as not to be seen. Suggs was on hand, having taken the opportunity to post the Burlingtonians about the locality. And also Capt. Billy Phelps, called by the Indians Che-che-pe-qua, or the ' Winking Eyes,' was there, those visuals fjiiidy gleaming with joy over the anticipated fun. •' The Agent proceeded at once to business, expressing to Capt. Phelps his regret that so unpleasant a duty should have devolved upon him ; his hope that it would prove that so serious a complaint had originated in some error, but suggesting that, if true, admission of the tact and production of the contraband article would be more apt to temper subsequent proceedings with leniency than efforts to conceal it would do. The Captain vehemently denied the impeach- ment, stating that it would require a much wiser man than himself to discover where such an article then was, or ever had been, kept upon their premises. The complainant was now appealed to, who led the party a short distance to a spot where, with a triumphant air, he pointed to an X that the edge of Suggs' boot sole had made in the sandy bank. " They began digging, and soon reached some matting that was removed, and thus uncovered a lot of lard kegs, too greasy to suggest a thought of any other article being contained in them. The immediate ' sold, by thunder I ' of one of the moiety gentlemen came in accents too lugubrious to be listened to without exciting a sense of sadness. Suggs, meanwhile, had come up missing, and the ' Winking Eyes ' walked off with a most disdainful air, leaving the Agent and his party on the spot, whence they soon returned to the Agency, whei-e the Agent made his report that the informant had pointed out a place where, by digging, a large quantity of lard in kegs was found that had been buried to avoid loss by heat, and in the nio;ht to conceal the fact from va^-abond HISTORY OF LEK COUNTY. 369 ■whites and Indians. The disappointed informer and his companion hastened homeward, but Col. Williams remained until next morning, and then returned bearing the Agent's report. '" But the unkindest cut of all was six months later, when, about the last of February, Capt. Phelps addressed a letter to Gov. Lucas in the most respectful and official form, saying, that having heard he had declared his determination not to continue in office under such an old Tory as Gen. Harrison, and fearful that whoever his successor would be, he might not feel so friendly toward the company as he had proved in the matter of exhuming their lard, and as they would soon be much in need of some, and the ground was then very hard frozen, the company would be under great obligations if he would at once send some one out to dig up the rest of it. •' The village of Hardfish — or Wishecomaque, as it is in the Indian tongue — which was quite as respectable in size as any of the old villages, was located in what is now the heart of Eddyville, named for J. P. Eddy, a trader, who was licensed in the summer of 1840, by the writer, to establish his trading- post at that place. He continued to trade there until the treaty of final cession in 1842, and was the most fortunate of any of the large traders in finding his schedule of claims against the Indians very little reduced by the Commissioners, whose part it was, at that treaty, to adjust all outstanding claims against the Sacs and Foxes. '' The writer cannot locate the place exactly, according to our State maps, altliough he has often visited it in Indian times ; but somewhere out north from Kirkville, and probably not over twelve miles distant, on the bank of Skunk River, not far above the ' Forks of Skunk," was a small village of not over fif- teen or twenty lodges, presided over by a man of considerable infiuence, though he was not a chief, named Kishkekosh. The village was on the direct trail — in fact, it was the converging point of the two trails — from the Hardfish village, and the three villages across the river below Ottumwa, to the only other per- manent settlement of the tribes, which was the village of Poweshiek, a Fox chief of equal rank with Wapello, situated on the bank of the Iowa River. •' About the time that Eddy moved out his stock of goods from Burlington to his licensed point at the Hardfish village, P. Chouteau, Jr., & Company also obtained an addition to their license for a post at the same place, and put up a small establishment some fourth of a mile below Eddy, on the river-bank. In the same winter, of 1840-41, Messrs. W. G. & G. W. Ewing, of Indiana, who had already acquired large wealth in the Indian trade, but never yet had dealt with the Sacs and Foxes, obtained a license and had their point assigned them just at the mouth of Sugar Creek, on the Ottumwa side, where they soon got up a large establishment, filled with a full and valuable stock. This post was started, and, for a year or so, conducted by a Mr. Hunt, a gentleman of far more education, refinement and culture than is often found among the resi- dent Indian traders. " Previous to the treaty of 1842, some few changes were made in their location, both by the Indians and among the whites. The house at the ' Old Garrison ' was broken up, and one established in its stead up in the Red Rock region, near the mouth of White Breast ; and Keokuk, also, moved his village into the same neighborliood. A second blacksmith was appointed, named Baker, son-in-law of Col. Ingraham, one of the pioneers of Des Moines County, and a person of considerable character and influence in his county. Baker died at Fort Des Moines, still in the service of the Indians ; but when appointed, he built his residence some half a mile east of the Agency, not far froir the claim 370 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. taken by the late William Newell, father of L. F. Newell, by whom the prop- erty was subsequently purchased and added to his farm. " The Sacs and Foxes were quite friendly and manageable ; in fact, were very pleasant and agreeable people to live among, and all public and personal intercourse with them rolled smoothly along the well-worn track, without much of incident or marvel, until the final sale of their remaining Iowa domain. Sometimes, incidents would occur, possessing excitement or amusement enough to encroach for a little upon the monotony that otherwise might have become tedious, of which the writer will endeavor to recover the memory of one or two that may amuse the reader. " The Sacs and Foxes, like all other Indians, were a very religious people, in their way, always maintaining the observance of a good many rites, ceremo- nies and feasts in their worship of the Kitche Mulito, or Great Spirit. Fasts did not seem to be prescribed in any of their missals, however, because, perhaps, forced ones, under a scarcity of game or other edibles, were not of impossible occurrence among people whose creed plainly was to let to-morrow take care of the things of itself. Some of these ceremonies bore such resemblance to some of those laid down in the books of Moses as to have justified the impression among biblical students that the lost tribes of Israel might have found their way to this continent. " The writer was a witness, one delightful forenoon in May, 1841, of a ceremony that seemed full of mystery, even to those of the Indians who took no part in celebrating it. A large lodge had been set up for the occasion on the level green, near Keokuk's village, and its sides left so entirely open that vision of the proceedings conducted within was entirely free. Close around was a circle of guards or sentinels, evidently ' in the secret,' as they were close enough to hear, but at a distance far enough to prevent eavesdropping of the low tones used within the sacred precincts. Inside of these guards was another and much larger circle of sentinels, who restrained all outsiders (of whom the writer had to content himself with being one) from crossing within their line. Keokuk seemed to be the chief personage among the performers, and the per- formance to be designed for the exclusive benefit of one old fellow of some importance in the tribe, who was mainly distinguished from those about him by being clad in a much scantier pattern of raiment. Sometimes they would place him on his feet, and sometimes on his seat, as they powwowed and gesticulated about him. Finally, while in a sedentary position, with a large pile of blankets behind him, Keokuk approached in front, pistol in hand, apparently aimed at his forehead. " There was an explosion, quite audible to us outsiders, and a no small puff of smoke, and the old savage went over on his back in quick time, where he was covered up and left among the blankets, while a good many ' long talks ' were held around and over him, until at length, Keokuk, taking his hand, brought him to the sitting posture, and soon after to his feet, apparently none the worse for having been used as a target. The outside multitude of Indians gazed with marked awe throughout the entire performance, and maintained, withal, the deepest silence. " During the three years that the writer had charge of the Agency, before its removal from this place, there were two, and he thinks even three, occasions on which he had to remove persons who had 'squatted ' for good on the Sac and Fox lands. One of these has already been spoken of, the mishap having grown out of some erroneous belief about the boundary. Another originated in some opinions of a^ former head of the St. Louis Superintendency of Indian Affairs, HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 371 drawn from him in correspondence and published in the papers. They were erroneous, and believed to have been in order to embarrass the then Govern- ment, to which he was politically unfriendly. If correct, they would have opened to settlement a valuable tract of the Sac and Fox land bordering on Missouri, including their Soap Creek Mill. Gov. Chamber, coinciding with the Agent's opinion, which was immediately reported to him, as intruders had begun to move in, issued a proclamation warning all persons from crossing the boundary line as then established ; and the affair, in idue course, reaching the head of the Indian service, the Secretary of War, under the law of that time. That official, Hon. William L. Marcy, promptly sustained the subordinate pro- ceedings, and orders wei-e issued to remove by military force all trespassers who^ having received reasonable notice, had not retired by a specified day. Notices- were printed and distributed by a special messenger among the new trespass- ers, and, as some had failed to go by the specified date, a company of United States cavalry was ordered to the Agency, to enforce the laws and treaties. This duty seemed the more imperative, just at that time, as the Department was intended to treat, in a few months, with the Sacs and Foxes for the purchase of that very land. " Such military expeditions would, of course, abound with incidents, some- times amusing, sometimes exciting, and sometimes disagreeable and embarass- ing. We would generally find the men gone, leaving the premises in charge of the women and children, under the vain belief that they would, in some way. get over the trouble. Excuses would be various, mostly of wagons broken in the very act of starting, or of oxen strayed or horses lost or stolen just a day or so too soon ; sometimes of sickness, though we failed of observing signs of it. On one occasion, a soldier overheard a well-grown girl tell a frightened junior one not to cry for 'Pap ' was just away down the branch, and would come back as soon as the soldiers were gone. And, sure enough when the smoke of the burning cabin curled above his hiding-place, convincing him that his plan had proved abortive, ' Pap ' came rushing around a point of the grove, apparently out of breath, with a long story of his strayed horses that he had hunted till the last day, and then gone to some kindred six or seven miles off beyond the Iowa State line, who were then on the road with their wagons ; and that he having heard the bugle, had left them in order, by short cuts across the timber and hollows, to get home in time to save his 'plunder.' Well, the Lieutenant told him, there it w^as all safe, the soldiers had set it out carefully without giving his. family any trouble to help them ; and if only he had time, he would be glad to wait till his Missouri friends arrived, and help him load up. The mansion being now burned beyond salvation, the bugle sounded to mount, and the troop resumed its march. " The next amusing incident was in our encounter, soon after the troop had resumed its march, with an old fellow whom we met coming up the somewhat dim road just along the edge of the timber, on this side of the river. The troop was of between thirty and forty men, with a Lieutenant, the Captain hav- ing stayed at the Agency, with the rest of his company, to take care of his sup- plies in camp. The Lieutenant and writer Avere comfortably walking their nags along the said road, the troops some distance in the rear, following the same easy gait, with their two six-mule wagons behind, when we espied a wagon coming round a point of the road not far ahead of us. The team soon showed itself to be a span of fat, sleek horses, and the entire outfit indicated that the old chap in charge of it was not as hard up as his personal look would have led one to believe. He was for giving us the entire right of way. 372 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. but as we turned off ro t\\oe him. as if we intended to collide, bow on to him, lie reined up. " According to his own storv, he was out for just a pastime drive up the ridge, without much motive or object of any kind ; but he had a scythe to cut j^rass, a gool lot of oats and shelled corn in sacks, an extra wagon sheet that would have improvised a comfortable tent in short order, a plentiful supply of •grub " for himself and a boy he had^vith him. thirteen or fourteen years old, and a forty -gallon empty barrel, all suggestive of a contemplated raid upon the bee- trees. After some pai'ley, the Lieutenant turned him over to the Sergeant, who liad in the mean time come up with his men. who, in turn, placed him with a tile of troopers, as a guard of honor, between the two baggage-wagons. The old fellow soon got the hang of what was tip from the soldiers, and, as misery loves company, he shortly seemed to lose sight of his own disgust in contemplating that of the inmates of the two squatters" cabins we had yet to visit. We soon reached the nearest one and found it abandoned, chough very recently, as all signs proved. Stopping long enough to burn the cabin, we then kept on our way to the only reuuiiuiug trespasser, who had put up his cabin in a grove on the Pes Moines River side of the ridge we had been all day descending. As we- turned off to cross the ridge, our former captive, whom we now released, seemed, for a while, as if disposed to relieve himself from the enjoyment of our society as; soon as possible. But. in a short time, he changed his mind ; for long before he had traveled the half-mile across the ridge, we saw that he had also turned oft" and was in pursuit of us. He reached the house almost as soon as did the troops, and in full time to say to the Lieutenant and myself what could not have been less than an unpleasant feeling of personal sympathy for the fam- ily we were about to dislodge. As in several previous instances, the man had gone oft", leaving the Avoman to give reasons and ofter excuses for his absence. It was very near night, and not less than five miles to the nearest house in the direction the woman w ished to go ; she had several children, of whom not the larcjest, even, was yet of an age to be other than an incumbrance at such a time : nor was there team, wagon or other means of transportation to be seen. While she was bitterly complaining of her cruel fate in thus being turned out of her house to see it consumed, with hei"self, children and chattels all night under the open heavens, our lately -made acquaintance came to a halt among us, the expression of his features indicating a much more enjoyable expectation of wit- nessing the scene ahead than was ever felt by any among us. whose duty it was to bring it into action. ••We a.\>ordingly concluded to press him into service, soothing, by that proposal, much ot" the distress of mater familias, who appeared to be a person i-ather superior to the ordinary grade of squattei^s. The soldiei-s set about removing her property from the house, and loading such portions of it as she was least disposed to abandon for the night, into the old fellow's wagon, and, comfortably stowing herself and children upon the load, we started him oft* as soon as she was ready to leave, after having placed the rest ot her eftVcts in as secure a condition as we could. To guard against any possible treachery on the part of the old bee-hunter, as well as in view of any break-down before he could strike the smoother road, the Lieutenant took the precaution to detach a Corporal with a half-dozen men, to act as an escort over the three miles or so to the Indian boundary, beyond Avhich our jurisdiction ceased. •• The house, with its combustible appendages, having been set on tire, we continued our march to a point a mile or two within the civilized part of Iowa Territory, Avhere a well-fixed, thrifty- settler supplied our commissiU'iat, as well HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 373 as our forage department, with sundry items that a three-days expedition through the brush had made acceptable, if not actually needful. Night had fairly set in. The Corporal had rejoined the command, and reported the bee- huntev and his cargo to be making satisfactory and apparently friendly prog- ress at the point he was ordered to leave them. Our camp-fires were soon blazing, and the tents pitched, and, in a short time, a good supper increased the contentment which the Lieutenant and Agent could not fail to enjoy over the final conclusion of a most unpleasant duty. An early reveille, and the next mid-day found us at the Agency. "At the accession of Gen. Harrison, to the Presidency, in March, 1840 Mr. John Chambers, ex-Congressman of Kentucky, was appointed to replace Gov. Lucas as Governor of our then Territory, which office included within its commission that of Superintendent over the Indians and their Agencies. For several months previous, some feelings of antagonism had existed between the old Black Hawk party, whose chief was Hardfish, and the other bands, which was excited mostly and kept up by the traders, influenced by their rival inter- ests, and the characteristic obstinacy of Gov. Lucas, who leaned to the Hardfish band. Upon the arrival of Gov. Chambers at Burlington, it was, of course, an object with Keokuk to gain his favor, or at least to have him committed to a strictly impartial course ; while the Hardfish effort would be to induce him to follow in the track of his predecessor. Keokuk at once requested the Agent to obtain the Governor's consent for him and his chief men to visit him at Burling- ton. It was the wish, however, of the Indian Department to discountenance and prevent such pilgrimages of the Indians through the settlements, and the Agent promised Keokuk that he would inform the new Governor of his desire, and that, perhaps, he would prefer to make his acquaintance and receive his cotigratulations here at the Agency. The Hardfish band — or rather their insti- gators, Eddy and his satellites — less patient, and ignoring their proper channel of communication through the Agent with the Superintendency, hastened to Burlington in a large body, and having encamped a short way from town, sent in a written notice of their arrival and its purpose, with a request that the Gov- ernor would cause the needed supplies of food, etc., to be provided for them. Tender the late Lucas regime, an order on Eddy's Burlington store would have soon satisfied this want. But Gov. Chambers sent them word that when he sent for any of them to come and see him, he would of course, be prepared to have them fed ; that he had no intention of converting his executive head- quarters in Burlington into a council-ground for his red children, and that it ■was his purpose to visit them in their own country at a very early day. Hard- fish came home with a large flea in his ear; and the Agent received a commu- nication from the Governor informing him of the facts, and instructing him to use all means in his power to prevent the intrusion of his charge upon the set- tlements, and that he should visit the Agency in a very short time, notice of which should be seasonably served. "The Governor at length set his time, the bands were all informed, the Governor arrived, and on the next day, at a specified hour, a grand council Avould be opened. Meanwhile, all the Indians, except the Iowa River Foxes, indisposed to come so far, had been gathering, and were encamped about the Agency, the Keokuk side covering the ground along the branch behind the mills, which was then full of plum, hazel, and crab-apple thickets ; while the Hardfishes were along the edge of the river timber south of the Agency, and where the writer now lives (August, 1874). Long before the appointed hour, tlie Hardfish party, arrayed in full toggery, had all arrived, themselves and 374 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. their ponies caparisoned in their richest styles of ornament ; and, having gone through the equestrian performances usual on such occasions, had dismounted, secured their ponies, and, forming on foot, had marched into the Agency-vard. where the Governor was to receive them, and wliere was quite a gathering of whites, and Hardfish with some of his leading men, having taken the Governor's hand and said a few Avords of courtesy, had sat down upon the grass. "Now, it wa:s a sacred duty with the Governor to cherish the memory of hi? dear and lately dead friend. Gen. Harrison. He had been Aide-de-camp to the General in the war of 1812, and rumor told that their mutual sentiments were more those of father and son than of simple friends. Keokuk had been apprised of this, and, as it proved, knew how to 'make it tell." The appointed hour had been a long time passed, but as yet he made no sign of putting in an appear- ance, and at last the Governor began to grow impatient and to use some ex- pressions approbatory of the Hardfish promptitude. "At length, the first faint sounds of Keokuk's music came tioarino; throush the thickets, which greAv more audible as it neared, but never swelled up to the full tone of their more joyous notes; and as the front of their procession wound slowly into view, their lances and staves, instead of being decked in gaudy rib- bons and feathers to fiutter in the breeze, were wrapped round with wilted grass. No sound of bells responded to the tramp of their ponies ; and their own persons, instead of being painted in vermilion and dressed in bright colors, bare the usual funeral substitutes of clay and somber hues. In fact, all the paraphernalia of woe betokened some sad affliction. The Agent, after a hurried word with the interpreter, told the Governor that this was a funeral march, and that some one of their leading men must have died in the night, and lay, probably, yet unburied in the camp. The Hardfishes seemed as much at a loss as anybody, wondering who could have died without their know- ing it. " The solemn dirge ceased, and, dismounting, the several hundred savages, forming on foot, Avith Keokuk leading, marched into the yard and toward the Governor, who advanced a step or tAvo to meet him. when Keokuk, ordering a halt, signed the interpreter and said : ' Say to our new Father that, before I take his hand, I Avill explain to him what all this means. We Avere told, not long ago, that our Great Father ^-as dead. AYe have heard of him as a great war-chief, who had passed much of his life among the red men, and kneAv their Avants, and Ave believed we would ahvays have friendship and justice at his hand. His death has made us very sad, and, as this is our first opportunity, Ave thought it Avould be Avrong if Ave did not use it to show that the hearts of his red ciiildren, as Avell as his Avhite, know hoAv to mourn over their great loss, and Ave have had to keep our father Avaiting Avhile Ave performed that part of our mourning that Ave must ahvays attend to before Ave leave our lodges with our dead.' "Then, amid the murmur of approbation from his people, he stepped for- Avard and extended his hand. The hearty grasp with Avhich the Governor seized and clung to it, shoAved he had touched the right spot, and the Hardfishes must be content, thereafter, to take a back seat. When, years after, the Avriter was enjoying a day of the Governor's hospitality at Maysville, Ky., and the inci- dent coming up in conversation, the Governor was told that he must not credit Keokuk Avith the paternity of the entire ' plot,' but that his ingenuity Avas put into requisition only to manage the details, the kind old gentleman seemed greatly amused." HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 375 WAPELLO S DEATH. An editorial in the Ottinnwa Courier of September 13, 1876, is here repro- duced, because of" its permanent value as an authentic sketch: " The old chief died at the forks of the Skunk River, March 15, 1842, and his remains were brought to the Indian Agency, near where Agency City is, now located, in an ox-wagon, and buried toward evening of the same day, with the customary Indian ceremonies. At his own request, he was buried bv the side of Gen. Street, in the garden of the Agency. Gen. Street had been an- Indian Agent at Prairie du Chein and at Rock Island. He came to the Agency of the Sacs and Foxes here in April, 1838, by assignment of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, Judge Crawford, and died May 5, 1840. He was for many years in the Indian service, and, although always a strong Whig, he was yet a man of such experience and sterling integrity that he remained in office to the day of his death, in spite of his politics and the changes in administration. He was very popular with the Indians, and hence the desire of Wapello to be laid by the side of his honest pale-faced friend, which wish was gratified. Gen. Street left numerous children and grandchildren, none of whom reside here now. " Keokuk, Appanoose and nearly all the leading men among the Indians, were present at Wapello's funeral. The dead chief was the successor of Black Hawk in rank. If Wapello's name is translated into English, we are unac- quainted with the fact. He was chief of the Foxes as well as of the confeder- ated tribes of Sacs and Foxes, composed of the bands of Keokuk, Appanoose, Hardfish, Poweshiek and his own. Poweshiek succeeded him as the senior chief of the confederated tribes, while Poweshiek's tribe-leadership fell to Pashe- shamore (Pa-she-sha-more), who, from all accounts, was a good sort of an Indian. He went to the Indian Territory with the Sacs and Foxes, where the remnants of this dejected race still subsist upon the bounty of the Govern- ment." * Ere many more years are added to the pages of time, the last of these people will have gone to join the spirits of their ancestors in the " happy hunting- grounds," and will only be remembered in name. Within the last half-century they have rapidly diminished in numbers, and from a once aggressively brave and warlike tribe, they have fallen into sheerest dejection. There is left but little semblance of the spirit of Black Hawk's time and generation. Passion- less and dejected, like most of the remnants of the other tribes that have been congregated in the Indian Territory, they have become hopelessly indifferent, and seem to be calmly awaiting the coming of that fate which will remove from earth every vestige of the once proud tribe of which they are the only remain- ing representatives. ° ^ KA-LA-WE-QUOIS. The traveler from Fort Madison to Montrose, thirty-five or forty years ago, having passed by several miles the Manitou, now called " Devil Creek," mio-ht have noticed an irregular group of gentle hillocks near the road, on the summit of the most conspicuous of which was a rude structure. This was a burial- place — the grave of Ka-la-we-quois, a half-breed damsel of the Sac tribe of Indians. The pen of Mrs. Sigourney has made this spot classic ground. Ka- la-we-quois died in August, 1887, of consumption, a disease almost unknown to the children of the forest, and was buried by moonlight, followed to her resting- place by one woman — that woman her mother. Dr. Isaac Galland, then pub- lishing " The Western Adventurer,'" at Montrose, penned and published her 376 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. obituary notice, which, meeting the eye of Mrs. Sigourney, induced her to write some beautiful verses, which were first published in Dr. Galland's paper, under the title of THE INDIAN OIKl's BURIAL. A wail upon the prairies, A cry of woman's woe, That mingleth with the autumn blast, All fitfully and low. It is a mother's wailing! Hath earth another tone, Like that with which a mother mourns Her lost, her only one ? Pale faces gather round her ; They mark the storm-swell high That rends and wrecks the tossing soul, But the cold blue eyes are dry. Pale faces gazed ui^on her. As the wild winds caught her moan, But she was an Indian mother, So, she wept those tears alone. Long o'er that wasting idol, She watched, and toiled, and prayed, Though every dreary dawn revealed, Some ravage Death had made ; Till the fleshless sinews started, And Hope no opiate gave, And hoarse and hollow grew her voice — An echo from the grave. She was a gentle creature, Of raven eye and tress, Ajid dove-like were the tones that breath' d Her bosom's tenderness, Save when some quick emotion, The warm blood quickly sent • To revel in her olive cheek. So. richly eloquent. I said consumption smote her And the healei^'s art was vain, But she was an Indian maiden. And none deplored her pain ; — None, save the widow' d mother, Who now by her open tomb Is writhing like- the smitten wretch, Whom judgment marks for doom. Alas ! that lowly cabin That couch beside the wall, That seat beneath the mantling vine — They are lone and empty all. What hand shall pluck the tall green corn, That ripeneth on the plain, Since she for whom the board was spread Must ne' er return again ? Rest, rest then, Indian maiden ! Nor let thy murmuring shade Grieve that those pale-browed ones with scorn, Thy burial rite surveyed. There's many a king whose funeral A black-robed realm shall see — For whom no tear of grief is shed, Like that which falls for thee. HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 377 Yea, rest thee, forest maiden ! Beneath the native tree ; The proud may boast their little day, Then sink to dust like thee. But there's many a one whose funeral AVith nodding plumes may be. Whom nature nor affection mourns As now they mourn for thee. Hartford, September 12, 1837. For several years after the Indians removed from the eastern slope of Iowa, they returned annually to look after the last resting-places of their dead, clear away the rubbish that had accumulated, etc. This practice was to them what Decoration Day is to the pale-faces since the close of the late internecine strife. There was this difference : Indian decoration day was observed out of pure affection and love for the dead, while Decoration Day among their pale-faced successors has more pomp and display and more or less of political significance. POSSESSING THE LAND. MEMORANDUM. The history of this part of Iowa comprises two distinct eras — the Half-Breed era and the Pioneer era. The history of the Half-Breed era is fully covered in the " Recollections of Isaac R. Camp- bell," and the address of Capt. James W. Campbell delivered at the Old Settlers' Annual Re- union, at Warren Station, in September, 1875, both of which admirable productions are tran- scribed to these pages. THE PIONEER ERA. The Indian right to possession of the " Forty-Mile Strip " expired on the 1st of June, 1833, after which the country was open to white settlement and occupancy. The G-alena section around Dubuque was the first great center of attraction, but as soon as the settlers commenced raising mineral, the United States appeared, by an agent, and assumed direct control of all the mineral- bearing land, and required the miners to take out permits for limited privileges, and to deliver the ore to a licensed smelter, who paid the Government a royalty on the lead manufactured. The restrictions became so exacting and so hard to enforce, that the Government abandoned them in 1846, and put the lands into market. The men who first came to the Dubuque region were not long in dicover- ing the exceeding beauty and fertility of the lands embraced in the Black Hawk Purchase, and their fame soon spread far and wide. Indiana was pretty well occupied ; Illinois, admitted into the Union in 1818, had received a large rush of immigration, and, pushing on through these States, adventurous men and women soon began to cross the Mississippi River and to settle in various parts of the famous Black Hawk lands of Iowa. So great was the desire of some men to secure claims m the new El Dorado that they did not wait for the expiration of the Indian limit of possession, but with more courage than dis- cretion, more enterprise than respect for Indian treaty-rights, or the good faith of the Government, intruded themselves on the domain in 1832. But such characters were not numerous, and were generally removed by United States soldiers. The removals, however, were not always permanent, for as soon as the soldiers were out of sight, the intruding " squatters " turned around and re- occupied their claims, as will be shown in another paragraph. Among others who came to the New Purchase before the expiration of the limit of Indian possession, was Mr. John Whitaker, now, and for several years, 378 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. a resident of Fort Madison. Mr. Whitaker is a native of Washington County, Ya., where he was born on the 21st day of March, 1795, and was eighty-four years of age in March, 1879. When he was quite young, Mr. Whitaker's parents removed from Virginia to Tennessee. At the age of eighteen years, he enlisted in Capt. John Fagan's Company, Thirty-ninth United States Infanti-y, John Will- iams, Colonel, and Thomas H. Benton (afterward United States Senator for thirty years from Missouri), Lieutenant Colonel, and participated in the battle of Horse- Shoe Bend, on the Tallapoosa (x\labama) River, in' the war of 1812, which was fought under the dii-ection oi Gen. Jackson. Mr. Whitaker remembers the old hero with feelings akin to reverence, and speaks of him with the sincreest respect — almost veneration. After his discharge, at the end of his term of enlistment (one year), Mr. Whitaker returned home and married Miss Dorcas, daughter of George and Elizabeth Campbell, of Tennessee, and, after he became the father of five chil- dren, removed to Parke Co., Ind. He subsequently removed to Big Grove, Champaign Co., Ill, where he remained for four years. In October or November, 1832, he came to the Black Hawk Purchase, and selected a claim in the Skunk River bottom (north side), at the* site of the present village of Augusta. On his first arrival there, Mr. Whitaker found that he had been preceded by Joseph Edwards and family, Jeremiah Buford, and his brother-in-lav/ (a single man), William Lee and family. Young L. Hughes and family, Joseph York and family, Jeremiah Cutbirth and family, and John Moore and family, who, in spite of the restrictions to the contrary, had "crossed the river," selected claims, built cabins on them and were living there. While Mr. Whitaker was in the neigh- borhood, a detachment of United States soldiers came and ordered the squatters to remove. Their goods, families, etc., were hurriedly put in " marching order," and the little colony was escorted up to Schoc-ko-kon Island, where they were allowed to go into camp. The soldiers went on toward Fort Armstrong, and the next morning the "squatters" marched back again and repossessed their cabins. Mr. Whitaker returned to Illinois, where he remained until February, when he came back and built a linn-log cabin, scutched down on the inside, into which he moved his family on the 12th day of May, 1833 — a little more than a month before the Indian title to possession became extinct. Mr. Whitaker states that when he moved his family to Skunk River, in May, 1833, there were only three or four cabins at Flint Hills (Burlington), and only two or three at Fort Madison. The settlers at the latter place were Peter Williams, J. Horton, August Horton, Richard Chaney, John H. and Nathaniel Knapp, Aaron White and Zack. Hawkins. James Bartlett and family, consisting of three boys, Forsyth L. Morgan (a step son), Henry D. and James, and one daughter, Mary Ann Bartlett, landed at what is now Keokuk, on the 4th day of July of this year. In 1829, this family removed from the lead mines at Galena to St. Louis, on a flatboat. They returned from the latter place on the steamboat " Warrior," Capt. Throckmorton, at the time mentioned. The elder Bartlett died at Keokuk, about the close of 1834. The son, James, went to California, during the gold excitement, where he died. Mary Ann married, and subsequently removed to Missouri, where she died. Forsyth L. Morgan is a farmer in Van Buren Township, and Henry D. Bartlett is in the grocery and prevision trade on John- son street, Keokuk. Of the settlers of 1833, Henry D. Bartlett and Morgan L. Forsyth are probably the only survivors. Mr. Whitaker did not become a resident of Lee County until a number of years after his settlement at Augusta, HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 379 and, although he is one of the oldest pioneers to the Black Hawk Purchase, and for several years past a citizen of Fort Madison, he does not claim to date his residence in the territory of Lee from 1883. John Box came over from Illinois, and selected a claim and built a cabin near the present residence of Jonas S. Knapp, Esq., in the fall of this year. He "was a representative pioneer, and was chosen as one of the seven Representa- tives from Des Moines County (of which Lee County then formed a part), to the first session of the Territorial Legislature of Wisconsin, which met at Bel- mont, Wis., on the 25th day of October, 1836. [See page 174.] It is not to be presumed that the names thus far mentioned, including Isaac R. Campbell and Valencourt Vanausdol and the names they give in their con- tributions to these pages, represent all the settlers that were here in 1833, but they are all of whom any direct or reliable trace can be had. In 1834, there was an increased immigration, and a number of claims were made in different parts of the country. Among the settlers of this year the names of the following appear on the Old Settlers' record : Alexander Cruickshank, a native of Norway, but of Scotch parentage, landed at Fort Madison on the 4th day of March, 1834, and has been a resi- dent of the county ever since. William Skinner and his wife, natives of Penn- sylvania, and George Wilson and his wife, Rebecca, of Tennessee, came during the same month. Devore Palmer came up from Missouri, in May. James C. Parrott (now Postmaster at Keokuk), of Maryland, dates his residence from September of this year. Henr}^ Judy, of Ohio, came sometime in the fall. John and Joseph Hellman, natives of Germany, came this season, but the date of their arrival is not given. Susan Drollinger, was born in Illinois, and was a baby in arms when her parents settled here in 1834. A. W. Harlan, for twenty-five years a resident of Van Buren Township, came this year and helped build the Des Moines barracks. As in 1833, there were unquestionably a number of other settlers in 1834, but their names and date of arrival have not been so preserved as to be accessible. Mr. Cruickshank first visited "Foot of the Rapids," in the fall of 1832. At that time " Rat Row," comprised about all the buildings at that place. In the summer of 1833, he burned a kiln of brick at Montebello on the Illinois side of the river, opposite Price's Run (Price's Creek). He sold the brick to Nauvoo and Carthage. Dr. Galland bought and hauled to Nauvoo, what were sold to that place. • In the beginning of 1834, Mr. Cruickshank took unto himself a wife in the person of Miss Keziah Perkins, of Hancock County, 111. A short time after his marriage, he started for the Black Hawk country to locate a home for him- self and wife. When he reached the Mississippi River opposite Puck-a-she-tuck, he hired a canoe, and being an old sailor he made a sail out of his blanket, and started up the river for Fort Madison. The river was rough and several times he expected himself and canoe would part company, but he weathered the gale and landed safely at Fort Madison. At that time, there was no sign of a settle- ment west of the few cabins at Fort Madison, but having come to locate a home for himself and the wife he had recently taken, he started back into the interior toward Skunk River. After prospecting a little, he selected a claim in what is now Pleasant Ridge Township, about two miles from that stream, and about the same distance to the southeast from the present village of Lowell. He pre- pared a shanty, and when the spring opened, he broke up about eleven acres of the virgin soil, which he planted to corn and raised a very good crop of sod- corn. 380 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY, During the summer he assisted in building the barracks at Fort Des Moines (Montrose). He burned a kiln of lime that season, 596 bushels of which he sold to the United States at 12| cents per bushel. His limekiln was of the most primitive kind — a layer of logs and then a layer of stone. When the kiln was large enough the heap was fired from the bottom. The site of this first limekiln in Lee County was just below the " Old Orchard." He also built several of the stone chimneys to the barracks. When the troops came in from the plains in November, 1834, the barracks were ready for occupancy. In the fall of 1834, Mr. Cruickshank sold his first claim, which is now cov- ered in part by the farm of the widow of the late Col. Price. After the sale, he selected another one near what is now Clay Grove, and included in the farm of Berry Wilcoxson, Esq. During the winter, Mr. C. lived alone in the midst of the wilderness, and once, for a period of six weeks, did not see the face of a white man. A large party of Indians were encamped that winter on the site now covered by the village of Lowell, but they never offered him any violence. In the spring of 1835, his wife and her family came from Illinois, and joined him in his wilderness home. In the season of 1835, Mr. C. raised about twenty acres of sod-corn on his second claim. In that fall, he sold this claim to a man named Davis, who in turn sold it to John Martin, who moved to and occupied it in the spring of 1836. In 1836, Mr. Cruickshank made a third claim at the site of his present homestead, which he has continued to occupy from the time his first cabin was built thereon. Mr. William Skinner, the second one of the only four surviving settlers of 1834, was born in Franklin County, Penn., on the 5th of April, 1795. He married in 1816, and, in the next year, he removed to Ohio and settled near Cincinnati, where his wife died. In 1830, he married a second wife, Elenora Ferre, a native of Maryland. In March, 1834, he left his old home near Cin- cinnati, and came direct to Fort Edwards (now Warsaw, 111.), coming by water the entire distance. At St. Louis, they took passage on the steamboat "Veteran," and were just one week in making Fort Edwards. After stopping two weeks at Fort Edwards, Mr. Skinner secured two canoes, which he lashed together, and on which he moved his family and all their household eff'ects across the river to the foot of the Rapids, or the " Point." At that time, says Mr. Skinner, Isaac R. Campbell and his family, Moses Stillwell and family, and Valencourt Van- ausdol and the Bartlett family, were living there, and represented the bulk of the white population. Mr. Skinner moved into Stillwell's frame shanty, which he had built on the side of the hill, but which he was not occupying at the time. About the time Mr. Skinner arrived at the "Point," Lieut. Grossman cataie up from St. Louis with a gang of men to build the barracks at the " Old Orchard" (Montrose). Skinner was employed to make 20,000 clapboards, the timber for which he cut along the river bluffs between Keokuk and the site of the barracks, wherever good timber could be found, and for which he was paid |20 per 1,000, delivered on the barracks ground. He completed the contract in June, and was then hired to superintend the erection of the log buildings, of which the barracks were composed, for out of his entire force Lieut. Cross - man did not have one man that knew enough to build a cabin. For this service, Mr. Skinner received a compensation of $60 per month. He also superintended the cutting of grass and making hay, and the general preparations for the dragoons who were expected to come in from the plains. His son Wilson, then a lad of twelve years, was also employed, at $12 per month, to drive an ox-team and do other light work. Mr. Skinner also built a house for Col, Kearney^ HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 381 when that officer arrived ; and Mrs. Skinner kept a mess-room, and several of the officers of the barracks boarded with her, until her husband removed from the barracks. During that summer, Mr. Skinner selected a claim on Sugar Creek. On the 2d of December, he left the barracks and went out to occupy his claim. For the first two weeks, his family, consisting of his wife and three children (by his first wife) lived in an Indian camp that had been built by Black Hawk for use during the sugar-making season. It was built of poles and covered with bark, and stood on the east bank of Sugar Creek, near the present crossing of the Burlington & Southwestern Railroad. His first cabin was built on the west bank of the creek, near the present residence of Henry Applegate. No one lived nearer than Fort Madison, and, during the winter (1834-35), the Skin- ner family were completely isolated from neighbors. Three years later, Mr. Skinner sold that claim to Henry Applegate, and bought a claim made by a man named Baker, which he has occupied ever since. Gen. James C. Parrott, the third one of the four surviving settlers of 1834, and late Postmaster at Keokuk, whose arrival is credited to November in that year, came to Fort Des Moines with the troops, and was First Sergeant of one of the companies. He has remained a resident of the county ever since. He was Colonel of the Seventh Iowa Infantry, in the war of the great rebellion, and made a good record. A. W. Harlan, the fourth citizen that claims a residence here since 1834, has maintained a permanent residence in Van Buren Township for twenty-five years. Joseph White, Samuel Ross and Benjamin Box settled in what is now Washington Township. Previous to crossing the river, Joseph White had lived at Commerce, now Nauvoo. Samuel Ross came from Louisville, Ky. '' He was," says John 0. Smith, "a polished gentleman, of fine education, and too good a man to settle in so new a country as this was at that time." Hiram C. Smith made a claim on what is now known as the Graham farm, on the Fort Madison and West Point road. The next spring, however, he went to the present site of Lowell, in Henry County, and built a mill ; so that, in point of fact, he can hardly be recognized as a settler in what is now Lee County, as his residence^ here was only temporary. He died in 1839, from dis- ease and sickness brought on by overexertion in shouldering and carrying sacks of corn from canoes up to his mill, as described elsewhere. John Gregg selected and improved the claim that is now covered by the beautiful farm of William Winterbotham, in Washington Township. FORT DES MOINES. The barracks known as Fort Des Moines, were built under the supervision of Lieut. Crossman, in the spring and summer of 1834. They were occupied the 1st of November, by three companies of the First U. 'S. Dragoons, under command of Lieut. Col. Stephen W. Kearney. The command consisted of Companies B, H and I, of which E. V. Sumner, Nathaniel Boone, a son of Daniel Boone, of Kentucky, and Jesse B. Browne were the respective Captains. Each company occupied one long building, with a stone chimney in the center. The two end rooms were used as sleeping-quarters, and the rooms on each side of the chimneys as mess-rooms. Col. Kearney's quarters were built of willow logs, cut and hauled from the island. The logs were lightly " scutched " on the outside, and, the next spring, the building was covered with green sprouts that grew out from the scarified logs. Col. Parrott says it was then the prettiest 382 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. liouse he ever saw. After the barracks were abandoned, the Colonel's building was used as a hotel, and was called the " River House." It was kept by Will- iam Coleman. The stables were framed at Jefterson Barracks, at St. Louis, brought up by boat and put together on the ground. The barracks were occupied until the spring of 1837, when the troops were removed to Fort Leavenworth, Kan. Col. Kearney was highly esteemed, by the settlers of that period, for his successful efforts in teaching the ruffians that flocked here in early times their first lessons of civilization and respect for the rights of their fellow-men. He pi-oclaimed martial law throughout his district, out of which grew the full exer- cise of the civil code. Before the arrival of the dragoons and the proclama- tion of martial law, there was no recognized law, no courts or justices of the peace, until 1834, and the honest, well-disposed settlers were at the mercy of the bold, unprincipled cut-throats that always hover around the borders of civ- ilization like scouts before the march of an invading army. Under Col. Kear- ney's firm, determined rule, with the Capts. Sumner, Boone and Browne, to see that his orders were enforced, the pillaging, dishonest adventurers and disturb- ing elements were soon taught to respect the rights of their fellow-men or forced to flee the wrath to come. Mr. Isaac R. Campbell, in his " Recollec- tions of the Early Settlement," which is elsewhere published, pays a very graceful tribute to the memory of Capts. Sumner, Boone and Browne when he says they " will ever be remembered by the surviving pioneers of the Half- breed Tract, for it was through their vigilance that civilization received it first impetus. Their bayonets taught us to respect the rights of others, and from martial law we learned the necessity of a civil code." The ofiicers at Montrose were great friends of Campbell, particularly Sum- ner and Browne, and the latter often stopped with him for days at a time. These two officers, on different occasions, would come with details of soldiers for corn to feed the horses of the United States Dragoons at that post, and when Sumner and Browne came, they always were liberal with the soldiers, giving them all the whisky they could drink or stow away in their canteens, and also took a liberal supply themselves, as Campbell was generous with his whisky, which he had to keep in those days or not keep a store, but never drank a drop himself. As a consequence, the corn for the horses was strewed along the road from Keokuk to Montrose. RELICS. The furniture used at Fort Des Moines is now in the possession of J. B. Knight, Esq., of Keokuk. It is in a good state of preservation, and consists of two cherry- lumber falling-leaf tables ; a large, old-fashioned haircloth sofa, which opens out and can be used for a bedstead, as^ when opened, it has a hair mattress inside; also a large haircloth-covered rocking-chair, in which Gens. Scott, Robert E. Lee, Sumner and Browne, then Captains. Lieut. Roberts, Jeff Davis, Harney, Kearney and many other distinguished men have been seated. PERSONAL SKETCHES AND ANECDOTES. For the following personal sketches and anecdotes of some of the officers and times of Fort Des Moines the readers of this volume are indebted to Col. J. M. Reid's " Sketches and Anecdotes of the Old Settlers and New-Comers," published in 1877 : " The military post at Montrose was commanded by Cols. Kearney and Mason as Fort Des Moines from 1834 to 1837, and for three years got its supplies from Keokuk. Capt. Sumner, a General in the war of 1861, who was every HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 383 mch a soldier, was stationed at Montrose, as also Capt. Jesse B. Browne. Browne subsequently figured as a politician after his resignation from the service, of whom many good stories are told, his sobriquet being, the ' Tall Cedar of Leb- anon." Ben S. Roberts was then a young Lieutenant, but in later years, be- came a full-fledged Captain, and made a gallant record in the Mexican war, where he distinguished himself b}^ capturing Gen. Torrejohn, whose sword is now in the Adjutant Greneral's office at Des Moines. For this act the Legisla- ture voted him its thanks and a sword. Roberts was a Brigadier General of note in the late war ; was Chief of Gen. Pope's staff at the second battle of JBull Run ; was the principal witness against Fitz John Porter when he was <30urt-martialed and dismissed from the service, and afterward a commandant of this State, with headquarters at Davenport. " ' Benny,' as he was familiarly called, was a character, and one of the best -Story-tellers we ever heard, and could relate many very amusing incidents about the military post and the old settlers. When first assigned to duty, after he graduated at West Point, he reported to the commanding officer at Montrose in full dress, inexperienced and verdant, with full beard and ban- a little too long to comply with the strict requirements of the army regulations. Kearney, a bluff old soldier, immediately ordered him to get his hair cut and cleanly shaved. Soon after he was sent with a detail of men to build a log cabin for quarters. ' Benny ' succeeded in getting the cabin raised, and covered and then discovered that it was without doors and windows. He didn't know enough to know that pioneer cabin-builders always cut out their doors and windows after their cabins were raised. West Point didn't teach the art of cabin-building, and so he ordered^his men to tear it down and cut out the doors and windows, much to the amusement of the pioneer soldiers, who knew how to build cabins. In after years, Roberts used to tell this story on himself and enjoy the laugh that followed as heartily as any one. '' From some cause — it is said from having charge of Government funds in paper which became depreciated and left him a defaulter — Roberts was dis- missed from the service, but tendered his services to the Government at the breaking-out of the Mexican war, and was made Captain of a company of Mounted Rifles. He was subsequently restored to his full rank with arrears of pay from the date of his dismissal, and promoted in the line of his rank the same as if he had remained in the service all the time. " While he was out of the service he practiced law at Fort Madison, and was a Justice of the Peace. At one time, he wanted to transfer a town lot to liis mother-in-law, Mrs. Sperry. He made out the deed, which was signed by himself and wife, and then certifie«l as Justice of the Peace to the acknowledg- ment before himself, which is still preserved amuug the county records. •* At the close of the Mexican war, having a lawsuit in the Court at Fort Madison, involving the validity of the decree title, in which suit in chancery he claimed an interest in the Half-Breed Tract, not admitted in the decree, he came into court in full dress uniform as a Captain, with his blue coat and pants and brass buttons, Avith belt, sword and epaulets to make an argument and create an impression, which he did, as the New York Company compromised with him and paid him over $3,000 to quit." " While in the service on the plains, he got thrown from his horse and severely injured, in consequence of which he lost his voice for some time and could only speak in a whisper. He got leave of absence and went to Washing- ton to look after a soft place, and while there kept interviewing Old Marcy.. then Secretary of War, till one day the Secretary said to a friend ' he had got 884 HISTORY OF l.KK OOUXTY. tu'ed of hearing that whi^fHMing. It followed him every plaee he went," for ' Benny ' was persevering. So lie sent him to eomniand a post on the frontiers in New Mexieo. jnst what he wanted, for if he eould not be in Washington, ' Benny." who loved a little anthority, no matter how brief, Ava^ satisfied, and went to his post. Here he set to work and in a short tinu^ eaptnred a lot of Mexiean thieves and outlaws Avho had been making raids into our territory, and ereated a big sensation by hanging them all. It was a summary proeeeding. and there is no doubt he served them right : for if they did not deserve to be hanged for the oftenses with whieh they were ehavged, they did deserve it upon general principles, and as amusements were at that remote (Quarter very searee, it made a good time and a public day for the soldiers." nUST IOWA OOINI'IKS. Under an aet of Congress approved June -8, 18o4. the Black Hawk Pur- chase, and all the territory west of the Mississippi River, and north of Mis- souri, \va^ attached to Michigan Territory. In September following, during the Sixth Session of the Legislative Council of Michigan Territory, the " Forty- Mile Strip '" was divided into two comities — Dubu(|ue and Des Moines. Dubuque was declared to be the county seat of Pubuqiie County, ami Burling- ton of Des Moines County. John King, of Ohio, was appointed to be Chief Justice of Dubuque County, and Isaac T.etHer, of Des Moines County. When King went to Dubuque he took with him a newspaper outfit, and had the honor to print and publish the first newspaper west of the Mississippi River and north of Missouri. FVHSr Kl.KOriON. The first election in Southen\ loAva was for the choice of othcers tor Des Moines County as above established, and waj; held in the fall of l8->4. William Mor- gjvn was elected as Presiding Judge : llenvy Walker and Young L. Hughes, Associate Judges of the District Court : W. W. Chapnuvn, Prosecuting Attor- ney : W. R. Ross, Clerk, Recorder and Assessor: Solomon Perkins, Sherift'; and John Whitaker (then of Augusta, but now living in Fort Madison"), Judge of Probate. There were only two voting-places in the couitty — at Burlington and Fort Madison. John Barker and Richard Land were appointed and comunssioned as Jus- tices of the Peace, by the Governor of Michigan Territory, in l8o4, and were the first Justices. TllK FIKST COlUr. The first court ever held in Southern Lnva convened at the house of Mr. Ross, on the block immediately east of the public square, at Burlingtoi\, in the spriuii of 1885. Judges presiding: Willian\ Morgan, Henry ^^ alker and Young L. Hughes. • Resident lawyers : W. W. Chapman, Robert Williams, Isaac Lefher, Jcx^eph B. Teas. Visitiuii' lawvers : Mr. Little, of Cartluige, Til., and James W. Woods, usually called '• Old Timber." Some soldiers from Fort Des Moines i^JMontroso^ were tried for some mis- demeanor at this first term of the court, and were defended by (^then'i Captain Browne, who paid their fines. Isaac Leitter succeeded Morgan as Presiding Judge in 18^^. The County Courts in those days were composed of one presiding ami two associate justices or judges. HISTORY OK M'lK COIINTV. 385 SI^]TTLEKS OF 18;}r) AND is:{*;. As Hooii !is the '' loads sottlcni " and iiavif2;at.i()n u})i!iiod in tlu; s{)ring of ISoo, honui-Hcekcrs and claini-huntcrs began to come in pretty numerously. Suuietiines the "■ head of ihi' laniily " eanie first and seU^cted a location, and tlicn went back and brougiit on tlie fiimily. In other cases, tlie entire family oanie on at onetime — sometimes coming all the way from th(> old homes in Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, A^irginia, Pennsylvania or New York in wagons, and some- times by boats down the Ohio and then up the Mississippi. Among others who came this ye;i,r, the names of the following men and wdtnen are found on the Old Settlers' Record. In some instances the date of arrival and mitivity are recorded ; in other cases, tlntt information is not given : On the LM day of April, 18;ir), Lewis Pilinan and his family, froni Ken- tucky, arrived on the east side of the Mississippi River, were ferried over and hmded opposite the present site of the ].\'nitentiary. 'IMu! family consisted of Mr. I'itman, his wife and seven children — Lindsey (i., OranvilleW., Lewis G., Ivicli:ird VV., Maiy K., Martha, A. and Stephen ii. Pitman selected a claim :ind settled in what aie now Sections 2 and ;> and 10 and 11, in West Point Township. . There were no township or section lines estiiblished at that time, ajid he selected his claim at random. When the lines were established, it was found that his claim took in a |)art of each of the sections named. The old Pitman farm is now owned by Ivichard W., Lewis (I. and (Jra-nville W. Pitman — three sons of Lewis Pitman — who grew to nianhood and middle age and usefulness on the "'old claim." The father d'wd in February, IStrJ, :nul the mother in March, 1875. Stephen Pei'kins, the fatJuM- of the first Mrs. Alexander Cruicksliank, and his son (ileorge, came from Illinois. The elder Perkins locati^d the claim now covered by the farm of Arch Oourtright, adjoining (^hiy Ciirove, in Harrison Township. He subseipieiitly removed to Missouri. F.dley McN'ey and Miles Driscoll, says Mr. Alexander Cruicksliank, came with Stephen Perkins and located claims near the present site of Dover. McVey's claim was about one and a half miles east of Dover. MeVeyand Driscoll were brothers-in-law, and came from Southern Illinois. McYey and Driscoll subse- quently removed to Jefferson County, where McVey died, and where Driscoll is still living. Joshua Owens, the first Siieriff of Leo County (by appointment), made a claim and settled in the near neighborhood of the present Lost Creek Christian Church. Isaac Briggs settled in the same vicinity. Dr. Campbell Gilmer, the first disciple of /Ksculapius to commence the practice of meilicine in the vicinity, settled three miles northwest of Fort Madison, where he continued to reside until his death, on the !)th of July, 18G5, His birth occurred on the 8tli day of the month. At the time of his death he was living with his second wife. Each of his marriages had been solemnized on the 8th, and in his last illness, he conceived the idea that his death would occur on the 8th, but he was spared till the !Uh. The claim upon which he settled remained in the possession of the family until IS70, when the farm was sold to Gotfred Beuchel. At the time of his settlement there. Dr. Gilmer's family consisted of his wife and four children — Robert, Rufus, Ellen and Juliet. The two former are in California. Ellen nuirried William Malcomb, and died in the winter of 187:}. Juliet married Bowen Hunt, and after his death, re- married, and is now the wife of John Beans, and is living in Van Buren County, 386 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. Mrs. Gilmer (the second) died in Fort Madison on the 15th of June, 1877. Will S. Gilmer, the youngest son, who was born on the old claim, is the only- one of the family remaining in the county. At the time Dr. Gilmer settled here, there was not a practicing physician in thi s part of the county, and his practice extended many miles in all direc- tions • And his neighbors who survive him tell it, to his credit and honor, that he never refused to visit the sick and the suffering, no matter what the condition of the weather, nor at what hour of the night the call came. He never stopped to inquire whether the patient was able to pay, but went as readily and quickly to the bedside of the poor and impoverished as to the rich. If he ever made any difference, it was in favor of the poor. He was a lai'ge-hearted, generous, noble man, ajid no one was ever allowed to languish and suffer to whom he could administer relief. Samuel Paschal, a native of Tennesee, after a ten-years residence in Illinois, settled in what is now Marion Township, in the fall. Mr. Paschal is still living ; his wife died in the early summer of this year. E. S. McCullough, another Tennessean. made a claim in what is now Har- rison Township. P. Philander Jones, is a native of New York, and came to what is now Washington Township, where he still lives, about the 15th of April. William M. May came with his mother from Illinois. His father died on the way, but with the grit of a '' woman when she says she will, she will, you may depend on't : and when she says she won't, she won't, and that's the end on't, " came on to the new .purchase, and settled near William May's pres- ent residence, in Marion Township. William M. Davis, of Ohio, settled on a claim in what is now Washington Township. Mr. and Mrs. Davis died within six months of each other in 1876. John R. and Robert Herring were boys when their parents came from Ohio and settled in what is Washington Township. The sons here named have always lived in the neighborhood of the claim their father selected, except a few years they spent in California. The brothers, William and Isham Burton, came from Indiana and made claims in the neighborhood of the present village of West Point. These brothers are still living in the county. They have the honor of making the bricks that were used in the erection of the old Pi-esbyterian Church at West Point, which is believed to have been the first church edifice erected in what is now the State of Iowa. The building was torn down in later years, and part of the old material Avas used in the walls of the present Presbyterian Church edifice at that place. Gen. A. C. Dodge, the first delegate elected to Congress from Iowa Territory, made the opening speech of the campaign in this old church. John 0. Smith, of North Carolina, settled in the neighborhood of what is now Denmark in April, has resided in that vicinity ever since, and is now Postmaster at that enterprising and thrifty Yankee village. J. E. Pedigo was a single man, and came from Tennessee. The record does not show where he settled. He married Elizabeth Hayes on the 17th day of February, A. D. 1840. Mrs. Emily Stewart and her two children, Martha (the wife of Dr. Joel C. Walker), and Joseph B. Stewart, now of Des Moines, came up from Hannibal, Mo., and settled on a claim three miles north of Fort Madison. The Old Settlers' record bears the name of Almeda A. Douglass, who makes this statement: "I was born in Chester, Orange Co., N. Y., August 28, 1813 ; I left Penn Yan, Yates Co., N. Y., with ray husband, Joseph S. Doug- HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 387 lass, my son George, and little daughter Mary, on the 25th of August, 1835^ for the"' Far West." We arrived at Fort Madison (then in Michigan Territory), on the 9th day of October, 1835, having been over six weeks on the way. During the trip, our little daughter, then thirteen months old, sickened and died, a^nd was buried eighteen miles this side of Chicago. We came all the way in our own conveyance. " My mother, Mrs. Harriet Knapp, my sister Elizabeth, afterward Mrs. Eno, and two brothers, Jonas S. and John, came in company with us. My father. Gen. John H. Knapp, preceded us in the summer of 1833 — over two years before we came — and was one of the first who laid out the town of Fort Madison." These parties last named, all settled at Fort Madison. ♦ In 1834, a young man named Whitaker located a claim on the land upon which the village of West Point is now situated, but was never considered a "■ settler.'" " He was a young man of fine education," says Mr. Cruickshank, " an excellent surveyor, but was of a roving disposition, and had wandered to Texas before the rebellion against Mexico." In 1835, Whitaker sold his claim to a person named Howell, from Illinois. Zedekiah Cleveland, from Washington County, N. Y., settled about two miles west of W^est Point. It is fair to presume that there were a large number of other settlers, this year, who scattered themselves about in difi'erent parts of the county. Some of them, perhaps, are still living on the lands upon which they filed their claims, which were perfected by deeds from Uncle Sam. And there is no doubt that many others, in a few years, when settlements got top thick for their notions of ease, comfort and freedom, sold out their possessions, " pulled up stakes," and moved on after the Indians. Others, again, no doubt, paid the debt of nature and found a last resting-place near the homes they founded in the wilderness. And thus, one by one, of those who were well known when they first came, dropped out of sight and out of memory, except the more prominent ones who were spared to make their mark in their respective neigh- borhoods, or write their names in the Old Settlers' record. It is not to be sup- posed that, in the absence of written records, every one who was here in 1835, nearly half a century ago, can be identified and located by the few survivors- of that period. It would be a remarkable memory that could do this — that could keep pace with the changes that forty-three years bring in the history of any community, particularly in a pioneer community, many of whom are of a restless, roving, discontented nature. tr West of the "Father of Waters," when the first settlers found their way out toward West Point, Denmark and other parts of the Skunk River Valley^ there were no roads. When once a pioneer crossed the great river, he left behind, if we may except the foAV miners' and traders' cabins that sprang up at Dubuque and elsewhere, all evidences of the civilizing influences and surround- ings of white people. A pocket compass or the north star was the only guide. Hundreds of the first pioneers to the " Forty-Mile Strip " of Iowa had no definite point of settlement in view when' they left their old homes to found new ones in the Far West beyond the Mississippi : but, bold, fearless, determined and resolute, they pushed on and on until they found a locality to suit their fancy, and then pitched their tents or lived in their wagons — those great, schooner-like concerns of the Conestoga (Pennsylvania) kind. (that would hold about as much as an ordinary canal-boat), brush-tents, deserted Indian wigwams or rail pens, protected with quilts, blankets and coverlets. 388 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 1836. — This year there was a very material increase in the population by immigration over that reported at the close of 1835. In fact the rush was so great during the summer season, says Judge Whitaker and others, that the small ferry-boat at Fort Madison was kept busy almost day and night, crossing those who came by land. Besides, large numbers came by the river, landijag at •either Fort Madison or Keokuk. Every visitor and prospector to the new pur- chase — every one who made a claim — was so well pleased with the country that the golden stories they conveyed to their friends at the old homes excited admi- ration and a desire to come and possess some part of the land that needed to be stirred with the plow and tickled with the hoe, to render ample and remunera- tive returns to tillers of the soil. Those who came in time to plow and plant in 1835, raised good crops in 1836, and prosperity began to hover over and around the settlers on the Black Hawk Purchase. The following are named among the settlers who came in this year. With these we abandon the effort to "keep track " of the arrivals: R. F. Warnock, a Kentuckian, landed at Keokuk, on the 3d day of April. John G. Kennedy, a native of Granville County, N. C, removed with his parents, when quite young, to Tennessee. In later years, he emigrated to Illi- nois, and came from Illinois to Fort Madison, landing there on the 12th day of April, where he has ever since remained. Jacob Cutler arrived first from Illinois in the fall of 1835. about the time lots commenced selling in Fort Madison. He purchased a building-site on the river-bank, nearly in front of the present site of McConns Mill. The frame of a building occupied the ground at the time of purchase. Soon after the pur- chase, Mr. Cutler went to St. Louis, where he secured lumber to complete the building, and at the same time purchased a general stock of merchandise, which he opened to sale as soon as the building was in readiness. Then contracting for the erection of a cabin for a dwelling-place for his family, he left his store in charge of Enoch Gilbert, and returned to Illinois,. where he spent the winter. In April, 1836, he moved his family to their new home. The family consisted of Mrs. Cutler, and four children — Otway, the oldest, and still a resident of the county ; Thomas, who studied medicine, and emigrated to California, in 1849, where he died in January, 1850 ; Rebecca, now Mrs. Espy, still living in Fort Madison, and Charlotte, the youngest, who died the same season, wh'en between three and four years of age. The same building in which Mr. Cutler com- menced selling goods is still standing at the corner of Broadway and Front street, and is occupied by Charles Frank, grocer. Mr. Cutler died in March, 1863, and Mrs. Cutler in 1875. James Bullard and family came from Illinois in April. The Bullard family settled on what is now the H. A. Richardson farm, about two miles west of Fort Madison. Abraham Henkle settled in what is now Van Buren Township in June. His son Amos still lives there. Eliza Jane Henkle, daughter of Z. Henkle, and grand-daughter of Abraham Henkle, was born in 1836, and was the first birth in that then remote settlement. William Patterson and family came from Virginia. They arrived at Fort Madison in May, and settled at West Point. After remaining there a number of years, they I'emoved to Keokuk, where they still reside. R. P. Creel, of Kentucky, came in June, and settled near the present site of West Point. He now lives at Keokuk. Peter Miller and his family, natives of Maryland, arrived at Fort Madison on the 22d day of September. Their first residence was an old shell of a house HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 391 that had been deserted, and, doorless, had afforded a retreat for cattle, etc. The cattle were driven out, the house was cleaned out and Peter and his family moved in. Miller soon after commenced merchandising, in which he was suc- cessful. He afterward became prominently identified with the public afiairs of the city and county, and filled the office of County Commissioner, County Treasurer, Sherifi", etc. He still remains in Fort Madison, where he is engaged in milling, etc. James Foggy and Margaret Damon, of Virginia, also arrived in August and settled in what is now Pleasant Ridge Township. Aaron Johnson, of Illinois, came in September, and settled in Fort Madi- son, and has lived in the county ever since, except about eighteen months that he spent in California. John Saville and wife came in the fall. After the death of Mr. Saville, his widow married John Herron. John Sawyer, a son of the old " Bay State" (Massachusetts), arrived in Oc- tober, and made a claim in Washington Township, where he built a cabin of hickory logs. Frederick Haffher was born in Bavaria and came to Lee County in Octo- ber. He first settled on Sugar Creek. He now lives in Franklin Township. Alfred Roberts' father came from the Buckeye State in the fall, and settled at the foot of "Nigger Bend," on the rapids, about one and a half miles below Sandusky. A few years ago, Mr. Roberts moved to Texas, where he died in the spring of 1878.- Dr. Joel C. Walker was born in Springfield, Clark County, Ohio, and set- tled at Fort Madison on the 28th of December, and has resided there ever since. Henry and Jacob Abel, natives of Germany, came during the year and set- tled west of Fort Madison, near Franklin. Curtis Shcdd, Lewis Epps and Timothy Fox and their families, and Sam- uel Houston, came from New Hampshire and settled at the present site of the village of Denmark. William Brown and family, of Massachusetts, came soon after and settled at the same place. Elias and James Overton, Solomon Jackson, Luke Alphin and Joseph Car- mack settled in the immediate vicinity of Alexander Cruickshank. James Scott, Levi Jackson and David Driscoll and their families settled in the West Point neighborhood. Isaac McDaniel, of North Carolina, located in what is now Cedar Township, where he is still living. Nathaniel Anderson, William Warren and family, Ben Warren and Paul Bratton, all from Illinois, were his neighbors. • D. T. McCullough, a South Carolinian, settled in what is now Harrison Township. E. S. McCulloch, a Tennessean, settled on the site of his present farm in Harrison Township, when there were but three families in that neighborhood. In 1841 (March 25), he married Miss Mary Ann Paisley, daughter of William Paisley. Mr. McCulloch became a useful and influential citizen. He repre- sented Lee County in the Territorial Legislature in 1841, 1842 and 1843. He was elected to the State Senate in 1854, and served four years. He was elected to the House of Representative? in 1860, and returned to the State Senate in 1869. He died about 1876. Mrs. McCulloch died February 7, 1873. David Davis, New Hampshire, located in the Denmark settlement. Green Casey, the father, and John Allen Casey, the brother of Hon. Joseph M. Casey, came from Illinois after a three-years residence in that State, from 392 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. Kentucky, ami bought a claim and built a cabin adjoining West Point. Mr. Casey then returned to Illinois and remained over winter. In the late summer or early tall of the next year, he came bade to look after liis claim interests, with the intention of bringing his family in the spring of 1838. He returned homo to Illinois in December, where he died during the winter. Mrs. Casey arranged to carry out the plans of her deceased husband, and in INIay, 1838, moved from Illinois and occupied the claim her husband purchased in 1836. At the time of their settlement at West Point. John Allen was twenty-three years of age and Joseph M. about eleven. John Billips. Charles Stearns, Samuel Hoarn and James Allen settled in what is now Des Moines Township, and were the hrst settlers in that part of the county, dohnson Meek settled there about the same time, or soon after. James, a member of the Billips family, died in December of that year, and was the first death in that settlement. Mary Billips was born on the 23d of March, 1837. and was the first birth. Robert Meek and Mary Ann Allen were mar- ried in 1838, which was the first marriage. GERMAN PIONEER SETTLERS. Henry Ilelman and his family settled in what is now Pleasant Ridge Town- ship in 1834. Joseph Helman. one of the four sons, who has lived in Fort Madison almost continuously since that time, says the family of John Rump, and the two brothers Mittendorf (unmarried"), were the only other Germans in the country at tluU^ time of which he had any knowledge. Soon after his fatlier settled in Pleasant Ridge. Joseph secured employment in Fort Madison, and is entitled to be regarded as the pioneer represent^itive of the German nation in a city that presents so many evidences of the thrift, economy and enterprise of his countrymen. H. M. Salmon and his wife landed from a steamboat at Fort Madison on the f)th day of August, 1830. Mr. Salmon soon after commenced what was known as the Good Samaritan l^rug Store, a name by which it is still known, and which he conducted until his death, on thelTthof November, 1873. Thiswjis among the first drug stores to be established in any part of Iowa. It is still continued by his son J. F. Salmon. The widow of H. M. Salmon remains a resident of Fort Madison, is well preserved mentally and physically and is one of the honored mothers of the city. John G. Schwartz, father of John 11. Schwartz, the successful dry goods merchant, and Joseph Schwartz, boot and shoe merchant, came to Fort ^ladison a single man in 1837, and commenced Americanizing as a common laborer at Knapp's hotel. Theodore Beck was his t'ompac/non dr voi/af/c from the Father- land, and came with him to Fort Madison. Harmon Dingman. whose widow and children still live in Fort Madison, arrived about the last of October. 1837. Ho was a plain, unassuming man, a devout Catholic, and as honest a$ the day is long, and among the best citizens that ever lived in Fort Madison.* He was frequently honored with positions of local trust and confidence. lie died on the 16th day of June, 1877. iNIichael Seib. now a successful farmer and a highly honored and respected citizen in Franklin Township. wa,< a pioneer Gorman cotemporaneously with Helman. Dingman. Schwartz and the others. Hundreds of other Germans followed those above mentioned, and settled in dilVerent parts of the county. In every direction, and on every hand, there are almost monumental evidences of their thi'ift and ken. Those of them that took to the farm, succeeded admirably, and are now surrounded with every com- HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 393 fort and luxury to whicfi any one need aspire. Those of them that settled down to the pursuit of trades, rapidly accumulated wealth and competence, and all over the city there are large, handsomely-arranged German homes that hetoken the possession of every needed comfort. Some of the best business men in the county come from the German population. Among these may be mentioned J. H. Schwartz, who is a local merchant prince. He was raised on a form, and had grown to manhood before he turned his attention to merchandising, but success has attemied his every step in that direction. He commenced business with almost nothing, but his energy and economy, inherited from his German ancestry, has made him one of the leading dry goods men along the Mississippi River. The large and handsome two-story 'brick building, at the corner of Second and Pine streets, erected in 1876, at a cost of |1 1,000, is a monument to his enterprise and a credit to the city, and is nearly all required for the accom- modation of his business. Rev. Father Allman, under whose direction and management the first Cath- olic Church edifice was erected, about 1840-41, introduced the first cultivated grape in Lee County. He was of French birth, and had been raised where grape-culture is the principal industry. He also started the first nursery, the ground occupied being near the upper Catholic Church. Many of the orchards in the county were started from that pioneer nursery. In all public enterprises and undertakings — at the time of the country's peril, when the perpetuity of the Union was threatened — the German people stood in solid phalanx, and offered their best men in defense of the countrv of their adoption. Such a people are an honor and a mainstay to any government. The names thus far quoted represent the bone and sinew, the nerve and industry, that tamed the wild, by cultivating the earth and making it yield rich harvests for the support of man. They came almost before the shadows of the Indians disappeared as they were reflected by the setting sun when thev turned sadly and mournfully away to find new homes farther away toward the western horizon. These pioneers were the advance guard of the army of occupation. They came to spy out the land and prepare it for a more advanced civilization. And right nobly did they do their work. They planted the standard of pro- gressive enlightenment and inaugurated the influence of a civil code that drove disorder and lawlessness from the wilds they came to inhabit, and made the country as safe a dwelling-place as the most densely populated centers of their native States. God never peopled any part of the earth with a braver, truer kinder, honester or more generous and hospitable caste of men and women than the pioneers who opened the way to the settlement of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and loAva. In 1837 another class of settlers began to come and settle down to the pur- suit of fame and fortune. In almost every respect this class of settlers were difterent from the hardy pioneers. The latter, with scarcely an exception, were tillers of the soil, hewers of wood and drawers of water, and carved out their homes and fortunes by strong-armed industry. Save their industry, they had no capital. But that industry was not without reward. In the three years that have passed since (1833) the first cabins were built and the cultiva- tion of the soil commenced, signs of plenty began to hover round and about almost every settler's liome. With these substantial evidences of improvement hope and ambition strengthened and there came a demand for comfort and con- veniences in keeping with the improved surroundings. Many of the men had worn out their buckskin breeches and hunting-shirts in which they com- menced life ; the plain home-made clothing of the women had gone into* tatters 894 HISTORY OF LKF. COUNTY. and, like Flora MoFlimsv, they had nothing to wear — at least not much. Larger stores became a necessity as a source of supply, and merchants of larger means came and larger stores were opened. Lumber was needed for fencing and building purposes, and saw-mills were built in difterent parts of the county. Previous to the building of the tirst saw-mills, all the lumber used in the coun- try hereabouts was brought up from St. Louis, wiiither it had been brought from Pittsburgh. Fenn., by keelboats. All the pine lumber used in the resi- dence now occupied by Henry Umversot, at Fort Madison, is of Pennsylvania growth. And all the pine lumber used in the tirst buildings erected in Fort Madison was grown in the same region. The pioneer farmers had begun to raise good crops of wheat, and something more than Knapps corn-cracker or John 0. Smith's hand-mill ^made of two dressed prairie bowlders, and so hung as to operate as upper and nether millstones') and hominy-blocks were needed for the manufacture of bread-stufts. Men of enterprise and capital came and mills were built. As an evidence of the improved and progressive condition of affairs, hoe-cakes, johnny-cakes, corn dodgers and Indian pones were banished from Sunday dinner-tables and wheat bread was introduced as a luxury. The building of mills and a better class of dwelling-houses brought mechanics and artisans who wrought in wood and stone and iron. As population, improvements and wealth increased, the people became more disputant and seltish ; public offices were to be filled, and lawyers and politi- cians came, for "'wheresoever the carcass is. there will the eairles be gathered also." Among the merchants who commenced business in Fort Madison in 18o7 was Daniel McOonn. a native of Ireland, who came to America with his par- ents, and was raised in Baltimore, Md. In 1835, he was a clerk on the steam- boat " Warrior,"' that plied on the Mississippi above St. Louis. He conceived a liking for Fort ^L^dison. and in the month of May, 1837, he secured a lot and erected a small building above McConn \ Palmer's mill, on the lot now- occupied by the residence of Cromwell Wilson, and commenced merchandising in company with a man named Fitzpatrick. Their business was enlarged and increased with the development of the country. McConn was careful and judi- cious, but enterprising and liberal. He invested his profits in lands and town property, which he improved to the advantage of both town and country, and there are but few m*^n who did more for the improvement of early Fort Mad- ison than Daniel McConn. For a number of years, he engaged largely in the business of packing pork, affording the farmers a home market for their surplus hosjs. for which he paid them an aiigrejiate of manv hundreds of thousands of dotlars. At one time, when the ikrmei"s began to raise a surplus of wheat, there was no cash market in all the country. Their surplus of wheat was their only resource for buying clothing, groceries and other necessities. St. Louis, via the ^lississippi Ixiver, was the only outlet, and that market was glutted, and there Wivs no demand there for this cereal. The outlook was gloomy : the pioneer fiirmers and their families were in need. At last McConn came to their relief. He didn't know where or when he could convert wheat into money, but he took the risk, and agreed to take their wheat at i!o cents per bushel, in exchange for such necessities as the farmers must have, ami trust to luck to get his money back. Instead of demanding the ruling price for sucli things as they needed, he put the price down to almost cost. He proposed to "live and let live." The farmers were carried through, and their benefactor at last found a market for the wheat at prices that saveii him from loss. HISTORY OF LKK (X)UNTY, 395 McConn is still a resident of the city of Fort Madison, which he helped to build, and wliieh he has seen ii;row from a few rude shanties to a city of 6,000, and where, in the sixty-seventh year of his Ui^e, he is universally respected and honored for his sterling integrity and unimpeachable honesty. Dr. J. P. Stephenson, his wife and four sons, Samuel T., George E., John I), and Joseph E., came from Ohio and settled in what is now Denmark Town- ship, not iar from the village of that name. The father practiced medicine throughout all that region of country, and, by his generous and noble nature as a man, and his ability and willingness as a i)hysician, made friends wherever he went. The mother was esteemed as one of the noblest women that ever lived in that part of the country. She was universally honored for her kind- ness, her motherly and sisterly tenderness, and for the possession and practice of all the other ({ualities that go to make up a true and perfect woman. Mrs. Stephenson died in 1840. fn IHftd, Dr. Stephenson's right side became paralyzed, which forced him to abandon the practice of his profession. His death l\)llowed in IHilS. The four sons named above are all settled in Lee County, three of them as farmers. Samuel T. resides on his farm in Wash- ington Township; George E. resides in Pleasant Ridge Township, and John 1>. in West Point Township. Joseph E. also owns a farm near the old homestead, but resides in Fort Madison, where he is engaged in the clothing trade. In the winter of 1837-38, Peleg H. Babcock and his recently wedded wife determined to seek a home in the West — " Where iv man yt ii man if he is willing; to toil. And the hnniblosf. may gather the fruits of the soil," and early in the succeeding spring they landed at Fort Madison and stopped at the old Washington House, then kept by Mrs. Knapp, whose kindness and hospitality will be remembered as long as the pioneers to the south- ern part of the Black Hawk Purchase are permitted to live. The Wash- ington House, under her direction, was a veritable home and resting-place for hundreds of weary travelers in the days Avhen hotels were few and far between. At the time when Mr. Babcock came to the country, a trip from New York was as fatiguing a journey as a trip to the north pole would be now, and which woufd be almost as easy of access. After resting up aAvhile at the Washington House, Mr. Babcock selected a dwelling-place on Sugar Creek, four miles north of West Point, where he erected a settler's " lowly thatched cottage," which to him and his bride of a few months bore the hallowed name of home. There, in the shadow of the wilderness, Mr. Babcock and his brave- hearted wife commenced their battle of life ; there they launched their boat u})on the stream of time without compass or rudder, seeing or knowing the future but in dreams. Of Mr. Babcock's subsequent career, one who was iis intimate with him as a daughter, contributes the following : "At the end of two years, they removed to West Point. Energy, industry and good morals were among his characteristics, and in the legal profession, in the legislative councils of the Territory, he won for himself laurels that embellished his pathway through life. On New Year's Day, 1841, while engaged as Clerk in the Territorial Council then in session at Burlington, he writes home, 'I have overtaken the Council with my writing and am now wait- ing for a committee to return that has gone to Iowa City to look at the public buildings. They make a long report, which I am waiting to have printed. I 306 HISTORY OF l.EE COUNTY. * expect to get it ixi the morning, and shall work steadily night and day until I get it done. I spend my evenings with Dr. Mason, a member of the House, from Dubuque ; he is a very tine man and good company : we get those books from the library that wo like best, and read them for our amusement, write speeches, tell stories and play a little on the fiddle." ''Hon. Daniel F. MiUer. now of Keokuk, and one of the best lawyers and most talented men in the State, and a man of noble and pure impulses, was at that time a member of the House of Representatives, and says that 'during the whole session, Mr. Babcock slept in the parlor in a chair, and that there never was a time that he did not come in — morning, noon or night — greeting them with a smile, and that under any and all circumstances, he was without doubt one of the best men in the world." '• In 1844, Mr. Babcock moved with his family to Fort Madison, where he established for himself a permanent home. Friend*? and reputation, that the hands of time eanm^t obliterate, gathered around him and his nuunory will live long in the hearts of his friends and acquaintances. Success and good fortune crowned his every effort, and there was not a stone that he upturned but that always proved to have a hidden treasure beneath for him. The smile of fortune pervaded the very atmosphere in which he had a being. •' In 1848, Mr. Babcock was elected to the office of Clerk of the Dis- trict Court, in which capacity he served four years, his last term expiring in lSo*2. He retired from that olhce with an approved record as an hon- est, faithful and contpetcut public servant. During Mr. Babcock's services as Clerk of the District Court, George H. Williams afterward United States Senator from Oregon, and subsequently United States Attorney General, was District Judge. " In 1859, Mr. Babcock was appointed Inspector of tl:e Penitentiary at Fort Madison. Tiiis appointmenr was another expression of public contidcnce in his superior judgment and tidelity to the interests of the community and the commonwealth. Under his supervision and management the present strong and ahnost insurmountable stone wall around the prison grounds was planned and built. This protection against the " escape of convicts is ac- knowledged to be the equal in all respects of any prison wall in the country. " All through life Mr. Babcock possessed a great love for books, and sirugglcd hard for the acquisition of that knowledge which would best prepare hun for a useful and honorable position among men. He familiarized himself with the principles of general law by closely reading and studying Blackstone and other authorities, which, added to a naturally legal mind, rendered him a good judge of law. In after time, when he became a Justice of the Peace, in which capacity he served for a number of years, it is stated to his honor, that not one of his decisions was ever over-ruled by the District or Supreme Court. "Mr. Babcock was a victim oF asthma, and for more than a quarter of a century was never known to retire to bed at night. An old arm-chair, nuule sot"t as down, sutliced for his couch, and in this, with the fumes of saltpeter paper burning by his side, the weary nights passed away. Two children M'ere added to his store of earthlv blessino;s. These are now livino- uionuntents to his memory, and live to bless, honor and revere his name, and will continue so to do down to their latest breath. He died in the lifty-eighth year of his age, honored and respected by all. The Odd Fellows, of which order he was a HISTORY OF LER COUNTY. 397 moraber, came from all parts of the State to attend his funeral and pay tribute to his worth and memory.' We have laid him away, wrapped in the mantle of our love, and death is relieved of its gloom, knowing that he awaits us there — '• In that far-away dwelling, wherever it be, I believe thou hast visions of mine; And the love that made all things as music to me, 1 have not yet learned to resign. In the hush of the night, on tiie waste of the sea, Or alone with the breeze on the hill, I have ever a presence that whispers of thee, And my spirit lies down and is still." Thomas Hale, his wife and four children — two sons, Isaiah and Thomas, and two daughters, Angeline and Amanda — arrived at Fort Madison from Piqua, Miami Co., Ohio, May 29, 1889. Soon after their arrival, Mr. Hale opened a tin-shop, and connected with it a small stock of groceries, on Front street. His capital was limited, and the business of tinner and grocer were combined as a means of making a living for the family. After a year or two, the grocery part of the business was abandoned for a stock of stoves. This was the beginning of the present tin, stove and hardware house of Hesser & Hale. When Isaiah, the eldest son, became of age, in about six years from the time the business was commenced, he became a partner with his father. At the end of eleven years, the elder Hale sold his interest to Frederick Hesser, and the firm became Hesser & Hale. The business has always been conducted on Fi'ont street, and is, probably, the oldest tin, stove and hardware firm in Iowa. Mr. Thomas Hale, the founder of the business, and his wife, died several years ago. Thomas Hale, the second son, died February 14, 1871. Angeline, the eldest daughter, married William Wilson, and removed to Wisconsin, where he is a member of the lumber firm of Knapp, Stout & Co. Amanda, the second daughter, married James L. Estes, who was Sheriff' when the Hodges were ar- rested for the murder of Rev. John Miller, of the Mennonite Church, in 1845. Estes and his wife are now living at Rogers Park, Chicago. The Albrights, James- Wilson, and other men of like business character, €ame in the fall of 1839. On the 30th day of November of that year, James Wilson, Guy Wells and W. G. Albright commenced general merchandising at the upper end of Front street, under the firm name of James Wilson & Co. This firm not only conducted a large dry goods trade, but were actively engaged contracting — furnishing stone for the Penitentiary, and other outside matters. Their business was founded on a solid foundation, and was carefully and judi- ciously managed. In 1841, W. G. Albright came up from St. Louis, and bought a half-interest in the store, and the firm became J. W. & W. G. Albright. In 1847, R. W. Albright was admitted as a partner, after which the firm name Avas Albright & Bros. In 1856, R. W. Albright withdrew, and commenced business for him- self. J. W. and W. G. Albright continued together until 1862, when J. W. Albright retired, and opened a general store on his own account. W. G. Albright continued business at the old stand, where he still remains. On the 30th day of November, 1879, if he lives to that date, he will have been in busi- ness on Front street for just forty years, and is the oldest continuous merchant in the city of Fort Madison. There are but few, if any, business men in any of the towns along the Mississippi River, who have done business on one street for 60 many years. And when the great reaper has cut him down, or old age drives him from his accustomed place on Front street to the seclusion of his 398 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. well-earned and comfortable home, his absence from that busy thoroughfare will be sensibly noted by those who have been accustomed to see him there almost daily for nearly half a hundred years. R. W. Albright drifted out of the dry goods trade into the book and stationery business, and continues on Front street. J. W. Albright drifted into the insurance business, and has an office on Front street. It is rarely, if ever, that three brothers remain in business within a few doors of each other for so many years. Six years have passed since white men began to exercise dominion in the Black Hawk Purchase. In this time, settlements extended to almost every part of the county, and, the names thus far quoted, although they represent but a small part of the settlers, show the rapidity of settlement, progress of development, and the character of the people who followed in the wake of the Indians. Each succeeding year added to the number of " new-comers " until, in 1844, the land was all occupied, and the larger portion of it by men who had made claims and had their improvements well under way, before the country was surveyed. There was a general rush to the Black Hawk Purchase, as soott as the Indians had "cleared out," and no part of the purchase, in the first years of its settlement, received more attention from home-seekers than that part of it included in Lee County. FRAGMENTS. INDIAN GLUTTONY. HOMINY BLOCKS AND LOG CABINS. WILD GAME. — FIRST CROPS. AMUSEMENTS OF THE PIONEERS, ETC. It is now necessary to go back and pick up some fragments of history that lie scattered through the six years that white people have exercised dominion in the old homes of the Sacs and Foxes, that they may be preserved to the descendants and successors of the brave, courageous and industrious men and women who redeemed the country from an Indian wild and started it on the highway to its present proud, prosperous and wealthy condition. When Alexander Cruickshank settled " out in the wilderness," in 1834, Indians were numerous, and, in 1835, when James, his eldest son, was a baby, Black Hawk was a frequent visitor at his claim-shanty residence. On two occasions, at least, Mrs. Cruickshank prepared meals for the noted chieftain of a once proud and warlike people, but then subdued and spirit-broken, and while she was cooking, he romped with baby Jamie, tossing him up toward the loft of the shanty and catching him as he earned own. Mrs. C. said she didn't know which of them enjoyed the romp the most — ^Black Hawk or the baby. Black Hawk's last visit to the home of Mr. Cruickshank was about six weeks before his death, in 1838. On that visit, he wore a plug hat, high top boots and leggins, and was very drunk, although he usually sustained the repu- tation of being a temperance Indian. In the winter of 1834—35, Black Hawk quartered in the heavy timber along Devil Creek, between Fort Madison and Montrose. His wigwam was made of poles, and was about fifteen feet in diameter, at the base. The poles came to a common center at the top, but were so arranged as to leave an opening for the escape of the smoke ; the fire was built on the ground in the center of the wick-e-up. The outside of the wigwam was covered with mats ; pieces of wood, about six feet in length, were piled against the mats to hold them in place to keep out the cold and snow ; the floor around the fire-place was covered with HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 399 mats and skins, and some of the " oldest inhabitants," who visited the fallen chief during that winter, say that his wigwam was as comfortable as any white man's parlor. Mrs. Black Hawk was a model Indian housewife, and kept everything in her wick-e-up as neat and tidy as any of her pale-faced sisters could have done. Other Indians beside Black Hawk were frequent visitors at the cabins of the settlers. And they never visited a cabin when they were not hungry — no matter at what time of day they came. And they always had tremendous appetites. When food was placed before them, they ate most ravenously, and gorged themselves like an anaconda. If there was enough on the table to glut their appetites, and anything was left, they would gather up the fragments and carry them away for " squaw " or " papoose." Besides being great eaters, the Indians were inordinately fond of red pepper, and, when any of them were around the cabins of the settlers, if the house- wives had any of the red pods in sight, which they wished to keep, they had to. spirit them away before their red visitors could get their hands on it, or do with- out until the next crop. In those days game was abundant. It was no unusual sight to see a herd of twenty or thirty deer at one time. Turkeys were not very numerous, but prairie chickens were countless. Bears were never seen, and Mr. Cruickshank never knew of but one being killed in this county. Quails and rabbits made their appearance after the settlement was commenced. Wolves were plenty, and played sad havoc with chickens and pigs. The pioneer wives say it was no unusual thing to hear them smelling about the cabin doors, lapping milk from slop-pails after nightfall. Wild bees and rich stores of honey were to be found in every forest, and the tables of the pioneers were nearly always bountifully supplied with that luxury. The first settlers, says Mr. Cruickshank, lived for the most part on wild game and parched corn, and wore buckskin breeches and hunting-shirts, after the fashion of Daniel Boone, Kentucky's pioneer hunter and noted Indian fighter. In 1833 and 1834, there were no mills west of the Mississippi Eiver in the lands of the lowas. In the spring of 1835, Hiram C. Smith built a mill with two runs of stone (one for wheat and the other for corn), at what is now Lowell, in Henry County. It Avas a small concern, and there was no use for the wheat buhr for as much as a year after the mill was completed. Settlers from this side of Skunk River, on which the mill was built, experienced some difiiculty in reaching it, because the only means of crossing the 'river to the mill was^ by canoes. There were no roads, only trails, and no bridges. When they went to mill there, they had to transfer their grists from whatever means of carriage they had, to canoes, and then "back" it up to the mill. When their grists were ground, they returned the same way. The next nearest mills were on Fox Biver, near Waterloo, in Clarke County, Mo., and Ralls' Mill, at the present site of Brooklyn, Schuyler Co., 111. These mills were often visited by the pioneers. In the fall of 1835, John H. Knapp, erected a horse-mill at Fort Madison. In May, 1835, a Mr. Mofi'att began the erection of a mill at Augusta, which was completed late that fall. After it was finished, Mofi'att did a paying business. Mr. Cruickshank used to go there to mill, and was sometimes detained a week at a time waiting for his turn. The enterprise of those first mill proprietors, who provided the first settlers with the means of transforming their wheat and corn into the stafi" of life, is still gratefully remembered by the survivors of those trying times. 400 HISTORY OF LRE COUNTY. Tn some instances, hominy-blocks Avere substituted for mills, and the corn crushed as fine as possible in these primitive concerns, and then sifted through a wire sieve and baked in ''corndodgers," Indian ''pones" or "johnny cakes." Such corn as some of the first settlers used for bread would hardly be consid- ered fit feed for horses now, but many of the pioneers were glad to get it. Those of them who had this kind of coarse bread and "hog and hominy " for a regu- lar diet the first winter of the settlement of this part of loAva were esteemed to be in "good fix." Deer were plenty, and if they grew tired of "pork and bacon," or if these articles gave out, the deficiency was easily supplied from the forests and prairies. As the country settled up, however, mills were built, and •• hominy-blocks " or " corn-crushers " went out of use until they only exist in memory. As relics of the "long ago," a description of them will not be out of place. A tree of suitable size, say from eighteen inches to two feet in diameter, was selected from the forest and felled to the ground. If a cross-cut saw happened to be convenient, the tree was "butted," that is, the "curf" end was sawed oft" so that it would stand steady when readv for use. If there was no cross-cut saw in the neighborhood, strong arms and sharp axes were made to do the work. Then the proper length, from four to five feet, was measured off", and sawed or cut square. When this Avas done, the block was raised on end, and the work of cutting out a hollow in one or the other of the ends was commenced. This was usually done with a common chopping-ax. Sometimes a smaller one was used. When the cavity was esteemed to be large enough, a fire was kindled in it, and carefully watched until the "ragged edges " were burned away. When completed, the hominy block somewhat resembled a druggist's mortar. Then, a pestle or something to crush the corn Avas necessary. This was usualh^ made from a suitably-sized piece of timber, with an iron wedge attached, the large end down. This completed the machinery, and the block was ready for use. Sometimes one hominy-block accommodated a whole neighborhood, and was the means of staying the hunger of many mouths. The houses of those days were only cabins — most of them built from round logs. The floors were made from puncheons split from trees of the forest. The doors, door-cheeks, window-cheeks, etc.. as well as all other "finishing stuff," was made in the same way, and then dressed down with a broad-ax. The roof was made of clapboards or "shakes" split from some monarch of the forest. The boards Avere hiid on ribs and held in place by Aveight-poles laid IcngthAvise, and kept at convenient and suitable distances by " knees." The spaces betAvoen the logs were " chinked " Avith suitable pieces of Avood, which were " daubed " over Avith mud or mortar. Very often a cabin Avould be completed without the use of a single nail in the entire structure. A mud-and-stick or sod chimney and earthen hearth finished the "cabin." The Avomen baked their "corn dodgers" or "johnny-cakes," cooked their venison or roasted the Avild turkeys their husbands killed by these old-lashioned fire-places in skillets, pots and ovens just as nicely as cooks and servants bake the bread and roast the meats on costly stoves and ranges now. They cooked their meals and entertained visitors — people didn't " call " then — at the same time and in the same room, and didn't consider it a disgrace either, to be seen molding their "johnny-cakes " or bending over their skillets and ovens. And the mothers of those days — the brave AviA'-es of Iowa's pioneers — Avere just as happy as the Avives and mothers Avho live in costly mansions in 1879. But by and by the primitive log cabins gave Avay to heAved-log or frame houses Avith shingle roofs, plank floors with carpets — rag carpets, may be, that prudent houscAvives made themselves. They cut the rags. HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 401 sewed them togetlier, and, as likely as not, wove them with their own hands. Brick or stone chimneys took the place of the old-fashioned and primitive mud- and-stick or sod chimneys. The first hewed log or frame house was the pride of the neighborhood, and its occupants were considered the first families — the aristocrats — of the settlement. All the cabins had large fire-places. The back-logs were generally of buck- eye, about six feet in length, and the larger the better. Sometimes there were two, one on top of the other, to throw out the heat. The fore-sticks were of ash, hickory, maple or elm, and the middle-sticks of smaller size. These old- fashioned fire-places were so wide and deep that the ends of the back-logs were favorite sitting-places for the male members of a household. The latch-strings were always out — a sign of welcome and hospitality within. Many of the first settlers came directly from some of the Southern States — Kentucky, Tennessee, North and South Carolinia and Virginia. Kentucky, perhaps, had the largest representation, if not direct, at least indirectly by descent, and represented Kentucky customs and habits, and hospitality, and in traveling through the country one will notice that to many of the old houses there are outside chimneys, and very often one at each end of the house. In the country districts of Kentucky, Tennessee and the Carolinas an inside chim- ney, until within the last ten or fifteen years, was the exception and not the rule. In the Eastern States, an outside chimney has always been the exception, But as the country of the lowas developed in wealth and prosperity, and the people grew rich, the fire-places to the outside chimneys were closed up, and heating-stoves substituted as a measure of economy. A large per cent of the heat that escaped "up the chimney " is thereby saved, and much less fuel is needed to keep a house warm. The old primitive log cabins, reminders of the days of small beginnings ! But very few of them are in use now. They were abandoned many years ago for a better class of buildings, but a great many of them are still standing, and used for wash-houses, toolhouses, etc. They ought to be preserved as memen- tos of the "times that tried men's souls " (and women's), and vines and flowers planted around them. With such surroundings, they would make nice summer- houses, and a hundred years hence would be a curiosity to the people who will then hold and exercise dominion in the commonwealth of Iowa. • Thf first crops of the first settlers were corn, pumpkins, potatoes, turnips, etc. The interior pioneers experienced a good deal of difficulty in keeping their hogs. Many of them strayed away and were killed in the Mississippi River bottom by persons who had more love for a good dinner than regard for the rights and property of others. Hogs were known to cross the Mississippi River by swimming, as was supposed, to find their way back to their old haunts in Illinois. The amusements of the pioneer settlers consisted of shooting matches, horse- races, and, when women became plenty enough, puncheon-floor dances. Before Sunday crossed the Mississippi River," the men would often spend that day of rest hunting bee-trees. Disputes were settled by arbitration. Courts and statute laws were unknown until after the " Strip " was attached to Michigan in 1834. Edley McVey was one of the first Justices of the Peace appointed by Gov. Dodge, of Wis- consin Territory, but he never transacted any business. The pioneers were a law unto themselves, and among them the laws of honor prevailed to a greater extent, than among the people in later years. The squatters, as they were 402 Hl!?TORY OF [,KK COUNTY. somotiiiies derisivolv oalled, ^Yevo jealouij* of their Avord and tboir honor. With but very few exeeptionss, their Avord wa!> as good as tlieir oath or their bond. James Oruiekshank, Avho iirst saw the light of day on the Tth day of May, 1835, was the tirst chikl born in the Cruiokshank neighborhood. At the time of his birth. Ins parents were living on the second elaim located by Mr. C, as mentioned elsewhere. The cabin in which James was born was located near the site of the present Clay Grove Oemetery. The tirst sermon in this neighborhood was preached at the house of George IVrkius, on Sugar Creek, by Kev. Johi\ Morton, a Baptist minister, in the spring of 1836. Zedekiah Cleveland and Miss Anna Ware were the.lirst couple uuirried in the Clay Grove settlement. They were married in the winter of 183i>. The bride was the daughter of Lindsey Wave, who came from Illinois a few months previous, and settled near the Grove. At last accounts. Mrs. Cleveland was living in Pavis County, near the Missouri State line. Mrs. AVare, the mother of Mrs. Cleveland, was the tirst death in that neighborhood. She died in August, 1838, and was buried on her husband's farm. Thirty years after burial, when her remains were taket\ up for re-inter- ment in another place, the pine coffin was found to be perfectly preserved, except one small spot on the lid. In the spring of I83t.i, Capt. Parks, of Michigan, a Government Surveyor for twenty years, established the township lines in that part of the county. The section lines were estsiblished the same season by an Indiana surveyor. x\. man named 'rurner, from North Carolina, taught the first school ii\ the Clay Grove settlement in the suunuer of 1839. He occupied a cabin that was built on the claim of George Taylor. The teacher was paid by subscription, at so much per scholar. The tirst schoolhouse proper in Franklin Township was built of round logs, on the Avestern boundary of Mr. Cruickshank's land, in the beginning of the winter of 1839. Mr. Turner taught the first school in the neAY building. In the Avinter of 1834—35, a large number of Indians Avere encamped at the site of the present village of Lowell, and Messrs. Walsh i^ Pise, Avho opened the first store at Fort Madison, removed their stock of goods up there to secure the Indian trade, but returned to Fort Madson in the spring. John Carroll Walsh, the senior member of the firm, Avas a very particular tri end and favorite of Black HaAvk, and Avas a tVequent A'isitor at his wigwam, and it is said that he was in love Avith one of Black Hawk's daughters, and that to prevent a mar- riage Avith her, his triends persuaded him to return to Marylaiul, Avhere he became a distinguished and useful citizen. He is uoav a member of the Mary- land State Senate. Pise, his old partner, is dead. PIONEER TIMES IN SKINNER'S NEIGHBORHOOD. A night spent at the hospitable home of William Skinner, the pioneer set- tler in JeiTerson ToAvnship, enables the Avriter to present the folloAving para- graphs from the recollections of that venerable and Avotthy citizen ot" early times in the neighborhood. "■ As a class, the settlers were all hard-working, honest, industrious men and Avomen, The first year or two, neighbors Avere fcAv and far betAveen, but they kept coming in and making claims all around. Each additional ncAY-comev Avas Avelcomed Avith opei\-hauded hospitality. But very fcAv of the first settlers had much more than they needed themselves, of either money, clothing, house- furniture or house-room. But doors Avere never closed in a new-comer's face. HISTORY OF I.KK COUNTY. 403 People were neighborly then in a true sense, and when a new-comer had located a claim and was ready to raise his cabin, every able-bodied man within a circuit of ten miles turned out to lielj) pile up the (^ibiii, and they never (|uit till it was under roof. " People hadn't mueli time for either amusement or social intercourse. They were too busy nuikinitly visited each other, and while the men indulged in the diseussion of such themes as interested them, the women knitted, and talked and smoked, for in those days it was not considered unlady- like for women to smoke. Tn fact, smoking was more commonly indidgcd in by women than by men. '■'■ People lived plain and didn't put on any style then. They made no attempt atdisphiy, and, when, perchance, some of the young people eoncluded to leave the old folks and set up for themselves, they didn't receive much of a 'setting out.' Jirides didn't receive presents then as they do in these days. Some who had nothing but a single suit of clothes each, when they were mar- ried, settled right down to hard work and economy, and in a few years were well to do. Young peo[)le married for love then, and worked to ea.rn homes." Tom McGuiro married Axtel McCullough's sister, and moved into a little 8x10 cabin that stood not far from the place now known as Primrose. Pretty soon after they commenced housekeeping, Mr. Skinner had occasion to pass that way, and he stopped in to see them. When he entered the cabin, Tom and his wife were seated ilat on the puncheon lloor, before the log lire, eating nmsh and milk from an iron pot that stood between them. Each one of them had an iron spoon and a, tin cup, and that was about all the table-furniture they had. They had neither chairs nor benches to, sit on, nor a table to eat from. And this was not an isolated case. The first couple married in Mr. Skinner's vicinity were a daughter of David Pcnrod and a young man named Martin, in 1887. The ceremony was perfoi'med by Hawkins Taylor, Esq., then a Justice of the Peace at West Point, but now a, well-known citizen of Washington, D. C. Taylor wrote an account of tliis wedding which appeared in the Annals of Iowa, in January, 1874, and, as a characteristic sketch of the times of the early settlers it is here inserted. In 188fi, David rciirod caiiio to l/ee County and took a claim in the timber a milo south of West I'oint. Ho came from .Johnson County, HI. His business in Illinois was that of a hunter, tiie game being deer, turkey and hog. As the country settled up, hog-hunting was most prolit- able, and his table was oftener served with pork than venison. Unfortunately some meddle- some persons complained to the grand jury about his hog-iuinting. Some of his friends being on the jury, they jiosted him of the charge, whicli made him so indignant that he left (he State, and left it without being particular as to the manner of his going. Ho brought with him to Iowa a dog, a gun, a wife and two daughters, and built on his claim a small log shanty, dirt floor, clapboard roof and no loft. He had two beds, supported on two poles, one end resting on a fork driven into the ground, and the other end in a crack between the logs. On (op of these poles wei'e cross sticks for slats, running into a crack of the cabin. On these was some straw, a few doer skins and an old quilt. The two beds covered neai-ly all of one end of tho house. The only seats were three-legged stools, and the table was a puncheon. " Fuge Martin courted one of tlie daughters with success, and I was employed to bind the bargain. About tlic middle of the afternoon of the wedding-day, 1 slipped out from home, hoot- ing to get of!' without being seen, but some of the boys about town had heai-d of the wedding and were watching my movements, so that 1 iiardly got through the ceremony before half a dozen came rushing in to see the fun. The bride was dressed in a copperas, home-spun dress, Tennessee stripe, and barefooted Peni-od and wife were sitting, one in each corner, near the fire, on stools and both looking savage. Neither spoke to me. Martin and his grandfather 404 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. Clark, with the Penrod family, made up the party when I got there. Grandfather Clark was one of the early characters of the country. He never came to town without getting tight, and every other word with him. was, "Hello, Molly." Grandfather Clark, as soon as I went in said "Hello, Molly, they think my grandson is not good enough for their gal. Hello, Molly, I think its an even swap. Hello, Molly, Fuge is no account, but hello, Molly, he's as good as the Penrods. Hello, Molly, Fuge, bring out your gal." About this time the crowd came out from town, when old Penrod got furious but no body paid any attention to him. Fuge and his 'gal' stood up and 1 tied them, when the grandpap took from his pocket a flask of "forty-rod" whisky, approved brand, and said: "Hello, Molly, let's have a drink." After taking a good swig, he oiFered it to me, when I refused. "Hello, Molly, never heard of the like before." He then gave the bride a suck, which she appeared to enjoy, then her sister, then the bridegroom, and after that he offered it to Penrod and wife but they indignantly refused, probably the first time in their lives that they ever re- fused such beverages. The old man then looked at his flask and the new arrivals, but he saw- that it would not go round when he turned to the newly-married pair and drank their health. " Hello, Molly, here's to you, hoping that the first may be a gal and a boy ; hello, Molly." A few weeks after this, I married a nephew of Grandfather Clark, of his own name, a Miss Duke being the bride — a rather dashing-looking young lady, and fashionably dressed for that day among the timber settlers. Young Clark had only a couple of weeks' acquaintance with her, having met her at a "settlers' party." About four or five months after the wedding, the old man Clark came dashing into the store at West Point, and his first words were : " Hello, Molly ; Frank's wife has got a little one, but Hello, Molly, she's good enough for him, if she'd had two." The incident created no unpleasantness in the family. Clark was a philosopher. My fees are still outstanding, but the splicing remained solid, without flaw. Clark and his wife were living in Missouri at last accounts. In the fall of 1835, William Hunter was the "village blacksmith" at West Point, and on one occasion Skinner went there to get some hoes sharpened. When the Avork was completed, he started home by way of Lewis Pitman's, who lived east, and possessing a wide-spread reputation as a water-witch, Pitman insisted that Mr. Skinner must show him where to dig for water. Skinner had no faith in the belief that any one could tell where water could be found beneath the earth's surface, and always thought it was a humbug, but he cut a forked witch-hazel, and went through the maneuvers, and indicated a spot where he thought water could be reached in a reasonable depth. The well was dug and water was found, but Mr. Skir.ner says he didn't know anything more about it than the man in the moon. Going home from Mr. Pitman's, Mr. Skinner was caught in a terrible storm, and lost his way in the brush. After floundering around awhile, he dis- mounted and hitched his horse to the limb of a convenient tree and then sat down, with his gun between his knees, to await the coming of daylight. All night long he was exposed to the pitiless storm. His faithful dog Bull lay close to his side, and was the means of keeping him partially warm, but far from comfort- able. Day dawned at last, and Mr. Skinner found his way home in a shiver- ing condition. A Mr. Emmett, who lived on the top of the hill on the road from Fort Madison to Mr. Skinner's, who died in 1837, was the first death in this neigh- borhood. The remains of Mr. Emmett were buried in the grave-yard near the present residence of George Wilson. Old Mr. Duke died soon after and was buried in the cemetery near the present residence of James Cooney. The first sermon in the neighborhood was preached at the house of the widow Norman in 1838. The name of the preacher is forgotten. The first regular preacher in the neighborhood was a Rev. Mr. Elmore, a Baptist minister, who preached at the houses of the settlers. Mr. Elmore lived near Oquawka, 111. Mr. Skinner relates this story of a dog fennel doctor : A son of Mrs. Nor- man fell out of a walnut-tree and broke one of his ribs.- A new doctor had recently settled at West Point, and he was called to reduce the fracture. The doctor came, looked wise, but didn't know how to get at the broken rib, but, after HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 405 scratching his head to stir up his anatomical knowledge, he finally put his finger on his nose, looked wise, and ordered Mrs. Norman to make a pot of mush. She immediately complied, and when it was ready the doctor made the boy gorge himself with mush and milk so as to press the broken rib out to its place. John McClintock, son of the widow McClintock, who lived in the neighbor- hood, was the first school-teacher, and taught the first school in an old cabin, that stood near the present residence of Henry Judy. In the fall of 1835, Mr. Skinner had a surplus of potatoes, but there were but two neighbors who needed to buy — Alexander Cruickshank and Z. Cleve- land. Cruickshank carried away two sacks full on horse-back, and Cleveland carried away what he needed, but Skinner did not want to receive any pay from either of them. But Mr. Cleveland felt in duty bound to pay for what he got, and insisted on paying for them. Skinner refused to accept money in pay- ment, and to compromise the matter, Cleveland came over one Sunday and made one hundred rails to square the account. GOING TO MILL UNDER DIFFICULTIES. In the winter of 1835-36, Mr. William Skinner, the first settler in Jefi'er- son Township, loaded ten or twelve bushels of corn on an ox-cart and started to the Fox River mill, near Waterloo, Clarke County, Mo. The weather was stinging cold, and the creeks and rivers were bridged over with ice. When he reached the Des Moines River, he tied old rags on his oxen's feet to keep them from slipping on the ice, and crossed over without mishap of any kind. He reached the mill, and when his turn came, his corn was ground into meal, and he commenced the return trip. In coming home, he took what was known in those days as the upper route, via the Big Mound. Night overtook him near the cabin of a man named Howard, a preacher, who had made a claim and built a cabin in the Big Mound neighborhood. Howard's cabin was about thirty feet square, but was neither '"chinked" nor "daubed." The cracks and crevices were all open, and not very inviting as a retreat from the cold, but " any port in time of a storm," thought Mr. Skinner. Howard had taken two yoke of oxen with him when he settled there, and feed running short, he killed them to keep them from starving to death ; and when Skinner reached the cabin he found the carcass of an ox hanging up at each corner of the building. He made application for the privilege of remaining in the cabin over night, but Howard declined to extend such , hospitality, a rare instance of mean- ness among the pioneers, and Mr. Skinner and his companion were forced to camp out. They built a brush fire in the snow in sight of the cabin and lay by it all night. In the morning, the journey for home was resumed and completed by nightfall. Mr. Skinner had a single silver ten-cent piece left when he reached the HoAvard cabin, which he exchanged for a rib from one of the bovine carcasses, before mentioned, but it was so tough it wouldn't cook, and it was thrown away. Even the wolves couldn't eat it. A PIONEER DOG. When Skinner came to Iowa, he brought a large Newfoundland dog with him, whose memory deserves to be preserved. His name was " Bull," and his trans- portation from Cincinnati to Fort Edwards cost Mr. Skinner just |4. He was a sensible fellow, fond of his master's family and watchful of their inter- ests ; good-natured, unless abused, but liable to resent an insult, as Henry D. Bartlett, still living at Keokuk, can testify by pointing to a scar on his leg 406 HISTORY OF LEK COUNTY. which was left there from a bite from Bull, when Henry informed him by a push that he must not rub his ^yet sides against a boy's Sunday clothes. The Indians were thoroughly afraid of Hull, for he would attack any of them who seemed inclined to lay hands on his masters goods, or to come into his cabin uninvited. lie was a favorite with the soldiers at Des Moines. when Mr. Skinner lived there, and knew the bugle-call to dinner and answered it just as promptly as the soldiers themselves, for they always shared their rations' with him. When his master moved to his claim on Sugar Creek, Bull was taken along, and for a long while was as contented and happy as need be. But there came a time when some of the officers of the fort went out to visit Mr. Skinner. Their presence seemed to revive old memories, and Bull followed them to Montrose. At last, the soldiers missed the sagacious old fellow, and it was sup- posed that, as he was sleek and fat, the Indians caui^ht him at a disadvantage and made a feast of him. DENMARK SETTLEMENT. RAIL-PEN HABITATIONS, ETC. The honor of pioi\eering the way to what is now Denmark Township be- longs to John M. Forrest, who settled on the land now included in the farm of Mr. A. Frazier, in Section 25, in 18oi>. Forrest was a Tennessean, a sur- veyor by education, and came to the Black Hawk Purchase with the intention of following that business. The climate, however, proved too severe for his feeble constitution, and he sold his claim, in 1887, and removed to Arkansas. John 0. Smith, the present Postmaster at the village of Denmark, was the second settler. Mr. Smith was born in North Carolina, but spent most of his boy- hood's days in Alabama, to which State his parents removed when he was quite young. In later yeai"s, he removed from Alabama to Hancock County, 111., and came from Illinois to the Denmark country in March, 1835, and located a claim about one and a half miles east of the present site of the village of Den- mark, in what is now Section 34. After cutting a set of cabin-logs, Mr. Smith returned to Illinois for his •family, and a team to draw the logs to the site he had selected for his cabin. An ox-team and wagon were procured, and loaded with what few household goods they had, and what he supposed would be corn enough to feed the oxen while he was hauling the cabin-logs. But they were delayed so long on the journey, the most of the delay being at the crossing of the Mississippi, that nearly all the corn was used up before they reached their claim, on the 1st of April, 1835. There was no feed to be had west of the Mississippi at that time, and Smith was compelled to send the team back to Illinois before the logs were hauled. His l^imily consisted of his wife and one child, and they must be provided with a shelter. So he went to work and made rails and built a pen, made clap- boards and closed ir for a dwelling-place. Quilts, coverlets, blankets and some pieces of carpet were hung around the pen as a protection against the elements. They lived in this pen six weeks before his cabin-logs were hauled, and the cabin raised and made habitable. Next to Forrest, Smith's nearest neighbors, at that time, were in what is now Washington Township, two and a half and three miles distant, where Joseph White, Samuel Ross and Benjamin Box had settled the year previous. White came there from Nauvoo. Boss was from Louisville, Kv., and, savs HISTORY OK IJ'IK (X)UNTY. 407 Mr. Smith, "was a man of fitio cHliicatioii, and too good a man to settle in so new a country." Honjamin Box was a brotlior to John Box, who had settled near Jonas Knapp's. Joshiui, Owens, the first Sheriff of Lee County, and Isaac iJrigstablisl\ the Judicial Pistriots of the Tovritoi'v. and for other purposes." Seotiou 1 of this aor piwid^\i that the ^vunties of Oi'inv- forvi and Iowa y^Wisoonsin^ shouhi constitute the Fii-st Judicial District : that , the counties of Dubuque and Des Moines should constitute the Sec^nid Judicial District, and tJiat the counties of Brown and Milwaukee (Wisconsin^ should constitute the Third Judicial District, Section i! assigned Charles Dunn. Chief Justice of tli« Supreme Court of the Territory of Wisconsin, to the Vii-st District : David Trviix. Associate Jus- tice of said Court, to the Second District, and William C. Frajier. Associate Justice, etc., to the Thil^l District. Act 1^0. 4. w;\s entitled *' An act to amend an act entitlevi an act to piwide for the appointment of Sherifts, and to detii\e their duties and powers." passeii hy the Legislative Council of the Territory of Michigan, on the -od day of April. l*S8o. which requiwd the bonds of s;\id ShcritV to bo apptwed by two Judges of the County or Ciivuit Court of the pivper Cvninty. was ivpealed. and so amended as to allow the bonds of the Sheriffs of the sevei-al counties to be appiwed by the Judge of the District Court of the proper county, or by any two Justices of the Peace of the same county, in the same manner as the said Judges of the County or Circuit Court might have done. Act number six. approved November IT. 1S8(>. authorised the Juvlges of the several judicial districts to appoint a clerk of each court of their ivspov'tive dis- tricts piwious to holding the tii"st term of each court, who should hold their oiWces until the first term of the t.\mrt for winch they should be appointe^l. ai\d until their successors were appointixl and qualifieii. The twenty-fii"^t act, appiwed December T. lSoi\ was entitled. '* An act dividing the v.\nmty of Des Moines into several new c\ninties."" Section 1 of this acf defined the boundaries of Lee County in the woixis following : Bf »J f«e.!<"?A? hi! tkf Cbv^fii aftd lly>vff o/ Rfprttfiiomy^ >>/ (k^ JV'-Wj.^r^ of" U"j.<\v •»,<•(•«. That the oouutrv inoUidod within th^ following limits, to wit: t^cginning .st the most southern outlet of Skunk Vviver. on the Mississippi : theno* in » northenx direction, passing thrvnigh the gr\>re on the hesvi of the Northern l^rsu^-h of Iavsi (.\v*k : and thence to !» point correspouvling with the rsnge line dividing R.snges Seren .-^nd Kight : .nud thence south with said line to the Pes Moines River ; thence down the middle of the satne to the Mississippi ; *nd thence up the Mississippi to the place of beginning, he. and the saute is hereby, set off into a separate ^^n^nty. by the name of l.ee.^ Sevnion 8 provided that the District Court should " be held at the town of Madison, in the vx>unty of Lee on the last Monday in NCarch and on the last Monday in August in each year ; in the town of Fannington. in the county of Van Buren, on the se».'ond Monday in April and the Second Monday in Sep- tember of each year." Cook County wi\s attacluxi to Mu^qmtint hr judicial purposes. Ssc. 11. This act to b« in fott^ tVotn sad after its passag"?. and until the end *f the ne^t annual session of the Legislative Assembly, and »\o longer. P. H. KNGLK, v!^*«iJt*r «>r" tit //oM«« *(f Rtprts^Mivfif. Hksky $. U.vtst>. ?V«Mn»ui of tit ChtitiiL .\pproved Decetuber 7. 1§S7. H. POIHUI The origitv of the name of Lee County is a subjt.vt of cot\ rroversy. Tit a letter to the editor of Amhth of .lotra. dateii October li\ IS(^S. Julius A. IuhhI says Dr. Galland told him that when Lee County was formed it was propv-vse^i to call it after him ; but he objecteii and pi\>posed it be cjvlled Lee, after liCe, of the New York Land Comjvany, and it w.as adoptevi. Othei-s claim it \»-as * Vau l?\iw«. rv« Mvvin5>s. Heiuy, Wuiss. ifw!^«».v.>; (.now SvVte xww cr«*t*d umaw tlio sAuit^ sot ITTSTOKY OK \,KK (^OUNTY. 416' named after (Ion. R. K. liC'(>, of (\)nfederate notoriety, who snrvovt'rsieana, Texas, and who was in the Confederate Army, luis written a letter since this work was commenced, in Avhich lie claims that the county was nanunl for hinu Tie says he was present at the Legishiture when tlie bill Avas passed under which the county was organized, and that tlie name was spelled /wvr in the original bill, and that the orthography was changed (accidentally) by the clerks in copying, etc. He suggested, in his letter on the subject, which was addressed to Judge Miller, of the United States Supren\e Hench, that measures be taken to restore the orthography. The claim of Gen. Lea, liowever, is disputed by such eminently well-informed gentliMnen as (leu. Oodge, Judge Johnstone and Hon. 1>. V. Miller, so that the question as lo iUc origin of the name is still unsettled. It is almost impossible to trace the boundary lines of Lee County as defined in the organic act. Old settlers say the '"■ Grove on the north branch of Lost Creek " must have been the one in the neigld)orhood where the corners of Den- nnirk, Washington, West Point and Pleasant Ridge Townships are joined. A continuation oi' the line in the same direction would strike the range line between Ranges 7 and 8 very nearly at the present northwest corner of the county, and from thence it W'Ont due south on the present west line of the county, to the Des Moines River. The act, however, w^as only to renniin in force until the end of the next annual session of the Legislative Assembly, and no longer. Act nundier sixty-seven of the Second Session of the Wisconsin Territorial Legislature re-established the boundary lines as follows : Beginning iit the main channel of the Mississippi Rivev, due east ft'om the entrance of Skunk Rivov into the same : thence up said river, to where the township line, dividing Townships Si\tv-oight and Sixty-nine, north, leaves said river ; thence with said \\m\ to the range line between IJanges Ko\ir and Kive. west ; thence north with said line to the towusliip line, between Townships Sixl.v-uiue and Seventy, north; thence west with said line, to the range line between Ranges Seven .and Kight west : thence south with said line, to the Oes Moines River ; thence down said river, to tl>e middle of the main cliannel of the Mississippi River; tlience up the same to the place of beginning. The same act established the seat of justice at Fort Madison, By this act all of what is now Denmark Township and a small portion of Green Btiy, were left attached to Des Moines County, and the wedge-shaped fractional township lying north of Skunk River and south of what is now Henry County, was made a part of Lee County. By an act passed at the first session of the Iowa Territorial Legislature, and approved January 23, 1839, the boundaries of Lee County, as they now exist, were established. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. BOUNr>ARIES. Lee County is situated in the southeast corner of the State, and occupies thiit portion of the territory lying immediately between the Mississippi and Des Moines Rivers, and is bounded on the east by the Mississippi, on the north by Skunk River and Henry County, on the west by Van Buren. County, and on the south by the Des Moines River. 416 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. It has an area of about five hundred square miles of surface, which is nearly equally divided between prairie and timber, and is well watered. In addition to the great water-courses, which nearly bound it on three sides, there are three principal creeks, with numerous small branches. Dc's Jloinr's ■Supar On't-Jc tinds its principal sources in Section ilT. Cedar Township, and Section T, Harrison Township. It Hows in a southeasterly . Marion Township. The principal western tributary rises in Section 13, Cedar Township, and unites with the main creek at the northeast corner of Section 11, Franklin Township. A smaller western tributary, called Painter Creek, rises in the southwest corner of Section "2, Charleston Township, flows southeast to the northern part of Sections 19 and 20. Jefferson Township, and there turns northeast and unites with the main channel in Section lt>, Jefferson Township. Below the mouth of Painter Creek, this stream is called Devil Creek, from the Indian name Che-wa-lis-ki Man-i-tou Se-po, which, being interpreted, means Evil Spirit River. Devil Creek joins the Mississippi at the southeast corner of Section 28, Jefferson Township. Sugar Creek comes from the sugar-maple trees that grow along its banks. A small, eastern tributary rises in Section SO, Pleasant Ridge Township. Hows southwest and unites with Sugar Creek, on Section 2, Franklin Township. A second one rises in Section 34. Pleasant Ridge Township, and joins Sugar Creek on Section 29, West Point Township. The only eastern tributary of Devil Creek is formed by two creeks that unite in Section 10, Jefferson Township, from whence they empty into Devil Creek at the southeastern corner of Section 15. Jefferson Township. The largest of these creeks rises in Section d, Washington Township. The smaller, or east- ern one, is formed by two branches that rise in Sections 17 and IS, Washing- ton Township, and unite in Section 10, in Jeffei'son Township. Frii't's Cvtrk is a small water-coui-se, only two or three miles in length. It rises at Summitville, on Section 38. in Montrose Township, aiul joins the Mississippi on Section 13, Jackson Township. Lemolit'iie or Sandmh/ Crct-k, at the mouth of which it is believed Marquette and Joliett landed from their canoes on the 21st day of June, 1678. and thence went across to the Des Moines River, rises in Section 27, Montrose Township, and joins the Mississippi on Section 1, Jackson Township. A small stream rises in Section 36. Charleston Township, and joins the Mississippi at the upper corner of the village of Montrose. French Creek rises in Section 20, Washington Township, Hows south and unites with the Mississippi River at the southwest corner of Fort Madison. Fenitrntian/ Creek rises in Section 14, Washington Township, tlows south and empties into the Mississippi at the upper end of Fort Madison. Lost Creek rises in the center of the southern part of Section 20, Pleasant Ridge Township, tlows southeast to the southeast quarter of Section 8, not far from JoUyville, Green Bay Township, where it was originally lost, by spread- ing all over the prairie, and hence its name. A few years ago, the township cut a channel, or ditch, and threw up an embankment on either side, from Section 8 to the upper end of Green Bay. by which a good deal of land was reclaimed and made susceptible of the highest stages of cultivation. In wet seasons, a HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 417 tremendous current flows down Lost Creek, which, in its mad fury, carries for- ward everything that comes in the course of its floods. The railroad has often suff'ered serious damage from the force of its current. Mud Creek, a tributary of Lost Creek, rises in Section 16, Washington Township, flows southeast and joins the main channel in Section 24 of the^ same township. Cedar CreeJc, a small water-course, rises just across the line in Van Buren County, flows east, through Sections 7 and 8, to the west part of Section 9 ; thence turns due north and leaves Lee County from the northeast corner of Section 4, and empties into Skunk River, in Henry County. The Des Moines River heads in Southwestern Minnesota. Origin of the name Des Moines. — In Nicollet's " Report of the Upper Mis- sissippi River," made to Congress February 16, 1841, and published in 1843, he gives the following account of the origin of the name of the Des Moines River : " The Des Moines is one of the most beautiful and important tributaries of the Mississippi, north of the Missouri ; and the metamorphosis which its name has undergone from its original appellation is curious enough to be recorded. " We are informed that Father Marquette and M. Joliett, during their voy- age in search of the Mississippi, having reached the distance of sixty leagues below the mouth of the Wisconsin, observed the footprints of men on the right side of the great river, which served as a guide to those two celebrated explorers to the discovery of an Indian trail, or path, leading to an extensive prairie, and which they determined to follow. Having proceeded about two leagues, they first saw one village on the bank of the river, and then two others upon the slope, half a league from the first. The travelers, having halted within hailing distance, were met by the Indians, who ofiered them their hospitalities, and represented themselves as belong to the Illinois nation. " The name which they gave their settlement was Moningouinas (or Moingona, as laid down in the ancient maps of the country), and is a cor- ruption of the Algonquin word, Mikouang, signifying at the road, by their customary elliptical manner of designating localities, alluding, in this instance, to the well-known road in this section of the country, which they used to follow as a communication between the head of the lower rapids and their settlement on the river which empties itself into the Mississippi, to avoid the rapids ; and this is still the practice of the present inhabitants of the country. " Now, after the French had established themselves on the Mississippi, they adopted this name ; but with their custom (to this day also that of the Creoles) of only pronouncing the first syllable, and applying it to the river as well as to the Indians who dwelt upon it — so they would say, ' la riviere des Moines ' {the 7'iver of the Moines) : ' allez chez les Moines ' (to go to the Moines people). But, in latter times, the inhabitants associated this name with that of the Trap- pist Monks {Moines de la Trappe), who resided with the Indians of the Ameri- can Bottom. " It was then concluded that the true reading of the riviere des Moines was the ^riviere des Moines,' or river of Monks, by which name it is designated on all the modern maps. The Sioux, or Ndakotah Indians, call the Des Moines Inyan-sha-sha-Wdtpa, or Redstone River, from inyan, stone ; sha-sha, redupli- cation of sha, red; and tvatpa, river. They call the upper east fork Inyan- sha-sha-watpa-sunkaku, the Brother of the Redstone River." 418 • HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. Skunk River lieads in Hamilton County, Iowa, and tlows through Storj^ Polk. Jasper, Marion, Mahaska, Keokuk, AVashington, touches Jefferson, then through Henry, and divides Lee and Des jNIoines. On'ijin of the name. — The name comes from the Sao and Fox Indian word, Che-qua-que, which means skunk. The adoption of the English translation, sku)il\ does not evince any great poetical taste, but the pride of the dwellers along its course is somewhat gratified when they call to mind the tact that the great conuuercial emporium of the West derives its name from no better source. Chi-ca-go and C7ie-qua-que are slightly different pronunciations of an Indian word that means the same thing — skunk or bad-snielUng. Surface and Soil. — The prairie lands in Lee County have a rolling or undu- lating surface, and are covered by a rich, black loamy soil from one to four feet in depth, that is unsurpassed in fertility by any territory of equal extent in the State. Timber. — The timber on the upland consists of black, white and red oak, linden, hickory and cherry. Black and white walnut, ash, hackberry, buck- eye, sugar and white maple, cottonwood, sycamore, honey locust and elm. are- found in the bottoms. The sugar maple was utilized by the Indians. When the sugar-making season came, some of them, at least, erected camps in the maple forests, tapped the trees, caught the sap and made sugar. When William Skinner tirst moved out on Sugar Creek in December, 1884. he lived in Black Hawks sugar-making camp until he built his cabin. GEOLOGY. [Fnim the Official Report of Jaiues Hall, 1S6S.1 The following section exhibits the different geological formations exposed in Lee County, with their true stratigraphical position ; and are noted in the order in which they occur, beginning with the upper : Alluvium. Drift or bowlder formation .5CM85 feet. Coal-measures \ -^o feet Shale and sandstone with ooal seam I Couoretionarv limestone 40 feet. I Arenaceous limestone 40 feet. \ Marly clays and impure limestones with Fenestella (Archimedes) 20 feet. Magnesian limestone 12 feet. Geode bed 45 feet. Keokuk limestone 25 feet. Cherty limestone 40 feet. Burlington orinoidal limestone 80 feet. Chemung gritstones and Oolitic limestone 20 feet. The term alhivium is made to include those deposits that have been formed' since the present order of things, and which do not contain the remains of extinct species of animals or plants in a fossil state. This includes the soil and subsoil of the uplands, and the deposits along the creeks and rivers termed "bottoms," and consequently forms the surface everywhere except where it may have been removed by the action of water. Nearly the whole of Green Bay Township, in the northeast corner of the county, is composed of alluvial bottom lands, and is by far the most valuable deposit of this kind in the county. This bottom was once subject to overflow at periods of high water; but by a judicious system of leveling, it is now secured from inundation, except in seasons of extraordinary Hood ; and in point of fertility, it is hardly excelled by the far- ftimed bottom lands of the Miami. HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 419 There are no lands in Lee County, or, perhaps, in the State of Iowa, capa- ble of producing as great an amount of human food to the acre as those of the Green Bay bottoms. The inhabitants were formerly subject to periodical attacks of chill and fever ; but, since the surface has been generally brought under €ultivation, and swampy portions cleared out and properly drained, they have enjoyed as good health generally as those living on the high lands adjacent. Between Fort Madison and Montrose, there is a belt of what may be termed high bottoms, or terrace lands, from three to four miles in width, which seem to belong to an older period than those just described, and consisting of beds of sand and gravel, the surface of which is from twenty to thirty feet above the present high-water level of the river, and yet bear strong marks of having been deposited by river-floods when the bed of the Mississippi was at a considera- bly higher level than it occupies at present. As an evidence that the river along the rapids once occupied a much higher level, we have the fact that a band of Unmies (river mussels) extends on both sides of the river, at an eleva- tion of from fifteen to twenty feet above the present high-water mark, nearly the whole distance from Nauvoo to Keokuk. Just below the Mansion House in Nauvoo, this mussel band is twenty-five feet, by measurement, above the ordinary water-level of the river. This band consists of water-worn shells, of the same species with those now living in the river, in many places from twelve to eighteen inches thick ; the shells worn perfectly white, and having the appearance of a white belt drawn along either shore. I know of no way to account for this shell band along the rapids, except in the supposition that it marks what was once the loAv-water level of the Mississippi River. Some of the ridges on this high bottom are covered with sand, and destitute of soil ; but the greater portion is well adapted to the growth of corn, from the great amount of siliceous material contained in the soil. DRIFT OR BOWLDER FORMATION. This deposit covers all the high lands in the county, and varies in thick- ness from fifty to one hundred and eighty-five feet. It is mostly composed of clay and gravel, with occasional beds of sand, and is deposited without much regularit}^ of stratification, and contains many Avorn and rounded masses of granite, gneiss, porphyry, hornblende and other primary rocks, together with limestone, sandstone, bits of coal and slate, all of which have been transported from points more or less remote from their present locality. Fragments of galena and native copper have also been found in it ; but this should not be regarded as an indication of the existence of any workable bed of these minerals in the vicinity, as it only proves that a portion of the materials composing the drift has been transported from a region where these minerals abounded. The only materials of economical value to be obtained from the Drift deposits, are sand and clays. Sand of an excellent quality, suitable for molder's use and cement, may be obtained in the river-blufts in abundance, and occasionally beds of clay, sufiiciently pure for potters' use, may be pro- cured from this formation. The best wells of water are to be obtained by sinking to the subterranean streams that percolate through the sandy strata of this deposit. Usually, on the prairies, good water may be reached from twenty to forty feet below the surface. In the bluffs immediately above Fort Madison, this deposit attains its maximum thickness of 185 feet above the river level. The lower portion consists of a compact blue clay, containing a few pebbles. This passes into a marly, ash-colored clay, which is overlaid by irregular beds of sand, and these by beds of yellowish clay with bowlders. These bluffs occupy 420 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. what seems to have been an ancient basin excavated in the limestone at a period antecedent to the Drift formation, and by causes which ceased to operate before the commencement of the Drift period. The limestones, which, on the east side of the river, form high bluffs extending to the river-bank, are entirely absent on the west, and their place is now occupied by the substitution of Drift material. The valley thus scooped out of the solid rocks extends from Montrose to the mouth of Skunk River, and is from six to eight miles in width. The eastern portion of this ancient basin, except the bluffs on the river above Fort Madison, is now covered by the alluvial deposits before men- tioned, while the western part is occupied by deposits of Drift material from one hundred to one hundred and eighty-five feet in thickness. That this val- ley was formed by ancient currents previous to the Drift period is proved by the tact that a considerable portion of it is now occupied by deposits of that age, and which must have been formed after those currents ceased to act. Fossils. — The only fossils obtained from the Drift formation of this region are a few shark's teeth and a fragment of siliceous wood, which probably belong to a period somewhat older than the Drift, and have been transported from some Tertiary oi- Cretaceous deposit over which the Drift has passed. COAL-MEASURES. The rocks belonging to this' formation, occurring in this county, consist usually of a quartzose sandstone at the base, on which rests a thin seam of coal with its underclay : the coal is almost invariably overlaid by black slate, and the whole covered with a bed of gray shale. The following section shows the order of superposition of these strata : Gray Shale, sometimes ferruginous. Black Slate. Coal. Under clay. Quartzose Sandstone. These beds always rest upon the concretionary limestone, which, in this region, forms the upper member of the Mountain limestone series. All deposits of the coal-bearing period, which occur in this county, are found in detached patches or outliers from the main coal-basin, and are of limited extent, seldom occupying more than two or three square miles of surface ; while the coal-seam is too thin to be profitably wrought, and the coal itself of an inferior quality. The most promising of these coal-deposits yet found in Lee County is on Sec- tion 16, in Pleasant Ridge Township, on the lands of Mr. Norris. The coal here is said by the workmen to be from twenty-four to thirty-four inches thick : but, at the time of my visit to the locality, it could not be examined satisfactorily, as the old diggings were full of water, and in the new they had not yet reached the coal. It is not probable,, however, that anything like a supply of coal can be obtained in this vicinity, except for the use of the neighborhood immediately around it. Coal has also been obtained a half-mile west of Tuscarora, in Marion Town- ship, and west and southwest of West Point, and within a mile and a half or two miles of the town; but neither the quantity nor quality of the coal justifies the working of the seam at these points. In the bluffs on the Nassau slough, two miles below Keokuk, an outlier of the same kind occurs ; but the coal is only a few inches in thickness, and valueless for economical purposes. The upper layer of the bluffs, for a mile below the town of Nashville, consists of the quartzose sandstone, which forms the base of the coal-measures, and is here HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 421 from fifteen to twenty feet in thickness. No coal, however, is at present known to occur in this neighborhood. It is probable, this sandstone was once connected with the outliers of coal which exist on the opposite side of the river, in Hancock County, 111. It appears to withstand the action of frost very well, the rock in the bluff present- ing sharp angles, where it has long been exposed, and its massive character renders it well adapted to purposes of heavy masonry. CONCRETIONARY LIMESTONE. This member of the Mountain limestone series forms the surface rock, when the superficial material is removed, hence, in economical values, becomes one of the most important limestone deposits. It forms the upper portion of the bluffs, from Croton, on the Des Moines, to Montrose, on the Mississippi, and, in the southeastern part of the county, is an irregularly bedded, brecciated and con- cretionary limestone, of a steel or bluish gray color, passing upward into a reg- ularly-bedded, nearly white, compact limestone at the top. It is by far the purest limestone in the county, and hence forms the best resource for the burn- ing of quicklime. Its concretionary character in this paitt of the county renders it of little value as a building material ; but in its more northerly and western extensions, it becomes more regularly bedded in strata from two to twelve inches in thickness, and is extensively used in the interior and northwestern portions of the county for building purposes. In Franklin, Marion, West Point and Pleasant Ridge Townships, this rock may be obtained in great abundance, on North Sugar Creek and the small tributaries of Skunk River ; and in Charles- ton and Des Moines Townships, it is found on the South or Sugar Creek of the Des Moines. In the bluffs of the Des Moines, at the town of Croton, the bed exhibits both its most characteristic features : the lower portion, from fifteen to twenty feet in thickness, is concretionary and brecciated, with irregular seams of green, marly clay ; while above, it becomes a regularly bedded light-gray limestone, in strata from six to twenty inches in thickness, the upper layers having an oolitic structure. The material for the construction of the lock at this point was obtained from the upper part of this bed and the sandstone above it. The changes in the lithological characters of this bed, which form one of its most striking peculiarities, probably led Dr. Owen into the erroneous supposition that there were two distinct beds of concretionary limestone, which he has repre- sented in his general section, with a bed of sandstone between. Fossils. — The only fossil obtained from this bed in this county, and the one which may be regarded as most characteristic of it everywhere, is the coral known as Lithostrotion Canadense of Castelnau, or Litliostrotion basaltiforme of Owen, which weathers out from it almost everywhere, and is found in detached masses in the beds of streams where this rock is exposed. From Southern Iowa to Northern Alabama, this fossil forms a well-marked and reliable horizon for the determination of the position of geological strata, making its appearance wherever rocks of this age are to be found. These corals are always siliceous, and weather out from the limestones in so perfect a state of preserva- tion that those unacquainted with the subject can scarcely believe that they were ever imbedded in the solid limestone strata. WARSAW ARCHIMEDES LIMESTONE. This deposit is not very extensively developed in Iowa ; disappearing in a northerly and westerly direction shortly after leaving the mouth of the Des Moines River, either by wedging out, or by merging in the concretionary bed 422 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. above. On the east side of the Mississippi, it is a well-marked member of the group, and retains its lithological character for at least one hundred miles, or to near the mouth of the Illinois River. In the bluffs of the Mississippi, just above the mouth of the Des Moines, this bed may be seen in place. The upper portion consists of a massive arenaceous limestone from ten to twelve feet in thickness, underlaid by blue marly clays with irregular bands of impure lime- stone ; and forming a durable material for heavy masonry, in some cases attain- ing a thickness of from two to three feet. Fossils. — The most characteristic fossils of this formation are the screw-shaped coral FenesteUa [Aj-chimedes) wortheni, Pentremites conoidens, Orthis duhia, Rhynchonella subcimeata, Oapulus acutirostris, together with many species of Crinoidea, Bryozoa, etc., yet undescribed. MAG-NESIAN LIMESTONE. Immediately below the beds last mentioned, we find a deposit of brownish- gray magnesian limestome, sometimes inclining to a yellowish color, usually deposited in massive strata from one to three feet in thickness. Although this bed seldom exceeds ten or twelve feet in thickness, it has afforded a large amount of material for heavy masonary. It has been used in the construction of the locks, at several points, on the Des Moines, and is admirably adapted to works of that kind, where strength and durability are mainly required. When first taken from the quarry, it is soft enough to be cut with facility, but hardens on exposure and becomes exceedingly durable. This rock may be quarried almost anywhere in the bluffs of the Des Moines below Croton, as well as along the Mississippi from Keokuk to Montrose. Above this point, it was not seen pre- senting its usual characters ; and at Judy's mill, on Sugar Creek, the most northerly point where it was observed, it was represented by about four or five feet of broAvn, shelly limestone. It is probable that it thins out entirely at some point not much north of Skunk River. Fossils. — The most conspicuous fossils belonging to this bed are a large Oonularia, a Lingula, and the palate-bones of fishes ; all of which are at the present time undescribed. ^ GEODE BED. Below the magnesian limestone, we find a deposit of marly clays and argil- laceous limestones, filled with spherical masses of siliceous material termed geodes ; many of which are hollow, and, on being broken, present many mag- nificent crystals of quartz, calc spar, dolomite, zinc blende and iron pyrites, as well as mammillary and botryoid forms of chalcedony. This bed affords noth- ing of economical value, and contains no fossils, except where there is an inter- calation of thin bands of limestone. KEOKUK LIMESTONE. The beds of rock to which this name has been given consist of regularly- stratified bluish-gray limestones, in strata from four inches to two feet in thickness, with seams of chert and blue, marly clay between. This has been extensively quarried in the vicinity of Keokuk, and used for building purposes, to which it is well adapted. One stratum, near the base of the quarries, is a semi-crystal- line light-gray crinoidal limestone, usually quite free from chert ; being sus- ceptible of a fine polish, it is well adapted for cutting, and is generally used for caps and sills. A mill was erected, some two years since, at the lower end of the city, for the purpose of sawing this rock into the various forms required ; but the siliceous character of the imbedded fossils, even when the rock itself HISTORY OF l.I']E (H)UNTV. 425 uppcars free from chort, renders it, imsiiit,al)lo for (;Ii;i,(; jiiirposo, and the under- takiniv waH soon abaiidonod. This IxmI of i-ocks forms tlio base of tlie blufla from the mouth of thi^ Des Moines to Montrose;, ami is also exposed on Lost Creek, one mile and a half soul heasr of Denmark, wiicre extensive; (juarries have been o})eneYere next invited. Thomas Morrison and Amos Ladd contracted to do the brick and stone work, and Isaac K. Ladd to do the wood work. At a special meeting of the Board held on the tii-st day of June, 1S41. the following order was entered of record : Ordered by this tniani. That the square coiiuuouly known and denominated the upper public square iu the town of Fort Madison be, and the saitte is hereby, selected and deolawd by us the public square for the location or erection of the Court House and .Tail for Lee County, which ar« now about to be erected in said county; and it is further ordered that the said buildings shall be ei'ected as near the southwest corner of the public square as may be practicable. The site here named is the upper public park, in which the old settlei-s hold their annual re-unions. At the rei::ular Julv meetinij of the Board, the following order was made : Ordered by the Board. That the Court House and .Tail for Lee County, commonly called public buildings, which .ire now to be erected by Thoiitas Morrison and Isaac R. Atlee. undei-- takei-s or conti-actors. shall be erected on or built on Lots No. Five HimdredandThii-ty-four i^-i;?4) and Five Hundred and Thirty-tive (^ooo\ situated in the town of Fort Madison, as will appear by reference to the plat of said town ; and it is farther ordered by the Board, that the order made by this Bo-ard at their special session on the tix'st day of June last past, selecting the upper public square for the location oY the Court House and Jail be, and the same is hereby, rescinded. The basement walls were of stone, and the upper walls of brick. Since the present jail was built, in 1865-67, the old cells have been used for storage pur- poses. Many of the old papers, poll-books, etc.. of the county were stored away there to rot with damp, or become nests and hiding-places for rats and mice. The buildings cost about §1:^,000, and were completed in the summer and fall of 184*2. On the r>d of September of that year, the Comtuissionei'S •• ordered that the following disposition be made of the othces in the Court House, fitted up for the use of the county officers, to wit : The southeast room for the use of the County Commissionei"s and the Clerk of the Board ; the southwest room for the Clerk of the District Court ; and the middle room, on the east side, for the itse of the Sherifl:' of the county." Thus fiir. Fort Madison interests were triumphant ; but the victory was not permanent. ^ WEST POINT. While the public buildings were in course of erection, the people of West Point and Franklin formed a combination against Fort Madison, and petitioned the next Legislature to re-open the county-seat question. The people of Fort Madison met the petitions with an address, prepared by the Mayor and Alder- men, in which they reviewed the history of the controversy from the beginning, and the circumstances and conditions under which the county seat had been located and the public buildings erected at Fort Madison, as already quoted. But this address was without effect, and the Legislature passed an act entitled "An act to relocate the county seat of Lee County," which was approved on the loth day of January. 1848. This act appointed Thomas 0. Wamsley, of Henry County. L N. Selby, of Van Buren County, and Stephen Gearhart. of Des Moines County, to visit Lee County, make an examination of the situation and surroundings, and locate the county seat at such place as to them might seem best, takino; into consideration the future as well as the [then] present HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 447 population. In pursuance of the requirements of this act, the Commissioners met at the town of Franklin on the second Monday in March, 1843, and, after being duly sworn, proceeded to the discharge of their duties. The following is a copy of their report : Iowa Territort/, Lee County, sn. : The mulersigned Coiuinissioners, appointed by an act. of the Legislative Assembly of said Territory, entitled "An act to relocate the county seat of Lee County," approved iJUh .lanuary, A. D. 1848, make the following report: We met, as directed in said act, at the town of Fratiklin on the second Monday of March, instant, and, after having been sworn, as provided for in said act, by .John Urown, Esq., a Notary Public in and for said county, we proceeded to examine the several points in said county proposed as eligible sites for tlie county seat of said county, and also to examine the face of the country generally, as to its population and the capability' of the several portions of the county to sustain a dense population, etc., and we have concluded to and do hereby select the east half of the southeast quarter of Section 6, Town 1)8 north, of llange 5 west, being the tract on which West Point is located, as the county seat of said county ; and we further place in the ofiice of the Clerk of the Board of Commis- sioners of said county the annexed papers, marked "A," as a writing executed by the obligors therein named for the use of the county seat at the said point above named. Witness our hands and seals this 20th day of March, A. D. 184;?. [Signed] Thomas 0. Wamsley. [seal.] L N. Srlby. [seal.] Stephen Gearhart. [seal.] "A." Know all men by these presents, that we, the undersigned citizens of Lee County and West Point, and Iowa Territory, are tirmly bound, individually anil collectively, together with, our heirs and assigns, to the Board of County Commissioners of said county, for the full payment of fourteen thousand dollars, well and truly to be paid. Dated this 17th day of March, 1843. The condition of the above obligations are such that if the undersigned shall build a Court to be built (on some part of the public square) in the town of West Point, a Court House for the use of the county, forty-five by iifty feet, the foundation to be of stone, range work in fi'ontdoor, window caps and sills to be of stone, the walls of brick, two stories high, of sufficient thickness, with a suitable number of doors and windows, a good and sufficient self-supported roof, the division walls and the whole of the inside work to be superintended by the Board of County Commissioners, and the building to be finished, in a neat and workmanlike style, by the 1st of September, 1844, in consideration of the Conuuissioners locating the county seat of Lee at West Point, etc., then this obligation to be void, otherwise to remain in full force and virtue. Given under our hands and seals the day and year above written. This document was "signed" and "sealed" by the following-named cit- izens of West Point and vicinity : W. Stewart, William Steel, A. H. Walker, Freeman Knowles, T. T. Botts, C. J. Price, Aaron Conkey, David Walker, J. A. Casey, John M. Fulton, William Stotts, R. P. Creel, P. H. Babcock, A. J. Steffey and William Patterson. These papers were entered of record at a special meeting of the Board of County Commissioners, held on the 28th day of March, 1843, and maybe found on pp. 211, 212 and 213, in book 2 of the official proceedings of the Board. On the same day, the Board " ordered that the District Courts for Lee County, from and after the 1st day of April next (1843) shall be held at the town of West Point," etc. An editorial in the Lee County Democrat^ R. W. Albright, editor, comment- ing on the action of the Locating Commissioners, under date of March 25, remarked : " For the information of our readers, we will state that according to previous arrangements entered into by the people of the contending points and the citizens of this place (Fort Madison), it was mutually agreed upon that the county seat should remain here for one year after a site had been selected by the Commissioners, and that the Court House, which has just been finished at two-thirds of the expense to the citizens of Fort Madison, should (if any other point be selected by them) be sold at public auction to the highest bidder, and that two-thirds of the purchase-money should be refunded back to the citizens for the use of the town, and the remaining third be deposited with the County Treasurer." 448 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. The West Point people kept their faith and built the Court House according to contract, although the undertaking proved a heavy drain upon the pockets of the liberal, enterprising citizens, and resulted disastrously to the financial condition of a few of them. The regular April (1843) meeting of the Board of County Commissioners was held at Fort Madison. Temporary accommodations were secured at West Point for the use of the county officers, while the Court House was building, and the regular July meeting of the Board was held at that place. At that meeting, John A. Drake was appointed to take care of the Fort Mad- ison Court House, with instructions to lease the court-room for the use of relig- ious meetings — the room to be let to the highest bidder. The other rooms were authorized to be let by private contract, for the use of offices, etc. At a special meeting in August, 1845, it was " ordered that the Clerk issue a rule on John A. Drake * * * * Agent, to rent the Court House in Fort Madison, to individuals, to report to said Board the situation of the same, and pay over any balances that may be in his hands at their next regular session in the month of October next." If Drake answered to the rule thus issued, the Clerk failed to enter his report, and there are no words to show the "situation" of the Court House, nor figures to show the amount of rental received or the "balances" on hand. The removal of the county seat to West Point did not settle the "vexed question." Defeated, but not conquered, the Fort Madison people " watched and waited " for their opportunity. And West Point's glory was short-lived. A SCHEME TO DIVIDE THE COUNTY. During the summer and fall of 1843, a plan was devised for a division of Lee County, and the formation of a new county, to be called Madison. An act entitled " An act for the formation of the County of Madison," was passed at the ensuing session of the Legislature and approved February 15, 1844, by which the question of division was submitted to the qualified voters of Lee County at the April election, 1844. It was provided that the Judges of Election in the difierent townships should open a poll in each township "For Division," or " No Division," and that the voters should write on their tickets "Division " or "No Division." That the Judges of Election should make return of said tickets, together with the result of the votes of each township, sealed up, within five days after said election, to the Clerk of the Board of County Commissioners for Lee County ; and that on the sixth day after the election, the Clerk, in the presence of two Justices of the Peace for said county, should open and canvass the returns, * * * * ^nd if it should appear that a majority of the votes cast were in favor of the division, then the act to be in full force and Madison County to be considered as fully created and established ; otherwise the act to be void and of no efi"ect. At the same time, the question of calling a Convention to frame a State Con- stitution was submitted. One thousand, three hundred and forty -two votes were cast in favor of the Convention, and three hundred and fifty-three votes were cast against the Convention, making the total number of votes polled for and against the convention, 1,695. The following number of votes were cast for and against "Division" : Against division 952 For division 713 Total 1,665 The scheme was defeated by a majority of 239 votes. HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 449 ANOTHER COUNTY-SEAT CONTEST — FORT MADISON VICTORIOUS. The people had become so used to a distracted condition of county affairs by this time that they couldn't rest content unless the wagons on which the county' records had been hauled from Fort Madison to West Point were again put in motion to haul them some place else, and the Legislature, which was then in ses- sion, was petitioned for the passage of an act under which the qualified loceters might be permitted to vote on the question of relocation. In answer to this petition, an act entitled " An act to relocate the seat of Justice of Lee County," was approved June 10, 1845, by which the question was referred to the people at an election authorized to be held on the first Monday in August. Section 2 provided that the point receiving a majority of all the votes cast should be declared the seat of justice. Section 3 provided that if no point received a majority of all the votes cast at the August election, then a second election should be held on the first Monday in September, at which second election only the three places receiving the highest number of votes should be voted for. Section 4 provided that if there should be no choice at the second election, then a third election should be held on the first Monday in October, when only the two places receiving the highest number of votes should be voted for, etc. At the August election. Fort Madison, West Point, Franklin, Keokuk,. Montrose and Charleston were " candidates." The result was as follows : Fort Madison 664 West Point _,^ 308 Franklin 326 Keokuk 208 Montrose 287 Charleston 41 Total 1^834 There was no choice. Fort Madison, West Point and Franklin received the highest number of votes, and were entitled to be voted for at the next election, on the first Monday in September. At this election, the result was as fol- lows : TOWNSHIPS. Fort Madisou. West Point. Franklin. Total Tp.Voto. Green Bay 51 52 53 479 15 34 18 6 5 17 142 2 51 Denmark 13 2 65 Washington 65 Madison 5 484 Pleasant Ridge 17 258 32 West Point 19 6 2 78 91 8 2 49 27 35 56 311 JeflFerson 24 Marion 17 1 7 36 17 3 7 7 150 '"•n Franklin 84 Charleston 115 Montrose 186 Cedar 21 Harrison 52 Van Buren 31 '" 16 48 65 58 Des Moines Jackson 254 Total 969 535 378 1,882 Majority for Fort Madison 450 HlJ^^RY OF LRK WFNTW Tht> ptH>p.U> of Fort Mavii^on w^n^ h»pj>\\ awd th«» ivgukv Ootv^bor wtHHinj? of tht> "Rvvvni of Oo\u\tv Ooiunus^iiiionor?*— -J^vf^o iV^ftxH^ »1oh\\ l^rvsiivMv ana ThiHUA;?' J . Ohiuv^with — wa^js hoKi iw tlioir vxld v^uiwtoi"* iu tho Wrt Madisou Oourt Hott*t\ On tht> Sd of M«»¥oh^ 185'$x » jv^tition, sixgnoii bv S^S^iJ^ W§»1 vott^x';*, >>a^ ^M>\<«tn\covi to .'wvii^v BoyUv^, ai^kinsi: fov an eUvtion aj^ botwtvu Kort Mjuiij^ou auvi Oh!»rlo$K>u. In Answer u> tho pntvov vvf tUo potvtiou, »huigx> Hv\yUv» oiNienni v^w 4>loi>tio« xnl toUowinjj, but tbwv i$ no wport of tbt» n^^nlt of th»t t^lcK^tion v>n i\H\>x>i S\nvH> ihon. tbo i^uoi^tion ba* boon »llowo?ist, Tbo Wo^t Point Oonvt Hou^o pta^txl into tbo [xvis^os^j^ion of tbo ^jobovvl dis^tHot, wxcl i$ now ussod «* » pwblio ^oboolhou^^o. 1\y a j^povnal :Kn v\t' tbo T.04ji^l!*tvuv of 1S4T, a oonvt with vvnouvivut juri^ dietion ws^i <\!sti*b\i^btHl at Ktv\uk. Tho ivwoi*!^ of tbo two oouvt* aiv «$ foU low*: Tarti^N^ Uiigaiu mav *uo at oitbov oovirt \Fov( Madv.^on or Ki\>kuk\ and Jnvlgmont:;* wndovwi in ofto di$triot aw ako a lion in thooibor, oi\ in otbor wo\>l$» "gvHxl all OYor tbo ooiintvi** bnt orirainal oaso^ tbat ari$o in oitbor ObarUv^ton^ Van Bnwn. Doiji Moinois^ Montnvj^o and »laok$on Town^bip*. aw tviabU^ at K^v kuk onlv : wbib"* tbo^o avi^vnj* in anv v>f tbo otbor town^hi^vi aw vnilv triablo at Fort Madi^v>n, All tbo land j^ontb v^f tbo Ualf-Btwd lino, oxv^opt tbo t\»!!^t balf «.vf ♦lotVor-^vvn Town^uiK i$ iwvnbsl at Kovvknk : tbo wnxaindor of tbo vvnntv at Fort Madison, *lbo ditfownt vvuntv otUvvx-* aw ww\\^ontiU*atojuri«;\- priation vvt* §:^,000 tivrn tbo vvuuty tw^aj^urv. In Ootv^bor, lSt^t>, tbo qviostion of appwpriatiix^^ 1$T>000 to tbo oomplotion of tbo Jaib a* it now §t«nd§» w*Si $ttbn\ittod to tbo j>oojvU\ and oarrior ^vWv> voto* ^^r tbo apivro- i\riat.i<.xn to iHl votx>ij^ a^ns^t tbo appi\>priatio«. It w;*;^ fullv o\Yn\^>lott\i in Tbo ovnmtv buildin^it$ at Kov^kuk wow vvriginallv oroottxi »bout lS^i'$> by Br, Jobu F. ^antvn\l lor a modioal ov>llogt\ and bv wbon\ tboy woro sv^ld to tb* ivuntv fvn- ^ It. 000, FINANOIAI. K\UUU1\ >Jv>twitb$tandii\g tbo law ovijanisinj* al^v\>r\l of County Ovxmnxi^isiiionoj^ for oaob vwinty, \\\\uvrt\i {bo«\ to pubUsli an annual i^tatomont v>t' tbo tiuanoial convlition vvf tboir wxfspov^tivo oinmtiocs, tbo Cvnuiuis;5donor* of Lot> Oouujy faiUnl to ov>m}>ly witb tbat mrt of tbo law f>r :^n*o\-^l yoax^, Tbo f\r$t tiuanoial oxbibit wa* publisbixi January. 1842, wbon Joti^> O'^oib Matbow Kil^>ro IIiaTOIlY nV \A']K COUNTY. 451 and JoliiiHon Mook were tlio OominissionorH. Tlio rocoiptH and (expenditures IVom IS87 to tll(^ clone of 1840, wore ii^;j;ro^atod as I'oIIowh: 'I'oliil HHwipiM ill IHa? I (i-1() 07 ToUl i-tHnnplH ill IHItH 1,;CJH 50 Tolal roooiplH ill IH.'M) 'J,H75 50 Tiiliil io(i(M|.iH ill IHIO , 8,441 15 L_ $8,285 22 Tolal oxinMidiliiroM in IHM? | 52:! 85 Toliil (lxl.oll(li(lll•(^^ ill 1H;I8 2, ()'.»!! !(2 Tolal o.\|.ori.lilui<^H in IHMl) ],'.)44 00 Tolal oxi.oiKlil.uroH in IHIO !J,4H5 t)7 — — |H,()4i; (14 l'l.\ From liiioH 100 50 From oMlrays Hi 80 Total 118,17'.! 81 lOXIMONDlTlJIlKH. Paid ( lounl.y (lommiHHioiiorn for HorvlooH f IliH 00 Paid John II. I,iium, Clork (loiiiily (iomniiHHionorH' doiirl 521) 74 Paid llavvkiiiH Taylor for miiidry HerviooH an Hliorill' 8il2 51 Paid O. S. X. I'tKik lor Hiindry sorvioos 848 07 Paid It. VV. (lillook 885 30 Paid VV. (I. SltiiT Tor HorviooH aH ProHOOiilin^r AUornoy in 1840 200 00 Paid II. T. it.oid for MorvidOH as ProHtHiiiUiifi; Alioriioy 225 00 Paid .laiiioH L. FhIi^h, McirviooM aH AsMOHHor 275 00 Koom ront for Dinlricil, ;0H and (Uorks of Mlootiona 81fi 10 Paid JiiroiH and wHiiohhoh 778 52 Paid CoiiiiiiiMHioiiorH for viowing and laying-out roads 048 00 Paiil .liiHlioos, ('oiiHlabh^H, olo., oohIh in II. S. oiiMos 4(15 19 Paid .lolin II. liiim.i moiioy advaiKiod and HorviooH rondorod in 1840 422 59 Paid Ladd, Atloo and oIluiiH for work on Court lloiiHO 6,000 00 Paid T(Mritoriiil TroiiHiiriir ." 881 94 Paid County Troanuror for HorviooH aiul nlationory 896 88 MisooUanoouH 40(1 08 Total 112,800 82 RlCOAl'lTlIl.ATION. Hoooipts |21,4(i4 58 Expenditures 20,912 90 FxooHS of roooiplH ovor oxponditiiros S 552 57 ORGANIZATION OF 'roWNSHIPS. At the regular Ja,nuary meeting, 1841, the County Commissionors ordered that the county ot" Lee be conntituted and eatablished into towushi{)a to carry into eHect the act (Mititlcd "■an act to [irovidi^ lor the organization of town- 452 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. ships." Under this order, the following townships and township boundaries were established : GREEN BAY. Fractional Township 68 north, Ranges 2 and 3 west, and all that portion of fractional Township 69 north, Range 4 west, east of the north and south line dividing Sections 33 and 34. The first meeting of the electors was directed to be held at the house of Wesley Hughes. DENMARK, Fractional Township 69 north, Range 4 west, west of the north and south line dividing Sections 33 and 34, and fractional Township 69 north, Range 6 west. The place for the first meeting of the electors to be at the house of L. L. Thurston.;; WASHINGTON. Township 68 north. Range 4 west, and fractional Township 67 north, Range 4 west. The first meeting of the electors to be at the schoolhouse on the six- teenth section. WEST POINT. All of Congressional Township 68 north. Range 5 west. The place of the first meeting to be at the village of West Point. FRANKLIN. Townships 68 and 69 north. Range 6 west. Franklin was designated as the place for holding the first town meeting. HARRISON. Townships 68 and 69 north, Range 7 west. The first meeting of the electors was ordered to be held at the house of Jesse Johnson. VAN BUREN. Fractional Township 67 north, Range 7 west, the west half of Township 67 north. Range 6 west, and fractional Township 66 north, Range 7 west. The first meeting was ordered to be held at the house of Abraham Hinkle. JEFFERSON. Fractional Township 67 north, Range 5 west ; also the east half of Town- ship 67 north, Range 6 west. The house of Cyrus Peck was designated as the place of the first meeting. ^ ° AMBROSIA. Fractional Township 66 north, Ranges 4, 5 and 6 west. Ambrosia was named as the place for the first meeting of the electors. JACKSON. Fractional Township 65 north, Ranges 4, 5 and 6 west, and fractional Town- ship 64 north, Range 5 west. The first meeting of the electors was ordered to be held at the town of Keokuk. MADISON. Fractional Township 67 north, Range 4 west. The first meeting was directed to be held at the Washington House. MARION. h This township was established at the regular meeting in April, 1841, and was declared to include Township 69 north, Range 6 west. The first meeting HIST0R"5' OF LEE COUNTY. 453 was directed to be held at the house of John Taylor on the 19th of the follow- ^^g ^^^' MONTROSE was set off from Ambrosia at the July meeting, 1841, and included Town 66 north, Ranges 4 and 5 west. The first meeting of the electors was ordered to be held at the village of Montrose. At the regular meeting of the Board in January, 1843, it was ordered that so much of Grreen Bay and Denmark Townships as was included in Congres- sional Townships 69 north, Range 4 west, and south of Skunk River, should be set off and established as a separate township, to be known as Denmark, and that the first meeting of the electors should be held at the schoolhouse in the village of Denmark. .^.^...r^ x^^t^^t. => PLEASANT RIDGE. At the same meeting, a petition was presented to the Board from sundry citizens of the original Denmark Township, asking for a division of that town- ship. In answer to that petition, it was " ordered that so much of said town- ship as was included in Congressional Township 69 north, Range 5 west, as lies south of Skunk River, should be set off and organized as a separate town- ship, to be called Pleasant Ridge." The first meeting of the electors was ordered to be held at the house of Thomas M. Clark. CHARLESTON TOWNSHIP. At the regalar January session, 1844, on petition of sundry citizens of Van Buren and Jefferson Townships, the Board of County Commissioners " ordered that so much of said townships as was included in Congressional Town- ship 67 north. Range 6 west, be erected into a separate township, to be known as Charleston, and that the first meeting of the electors of the said Charleston Township, should be held at the house of R. B. Robinson." CEDAR TOAVNSHIP. At the regular July meeting, 1844, on petition of sundry citizens of Har- rison Township, the Count}'- Commissioners " ordered that that portion of said township included in Congressional Township 69 north, Range 7 west, be set off as a separate township, to be known and called Cedar Township." The house of Charles Brewington was designated as the place for holding the first meeting; of the electors. ° DES MOINES. At a special meeting of the Board in 'August, 1842 (the 4th), it was " ordered that the township of Ambrosia be thereafter known as Des Moines." Since then, there have been no changes in township lines. EXIT TERRITORIAL DEPENDENCY. THE FIRST CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION, In April, 1844, the people voted for the first time on the question of calling a convention to form a State constitution. The measure was carried by a large majority of votes, but for reasons explained on page 181 of this volume, Iowa did not become a sovereign and independent State until the 28th day of December, 1846, Under the law submitting the question of State government, Lee County was entitled to eight Delegates to the Constitutional Convention. The election of Delegates occurred on the 5th day of August, 1844, and David 454 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. Galland, John Thompson, James Marsh, Calvin J. Price, H. M. Sahuon, Charles Stalev and Alexander Kerr were chosen to represent Lee County. All but Kerr were Democrats. NoTK. — In September, 18o9, aoeoi-ding to a oensus taken nnder direction of Oov. Dodge, the entire white population of the >• Forty Mile Strip" was 10,531. In Mar. 1844, less than tiv© years afterward, the population of liOe County was only 'JTo below that number, as shown by the followiiig census statement, compiled by townships: Green Bay Township 443 Washington " 708 Van Buren •• 527 Pleasant Hidge '• 500 Montrose " •• 1,080 Harrison ■ 497 Charleston • 76S Madison •• 1,11S Jefferson • 435 West Point •• I.IIS Denmark • 528 Franklin •• 489 Des Moines •• 608 Jackson •• 1,011 Marion " 446 Total 10,256 A second Convention was held in May, lS4ti. The first Convention was composed of seventy members, and the second one of thirty-two members. Under the laAv calling the second Convention, approved January IT, 1846, Lee County was entitled to three members of the Convention. The election of Delegates occurred at the April election, and George Berry, Josiah Kent and David Galland, all Democrats, Avere elected from Lee County. T'he last meeting of the Board of County Commissioners under Territorial authority was held on the 10th day of November, 1846, and Avas principally devoted to the examination and allowance of accounts against the county. Their last orders were in these words and figures : Ordered, By the Boai-d, that the following-named sums be allowed the same set opposite their names, for services : Jesse O'Neil, Commissioner, 2 days, at $2.50 per day |5 00 Thomas Chinowith, Commissioner, 2 days, at $2.50 per day 5 00 Amos McMillan, Commissioner, 2 davs, at $2.50 per day 5 (X) Eli Stoddard, Clerk, 2 davs. at $2....'. 4 00 Peter Miller, Sheritl', 2 days, at $1 2 00 Ordered, That the Board adjourn until January 4, 1847. TtioMAS Chinowith, Jkssk O'Nkh,, Amos McMillan, Eu Stoihiakw Clerk: Commissionera. STATE OF IOWA. The transition from Territorial dependency to State independency was easy, and involved no change in the management of county aftairs. The regular Januarv meeting of the Board of County Commissioners was governed by the same rules that previously prevailed, and evei'y thing went along as smoothly as if ** nothing had happened." The business Avas of the same nature — granting road views, auditing and allowing bills against the county, granting licenses to merchants, grocers, etc. Their last meeting was held on the 5th day of August, 1851. H. W. Hughes, William Skinner and John Crippin were the last rep- resentatives of the legal bodv knoAvn as a Board of Countv Commissioners. HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 455 COUNTY COURT. In 1851, a County Court was created (see Code of Iowa, 1851, chap. 15). The act creating tlie Court gave the County Judge jurisdiction of probate affairs and clothed him with all the powers previously exercised by the Board of County Commissioners. Jn short, it legislated the Commissioners out of existence. By the same act, the offices of County Treasurer and County Recorder were consolidated. The first election for county officers under the new dispensation was held on the first Monday in August, 1851. EdAvard Johnstone was elected County Judge, and Robert McFarland was elected Treasurer and Recorder. The first entries on the "• Minute-Book of the County Judge and County Court of Lee County, Iowa," are as follows : Edward Johnstone, County Judge elect, in and for said county, qualified by taking the oath of office, 20th August, A. D. 1851, which oath was filed in the office of the County Treasurer of said county. August 21, 1851. William Henry Temple to Mary Jane Alexander. — Application for a license for the marriage of said persons having this day been made to the Judge of the County Court, and proof of their competent age and condition being given under oath by G. W. Merithcr, and a receipt being presented from the County Treasurer therefor for the sum of one dollar, a license was there- upon issued. The same day, Robert McFarland ((ualified as Treasurer and Recorder. As Treasurer, he was required to give bond in the penal sum of |25,000. William Skinner, John Crippin, H. W. Hughes, J. C. Walker, Thomas S. Espy and H. M. Salmon were his sureties. As Recorder, he was required to give bond in the sum of $2,000. Philotus Cowles and R. McHenry were sureties on his Recorder's bond. These officers were separated in 1865. Mr. Johnstone served four years as County Judge, and was succeeded by Samuel Boyles, who qualified on the 16th day of August, 1855, and entered upon the duties of the office. Judge Boyles continued to serve until the management of county affairs was transferred to a Board of County Supervisors. The last entry under. his juris- diction as County Judge appears under date of January 5, 1861. FROM ONE EXTREME TO ANOTHER. THE TOWNSHIP SYSTEM. On the 22d of March, 1860, the State Legislature passed an act entitled " An act creating a Board of Supervisors, and defining their duties " (see Revis- ion of Iowa, page 48). This law went into eff'ect July 4, 1860, and provided for the election of one Supervisor from each civil township. When assembled together for the transaction of county business, these town representatives were known as the Board of County Supervisors. This system had its origin in Massachusetts, and dates back to 1635. The first legal enactment concerning this system provided that, whereas, " particu- lar towns have many things which concern only^ themselves, and the ordering of their own affairs and disposing of business in their own town," therefore, '' the freemen of every town, or the major part of them, shall only have power to dispose of their own lands and woods, with all the appurtenances of said 156 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. towns, to grant lots, and to make such orders as may concern the well-ordering of their own towns, not repugnant to the laws and orders established by the General Court."* They might also impose fines of not more than twenty shil- lings, and ''choose their own particular officers, as Constables, Surveyoi's for the highways, and the like." Evidently this enactment relieved the Greneral Court of a mass of municipal details, without any danger to the powers of that body in controlling general measures of public" policy. Probably, also, a demand from the freemen of the towns was felt for the control of their own home concerns. Similar provisions for the incorporation of towns were made in the first Constitution of Connecticut, adopted in 1639 ; and the plan of township organ- ization became universal throughout New England, and came westward with the emigrants from New England into New York, Ohio, and other Western States, includiuii; the northern part of Illinois : and there beiuir a lariio New England element among the population of Iowa, it is fair to presume that their intluence secured the adoption of this system in Iowa, as created in the act already quoted. One objection urged against the county system (throe Commissioners) was that the heavily-populated districts would always control the election of the Commis- sioners, to the disadvantage of the more thinly populated sections — in short, that, under that system, equal and exact justice to all parts of the county could not be secured. The first Board of County Supervisors for Lee County was elected on Sec. 6, in , 1860, and was composed as follows : Green Bay Township, James D. Gedney : Denmark, Daniel T. Brown ; Pleasant Ridge, George E. Stevenson ; Marion, Joseph G. Street ; Cedar, Thomas G. Stephenson ; Harrison, Charles H. Leggett ; Franklin, James A. Davis : West Point, John Arthur ; Washington, Daniel McCready ; Madison, Charles Frederick; Jefferson, Willi im Skinner; Charleston, A. C. Hankins ; Van Buren, Lewis Stone ; Des Moines, Johnson Meek ; Montrose, Garry Lewis ; Jackson, Arthur Bridgman and Jasper A. Yiall. In drawing for terms, Messrs. Street, Stephenson, Leggett, Davis, Frederick, Skinner, Lewis and Viall drew for two years. The others drew for one year each. In ballotting for Chairman, McCready received nine votes and Leggett received seven votes. Mr. McCready was declared elected. Erie S. Leach, Clerk of the District Court, was Clerk to the Board. Rules and regulations, equal in length to the rules and regulations govern- ing a State Legislature, were spread upon the minutes. Committees were appointed on almost every conceivable subject, and in every respect the Board was about as cumbersome and unwieldy as a State Legislature. The system, however, did not long find favor with the people of the State, and, in 1871, was almost entirely abrogated. At least, the law was so far repealed or modified that the Board of County Supervisors was reduced from (Mie member from each civil township, to three members from the entire county (see Code of Iowa, Chapter '2). From the time this law went into effect, in 1871, there has been no change in public management. The County Auditor is Clerk to the Board of Supervisors. The first Board under the system now in force was composed of J. P. Hornish, Edward Courtright and William Davis. The first meeting of the Board was held on the second day of January, 1871. *The New England i-olouies wore fii-st govovued by a " General Court," or Legislature, composed of a Go%'eruor and a small council, which Court consisted of the most iufluautial inhabitants, and possessed and exercised both legis- lative and judicial powers, which were linute.i only by the wisdom of the holdei-s. They made laws, ordered their execution by otHcers, tried and decided civil and criminal cases, enacted all manner of manicipU rei^ulations, and, in fact, transacted all the public business of the colony. > « hE|)^ ^C ' H( , ? »> Ma —.. -J.. > »^ '- '^'^-' ' y^ 5^ ^\t ^^'♦jB|* M^ » ( A\ Mg^ "^ l''S*^ 1 -*^^^ "^"^^ ■^^Tt 1 t ( ^ jury retired to the gai-ret of the •' Madison House," where Court was held, the Foreman had much more than his usual supply. Maj. Herring moved that Hawkins Taylor act as Secretary for the jury. This the t'oreiaan took as a direct insult, and declared that he "could do all the writing needed by the jury," and at once demanded that, if any one was to be indicted, " bring tlieni in." The first case presented was the steamboat "Bee." The oftense was the taking-off of obi man Kellogg, Deputy Sheriff, who had gone on board to serve an attachment on the boat, when the Captain cut his line, backed out, and took the officer down to Warsaw, where he only rau near enough to the shore to allow him to jump otf. Kellogg was a weakly, timid, good old man. When ho appeared before the grand jury, the Foreman took his pen and marked down the case, and then turning to the witness, said with great earnestness, " U'^crc /,« the aieamboat Bee/" To this the witness could give no positive information, as he had not seen her since the previous fall. The foreman then said bitterly : " If you want the steamboat l>eo indicted, brine/ her up here, briiu; her tq' here. She may be gone to the devil, or she may be gone to I'exas. If yon want her indicted, brinff her up here." and at once commenced to tear up the memorandum that he had made, saying loudly, but to himself, "No bill, no bill," and then turning to the witness, "You may go;" and he went, apparently, with about as much feeling of relief as when he escaped from the steamer the fall before. Several other cases were brought up and disposed of by the Foreman in the same sumtnary manner, one beitig a case of James Fike for ati assault with intent to kill made on George Per- kins, a peaceable, good citizen. In this case the Foreman found a true bill. The next morning, sentinels were placed below town to meet the Foreman and get him into the jury-room before he had an opportunity to take more whisky than he could manage. The plan was successful, and after that there was no trouble with the Foreman. But there were many amusing incidents that took place in the jury -room. Amongst them, Henry D. Davis, who was a member of the jury, tried to indict Morehead (^whohad, while in jail, cut up and destroyed his leather) for breaking jail. Davis proved by Isaac Johnson, atiother juror, that Morehead was in the habit of crawling into the Jail at night: in fact, that he went out and iu when he wanted to. HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 461 At this term of Court all the indictments found at the previous term, with two or three exceptions, were dismissed, as being defective. CRIMINAL MENTION. Since the organization of Lee County, December 7, 1836, and the second term of Court in August, 1887, as many as fifty indictments for murder have been, returned. Out of this number, there have been but few convictions, and in only one case has the death-sentence been pronounced. The sentence, however, was never carried into execution. The sentence was in these words, as shown by the records at Fort Madison : State of Iowa vs. Philip Nash, June 4, 1859, District Court. Trial on indictment for murder. This being the day set for sentence, it is adjudged by the Court that the said Philip Nash be taken hence to the Jail of the county of Lee, from whence he came, and thence to the place of execution in said county, and that he be there hanged by the neck until he is dead ! dead ! ! dead ! ! ! Thereupon the Court issued the following Avarrant to the Sheriff: " These are therefore in the name and by the authority of the State of Iowa, to command you that on Friday, the 30th day of December, 1859, between the hours of 9 o'clock in the forenoon and 4 o'clock in the afternoon of said day, you take the said Philip Nash to some convenient place of execution in said county, and there and then execute the judgment of this Court against said Philip Nash by the neck until he is Bead ! Bead ! ! Bead ! ! ! Nash broke jail before the time of execution and has not since been heard from. A DOUBLE MURDER. THE GRAESER TRAGEDY. On the morning of the 15th day of March, 1878, the people of Fort Mad- ison were startled by the announcement of a horrible murder, robbery and arson the night before, five miles west of the city, in Jefferson Township, and not far from where John Miller and Henry Leiza were murdered by the Hodges in 1845. The victims of this double murder were an aged German couple named Henry and Margaret Graeser, who had settled where the murder was committed some thirty years ago. By patient industry and that frugality which is charac- teristic of the German people, they had amassed a handsome little fortune, a considerable part of which was in ready money, and which they had loaned out to different individuals. But having met with quite a loss by the failure of one firm to whom they had made a loan, and several banks failing about the same time, they called in their loans and thereafter kept their money in the house. At the time of the murder it Avas supposed they had about |I4,000 on hand and hidden away somewhere in the house. The spot where stood the dwelling of this childless old couple stood, is one of the most lonely imaginable. The house stood on an eminence, a short distance back from the road, and was surrounded by the forest. Between 10 and 11 o'clock on the night of the 14th of March, Jacob Graeser, a brother of the murdered man. who lived a short distance away, saw his brother's house in flames. He hurried to the burning building. When he arrived there, he found no signs of human life, and awoke the silent echoes of the night by calling the 4G2 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. names of Henry and Margaret, but no answer came to his eagerly listening ears. Himself an old and feeble man, he hastened away to Cameron's, the next nearest neighbor, and gave the alarm. John and Samuel Cameron went with him to the burning house, and for an hour or more they sought everywhere for the old people, but sought in vain. At last, from one particular place near the door of the house, a blue flame Avas seen coming from a pile of burning material, to which they directed their attention. Cutting forks from the nearest tree, they commenced exploring the burning heap, and finally drew out the half-consumed bodies of the murdered victims. News of the horrible aftair was carried to other neighbors, and the excite- ment became intense, and it was not long until every neighbor in the vicinity was at th^ scene of the tragedy. An examination of the debris was soon com- menced, when it was discovered that the furniture, bedding, etc., had been piled upon the bodies of the poor old couple, and then set on fi.re. Prodding around amon"- the rubbisli, a revolver was uncovered, one chamber of which had evidently been discharged by a human hand, and the pistol left at full-codk. This discovery, added to the fact that keys were found in trunks, chest and drawer-locks, with the bolts drawn back, left no doubt that the triple crime of murder, robbery and arson had been committed. The tracks of two men were found approaching the house that seemed to have been made by cautious walkers. A further search showed tracks made by the same feet, leaving the house on a run, some of the tracks being as much as seven feet apart. Speculation was rife as to who the fiendish perpretators might be. Certain evidences and suspicious circumstances pointed to one Henry Weese and Fred. Knoch, two brothers-in-law, and toward evening, M. S. Chamberlin, a citizen of Fort Madison, filed an information before William Conlee, a Justice of the Peace of Jefferson Township, charging these two men with the murder. A warrant was issued and placed in the hands of Constable James Bullard, Jr., Avho summoned a posse comitatiis, and started to take the suspected criminals into custody. Just before they reached Knoch's house, they heard the discharge of a pistol, which, as afterward proven, was fired by these as a signal to know if the coast was clear before Weese ventured to the house. Constable Bullard and W. W. Vanattan went into the house and made the arrests. When Weese was told they had a Avarrant for him, he replied, " I was expecting it, but not so soon." Weese and Knoch were taken to the house of Justice of the Peace Conlee, and then to Union Schoolhouse for examination. By this time, the night was well advanced, and John Bullard and Alexander Bullard volunteered to go to Fort Madison for attorneys for the defendants, and also for the State. It was nearly daylight when they returned with W. C. Hobbs for the State, and J. M. Hamilton for the defendants. xlfter the arrests, a large amount of silver coin was found in the pockets of Weese's overcoat, but no further search was made until after the arrival of the attorneys, wdien Constable Bullard and Vanattan made a further search, Avhich resulted in finding over $1,900 Avhich Weese had hidden away in seven different pockets. Ho had on two pairs of pantaloons, the pockets of Avhich were filled with carelessly rolled up bank bills. The money was musty, and gave indica- tions of havino- been packed away among old clothing for a long time. At this discovery, Wees6 waived an examination and was sent to jail. Knoch's exam- ination took place in the afternoon, and, while there were many strongly suspi- cious circumstances against him, the positive alihi proved by his wife and mother-in-law overcame them, and he was discharged from custody. Many of the spectators disbelieved the testimony of his Avife and her mother, but in the HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 463 absence of positive contradictory evidence or impeachment the magistrate could not do otherwise. Some time afterward, Daniel Weese, a brother of Henry, was arrested and examined. The main circumstance that led to his arrest was the fact of his paying out a $50 bill — more money than he was ever known to handle before. On his examination, however, he brought two Avitnesses from Clark County, Mo., who testified that he received a bill of that denomination for cattle during the preceding fall. It was contended by the State that it was unreasonable to suppose that the defendant, whose house and everything in it had been destroyed by fire some time before, and whose family had been quartered upon the charity of neighbors, would keep a |50 bill through all those days of misfortune, even if it were true that he had received one in Missouri the preceding fall. The Justice before whom he was examined decided, however, that the evidence was not sufiicient to hold him, and he was discharged. A few nights after Henry Weese was sent to jail, a demand was made upon Deputy Sheriff Joseph A. Nunn by a band of about one hundred armed and masked men for the person of the prisoner, or the keys of the Jail, both of which were firmly refused. Fortunately, Dr. A. C. Roberts, editor of the Fort Madi- son Democrat, and formerly Mayor of the city, resided near the Jail, and being made aware of the attempt, went and addressed the mob. The Doctor's great popularity with the people, his determined stand and strong arguments in favor of laAv and order, prevailed, and the crowd thought better of it and dispersed, leaving the law to take its course. On account of this attempt to take Weese out of the custody of the officers charged with his safe-keeping, Weese was sent to the Penitentiary to await the action of the grand jury and the sitting of the District Court. At the April term, 1878, of the District Court at Fort Madison, two indictments for murder in the first degree were found against Henry Weese, one for the murder of Margaret Graeser and one for the murder of Henry Graeser. Weese was arraigned and pleaded " not guilty." He was represented by J. M. and J. D. M. Hamilton, and the State by the District Attorney, Hon. D. N, Sprague, assisted by Casey & Hobbs. An application for a change of venue, on the grounds of excitement and prejudice against the prisoner, was made, and the case and motion were con- tinued to the December term. At the December term, the motion for change of venue was pressed, the law firm of J. & S. K. Tracy then appearing for the defendant in addition to the counsel already named. The change was granted, and the case was sent to the District Court of Des Moines County, at Burling- ton. THE TRIAL. At the January term, 1879, of the District Court of Des Moines County, the cause of the State of Iowa vs. Henry Weese, for the murder of Margaret Graeser w-as specially set for the second Monday of the term ; and, accordingly, on the 13th day of January, a jury was impaneled and the trial began. The State was represented by the District Attorney, Hon. T. A. Bereman, ex-District Attorney, Hon. D. N. Sprague, Casey & Hobbs and Miller & Sons ; the defendant, by J. M. Hamilton, J. D. M. Hamilton, of Fort Madison, J. & S. K. Tracy and J. W. C. Jones, of Burlington. The trial was one of thrilling interest, lasting from Monday morning at 9 o'clock till Saturday evening at 5 o'clock. During the entire trial, the court- room was densely packed with spectators, all anxious to get sight of the prisoner and to hear the testimony. The appearance of Weese produced a decidedly 464: HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. unfavorable impression. He was a large, muscular man, with dark complexion, retreating forehead, and a low and brutal expression, and evidently of a low order of intellect. The evidence against him, with the exception of a confession made to a convict in the Penitentiary, was entirely circumstantial, but the links were all connected and pointed unerringly to his guilt. The most important circumstance was the positive identification of a silver quarter found in posses- sion of the defendant by Jacob Graeser, This was a Mexican coin, old and worn, and stamped with the name of "• T. Smith." Jacob Graeser identified this coin as one shown to him some years before by Margaret Graeser as a keep- sake she had received a long time before, from a gentleman in Baltimore, whose name it bore. The examination of witnesses on the part of the State was conducted by Hon. D. X. Sprague, and the examination was masterly. Nothing escaped him, and nothing that any of the witnesses knew material to the case was left undeveloped. The evidence was all in at 11:30 o'clock on Friday, and Hon. T. A. Beremau opened the case for the State, speaking till the adjourimient of Court at 12:30. At 1:30 Court re-opened, and Mr. Bereman continued speaking for an hour longer. His argument is said to have been able, logical and convincing, and, although on account of a sore throat, he was not able to speak loud enough for all the audience to hear, yet from the attention given by the jury, all could see that he was making his points tell. The defense throughout the entire trial was conducted with great skill and ability, and nothing that could be done for the defendant was left undone. At the close of Mr. Bereman's argument, the jury was addressed by J. M. Hamilton on the part of the defense. JMr. Hamilton spoke an hour and a quarter, and his effort was highly complimented by those who heard it. Hon. J. Tracy then commenced his argument for the defense, and spoke until the hour of adjournment. At 9 o'clock Saturday morning, Mr. Tracy resumed and did not conclude until half-past 12, making altogether a speech of nearly five hours. This argument Avas a masterly effort. The acquired experi- ence and accumulated power of many years at the bar were brought to bear in that argument, and at its close the prisoner's chances for acquittal seemed better than at any time during the trial, and even his indifferent expression and stolid look seemed changed to one of positive cheerfulness. At 1:30 o'clock P. M., W. C. Hobbs commenced the closing argument for the State, and closed at 4:40. During the delivery of Mr. Hobbs' speech, the court-room was more densely packed with people than it had been at any other time during the exciting trial. Many were attracted to the court-room on account of the wide-spread reputation of the speaker. All expected to heai- a great effort, and none were disappointed. A gentleman of judgment, and one who has attended many criminal trials in the State of Iowa, and who was present while Mr. Hobbs was speaking, says : '' Mr. Hobbs met the position taken and theories advanced by defendant's coun- sel with the most logical arguments and irrefutable reasoning ever presented to a court and jury in the State. From first to last, his speech embodied an array of facts and logical conclusions that no sophisti-y could oppose, and con- vinced all of his hearers that AVeese was guilty. The closing portion of his speech abounded in the most pathetic and thrilling eloquence, coupled with facts and blended with arguments that fully established his reputation as a profound reasoner, as well as a polished orator." HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 465 The Court's charge occupied some twenty minutes in the reading, and at 5 o'clock the jury retired. At 8 o'clock the following morning (Sunday), the jury returned a verdict of guilty. A motion for a new trial followed shortly afterward, which the Court overruled, defendant excepting, and Henry Weese- was sentenced to the Penitentiary of the State at Fort Madison for the term of his natural life. He was taken to the Penitentiary, and, as he put on the con- vict's uniform, he remarked, " It is no fault of mine that the Court didn't sen- tence me for twenty- five years longer." Henry Weese barely escaped death from the scaftold, as the crime for which he was convicted was committed before the law restoring the death-penalty went into effect. MORMONISM AND MORMON OUTRAGES. JO SMITH, THE PROPHET AND RELIGIOUS IMPOSTOR. The greatest mountebank and impostor that ever disgraced the cause of Christian religion, by professing acknowledgment of its sublime truths, in any day or age of its existence, from the birth of Christ to the present, was Jo Smith, the Mormon Prophet, whose near presence and devilish teachings caused a reign of terror to exist for several years in Lee County. His power and influence for evil to the honest settlers was all the greater, because of the fact that a number of his disciples were located in difTerent parts of the county, and, under the garb of honesty, seemed intent upon making farms, or pursuing other callings of peaceful industry, when, in fact, they were only wolves in sheep's clothing, watching and seeking whom they might devour. Jo Smith, the Prophet and founder of the Mormon Church of Latter-Day Saints, was born at Windsor, Vt., on the 23d day of December, 1805. In April, 1815, when he was not quite ten years of age, his parents removed from Vermont to Wayne County, N. Y., and settled at Palmyra. In March, 1820, a Rev. Mr. Lane, of the Methodist Episcopal Church, was conducting a revival meeting at Palmyra, and the embryo prophet professed a change of heart. Although he was only about fifteen years of age at that time, the traits of char- acter that made him so notorious in after-life began to be wonderfully devel- oped. Soon after his conversion, he claimed to have received a revelation from on high, and stated that, while engaged in prayer in the woods, the power of the Holy Ghost fell upon him, and that God, the Father, and Jesus Christ, the Son, appeared unto him, saying that his sins were forgiven him ; that all the old Christian organizations and denominations were wrong, and that he was chosen of the Lord to re-instate His Kingdom and re-establish His Gospel on earth. When Smith communicated these revelations to his associates and neighbors, there were those who believed him, and straightway he became a kind of prophet in their midst. Even then, he understood the weaknes:es and religious superstitions of mankind, and he determined to make these weaknesses profitable unto himself Smith kept up his faith until September, 1823, when he fell from grace, and, for a season, he indulged in drunkenness, lying, swindling and cheating. Then, Avhile he slept, messengers of the Lord again appeared, and a second revelation Avas made unto him. This time he was given to see the hiding-place of a history of the ancient people of America, which Avas engraved on plates of sold. The angel directed him whei'e to find this hidden treasure, the embryo prophet again reformed, and, on the 22d of September, he went and digged at 466 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. the place indicated by the angels, and lo ! he found the plates. The place has been described as on a hillside, between Manchester and Palmyra. When the earth was removed, a stone box first appeared. When he attempted to take the box from its secret place, a great conflict arose between the devil and the angels that surrounded Smith. The angels conquered, and the box was given into Smith's keeping. When the box was opened, the plates were revealed to his sight, and his fame and power increased. About 1828 or 1829, the plates were translated by Oliver Cowdry, acting as clerk, who, with himself. Smith declared to have been baptized by John the Baptist, who also appeared unto them and ordained them as priests, and com- manded them to baptize and ordain each other. In 1830, the Mormon Church was founded, and in June, of that year, held its first Conference at Fayette, N. Y., Joseph Smith, the Prophet, presid- ing. In August, Parley P. Pratt and Sidney Rigdon were converted to Mormonism. Pratt and Rigdon were sent out to spread the doctrines of the new church. Rigdon, in his perambulations, came to Kirtland, Ohio, w^here he succeeded in awakening a great revival interest. Many people were con- verted and gave their adhesion to the doctrines first proclaimed by Jo Smith. In January, 1831, the Church, through Smith, its prophet, was commanded to establish itself at Kirtland, and there gather all the saints and found and build a temple. In May of the same year, the Elders of the Church were sent out by twos to preach the Gospel according to Smith, while Smith started a bank called "The Kirtland Safety Society Bank." He also started a store, and Bishop Whitney built a mill. In March, 1832, the bank failed, and on the 22d of that month Smith was tarred and feathered by the people upon whom he had imposed and whom he defrauded. It is impossible to follow the arrant impostor in all his transactions, and only a few of his most prominent acts are here quoted as a preface to his appearance at Nauvoo, and the outrages that wer.e perpetrated on the people of Lee County through his devilish teach- ings and influence. The temple commenced at Kirtland, in 1831, went on to completion in 1886. About the time the bank failed and Smith received his coat of tar and feathers, Rigdon and a number of the other high Church officials fled from Kirtland. and it was not long until Smith received another revelation, in which he was shown that the "promised land" was in Western Missouri. He was com- manded to remove to Independeitce, in Jackson County (a few miles below Kansas City), and there establish a ncAv Zion. In 1834, nearly all the Kirt- land band had followed him there, and the erection of a second temple was commenced on what is now known as "Temple Hill," the name coming from the commencement of the temple at that place. A few years ago, the founda- tions of the temple, which were laid early in 1839, were still traceable. The site was a very beautiful one, and, in Ibtl, had not been occupied with build- ings. The space was open and used for show purposes. But trouble came upon Smith and his people there, as it did at Kirtland. They incurred the enmity of the Missourians, and were finally foi'ccd to abandon their promised Zion and seek refuge from "persecution" elsewhere. On the 9th of May, 1839, Dr. Isaac Galland presented Smith with a large tract of land at Commerce, 111. Then Smith had another . revelation. The angels of the Lord again appeared unto him and told him that there he should found another Zion and build a new temple. He caused a town to be laid out, which he called Nauvoo. He called the saints from the ends of the earth, and sold them town lots at fabulously-high prices. In 1811, Nauvoo was incorpo- HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 467 rated, the Nauvoo Legion was organized, Jo Smith was made Lieutenant Gen- eral, and the corner-stone of the new temple was laid with great military pomp and display. At one time during his reign, he mustered 6,000 men in line, all well armed and equipped, which were passed in review by Gen.^ Singleton. Lieut. Gen, Smith had a numerous staff of high rank, and "it was amus- ing," says an eye-witness of the times and events, " to see the gaudy uniforms, gilt buttons, gold lace and shoulder-straps they wore. They represented every rank from Major General down to Lieutenant Colonel. He had an army of staff officers, and his parades were never surpassed. On grand review occasions, Lieut. Gen. Joseph Smith was invariably accompanied by a large number of ladies — the pick and choice of Nauvoo — on horse-back." Smith's Nauvoo charter was a strong one, carefully worded and conferring extravagant and dangerous powers upon the Mayor and other city officers. As an instance, it gave the Mayor power to try writs of habeas corpus, so that when a Mormon was arrested for any crime, no matter how infamous, he was always sure of acquittal and discharge. The Mormons were a political power in Illinois, and neither the Whig nor the Democratic parties dare array them in- hostility. Their hostility was to be avoided ; their friendship to be courted. Both parties were friendly to the Mormons. The members and adherents of the Church were recruited from all parts of the world, and included all grades and characters of men and women. Jo Smith was the power behind the char- ter that guided and directed the choice of not only the city officers, but of county officers, members of the Legislature and Congressmen. What Jo Smith decreed, the Church and the politicians carried out. Under such circumstances, Nauvoo became a breeding-place and a hotbed for outlaws of every character. Fugitives from justice from other places, to secure protection not only for past offenses but for offenses to be committed in time to come, needed only to iden- tify themselves with the Church of Mormon to be assured of protection. For such characters, there was always a hiding-place in Nauvoo. If detected for unlawful depredations upon honest people who lived abroad, perjurers were always in readiness, "as witnesses, to prove an alibi. As the Church increased in membership, criminals increased in numbers, and their crimes extended to all parts of the country — to the west side of the Mississippi River as well as upon the east side. From the time Jo Smith secured the incorporation of the city of Nauvoo until his tragic death, on the 27th of June, 1844, and until his followers were driven from the country by an indignant and outraged people, crime held high carnival in all the country roundabout. The lives and property of no anti- Mormons were safe. Nauvoo and the Church of Mormon were the great center of debauch. Smith planned and directed ; his " saints" executed. But there came for him a day of reckoning. On the 6th day of May, 1844, he caused the office of the JExpositor newspaper, which had arrayed itself in hostility to his measures, plans, purposes and impostures, to be destroyed. The press, type and fixtures were hurled into the street or thrown into the river. The excitement and indignation of the honest people, which had been gathering force under oft-repeated outrages, culminated in a grand uprising at this act. The aspect of affairs was threatening in the extreme. The Governor ordered out the State militia, of which he took command in person. Smith had been arrested on a charge of treason and destroying the liberty of the press. Pend- ing a trial of the case, he was taken to Carthage and lodged in jail — more, perhaps as a precautionary measure against mob violence than because he could 468 HlrfTORY OF LEE COUNTY. not give sufficient bail. While he vras in jail and under guard, the excitement was gaining force and strength, and Ford, in his ""History of Illinois," says that on the 27 rh of June, 1844. believing that he was about to be attacked and murdered. Smith made an attempt to escape through a window of the building used as a jail, and was shot to death. Another authority says he was killed by a pai'ty of disguised men, upon whom he had first fired with his revolver. The last statement, however, does not hold good, in the fact that it is hardly probable he was committed to jail in possession of his revolver. Only separated from the Mormon center of crime by the Mississippi River, and its soil equally as fertile as the soil of Hancock County, it is not strange that numbers of Smith's followers and adherents settled in Lee County. Such settlement was in the interest of the " Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints." To make his band of thieves and murderers as effective as possible. Smith spared no effort. He had an ingenious mind — in fact, it was a kind of devil's work-shop in which all kinds and grades of crime were matured. "When the plans were matured, he had his sworn emissaries and determined assassins to carry them to successful execution. During the time the Mormons remained at Independence, Mo., Smith organized a band which he called the " Daughters of Gideon ;" but the name was subsequently changed to that of THE DANITE BAND. This band was composed of the most desperate members of the Church — men whose very souls were steeped in blood, and who would scruple at nothing commanded by their more desperate leader, the prophet. Dan W. Patton, whom Jo Smith styled "" Capt. Fearnot," was first com- mander. In a fight with the citizens or militia, under Capt. Bogart, he was killed near Richmond, Ray Co., Mo. The Mormons indulged in many Bible quotations, and any ignorant, fanatical Mormon could quote Scripture by the chapter. Hence, it is not strange that the name of the Danite Band, at one time under the leadership of the Mormon Bill Hickman, the terror of Lee County, should derive its name from a scriptural quotation. Genesis xlix, 17 : ^' Dan shall be a serpent by the way, an adder in the path, that biteth the horses* heels so that his rider shall tall backward."" When the reign of Jo Smith at Nauvoo was in the zenith of its glory, and his power and influence in high feather with the politicians, the Church had no less than two thousand members. They held secret meetings of their conclave and called themselves the Destroying Angels. They were bound together by oaths of the most solemn character, and the punishment of traitors to the order was death. John A. Murrell'sband of pirates, who flourished at onetime near Jackson, Tenn., and up and down the Mississippi River, above New Orleans, was never so terrible as the Danite Band, for the latter was a powerful organization, and was above the law. It was ordained of God, who, in a reve- lation to Jo Smith, commanded its organization. The band made threats of death, and they were not idle threats. The threats were made in terrible earnest and carried into terrible execution. They went about on horse-back, under cover of darkness, disguised in long white robes, with red girdles. Their faces were covered with masks to conceal their identity. Bill Hickman, who became Captain of the band, once lived near Nashville. He owned a last and blooded stallion, and was frequently absent from home. He was taciturn and uncommunicative among his anti-Mormon neia;hbors. and, decided and silent, he HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 469 came and went like a shadow. Tall, raw-boned, sandy-haired, and of florid complexion, he was strong and sinewy. In height, he is represented by those who remembor him, as standing about six feet, although he may have been taller. He had a cold, piercing gray eye, that proclaimed him a villain of the deepest dye, and as one who would hesitate at nothing from petit larceny to highway robbery and murder. Like a pestilence which stalketh abroad at noonday, he and his fast horse were omnipresent on the roads, and at all public gatherings. Wherever he was, or whatever his surroundings, he was a keen observer of every passing event, a secret spy upon the actions and conversations of the Mormons and Grentiles alike. His personal enemies and the enemies of the Mormon Church, which he believed — or at least eifected to believe — was made up of the chosen people of God, were especial objects of his espionage. He made war upon the Gen- tiles to the knife, and from the knife to the hilt. He and his followers seized and appropriated their property wherever they found it. Where stealth failed, they took it by force. With them, the earth was the Lord's and the fullness thereof, and what was the Lord's belonged of right to the Latter-Day Saints. It may be proper to remark here that Jo Smith, the founder of the Mormon Church, believed in polygamy or a plurality of wives, as did Brig- ham Young. Upon this proposition, a division of sentiment came up in the church, and young Joseph Smith became the representative of the dis- senters or those who were opposed to that system. Young Jo Smith rejected the bad and criminal teachings of the first Mormons and their secret, oath- bound conclaves, and it is but an act of justice to state that these dissenters who refused to follow the New ZionatSalt Lake are good citizens and honest people, against whom there is no word of reproach, and that they are in nowise answerable for what was done by the Prophet Jo Smith, Bill Hickman and the Danite Band of Destroying Angels. Bill Hickman and his band would steal before one's eyes in the lightof day. If a Mormon coveted the cow or the horse of an honest farmer, he went and took it. If he wanted meat, he would enter a smokehouse and take it and carry it away. If the outraged farmer resisted, war was made upon him, and he was notified to leave the country. If he remained, his property was stolen or destroyed and his lite endangered. With them human life was cheap, and they did not hesitate to take it. An honest farmer, surrounded by Mormon neighbors, had a large lot of wood hauled and corded up. The Danites coveted it, and went with wagons to haul it away. The owner shot one of them and then fled from the country and never dared to return, as they threatened his life. As soon as he left, they appropriated his house, goods and possessions of every kind, and kept them until they were driven from the country. Thief and murderer was Bill Hickman. It is said that before he became notorious as a murderer, he stole a large number of horses from farmers and others in diflerent parts of the country. He was caught with one of the stolen animals in his possession and arrested. He stole meat from the smokehouse of an old man named John Wright, for which he was indicted and sent to jail in Lee County, but was never tried. The indictment for this offense is still among the papers in the Clerk's ofiice of the District Court. In 1843, there were a large number of Mormons and Mormon sympathizers in Lee County. The sympathizers were known and called Jack Mormons. Their crimes and outrages against thd citizens were numerous and flagrant. The gentiles, or anti-Mormons, had no rights they seemed to respect. They preyed upon all alike. At last, forbearance ceased to be a virtue. Self-pro- 470 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. tection demanded prompt and vigorous action, and the citizens arose in their might, and determined to drive the outlaws from the country. The ring- leaders and those who were able to move away were made to go at once ; those who were poor, and more the victims of misplaced faith than naturally evil and devilish natures, were permitted to remain, but were kept under close surveillance. The last of the tribe left the county in 1847. The death of Jo Smith, the Prophet, paralyzed but did not stop their depredations.' Robberies and murders were as common as ever. jNIurders for money were of the most startling character ever known in the history of any country, and the boldness of the perpetrators have never had their equal in the annals of crime. As late as '1845, things had come to such a pass that the people of the country kept their stable-doors locked and the doors of their houses bolted and barred to keep out the threatened intruders against whose raids, if they had anything of value, particularly in the way of money or jewelry, they could not at any time consider themselves safe. Lonely and isolated places were particularly subject to the visitations of these midnight marauders, who had their spies in daytime "looking up sights," traveling through the country dressed in the homespun garb of farmers, or dis- guised as mechanics and laborers, carrying tools of their trade, so as to more effectually deceive and delude the unsuspecting. The most atrocious of their many devilish deeds occurred in the spring of 1845, and resulted in arousing the people to a determination to drive the Mormons from their midst, that the country might be freed from the presence of the '' Destroying Angels." THE ^[URDEK OF MILLER AND LEIZA. About midnight of Saturday, the 10th day of May, 1845, Jacob Abel, who lived about three miles southwest of AVest Point, came to the tarm residence of Col. William Patterson, about half a mile south of that village, with the intel- ligence that his (Abel's) neighbors, John Miller, a Mennonite preacher, and Henry Leiza, his son-in-law, had been murdered within the last hour. Col. Patterson accompanied Abel to West Point, where the alarm was <:iven. Sheriff Estes Avas called up, and in a short time that officer. Col. Patterson and several other gentlemen Avere on their Avay to the bloody scene, and arrived there a little before daylight. A most horrible sight was presented. '' Old man Miller" (says Col. Reid, in his " Sketches and Anecdotes of the Old Settlers and New-Comers," heretofore quoted), " w^as found just in front of the door, lying dead, stabbed through the heart by a big bowie-knife, and his bloodless fiice upturned, looked from his open, glassy eyes with an excited stare upon them, like that of a soldier dying in the midst of a charge. A little deep, worn path, loading from the house to the smoke-house, was tilled Avith his heart's blood, which had flowed into it from the place where he had tallen. He Avas a bi-ave man ; had been a soldier, who had seen service in Germany, and died fighting for his life in the midst of excitement. Leiza Avas seA'erely wounded, but Avas not yet dead. The door, through Avhich was a fresh bullet-hole, was yet spattered Avith blood. The last shot fired by the murderers passed tlu'ough that door, and, striking him under the shoulder blade, penetrated a vital part, and internal hemorrhage caused his death ; but his skull Avas also fractured by the cut of a knife. He, too, had resisted, and fought manfully. He Avas a stout and powerful young man, in the prime of life. Had the other coAvardly son-in-laAv, Jacob Risser, come to the rescue, the murderers and assassins Avould have been defeated and repulsed. But he covered up his head in bed Avhile the fight Avent on, as he laid still in one corner of the cabin, and. trem- HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 471 bling with fright, let his father-in-law and brother-in-laAV be murdered. Dr. Sala was sent for, but pronounced the wounds of Leiza necessarily fatal. ^ * :|: * * * * " The crowd kept coming as the news spread. Parties were formed rapidly, and patrolled the country in search of the criminals. The Sheriff" and party, mostly Kentuckians, who had lived long on the border, found the tracks of three men, and where one of them had evidently been helped away, and had washed the blood from himself in a little ravine. A rimless cap was left behind, bound around with fur, ' that fatal cap,' as Gen. Reid called it in his speech for the prosecution, by which they were identified and convicted, and suffered the penalty of death, which they so richly deserved. " The leading men in the pursuit were Sheriff" Estes, Col. Patterson, and, afterAvard, Hawkins Taylor. " Traces of the murderers were found at Everhart's, leading down toward Devil Creek bottom, thence by way of Old Grant Reddens, who, with his son Jack, afterward became notorious, another favorite stopping-place of the gang, when all traces were lost. The Sheriff" and Col. Patterson, who was noAV armed with a big horse-pistol, proceeded to Montrose, and, at daylight, aAvokc one Williams, landlord of a country tavern, who, seeing the horse-pistol, looked alarmed, till he recognized the parties. Their business was made known, and soon the news of the murder spread through the village, then filled with Mor- mons. Bonney heard of it, or probably knew of it in advance, and came to Col. Patterson and asked him if he could see that cap which Sheriff" Estes had in his saddle-bags. Patterson and Estes held a consultation, and concluded to show it to him. He had no sooner seen it than he said, ' I know that cap as well as I know my jack-knife; it belongs to Bill Hodges.' People crowded about and tried to find out Avhat was going on, but this conversation was private, and heard by none but Patterson and Estes, who now had a clue to the mur- derers, whom Bonney asserted must be in Nauvoo. Thither the party, accom- panied by others, proceeded in a skiff", rowed by W. S. Ivins, now of Keokuk. The two brothers, Stephen and William Hodges, were living Avith their brother Amos, all suspicious characters, in the suburbs of the city. On the night of the loth of May, with the assistance of one Markham, City Marshal of Nauvoo, the house Avas surrounded, and, at daylight, they were arrested and taken before a Mormon Justice of the Peace named Johnson. Almon W. Babbitt, a partner of George Edmunds, Jr., appeared for the prisoners, and the prosecution applied for a continuance till next day, on the pretext of getting Avitnesses from loAva. In the mean time, on the 15th of May, 1845, an indictment was pro- cured against them at West Point, and, next day, Avhen the preliminary exam- ination came on, they Avere confronted Avith the indictment and held to await a requisition from the Governor of loAva. But_, by the advice of their counsel. Babbitt, afterward murdered by the Mormons (Avhile United States District Attorney of Utah), disguised as Indians, they consented to go to Fort Madison, where they Avere safely lodged in the Penitentiary." EdAvard Bonney, Avhose name is mentioned in the last paragraph, subse- quently acquired some notoriety as a detectiA'^e in hunting down the murder- ers of Col. Davenport, and other dark deeds of the gang, and as author of a small volume called the " Banditti of the Prairies ; or, the Murderers' Doom." At the time of the murder of Miller and Leiza, he kept a lividry-stable at Mon- trose. He frequently visited Nauvoo, and traveled a great deal on the river. '•He had," says Col. Reid, "an extensive acquaintance with all classes of people, kncAV in detail all the secret operations of the ' Danitcs ' and their con- 472 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. federates. Time has left little doubt but that he was an unmitigated scoundrel and the scheming projector of all the operations of the band, which resulted in getting money. Though not himself a Mormon, he knew them all, consulted with and advised the perpetrators of crime, and no doubt shared the proceeds of their villainy. When they failed, he pursued and arrested them to get the reward; and when they were hanged or sent to the Penitentiary, their mouths were closed against him forever. Though not personally present at the perpetra- tion of a crime, putting little facts and circumstances together, and still greater revelations which have since come to light, there is little doubt that he was an accessory generally before and always after the fact." Leiza came to Iowa first and made the improvement, built the log cabin, etc., where the murder Avas committed. He was unmarried at that time, but returned to Ohio and married a daughter of old John Miller. They all moved to Iowa, accompanied by a brother-in-law and his wife, and came on a steamer by way of the river. Bonney, who appeared as a witness on the indictment, and took an active part in having the murderers arrested and convicted, was heard to remark at West Point that he came up with them on the same boat from St. Louis, and that from their big German boxes and general surround- ings they were a better class of Germans than generally came to the country, and that tliey must have plenty of money ! The Hodges had worked on the Court House at West Point while it was building, and were well acquainted in the neighborhood. A short time before the murder of Miller and Leiza, Stephen Hodges had stayed all night at the house of Samuel B. Ayres, then County Treasurer and Collector. Mr. Ayres was absent at the time. The county had neither vault nor safe, and Ayres kept the county money locked up in a trunk in his house, and, at this particular time, he had a large amount on hand. Mrs. Ayres was naturally afraid the money would be stolen, and, believing that Hodges was an honest man, she con- gratulated herself on his presence, and told him of the fact of the money being in the house. Strange to say, the money was not disturbed, although at that very time Hodges was out on a prospecting tour, and the next night the house of Jerry Smith, on Sugar Creek, was entered, and he was made to deliver his money by two masked men. They failed in getting much ; he had sold a farm, but had left the money with Adolphus Salmon, in West Point. The robbers on this occasion were Stephen and William Hodges, a confederate lying in wait as a sentinel on the outside, in case of an alarm. After their robbery at Smith's the Hodgeses went to the house of a man known as "Mill" Walker, who owned and operated a small mill on Sugar Creek, where they remained in concealment. Walker's honesty was not like the virtue of Caesar's wife, above suspicion. He was a kind of pettifogger before Justices of the Peace, and strange and unknown men were often seen going and coming from his house. Nothing was ever established connecting him in any way with robbers or murderers, but it was generally believed that he kept a robber's roost, and that his house was a stopping-place and place of concealment for them. That they met there to perfect- their plans, and that he was their confidential adviser, and the receiver of money realized from their nefarious practices. These suspicions were almost confirmed by the developments of after years. Walker finally removed from Lee County to Quincy, 111., where he died about the year 1873 or 1874. After his death, nearly $100,000 in specie was found concealed under the cellar floor of his residence, where it had been stored away in old sardine-boxes and oyster-cans. The treasure con- sisted of coins that were in circulation previous to 1845, such as Mexican sil- HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 473 ver dollars, half-dollars, Spanish doubloons, etc. His widow, who knew where the money was hidden, had it brought out from its hiding-place, counted by her lawyers, and then deposited it in bank. It was maintained by those who knew Walker, his habits and business pursuits, that he could not have accumulated so much money by honest means, neither before nor after leaving Lee County. A redeeming trait in the character of Walker, after he went to Quincy, was that he was very generous to the poor, and made no parade about it. He would often haul in a load of wood, and without saying a word throw it over into the door-yard of some very poor person. This, probably, was done by way of atonement for past oifenses. After the Smith robbery, and while the robbers were staying in concealment at Walker's, one of them ventured out to the house of Miller and Leiza, near by, carrying a whip and pretending to look for cattle, got a drink of water and tried to get a $10 bill changed. This was only a ruse to discover where their money was kept, and to get the plan of the premises, the interior arrangement of the house, and to note such other matters as would facilitate the purpose of the robbery already planned. The excitement consequent upon the robbery of Jerry Smith had hardly died away when the murder of Miller and Leiza was committed. INDICTMENT, TRIAL, CONVICTION AND EXECUTION OF THE HODGES. The District Court was held at West Point, then the county seat, when the Hodges were arrested on the charge of murdering Miller and Leiza, and was in session at the time. Hon. Charles Mason was Judge ; Dr. Joel C. Walker was Clerk, and L. D. Stockton was the regular District Prosecutor ; but, for some reason, probably because of the absence of Stockton, Hugh T. Reed was appointed District Attorney pro tern, for the prosecution of this case. He drew the indictments and conducted the prosecution throughout, from its beginning till the close of the trial, which resulted in their conviction, sentence, and final execution. " William Hodges, Stephen Hodges and Thomas Brown were indicted by the grand jury at West Point May 15, 1845, for the murder of John Miller, by stabbing him on Saturday night, the 10th of May, 1845. Solomon Jackson was the Foreman of that grand jury. The indictment was exhibited and filed in Court May 15, 1845. The names of the witnesses upon it were James L. Estes (then Sheriff), Robert McNair, Abraham K. Drollinger, Jacob Able, Peter L. Montjar and Edward Bonney. " On the 21st of May, 1845, William Hodges and Stephen Hodges were brought into court, arraigned, and pleaded not guilty, and the District Prosecutor immediately joined issue. "Leiza was not then dead, but died afterward. On the same day the Hodges filed a joint affidavit, praying for a change of venue on the ground that they could not obtain justice, as the people of the county were so prejudiced against them they could not get a fair trial. This affidavit was sworn to before S. B. Ayres, Justice of the Peace, and was signed by Stephen Hodges, and William Hodges made his mark." In granting a change of venue. Judge Mason " ordered that the cause be heard and determined in the District Court for the county of Des Moines, where the cause complained of does not exist, the same as if originally instituted there, and that the Clerk certify the papers to the Clerk of the District Court of Des Moines County." 474 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. " On the 19th of May they were taken by Sheriff Estes from Fort Madison to West Point, and kept there till the 23d, and then taken up to Burlington by ^Yay of Fort Madison on a steamer. Their guards during the time ^yere HaVkins Taylor, E. B. Taylor, D. M. Sherman, Elijah T. Este^, Joseph Stotts and Luke Allphin. " On the 21st of June they were put upon their trial, sixty petit jurors being summoned, J. C. Hall, F. D.* Mills and George Edmunds, Jr., appearing for the prisoners. "They applied first for a separate trial, and then for a continuance, both of which applications were refused. "After a lengthy trial the jury brought in the following verdict, which is not dated, and the record does not say when it was returned. BuKLiNGTOx, Iowa T., 1845. We, the jury, fiud the defendants, William Hodges and Stephen Hodsres. guilty of murder. Joel Hargrove. Foreman ; James Snow, David Leonard, John Smith, William Bennett, Thomas Stought, Ely Walker, Robert ^lickey, Isaac Chandler. Vincent Shelly, .Tohn P. Gonover. Moses Nutt. " Forthwith, says the record, the Court demanded if they had anything to say, etc., and then pronounced sentence upon them, as follows : • That you be taken to the Jail whence you came, and remain there till the loth day of July next ; that on that day you be taken by the proper officer of the county to some convenient place within the same, and between the hours of 10 A. M., and 4 o'clock P. M., be hanged by the neck until you are dead. " Dr. Freeman Knowles, T?ho was then a practicing physician at West Point, a gentleman of high standing and character, with a remarkable memory of details, w^as a witness in this trial, and says it continued about a week. lie is still living and a citizen of Keokuk. " The affidavit for continuance on account of the absence of material wit- nesses residing in Nauvoo and St. Louis, Mo., was sworn to before John S. Dunlap, Clerk of the District Court of Des Moines County, on the 10th day of June, 1845. By these witnesses, they alleged that they expected to prove that on the night of the 10th of June, 1845, the time the murder was com- mitted, they were at home in Nauvoo, and that the cap found on the premises did not belong to either of them. " On the 15th day of July, 1845, both of the Hodges were hanged in a ravine now in the city limits of 'the city of Burlington. Till the last moment, it is said they expected to be pardoned or rescued. Sheriff McKenny made the following return, under the order of the Court : sheriff's ketcen. Territory of Iowa. Des Moines County. In obedience to the within sentence, I did, on this 15th day of July, 1845, at two o'clock and forty-five minutes P. M., of said day. in the presence of Dr. Enos Lowe, Dr. L. W. Hickok. Dr. J. S. Dunlap. Evan Evans, Col. Tciuple. and many other worthy and respectable citiz.^us of said county of Des Moines and Territory of Iowa, at a place selected by me in said county, then and there' hung by the neck, the said William Hodges and Stephen Hodges, until they were dead. ' John H. MoKkxhy. Sheriff of Des Moines Count;/, I. Tij. On the 18th day of August, 1845, the Board of County Commissioners of Lee County being in session, it was -' ordered that John H.' McKenny, Sheriff of Des Moines County, be allowed ;^4:00 for services in securing and executing Stephen and William Hodges, criminals from this county, and that said allow^ ance be made in four orders of $100 each." The same day it was farther " ordered that John H. McKenny be allowed for cash expended for ropes to hang William and Stephen Hodges, criminals, fifteen dollars." HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 475 Capt. Edward Guthrie, who was Warden of the Penitentiary when the Hodgeses were imprisoned there after their arrest and awaiting trial, was after- ward Captain of Company K, Fifteenth United States Infantry, Mexican War, and was wounded while acting as guard for a supply-train on the way from Vera Cruz to the City of Mexico, in the thigh, by an escopet ball at Pass La Hoya, and was taken to the Castle of Perote, where his thigh was amputated. A second amputation became necessary, in consequence of which he died from physical exhaustion, caused by hemorrhage, or, in other words, he bled to death. James M. Layton and Edward A. Layton were the two guards of the pris- oners at the Penitentiary. Says Col. Reid : '' John Miller was a Mennonite German minister. The society of Mennonites wear clothing very much the same as the Dunkards, except instead of buttons they wear hooks and eyes on their coats. They all wear heavy beards. Miller was stabbed through the heart by a huge bowie- knife manufactured from a big file, such as was used in those days for sharpen- ing mill-saws. We saw the arsenal of huge bowie-knives taken by Sherift' James L. Estes, from the prisoners, afterward at the old tavern, or hotel we would call it now, of Billy Mclntyre, on Second street, at Fort Madison, where he and Joseph C. Estes, his brother, then boarded." While the prisoners were in jail at Burlington, Irwin Hodges, who was attempting to raise money to defend his brothers, publicly denounced and threatened Brigham Young for not sending men to break open the Jail and release them. That night on his way home, early in the evening, he was met by two men, who assassinated him by stabbing him with his own knife, as they afterward confessed when arrested on a criminal charge in Adams County, 111. One of them was arrested next day on suspicion, but as there was no evidence against him he was discharged. The Hodges trial was the most noted criminal trial which ever took place in^he State, and created much comment at the time. Gen. Reid prosecuted the prisoners with great vigor, and on the cross-examination of the witnesses to prove an alibi for the defense, completely entrapped them, as no two witnesses could agree as to the particular place the prisoners were at in Nauvoo on the night of the murder. His closing speech of three hours was a masterly eflfort of great eloquence and power, and was listened to by the vast crowd in the court-room and out side with breathless attention. The day the murderers were hanged, their father was permitted to come to see them from the Alton Penitentiary, where he was under sentence for lar- ceny. Soon after the execution, two of their sisters eloped with Dr. Lyon, a married man, then living at Fort Madison, and went to Texas. On the scaffold Stephen spoke first. He Avas a tall, finely-formed, dark- complexioned man, with black hair, and a loud, ringing voice, in which there was not the slightest tremor when he spoke. Calm and collected as on an ordinary occasion, he addressed the crowd, who listened with great attention while he spoke. Among other things, he said "How can that jury who brought in a verdict of guilty, sleep calmly on their pillows at night? " William spoke well, but was excited and trembled slightly, and his voice was not so loud or his manner so decided. They expected to be rescued, and till the last moment looked as if for some one to come. But no rescue came. The "New Purchase" ferry-boat came in just before the execution, loaded down with passengers from Nauvoo, and its whistle was heard just before the execution, at the levee. The passengers had 476 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. barely time to get to the scene of the execution before it took phice. The sii?- ters of the murderers were present. The condemned men were clothed in long white robes, tlieir arms pinioned with cords at the elbows. The religious exer- cises were conducted by a minister from Mount Pleasant. After singing the "y^^^-^' '-While the lamp holds out to burn. ~ The vilest' siniiev may return," prayer was offered, after which the culprits ascended the scaffold. The noose was adjusted to their necks, the black cap was drawn over their eyes. Sheriff McKenny cut the rope suspending the tirops on which they stood, and their bodies shot downward, swayed back and forth for a few minutes, Stephen drawing aip his legs Avith a convulsive effort once only. Wild cries of despair from their sisters rent the air as they fell, and a deathlike stillness outside of this reigned in the croAvd of thousands who covered the hillsides and filled the ravine below the scaffold, Avhich was surrounded by militia under arms. In their affidavit for continuance, in the handwriting of Judge Hall, one of their attorneys, made on the 10th of June. 1845, they stated they could not proceed to trial on account of the absence of material witnesses, the first- named being Artemus Johnson, George Broffit, Hiram Broffit, "Willis Smith. Thomas Morgan. George Kimball and Lydia Hodges, who resided at Nauvoo, 111., and that they expected to prove by these witnesses that on Saturday night of the 10th of jNlay, 1845, they were at home in Nauvoo, all night; also that the cap found upon the premises was not the cap of either of said defendants. That they had promised Irwin Hodges, brother of defendants, to appear vol- untarily and testify, but '••on account of the alleged excitement existing in the community, they feared their presence would subject them to insult and abuse, and possibly violence," and that, however they disliked the alternative, they were compelled to believe the depositions of said witnesses would have to be taken or they would lose tlieir evidence. They further stated in the same affidavit that they^knew o,f no other wit- nesses by whom the same facts could be proven, except John Long, Aaron Long, Judge Fox and Henry Adams, of St. Louis, Mo. The three first named afterward became widely -known from being the murderers of Col. Dav- enport. These witnesses, it is stated in the tiffidavit, were at Nauvoo, on the night of tlie murder, and that they could procure their evidence by next term. This application was properly over- ruled by the Court, and the names in the affidavit are cited for the purpose of showing who Avere the confederates of the Hodgeses, and connected with the old Mormon banditti and Panite Band. Robberies still continued all over the country. One of the largest was that of the law office of Knox & Dewey, at Rock Island, Avhose safe was broken open and robbed of ^640. The murder of Col. Davenport on the 4th of July, 1845, at Rock Island, at his home, in broad daylight, was the boldest and most daring yet committed by the old Mormon banditti, and startled the whole country as the echoes and reverberations of a fire-bell in the night. Col. Davenport was an aged and feeble nuui, a prominent and deservedly popular citizen, and an old settler, universally respected and loA'ed for his many virtues by the entire community. The operations of this gang extended throughout the Rock River country in Illinois ; and in Ogle and Winnebago Counties especially, they became so bold and daring that as to over-ride and overaAve the courts. At last, the people organized themselves as vicjilanfes and commenced a Avar of extermination. HISTORY OF \A<)1<] COUNTY. 477 Two of the gang (the Discols, father and son), were arrested, tried, convicted and shot by the vigilantes in Ogle County. Others were turned over to the courts, where they were convicted and sentenced to the Penitentiary ; others were Avarncd to leave the country, and still others, finding that their " occupa- tion was gone," left the county of their own accord, and quite a number of them found their way to different parts of Iowa — some of them, as the Brodies, set- tling in Linn County, whore they abandoned their old practices of dishonesty and outlawry, and are now recognized as good citizens and influential church members. EXPULSION OF THE MORMONS. After the murder of Col. Davenport and Miller and Leiza, public indigna- tion against the Mormons and their allies overleaped all restraint and found expression in public meetings, resolutions and public addresses that could not be misunderstood. The first meeting of this kind in Lee County was held in Montrose, where the leading speech was made by Judge Edward Johnstone, now a successful and popular banker at Keokuk. The result of this meeting was the calling of a mass-meeting, the nomination of an Anti-Mormon ticket, the publication of an address to the people by a committee appointed for that pur- pose, and the adoption of a resolution to expel the Mormons — " peaceably if possible, forcibly if necessary." For the proceedings of this meeting, a copy of the address, etc., the publishers are indebted to Col. Reid's publication, from which several extracts have already been made: In pursuance of public notice the Anti-Mormon citizens of Lee County, without distinction of party, met at the Court House in Fort Madison, on Thursday evening, 16th October, for the purpose of nominating candidates to represent said county in the next Legislature. •■ Edwin Guthrie, Esq., was chosen President, William Perdew and Capt. Samuel Vance as Vice Presidents, and D. A. Layman and I. G. Wickersham, Esq., Secretaries. T. A. Walker being called on, briefly stated the object of the meeting, and submitted the following preamble and resolutions, which were unanimously adopted : Whkrioas, The late (liHicultics between the old settlers in Illinois and the Mormons, and the numerous offenses committed in this county by persons professing to belong to the " Churcli of the Latter-Day Saints," has caused great excitement among our citizens ; and whereas, it is tirmly believed that the Mormons and others who do not belong to their peculiar faith cannot reside togetlier in peace : and whereas, for the purpose of preventing further violence it is tlunight advis- able that the Mormons and citizens of fice County should no longer remain together, therefore Jiesolved, That it is the opinion of this meeting that the public welfare requires that the Mormons sliould depart from this county at as early a day as practicable. Resolved, That this meeting deprecates all acts of violence, but stamps with contempt ihe conduct of those synipatliizing imli'viduafs who prate about the " cruelties of Anli-Mormonism." Resolved, That two Anti- Mormon candidates to represent Lee (bounty in the next Legislature be nominated by this meeting, whose election may fully ascertain and express pul)lic sentiment on the subject of the Mormons leaving this county. Resolved, That a committee of ten persons be appointed by the Chairman to present the names of two suitable persons as candidates, and report forthwitli. Resolved, Tliat a committee of ten persons be appointed by the chair to draft an address to the citizens of the county, in furtherance of the object of this meeting. 'LMie following gentlemen were appointed by the chair as the committee to select and report the names of candidates to the meeting, viz., T. A. Walker, David (Jalland, Esq., Samuel B. Ayres, .loseph A. (]lark, Esq., Absolom yVnderson, Esq., Samuel E. Jack, John Milliken, Esq., Lsnac A. Lefevre, Hawkins Taylor and Samuel T. .VJarshall, Esq. The committee, after being absent for ashort time, returned and reported as .suitable persons to be supported as Anti-Mormon candidates for the Legislature, the names of Col. William Pat- terson and Gen. .Jesse B. Browne. On motion, these nominations were confirmed unanimously by the meeting. 478 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. The President then proceeded to appoint as a committee to draft an address to the people of Lee County the following persons, to wit, William Stotts, Jesse O'Neil, Adam Hine, Lewis R. Reeves, John Burns and Henry Catter- mole. During the evening the meeting was addressed by J. C. Hall, Esq., of Burlington ; Col. H. T. Reid, T. A. Walker, Ed. Johnstone, Esq., Hawkins Taylor and H. E. Vrooman, Esq. On motion of Ed. Johnstone, Esq., it was unanimously Resolved, That the members of this meeting hereby pledge themselves to use all honorable means to secure the election of the candidates nominated this evening. On motion of H. E. Vrooman, Esq., Resolved, That the proceedings of this meeting be published in the newspapers at Burling- ton and the Warsaw Signal. Whereupon the meeting adjourned without day. EDWIN GUTHRIE, President. William Pbedew, Samuel Vance, Vice Presidents. D. A. Layman, I. G. Wickersham, Secretaries. ADDRESS TO THE VOTERS AND TAX-PAYERS OF LEE COUNTY, lOAVA. A very large and respectable meeting of citizens, favorable to the departure of the Mormons from Lee County, was held at the Court House, in Fort Madison, on Thursday evening, the 16th inst. Two Anti-Mormon candidates for the Legislature were nominated at that time, and the undersigned were appointed a committee to address you in futherance of the objects of said meeting. The next election for members of the Legislative Assembly will take place on the first Saturday of November next, and the meeting presented for your suffrages as an Anti-Mormon ticket Col. William Patterson and Gen. Jesse B. Browne. These gentlemen are among the "oldest settlers" of Lee County and known to every legal voter in it. They are esteemed as men of intelligence and tried Legislators, and no one doubts their entire willingness and ability to do, in a legislative capacity, full justice to the different interests of our citizens. The meeting referred to was composed of men of both political parties, the officers and committees were equally divided in their political and local prefer- ences, and it was hoped that in the selection of candidates, every man who felt disposed to aid in expressing public opinion on the subject of the departure of the Mormons, might do so without conceding his party predilections. It was considered that it was the duty of every citizen to unite in inducing by moral means the " Latter-Day Saints " from longer abiding among us. This ques- tion is now superior in importance to all others, and a truce was therefore declared by the two political parties, and such a union we believe is accom- plished, as will show, at the next election, an expression of popular sentiment on this subject not to be mistaken. One of the Anti-Mormon candidates is a Whig, the other a Democrat, and both are prominent in the several parties to which they belong. In regard to the many sectional interests which have divided this county, the candidates hold different opinions, but it is understood that all local questions, as well as politics, are merged in the necessary and important movement of Anti-Mormonism. It is due to you to say why an Anti-Mormon ticket was selected. We shall do so briefly. The progress of the Latter-Day Saints is well known, and their frequent strifes with the citizens of Ohio, Missouri and Illinois are matters of history. Wherever they go and grow strong, there spring up dissensions and violence between them and other citizens. The crimes charged upon them are without number. It is scarcely necessary to recount those which have been committed in this county. The old German preacher, Miller, was shot down in HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 479 his own house, and his son-in-law, Leiza, was cut to pieces in defending his family. Where did this occur ? In the very heart of Lee County. By whom was this outrage committed ? By a band of Mormon brothers, some of whom where expounders and teachers of the faith of the Latter-Day Saints. Tax- payers, what did this midnight murder cost you ? The expenses paid by the county growing out of this nefarious butchery amounted to upward of $2,800. The Reden's, living a few miles from Montrose, openly and knowingly entertained the murderers of Col. Davenport, and when they, and one of them who shot him, were arrested, an attempt was made by some of the leading Mormons and their sympathizers to have them turned loose on the community by a writ of habeas corpus, and the persons arresting themi ndicted for kidnap- ping ! It would be impossible to enumerate Mormon theft and offenses in this county alone. A few will suffice. They are obtained from the records of the District Court. List of Mormon thieves, etc., who have escaped from justice in Lee County, Iowa, by forfeiting their recognizances, and with their securities running away to Nauvoo : Uuited States vs. .Jeremiah Plumb— larceny ; Same vs. Mark A. Childs and E. C. Richard- son—buying and receiving stolen goods ; Same vs. Nathaniel Eames— bogus making ; Same vs. Wm. A. Hickman — larceny: Same vs. Philander Avery — larceny; Same vs. Levi Wickerson— stealing nails; Same vs. .Jonathan Barlow — horse-stealing; Same vs. Jefferson Bradly and Alvin Sanford — larceny; Same vs. Jedediah Owens — larceny; Same vs. Samuel Musick larceny; Same vs. Nelson Benton —larceny ; Same vs. Robert Owen and Samuel Avery— larceny; Same vs. Sylvester Jackson — counterfeiting ; Same vs. Ethaw Pettit— assault with intent to kill. It is a remarkable fact, fellow-citizens, that the only Mormon ever convicted in this county was one Darius Gibbs, indicted for burglary, and proven to be guilty by Mormon witnesses. Time explained this mystery, for it was after- ward discovered that Gibbs was a renegade from the church of Latter-Day Saints. In many of the foregoing cases, the cost paid by the county amounted to $150, and upon a computation made by some of the county officers, it appears that Mormon offenders have, since their coming here in 1839, cost the county the round sum of $5,000 or $6,000. Tax-payers, what say you to keeping up the Mormon organization in your county at the rate of $1,000 per annum ? Such is the startling array of facts, fellow-citizens, presented to you from a cursory examination of the record of our Court. And yet you are told by a newspaper published in your midst, dated on the 20th of the last month, that " whatfeiv Mormons there are in this county conduct themselves as good citi- ze7is! " We have the same high authority, on the 11th inst., canting about the "absurdities of Mormonism, and the cruelties of Anti-Mormonism." When the citizens of Lee County, exercising a constitutional right, assemble, entertaining no feelings of personal hostility toward "Mormons " individually, but for the sake of future peace, earnestly recommending and requesting those residing in this county to make preparations to remove therefrom as soon as practicable, such request is placed under the head of the " cruelties of Anti- Mormonism." When the citizens are requested to aid by exchange of property or otherwise the departure of any Mormon or Mormons who may desire to leave the county, it is charged as among the cruelties of Anti-Mormonism. But when the Hodges and their accomplices waken from their repose by the blows of their bludgeons, a sleeping and peaceful family ; when the' father dies at his own door, and the son falls, bathed in blood, mortally wounded, it is only one of the " absurdities of Mormonism." When those who had shot and choked to death an old soldier on the day of liberty, in his own house, came with their 480 HTSTOEY OF LEE COUNTY. liands red with murder, and "were entertained and comforted by tlieir "saintly" accessories in this county, it was only another of the " absurdities of Mormon- ism." When the Mormon burghirs brojce into and robbed the house of Smith, near Franklin, it ^Yas only another " absurdity ! " When Amos Hodges and his "fellow-saints " plundered the Norwegian flimily on the "tract," it was not "•cruelty," but only an "absurdity! " Ohilds, Richardson, Eames, Hickman, Avery, Nickerson, Barlow, Bradly, Sandford, Owens, Musick. Burton, Jackson, Pettit, all Mormons, and a host of others, were guilty of similar " absurdities ! " " Cruelties " is the term applied to the peaceful movement of i\.nti-Mormon- ism, and the tender epithet of "absurdities" to the midnight murders and felonies of the Mormons. A system of petty Mormon thieving is so extensively carried on in this county, that our citizens can scarcely any longer exercise a peaceful forbearance. Every old settler has lost something. No one feels secure. Each man before he retires to rest, bolts and barricades his house, and hospitality reluctantly opens the door after nightfiill, fearing it might let in the cut-throat and thief, instead of the stranger seeking a shelter. All good men reprobate violence, and therefore the "Latter-Day Saints " have been solicited to depart from among us. This request was made at a meeting of our fellow-citizens on the 1st inst., at the town of Montrose. It was thought prudent to give further force to that expression of public sentiment. No means appeared so eflective for this purpose as the ballot-box, and the ticket above referred to was therefore pre- sented for your consideration. It is hoped that the vote given for it will be so decided as will leave no doubt of the wishes of the people in regard to the Mormons leaving the county, and when you cast your suffrages for the Anti- Mormon candidates, remember that you are thus exercising your moral power to induce the deluded people called the " Latter-Day Saints," to depart in peace. Remember that you are doing an act which will save your county from fixture scenes of violence, and the tax-paying community from burdensome levies upon them. The meeting which nominated the ticket above presented desire to lay aside at the coming election all questions political and local, and present the issue of Anti-Mormonism and Mormonism alone, and none other. jNIen of both parties, men differing upon all local questions, were in attendance, and all agree as to the present paramount importance of inducing the Mormons to leave the county. It is not expected that they Avill permit the Anti-Mormon candidates to be elected without opposition. They number many votes themselves and they have many svmpathizers. They and their coadjutors dare not meet the issue fairly, but Avill strive to avoid it. They will get up tickets and denominate them as the '^ Feojple's," "'Settlers'," "American," or by some other attractive or delusive title. But by this many cannot be deceived. A cry, too, will be raised against the Anti-Mormon ticket by disappointed office-seekers, hoping thereby hereafter to procure Mormon support. The designs of all such politicians are too trans- parent to blind any one but themselves. An attempt will be made to rouse up local prejudices by the Mormons and Jack Mormons. This, too, must fail, for the committee are authorized to say that the Anti-Mormon candidates are pledged to move, if elected, no sectional question of any kind in the Legislature. They desire to run free from all trammels, and will esteem their election as expressing in a manner not to be misunderstood, the opinion of the people of Lee County on the subject of Mormon emigration therefrom. An attempt will be made to draw aside public attention during the canvass by abuse heaped upon individuals not before the people. Such assaults will only recoil upon the HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 481 heads of the calumniators themselves, and cover them with shame and confusion An attempt will be made by the Mormons to assail Anti-Mormons candidates' because at one time they may have expressed sympathy for their sufferings' Ihis cannot avad anything. General sympathy and kindness were extended to- these people when they came, poor and needy, among us ; but since the true char- acter of many of them is truly developed, the desire for their immediate and Peacetul departure is universal. Every honest citizen will cheerfully assist a worthy fellow-man in distress, but withdraws his support when the object of his compassion proves to be a thief or a cut-throat. Other individuals are indifferent to suffering, when clothed in the garb of integrity, but so soon as the object ot charity is suspected as a felon, they seek his society Fellow tax-payers we appeal to you to aid us in getting rid of an abundant source of taxation. Fellow- voters, we call upon you to exercise your moral influence at the ballot-box, and induce the Mormons to seek another place ot abode, i^ellow-citizens, without distinction of party, vote for the Anti-Mor-- mon ticket, and prevent those days of violence which the future may have in store for our county. The true issue may be evaded, Mormon and Jack Mor- mon abuse -will flow freely ; demagogues will squirm and writhe; every effort will be made by a few expiring place-hunters ; but let every citizen do his duty and all their denunciations and struggles will be in vain. On the first Saturday of next month let every man come to the polls and let every one who desires future peace, prosperity and a healthy state of society mthe Empire County, cast their suftVages for Browne and for Patterson Your fellow-citizens, John Burns, Wm. Stotts, A. HiNE, n ^ u 1 r> 1 o . - L. R. Reeves, October 16, 184o. j^^s,^ O'Neil. Ihe tol owing communication was handed to Judge Mason during the present sitting of the Lee County District Court. He felt authorized by the unanimous request of the grand jury to excuse from further attendance the persons therein named Rev. William 0. Clark and Dr. John Patten, as two of the most promi- nent Mormons in Lee County. fn, ,1 IT r^, , ,r ^ Grand Jury Room, October 14 1845 ro the Hon. Charles Mason, Judge of the District Court of Lee County ■ that th/rP^°.r''°''''^ ^'T^ J"T' ^°' *''" '""^'y °^ ^"^' respectfully represent to Your Honor • tha there are now upon the grand jury, two Mormons, to wit : William 0. Clark and .John Patten ■ that owing to he many crimes with which the Mormons have been charged in this county th^ grand jury will undoubtedly be called upon to investigate said charges, and parU SLrto ftrret T.'JSr "' ^ '°"P'°^ '^ ^^°''°^°"^ "''^<^°^ '^'^ g^'-^'^d J^'T believe to be engage at^lis time manufacturing spuruDus com; and apprehensive as we are, that the said Mormon upon the grand jury will not be disposed, in consequence of their intimate relations with sa°d company to co-operate wi h us in said investigation, we, therefore, most respectfully and unaniZusIy ask \our Honor excuse said jurors from further attendance upon the grand jury '''°'°'°^''-^' 1. J A. Clark 8. .John E. Leeper, 1.5. ?Joel W. niatt, ?■ n T/ «i"' ^""^"^' ^- '^^^lli^"^ ^- -^latthews, 16. John Houston o. D. M. Sherman, 10. Campbell Wright, 17. A. N. Deming t wflH? F LEE COUNTY. again oonvulsod >vir1i laughtov. Witli the old settlors. Oodi:;o is a uuivoi'sal favorite. Daniel F. Miller was unaiiimouslv re-elected President. A'ieo Presidents, Israel Anderson. Jaekson Township : M. Wrio-l\t, Montrose; ^Yillianl Skinner. JetVerson : K, A. Hussell, Madison ; M. 11. Kodgers, (vreen Bay; J. Meek. Des Moines ; H. W. Dresser, Van Buren ; 0. Danks, Charleston ; Alexander Oruiekshank. Franklin; D. S. Bell, Oedar ; E. Overton, Marion; E. S. MeOnllough, Harrison ; George Berry, Pleasant Ridge ; J. 0. Smith, Den- mark ; Henry Dye, Washington; R. \V. Pitman. West Point. Gen. J. 0. Parrott was elected Secretary ; Hon. E. S. McCullough, (\)rre- spondinj:: Seoretjirv ; K. McFarland, Treasurer, and J. A. Casev was chosen as Marshal. The third Thnrsday (the 20th) of August, 1874, was selected as the time for the next meeting. The place of meeting was bft to be selected by the Vice Presidents. Vr TUK KEOKUK FAIH-<^R0UN 1>S. The fourth annual gathering of the old folks ot" Lee County was held on the fair-grounds near Keokuk, on Thursday, August 20, 1874, Hon. D. F. Miller presiding. The n\eoting was called to order at 11 o'clock, and at the request of the President, Col. William Patterson addressed the throne of grace. The Hamilton (111.) choir was present and enlivened the occasion with some excellent selections of vocal music. Hon. Ceorge W. McCarty, who had been selected for orator of the day. was unable to be present, in consequence of illness, and the time was occupied with short addresses. Mr. I'homas Gregg, editor and publisher of the Old jSettlers' Memon'iil, at Hamilton, 111., delivered a short address, and explained the nature and object of his publication. Richard iNliller spoke in behalf of •' Young America," and gave a number of good reasons why the young people should attend the annual gatherings of the old settlers. The meeting was largely attended and very enjoyable. Capt. d. W. Campbell was elected President. A'iee Presidents — Valencourt Yanausdol, Jackson Township; George Hamil- ton. Montrose; William Skinner, JetVerson; Philip A'^ielo, Fort Madison; John Morgan, Green Bay ; Jonas Rice. ^Yashington ; William Brown. Denmark ; George Berry, Pleasant Ridge; K. ^Y. Pitman, West Point; Elias Overton, Marion ; Alex. Cruickshank. Franklin ; Nicholas Sargent. Des Moines ; Jere- miah Hunt, Charleston ; Amos Hinkle. Van Buren : David S. Bell, Cedar; E. S. McCullouch. Harrison. Robert McFarland was elected Secretary; Gen. J. C. Parrott, Treasurer, and Capt. Alf Roberts was chosen as Marshal. TMie Association agreed to hold its next animal meeting at Wan-en Station, on the Thursday before the full of the moon, in September. 1875. AT WAKKKN STATION the meeting was well attended. The gathering was called to order at 10 o'clock, by President J. W. Campbell. The throne of grace was addressed by Robert A. Russell, Esq., and the opening address delivered by S. D. Davis, Esq. Mrs. Pollard read a poem ei\titled "• Continually." W. C. Hobbs, Esq., delivered an address full of pathos and sentiment. Capt. J. W. Campbell, the President of the Association, followed Mr. Hobbs with an able and appropriate address, in which he reviewed the history of the countY from 1S;>0 to that time — nearly half a centurv. .% '>';'^>'>*J _, 4f" fy^^.-^^^v HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. ' 493 After President Campbell, E. S. McCullough made a short " talk," and con- cluded his remarks by asking all the old settlers to partake of an old-fashioned dinner, prepared in the old-fashioned way, by the old-lady pioneers. After dinner, Capt. Hobbs, on behalf of the old settlers, presented Alex- ander Cruickshank and William Skinner with a hickory cane each. These veteran pioneers, both of whom came to Lee County in 1834, responded to the presentation in a happy, old-fashioned way. John Whitaker, the first Probate Judge elected in Iowa, was present and was introduced to the multitude. [Mr. Whitaker was elected Probate Judge of Des Moines County in the fall of 1834, when all the lower part of the Black Hawk Purchase was included in that county.] The election of officers for the ensuing year resulted : President, Capt. James W. Campbell ; Vice Presidents, John Morgan, Green *Bay Township ; Jonas Rice, Washington ; R. W. Pitman, West Point ; L. Young, Pleasant Ridge ; Elias Overton, Marion ; David Bell, Cedar ; E. S. McCullough, Harri- son ; Henry Abel, Franklin ; John Herron, Van Buren ; A. L. Donnell, Charles- ton ; N. Sargent, Des Moines ; George G. Hamilton, Montrose ; William Skin- ner, Jefferson ; V. Vanausdol, Jackson ; Robert Russell, Madison ; Secretary, Robert McFarland ; Treasurer, I. Hale, Madison ; Marshal, C. C. Border, Har- rison Township. Resolved, That Fort Madison should be the place of holding the next regu- lar meeting, and that said meeting should be held on the day of Septem- ber, 1876. CAPT. CAMPBELL S ADDRESS. Capt. James W. Campbell came to what is now Lee County in October, 1830, when quite a youth, since when his residence here has been uninterrupted, hence he is entitled to the honor of being considered the second oldest citizen. And as his address is full of importance, as relates to the condition of the county, early incidents and first occupants, it is presented entire. Other addresses at the old settlers' annual gathering were excellent and in good taste, but this one is deemed most pertinent and appropriate, because of Capt. Campbell's intimate personal knowledge of things whereof he speaks. He said : Twelve months ago, you elected me President of this Association, and I now, for the first time, embrace the opportunity of thanking you all for the honor conferred upon me. It has been my desire to furnish a speaker for this occasion far more able than myself, but as I have failed, I cannot let this moment pass without saying a few words to you about what I have seen and heard of the people and their settlements here from 1830 to 1834, which I designate as the half-breed era. Since then, many of you have been as familiar with the changes that have occurred here as myself, and if I do not, in reviewing the past, amuse you in relating what I have seen and heard of this county, it will certainly interest some of you to retrace with me, step by step, your pioneer life, and while you are traveling back over its dark and ragged edges, you will come to many bright spots in memory's pathway that will produce emotions of pleasure. Forty-five years ago this coming October, my fiither moved from the present site of Nauvoo, and settled four miles below, on the west bank of the river, at Ah-we-pe-tuck (which, translated from the Indian dialect to our tongue, means beginning of cascades), on the Sauk and Fox Reservation It is now called Nashville, and almost every association in this connection with this place remains still fresh in my memory, although I was but five years old. The settlement here consisted of four houses, which were occupied by Dr. Isaac Galland, .Samuel Brierly, William P. Smith and my father. There was, 494 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. also, a small log house, 10x12 feet in size, used for a schoolroom. I remember well some of my schoolmates here, whose names are Tolliver Dedman, James Dedman, Thomas Brierly and Washington Galland. Over this literary insti- tution, which, I suppose, was the first school taught in Iowa, Benjamin Jen- nings presided as teacher. I remember him well, for when kind and oft-repeated words failed to impress upon the memory of Washington Galland and myself the difference between A and B, he had niether delicacy nor hesitancy about applying the rod, which usually brightened our intellects. The greatest object of interest to me while I remained here, was to visit the wreck of the sunken steamer Mexico, which lay close against the shore, a few rods above my father's house. Her cabin had been removed, but a portion of her machinery still remained, which resembled very much one of Eads & Nel- son's submarine 'pumps, in use at the present time. As there is nothing more which I can remember about this place that would interest you, I will, in turn, begin to describe each house and its locality, to the best of my recollection, that was situated on the half-breed tract in 1831. We embark in an Indian canoe, on our voyage of discovery in the month of April. After floating down the river two and a half miles or more, we came in view of a double log house, inclosed by a fence made of logs and saplings, and I am told that at its entrance way stood, in 1826, a pair of elk horns, answering the double purpose of gate-posts and center-mark, north and south, of the half-breed • reservation. This building, which stood upon an elevated position, about one hundred and fifty yards from the river, had formerly been the home of Maurice Blondeau, the Washington and father of his country ; for, by his instrumental- ity, prior to the era of grangerism, he acted as the middleman, and at the treaty of 1824, secured to the half-breeds of the Sac and Fox Indians all that portion of land lying between the Mississippi and Des Moines Rivers, embracing the south half of Lee County. Maurice Blondeau was a jolly, good Frenchman, weighing considerably over two hundred pounds, and the old adage, " Laugh and grow fat," was fully illus- trated in him. Owing to this habit, he came to be a great favorite with the Indians. If any visitor to this country is fond of antiquarian researches, and wishes to visit the locality of this man's former home, I will be pleased to direct him to the identical spot. You will take the cars at Montrose or Keokuk, and when the faithful old conductor, " Dave," calls for your ticket, ask him to let you stop off at the little Catholic Church building, between Sandusky and Nashville, and when you arrive there proceed immediately back to the top of the first elevation, and you are within a few feet of where his humble cabin stood, and within the area of one among the first corn and pumpkin patches cultivated by civilized man in the State of Iowa. Let us pass down a few hun- dred yards farther, and we are at the ancient log house of Lemoliese, which was once supposed to be a palace in the midst of a wilderness, being the first erected in what is known as Iowa of to-day. This single log house stood some seventy to eighty yards from the river, on a slight elevation, on the south side of a creek near the approach of a bridge now in use at Sandusky. It was occupied in 1831 by Mr. Brierly, whose son James became our first Representative under Territorial organization. Indian tradition says this locality had ever been a haunt of their forefathers, owing to its pleasant location, and its near proximity to other ancient villages on the Des Moines River. Indians always select loca- tions for their villages that are not subject to an overflow, so I imagine that, at one time, there was a village at St. Francisville, on the south side of thfe river^ in Missouri, and one on the north side, one and a half miles above, near Jim- HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 495 town ; and where could there have been found two more beautiful locations than these, and why should we doubt that these localities are not the identical villages discovered by Marquette in June, 1673 ? We read sketches from his journal that were published in Paris several years after his death, where it is said, using^, his own language, after floating down the Mississippi four days, they went ashore on the 21st of June (1673) and found some fresh traces of men upon the sand, and a path which led to the prairie. The men remained in the boat, and Marquette and Joliet followed the trail up a creek for two or more leagues to the west, when they came to a beautiful stream. There was an Indian village upon the right and left banks of the stream. If Sandusky, in Lee County, is not the place he alluded to when he landed upon the west bank, and visited this beautiful river, our Keosauqua Sepo, where is there another place in all this country that answers the description so well ? Take the distances, the creeks, the traditionary locations of the Indian villages, and all point unerringly to this as the place where Marquette landed on the occasion mentioned. We will now jump from romance to reality, and journey on our way, hoping to introduce you to each locality and individual as we pass along. When we have passed about four and one-half miles further down the stream, we come to Spring Chain, on the rapids. Abreast of this chain, and near an everflowing spring, stood a single log cabin, the residence of Andrew Santamont, the ■ brother-in-law of Maurice Blondeau. Madame Santamont had a son by her first husband, whose name was Francis Labesser, who never had an equal as an interpreter in the Sac and Fox nation. I have often heard him read our books and papers to the Indians as you and I can a long-studied piece for an exam- ination day. Frank used to tell us little fellows that if we ever expected to be educated as he was, we would have to go to Paris, as he did. So, you see, Paris set the fashion then as well as now ; but in later years, I began to doubt if Frank had ever entered a schoolhouse outside of the suburbs of Portage des Sioux. This old house of Santamont once stood within a foAv feet of the round- house of the Keokuk & St. Paul Railroad, now owned by the Chicago, Burling- ton & Quincy Railroad Company. • It was occupied several years after by William McBride. A short distance below it, and a few feet further back from the river, a log house was afterward built and occupied by James Bartlett, who was an honest, quiet, good man, of whom we find in his son Henry D., a mem- ber of our little band of pioneers, a fair representative of his father. Let us drop down with the rapid current a few hundred yards further, around Point-no-Point, and we are in view of Puck-a-she-tuck (foot of the cascades), a village "mighty as Babylon," in my childhood imagination, but of less renown than our Gate and Federal Court city is to-day, although we then had occasionally residents of great celebrity, such as Paw-shi-pa-ho (stab chief) and Keokuk, the peace chief of the Sac nation, from whom our city derived its name, as early as 1832, The hillsides of this embryo city were covered with a heavy growth of timber, extending to high-water mark. The old cottonwood- tree above Main street, under whose shade I landed in 1831, has not been spared to designate the spot ; but memory supplies its place by locating over it the abutment of the first wagon and railroad bridge that spanned the Missis- sippi River. The ten log houses comprising our little village then have all been removed. Even our grave-yard, at the corner of Second and Blondeau streets, once held sacred by every pioneer, has been rooted up for the benefit of civilization, and not one landmark remains of our childhood homes. But when I look over the 496 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. panorama of the past, I see them distinctly before me ajg;ain, and will describe them to you, that we may share the pleasure together by recalling the associa- tions of the past. The population consisted of some thirty-odd persons — English, French and half-breeds. The first log house erected in 1820, under direction of Dr. Samuel C. Muir, stood on the right hand corner of Main and Levee, as you ascend the street. It had received an additional frame room, with an open entry between, when my father moved into the log house in 1831. The whole house had been pre- viously occupied by Dr. Muir, who, having taken my father into copartner- ship, was compelled to furnish him a room until he could get some other place. It was here in this old house that I learned, under the instruction of James .Wheat, a private teacher, to commemorate the words " ba-ker, "sha-ker," "tidy," "holy," etc. The definition of the last word was neither appreciated nor practiced by many of the residents of those days. Many times my old preceptor would require his son Henry and myself to march out into the open entry and engage in a contest of spelling, before the gaze of admiring spectators from some steamboat which had recently arrived. We were considered progidies in spelling by many ; but, to tell the honest truth, I could not spell one of these words on the book ; but we made the old man feel good, and that was enough for us. Moses Stillwell, the first permanent white settler, erected the second log house on the hillside opposite the upper end of the lock ; this was also a double log cabin, with an open entry between, and a small inclosure for garden purposes. Mrs. Stillwell, an excellent, kind, good Avoman, lived here several years after her husband's death. Immediately below, and against a perpendicular stratum of stone, stood the front and end walls of a one-story stone building, the stone bluff answering for the back wall. This building was about 15x40 feet, and was destroyed by an ice freshet in 1832. It was intended for a warehouse, and was built by Stillwell for Culver & Reynolds. At the beginning of Blondeau and Levee, stood the first house in a row of five, all joined together with a porch in front, three feet above the ground. These buildings belonged to the American Fur Company, and were sold to my father in 1832, and many years after were known as the famous Rat Row. If my memory does not deceive me, I think these buildings were occupied by Mark Aldrich, of whose family I have but a faint recollection. There was an elderly lady, a member of his family, of the name of Wilkinson or Wilker- son, of whom I have a more distinct remembrance, than any one else con- nected with his family. One day, while in front of their house, I was trying the experiment of balancing myself in walking on the edge of a half-sunken canoe, when this kind old lady, seeing the danger to which I was subject, requested me to get oif, and, in attempting to look around I lost my balance and oif I fell into the water, heels over head. After I crawled out on shore she indulged in a hearty laugh, and I indulged in a little hard swearing. Below the Fur Company's buildings, half way between Blondeau and Main streets, stood a clapboard frame house, owned by Edward Bushnell, and used at various times as a stable, warehouse and grocery, and a little farther back on the side of the hill, stood John Forsyth's little log cabin, which was occupied by a venerable gentlemen in 1833, of the name of Jesse Creighton, a shoe- maker. Finding it rather difficult to support himself at his trade, owing to our custom of going barefooted in summer and wearing moccasins in the win- ter, he was induced to open a private school, and his pupils were Valencourt HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 497 Vanausdol, Forsyth Morgan, Henry D. and Mary Bartlett, John Riggs, George CraAvford, Eliza Anderson and myself. The attendance was small, but our number embraced about all the little folks in Keokuk at this time. But as few as we were in numbers, we convinced Uncle Jesse that we were legions at recess, for we frequently upset his shoe-bench and shoe-tub, which caused the" old gentleman to reach for us with his crooked cane. At this first school taught in Keokuk, I made rapid progress, for I learned to read Chieftain War- rior, Winnebago, Enterprise, William Wallace and Ouisconsin, the names of steamboats that landed immediately in front of our schoolhouse. My rapid progress was owing to the privilege of looking out of the window at these boats and drawing their picture upon a slate. I can see them now, and their appearance to a schoolboy of to-day would look ludicrous. For example, the William Wallace, with one smokepipe ; the Warrior, with one deck, with a barge along side containing the cabin; the Chieftain, with a quarter-pitch roof similar to our houses, cabins all on lower deck aft of the wheel-house, open bunks running fore and aft, trimmed with gorgeous calico curtains. James Thorn, a large, stout Canadian Frenchman, married to a Sac squaw, lived in a small log house situated half-way from the water's edge to the top of the blujff, between Concert and High streets. John Connolly, of Irish descent and clerk for the American Fur Company, with a squaw wife in a log house on the hill, between Main and Johnson, on Water street, just back of the old depot-house. This locality is more noted than any other spot of ground in Keokuk, owing to a fort being erected here in 1832, under the supervision of my father and Maj. Jenifer T. Spriggs, who, being an intimate at my father's house, having come here for the purpose of surveying the Half-Breed Reserva- tion, deemed it advisable to garrison this point, as Black Hawk had started upon the war-path, and upon his request being made known to the commandant at St. Louis, one swivel, thirty-four muskets and five hundred rounds of cart- ridges were forwarded immediately, and, on their arrival, a small stockade, about one hundred feet across, inclosing a blockhouse, was constructed ; and, after the munitions of war were conveyed into this stockade, Jenifer T. Spriggs, the hero of Bladensburg, was elected to the exalted position of Captain Com- mandant, and Isaac R. Campbell, Lieutenant and Commissary. Fifteen hundred barrels of pork and flour belonging to the United States army had been left here in charge of my father, owing to the low water on the rapids. This our troops protected, which was about all they did during the war. After peace was declared, Maj. Spriggs lost the muster-roll, while on a little " tare" in St. Louis, and, in consequence of that loss, all our soldiers lost their bounty. I remember the day very well when Black Hawk danced his war-dance upon the rocky beach of Puck-a-she-tuck, in 1832. He had with him about four hundred warriors, who marched four-abreast ; and, after going through the various evolutions peculiar to the Indian mode of warfare, they halted in front of my father's house, and Black Hawk, Ne-sa-us-cuck, his son, and five or six others stepped into the entry, between our room and Dr. Muir's, and again began their war-dance. Forty-three years have intervened since I witnessed these scenes, but still that war-whoop and rattling of clapboards by spearing imaginary foes are heard distinctly by me now; their blackened faces, with tomahawk and scalping-knife in hand, Avhirling around each other's head, I see again. This exhibition, which was, undoubtedly, intended as a mark of esteem by our savage neighbors, was soon brought to a close, as my mother became 498 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. frightened and sent for my father, who soon came from the store and requested Kah-kah-kaw (Black Hawk) to desist, as his pale-faced squaw was alarmed. Turning to my mother, he laughingly remarked, " Emily, don't be afraid ; these people are our friends." They ceased their dance, and in the evening they departed up the river. On the second day they crossed the Mississippi at Spellman's, now Pontoosuc. They swam their horses to the island above, and, after reaching the main shore, journeyed on in the direction of Rock Island. There is no doubt that Black Hawk held my father in very high esteem ; but he did not think it prudent to allow his family to remain here. So we were sent on the Chieftain to Hannibal, Mo., which locality was considered out of danger. Other families went to Fort Edwards, now Warsaw. One circumstance occurred at Keokuk, during the war, that fully illustrates the Indian character. Match-e-paw and Wa-paw-si-ah, Sac Indians, and full- brothers to Mrs. Muir, became very restless, a short i:ime after hostilities began, and, as the Sac nation were at peace with the whites, they, of course, could take no part in it. So, on the pretense of hunting, they started up the Keo- sauqua Sepo, and were gone until after the battle of Bad Axe, when Match-e- paw returned, wounded in the palm of his hand. His family inquired the cause of the wound. In reply to their inquiry, he said he was trying to draw the load from his gun, when it went oif, shootifig the ramrod through his hand. We believed this statement to be true until Wa-paw-si-ah, his younger brother, returned soon after, who had also lost a thumb. We inquired of him the cause of his misfortune, and he answered by saying, " Has not Match-e-paw told you we were wounded in the river swimming from the main shore to an island at the battle of Bad Axe? " "Why, Wa-paw-si-ah," we replied, " we thought the Sacs were at peace with the whites ? " "So they are, with their neighbors," he replied, "but they do not consider it any harm to scalp a stranger." I fear I am tiring you with Indian reminiscences, so I will return to a description of the locality, and only remaining house in Keokuk not before mentioned. It occupied the point of the hill on the upper side, immediately behind Patterson & Timberman's porkhouse. Peter Bruseau, a Frenchman, occupied this log cabin, and the creek emptying into the river below his house, received its name from him, and was so called by the first settlers. Let us journey on now to the westward in search of further marks of civili- zation. By the side of an Indian pathway, in Sugar Creek bottom (Se-se- pawk-wah) we see the skeletons of a few wick-e-ups (wigwams), which assure us that man has been here (although a savage in these wilds) before us. But now all is lovely. Not even an alimo (Indian dog, half wolf ) has remained behind to gnaw the bones thrown from his master's camp-kettle. Onward we move, and arrive upon the verge of a bluff (near Sargent's, now), and behold the Des Moines River in the distance, with Sand Prairie intervening, bedecked in nature's garb, with thousands of flowers of different hues and tints, such as lan- guage fails to describe. We arrive upon the banks of the river, and enter the humble domicile of John Tolman, situated opposite St. Francisville, in Missouri. If this old house was upon its former foundation, you would find it about three hundred feet southeast of Mr. Noah Bailey's residence, in Des Moines Town- ship. This completes the description of all the landmarks of civilization in Lee County in 1831, excepting at Montrose, where grew the sour apple trees, which bore the first fruit of any kind I ever tasted. My uncles, Alexander and Hugh White, used to cross the river from where we lived opposite in Illi- nois, and gather these half-ripened apples when I can first remember. HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 499 I have no doubt that some of you here to-day would be pleased for me to describe the personal appearance of some of these pioneers, which is no easy task to do, even when the individual is before us, and still harder to do when one has not seen them for thirty years. If in attempting this description I commit an error, I offer an apology now, and will speak of them as I first remember them. Col. Russell Farnham, who seemed to be the representative man of the American Fur Company, was of medium size, inclined to corpulency. He was fearless and fond- of amusement, strictly honorable, and paid a bill of |500 contracted at a gaming-table several years before, only a short time before his death. Mark Aldrich was a small man in stature, stoop-shouldered, dark com- plexion, black, piercing eyes, brimful of vivacity, and always ready to participate in the amusements of the day. The Indians called him Petete-ah-kah-kah- kaw — Little Black Sparrow. All that I can remember of Moses Stillwater is that he was a tall man, that he usually wore a plug hat, and, at times, did not seem to care whether " school kept" or not. Dr. Samuel C. Muir was a man of medium size^ light complexion, pale blue eyes, temperate in his habits and precise in business. He was the first victim of cholera in 1832. After he was shrouded, I observed lighted candles at his head and feet — a custom I had never witnessed before. Joshua Palean, a. native of New York, from whom one of the streets in Keokuk derived its name, was an Indian trader. He was of medium stature, and what we would term a chunky man, inclined to corpulency. He was fond of dress, wore ruffled shirts and sported a gold watch. He held three slaves, and, after his death they sued and obtained their freedom. He died of cholera in 1833. His daughter became the wife of Henry J. Campbell, the founder of Democracy in Lee County. Edward Bushnell, or Musco-Cheese, as the Indians called him, was a Portage des Sioux Frenchman. He was in the employ of the Fur Company, and after their departure he remained and entered into various branches of business. Paul Bessette, Baptist Neddo, John Shook, trappers, hunters and fishermen, complete the list of men in 1831. I fear that my narrative of the men has grown tedious, so I Avill now refer to my boyhood companions. Thomas Connolly was the largest boy, and made the sleds upon which we rode down hill. James Muir and Michael For- syth were the best shots with bow and arrow at a 5-cent piece. William and Charles Thorn excelled at robbing bird's nests. These boys were all half-breeds, and I was very much aggrieved at my father for causing them to be sent away from home to attend Richard M. Johnson's school in Kentucky. I had but one congenial associate left, and he was a full-blooded Indian of the name of Peace-0-Tuck. He could eat more corn-bread and drink more buttermilk than any human being I ever met. I supplied his wants hourly, for it was only on these terms he would remain. If I did not keep him constantly eating, he would not haul drift-wood nor skin catfish worth a cent. There was one more boy here who was not any more of a mixture than myself. He claimed to be a full-blooded Anglo Saxon, and you could not have doubted his origin if you could have seen him when he was a boy as I saw him. His hair resembled carrots ; his face was freckled ; his nose was red and ■exceedingly active in its secretions, and his coat-sleeve was often brought into requisition, as bandana handkerchiefs were too expensive for every-day use. 500 MlSl\>RY OF LEE COUNTY. Now, this good-natured boy thought himself too big to associate with a little fellow like me, and what do you suppose was the cause of his pride ? 1 Avill tell you. His brother-in-law owned a yoke of cattle — old Buck and Brandy. One day, this big boy (in his own imagination") had driven these cattle up the shore with a keelboat in toAv to Nashville. He had bouglit a pair of store-shoes, and wore a long-tailed white blanket-coat, and from this fact thought himself a little more of a man than I, who wore a roundabout, went barefooted, and did noth- ing but catch catfish and drift-logs. Shall I expose this boy of forty-four years ago by calling him by name ? Yes, 1 will do it, for '• revenge is sweet." It is our veteran poineer, A'alencourt Yanausdol, a man of whom any country might be proud, because of his honesty, upright principles and true integrity. Our seventeen log cabins and their forty pioneers of 1880, are phantoms of the past. The tidal wave of civilization has rolled over our land and left our pioneer bark siranded on the shore behind. We now have 6,000 houses and a popula- tion of 86,000 happy and industrious people. Our wild prairies have become fertile fields. AVe hear at early dawn in every forest the distant notes of chanticleer, and in the evening time, from the hillsides and valleys, the sound of tinkling bells and the lowing of domestic herds. Now, the fagots of Pos-o-qua no longer replenish the camp-fire, and the painted post on the wayside, denoting her lonely grave, has fallen into decay, and a marble slab supplies its place. The curling smoke from the Indian wig- w-am that arose from many a valley : the howl of the prairie-Avolf heard o'er numy a plain, and the slirill screech of tlie green-headed paroquet, as they flew through the wild forests, will never be heard or seen by us here again. The tomahawk and scalping-knife, the pioneers" dread, have been converted into cul- tivatoi'S and reapers, the white man's emblems of peace. Pioneers and Old Settlers, many changes have taken place here since we adopted this pleasant land for our homes. Thousands of our eotemporaries have played their parts and passed from the stage of life's action. While we still remain before the scene, let us be thankful, for our pilgrimage here must shortly end. The springtime and summer of life Avith us has come and gone, and autumn is now upon us. Soon the cold frosts of Avinter will close around us, and we w ill be here no more, but while Ave remain let us meet oftener together and talk of the good old times gone by, Avhen mothers and sisters welcomed the stranger to our log-cabin houjcs, and the latcli-string hung from the outside of every man's door. "'OLl> TIMES COME AGAIN. The sixth annual gathering of the Old Settlers' Association Avas held in the upper park in Fort Madison, on Thursday, the 24th day of August, 1876, and Avas the most interesting of any of their meetings held up to that period. This park is naturally a beautiful sqmire of ground, and has been carefully trained by the people of Fort Madison. Large trees have been groAvn Avithin it, and no etlort has been spared to make it an attractive place of resort during the hot months of summer. For this meeting of the patriarchal fathers and mothers of Lee County, it had been especially trimmed up and decorated. A regular old-fashioned log cabin had been erected in the southAvest corner of the square. The logs had been cut in the Avoods and hauled to the park, Avhere they Avere saddled and iu>tched as the cabin Avas raised. Then came the old-fashioned roof, ribs, clapboards, knees, weight-poles and all, the puncheon floor, and the door Avith its Avooden latch and the latch-string out, a sign of Avelcome and hospitality characteristic of the people Avho came to plant the HISTORY OF LEE COUUTY. 501 standards of civilization in the Iowa wilds. An old-fashioned chimney, with earthen hearth and fire-place, was built at one end. Over the door, resting in forks cut and fitted for the purpose, was an old flint-lock musket, a relic of the war of 1812. Dried pumpkins, string beans, roots and herbs, hung from the joists. The looking-glass and brush hung against the wall. The old-fashioned spinning-wheel and reel stood in the places they were accustomed to occupy when the mothers spun and wove the material of which the family garments were made, and the flax-hatchel was in convenient reach. The cornmeal sack, from which the Indian pones, johnny-cakes and corn-dodgers were made, had a convenient place. Old-style splint or bark bottomed chairs had been resurrected and brought out from their long-time hiding-places, and made to do service once more. Cupboard-ware, in the pride and glory of blue pictures, adorned the shelves that rested on pins driven into auger-holes bored into the logs of one corner of the cabin. Dried gourds, and turkey-wing brushes, seed onions and corn selected for the next years' planting, strings of red-pepper, were seen here and there. Coon and wolf skins, cured and ready for a buyer, hung behind the door, while others were stretched and curing against the out- side. Within, everything was arranged just as the mothers of forty-six years before were wont to arrange the inside of their cabins. For this day, Mrs. Sena Alley, the mother of Mayor Alley, of Fort Madison, kept house and dispensed hospitality as she did for several years after her husband, Hosea Alley, settled in what is now Green Bay Township, in 1839. To this pleasing duty she had been assigned by the Committee of Arrangements, and the honor was well-merited. Hour after hour, old men and old women gathered around the cabin to look upon the scenes and arrangements that were once so familiar tothem, but long since abandoned for those of more modern sur- roundings. A Sac wigwam, a cross-looking squaw, and a papoose strapped to a board and propped up against the entrance, stood a little north of the cabin. A Sioux tepee was occupied by two frontier hunters, with their dogs, traps, rifles, etc. Their hunting canoe was near by. An old pioneer wagon, one of the kind in use a half a century ago, with great big hubs and dished wheels, loaded with old-fashioned household furni- ture, drawn by two gaunt horses and driven by N. B. Miller, drove up and halted in front of the cabin for safety, for the Indians were coming. Behind the wagon were two girls riding on horse-back, but without saddles. The Indians came in all the hideousness of dirty blankets, red paint, and all the other paraphernalia of a party of blood-thirsty red devils on the war-path. Whooping and yelling, they raced their ponies around the square, and finally halted in front of the cabin, and, Indian-like, demanded something to eat. Everything had been arranged with a view of presenting to the children, grand- children and great-grandchildren, in a lifelike manner, the scenes, incidents and terrors to which the pioneers were exposed who came to plant the standard of civilization in the land of the lowas. ^ The orator of the day was Charles Negus, Esq., of Fairfield, now deceased, and no man was better qualified for the duty. Mr. Negus came to Iowa in early times, when he Avas. but a young man, and had devoted much time and thought to the history of the country, its growth and development, and, before his death, in 1877, was recognized as Iowa's best historian. His address on this occasion was one of the master eff"orts of his life, and one that will be remembered till the last one of the thousands who heard it has paid the final debt of nature. ' "^ 502 HISTOUY OF LEE COUNTY. Dr. A. C. Roberts, of the Demoemt, had prepared quarters for the accom- modation of the press representatives, and was honored Avith the presence of a large number of that fraternity. Among those who sat down to dinner with him on that day were the following : Col. Wilson, for a number of years the editor of the Fort Madison Plaindeale?-, and Mr. Pratt, his successor ; Frank Phelps, Chicago Times : H. W. Clendenin, Keokuk Constitution ; F. JE£. Semple, G-atc Citi/ : Thomas Gregg, Mural Jlessemjer, Hamilton, 111. ; Henry Lohmer, representing the Van Buren Democrat . and Frank Hattou, of the ITawk-U^i/c. Ex-editors : Dr. Charles Beardsley, formerly of the Hawh-Eye, and R. W. Albright, who established the Fort Madison Courier, in 1841. Col. J. C. Stone and Hon. W. C. Hobbs, opposing candidates for member ot Congress from this district in 1876, were also present, and sat vis a vis at Dr. Roberts' profusely-supplied dinner-table. Soon after dinner, came the annual election of officers. President, G. G. Hamilton, of Montrose ; Vice Presidents, David Bell, of Cedar Township : Rev. Mr. S. Pickard, Charleston ; Nicholas Sargent, Des Moines : Alexander Cruickshank, Franklin ; John Morgan, Green Bay ; E. jNIcCullough, Harri- son ; William Skinner, Jeiferson ; Valencourt Vanausdol. Jackson ; N. B. Miller, Madison; Elias Overton, Marion (^Montrose was not filled); George Berry, Pleasant Ridge ; John Herron, Van Buren ; Leonard Eoff, Washing- ton. R. W. Pitman, Secretary. Said the Democrat of August SO, in concluding its report of this gathering : " The old settlers formed themselves in a circle, commencing with the old- est members, and coming up to those of the most recent date Avhich allows a man or woman to claim a membership in the xVssociation. Then, hand in hand, those old men and Avomen pledged to each other friendship to last so long as their lives should continue. This Avas the most interesting ceremony of the day. Then came the leave-taking, which was one of the most affecting scenes we ever witnessed. The old patriarchs and pioneers, Avith voices trembling and glistening drops in their eyes, took their fareAvell of each other, for they real- ized that this was probably the last time many of them Avould meet on this green earth, and as they stood Avith hand clasped in hand, one could see that the grief expressed in their whole mien was too deep for utterance, and Avhen the final leave Avas taken, many an old man fairly broke down and shed bitter tears. " Alone and deserted the park looks now at sunset. The merry people Avho have been here all day, to the number of five or six thousand, have left, and only the Avatchman who guards the AvigAvams, tents, cabins and tables is left to look over the ground Avhicli was so clean and fresh in the morning, and that is now streAvn with papers and crumbs, the only thing left to show how many restless feet had trod the green grass during the day." Two other gatherings of the old settlers have since been held in the same pleasant place in 1877 and 1878. The log cabin is kept intact, and Avill be the center of attraction at each recurring gathering. In 1877, Mrs. Sena xllley again presided as mistress of the cabin, assisted by Mrs. Susan Fox. The interior and exterior arrangements, furniture, trappings, etc., were about the same as in the years previous. The general order of exercises Avere marked by the same features as those of previous meetings of the Association, so that to attempt a detailed revieAv of the programme Avould be a repetition of what has already been written. On the occasion of this meeting. Mayor Alley delivered an address of wel- come, gloAving Avith eloquence, to the many thousands Avho caiue to spend a day with the old settlers as they lived over again one day of the past. R. W. Pit- FIISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 503 man, who took an active part in the organization of the Association, and who has carefully guarded its every interest, was the orator of the day, and deliv- ered a very happy and appropriate address. In the course of his address, Mr. Pitman said : " The first sermon preached in Lee County was in July, 1835, by a man named Joseph Howard, a Cumberland Presbyterian minister. The services were held in tire~caHin of~William Hunter, a little east of the site of West Point. The next sermon was preached by Rev. Chauncy Hobart, a Methodist minister from Illinois. He was out bee-hunting, and, stopping at my father's cabin, Mr. Hobart informed him of his double calling. I was immediately put on horse-back and started out to inform all the brethren that the IForci? would be expounded at my father's house on the following Sabbath. My mother paid him for his sermon by cleansing his linen. The first Sabbath school in Lee County was organized at my father's house in 1836." Chauncy Hobart here mentioned, was a pioneer missionary of the Meth- odist Church to the Black Hawk Purchase. In 1836, he was assigned to duty in Cedar and adjoining Counties, and remained there some two years, when he was assigned to other parts of the country. When Minnesota began to settle up, he Avas sent up there as a missionary, where he has ever since remained in the harness. He is now an old man, and a resident- of Red Wing, Goodhue County, where the writer met him in August, 1878. Incapacitated by old age from active and continuous work, he is held in reserve for urgent calls. He was elected Chaplain to the Legislature during the session commencing in Jan- uary, 1878. He is remarkably well preserved, and as full of mental vigor as he was when he came bee-hunting to the Lee County wilderness in 1836. After Mr. Pitman's address, Gen. A. C. Dodge, who was present, was introduced to the congregated thousands, and made a few well-timed and pleasant remarks. The following song composed by Kate Harrington (Mrs. James Pollard) was sung by the Glee Club, which was composed of Doctor and Mrs. Rix and others, the old settlers joining in the chorus with hearty voices : OLD SETTLERS' SONG. Tune — Old Folks at Home. Right here, where Indian fires were lighted, Long, long ago ; Where dusky forms, by rum incited, Danced wildly to and fro ; Where hirch canoes, like arrows darting, Swift o'er the waves, Showed but, a gleam of water paiting. Cleft by the oars of the braves. Chorus — We, old settlers, come to greet you, Proifer heart and hand ; Breathe, too, a fervent prayer to meet you, Yonder in the spirit land. Old Black-Hawk with his chiefs about him. Once gathered here ; Never a warrior dared to doubt him — " Pale-face," too, learned to fear. But scalping-knives and belts have vanished ; Fires blaze no more ; While like to Arab tents are banished, Camps from the further shore. Chorus. — Still, Old Settlers, come to greet you, Proffer heart and hand ; Breathe, too, a fervent prayer to meet you, Yonder in the spirit land. 504 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. O, brothers! there are dear old faces Hid 'neath the mold : Forms missing from their wonted places, Hands we have clasped ttill and cold. While all the vanished years behind us, Leave few to come ; And missing links on earth remind us Scores have been gathered home. Chorus — Where, with welcome shouts, they'll greet us. When we reach heaven's strand; Fling wide the golden gates and meet us. Brothers in the promised land. The last gathering of the Old Settlers' Association was held in the park on Thursday, the 23d day of August, 1878. If anything, this gathering was the grandest and most successful of any ever held. Col. J. C. Parrott, presided. The preparations for the reception and entertainment of the guests made by the Committee of Arrangements and the citizens of Fori Madison, were on a g-rajnder and larger scale than ever before undertaken. The Democrat estimated that 12,000 people were in attendance. The address of welcome was extended by Hon. J. M. Casey, and, as the Judge is of Kentucky parentage, it is enough to say that his welcoming words were not only a credit to his Iowa education, but to the State of his birth, whose chivalry, generosity and hospitality are known and appreciated throughout the civilized world. Judge Edward Johnstone was then introduced as the orator of the day, and delivered an address full of eloquence and sublimity. He dwelt largely upon the past, and the scenes and incidents pertinent to pioneer times. Judge Johnstone came to Fort Madison in July, 1837, since when he has maintained a continuous residence in Lee County. At that time, the country was just beginning to show signs of advanced civilization, and, of close observation and an excellent memory, no man was better calculated to call up the affairs of the past. Added to his natural ability, Judge Johnstone has filled several places of public trust, and from the day of his arrival to the present, has been closely identified with the public affairs of the county. He knew all the pioneers personally, and had seen the cabins and corn-patches of many of them give way to fine houses and well-improved farms. He had seen their children grow up to manhood and womanhood and given in marriage. He followed the remains of some of the patriarchal pioneers to their last resting-place, and after forty-one years had passed, he came to talk to those of them that still remained, their children, grandchildren and o-reat-orrandchildren, and their thousands of guests of the olden time. His address received the closest atten- tion, sometimes interrupted with sobs and tears, sometimes by tokens of applause. Judge Johnstone was followed by R. W. Pitman, Secretary of the Associa- tion with a few brief and pertinent remarks. " I look around in vain to-day,'" said Mr. Pitman, ■' for the familiar forms and faces, and the genial smiles of a Pritchett. Sawyer, Lindemuth. Mrs. John Scott, Alexander Gilmore, Mrs. John Burns, William G. Pitman, James T. Blair, John A' an Dyke. Ed. Kilbourne, old Father VVycoff", D. S. Bell, John C. Herring, Mrs. Chinowith, Mrs. Paschal, Mrs. J. W. Smith, Mrs. Kempker and others who have heretofore greeted us on occasions like this ; and I thank Heaven for the gift of memory, for, though lost to our sight, they live in our hearts. They have finished their work. To know how well they have done it, we may look abroad over the fertile fields and pleasant homes of this land of plenty. But not there alone do we look for the fruit of their labor and devo- HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 505 tion. Look into the hearts of their children and associates, and see if the noble, unselfish example of the departed pioneers has not created there a pur- pose to follow in their foot-tracks and make their lives likewise noble and unselfish. Thank Heaven, too, we still have some noble, living examples among us. Yet, we cannot but see that our ranks are rapidly thinning. Each year, the circle grows smaller. Each re-union, there are fewer hands to clasp. The hoary heads and bending forms of many here to-day tell plainer than words can do that soon, very soon, the pioneers of Lee County will live only in the hearts of those whose benefactors they have been. But their memory will be faithfully enshrined. The good they have done will live after them. And, while we grieve to see links of our golden chain disappear, one by one, yet we know they are not lost, but that, brightened and burnished by the Father's hand, they are forming a chain whose links shall never be severed." PRESENT OFFICERS. President, Hon. Edward Johnstone, of Keokuk. Vice Presidents : 0. Cutler, of Madison Township ; Charles Fields, Wash- ington ; John Morgan, Green Bay ; William Gr. Pitman, Sr., West Point; Philip James, Denmark ; Robert Barr, Pleasant Ridge ; Alexander Bullard, Jeffer- son ; D. G. Hamilton, Montrose; Amos Hinkle, Van Buren ; Nicholas Sar- gent, Des Moines ; Alexander Cruickshank, Franklin ; John McGreer, Har- rison; J. C. Parrott, Jackson; G. Ramsey, Charleston; Elias Overton, Marion ; James McDonald, Cedar. Secretary, W. G.Albright, Fort Madison; Corresponding Secretary, Robert McFarland, Fort Madison ; Treasurer, I. Hale,' Fort Madison ; Marshal, One by one, the links are dropping out of the circular chain the old settlers of Lee County are accustomed to form at their annual gatherings. Year after year, the friendship that binds them brings them closer tdgether ; and it will not be long until the chain will only be a bright memory in the hearts of their descendants. All will have gone " Where the saints of all ages in harmony meet, Their Savior and brethren transported to greet ; While the anthems of rapture unceasingly roll, And the smile of the Lord is the joy of the soul." AGRICULTURAL. As early as 1841, the organization of an agricultural society was thought feasible, and a meeting was called for that purpose at West Point, for July 17, of that year. At this meeting, Col. William Patterson, then of West Point, occupied the chair; James H. Cowles, a lawyer, afterward connected with J. B. Howell in the publication of the Bes Moines Valley Whig, and who died at Mobile, April 5, 1851, was Secretary. Gen. H. T. Reid and Hon. D. F. Mil- ler, at that time young lawyers of Fort Madison, and William A. Thurston addressed the meeting. A committee of five was appointed to draft a consti- tution and report at a meeting to be held at Fort Madison on the first Monday in October following. \ This meeting (at West Point) was attended by about one hundred and fifty persons, and many of the finest horned cattle of the Durham breed were brought in and exhibited on that occasion." It does not appear that the meeting appointed at Fort Madison was ever held, at least no record of it can be found, and it is supposed the project was abandoned. 506 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. The next year, a three-days exhibition, consisting principally of races, was held near Keokuk, under the auspices of the "Lee County Association," an organization which was short-lived. The programme of this exhibition has been preserved and is here inserted, as a curiosity of the days of small beginnings : KACES AND STOCK SHOW over the Lee County Association Course, will commence on Thursday, the 8th day of September, A. D. 18Jf!2, and continue three days. First Day.^K show of Hogs, for which a premium of $5 will be awarded for the best Boar and Sow, each. After which, a sweepstake for two-year-old Colts, owned in Lee County. f 50 entrance,' half forfeit ; one-mile heats ; feather weights ; now three entries and closed. Same Bay. — A purse of $30, $20 entrance added to purse ; free for any Stallion that has made the season of 1842 in Iowa Territory. One single dash of one mile ; catch weights. Second Day. — A show of Cattle. There will be awarded to the best Bull, a premium of $10 ; also, one of $5 to the best Cow exhibited. After which, the Association purse, for $100, will be run for ; free for any Horse, Mare or Gelding ; two-mile heats ; $15 entrance ; weight for age. Same Day. — A sweepstake for two-year-olds ; one mile out ; $15 entrance ; free for any Colt or Filly. Third Day. — Show of Horses. A premium of $5, to the best Stallion ; one of $5, to the best Brood Mare, and one of $2, to the best Colt foaled in Lee County, the season of 1842. ^ Same Day. — The Association purse of $50; mile-heats; free for any Horse, Mare or Gelding ; $5 entrance. After which, a saddle-purse of $10 ; $1 entrance added to the purse ; free for saddle-nags only. For the satisfaction of Judges, it will be necessary for persons contending for premiums to produce satisfactory evidence of the stock being owned in the county ; also, as to the age of each animal, and all persons not members of the Association, who enter stock for premiums, will be charged 20 per cent upon the amount contended for, and in all cases of single entry, the animal must be considered worth the premium. RULES OF THE COURSE. 1st. Every species of gambling or gaming device is positively prohibited on the premises. 2d. All matters of dispute or quarrel (should any occur) must be settled elsewhere than on the premises. For the character of the Association, it is expected that the above rules will be complied with. The Association Course lies five miles north of Keokuk, within a few hun- dred yards of the residence of Maj. R. B. Hughes, where persons from a dis- tance wishing to attend the meeting, can find excellent accommodations. The entrances for the Premiums to close each morning of the show at 10 o'clock ; and entrances for the Purses, at 9 o'clock the evening preceding the day the race is run. The whole to be governed by the rules of the St. Louis Track, so far as regards the races. THE LEE COUNTY AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY was organized at a meeting held in the Court House at Keokuk, November 1, 1851. Gen. A. Bridgman was Chairman, and B. L. Doyle, Secretary. T. HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 507 B. Gumming, G. W. Edmondson and T. J. Chenowith, were appointed a Com- mittee to draft a constitution and by-laws, which were presented and adopted at the same meeting. William Lamb was elected President, William Leighton, Vice President, Gen. R. P. Lowe, Treasurer, and G. W, Edmondson, Secre- tary. Article 6 of the by-laws provided that no officer should receive any compensation for his services. The first Board of Directors consisted of Smith Hamill, of Jackson Township; Garry Lewis, of Montrose; Adam Wier, of West Point; Joshua Owen, of Washington, and W. J. Cochran, of Charleston. The first exhibition was held October 13 and 14, 1852, on the grounds of the Iowa Medical College, which at that time stood on the corner of Third and Palean streets, in Keokuk. Premiums were offered amounting to $588, divided as follows : On cattle, $50 ; horses, $65 ; sheep, $40 ; hogs, $30 ; poultry, $15; farm implements, $158; domestic manufactures, $39 ; grain, seeds, vegetables, butter, fancy articles, etc., $121 ; and plowing-match, $70. The total amount awarded was $219. At the close of the fair, the Directors met in the lecture-room of the Medical College and elected officers for the following year, as follows : Thomas W. Clagett, President ; Absalom Anderson, Vice President ; William Leighton, Secretary ; Arthur Bridgman, Treasurer. In the evening, a supper was given the competitors at the Ivins House. During the evening, Judge Clagett per- sonally promised a premium of $50, for the best ten acres of corn raised in the county in 1853. The second and third fairs were held at Keokuk, after which the place of exhibition was changed to West Point, where it remained until 1870. In the fall of that year the citizens of Fort Madison prepared grounds at that place and offered inducements which decided the Directors to remove the fair to that place, where it was held for three or four years. Here the society became involved and its existence terminated until 1870, when it was re-organized and twenty acres of ground leased at Donnellson, which was fitted up and a success- ful fair held that fall. The receipts at this meeting were sufficient to pay all premiums in full, besides paying expenses incurred in improving the grounds. The society is now on a good footing, and it is believed the annual fair at Don- nellson will be a permanent feature of the county. When the society removed from West Point, the citizens of that place and vicinity, organized under the name of the West Point District Association, which has since continued to hold successful fairs at that place. They occupy the same grounds prepared for the Lee County Agricultural Society on its removal from Keokuk. The Iowa State Agricultural Society held its annual meetings in Keokuk in 1869, 1870 and 1874, on the grounds of the Union Agricultural Association. These meetings were the most successful in the history of the State Society, and a large surplus over expenses was left in the hands of the Treasurer. RAILROADS. THE "RAM'S-HORN." " It wired in and it wired out, And left the people still in doubt, Whether the snake that made the track Was going South or coming back." — Old PoUtieal Song. In 1851, a project for building a railroad from Keokuk to Dubuque, with a branch to Council Bluffs, was agitated, and received the support of many of 508 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. the leading politicians and newspapers of that day. Because of the crooked- ness of the proposed line between Keokuk and Dubuque, the opponents of the scheme gave it the name of the " Ram's-Horn Railroad," by which synonym it is still remembered. Col. Reid says in his " Old Settlers": "The idea adv^anced was that it was to be mainly, if not altogether, built by a grant of lands from Congress to the State of Iowa for that purpose. Every town of any pretensions on and off the river expected to get this railroad. Surveys were made, not for the purpose of establishing any route, but to attract public atten- tion and to keep up the excitement ; and it answered its purpose. It had its day till the election of United States Senator was over, and then|it died. Like the track of a snake in the dusty road, it ran everywhere, or appeared to run every- where but ran nowhere. It was ridiculed as the ' Ram's-Horn Railroad,' as it was as crooked as a ram's horn. This was necessary to accommodate everybody. " The local politicians of the different counties advocated the ' Ram's-Horn,' and held it up before the people as the thing that was to enrich them. It was to run through every county and by every man's door. The Dispatch and Sharp Stick, edited by T. B. Cuming (afterward Governor of Nebraska), Keo- kuk daily and weekly papers, of which he was the editor, was its loudest cham- pion, and he was going to have a railroad — the ' Ram's-Horn Railroad " — built from Keokuk to Dubuque without fail, via Iowa City and no mistake. It was a big thing for Cuming, and just the thing on which to make a United States Senator from whom he could get an office — which he did. It was a bold and successful strategy, and Cuming was an able writer and played his hand so skillfully as to accomplish his purpose. "Maj. McKean, who was a graduate of West Point, and distinguished himself as an officer in the Mexican war, was the Chief Engineer of the ' Ram's- Horn Railroad.' He then lived at Cedar Rapids, was a Brigadier General in the late war, commanded a division, and was a very gallant officer, and as honest as the day is long ; for he was not a politician." It was a political scheme, planned for political purposes, and died the death. AID TO RAILROADS. It was in 1853 that the mania of voting aid to railroads and other improve- ments attacked Lee County. Judge Edward Johnstone was then County Judge, and, in obedience to numerously signed petitions, he called an election for November 26, of that year, on the proposition, " Shall the county of Lee aid within the limits of said county in the construction of said roads, to wit : The Keokuk, Fort Des Moines & Minnesota Railroad, and the Fort Madison, West Point, Keosauqua k Bloomfield Railroad, by subscribing two hundred thousand dollars to the capital stock of each of the companies of said roads." County bonds were to be issued therefor, payable within twenty years from their date, bearing interest at a rate not exceeding 7 per cent, payable semi- annually ; and that whenever either of said companies had obtained a sufficient amount of subscription to its stock as would, in the opinion of the County Judge, secure the completion of its road, then county bonds, in proportion to the subscription above stated, were to be issued to the company. The call for the election also stated that a tax not to exceed 1 per cent on the county valuation should be levied annually, to be applied to the liquidation of the interest and principal of the bonds, pi'ovided dividends on the stock were not sufficient. HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 509 The vote at that election for and against the subscription by townships was as follows : For. Against. Green Bay 41 12 Denmark 43 42 Pleasant Ridge 69 27 Marion 54 38 Cedar 40 18 Harrison 29 70 Franklin 30 105 Washington 90 16 Madison 464 1 Jefferson 27 40 Charleston 44 96 Van Biiren 24 36 Des MoiaeF 11 73 Montrose 15 201 Jackson 803 13 West Point 180 17 1,964 805 Thus was the measure carried, and it appears by the record that the sub- scription to the stock was made by the County Judge April 4, 1855. In the mean time, a petition from more than one-fourth of the legal voters of the county had been filed with the County Judge, praying that the question of a rescission of the subscription be submitted to the people, and an election was ordered for the first Monday in April, 1855. Before that date, however, other petitions flowed in, asking that the election be postponed for a time, and a new proclamation be made in which it should appear that the word " each " in the proposition carried at the first election had occasioned the change of sentiment in the minds of the people. Accordingly, an election was called by the County Judge and the question submitted to vote, as follows : " That the subscription of Lee County, Iowa, of |200,000 to the capital stock of each of the companies of the Keokuk, Ft. Des Moines & Minnesota Rail- road, and the Fort Madison, West Point, Keosauqua & Bloomfield Railroads, as voted November 26, 1853, be rescinded, and held for naught." The vote on the rescission, by townships, was as follows : For. Against. Green Bay — 61 Denmark 66 13 Pleasant Ridge". 36 71 Marlon 48 58 Cedar 50 33 Harrison 132 — Franklin 172 4 WestPuint 24 187 Washington 10 104 Madison 1 908 Jefferson 46 15 Charleston 175 2 Van Buren 73 7 Des Moines 102 1 Monti'ose 180 3 .Jackson 438 54 1,553 1,521 The question of rescission was carried by a majority of 32 votes. There was an evident desire among the people to encourage the building of railroads, and on the 3d of August, 1856, another petition was presented to the County Court, Samuel Boyles, County Judge, and an election ordered for M 510 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. Wednesday, September 10, 1856, on which day the pi'opositions were voted upon in the folk->\Ying form : " Shall the county subscribe $150,000 to the capital stock of the Keokuk, Ft. Des Moines & INIinnesota Railroad Company?" "Shall the county subscribe $150,000 to the capital stock of the Keokuk, Mt. Pleasant & Muscatine Railroad Company?" " Shall the county subscribe $150,000 to the capital stock of the Fort Mad- ison, West Point, Keosauqua & Bloomfield Railroad Company ? " Each proposition was to be voted on separately, and no stock was to be sub- scribed unless each and all propositions received an affirmative majority, the roads to give bonds that proceeds of the sale of bonds should be expended within the county, and all stocks taken under previous election to be sur- rendered. The total vote on the first proposition was 3,474, and it was carried by 1,600 majority; the second was carried by 1,652, and the third by 1,602 majority. KEOKUK, DES MOINES & MINNESOTA RAILROAD. Iij 1853, a company was organized to build a railroad up the Des Moines Valley from Keokuk to Fort Des Moines and thence north to Minnesota. A survey of the route was made in 1854, under direction of Col. J. K. Hornish, and the contract for its construction was let to Smith, Leighton & Co., who commenced operations early in the season of 1855. In the spring of 1857, the road was ironed to Bentonsport, A'^an Buren County, where it remained in abeyance until 1860, Avhen it was extended to Eddvville. It was completed to Des Moines in 1868-64. KEOKUK, MOUNT PLEASANT * MUSCATINE RAILROAD. The Keokuk, Mt. Pleasant & Muscatine Railroad Company was organized' at Mt. Pleasant in 1854. In 1855,' the company voted to place the entire management of the construction of the proposed road under the supervision and control of Col. Hornish. for a period of one year. In the spring and sum- mer of 1856, the road was finished from Keokuk to Montrose. The citizens of Keokuk voted an issue of $100,000 in bonds in aid of this enterprise, and $52,500 were raised by private subscriptions among the commercial men and capitalists of St. Louis. As soon as Col. Hornish assumed the entire manage- ment of the construction of this road, he went to St. Louis and met the repre- sentative men at the Chamber of Commerce, to whom he presented his plans. He entered into a detailed argument to show that, with this road completed, the price per ton for lightening freight around the rapids would be reduced from $2 to 50 cents. His statements were so concise and convincing that, with a commendable spirit of enterprise and liberality, they readily subscribed the sum above named in aid of the enterprise he represented. That liberality was not only valuable to the business interests of St. Louis, but of almost incalculable benefit to the country tributary to the Mississippi above the Rapids, as it saved to the people of the upper country $1.50 on every ton of freight consigned to them, and but for that liberality the accomplishment of this economic measure might have been delayed until the completion of the canal. The two first locomotive-engines used on this road were brought from St. Louis, where they were manufiictured by Messrs. Palm ct Robinson. They were not so large as some of more recent manufacture, but were every way as good, and among the best ever used on Iowa railroads. The company named HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 511 one of them after Col. Hornish, out of compliment to his energy and fidelity in the unaided management of their interests, and the other one was named " St. Louis," out of compliment to the liberality of the citizens of St. Louis. While the road from Keokuk to Montrose was building, the Fort Madison people took measures to build a railroad to Viele Station, and, in 1857, the Keokuk, Mount Pleasant & Muscatine road was extended from Montrose to Viele, thus connecting Keokuk and Fort Madison by bonds of iron. The road terminated at Fort Madison, and remained in abeyance until 1869. In that year it passed into the ownership of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Com- pany, and was completed to Burlington in 1870. LOGANSrORT, PEORIA & WARSAW RAILROAD. . The Logansport, Peoria & Warsaw Railroad Company was organized in 1853. In 1856, that portion of the line between Hamilton and Carthage was taken in charge by Hugh W. Sample, as Commissioner, and completed between the two points. After that, the work of construction was suspended until 1859, when Col. Hornish, Guy Wells and June McCune undertook to extend the road from Carthage south to Clayton, in Adams County, 111. This was known as the Illinois & Southern Iowa road, and was designed to connect with the Toledo, Wabash & Western road at Clayton, and thus secure a direct eastern outlet for Keokuk. Active work was commenced in 1860. In 1861, the war came on, and, in consequence of a scarcity of men, the progress of the work was slow and tedious. In the fall of 1862, they commenced laying the iron, and in March, 1863, the extension was completed. No local aid was given to this undertaking. The projectors and builders, aided by parties in interest with the Toledo, Wabash & Western line, advanced all the money needed for its completion. In 1863, Charley Frost, and the Secors, of New York, built the road from Carthage to Peoria. BURLINGTON A SOUTHWESTERN RAILROAD. This road was built under the management of a company that organized at Burlington in 1869. The active members and managers of the company were Hon. Joshua Tracy, James Putnam and John H. Davey, of Burlington, and Col. Hornish, of Keokuk. From Burlington to Viele, the cars of this road use the track of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy road. The independent track commences at Viele, and runs due west, through the central part of the county, to Farmington, in Van Buren County ; there crosses the track of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway, and terminates at Laclede, Mo. Work commenced at Viele in the summer of 1870, and. was completed to Farmington in the spring of 1871. MISSOURI, IOWA & NEBRASKA RAILROAD. This enterprise was first undertaken by E. Piatt Buell, of Warsaw, 111, in connection with enterprising citizens and capitalists of Clark County, Mo. Part of the track was graded by Mr. Buell, in 1867-68. In 1867-68, Gen. Drake, of Centerville, Iowa, and his associates succeeded Mr. Buell, the company was re-organized, the route was changed, and, aided by a combination of Pennsylvania railroad interests, work Avas recommenced and vigorously prosecuted from Alex- andria, Mo., to Centerville, to which point it was completed about 1874. In 1878, arrangements were made to extend the road up to Keokuk over the track of the road known as the Keokuk route. 51-2 HISTOKY OF l.KE COUNTY. FORT MADISON AND NORTHWESTERN NAKRO\Y-GAlGK. This road is a Eort ^ladison enterprise. The eompany was organized on Monday, Julv IT, ISTl. I'he objeer was ro build a narroAv-gauge road from Fort Madison via West Point, Birmingham, FaivtieKl and Oskaloosa-, to Goun- eil BlutVs. The present Directors of the company are Dr. A. 0. Roberts, J. C. Walker, Charles Doerr, A. L. Oourtright, John Van Valkenbnrg, J. J. Atlee, Georilie Schlapp, Fort Madison: Iv. "W. Pitman, West Point; E. Pitkins, Bir- minixliam. Dr. A. 0. Koberts, President: J. 0. Walker, Vice President : Chaa-les Doerr, Secretary, and A. L. Oourtright, Treasurer. The road is being built by the Fort Madison Construction Company, com- posed of the following-nained business men and capitalists : S. & J, C. Atlee, Oeoriie Schlapp, A. B. Garner, N. C. Roberts, Charles Doerr. A, L. Court- riixhtrE. Pitkiu, Henry Catterniole, "W. II. Krersinger and Peters c*!: Barnhart. J.'^C. Atlee, President: W. II. Kretsinger, Vice President; Charles Doerr, Secretary : Charles H. Peters, Treasurer. The road is graded to West Point, a distance of twelve miles, and ready for the iron, Avhicli is contracted for and would have been delivered by the -0th of March, ISIS, but for the burning of the mills. It is in contemplation to have the cars running between Fort Madison and West Point by the first of May, ISTO. and ro Birmingham, forty-one miles, by the 1st of January. ISSO. ST. LOUIS, KEOIvUK; & NORTHERN RAILROAD. Tn ISTil, E. Pratt Buell, of Warsaw, 111., and citizens of Alexandria and Canton, Mo., organized a company to build a road from Alexandria along the west bank of the Mississippi River to a point opposite Quincy, 111. The road was completed about 1ST4. After the road was completed, it passed under nsw manai^ement, and was extended north to Keokuk, and is also being extended south to St. Louis. OlSPOSITION OF THE K A ILK AD AID. Of the 1^50,000 voted in aid of railroads by the people of Lee County, |!1 50.000 was expended under the management controlling the Fort Madison. West Point .V: Bloomtield road, which was built from Fort Madison to A'iele. The Sl^^O.OOO voted to the Keokuk, Mount Pleasant ^^ Muscatine road was applied to the extension of the road from ^lontrose and in ironing the road to A'^iele. The other J?lo0,000 was used in building the Des Moines Valley road from Keokuk to Bentonsport. Tlio railroad indebtedness of the county, including accumulared interest, is now about ^ToO.OOO. FIRST RAILROAD TICKET OFFICE. J. R. Tewksbury, now of Fort Madison, has the honor of selling the first railroad ticket sold* at Keokuk. In the spring of 185l\ he opened a general ticket and freight office on Second street, between Main and Johnson, which was conducted in the interests of the Chicago, Burlington ^'t Quincy Railroad Com- pany. The office was afterward removed to Main street, at the Laclede House. Mr.' Tewksbury remained in railroad business until about IStJi?. Ho is now in the photograph business at Fort Madison. FLANK ROAD. The Des Moines Valley Plankroad Company was organized in ISol, and in May the contract was let to Brownell, Connable & Cunningham, from Keo- HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 513 kuk to Clinton, nt |>2,3i)() per mile. Tlio road Avas to be completed as far as the end of Muddy Lane by NoV(Mnber 1, and the balance to be done the next sea- son. The road Avas originally located to run to Birmingham, in Van Buren County. Branches to Salem and Fairfudd were contemplated, but never com- pleted. DES MOINES BAPIDS. TIIK CANAL. Tiic Des Moines or Lower llapids, are situated near the mouth of the Des Moines River, and extend from Keokuk to Montrose, a distance of eleven miles. Above these Rapids, the contour lines of the range of bluft's on either side indicate that, at some period in the history of the Mississippi Valley, the river widened and assumed the dimensions of a small lake. The outlet of this lake was at the present head of the Rapids. The waters, by their ceaseless action, through ages of time, aided by ice and other geolog- ical agencies, gradually eroded a channel through the rocks, until it has increased to its present dimensions. The bluffs on each side of the river are contiguous to the shore line, and vary from one hundred to two hundred and fifty feet above the Avater. The river-bottom is a broad, smooth rock, seamed by a narrow, crooked channel, or, in some places, several of them, alternately widening and narrowing, shoaling and deepening — noAvhere good navigation. The Rapids, therefore, arc not bi-oken and noisy, but, tlie descent being gradual, the Avater flows over its bed in a broad, smooth, unbroken sheet, Avith nothing but the faintest ripple on its surface to indicate the dangerous places. The casual observer Avould not sus- pect the presence of the Rapids, were he not informed beforehand." The fall in eleven miles is 22 feet ; average Avidth of the Mississippi River, 4,r)00 feet; its mean depth, 2 and 4-10 feet; and its mean surface velocity, 2 and 88-100 feet per second. The tortuous, uncertain channel over these Rapids precludes the possibility of any craft navigating them in loAV-Avater. Even if the channel itself Avas Avide and deep, no pilot would dare to undertake to pass them at night. The Avorst portions of the Rapids are called by river-men "chains," of which there are five principal ones. These chains are miniature ridges, stretching diagv^nally across the river, and, as before stated, have Avorn upon them a smooth surface, Avith a narroAV channel, or a series of them, cut through by the action of the water. These chains lie betAveen Keokuk and Nashville (Iowa), a distance of eight miles. At Montrose, the head of the Rapids, betAveen the island and the main shore, there is an extensive "■ patch '" of rock, to remove Avhich, coffer-dams Avere built, the Avater pumped out, and a channel blasted out 200 feet Avide and 5 feet deep. The question of improving the Rapids has impressed itself upon the minds of the people of this country for many years past, and the great want of it has been felt by steam b.oat-men. The actual annual cost to river navigation on account of these Rapids, for lighterage, reshipment by rail, etc., has varied from $200,000 to |600,000. No one can, therefore, deny the expediency of the great work required at this point. As early as 1830, the General Government took steps to survey the locality, and made preparations for the improvement. In 1837, Lieut. (afterAvard Gen- eral C. S. A.) Robert E. Lee made a survey and map of the Rapids, submitting, at the same time, various plans of improvements. Subsequently, Lieut, (after- 514 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. ward Major General TJ. S. A.) Gr. K. Warren extended the investigation and made more professional researches into the practicability of making the Rapids navigable. It was left to Brevet Maj. Gen. J. H. Wilson to carry out the only feasible plan for the long-looked-for passage across the Lower Rapids. Gen. Wilson was assigned, in 1866, to the charge of the Des Moines and Rock Island Rapids of the Mississippi River. The improvement, as carried out by him, consists of an independent ship-canal, seven and six-tenths miles long, reaching, on the Iowa side of the river, from Keokuk to Nashville ; two hundred and fifty feet wide in excavation, and from three to four hundred feet in embankment ; in extreme low-water, to have a depth of five feet. In this canal are three locks — one guard-lock at the upper end and two lift- locks. The lower lock, at Keokuk, has a lift often and three-quarters feet ; the mid- dle lock, two miles above, a lift of eight feet. The guard-lock is so constructed that in very high water, it, too, can be used as a lift-lock. Each lock is 350 feet between the miter-sills, 80 feet wide in the chamber, and is filled through culverts leading from each gate recess, and, passing in the rear of the main walls, discharging through openings in the chamber- walls. Each lock can be filled in from three to five minutes. The canal is excavated to such a depth and the embankment walls raised to such a height as to meet the requirements of the low and high waters of 1864 and 1851, respectively. The difference between the above stages of water at Keokuk is twenty and seventy-two hundredths feet. The river embankment of the canal consists of the best earth, protected by a well-laid riprap (slope) wall. It is ten feet wide on top, and the sides having the slope of one and one-half base to one vertical on outside, and one and one- quarter to one on inside, giving an average height of twenty feet, and is two feet above high-water mark of 1851. The bank is constructed by first throw- ing in broken stone to such a height above water as to warrant the safety of lay- ing a track upon it. This " toe," or base of riprap, forms a nucleus, on the inside of which earth is thrown. This is widened and raised to the required dimensions. When this becomes water-tight, cross-banks are constructed from the river-bank to the shore line, at irregular intervals, to inclose the portions requiring excavation. A series of pits are thus inclosed, which are pumped dry, and the prism of the canal brought to the required grade. The material thus excavated goes to form bank and wall in other places, and no material is wasted. The locks are constructed of the best magnesian limestone, laid in hydraulic cement. The stone was quarried in the line of bluffs adjacent to the Rapids. It is of the best quality, and before acceptance of the work, each stone passed through a rigid inspection by an engineer in charge. The walls of the lower lock are twenty-three and five-twelfths feet high ; middle lock, twenty feet, and guard-lock, eighteen feet. All of them ten feet wide on bottom, six feet wide on top. and provided with suitable buttresses. The face of the chamber has a batter of one-half inch to one foot. Wooden gates, with iron heelposts and quoin-plates are supported by iron suspension-posts, held in position by rods anchored into the masonry. A stationary steam-engine, by means of appro- priate shaftings, opens and closes the gates and wickets. The cost of the entire work, inclusive of the Montrose work, was estimated by Gen. Wilson, in 1866, to be |2,710,000. The machinery for operating the lock-gates and wickets is made from an original design of Maj. Amos Stickney, the officer in local charge of the improvement. It consists of a system of pul- HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 515 leys, chains and wire ropes, operated by means of a pump forcing the water into hydraulic cylinders sunk behind the walls back of each gate, and connected by means of iron pipes with an engine situated near the head of the lock, so that one man at the engine can handle the massive gates and wickets with ease and precision. The machinery was all manufactured at the Buckeye Foundry and Machine Shops of Sample, McElroy & Co., of Keokuk. The formal opening of the canal, August 22, 1867, was an important period in the history of the Upper Mississippi Valley, and was attended by large dele- gations of business men from St. Louis and other commercial centers interested in river commerce. Since the opening, there has been no interruption in the canal traffic, although considerable work remains to be done before the enter- prise is fully completed. The amount appropriated by the Government, to this time, has reached ^4,281,000, the excess over first estimates having been caused chiefly by inad- equate appropriations, causing delays and necessitating large repairs from over- flows and natural waste. It is believed that in the construction of this canal a vast water-power has been created, which will be utilized, at some future time, for manufacturing purposes, which will add largely to the wealth of the State and importance of Keokuk as a commercial center. OLD-TIME RIVER- CRAFT. Before the application of steam as a driving force for water-craft by Robert Fulton, about the year 1807, keelboats and flatboats were the only kind of ves- sels known to the commerce of American rivers. Keelboats were of oldest origin, and, as they have gone almost entirely out of use, a description of them is here preserved : Keelboats were built something like a modern barge, only their hulls were lower. They were from 50 to 80 feet long, and from 10 to 15 feet beam, and from 2 to 2^ feet holds. A cargo-box was built on the deck, and generally extended to within about ten feet of either end, and set in about two feet' from the gunwale, about two feet on each side, leaving a gangway or walking-board, as it was called, on each side the whole length of the boat. Sometimes, these walking-boards projected over the hull. The rudder was a long sweep, something like a gigantic oar. The keelboat was driven by poles, by rowing, poling, bushwhacking, cordeling and warping. When the water was high or the boat was running close on shore, the crew would grasp the bushes growing on the bank and pull the boat up river. This was called "bushwhacking." Sometimes a long rope would be attached to the mast, and the crew, walking on the shore with the other end, towed the craft up stream. This was called cordelling. At other times, when cordeling was impracticable, a.s in crossing rapids, a long line would be carried ahead and made fast to a tree or rock, or to a small anchor, and the crew in the boat, taking the line over their shoulders, would walk from bow to stern, drop the rope, then walking back on the other side to the bow, would take it up again, in the rear of the others, and thus keep the boat in motion. THE LIGHTENING PERIOD. From the time when steamboats first began to navigate the Upper Missis- sippi River, until the canal was so far completed as to be serviceable, these Rapids were a serious hindrance to navigation, except in stages of high water. In 1828, the steamer Mexico, in descending the river, struck a rock and sprang 516 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. aleak. Isaac R. Campbell was on board at the time, and dived down and put a blanket in the hole, which partially stopped the rush of water. The pumps were set to work and by dint of hard exertion, the boat was got as far doAvn the river as Nashville, where she keeled over, and remained submerged until raised by workmen on the canal. Mr. Campbell has in his possession a coffee- mill that was taken from the sunken vessel, which he preserves as a relic from one of the old-foshioned steamboats, the like of which will never be seen on any part of the Mississippi River again. Previous to 1830, there was but little occasion for steamboating above the Rapids, but as the upper country began to settle up, river traffic increased, and it is safe to assume that the hindrances caused by these rapids in the transporta- tion of freight and the cost of lightening vessels over the Rapids, involved a loss of many millions of dollars to the people and commerce of the States that bor- der the river above them. Until the canal was opened to traffic, boats loaded at St. Louis or other lower river points for points above the Rapids, were obliged to discharge their cargoes at the foot of the falls and procure its trans- portation over the rapids by vessels of lighter draught. In river parlance, this might be called the lightening period, and involves four distinct changes before the canal : I. KEELBOATS. Keelboats were first used for lightening purposes. They were first propelled with poles, and afterward by oxen and horses. Six to eight horses were retpired to draw a keelboat with from fifty to sixty tons of freight over the rapids, and generally cost about §100. After the steamboat was unloaded, it passed over the Rapids, reloaded and went on its way. Mr. Isaac R. Campbell engaged in the lightening business, and was the first to conduct a keelboat-lighter over the Rapids. In keelboat times, before hack lines were established between Keokuk and Nashville, steamboat passengers, ladies excepted, walked around the Rapids. When the rush to the lead-mines and other parts of the country along the Upper Mississippi River was at full tide, steamboats were the only means of conveyance, and it was no unusual thing to see two and three hundred men trudging along between these points. Hacks, for the conveyance of passen- gers, were brought into use about 1840, and passengers were conveyed around the Rapids at a charge of from 50 cents to $1 each. II. FLATBOATS. In 1837, Dan and Adam Hine succeeded Mr. Campbell in the lightening traffic, and introduced flatboats. These boats were usually from 100 to 110 feet in length, with flat bottoms, and from 16 to 20 feet in width. They were towed up over the Rapids with horses. In descending, sweepa, such as are used on lumber or log rafts, were used to guide and propel the boat. The Hines continued lightening until the steamboat interest became a monop- oly, under the name of the St. Louis & Keokuk Northern Line Packet Com- pany, which controlled the lightening business until the canal was opened. III. STEAM TOWBOATS. With the advance of time and the increase of business, the Hines introduced steam towboats, which they continued as long as they remained in the business. C. F. Davis, President of the State Savings-Bank at Keokuk, was engaged in the business in opposition to the Hines. HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 517 Very few boats we're detained at the Rapids at a less expense than $700 to on each trip. IV. THE RAILROAD. The settlement and development of the upper country increased its com- merce, and there came a demand for a speedier and cheaper means of trans- portation over or around the rapids, and a company was organized to build a railroad from Keokuk to Montrose. The road was completed in 1858, and commenced carrying freight around the Rapids. The Hines continued their towboats in opposition to the railroad until the canal was opened. DES MOINES RIVER IMPROVEMENT. Mr. Charles Negus, an authority in matters pertaining to the history of Iowa, published the following interesting account of the various improvement schemes connected with the Des Moines River, in the Annals of Iowa. We give the entire article : " The river Des Moines has connected Avith its history many things of interest. It is proposed at this time to notice some of the historical events connected with this river since the land through which it passes was purchased by the Government from the Indians. " On the first settlement of Iowa, the building of railroads had just com- menced, and but very few in the West knew anything about this mode of con- veyance for travel and commerce. At that time, steamboats for these purposes were the great absorbing idea. This river, in high stages of water, was thought to be susceptible of steamboat navigation far into the interior of the State, and those who first settled in the vicinity of this river eagerly looked forward to the day when steamboats would move up and down these waters in large numbers, and when from long distances from its banks, travel and com- merce would seek a conveyance through this channel. And these expectations were apparently well founded. In 1836, the Sacs and Foxes, having dis- posed of their reservation on the Iowa River, where they had villages, moved west, and settled in the valley of the river Des Moines, in what is now Wapello County, and, as a natural consequence, trading-posts were established in this vicinity, which had to be supplied with goods ; and in the fall of 1837, the few settlers along the banks of this river were' for the first time, gladdened with the sound of the shrill whistle of a steamboat, making its way up the river with supplies for these trading-posts. '' This boat was the S. B. Science, commanded by Capt. Clark, which, by forcing its way against the swift current, passing safely over the concealed sandbars and hidden rocks, demonstrated that the waters of this river, at high stages, were navigable, much to the joy and satisfaction of those who lived in the vicinity, and afforded a theme for pleasant conversation for days and months " By the treaty of 1842, by which the Sacs and Foxes sold all their lands in Iowa, they were permitted to retain possession of that portion which lay west of Red Rock, for three years, and the Indians moved up the river, and located themselves near the Raccoon Fork, and the Government thought proper to locate a body of troops at that point ; and for the conveyance of soldiers and their equipage to that place, the little steamer lone was employed and laden with stores, and a detachment of troops landed on the site where is now the city of Des Moines, on the 9th day of May, 1843. This is the first 518 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. Steamboat that ever ventured to disturb the waters of this river, so far from its mouth. The lone, having made a successful trip, added greatly to the expects ation of the estimated importance and value of this thoroughfare, which wa- brought to the attention of Congress, and, on the 8th of August, 1846, a law was enacted giving to Iowa, for the purpose of aiding to improve the navigation of the river Des Moines, from its mouth to the Raccoon Fork, an equal moiety in alternate sections of the public lands remaining unsold, in a strip five miles wide on each side of the river, to be selected within the Territory of Iowa, by an agent, or agents, who should be appointed by the Governor of the Territory, subject to the approval of the United States Treasury. " When this grant Avas first made, it was not supposed by any one that it extended above Raccoon Fork, and Gov. Clark, in communicating the intelli- gence to the Legislature, estimated the grant to amount to about three hundred thousand acres. This part of the Governor's message Avas referred to a select committee, for them to take into consideration whether it Avas advisable for the State to accept the grant, and if so, to devise the method of disposing of the lands, and the mode of improving the river. " The committee, after having the matter under consideration several weeks, through their Chairman, Dr. James Davis, of Wapello County, made a very lengthy report, in Avhich tliey took the ground that the grant Avas not limited to lands beloAV the Raccoon Fork, but extended to every alternate section for five miles on each side of the river to the nortliAvest boundary of the State, if not to the source of the river. They estimated the grant to contain 400,000 acres below the Raccoon Fork, and 560,000 above, making 960,000 acres of land. The report of the committee, at first, was looked upon, as visionary, and but very little calculation was made on getting any land above the fork of the river ; but a matter of so much importance was not passed over without examination and full discussion. " From this time on, for several years, the improvement of the river Des Moines entered largely into the politics of the State. Politicians became inter- ested in it ; the construction put upon the grant by the committee Avas the pop- ular side, and found many advocates,* and scarcely any one opposed it. The committee reported in flivor of receiving the grant, with provisos, and a bill for creating a Board of Public Works. On this report, the Legislature passed an act accepting the grant, Avith a proviso that it Avas not to form a part of the 500,000 acres which the State w^as entitled to by an act of Congress of 1841, giving to each new State that amount of land for internal improvements. This was conceded by the General Government, and it also permitted the State to divert 500,000 acres from works of internal improvement to the purpose of education. The Legislature, on the 5th of February, 1847, also passed an act creating a Board of Public Works, and providing for the improvement of the river. The Board consisted of a President, Secretary and Treasurer. Avho were to be elected by the qualified electors of the State, on the first Monday of the following August. The President was to be the active agent of the Avork. and AN'as required to make monthly reports of his doings and of the progress of his work to the Board ; the Secretary was to record the proceedings of the Board and to sell the lands : the Treasurer Avas to receive and disburse the moneys. The officers were required to commence the Avork on the Mississippi, near Keokuk, at the mouth of Dead Slough, or of the Nassau Slough, and then up the slough to the river. And subsequently, the work was commenced by under- taking; to dio; a canal from the mouth of Nassau Slouo;h to St. Francisville, the first place on the river where it was thought practicable to build a dam. HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 519 " About $150,000 were expended in the effort, but the attempt proved to be an impracticable undertaking, and after expending this large amount of money, the work of digging a canal was abandoned. At the August election, Hugh W. Sample, of Jefferson County, was elected President ; Charles Corckery, of" Dubuque County, Secretary, and Paul Braton, of Van Buren County, Treas- urer. The officers elected were qualified, and at first opened their offices at Fairfield. Samuel R. Curtis, from Ohio, was selected by the Board as Chief Engineer ; but there was very little done this season toward improving the river, further tlian making surveys. The necessary surveys having been com- pleted, early in the spring of 1848, the work was commenced. The canal and three dams were put under contract, and about five hundred hands were put at work. On the 21st of August, the building of ten more dams was contracted for, and there seemed to be a fair prospect for the speedy completion of the entire improvement. " There was at this time but very little known of the resources of the upper valley of the river Des Moines. This year, by authority of the United States, provisions were made for a geological survey in Iowa, and a party was sent up the river, which explored it to its source. The report made by this party was very flattering. They reported that coal was found for two hundred miles on the Des Moines, and from indications, heavy deposits of iron were believed to exist ; that gypsum in abundance, forming cliffs for miles, was encountered ; and that limestone, that makes a superior hydraulic lime, existed in abundance; limestone, suitable for lime, clay suitable for brick, rock suitable for polishing, for grindstones, whetstones and for building purposes, some of superior quality, were found in abundance along the Des Moines. And Col. Curtis, in specu- lating upon the future, in his report to the Legislature, led the people to anticipate great results from this improvement. He said : ' No country can afford like accommodations to manufactures ; no country can produce more agricultural wealth than that within sixty miles on either side of this river.' And further : ' That, taking all things into consideration, the matter is math- ematically certain (except in times of high water in the Missouri), the trade of Council Bluffs will incline to follow down the improvement. But it is not this point alone that is reached ; we enter the great valley of Nebraska, and the upper branches of the Missouri, and offer the commerce of these valleys the cheapest and most expeditious route for their products. A country of a thou- sand miles extent, capable of furnishing vast and unknown agricultural and mineral products, may, by wise and discreet energy in the prosecution of this work, become tributary to the improvement now in progress on the Des Moines." "These glowing reports of the country and the advantages to be derived from the improvement of the river excited the public mind to the highest expectations, and the people became very anxious to secure as much of the public lands as possible, that this great undertaking might be speedily com- pleted ; and to ascertain the construction put upon the grant by the General Government, application was made to the Land Department for a decision. Richard M. Young, the Commissioner of the General Land Office, on the 23d day ol February, 1848, in a letter addressed to the Board of Public Works, gave it as his opinion that the State was entitled to the alternate sections within five miles of the Des Moines River, through the whole extent of Iowa. This decision gave assurances that the ^amount of land claimed would be received. The Board of Improvement made great preparation for rapidly pushing on the work, and the public mind was exhilarated with the greatest 520 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. hopes of speedily realizing the great advantages represented to be derived from this undertaking. "But, as it is the lot of man to meet with disappointments, such seems to have been the result in this case; for it was found that the lands could not be sold fast enough to meet the expenses of so extensive a work a? had been undertaken. To remedy this difficulty, the Board of Public Works recom- mended to the Legislature ' that bonds, bearing the sanction of the supreme power of the State,' should be issued by the Board, and pledging the proceeds of the sales of the lands, as well as the tolls of the improvement, for their redemption. But this policy did not meet with the sanction of some of the leading Democrats of the State, who regarded such a measure as not being in accordance with Democratic principles, among whom Avere Ver Plank Van Antwerp. Van AntAverp, having held the office of Receiver in the first land office established in Southern Iowa, and then holding the same office at Fair- field, and also, for aAvhile, editor of a paper, was extensively known, and at that time exerted much influence among the people, and he took a very active part against the proposition recommended by the Board. He claimed that the measure was not only Anti -Democratic, but impolitic, and went to Iowa City as a lobby member, and made himself very busy Avith the members to defeat it; and the opposition Avith Avhich it met from Van AntAverp and other private individuals had its eifect Avith the members of the Legislature, and the measure was defeated, much to the discomfiture of Sample. The interference of Van Antwerp with the recommendations of the Board created a coolness between Sample and Van Antwerp which caused some singular results in the future political matters of the State. "During the summer of 1848, a portion of the land above the Raccoon Fork Avas brought into the market and offered for sale at the land office at loAva City, and some of the lands Avhich it was supposed were embraced Avithin the river grant were sold by the General Government. The failure of the Board to get the Legislature to authorize them to issue bonds, and the selling of these lands by the General Government, greatly frustrated the plans of the Board and put a damper upon the public expectation. For the purpose of securing the full amount of land claimed, the Legislature passed a memorial asking Con- gress to enact an explanatory laAV confirming to the State the quantity of land claimed. But Congress did not feel disposed to do this, and the extent of the grant Avas a disputed question for several years. "At the August election, in 1849, the officers of the Board of Public Works Avere to be again elected, and the old officers were desirous of holding on- to their offices, and Sample made great efforts to have the old officers renomi- nated by the State Convention for candidates before the people. Those Avho were in favor of issuing bonds for the speedy completion of the Avork Avere in favor of re-electing the old Board ; those who wei-e against this measure Avere opposed to them. Among those Avho took an active part against the old Board Avas Van AntAverp, and his opposition Avas particularly made against Sample, Avhich got up much ill-feeling between them. Van AntAverp, to accomplish his ends before the convening of the Convention, prepared a stricture on Sample's political acts, which showed him up in no very enviable light. Van AntAverp Avent to Iowa City, Avhere the Convention was to be held, a short time before it convened, and had his strictures printed in handbill form, and on the morning of the Conven- tion circulated copies all over the city, so that a copy found its way into the hands of every delegate. This had the eff"ect to beat Sample and the other officers of the Board, and William Patterson, of Lee County, was nominated HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 521 for President ; Jesse Williams, of Johnston, for Secretary ; and George Gillaspy, of Wapello, for Treasurer. " These individuals were all elected, entered upon the duties of their trust, and with energy undertook to complete all the work which had been put under contract. But they soon found that they could not sell lands fast enough to meet their expenditures, and had to suspend a portion of the work. But they did not do this until they had contracted a large amount of debts, which they had not the means to pay. The new Board, on making settlements with the ■contractors, not having the money to pay them, issued bonds or certificates of indebtedness, pledging the lands for their payment, and binding the Board to redeem them as soon as they had the means to do it. So the new Board, with- out the sanction of law, did what the old Board had tried to get the Legislature to authorize them to do by law, and for which policy they were turned out of office and others put in their place. Those contractors who were stopped from going on with their work claimed damages ; legal proceedings were had and some of them recovered large amounts. ''The course pursued by the new Board met with much censure from the public and the newspapers; particularly the Whig press was very severe in its strictures. The course Avhich had been pursued by the Board of Public Works made the improvement of the river Des Moines a prominent matter before the Legislature, which convened in December, 1850. The issuing of bonds did not meet with the approval of that body, and a law was passed abolishing the offices of President, Secretary and Treasurer, and the offices of ' Commissioner and Register of the Des Moines River Improvement ' were created, which, instead of being elected by the people, were appointed by the Governor, by and with the consent of the Senate. "As soon as the law abolishing the Board of Public Works went into eifect, the Governor appointed Ver Plank Van Antwerp, Commissioner, and George Gillaspy, Register of the Improvement, who, on the 9th of June, 1851, entered into a contract with Bangs Brothers & Co., of New York, in which they stip- ulated to complete the whole work, from the mouth of the river to the Raccoon Fork, in four years from the time when for the improvement of the river a con- firmation should be secured of the extension of the grant of land above that point. When the contract was closed, Bangs Brothers & Co. and the officers of the Improvement went to work and succeeded in getting the Land Department of the General Government to reconsider the decision in which it had been held that the grant of land only extended to the Raccoon Fork, and obtained a decis- ion that it extended to the northern boundary of the State, which gave hopes that the river would soon be mada navigable. On the first reception of the newfe, there was much rejoicing, but when the details of the contract with Bangs -Brothers & Co. were made public, it was found that the contract provided that the lands below the Raccoon Forks were not to be sold for less than $2.00 per acre, and those above for not less than $5.00. " This gave great dissatisfaction, for a great portion of these lands was occu- pied by claimants who expected to buy their claims at $1.25 per acre, as others had done who had settled upon Government lands. This provision stirred up much ill-feeling among the settlers ; public meetings were held, and this part of the contract was condemned in the strongest terms; and such were the feelings that there were apprehensions of serious difficulties if this part of the contract should be enforced. But when these excitements were at their highest, news came that Bangs Brothers & Co. had failed, and probably their contract would be annulled, and this allayed the public feeling. Bangs Brothers & Co. did not D22 history of lee COUftTY. comply with their contract in furnishing means, and the work on the river did not go on, and the public expectation of a speedy completion of the proposed improvement vanished. "The officers of the Improvement Avere appointed for only two years, and at the expiration of their term of office. Van Antwei'p was re-appointed Com- missioner, and Paul 0. Jeifries was appointed Register. But these last appointed officers held their trust but a short time, for during the past two years the work on the river had progressed very slowly ; the contract with Bangs Brothers & Co. had been declared forfeited, and it^was understood that other sources Avere to be looked to for going on with the work. The officers appointed by the Governor not being successful in their undertaking, the Legislature, on the 1st of January, 1853, repealed the law authorizing the Governor to appoint, and made these officers again to be elected by the people, and on the first Monday in the following April, Josiah Bonney, of A^anBnren County, was elected Com- missioner, and George Gillaspy. Register. And, for the purpose of aiding the Commissioners in conducting and concluding any contract on the subject of improving the river, theLegislatuie appointed George G. Wright, of Van Buren County, and Uriah Biggs, of Wapello, his assistants, • with equal powers of the Commissioner in making and determining such contract." "From past experience, it was not deemed advisable to parcel out the work to many individuals, and consequently these officers were required by the Legis- lature not to make any contract, unless such contract stipulated for ' at least ^l,ot^(i,000 to be faithfully expended in the payment of the debts and liabilities of the Improvement, and its completion to the greatest extent possible." And to this end, if it was necessary, they were authorized 'to sell and dispose of all and any lands which had been or might hereafter be granted by Congress for the improvement of the river; and, if it was necessary to effect a contract, they were authorized to convey the right to tolls and water rents arising from the Improvement, for the length of time and upon such terms as they might deem expedient. But in disposing of the lands, they were not to contract them for less than ^l,2o per acre ; " and if no contract of this character should be made before the 1st of September, 1853, then the pay of all the officers connected with the work, except the Register and one engineer, was to cease, and all operations connected with the work, except such parts as Avere under contract, were to be suspended until further action by the Legislature. The Register was required to put all unfinished Avork then under contract in such a condition as to prevent it from injury, and to see that all property of the State con- nected with the work was carefully preserved. If the Register, at any time subsequent, should receive propositions which he deemed sufficient for con- sideration, he was to siibmit the same to the Commissioner : and should a con- tract be made on the terms required by the Legislature, then the pay of the officers should commence and the work go on as though it had not been suspended. " The ncAv Commissioner, being conscientious about the expending of money, immediately after taking charge of the work, dismissed all the engineers, except Guy Wells, the chief engineer, and employed no officer or other persons, except AAhen the necessity of the Avork imperatively demanded it. There were in several places of the ri\-er snags and boAvlders, Avhich much obstructed the nav- igation, and had become a soiti'ce of much inconvenience and complaint : but during the official term of Bonney, the river was ' cleared of snags, boAvlders and other obstructions to such an extent as to make the navigation of the river, at proper stages of the Avater. safe.' HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 523 "The Commissioner and his associates, after assuming the duties of their trust, entered into correspondence with such persons and companies as they thought likely to embark in such an enterprise. And by this means they suc- ceeded in eliciting the attention of capitalists to such an extent that a number of persons came to the State for the purpose of investigation. These persons, by an examination of the valley of the Des Moines personally, and making themselves acquainted with the resources of the country, on their return East, imparted to others the undeveloped wealth and advantages of the valley, which was the means of bringing many good and enterprising citizens to the State. Among others who visited Iowa for the purpose of investigation was Henry O'Rielly, a man who had acquired some considerable notoriety as a contractor in putting up telegraph wires, and he proposed to undertake the work. Such was the known reputation of O'Rielly as a contractor that the Commissioner and his associates commenced the negotiating of a contract. And 'on the 17th of December, 1853, Henry O'Rielly, Esq., of New York, entered into a con- tract with the Commissioners, in which, for the consideration of the unsold lands belonging to the Improvement, and tolls and water rents and other profits aris- ing from the work, for the term of forty years, agreed to complete the entire work within the period of four years from the 1st day of July, 1854, according to the original surveys and specifications made by the engineers.' " Immediately upon entering upon this contract, O'Rielly returned East and organized a company, under the laAvs of Iowa, called the Des Moines Navi- gation & Railroad Company,' to which O'Rielly assigned his contract, himself being one of the officers of the Company. On the 9th of June, 1854, by the consent and request of O'Rielly, and with the approbation of the officers of the River Improvement, the contract with O'Rielly was canceled, and another con- tract was made with the Des Moines Navigation & Railroad Company. In this contract, the Company agreed to pay all outstanding debts against the Improve- ment within ninety days from the date of said contract, to settle and pay all damages against the State of Iowa, on account of the prosecution of said work, to mill-owners, or others who have, or might thereafter, sustain damages on account of the same ; to pay the salaries and expenses of the officers and engineers in charge of the work ; to complete the Improvement from the mouth of the Des Moines River to Fort Des Moines, in accordance with the original plans and specifications of the State Engineer, by the 1st day of July, 1858 ; and to construct the whole work in such a manner as to assure the navigation of the same for the longest period each year practicable, and to complete at least one-fourth of the work each and every year, commencing on the 1st day of July, 1854. " In consideration of this understanding, the Commissioner agreed to con- vey to the Company all the unsold lands belonging to the Improvement, the use of the work, the tolls and water rents for the term of forty-oiie years. And afterward, in consideration of the Company enlarging the works and making some other improvements in the navigation of the river, and also on account of there not being as large a quantity of land undisposed of below Fort Dodge as was understood to be by the Commissioners and the Company at the time of making the contract, a majority of the Commissioners, Bonney and Biggs, entered into an article of agreement with the Company, in which they promised to extend the time of the Company's use and control of the work to seventy- five years " Under this contract, the public expected that the work would be immedi- ately commenced by the new contractors and speedily completed. The great 524 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. €xpectations which at first had been raised by the contractors, under the name of the ' Des Moines Navigation & Railroad Company,' soon after they under- took the work began to diminish ; for there soon arose disagreements and mis- understandings among themselves. The Company had been organized under the general incorporation laws of Iowa, and, consequently, was subject to the laws of the State. At the called session of the Legislature, in 1856, Donald Mann, a stockholder of the Company, memorialized the Legislature to correct the ' manifold abuses ' of which he charged the Directors of the Company to have been guilty. In this memorial, he charged that the managers of the Com- pany had, in various Avays, 'corruptly and for corrupt purposes,' violated the laws of the State, ' greatly to the injury of the people thereof, and to the great loss and damage of the stockholders,' and showed in detail wherein they had acted corruptly and violated the laws under which the Company was incorpo- rated. Among other things, he stated that, ' for the purpose of deceiving the people and individuals in relation to their means,' they had represented to the public and to individuals that there had been paid into the treasury ' enor- mous sums of money, on account of stock sold, for much larger amounts than had been received. And, the better to accomplish and maintain such decep- tions, the Managers (or a majority of them) caused to be issued certificates of stock to the amount of, nominally, |630,000, or 6,300 shares of flOO, for cash, of which shares they had represented to the public and individuals that the holder had paid the sum of $100, amounting to |630,000, when, as a matter fact, there was only 5 per cent paid on eac'u share, by which means the public and many individuals Avere deceived.' " Henry O'Rielly, the individual with whom the contract had first been made, a stockholder and one of the Directors, also memorialized the Legisla- ture for an investigation of the aff'airs of the Company, in which he re-asserted the charges made b}^ Mann, and stated that he held himself ready, if the Legis- lature would order an investigation of the doings of the Company, to prove, from the records of the Company and from other evidence, ' that there was scarcely an important provision in the code of Iowa (applicable to corporations), scarcely an important point in the Des Moines Improvement laws, scarcely an important provision in the contract which the Company agreed to fulfill, scarcely an essential provision in its by-laws, or even in the charter which gave it legal existence, which had not been violated, and violated with a recklessness that will form a memorable feature in the history of Iowa.' " A joint committee was appointed from boch branches of the Legislature, at the called session, to investigate the alleged abuses ; but, owing to the shoi't time in which they had to act, it was impossible for them to make the necessary investigation. An attempt was made to create a committee for this purpose to act after the Legislature adjourned ; but this failed, so that the alleged abuses passed by without examination at that time. These memorials to the Legisla- ture and the discussion of these matters by the newspapers, greatly prejudiced the public mind against the Company ; and while these discussions were going on, W. C. Johnson, the President of the Company, requested the Governor to examine into its aifairs, in person or by committee, and proposed to pay the expenses of such an examination. The Governor did not feel disposed to com- ply with the request, but referred the matter to the Legislature, which convened the following December, and recommended that a committee should be appointed with power to administer oaths and to send for persons and papers, with instruc- tions to inquire into all the transactions of the former Commissioners and Reg- isters of the Improvement. OA '//y<^^ HISTORY Oh' l-KK CODN'I'V. fi'Al "■ IMiis piu't. ()(' iJic. (JovcM-Mor'.s incHS!i;;f(! wn,M rolnrrcd l.o :i, committee of twolvc!, ,!),'-,7.41 for an actual construction of the work, while the Company claimed that they had expended 1 104, 180.74 for incidental expenses, the most part of which did not, in any manner, benefit the Tmprovcsmcnt. Yet the (Jompa,ny claimed that they were entitled to land at i|1.2.'3 per acre in paym(!nt for the whole amount. " On the 2(1 of vVpril, 185,^), William McKay, of Polk County, was elected (Jommissioner, and John C. Lockwood, of Louisa County, Register; but in November, 18.06, McKay resigned, and Edwin Manning, of Van Buren County, was appointed by the Governor to fill his place. Manning bore the name of a good business man and a close financier, and he was not willing to audit the claims for incidental expenses as one for which the Company were entitled to reccsive land; and this became a matter of dispute between the Com- pany and Cominissioner, and, in order to have the matter adjusted, the Presi- dent proposed to make an abatement of $72,000 ; but Manning did not feel disposed to settle the ma,tter himself^ and referred the whole claim to the Legis- lature. " Manning, in his report to the Legislature, showed that there had been sold by the State, through the Board of Public Works, during the six years that the State prosecuted the work, about $75,000 worth of land ; and for this sura only 'three stone-masonry locks' and two dams had been completed ; and there had been certified to the Des Moines Navigation & Railroad Company, by Bon- ney and (jillaspy, 88.853 10-100 acres of land, and by McKay and liockwood, 116,0'50 4-100 acres at $1.25 per acre, making $256,801.58 worth of land, which had beoi disposed of to the present Company, a part of which amount was for old debts which they had paid. " The report of the Committee and Commissioner having been made to the Tjcgislature, that body, acting upon the premises that the contract which had been made by the Commissioners with the Company was not binding upon the 528 HllSTORY OF LEE COUNTY. State, on the 29th of January, 1857, passed an act by which there was to be a Commissioner appointed by the Governor, who, with the regular Commissioner, was authorized to contract for the speedy completion. of the work, and it was made their duty to ascertain and pay off all just claims against the Improve- ment ; and they were authorized to contract with any company for the sale of all lands, tolls and water rents who would give satisfactory evidence and security for the completion of the Improvement. But they were not to bind the State by aAy contract further than the appropriation of the land and the income of the Improvement ; and no contract made by the Commissioners was to be valid until approved by the Governor. And by this act. the offices of Register and Assistant Commissioner were abolished, and the Register was required to deliver over to the State Land Office all books and papers in his office ; and the Reg- ister of the State Land Office was required to perform all the duties which the Register of the Improvement had done. And by thus doing, the Legislature gave the Des Moines Navigation & Railroad Company to understand that they did not regard the contract, made by them with the Commissioners as binding upon the State, though by this act they made arrangements for auditing their claims and paying them their just dues. About this time, the question was brought up in the Land Department at Washington, as to the extent of this grant of land, and the opinion was made public that the original intention of Congress was to only give to the State the lands below the Raccoon Fork ; but a disposition was manifested to compromise by the department recognizing as being in the grant all lands adjacent to the river within the State. But assumptions had heretofore met with success, and now those interested in the land-grant claimed and contended that this grant embraced all the lands to the source of the river. This difficulty about the extent of the land-grant, together with the action of the Legislature, nearly suspended all operations on the river, and much was said by the Company about enforcing their claims by law. " The Commissioners appointed to audit and pay the claims against the Improvement did not succeed in adjusting the claims of the Company, and the matter was again referred to the Legislature ; and, on the 22d of March, 1858, there was a joint resolution passed by the Legislature, defining the basis upoa which the State would settle, and the Des Moines Navigation & Railroad Company was given sixty days to consider whether they would accept of and ratif}' this proposition ; and if they did not, within that time, then it was made the duty of the Governor to enjoin them from further proceeding with the work of the Improvement. Also, on the same day of adopting this resolution, there was an act passed giving all the lands Avhich remained after settling with this Company, ' and also all the stone, timber and other materials turned over to the State by the Company,' to the Keokuk, Fort Des Moines & ISIinnesota Rail- road Company for the purpose of constructing a railroad from Keokuk up the Des Moines Valley, to the northern line of the State, except the material which it might be necessary to use for the completion of the locks and dams at Cro- ton, Plymouth, Bentonsport and Keosauqua. which the Railroad Company were to complete ; and also, all debts which grew out of the Improvement, which at that time remained unsatisfied, or were, in some manner, provided for. But in this grant there was a provision made that it should not, in any manner, con- flict with the lands which had, previous to that time, been given to the State by Congress for railroad purposes, which, on the loth of July, 1855, had been given by the Legislatures to the companies formed to build the four roads desig- nated by the grant. But it was understood that these lands, having been HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 529 donated by Congress for the improvement of the navigation of the river Des Moines, could not be diverted to the building of a railroad without the consent of Congress, and measures were immediately taken to get Congress to sanction the diversion ; but this attempt failed, so that the action of the Iowa Legisla- lature did not avail the Railroad Company anything that session. The Railroad Company determined to make another eifort at the next session of Congress ; but before the time for this eifort, another dijBBculty arose in the way of obtain- ing the lands for the Keokuk, Fort Des Moines & Minnesota Railroad Com- pany. . . ' . " In setting up the claims that the grants for improving the river Des Moiues extended above the Raccoon Fork, the citizens of Iowa were united until after the grant of lands by Congress for railroad purposes was made. After this, the railroad companies became interested in the lands claimed for the River Improvement, and claimed that the grant did not embrace any lands above the Raccoon Fork, on which the citizens of Iowa were now divided, and both sides of the question were represented. Upon this phase of the case, the officer of the Land Department at Washington had but very little hesita- tion in deciding against the claims of the River Improvement. After this decision was made, the legal tribunals were resorted to, and a case was taken to the Supreme Court of the United States^ where the same decision was given as in the Land Office. "•On the 3d of March, 1860, there was an act passed abolishing the office, of Commissioner of the Des Moines River Improvement, and George G. Wright, Edward Johnson and Christian W. Slagle were appointed a Board of Commis- sioners for the purpose of ascertaining all the liabilities against the Des Moines River Improvement, and against the State of Iowa, growing out of the Im- provement. They were required to meet at Keosauqua, and were clothed with power similar to the District Court, to hear and determine all claims growing out of the Improvement, and were authorized to sell all the interests of the State, and all dams and improvements, and the lands appertaining thereto. These Commissioners proceeded with their duties, and with their labors closed all official acts, as far as the State was concerned, in applying the proceeds of this land-grant toward the improvement of the navigation of the river Des Moines. " This was a most magnificent grant, embracing some of the best lands in the State ; and if the proceeds had been judiciously and properly expended, would have made a great thoroughfare for steamboats, besides affording an immense water-power for driving machinery. But, through the incompetency of managing the means, and the intrigues of designing men, the whole of the lands below the Raccoon Fork, and a large quantity above, were disposed of and very little practical good accomplished toward the navigation of the river." THE HALF-BREED TRACT. [See pp. 164-5-6.] COURT DECISIONS. Under the act of Congress approved January 30, 1834, giving the half- breeds a title to their lands in fee simple, a horde of speculators rushed to the country to trade and bargain with the half-Indians. Sharp bargains were made, and many of those for whose benefit the law was passed parted with their lands for a mere trifle. 530 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. The commission appointed to decide upon the validity of claims first met at Montrose, on Wednesday, the 9th day of May, 1838, where claimants were summoned to appear and "prove up." The hearing of testimony continued until the first session of the Iowa Legislature (which met November 12, 1838), when influences were brought to bear that secured the repeal of the act under which the commission was appointed, as well as the purposes for which it was intended. This repeal not only re-opened the claim question to disturb the country again, but also ■deprived the Commissioners of their per diem from the Territorial treasury. When the repealing act was introduced, the friends of the Commissioners attached thereto certain sections giving them a lien on the half-breed lands. The second section of the act provided that the several Commissioners, by and under the act repealed, who were authorized to sit and take testimony, etc., under said act, " may immediately, or as soon as convenient, commence action before the District Court of Lee County for their several accounts against the owners of the half-breed lands, ahd give eight weeks' notice in the Iowa Terri- torial Gazette to said owners of such lands ; and the Judges of said District Court, upon the trial of said suits before it at the next term, shall, if said accounts are deemed correct, order judgment for the amount and cost to be entered up against said owners, and said judgments shall be a lien on said lands," etc. The third section declared "the words 'owners of half-breed lands lying in Lee County ' shall be a sufiicient designation and specification of the defendants in said suits." And by the fifth section it was provided that "the trial of said suits shall be before the Court, and not a jury; and this act shall receive a liberal construction, such as will carry out the spirit and inten- tion thereof" At the August term of the District Court of Lee County, 1839, two judg- ments and executions on these lands were obtained — one in behalf of Edward Johnstone, for $1,290 ; the other in behalf of David Brigham, for $818, for services rendered as Commissioners ; and the whole Half-Breed Tract was sold to Hugh T. Reid. The Sheriff, Hawkins Taylor, returned on both the executions that he had levied " on the Half-Breed Sac and Fox Reservation in Lee County, Iowa Territory, commonly called the Half-Breed Tract, and had advertised and sold the same for $2,884.66." In pursuance of this sale, William Stotts, the Sherift', succeeding Hawkins Taylor, made to Hugh T. Reid, the purchaser, a deed for the lands levied on, containing 119,000 acres, more or less. Mr. Reid sold more or less of it, at diflerent times and to different pur- chasers, but the titles based on the judgments did not hold good. In the litigation which followed, the titles derived through Reid were known as the "judgment titles." Early in 1841, Edward Johnstone and Hugh T. Reid (then law partners at Fort Madison), as attorneys for the St. Louis claimants of half-breed lands, filed a petition at the May term of the United States District Court for the Ter- ritory of Iowa for a decree of partition. Francis S. Key, author of the " Star Spangled Banner," who was then an attorney for the New York Land Com- pany, which held heavy interests in these lands, was one of the attorneys for the Company, and drew the decree by which the Half-Breed Tract was parti- tioned and divided amongst the several claimants to the ownership of the lands. Judge Charles Mason, of Burlington, presided. The decree for partition divided the tract into 101 shares, and arranged that each claimant should draw his pro- portion by lot, and that they should abide by the result, whatever it might be. HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 531 The decree of partition was signed by the Court May 8, 1841. Now fol- lowed, until about fifteen years thereafter, a series of lawsuits between the claimants under tlu; judgment and decree titles on the one side, and the settlers on the Ilalf-Breed Ih'act, who numbered several thousand, on the other side. These titles were also contended against by parties who owned half-breed titles, but had not been recognized by the decree, which was one of mutual compromise by the parties then before the Court. Finally, partly by compromise and partly by success of litigation, the decree title obtained the advantage, and became the settled and established title to the Ilalf-Breed Tract. ["A Member of the Bar" prepared a very full and concise history of the legal contest, and the status of the titles as they existed at the time, which was published in the Keokuk Register in December, 1848, where it is preserved, and where it may be reviewed if any of the points involved ever become subjects of controversy or dispute.] Owing to the fact that no names wore mentioned in the law giving the half- breeds power to sell, it was difficult to fix upon the real owners. Sometimes a full-blooded Indian sold a tract of land in which he had no earthly interest. Sometimes a half-breed of some other tribe palmed himself off as a half-breed Sac and Fox, and in other instances genuine half-breeds sold and conveyed their interests to several different parties. From these causes it became difficult to determine between an honest title and a bogus one. Confusion became worse con- founded. Many people had settled on the lands under the impression that there was no title vested in any person ; that the land still belonged to the General Government, and that they were entitled to pre-emption rights as first settlers. Owing to these different opinions, there was a considerable population on the land when the decree of partition was made Avho held defective titles, and who, in numbers as well as determination, were too formidable to be hastily removed. Under such circumstances, it is not strange that there were numerous instances of attempted resistance to legal process of ejectment, or that fierce excitement and violent outbreaks were of frequent occurrence. THE PRESS. " But mightiest, of the mighty means On which the arm of progress leans, Man's noblest mission to advance, His woes assuage his weal enliance, His rights enforce, his wrongs redress — MiGHTlKST 01' MIGHTY IS THE PllKSS." FIRST IOWA NEWSPAPERS. The first newspaper published in what is now the great State of Iowa, was the Dubuque Visitor^ printed by William C. Jones on a press brought from Ohio by John King in 1884, when he came to assume the office of Chief Justice of Dubu([ue County, one of the two into which the Black Hawk Purchase was divided when it was made part of Michigan Territory. The first number of the Visitor was issued May 11, 1836, and the first type-setting was done by Andrew Giesecker, who, for many years afterward, was associated with the Iowa press. Soon after the appearance of the Dubuque Visitor, Dr. Isaac Galland com- menced the publication of a paper at Montrose, called l^ie Westetm Advent- urer, but it lacked support, and its publication was suspended in less than two years. 532 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. FORT MADISON NEWSPAPERS. Some time after Dr. Galland suspended the publication of The Adventurer, he sold the material on which it was printed to James G. Edwards, who came from Jacksonville, 111. Mr. Edwards removed the office to Fort Madison and commenced the publication of the Fort Madison Patriot, the first number being issued on the 24th day of March, 1838. The Patriot was a strong partisan sheet, and was the 'first Whig paper published in Iowa. The Patriot was commenced as a twenty-eight column sheet, in the first number- of which appeared the following suggestion of the editor : '^ If a division of the Territory is eft'ected, we propose that the lowans take the cogm^men of ' Hawk-eyes.' Our etymology can thus be more definitely traced than that of the Wolverines, Suckers, Gophers, etc., and we shall rescue from oblivion a memento, at least, of the name of the old chief. Who seconds the motion?" After the Territory of Iowa was created, the seat of government was located at Burlington, and Edwards was induced to move his press to that place, where, on the loth of December, 1838, he issued a specimen number of a paper called the Burlington Patriot, but the regular publication did not commence until June 6, 1839. The Fort Madison Courier was established by R. Wilson Albright, who brought out the first number July 24, 1841, with an humble apology for failing to get out his paper according to schedule time, on account of unavoidable delay in getting his material from St. Louis, and with a neat salutatory stating that the Courier would maintain a neutral position in politics. The subscription price of the paper was fixed at |2.50, in advance, $3.00 if paid at the expira- tion of six months : and if unpaid at the end of one year, $4 was the sum demanded. In the first issue of the Courier appears a description of the difterent towns in Lee County, taken from •' Newhall's Sketches of Iowa," a small work pub- lished in 1840. The population of Fort Madison was estimated at this time at TOO, Keokuk at 150. In this first issue also appears Philip Yiele's address of welcome to Governor Chambers, on his visit to Fort Madison, July 20, and the Governor's reply; also, notice of a meeting held at West Point, July 17, for the purpose of organizing an agricultural society, and of an interesting camp- meeting then in progress at Solomon Jackson's, near West Point, The Courier continued to appear weekly until December 11, 1841, when William E. Mason, a nephew of Judge Charles Mason, purchased an interest, and the name was changed to the Lee County Bemoei-at. The gag of neutral- ity was removed, and it became an organ of the Democratic party. April 1, 1842, Mason sold his interest to 0. &. X. Peck, and the firm became Albright & Peck. This connection existed until June 11, 1842, when Albright bought Peck's interest and again became sole proprietor. February 8, 1845, W. C. Stripe, now cf Keokuk, was employed as asso- ciate editor, which position he continued to hold until the following December, when he was succeeded by T. S. Espy, a lawyer, who had recently settled in Fort Madison, now living in St. Louis. Espy took entire charge of the edito- rial columns, which he conducted until 1847, when Albright sold the office and material to George H. Williams (^afterward Attorney General of the United States by appointment of President Grant), who changed the name of the paper to the Iowa Statesman. After a few months, it again changed hands, being purchased by J. D. Spaulding, who, for a short time associated with him W. W. Phelps, a young printer from Nauvoo. HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 533 In February, 1852, Hon. John Van Valkenburg, then a law student in Fort Madison, induced Lewis V. Taft and others to purchase the paper, and the name was changed to the Fort Madison Plain Dealer^ but it still advocated the doctrine of Democracy after the olden school. After four years of battle for the party, Taft sold out to J. D. Storms, B. Grosman and A. Stoddard. This tripartite alliance was soon after changed by Storms dropping out, leaving Grosman as publisher, and Stoddard as editor. A little later, Stoddard aban- boned the field and Grosman fought the battle single-handed until July 1, 1859, when W. P. Staub purchased the office, whom the retiring editor intro- •duced to his patrons as ''a young man of good morals and industrious habits." Under Staubs' proprietorship James D. Eads had editorial charge from Sep- tember, 1858, until October, 1859, and Dr. A. C. Roberts was editor from the fall of 1859, until May 3, 1861, when Judge J. M. Casey took charge for about three years. On the 2d of May, 1861, Mr. Staub, in connection with his weekly paper, began the issue of the G-em City Telegraph, a daily, but after an experience of thirteen weeks, at a loss of $75 per week, the paper was discontinued. In July, 1^63, Mr. Staub sold out to William CafFrey. This sale was made with the understanding that the Plain Dealer was to be continued as a Demo- cratic organ, but the contract had scarcely been closed when Staub received information that a change in its politics had been decided upon. Staub had still two weeks' control of the paper, in which he endeavored, as far as possible, to counteract the effect of the proposed change, and in the mean time induced Hussey & Hickman, at that time publishing the Banner, a Democratic paper at Montrose, to remove their press and place of business to Fort Madison. The move was not a success, however, and the Banner was short-lived. Caflfrey took possession of the Plain Dealer August 7, 1863, and it was -changed in politics to a straight-out Republican paper. In May, 1864, Col. J. G. Wilson purchased the paper, continuing as editor and proprietor until July, 1865, when he sold an interest to R. G. Raswick, which partnership continued until May, 1876, when W. D. Pratt bought Mr. Wilson's remaining interest. February 1, 1877, H. W. Dodd purchased of Pratt, and, in turn, sold to the present proprietors, Dawley & Tremaine, November 11, 1878. Under Mr. Dodd's management, there was a marked improvement in the character of the Plain Dealer. He gathered correspond- ence from foreign and local points, and introduced other features to which the paper had previously been a stranger. His editorials were ably and fearlessly written. The dissemination of truth was his great aim, and wrong received no favor at his hands. His tact and energy increased the subscription-list to three times the number of names on the books when he purchased the office, while the advertising patronage Avas almost doubled. At last, however, a combination of political circumstances, over which he had no control, and which would have caused abler management to yield to the fierce blast long before, conspired to cripple his efforts, and he sold the office, good-will, etc., to Dawley & Tremaine. The present proprietors are young men, ambitious to succeed, and a consid- erable increase in the circulation has already resulted from their management. The Plain Dealer is thoroughly Republican in politics, and, with its thousand c6pies issued weekly, wields a large influence in the county. THE FORT MADISON DEMOCRAT was established by C. L. Morehouse in 1867. The first issue was a seven- column folio. He sold out to W. P. Staub in 1870, who continued in the own- 534 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. ership until January, 1874, when it was purchased by Dr. A. C. Roberts and Henry L. Schroeder. At this time, the circulation of the Democrat was less than four hundred copies. The new proprietors moved the press from its location, over the post office, into more commodious quarters, in the Metropolitan Building. The paper was still but a seven-column sheet, and the press an old-fashioned hand concern — a regular "man-killer." In the spring of 1875, the circulation of the Democrat had increased to ,such an extent that greater facilities for its publication became necessary. New type, new cuts, new heading and a new press of the Potter patent, were pur- chased, which latter was rigged for hand-power ; but, after two months' opera- tion, a steam-engine was purchased. The improved appearance of the paper and the enterprise manifested in its make-up and management brought new subscribers, and the increase of business rendered more room necessary. In the summer of 1875, Dr. Roberts erected the building now occupied by the paper, and the office is now one of the most commodious and best appointed of any weekly paper in the State. The new building is 95x25 feet, three stories in height, the first floor and basement of which is used for offices of the paper and store-room, the second is arranged for business-offices, and the third is occupied by Fort Madison Lodge, No. 157, I. 0. 0. F. For job-work, two presses are used — a Gordon, which can be speeded to 2,000 impressions per hour, and a " Novelty," to 2,400. In addition to other facilities for job-work, they have the largest assortment of wood- type in the county. January 1, 1878, the Democrat was enlarged to its present size and quarto form. The proprietors have aimed to make it a superior family paper, and that they have succeeded its large circulation bears ample testimony. It ranks, to-day, among the best in the State. The Knighfs Sword and Helmet. — This paper, the official organ of the Order of the Knights of Pythias in the State of Iowa, was established Febru- ary 1, 1877, by the Pythian Printing Company, with H. W. Dodd as Manager. During its first year, Hon. John Van Valkenburg was editor ; but, since that time, Mr. Dodd has been sole editor and manager. It is a monthly journal, with a wide circulation, extending into the Canadas and as far as Honolulu, in the Sandwich Islands. KEOKUK THE IOWA ARGUS AND LEE COUNTY COMMERCIAL ADVERTISER. This was the title of the first newspaper published in Keokuk. The first number of this journal appeared in January, 1846, Democratic in politics, and edited by Col. William Pattee, afterward Auditor of State. It lived but a " short time. THE KEOKUK REGISTER. In the fall of 1846, the brothers J. W. and R. B. Ogden arrived in Iowa, from Springfield, Ohio, where the younger of the two, R. B., now proprietor of a job-printing establishment in Keokuk, was a compositor in ilia Republican office, of that city. R. B. Ogden spent the first winter in Iowa City, the State capital, and, in the spring, came to Keokuk, where, by the advice of H. W. Starr, J. W. Grimes and others, leaders of the Whig party, the Register was established. The prospectus was issued in April, 1847, and, on the 26th day of May following, the first number was issued, with a list of three subscribers, viz., HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 585 Samuel Van Fossen, L. B. Fleak and Ross B. Hughes. The new editors were young, and, having the guarantee of these three patrons that they should have a paid-up subscription of |1,000, were not discouraged. They went to work, and, at the time of the sale of their office to Howell & Cowles, in 1849, the names of 1,800 subscribers were on their books. THE GATE CITY. What is now the Ciate City, was established in Keosauqua, Van Buren County, by J. B. Howell and James H. Cowles, in July, 1846, as the Des Moines Valley Whig. In March, 1849, the proprietors purchased the Regis- ter of the Ogden brothers, and consolidated the two offices at Keokuk, where the issue was known as the Bes Moines Valley Whig and KeokuJc Register. Its present name was adopted in 1855. DAILY GATE CITY. The Daily Grate Citys first issue appeared March 3, 1854. For the first year, the paper was published as the Keokuk Daily Whig. Then the name was changed to its present one. The G-ate City was started as a five-column paper, and was conducted in that shape until May 9, 1855, when it was enlarged to six columns. On the 25th of July, 1856, another column was added, but the memorable panic of 1857 came on, and, notwithstanding it weathered the storm without skipping an issue, it was found necessary to reduce the size to six columns, which was done February 12, 1859. As soon, however, as the business interests of the country commenced to revive, the G-ate City again enlarged its dimensions and made rapid strides forward. On the 16th of April, 1863, it was again increased to seven columns, which was still furthier increased to eight columns, its present size, July 17, 1866. Among those who advertised in the first numbers of the Daily Gate City^ and who are still in business in Keokuk, are Messrs. Comstock and Brothers, dealers in stoves ; S. and J. Hamill, wholesale grocers, now S. Hamill & Co. ; C. Obertop ; George Cabus, hair-dressing saloon ; Carter & Bros., sash-fac- tory, and I. N. Pearce, bookbinder. The one man who has been constantly identified with the paper from the start, and continuously, of whom it has been the impersonation, and who has been more to it than anybody and everybody else, is J. B. Howell. From it& first issue up to his election to the United States Senate in 1870, he was constantly and actively its editor, and it may be truthfully said that no jour- nalist in Iowa, during the early years of its history, had so potent an influence in impressing his character and ideas upon the affairs of the young common- wealth as Mr. Howell. His associates in the editorial work have been Mr. Cowles, a lawyer, who was connected with the Valley Whig before the daily was started, and who subsequently died in the South ; J. R. Briggs, who died in Washington City, in 1873 ; William Richards and S. M. Clark. The fol- lowing were, at the times named, associated with Mr. Howell in the proprietor- ship of the Gate City: August 31, 1854, J. R. Briggs bought an interest in the Whig office. William Richards became connected as proprietor some time between August 31, 1854, and January 1, 1855, there being no announcement of the exact time. December 19, 1860, J. B. Howell appears as the sole pro- prietor again, and continues until January 6, 1863, when J. W. Delaplain pur- chased an interest, and remained one of the proprietors until July, 1866. He had been connected with the office from the time of the issue of the first num- ber of the Weekly Whig, on the 31st of March, 1849, with the exception of about three years. 536 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. In January, 1870, Mr. Sam M. Clark, who, for five years previously, had been connected with the paper as associate editor, became joint owner with Hon. J. B. Howell. Since that date, Mr. Clark has had exclusive control of the editorial department. ^ THE KEOKUK DISPATCH. Prior to 1848, the Democratic party had no organ in Lee County, except the Lee County Democrat, published at Fort Madison. The Whigs had the Keokuk Register, which, under the editorial management of J. W. Ogden, had gained a large circulation in Southern Iowa, and something must be done to counteract its influence. On the 20th of May, 1848, the first number of the Keokuk Dispatch was issued, under the proprietorship of John B. Russell and Reuben L. Doyle, and, being ably edited, the two parties were well matched as to newspaper represent- atives. April 19, 1849, Russell sold his interest to Doyle, but remained for a time as associate editor. He died of cholera while thus employed. July 9, 1850, b. W. Halsey became part owner and the firm became Doyle & Halsey. In 1851, George Green bought Halsey's interest, and, April 15, T. B. Cuming, a brilliant writer, afterward Governor of Nebraska, took editorial charge. In July, 1852, T. B. Cuming and G. W. Armstrong became the proprie- tors. In November, 1852, W. A. Hornish bought Armstrong's interest, and, in turn, sold to T. B. Cuming, who became sole proprietor May 24, 1853. Early in 1854, we find H. W. Beers owning the paper, -who sold it to D. Reddington November 15 of the same year. On the 28th of October, 1855, Reddington changed the name to the SATURDAY POST, and at the same time began the publication of a daily paper, in which he was associated Avith W. F. B. Lynch. In January, 1858, Reddington sold out, and from that date until 1860, the Post was published by William Rees, Sr.,. & Sons, who removed the office to Doniphan, Kan., where they published a paper for one year. '' THE NIP-AND-TUCK KEOKUK DAILY. This was a small sheet of four pages, four columns to the page, the first number of which was issued January 1, 1855, D. Reddington, proprietor, and S. T. Marshall, local editor. In February following, its name was changed to THE MORNING GLORY, which, in June following, was enlarged by the addition of one column. Red- dington sold out September 14, 1855, to A. T. Walling and Dr. G. St. Clair Hussey, who merged it into THE DAILY EVENING TIMES, the first number of which was issued July 27, 1855. Walling & Hussey sold out to Charles D. Kirk, from Louisville, Ky., who, on tlie 2od of November, 1857, issued the first number of the « KEOKUK DAILY JOURNAL. A weekly paper was also published by Walling k Hussey when they estab- lished The Times, which was continued by Kirk as The Journal. HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 537 The WeeMy and Daily Journal was sold by Kirk to Newton, Ilussey & Gwin, who became embarrassed financially, and, in May, 1859, the paper passed into the hands of Charles Smith, who managed it until December, 1861, when Hon. T. W. Clagett purchased the office under a sale by foreclosure of a mortgage placed on the office by the successors of Kirk. Judge Clagett gave it the name of the • KEOKUK CONSTITUTION, and under his management it at once took a position as one of the leading Democratic papers in the State. Mr. Charles Smith was retained as associate editor, and continued in that capacity until Judge Clagett's death, with the exception of eighteen months in 1871 and 1872, during which time, Alfred Avery, now publishing the Home and Farm, at Louisville, Ky., filled his place. Judge Clagett died in April, 1876, after which, his daughter, Sue Harry Clagett, conducted the paper until July 17 following, when the office was purchased by John Gibbons, H. W. Clendenin, George Smith and Thomas Kees. The first named was in editorial charge until April 17, 1877, when he sold his interest to the remaining partners, who assumed the present firm name of Smith, Clendenin & Rees, H. W. Clendenin taking editorial charge of the paper. In this connection it is proper that personal mention be made of Hon. Thomas W. Clagett, the founder of the Constitution, and its editor and propri- etor from 1861 until his death, on Good Friday, April 14, 1876, the twenty- sixth anniversary of his landing in Keokuk. What is here published is taken from a sketch of his life prepared by Dr. J. M. Shafi"er, of Keokuk, shortly after his decease : Judge Clagett was born in Prince George County, Md., August 30, 1815. He received his elementary training at the Academy near Bladensburg. His earlier manhood was passed as a planter, but he subsequently studied law in the office of Gov. Pratt, of Maryland, and was admitted to practice at Upper Marlboro. When he was but eighteen years old, he was married to Susan Guiger Harry, a lady of fine mental qualities. The i^sue of this marriage was three sons and three daughters— Thomas, a farmer and planter in Maryland ; William, late Delegate to Congress from Montana, and George, who died in Nevada. Of the daughters, Lucy died in infancy, and Sarah died at twenty-four, and sleeps in the Catholic cemetery adjoining this city. The youngest daughter, Susan Harry— the "Elizabeth Waking " of the press— is a lady of marked ability as a writer. .Judge Clagett's second wife was Miss Sarah B. Lewis, of Maiden, Mass. All who have the pleasure of a personal acquaintance with this bereaved one, bear glad testimony to her many excellencies of character. During his residence in Maryland, the deceased was twice elected to represent his district in the Legislature, and the impress of his work is especially observable in his efforts to establish a system of common-school education for the youth of the State. He removed to Iowa in 18.50, and settled in Keokuk. He was a good man and true. There is, perhaps, not a church in this city that does not owe something of its being to his contributions. There is not a public enterprise of any kind looking to the general welfare of this people, upon which his name and his influence have not been stenciled. His election to the position of Judge of this district— a well-merited honor- was at the sacrifice of large pecuniary rewards that attached to his practice at law. In politics, he was a Whig, and an ardent admirer of Webster, Clay and those great lights of that grand old party. He regarded the system of slavery as a wrong, an evil and a curse — wrong to the slave, evil to all in its tendencies, and a curse, which, sooner or later, would ingulf the nation in disaster and ruin. In the heat and unreason of the early days of the war between the States, his press was broken up by a band of soldiers. Some in that day were so intensely partisan as to rejoice at the lawless act. There may be not one remaining who, regarding the fact in the cool and calm deliberation that follows tlie fever of excited passion but would deplore the act, and wish the foul stain wiped away from the records of time. Editing with marked ability a Democratic paper, at a time when the strongest demands were made for personal courage and personal devotion to 538 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. principle, he did not waver. Bitter, perliaps, in his dennnciation of measures which he regarded as subversive of the Constitution, and dangerous to the personal liberty of the citizen, he fsivored the vigorous prosecution of the war, as the best, safest, surest means to accomplish a lasting peace. In religion, he was a cordial believer in the rites, ceremonies, and traditions of the Episco- pal Church. He participated in the first meeting for the purpose of organizing the Church in this city. The blood of four Episcopal Bishops — three in England and one in America — ran in his veins, and from these ancestors there had descended to him a deep, though unique and independ- ent current of religious feeling. Said Hon. John P. Irish, in tlie Iowa City Press : In social life, Judge Clagett was a gentleman of the old school, a fascinating host, a gener- ous entertainer, and a cultured and interesting companion. He was the oldest amongst the daily newspaper men of Iowa, and amongst all who will pause in the whirl of affairs to pen a paragraph announcing his death, there is not one who is in all respects, of character, culture and experience, his equal. The present proprietors of the Constitution are all old citizens of Keokuk and loAva, and are practical newspaper men. Mr. Smith came to Keokuk in 1856, from Newark, Ohio, and followed his business as a practical printer until he purchased an interest in the Constitution. Mr. Clendenin came to Iowa from Pennsylvania, with his father, Samuel M. Clendenin, late of Burlington, Iowa, where he settled in 1839, and has resided in the State ever since. He came to Keokuk in 1864, andw^as engaged as a practical printer m various capacities until his purchase of an interest in the Constitution. Mr. Rees comes of a family of journalists. His father, William Rees, Sr., formerly published the Keokuk Baih/ Post, and several of his brothers are at present following the " art preservative of all arts" in Keokuk and other cities. Mr. Rees came to Keokuk in 1853. The Constitution, under its present enterprising management, has become firmly established, with a large and increasing circulation, and is looked upon as one of the leading Democratic papers of the State. The weekly is a mam- moth triple sheet, and has a national reputation as a humorous journal. THE KEOKUK POST. The first German newspaper published in Keokuk was established in 1855. by Mr. William Kopp, under the name of Beohachter des Westens (Western Observer). In 1857, Leopold Mader became proprietor, and, in 1858, was succeeded by Christ. Mueller. Judge Edmund Jaeger, now Cashier of the Commercial Bank of Keokuk, was the successor of Mr. Mueller, and rather an unlucky one. as four weeks after he took possession, the office was destroyed by fire. Judge Jaeger was followed by Mr. Rottick, and he in turn"^ by Jacob Wohlwend and Serth in 1862. These sold out to Rinker & Althaus,but,in 1865, Wohlwend bought Rinker's interest, and the firm Avas Wohlwend & Althaus until 1869, when Emil Bischof, who died in 1877, at Council Blufts, became sole proprietor. Mr. Bischof published the paper until 1874, when he w^as succeeded by Charles Norman, who sold to the present proprietor and editor, Adolph Wulft', Esq., February 1. 1877. Twice under Mr. Bischof "s predecessors, the name of the paper was changed and was successively called the Keokuk Deutsche Zeitung and Keokuk Tele- graph. Its present name was adopted when Mr. Bischof took possession in 1869. In politics the Post has always been independent, leaning, however, to Democracy, especially in State and local aftairs. HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 539 THE SUNBEAM. This was a weekly paper established January 27, 1860, by J. W. Delaplain, and devoted especially to temperance work. It M'as suspended after an exist- ence of about two years. •^ THE DAILY EVENING NEWS, a Greeley campaign paper, was published for four weeks in the fall of 1872. C. A. Calhoun, Jacob Wohlwend and Charles Smith were the proprietors. THE SHARP STICK. This was a spicy sheet, published by T. B. Cluming, while proprietor of th.Q Dispatch. It abounded in local hits and was a " free-for-all " receptacle of thinffs humorous. , *= THE PEOPLE S DOLLAR, published by Thornber & Hanson, was established February 28, 1879, and is an organ of the National Greenback party. CENTRAL SCHOOL JOURNAL, a monthly journal, issued under the auspices of the County Superintendents of Southeastern Iowa, is published by W. J. Medes & Co., who established it in December, 1877. It is ably edited by J. W. Rowley, W. J. Medes, John Paisley, N. C. Campbell and Cora B. Letts, and has a large circulation. KEOKUK HIGH SCHOOL NEWS. This is the title of a small monthly sheet of four pages and three columns to the page, edited, printed and published by the boys of the High School, four numbers of which have been issued. In its general make-up the News is a credit to the boys, and, in fact, would do no discredit to older heads and more experienced hands. ^ THE WEST POINT APPEAL. This, the first newspaper published in West Point, was established and the first number issued June 7, 1878, by Allison Leadley, the present proprietor. The paper is an eight-column folio, independent in politics, a lively, well-con- ducted weekly family paper, with a good list of subscribers, and increasing in influence and circulation. EDUCATIONAL INTERESTS. PRIMITIVE SCHOOLHOUSES AND OLD-TIME TEACHERS. Less than half a century ago there was not a, schoolhouse in the territory now embraced in the domain of the great State of Iowa. Now there are 10,196 of them, from the ordinary frame structure of one room and one story, to magnificent brick and stone edifices of two and three stories and numerous departments, and colleges and seminaries «qual in all respects to the colleges and other institutions of learning in any of the original thirteen States. In Lee County alone, there are 119 schoolhouses of different grades of excellence and finish, and 267 teachers. The first school was taught at what is now the village of Nashville, in 1830. Benjamin Jennings, late a millionaire in Oregon, was the teacher. The second school of which we can find any direct trace, was taught at the "Point," now Keokuk, about 1834. .Jesse Creighton, a shoemaker, was the 540 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. teachei'. Shoemaking was not a good business then, because most of the people went barefoot in summer and wore moccasins in the winter. To help him make both ends meet, the few settlers prevailed upon him to undertake n private or subscription school. The building occupied was a small log structure belonging to John Forsyth, and stood on the side of the hill a little west of "• Rat Row," and between what is now Main and Blondeau streets. Among Creighton's scholars was the present James W. Campbell, now of Fort Madison, and Henry D. Bartlett and Valencourt Vanausdol, of Keokuk. All the others long since removed to other parts of the country, and most, if not all, of them have passed over the dark river to the shores of eternity. When the first settlers came to make permanent homes on the Black Hawk Purchase, they brought with them that love of education which is a part of every true American. There were no schoolhouses, nor school districts, nor school money. Educational affairs, like everything else, were in chaos — without form and void — for the country was a wilderness, and the pioneer fathers were left to their own resources and management. When schools were desired, a central location as to the neighborhood and convenience of the scholars was selected and a log schoolhouse erected. Each settler who had children large enough to go to school, Volunteered a certain amount of work toward its erection. In no case was the schoolhouse large or pretentious. One window in each side of the structure furnished light — that is if the settlers had money enough to buy sash and glass. If not. greased paper supplied the place of glass, and just as likely as not a part of a log was cut out of each side of the building, and greased paper fastened over the aperture was made to serve as a window. There was a puncheon door in one end, and a mud and stick or sod chimney and earthen fireplace in the other end. The seats were made from puncheons, or a suitably sized tree cut to the desired length, and then halved, i. e., split in two. The split sides were dressed down with a broad-ax. Holes were bored near the ends of the rounded sides, with an inch- and-a-half or two-inch auger, and pins driven in for supports. Writing "benches " or desks were made by boring slanting holes in the logs, in which supports or arms were driven, and on which a wide plank or puncheon, with the upper side dressed smooth, was laid, and held in place by a shoulder that was cut on the lower ends of the supports. This completed the furniture, unless,, perhaps, an old splint-bottomed chair was added as a seat for the teacher. The principal books were Webster's elementary spelling-book, the English reader (the best reader ever used in American schools), Daball's or Talbot's arithmetic, Olney's geography and Kirkham's grammar (the author of which fell a victim to intemperance and died in a Cincinnati stillhouse) ; hence the course of study was orthography, reading, writing, arithmetic, English grammar and geography. Orthography was the first great principle of education, for the people in those days were of the opinion that no one could ever become a good reader or a good scholar unless he was a good speller, and, as a consequence, children who were ambitious to become good scholars and noted and honorable men and women, were ambitious to become good spellers ; and no higher honor could be bestowed upon a girl or boy than to say they were the best spellers in the neighborhood. Spelling-schools or spelling-matches — who of us don't remem- ber them ? — were frequent. But why distress old-fogy minds by recalling those happy days, when they used to meet at the old log schoolhouses, choose their captains (the best spellers), who used to toss up the " master's ruler " for " first choice," and then "choose up" their lieutenants, commencing with the HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 5^1 ones they regarded as the best spellers, or, more likely, the prettiest girls without regard to their orthographical excellence, and so on until all the boys and girls- were arranged on benches on opposite sides of the house. Then the fun com- menced. The "master" "gave out" the words from side to side. How quickly a "missed" word would be caught up I Those were happy days, and days that are sacred in the memory of the gray-haired fathers and mothers who took part in the exercises. It would be a pleasing reflection to them if their children, their children's children, and the children of their neighbors were permitted by the modern system of education to indulge in the same kind of old-fashioned orthographical exercises. The school system of the spelling-school period, and even up until within a few years ago, in many localities, was fully described in the backwoods vernacular of "Pete Jones," in Eggleston's " Hoosier Schoolmaster," "lickin' and larnin'," the "lickin' " being the indispensable requisite. The perfect or ideal teacher of those days was a man of strong, muscular development, with an imperious frown, a sonorous voice charged with terror, punctual in bringing "hickories" into the schoolhouse, and a liberal disposition to frequently use them as hack applications. But all these things are changed now. A log schoolhouse in Iowa is a rarity. Their places are filled with handsome frame or brick structures. The rude furniture has given way to seats and desks combined. The old books have followed the old teachers into retirement, and both are superseded by others of greater pretensions. The old spelling- classes and spelling-matches have fol- lowed the old log schoolhouses until they are only remembered in name. Of her school system, Iowa can justly boast. It is a pride and a credit to the people by whom it is maintained. While the State has extended such fostering care to the interests of educa- tion, the several counties into which the "Forty-Mile Strip " has been divided, have been no less zealous and watchful in the management of this vital interest, and Lee County forms no exception to the rule. The schoolhouses and their furnishings are in full keeping with the spirit of the laws that provide for their maintenance and support. The teachers rank high among the other thousands of teachers in the State, and the several County Superintendents, since the office of Superintendent was made a part of the school system, have been chosen with special reference to their fitness for the position. The present Superintendent of County Schools is W. J. Modes, who was first elected in November, 1876, and re-elected in October, 1878. The following statistics are compiled from Mr. Medes' last report to the State Superintendent of Public Instruction : Number of males between five and twenty-one years of age 7,206 Number of females between the ages of five and twenty-one years 7,174 Total 14,380 Number of Independent Districts in county 65 Number of subdistricts 48 Total number of Districts 113 Average number of months taught 7.23 Number of male teachers employed 89 Number of female teachers employed 178 Total 267 542 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. Number of scholars enrolled 8,208 Total average attendance 5,330 Number of frame schoolhouses '39 Number of brick schoolhouses 35 Number of stone schoolhouses 11 Number of log schoolhouses -1 Total „ 119 Total valuation of schoolhouses |245,500 PIONEER LAWYERS. The members of the Old Settlers' Society of Lee County are divided into two classes. Those who settled in the county prior to July 1, 1840, are termed Pioneers, and those who came subsequent to the pioneer age and before the 28th day of December, 1846, the date when Iowa became a State, are called Old Settlers. The legal profession was represented, in the pioneer period, by some of the most gifted men that ever claimed a home in the Hawkeye State. They were men every way calculated to adorn any society, and, by their brill- iant attainments, energy and enterprise, made names in the early settlement of the State and county of their adoption that are almost as familiar as household words. They were men of mark, if not one way, then in another, and those of them who remained in the county have been honored above those of any other profession or calling. Some of them have been called to high places of trust, honor and confidence, and the genius of their minds has been unfadingly impressed upon whatever they have touched. A tribute to the memory and worth of these men will not be out of place. HENRY S. AUSTIN came to Lee County and settled at Montrose in 1837. He was the legal repre- sentative and attorney for the New York Land Company, which had been organized for the purpose of speculating in Half-Breed lands. He was well edu- cated in general literature, and esteemed to be equally learned in the profession of the law, although he never represented any case of importance in any of the courts of the county — so that it is impossible for the writer to speak of his abilities as an advocate or in the management of law cases. He removed from Iowa some time in 1838, and now resides at Chicago. EDWARD JOHNSTONE, Mr. Johnstone came to Lee County in July, 1837, and settled at Fort Madison, where he engaged in the practice of the law for twelve or fourteen years. During that time, he made but few speeches at the bar, seeming to have a reluctance to engage in forensic discussions. But he was learned in his profession, drew pleadings with neatness and dispatch, and was elegant in speech and massive in argument. In 1852, he was elected County Judge of Lee County, and, after his term of judgeship expired, he did not return to the bar, but went into the banking business, in which he is still engaged. Judge Johnstone is a man of stalwart proportions, physically and intellectually. He stands six feet four inches high, and weighs two hundred and fifty pounds — a weight from which he has not varied ten pounds in the last twenty years. He possesses a/rank, open countenance, and is that type of man whose very pres- ence will inspire confidence and respect. As orator or writer, upon whatever HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. ' 543 subject, he is graceful, easy and dignified. As a conversationalist, he has no ^'^P^^^'^'- PHILIP VIELE. Judge Viele is a native of New York, where he served eight years as Judge before he came to Lee County, and hung out his " law-shingle" at Fort Madi- son in 1837. As a speaker, he always excelled. His oratory was of the florid and animated style ; his periods were elegantly rounded, and often, especially when excited, indulged in severe thrusts of humor and repartee. He had been favored with a good academic education at Union College, New York, and for his suavity and personal address he came to be known over the West as the "Chesterfield of Iowa." His knowledge of law never equaled his powers of oratory. Judge Yiele retired from the practice of the law about 1848, and he now lives in dignified ease and retirement, in the eightieth year of his age, at his beautiful home at Fort Madison. ALFEED RICH. This gifted son of Kentucky was educated at Augusta College, in that State. He went from Kentucky to Texas, and came from Texas to Fort Madi- son in 1837. He was learned in law, and was good in the management of laAv- cases. His addresses were marked with such candor and gentleness that he was almost irresistible before a jury, and frequently had the audience all on his side, no matter what the cause. A more particular account of his debut as a lawyer will be found elsewhere. Be was a victim of consumption, and, after vainly seeking relief in Cuba, returned to Kentucky where he died in 1843. HENRY ENO. Eno, a native of New York, also came to Iowa in 1837. He was highly learned in general literature and reasonably well versed in law, but he seemed to dislike its practice and labors, and would quit a law-book at any moment to ■examine a specimen of geology, or to go into a garden to examine and enjoy the color and fragrance of a new-blown rose. He left Iowa and went to Cali- fornia in 1848, and still resides there. He was once elected a Judge there, and, perhaps, still holds that position. HUGH T. REID. The subject of this paragraph was a native of the State of Indiana, where he received a thorough academic education, and then went through a regular course of law study. He came to Iowa in 1839, and settled at Fort Madison. While he was a well-read lawyer, with an excellent understanding of its gen- eral principles, he was not a smooth or eloquent speaker in presenting argu- ments. His mind was eminently practical, and he had but few superiors in the maifagement of law cases, and presented cases to a jury with great energy and effectiveness. He remained in the active practice of law until about 1852, when he abandoned the profession and gave his attention to land speculations. When the war of the rebellion came on, he volunteered in the Union army, and served three years in the line of duty, and was brevetted a Brigadier Gen- . eral for services in the field. He died in Keokuk August 21, 1874. DANIEL F. MILLER, SR. Miller, the last of the pioneer lawyers, is a native af Maryland, and studied law in Pittsburgh, Penn. He arrived in Lee County on the 15th day of April, 544 . HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 1839, and immediately commenced the practice of his profession at Fore Mad- ison. From that time to the present, he has hardly ever been more than a week at a time out of some court house, or "without being engaged in examining^ law-books. While he was a student in Pennsylvania, he frequently represented his legal preceptors before Justices' Courts and referees ; so that when he came to Iowa, he brought with him considerable experience in trials at law. Mr. Miller possesses strong and rugged natural powers, great will-force and powerful perseverance. He has been a hard student all his life in law and lit- erature, and is the author of a number of beautifully-written poems and essays^ that have attracted admiration and attention. Few lawyers in this region have had as large a pi'actice in the courts. He possesses admirable powers of analysis and discrimination ; and while he cannot be called technically eloquent, he is wonderfully forcible in argument. He readily discovers the weak spot in his opponent's armor, and never fails to strike home with all the force of his strong nature. He is full of work, and never forgets his clients, in or out of court. He is full of resources, and, if thrown, always alights on his feet. He is an admirable judge of men, and is famous in the selection of juries, and very dangerous in his closing speech to a jury. He is as true to his clients as the needle to the pole, and a hard worker'and a hard hitter. The last homicide case in which Miller was engaged was in January. 1879,. in Ringgold County, this State, and made the forty-seventh homicide case in which he has been engaged, either in the prosecution or for the defense. The other criminal cases in which he has taken an active part are so numerous as to be counted by thousands. Miller loves the law, because its practice gives him pleasure ; and he declares it to be his cherished purpose, if Providence i& pleased to spare his life and health, to continue its practice until he is eighty years of age. POLITICAL PARTIES. When Lee County was organized, the political parties of the country were the Democratic and Whig parties. The Democratic party was first organized under the leadership of Henry J. Campbell, about 1834 or 1835. He was an enthusiastic political disciple of Gen. Jackson, Thomas H. Benton, Silas Wright, and other representative Democrats of that period. He was a good organizer and manager, and to his political shrewdness in planning the founda- tions, the Democratic party of the county owes much of its success in maintain- ing the supremacy. Heni-y J. Campbell removed from Lee County to Texas. He was not suited with that country, and, after a year or two, removed to California. From San Antonio they went overland in company with some Government teams, Mrs. Campbell, a Winnebago women, riding the entire distance on some sacks of flour. She had giown to weigh 300 pounds, and the flesh of her nether limbs to hang down over the tops of her shoes. After a year or two in California, Mr. Campbell and his eldest son started to Central America, and when they were far out at sea, the fiither sickened and died, and found a grave beneath the waves. Mrs. Campbell is thought to be still living, and residing near Stockton. John Campbell, one of the sons, visited his birthplace, Keokuk, a few years ago. Isaac R. Campbell represented the Whig party, and mustered under the political banner of Adams, CUiy and Webster. Locally, Campbell was pitted against Campbell as political leaders, in early times. HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 545 Party lines were strictly drawn and well defined, not only in Lee County, but throughout the Territory. Gens. Dodge and George W. Jones, Hons. Edward Johnstone and J. C. Hall leading the Democratic party, while James W. Grimes, George G. Wright, H. W. Starr and Judge Viele were the recog- nized leaders of the Whig party. Hon. Philip Viele, of Fort Madison, was Chairman of the first Republican convention held in Iowa after the organiza- tion of that party. Lee County was Democratic in politics from its organization, and rarely failed to elect Democratic candidates ; but local questions, of which there were many in the eaHy history of the county, would sometimes enter into the cam- paign and carry the election for the candidate who favored the local issue, with- out regard to the party to which he belonged. During the late civil war, the county became Republican ; but soon after its close, the Democratic party regained the power it had seemingly lost, and, for the past twelve years, has carried the county by majorities ranging from four hundred to eight hundred votes. But notwithstanding the admitted strength of the party, there is scarcely an election at which there are not one or more opposition candidates elected. Each party has able and efficient workers, and no election is allowed to pass without a thorough canvass of the county by able " stumpers." OFFICIAL REGISTER. The first election in Lee County under the jurisdiction of Iowa Territory, was held on the 10th of September, 1838, under proclamation of Gov. Lucas. The county was entitled to one member of the Council and four mem- bers of the House. Councilman, Jesse B. Browne. Councilmen served two years, and were thereafter elected biennially. Representatives — William Patterson, Calvin J. Price, Hawkins Taylor and James Brierly. Representatives served one year, and were elected annually. 1839. — Representatives, Edward Johnstone, Alfred Rich, Joshua Owens, William Patterson. 1840. — Under a re-apportionment, Lee County was entitled to two Council- men, and Jesse B. Browne and Edward Johnstone were chosen. Representa- tives, Daniel F. Miller, James Brierly and John Box. 1841. — Representatives, Henry J. Campbell, William Patterson and E. S. McCulloch. 1842. — Councilmen, William Patterson and Robert M. G. Patterson. Rep- resentatives, William Steele, E. S. McCulloch and James Brierly, 1843. — Representatives, James Brierly, William Steele and Joseph Roberts. 1844. — Delegates to first Constitutional Convention, Charles Staley, Alex- ander Kerr, David Galland, Calvin J. Price, James Marsh, John Thompson, H. M. Salmon and 0. S. X. Peck. 1845 — May Session. — Councilmen, James Brierly and John Thompson. Representatives, Jacob Huner, Charles Stewart and James Anderson. Reg- ular Session. — Councilmen, James Brierly and John Thompson. House, Jacob Huner, William Patterson and Jesse B. Browne. 1846. — Delegates to second Constitutional Convention, David Galland Josiah Kent and George Berry. Constitution adopted and State admitted. The State Senate succeeded the Territorial Council. 546 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 1846. — Senate, James Spratt and Jacob Huner. House of Representatives, Jesse B. Browne, Josiali Clifton, William J. Cochran, William Steel and Reu- ben Conlee. Conlee died before his term expired, and at a special election, held in January, 1847, Daniel S. Baker was chosen to fill the vacancy. 1848. — Senate, James Spratt and Thomas S. Espy. House, William C. Read, C. J. McFarland, M. H. Walker, Samuel Norton and Isaac W. Griffith. 1850. — Senate, Thomas S. Espy and Nathan Baker. House, E. S. McCul- loch, John Thompson, R. P. Wilson, Smith Hamill and Adolphus Salmon. 1852. — Senate, Calvin J. Price, James M. Love and Salmon Cowles. House, S. G. Wright, H. Washburn, J. S. Gilmore, J. M. Anderson, F. Hesserand S. W. Sears. 1854. — Senate, James M. Love, E. S. McCulloch and W. A. Thurs- ton. House, George Newsom, William Damon, J. Hinkle, H. Dewey, Samuel Boyles and R. P. Creel. Hon. James M. Love having been appointed Judge of the United States District Court, David T. Brigham was elected in his stead. 1856.— Senate, E. S. McCulloch and W. A. Thurston. House, John VanYalkenburg, Thomas Sawyer, J. B. Pease, J. H. Sullivan and W. G. Gris- wold. 1857. — Delegates to third Constitutional Convention, Edward Johnstone and William Patterson. 1857. — Senate, J. W. Rankin and John R. Allen. House, C. C. Bauder, W. W. Belknap and J. A. Casey. 1859.— Senate, John W. Rankin and V. Burchel. House, B. S. McCul- loch, T. W. Clagett, N. G. Hedges and Calvin J. Price. 1861. — Senate, Frederick Hesser and George W. McCrai-y. House, C. W. Lowrie, T. G. Stephenson, Godfrey Eichorn and Martin Thompson. 1863. — House, Ferdinand Meissner, B. S. Merriam and Washington Gal- land. 1865. — Senate, N. G. Hedges and Joseph Hollman. House, Webster Bal- Imger, P. M. Lowdon and W. G. Buck. 1867. — House, Gibson Browne, William Werner and C. C. Bauder. 1869, — Senate, E. S. McCulloch. House, Patrick Gibbons, Christian Herschler and D. S. Bell. 1871. — House, Webster Ballinger, Conrad Schweer and E. M. Stewart. 1873. — Senate, H. W. Rothert. House, E. A. Layton, Absalom Anderson and Isaac Hollingsworth. Layton died, and at a special election in January, 1874, Conrad Schweer was chosen to fill the vacancy. 1875. — House, Wesley C. Hobbs, John Gibbons and John N. Irwin. 1877.— Senate, J. M. Shelley. House, J. D. M. Hamilton and J. H. Lessenger, who are the present incumbents. In the early history of Lee County, the records of elections were not pre- served in such a manner as to enable the writer to present an absolutely cor- rect list of ofiicers. Allowance must be made, therefore, for omissions. No attempt is made to record the names of the incumbents of minor offices. COUNTY COMMISSIONERS. The first Board of County Commissioners was elected in 1837, and was composed of William Skinner, William Anderson and James D. Shaw. The names of their successors, down to 1851, when the ofiice was abolished, are as follows : Stephen H. Graves, S. H. Curtis, William Pitman, John Gaines, Peter Miller, Jesse O'Neil, Mathew Kilgore, Samuel Brierly, Johnson Meek, HISTORY' OF LEE COUNTY. 547 John Bryson, Timothy Fox, Thomas J. Chenowith, Amos McMillan, Joshua Gilmore, H. W. Hughes, William Skinner and John Griffin. 4 ' COUNTY JUDGES. Edward Johnstone, the first County Judge elected for four years, entered upon the duties of his office in August, 1851. He was succeeded by Samuel Boyles in 1855, who was re-elected in 1859. Robert A. Russell was County Judge from 1862 to 1866. Edmund Jaeger held the office from 1866 to 1870, when the office was abolished. BOARD OF SUPERVISORS. In 1860, the Board of Supervisors was created, consisting of one member from each township, which took from the County Judge the management of county affairs, but leaving probate business, the issue of marriage licenses, etc. The following-named citizens have been Chairmen of the Board of Supervisors : Daniel McCready, H. M. Salmon, J. W. Goodrich, E. S. McCulloch, J. P. Hornish, W. A. Donnell and William Davis. A Board of Supervisors, consisting of one member from each township, did not work to the satisfaction of the people. It was too cumbersome, and after a trial of ten years, an act of the Legislature was passed in 1870, by which the number was reduced to three members. The law was so framed, however, as to allow the people to increase the number to five or seven members, as they might determine by election. The number named in the enactment has never been increased in this county. COUNTY AUDITOR. The office of County Auditor was created on January 1, 1870. Edmund Jaeger, the first holder of the office, has been succeeded by J. C. Walters and J. C. Blackburn, the present incumbent. Blackburn's first term began January 1, 1874. COUNTY ATTORNEY. Philip Viele was the first County Attorney by appointment, but not giving the office that attention the County Commissioners thought necessary, the appointment was revoked July 5, 1838, and Alfred Rich appointed in his place. SHERIFFS. The first Sheriff of Lee County was Joshua Owen, with the following suc- cessors : B. W. Gillock, Hawkins Taylor, William Stotts, James L. Estes, Peter Miller, Israel Anderson, Alexander R. Wheat, C. B. Turner, William H. Leech, H. M. Griffith, N. G. Hedges, Israel Anderson, John A. Bishop, R. P. Creel, J. A. Pease and George T. Higgins. CLERKS OF THE DISTRICT COURT. The first Clerk of the District Court was John H. Lines. Successors : 0. S. X. Peck, J. C. Walker, R. W. Albright, P. H. Babcock, Samuel A. James, Erie J. Leech, Charles Doerr, D. H. Le Sueur, Charles Doerr, J. A. McDowell, William Wilson, W. P. Staub and S. L. James. COUNTY TREASURERS. The first Treasurer was George W. Howe, followed by Peter Miller, J. C. Parrott, Thomas Fitzpatrick, John G. Toncray, Samuel B. Ayres, H. C. McMurphy, Robert A. Russell, Robert McFarland, T. H. Allyn, Timothy 548 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. Lowrie, A. C. Roberts, A. L. Courtwright and Herman Welsing, the present incumbent. RECORDERS. The first Recorder was John H. Lines. The following have also held the office: Henry O'Neil, Orrin Dodd, H. C. McMurphy, Robert A. Russell, Robert McFarland, T. H, Allyn, Timothy Lowrie, Noble Warwick, Henry Bank and Roswell J. Smith. Warwick was the first Recorder after the office was separated from that of Treasurer. COUNTY SUPERINTENDENTS OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. The following have been Superintendents of common schools: John A. Nunn, R. Hubbard, W. W. Jamison, H. K. Edson, Z. B. Bowers, W. G. Kent, James Pollard, W. C. Hobbs and W. J. Medes. CORONERS. The first Coroner of Lee County was Lewis Pitman, elected in 1837. Robert Stephenson succeeded him the next year. MISCELLANEOUS. , DR. ISAAC GALLAND. Dr. Isaac Galland was one of the oldest of the pioneers of Lee County. He was born at or near Marietta, in the State of Ohio, in 1790, and received a very limited education, but such was his native power of intellect and love of education, that, when he died at Fort Madison, in 1858, he was a tolerably good physician, a tolerably good lawyer, was deeply learned in ancient, as Avell as modern, history, and had few superiors in the West either as a speaker or writer. He had a finely-developed forehead, and piercing black eyes, and in manner was gentle and polite, except when excited, when his rage seemed to know no bounds. In early life, he, with other venturesome young men, wandered off" to New Mexico, where he and his comrades were seized by the Spanish Govern- ment on suspicion of their coming there with evil designs against the Govern- ment, and were confined for one year in Santa Ee, in the adobe prison. Coming back to the United States, he stopped for a time in Indiana and practiced law, and then came to near Oquawka, 111., where he practiced medi- cine for several years. He there put his family and goods in a pirogue (a large canoe) and came down the Mississippi River and landed first at the lower end of Fort Madison, where Atlee's mill now stands. He dropped down the river from there to where Nashville is now situated, and there opened a trade with the Indians, which he pursued for a number of years successfully. When the Black Hawk war broke out, he removed to Illinois. In 1839, he met Jo Smith, the Mormon Prophet, and became a convert to the preachings of the Prophet, and acted as his amanuensis for a year or more. While with Smith, he witnessed many of his trances, when the Prophet pretended to receive and reveal revelations, and Galland penned them as the words, fell from the mouth of the Prophet. He had been converted to Mormonism because he saw Smith possessed certain mental powers he could not comprehend, but while with him he became impressed with the conviction that what he had supposed to be pro- phetic gifts of Smith, were simply a reflex action of Smith's mind, or some peculiar psychological state of his intellect which Smith sincerely, though ignorantly, supposed to be heavenly ministrations. He accordingly deserted HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 549 the Mormon faith about 1842, and came to live again in Lee County, and lived successively in Keokuk, Nashville and Fort Madison, in which last placa he died in 1858. Afterward, when Spiritualism developed itself in New York, in 1848, and spread over the country, he compared Smith's powers with that of so-called spiritual mediums, and found Smith to have been, in Spiritual language, a clairvoyant, and clairaudient, with strong magnetic or healing gifts. The Doc- tor, before he joined the Mormons, had been inclined to Methodism, and, on several occasions, filled pulpits in the absence of the preacher. For the last ten years of his life, he was a firm and zealous believer in Spiritualism, and was often heard to say that Jo Smith was the dupe of his own impostures ; that Smith was simply a so-called spiritual medium, but, not knowing anything of Spiritualism, he inferred he was a prophet, and that now, since Spiritualism began to be understood, there Avould be no more prophets of the stamp of Smith and Mahomet and Buddha. Dr. Galland was a man of undaunted courage, and when, in border days, knives and pistols were as common as watches now, the pointing of a pistol at him seemed to give delight to his frontier life and border nature. He never shrank from a conflict but once, and then he was unarmed. Afterward, he armed himself, sought his assailant and made him, on his knees, beg pardon. At one time, he rushed on a steamboat, where he saw a United States military officer who had previously offended him, and compelled him to run into his cabin and lock him- self within it. He was thrice married, and had several children. He was an affectionate husband and father, a most hospitable neighbor, hated an enemy with all the malice of an Indian, and stuck to a friend to the death. In 1840, he got D. F. Miller to attend to some legal business for him, which led him to form a marked friendship for that legal gentleman. In 1854, Dr. Galland went to California, under pecuniary embarrassment ; but soon after he arrived in California, his friend Miller secured the compro- mise of a claim he had against the New York Land Company, by which he received $11,000, after paying costs and lawyer's fees. In 1855, he came back to Iowa, and bought a residence in Fort Madison, that he might be near, as he said, to his friend Miller the balance of his days, and there he remained until his death, in 1858. During his residence in Fort Madison, he was much respected by the people of that city. He was buried in the cemetery near the place where he landed in Iowa in 1828, and his son Washington G Hand, who, about the close of the late rebellion, represented Lee County in the Iowa Legis- lature, caused to be erected a beautiful marble monument over his remains, and the remains of his (Washington Galland's) mother, who had been previously buried at the same place. Dr. Galland was a perfect type of an American frontiersman, with the edu- cation and manners of civilized life, intermixed with all the audacity, boldness and peculiarities of Indian and border life. He had lived a great deal among the Indians, spoke their language fluently, and had made their character and habits a study. At the time of his death, he was engaged in writing a book on Indian life, manners and customs of the West. OLD SPURLOCK, THE COUNTERFEITER. " Old Spurlock, the counterfeiter" was a noted character in the early history of Lee County. There is no evidence that he ever manufactured the ''queer," but he encouraged the belief among the people, and made money by it. He generally carried some pieces of bright new silver coins, which he 550 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. showed as samples of his own manufacture ; and, proposing to return double the quantity of any amount of genuine coin furnished him, he found many whose cupidity led them into the trap. After securing possession of his patrons' money, he found friends to personate officers of the law, and the victim was frightened out of the county, leaving old Spurlock richer, in some instances^ by many hundreds of dollars. He secured in one instance $1,500 from a man named Adams, of Burlington; but his propensity for gambling left him without a dollar in a few hours. He loved gaming, but rarely won. He was always traveling about the country engaged in nobody knew what, and a favorite mode of attracting attention in a new place was to announce a religious meeting, at which time he would preach to the people. On such occasions he would intro- duce himself to the congregation as " Old Spurlock, the counterfeiter." He was a man of fine presence, six feet two inches high, with a ready flow of lan- guage, and people who heard him say he could preach a good sermon. Mathew Spurlock was born in Virginia, but was brought up in the mountains of Kentucky, in the neighborhood of what is now Breathitt County, where he was known as " the counterfeiter " as early as 1826. He removed to Alabama about that time, but, becoming mixed up in some disreputable transactions, he left and came to Augusta on Skunk River. Here he made his home for several years, when he removed to Schuyler County, 111., near Rushville. It was- during his residence here that he met " the bravest man he ever kneAV," and the only victim who ever got the better of him. The story is related as Spurlock gave it to a citizen of Fort Madison, shortly after the occurrence. A young Kentuckian of good family and well educated, with his lawyer's parchment in his pocket, and |600 given him by his father, had recently arrived at Rushville. On one of Spurlock's excursions into the town in search of a victim, the two came in contact. The young man's desire to increase his pile twofold with such money as the severest test failed to prove of less value than that issued from the Government mint, led to a bargain, and $500 of young " Kaintuck's " store was transferred to Spurlock. Claiming to be out of ma- terial, he explained that it would be necessary for him to go to St. Louis before the queer could be manufactured. The young man was not disposed to trust Spurlock too far, and, much to his chagrin, proposed to accompany him, stating that he desired to see St. Louis, a place he had never visited. There was no help for it, and the two proceeded to St. Louis, where they put up at a hotel for the two or three days necessary to procure the supplies. Spurlock, explaining that he could procure the material at but one place, and. that there must be no witnesses, left the young man at the hotel, made a bee- line for the levee, where an Illinois River boat was about starting out, and went home. The next morning he was sitting inside the open door of his house, reading a newspaper and resting from his travels, when, hearing a footstep on the porch, he looked up and there stood young " Kaintuck " with a cocked, pistol in one liand and a bowie-knife in the other. Spurlock was startled. He expected to hear from the young man, but little did he think to see him so soon. Kain- tuck spoke first. "Now, you d d old villain, I've got you, and I'm going to kill you right here." " Spurlock attempted to parley, but Kaintuck drew a bead on him, threatening instant death if he moved. Said Spurlock, " I saw he meant business. There was blood in his eye. I saw death pictured in his countenance, and I was afraid to turn my face for fear he would shoot me through the head." Calling to his wife, who was in the next^ room, he directed her to bring the bag of silver, and it was handed over just as HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 551 he had originally received it. "Now," said Kaintuck, "I've a notion to- kill you anyhow. Give me $25 to cover my expenses to St, Louis, and I'll let you off." " And," said Spurlock, " God knows my honest heart. John, I gave it to him." Spurlock moved from Illinois to Jefferson County, Iowa, about 1843, and settled at Abingdon, where he died about 1858. He and his wife are buried in one lot, the graves surrounded by a high brick wall. Several of his- children are still living in that vicinity, and are good citizens. ANECDOTE OF SHERIFF B. W. GILLOCK. It was in 1843, while he was Sheriff of Lee County, that the steamer " Oak," of St. Louis, Capt. Lusk, landed at Fort Madison one day, on her downward trip. About thirty soldiers, who had been out selecting lands, got aboard to return home for their families and goods, and most of them took deck passage. Shortly after she had rounded out into the stream, Isaac McPherson, son-in-law of Dr. Isaac Galland, the clerk of the boat, went below to collect fares. He approached three or four of the new passengers for their fares, each one telling him that he had already paid. McPherson's ire began to rise, and he demanded of one to be shown the man to whom they had paid. The pas- senger accompanied the clerk up-stairs, where, sitting at a table, deeply engaged in a game of poker, sat Gillock, to whom he pointed as the man who had collected his fare. McPherson was well acquainted with Gillock, and now, thoroughly exasperated at the trick, he demanded what he meant by it. " Oh, it's all right," said Gillock, laughingly, "I had no money, and I wanted a stake. I'm ahead of the game now, and here's your money." McPherson accepted it, with a warning that the trick must riot be repeated. ANTI-HOESE-THIEF ASSOCIATION. ORIGIN AND OBJECTS OF THE SOCIETY. The Anti-Horse-thief Association is a body of men banded together for the protection of person and property ; to assist in the enforcement of civil law ; to aid the civil officers, and to see that thieves and rogues are brought to justice. It is neither the object nor the purpose of the Association to take the execu- tion of the law into its own hands, or to punish offenders ; but to assist tha officers of the civil law in the discharge of their duty. The Association is made up of the best men in the country. It is a secret Order, and holds its- meetings in secret. It has Grand and Subordinate Orders, the latter being sub- ject to the supervision of the former. The Grand Order meets once in each year to revise the work and transact all business connected with the Order» The Subordinate Orders are chartered by the Grand Order, or by the Grand Worthy President during vacation. The Grand Order is composed of the Worthy Presidents of the Subordinate Orders, who, by virtue of their office, are members of the Grand Order, also by delegates sent by the Subordinate Orders. The Grand Worthy officers are elected out of the Grand Order, and consist of a Grand Worthy President, a Grand Worthy Vice President, a Grand Worthy Secretary, a Grand Worthy Treasurer, and a Grand Worthy Marshal, Avho hold their offices for one year. Subordinate Orders have been organized in Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Kansas, Indiana and Nebraska. The origin of this society dates back to Ssptember, 1863, and is thus explained by G. N. Ransom, G. W. P. A. A. H. T., of Cahoka, Clarke Co.,, 552 ' HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. Mo. : ''In the latter part of the late war, men of both sides became more reckless and desperate in everything, especially in stealing horses, cattle, and in fact anything they saw that they wanted. Men would come from Iowa into Missouri and steal and take it back into Iowa, and the Missourians would fol- low, and when they got into Iowa, some person would tell them the best thing they could do was to get out of Iowa, and they, being of a timid disposition, would 'git,' and generally without the stolen property. And the Missourians would go to Iowa and do likewise, and the forming of the order did more to put down lawlessness of all kinds and bring about a good feeling between the two parties — that is. Northern and Southern men — than any other plan or means yet adopted, and to get up the best of feelings between Missouri and her sister States. • " In September, 1863, Messrs. Daniel Shuler, David Mauk, John Wilson, James Day, H. L. McKee and Maj. David McKee, of Clark County, Mo.; William Eaverhart, Jonathan Longfellow, S. Grant, William Beach and W. Matlick, of Scotland County, Mo., and James McGowen, of Upton, Iowa, met at Luray, Clark Co., Mo., and framed the first Constitution and By-Laws of the society, and then adjourned to meet at Millport, Knox Co., Mo., in Octo- ber following. At the Millport meeting, a number of the most influential men of Scotland, Knox, Lewis and Clark Counties, Mo., also of Lee, Van Buren and Davis Counties, Iowa, were present. After examining the Constitution and By-Laws framed at Luray, they were taken up, read and adopted section by section, when the Grand Order was organized. The grand officers elected were as follows: Maj. David McKee, G. W. P. ; William Beach, G. W. V. P.; William Eaverhart, G. W. Secretary; William Grant, G. W. Treasurer, and H. L. McKee, G. W. M. Maj. David McKee served as G. W. P. for eight years, with credit to himself and honor to the society. H. L. McKee served several years, and the present incumbent has served some five years. The present grand officers are: G. N. Sansom, G. W. P., Cahoka, Mo.; John Ewalt, G. W. V. P., Labelle, Mo. ; C. W. Gray, G. W. S., Acasto, Mo. ; A. A. Hays, G. W. T., Cahoka, Mo., and John Neil, Rushville, 111., G. W. M." An association of this character has existed in Washington Township, in this county, since 1858. It embraced the best men of the township, and was the means of baffling a good many dishonest schemes. When the Association was formally organized, as above described, measures were inaugurated to secure the incorporation of the Washington Township Society as a Subordinate Order. It is in good working condition, and a valuable and never-failing aid to the civil officers. Its influence purges juries of dishonest and unworthy members, and in many ways it is an invaluable help in the suppression of crime, and in the arrest and punishment of criminals. WAR HISTORY. If there is any one thing more than another of which the people of the Northern States have reason to be proud, it is of the record they made during the dark and bloody days of the war of the rebellion. When the war was forced upon the country, the people were quietly pursuing the even tenor of their ways, •doing whatever their hands found to do — making farms or cultivating those already made, erecting homes, founding cities and towns, building shops and manufactories^ — in short, the country was alive with industry and hopes for the future. The country was just recovering from the depression and losses inci- HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 553 dent to the financial panic of 1857. The future looked bright and promising, and the industrious and patriotic sons and daughters of the free States were buoyant with hope — and, looking forward to the perfecting of new plans for the insurement of comfort and competence in their declining years, they little " heeded the mutterings and threatenings of treason's children in the Slave States of the South. True sons and descendants of the heroes of the " times that tried men's souls" — the struggle for American independence — they never dreamed that there was even one so base as to attempt the destruction of the Union of their fathers — a government baptized with the best blood the world ever knew. While immediately surrounded with peace and tranquillity, they paid but little attention to rumored plots and plans of those who lived and grew rich from the sweat and toil, blood and flesh of others — aye, even by trafficking in the offspring of their own loins. Nevertheless, the war came, with all its attendant horrors. April 12, 1861, Fort Sumter, at Charleston, South Carolina, Maj. Ander- son, U. S. A., Commandant, was fired upon by rebels in arms. Although basest treason, this first act in the bloody reality that followed was looked upon as mere bravado of a few hot-heads — the act of a few fire-eaters, whose * sectional bias and hatred of freedom were crazed by excessive indulgence in intoxicating potations. When, a day later, the news was borne along the telegraph wires that Maj. Anderson had been forced to surrender to what had at first been regarded as a drunken mob, the patriotic people of the North were startled --from their dreams of the future — from undertakings half completed — and made to realize that behind that mob there was a dark, deep and well-organized pur- pose to destroy the Government, rend the Union in twain, and out of its ruins erect a slave oligarchy, wherein no one would dare question their right to hold in bondage the sons and daughters of men whose skins were black, or who, perchance, through practices of lustful natures, were half or three-quarters removed from the color that God, for His own purposes, had given them. But they "reckoned without their^host." Their dreams of the future — their plans for the establish nient of an independent confederacy, were doomed from the inception to sad and bitter disappointment. Immediately upon the surrender of Fort Sumter, Abraham Lincoln, Amer- ica's martyr President, who, but a few short weeks before, had taken the oath of office as the nation's chief executive, issued a proclamation calling for 75,000 volunteers for three months. The last word of that proclamation had scarcely been taken from the electric wires before the call was filled. Men and money were counted out by hundreds and thousands. The people who loved their whole government could not give enough. Patriotism thrilled and vibrated and pulsated through every heart. The farm, the workshop, the office, the pulpit, the bar, the bench, the college, the school- house — every calling offered its best men, their lives and fortunes in defense of the Government's honor and unity. Party lines were, for the time, ignored. Bitter words, spoken in moments of political heat, were forgotten and forgiven, and, joining hands in a common cause, the masses of the people repeated the oath of America's soldier-statesman : . " By the great Eternal, the Union must and shall he preserved ! " The gauntlet thrown down by the traitors of the South in their attack upon Fort Sumter was accepted, not, however, in the spirit with which insolence meets insolence, but with a firm, determined spirit of patriotism and love of country. The duty of the President was plain under the Constitution and laws, and above and beyond all, the masses of the people, from whom all political 554 HISTOEY OF LEE COUNTY. po^Yer is derived, dt^nandcd the suppression of tlie rebellion, and stood readr to sustain the authority of tlieir representatives and executive officers. April 14. A. D. 1S61, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States,, issued the folkwing EKOCLAMATION. WiiEKr^s. The laws of the United States have been and now are violently opposed in several States, by combinations too powerful to be suppressed in the ordinai-y way : I therefore ciill for the militia of the several States of the Union, to the aggregate number of 75,000. to suppress said combinations and execute the laws. 1 appeal to all loyal citizens to facilitate and aid in this ettbrt to maintain the laws, the integrity and the perpetuity of the popi^lar government, and redress wiMngs long enough endured. The tii-st service assigned to the foi^es, probably, will be to repossess the forts, places and property which have been seized from the Union. Let the utmost care be taken, consistent with the object, to avoid devastation, destruction or interference with the property of peaceful citizens in any part of the country ; aud I hereby command per- sons composing the afoi-esaid combination to disperse within twenty days trom date. I hereby convene both Houses of Congress for the ith day of July next, to determine upon measures for public safety which the interest of the subject demands. ABRAHAM LINCOLN, AVm. H. Sewakp. Seeretari/ of iState. Pres:idmt of the United States. SeventT-live thousand men were not enough to subdue the rebellion : nor ■were ten times that number. The war went on, and call followed call, until it began to look as if there would not be men enough in all the Free States ta crush out and sttbdue the monstrous war traitors had inaugurated. But to every call for either men or money there was a willing and a ready response. And it is a boast of the people that, had the supply of men fallen short, there were women brave enough, daring enough, patriotic enough, to have offered them- selves as sacrifices on their country's altar. Such were the impulses, motives and actions of the patriotic men of the Xorth, among whom the sons of Lee made a conspicuous and praiseworthy record. The readiness with which the first call was filled, together with the embar- rassments that surrounded President Lincoln in the absence of sufficient laws to authorize him to meet the unholy, unlooked-for and unexpected emergency — an emergency that had never been anticipated by the wisest and best of America's statesmen — together with an underestimate of the magnitude of the rebellion, and a general belief that the war could not and would not last more than three months, checked rather than encouraged the patriotic ardor of the people. But yery few of the men, comparatively speaking, who volunteered in response to President Lincoln's call for 75,000 volunteers for three months^ were accepted. But the time soon came when there was a place and a musket for every man. Call folloAved call in quick succession, until the number reached the grand total of 8.339. 74S, as follows : April 16. 1S61, for three months 75.000 May 4, 1861. for five years 64,7-4S July. 1S61, for three vears 500.000 July IS, 1S62, for three yeai-s 300.000 August 4, 1S62, for nine'months 800.000 June. lS6o. for three yeai-s 3tK>,tXX) October 17, lS6o. for three yeai-s SOO.lKX) February IS. 1S64. for three yeai-s .....*. 500.000 .July 10, 1864, for three yeai-s 20O,0tX> July 16, 1864, for one. two and three year^ 500,0l.X> December 24, 1864, for three yeai-s 300,000 Total 3.339,748 The tocsin of war was sounded, and meetings were held all over the North to consider the situation and devise wars and means to meet the President's^ call. The first meeting in Fort Madison was held on the evening of Tuesday,. HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 555 the 18tli day of April. Fred Hesser was chosen to preside, and W. W. Winterbotham and John 11. Knapp were selected as Vice Presidents. M. Ashby and George H. Albright acted as Secretaries. R. W. Albright, J. M. Beck, W. H. Davis, A. T. Shaw, G. W. Walker, R. McFarland, H. C. Seinple, D. G. Scroggs, John Van Valkenburg and John A. Nunn were appointed a Committee on Resolutions. The Committee retired, and, during their absence, the meeting was addressed by John H. Winterbotham on the condition of the country. The Committee, after a brief absence, returned and reported the following resolutions : Resolved, 1. That in times like these, when the very existence of the Government under which we and our fathers have lived in happiness and prosperity is threatened, and when con- spirators, rebels and insurgents are waging war against the constitutional authorities of the ■country, it behooves all good citizens who are true to their common country and to liberty to take an open and decided stand for the supremacy of the Constitution and the laws. 2. That, as the painful fjict is evident that our country is in danger, it will aid us not to lay the cause of our perils at the door of any statesman or political party ; our duty is now to protect and preserve our Constitution ; crimination and recrimination will not do this. Therefore, ■forgetting the past, and resolving neither to criminate or accuse those whose political opinipns ■and views of public policy differ from ours, we will co-operate with all patriotic citizens of all parties who love their country and are prepared to stand by her in this hour of necessity. The third resolution indorsed and adopted the resolutions and sentiments promulgated by the Assembly of the State of California, which were in full accord with the sentiment then prevailing throughout the North. The resolu- tions were unanimously adopted. Speeches were made by J. M. Beck, Dr. Davis, J. A. Goodrich, T. S. Espy, Judge Viele, D. G. Scroggs, J. Van Valken- burg and J. H. Knapp. John H. Knapp, W. H. Davis, R. Lange, W. W. Stevens and M. Ashby were appointed a committee to accept volunteers. The same issue of the Plain Dealer^ P. Staub, publisher. Dr. A. C. Roberts, ■editor, from which these proceedings of the patriotic people of Fort Madison 4ire transcribed, had the following sensible, clear-headed editorial : "TRUE PATRIOTISM. "True patriotism does not exhibit itself in outbursts of passion and denunci- ation, nor does it stop to inquire into the right or wrong of the country — Avhenever the flag is insulted and disgraced it is ready under any and all cir- cumstances to rush to its support. Therefore, however we may condemn the source of the war and the sad policy that brought it about, the Government must and will be supported by the people, and the flag sustained. Our duty is to our country. Whatever the people will in this country under the Constitu- tion is the law^ and the officers of the Government are the servants of the people, and must render to them a strict account of their stewardship. This is true patriotism under a republican form of Government. In a crisis like this, the people must curb all passion and all partisan feeling and let the fire of true patriotism glow in their hearts; and, whoever, in times like these, lets passion and hatred rule in his heart and control his tongue or pen, however much he may swear he is true to his Government and just to his country, is not a true patriot, but a turbulent breeder of sedition, if not (which is alto- gether probable) a cowardly poltroon. " With a calm and true pa,triotism, then, that rises above party feeling and neighborhood broils, that countenances a wide range of opinion (which is per- fectly consistent with the honor and safety of our free institutions, and which 55G HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. cannot be restrained with safety to them), let us all join, heart and hand, in the noble effort of arresting our country from anarchy and everlasting disgrace.'^ " To hallowed duty, Here with loyal and herodc hearts Bind we onr lives.' " Guided by such resolutions and such patriotic advice as above quoted, volunteering at once commenced, and it was not long before one company was filled and ready for the fray. THE FIRST OFFERING. The first soldiers to represent Fort Madison, in the war for the Union, were eight brave Germans, who, anxious to be first to the front, and fearing that the company being organized at home would be too late to enter the one regiment apportioned to Iowa under the first call for troops, went to Burlington, and succeeded in getting into Capt. Mathias' company, which had been accepted as one of the ten to form the First Iowa Infantry. The names of these eight are as follows : Henry Rose, John Koehler, Adolph Lotz, George Schlapp, Robert Scholtz, David Sequin, August Soechtig and Frank H. Westermann. West Point added two to the number in the persons of Anton Heinricks and William Stockmann. The organization of a company was commenced at Fort Madison, under the following volunteer agreement : " We, the undersigned, able-bodied men, between the ages of eighteen and forty-five, do hereby volunteer our services to Gov. Kirkwood, and obligate ourselves to be in readiness to march in defense of our country as occasion may require, subject only to such regulations as may hereafter be enacted by the Government for the regulation of volunteers Mat. Ashby, William Harrison, Demoine AVilson, George W. Walker, Charles E. Staub, Edmond Smith, J. Durfey, Frank M. Smith, E. F. Cowles, W. C. Hersburger, William Smith, S. M. Wellever, J. D. Huff, J. S. Mason, Thomas Pumroy, W. H. Woodcock, W. AV. Stevens, F. Buthe, J. D. Corielle. W. Buckholtz, A. D. Root, .Jasper Schmelzle, Jefferson .-cott, John Walgamuth, AV. B. Phillips, J. B. Morrison, W. H. Davis, Charles E Gibbs, W. G. Ray, AV. W. Morrison, W. H. McKee, Charles AVebster, J. H. Lowery. On the night of the 27th of April, the people of Fort Madison again met in council, Judge Edward Johnstone was called to the chair, and W. G. Ray was appointed Secretary. Extracts were read from the great war speech of Stephen A. Douglas, and also the letter of Archbishop Hughes to the great war-meeting in Ncav York, which elicited great applause. On motion of F. Hesser, a committee of five Avas appointed to raise relief funds for the families of volunteers. The committee consisted of Edward John- stone, A. T. Shaw, R. A. Russell, F. Hesser and Charles Brewster. W. H. Davis, W. W. Stevens and George W. Walker, were appointed a committee to raise additional volunteers ; and on motion of Dr. Shaw, a com- mittee of five, consisting of Peter Miller, Dr. Claypole, Charles Doerr, John W. Winterbotham and R. McFarland, was appointed to raise funds to defray the expenses of the volunteers prior to their being accepted by the Governor of the State. On motion of Dr. Claypole, a committee of one from each Ward was ap- pointed to wait on the Mayor and Board of Aldermen of Fort Madison to request an appropriation in aid of the families of volunteers, who were mus- HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 557 tered into the service. This committee consisted of Dr. Whinnery, First Ward ; B. Hugel, Second Ward ; F. Hesser, Third Ward ; and John Wilson, Fourth Ward. ^ Dr. Claypole, .J. A. Nunn, R. A. Russell, Peter Miller, S. Winterbotham, , Dr. Whinnery, J. i^^. Harper, I. R. Atlee, J. W. Winterbotham, J. C. Atlee, and almost every other housekeeper present, offered to open up their houses to one or more voluntiters until they were accepted. Enthusiastic Uiiion speeches were made by Messrs. Casey, Winterbotham, Shaw, Claypole, H'^"?ser, Davis, and others. The ladies present sang the "Star Spangled Banner,' jii^d after three rousing cheers for the Union, the meeting- adjourned until the rfext Thursday evening. At a meeting of Ihe Mayor and Board of Aldermen, on the 16th of May^ at which were pr^ent Mayor Giligan and Aldermen Mc Henry, Dinsmore, Brick er, Bendlage,\Kiel, Shulte and Herminghausen, the folloAving resolutions were unanimously adopted : 1. That the sum, of $2,000 be and the same is hereby appropriated for the purpose of fur- nishing, taking care (.\f and supplying the wants of the volunteers who have lately enlisted from this place, and tenderm their services to the Executive of this State for the purpose of defending^ our Government, and ttat said sum or any part thereof be used and disbursed by F. Hesser, C. Brewster, H. Cattermolfe|^H. M. Salmon and B. Hugel, on the part of the town, and the Mayor,. Aldermen Kiel and M^vHenry, on the part of the Board of Aldermen, of this city ; and it is understood that the favfc-ing application is to apply to all and every necessary expense, whether credited or to be credittj, that has been, or may be, for the welfare of the aforesaid volunteers or their families until cpierwise provided. 2. That the Mayor is hereby authorized and instructed to issue in such amounts as said committee shall find laost convenient, the above $2,000 in corporation cash notes, bearing ten per cent interest, due in one year from date, but redeemable at any time sooner, at the will of the Board, and receivable for all cash corporation taxes. - 3. That the abov'jp notes shall be known as " Fort Madison War Notes." * P. GILIGAN, Mayor. Attest: G. H. Albright, Clerk. And so the good work went on. While one part of the people were offer- ing to sacrifice their lives in defense of the Government, the other part were making provisions to secure the families of such as volunteered, against want in the absence of their natural protectors. The first company organized in Fort Madison took the name of the John- stone Rifles, in honor of Hon. Edward Johnstone. It was ofiicered as follows : Captain, J. C. Harper; First Lieutenant, J. W. Sample; Second Lieutenant, W.W. Stevens; Orderly Sergeant, G. W. Walker. But the enlistment of volunteers did not rest with the completion of the organization of this company. It continued as long as men were needed, and until almost every able-bodied man was numbered among the fighting boys in blue. The people in other parts of the county were equally active in the cause of the Union, and war-meetings were held in almost every schoolhouse in the county. On the evening of Saturday, the 27th of April, the people of West Point and vicinity met together for the purpose of consultation, and to determine how they could best render service to the imperiled cause of the country. John G. Hardy acted as Chairman, and J. P. Peters and M. E. McKibben served as Secretaries. A. J. Fridley, Gen. Hollman, A. G. Leech, W. B. Stewart and John Codner, were appointed a committee to draft a series of resolutions expressive of the sense of that community on the condition, of the country. The meeting then adjourned until the next Wednesday evening. >558 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. The resolutions reported by the committee were in full sympathy with the Tesolutions adopted at the Fort Madison meeting, and alread^v^ quoted. In Marion Township, the people Avere wide aAvako and full of patriotic ardor. ,Theiirst Avar-meeting in that township was held at Wilcox's Schoolhouse, and was attended by every man that could get there. Edward Courtright pre- sided, and S. F. Dunlap acted as Secretary. The fcHowing spirited and patriotic resolutions were adopted: 1. That the seceding States are not in any way justifiable in the coarse they have taken, and that we, as legal citizens of the Federal Government, will not oounte ance their proceedings, either by lending them aid, oonitart or sympathy with their course. 2. That we will sustain the Federal Government in carrying out the Constitution an d upholding the laws of the land. „ 3. That it is the duty of every man to support the present admi'C*stration, either by aid or sympathy, irrespecuivo of party, so long as it proceeds conatiiutionali''^^ 4. That those who openly or secretly advocate the cause of the ^ ceding States are danger- •ovis to the neighborhood in which they live. 5. That wo, as neighbors, desire to live in peace, one with another, and for the furtherance ■of this object we will drop partt/ ties, and say nothing calculated to eaibltter one against another. 6. That under the circumstances we deem it advisable to raise a company for home protection. 7. That we will know each other no longer as Democrats and Eep'iblicans, but as lovei-s of liberty and supporters of the Constitution of "the United States, as iraraed by our forefathers. Saturday, April 27, a rousing Avar-meeting Avas held at' Montrose, at Avhich spirited resolutions Avere adopted. The same day an enthusiastic meeting Avas held in Cedar ToAvnship, at Avhich Joseph Bayles presided as Chairman, and H. J. Ch'lds acted as Secre- tary. Tavo companies Avere started — a company of infantiiy and a company of cavalry. Fifty-four names were signed to the horse-compqny muster-roll, and fifty to the infontry. AT KEOKUK. The first Avar-meeting at Keokuk was held at Verandah Hall, on Wednes- day evening, April 17. An immense audience Avas present. J. M. Hiatt Avas called to preside. Col. William Leighton and Henry Newton Avere chosen as Vice Presidents, and T. I. McKenny acted as Secretary. C. E. Moss stated the object of the meeting, after Avhich Samuel F. Miller, Esq., now of the Supreme Bench of the United States, Avas called to the front. He said: ''The time for talking has passed. The time for action has come. Rebellion is organized, and the existence of our Government is threatened." When ^Ir. Miller asked the question, "Will we sustain our Government, or Avill Ave sus- tain the rebellion? " the response was deafening. Mr. Jeftbrd was called out. He said he Avas, and always had been, a Dem- ocrat, but now he kncAv no party but his country and his Government. Gen. H. T. Reid, S. T. Marshall, Col.' Torrence and Col. Leighton addressed the meeting. Monroe Reid said the Southerners were like the prairie bull that attacked the rushing locomotive and AA^as knocked into smithereens. " Their desperation may be aAvful, but d — n their discretion." A A^oice, "That's good Monroe doctrine," upon Avhich the cheering Avas tremendous. Mr. Reid concluded by inviting all Avho Avished to fight for their country, to meet him and Capt. McHenry at Military Hall, on the next Thursday evening. The " Star Spangled Banner " Avas sung and the meeting adjourned Avith three cheers for the Constitution, the perpetuity of the Union, and the "Stars and Stripes." PreA'ious to this meeting, the organization of several companies had been commenced with the purpose of offering their services to the Government. HISTORY OF LEE COUNIT. 561 The "German Jaegers," under Capt. Barnisconi, had headquarters at Rice's Hall, at the corner of Main and Fourth streets. The Keokuk Artillery Company established themselves over Miller's store, on Main street, between Seventh and Eighth. The old "Keokuk Guards" were re-organized under the name of the Union Guards, at a meeting held at their hall on the evening of April 18. Thirty members enrolled their names at this meeting, and their services were at once tendered to the Government. A recruiting office was also opened in Belknap's building, on Fourth street, between Main and Blondeau. The Union Guards completed their organization by the election of the fol- lowing officers: Captain, R. H. Huston; First Lieutenant, T. I. McHenry;^ Second Lieutenant, S. M. Archer; Third Lieutenant, J. M. Reid; First Ser- geant, J. L. Davis; Second, Daniel Teesdale; Third, Webster Ballinger; Fourth, John Mackley; Fifth, J. C. Wickersham; Ensign, Thomas Flood; First Corporal, Samuel P. Curtis; Second, John Finnerty; Third, Ralph R. Teller; Fourth, John Taugher. Iowa's quota under the first call was one regiment. The German Jaegers becoming dissatisfied with Capt. Barnisconi, disbanded, and twenty-one of the members of his company Avent to Burlington and joined Capt. Mathias' com- pany, which had been accepted. As these brave Germans were Keokuk's first contribution to the service, their names are here given, together with those who accompanied them from other parts of the county : 'George Shaefer, .Jacob Koppenhofer, Andre Nogle, Ernest Becker, Henry C. Kummer, Adolph Rinker, William Buss, Philip Lang, Fridolin Rommel, Ferdinand Fahr, Frederick Leonhart, Ernst Rotteck, Philip Grumschlag, Conrad Limburg, John Ruckert, John U. Klay, Charles F. Limle, Henry Schaelling, Charles Knapp, Robert Mertz, ' Charles Schulz. In the formation of the regiment (First Iowa), this company was designated as " Company D." John Brothers, of Charleston Township ; G. J. Buckingham and Thomas J. Zollars, of Keokuk, went to Mount Pleasant and enlisted in a company that was being raised there, and which became Company F of the First Regiment. Henry A. Field, Henry A. Hills, Thomas H. Hart, James A. Shedd, Jr., of Denmark, enlisted at Burlington, and were members of Company E. Tuesday evening, April 23, the Keokuk Artillery and Governor's Guards re-organized and tendered their services to the Governor. W. H. Appier, Cap- tain ; James Cox, First Lieutenant ; J. H. Holmes, Second Lieutenant. Monday evening, April 22, a meeting was hold at the old Athenseum, on Second street, to provide aid for the families of volunteers. Henry Strong was chose'n to preside, and George W. McCrary (now Secretary of War) and E. Jaegers acted as Secretaries. A committee, consisting of twenty persons, was appointed to solicit subscriptions. The committee was made up of the follow- ing-named gentlemen : Gen. A. Bridgman, Col. William Patterson, B. B. Hinman, W. S. McGavic, W. N. Sturgis, E. Jaeger, John Hurst, John Fanning, William Timberman, B. S. Merriam, Smith Hamill, W. W. Belknap, William Leighton, I. H. Sullivan, William F. Thompson, all of Keokuk ; F. Ballinger, Sandusky; 0. Reeves, Montrose ; John Schooley, Summitville ; N. D. Prouty, Buena Vista; G. W. Browning, Charleston. A company of Home Guards was organized April 26, with 103 members. J. C. Parrott, Captain; William Leighton, First Lieutenant; W. F. Thompson, Second Lieutenant ; A. S. Tyler, Orderly Sergeant. 562 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. Keokuk was designated as the place of rendezvous for the First Iowa, but it was not until the 10th of May that all the companies arrived. The first companies to arrive at the rendezvous were the Davenport and two Dubuque companies. They came by the steamer " Hawk-Eye State," arriving May 7. The next day, two companies arrived from Muscatine and two from Burlington. The Burlington companies were quartered in the building now occupied by D. G. Dowry's news depot. On the 10th, the Iowa City, Cedar Bapids and Mount Pleasant companies arrived, and were provided with quarters wherever shelter was to be found. For three weeks, the regiment was distrib- uted around, quartered in buildings in different parts of the city. At the end of that time, tents and camp equipage arrived, and Camp Ellsworth was estab- lished, which was the first military camp in the State. A second call for volunteers was issued on the 4th day of May, 1861, and the Second and Third Begiments of Iowa Infantry were organized. Capt. Huston's Keokuk company, the Union Guards, were assigned to the Second Begiment. On the 25th of May, the citizens of Keokuk arranged a grand picnic for the soldiers then in Camp Ellsworth. The arrangements were commenced and completed without regard to expense. The "tables" were lavishly supplied, and heartily enjoyed by the First Begiment, four companies of the Second and thousands of citizens. Speeches, music, etc., enlivened the occasion. The first three Iowa regiments were still at Keokuk when the death of Hon. Stephen A Douglas occurred, and took part in the funeral obsequies that were observed on Tuesday, the 11th day of June. The sick from the First, Second and Third Begiments were cared for at the Medical College Hospital, then under the management of Dr. D. L. McGugin, father-in-law of Dr. J. C. Hughes. Their situation was made as comfortable as possible by the ladies of Keokuk, who visited them daily, carrying to them delicacies of every description, flowers, books, etc. On the 17th of July, a meeting was held at the Court House to provide for a committee of safety. A committee of five were appointed from each ward and three from the country — twenty-three in all. Besolutions were adopted instructing the City Council to appropriate funds necessary to provide for the protection of citizens and property. The pen could be employed for months in telling of the patriotic uprising of the people, of war-meetings, of the formation of companies and regiments, and of the deeds of valor and heroism of the boys in blue from Lee County. There is material here for volumes upon volumes, and it would be a pleasing task to collect and arrange it; but no words the writer's pen could employ would add a single laurel to their brave and heroic deeds. Actions speak louder than words, and their actions have spoken — are recorded in pages written in blood. The people of no county in any of the States of the freedom and the Union loving North made a better record during the dark and trying times of the great and final struggle between freedom and slavery, patriotism and treason, than the people of Lee. Monuments may crumble, cities may fiill into decay, the tooth of time leave its impress on all the works of man, but the memory of the gallant deeds of the army of the Union in the war of the great rebellion, in which the sons of this county bore so conspicuous a part, will live in the minds of men so long as time and civilized governments endure. Not alone were the people patriotic in their offerings of men, but they were liberal in their offerings of money, as well. Money was counted out by hun- dreds and thousands of dollars. Whenever money was needed, whether for HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 563 ■fitting volunteers for the field of duty or for the support of their families, it was given liberally, freely. The amount thus contributed, if it were possible to ascertain the grand total, would be almost incomprehensible. Thousands of dollars were given of which no account was kept. When money was needed, it was given on the spot. No one stopped to inquire why or wherefore, or how much. All that was needed was to know that it was for an imperiled country. It has been stated already how willingly and liberally the authorities of Fort Madison came to the relief of soldiers' families, and how willingly the peo- ple of the municipality paid their share of the taxes necessary to meet the day of payment. So with the county authorities; they were not backward, nor was there any grumbling about high taxes. Monday, August 18, 1862, the Board of County Supervisors being in session, Hon. Samuel Boyles, appointed for the purpose at a war-meeting held on the 14th of that month, presented the following paper for the consideration of the Board, which was adopted : Whereas, The Government of the United States has made two recent calls for 300,000 men each, to aid in the suppression of the present rebellion, to be raised by draft, if not volunteered: and whereas, it is desirable to avoid the odium of a draft, which might be regarded an impeach- ment of the patriotism of the county, and believing that ample bounties should be provided for the volunteer soldiers, and that it is right that the property of the county should bear all charges of this character, and that^j those who stay at home should be willing to be taxed in order that a reasonable bounty may be given to the patriotic men who so nobly came forward and volun- teered to fight the battles and sustain the glorious flag of our counti-y ; and that by giving a bounty of ?)75 to each married man, and $50 to each single man volunteering, it is not buying men, as some questionably loyal men call it, but, on the contrary, it is but in part doing justice to those noble volunteers who have thrown themselves in the breach to save this once happy country, therefore resolved, 1. That the County of Lee will pay to each married man who volunteers under the two recent calls of the Government $75, and to each single man $50, after he shall have been sworn in. and accepted by the United States mustering officer; and that for the purpose of paying the above bounty, there be a tax of 5?v mills on the dollar levied upon all taxable property of the county, to be called the "County War Tax." 2. That the President of the Board be instructed to issue war notes to the amount of $38,000, said notes be in amounts of from one to one hundred dollars, to bear interest at the rate of eight per cent per annum, and to become due in nine months from date, and to be receiv- able in payment of the above tax. 3. That, for the purpose of raising the money in the most expeditious manner possible, we appoint one or more persons in each township, who shall call upon every man therein, and sell said notes for cash, dollar for dollar ; and that every man in each township will be expected to buy at least the amount required to pay his tax ; and that the said persons so appointed shall on next Saturday (August 23) pay over to the County Treasurer the amounts received from the sale of said notes ; and on Monday, the 1st day of September next, they shall again pay over to the Treasurer all money so received ; and the collector or collectors of each township shall make a statement of the total amount received in his or their township on the sale of said notes, and also publish the names of all persons who shall refuse to pay at least $1. 4. That the President of the Board shall issue to each person who has or shall volunteer under the two recent calls, when the person presents to the President of the Board the certifi- cate of the Captain of his company, showing that he has been sworn in and accepted by the mustering officer, an order on the Treasurer for the amount to which he shall be entitled. 5. That all persons who have paid any money to soldiers who have volunteered under the two recent calls of the Government, shall have the same refunded to them in said notes. On the 1st of September, the Board " Resolved^ that the bounty due the volunteers from Lee County, under the two recent calls of the Government, should be paid them by the Supervisors ; that, for that purpose, each Super- visor should receive from the President of the Board the necessary amount of war-notes, and that the Treasurer of the county should turn over to the differ- ent townships, not yet appropriated, all moneys paid to him by those townships on the sale of war-notes." 564 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. BOUNTY TO THE GRAY-BEARDS. June 4, 1863, the Board of County Supervisors being in session, thej " Resolved, that President Salmon be, and he is hereby, authorized to pay the volunteers from Lee County in the Thirty-seventh Iowa (or Gray-Beard Regi- ment) a bounty of $50 each, upon presentation of their muster into the United States service ; such certificate to be issued by the Captain or commanding officer." Tuesday, December 22, 1863, Messrs. Caffrey, Corey, et al., presented a petition, asking that a county bounty be given to volunteers enlisting, so as to prevent a draft, which elicited a lengthy discussion, when Mr, Werner offered the following resolution, which was adopted : Resolved, That, as a draft is expected soon to take place in the County of Lee, and believing that the draft cm be avoided by the raising of volunteers, and as it is the opinion of this Board that a sufficient numer of volunteers can be raised to fill the quota of Lee County, it is hereby declared by this Board that we will encourage volunteering by pledging ourselves that, as mem- bers of said Board, we will vote a bounty of $100 to each volunteer at our next regular session, provided we are so instructed by our constituents. For the purpose of ascertaining the wishes of their constituents, the Board ordered a special election to be held in each township on Saturday, the 2d day of January, 1864, the ballots to be "For a Volunteer Bounty" and "Against a Volunteer Bounty." The ayes and nays were called. Ayes, Messrs. Gedney, McCulloch, Wer- ner, Hughes, Salmon, Miles, Wilson, Meek, Schooley and McNamara — 10 ; Nays, Messrs. Brown, Stevenson, Overton, Marshall, Skinner and Stotts — 6. The vote was canvassed by the Board, Thursday, January 7, 1864, when it was found that a majority of votes had been cast against the bounty, and it was ordered that the matter be dismissed. THE VOLUNTEER SOLDIERY. Of the volunteer soldiery, what can we say ? What words can our pen employ that will do justice to their heroic valor, to their unequaled and unpar- alleled bravery? Home and home comforts, wives and little ones, fathers, mothers, sisters, bi'others, were given up for life and danger on the tented field of battle, for exposure, disease and death at the cannon's mouth. They reck- oned none of these, but went out with their lives in their hands to meet and conquer the foes of the Union, maintain its supremacy and vindicate its honor and integrity. We can offer no more fitting tribute to their patriotic valor than a full and complete record, so far as it is possible to make it, that will embrace the names, the terms of enlistment, the battles in which they engaged, and all the minutiae of their soldier lives. It will be a wreath of glory encircling every brow, and a memento which each and every one of them earned in defense of their country. HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 565 VOLUNTEER ROSTER. TAKEN PKINCIPALLY FROM ADJUTANT GENERAL'S REPORTS. ^fiuBBISE'VI.A.I'IOaiTS. A^t Adjutant Art Artillery Bat Battle or Battalion Col Coionel Capt Captain Corp Corporal Comsy .....Commissary com commissioned cav cavalry captd captured desrtd deseited disab disabled disd discharged e enlisted excd exchanged hon. disd honorably discharged inv invalid inf infantry I. V. I Iowa Volunteer Infantry kid killed Lieut Lieutenant Maj Major m. o mustered out prmtd promoted prisr prisoner Regt Regiment re-e re-enlisted res resigned Sergt Sergeant trans transferred vet veteran V. R. C Veteran Reserve Corps wd ..wounded FIEST INFANTRY. [NoTF,. — This regiment was mustered out at St. iMuis, Mo., Aug. 25, 1861.] Company D. Sergt. Geo. Schaffer, e. April 23, 1861. Sergt. Henry Rose, e. April 23, 1861, wd. at Wilson's Creek, Mo. Becker, Earnest, e. April 23, 1861. Buss, William, e. April 23, 1861. Fahr, Ferdinand, e. April 2:'., 1861. Grimschlag, Philip, e. April 23, 1861. Henrichs, Anton, e. April 23, 1861. Klay, John M., e. April 23, 1861. Knaup, Charles, e. April 23, 1861. Kohller, John, e. April 23, 1861. Koppenhofer, Jak, e. April 23, 1861. Knmnier, H. C, e. April 23, 1861. Lang, Philip, e. April 23, 1861. Leopold, Charles, e. April 23, 1861. Limburg, Conrad, e. April 23. 1861. Lirnble, Chas. F., e. April 23, 1861 Lotz, Adolphus, e. April 23, 1861. Merz, Robert, e. April 23, 1861. Nagel, Andre, e. April 23, 1861. Rinker, Adolph, e. April 23, 1861. Rommel, T., e. April 23, 1861. Rotteck, Earnest, e. April 23, 1861. Ruokert, John, e. April 23, 1861. Schaelling, Henry, e. April 23, 1861. Schlapp, Geo., e. April 23, 1861. Scholtz, Robert, e. April 23, 1861. Schulz, Charles, e. April 23, 1861. Sequin, David, e. April 23, 1861. Soechtig, August, e. April 23, 1861. Starkman, William, e. April 23, 1861. Westerman, F. H., e. April 23, 1861. Company F. Bowen, Henry C, resd. May 26, 1865. Brothers, John, e. April 23, 1861. Buckingham, 6. J. Zollars, Thos. J. Company I. Second Lieut. Hugh Brady, resd. Oct. 13, 1864. Thompson, Frye W., e. April 23, 1861. Company K. Capt. John R. Teller, com. 1st lieut. Co. C, prmtd. capt. Dec. 6, 1864. SECOND INFANTRY. [Note. — The non-veterans of this regiment were mustered out in April, May and June, 186U. The veterans and recruits were consolidate i into six companies, knoivn as Second Vet- eran Infantry, which was made a fu'l regiment by the accession of three companies from Third Veteran Infantry Nov. 8, 1S6U. Was mustered out at Louisville, Ky., July lH, 1865. Col. Samuel R. Curtis, com. May 31, 1861, brig. gen. U. S, Vols. May 17, 1861. maj. gen. March 21, 1862. Surg. Wells K. Marsh, com. June 21, 1861. Aest. Surg. Elliott Pyle, com. May 8, 1862, surg. 2d Ark. Inf. Oct. 9, 1862. Asst. Surg. William H. Turner, com. act. asst. surg. April 30, 1862, term expired, com. asst. surg. Oct. 6, 1862. Adjt. Thomas J. McKenney, com. 1st lieut. Co. A May 27, 1861, prmtd. adjt. Sept. 23, 1861, maj. and A. A. D. C. April 17, 1862, brevt. lieut. col., brevt. brig. gen. U. S. Vols. March 13, 1865. Company A. Capt. Richard H. Huston, com. May 27, 1861, resd. Sept. 3, 1862. Capt. Joseph L. Davis, e. as 1st sergt. May 4, 1861, prmtd. 1st lieut. Nov. 1, 1861, prmtd. capt. Sept. 4, 1862. First Lieut. Daniel Tisdale, e. as sergt. May 4, 1861, prmtd. 2d lieut. Nov. 1, 1861, wd. at Ft. Donelson, prmtd. lot lieut. Sept. 4, 1862 i Second Lieut. Sampson M. Archer, com. May 27, 1861, I resd. Oct 8, 1861. ' Second Lieut. Webster Ballinger, e. as sergt. May 4, '61,. prmtd. 2d lieut. Sept. 4, 1862. First Sergt. John Mackley, e. May 4, '61, vet. Dec. 24, '63. I Sergt. Ralph R. Telk-r, e. May 4, 1861. i Sergt. John Taugher, e. May 4, 18G1, wd. Ft. Donelson. I Sergt. Samuel P. Curtis, e. May 4, 1861. I Sergt. Wm. A. Musser, e. May 4, 1861. Corp. Eli Ramsey, e. May 4, 1864, disd. Oct. 28, 1862, for wds. at Ft. Donelson. Corp. G. C. Phillips, e. May 4, 1861, wd. at Corinth. I Corp. Thomas A. Stevenson, e. May 4, 1861, wd. at Don- elson and disd. Corp. Jos. A. M. Collins, e. May 4, 1861, vet. Dec. 24, '63. Corp. Thomas J. Parrott, e. Maj' 4, 1861, trans, to Signal Cori)s March 28, 1864. Corp. Wallace E. Marsh, e. May 4, 1861, wd. Corinth. Corp. Wm. H. Wilson, e. May 4, 1861, disd. March 16, 1863, disab. Corp. Wm. Douglass, e. May 4,1861. Corp. H. A. Seiberlich, e. May 4, 1861, wd. at Corinth and died Oct. 11,1862. Corp. Samuel C. Seaton, e. May 4, 1861. Musician Erastus Mooi'e, e. Nov. 6, 1861. Applegate, Andrew, e. May 4, 1861. 566 HISTORY OF T,EE COUNTY. Anderson, Smnuot, o. May 4. IStU, disd. Nov. l;5, ISO-. Bozwortli, John D„ o. Mjiy 4, 1¥1>1. Beedle, Hovace, e. May 4.1S61. Bead), Edp»r S., o. May *, ISiU, disd. Oct. 10, 1S6.>. Bin!, John NV., e. M)>y -I, IStU, Cantvill, Goo., t>. May'4, ISiU. died in hospital at C^»in>, Curtis, John. e. May 4, 1S61, disd. Jan. ;n, ISOl disab Catlin, GtHj. B„ e. Mav 4, 1S61. Ort^pps, Wm., 0. Jlay 4. ISOl. Oloujrh. John, e. May 4, ISOl, khi. at battle of Corinth Couloy, Jos.. 0. May 4, ISiU. Clark. William, o. jlay 4. ISiU, kid. IxUtlo Sbiloh, Diekonson. Uarnion, o. May 4. IStU. Pay, John h.. o. May 4. ISiU, disd. April 2, 1862. disjib. Pemiiis.'. John K., o. Mav 4. ISOl. Pow, Chas. C, 0. May 4."lSlU. disd. April 2, 1S62. disiib. Kvans. Samuel W.. e. Mav 4. IStU. wd. at Ponelson. distl. Au^-. 10, 1S(!2, disiUi. Finerty, .lohn. e. 31ay 4. ISiU. Farr, S'th. e Jlay 4." ISiU. wd. at Pouelsou. died Oct. •JS. 18i!2. Friend. Geo. \V., e. May 4. 1861, kid. at Shiloh. Foehan. Thomas, e. May 4. 1861. Gillaspie, Samuel, e. Msiy 4. 1861, disd. Mai-ch 24, 1862, disiib. Griffith, Isaac J^.. e. Slay 4. 1861, dieii at St. Louis. Grovtr, \V. S. or G. \V., e. May 4, 1861, wd. at Chariton Bridge, disd. Aug. 27. 1861. Gilclirist. John J., e. May 4. 1861, trans, to 8th Mo. Vols. l^idwin. J. J. e. May 4. 1861. wd. at Ponelson, disd. May 6, 1862, disab. Gerr. Wm. A., e. Mi»y 4, 1S61. disd. Pec. 2, 1861. disab. Hall, liobt., e. May 4. 1861, wd. at Ponelson, disd. jSov. S. 1862, wds. Harper, Wm. K., e. May 4. 1861, wd. at Ponelson, kid. at Corinth. Haggani. L. J. P.. e. May 4, 1861, disd. Feb. 2, 1862. Highanj, Kichsnl, e. May 4, 1861, kid. liattle Ft. Ponel- son. Holt. Wra.. e. May 4, 1861. Hutchinson. .lames, e. May 4, 1861, disd. Nov. 8, 1861, disab. Johnson, Albert, e. May 4, 1861, tUsd. Pec. 23, 1S61, disal>. Jones, Webber, e. May 4, 1861, disd. Feb. 7, 1862,disi»b. Jennings. Klmore, e. May 4, 1861. died at Ft, Ponelson. Kerr. Jan\es, e. May 4, 1861, wd. at Ponelson. Koates. Mm., e. May 4. 1.S61. disd. June 16. 1862. disjib. Keeveru. Henry, e. May 4, 1861. Lejipel. Jno., e. May 4, 1861. wd. and died at Shiloh. Long, John W., e. May 4. 1861. Loonias, Geo. H., e. aiay 4, 1861, disd. Nov. 7, 1861. Leigljtner, John C, e. Mav 4. 1861, disd. Nov. 7, 1861. Mayl>ery, Wm. U., e. May 4. 1861. McKinzie, Nicolas, e. Mav 4, 1861. Mahan, Hutllnan. e. May 4, 1861. Neel, Wm., e. Jlay 4, 1861. Xatioi., Wm. H.. e. Mav 4, 1861, ditni June 2o, 1862. Nash, Janu>s F., e. May 4, 1861. Pri>nty, Franklin, e. May 4, 1861, kid. battle of Corinth. Patten. Jas. JI., e. Mav 1. 1861, wd. at Ponelson. disd. Sept 17, 1862. Quicksell, Jame.<. e. Mav 4, 1861. wd. at Ponelson, disd. July 21. 1862. Renz, John W., e. May 4, 1861, kid. Ivittle of Corinth. Kyan, Jno. C, e. May 4, 1861. Kickey. .Uw. K,. e. May 4, 1861, disd. Nov. 29, 1861. Reese. ,Iohn. e. May 4. 1861, disd. Mav 7, 1S(!2. disab. Robinson. Wm. H., e. May 4, 1861. R>-!Ui, Henry, e. May 4. 1861, wd. at Corinth. Sicer. Lewis P., e. Jlay 4. 1861. Sti-anss. Henry, e. May 4. 1861, disd. Jnlv 10, 1S6S, disab. Siiyler, GtH>. P., e. .May 4. 1861. wd. at Ponelson. Stevens, Ira. e. May 4. 1861. disd. Nov. 12. 1861. disab. Soitz. F. R., e. May 4, 1861. Stark, Jos. S., e. May 4. 1861. Thouiiwon. Geo., e. May 4. 1861. Turtou, Horace, e. Stay 4, 1861. disd. Pec, 23, 1S61, dis,Hb. Underwood, Wm., e. Jlav 4. 1861, died Nov. 13, 1861. Vanoo. Jos. W., e. j\lay 4". 1861. A'oitolvies. Victor, e. Jan. 20. 1864. Vandoventer. R. T., e. May 4, 18r.l. died Oct. 7, 1861. Vansoyoc, Giw. e. Mav 4, 1861. died .Ian. 27, 1862. Wilsoy. K. B„ e. May 4, 1861. Woodnili; ,ras. T.. e. May 4. 1861, disd. Jan. 2, 1862, disab. Wilson, Jas. F., e. May 4, 1861. Wright. .•V. J., e. Nov."30, 1861, disd. April 2, 1S62, disab. Company B. Benueke, Julius, e. Sept. 1. 1862. B«rtschi, Jacob, e. .A.pril 20, 1861, wd. Fort Ponelson Inden, Oliver, e. April 20, 1861. Kelley, T. G., e. May 27, 1861. Lang. August, e. Aug. 2i>. 1862. Nilson. Jas.. e. Juno 26. 1861. died Oct. 26. 1861. Patton. John S., e. April 20. 1861. prmtd. corp. Root. .V. P.. e. .Vpril 20. 1861, disd. Oct. 19. 1862. Smallenburg. Nathan, e. .\pril 20. 1861. Steinmits, Adolph. e. April 20. 1861, wd. at Ft. Ronolsoa. Thornton, Gnel(ii)u .Vndei'son. Chas. F., e. May 24. 1861. Cease, James A., e. Blay 24. 1861. Fitzgerald, .fohn. e. May 24. 1861. Gonion. Wm. W.. e May 24. 1861, disd. .\ug. 16, 1861. Huutov. Jivs,, e. Slay 24, 1861. wd! at Ft, Ponelson, diad. June 13. 1862. R.van, Pani^I, e. Sex>t. 18, 1862. Swaney, .lohn W., o. .Vng. 23, 1862. Company E. Bfinder. Wm.. e. May 6, 1861. accidentally kid. by fklling fi\nn deck of steamer on SUssissippi River. S.-k. Lewis, e. Jnlv 21. 1861, disd. Nov. 16, 1861. Stiles, Lu. e. Slay 6. 186 i. died Oct. 24, 1861. Company F. Corp. Wm. W. Walker, e. Jlay 1. 1861. wd. at Ft. Ponelson. McNulty, .lames, e. Sli»y 1, 1861. Company G. Corti. .\z;>riah l\ Box., o. May 6. 1861. disd. Oct. 9, 1861. Company I. Second Lieut. Wm. W. Stevens, e. as priv. May ;\ 1861, prmtd. 2d liout. April 1. 1862, resd. Pec, 10. 1862. Sergt. Geo. W. Walker, e. Slav 28, 1861. Corp. .\. S. Cooley. e. Slay 5. 1861. kid. at Shiloh. Bonghtou, W. W., e. May .■>, 1861. Johnson, GiHi. W., e. Ma.v 5, 1861, vet. Pec. 30, I8t>8. Lsuixl, Henry, e. Slay .">, 1861, wd. at Shiloh and CH.)rinlli, Morrison. Wm. W., e. Slay .">. 1861, died Sept. 16, 1S61. Newton. Isaac, e. Feb. 9, 1864. Smith, F. St.. e. Slay o, 1861. Schutte. Kmile, e. May ."i, 1861, disd. .\.ug. 27, 1861. Van Schock, Samuel, e. Not. 28, 1861. 81'X\)ND CONSOLIDATED VET- ERAN INFANTRY. Surg. Wells U. Mai-sh. com. June 21, 1861. Asst. Surg. Wm. H. Turner, com. Oct, 6, 1S62. it>sd. Jun« 4, 186.5. Q. St. Jesse C. Wickei-sham. e. as sergt. May 4, IStJl, prmtd. t). SI. sergt.. prmtd, 2d liaut, Ci>. B Nov. 10, 1864, prmtd. Q. SI. .\.pril 2. 18(V>. Company B- Fii-st Lieut. John TaugUer, e. as 1st sergt. Slay 4, 1861, prmtd. 1st lient. .\pril o. I860, m. o.'as 1st sergt. Corp. Otto Inden, e. May 27, 1861, vet. Pec. 23, 1863, wd. at .\tlanta, disd. June 8. 186.5. Cori\ John R. Pimond. e. Slay 4. 1861, vet. Pec. 28, 18(W. Corp. .Tohn Finery, e. May 4.1861, vet. Pec. 2.3, 1863. Beueka. Julius, e. Sept. 1, 1862. CiUUu, Geo. B., e. Slay 4, 1861. Pickensou, H. S.. e. Slay 4. 1861. trans. Jan. 27, 1865. Hoffman, F., e. Nov. 23, 1861, vet. Pec. 23, 1863, Hough, John A., e. Nov. 23, 1861, vet. Pec, 23, 186;!. Kiwtes, Wm., e Pec. 24, 186;>, vet, Kerr, James, e. May 4, 1861, vet. Peo. 23, 1863. Lang. August, e. Aug. 29, 1862. Long. John W., e. Mav 4. 1861, vet. Peo. 23, 1S63. Slahiu. Hoffman, e. Slay 4, 1861, vet. Pec. 23, 1S6S. JlcKinzie, Wm., e. Jan. 19, 1864. Richanis. Chas., e. ,Tau. 19, IStH. Savior, Geo. P., 0. Mav 4, 1861, vet. Pec. 23, US63. Wilsey, K. B.,e. Stay 4, 1861, vet. Pec. 23, 1863. HISTORY OF LV.K (BOUNTY. 567 Company C. ■Corp. Edw. Ooroornii, o. April -M, 1S(;i, vi^t. Doc. 2;», ISfill. Oeaso, Jus. A , o. April 21, IHdl, vnt. Di'c. 21, 180:!, capW. near OoldHboro, N. C, (lisil. Juno 27, 18(15. yoloy, Win., 0. Nov. 20, IHOl, vot. Uoc. 2:5, 180:i. Ryan, Daniol, «. Sopt. 18, 1K02, <-uptd. near Fayotto- villo, N. (1. Swanpy, Jolin \V., e. Aujj;. 2:5, 1H02. Company C. riit.drbauKh, I>. M., o. Hoc. 20, 1H0:(. Company H. Bongliton, W. W., , 1801, vot. Doc. M), 1803, captd. Fob. 23, ]8(ir). Van Scyoc, Hainnol.o. Nov. 28, 1801. SIXTH INFANTRY. [NdTK. — This regiment was mustered out at Louisville July 21, ISGfK] Col. John A. McDowell, com. 1801, resd. March 12, 1863. Surg. Albert T. Shaw, com. Aug. 30, 1801, m. o,, term ox., ISO-l. Hosp. S. Jacob 11. Payntor, o. Sopt. 23, 1861. y. Miij. Jas. llodgors, o. Sopt. 1, 1801, disd. April 7, 1802. . Wni. T. llalTord, o. July 12, 1801, kid. at Shiloh . Corp. John Watson, o. July 12, 1861. Corp. TlioiMHH F. MolOvony, o. July 12, 1861. (.'orp. Wm. Si)ain, e. July 12, 1801, wd. at Shiloh, dlnd., date unknown. Corp. L. W. Wood, o. July 12, 1801, vot. .Tan. 1, 1864. Corp. Fu(iuaLyon, o. July 12, 18(il. Corp. Josso Carter, e. Aug. 8, 1861, vot. Jan. 1, 1864. Corp. Jas. S. Ortnian, e. July 15, 1861, vet. Jan. I, 1864. Corp. 0. C. Snyder, o. July 15, 1861, wd. at Missionary Ridge, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, wd. at Konesaw Mountain. Musician Stephen H. Hand, e. July 12, 1861, disd. Aug. 8, 1801. Musician Theo. Hand, o. July 12, 1801, disd. Aug. 8, 1801. Alios, 10. K., O.July 12, 1861, vot Jan. 1, 1864. Anderson, Jos. S., e. July 12, 1861. Allen, Chas. !>., o. July 12, 1861, wd. Missionary lUdgo. Bixloy, Aaron, o. July 12, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1861. Barnes, II. C, o. July 12, 1861, prmtd. Corp., captd. at Shiloh. Burk, S. P., 0. July 12, 1861, wd. at Shiloh. Batloy, Jas. C, c. .Inly 12, 1861, disd. March 27, '63, disab. Best, Levi A., e. July 12, 1801, died at Jollersou City, Mo. Camaron, Hugh, o. July 12, 1861. Carroll, John, o. July 12, 1861, captd. at Shiloh. Curry, Clayton, o. July 12, 1861, disd. Feb. 28, 1862, dlsab. Church, Wm., o. July 12, 1861, cajitd. at Shiloh and paroled. Cooney, M. L., o. July 12, 1861, disd. Feb. 19, '62, disab. Chapman, .lacob, e. July 12, 1801, vot. Jan. I, 1864. kid. at Atlanta. Coleman, Wm., o. July 12, 1801, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Davis, Jas. W., o. Aug. 2, 1861, disd. July 16, 1864, disab. Emmitt, Wm., o. July 12, 1861, vet. .Jan. 1, 1804, wd. acci- dentally Jan. 21, 1805. Fox, .lohn, 0. .July 12, 1861, vot. Jan. 1, 1864. Fitz Henry, Daniel, e. July 15, 1861, captd. at Shiloh, wd. at Dallas, Ga. Gue, H. R., e. July 15, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Hass, Chas., e. July 15, 1861, captd. Shilon and paroled. IIuftord,,rohn W., e. July 15, 1861, wd. Shiloh, disd. Aug. 15, 1862. Hill. Albert, e. July 15, 1861, disd. Aug. 18, '62, disab. Hustin, Geo. W., e. July 15, 1861, vet. .Ian. 1, 1864, died April 5, 1864. .Jones, Wm., e. July 15, 1861, died Aug. 2, 1862. .Tohnson, Jos.M., e July 15, 1861. Kight, Harvey, e. July 15, 1861, captd at Shiloh, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. KnucU, George, e. July 15, 1861, kid. at Shiloh. Line, Elias, o. Sopt. 17, 1861. Lamott, Antono, e. July 15, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, diod at Re^aca. Lawlor, John, e. July 15, 1861, vet. Jan. I, 1864, wd. at Resaca. Laphani, Dolos, o. July 15, 1861, vot. Jan. 1, 1864. Mooro, Wm. H., o. July 15, 1861, wd. at Resaca. Millor, William, o,. .luly 16, 1861. McCord, .James, o. July 15, 1801. McNeely, Geo. W , e. .July 16, 1801. McCleanuin, John, o. July 15, 1801, wd. at Kenesaw Mountain. Mahan, Patrick, o. July 15, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. O'Doiiall, Edw., e. July 16, 1861, disd. Feb. 15, 1862, disab. Rogers, John, e. July 15, 1861, vot. Jan. 1864, wd. Dallas, died at Allatoona, Robertson, Pi^tor, e. July 15, 1861, wd.at Shiloh, vot. .Jan. 1, 1864. Shaner, George, o. July 15, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, disd. April 4, 1805. Snout, Thomas, e. Aug 2, 1861. Stewart, R. H., e. July 15, 1861. Stewart, John, e. Aug. 2, 1801, vet. .Ian. 1, 1864. Tadlock, William, e. July 12, 1861, disd. Aug. 31, 1861, disab. Walker, H. L., e. Aug. 6, 1861. died at Tipton, Mo. Willson, Geo. W., e. July 12, 1801, diod Feb. 18, 1862. Company K. Capt. Byron K. Gowles, o. as private .July 1, 1801, prmtd. 1st lieut. Sept. 14, 1801, prmtd. capt. April 7, 1862. resd. April 7, 1803. Jayne , Timothy, e. July 12, 1801. Poots, jfoseph, e. July 12, 1861, wd. at Chattanooga. COMPANY UNKNOWN. Shreck, e. IMarch 29, 1864. 568 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. (Note. IS, ISGi^. SEVENTH INFANTRY. —Tliis regiment wan mtistered out at Louisville July Col. Jas. C. PaiTott, com. cnpt. Co. E Aug. 3, 1861, \vd. at Belmont, prmtd. lieut. col. Nov. 22, 1S61, wd. at Cor- inth, com. col. Juue 13, 1805. Smii. .los. Everingham, com. asst, sui^. Avig. 20, 1S62, prmti.1. surg. Sept. 13, 1863. Adjt. Daniel F. Bowler, com. 2d lieiit. Co. D July 25, 1S61, prmtd. adjt. Aug. 31, 1861, wd. and captd. at Belmont, rcsd. Aug. S, 1S6-1. Adjt. Wm. \V. Siipp, e. as corp. July 12, ISGl, prmtd. com. sergt., prmtd. wdjt. Oct. 13, 1864. Musician Julian D. Coriel, e. July 25, 1861, wd. at bat. Belmont. Company B. Mills, Silas B., e. Feb. 3. 1802, kid. at Corinth. Strickland, John. e. March i. 1S02. Company C. McNeill, Milton, vet. Jan. i. 1801. Company D. Capt. Jas. F. Harper, com. July 25, 1S61, wd. at Belmont, lieut. col. 1st Tenn. A. "d. Heavy Artillery Sept. 16, 1S63. Capt. Benj. B. Gale, e. as sergt. July 25, 1801, prmtd. 2d lieut. Aug. 31, 1861, wd. at Belmont, prmtd. 1st lieut. July 22, 1863, wd. at Corinth, prmtd. capt. Sept. 16, 1863, wd. accidentally May 27, 180-1, resd. Aug. 3, '64. Capt. Jos. B. Morrison, e. as sergt. July 25, 1861, prmtd. 2d lieut. July 22, 1802, wd. at Corinth, prmtd. ist lieut. Sej>t. 11, 1803, prmtd. capt. Aug. 4, 1864, m. o. as 1st lieut. Sept. 17, 1804, term expired. Capt. Jas. D. Hamilton, e. as corp. July 25, 1861, wd. at Corinth and Lay's Ferry, Ga., prmtd. 1st lieut. Aug. 4, 1804, prmtd. capt. Sept. 18, 1864. First Lieut. Jas. B. Sample, com. July 25, 1861, wd. at Ft. Donelson, capt. 1". S. V. June 30, 1812. Sergt, Samuel J. Atler, e. Oct. 1, 1861, captd. at Belmont. Sergt, Chas, Webster, e. July 25, 18GI, captd, at Belmont, died at Macon. Ga. Sergt. AVm. G. Kav, e. July 25, 1861. Sergt. Beiij. Thomas, e. July 25, 1861, vet. Dec. 21, 1863, kid. near Atlanta. Corp. John Walgamuth, e. .July 25, 1861, wd., disd. April 2, 1802. Corp. Jones B. Bouney, e. July 25, 1801, disd. Nov. 27, '61. Corp. Geo. M. Martin," e. July 25, 1861, vet. Dec. 21, 1863. Corp. Jos. Dmfee, e. July 25", 1801. Corp. Geo. T. Claypoole,"e, July 25, 1861. Corp. Luther McNeill, e. Nov.'l. 1861, vet. Dec. 24. 1863. Corp. 0. T. Yale. e. July 25, 1861, vet. Dec. 21, 186:1 Musician I. C, Fortney, e. July 25, 1861, wd. at Corinth. trans, to Inv. Corps Dec. 11, 1863. Musician E. F. Cowles, e. July 25, 1861, vet. Dec. 21, '63. Bonnell, S., e. Jan. 20, 1864. Brown.'Chas., e. July 25, 1861, captd. at Belmont, disd. March 16, 1863. BlHUchard, Wm. F., e. July 25, 1861, disd. Aug. 15, 1862. Beiry, Wm., e. July 25, 1801, vet. Dec. 21, 1863, wd. at Lay's Ferry, Ga. Cunningham, Thos., e. Julv 25, ISGl. vet. Dec. 21, 1863. Coles, C. B., e. Feb. 26, 1861, wd. Corinth, vet. Dec. 20, '63. Denny, Jos,, e. Feb. 24, 1864, wd. Lav's Ferry, Ga., trans. to V. K. C. Eitzer, Conard, Julv 25, 1801. wd. .at Corinth Oct., 1802. Fye. John W., e. jiilv 25,1801, vet. Dec. 24, 1863. Griffith, Wm. P., e. j"uly 23, 1861. Gross, Nicholas, e. Julj' 23, 1861, wd. at Belmont, vet. Dec. 24, 1863. Heiser, John, e. Jan. 23. 1864, wd. at Lav's Ferrv, Ga. Hufl", John D., e. July 23, 1861, vet. Dec." 24, 1803. Heiser, Philip, e. Jan. 23, 1804. Ingereoll, E. D., e. Jan. 20, 1804. lugereoU, Hiram, e. Jan. 20, 1804. Johnston, Oliver, e. July 23, 1861, died at Fort Holt, Ky. Jotter, Chris, e. Jan. 23^ 1804. Knight, J., e. Feb. 22, 1864, wd. aud died Mav 16, 1864. Knight, I. J., e. Feb. 20, 1804. Kreiger, Alex., o. Feb. 13, 1804. Lewis, Chas., e. July 23, 1861, disd. June 28, 1862. Logan, John, e. Feb. 13, 1864. Lutz, John, e. Aug. 5, 1861, vet. Dec. 24, ISW. Logan, Amos, e. Feb. 9, 1864. McNeill, Milton, e. July 25. 1801. wd. at Belmout. died at Keokuk. McVey, V. C, e. Feb. 13, 1864. Montgomery, J. A., e. Feb. 22, 1864. JlcNeill, Alviii, e. July 25, 1801, disd. Dec. 7, 1861. JlcVey, W. T.. e. Jan. 30, 1864. Miller, .los., e. July 25, 1861. wd. ,it Belmont. Malcom, F., e. .Ian. 5, 1864. Phillips, AVm. B., e. July 2,i, 1861, wd. at Corinth ajul in August, 1863. ' Pickard", John D., e. July 2">, 1801, vet. Dec. 27, 1S63. Pickard. H. J., e. Oct. 15, 1801, disd. May 6, 1862. Powell, AVni. H., e. July 25, 1861, vet. D'ee. 24, 186;5. Pickard, Wm. E., e. Oct. 15, 1861, wd. at Belmont, dieil at Columbus, Ky. Quiirterman. Wm. II., e, July 25, 1861, Kisser, Jacob, e. March 13, 1804. Karey, Jas. M., e. July 25, 1861, disd. April 1, 1862, disab. Kedding, F. M., e. July 25, 1861, wd, at Fort Donelson and Shiloh, vet, Dec, 24, 1863, Kollett, Geo., e. July 25, 1861, wd, at Corinth, vot.Dec,24, 1863, wd, at Dallas, Ga. Rogers, Henry, e. July 25, 1861, captd. at Belmout, wd. at Corinth. Sequin, Wm., o. Jan. 25, 1864. Scott, Jefferson, e. July 25, 1S61, di-d. July 13, '62, disab. Schnieltsle, John J., e. July 25, 1861, wd. at Belmont, disd. April 12, 1862. Steele, H. C, e. Feb. 22, 1864. Schiller, Johu, e. July 25, 1861, wd. at Belmont, vet. Dec. 24, 1863. Somerville, Andrew, e. July 25, 1861, vet. Dec. 24, 1803. Strine. Chtistian, e. July 25, 1861, disd. Oct. 11, '61, disab, Votaw, Mahlon, o. July 25, 1861, vet. Dec. 24, 1863. Wilson, D. L., e. July 25. 1861, captd. at Shiloh. AVood, Chas. L., e. Ja"n. 25, 1864. Wnlbert, Henry, e. July 25, 1861, wd. at Corinth, trans, to 07th Bat. Inv. Corps. Toung, James, e. .Tul.v 25, 1801, kid at Corinth. Company E. Capt. Curtis F. Conn, com. 1st lieut. .\ug. 3, 1801, prmtd. capt. Nov. 22, 1861, wd. Corinth, resil. Aug. 31, 1864. Capt. John McCormick, e. as sergt. July 28, 1861, wd. Belmont, prmtd. 2d lieut. March 22, 1862, prmtd. capt. Aug. 4, 1864. Fii-st Lieut. James L. Bess, e. as 1st sergt. July 12, 1861, prmtd. 1st lieut. Nov. 22, 1861, resd.^Aug. 3, 1864. First Lieut. John Knight, e. as private July 12, 1861, prmtd. 1st lieut. Aug. 4, 1864. Second Lieut. Andrew J. Mefford, com. Aug. 3, 1861, resd. March 21, 1862. e. as private Jan. 4, 1864. Sergt. Nathaniel Keed, e. July 12, 1861, wd. Corinth, trans, to Tenn. Heavy Artillery Jan. 22, 1864. Sergt. T. J. Pollard, e. Jiily 28, 1S61. Sergt. H. H. Wilson, e. July 28, 1861. Sergt. Chas. 0. Bleuess, e. July 12, 1.S61, disd. Nov. 4, 1861, disab. Sergt. Clayton Hart, e. Julv 12, 1861, wd. Corinth, vet- Dec. 24, 1863. Corp. Geo. E. Humphrey, e. July 12, 1801, \vd. Corinth. Corp. Wm. H. Vansant, e. July 12. 1861, captd. Belmont, disd. Nov. 29. 1S02, disab. Corp. Geo. W. Diggs, e. July 12, 1801, wd. Belmont, died of wds. at Jlound City," III. Corp. Morrison Zuber, e. July 12, 1801. Corp. Thos. W. Taylor, e. July 12, 1861, captd. Belmont, died Tnscaloosa, .Via., while prisr. Musician Harmon Birdsall, e. July 2;*. 1861, died Pitts- burg, Tenn., May 10, 1802. Allison, Abner, e. July 12, 1861, wd, Belmont, Bunsh, Isaac, e. Aug," 29, 1801, kid. Shiloh. Bnniap, P. D., e. Feb. 24, 18ti4. Brown, William H.. e. July 28, 1801. died Ft. Holt, Ky. Babcock, H. W., e. Jan. 5, 1864. Chandler, J., e. July 12, 1801, disd. Aug. 22, 1862, diaab.. Corder, T. T. S., e. Feb. 18, 18t;4. Chinneworth, Jos., e. July 28,1861. Dednmn, Wm. H., e. Feb. 18, 1804. Duncan, D. W., e. July 12, 1861. Danlbrd, F., e. Jan. 5, 1804. Dove, Wm. C, e. Feb. 3, 1864, wd. Lay's Ferry, Ga. Finley, John, e. July 12, 1861, disd. April 28, 1862. Fannin, M. C, e. Jan. 4, 1804, wd. near Dallas, Ga. Finley, John, e. Feb. 23, 1804. Godeard, Jos., e. Feb. 23, 1804, wd. Dallas, Ga. Havden, Geo. B., e. Julv 12, 1801 Hayden, F. M., e. Feb. 1, 1804. Harmon, Birdsell, e. Julv 12, 1861, died Monterey, Tenu., May 10, 1862. Harmon, WlUiam, e. March 1, 1862. HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 569^ Hicks, John W., e. July 28, ISfil, died Mound City Hospi- tal Or.t. 17, 1861. Hart, A. P., e. March 5, 1864. Halickson, Alex., e. July 28, 1861, kid. Belmont. Heiney, Peter A., e. Feb. 28, 1862, vet. Feb. 18, 1864. Johnson, John E , o. July 12, 1861, died Bird's Point, Mo. Jones, John W., e. July 28, 1861, wd. Belmonf. Lesly, John, e. July 12, 18G1, disd. Dec. 28, 1861. Mefford, A. J., e. Jan. 4, 1864. McDonegal, H. W., e. Dec. 19, 1861, died Jan. 22, 1862. McCoy, Chas., e. Feb. 18, 1864, wd. Atlanta. Miles, Peter, e. July 28, 1861, wd. Corinth. Magee, Jas., e. Feb. 24, 1864, wd. Lay's Ferry, Ga. Morgan, John, e. July 28, 1861, disd. and died Nov. 26, 1861. McCormick, J. W., e. Feb. 23, 1864. O'BIenness, Chas., e. Jan. 4, ]864. Pursell, Thomas, e. July 12, 1861. Perrigo, T. S., e. Jan. 21, lfc64. Polcer, Stephen, e. Julv 12, 1861. Perredge, Wm. H., e. July 12, 1861. Pollock, N. W., e. Feb. 17, 1862, disd. April 28, 1862. Pipkin, Henry, e. July 28,1861, kid. at battle of Belmont. Rose, Israel, e. Jan. 23, 1864. Russell, H. H., e. Dec. 25, 1863. Rose, Homer, e. Aug. 13, 1861. disd. June 8, 1862, disab. Rickey, Henry, e. July 28, 1861, wd., disd. Sept. 6, 1864. Rollins, John, e. March 8, 1862, disd. July 26, 1862. Sholte, Albert, e. July 28, 1861, disd. Sept. 26, 1862, disab. Stewart, Geo. T., e. Jan. 20, 18G4. Spratt, Jas., e. July 12, 1S61, disd. April 2, 1862, disab. Selby, Jos., e. July 12, 1861. Sarage, H. H., e. July 12, 1861. Sherman, Chas. S., e. July 12. 1861, shot at Corinth. Shepherd, Wm., e. Aug. 23, 1861, disd. Sept. 8, 1861, disab. Sheppard, Theo., e. July 12, 1861, kid. at Belmont. Stockwell, Carl, e. July 28, 1861. Taylor, W. D., e. Jan. 21, 1864, died at Marietta, Ga. Tavlor, F., e. July 12, 1861. Vanansdal, A. B., e. Aug. 23, 1861, disd. July 26, 1862. Willifjrd, Thomas, e. July 12, 1861, disd. Nov. 4, 1861, over age. White, Edw., e. July 28, 1861, died in Lee Co., Iowa. White, W. G., e. July 28, 1861, disd. April 28, 1862. Waters, R. H., e. Jan. 4, 1864. Woodruff, Jas. T., e. Jan. 28, 1864. Weyrick, John W., Jan. 25, 1864, wd. at Lay's Ferry, Ga., disd. July 25, 1864. Wolfenberger, C. B., e. Feb. 22, 1864. Warehelm, D., e. Feb. 22, 1864, kid. Aug. 4, 1864. Company F. Doolittle, Edw. R., e. 1861, wd. at Corinth. Dunn, Thomas, e. 1861, captd. at Belmont, died at Annap- olis, Md., 0:t. 25, 1862. Devereaux, Patrick, e. 1861, wd. at Ft. Donelson. Company H. Oapt. Allen D. Cameron, prmtd. sergt. maj., then adjt. Aug. 9, 1864, prmtd. oapt. Aug. 6, 1864. Company I. North, Livingston, e. Aug. 22, 1861, vet. Dec. 24, 1863, wd. at Lay's Kerry, died, date unknown. Company K. White, Chas. D., e. Maich 27, 1862. COMPANY UNKNOWN. Allen, Hugh'C, e. Feb. 24, 1864. Babcock, H.W., e. Jan. 5, 1864. Danford, F., e. Jan. 5, 1864. Malcom, Frank, e. Jan. 5, 1864. Mefford, A. J., o. Jan. 4, 1864. FOURTEENTH INFANTRY. [Note. — This regiment, except veterans and recruits, was mustered out at Davevport November 16, 1S6U; vetrans and recruits were consolidated into Residuary Battalion lUth Infan- ti'y, which was mustered out at Davenport August 8, 1865.] Company D. Oapt. John S. Agey, e. as 1st sergt. Sept. 28, 1861, prmtd. Ist lieut. March 25, 1862, missing at Shiloh, prmtd. cjipt. Jan. 1, 1863. Sergt. Thos. H. Childs, e. Sept. 28, 1861, captd. at Shiloh,. trans, for prmtn. col. regt. Aug. 18, 1862. Atkinson, Felix, e. Sept. 28, 1861, captd. Shiloh. Christian, Augustus, e. Sept. 28, 1861, captd. Shiloh. Creel, William, e. Oct. 7, 1861. Deo, John, e. Sept. 28, 1861, captd. Shiloh. Deo, Cyrus, e. Sept. 28, 1861, captd. Shiloh. Duffey, Nelson P., e. Sept. 28, 1861, disd. Sept. 6, 1862. Denivsr, James, e. Oct. 4, 1861, died Keokuk. Ebe, Peter, e.Oct. 4, 1861, captd. Shiloh. Graham, Henry, e. Oct. 4, 1861. Houser, D. L., e. Sept. 28, 1861. Heald. Nathan, e. Oct. 12, 1861, died June 9, 1862. Keeler, John A., e. Oct. 12, 1861, captd. Pleasant Hill, La. Loomis, A. J., e. Sept. 28, 1861, died July 10, 1862. McCuUough, John, e. Oct. 4, 1861, disd. Aug. 2, 1862, disab. Morte, Augustus, e. Sept. 28, 1861. Taylor, P. B., e. Feb. 4, 1863, wd. Pleasant Hill, La. Thomas, John H., e. Oct. 12, 1863. Winters, Geo. H., e. Sept. 28, 1861, disd. Oct. 16, 1862. Spurrier, Thos., e. Aug. 21, 1862. Company I. Campbell, John, e. Oct. 5, 1861, captd. Shiloh, vet. Dec. 1, 1863. COMPANY UNKNOWN. Downes, T., e. Jan. 5, 1864. Hixon, James, e. Dec. 8, 1863. RESIDUARY BATTALION, FOUR- TEENTH INFANTRY. Company B. First. Lieut. Thos. B. Beach, com. Nov. 19, 1864. Corp. Evan J. Dobbins, e. Sept. 22, 1862. Downs, Theophilus, Jan. 5, 1864. Miller, Jackson, e. Jan. 4, 1864. Taylor, P. B., e. Feb. 4, 1863. FIFTEENTH INFANTRY. [Note. — This regiment wasmustered out at Louisville, Ky.y July 2U, 1865.] Col. Hugh T. Reed, com. Nov. 1, 1861, wd. at Shiloh, brig. gen. March 13, 1863. Col. Wm. W. Belknap, com. maj. Nov. 7, 1861, wd. at Shiloh, prmtd. lieut. col. Aug. 1, 1862, prmtd. col. April 22, 1863, brig. gen. July 30, 1864, brevet maj. gen. U. S. V. March 13, 1865. Surg. Wm. H. Burnham, com. Nov. 2, 1861, not mustere* Hospital Steward Henry T. Folgar, e. Nov. 15, 1861, died Feb. 20, 1862. Company A. Capt. Roger B. Kellogg, e. as private Feb. 3, 1862, prmtd. 2d lieut. Sept. 14, 1862, prmtd. 1st. Nov. 28, 1862,. prmtd. capt. Dec. 22, 1864, wd. on skirmish line, died at Pocotaligo, S. C, Jan. 17, 1865. Second Lieut. Wm. C. Hershberger, e. as private Jan. 23, 1862, prmtd. 2d lieut. Jan. 4, 1865. Sergt. Geo. W. Walker, e. May 25, 1861, prmtd. 2d lieut, U. S. A. Feb. 3, 1862. Corp. Wm. B. Elsroad, e. Jan. 15, 1862, wd. at Shiloh, disd. Jan. 31, 1863. Burke, David W., e. Nov. 16, 1861, trans, to 17th regt. Finley, Wm. B., e. Nov. 10, 1861, disd. Hughes, A. J., e. Nov. 16, 1861, disd. May 19, 1862, disab. Payne, Henry, e. Nov. IC, 1861, disd. Feb. 12, 1862. Reid, Daniel, e. Nov. 16, 1861. Rhynsburger, D., e. Oct. 18, 1861, wd. at Shiloh, disd. April 8, 1863. Diller, John, e. Feb. 12, 1862, disd. July 31, 1862. Draper, Wm., e. Feb. 12, 1862, vet. Feb. 20, 1864. Foley, Patrick, e. Jan. 2, 1862, died March 9, 1862. Gift, Charles. Hart, James, ■ , disd. Jan. 6, 1863, di=ab. Helmick, David, , wd. at Shiloh, died June 13, '62. Morgan, Nathan, e. Jan. 30, 1862, disd. Moon, John D., , wd. at Shiloh, disd. Oct. 17, 1862, disab. Norton, Patrick, , vet. Feb. 20, 1864, wd. near At- lanta. Newberry, Amos. 570 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. Palmer, H. A., , kid. at Shiloh. Keed, Daniel, e. Nov. 16, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1S64. Sims, John B., e. Jan. 31, 1862, wd. at Shiloh, disd. Dec. 17, 18G2. Smith. John, e. Feb. 19, 1862. wd. at Shiloh, disd. Aug. 9, 1862. Smith, James, e. Jan. 22, 1862, died at Keokuk. Thompson, Wm. H., e. March 5, 1862. Stant, Chas. E., e. .Tan. 26, 1862, tnins. to 17th Inf. Company B. First Lieut. John C. Brash, e. as corp. Oct. 18, 1861, prmtd. 1st lieut. Feb. 2, 1S63, rosd. July l;i, 186'1. Fett, John, e. Nov. 6, 1861. JClay, John, e. Nov. 9, 1861, from Co.'D, 1st Inf. Oakley, John S., e. March 1, 1862, disd. Nov. 23, 1862. Polser John P., e. Feb. 18, 1862, \vd. at Shiloh, died Oct 27, 1862. Company C. <^apt. Edgar 'T. Miller, com. 2d lieut. Co. I April 7, 1862, prmtd. 1st lient. July 4, 1862, prmtd. capt. this Co. Nov. 28, 1862, m. o. term e.vpired, May 31, 1865. Keasling, Oeo., e. March 21, 1864. Woolkitt, John F., Jan. 8, 1862, vet. Feb. 1, 1864. Company D. Angell, John, e. Oct. 15, 1861, \vd. at Shiloh, disd. June 3, 1863. Devolt, Burnett, e. Oct. 15, 1861, vet. Dec. 31, 1863. <3oodman, Jacob, e. Oct. 15, 1861, disd. June 17,1862, disab. McDowell, Wm., e. Oct. 15, 1861. Trump, Geo., e. March 22. 1864, wd. near Atlanta. Weaver, John, vet. Dec. 5, 1863. Company E. Capt. Kichard AV. Hutchcraft, com. Dec. 1, 1861, wd. at Shiloh, resd. July 8, 1862. Second Li?ut. Don Carlos Hicks, e. as Corp. Oct. 21, 1861, prmtd. 2d lieut. Oct. 26, 1S64. Sergt. Perry A. Enslow, e. Oct. 21, 1861, died July 26, '62. Corp. John J. Wilson, e. Dec. 1, 1861, wd. at Shiloh, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. ec. 21, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Company I. Capt. Lloyd D. Simpson, com. .Tan. 24, 1862, resd. March 25, 1862. Capt. James M. Keid, com. 1st lieut. Jan. 26, 1862, wd. at Shiloh, prmtd. capt. July 4, 1862. Second Lieut. Henry Scheevers, e. as sergt. Oct. 13, 1861, prmtd. 2d lieut. April 22, 1863, wd. at Ezra Church, Ga., resd. Oct. 28, 1864. Sergt. James R. Williams, e. Feb. 1, '62, disd. June 17, '62. Sergt. William L. Watson, e. Oct. 1, 1861, vet. Dec. 5, 1863, wd. near Atlanta. Corp. Isaac N. Hewitt, e. Dec. 20, 1861, vet. Dec. 5, 1863. Corp. Hassell Rambo, e. Oct. 4, 1861, died June 3, 1862. Corp. Benj. F. Keck, e. Oct. 1, 1861, wd. at Shiloh. Corp. Dan'l W. Johnson, e. Jan. 18, 1862, vet. Feb. 20, '64. Buckley, Daniel, e. Dec. 16, 1861, wd. at Shiloh, died at Mound City. Bain, Patrick, e". Dec. 27, 1861, wd. at Corinth, disd. July 15, 1863, disab. Batterman, Henry, e. Jan. 6, 1S62, died at St Louis. Berry, Thos. W., e. .Tan. 28, 1862, disd. June 13, 1862. Buss, William, e. Sept. 26, 1861, wd. at Corinth, vet. Dec. 5, 1863. Copeaker, Wm., e. Dec. 31, 1861, disd. June 17, 1862. Chandler, E., e. Nov. 4, 1861, wd. at Shiloh, vet. Dec. 5, 1863, wd. at Atlanta. Davis, Solsbery, e. Oct. 1, 1861, vet. Dec. 6, 1863. Doyle, James, e. Jan. IS, 1862, kid. at Shiloh. Eads, A. D., e. Jan. 2S, ISOJ, died at Keokuk. Feagins, D. T., e. Oct. 21, 1861, died June 8, 1862. Flvnn, Patrick, e. March 14, 1864. GoUlsmith, David, e. March 25, 1864. Halverson, Thor., e. Oct. 21, 1861. Hutchinson, Geo., e. Jan. 8, 1862, died at Keokuk. Kennaday, Henrv, e. Dec. 30, 1861, died May 11, 1862. Lee, Geo. H., e. March 31, 1864. Luder, John, e. Dec. 15, 1861, disd. Aug. 16, 1862. Morgan, John, e. Dec. 1, 1861. Mnrphy, .Tames, e. Oct. 21, 1861, died at Shiloh. Ohaver, Solomon, e. Jan. 7, 1861, died Aug. 16, 1862. Odinburg, Edward, e. Feb. 15, 1861, vet. Feb. 20, 1864. Pnrker, Asa B., e. .Tan. IS, 1862, wd. at Corinth, vet. Feb. 20. 1864. Persinger, R. T., e. Feb. 18, 1862, vet. Feb. 20, 1864. Kees, Jos. N., e. Jan. 17, 1862. Rodgers, Adam A., e. Feb. 15, 1862, wd. at Shiloh, disd Dec. 16, 1862. Richard, Joseph, e. Nov. 20, 1861, disd. June 13, 1862. Schevei-s, R., e. Feb. 14, 1864. Vanderwall, H. V., e. Dec. 9, 1861, wd. at Shiloh, disd. Aug. 8, 1862. White, John, e. Oct. 27, 1861, vet. Dec. 5, 1864, wd. at Atlanta. White. Wm. H., e. — , vet. Dec. 5, 1864. Walters, Geo., e. Oct. 19, 1861. Ward, William, e. — , wd. at Shiloh, vet. Dec. 5, 1864. Company K. Corp. James G. Shipley, e. .\ng. 21, 1862. Christian, Archibald, e. Sept, 17, 1862. Gibson, Wm. A., e. Aug. 30, 1862, wd. at Atlanta. Hastings, Enoch, e. Nov. 10, 1861, died at Vicksburg. HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 571 Urmstead, Daniel, e. Aug. 23, 1862. Westcott, Alvin, e. Aug. 30, 1862, trans, to V. B. C. Oct. 6, 18G4. COMPANY UNKOVVN. Long, August, e. Aug. 29, 1862. Pair, Win. M., e. Sept. 9, 1862, drowned in Miss. River. Prince, Albert, e. Sept. 9, 1862. Reasting, Geo., e. March 21, 1864. Roberts, Wm., e. Aug. 31, 1862. Totten, Wm. SIXTEENTH [NFANTRY. [Note. — This regiment was mustered out at Louisiiille, Ky., July 19, 1SG5.] Company B. Huy, Henry Dude, e. Nov. 14, 1862, prmtd. corp. Company F. Marsh, J. N. , e. Feb. 28, 1862, vet. March 19, 1864, captd. near Atlanta. Sniff, Amos, e. Jan. 24, 1862, vet. Jan. 26, 1864, missing near Atlanta. Sniff, E., e. Jan. 24, 1862. Company G. ItYidricia, Theo., e. Sept. 6, 1861. Company K. Oapt. Michael Zettler, com. in 1861, died of wds. received at Shiloh. Capt. Wm. Stackman, e. as corp. Sept. 28, 1861, prmtd. Ist lieut, Jan. 1, 1865, prmtd. capt. June 2, 1865. Sergt. Geo. Frenun, e. Oct. 3, 1861. Sergt. W. Bucholz, e. Sept. 16, 1861, died May 22, 1862. Corp. Christian Ulrich, e. Oct. 2, 1861. Corp. Christian Strein, e. Dec. 17, 1861, disd. July 29, '62. Brimelsick, Henry, e. Sept. 28, 1861, wd. at Shiloh, disd. Nov. 6, 1862. Distel, Peter, e. Jan. 21, 1862, disd. March 27, 1863. Eitzer, John, e Feb. 9, 1862, disd. July 1, 1863, disah. ■Gost, John, e. Sept. 20, 1861. Haager, Karl, e. Dec. 20, 1861, captd. Atlanta, Hanschild, David, c. Oct. 15, 1861, died June 3, 1862. Hayn, Herman, e. Nov. 2, 1S61. Harold, Geo., e. Dec. 19, 1861, captd. Atlanta. Hind^cher, Jacob, c. Oct. 13, 1861, captd. Canton, Miss. Kudebe, Frederick, e. Dec. 20, 1861, wd. at Shiloh, died June 22, 1862. Lentner, M., e. Sept. 20, 1861, disd. Dec. 29, 1862. Mauchund, Peter, e. Sept. 16, 1861. Pierris, Nichlaus, e. Sept. 22, 1861, wd. at Nickajack Creek, Ga. Smith, Herman, e. Sept. 16, 1861. Schmidt, Herman, e. Sept. 16, 1861, died at Jefferson Barracks. Schmiltker, Anton, e. Sept. 30, 1861, died May 6, 1862, accidentally poisoned. Sequin, David, e. Dec. 10, 1861, wd. at Shiloh and luka. Stopperer, John, e. Nov. 19, 1861, disd. Aug. 2, '62, disab. Stopperer, John, Jr., e. Oct. 3f), 1861, disd. July 1, 1862. Ulrich, Fritz, e. Feb. 13, 1862, disd. June 3, 1863, died on his way home. Widerholdt, John A., e. Nov. 20, 1861, vet. March 12, '64. COMP.iNV UNKNOWN. McLaughlin, P. M., e. Oct. 24, 1864. Schoene, Philip, e. Oct. 24, 1864. SEVENTEENTH INFANTRY. [Note. — This regiment was mustered out at Louisville, July 25, 1865.] Col. John W. Rankin, com. Feb. 20, 1862, resd. Sept. 3, 1862. Col. David Burke Hillis, com. lieut. col. March 14, 1862, prmtd. col. Sept. 4, 1862, resd. May 30, 1SG3. , 1864. Stephenson, Benjamin, e. March 6, 1862, wd. Vicksburg, vet. Murch 22, 1864. "Thompson, John H., e. Feb. 16, 1862, wd. at Jackson, Miss., vet. March 31, 1864, captd. at Tilton, Ga. Vail, James B., e. March 21, 1862, wd. and died at Cham- pion Hills. Waggoner, David, e. March 15, 1862, dlsd. March 7, 1863. Company K. Oapt. Sylvanus E. Hick", com. 1st lieut. Co. F April 10, 1862, prmtd. capt. April 16, 1862, wd. and captd. at Jackson, Miss., escaped Oct. 19, drowned while trying to reach Union lines, in Coosa Kiver, near Rome, Ga., Oct. 21, lb64. "First Lieut. Ohas. M. Griffith, com. April 16, 1862, resd. Sept. 29, 1862. Sergt. Thomas Beechler, e. Nov. 14, 1862, kid at Jackson, Miss. Sergt. Frank Orn, e. April 1, 1862, trans, for promotion to 11th La. "S'^ols. Sergt. Wm. T. Carpenter, e. March 23,1862, disd. disab. Corp. George feimmons, e. Feb. 19, 1862, wd. at Mission- ary RiJge. ■Corp. David Orr, e. Feb. 24, 1862. Corp. David Brown, e. March 7, 1862, died May 30, 1862. Corp. John C. Robinson, e. April 16, 1862, trans, to gun- boat Jan. 25, 1863. Corp. J. Ackley, e. March 24, 1862. Buck, William G., e. Dec. 14, 1861, vet. March 26, 1864, captd. at Tilton, Ga. Baldwin, Chas. K. Carpenter, Chas. L. Cannon, John T., e. March 26, 1862, vet. Jan. 31, 1864. Dougherty, Geo., e. Feb. 27, 1862. Flemmlnc-, John, e. Feb. 25, 1862, vet. March 29, 1864. Haltermali, James C, e. March 28, 1862, wd. at Champion Hills. Johnson, Robt. Loeffler, Geo., e. April 6, 1862. McQuillon, Barnard, e. March 18, 1862, disd. Nov. 29, '62. Noel, B. O'Neil, John, e. March 18, 1862, disd. Oct. 12, 1862, disab. Sherwood, Hiram, e. March 23, 1862, disd. June 26, 1863. disab. Staub, Chas. E.. e. Jan. 26, 1862. COMPANY UNKNOWN. -Fourwar, Daniel, e. Jan. 15, 1864. NINETEENTH INFANTRY. [Note. — This regiment was mustered out at Mobile, Ala., July 10, 1S65.] Col. John Bruce, com. capt. Co. A Aug. 17, 1862, prmtd. maj. Dec. 8, 1862, prmtd. lieut. col. March 10, 1864, prmtd. col. July 3, '65,bvt. col. U. S. "V.jbvt. brig. gen. Surg. Lewis M. Shoemaker, com. assistant surg. Aug. 27, 1862, prmtd. surg. June 1, 1863. Company A. Capt. Thos. L. Spratt, com. 1st lieut. Aug. 17, 1862, prmtd. capt. Jan. 1, 1863, captd. at Atchafalaya, La. First Lieut. Benj. F. Mclntyre, e. as sergt. Auar. 5, 1862, prmtd. 2d lieut. Jan. 1, 1863, prmtd. 1st lieut. Aug. 12, 1864. Second Lieut. Wm. Ballenger, e. as sergt. Aug. 9, 1862, prmtd. 2d lieut. Aug. 12, 1864. Sergt. Eugene L. Knigtit, e. Aug. 11, 1862. Sergt Jiihn L. Scraeder, e. Aug. 17, 1862, wd. and captd. at Atchafalaya, La., kid. at Spanish Fort. Corp. Hiram W. Snyder, e. Aug. 13, 1862. Corp. Bruce W. Gotten, e. Aug. 11, 1SG2, disd. Jan. 16, 186!, disab. Corp. Timothy F. Phillips, e. Aug. 17, 1862. Corp. Edmond A. Dickey, c. Aug. 14, 1862. •Corp. C has. H. Judd, o. Aug. 22, 1862, disd. Sept. 28, 1864. disab. €orp. O. G. Burch, e. Aug. 15, 1862. Corp. John M. Boyer, e. Aug. 13, 1862. Corp. Daifid G Anderson, e. Aug. 8, 1862, captd. at Atch- afalaya, La. Corp. Isaac N. Clark, e. Aug. 13, 1862, captd. at Atchafa- laya, La. Corp. John T. Chambers, e. Aug. 22, 1862. Wagoner, Frederick Parks, e. Aug. 17, 1862, died at Fort Gaines, Ala. Anderson, Robert C, e. Aug. 13, 1862, wd. at Prairie Grove. Adell, H. G., e. Aug. 13, 1862, captd. at Atchafalaya, La. Adell, John T., e. Aug. 13, 1863, died at New Orleans. Avis, Jas. M., e. Aug. 11, 1862. Boyer, L. M., e. Aug. 11, 1862. Beucler, L. N., e. Aug. 13, 1862, disd. Jan. 29, '63, disab. Best, John, e. Aug. 12, 1862. Ballard, Julien, e. Aug. 15, 1862. Bane, Albert, e. Aug. 15, 1862. Coulter, Andrew, e. Aug. 13, 1862. Cole, Samuel, e. Ft-b. 8, 1864. Coleman, Jas. M., e. Aug. 13, 1862, wd. Atchafalaya, La. Cooper, Jos., e. Aug. U, lS62,wd. and captd. at Atchafa- laya, La. Frederick, Jacob, e. Aug. 13, 1862, trans, to Inv. Corps Dec. 15, 1863. Glassford, Wm., e. Aug. 11, 1862. Gaines, John M., e. Aug. 12, 1862, captd. Atchafali^ya, La. Gaines, Benj. F., e. Aug. 12, 1862. Glassford, Isaac M., e. Feb. 3, 1864. Hoffman, George, e. Aug. 13, 1862,.captd. Atchafalaya, La. Haisch, Jacob, e. Aug. 13, 1862. Harrison, Wm., e. Aug. 14, 1862, disd. Dec. 9, 18G2. Howard, John, e. Aug. 8, 1862, captd. Atchafalaya, La. Heaton, Elmore, e. Aug. 8, 1862. Jones, Harrison, e. Aug. 9, 1862, trans, to Inv. Corps Jan. 15, 1864. Jones, Philip, e. Aug. 13, 1862, trans, to Inv. Corps March 15, 1864. Jones, Isaac, e. Aug. 18, 1861. Lakin, David A., e. Aug. 7, 1862. Lemming, Daniel C , e. Aug. 12, 1862, captd. at Atchafa- laya, La. Laughery, Thomas, e. Aug. 13, 1862, trans, to Inv. Corps Aug. 1, 1863. Lambert, Peter, e. Aug. 11, 1862. Link, Geo. W., e. Aug. 13, 1862. Marshall, T. J , Aug. 13. 1862. McVeigh, Wm. H., e. Aug. 13, 1862, died at CarrolUon, La. McMannis, Patrick, e. Aug. 13, 1862, disd. May 16, 1865. McCulley, Wm. S., e. Aug. 15, 1862. Pearce, F, A. N., e. Aug. 9, 1862, captd. Atchafalaya, La. Parhan, T. F., e. Aug. 15, 1862. Quaiy, Alex., e. Aug. 13, 1862, captd. Atchafalaya, La. Robertson, D. A., e. Aug. 11, '62, captd. Atchafalaj'a, La. Root, Jacob, e. Aug. 15, 1862. Reumer, Beudie, e. Aug. 11. 1862, captd. Atchafalaya, La. Rellihan, Thomas, e. Aug. 13, 1862. Rider, Henry, e. Aug. U, 1862. Rider, Daniel, e. Aug. 11, 1862. Stuart, Wm., e. Aug. 13, 1862, captd. at Atchafalaya, La. Schmidt, Chris., e. Aug. 13, 1862, captd. Atchafalaya, La. Sortwell, Harmon, e. Aug. 11, 1862, disd. Oct. 15, '63, disab. Simmons, John, e. Aug. 13, 1862, drowned Forsyth. Stevenson, John P., e. Aug. 12, 1862. Sheets, Andrew, e. Aug. 13, 1862. Sheets, Eli, e. Aug. 13, 1862, captd. Atchafalaya, La. Sproat, James, e. Aug. 11, 1862. Shaefer, Conrad, e. Aug. 22, 1862. Taylor, A. M., e. Aug. 13, 1862. Towner, Chas. W., e. Aug. 13. 1862,captd. Atchafalaya, La. Trimble, Jasper, e. Aug. 11, 1862, captd. Atchafalaya, La. Utiey, James, e. Aug. 13, 1862. Utlev, Wm. T., e. Aug. 14, 1862. Wilkins, David A., e. Aug. 13, 1862. Wise, David, e. Aug. 14, 1862, disd. Dec. 9, 1862, disab. Wright, Clias. A., e. Aug. 11. 1862. White, Joseph, e. Aug. 14, 1862, captd. Atchafalaya, La. Webb, Jesse W., e. Aug. 9,1862. Company E. Capt. William Adams, com. Aug. 21, 1802, captd. at Ster- ling Farm, La., died at New Orleans. Capt. Norvil Powell, com. Ist lieut. Co. A, Aug. 17, 1862, prmtd. 1st lient. Jan. 1, 1863, captd. at Atchalalaya, La , prmtd. capt. Aug. 11, 1864. First Lieut. AVilliam H. Gill, com. Aug. 21, 1802, resd. July 7,1863. First Lieut. Samuel B. Guernsey, com. 2d lieut. Aug. 21, 1862, prmtd. 1st lieut. July 8, 1863, read. Sept. 21, 63. 574 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. First Lieut. William Walker, e. as sergt. Aug. 14, 1862, prmtd. 2cl lieut. July 8, 1863, piiBtd. Ist lieut. Sept. 22. 1SG3, resd. Aug. 1, 1864. Firat Lieut. John 0. Bounell, e. as private Aug. 12, 1862, prmtd. 1st lieut. Aug. 2. 1864. Sergt. Charles E. Gibbs, e. Aug. 11, 1862, wd. at Prairie Grove, died of wds. Sergt. Geo. W. Hardwick, e. Aug. 14, 1862, wd. and captd. at Atcbafalaya, La. Sergt. John S. Kirk, e. Aug. 14, 1862, trans, for promo- tion colored troops Sept 21, 1863. Sergi. Thomas Wilde, e. Aug. 14, 1862. Sergt. E. B. Hitchcock, e. Aug. 14, 1862. Corp. James E. Henderson, e. Aug. 11, 1862, wd. Prairie Grove. Corp. James M. Layton, e. Aug. 11, 1862, wd. at Prairie Grove, disd. Feh. 7, 1863. Corp. CuUen H. Angel, e. Aug. 11,1862, "disd. March 25, 1863,disab Corp. Charles A. Vice, e. Aug. 11, 1862, captd. at Atcba- falaya, La. Corp. Elisha Rickets, e. Aug. 12, 1862, died Port Hudson. Corp. James W. McClure, e. Aug. 14, 1862, disd. Oct. 6, 1864, disab. Corp. Lewis Walters, e. Aug. 14, 1862, captd. at Atcbafa- laya, La. Corp. William D. Houghland, e. Aug. 14, 1862. disd. Feb. 12, 1863, disab. Corp. John Cochran, e. Aug. 14, 1862, died at Brownsville, Texas. Corp. Henry Rhode, e. Aug. 12, 1862. Musician Blarshall Whinnery, e. Aug. 14, 1862. Musician S. L. Scott, e. Aug. 11, 1862, disd. April 4, 1864, disab. Wagoner Wm. Gi-een, e. Aug. 11, 1862. Wagoner John McCannon, e. Aug. 14, 1862. Arnold, Wm. H., e. Aug. 11, 1864. Bressler, Sam'l, e. Jan. 4, 1864. Brockway, N., e. Aug. 14, 1862. Bressler, John, e. Jan. 5, 1864. Bricker, S. B., e. Aug. 14, 1862, disd. April 28, 1863, disab. Campbell, Sam'l W., e. Aug. 14, 1862, wd. at Prairie Grove, died at Fayetteville, Ark. Crossley, J. R., e. Aug. 14, '62, captd. at Atchafalaj'a, La. Chambers, T. C, e. Aug. 11, iS62, wd. Atchafalaya, La. Cline, 0. G. B., e. Aug. 22, 1862. Dewey, A. C, e. Aug. 14, 1862 Dye, Sylvester, e. Aug. 14, 1862, captd. Atchafalaya, La. Deighton, James, e. Aug. 11, 1862, captd. Atchafalaya, La. Dewey, Geo. H., e. Aug. 1-5, 1862, wd. at Prairie Grove. Eckhart, Adam, e. Aug. 11, 1862. disd. March 12, 1863, disab. Everett, Edwin, e. Aug. 14, 1862, died Dec. 8, 1862. Ferrell, Jos. A., e. Dec. 31, 1863. Farley, F. E., e. Aug. 14, 1862. Furguson, H. J., e. Aug. 14, 1862. Fitter, Jacob, e. Aug. 14, 1862. Green, Thos. F., e. Aug. 14, 1862. Gray, Wm. T., e. Aug. 11, 1862, captd. Atchafalaya, La. Hohn, Chas. E., e. Jan. 5, 1864. Hampton, E. W., e. Aug. 14, 1862, captd. at Atchafalaya La., died at Mobile, Ala. Hampton, A. H., e. Aug. 14, 1862, captd. at Atchafalaya, La. Houghland, Jas., e. Aug. 14, 1862, captd. at Atchafalaya, La. Hall, M. C. e. Aug. 12, 1862. Hiiskins, C. C, e. Aug. 12, 1862, died at Forsyth, Mo. James, Elias, e. Jan. 5, 1864. Johnson, Wm. C, e. Aug. 11, 1862. Kission, Benj., e. Dec. 22, 1863. Kent, Wm. C, e. Aug. 11, 1862, wd. Prairie Grove, disd . March 14, 1863. Kission, Wm.,R.,e. Doc. 22,1863. Knight, Jesse B., e. Aug. 14, 1862, captd. at Atchafalaya, La. Liddle, Chas. E., e. Dec. 22, 1863, died at New Orleans. Linn, E., e. Aug. 14, 1862. Liddle, Geo. A., e. Dec. 22, 1863. McOlgan, Thomas, e. Aug. 11, 1862. Matloctt, , e. Dec. 22, 1863. Mallett, John H., e. Aug. 11, 1862, wd. at Atchafalaya, La., died at Fayetteville, Ark. Montgomery, James, e. Jan. 4, 1S64, kid. Spanish Ft. McCabe, W. H. H., e. Aug. 11, 1862. Morgan, Henry, e. Doc. 31, 1864. Marsell, Jobn J., e. Aug. 4, 1862, captd. at Atchafalaya, La., died at Shreveport, La. Morgan, A., e. Aug. 14, 1862, captd. at Atchafalaya, La. Murray, Jas. S., e. Aug. 14, 1862. Matlock, T. J., e. Aug. 12, 1862. wd. at Prairie Gro»e^ captd. at Atchafalaya, La. Miller, G., e. Aug. 14, 1862, captd. Atchafalaya, La. Martin, Geo., e. Aug. 12, 1862, wd. at Corinth, disd. Feb. 25, 1863. Mooney, Edward, e. Aug. 14, 1862, wd. at Prairie Grove and died Dec. 8, 1862. Munsey, Sam'l, e. Aug. 14, 1862. Mallett, E., e. Aug. 15, 1862, wd. at Prairie Grove, disd. March 14, 1863. Mallett, N., e. Aug. 15, 1862, captd. Atchafalaya, La. McKaig, J. K., e.^Aug. 22, 1862, wd. at Prairie Grove, . disd. May 15, 1863. Nave, Chas., e. Aug. U, 1862, disd. Feb. 5, 1863, disab. Newby, Mather, e. Aug. 14, 1862. Pennington, Howard, e. Aug. 21, 1862. Pittman, D., e. Aug. 14, 1862, wd. at Prairie Grove. Paulk, C. C, e. April 15, 1864. Potter, John P. e. Aug, 14, 1862. Paulk, Chas. C, e. Aug. 14, 1862. Peasley, John A., e. Aug. 14, 1862, disd. May 14, 1863„ disab. Roberson, M. L., e. Aug. 14, 1862, died, Dec. 15, 1862. Rodgers, Samuel H., e. Aug. 14, 1862, kid. at Prairie Grove, Ark. Sherwood, Frank, e. Aug. 13, 1862. Southard. J. W., e. Dec. 31, 1863. Street, Joseph A., e. Aug. 14, 1862, disd. Feb. 2, 1864, disab. Smally, Wm. J., e. Aug. 14, 1862, disd. Feb. 13, '63, disab. Smith, Edwin, e. Aug. 14, 1862, wd. at Prairie Grove. Stern, Edw., e. Aug. 11, 1862. Snell, F. D., e. Aug. 11, 1862. Smalley, A. S., e. Aug. 11, 1862, captd. at Atchafalaya, La. Semple, F. H., e. Aug. 14, 1862. Starke, John, e. Aug. 14, 1862, died at Springfield, Mo. Smallj', C. M., e. Aug. 11, 1S62, disd. Feb. 24, 1863, disab. Sarr, Henry, e. Aug. 22, 1862. Semple, Wm. H., e. Aug. 22, 1862, died at St. Louis. Thrush, William, e. Aug. 14, 1862. Thompson. Wm. A., e. Dec. 16, 1863. Tracy, B. L., e. Aug. 14. 1862. Thompson, Milton, e. Dec. 17, 1863, died at New Orleans. Taylor, F., e. Aug, 14," 1862, wd. at Prairie Grove, captd. at Atchafalaya. Thompson, A., e. Aug. 22, 1862, kid. at Prairie Grove. Vass, , 'y Beach, Geo. M., e. Aug. 11, 1863, m. o. July 14, 1866. Cullum, Wm. C, e July 23, 1863, m. o. July 14, 1865 Harlan, Alex., e. Aug. 25, 1863, m. o. July 14, 1865. Hicks, Chas. F., e. Aug. 17, 1863, m. o. July 14, 18B5. Hutchinson, Jas., e. Aug. 14, 1863, m. o. July 14, 18C5. Rudd, David F., e. Nov. 11, 1864, m. o. July 14, 1865. Fourteenth Illinois Infantry. Distel, John, e. May 25, 1861. Martin, Albert, e. May 25, 1861. Sixteenth Illinois Infantry. Woodmanse. Daniel, e. May 24, 1861, disd. April 20, 1862; Applegate, A., e. May 24, 1861, m. o. July 8, 1865. Gary, M. R., e. May 24, 1861. Shaw, Samuel, e. June 20, 1861, kid. Bentonville, N. C. Torke, James, e. May 24, 1861, m. o. July 8, 1865. Seventeenth Illinois Infantry. Richardson, L. C, e. May 25, 1861. Twenty-seventh Illinois Infantry. Long, Charles, e. Sept. 12, 1861. Adams, Henry L., e. Aug. 26, 1861. Thirty-third Illinois Infantry. Strope, Joseph, e. Dec. 30, 1861, disd. Dec. 31, 1864, term expired. Johnson, Reuben, e. Aug. 18, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, m. o. Nov. 24, 1865. Fiftieth Illinois Infantry. Davis, Wash., e. Aug. 20, 1861, vet., m. o. July 13, 1865. Feehen, John, e. Sept. 12, 1861, m. o. Sept. 27, 1864. Gleason,, Maurice, e. Sept. 12, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, m. o. July 13, 1865. Winn, Peter, e. Oct. 6, 1861, m. o. Oct. 30, 1864. Harding, Jos., e. Aug. 18, 1861, disd. April 6, 1862. Sixty-sixth Illinois Infantry. Beyer, Lewis, e. Sept. 19, 1861, vet. Dec. 24, 1863, m. o.. July 7, 1865. Everet, Carl, e. Sept. 19, 1861, vet. Dec. 24, 1863, m. o. July 7, 1865. Halfman, Louis, e. Sept. 19, 1861, vet. Dec. 24, 1863, m. o. July 7, 1865. Meyer, Wm., e. Sept. 17, 1861, died May 22, 1862. Newmaster, G., e. Sept. 19, 1861, disd. July 29, 1862. Quinneas, Louis, e. Sept. 19, 1861, as sergt., disd. Sept. 22, 1864. Shiller, Carl. e. Sept. 19, 1861, vet. Dec. 24, 1868, m. o. July 7, 1865. Shottel, Carl, e. Sept. 12, 1861, vet. Dec. 24, 1863, m. o. July 7, 1865, as corp. Laplant, Peter, e. Oct. 13, 1861, vet. Dec. 23, 1863. Ninetieth Illinois infantry. Donnelly, Peter, e. March 29, 1864. One Hundred and Fifteenth Illinois Infantry. Sergt. Barlow Espy, e. Aug. 8, 1862. Second Illinois Cavalry. Snowdon, Chris., e. March 26, 1864. Bullard, Wm. R., e. March 26, 1864. Eleventh Illinois Cavalry. Gegger, Eli, e Dec. 26, 1861, died Vicksburg. First Illinois Artillery. Lynch, Alex., e. March 1, 1862, prmtd. capt. in Ist Tenn. Inf. Tenth Kansas infantry. Sewell, M. V. B., e. Aug. 5, 1861. HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 589 Sixteenth Wisconsin Infantry. •Smith, Jacob, e. Feb. 4, 1863. Sixtieth U. 8. Volunteers. COMPANY UNKNOWN. ■Smith, George, e. Aug. 18, 1864. Smith, Samuel, e. Aug. 23, 1864. First Missouri Cavalry. Wright, Benjamin M., e. Aug. 1, 1861, accidentally killed March 1, 1862. First Nebraska Cavalry. Daria, Isaac, e. Oct. 27, 1861. Many of the brave volunteers represented by the names herein quoted sleep the sleep that knows no waking, in unmarked graves ; but their memories live in grateful hearts. The war ended, and peace restored, those of them who were spared to see the army of the Union victorious returned to their homes to receive grand ovations and tributes of honor from friends and neighbors who had eagerly and zealously followed them wherever the fortunes of war called. Exchanging their soldiers' uniforms for citizens' dress, most of them fell back to their old avocations — on the farm, at the forge, the bench, in the shop, and at whatever else their hands found to do. Brave men are honorable always, and no class of citizens are entitled to greater respect than the volunteer soldiery of Lee County, not alone because they were soldiers, but because in their asso- ciations with their fellow-men their walk is upright and their character and ionesty without reproach. " Their country first, their glory and their pride ; Land of their hopes — land where their fathers died ; When in the right, they'll keep their honor bright; When in the wrong, they'll die to set it right." FORT MADISON. The city of Fort Madison derives its name from the fort and trading-place of that name. It has been maintained by some that the fort was built by the late President Taylor, while he was a Lieutenant in the regular army, but this claim being subject to controversy, the writer addressed a letter of inquiry to the Secretary of War, Greorge W. McCrary, who wrote in reply : War Department, Washington City, February 19, 1879. Sir : In reply to your letter of the 14th of December, 1878, making inquiries in regard to certain abandoned forts, I would respectfully state that the following report of the Adjutant General contains all of the information desired that the Department is able to furnish : " Fort Madison, Iowa, erected by Lieut. Z. M. Pike, 1st Infantry, in 1805. " Fort Des Moines, Iowa, established September 25, 1834, by Lieut. Col. Kearney, Dragoons. "Fort Edwards, Illinois, established 1814. First return on file, March, 1822, Bvt. Maj. -M. Marston, 5th Infantry, commanding. Abandoned .July, 1824." Very respectfully, your obedient servant, G. W. McCrary, Secretary of War. The name Madison is believed to have been given in honor of James Mad- ison, at that time a prominent politician, and afterward President of the United States. The name was particularly applied to the fort, while the trading-house -was called Le Maine Factor^/. Col. John W. Johnson was the first factor. His first shipment of merchandise was received August 23, 1808. It came from Belle Fontaine Factory, and was invoiced at $14,715.99. These goods were exchanged with the Indians for skins, furs, etc., which at that early day brought small prices compared with the present. March 28, 1809, Col. Johnson credits the factory with peltries, etc., as follows: By 710 lbs beaver, (w, $2 ^ ft..... |1,420 00 By 1,353 muskrat-skins, @, 25c 338 25 By 3,585 raccoon-skins, @ 25c 896 25 By 25,021 lbs shaved deerskins 6,255 25 590 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. By 3,000 lbs do in the hair |601 20 By 20 bearskins, 1st quality 30 00 By 44 do 2d do 44 00 By 176 otter-skins, @ |2 352 00' By 100 lbs beeswax. @ 20c • 20 00 By 968 lbs tallow, @, 12Jc , 121 00 A letter of Col. Johnson, factor at Fort Madison, to Gen. Mason, Superin- tendent of Indian Trade, dated September 16, 1812, communicates a report of loss sustained at that post, as follows : Sixty packs of peltries, lost by burning the factory building, estimated at 180^ pack |1,800 00 One hundred and twenty beax'skins burned in factory 120 00 Other articles lost in the building estimated at 250 00 Amount of buildings burnt, cost 3,330 00 Total 15,500 00 The building of Fort Madison was regarded by the Indians as a violation, of the treaty of 1804, and, soon after it was erected, Black Hawk, with a, party of warriors, undertook to destroy it, but failed. After this failure, the Indians undertook to accomplish by treachery what they had failed to do by force. For this purpose, small parties frequently came to the fort under the guise of friendship, and a few of their number, leaving all their arms without, would go within the stockade and engage in dancing for the amusement of the soldiers. Some of them, evincing great friendship, and being well known, were admitted at any time without scruple. Among this number was the shrewd old chief, Quash-a-qua-ma, who, by his duplicity, soon won the confi- dence of the officers. Thinking that he had got the officers off their guard, he: laid plans for taking the fort. One day, several hundred Indians, evincing their usual friendship, camped near by. The old chief and others paid their respects to the officers, and proposed to amuse them in the evening with grand dances, before the prin- cipal gate. Preparations were made for the sport, and as soon as it was dark, a large number of Indians, in their dancing costumes, appeared before the gate and commenced their amusements. About this time, a young squaw, to whom one of the officers had paid his amours, came into the quarters, apparently in greatest distress. He asked the cause of her sadness, when she told him the Indians, under pretense of a dance for the amusement of the soldiers, had taken this plan to divert the attention of the officers, and when they were not suspected of any hostile intentions, intended to attack and destroy the gar- rison. Upon obtaining this information, the commander immediately caused a six- pounder, loaded with grape-shot, to be secretly brought to bear on the entrance to the stockade. A sentinel was placed at the gate, with the strictest orders to not let more than one person enter at a time, and if more attempted, at once to bar the gate. Quash-a-qua-ma and a number of braves were soon within the stockade, while the dancing went on with increasing interest without. At length, all the dancers, in one of their turns, made a rush for the gate. At this critical moment, the Captain, who had carefully watched their movements, caused the cannon to be unmasked, which was presented to the full view of the Indians, with a soldier standing with a match in his hand, ready to touch it off at a command. As soon as the cannon was unmasked, the Captain called the attention of the old chief to his perilous condition, and, at the same time, charged him with. HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 591 treachery. When the Indians saw their danger, they retreated more hastily than they had advanced. The old chief was fortunate enough to make his escape, but several of his braves were captured, and concealed about their per- sons were found their implements of war. They confessed to the plot, and expected to suffer the penalty of death for their rash act ; but after a short imprisonment, the commander of the post first admonishing them that if another attempt of the kind was made they would receive the severest punishment, set them at liberty. From this time until 1811, the Indians showed no acts of hostility and sel- dom visited the garrison, but when they met with any of the soldiers away from the fort, treated them with the greatest kindness. A short time after the declaration of war with Great Britain, a large body of Indians again made an attack upon the fort, and for several days kept up an incessant fire, and thus laid siege to the works. The sutler's store was located without the stockade, and near one of the blockhouses. A few of the Indians got behind this building, and from which location they fired into the port-holes of the blockhouse near to it and wounded two or three soldiers. It became evident to the garrison that the Indians were preparing to set fire to this store- house when the wind became favorable for carrying the flames into the fort,, and it was determined to counteract them if possible. Fortune favored the sol- diers on the following night with a stiff breeze, in the right direction, and, under cover of darkness, a soldier crept out and successfully applied the torch, and in a few moments the storehouse was a smoldering ruin, and the fort unharmed. This frustrated the plans of the enemy, and they now changed their mode of operations, and, protecting themselves under the bank of the river, under- took to set fire to the blockhouses by throwing ignited arrows upon the roof. But this plan of operation did not succeed, for the soldiers unbreeched some of the muskets and made "squirt-guns" of them, with which they extinguished the flames as fast as they ignited the roof. The Indians now gave up their efforts to set the buildings on fire, and with- drew to a place of safety, where they held a council, at which it was resolved to demand the surrender of the fort. They made this demand, and threatened if it was not complied with, that they would bring down from the British trading- house above, cannon, and batter down the whole establishment. The garrison refused to yield to their command, upon which the principal chief, who could speak a little French, asked in that language, for a parley. He was asked through a young man from St. Louis, who was there on busi- , ness, and could speak the French language, what propositions he had to make. The chief began to make them from behind the bank of the river where he was concealed, when the young man told him he could not hear what he said. To make himself heard, the chief raised his head and breast above thfr bank. No soone.' was this done than the young man discharged a musket at him, and he fell mortally wounded. The Indians, having lost their chief, immediately abandoned all further hostilities, and left the place. In 1812, the Indians made another fierce attack on the fort, and failing to capture it by force, they commenced a regular siege, which was carried on till the garrison was reduced to the greatest extremity ; so much so, that they had nothing but potatoes to subsist upon, and these were nearly exhausted. Owing to the uncertainty when any provision would reach them, and the fact that supplies had often been cut off by the enemy, and also the fearful odds with which they had to contend, after mature deliberation, it was resolved to abandon •592 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. the post To effect this to the best advantage, a trench was dug from the south- east blockhouse, to the river. There were some boats belonging to the garrison, and about that time they succeeded in capturing one from the Indians. When the boats were prepared, :and all things made ready for departure, orders were given to set fire to the fort. And although the Indians were encamped with a large force near by, these arrangements were made with so much precaution and secrecy, that the soldiers were out of danger, and the fort completely wrapped in flames before the enemy were aware of their departure. When the retreating soldiers arrived to where the town of Warsaw, 111., has since been built, they discovered a boat coming up the river with supplies. At this time being worn down with fatigue and hunger, and nearly destitute of provisions, they were almost in despair, but this timely relief so much revived their spirits, that they resolved not to retreat any further. They made a halt, and immediately went to work throwing up temporary fortifications, which was the origin of Fort Edward. When Fort Madison was burned in 1812, the stone chimney remained standing for many years, and to the early traders and trappers passing up and ■down the river, the place became known as '• Lone Chimney." By the Indians it was called ■•' Po-to-wo-nock," signifying the place of fire. THE FIRST SETTLER. The first settler in what is now the city of Fort Madison, was Peter Will- iams, who made a claim in 1832, and built a cabin about four or five hundred yards below the old fort. The country not yet being open to settlement, soldiers were sent down from Fort Armstrong (now Rock Island), and Peter's cabin was •demolished Av-hile he was taken across the river. In June. 18o3, when the United States acquired title to the lands from the Indians, Williams returned and re-occupied his claim, by building a cabin on the banks of the river directly south of the lower public square, or between Walnut and Chestnut streets. Peter Williams died on the Des Moines River in 1835. Richard Chaney, who had previously settled on what is known as Chaney Creek, opposite Keokuk, in Illinois, came about the same time, made a claim on the upper part of the present town site and built his cabin near the river, about the west end of the present C. B. ^^ Q. railroad bridge, crossing tlie creek. Chaney's claim included the old corn-field near the present site of the Penitentiary, which had been cultivated by the soldiers who occupied the fort. He cleared off the trees which had grown up in the years it had lain idle, and, in 1831 raised a crop of corn. Augustus Horton arrived in 1833, and laid claim to what is now the upper part of Fort Madison. Gen. John H. Knapp, and Nathaniel Knapp arrived later in 1833. John H. Knapp purchased Horton 's claim and built a cabin on the site of the old fort, which stood on what are now Lots 152, 153 and 154. Nathaniel built on the bank of the river, just above the foot of Elm street. John H. also built a small frame house on the bank of the river, near his log cabin, in which he opened trade with the Indians. He also cleared a patch of about six acres, about where Morrison's Plow Works are situated, which he broke in the spring of 1831. and planted in corn and vegetables. He also erected a horse-mill for grinding corn and buckwheat, the first mill of any kind in the country. In October, 1835, John H. Knapp's family arrived, consisting of his wife Hai-riet, daughter Elizabeth (afterward Mrs. Eno) and two sons — John H., Jr., HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 595 and Jonas S. His son-in-law, Joseph S. Douglass, his wife and two children came with them. In the fall of 1835 the Knapps staked out a town, the eastern limit being "what is now Oriental street and the western limit a point about half-way between Cedar and Pine streets. The boundaries of this first town plat are thus given by Adolphus Allen, the surveyor : " Commencing at low-water mark on the Mississippi River, due south of a red or Spanish oak tree standing on the bank of the river, and running due north one-half mile ; thence due east one hundred and twelve rods, or there- about ; thence due south to low-water mark on said river ; thence westerly, fol- lowing the meandering of said river, by the said low-water mark, to the place of beginning." At that time, there was some open ground about the ruins of the old fort, but all the lower portion of the present town was heavily timbered with oak, l)lack walnut, elm, sycamore and ash, and game abundant within what is now the city limits. There were but four cabins on the present town site, inhabited by as many families — Williams, Chaney and the two Knapps. Settlers began to arrive soon after, and the Knapps began selling lots. In 1836, there was quite an influx of new-comers, and quite a number of cabins were erected. The first improvements of any note were two large frame houses, erected that year, by John H. and Nathaniel Knapp, and known as the " Madison " and " Washington " Houses. The Madison House, built by John H. Knapp, stood on the site of the old fort, the kitchen of the hotel adjoining the tall stone chimney left standing when the fort was burned, twenty years before. The Knapps were energetic business men, and, under their influence, it was -supposed the town would rapidly grow ; but a shadow was thrown over its prosperity by the natural death of John H. Knapp and the murder of Nathan- iel at Bentonsport, in Van Buren County. At that time, the whole of the town of Fort Madison was above the offset in Front street, with the exception of a few whisky-shanties along the bank of the river below. As the town plat was originally laid out, there were fractional lots between Front street and the river for three blocks opposite and below the old fort. On one of these. Judge Cutler's store stood. At that time, these fractional lots were considered the most valuable lots in town ; but afterward, "when the Government laid off the town, under an act of Congress, they were made public property. Judge Jacob Cutler made a short visit to Fort Madison in the spring of 1835. He came a second time, in the fall of that year, and bought of John H. Knapp the frame of a building which he had commenced on the bank of the river, a little southwest of the site of the old fort. Leaving Knapp to com- plete the building, which was to be weather-boarded with clapboards. Cutler went to St. Louis and bought a stock of goods, and opened a store in the first frame house built in the town. Cutler's family arrived in the spring of 1836. In the fall of 1835, Dr. John Cutler, son of Jacob Cutler, James D. Shaw and Dr. Ferris bought Peter Williams' claim and laid off lots, from Knapp's town west. John Cutler, and perhaps Shaw, also, sold out to Joseph Webster before the Government laid off the town. On the 2d of July, 1836, Congress passed an act, designating certain tracts of land to be laid off into town lots, one of which was the present site of Fort Madison. This act was supplemented by another act, passed March 3, 1837, by which William W. Coriell, George Cubbage and M. M. McCarver were 596 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. appointed Commissioners to make the survey. Their plat extended from Ori ental street on the east to Occidental street on the west, and back from the river to Ninth street ; and those claimants by pre-emption to the land included in the town plat were not allowed to exceed one acre in town lots, nor more than one outlet. Certificates were issued to such claimants by the Commis- sioners. The first sale of lots in the new town was made at the Land Office,, in Burlington, in the fall of 1838. It was conducted in the same manner as the general land sales. Those persons who had acquired rights, either by pre- emption or by purchase of lots in the old plat made by the Knapps, were pro- tected by provisions in the law. The second sale of lots took place at Burlington, May 30, 1842, and a third sale was held July 11 of the same year. The town of Fort Madison was incorporated by special act, passed at the second session of the Wisconsin Territorial Legi'='lature and approved January 19, 1838. Section 1 provided " that all that portion of territory which is included in a survey made by and under the authority of the United States, and. which is known and designated as the town of Fort Madison, containing about six hundred and forty acres of land in the county of Lee, in said Territory, be, and the same is hereby, constituted a town corporate, and shall hereafter be- known by the name or title of the town of Fort Madison." Section 2 designated the first Monday in May, 1838, as the day for hold- ing the first election for town officers, consisting of a President, Recorder and five Trustees. At the first election held under the charter, Philip Viele was elected Presi- dent : Robert Wyman, Recorder; Herbert Morris, Joseph Skinner, Charles McDill, John A. Drake and Isaac Atlee, Trustees. The meetings of the Board were held about town as were most convenient ; The Madison House, and offices of D. F. Miller and Volney Spaulding's were most frequently used. The Board prepared and adopted a lengthy ordinance of thirty- two sections, establishing the minor offices of the town government, and designating their duties. On February 11, 1839, Charles McDill and Joseph Skinner were appointed a committee of two "to notify the former Trustees of the town oF Fort Madison, to give a record of their proceedings, as there is no record in the possession of the present Board." It is inferred, therefore, that some kind of a town government existed prior to the incorporation of the town. At the election in May, 1839, held at the Madison House, then kept by C. L. Cope, the following officers were chosen : Peter Miller, President : George F. Buckhalter, Recorder; Thomas Fitzpatrick, Allen M. Green, Joseph Web- ster, Joel C. Walker and Volney Spaulding, Trustees. At a meeting of this Board February 20, 1840, it was moved and carried, "that Josiah Cole be, and is hereby, allowed to open a coal-mine, which he has discovered, somewhere within the limits of the corporation, to take therefrom as much coal as he may deem proper for the space of four years, provided he does not encroach on private prop- erty, or injure any street ally or public landing." In May, 1840, Peter Miller was re-elected President ; Robert Wyman, Recorder; Thomas Fitzpatrick, Thomas Hall, James C. Parrott, William Wilson and Joel C. Walker, Trustees. February 8, 1841, the Board purchased of J. A. Clark the lot occupied a^ a grave-yard, for which they paid him $60. At the election in 1841, Peter Miller was again chosen President; William B. Crawford, Recorder ; Thomas Fitzpatrick, Amos Ladd, John G. Toncray^ HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 597 William Wilson and John D. Williams, Trustees. In the following September Crawford resigned, and Enoch G. Wilson was elected his successor. This Board took the first step toAvard protecting the town from fire. In October, of their administration, an ordinance was passed providing, "That each and every person owning a building within the town limits, is required to provide said building with a good leather fire-bucket by the first of November, each building having one stove or fire-place to have one bucket, and those hav- ing more than one flue or 'fiar-place,' to have one additional bucket for every two ' flews ' or fire-places." The buckets were to be kept in some shed or entry to the building, conven- ient for use in case of fire. A penalty of $1 per day was the fine imposed in case of failure to comply with this ordinance. February 12, 1842, the Territorial Legislature granted the town a new charter which provided for its division into three wards, and the election of a Mayor and six Aldermen. The town was divided into three wards at the Board's meeting held March 5, 1842. That portion lying east of Elm street, was designated as the First Ward ; from Elm to Pine streets, the Second ; and all Avest of Pine street as the Third. The Madison House, Washington House, and H. M. Salmon's residence, were established as the voting-places in the respective divisions. The first election under the new charter was held April 4, 1842. Isaac R. Atlee was elected Mayor ; William L. Matthews and Henry E. Vrooman^ Aldermen in the First Ward ; Alexander Anderson and William C. Evans in the Second, and Josiah Cowles and Levi Leech in the Third Ward. At the first meeting of the new Council, 0. S. X. Peck was elected Clerk, but, declin- ing to serve, E. Gr. Wilson was elected in his stead. Joel C. Walker was elected Treasurer, but he, also, resigned, and John G. Toncray was elected to the vacancy. Joseph Huff was elected Marshal ; T. A. Walker, Assessor, and John Waters, Street Commissioner. In 1843, Philip Viele was elected Mayor. Aldermen : First Ward, Will- iam L. Matthews and Henry E. Vrooman ; Second Ward, Joseph Harding and George Kiel ; Third Ward, Amos Ladd and Hawkins Taylor. E, G. Wilson and John G. Toncray were re-elected Clerk and Treasurer by the Council, and John G. Kennedy, Marshal. Since 1843, the following persons have filled the Mayor's chair : 1844. Philip Viele : 1845 and 1846, Thomas Hale ; 1847, A. N. Deming ; 1848, Wickliff Kitchell ; 1849. Edward Johnstone ; 1850, Philip Viele ; 1851, J. C. Parrott ; 1852, J. M. Beck ; 1853, J. C. Walker ; 1854, J. H. Bacon ; 1855, Philip Viele (resigned in September, and Robert McFarland elected his successor; 1856, Robert McFarland; 1857, R. W. Albright ; 1858. Daniel F. Miller; 1859, Thomas C. Espy; 1860, 1861, 1862, 1863 and 1864, until October, Patrick Gilligan ; he resigned in that month, and John A. Nunn was elected to fill the vacancy ; 1865 and 1866, Patrick Gilligan; 1867, T. L. Lawrence; 1868, Patrick' Gilligan; 1869, Peter Miller; 1870 and 1871, J. M. Casy; 1872, Henr'y Cattermole; 1873, 1874 and 1875, A. C. Roberts; A. J. Alley, the present incumbent, has occupied the chair since March 13, 1876. In 1853, the citizens of Fort Madison were stirred with a desire for rail- road connections in Illinois, and on September 24, by a vote of 148 to nothing, authorized the city to subscribe |75,000 to the stock of the Warsaw k Rock- ford Railroad, stipulating that the amount be expended between Appanoose and its junction with the Peoria & Oquawka Railroad. 598 HISTORY OF I,KK COUNTY. The same election authorized the snbsor.ptioii of ^30,000 to the Fort Mad- ison, West Point. l\.eosaiu|ua \ Bloomiiold Railroad. September IT, ISoo, a special election was held on the question of sub- scribing a further sum of $30,000 to the Warsaw tS: Kockford road. It is a little singular that at this time the same number of votes were cast as at the previous election, and all in tavor of the loan. mOIDENTS A^^D FEKSONAL SKETCHES. In ISoO, Fort Madison was a town of small dimensions. The pres- ent town site was very thickly covered Avith brush and a young growth of trees, patches of which were cut out and a few cabins built thereon. There were few women here then. The men Avere young, full of mischief, and almost every day a practical joke was committed on some one for the amusement of the others. A good many of these men lodged with N. C. Steele, who kept the firat boarding-house in the place. This Avas a log-cabin, 1:2x10 feet, Avith a clap- board addition, used as a sleeping- room for the boarders. The beds in tliis apartment consisted of four poles, lashed together to form a square, feet by o, over Avhich Avas nailed a piece of canvas. This Avas suspended by a rope at each corner, attached to the loft timbers overhead. A lavorite trick among the occupants of this pioneer boarding-house Avas to cut the ropes at each side at the same instnnt, and allow the occupant to roll out on the puncheon floor. It Avas about this time that a stranger calling himself Johnson rode into Fort Madison, one evening, on a spotted '• Appanoose" horse, the peculiarity of which breed was a caudal appendage almost entirely destitute of hair. Johnson gave out that he Avas here to buy some corn, but his subsequent actions demonstrated that the distilled essence Avas most desired, and he Avas soon oblivious of the Aveltare of "Finger-tail," Avho, tied to a conA'enient tree, patiently aAvaiteii his master's coming. Tom Shepard. a rollicking chap, saw an opportuitity for some fun, and call- ing to his assistance Sumner, the painter, the tAvo applied a coating of green paint to the hoi'se, carefully avoiding certain portions of his body Avhere the natural color was of tlie purest white. They then returned him to his quarters, informed the boys of the fun in store in the morning, and aAvaited developments. When Johnson discovered the trick, on the following morning, the air Avas blue with his profanity. He sAA'ore vengeance on the perpetrators, and his per- sistent efforts to find them Avere soon rewai'ded. Shepard shav the felloAv meant business, and that he Avas liable to the legal prosecution threatened by Johnson, so he thought it policy to acknoAvledge the corn and make a compromise. Calling in some Avitnesses. he proposed to take the horse to the river and Avash him. and pay Johnson $5 as liquidated dam- ages. Johnson accepted, the money was paid, and old " Finger-tail " AA-as taken to the river, Avhere the cleaning process began ; but the more he Avas washed the greener he got, a fact which Johnson had not considered Avhen he made the bargain. Shepard, having Ava^hed the hoi'se as stated in the agreement, turned him over to his OAvner, Avho, seeing he had been outwitted, mounted and rode out of tOAvn, cursing and sAvearing never to return. HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 599 In 1836 and 1837, card-playing Avas an amusement popular, and indulged in by the men folks, with few exceptions. It was not considered criminal to take a hand in a game of poker, although so defined in the statute. The grand jury convened at the District Court held in Fort Madison, in Septem- ber, 1837, was composed in part of New Englanders who had made a settle- ment in the county, and it was found necessary to notice these violations of "law and order." As a result, sixty-three indictments were found against as many difierent parties for "gaming," many of them prominent citizens of the town and vicinity. Hon. Philip Viele, Prosecuting Attorney, drew the indictments. The per- sons indicted clubbed together and employed Judge Rorer, of Burlington, to defend them, which he agreed to do for |63, or $1 each. When the cases came up for trial at the next term of Court, attorney and clients Avere present. Rorer picked up the first indictment, and after scanning it closely, moved it be quashed on the ground of informality. The Judge (David Irvin) recognized its insufficiency, and the defendant was discharged. Viele now came forward, took up each indictment as the case was called, and addressing the Court with his proverbial politeness, remarked, " same deficiency, Judge," using the same language Avhile the remaining sixty-two cases were called. Long before he finished, the court-room was in a roar, in which Judge Irvin heartily joined. The old Madison House was built by Gen. John H. Knapp, in 1836, and stood on Lot ir>3 of the town plat. Although not completed, it was so nearly finished that, at the earnest solicitation of the citizens generally, a grand ball was held on Christmas night, 1836, which all the dancing inhabitants attended. Gen. Knapp was unwell when the party convened, grew rapidly worse dur- ing the night and died in a day or two afterward. After his death, Joseph S. Douglass, who married Almeda Knapp, took charge of the house, which being the most commodious building in the town, was used as the first District Court room, and meetings of the Board of County Supervisors. James Douglass (not related to Joseph S.) was the first Postmaster at Fort Madison, and kept the office Avhere John Van Valkenburg, Esq., noAV lives. Douglass was killed in the explosion of the steamer Moselle, at Cincinnati, April 25, 1837. His daughter, now the wife of John Van Valkenburg, Esq., was born shortly after his death. Samuel Hearn, noAV deceased, but then liv- ing in what is now Des Moines Township, opposite St. Francisville, Mo., had the contract, and carried the mail from Flint Hills (Burlington) by way of Fort Madison to St. Francisville. Capt. Edwin Guthrie was the first Justice of the Peace at Fort Madison. His first commission came from the Governor of Michigan Territory, then from Gov. Dodge, and next from Gov, Lucas, but all the time living and acting at Fort Madison. From HaAvkins Taylor's sketch of Capt. Guthrie and his Court, the following extract is made : I never knew what "the Captain's religious sentiments were if he had any, but he drank no liquor, did not gamble, was always polite and manly, and moral courage itself. When trying a case, no man ever failed to get justice from 'Squire Guthrie, because of his poverty or unpopu- larity, and no man ever got more than justice because of his wealth or position in society. He hated slavery and loved justice and freedom. These qualities made him popular with all good men, but the very reverse with another class that were far too numerous at that day, as well as now. But the Captain loved to fish and shoot, above any man I ever met, and Sunday being a leisure day, he too often would slip down into the bottom below town, with his fishing-rod or gun to fish or shoot ducks and prairie chickens. This distressed the church-going people, so that at each time his commission was to be renewed, there would be gotten up a strong remon- strance against his re-appointment, that would be signed by the worst and best classes of 600 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. society, if the whisky-drinking, gambling fraternity and the zealous churchmen are to be taken as the worst and best of society. But the middlemen always kept the Captain in office as long as he wanted it. The Captain was almost equal to Mr. Lincoln as a joker, often telling stories at his own expense. While the Captain was Justice of the Peace, he also acted as Deputy County Clerk occa- sionally, when the Clerk was absent. On one such occasion, a man of the name of Jerry Tungate came into the office and called for "a pair of licenses" for a young man of the name of Mann and a Miss Brewer. Guthrie inquired into the case, and, to make the matter sure, he made Tungate file his affidavit that the parents of the girl had given their free consent to the match, when he issued the license and promised to go down and marry the parties, at 4 or 5 o'clock that afternoon. Brewer lived a few miles below town. At about 4 in the afternoon, the 'Squire took his dog and gun and started to the wedding, proposing to kill a few ducks on the way. Just as he got to the lower part of town, he saw Tungate coming up the road on a full run. The 'Squire, supposing that something had happened to put off the wedding, stopped ; but as soon as Tungate got within hallooing distance, he cried out: "Come on, come on; all right now. They've consented." When Tungate got his breath so as to explain, it came out that Brewer and his wife had refused to give their consent to the match, until Tungate produced the license, when, thinking that further opposition was useless, ihey gave their consent. The Jail in use at that time was a little log house on Elm street, near the upper square belonging to Henry D. Davis. Davis was a shoemaker, and used the Jail as a shop, as well as rent- ing it to the county. At that time, the two hardest cases in Fort Madison were Jim Clark and Joe Morehead, both big, rough, drunken, dangerous fellows, and all the time in some sort of a scrape, and often in jail ; in fact, to be in jail suited them well, for it gave them board at the ' county's expense, and they could go in and out as they pleased. On one occasion, when Morehead was boarding at the Jail, he cut up into all sorts of shapes, entirely destroying the stock of leather that Davis had on hand. The next morning, when Davis went to his jail shop, Morehead showed him the pieces as cut up, and inquired what sort of shoes he could make out of thern. But Davis had no remedy. He could not prove that Morehead had destroyed his leather, and if he did, he had no business to use the Jail as a shop. As before said, 'Squire Guthrie was no favorite with the rowdies. One day, Jim Clark came and demanded a writ of ejectment against Joe Morehead. Guthrie had committed Clark to jail for some offense, and, a few days later, he had committed Morehead, and when the Constable put Morehead in, Clark went out, and demanded of the same Justice who committed them both a writ of ejectment against the new-comer for "jumping his claim," a squatter phrase of that day. Guthrie ordered Clark off, telling him to go back to jail where he belonged. Clark went off and got from one of Guthrie's enemies the necessary fee, when he went back and tendered the money, when the 'Squire again refused to issue the writ, and ordered Clark oft", when Clark stepped outside of the door, swearing terrible oaths and threatening what he would do then and there if the writ was not issued at once. For ihe purpose of carrying out his threat, he commenced unbuttoning his coat, when the "Squire took up a good hickory club well selected for defense and the enforcement of the law, and with both hands belabored Clark until he hallooed "Murder! murder!" By the time help came, he was completely covered with cuts, bruises and blood. Guthrie was arrested for assault and battery, and taken before 'Squires Briggs and Ross, some five or six miles in the country, for trial. The trial lasted sev- eral days, and was prosecuted with much bitterness by the enemies of Guthrie, and defended with great earnestness by his friends. .Judge Viele prosecuted, and Henry Eno defended. The court acquitted Guthrie, deciding that the statute administered was not recognized by all the courts, but that its application, as administered, and under the circumstances, was admissible and appropriate, and well calculated to be useful. Guthrie had no further trouble with the roughs; they found out that the "Yankee" would fight, and they were fully satisfied. One of the earliest lawyers in Fort Madison was Alfred Rich, a native of Kentucky. He was young, but had studied laAv in that State, and had been admitted to the bar. He had formed an attachment for a young lady, the daughter of a prominent citizen ; but the parents refusing their consent to the match on account of his poverty, he came to the Black Hawk Purchase, arriving in Fort Madison in 1837. He was without means or decent apparel. Old Leonard Parker took an interest in him, and he opened a school with some ten or twelve towheads for his pupils. He was a quiet man, but the neighbors took note of him. Some time after Rich's arrival, the New York Land Company brought an ejectment suit against one Blevins, who had squatted near Montrose. The Company had their own attorney (Austin). David Rorer, of Burlington, wa:^ the nearest accessible lawyer, but the Company had also retained him. HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 601 Blevins came to Fort Madison in great distress. There were two lawyers -against him, and he had no counsel. He came to Parrott in his trouble. Parrott hit it : "111 bet that little school-teacher is a lawyer; let's go and see him." They invaded Rich's school and made known their errand. He admitted that he had studied law. Then would he undertake Blevins' case ? " How can I?" said Rich. " I know nothing about the Territorial statutes; I haven't a law-book, and no .clothes fit to go in a crowd." Parrott told him Austin would allow him to look at his law books, and it made no difference about the clothes. So Rich consented. It was now 11 o'clock, and the trial was set for 1. School Avas dismissed and the trio proceeded to Austin, who extended to Rich the customary courtesies of the profession, and he went to work preparing his case. Austin was smart, and looked for fun Avhen the case would be called. The trial was at 1 o'clock in the old Madison House. The crowd gathered. Austin and Rorer were on hand ; and so was Rich, ragged as a scarecrow, but deep in Austin's books, and paying no attention to any one else. The prosecution presented their case briefly, and waited for Rich to win it for them by his blundering and failure, but they were mistaken. In five minutes they knew they had caught a Tartar, and in an hour the logic and eloquence of Rich had carried everything before him. He was master of the field, with a verdict for his client. The argument of the ragged school-master was strong and brilliant in itself, but its unexpectedness added greatly to its effect. There was no restrainino; the enthusiasm of the crowd, as Rich warmed to his theme, and, by his eloquence, kindled in his hearers a furor of interest. But the most grotesque feature of it all was Gen. Jesse B, Browne, the original. There he stood, a turban upon his head, a blanket wrapped Indian fashion about his stalwart frame — a veritable king of men — and tight as a brick. He had gone there because he was tight, and because the crowd was there. As Rich proceeded, Browne grew interested. He didn't like the New York Land Company, and his sympathies were all with the schoolmaster. As one Tvarmed, so did the other ; and at last Browne would stand quiet for a time and listen to Rich with his face all ablaze, then turn to the crowd and roar, *' Hear him ! it ! Just hear him !" And then he would yell to be heard a mile. "Gen. Browne," said the Court, "I fine you $5 for contempt." " Fine and be d — d," screamed Browne ; "you owe me |200, and it's the only way I'll ever get it," and he whooped again. The "whoops" were repeated, and so were the fines, till the sum reached $40, which was duly credited on the note Browne held against the " Court." Rich was a man of mark henceforth. He was elected to the Legislature, and. in 1841, gave Gen. Dodge a close race for Congress. The memory of his eloquence in the courts and on the stump will remain until the last old settler is under the sod. His health failing him, he went to Cuba, but receiving no benefit from the change, returned to Kentucky, and died of consumption at the residence of his mother, in Kenton, August 11, 1843. Nathaniel Knapp, proprietor of the Washington House, one of the two first hotels at Fort Madison, was killed at Bentonsport, Van Buren County, in the fall of 1838. He and a man named Doyle, from Rushville, 111., had gone there on some business connected with the Court. They arrived in the even- ing, and, first engaging a bed, went out " to have a tinie with the boys." Late in the evening, Isaac Hendershott. a resident of Bui'lington, arrived at the hotel, and, there being no unoccupied bed except the one engaged by Knapp and Doyle, he was assigned to it, the landlord thinking that the two first named would make a night of it out. About midnight, Knapp and Doyle returned to 602 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. the hotel, and, taking a tallow candle, proceeded to their room, when, finding it occupied, the tormer demanded what he was doing in that bed, at the same time threatening violence and acting as if feeling for a pistol. Hendershott sprang from the bed, seized his sword-cane, drew it, and at one thrust ran it through Knapp's body in the vicinity of the heart. His victim sank to the floor, still holding the tallow candle, and, with the exclamation, '"Doyle, I'm a dead man," died instantly. Hendershott made his escape, and was seen no more until the next spring, when he came up the river on a steamboat, and, while stopping at Fort Madison, was terribly beaten by a number of citizens headed by Tom Fulton, a relative of the ^-^napp family. At the next term of the Van Buren County Court, he appeared at Farmington to answer, but learn- ing that an indictment had been found, which he seemed not to have expected, he suddenly left and was never seen afterward. It is stated that he died at Lexington, Mo., while on his way to Mexico. The first wedding in Fort Madison was in the winter of 1835-36. The par- ties to the contract were Enoch Gilbert and Augusta, the eldest daughter of Nathaniel Knapp. The first birth, of which any record can be obtained, was John H. Doug- lass, son of Joseph S. and Almeda Douglass, born June '20, 1836. John H. Knapp is authority for the statement that a Miss Jennings was the first school-teacher. She was a Quakeress, and, with her family, removed to Salem, in Henry County, at a very early day. Rathburn taught the second- He was half white, quarter Indian and quarter negro. Albert Rich opened his school in 1837. The first store was opened by Walsh & Pise in 1834. The next year, John Box, John H. Knapp and Jacob Cutler opened stores. The customers of these first merchants were at that time principally Indians, whom they credited until " annuity-day." The Indians rarely neglected to pay their debts ; but it must be recorded that old Muck-a-tan-wish-e-ke-ack-he-ack (Black Hawk) left an unpaid bill of twelve or thirteen dollars in the hands of Judge Cutler, which his son, Otway, still preserves as a memento of the old days. The first horse-mill was built by John H. Knapp. The first steam-mill was built by W. Hawxhurst, who turned out the first flour in February, 1845. The first hotel deserving the name was the Madison House, built by John H. Knapp and finished in the winter of 1836. The first church was the Presbyterian, organized in March, 1838. The first frame house was built by John H. Knapp, and still stands on Lot No. 151, northwest corner of Broadway and Front street, to which place it was moved after the Government survey of the toAvn into lots. The first brick house was built by Rev. J. A. Clark, the Presbyterian minister. This house, now owned by Hon. Joseph Hollman, stands on the southeast corner of Sixth and Walnut streets. The first well was dug when the fort was erected. It still furnishes an. unlimited supply of good water. The first brewer was Garvasius Santo, established in 1844. The first Postmaster was James Douglass. The coldest day was January 6, 1843, of which the editor of the Lee Couyity- Democrat said : "The quicksilver in our thermometer was frozen, being indica- tive of seventy-two degrees below the freezing-point." The first celebration of the Fourth of July at Fort Madison, was held in 1838. Extensive preparations had been made, and the settlers gathered in large HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 603^ numbers. A special invitation was sent to Black Hawk, and he was present^ the lion of the day. At the dinner-table, he was complimented with the follow- ing toast: " Our illustrious guest. Black Hawk. May his declining years be as calm^ and serene as his previous life has been boisterous and full of war-like incidents. His attachment and friendship to his white brethren fully entitle him to a seat at our festive board." In reply, Black Hawk arose and said : " It has pleased the Great Spirit that I am here to-day. I have eaten with my white friends. The earth is our mother ; we are now on it, with the Great Spirit above us ; it is good. A few winters ago, I was fighting against you. I did wrong, perhaps, but that is past ; it is buried; let it be forgotten. Rock River was a beautiful country. I liked my towns and my corn-fields, and the homes of my people ; I fought for it — it is now yours ; keep it as we did ; it will produce you good crops. I thank the Great Spirit that I am now friendly with all my white brothers ; we- are here together ; we are friends ; it is His wish and mine ; I thank you for your friendship. 1 was once a great warrior ; I am now poor. Keokuk has been the cause of my present condition ; but do not attach blame to him. I am now old ; I have looked upon the Mississippi River ; I have been a child ; I love the great river ; I have dwelt upon its banks from the time I was an infant ; I look upon it now. I shake hands with you, and, as it is my wish, 1 hope you are my friends." RELIGIOUS INTERESTS. PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. The Presbyterian Church was organized March 26, 1838, under the Schuy- ler County (111.) Presbytery, with the following members : James G. Edwards (editor Fort Madison Patriot) and wife Eleanor T.; Sarah S. Prince Joel C. Walker, Rebecca A. Parmer, Catharine R. Walker, Mary A. P. Poug- lass, Nancy F. Webster, Harriet Knapp, Martha Stewart, Mary Edwards, Isaaa Vandyke, Eliza J. Vandyke, Zillah Ann Kyle, Elizabeth G. Walker and Cath- erine G. Viele (wife of Hon. Philip Viele). Isaac Vandyke was chosen Elder. James G. Edwards, having been dismissed from the Jacksonville, 111., Church, as ruling Elder, was accepted as such' here. The first Pastor was Rev. J. A. Clark, sent by the Home Missionary Society, June 1, 1838. Shortly after, Mr. Clark, with a part of the members, withdrew and organized under the New- School branch of the Church, when those who remained re-organized as the- Old-School Church. In 1858, the two branches re-united, and have continued since to occupy the church-building of the Old- School branch, which was erected in 1844, at a cost of $6,000. At the time of re-union, the Old-School branch had a mem- bership of 52, and the New-School, 23. The present membership is 160, with an average attendance of 100 children in the Sabbath school. While the two branches of the Church were separated, the Pastors of the New-School Church were Revs. J. A. Clark, M. G. Cass and Timothy Lyman ; and of the Old-School, Revs. Mason. King and Mason. Since- the re-union, Revs. Taylor, Noble, Kennard, J. G. Patterson, and Rev. George D. Stewart, D. D., have filled the pulpit. Dr. Stewart is the present Pastor. 604 HISTOKV OF LEE COUNTY. METHODIST OHUROII. From a hisrorv of the Methodist Church in Forr Madison, prepared in 1S60, bv Eev. H. W. Thomas. D. D.. now of Chicago, bur at that time its Pastor, the following extract is made : The earliest official efforts to plant Methodism in Iowa, date back only to 1835. For the first few Teal's, the appoimmeuts were confined to the margin of the Mississippi, and the gates of Methodism at its tirst entrance npou the tield were at Burliugton. and, as the minntes have it, ••DuBuke.'" With the increase of settlers and the extension of settlements, the work spread, and in lS;->i\ it was thrown into a separate Presiding Elder's District, of which Rev. H. »Suminei-s was Elder, and eleven preachers assigned thereto. At that time it was connected with the Illinois Conference, but on the formation of the Rock River Conference in 1840. it was con- nected with the latter. The first report of the "Iowa District" to that Conference, showed a membership of 1.570 whites, and four coloi-ed. That vear it was formed into two districts, with eighteen preachers. In 1814, the General Conference established the Iowa Conference, embracing the work in the then Territory of Iowa, and which was at that time composed of thirtv-eight preachers, embraced three districts and twenty-nine charges, and included a mem- bership of o.40o, and sixty local preachers. * * ^ * * * There was occasional preaching in this city by M. E. ministers, as early as 18o9. In 1841. it formed part of a large circuit, and, in 184ll. the present house of worship was built. In 1843, it was set oil" as a station, and has continued so ever since. The following is a list of ministers who have labored in this charge since it became a station: D. B. Xichols, 1844— io: Samuel Clark. 1S45-47; I. I. Stewart. 1S47-4S : L. B. Dennis. 1S4S-49: AYilliam Hulbert. lS49-oO; M. F. Shinn. 1S50-51 : F. C. Crawford. 1851-5:2; E. Lathrop. 1852-53; J. Q. Hammond, 1853-54; William Simpson, 1854-55; N. Wilber and 1). Hutch- inson, 1855-56 (each 6 months): I. P. Teter, 1856-57: D. H. Sargent, 1857-58; H. W. Thomas, 1858-60. During Dr. Thomas' administration, the church, which time had rendered unsightly and uncomfortable, was thoroughly repaired and refitted. J. Or. Thompson, 1860-61: A. C. "Williams, 1861-63: W. P. Watkins, 1863-64: J. H. Lucas, 1864-66 (18 months): James ^\. Latham, 1866-67 (18 months): William Reineck, 1867 (7 months); G. W. Byrkit, 1867-68; E. L. Schreiner. 1868-70: J. W\ Cheney, 1870-72; John Burgess. 1872-73 (7 months): J. T. McFarland, 1873 [5 months): C. P. Eeynolds. 1873-75: J. R. Noble, September, 1875, until the spring of 1877. Rev. B. F. Karns, the present Pastor, began his ministrations in the fall of 1877. and is now in his second year. W'hen Mrs. Claypoole, a valued member, died, she left by will §500, to be applied to the purchase of a parsonage. This sum was placed at interest for -several years, when, with other contributions from members of the Churcli, the dwelling on the southeast corner of Fourth and Market was purchased for ^1,200. The Church has at this time, a membership in the neighborhood of one hundred and tiftv. A flourishing Sabbath school is also maintained. CHRISTIAN CHURCH. This Church was organized in 1838. by Elder John Drake, John Box, H. C. McMurphy and William Leslie. The church edifice was erected in 1853, at a cost of between $3,000 and S4.000. ^^There was a small church previous to that time). Dr. Eads was otiiciating as Pastor, when Dr. Bacon came to Fort Madison in 1851. After Dr. Eads. Dr. Bacon preached for ten years, and has continued to officiate on the Lord's Day services and at social meetings Avith more or less regularity ever since. Notwithstanding the society now only numbers about fifteen or twenty members, services have been held every Lord's Dav since its organization. HISTORY OF LER COUNTY. 605 EPISCOPAL CHURCH. Hope Episcopal Church Avas organized March 25, 1854. Rector, Rev. Will- Tiam Adderly ; Wardens, Hon. Edward Johnstone, William Thurston ; Vestry- men, W. W. Coriell, Henry Cattermole, James Cattermole, J. W. Albright, W. O. Albright, James M. Layton, Anthony Smith. Rectors in succession : Rev. William Adderly, from 1854 to 1864 ; Rev. R. F. G. Page, from 1864 to 1868; 1868 to 1870, no report; from 1870 to 1872, Rev. James A. Woodard. The Church is now without a Rector and regular services. "Fort Madison Parish," says one of the Mrs, Albrights, quoting from memory, " was first organized by Bishop Kemper, of Wisconsin, about the year 1845. * The first Vestrymen were Dr. Spaulding, H. T. Reid (now deceased). Col. Parrott, Gen. Roberts and Mr. J. W. Albright. The parish was first known as St. Peters, and the first stationed minister was a Deacon from Nash- otah, named Leach. The parish was never incorporated, and after Mr. Leach left, the Rev. Mr. Batchelor, of Burlington, came and officiated at various times. In 1851, Rev. Mr. Adderly came from Burlington, and preached in the Court House every other Sunday. The present church edifice Avas built in 1856-57, and Avas consecrated by Bishop Lee, the first Bishop of loAva, in Sep- tember, 1857, and incorporated under the name of Hope Parish." CATHOLIC CHURCHES. The first Catholic priest to visit Fort Madison, Avas Father J. G. Allemann, who came in 1840. At that time he was the only priest within a hundred miles, and his chief work Avas in gathering together the scattering Catholic families, and Avherever the number was sufficient, in organizing and establish- ing churches. He Avas a generous, kind-hearted man, Avilling at any time to divide his last farthing Avith any one Avho might ask assistance. The first Catholics to settle at Fort Madison were Joseph Hellman, Harmon Ding- man, Henry, John and Joseph Schwartz, Henry and Bernard Tieken, Liboris Nelle and Henry Becker. The families of these, with one or, tAvo others, were organized into a church by Father Allemann, and a small brick church, sixteen feet square was erected. This, among the first brick houses built in Fort Madison, still stands near the upper church. In 1844, a larger church Avas erected under the management of Father Allemann, in size 30x50 feet, to which Father Hattenberger made an addition in 1854, since which no change has been made. In 1846, some fifty to seventy-five families had arrived and attached themselves to the Church, which number, in 1865, had increased to nearly three hundred, and it became necessary to provide a more commodious place of Avorship. The plan of the present church, on the corner of Fourth and Vine streets, AA'as prepared by — Walsh, a St. Louis architect, at a cost to the Church of $1,000. The plan adopted involved an outlay of $110,000. The building was erected and inclosed in the course of five years, under the direction of Father Weikmann. The inside finishing Avas under the auspices of Father Meis. The new church is 65x135 feet, Avith seating capacity for an audience of 2,500. The spire rose 220 feet in the air, in Avhich were placed three bells, Aveighing 4,500, 2,600 and 1,300 pounds, respectively, costing over $3,000. The organ cost $4,000. On the 3d day of July, 1876, a furious hurricane swept over the towi\, and in the space of a few minutes a ruin Avas Avrought in the magnificent church which it has required $30,000 to repair. The people Avere well-nigh discouraged, but Father Meis, with a vim and aa 606 HIiSTORY OF LEE COUNTY. energy that few men would have shown under the circumstances, went to work^ and, with the assistance of his people, in a few months the church was in a bet- ter condition than formerly, except that the lofty spire was not rebuilt. The following-named priests have officiated at the old church: Fathers Allemann, Hattenberger, Michel, Weikmann, Orth, Goll and Graeser. Father A. Meis, the first priest assigned to the new church, is still in charge, with a congregation numbering some three hundred families. About fifty families still remain with the first church. CATHOLIC SCHOOLS. Shortly after the organization of the first church. Father Allemann opened a small school, himself the teacher and his own house the schoolroom. The first school-building was completed in 1846. When the building of the new church was undertaken in 1865, a commodious school-building was also commenced, which was completed the next year at a cost of $10,000. This building, stand- ing on the corner of Fourth and Vine streets, is of brick, sixty-five feet square, two stories in height and capable of accommodating the 350 children who daily meet for instruction. The school is presided over by a male teacher and five Sisters of Notre Dame. Connected with the Catholic Church is the Ladies' Society, numbering 250 members; Young Men's Sodality, with 50 members ; Young Ladies' Sodality w^ith 150, and a Building Society with 100 members. The Roman Catholic Benevolent Society is an organization for the mutual benefit of its members in case of sickness or death. BAPTIST CHURCH. The Baptist Church of Fort Madison was organized December 23, 1858, at the house of Charles Brewster. The following are the names of those who associated themselves together at that meeting : Joseph M. Beck, A. W. Walker,^ Abraham Watson, Thomas F. Green, William Switzer, Cornelius Haddock, Lee Hull, Phineas Inskeep, William Green, Mary Ann Switzer, Delilah Watson, Mary Green, Sarah Fye, Elizabeth Wilson, Malinda Hughes, Jackson Hughes, Thomas Green, Horace S Eaton, Mary E Brown and William Fye. Rev. G. J. Johnson, of St. Louis, was the first minister called to the Church. The present church-building was completed in 1861, at a cost of $13,000. Rev. Thomas Powell, is the present Pastor. The Church maintains a lai'geand excellently conducted Sabbath school. COLORED BAPTIST CHURCH. This Church was organized on the 16th of October, 1873. The meeting for the purpose of organization was under the direction of Rev. E. C. Catey, of the First Baptist Church, who presided, and preached the introductory sermon. Two years afterward, in 1875, the building of a church edifice was commenced, and at a cost of |560 is so far completed as to be available for the purposes intended. Rev. Robert Hawkins, the first Pastor, has been succeeded by Revs. George Chambers, and George Anderson, the present Pastor. The present member- ship of the society is thirty-nine. A Sabbath school was organized on the third Sabbath in June, 1873, with fifteen scholars, and Rev. Robert Hawkins as Superintendent for one year. Mrs. Luella Davis served next for one year, and was succeeded by Sister Louisa HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 607 'Chambers, wife of the Pastor, who served two years, when Sister Davis was recalled to the Superintendency. The school now numbers thirty-four scholars, -and has a library of 223 volumes. GERMAN LUTHERAN AND REFORMED CHURCH. This Church was organized in 1850. Rev. Lenhard was the first minister, and up to 1852, had been succeeded by Revs. Ankele, Gumbel and Conrad Ries. The latter, in 1852, built a small church on Walnut street, which was occupied until 1864, when the present edifice adjoining, was erected at a cost of some $7,000. Conrad Ries has been followed by Pastors E. Gubner, J. M. Kugel, Strobel, Frederick Lutz, Kleinlein, L. H. Buhrig, John Wettle and Vobus, Avho has recently taken charge. The membership of the Church at present comprises about fifty families. The Church, since its organization, has maintained a denominational school, the original church-building being used for a schoolroom. EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN ST. PAUL'S CHURCH organized January 1, 1872, by Rev. J. C Oehlert, with eighteen members. The first meeting was held in a small house on Second street, rented from Henry Walter, after which the congregation secured the use of the Presbyterian Church until their present building was completed, in 1873. This building, situated on Third street, is 24x40 feet, and cost, including the lot on which it stands, about $1,500. Rev. J. G. Oehlert has been succeeded by the following Pastors : Ficken, M. Gerlach and Theodore Drexel. EDUCATIONAL INTERESTS. The schools of Fort Madison are efficient and well organized. The teachers are among the best and most competent in the State ; but in school-buildings, there has been, and still is, a lack of enterprise that is not in keeping with the general character of the Fort Madisonians. The following items are furnished by J. R. Noble, the Superintendent of City Schools : Number of pupils enrolled, 600. The schools are divided into eight grades, and a three-years High School course. Board of Directors : M. Case, P. O'Kell. Dr. A. C. Roberts, Frank Koehler, George Rump, A. J. Reynolds. Officers of Board : M. Case, President ; R. E. Smith, Secretary ; J.A. Smith, Treasurer. Teachers for 1878-79": J. R. Noble, Superintendent; J. J. Pollard, Principal of High School ; George D. Stewart, D. D., Assistant ; Royal N. Joy, B. F. Parmer, Mrs. Kate Robison, Principals. Assistants : May Berry, Mrs. Adele Taylor, Sallie Smith, Mrs. C. M. Douglass, Miss Hannah Phares, 0. C. Herminghausen, Mary 0. Reynolds, Lottie Atlee. C. Lohmen, teacher of Music and German ; Rosa Koehler, Assistant in German. The city is divided into two districts, and schools are taught in four •buildings. (iOS U18T0UY (H' LEK COUNTY. FI KE DEP ARTMEN T . In tiie spring of 1874, the city purchased from the manufacturers at Seneca Falls, N. Y., a medium-size Silsby steamer and two hose-carts, with 1,500 feet of hose. Shortly after these were received, a volunteer fire company was organized by the young men of the city, and the apparatus was turned over to them. At tirst, the engine aiul carts were housed in iVitchett & Wilde's livery- stable ; but soon after the Market-House, a brick structure on the corner of Fourth and Market streets, was iitted up, and has since been used as an engine- house. In 1876, a hook and ladder truck, with the proper equipments, was added. Cisterns were built, during the summer of 1874, at three points — on Fourth street, at the intersection of Pine. A'ine ami ^laple streets: and in casc^ of fire, any part of the city can be reached by the hose, either from these cisterns or the river. The fire compauv is in an etVicicnt condition, well ofiicercd. and has always done good service. MILLS. Gen. John 1 1. Knapp's horse-mill stood on the rear end of the lots on which the ''Old Settlers' " Mill now stands, on Second street. It was a prim- itive affair, but was the oi\ly mill in Fort ^ladison until 1845, when Walter llauxhurst's steam fiouriug-mill was completed. This stood on Lot 10 of city plat. After fourteen years' service in the manufacture of flour, it was fitted up as a distillery, and burned down in 186-. Shortly afterward, it was rebuilt as a distillery, and for several years was one of the best-ap^xnnted institutions of that character in the country, and was operated by Card ^: liawrence. The building still stands, but the machinery has all been removed, and it is used as a warehouse for storage. A short time prior to 18tH\ Stenger \ Lawrence built a saw-mill on the river-bank near tlie eastern limits of the city, which, in the fall of 18t.>l, they changed to a distillery and flouring-mill. Peter Miller .!c Son having advanced the owners money, which they were not able to refund, the property fell into the hands of thecreditors mentioned, who operated it for a time as a distillery. Ai:;ain it was fitted up as a saw-mill, and is noAv operated as such by Weston In 18r>l or 1852, McConn \ Parmer erected a fine flouring-mill on the site of the old fort. They did a large business for several yeai-s, but, about 1871, suspended operations, since which time it has been idle. ^oTo^vo^^oK mills. These mills, which are the only exclusive merchant mills now in operation in Fort Madison, werebuiU by the present proprietors, Peters .^ Pernhard, in 1868. The building is of brick, 60x70 feet, three stories in height, with an elevator addition of four stories. It has four runs of buhi-s, and has a capacity of ICO barrels of fiour per day. Avhich is widely known for its superior quality. •• Ol.P SKTTLEKS " MILLS, erected in 1875. by P. & N. B. Miller, for merchant and custom work, are still operated by theiu. The main building is of frame, o0x50 feet, three stories high, with a one-story addition, •JOx-8 feet, and an office ivom. It has four HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 609* runs of buhrs, two of which are used for merchant work and two for their cus- tom trade. These mills are located on Second street, between Broadway and. Elm, and are doing a profitable business. LUMBER-MILLS. John C. Atlee came to Lee County in 1837, when he was a little more than twenty-one years of age, and commenced life as a carpenter. In the fall of 1838, he married Miss Emeline S. Brooks, of Quincy, 111. At the end of six years, he sold out his possessions in Fort Madison, and moved on a farm in Cedar Township, where he remained eight years, when he returned to- Fort Madison, and, in the spring of 1852, commenced the lumber business in company with his brother Isaac. The brothers remained in business together two years, when Isaac retired and J. C. formed a partnership Avith Nathaniel Bennett, and built a mill on the site where the business is still continued. When Samuel Atlee, the oldest son of J. C, became of age, he succeeded Mr. Bennett, and the firm became S. & J. C. Atlee, and is now one of the most extensive lumber manufacturing firms along the Mississippi River. Their mills consist of a saw-mill, which is supplied with machinery of the most modern pattern, a brick planing-mill, 75x75 feet, two stories high, which is a model of neatness and order. Everything in this mill is arranged with a view of econ- omy. The machinery is all new and of the very best kind known to the business. Near by is their dryhouse, of large capacity. Then comes their shingle- mill, that has a capacity for making and packing 120,000 shingles per day. The mills, stables, yards, etc., cover an area of about thirty-five acres, and give employment to 150 men and boys, to whom they pay $2,500 monthly. The firm buy their logs up the river, and run them down in great rafts, and con- sume about 10,000,000 feet annually. Their lumber is sold to all parts of Southern Iowa, to Missouri, Kansas and Nebraska. J. C. Atlee, the founder of this immense business, is a man of wonderful genus and enterprise. .He commenced the world with nothing, and has fought hurricanes, fires, floods, ice-gorges and boiler-explosions, and conquered every time. The more opposition and disaster crowded, the more determined h& seemed to become. In November, 1858, the mill-boiler exploded, killing four men, Andrew Fulcher (the engineer), the fireman (a colored man), Jacob Minder and Albert Tracy, and two boys, Willie Kirk and George Tracy, and blowing the mill to atoms. Atlee helped bury the dead, and then commenced rebuild- ing and repairing, and soon had everything in operation again. May 3, 1866, that mill was destroyed by fire. In just seven weeks, it was rebuilt, on a large scale. The first mill had a capacity of 15,000 feet per day, and the second one- of 40,000 feet. It proved too slow to suit A.tlee's notions, and he tore it down in a few years and built the present mill, which has a capacity for cutting 65,- 000 feet per day. On the 3d of July, 1875, a furious hurricane came along and unroofed Atlee's residence and otherwise injured it. He was absent at the time, and when he came in sight of his ruined home and found his family all safe, he swung his old hat and shouted "Allright; we'll try it again." He wentto Avork the same day, completed his plans and rebuilt on a grander scale than before. The same storm played all sorts of tricks at the mill-yard. It blew down the great piles of lumber, filled up the alleys and carried thousands of feet into the river, where it was lost; it blew their steamer, Jennie D., loose from her moor- ings and clear across the river, where it sunk in fifteen feet of water. The damage to the mill-j^ard was about $5,000. But none of these little things '610 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. discouraged the old man. They only whetted his appetite, brightened his business ideas, strengthened his enterpi-ise and stiffened his backbone. To quote the words of his excellent Avife, they never " cried over any of their mis- haps and misfortunes." Nothing short of an earthquake or volcano will ever discourage J. C. Atlee. ^ WESTON MILLS. These mills are located at the upper part of Fort Madison, and were built about the same time with the Atlee Mills. They have a capacity of 40,000 feet per day. They are now owned by a resident of the State of Maine. BANKING. In the spring of 1855, Green, Thomas & Co., then banking in Burlington, 'established a branch in Fort Madison, under the management of Mr. Merrick. The firm was A. D. Green, E. H. Thomas and Gen. Fitz Henry Warren. The members of the firm are all dead. A. D. Green lost his hearing and died in Italy several years ago. E. H. Thomas became almost totally blind and ■deaf, and died at his old home in Maine, about 1870. Gen. Fitz Henry War- ren, after acquiring a national reputation in public life, both civil and military, and in the editorial sanctum, died in Massachusetts, in 1877. John H. Knapp and George P. Eaton bought out Green, Thonias & Co., in 1856, and the firm was Knapp & Eaton until 1858, when they were suc- ceeded by the Fort Madison branch of the State Bank of Iowa, which was wound up in 1865. In the same year, the Fort Madison National Bank was organized by Judge J. M. Beck, Gen. Clark R. Wever, Frank Wever, J. H. Winterbotham, Dr. John Claypoole, Peter Miller and Henry Cattermole. Gen. Clark R. Wever was the first Cashier, and John H. Winterbotham, President. Subsequently, a change of officers was made, Gen. Wever becoming President and J. R. Win-~ terbotham. Cashier. The latter was succeeded by H. D. McConn. Gen. Wever was a remarkably successful banker, and during his whole management the losses of the bank did not exceed one hundred dollars. The Fort Madison National Bank continued until January 30, 1872, when its charter was surrendered, and the Bank of Fort Madison was ' incorporated under the State law. The stockholders were Henry Cattermole, A. C. Catter- mole, C. R. Wever, J. H. Winterbotham and J. R. Winterbotham. Henry Cattermole subsequently became sole proprietor, and sold out on the 6th of April, 1876, to Charles Brewster and Joseph A. Smith, who still continue the business, with a paid-up capital of $50,000. The German-American Bank was organized in April, 1876, by Henry Cat- termole, George Schlapp, Arthur Cattermole, Joseph Deiman and H. D. Mc- Conn, with a capital of $50,000, Henry Cattermole, the first President and H. D. McConn, the first Cashier, still hold those positions. These two banks are carefully managed, and there are no sounder institu- tions in the State. CONCORDIA HALL. Concordia Hall is the only public hall in the city. It was built by Charles Doerr, in 1866, at a cost of $11,000. It has a seating capacity for 500 per- sons. The hall is handsomely furnished, with large stage, scenery, etc. In every way it is a credit to Fort Madison. ^Z^^^fn^ HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 611 SECRET SOCIETIES. MASONIC. Fort Madison Lodge, No. 13, A., F. ^ A. M., was organized April 17, 1846, under dispensation granted by Deputy Grand Master James R. Hart- sook. It was originally called Claypool Lodge, but in 1853, the present name was adopted. The charter members were J. F. Kinney, John Claypoole, Chapin Allen, Darius Wellington, Jacob Huner, Thomas Hale, Sr,, Samuel B. Ayres and Josiah Kent. Judge J. F. Kinney was the first Master. Potowonok Chapter, No. 28. — Organized April 20, 1863, under dispen- sation granted by Grand High Priest E. N. Gilbert to George St. C. Hus- sey, J. G. Floyd, I. H. West, E. J. Aldridge, C. K. Peck, J. M. Anderson, D. B. Smith, Jr., Robert Wooster, J. Claypoole and A. C. Roberts. At this first meeting, applicants for membership were U. D. Taylor, D. H. La Sueur, S. J. Atlee, John H. Douglass, R. W. Albright, George B. Eaton, -M. Case, G. W. Douglass and William Kent. ODD FELLOWS. Empire Lodge, No. 31, was instituted March 18, 1851, by D. G. M. Frank Bridgman. The charter members were Augustus Ehinger, S. A. James, J. H. McDonald, P. H. Babcock and Philetus Cowles. The first ofiicers were : A. Ehinger, N. G.; S. A. James, V. G.; J. H. McDonald, R. S.; P. II. Babcock, Treas. Present ofiicers : A. J. Brown, N. G.; J. A. Aldrich, V. G.; P. J. Hitch, B,. S.; W. Wagoner, P. S.; George Rockett, Treas. Of the charter members, Mr. Cowles is the only one now in the Lodge. He was the first member of the Order initiated in Fort Madison, and was an •ofiicial of the Lodge for twenty-eight years. This Lodge owns its own building, a three-story structure, 29x60 feet, standing on the corner of Front and Market streets, valued at |5,000. It is out of debt and has $500 in bank, besides having contributed several thou- sands of dollars for the relief of distressed members of the Order in various parts of the country. The present membership of the Lodge is sixty-three. Concordia Lodge. — Instituted September 9, 1861, with the following as charter members : Henry M. Salmon, Charles Doerr, Alex. Windmayer, Fer- dinand Kiel, Fred Holzberger, Michael Zimmerman, Sebastian Heitz, John Saar, Jacob Peters and Jacob Kindscher. The first officers were: H. M. Salmon, N. G.; F. Kiel, V. G.; Charles Doerr, Secretary, and Alex. Windmayer, Treasurer. The present officers: August Saechtig, N. G.; David Ernst, V. G.; Theo- dore Ernst, Secretary, and Carl Kennemann, Treasurer. Charles Conradt was the subject of the first initiation in this Lodge, which was on the night of its organization. Fort Madison Lodge, No. 167, was established on the 7th of January, 1868, and worked under dispensation until the meeting of the Grand Lodge, in Octo- ber following, when a charter was granted. First officers: B. F. Bates, N. G.; E. Smith, V. G. ; J. H. Reynolds, R. S. ; Martin Heisey, Permanent Secre- tary ; M. F. Hosselton, Treasurer. Present officers : R. G. Rasnick, P. G. ; 612 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. F. H. Semple, N. G. ; A. W. Hoffmeister, V. G.; J. W. Albright, Secretary;- J. Wilde, Treasurer. G-em City Encampment, No. 85, was organized and instituted by M. W, Grand Patriarch, George Whipple, January 7, 1876. The charter members were J. H. Reynolds, J. A. McCormack, F. M. Smith, John Scott, John Page, S. Aldrich, Newton Holt, C. Pyle, W. S. Wagoner, H. Taylor, W. C. Patts, F. M. Hosselton, S. B. Jacobs, A. Morrison, W. C. Hobbs, P. Cowles, J. J. M. Angear and Theodore Pyle. Officers for the first term : James H. Reynolds, Chief Patriarch; P. Cowles, High Priest ; F. M. Hosselton, Senior Warden ; John Page, Junior Warden ; S. Aldrich, Scribe ; J. A. McCormack, Treasurer. Present officers : W. S. Wagoner, Chief Patriarch ; Wm. Winters, High Priest ; H. Taylor, Senior Warden ; A. J. Brown. Junior Warden ; S. Aldrich, Scribe ; F. M. Hosselton, Treasurer. Past Chief Patriarchs, J. H. Reynolds, F. M. Hosselton, John Page, S, Aldrich, C. Pyle, George C. Bauder. Present membership, fifty-three. KNIGHTS OF PYTHIAS. G-em City Lodge, No. 21, K. of K., was instituted June 9, 1873, with the following named charter members : John Van Valkenburg, A. C. Roberts, J. C. Wal'ters, C. J. Montandon, M. Morris, John Phillips, George H. Schafer, F. M. Smith, J. L. Briggs, William P. Staub, S. H. Craig, J. F. Edwards, C. W. Fox, S. B. Jacobs, H. D. McConn, J. S. Harper, C. E. Babcock, William Pritchett, J. B. Herdman, L. G. Kiel and Joseph A. Nunn. First principal officers : J. B. Herdman, P. C. ; A. C. Roberts, C. C. ; John Van Valkenburg, V. C, and George H. Schafer, K. of R. and S. There have been initiated ninety-eight applicants. Present membership, eighty-six. T. S. Jackson is the present Chancellor Commander, and J. R. Tewksbury, Keeper of the Records and Seals. The Lodge-room, on the corner of Second and Pine streets, is handsomely arranged and furnished, involving a cost of $1,000. Twice a month, the mem- bers and their friends meet for social pleasure, in an apartment especially arranged for that purpose. Humboldt Lodge, No. 4-^, Knights of Pythias, was instituted May 28, 1878, with twenty-four charter members, as follows : H. C. Spreen, Carl Lohmann, Charles Keunemann, A. J. Windmayer, Jr., John Ehart, Theodore Ernst, David Ernst, Charles Walter, William Amborn, Henry Kniemeyer, Louis Reader, William Heising, Adolph Amborn, John Rieffenach, George Herold, Aug. Roehsner, Joseph F. Salmon, John Junge, Otto C. Herminghausen, Henry Schlapp, Eugene Stempel, William Ehart, Charles Sandvos and George Haessing. First principal officers : H. C. Spreen, P. C. ; Carl Lohmann, C. C, and A. J. Windmayer, Jr., K. of R. and S. The present membership of the Lodge is thirty-five ; and its meetings are held in the room of the Gem City Lodge. Charles Keunemann is present C. C, and Aug. Roehsner, K. of R. and S. The members of this Lodge are all Germans, who take an interest in their work, and it is prosperous and flourishing. A. 0. u. w. Ancient Order of United Workmen, No. 164, organized March 20, 1878. Charter members : S. Aldrich, W. E. Anawalt, J. C. Blackburn, S. B. Davis, HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 613 M. C. Doolittle, J. H. Engle, S. D. Hustead, W. H. Meacham, N. B. Miller, C. Marsh, R. Gr. Rasnick, J. V. Stevenson, C. Thomas, J. R. Tewksbury, J. B. Mason, J. P. Smith, F. Herman, G. W. Bonnell, F. D. Lowry, G. E. Krich- baum and James McCord. The first officers are as follows : S. Aldrich, P. M. W. ; R. G. Rasnick, M. W.; J. H. Engle, F.; John Mason, Overseer: S. BrDavis, Recorder; K B. Miller, Receiver ; J. C. Blackburn, Financier ; John Stevenson, Guide ; F. Herman, I. W., and G. E. Krichbaum, 0. W. Present officers : II. G. Rasnick, P. M. W. ; J. B. Mason, M. W. ; J. H. Engle, F. ; J. V. Stevenson, Overseer ; C. Thomas, Recorder ; N. B. Miller, Receiver ; S. D. Hustead, Financier ; W. H. Meacham, Guide ; Ed. Waller, I. W., and E. W. Anawalt, 0. W. RED-RIBBON MOVEMENT. The services of Mr. J. C. Bontecou were secured by some of the Christian men and women of the city, to conduct a series of temperance meetings in Fort Madison. These meetings commenced Wednesday evening, January 16, 1878, and con- tinued one week. A great interest was awakened in the cause of temperance, and all classes of citizens crowded to hear Mr. Bontecou. Over 800 signatures to the following Red-Ribbon Pledge were secured: " We, the undersigned, for our own good, and the good of the world in which we live, do hereby promise and engage, with the help of Almighty God, to abstain from buying, selling, or using alcoholic or malt beverages, wine and cider included." The Fort Madison Red-Ribbon Reform Club was then organized, by Bro. J. C. Bontecou, Tuesday evening, January 22, 1878. The following officers were elected for one year : W. C Hobbs, President ; P. Frailey, First Vice President; James Pollard, Second Vice President; S. B. Davis, Third Vice President; B. C. Davis, Secretary; A. L. Courtright, Financial Secretary; M. Case, Treasurer ; J. E. Stevenson, Steward ; Joseph Burns, Cal. Marshy Marshals ; J. Wilde, Sergeant-at-Arms. The club immediately rented a building on Front street, between Pine and Cedar, for a club-room. The first story of this building was nicely fitted up for a reading-room and hall. The second story was used for a smoking-room ; and the third was occupied by the boys as a gymnasium. The ladies of the White-Ribbon Club presented to the Red-Ribbon Club, for their reading-room, a large picture of Bro. Bontecou, and a fine eight-day clock, and have lately added an organ to the same. The business meetings of the Red and White Ribbon Clubs are held in this hall. The mass meetings of the club are held every Sunday evening at the Court House, and have been uniformly well attended. These meetings have been addressed by speakers from home and abroad, and have been of great interest. They have served to uphold and strengthen the temperance sentiment of the community. On January 21, 1879, the club celebrated the first anniversary of its organization bp a fair and festival, which was a grand success in every way. During the first year of it?, existence, the club expended over $1,200. At the beginning of the second year, the club was entirely out of debt, and had money in its treasury. The following persons were elected officers for the second year : J. A. McCormick, President; F. H. Semple, First Vice President; W. T. Lowery, Second Vice President ; J. Montgomery, Third Vice President ; Sabert M. Casey, Secretary ; M. S. Chamberlin, Assistant Secretary ; William G. 614 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. Albright, Financial Secretary ; J. Wilde, Treasurer ; Greorge B. Leidy, Stew- ard ; William A. Young, H. Mittendorf, Marshals ; George Barrows, Sergeant- at-Arms. The club has been fortunate in the selection of its officers, and to them much of the success of the club is due. The total number of signers to the Red, White and Blue Ribbon Clubs has been over one thousand six hundred, and the number is steadily increasing. The good that the club has already done is incalculable. The moral tone of the community has been greatly improved, while the temperance sentiment is gradually growing. Working as it does on the principle of moral suasion alone, it is destined yet to continue the good work until the city shall be freed from the curse of intemperance. The Ladies' White-Ribbon Club of Fort Madison organized January 22, 1878 : President, Mrs. Ellen E. Smith ; Secretary, Miss JEmma Frow ; Treasurer, Mrs. Samuel Atlee ; Vice Presidents — Methodist Church, Mrs. A. Angear ; Presbyterian Church, Mrs. James Green ; Baptist Church, Mrs. C. R. Beck ; Christian Church, Mrs. Dr. J. H. Bacon ; Upper Catholic, Miss Ella Fahey ; Lutheran, Mrs. F. Holzberger ; Lower Catholic, Mrs. Daniel Sher- wood ; at large, Mrs. H. C. Weston ; Episcopal Church, Mrs. M. Case ; Executive Committee — Mrs. Arthur Cattermole, Mrs. Mary Wilde, Mrs. Joseph Atlee, Mrs. A. J. Hughes, Mrs. Isaiah Hale, Mrs. N. B. Miller, Mrs. C. J. Montandon, Mrs. Emma Pound. Officers for 1879 : President, Mrs. Ellen E. Smith ; Secretary, Mrs. Eliza E. Malcom; Financial Secretary, Mrs. E. C. Tewksbury ; Treasurer, Mrs. Samuel Atlee ; Vice Presidents — Presbyterian Church, Mrs. Cordelia Berry ; Metho- dist Episcopal Church, Mrs. John Wilson; Baptist Church, Mrs. A. J. Hughes ; Episcopal Church, Mrs. J. W, Albright ; Christian Church, Mrs. George Leidy ; Lutheran Church, Mrs. Louisa Schaffer ; Upper Catholic, W. T. Lowry; Lower Catholic, Mrs. Daniel Sherwood; at large, Mrs. Mary Wilde. Executive Committee — Mrs. J. W. Frow, Mrs. J. C. Blackburn, Mrs. Anna Miller, Mrs. Clara R. Beck, Miss Maria Newton, Mrs. W. C. Hobbs, Mrs. Jane H. Coriell, Mrs. SallieEngle. MORRISON'S PLOW WORKS. Established in 1864, by S. D. Morrison & Sons, on Front street, and enlarged in 1868. In 1873, the firm was changed to Morrison Bros., and the increase of business in the succeeding two years was such that still larger facil- ities were necessary in the business. In the fall of 1875, the present buildings and grounds were ready for occupancy. They occupy an area of 145x250 feet — the most extensive manufactory of the kind west of the Mississippi River. The annual product is 6,000 plows and prairie-breakers, 3,000 road- scrapers, 500 cultivators and 200, harrows, besides a large amount of special work, as ordered. The value of the yearly product of the works is estimated at $150,000. BREWERIES. In 1844, Garvasius Santo started a little brewery on the lot now occupied by the lower Catholic School building. It was of the rudest character, the building consisting of a shed made with four posts, no siding, a loft, floored HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 615 ■with poles, on which rested the cooler, and a roof of clapboards. The kettles for brewing were on the dirt floor beneath. The beer manufactured by Santo would not compare with the foaming beverage now supplied by George Schlapp, and it is stated that Santo kept a strainer to free the glasses from the hops which still remained when drawn for use. Santo sold out to Stephen Girardi, who transferred the establishment to the corner of Second and Pine streets. In 1845, August Trenschel fitted up a brewery in a frame building pur- chased of Joseph Webster, standing where George Schlapp's brewery is now sit- uated. In 1851, he sold out to Henry Koehler, of whom George Schlapp bought in 1863, and, in 1868, enlarged to its present dimensions. This brew- ery, one of the most complete in the State, consists of a main building, 42x72, two stories high, a brewing, malt and ice house, 80x130, with a cellar in the bluff, of 1,500 barrels capacity. In 1866, V. Buechel and Anton Burster started a brewery on Third street, in Webster's Addition, which is still operated by Burster. KEOKUK. EARLY HISTORY. May God forbid that a son of Caledonia should ever desert his child or disown his clan. To Dr. Samuel C. Muir, the author of this beautiful sentiment, belongs the honor of building the first house on the site of this now busy and prosperous city of 15,000 people. The history of the location, from the time Dr* Muir established a home here for his Indian wife and children, in 1820, to 1836, is fully covered in Isaac R. Campbell's " Recollections of the Early Settlement of Lee County," and the address of Capt. James W. Campbell at the Old Settlers' gathering at Warren Station, in September, 1875, both of which productions are already presented in these pages. ^ ^ ^ ORIGIN OF THE NAME. "July 4, 1829," says Dr. Isaac Galland, in a letter published some years previous to his death, in 1858, " was celebrated on a steamboat lying at the foot of Avhat is now Main street. It was at this meeting, presided over by Col. George Davenport, the name Keokuk was given to the place." Isaac R. Campbell says : " Up to the year 1835, the settlement at the foot of the rapids had been without a distinctive name. Its various aliases were ' Puck-e-she-tuck,' 'Point,' 'Foot of the Rapids,' etc. It was finally proposed by a number of steamboatmen, while detained here lighting over the rapids, that it should commemorate the name of the peace chief of the Sac tribe. From this time the name of Keokuk was adopted, and, in 1837, I sold my potato-patch inclosure to Dr. Isaac Galland, Agent of the New York Land Company, and, under his supervision, a city in embryo was formally inaugurated and recorded as ^Keokuk.'" Whatever the difference between Dr. Galland and Mr. Campbell as to the time when the name " Ke-O-kuk " was adopted, both agree that the honor of so naming it belongs to steamboatmen. The honor of founding the city is about equally divided between Dr. Sam- uel C. Muir and Dr. Isaac Galland — Dr. Muir by reason of his building the first house, in 1820, and Dr. Galland in laying out the original town plat, in 616 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 1837. In the early part of this year, Isaac R. Caropbell sold his " potato- patch on the top and side of the hill" to Dr. Galland, who represented the New York Land Company. This company had been organized for the pur- pose of buying up Half-Breed lands, and was backed by a large capital. The St. Louis Land Company was organized for the same purpose. Both com- panies bought Half-Breed titles Avherever they were offered for sale, and, as a natural consequence, there was a lively competition between them. In the end, the New York Land Company secured the inside track, and kept it to the end. In the spring of 1837, Dr. Galland employed a surveyor named Brattle, who lived at Warsaw, to make a survey of the original town plat, and subdivided it into blocks, lots, streets, alleys, etc. It is said that after the survey was made, Galland refused to pay him the price agreed upon, which caused a good many hard words to be said about him. Galland had a crockery store at Warsaw, and what remuneration Brattle did receive was in goods out of that establish- ment. The original plat bears the following endorsement : " Presented to the City Council of Keokuk, November 27, 1850, by I. Galland & Co., through their attorney, Gen. R. P. Lowe. " Filed for record in October, 1840, and recorded in November, following. "John H. Lines, County Recorder.'' The original plat, as filed for record, is dated July 23, 1840. The certifi- cate of the Surveyor is in the words following : I hereby certify that this plat, with the accompanying notes, is a true survey of the town of Keokuk, situated in Section 30, Township 65 N., R. 4 W., and also Sections 25, 26 and 36, Township 65 N., R. o W. of the 5th Principal Meridian, in Lee County, Iowa Territory. ALANSON RIPLEY, .July 23, 1840. Deputy Surveyor of the Half Breed Reservation. ^ r GRANTS FOR PUBLIC USES. All the streets and alleys in this town, except the alleys passing through blocks num- bered 13, 25, 26, 23, II and 50, and Water street, are hereby declared to be, and forever to be, and to remain public highways forever. Block No. 205 is hereby granted as the public burying ground for the use of the citizens of said town of Keokuk. In testimony whereof, I have hereunto subscribed my hand and affixed my seal, this 3Uth day of .July, 1840. In presence of) . ISAAC GALLAND, Trustee. [seal.] M. Aldrich, V ISAAC GALLAND, Jno. W. Atres. J for himself and other proprietors, [seal.] Acknowledged .luly 30, 1840, before Robert E. Mott, Justice of the Peace. When Dr. Galland caused the survey to be made, to which the above papers refer, the only tenements in Keokuk was the ragged row of miserable houses known as " Rat Row." About the time the survey was made, or soon after, several shanties were erected along the beach. A heavy tide of immigration was flowing in, and these shanties were thronged with the moving multitude. Hotel accommodations were limited, and the people were glad to get shelter and accommodation of any kind, and at any price. The first public sale of town lots occurred in June, 1837. The sale was extensively advertised, and was largely attended. A steamboat came up from St. Louis loaded doAvn to the guards Avith passengers who came to attend the sale. The rivalry between the New York and St. Louis Land Companies added HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 617 interest to the occasion, and excitement ran high, but the sale passed off with- out personal collisions or bloodshed. The sale of lots, however, did not reach the number anticipated by the proprietors of the town, but the price bid for one *' corner lot," $1,500, was highly gratifying to Galland and others interested with him. For several years the business of the town was confined to the levee, and mostly to the four corners at the crossing of Front and Johnson streets and " Rat Row." The growth of the town was slow. Up to 1840, there was no perceptible improvement. At that time, and for several years afterward, the bluffs now occupied by the city were covered with timber' L. B. Fleak, Esq., now editor of the Sun at Brighton, Washington County, this State, who was here the first time in October, 1888, contributes the follow- ing items in regard to old Keokuk : " My first visit to Lee County was irf October, 1838 ; my wife accompanied i:ie. We landed at Keokuk and found the water too low to cross the rapids, but the captain of the boat sent Mrs. Gehon, of Dubuque (wife of the U. S. Marshal for Iowa Territory — Ed.), and my wife, up to Nashville in a yawl, whilst the rest of us, including Judge Jo. Williams, then on his way to Iowa to take his seat on the Territorial Bench, footed it up. "When we reached Nashville, Maj. Taylor kindly offered to take all the above named, and Porter, of Michigan, to Burlington, which was the destina- tion of all except Mrs. Gehon and Porter. " We had a jolly time on the road. The Judge was constantly displaying his ventriloquism until we arrived at the ' Bullard House,' in Fort Madison, where we were hospitably entertained, and had an old-fashioned good time of it. " We remained a day in Fort Madison, when the Major took us on to Bur- lington. " On our return, we stopped again at Fort Madison, one night. When we arrived at Keokuk, we were detained a half a day waiting for a boat, which gave me time enough to see what I thought was the future of Keokuk, and I made up my mind to make it my future home as soon as I could close up my business in Richmond, Mo. " In March, 1839, we again left for Iowa, but my wife became blind from sore eyes, and I stopped in Clark County, Mo., until March, 1840, when we resumed our journey, reaching Keokuk on the 8th of that month. " I had previously purchased for a residence the house known as Dr. Muir's, which stood on the first bench from the river, between the levee and First street. It was a comfortable double house, built of logs and well finished, with other buildings, such as kitchen, roothouse, stable and a large garden. For the possession of this property, 1 paid a man named Smith six hundred dollars. " I then opened a boat store on the levee, bought two barges and went into the lightening business. " The front pf.rt of the old ' Keokuk House,' 2dx44 feet, and three stories high, was built by Moses Gray, Esq., during the summer of 1839, and subse- quently sold to Dr. Galland. It was built of split lumber, and was roofed and weather-boarded with clapboards, with partitions made of green cotton-wood boards. I rented it for $200 per year, moved in and opened it as a hotel. Soon after I went into it, a transcript of a judgment against the Doctor for $800 was sent from St. Louis, under which it was sold. I bid it in for the St. Louis creditors for the amount of the judgment. Shortly afterward, I bought the •building for $640 in cash. 618 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. •' Two years afterward, an atidition of 60 feet by 44 was ovoorod. making the hotel 86 by 44 feet, the second frame house in Keokuk. '• It may be a matter of interest to state that Prinoe De Joinville and his suite were my guests one day and night, in 1841. They had been to Green Bav to see the man. Rev. Williams, who, it was claimed, was the lost Bourbon, The Prince did not claim him as one of the Bourbon stock, and so left him in quiet at his G r -en Bay home. '^ I was appointed Postmaster at Keokuk, June -A, 1841, and held the office until I resigned, in 1844. The post office was tirst kept in the ' Keokuk House," and" Avhen I rented oit the hotel, in 1848, I moved the office to the corner of First and Johnson streets, and afterward to a building midway between First street and the levee, on Johnson street. *' During the time 1 kept it at the latter place, my store was robbed, but the mail-matter^was not molested. There was $22,000 belonging to the United States, lying in an old pine desk, in the store-room, when the robbery took place. It had been handed to me by Maj. Stewart. Army Paymaster, for safe- keeping, and 1 had gone home and forgotten it. ^Yhen we caught the burglar. I asked him why he did not open the desk and take the money ? He said he did lift the cover, but thought no one was d d fool enough to leave money in such a place.'" The burglar proved to be a man named Kilgore, a somewhat suspicious character that had been in the A'icinity for some time as wood-chopper, etc. He was arrested a few days afterward, a short distance below Alexandria, Mo., and brought back. After a preliminary examination, he was sent up to the Peni- tentiary, at Fort Madison, for safe-keeping. But he did not remain there long before lie managed to make his escape. In effecting his escape, he nearlv killed a man in the prison employ, by fracturing his skull with a blow from a musket. He eluded capture, and was afterward seen in St. Louis, by Capt. James W. Campbell and another man, tlie last of whom tracked him to his stopping-place, which he marked with a piece of chalk on the window. Campbell hunted up some police officers and tried to persuade them to arrest Kilgore, tliat he might be returned to Iowa, but they were afniid to undertake the job, and so he got away, and was never afterward heard from. In July, 1841, the population of Keokuk was estimated at loO : in 1846, at oOO, an increase of only 3o0 in five years. At this time, says Henry D. Bartlett, the Hardin House corner was occupied by a long, narrow, two-story frame building, with the roof sloping one way, that was known as the " Shot- Tower."" It was used by K. B. Hughes ^^ Co., for offices, sleeping-rooms, etc. This year (^1846), Lyman E. Johnson built a small brick house on the east side of Second street, between Main and Johnson. The site of this first brick house in Keokuk would be in the rear of the present Graham Block. "West of Second street, for several years, there were but very few houses of any kind. Second street was '* away* out in the suburbs" — too tar aAvay from the business center of town to over amount to anything — so thought the people who lived and did business under the hill. The square bounded by Main, Johnson, Second and Third streets, was inclosed, and used as a pasture, by Capt. HoUiday. Henry D. Bavtlett cut the timber and made the rails that fenced it, and is still wait- ing, but without hope, for his pay. In 1847, the population was 1,120. a little more than double what it was in 1846. In 1848. it had increased to 2,118. In 1849, when A. Woicott came to engage in the business of packing pork, savs Col. Parrott. he selected the corner of ^laiu and Third streets as far TITSTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 619^ enough aAvay from the center of business and popuhition to relieve the people from the stench that necessarily arises from such establishments. The corner is now a busy one, and is occupied by D. H. Annable as a clothing-house. The business has extended along Main and Johnson streets nearly a mile beyond Wolcott's old place, and thei'e are noAV more business houses on Main, between Tenth and Twelfth streets, than there were in the entire town when Wolcott commenced operations in 1849. Speaking of pork : The first hogs seen in Keokuk were brought in a keelboat from Fort Edwards, by Dan Hine, about 1841. In March. 1849, the business had increased from the few business places on the levee on Front street, as enumerated in the beginning of this chapter, to twelve or fifteen dry goods stores, three iron stores, three Ixiot and shoe estab- lishments, three saddlery and harness shops, three clothing houses, six black- smith-shops, four wagon-makers, two gunsmiths, one hat manufactory, one coopering establishment that worked thirty to forty men, four hotels, one surgeon dentist, seventeen physicians, twenty-two lawyers and two printing otlices. From occasional preaching in one of the seven buildings that made up "Rat Row," five religious societies — one Methodist, two Presbyterian, one Baptist and one Catholic — had been organized, and religious services were held every Sunday. A lodge of I. 0. 0. F., with fifty members, had been insti- tuted (in 1848), and also a division of the Sons of Temperance. In Septem- ber, 1848, a brass band, with a Mr. Downing as teacher, was organized, and, in 1849, was in full blast and ready to provide music for all public occasions. The first Postmaster in Keokuk was John Gaines, b\it he was never regu- larly appointed. Mails at that time were brought from Warsaw, 111., in a skiftV The first regularly-appointed Postmaster was L. B. Fleak, whose commission from President Tyler was dated June 24, 1841. He served until June, 1844, when he resigned. There was a hot contest between W. S. McGavic and John Ainsworth, for the vacancy, but Henry J. Campbell and others, without asking his consent, secured the appointment for Ad. Hine, who was away most of the time, running on the river. He made John B. Russell, Avho afterward started the Dispatch, his deputy. Hine says all he knows about being Postmaster is that, some years afterward, he was called on to pay some hundreds of dollars, of which the oflfice was found to be short when his successor took possession. This shortage was attributed solely to carelessness in keeping accounts. The large cooper-shop, to which reference has been made, was owned by R. B. Hughes, father of Mrs. George H. Williams, wife of United States Attorney General Williams during the last years of the administration of President Grant. The shop stood on what is now Second street, near Johnson. It was the largest cooper-shop west of Cincinnati at that time, and was considered a great advan- tage and benefit to the interests of Keokuk. On the night of the 8d of Janu- ary, 1848, the shop caught fire and was entirely consumed, with all its contents, incliiding 400 barrels, a large amount of cooper-stuft', the tools of the workmen, etc. The cellar contained about 400 bushels of potatoes, 150 bushels of beans, 100 bushels of onions and some other stuff that had been stored there for pro- tection against the frosts of winter, which were completely roasted. The loss was about $3,000. But Hughes was not a man to be cast down by such trifies, and, almost before the fire was extinguished, he set to Avork to rebuild, and in just seven days' time, another shop occupied the place of the old one, ready for use — an evidence of enterprise rarely surpassed. The new shop was dedicated with a grand ball on the night of Monday, the 17th of January, w^hich was largely attended by the citizens of Keokuk and adjacent communities. ■620 HISTORY OF LEE COONTY. Kate Williams was a dashing belle, then, and little did she or any one else at that ball imagine, as she '' hoed it do^Yn" to the tune of "Fisher's Horn- pipe," or other dancing-tunes of the puncheon-floor period, that the time would ■come when she would be a kind of reigning queen in the circles of court society at the nation's capital. Nor more did she dream, as she climbed the bluifs at the city of her girlhood's home, that, in less than half a century, she would be in position to command the use of landaus or other finely-fashioned and gorgeous means of conveyance in which to make " calls" among the families of Senators, Cabinet-officers and foreign ministers in the avenues of the " city of magnificent distances." "' Fortune is a fickle jade." The city was incorporated under an act approved February 23, 1847. The first election for city officers was held on Monday, the 3d day of January, 1848. Three wards were established. The First Ward included all that part of the city lying between the Mississippi River and Second street, and was bounded on the southwest by a line drawn from the river to the center of Sec- ond street, between and parallel with, and at equal distances from. Main and Johnson streets. The Second Ward included that part of the city lying between the river and the center of Second street, and was bounded on the northeast by the line aforesaid. The Third Ward included all the remainder of the city between the center of Second street and the northwestern boundarj'- of the city. The voting-place in the First Ward was at the Rapids Hotel : in the Second Ward, at the American House; and in the Third Ward, at I. G. Wickersham's office. Candidates for city officers were plenty. For Mayor, the Register announced the names of Col. William Patterson and E. C. Stone. Col. Patterson declined to be a candidate. A citizens' meeting was held at the Baptist Church, on the evening of the 28th of December, to select a candidate. The name of William A. Clark was presented, and, there being no opposition, he was declared to be the choice of the people for Mayor. P. D. Foster and John W. Ogden were nominated for Aldermen in the Third Ward, and Capt. William Holliday and H. Bassett were nominated for Aldermen in the Second Ward. The following was the result of the election : For Mayor, Capt. Clark, Whig, received 175 votes, and E. C. Stone, "Possum Whig," 87 votes; majority for Capt. Clark, 86. James Mackley and William C. Reed were elected iVldermen from the First Ward ; Herman Bassett and William Holliday, from the Second Ward ; and •John W. Ogden and John M. Houston from the Third Ward. The first meeting of the City Council was held January 10, 1848, at the Mayor's office, with the Mayor and all the Aldermen present. J. W. Ogden was appointed Clerk pro tern. The Mayor read his address, after whicli the Council proceeded to elect a Clerk, Assessor and Marshal: A. V.'Putman, Clerk; L. E. H. Houghton, Assessor; and D. Murray, Marshal, Collector and Treasurer. Messrs. Ogden, Holliday, Houston and Reed were appointed a committee to report resolutions for the government of the Council, after which the Council adjourned to meet the following Monday. The first ordinance passed by the Council was at the meeting of Monday, January 17, 1848. It was entitled "'An ordinance relative to the Clerk of the Oouncil of the City of Keokuk." There was a great deal of business to claim the attention of the city fathers, and they continued in session on Tuesday, the 18th, Wednesday, the 19th, and Thursday, the 20th, both morning and afternoon. HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 621 Monday was occupied in getting the city machinery in motion ; Tuesday, S. Haight & Co. were granted the privilege of placing a wharf-boat at the foot of Main Street. The first tax levy for city purposes was f of 1 per cent. A room was rented from L. E. H. Houghton at |4 per month, for the Mayor's office. The width of pavements was established at fifteen feet on Main street, and twelve feet on the other streets. In February, Mr. Dagger was employed by the city to establish the grade of Johnson, Main and Blondeau streets, at a compensation of |3 per day. The city secured the M. E. Church for the first term of the District Court held at Keokuk, paying the Trustees $2.50 per day for its use. March 20, the Council allowed a bill of $oO for the use of the church for the first term of the Court. February, 1848, the Council employed William Telford as City Attor- ney. Monday, March 6, 1848, the Council proceeded to elect a "Road Super- visor and Street Inspector." Alderman Bassett proposed Hawkins Taylor ; Alderman Houston proposed W, Pattee. Taylor received three votes and Pattee one. The compensation was fixed at f 1.50 per day for each day actually employed, and he had to give bond at that. Hawkins Taylor is now a well- known citizen of Washington, and William Pattee is equally familiar to the people of the city of Des Moines. The second election for city officers (first full term) was held on the 10th of April, 1848. Justin Millard was elected Mayor ; A. Yan Tuyl and Moses Job were elected Aldermen from the First Ward ; Silas Haight and George Watkins from the Second Ward ; and Clark Johnson and Robert P. Creel from Third Ward. The new Council met April 17, and elected minor officers as follows; T. F. Anderson, Clerk ; James T. Cochran, Assessor (unanimous) ; M. T. Landon, •City Marshal, Collector and Treasurer. Levi Millard was elected Street Com- missioner, April 27, 1848, although a petition signed by 118 citizens was pre- sented the Council praying the re-instatement of Hawkins Taylor, who had been ordered to cease work ten days before. Monday, May 1, W. C. Read was appointed to be City Attorney. Hawkins Taylor denied the power of the new Council to remove him from office, admitting that he had done his duty, and the question was submitted to the Judge of the District Court. The Council meeting of June 5, 1848, was a stormy one. An effort was ■made to elect a wharfmaster. D. Hine, P. Vushroot and G. C. Harriott were voted for, but there was no election. After four ballots, the Mayor called Alderman Creel to the chair, and verbally tendered his resignation. The question of acceptance was put to vote, and Alderman Johnson was the only man who voted aye. Mr. Johnson then offered his resignation ; Messrs. Watkins and Haight voted aye. October 17, 1848, Mayor Millard's written resignation was read to the Council and unanimously accepted, and an election ordered for the 28th of October, to fill the vacancy. At a meeting of the Council on the 19th of October, the Council voted to depose Clerk Anderson, and Jonas W. Brown was elected to be his successor. Anderson refused to turn over the books and papers, and L. E. H. Houghton was employed to assist City Attorney N. Mun- ger in preparing charges and bringing an action against Thomas F. Anderson, to compel him to turn over the books. The charges filed against Anderson were : (1) Making unnecessary charges in advertising ordinances, by writing 622 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. more words than the ordinances contained ; (2) altering records of Council^ and (3) incompetency, from drink. At the special election for Mayor, on the 28th of October, Uriah Raplee- was elected, to fill the vacancy occasioned by the resignation of Mr. Millard. At a meeting of the Council on the 6th of November, 1848, it was voted to pay the Clerk a fixed salary of $300 per year. At a Council meeting December 16, 1848, a resolution was passed fining; the members $1.25 for each absence, and also imposing a fine of 25 cents for smoking in the Council-chamber when the Council was in session, the proceeds from these fines to go for lights and stationery. At the same meeting, Jonas W. Brown was elected City Recorder. Messrs. Haight and Walker were allowed their expenses and $1.50 per day for going to Iowa City in the inter- ests of a new charter. M. F. Landon was elected to be City Marshal. And thus commenced the city's career. Measures were inaugurated for grading and improving the streets ; roadways and streetways were cut through the hills and bluffs from the river. Improvement succeeded improvement, and. building followed building to the top of the bluffs, along the streets, and then began to scatter out along the cross streets. In 1851, the bulk of the business had been transferred from the levee and Front street to Second street, between Main and Johnson streets, and to Main street, between Second and Third. An occasional shanty was built along the ravine that intersected Main street, between Third and Fourth. At the corner of Sixth and Main there was a deep ravine. Previous to 1842 or 1843, this ravine was impassable. At that time, a German butcher named Long, a member of Jo Smith's Church of Mormon, owned and occupied a small frame house at the corner of Main and Fifth streets, the site now occupied by the savings-bank. He was a good citizen and a man of enterprise and inter- ested in the growth and prosperity of Keokuk. He desired to have Main street opened to the western limits of the town. The only way that could be done was by filling up or bridging that ugly ravine. So he preseijted the mat- ter to the church of which he was a member, and on a certain day, the Mor- mons came in force from Nauvoo and other localities, with axes, picks, spades, shovels and teams, to undertake the work. The citizens here joined them. Large trees were felled and cut in lengths to suit, and then hauled or rolled to the bottom of the ravine. Some of the trees were two feet in diameter. Brush was cut and piled on the logs, and then the earth was dug away from the steep places and transferred to the top of the log and brush heap, and the obstruc- tions caused by the ravine were thus overcome, and Main street opened to pub- lic travel. The logs are there yet, and will remain there until the earth is consumed by fire, as it is written it shall be. It is said by Israel Anderson, H. D, Bart- lett and others, that the Mormons were very liberal in such undertakings and. toward each other. If one of them undertook a contract for clearing land, making rails or cutting cordwood, his brethren all joined in and made short work of the undertaking. Dick Richardson, a small man, with sandy hair and whiskers and a large woman for a wife, was one of the first to settle out beyond Sixth street, where he built a small cabin, from very small logs. The logs were so small that two men could carry them from where they were cut to the cabin site. When the cabin was completed, it was so low that "Black Hawk No. 2 " (Israel Ander- son) could not stand erect under the eaves of the roof. When he attempted to^ enter the door, he had to do so half bent. HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 623 The Richardsons brought with them a high-posted bedstead, and when they •came to occupy their cabin it was found the roof was too low for the posts of the bedstead. Dick, the husband, proposed to cut them off to suit the height of the roof, but his wife said him nay ; and when a big wife with a little hus- band says no, she means it. So she had him cut holes through the roof for the tops of the bed-posts, and in that way the bedstead was put up. The posts reached up as m.uch as two feet above the roof, and stood that way for a long time. The Richardson cabin stood near the present site of Fuller's drug store. In 1853, there were some indications of a removal of business to Third street, between Main and Johnson, and, in 1854, a number of business houses were established in that locality, and also along Main, from Second to Fourth. When the question of land titles was settled, in 1854, speculation in town lots commenced, and prices went kiting. This speculation continued until interrupted by the financial panic in 1857. Buying and selling lots was the ruling idea. Agents were sent here from New York, Boston, New Orleans, Charleston, S. C, St. Louis, from all the money centers of the United States, and from London, England, to make investments. People went almost mad with excitement. In the spring of 1857, Hawkins Taylor, O'Harra and Rufus Wilsey organized a company to build a grand hotel, one that would be in keeping, every way, with the grand future that seemed to be opening out before Keokuk. The corner of Main and Fifth streets was selected for the proposed hotel, and $40,000 were paid for 150 feet front. The erection of the Estes House was commenced and carried up to the fourth story, when the panic came on. There was a wonderful shrinkage in values, and the projectors of that mammoth structure were forced to succumb to the inevitable. In their extremity, they applied to Col. J. K. Hornish for aid to complete the undertaking. Hornish responded, and commenced to advance money to finish this metropolitan enter- ' prise. In the end, he had to take the building and ground, and to assume the management of its completion, the entire cost of which was about $187,000. It was never opened as a hotel, and, when the war commenced, it was occupied as a Government hospital. The following letters of well-known men will show the estimate that was put upon Keokuk real estate about the time the Estes House was building : Keokuk, January 9, 1857. Messrs. George P. Bissell & Co.— Gentlemen : Mr. D. Redington has requested me to give my opinion as to the value of Lots Five (5) and Six (6), Block Thirty-one (31), in this city. The lots are on the corner of Fourth and Exchange streets, well situated for business purposes, in a part of the town where extensive improvements are being made and property rapidly advancing. I should consider the lots ample security for $10,000 or !|12,000. I suppose they would now sell on the usual time, one, two and three years, with 10 per ■cent interest per annum, on which property is sold here, for $21,000 to $25,000. It gives me pleasure to say that Mr. Redington is a good citizen and an energetic business man, and, I may add, has been quite successful. Respectfully yours, D. W. KILBOURNE. P. S.— I am well acquainted with Messrs. Stempel & Harper, of Fort Madison, and have •entire confidence in their abstracts of title. D. W. K. Keokuk, January 18, 1857. Mr. Gbokge p. Bissell— S"*'?- ; I am required by Mr. Redington to state to you the cash value of his property on the corner of Exchange and Fourth streets. Lots 5 and 6, Block 31, Keokuk, Iowa. I am acquainted with the property, and can say it is among the best in the city in its locality, and will soon be in the center of the business part of the city. It would sell now for from $20,000 to $30,000, and if they were mine, I would not sell them for that. Mr. Redington is one of our best business men, successful in all his undertakings, is doing a very large business, and is considered a reliable and responsible man. Yours very truly, SAMUEL R. CURTIS, Mayor's Office, Keokuk. 624 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. In my opinion, Lots Five (5) and Six (6), in Block Thirty-one (31), in the city of Keokuk, are \Yorth from ?!20,000 to §25.000. T do not think, if they were mine, T -wouhl sell them for less than ?2o,000. and I consider them ample securitv for the sum of §10,500. WiM. W. BELKNAP, Agent Phoenix and Hartford Fire Insurance Compafiies. Refers to Messrs. S. L. Loomis, H. Kellogg and C. B. Bowers. Keokuk, Iowa, February 2, 1857. In 1854, the railroad land-grant system of Icwa was organized, upon a large land grant from the United States to the State of Iowa. This grant was manipulated in the exclusive interests of roads centering at Chicago. At this date, there were no railroads touching the Mississippi River, and Keokuk was the practical head of unobstructed navigation, and St. Louis was the com- mercial center of all the trade of the Upper Mississippi country. But the railroad land-grant system soon changed all this. Capittil, being invited by the land grant, pushed roads from foiw different points across the State east and west above the rapids, and all in the interests of Chicago. The completion of these roads changed the direction and practically superseded the influence of St. Louis and the river trade. In 1857, the population of Keokuk was about fifteen thousand. When the panic came on, in September of this year, everything became prostrate, and business combinations discouraged. Property began to depreciate in value, ai^d the population to scatter, so that, at the beginning of the war in 1861, there was a real decrease in population. When the war commenced, there was an apparent revival of business and prosperity, resulting, in a great measure, from the large hospital arrangements and recruiting-stations which were estab- lished here. But there was no substantial increase of population or wealth. As soon as the war ended and Government business was closed up, everything fell back into legitimate channels, and the population was discovered to be at a stand-still, nor has it ever advanced above 15,000 at any time. At one time during the heyday of Keokuk's prosperity, scores of men Avere engaged in digging down bluffs in one place and filling up ravines in another. The streets were almost completely blocked with great piles of brick, sand, lumber, lime and mortar- beds. But, notwithstanding the fact that many of the old first buildings were torn away to make room for brick structures, of which the city is mainly com- posed, some of the primitive frame buildings, with clapboard weather-boarding, are still standing as reminders of the olden time. When the first houses were built, sawed lumber was scarce, and nearly all of it was brought up the river from St. Louis or from points along the Ohio River. The flooring in the Hardin House was brought from that direction, and some of the floors have never been replaced. In the billiard-hall, in particular, the floor is as good and as solid as when it was first laid down. The lumber from which it was made is of yellow pine, and is good for another quarter of a century, unless destroyed by fire. Since the days of Pittsburgh lumber and clapboard Aveather- boarding, the pine forests of Northern Minnesota and Wisconsin have been utilized and made to pay tribute to all the cities along the entire course of the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers. Keokuk is, and must always remain, a trade center of no ordinary impor- tance. It is a natural receiving and distributing point for a large scope of the richest and most* productive country on the American continent. Practically, it is at the head of unobstructed navigation. For many years after Iowa began to settle up, and before . the day of railroads, goods were brought from New York, Philadelphia and other markets, by water-craft to New Orleans, or from Pittsburgh, down the Ohio River to its mouth, and then up the Missis- HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 625 sippi to the foot of the Rapids. Here they were discharged. That part of the cargoes consigned to up-river towns was lightened over the Rapids and then reloaded. Goods consigned .to interior points, Des Moines, Fort Dodge, Indianola, Winterset, Centreville, Oskaloosa, Ottumwa, Fairfield and other set- tlements, were hauled overland from Keokuk in prairie-schooners, hundreds of which have been seen alonof the levee and Front street at one time. When great lines of railways began to be extended from New York and other Eastern trade-centers to Chicago, and then from Chicago west to the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers, competing points sprang up, and every possible means was employed to overcome the natural advantages of Keokuk as a commercial city. Added to these natural advantages, it was fortunate that the early merchants, capitalists and public men were of the most liberal and enterprising character, and that they had the nerve and determination to "hold the fort" at whatever cost to themselves. And they succeeded. Nature provided the rock and the hill upon which Dr. Samuel C. Muir and Dr. Isaac Galland founded the city. Nature made the gate of entrance to the Territory of Iowa, and faithful senti- nels have always guarded it. These sentinels never slept. They were always on the alert. Their quick eyes saw every movement made in the interest of rival points, and their enterprise foiled them at every turn. This enter- prise has resulted in not only maintaining the natural advantages of location, but in fortifying it with a net-work of railroads that bids defiance to the com- bined influence of all rival interests between St. Louis and St. Paul, on the one hand, and Chicago and Omaha on the other. Keokuk enterprise and fore- sight secured a combined railway and wagon bridge across the Mississippi River, that not only secured the trade of a large section of Illinois, but opened direct communication with Eastern trade-centers. The same enterprising spirit also bridged the Des Moines River, and brought the trade of North- eastern Missouri to the doors of the merchants and traders. When the- railroad interests sought the right of way to build a bridge, Keokuk enter- prise insisted upon a combined right of way, that farmers and local travel might be benefited as well as moneyed monopolies. The railroad interests stormed and threatened to locate their bridge at some other point. The people were not intimidated by such threats, but demanded that the bridge- should be open to local trafBc as well as railway trafiic. They stood firm,, and the result of that firmness is the magnificent combination bridge that is a benefit and an advantage to Keokuk, the farmer and the railway interests alike. -The same enterprise that planned and completed their mammoth bridge structure, also secured the construction of six difterent lines of railroad, that radiate from Keokuk. Besides the benefit derived directly from these roads, there are others that serve as feeders. The supremacy of Keokuk over any other city in Iowa, as a wholesale mar- ket, is unquestioned. She does the largest grocery trade, the largest dry goods and notion trade, and the largest boot and shoe trade of any town or city in the State. There are five exclusively wholesale grocery houses, the most of which have been in continuous business for more than twenty years. Burlington has three wholesale grocery houses, the largest and oldest of which does not sell more goods, annually, than the smallest Keokuk house. Ottumwa has one jobbing grocery house ; Oskaloosa, one; Des Moines, two ; Muscatine, two ; Davenport, two ; Dubuque, three ; Council Bluifs, one; Sioux City, two. '626 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. Among the dry goods and notion houses, Keokuk, probably, has the largest establishments in the State — one firm alone occupying a building 90x140 feet, three stories high. Of the boot and shoe dealers, one firm occupies a four-story building, 50x140 feet, which is filled from top to bottom. This firm manufactures largely, and sells in large lots to Chicago, St. Louis, St. Paul and many other large jobbing centers, as well as to the legitimate trade in Iowa, Missouri and Illinois. The wholesale trade in iron, hardware, drugs, clothing, hats, caps, millinery and such lines of goods is as well represented as in any other town or city in Iowa. The lumber interests are large and rapidly increasing. In the last three years, the volume of this trade has doubled. Large quantities of lumber are sold to Missouri, Kansas and Nebraska, and Southern Iowa. The pioneer lumber-dealer of Keokuk was John W. Scroggs, who came to the city in 1846, and, in connection with his business as a carpenter, established a yard on the northwest corner of Second and Main streets. He is still in the business, on the corner of Fifth and Concert streets. The trade of Keokuk in this line now reaches 20,000,000 feet annually. The city is able now, as in the past, to maintain its p^'estige as a jobbing center, by reason of superior freighting facilities; Being a terminal as well as a competing point for all railroad and river lines, it is a question of cost. With four trunk lines from the East, and the river to the East and South, the question of freights is reduced to the minimum. The outlet westward from Keokuk is unsurpassed by any city in Iowa, and, upon the completion of the line of railroad now in course of construction, will be materially improved. Especial improvement will result from the com- pletion of the Missouri, Iowa & Nebraska, and the road down the west bank of the Mississippi to St. Louis. At this time (March, 1879), freights are being contracted from New Orleans to Keokuk, at 20@,25 cents per 100 pounds. These facts show why Keokuk is able to successfully compete with Chicago for the trade of the West. The city's future is as bright with hope as its past has been full of substantial prosperity. PUBLIC ENTERPRISES. RAILROAD AND WAGON BRIDGE. The subject of a railroad and wagon bridge across the river at Keokuk was first agitated in February, 1865, at which time articles of incorporation were ■drawn up and approved, under the name of the Hancock County Bridge Company. In January, 1866, the present organization, known as the Keokuk k Hamilton Mississippi Bridge Company, was incorporated. Preliminary surveys, looking to the location and construction of the bridge, were made in March, 1867, by Col. Otley, of the Des Moines Valley road, assisted by Mr. J. S. Smith, under the direction of T. C. Clarke, Engineer-in- chief of the Quincy bridge. The object was to get an estimate of the probable cost of the structure. From this survey, preliminary plans were made and submitted to the city authorities of Keokuk, in 1868, upon which an ordinance, granting the right •of way across the levee, was passed and approved May 25. Final plans, esti- mates and reports were submitted by T. C. Curtis, Esq., to the Directors of the HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 627 Keokuk & Hamilton Bridge Company in June, 1868. Then the prospect became a fixed purpose. The contract for constructing the bridge was let to the Keystone Bridge Company, of Pittsburgh, December 6, 1868, for $850,000. DESCRIPTION OF THE BRIDGE. The bridge has the longest draw-span on the river — 160 feet on the square, and 376J feet from center to center. Then there are two spans 250 feet each in the dear of the masonry; three spans 162 feet 9 inches from center to center of piers ; one span of 151 feet 4 inches, and four of 164 feet 7 inches. The pivot-pier is 32 feet in diameter on top ; the first pier, 7 feet by 29 on top and 10 by 51.9 at brottom. All the other piers are 6 by 29 at top and 10 by 51.9 at bottom. There are thirteen in all, including the pivot-pier, the average height of which is 35 feet. They reach 10 feet above the high-water mark of 1851. The superstructure is 2,192 feet in length, and, in width, 20 feet in the clear. There is a wagon-track of sufficient width to accommodate all kinds of vehicles, on either side of the railroad-track. The passage-ways for footmen are outside of the superstructure, and are 5 feet in width. The western terminus of the bridge is at the foot of Blondeau street, the eastern at the depot causeway. The work was done under the personal supervision of Mr. Joseph S. Smith, resident engineer in charge of substructure ; Walter Katie, in charge of erec- tion of bridge, assisted by Mr: F. S. Kaufman, foreman of the ten permanent spans ; Mr. H. M. Shotts, foreman of the draw-span, and Mr. Frank Reeder, machinist and foreman of the steam-engine and hydraulic works. The first passage of the bridge by a locomotive and cars was on Tuesday, April 19, 1871. To the engine was attached two passenger-cars, well filled by the officers of the Bridge Company and invited friends. On this first trip, the massive iron pivot center, on which is swung the draw-span, was crushed by the weight of the train; but a new one was substituted in a few days* from the foundry of Sample, Arraitage & Co., of Keokuk. Nothing in the way of a public enterprise has been of such benefit to Keo- kuk as the building of this bridge. Besides the advantages of railroad com- munication, an immense trade is secured from the adjacent country in Illinois, which would otherwise be lost. THE WATER WORKS. The Water Works Company was organized April 21, 1877. Capital stock, $100,000, divided into shares of $100 each. Board of Directors — William Leighton, Guy Wells, W. C. Stripe, Pat Gibbons, S. P. Pond, James H. Anderson. Officers — President, William Leighton; Vice President, Guy Wells; Treas- urer, Edward Johnstone; Secretary and Engineer, W. C. Stripe. HISTQRY OF THE ENTERPRISE. [From the Gate City, July 19, 1S7S.] The great inconvenience to which the citizens of Keokuk have been peri- odically subjected through lack of water, an inconvenience amounting almost to distress at times, induced W. C. Stripe to study the subject of an artificial sup- ply of that indispensable element. Some three years since, a few citizens, at his invitation, met at the U. S. Engineer's office to inspect his plans and consult respecting the feasibility of G28 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. erecting Water Works. The plans, so far as they were matured, met their apjjrobation, and he was requested to complete them and make estimates of the probable cost and profits. Before this was completed, a Mr. Weir, who had just completed the Water Works at Muscatine, visited Keokuk, and submitted to the City Council a plan to furnish a supply of water for domestic and public purposes, which combined the two grades of gravity and direct pressure — gravity for domestic, and direct pressure for public purposes, including the extinguishing of fires. Mr. Weir's plan was a very good one and met the approbation of the City Council, and he was requested to meet the Council at its next session and explain his plans and estimates more in detail. He appeared before the Council, as requested, and explained his plans, which comprised a reservoir on the avenue, capable of holding 130,000,000 gallons, with pumping machinery to furnish 1,500,000 gallons each twenty-four hours, five and one half miles of mains and fifty hydrants, at a cost of $150,000. Mr. Stripe also appeared before the Council, and upon permission being^ given him, addressed them in opposition to Mr. Weir's proposition, mainly on, the score of its extravagant cost, criticised it in detail and proved to the satis- faction of al] Avho heard him that the entire apparatus proposed by Mr. Weir could be furnished for a sum but little exceeding one-half his figures. Consider- able excitement ensued on the subject, Mr. Weir having stated publicly that his plans would assuredly be adopted. But the inexorable logic of figures pre- vailed and the Weir project was abandoned. Now was Mr. Stripe's opportunity. He invited a number of gentlemen who had manifested an interest in the mat- ter to meet him at his residence. To them he exhibited his plans and estimates, which they examined minutely, and having approved them determined to submit them to the City Council and ask their co-operation to establish the work. Mr. Stripe met the Council, exhibited the plans and estimates, which com- prised pumping apparatus to furnish 1,000,000 gallons per day, a stand-pipe sixty feet high, to be erected at the intersection of Second and High streets, a location 154 feet above the city datum line, and about eight miles of mains, at a cost of 170,000 to |75,000. This would have furnished an ample supply for domestic use all over the city and for fire purposes, without the intervention of fire-engines at any point no higher than Main street. The city fathers gave this plan a qualified approval, but decided that to have their entire approval and co-operation, the whole city must be protected by the hydrants independent of fire-engines. With indomitable pluck and tenacity, Mr. Stripe again went to work and devised the plan which was adopted, and the consummation of which has been established. To the gentlemen comprising the Board of Directors the citizens are also largely indebted for these works. More particularly may be named in this con- nection William Leighton, President ; Guy Wells, Vice President ; J. H. Anderson and S. P. Pond, Directors of the Company. But for their nerve and foresight, we would have had no water works. They worked for them physically and mentally ; they contributed liberally of their means and influence, and that, too, at a time when probably not one in ten of our citizens had any faith in the result. Through good and evil report they gave the project an energetic support, and the fruit of their labors is now apparent and a fixed reality. Nor must we forget the contractors. These gen- tlemen from the start have put the works through in a manner without prece- dent. They have done the work thoroughly, have very far exceeded the mSTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 629 requirements of their contract, and furnished us, as we sincerely believe, the best works of their size in the United States, and beyond a doubt the cheapest. 'Tis a pleasant task to award them all praise for their vim, their intelligence and their honorable conduct. And while according credit to others for the part they have taken in the enterprise, we cla,im that the Crate City is entitled to its share. We consider that to W. Ci Stripe, more than to any other one individual, Keokuk is indebted for the works. He has striven with tireless energy and an unyielding determination to succeed. The other gentlemen named are also entitled to all praise. But when the project was hanging in the balance, and it was uncertain whether it was going to win or not, the Gate City took hold Avith earnestness and labored day after day in urging upon our citi- zens the importance of securing the works, until the necessary amount of stock was taken, and the success of the undertaking insured. THEIR CHARACTER AND CAPACITY. There are ten miles of mains, covering all of the business and nearly all of the valuable residence property of the city, seventy-five double hydrants and five public drinking-foun tains, that have a capacity for furnishing 2,200,000 gallons of water every twenty-four hours. The distribution of the mains is as follows : The fourteen-inch pipe from Water to Third street, on Concert. The twelve-inch pipe on Main from Third to Twelfth street, and on Third from Concert to Main. The ten-inch pipe on High from Third to Fourteenth, on Fourteenth from High to Main, and on Main from Twelfth to Fourteenth. All the balance is six-inch pipe. The following is approximately the num- ber of feet of each size of pipe: Fourteen-inch, feet .' 1,050 Twelve-inch, feet 4,100 Ten-inch, feet 6,300 Eight-inch, feet 4,600 Six-inch feet 34,770 The hydrants are located as follows : Main street — One on each corner from the Levee to Fourteenth street. Bloudeau — At Levee, Third, Fourth, Fifth, Seventh, Ninth and Eleventh streets. Concert — At Levee, Fourth, Fifth and Eleventh streets. High— At Second, Fourth, Sixth, Seventh, Eighth, Tenth, Twelfth, Thirteenth and Four- teenth streets. Morgan — At Second, Third, Fourth and Seventh streets. Fultou— At Fourth, Ninth, Eleventh and Twelfth streets. Franklin — At Third, Fifth and Seventh streets. Orleans — At Fifth, Eighth and Ninth streets. Avenue — At Seventh and Eighth streets. .Johnson — At Levee, First, Second, Third, Fifth, Seventh, Ninth and Tenth streets. Exchange — At Second, Fourth, Sixth and Twelfth streets. Bank — At Seventh, Ninth and Tenth streets. Timea— At Fifth, Sixth, Eighth, Ninth, Tenth and Twelfth streets. Fifth — At Cedar and Palean streets, and the porkhouses. Fourteenth — Between Blondeau and Concert streets. The engine-house, which is located at the foot of Concert street, is of brick with a slate -roof, 35x60 feet. The smoke-stack is 110 feet in height. The filter is 50x15 feet. All water for private consumption passes through this, and is thoroughly cleansed. The influent-pipe is twenty inches in diameter, and the suction-pipe sixteen inches. An admirable arrangement has been made for obviating the tendency of the influent-pipe to clog up by deposit of silt. 680 HISTORY OF LKE COUNTY. By closing one valve and opening another, a stream can be throNvn by the pumps through the inilueut pipe outward with ample force to clear all impedi- ments. This is a new feature in the construction of water works, and a very valuable one. The pumping machinery is of the latest design of the Holly Manufiicturing Company, and embraces all recent valuable improvements. The engine is of the compound type, and guaranteed to perform a duty equal to raising 50,- 000.000 pounds of water one foot with 100 hundred pounds of coal. .It has four steam-cylinders, each 14^ inches in diameter, :22-incli stroke, with four corresponding pumps, each 8 inches in diameter and 2'2-ineh stroke, attached by direct connections, and erected on a heavy -arched, double frame of iron, set at an angle of ^H^ degrees, one steam-cylinder and its pump being placed at each of the four corners. The frame supports at its top a shaft Avith an over- hani^ing crank at either end. to which the four engines are connected by ordi- narv connecting-rods. The cylinders and pumps are detached at pleasure, and mav be run singly, in pairs or all together, according to the demands for water- supplv from time to time. The engine is provided with the usual air-pump and jet or surf^ice condenser, and by a peculiar arrangement of pipes and valves niav be run either at a high or low pressure or compound engine, and may be changed from one to the other at any moment by the engineer. This arrange- ment is necessary to secure economical daily pumping for domestic supply, which is done by compounding steam, and prompt increase of power for efficient fire protection, which is secured by converting the machine into a high- pressure engine. When compounding, the steam is taken from the boilers into one cylinder and exhausted into the other three, and when running high-press- ure, steam is taken directly into all the cylinders, thus increasing the power from four to eight times. The cost ot'the works will be about §100,000. The amount paid the con- tractors is nearly §91,000, but there will be other expenses and outlays that will run the total cost up to nearlv the sum named. HOW A.LAKMS ARE GIVEN. Immediately upon a hydrant being opened, a steam-whistle in the engine- room announces the tact and the throttle-valve is opened automatically. This is not as quick or reliable as the fire-alarm telegraph, but will answer the pur- pose verv well until the city gets ready to invest in the latter improvement. A water-pressure of oO pounds at the highest points in the city is kept on constantly, and when an alarm of tire is given this is increased as may be necessaiy. Operations on the works were commenced February 8, 1878. They were to have been completed by June 18, but were,., H-inoh sti-eam -1 ' o .. .. -jii; 21. - .. " * .! VMl 2I ^. ■■ 21tK^ "The Avater-pressure during the test varied from 180 to 195 pounds to the square inch, and the steam-pressure stood uniformly at about 90 pounds. " The altitudes of the streams Avere taken by Maj. Worrall, of tlie Rapids Improvement, and Mr. Stripe. It Avas done by means of an instrument, and can be relied on as absolutely correct. Only the solid streams Avere measured. Sprays shot up from these a* distance of several foot, but they Avere not meas- ui-ed. '* The test Avas a very gratifying one to all concerned. Except for the break in the main, better results Voulil liave been shoAvn, but the result was, on the HISTORY OF LEK COUNTY. 633 whole, entirely satistactory, and everybody seemed pleased with the exhibition. The test was made under the direction of Contractor Cowell, and was admira- bly nuvnaifed throughout. The nuivements of the liremen were directed by Chief Wickersham and his assistants. The firemen worked hard, handled the pipes well." FIRE DEPARTMENT. Hook and Ladder Company No. 1 was organized in the spring of 1856. Benjamin F. Dodson was President ; D. B. Smith, Secretary, and John B. Knight, Treasurer. Dodson now lives at Decatur, 111., and Smith and Knight still reside in Keokuk. Tlie first Truck Foreman was L. L. O'Connor, now deceased. The Young America Fire Company was organized at a meeting of citizens ]i:^ld at Burrows Hall, October 9, 1856. Hon. John Adair McDowell, present Superintendent of the Custom House building at Chicago, was President of the meeting. A number of the gentlemen present at that meeting became prominent public characters. Among these were Gen. S. R. Curtis, Gen. W. W. Belknap, late Secretary of War, Hugh W. Sample, and others of that class of Keokukians. Frank H. Norton, a Southerner, and a young lawyer, was Secretary of the meeting. He returned South and became a noted char- acter in the rebel army. The late Confederate General Winder was also a young lawyer here at the time, and became notorious as Superintendent of Libby Prison, at Richmond, Va. R. H. Magruder, also of Southern birth and education, was an active member of the company, and was its President for three or four yeai's. Messrs. Curtis, Belknap, McDowell, Sample and Magruder took an active part in securing the first hand-engines. The '' Gallery " was built at Balti- more Works of Rogers & Son, and the "Honneyman" was of Boston manufac- ture. The "Gallery" became useless years ago, and was sold for old brass. The "Honneyman" is still in active use, and is at the "Rolla" engine-house. The " Columbia " hose-reel has been remodeled and changed to a one-horse truck. STEAM ENGINES. The first steam-engine was manufiictured at the Amoskeag (N. H.) Works. It was purchased by the city authorities in the spring of 1866, and presented to the Young America Company, by Avhich name it was christened. The Rolla Fire Compan}'^ was organized in 1860. Among the prominent members were George Hagny, W. B. Miller, George W. Hardesty and A. J. Hardin, the present City Marshal. This company raised about one-half of the purchase money for their first engine. The first meetings of the company were held in an old blacksmith-shop belonging to Christ. Smith, one of the members, who made a large triangle which served the company in place of a bell. After the great fire of July, 1870, the city purchased a Silsby (Seneca Falls, N. Y.) engine, which was christened the "Rolla," and presented to this company. In 1874, the ""RoUas" sold their old engine to West Point. The Union Fire Company No. 3 was organized in 1861. George T. Hig- gins, the present Sheriff"; W. B. Miller, who was afterward Chief Engineer of the Fire Department, and now deceased ; William Landers, Jacob Speck, Donald Robinson and Ed. Bowden were amonj; the active members. This company first worked the old "Gallery" hand-engine, which was turned over to them by the "Rollas." In 1866, the "Young Americas" turned "Little 634 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. Honneyman " over to them, which is still in good condition. It remained under their direct control until the organization of the paid fire department in Octoher, 1878. Until that time, the fire apparatus was managed by indepen- dent fire companies. ^ VETERANS. The following-named gentlemen have been prominently identified with the fire department since the first organization of Hook and Ladder Company No. 1, in the spring of 1856: Capt. W. H. Appier, Joseph A. Samuels, Ed. C. Booth, James Lynch, George Hagny, A. J. Hardin, Jacob Schlotter, H. C. Landes, the present President of the "Young Americas," Charles Wright, Ed. H. Jones, Robert Martin, E. H. Wickersham, John liuse and Henry d'Louis. Of these, the following-named have severally served as Engineers-in-Chief: Joseph A. Samuels, Ed. C. Booth, George Hagny, A. J. Hardin, Jacob Schlotter and E. H. Wickersham. Mr. Samuels has also served as Alderman. James Lynch is now Justice of the Peace, and has held various other ofiices during the last twenty years. H. - C. Landes, the present President of the "Young Am'ericas," has also served as Foreman and Secretary of the com- pany. Henry d'Louis has been a member of the Young America Company since he was a boy ten years of age. He commenced "running with the machine" at that age, as torch-bearer, and Avas taken into full membership at the age of twenty-one years, served the allotted ten years, and is now an hon- orary member of the company, and a member of the paid department. KEOKUK GAS-LIGHT AND COKE COMPANY. Edward Kilbourne and William Herrick were the original projectors of the works which were erected and mains laid in the fall of 1855. The Company was not organized until December 20,. 1855, when the two above named and Charles B. Foote filed x\rticles of Incorporation under its present name, with a capital stock of $100,000. Edward Kilbourne was its first President, and Josiah Davis first Secretary. The street-lamps were first lighted on Friday even- ing, January 4, 1856. The present ofiicers of the Company are D. Mooar, President, who owns a controlling interest in the Company ; R. H. Wyman, Vice President ; and H. R. Miller, Secretary and Superintendent. BANKING INTERESTS. To George C. Anderson belongs the credit of opening the first banking- house in Keokuk. In 1846, he opened a broker's office in connection with his business, as Avholesale grocer, on the corner of Second and Johnson streets. Subsequently, he established the well-known banking-house of George C. Ander- son & Co., which he conducted until his death, in 1867. In 1852, Charles Parsons opened a bank on Main street, two doors east of Second. The building, a one-story brick-and-stone structure, still stands, occu- pied as a cigar-store. Parsons afterward moved to the southeast corner of Second and Main streets, where, he went under in the crash of 1857. Soon after Parsons, the banking-house of Granville B. Smith & Co. Avas opened, the members of the firm being Fitz Henry Warren, A. D. Green and E. H. Thomas, of Burlington. They were succeeded by A. L. Deming & Co. (J. H. Claypooie) in January^ 1856. Afterward, the firm was Deming & Love. HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. . 685 In June, 1856, E. R. Ford, diaries T. Graham and D. W. Ford opened a banking-house. Others, who engaged in the business in the flush times ^vhich culminated in the panic of 1857, were George Chapin and George C. Lee, from Albany or Auburn, N. Y.; Hatch & Thompson, from Kentucky ; and Ficklin k Lucas. On the 4th of February, 1858, the banking-house of Rix, Hale & Co. was opened, and continued until March 3, 1862, when Mr. Hale was elected Cashier of the State Bank, and the exchange and deposit branch of the business was discontinued. George C. Anderson was succeeded by Alex. Barclay & Co., afterward Bower, Barclay & Co. Barclay died in 1871. The financial interests of Keokuk are, at this time, represented by four banks, all of them of the most substantial character and transacting a profita- ble business. STATE NATIONAL BANK. This institution is successor to the Keokuk Branch of the State Bank of Iowa, which was organized September 25,. 1858, with the following as the orig- inal Directors : John W. Cleghorn, John G. Floyd, Samuel F. Miller, Benja- min F. Moody, James M. Shelley, Smith Hamill, Christian Garber, J. C. Ramsey and J. B. Billings. Samuel F. Miller was its first President, and J. W. McMillen first Cashier. The latter was succeeded by 0. C. Hale, March 3, 1862. In 1865. the present bank was organized, under the national banking act, with a capital of $150,000, wliich remains unchanged. The authority of the Government was conferred July 15, 1865, and the bank was opened for business August 1, following. The first Directors were Enos H. Harrison, James F. Cox, Abraham B. Chittenden, George B. Smyth and Arthur Hosmer. The first officers were: James F. Cox, President; George B. Smyth, Vice Presi- dent ; and 0. C. Hale, Cashier. The present Directors are Arthur Hosmer, Guy Wells, Abraham B. Chittenden, Oscar C. Hale and William F. Shelley. Arthur Hosmer is now the President ; Guy Wells, Vice President ; and 0. C. Hale, Cashier. The bank has a surplus of $35,000. KEOKUK NATIONAL BANK. Organized June 15, 1872, with a paid-up capital of $100,000. William Patterson, President, and Ed. F. Brownell, Cashier, have held those positions since its organization. The first Directors were S. P. Pond, Smith Hamill, C. K. Peck, J. 0. Voorhies, John Given, Samuel E. Carey, William Patterson, William A. Brownell and Ed. F. Brownell. C. K. Peck was succeeded by John N. Irwin, in 1877, the only change since the first organization. KEOKUK SAVINGS BANK. Incorporated December 19, 1867, and opened for business February 10, 1868. Edward Johnstone was its first President, and William Thompson, Cashier. Judge Johnstone, the present Cashier, has held that position since the bank entered upon the second year of its existence, and C. F. Davis, Pres- ident, since March 4, 1869. The authorized capital is $100,000, one-half of which is paid up. The present Directors are Stephen Irwin, C. F. Davis, B. P. Taber, Edward Johnstone and A. L. Connable. •6^66 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. COMMERCIAL BANK. Incorporated January 1, 1872, by Edmund Jaeger, B. B. Bower and J. W. Hobbs, with a paid-up capital of $50,000. It was re-organized in May follow- ing, with its present officers : R. F. Bower, President ; H. W. Rothert, Vice President, and Edmund Jaeger, Cashier. INSURANCE COMPANIES. IOWA STATE INSURANCE COMPANY. This Company, organized for insurance against fire, on the mutual plan, was incorporated January 26, 1855, by the following-named persons: E. H. Harrison, J. W. Rankin, A. Bridgman, William F. Turner, George B. Smyth, E. R. Ford, A. B. Chittenden, R. P. Creel, John McCune, C. Garber and C. H. Perry. These, by the Articles of Incorporation, were declared the first Board of Directors. The first officers of the Company, elected February 2, 1855, were : E. H. Harrison, President ; J. W. Rankin, Vice President ; W. F. Turner, Secre- tary, and A. Bridgman, Treasurer. The present Board of Directors is constituted as follows : S. Hamill, R. F. Bower, W. A. Brownell, Hugh Robertson, S. E. Carey, A. L. Connable, Guy Wells and A. V. Leopold, of Keokuk ; Isaiah Meek, of Bonaparte ; S. Rich- ards, of Bentonsport ; E. Manning, of Keosauqua, and I. Donahy, of Council Bluffs. The present officers are: Smith Hamill, President; A. C. Connable, Vice President ; Samuel E. Carey, Treasurer, and Howard Tucker, Secretary. This is the oldest insurance company in the State of Iowa, and is strictly a home institution, not doing business outside of the State. THE IOWA LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY. This is a company organized on the mutual contribution plan, under which each member is assessed his proportion of a loss when the death of a member occurs. The Comnany was incorporated July 14, 1873, and commenced busi- siness March 3, 1874. Edward Johnstone, C. F. Davis, J. M. Love, John A. Elliott, Edward Mumm, Caleb Baldwin, James F. Cox, J. M. Shelley, A. L. Connable, Edwin Manning, A. C Roberts and Charles Doerr were the incorporators. The first Directors were J. M. Shelley, A. L. Connable, C. F. Davis, Edward Johnstone, John A. Elliott, Edwin Manning and A. C. Roberts. At the first meeting of the Board, July 18, 1873, J. M. Shelly was elected President; C. F. Davis, Vice President, and James F. Cox, Secretary. In January, 1874, Dr. J. M. Shaffer succeeded Cox as Secretary, the only change in officers since the organization of the Company. The business of the Com- pany is confined to the State of loAva. RELIGIOUS INTERESTS. CATHOLIC CHURCH. The first church-building erected in Keokuk was a frame building, which utood on the southeast corner of First and Blondeau streets, and was called St. John's Roman Catholic Church. This was built in 1838, and services were HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 637 held therein and mass celebrated by the Rev. Father J. G. Allemann, A. M. Pelamourgues, and other missionary Priests, until 1848, when Rev. John M. Villars Avas appointed Parish Priest by the Rev. Mathias Loras, first Bishop of Dubuque. Father Villars remained Parish Priest until the year 1856, when St. Peter's Ohurch, on Exchange, between Ninth and Tenth streets, was built, by Rev. William Emonds, who was the first Parish Priest of St. Peter's congregation. He has been followed, in succession, by Rev. Fathers J. G. Reffe, Louis Decailly, J. M. Trevis and the Rev. Thomas O'Reilly, now ofiiciating. St. Mary's, the German Roman Catholic Church, was built in 1867, by the Catholic Germans of Keokuk. Father Clement Johannes was the first Parish Priest, and was succeeded in regular order by the Rev. Fathers Joseph Knaepple, Joseph Weikman, Peter Male and Rev. James Orth, now in charge. The church-building on the corner of Fourth and High streets, now called St. Francis de Sales, was bought by the Catholic citizens of Keokuk, from the New-School or First Presbyterian Church, in the year 1870. The first Parish Priest appointed for St. Francis de Sales congregation was F.. Hartin, and his successors were Rev. Fathers W. W. Dunn, Hugh Malone, John Barry, Joseph Gaffney and the present Pastor^ Rev. Maurice Howard. The Convent building, on Seventh and Timea streets, was erected in 1853, :and occupied first by the Sisters of Visitation, who, in 1867, were succeeded by the Sisters of Charity, now occupying the building. These Sisters, in addition to visiting the sick and performing other acts of charity, also have a day school for girls, in which all branches of learning nec- essary for an intellectual and moral education are taught. ' Connected with St. Peter's Church are the Father Mathew Total Absti- nence and Benevolent Society, the Willibrordus (Apostle of Holland) Mutual Aid Society, the Sodalities of the Blessed Virgin, of the Holy Angels and the Children of Mary, also a parish school, where children are daily instructed in all branches appertaining to an English and religious education. With St. Mary's (German) Church is connected the St. Joseph's Mutual Aid Society, the Sodality of the Blessed Virgin and a day school, kept by St. Franciscan Sisters, in which the children receive instruction in all the common branches of education, and in the English and German languages. At the St. Francis de Sales Church, a Father Mathew Total Abstinence Society is also in full organization. The Catholics of this city are well known for their liberality toward their tihurch and schools. Miss Mary Staiford, who played the organ in St. John's and St. Peter's, and who is noAV organist of St. Francis de Sales Church, deserves particular mention for her untiring efforts in keeping up the choirs in these different churches, only and solely to aid in the solemnity of the divine services. FIRST M. E. CHURCH. In 1840 or 1841, Rev. Samuel Clark, father of Samuel M. Clark, editor of the Gate City, held the first quarterly meeting in Keokuk, in the absence of Rev. Henry Summei's, D. D., "that colossal-brained and venerable patriarch" at that time being Presiding Elder of this district, which included all of South- eastern Iowa then settled. Rev. Summers was a powerful debater and a strono- man physically and mentally. He is still itinerating in Illinois. In 1842, Rev. Daniel G. Cartwright and Rev. William Simpson preached occasionally. To the former is probably due the credit of organizing the first 638 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. class, which, in the spring of 1843, numbered twelve members, as follows: Thomas McCaveny and wife, John Forbes and wife, John Harman and wife, Ira Turner, Mrs. Eliza Wilson, Mrs. Samuel Reynolds, Mrs. Jenkins and Mrs. Elizabeth Martin. Services, at that time, were usually held in a log schoolhouse on the corner of Third and Johnson streets, where now stands the building occupied by rail- road offices. In the year 1843, Rev. J. B. Hardy and Rev. M. Hare (now dead) were sent to this place. They preached for one year in Keokuk and vicinity. I^ 1844, Rev. Moses Shinn, now living in Omaha, preached, and the old Exchange Street Church-building was commenced — foundation laid and walls raised a few feet. Then came Rev. L. B. Dennis, still living in Illinois, who stayed two years and finished the house. This first Methodist Church in Keokuk was of brick, 42x60 feet. Hawkins Taylor built the house, taking the subscription- list of $600 for his pay. Ready cash was a scarce article in those days, and out of this Taylor got less than |50 in money ; the balance was taken in trade. The church was dedicated August 27, 1847. In the fall of that year, Rev. B. H. Russell came, and was succeeded by Rev. J. C. Crawford in 1848. In 1849 and 1850, Rev. Joseph Brooks, afterward a prominent politician in Arkansas, was Pastor. He died at Little Rock in 1876. In 1851, came Rev. W. F. Cowles, under whose pastorate an addition was made to the church, built by B. B. Hinman. In 1852, Rev. J. Harris; in 1853, Isaac McClaskey, now dead, a man of fine talents ; in 1854, Rev. R. S. Robertson, and, part of the year, Rev. A.- C McDonald. In 1855 and 1856, Rev. Sanford Haines, "a sweet-spirited man," who afterward died in Des Moines. He was sent back a third year as a city missionary, and preached in "Scatter Good" Schoolhouse, which stood near the corner of Twelfth and Timea streets. In 1857, Rev. M. F. Shinn returned to the Exchange Street Church, and made his second year. In 1858, Rev. E. L. Briggs, afterward Presiding Elder ; a part of that year. Rev. G. W. Conrad, now dead, preached. In 1859, Rev. F. W. Evans, a preacher of superior ability, was sent to the Church. In 1860, Rev. Miltiades Miller came; an excellent preacher. In 1861 and 1862, Rev. C. G. Milnes, now preaching in California, was Pastor. He was a practical, earnest, cheerful preacher, and had a revival, the fruits of which are still seen. In 1863, Rev. S. M. Vernon came for one year. About this time, it was seriously contemplated by the Conference sitting in Keokuk, in 1864, to discontinue Exchange Street as a station, and make it a point in the circuit. Bishop E. L. Janes, however, was loath to "reduce" the old church, and finally decided to place it in charge of Rev. John Burgess for the coming year. " Rev. Burgess' labors were wonderfully successful, and he was continued for three years. Each season, remarkable revival-meetings were held, and between three hundred and four hundred members were added. About one hundred of these were soldiers, nearly all of whom were afterward dismissed by letter. While under his charge, the church was repaired, at a. cost of nearly $1,200, and, at the end of his third year, he left it out of debt, and a little money in the treasury, beside a parsonage lot free of debt, cost- ing 1600. In addition to his other labors, Mr. Burgess found time to complete his medical education, and graduated an M. D. at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, in Keokuk. HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 639 Rev. Burgess was succeeded by Rev. E. Winans, who remained year one. Rev. Banner Mark came in 1869, and preached two years. He was succeeded by Rev. E. L. Schreiner, who was in charge until 1873. Rev. S. S. Murphy, A. M., followed for two years; Rev. Dr. John Wheeler, for one year; W. N. Groorae, for two years, ending in the fall of 1878, when the present Pastor, Rev. Thomas Stephenson, assumed charge. Mr. Stephenson is an earnest and 'effective preacher, and under his influence the Church is increasing in member- ship and influence. In 1871, the Exchange Street Church was sold, and the congregation took possession of the new building known as the First M. E. Church, corner of Ninth and Timea streets, erected at a cost of about $9,000. CHATHAM SQUARE M. E. CHURCH. This Church was organized in 1854. The first year, services under the pastorate of Rev. Mr. Linderman, were held in a hall in '' Mechanics' Block," on Mkin street, betAveen Eighth and Ninth. The first Trustees of the Church were John N. Graham, Nathaniel Albertson, B. B. Hinman, Silas Haight, William C. Graham, Dr. M. F. Collins and J. G. Smith. Rev. Joseph Brooks, afterward of xirkansas, was sent by Conference as an agent to provide for the erection of a church, and it was largely due to his efi'orts that the present church was built. Rpv. William F. Cpwles succeeded Rev. Linderman, as the regular Pastor, and, during his administration, the congregation took possession- of the base- ment of the church. Rev. J. C. Smith came next, for two years, under whom the church was completed, and dedicated July 19, 1857. The lumber for finish- isng the building Avas brought bv steamboat from the neighborhood of New Albany, Ind. The cost of the building Avas $22,000. The folloAving ministers, in succession, have presided over the Church since the completion of the building: Rev. Thomas E. Corkhill, nearly tAvo years ; Rev. P. P. Ingalls, six months ; Rev. J. B. Hardy, one year ; Rev. Wesley Dennett, tAvo years ; Rev. E. H. Waring, two years; Rev. John Haines, two years ; Rev. George N. PoAver, three years ; Rev. J. W. Chaffin, two years; Rev. W. H. H. Pillsbury, tAvo years ; Rev. John T. Simmons, tAvo years, Avhich completes the time until' 1878, when Rev. C. L. Stafford, the present Pastor, assumed charge. In 1876, the Church erected a handsome parsonage adjoining the church- building, the cost of Avhich was $4,000. The present membership of the Church is 160. ft also maintains a flourish- ing Sabbath school, superintended by B. B. Hinman, Avith an attendance of 125 scholars. GERMAN M. E. CHURCH. In 1871, Rev. Richard Tillman, then residing at Parmington, preached in Chatham Square M. E. Church, the first sermon by a minister of this partic- ular organization. He had, on this occasion, an audience of tAvo persons. Mr. Nicholas Blom, still residing in the city, and a young lady, Avhose name is not remembered. Mr. Tillman continued his visits to Keokuk every three weeks, and the next year organized a small church, which Avas incorporated Septem- ber 1, 1873. The present church-building, on the corner of Fourteenth and Johnson streets, Avas erected the same fall. Rev. Henry R. Riemer, the first regular minister, came in the fall of 1873, and remained tAvo years. Rev. George Enzeroth came in September, 1875, and presided over the Church for the same length of time. Rev. William Zuppann succeeded in September, 1877, 640 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. and remained until January 1, 1879, when ill-health compelled him to sever his connection. The present Pastor, Rev. J. L. J. Earth, from New Orleans, La., assumed charge January 1. 1879. The following have been Presiding Elders, assigned by the St. Louis Con- ference, to which the Church belongs : Rev. Henry Naumann, from September, 1872, to September, 1876, and Rev. Philip Kuhl, since the latter date. The present mermbership of the church is forty-one. SWEDISH M. E. CHURCH OF KEOKUK AND MELROSE. At a Quarterly Conference, held July 15, 1875, a class was organized in Keokuk, as a branch of the Church at Melrose, Lee County, and the following were elected Trustees for one year : A. P. Hanson, John Peterson and Will- iam Blom. The first regular minister was Oscar J. Swan, who came September 21, 1874, ' and remained one year. He was succeeded by Rev. John A. Gabrielson, who preached until the fall of 1878, since which time Mr. 0. F. Linstrom has sup- plied the pulpit, as local minister. Until September 20, 1877, services were held in the Exchange Street M. E. Church, and at Mission Schoolhouse, corner of Thirteenth and Bank streets. On the date mentioned, the frame church, which had been built by the Swedish Lutherans, corner of Twelfth and Concert streets, was rented, and is still occupied. The congregation ai Melrose, ten miles northwest of Keokuk, has a church- building valued at ^800. FIRST AFRICAN M. E. CHURCH. This Church was organized in 1857, by Rev. W. A. Dove, with nine mem- bers, Mrs. Mary Givens, Mrs. Rosa Manning, Moses Henderson, York Ander- son, Mrs. Susan Hunt and four others whose names cannot be remembered. This first meeting was held in " Scatter Good " Schoolhouse, on the corner ot^ Twelfth and Timea streets. Rev. Dove was born in Pennsylvania, and educated in Boston, Mass., and was a man of superior ability. He remained with the congregation two years, at the end of which time the Church had increased to over forty members. Services Avere held in the schoolhouse above mentioned, and in various halls in the city until the present church-building on the corner of Fourteenth and Blondeau streets was occupied. The building of the church was commenced in 1870, and in April, just after it was inclosed, a furious hurricane leveled it with the ground. It was rebuilt, and in July, 1871, the basement was ready for occupancy. The interior of the main audience-room is not yet finished. Rev. Mr. Dove has been succeeded by the following-named ministers in the order given : Rev. William Jackson, two years ; Rdv. A. T. Hall, two years ; Rev. Madison Patterson, two years; Rev. Arbuckle, one year; Rev. J. W. Malone, two years ; Rev. Frederick Myers, three years; under whose labors the church was built ; Rev. Peter Cooper, two years ; Rev. Henry Brown, two years; Rev. Joseph Perkins, one year; Rev. Frederick Myers again for eigh- teen months ; Rev. J. B. Dawson, the present Pastor, has presided over the con- gregation since March, 1878. Present membership about one hundred and fiftv. HISTORY' OF LEE COUNTY. 641 FIRST PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH (N. S). Researches into Presbyterian session-books have developed the fact that previous to the year 1843, there was a Presbyterian organization of some kind in Keokuk. This appears from the circumstance that at the date referred to, the congregation afterward known as New-School Presbyterians, resolved, 1. That our connection with the First Presbyterian Church of Keokuk, be, and the same is hereby, dissolved. 2. That we proceed to organize ourselves with such of the brethren and sisters as sympa- thize with us, into a new church to be called the Congregational Church of Keokuk. After this withdrawal, the earlier Church seems to have quietly melted away. The Congregational Church formed in 1843 was under the charge of Rev. Daniel Jones, Mr. Peter Wykoff being Ruling Elder. In 1845, OAving to the increase of the Presbyterian elementya new change was made, it being then (as quoted from the session-book) Resolved, That we consider it expedient to lay aside our present organization and adopt the Presbyterian form of government. The ministerial succession in this Church is as follows : In 1848, Rev. Glen Woods ; in 1850, Rev. W. H. Williams ; 1853, Rev. Samuel Snead ; 1858, Rev. Mr. Aspinwall (supply) ; 1859, Rev. Silas Hawley (three months) ; 1860, Rev. Isaac Carey (acted as supply for two years); 1862, Rev. E. J. Gillett, D. D. (supply) ; 1866, Rev. I. N. Crittenden ; 1869, the Rev. E. J. Gillett was again called to the Church. In February, 1870, the union of the Old and New, School Churches was formed, and the First Presbyterian Church by that name was known no more. The first Presbyterian church-building in the city was a small frame, Avhick stood on the corner of Second and Blondeau streets, built about 1841 or 1842. The stone church on the corner of Fourth and High streets, was afterward erected by the New-School Church, and, after the date of its union with the First Westminster Church, was sold to the Catholics, and is now known as St. Francis de Sales Church, of that denomination. FIRST WESTMINSTER PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. On the 1st day of June, 1851, a Presbyterian Church was organized in Keokuk by Rev. James Sharon and Rev. J. G. Wilson, a committee of the Presbytery of Iowa, with the following members, fifteen in number: William G. Torrence, Thomas Martin and Avife Elizabeth, James Borland and Nancy his wife, Mrs. Mary Ann Creel, Mrs. Mary Stotts, Mrs. Louisa D. Marshall, Mrs. Phebe Lowe, Mrs. Martha Johnston, Harvy Gillmore and wife Nancy, Mrs. Nancy Martin, William Patterson and wife Eleanor. William Patterson was elected the first Ruling Elder. The name adopted at this first meeting was the " First Presbyterian Church," but it was subsequently changed to the " First Westminster Presbyterian Church, of Keokuk," by which name it was incor- porated. The first minister was Rev. John Cummings, a licentiate, who died in 1852, before the expiration of his first year. In October, 1852, Rev. Justus T. Umsted was employed as Pastor. He served as supply until June, 1855, when he was regularly installed. The next year after its organization, the Church erected a house of worship on the site of the present Gate City build- ing, which was dedicated in November, 1852. In 1856, this building was sold to the United Presbyterian Church, and three vacant lots on the corner of 642 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. Seventh and Blondeau streets taken in exchange, on the rear end of which was erected the stone church fronting on Seventh street. This was dedicated on the second Sabbath in November, 1S56. Mr. Uinstead severed his connection with the Church as Pastor, in the fiill of 1S58. Eev. J. L, McKee came as supply early in ISoO. and was succeeded the next spring by Rev. Addison D. Madeira, who remained until August, 1861. The present Pastor, Rev. Willis G. Craig, D. D., from Danville, Ky., a licentiate of Sangamon, Illinois, Pres- bytery, came in the spring of 1862, and on the 13th of the following November, was duly ordained and installed. In February, 1870, the union of the Presbyterian Churches was consum- mated, in which the Old- School name was retained. This addition to an alreadv larse and sri'owino- cono-resation rendered necessary a more commodi- ous house of worship, and steps were at once taken to provide it. In 1872, two years from the date of commenping the work, the present beautiful stone church, 60x100 feet, with its lofty spire 155 feet from the ■ground, was completed and ready for occupancy. Its total cost, including organ and furnishing, was ^13,000. (The members of the Building Committee, under whose direct supervision the whole work was done, were as follows : Rev. W. G. Oraig, George B. Smyth, William Patterson, S. E. Carey, D. A. Kerr, A. Hosmer, H. B. Ten Eyck, William Fulton, Alex. Collier, J. M. Shelley and A. Hine. In membership, the First Westminster congregation is the largest in the «ity, numbering over 400. In the Sabbath school held in the chapel of the •old stone church, nearly 300 scholars are enrolled. A mission Sabbath school is also conducted at the corner of Bank and Fifteenth streets, with an average attendance of 100 scholars. The Ladies' Sewing Society, Young Ladies' Chapel Fund Society, Ladies' Foreign Missionary Society and the Working Band are organizations of the Church doing efficient work in their respective departments. UNITED PRESBYTEKIAX CHURCH. This Church was organized in the summer of 1853, under the name of the *' Associate Church." The members composing the original organization were fourteen in number, as follows : Smith Hamill and wife, Robert French and wife, H. Copeland and wife, John Stannus and wife, John Hamilton and wife, Mrs. Taggart, Miss Jennie Taggart, Mrs. Galloway and Mrs. Mary B Ran- dolph. Rev. John Scott, D. D., from Monmouth, 111., was present when the organization was effected. The first meetings of the congregation were held in an old, dilapidated frame building on Second street, near Main, which was at the time used for a court-room. In 1856, the Associate Chnrch and the Associate Reformed Church, which had been in existence previous to 1853, formed a union, the present name was adopted, and the united congregation bought the frame church-building standing on the present site of the Gate Citij newspaper office, which had been erected by the Westminster Presbyterian Church. They occupied this building until the present edifice was erected, in 1867, on the corner of Ninth and Blondeau streets. The cost of this building was about $20,000. Dr. James Brown, from Madison, Ind., was the first minister, coming in 1855, and remaining as Pastor nineteen years. He was succeeded by the present Pastor, Rev. D. E. Shaw. The present membership of the Church is 140. HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 643 CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH. The facts embodied in this sketch are derived from a sermon delivered by its present Pastor, Rev. Clayton Welles, on the twenty-fifth anniversary of its organization, February 14, 1879 : " Twenty-five years ago, on the 14th day of February, 1854, there gathered in Keokuk, in accordance with public notice and invitation, a little company friendly to the formation of a Congregational Church. They met in what was then the First Presbyterian Church, standing at the corner of Second and Blondeau streets, a small frame chapel, afterward used for the Banner Mission Building, and now standing near the corner of Tenth and Timea streets and used as a tenement." The meeting organized with Rev. Dr. Salter, of Burlington, as Chairman, and Hon. J. B. Howell, as Clerk. The first great question was settled by resolving that it is " expedient to form an orthodox Congregational Church in Keokuk." Mr. and Mrs. A. B. Chittenden, Mr. and Mrs. William Brownell, Mrs. and Mrs. J. B. Billings, Mrs. A. Potter, Miss Cleghorn and Mr. Zimri Webb expressed their willingness to join, and the organization was consummated under the name of the Orthodox Congregational Church. Mr. A. B. Chitten- den was elected the first Clerk, and William Brownell the first Deacon of the Church. Dr. Salter preached the first sermon in the evening of the day of organization. Some years prior to this date, John McKean had removed to Keokuk from -Guilford, Conn. He was a devoted friend of the Congregational Church, of which he had long been a member, and, with a desire to give practical assist- ance to a church which he believed would be organized at some future time in Keokuk, he deeded to Mr. Chittenden and others, as Trustees, forty acres of land lying west of Tenth street, between Blondeau and Johnson, " for the use, benefit and support of the first orthodox Congregational Church which shall be organized at said town of Keokuk." After the death of Mr. McKean, in 1847, his heirs contested the validity of this deed, the case being in the Courts when the Church was organized. Prior to the final decision, which was in favor of the defendants, the Church sold its- claim, realizing about |9,000. For the first year of its existence, the Church held meetings at private houses ; but in October, 1855, Mr. James R. Kimball, of Maine, a young man not yet ordained, was employed as minister, and regular Sabbath services were commenced in 0. C. Isbell's Music Hall, on Main street, near Second, next door to the present State National Bank. In May, 1857, the Church took possession of its present location, on the corner of Sixth and High streets. There have been five pastorates. Dr. Thatcher was minister for six years and seven months. Rev. Clayton Welles, the present Pastor, began his labors in September, 1872. During Dr. Thatcher's pastorate, the church was enlarged and improved at a cost of about $3,000. In 1869, the parsonage was built and other improvements made, costing over $7,000, of which $5,000 was the legacy of Mr. H. W. Sample, and more than $1,000 the personal gift of his son, S. S. Sample. The money raised by the Church for building, current expenses and the like is not far from $50,000. The amount contributed for purely benevolent objects is about $12,000. 644 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. In the twenty-five years, 452 membei's have been received into the Church, 14i' of whom were added under the ministrations of the present Pastor. BAPTIST CHURCH. On the oth of February, 1S4T. a little company of Baptist people assembled in the village of Keokuk. Rev. L. 0. Bush preached a sermon, after which the following believers presented themselves to be organized as the '• First Baptist Church." The names of these were as follows: Benjamin Luce. Mrs. Mar- garet Luce, Lucius C. Green. Mrs. Harriet Green, James Hill. Isaac Hill. R. T. Hill. James J. Thompson. Mrs. Mary E. Thompson. Miss Martha Mason and Mrs. Sarah "Wise, eleven in all. On the 14th of February. Mrs. Julia J. Tinsley was baptized, the first one. into the fellowship of the noAv Church. In the same month, steps were taken to secure a site and to erect a house of worship, which resulted in an unpre- tending building on the west side of Third street, between Main and Johnson. which was occupied in December. March '2'2, 1S4T, a call was extended to Rev. J, N. Seley, who accepted and remained with the Church nine months. He was succeeded by a Mr. Hope. November 3, 1S49, Rev. N. Worden was chosen Pastor, but the Home Mission- ary Society having sent Rev. Elihu Gunn to supply the Church, Rev. Worden's resignation was accepted nine days afterward, and Rev Gunn was elected in his stead. August 31, 1S50, the Church voted to sell the old meeting-house and erect a new one : and in a few years aftevAvard (^date not obtainable), they are found located on Third street, between Concert and High streets, in a church erected at a cost of §2,730.17. In February, 1857, twenty members were dismissed to form a Second Bap- tist Church, and. but for the financial crash of 1857. Church No. 3 would have been established. In September, 1857, Rev. Gunn resigned to take charge of the Institution at Pella. In April. 1858. Rev. W. W. Allen succeeded to the pastorate, and remained one year, after which Rev. J. T. Robert. LL. D., of Burlington, supplied the pulpit for three months. Rev. T. F. Griffith was Pastor for four yeai"s, beginning in September. 1859. Rev. J. T. Westover was chosen Pastor Sep- tember 1. 1864. September 1. 1865, the Church purchased a lot and a half on the corner of Blondeau and Eighth streets, at a cost of §1,034. The old house was sold, the congregation worshiping in the Presbyterian Church from September 16, 1866, nntil February 10, 1867, the two Pastors occupying the pulpit alternately. On the latter date, the present church was occupied, services being held in the lecture-room. The opening sermon was preached by Rev. G. J. Johnson, to a full house, after which 81,000 was raised with which to pay all the floating debt on the property. The church was completed and dedication services held November 15, 1868. The cost of the building, includinij; lot and iron fence, was a little over §23,000. Rev. "Westover was succeeded by Rev. S. K. Leavitt, in April, 1870 ; he, in turn, by Rev. F. P. Bland, in March. 1873. Rev. S. Washington came next, ' and filled the pulpit for three years from August 1, 1875. At this writing, his successor lias not been chosen. The present membership of the Church is 284. The average attendance on the Sabbath school, for the year endini^ August 1, 1878, was 124. HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 645 COLORED BAPTIST CHURCHES. The colored people of the Baptist faith are represented by two congrega- tions, the first occupying the church-building on the corner of Seventh and Concert streets, the other holding services in a hall on Main street, between Eighth and Ninth. EPISCOPAL CHURCH. It was on the 20th of April, 1850, that a meeting was held at the law oflBce of Dixon & Wickersham, for the purpose of organizing a Church of the Pro- testant Episcopal faith. Bishop Kemper and Rev. William Louderback were present, the former occupying the chair, and I. G. Wickersham acting as Sec- retary. At this meeting, George C. Dixon, Edward Kilbourne and Ver Planck Van Antwerp were appointed a committee to draft articles of association, and Edward Kilbourne, Dr. D. L. McGijgin and Dr. Young were constituted a committee to solicit subscriptions. Upon motion of Hon. T. W. Clagett, Bishop Kemper was requested to name the new church, whereupon, he suggested the present name of " St. John's Church," of Keokuk, Iowa, which was adopted. The first Wardens of the Church were Gen. Ver Planck Van Antwerp and Edward Kilbourne ; and the first A^estrymen were A. H. Heaslip, Christian Garber, Hugh Doran, Guy Wells and Frank Bridgman. All these were elected April 27, 1850. The first minister called was Rev. Otis Hackett, who came in June, 1850. The lots on which the present church-building was erected were presented to the society by Joseph Spaulding, of St. Louis, in July, 1850, and, in June of the next year, the vestry decided on erecting an edifice in accordance with plans prepared by Frank Bridgman. The contract was let to Robert Gray, afc a cost not to exceed $1,400, and the house was occupied in November, 1851. The first pew-holders in the church were as follows : Dr. David L. McGugin, Theo. Comstock, Guy Wells, E. H. Harrison, Cuming & Hornisb, John W. Ross, J. Lafe Curtis, A. H. Heaslip, Daniel Cramm, Christian Garber, Arthur Bridgman, I. G. Wickersham, J. G. Anthony, Joel Mathews, Ver Planck Van Antwerp, Mrs. Emory, George H. Williams, John R. Copelin, Edward Kil- bourne, Thomas W. Clagett, Miller & Chandler, Friend P. Cox, Hugh T. Reid, James F. Cox, George Kilbourne and George C. Davis. Rev. George Dennison was the second Pastor of the Church, coming in September, 1853. He was succeeded by Rev. Joseph Trapnell, Jr., June 18, 1858. Rev. R. Jope, of St. Louis, followed next, October 18, 1861, and he was succeeded by Rev. tl. W. Woods, February 19, 1866. Rev. Jonas Greene Avas called November 26, 1867, and remained until December 13, 1869, when he was succeeded by Rev. William Henderson, of Cleveland, Ohio. Rev. R. C. McElwaine, the present popular minister, and the eighth in succession, was called to the rectorship July 10, 1871. THE UNITARIAN CHURCH. During the summer of 1853, Rev. Mr. Fuller, of the Unitarian Church of Quincy, 111., made occasional visits to Keokuk, the result of which was a meet- ing held October 4, 1853, in the schoolroom on Third street, between Main and Johnson, to organize a "liberal church, on a plan similar to the Unitarian Churches of thjs country." At this meeting, S. B. Ayres presided, and Dr. John E. Sanborn acted as Secretary. The names of others appearing in the 04t> HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. minutes as taking nn active part were Col. Perry. Dr. Earner, Col. Leighton, Dr. Freeman Knowles, Samuel H. Tucker and J. C. Estes. Steps were taken to procure a place for holding regular service on the Sabbath, and a Financial Committee appointed, consisting of S. B. Ayres. Drs. Knowles and Farner, who Avere to act for one year. Upon the recommendation of Rev. Fuller, an invitation was extended to Eev. Leonard AVhitney, of Illinois, to spend a few Sabbaths at Keokuk, and, as a result, he was employed as* Pastor for one year, dating from October 1. 1858, the new society agreeing to pay a salary of S400. It was understood that the Western Unitarian Society Avas to pay him S400 additional. *• The First Unitarian Society of Keokuk" was incorporated November '2'2. 1853, holding services regularly in Concert Hall, on Main, between Third and Fourth streets, for about one year, when they removed to a smaller but more convenient room in the rear of Cleghorn ..^ Harrison's store. Mr. Whitney remained with the society until March 1. 1861, when he resigned, owing to a division of sentiment in the Church on the subject of slavery. In 185d, an eflbrt was made to raise §5,000 to purchase a site and erect a church. In September, of that year, 100 feet of ground, on the corner of Fourth and High streets, was purchased of E. H. Harrison, for §2,000, and, under the supervision of J. C. Wykotf, a comfortable brick church was erected, and dedicated "for worship to the One only, God and Father of all," on November '2~\ 1856. Eev. Robert Moore, a young man recently graduated from Meadville Sem- inary, succeeded Mr. Whitney, September 1, 1861. In May, 1868, owing to ill health, his resignation was regretfully accepted. Rev. Robert Hassal. of Haverhill. Mass., preached his first sermon Septem- ber 1. 186-1:. having been employed for three months. At the end of this time, the Church gave him a permanent call. Mr. Hassel resigned in October, 1866, bearing with him highly complimentary resolutions from the Church. In the fall of 1864. the Church was burdened with a heavy debt. The cliurch-lot has been purchased on ten years' time, and this sum, with interest then nearly due, was S'-.800. To relieve it, Mr. E. H. Harrison, the creditor, generously donated the whole sum to the Church, it in turn deeding to him twenty feet of the unoccupied ground adjoining Mr. Harrison's residence. The Church was wituout a regular minister from October, 1866, until March, 1867, when Rev. J. R. Effinger was employed for four months, and subsequently, in October, was installed as the regular Pastor. He remained with the Church until November, 1869, when he resigned, on account of ill health. Rev. E. C. S. Brown came in April, 1871, and began his first year as the regular minister in June following, continuing three years. Rev. Oscar Cliite, from Vineland, N. J., but a native of New York, who had preached a few times previously, became the regular Pastor January 1, 1875. He continued with the Church until October 1. 1878. Avhen he resigned, to accept a call tendered jointly by the Universalist and Unitarian Churches of Iowa City. Rev. John AndrcAv. of Ware. Mass., Avas employed for three months, begin- ning the first Sunday in November, 1878, and is still retained. The neAV house of Avorship of the First Unitarian Church Avas completed in the fall of 187-1, at a cost of §28,000, and Avas dedicated November 25. It is tastefully fitted and furnished, the organ alone costing §2,000. HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 647 During the past year, the Church has suffered serious loss in the death of two or three of its most valued members. ST. PAUl/S EVANGELICAL CHURCH (GERMAN). Prior to 1858, the few German families in Keokuk, of the Lutheran faith, had an imperfect organization, and held meetings occasionally in the Court House and other places. ' T!ie first minister among them was Rev. Lorenz, an old veteran German preacher, father-in-law of Mr. H. Sievers, lessee of Gibbon's Opera House. Soon after his arrival, a move was made to erect a church, and, in 1868, a small frame building was built, on the corner of Eighteenth and Exchange streets, on a lot donated by Mr. Kilbourne. Mr. Lorenz was succeeded by Rev. Kirchhoff, in 1863, under whom an organization was perfected, and the present name adopted. Mr. Kirchhoff remained two or three years, and was followed by Rev. 0. Neithamer, who pre- sided over the congregation for a little more than six years. The present Pastor, Rev. William Gramm, assumed charge in April, 1873, at which time the Church was in a declining condition, but Mr. G. infused new life and a general awakening occurred. Although there was no money in the treasury, it was determined to build a larger church. The old church was sold for $600, and two lots were purchased at the cor- ner of Eleventh and Exchange streets, for f 1,400. In December, 1874, the present beautiful edifice was dedicated. The church has a seating capacity of 400, and the cost being nearly 19,000. The next year, a comfortable parsonage was erected, adjoining the church, and at this time but a small amount of the debt incurred in all this work remains unpaid. The Church is flourishing, and at important church meetings, the building is not too large to accommodate the congregation. CONGREGATION OF B'NAI ISRAEL. About twenty-four years ago, on the 29th day of April, 1855, a number of Israelites of Keokuk united together and formed a benevolent society for the purpose of giving to deceased persons the Jewish rite of burial. Mr. Mike Vogel was then elected President, and a charter was procured September 3, 1855. A burial ground was then purchased from the city authorities, with a condition that the ground should never be used for any other purpose. When the Jewish population increased, a charter was applied for, for the purpose of changing this society into a Congregation, which was granted in September, 1863. The first Minhag (rite) was the German orthodox rite. Services were then held in the second story over Younker's store. As the congregation increased, it was necessary to procure a more spacious place for worship, and it was re- moved to where the City Council now meets. The By-Laws were then revised, and on October 3, 1869. they adopted the reformed rite of Minhag America. Some time thereafter a little organ was bought, and a choir organized. But in the meantime the ladies of the congregation had formed a Benevo- lent Society among themselves, and having about $800 on hand, they bought the lot on which the s3magogue now stands, and presented it to the congrega- tion, on the condition that a house of worship be built upon it. The congrega- tion accepted both the donation and the condition, and everybody henceforth "was wide awake to further the enterprise. The ladies gave a ball annually, 648 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. which was always largely attended by their Christian fellow-citizens, which was considered the annual event of the town, and the fashionable re-union of the elite of Keokuk. They realized a very handsome sum every year, and always donated it to the building fund. This noble example stirred up the gentlemen. They began to subscribe. The Christians liberally contributed their subscriptions. Collections came from New York ; and, in 1874, the corner-stone was laid with appropriate cere- monies. Mr. Black, a young man and splendid architect, drafted the plans for the splendid and tasty building. It was erected at a cost of |12,000, on which remains a debt of only $1,000. The congregation has at present twenty-two contributing members, and the Sabbath school is attended by twenty-eight children. The ministers who have presided over the congregation are, in their regular order, as follows : Rev. Marcusson, the first, about one and a half years ; Rev. Suggenheimer, six months ; Rev. Blout, two years ; Rev. Swede, two years ; Rev. Strauss, two years ; Rev. F. Becker, three years ; Rev. Joseph Bogen, the present minister, came January 1, 1877. The Grand Jewish Order B'nai B'rith, with a membership of 25,000 in the United States, is represented here by Keokuk Lodge, No. 179, with forty-five members, residents and non-residents. The representative to the Grand Lodge is Sam Klein, and the representative to the Supreme Lodge is J. N. Stern, of New York, who is a member of Keokuk Lodge. The Ladies' Benevolent Society consists of about twenty members. The Society, in case of sickness, grants a fee of $3 weekly to such member. In case of death, the ladies of this Society prepare the burial clothes for the dead body, which, in all cases, is uniform in texture. RE-ORGANIZED CHURCH OF JESUS CHRIST OF LATTER-DAY SAINTS. The Keokuk branch of this Church was organized February 21, 1863, by Henry Cuerden, assisted by William Anderson, of Nashville, Lee Co., Iowa. William Flavel was the first Presiding Elder. The branch has continued its organization until the present date, and holds religious services in a neat little frame church situated on the corner of Thirteenth and Bank streets. H. N. Snively is the present Presiding Elder. As a matter of interest to many persons outside of the Church, an epitome of the faith and doctrines of this Church is here presented, omitting the refer- ences to passages of Scripture in the Old and New Testaments on which they are founded : We believe in God the Eternal Father, and in His Son .lesus Christ, and in the Holy Ghost. We believe that men will be punished for their own sins, and not for Adam's transgression. We believe that through the atonement of Chi'ist, all men may be saved, by obedience to the laws and ordinances of the Gospel. We believe that these ordinances are : 1st. — Faith in God and in the Lord Jesus Christ. 2d. — Repentance. 3d. — Baptism by immersion, for the remission of sins. 4th. — Laying on of hands for the gift of the Holy Ghost. 5th. — We believe in the Resurrection of the Body ; that the dead in Christ will rise first, and the rest of the dead will not live again until the thousand years are expired. 6th. — We believe in the doctrine of- Eternal Judgment, which provides that men shall be judged, rewarded, or punished, according to the degree of good, or evil, they shall have done. We believe that a man must be called of God, and ordained by the Laying on of Hands of those who are in authority, to entitle him to preach the Gospel and Administer in the Ordinances thereof. We believe in the same kind of organization that existed in the primitive Church, viz. : Apostles, Prophets, Pastors, Teachers, Evangelists, etc. HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 649 We believe that in the Bible is contained the word of God, so far as it is translated cor- rectly. We believe that the canon of Scripture is not full, but that God, by His Spirit, will con- tinue to reveal His word to man until the end of time. We believe in the powers and gifts of the everlasting Gospel, viz. : the gift of faith, discern- ing of spirits, prophesy, revelation, visions, healing, tongues, and the interpretation of tongues, ■wisdom, charity, brotherly love, etc. We believe that Marriage is ordained of God : and that the law of God provides for but one companion in wedlock, for either man or woman — except in cases where the contract of mar- riage is broken by death or transgression. We believe that the doctrines of a plurality and a community of wives are heresies, and are opposed to the law of God. We claim the privilege of worshiping Almighty God according to the dictates of our con- science, and allow all men the same privilege, let them worship how, where or what they may "free-for-all" church. About the holidays of 1878, H. G\a.j Landes, N. W. Johnson and A. J. Hardin were in the police headquarters, and among other subjects talked about ■w:!?^ the non-attendance of so many people on places of worship on Sunday. They reached the conclusion that too many people absented themselves from church and spent the day in idleness, sitting around without profit to themselves or any one else, and that something ought to be done to remedy what seemed to them to be a growing evil. They realized that many of the city ofiicers were unable to go to church in the forenoon, partly on account of not having time to " fix up" in full keeping with the spirit of the age, and because of their duty to the city. Night duty prevented others from attending evening services. After- noon services there were none, so they determined to inaugurate an independent movement to secure religious services at an hour and a place where they could attend in such apparel as their circumstances justified, and when they could attend without interference with their police duties. Messrs. J. B. Paul, J. B. Kissick, A. B. Chappell, W. Ray, Ed. Creel, Thomas Conn, William May hew, N. Schlotter and Capt. Thomas Berry agreed to select a minister. The Council-room was secured, and 3 P. M. each Sab- bath was the hour fixed for the new services. This fact settled, after deliberate consideration, they chose Rev. John Burgess, M. D., who acceded to their urgent solicitation. They christened the new movement the " Free-for-All Church." Rev. Mr. Burgess commenced his labors December 29, 1878, by preaching from 1 Cor., x, 15 — "I speak as unto wise men, judge ye what I say." A choir was formed of some of the best singers in the city, who perform their duty promptly and impressively, consisting of John Wycoff, Ed. Hardin, Dr. F. Wyman, Joseph Wycoif, Will Landes, George Robertson, Harry Price, Wiley Ray, Grant Springer and M. D. Phelan, who manipulates the organ with masterly touch. "Gospel Songs" were chosen as their favorites, and Mr. John Burke readily handed out |2, and others contributing, they were secured. Of the first meeting, but a brief notice was given, yet the room was tolerably well filled ; on the second Sabbath, quite an increase was noticed, and ever since the room has been crowded with attentive hearers, composed exclusively of men and youth. Many persons now have to leave for the want of seats. Every true and philanthropic person commends the work as sacredly opportune. The fifth week of its progress, the new 'church members presented their Pastor with a fine suit of clothes, as a token of their appreciation of his good work. On the sixth Sabbath, at the close of the sermon, by order of the Church, Robert M. Marshall, Esq., in a few, beautiful and eloquent words, pre- sented Rev. Mr. Burgess with a very beautifully-bound Bible, on which was 650 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. inscribed in golden letters, "Presented to Rev. John Burgess, Minister of the Tree-for-All ' Church," to which the Pastor replied in a laconic and Christian spirit. Men of all classes attend the Church, and many who had not been to Church for ten, twenty and thirty years go there with commendable regularity and listen attentively to the words of truth as they fall from the lips of the Free-for-All Pastor. Indeed, their attention is closer and their decorum better than that of some who dress finer and make louder professions. No better attention was ever observed in any church ; and the kind usher, Mr. Robert Ranson, a prominent railroad man, understands the rules and decorum of quietly seating all who come. The minister is an old Methodist itinerant, and Presiding Elder of the Iowa Con- ference, who had been stationed in Keokuk for three years, and built up the old Exchange Street (now called the First) Methodist Episcopal Church, from a dilap- idated, sinking condition to one of power and usefulness. He is a man of pro- gressive and liberal ideas, and has a warm and devoted Christian heart, the zeal of youth and the ardor of one w^ho believes in the fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man. He preaches from the heart to the heart ; hence his sermons are eloquent, searching and convincing. His earnest manner is in full harmony with the notions of his honest supporters, who hate shams and shoddy of whatever kind. A collection is taken up every Sabbath, and a true liberality is always present. Every one contributes according to his means and without regard to show. The sums thus collected, save the slight expenses, are given to the preacher, who, the members of this independent Church declare, shall be paid for his services like the ministers of other Churches. They believe in the dec- laration that "the laborer is worthy of his hire." This, indeed, is a wonderful Church, and in its simplicity and earnestness, excellent behavior and admirable singing, is a good example to many with far greater pretensions. The question has often been asked, " How long will it last ? Will it not die out as soon as winter passes? " But it enlarges and is still drawing out more and more of all classes of men, and had they a larger room more would attend.. TEMPERANCE WORK. THE RED-RIBBON MOVEMENT. The Red-Ribbon movement reached Keokuk in the latter part of October, 1877, under the auspices of Capt. J. C. Bontecou. The club was organized the last of November, 1877, with Lee R. Seaton as President,; Grover Hillis, First Vice President ; Charles Higham, Second Vice President, and John Fin- nerty, Third Vice President ; G. V. S. Rickards, Treasurer ; J. T. Christy, Secretary ; George Robertson, Chairman of the Executive, and Erie J. Leech, Chairman of the Finance Committee. Lee Seaton resigned about the 1st of January, 1878, and C. E. Moody was elected for the balance of the year. At the expiration of the first year, November, 1878, the officers elected were as follows : President, C. E. Moody ; First Vice President, George Estep ; Sec- ond Vice President, John Finnerty ; Third Vice President, John R. Dimond ; Secretary, J. P. Christy ; Treasurer, M. C. Sawyer. Capt. Bontecou worked faithfully nearly four weeks, and secured about 3,000 signers to the pledge, as follows : Red-Ribbon, about 1,200 ; White- Ribbon, about 1,800, and Blue Ribbon, about 500. HISTORY OF LEE COUIITY. 651 An excellent three-story building was secured on Main and Second streets. with an entrance on both streets, which included lecture-room, reading-room, game-room, smoking-room, gymnasium and committee-rooms. The game-room and smoking-room gradually emptied themselves into the reading-room, so that when the club leased their present rooms, corner of Fourth and Main streets, they dispensed with the game and smoking rooms, to the entire satisfaction of the members of the club. They now have very commodious quarters. The audience-room is 40x70 feet, seating comfortably on their own chairs 550 people. The stage is 12x22 feet. The committee-room is 14x20 feet, and the kitchen is 14x20 feet, making altogether a suite of rooms of which any club may well feel a just pride. They are all well lighted and ventilated. The financial condition of the club is good, all the adornments, stoves, ehairs, carpet, mattings, etc.. being paid for, and money in the hands of the Treasurer. Mass- meetings are held every Saturday night, the hall generally being full. Every Sunday night, a member of the ministerial association addresses the club, which meetings are also well attended. The Red-Ribbon Choir, composed of George Robertson, Leader ; Mr. Vin- ton, Organist ; George Robertson and Charles Zerr, Soprano ; Dr. P. Davis and J. H. Dryden, Bass ; J. Ross Robertson, Alto, and Bert. Tracy, Tenor, furnish the music for the meetings. Among the earnest workers, aside from those mentioned above, are Mr. and Mrs. H. Scott Howell, Mr. and Mrs. George Robertson, Mr. and Mrs. Col, Sullivan, Mr. and Mrs. Dr. Davis, Rev. John Burgess, Rev. Thomas Stephen- son, Peter Brown, Erie J. Leech, J. A. M. Collins, Dr. A. J. Wilkinson, I. Lynch, Mrs. Stackhouse, Mrs. Ed. Vansant, Mrs. Washington, Mrs. De Pugh, Mrs. Bert Tracy, and a host of others. The work has resulted in building up many happy homes where formerly were poverty, unhappiness and distress. The work is going bravely on. The arrests for drunkenness are becoming less and less frequent. The Jail and Calaboose are both empty, and in a few months the more enthusiastic temperance workers expect to be able to have posted on the doors of the Calaboose and Jail, " To Let.'' WHITE-RIEBON CLUB. The organization of the White-Ribbon Club dates with that of the Red Ribbon Club. It is under the management of lady temperance workers, and has been the direct means of much good. The Club has a large and hand- somely arranged and handsomely decorated hall and reading-room, on Fifth street, between Main and Johnson, which is open every day, Sundays excepted, from 2 to 10 o'clock P. M. Since the organization of the Club, it has been the practice to assign three of its members to the care of the hall each week, but it is now proposed to employ a permanent Librarian, to whom its management will be confided. At the time of the organization of the Club, the membership numbered 853. It subsequently increased to over one thousand, but since, from various causes, the number has decreased to about the original number. The officers of the Club consist of a President, one Vice President from each church rep- resented and one Vice President at large. Treasurer and Secretary. First officers: President, Mrs. H. Scott Howell; Vice Presidents, Mrs. 0. Clemens, Mrs. D. Collier, Mrs. Libbie Leighton, Mrs. Dr. Collins, Mrs. Washington, Mrs. 0. S. Conklin, Mrs. L. B. Cowles, Mrs. Thomas Allyn, from the churches, and Mrs. W. A. Patterson, at large; Secretary, Miss Sadie E. French ; Treasurer, Mrs. S. P. Pond. y -652 / HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. Present oflScers : President, Mrs. H. Scott Howell; Vice Presidents, Mrs. A. M. Steele, Mjss, Mary. McCormick, Mrs. William Graham, Mrs. Dr. Col- lins, Mrs. A. E. Guimi; MrsV (X^S. Conklin, Mrs. J. A. M. Collins, Mrs. Thomas Allyn, Mrs. Col. Sullivan, Mrs. John Finnerty, Mrs. Bowden from the churches, and Mrs. W. A. Patterson, at large ; Secretary, Miss Ellen Mar- tin ; Treasurer, Mrs. Frank Rickards. Mrs. Eickards declined to serve, and Mrs. Iowa Stackhouse was appointed to the vacancy. EDUCATIOJSTAL INTERESTS. CITY SCHOOLS. Since Jesse Creighton, the shoemaker, wielded the birch at '' The Point," in 1834, a wonderful progress has been made, both ia the system of imparting instruction and the magnitude of the buildings erected for the accommodation of the hundreds of youth Avho, in this year of our Lord 1879, daily assemble to receive .instruction. Keokuk may well be proud of her present school organization, which, for efficiency and able management, is unsurpassed by any city in the West. Until 1853, the school-buildings of Keokuk were of the old-fashioned, primitive kind, generally one-story, and a single room large enough to accom- modate a single teacher and twenty to thirty scholars. John McKean, one of the first schoolmasters of Keokuk, taught in a round- log house, 16x18 feet square, which stood in the hazel-bushes on the ground now occupied by the T., P. & W. Railroad offices, at the corner of Third and Johnson streets. This schoolhouse, when first built, had a log cut out for a window. The Central Building, now occupied as a high school, was built in 1853, and the location was selected with a view to the accommodation of all the inhabitants of the small city, and answered the purpose for several years. The Wells School Building, situated on the corner of Fifth and Timea streets, was the first of the present series of ward-schools. It was built in 1865, and cost about |18,000. In 1867, the Carey Building, on Des Moines street, was •erected, costing in the neighborhood of $17,000. The Torrence Building, on Fifteenth and High streets, came next, in 1869, at a cost of near $20,000, and the First Ward Building, in 1874, with an expenditure of about the same amount. In addition to these fine brick structures, it has been found necessary to establish schools at four other different -points, viz.: On Concert street, between Eighth and Ninth streets ; on Thirteenth, between High and Morgan, in Reid's Addition ; and on Grand avenue, near the northern limits of the city. The total receipts by the Treasurer of the School Board for the year ending February 22, 1879, including $15,262.82 of borrowed money, was $56,617.32. The total expenditures were as follows: To teachers, $25,511,34; other expenses, $7,192.38 ; paid borrowed money, $22,758.80 ; total, $55,462.52. NAMES AND LOCATION OF TEACHERS IN KEOKUK PUBLIC SCHOOLS. W. W. Jamieson, Superintendent. High School. — N. C. Campbell, Principal ; X. X. Crumm, Sadie French, Mary Jewell and Florence Backus, Assistants. Grammar School in Central Building. — 2d Room, Misses Mary Hoagland and Cora A. Cooley ; 1st Room, Misses S. V. Conklin and Carrie Medes. HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 653 Torrenee School. — N. Messer, Principal. 4tli Room, Miss Cora Higgins : Sd Room, Miss M. I. Taylor ; 2d Room, Miss Annie E. Gage ; 1st Room, Miss Flora Bronson. Wells aScZ/oo/.— William Fulton, Principal ; 7th Room, Miss Tillie McKee ; 6th Room, Miss Nettie Fletcher ; 5th Room, Miss Kittie McCulloch ; 4th Room, Miss Agnes McCulloch ; 8d Room, Miss Hattie Solomon ; 2d Room, Miss Dora Bradford ; 1st Room, Miss Alice Crowell. Carey School. — INIiss Cora H. Pittman, Principal ; 6th Room, Miss Emma Estis ; 5th Room, Miss Fannie Malby ; 4th Room, Miss Lizzie Hartt ; Sd Room, Miss Annie Taylor ; 2d Room, Miss Lucy Cowley ; 1st Room, Mrs. S. Hicks. First Ward School. — Miss M. S. Madden, Principal ; 6th Room, Miss Helen Lloyd ; 5th Room, Miss Minnie White ; 4th Room, Miss Annie Camp- bell ; 3d Room, Mrs. H. M. Kenyon ; 2d Room, Miss Cora McCrea ; 1st Room, Mrs. L. A. Stanton. Concert Street School. — 4th Room, Miss Emma Madden ; 3d Room, Miss Eliza Amery ; 2d Room, Miss Laura Jones ; 1st Room, Miss- Helen R. French. Reid's Addition School. — Miss S. M. Batty, Principal ; Miss Rosa Slaugh- ter, Assistant. Thirteenth Street School. — Miss M. A. Gilbreath and Miss Maggie Dollery. Grand Avenue School. — Miss Lizzie Rubicam. Special Teachers. — C. H. Pierce, Professoi- of Penmanship ; S. P. Osgood, Professor of Vocal Music ; and H. C. Bechtold, Teacher of German. Board of Education. — John H. Craig, H. W. Rothert. W. F. Shelley, Samuel M. Clark, Guy Wells and C. P. Bn-ge. NATURAL HISTORY. There are, in Keokuk, some gentlemen who have occupied their leisure hours in making collections of objects of natural history belonging to this region. This has not been done from mercenary motives, but for the love of the subject. Mr. L. A. Cox has devoted much time to collecting the crinoids ■of the Keokuk Limestone. His collection of fossils, including fish teeth, is very rare and valuable. Mr. Thomas Fletcher has worked in the same direc- tion, and has accumulated a number of fossils that have been the admiration of scientists who have seen them. Col. S. S. Curtis is also in the same line of thought and research. His cases of specimens are beautiful, and extend over a wide range. Rudolph Heiser is a taxidermist, and has very many birds and mammals, insects, etc., mounted and beautifully displayed. Hon. C. F. Davis and Dr. J. M. Shaifcr have, probably, the most extensive and varied collection. It embraces over 1,000 stuffed birds, 50 cases of insects, 200 mammals, 300 ser- pents, and several tons of geodes and other rock formations found in this imme- diate vicinity. These collections occupy several large rooms, fitted up for the purpose of their display, and form the nucleus of the most desirable cabinet of objects of natural history in the Northwest. These gentlemen do not make any pretensions to accurate scientific knowlege of the collections they are making. They are actuated by a desire to benefit others who may follow them, and are enthusiastic in the search for everything that belongs to the domain of natural history. The array of geodes is of remarkable beauty and value. They have made numerous exchanges with persons in New York, Iowa, Michigan, Kentucky €(5-4 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. and elsewhere, and the geological department is assuming large proportions. In all respects, the collection is unsurpassed in the NorthAvest. Can all these private museums be amassed in one general exhibit, for the public good ? What would be a more potent educator for young and old, and. at the same time, be attractive to everybody ? And the man who wants to erect a monument — " Perennius aere " — might expend !^:25,000 in the erection of a suitable building for the reception and classification of these specimens, and thus leave a heritage of knowledge and incentive to growth that could be part of the life of every citizen and every sojourner. No city in Iowa has such a number of private collections of objects of natural history ; no city anywhere would more appreciate their consolidation ; no people would be more proud of the tact of having the best museum in the country. Let some man build the house. The rest will take care of itself. KEOKUK LIBRARY ASSOCIATION Prior to the organization of this Association, two different attempts had been made to establish a public library in Keokuk, both of which had proved total failures. The necessity of such an institution continued to be felt by a majority of the leading citizens, and kept constantly in mind. Pursuant to a call made on the 26th of November, I860, through the Dailif Gate Citij, a meeting was held at the Court House, two days later, with Rev. W. G. Craig in the chair, and William Thompson acting as Secretary. The object of this meeting was " to establish a library and reading-room, and promote, by means of lectures and otherwise, the diffusion of knowl- edge." The result of this meeting was the incorporation of the Keokuk Library Association, the articles of which were filed December 10. 1863. A. J. Wilkinson was elected its first President ; George W. McCrary, Vice President ; George C. Thompson. Recording Secretary, and Howard Tucker, Treasurer. The first Board of Directors consisted of A. Hagny, William Fulton, R. F. Bower, Patrick Gibbons, Rev. George Thatcher and J. L. Rice, the latter of whom was, on December 14, appointed Corresponding Secretary. According to the plans adopted, the following were the terms of member- ship : The payment of $10 constituted a stockholder. On this was levied an annual tax of $2, the payment of which gave the privileges of the library and reading-room, and one vote at the annual election of ofiicers. . The payment of $50 constituted a life membership. This gave the right of the library and reading-room and one vote, but they were absolved from the payment of annual dues. The payment of $3 per annum, or $1 for three months, constituted a sub- scriber. They were privileged the use of the library and reading-room, but had no vote. The revenues from these sources, together with fines, proceeds of lectures and contributions, were the means relied upon to support the Association. The library was first opened for the delivery of books on the 1st of June, 1864, in the hall over Younker & Bro.'s store, on the south side of Main street, between Third and Fourth. This hall was 39 feet long and 20 in width, and was rented for $75 per annum. HISTORY OK \A']K OOIJNTY. 655 The total value of tlio lihrary wIhui lirst opened, incliiditi^ I)ooks, fixtures, etc., was estimated at 115, ()()(). At the soctond annual in(!(;tini^ of the stock- holders (May 1, lS(i5), the iVssociation nuinlxinMJ 1 1 life inenihers, 11)0 stock- liolders and 158 subscribers. 'JMiore were -5,500 volumes of books, 200 pam-" phlets and magazines, 4 plaster busts, 6 engravings and 2 maps, together with a hirge collection of minerals, fossils and curiosities, (vstinia,ted, with the fix- tures, to be worth |7.000. The greater part of these were contribui(Ml by the (ntiz/nis of Keokuk, from their private collections. A list of these fri(nids of the library, with their donations, might be given, but it would require a larger space than can be given to this article. The Association was already a success, and from the rapid increase of the library and readers, a larger room and better accommodations had become a 7iecessity. In May, 1865, tlie Directors secured the hall over George C. Anderson's bank, which they leased for five years at an annual rent of f240. This hall, in which the library is still located, is 79x25 feet, with windows at both ends, aftbrding ample light and ventilation, and is a comfortable and attractive apart- ment. The first Librarian was Mr. Otto Lyman, who served until October 1, 1864, when he resigned and was succeeded b}^ Mr. Andrew Lefever. He continued until April 14, 1865, and was succeeded by Miss Ellen J. Martin. The latter has been succeeded by Mrs. Col. Baker, Miss M. A. Parsons, Miss Emma Hart, Miss Sadie (Iraham — the latter acting as Librarianduring the absence of Miss Hart, who for the past year has been in personal attendance. The number of volumes in the library, at this date, numbers 6,200. There are eleven life members and nearly one hundred and twenty stockholders ; some of the latter, however, by reason of non-payment of annual dues, are not entitled to the privileges of the library and reading-room. The present officers of the Association are : L. C. Ingersoll, President; Mrs. Howard Tucker, Vice President ; Ed. F. Brownell, Treasurer ; William Fulton, Recording Secretary; and J. H. Westcott, Corresponding Secretary ; Directors, B. B. Jewell, j! H. Westcott, H. Scott Howell, A: J. McCrary, John Gibbons and Samue-1 M. Clark. BAYLIES' COMMERCIAL COLLEGE. Baylies' Commercial College, at Dubuque, is the oldest now in existence in the State, and perhaps one of the oldest in the Northwest. It was founded in 1858, by Mr. Aaron Baylies, a gentleman of large and practical experience as an educator and business man, and one of the pioneers in the commercial college enterprise. Mr. A. Baylies died in 1863, and was succeeded by Mr. C. Baylies. The Keokuk branch was established in this city during the fall of 1866, in charge of William H. Miller, formerly one of the Faculty at Dubuque. The Keokuk College has proven a success, and is now regarded as one of the jier- manent institutions of the Gate City. COLLEGE OE PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. The College of Physicians and Surgeons, chartered in 1849, and by act of the Legislature — session of 1849-50 — was made the Medical Department of the Iowa State University, being the first department organized. The College was located at Davenport, but finding the location unsatisfac- tory, it was, in 1850, removed to Keokuk, where it has been growing in useful- 656 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. ness and influence until to-day it occupies a prominent position among the reg- ular medical schools of the countr}-. The Faculty, in its organization at-Keokuk, was composed of the following gentlemen, viz. : John F. Sanford, M. D., Professor of Surgery and Dean of the Faculty; D. L. McGugin, M. D., Professor of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children, and President of the Faculty ; Samuel G. Armor, M. D., Professor of Physiology and Pathology ; Nicholas Hard, M. D., Professor of Anatomy ; George W. Richards, M. D., Professor of Theory and Practice of Medicine ; A. S. Hudson, M. D., Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics ; S. Mathews, M. D., Professor of Chemistry; J. C. Hughes, M. D., Demon- strator of Anatomy. In 1851, by the death of Prof. Hard, then occupying the Chair of Anat- omy, J. C. Hughes, M. D., Acting Demonstrator of Anatomy, was appointed during the session of 1852-53, to fill the vacancy. At the close of the session of 1852-53, John F. Sanford, M. D., then Pro- fessor of Surgery, withdrew from the Faculty, and the vacancy caused by his resignation was filled by the appointment of J. C. Hughes, M. D., who has been connected with the institution as Professor of Surgery and Dean of the Faculty ever since, and is, at this time, the only member of the Faculty who has been associated with the College since its organization at Keokuk. The College held its legal connection with the State University until the adoption of the new Constitution, in 1858. By constitutional enactment, the University was located at Iowa City and its Medical Department, not wishing to change its location from Keokuk to an interior city, continued a nominal connection until 1870, when the new Medical Department at Iowa City was organized. Since then, the Medical College at Keokuk, under its original name — the College of Physicians and Surgeons — with a renewal of its charter, has continued to prosper, until its building and appliances, with its able corps of teachers, equal any of the colleges. East or West. Over five thousand students have received instruction in her halls, and her Alumni, now numbering over thirteen hundred., occupy respectable and influential positions in the profession wherever located. Faculty. — E. J. Gillett, M. D., D. D., Emeritus Professor of Chemistry, Toxicology and Materia Medica; J. C. Hughes, M. D., Professor of the Insti- tutes and Practice of Surgery and Surgical Clinics ; A. M. Carpenter, M. D., Professor of the Institutes and Practice of Medicine and Medical Clinics ; J. J. M. Angear, A. M., M. D., Professor of Physiology, Pathology and General Therapeutics; H. T. Cleaver, M. D., Professor of Obstetric Medicine and Dis- eases of Women and Children ; J. C Hughes, Jr., M. D., Professor of Anat- omy ; John North, M. D., Professor of Chemistry, Toxicology, Materia Medica, and Demostrator of Anatomy; J. M. Shafler, M. D., Lecturer on Insanity; John Fyfie, A. M., Lecturer on Medical Jurisprudence and Forensic Toxi- cology — chair vacant ; G. North, D. D. S., Lecturer on the Principles of Dental Science ; Otto Von Tesmer, Taxidermist and Curator of Museum ; J. C. Hughes, M. D., Dean. SECRET SOCIETIES. MASONIC. Eagle Lodge, No. W. — This, the first Lodge organized in Keokuk, was instituted May 2, 1846, under dispensation granted by James R. Hartsock, Deputy Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Iowa Territory, to the following- HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 65T named persons : Peter Kinleyside, Lyman E. Johnson, John C. Ainsworth, William A. Clark, B. Tinsley, C. S. Moore, Justin Millard, E. H. Spinning and Joseph Welch. The first ofiicers under dispensation were : Peter Kinley- " side, W. M.; Lyman E. Johnson, S. W.; John C. Ainsworth, J. W.; B. Tinsley, Treasurer ; Joseph Welch, Secretary ; W. A. Clark, S. D.; and C. S. Moore, J. D. The first meeting was held " in the brick house of J. Mackley, on Main street." The Lodge worked under dispensation until July 8, 1847, when, at a called meeting held that day at 9 o'clock A. M., Grand Master Ansel Humphreys, who was present and presided, approved the work of the Lodge and presented it with a charter, numbered 12. At 2 o'clock P. M. of the day, the Lodge marched in procession to the Baptist Church, on Third street, where Grand Master Humphreys installed the following officers : Peter Kinleyside, W. M. ; Lyman E. Johnson, S. W.; John C. Ainsworth, J. W. ; B. Tinsley, Treasurer; A. V. Put- man, Secretary ; J. W. Patterson, S. D. ; E. M. Brooks, J. D. ; and S. Haight, Tiler. John B, Knight, still living in Keokuk, was the first member initiated. This was on July 8, 1846. The first lodge-room was in a brick house adjoining Ainsworth & Co.'s store, for which a rental of $7 per month was paid. In July, 1847, James Dougherty's building, on Johnson street, was rented for one year for $100. The present membership of Eagle Lodge is 146. The present officers are as follows: JohnR. Carpenter, W. M.; David W. Swartz, S. W.; Solomon S. Vail, J. W.; Harry Fulton, Treasurer ; James L. Wilson, Secretary ; Charles F. Bassett, S. D.; and Nicholas Gill, J. D. Past Masters of Eagle Lodge : Peter Kinleyside, Lyman E. Johnson, Harry Fulton, John W. Patterson, 0. S. Conklin, S. E. Carey, Dr. R. H. Wyman. L. W. Huston, Joseph W. Stimson, George R. Parsons, S. L. Hagny, H. W. Rothert, S. W. Wakefield and James L. Wilson. Hardin Lodge, No. 29. — Instituted under dispensation December 15, 1851. The following were the charter members: J. M. Shelley, Dr. J. F. Sanford. D. W. Pressel, Lyman E. Johnson, C. Garber, Friend P. Cox, William Holli- day and A. Hamlin. The first officers were: Dr. J. F. Sanford, W. M.; D. W. Pressel, S. W.; J. M. Shelley, J. W. ; A. Hamlin, Treasurer ; S. G. Armor, Secretary ; C. Garber, S. D.; W. P. Shartz, J. D., and William McKee, Tiler. Present membership of the Lodge, 102. Present officers : L. Matless, W. M.; Henry Banks, S. W.; Frank Allyn, J. W.; E. H. Wickersham, Secretary; George E. Kilbourne, Treasurer; E. N. Agnew, S. D.; George Stobbard, J.D.; A. J. Smith, S. S.; H. Yogel, J. S.; William Lowrie, Tiler. Grate City Chapter^ No. 7. — Instituted under dispensation granted Decem- ber 25, 1854, to the following named persons : George Russell, J. M. Shelley, John A. Graham, H. W. Beers, W. H. Wooster, C. Garber, D. W. Pres- sel, G. St. Clair Hussey, C. F. Conn, William Lamb, J. T. Arthur, 0. S. Conk- lin, William T. Day and Dr. John F. Sanford. The first officers were : George Russell, H. P. ; J. M. Shelley, King ; J. A. Graham, Scribe; G. St.Clair Hussey, C. of H.; 0. S. Conklin, P. S.; D. W. Pressel, R. A. C; J. K. Hornish, Third Veil ; J. F. Arthur, Second Veil; W. T. Day, Fii'st Vail ; J. F. Sanford, Secretary ; Thomas Heaight, Treasurer, and Thomas E. Bruce, Guard. The charter of the Chapter was issued June 2, 1855. 658 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. The present officers, who were installed in November, 1878, are as follo.ws : D. W. Swartz, H. P.; George E. Kilbourne, K.; S. S. Wiles, Scribe; R. H. Wyman, Treasurer ; G. R. Parsons, Secretary ; Frank Allyn, C. of H. ; H. Banks, P. S.; E. M. Agnew, R. A. C; John R. Carpenter, Third Veil ; J. H. Justice, Second Veil ; A. V. Leopold, First Veil ; William Lowrie, Tiler. The present membership is 117, the largest Chapter in the State. Damascus Commandery, No. 5. — Was organized under dispensation from the Grand Encampment of the United States, December 15, 1863, naming Robert Farmer Bower, as Eminent Commander ; Henry K. Love, Generalis- simo, and George S. Gebhardt, Captain General. A charter was granted by the Grand Commandery of Iowa, dated June 3, 1866. R. F. Bower, was Eminent Commander until September 19, 1878, when he declined a re-elec- tion, and Henry W. Rothert was chosen in his stead. The other officers are : Guy Wells, Generalissimo ; Dr. J. M. Shaffer, Captain General ; Dr. R. H. Wyman, Treasurer, and D. G. Lowery, Recorder. The present membership is ■eighty-three. Free Masons Protective Association. — Organized in December, 1872, for the benefit of families of deceased members. It has paid over to such, a total sum of |8,450. Present membership, 650. Present officers : H. W. Rothert, President ; Dr. R. H. Wyman, Viee President ; W. A. Brownell, Treasurer, and H. K. Pratt, Secretary. Masonic Hall, in Keokuk, is located on the corner of Fourth and Johnson streets, in the building erected by Smith Hamill, the third story of which was built expressly for their use. The main hall is occupied by the two Blue Lodges and the Chapter. The Commandery has its own room on the same floor. The four organizations have expended about $5,000 in fitting and furnishing the various apartments, and it is claimed that, for beauty and perfect arrangements, the hall has no equal in the State. I. 0. 0. F. Keokuk Lodge, No. 13. — Instituted July 31,- 1848, with seven members, five of whom were as follows : George L. Coleman, R. B. Ogden, J. W. Tay- lor, J. R. Randolph and Peter Eichar. The early records of this Lodge were destroyed by fire, and the names of the first officers cannot be obtained. The first lodge-room of the order was fitted up in the upper story of John A. Graham's building, on Second street, near Main, for which was paid an annual rental of $600. In 1858, the Lodge took possession of the building now occupied, and which, eleven years afterward, was purchased, as elsewhere stated. The present officers of Keokuk Lodge are: John L. Hardin, N. G.; Rob- ert C. Fry, V. G.; William C. Steely, R. S.; G. N. Vermillion, P. S., and W. H. Nicholas, Treas. The one who has been longest a member of the Lodge is B. S. Mer- riam. Amount expended for sick benefits, $3,500. Present assets, $4,500. Membership, 110. Puckechetuck Lodge, No. IfB. — Instituted October 9, 1852. Charter mem- bers : George B. Wilson, William A. Taylor, Thomas Swanwick, William Edwards, E. H. Wickersham, John Early, Ben Farnum, Peter Eichar and J. L. Curtis. ' First officers : George B. Wilson, N. G.; Thomas Swanwick, V. G.; W. A. Taylor, Sec; Peter Eichar, Treas. HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 659 Present officers: H. A. Heaslip, N. G.; Dr. J. C. Hughes, Jr., V. G.; €. A. Leech, Sec; J. W. Delaplain, Treas.; I. N. Tichenor, Permanent Sec- retary. Present membership, ninety. Assets of the Lodge, $4,500. Sick benefits paid since organization, f4,000. There have been, all told, 361 initiations, and of the present membership, 19 have belonged to the Order over twenty years. Herman Lodge, No. 116. — Instituted in 1858. Charter members : Her- man Rothert, Henry Tieke, George Shaefer, William Horn, Henry Mollers, Benjamin Farnum, E. J. Leach, M. Martin, Samuel Rauh and Solomon Rauh, all of whom are still living. First officers: Herman Rothert, N. G.; Henry Tieke, Y. G.; George Shaefer, Sec; William Horn, Treas. Present officers: Jacob Agne, N. G.; Jacob Kortz, V, G.; Karl Wirtz, Sec, and Karl Schulz, Treas. Rebekali Degree, Colfax Lodge, No. 4" — Organized in 1868 ; re-organized in 1879. Present membership, 50, and rapidly increasing. Present officers : A. J. Mathias, N. G.; Mrs. D. E. Milward, V. G.; Mrs. J. M. Mace, R. Sec- retary; Mrs. H. W. Clendenin, Financial Secretary, and Mrs. 0. Michaelis, Treasurer. Puckeclietuck Encampment, No. 7. — Instituted June 13, 1849. Charter members : W. G. Anderson, John P. Reed, Frank Bridgman, W. H. Hill- house, William Dierdorf, J. W. Taylor, C. Kiefer, R. B. Ogden, G. L. Cole- man and P. Eichar. First officers: C. Kiefer, C. P.; J. W. Taylor, H. P.; J. P. Reed, S. W.; R. B. Ogden, J. W.: G. L. Coleman, Scribe; W^illiam Dierdorff, Treas- urer. Present officers : A. J. Mathias, C. P.; F. Schmidt, H. P.: I. L. Brown, S. W.; H. L. Tiffany, J. W.; C. Shulz, Scribe; B. S. Merriam, Financial Scribe, and E. H. Wickersham, Treasurer. The total number who have been received into the Encampment is 235. Present membership, 69. Total receipts since organization, |4,633.28. Expenditures, |4,541.58. Investments drawing interest, |1,000. Assets, 11,500. Odd Fellows Building Association. — Organized in 1869, with a capital stock of 115,000, in shares of |25 each, the issue restricted to Lodges and members of the Order. Soon after its organization, the Association purchased the building on the corner of Main and Seventh streets, for ,^10,000. The building has since been greatly improved, and the large lodge-room in the third story is occupied by all the Lodges of the city, in common. In 1875, an Odd Fellows' Library was organized, starting with about thirty old volumes, which number has increased to very nearly one thousand books and magazines valuable to the craft. Odd Fellows Protective Association. — Organized February 9, 1868, for the purpose of insuring the lives of Odd Fellows, on the mutual contribution plan. The present membership is 1,030, securing to families of members the full sum of |1,000 in case of death. The present officers are : Frederick Brinkman, President; L. B. Cowles, Vice President: John C. Fry, Secretary, and D. G. Lowry, Treasurer. This Association has already paid to families of deceased members a sum total of $89,000. X 660 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. KEOKUK VETERAN GUARDS. COMPANY A, SECOND REGIMENT INFANTRY, IOWA NATIONAL GUARDS. July 3, 1872, the Keokuk Veteran Guards were organized by members of TorrencePost No. 2, G. A. R.; Richard Middleton elected Captain ; JohnL. Day, First Lieutenant, and Ed. S. Carter, Second Lieutenant, and commissioned by Gov. C. C. Carpenter, to rank from July 4, 1872, and were armed with the Springfield B. L. rifles. About June 1, 1875, the company recruited nearly to one hundred men, and elected D. B. Hamill, Captain ; L. A. Berryhill, First Lieutenant ; James Hill, Second Lieutenant, and commissioned by Gov. C. C. Carpenter. George Hill, President ; W. H. , Carey, Secretary, and Hon. John N. Irwin, Treasurer. They securing Maj. A. St^ckney, U. S. Engineers, in charge of U. S. Canal at Keokuk to drill them, and he in a short time, by his thorough discipline, brought them to be one of the best drilled companies in the West. They adopted a dark blue uniform with buff trimmings, the Iowa State buttons, and U. S. Army full dress cap, white pompon. General Orders No. 2, dated Adjutant General's Oflice, State of Iowa, Des Moines, January 18, 1876, organized the Second Regiment Infantry, Iowa State Guards, of all companies in First Congressional District (Eighth Infantry, and attached the three Batteries) and ordered an election for field and staff oflicers held by each company on February 8, 1876. This company was the first in the field, nominating Gen. A. G. McQueen (late Colonel First Iowa Veteran Cavalry) and one of the original members of the company, for Colonel ; George A. Henry, of Keosauqua (late Captain Fourth Iowa Veteran Infantry), for Lieutenant Colonel; Abe Wilkin, Keosauqua (late Captain Second Iowa Vet- eran Infantry), for Major ; C. A. Leech, of K. V. Guards, for Surgeon ; L. S. Tyler (late Fifteenth Iowa Veteran Infantry), for Adjutant, and R. Johnston, Keosauqua (late Third Iowa Veteran Cavalry), for Quartermaster. Although the companies in north part of District put another ticket in the field, the above were all elected by a handsome majority, and commissioned February 18, 1876, by Gov. Samuel J. Kirkwood, N. B. Baker, Adjutant General of Iowa. Being the oldest organized company in the regiment, the Keokuk Veteran Guards were designated A Compan3^ On invitation of the Burlington Centennial Celebration Committee, the Keokuk Veteran Guards were furnished transporta- tion on the C, B. & Q. and arrived in Burlington early on the morn of July 4, 1876, and quartered at the Starr House, and given a prominent place in the procession on that day. On the 5th, they participated in a prize-drill, and they claim, by public opinion, that they fairly won and Avere entitled to the first prize of $100; and it is said the first decision of the judges awarded it to them, but it was afterward changed and they were awarded the second prize, of f 50, and as a sort of "peace-offering" they were ordered to the head of the column, and led the advance of the eight companies. After three days enjoying the hospi- tality of the patriotic citizens of Burlington, the company returned to Keokuk on the night of the 6th. The Decoration Day Committee invited the Keokuk Junction Guards- and Eighth Regiment Infantry, Illinois National Guards, to participate, which they accepted, and in command of Capt. William Hanna, arrived in Keokuk May, 30, 1 877 ; were met at the depot by Company A, Second Iowa National Guards, and escorted to the latter company's armory ; stacking arms, the visitors were taken to the Hardin House, during their visit in the city. At 1 lllsroKV OK \.EK COUNTY. (J61 r. M., the cdiupanios t\)n»KMl aiul look tlu> advanco ol" procossion, headeil by ^Vagnol•'8 Silver Oornot Band, and niarched to Oakland Cemetery, whore, from the vanlt, they performed the last sad duty of escorting to the t!;rave the remains of the late Col. S. M. Archer, Seventeenth Iowa, Veteran Infantry, payino- the honi)rs (hie the deceased and firing a volley over the grave; tlien marched to the National Cemetery, where nearly seven hundred ''hoys in blue" lie buried, who died in our hospitals during the war, and there the companies further participated ii\ observing JMenu)rial Day, both companies firing volleys at once. After supper, both (Himpanies gave the citizens a- line exhibition drill for a half-hour; returning lo their heathpuirters, stacked arms, broke ranks and dis- }>ersed in squads, A (!1om})any. Second Ivegiment, entertaining their visitors in their well-known hospitable manner, and at an early hour on the olst, escorted hem to the cars, en route home. Col. A. G. McQueen having resigned in the spring, on September 1, Lieut. Col. Ceorge A. Henry was appointed Coloiu^ ; Maj. Abe Wilkin, Lieutenant Colonel, vice Henry, promoted; Capt. D. B. ITamill, of A ('omj)any, Major, vice Wilkin, promoted. Ool. George A. Henry a|)[)ointed llev. Thomas Stephen- son, of Keosauqua, Chaplain, aiul 1). W. Stutsman, of Bonaparte, Assistant Surgeon, September 6. The State making no appropriation for the support of its nulitia, the Com- pany remained quiet until the spring of 1878, when, by the untiring energy and perseverance of the active olhcers and men of the National Guard, the Legislature nuvde a. small appropriation, and the officers of the Regiment in Keokuk and active members of A Company called a meeting and recruited some fifty men, and, on April 25, elected H. G. Boon, Captain ; and, a few nights after, H. H. Maquilken, First Lieutenant, and L. A. Renaud, Second Lieutenant. They were commissioned by Gov. .lolin H. Gear. Of the fifty men, twenty-five were born in Iowa. The Company adopted the name of "Keokuk National Guards," and now^ have the finest full-dress uniform (dark- blue coat, trinnned with gold lace, three rows State buttons ; light-blue pants, gold stripe ; epaulets dark-blue, white fringe, with leather-bound can tie ; Roman helmet, white-and-blue plume, gilt ornament in front, with figure "2 in center, crossed rilles on left side; white web-belt, with silver Company letter A on belt- plate) and the best material in its ranks of any company in Iowa, composed, as it is, of some of our leading merchants, attorneys and energetic young men of the city ; and should receive a more liberal encouragement from the citizens, for every military company that ever went from Keokuk, either into the army dur- ing the war, or visiting other cities since, has refiected great pride upon tlie city, and, in no snuiU degree, advertised her name abroad, as well as aided in making the fame of many of her most honored citizens, alive and deceased. MISCELLANEOUS. UAMT3R1NUS. The first brewer in Keokuk, was William Schowalter, who began business in a small way, in ISM), on Main street, between Twelfth and Thirteenth. He continued in the business until 1855, when he died. George Laudenschlaeger, came next, and built a frame brewery at the south end of Third street, near the river. When the street was opened, his buildin<>' was moved to Fulton street, between Eighth and Ninth. 662 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. Peter Haubert established the "Keokuk Brewery," on Fourteenth street, between Main and Blondeau, about 1852. It is now owned by Peckstein & Nagel. In ISoo, A. A^ockrodr builr a stone brewery at the foot ot" the bluff, in Reid's Addition, which he owned and operated as an ale-brewery, at the time of his death, in 1877. In 1857, Messrs. Jacob Baehr and John Leisy, brcAvers from Cleveland, Ohio, came to Keokuk and rented A'ockrodt's premises. Soon after, they began the erection of the present "Union Brewery," on the corner of Johnson and Thirteenth streets. About the same time, Anschutz >.^ Mantz built the Mississippi Brewery, still operated by Anschutz ^^ Son. on the bank of the river above city limits. After the death of Schowalter, his brewery was rented by Joseph Kurtz. This he operated about three years, when he removed to a frame building, which stood on the site of the present brick brewery on the plankroad, which was built in 1866. The expense of sinking an artesian-well, involved him to such an extent that he was compelled to suspend business. The water from this well proved unfit for making beer, but it possesses medicinal qualities of considerable value. The brewery interest is at present represented by Peckstein tie Nagel, Ans- schutz (.t Son, and Mrs. Leisy, under the old firm name of ''Leisy Brothers." The Union Brewery, owned by the latter, is one of the largest in the State, and is superintended by II. Nicholaus. > MILLS. The first tlourino;-mill erected in Keokuk was built bv Ross B. Hughes, about 1846, and stood on the river bank immediately in front of the present passenger-depot of the Chicago, Rock Island i!t Pacific Railroad. It was a two- story frame, with stone basement, known as the Keokuk City Mills. James F. Death operated it, Avhen farmers, at a distance of 100 miles, brought their ■wheat in wagons, and received for it 37^ cents per bushel. This mill was burned down. The Imperial Jlills, now owned and operated by B. F. Hambleton, was built in 1850, by E. & H. K. S. Omelvenny. They ran it until April, 1853, Tvhen they sold to James F. Death, who in turn sold to Ross B. Hughes, but he was unable to meet the payments, and Death resold, in 1855, to W. H. Austin. In April, 1857, Austin sold to George L. Coleman and Ed. A. Foote. The next year, Austin, with C. H. Albers, bought it back, and retained the ownership until 1864, when "Citizen" Andrew- Brown became proprietor. J. M. Billings and C. F. Davis were the next purchasers, in 1866, and sold, in 1869, to Robertson & Albei^s, and C. P. Ilanna. Mr. B. F. Hambleton has been interested in the mill since 1874, and sole owner since 1876 The building is of stone, three stories high, with tive run of buhrs, and a capacity of 140 barrels per day. The Eaijle Mills, on Twelfth street, were erected in 1873, by Wills & Yen- awine, who are still owners and operators. The building is of brick, 30x55 feet, three stories high, and basement of stone, with three run of buhrs. These mills do both merchant and custom work, and have a capacity of fifty barrels per dav. ^ ' SAMPLE .^ M ELEOY S IRON WORKS. November 1. 1849, S. S. Vail and Seba Armitage, under the firm name of S. S. Vail i!c Co., commenced the foundry and machine business in their own HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 663 shops, erected on the west corner of Sixth and Blondeau streets, doing all kinds ol foundry and machine work, and was known as the Keokuk Foundry. In March, 1850, Aaron Vail was taken in as partner, without changing the style of the firm. In 1.856, they erected new shops (wooden) corner of Ninth and Johnson streets, on leased ground, the old location having become untenable owing to the grading of the streets, and moved into them, at same time chang- ing the cognomen from Keokuk Foundry to "Buckeye Foundry." In 1862 Seba Armitage sold out his interest, and the firm name was changed to S. s! ij ■ 1 ^^^ ^^^® ^P^"^"S of 1863, Aaron Vail, on account of failing health, fii f\<^n! "'l^'"®'* ^"^ ^- ^- ^^'^' ""^^ ^^^"^ conducted the business until the tall ot 1853 when Seba Armitage again purchased an interest, and the firm became Vail & Armitage. In the fall of 1864, B. W. Davis bought an mtei-es^t, and the firm became Vail, Armitage & Co. In the spring of 1865 fe. S. feample bought B. W. Davis' interest, the firm name remaining the same.' During the same year, the entire stock and implements of the Pennsylvania i|^oundry was purchased and merged into the Buckeye Foundry. In 1868 they erected the present brick building occupied as a machine shop. In 187o' S. S. Sample purchased S. S.. Vail's interest, and D. W. McElroy a portion of Seba Armitage's, and the firm name became Sample, Armitage & Co. ; and during the same year the present brick building was erected and occupied as a foundry, the old wooden structures being now entirely superseded. In 1872, S. S. Sample purchased the interest of Seba Armitage, and the firm name became Sample, McElroy & Co. In 1873, the boiler-making department was added, as also was begun the manufiicture of semi-portable steam engines. In 1875, Perry P. Armitao-e pur- chased of S. S. Sample an interest, and until present date no further Change has beeii made. The present buildings consist of a two-story brick machine- shop, 90x36 ; boiler-shop, 50x36 ; and foundry-building, 52x103, two stones and necessary small buildings, and ground occupied is 200x140 ft. ' MECHANICAL ENTERPRISE. The first locomotive ever built in Iowa was turned out, of the shops of the Des Moines Valley Railroad at Keokuk, in October, 1875. Every part, from the massive wheels to the smallest steam-cock, was made under the supervision of M. Sellers, Master Machinist of the road. The weight of the locomotive was twenty-four tons, and the cost ^17,000. Sellers was crushed to death near the shops in Keokuk, in the summer of 18 (8. * ' THE ICE GORGE OP 1832. _ The winter of 1832 was noted for the great ice-gorge at Keokuk. ' The winter had been an unusually severe one, and the ice, when broken up by a sudden rise m the river, was thirty-four inches thick, and piled to such a height that the trees on the opposite bluff could not be seen bv a person standing on the Puck-e-she-tuck levee. Five thousand pigs of lead piled on the shore near Campbell & Brishnell's warehouse were buried in the mud by the weight of the ice and was not recov- ered until the next June. Their storehouse was partially turned over, and all the houses on the levee more or less injured. Four hundred cords of wood were carried away from the levee, where the C. R.I. & P. depot now stands, and entirely lost. The keelboat Ophelia, belonging to Isaac R. Campbell, was lifted to an angle of forty-five degrees and remained in that condition until the ice melted. An elm tree three feet in 664 HISTOKY OF LEE COUNTY. diameter, standing in front of Smith's log grocery, was cut half off by the ice. The waxer rose fourteen feet in one hour, and an iron bridge, such as now spans the river at this point, would have been swept entirely away by the immense weight. There was another ice-gorge, about IS-iS or 1844, that was about ei]ual to the one described above. The ice piled up as high as thirty feet. It broke the moorings of tlie steamer Settler Otter, and played all sorts of fantastic tricks with the boats and houses that came in its way. The foi"ce and weight of the ice were irresistible and terrible to behold. A KEMINPER OF OI.P TIMES. Oapt. James W. Campbell, of Fort Madison, has in his possession, as a reminder of old-time business transactions at Keokuk, a note given to his father, Isaac R. Campbell, by the Indians whose signatures it beai-s, in settlement of book accounts. An attempt was made to collect the fimount of the note, but in consequence of a "shrinkage of values" and scarcity of money, the attempt was fruitless. The note is here preserved : One day atXer daie we oi" either of us pi\imise tv^ pay to Isaac K. OampbeU v"< Co.. or bearer, the sum of one thovtsaud aud seventy-six dollars, for value received of them, as witness our hand ai\d seals this fifteenth day of August, eighteen hundred aud thirty-seven, at Keokuk, Wisconsin territory. Witness: Kkoki'k, P. his mark. [V.. $.] Paw SuiPA ho. X. his mark, [L. S.] Waw Paw lo. X, his mark, [L. S.] Apasosk, X, his mark. [L. S.] Pav Xaw Sy, X. his mark. [L. S.] Nan aw E qvit, X, his mark. [L. S.] Naw pat Shaw can, X, his mark, [L. S.] Naw Way Ave, X, his mai-k. [L. Sj Wa vay Co Cash Cak, X his mark. [L. S.] MAYORS OE KEOKUK. January, 1848, W. A. Clark : April, 1848, Justin Millard ; 1849, Uriah Eaplee. He resigned in September, 1849. and John A. Gi-aham was elected to till vacancy; 18^0 and 1851. John A. Graham; 18o-, 18r>o and 18o4. B. S. Merriam ;' 1855, D. W. Kilbourne ; 1850, Samuel R. Curtis; 1857, Haw- kins Tavlor ; 1858, H. W. Sample; 1859, William Leighton ; 1860, William Pattei-son; 1861, J. J. Brice; 1862, R. P. Creel; 1863, George B. Smyth; 1864. J. M. Hiatt ; 1865 and 1866, William Pattei-son ; 186T,"William Tim- berman; 1868, John A. McDowell; 1869, A. J. Wilkinson; 1870, William Timbenmtn; 1871 end 1872, H. W. Rothert ; 1878, Daniel F. Miller, Sr.; 1874 and 1875, Edmund Jaeger; John N. Irwin, the present Mayor, has held the othce since April. 1876, and his third term is now nearly expired. J. B. Paul is the Mavor elect. TO ^V N S. WEST POI>^T. The present town site of West Point is said to have been claimed by one Whitaker. in 1884, who sold out to John L. Cotton and John Howell, in 1885. They sold again to Abraham Hunsicker, Avho laid out a square, with one tier of lots on each side. Cotton built a log cabin near the tu^rthwest corner of the HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 665 square, and opened a small store, and the })lace was known as "Cotton Town." In the spring of 1836, the town site was occupied by three or four small log cabins. Early in May of that year, William Patterson, Hawkins Taylor, A. H. Walker and Green Casey arrived on the Black Hawk Purchase, from Illinois. They were all Kentuckians by birth and education, and, being pleased with the location, purchased the claim of Hunsicker, and proceeded to lay out adilitional lots. The name of West Point was given it at the suggestion of the oliicery of the garrison at Fort Des Moines (Montrose), who agreed, if allowed to name the town, to purchase a number of lots. The new proprietors held a public sale of lots in September, 1836, the average price being about $40. The following sketches of the early history of West Point are selected from Hawkins Taylor's letters to the Annals of Iowa : At that tiaie (ISod-oT), there were but three or four log shanties on the town plat. .John L. Cotton had the only store. The house was about 12x1(3, made out of peeled hickory logs, the split part inside, and rough boards nailed over tlie cracks : no ceiling, and the roof steep enough to please any Hollander. The stock in trade was one barrel of "red-eye," said to be of approved quality ; about a dozen pieces of calico, and as many more pieces of domestics, some fancy articles, sugar, tea, cofl'ee and tobacco, all amounting in value to perhaps $200. At that time, there were not twenty acres of ground fenced in sight of West I'oint. A good deal more was broken up and planted ; but the tirst object of the settlcrn was to get in their corn and then fence their ground. Within a few days after our purchase, my associates returned to Illinois, leaving me to put uj) a frame house for each of us, 18.x32 feet, one story high. 1 had not a foot of plank to use in any of them ; the studding was rails straightened ; the siding, split boards, and the floors puncheons. The front doors and window-sash were brought round from Pittsburgh, and bought at Fort Madison. On the 10th of September, 1836, the proprietors of the West Point made a sale of lots, after pretty full advertisement The proprietors were all temperance men, and one or two of tliem Elders in the old blue-stocking Presbyterian Cliurch, and they had set apart a liberal plat of ground to their late nunister, who was coming to settle there, and they liad arr.anged to build a meeting-house and orgaui/.e a church. To be a "hard-shell" Baptist was then respectable with the settlers ; to be a Oampbellite, was passable ; and to be a Methodist, could be tolerated ; but they felt that it was asking rather too much for any one to come among them, and propagate temperance and blue-stocking Presbyterianism. It was strongly whispered that this was a bad lot to settle a new country — -in fact, it was wnispered pretty loudly. The proprietors were very anxious to have their sale a success. They were all Kentuckians, and, at that time, had seen but few Yankees ; still, they had picked up some Yankee ideas, and, as nearly all the settlers were from the South, they concluded to make, on the day of sale, a regular, old-fashioned barba- cue. No sooner was this known, than the hard-shells themselves softened, and offers from all quarters were made to take charge of the roasting department of the barbecue, and the worst of enemies became the best of friends. Both the sale and the barbecue were a grand success ; jilenty to eat for all, and well cooked, no one intoxicated, everything cheerful and pleasant. The ■sale amounted to about |;2,3()0. West Point itself and immediate vicinity, up to its being cursed with getting the county seat, for which it struggled so long, was a model town for sobriety .and moi-al character. When first settled, it was a sort of half-way place of meeting, between a clan that lived ou the Skunk, headed by a notorious rough of the name of Hamp. Rattan, and an almost equally hard set that lived on Sugar Creek, headed by a family of the name of Points. These parties wonld regularly meet in West Point, on Saturdays, run scrub-races, drink whisky, and made themselves generally disagreeable to the good citizens. The Rattan crowd were horse thieves and regular desperadoes. 'I'hey finally became so bad that the citizens encouraged the Points party, and, one Saturday, they drove the Rattan party out of town, and finally out of the country ; and as the county settled up, the Points p'lrty naturally drifted oft'. .Tohn Points was known as .the bully of his section, altliougli not at all quarrelsome. At that time, there was a man of the name of Allan living near where Charleston is situated mow. Allan was from Maine, anludge, in his kind way, asked, "Why so?" •• Why," says the old man, "I go to town, generally, about once a week, or once in two weeks, and, according to my old cnstom, I go to Salmon's and take two drinks, 1 treating some one and he treating me. We are used to Salmon's whisky; it is not strong and does not hurt us ; we understand it. But here comes this man Kennedy, from Fort Madison, with his new kind of whisky, that we know nothing about, and I take only my two drinks, and it intoxicates me so 1 am fined. It was not me, but Kennedy, that was to blame." The Judge at once agreed to and did remit the fine. FIRST PREACHEKS, FIRST SERMONS, ETC. The first preachers who visited West Point were Rev. Daniel Cartwright^ a Wesleyau Methodist, and a distant rehitive of Peter Oartwright : a Mr. Burns, who lived near Skunk River, and a muhitto preacher of the Methodist faith, w^ho lived in A'an Buren County, an intelligent man and a good preacher. Rev. Cartwright died about twelve years ago, at Kossuth, in Des Moines County, where his son Harrison still lives, engaged in merchandising. The first Pres- byterian minister was Rev. Alexander Ewing, who may be mentioned as the first minister holding regular services. Until the completion of the Presbyte- rian Church, meetings were usually held at the house of William Pat- terson. HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 66T PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. The Presbyterian Church was organized under authority of the Presbytery of Schuyler, June 24, 1837, and is believed to be the oldest Presbyterian Church organization in the State. The services were conducted by Revs. Samuel Wilson and L. G. Bell. The original members were William Patter- son and wife Eleanor; Alexander H. Walker and wife Isabella; Ambrose Stone and wife Catherine ; David Walker and wife Nancy ; Cyrus Poage and wife Mary. William Patterson, A. H. Walker and Cyrus Poage were elected and installed Ruling Elders. Of the original members, Cyrus Poage, who was a surveyor, moved to Mis- souri ; Isabella and Nancy Walker died while members of the Church ; William Patterson and wife removed to Keokuk ; David Walker, who died in 1876, was the last one of the original members left at West Point. Rev, Alexander Ewing was the first minister called to the Church, and was its Pastor from 1838 until 1841. He was succeeded by Rev. Salmon Cowles, who remained only one year, when Rev. John M. Fulton took charge for two years. Rev. L. F. Leake preached from 1844 to 1846, when Rev. Cowles returned and remained until 1847, when his connection was again severed, and his place filled by James L. Fullerton, who, in 1851, gave way to Rev. James (r. Wilson, now U. S. Consul at Jerusalem. Mr. Wilson was Pastor of che Church until 1853, when Rev. Cowles returned for the third ..irae, and remained until 1860. In that year. Rev. George D. Stewart, now of Fort Madison, was called to the pastorate. During Mr. SteAvart's administration, there was an ex- tensive revival, and many were added to the Church. In 1865, Mr. Stewart received a call from the Presbyterian Church at Burlington, Iowa, which was accepted, and he was succeeded by Rev. William Crow, who remained for two years, when "Father Cowles," as he had come to be called, again assumed- charge for one year. He was followed by Rev. Henry B. Knight, who remained until 1869. Rev. George A. Hutchinson succeeded him and coutinued two^ years. In 1871, Rev. James Welch was called to the Church, and during his administration the Church had a season of revival. The present Pastor, Rev. J. P. Baker, took charge of the Church in 1878, with a membership of 116. The first church building was a brick structure, erected in 1838 or 1839, and was the first built of that material in the State. It stood on the same lot occupied by the present building. METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH. This Church was organized by a Rev. Mr. Jennison, in 1839, at a meeting held in the old log schoolhouse, then standing on the corner of Race and Jeifer- son streets. The original members were William Alexander, William Stewart, Simon Cooley, Lewis Pitman, William Rose, John Honnal and George Berry, with their wives, and in some cases their children were members. Also, Mrs. Eunice Harger and Mrs. James Scott, making the total membership about twenty. After organization, church services were held, sometimes in the office of 'Squire Brand's hotel, and occasionally in the old log schoolhouse. These two places were the only places capable of accommodating religious assemblies, and were occupied by all denominations. During the year 1842, a small church was erected on Ilayne street, in which the society worshiped until the year 1855, when they sold the old building to the German M. E. Church, and erected a more commodious building on the t)68 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. corner of Jeiferson and Race streets. In 1862, the Church had increased in membership sufficiently to secure and support a minister for his whole time. The Church continued to grow until 1865, when the roll of membership had reached 150. About this time, however, dissensions among the members caused a falling off, and. although the organization is still maintained, the Church has never since experienced its former condition of usefulness. A Sabbath school Avas organized shortly after the Church was established, with some forty or fifty members. William Alexander was the first Superintendent. GERMAN M. E, CHURCH. The German M. E. Church was organized in the fall of 1852, by Rev. Mr. Kofpfaga, with ten members — P. Wooster, his wife and daughter Annie ; Peter Roth and wife, Jacob Yotter and wife, Jacob Risser and wife, and Charles Whitlock. In the year 1 855, they purchased the old brick church first built by the M. E. Church, which they occupied until 1877, when they they built their present neat and tasty church, 28x30 feet, on the site of the old brick. The present membership is twenty-three. Soon after the organization of the Church, a Sabbath school was estab- lished, which now has an average attendance of sixty. P. Wooster was the first Superintendent, and so continued until 1877, when he was succeeded by Charles Whitlock. There are also three Bible-classes in connection with the Church, which are in a flourishing condition. The following is a list of ministers who have been assigned to the Church since its organization : Kofpfaga, Charles Schneider, and Conrad, who died during the second year of his pastorate. MENNONITE CHURCH. As early as 1839, a few families of this faith had settled in the neighborhood of West Point ; but it was not until 1845, that they had increased in number ■sufficiently to warrant the organization of a church. In the spring of that year, Johannes Mueller (John Miller), a Mennonite preacher, arrived with his family, and, shortly after, a meeting was held to arrange for holding religious services. The night following this meeting, the house occupied by Miller was entered by robbers. Miller was brutally murdered, and his son-in-law, Henry Leisa, who occupied the house with him, received such wounds that he died shortly afterward. In 1849, a second effort was made to organize a church. At this meeting, held on Sunday, Second-Advent Day, there were present Isaak Berghthold, Jacob Berghthold, Christian Gram, John Roth, Christian Schmitt, Jacob Risser, Jacob Ellenberger, John C. Krehbiel, Christian Krehbiel, Abraham Deutsch, David Herstein, Michael Roth, Jacob Roth, Jacob Blum and J. Goebel — fifteen in all. Jacob Ellenberger and John C Krehbiel were elected preachers, and Isaak Berghthold, Jacob Risser and Christian Krehbiel as a Church Committee. Meetings were held regularly from this time forward ; the private houses of the members being used until 1850, when a log house was built on land previ- ously purchased, three miles south of West Point, near Sugar Creek. The first services held in this church was on Pentecost Whitsunday, in 1850 ; and on the same day, in 1851, the preachers were ordained, and the first communion adminstere,d by Rev. David Ruth. In 1855, the place of worship was removed to West Point, the schoolhouse and private residences being used for the purpose until July 26, 1863, when the congregation took possession of their new frame church. HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 669 At this first service, there were present the following ministers : Heinrich Ellenberger, the blind Mennonite preacher, from Lyons ; Christian Schowalter, of the Franklin Grerman Evangelical Church ; — Braschler, of the Grerman M. E. Church ; and George D. Stewart, of the Presbyterian Church of West Point. The old log church on Sugar Creek was sold, but the lot on which it stood is still owned by the Church, and is used as a cemetery. The present membership of the Church is 59, and the value of the church property is estimated at $800. Rev. John C. Krehbiel is the present Pastor. BAPTIST CHURCH. Efforts to obtain a detailed sketch of this Church were not rewarded. Rev. J. P. McAuley, the present Pastor, resides in Dallas, 111., and divides his time with this and other churches. CATHOLIC CHURCH. The Catholic Church was organized in the summer of 1842, under the administration of Father J. G. Allemann, at that time located at Fort Madison. The heads of families who comprised the original membership were as follows : R. W. Strothman, Johan Rompp, Bernard Helman, Arnold Fullenkemp, Henry Dirker, Frank Witte, Bernard Brockman, Bernard Droppel, G. Droppel, Joseph Strothman and Bernard Dingman. The first services were held at the house of Joseph Strothman, Father Allemann officiating ; soon after which, Father Allemann came to live at West Point, boarding at Mr. Strothman's. In the winter of 1842-43, the erection of a frame church-building, 21x40 feet, was commenced, which was completed and dedicated in the fall of 1843. The con- gregation, at that time, had increased to fourteen families. Father Allemann was succeeded by Father Michel, in 1846. His successors, in their order, were Rev. Fathers Reife, Hottenberger, Johannes, Orth and Jacoby, who is now the priest in charge. The first church built sufficed for eight or ten years, when it was enlarged and used until 1858. In that year, the erection of the present building was commenced, under the auspices of Father Reffe. It is not possible to state the cost of this building, as the brick were manufactured on the ground, and the largest part of the labor performed by members of the Church. The outlay on the building, in cash, was about $6,000. The organ cost |800, and the three fine-toned bells that hang in the tower, |3,000. The member- ship of the Church, at this time, consists of about one hundred and fifty families. The services of the Church on Sunday are : Low mass in early morning, with high mass and sermon at 10 o'clock A. M.; Sunday school from 2 to 3 o'clock, and vespers 3 to 4 o'clock P. M. On week days: 7.30 mass for children. The first school in connection with the Church was organized ^about 1846, with an attendance of from fifteen to twenty children, who were taught by Father AUeman, in the church. In 1850, the first school-building was erected, a brick, 20x24 feet, which stood south of the church-building. When this was completed, Henry Krebs took charge of the school. The erection of the present school-building was an event of the year 1877, under the supervision and management of Father Jacoby. The building is 55x69 feet, two stories and basement, which is arranged for four schools, three of which are in operation, with an average 670 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. attendance of 175 scholars. The schools are taught by the Sisters of St. Fran- cis, their mother-house being at La Crosse, Wis. Four sisters have charge of the school, three of whom devote their whole time to the work. The principal language used is English, but German is also taught. Church history is made a study, and religious exercises are held in each room two hours in each week, conducted by Father Jacoby. The societies in connection with the Church are : The Young Men's Sodal- ity, for literary exercises, with 75 members ; a Young Ladies" Religious Soci- ety, with 85 members. The meetings of the former are held at stated intervals, and of the latter, at the call of the Priest, and are under the guidance of Father Jacoby. The Altar Society, to which married ladies only are admitted, numbers 120 members. A Mutual Life Insurance x\ssociation was organized by the members of this Church July 4, 1878, and is controlled by a President. Treasurer and three Assessors. WEST POINT ACADEMY. v This institution, which was successfully maintained for" several years, was incorporated by an act of the Legislature, approved January 23, 1839. Will- iam Patterson, John Box, J. Price, A. H. Walker. Cyrus Poage, Joseph How- ard, Isaac Beeler, A. Hunsicker, A. Ewing, Hawkins Taylor, Campbell Gil- mer, David Walker, Solomon Jackson and William Steele were the incor- porators. The first term of the Academy opened on the first Monday in June, 18-4*2, with Rev. John M. Fulton as Principal. The same year, Mrs. McGunagle, of Athens, Ohio, opened a school for young ladies, under the directorship of William Stewart, Dr. Freeman Knowles, William Stotts and William Patterson. In her prospectus, Mrs. McGunagle sets forth that " the inhabitants of West Point and immediate vicinity are moral and intelligent, and it is believed that board can be had as cheap as at any town in Iowa, say from $1 to ^1.25 per week." ' The old Court House, erected during the time of the county seat troubles, now serves as a public school building. POrULATION AND BUSINESS. West Point is the largest inland town in the county, and numbers abour twelve hundred inhabitants. Herman Brink owns and operates successfully a fine flouring-mill. It has five general stores, doing a good business ; two stove, hardware and tinware stores ; two drug stores ; two wagon-making estab- lishments ; a grocery, queensware and crockery store, and the usual number of smaller stores, shops, etc. Jacob Peters is proprietor of the Planters' House, the principal hotel. The village was incorporated in 1854, and has maintained an organized government to the present time. The present officers are : William G. Pitt- man, Mayor ; James Daugherty, Assessor : R. A. Scovel, Recorder ; Trustees —P. J. Entler, J. D. Feebler, Theodore Wichard, Peter Smith, Reuben Kilo and Christian Kraus. DENMARK. It is not remembered who located the first claim where Denmark is now situated, as the owner did not occupy it in person. In the summer of 1835, a boy was sent over from Des Moines County, who broke five acres of ground to HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 671 hold the claim. It was soon after sold to Wade Hampton Rattan, from whom it was purchased by Timothy Fox, Curtis Shedd and Lewis Epps, on their arrival from New Hampshire, in 1836. These men proceeded to lay out a town the next year, and the present name was given it by John Edwards, who was there at that time on a visit from the East. Until the settlement at Denmark was made, the New England States had contributed comparatively nothing to the population of this part of the Black Hawk Purchase. "Yankees " were looked upon with suspicion, but in a short time these pioneers, Avith others who quickly followed, showed the stuff of which they were made by the superior quality of their improvements, their industry and enterprise, and interest in church and school. Denmark and vicinity soon became the garden-spot of Lee County, and in the years which have followed, the advance has been maintained. During the summer of 1837, Rev. William Apthorp preached to the new comers, and in the spring of 1838 was organized the CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH OF DENMARK. The founders of the Church were Timothy Fox, Lewis Epps, Curtis Shedd and their families, Edward A. Hills and Samuel Houston, who came early in 1836. In October following came William Brown and family, and among those who followed in 1837 were William B. Cooper, Ira Houston, David Wilson, John Hornby and Charles Whitmarsh, with their families ; also Hartwell J. Taylor, Francis Sawyer, Jr., Timothy Sawyer, John E. Leeper, Austin Newton, Alonzo Barton and J. Oilman Field, single men. At the organization, Rev. J. A. Reed, of Warsaw, 111., and Rev. Asa Turner, of Quincy, were invited to assist. The first house of worship was 24x20 feet, covered with split boards, loose floor and unplastered Avails. Rev. Asa Turner, whose anti- slavery ideas would not be tolerated any longer at Quincy, 111., where he had been preaching, was invited to the Church in July, 1838, and employed half his time. During this year, Daniel Epps, Francis Sawyer, Sr., Oliver Brooks, Isaac Field and Jonathan Bullard, with their families, came to the settlement, and the Church Avas further strengthened. Rev. Asa Turner Avas installed Pastor November 5, 1840, by the Illinois Asso- ciation. The ministers present on this occasion were Rev. William Kirby, Rev. William Carter, Rev. B. F. Morris and Rev. Reuben Gay lord ; also Charles Burnham, a licentiate. At this meeting was formed the Iowa Congregational Association, consisting of Revs. Asa Turner, J. A. Reed, Reuben Gaylordand Charles Burnham. The Churches embraced in the Association were Denmark, Lee County; Farmington, Van Buren Country; Fairfield, Jeiferson County; and Danville, in Des Moines County. In 1845, the Church began the erection of a new house of worship, which Avas completed the next year and dedicated in July. This house was destroyed by an incendiary fire some ten or tAvelve years afterward, after which the present building Avas erected. An important event in the history of Denmark occurred in 1868, Avhen, being without a Pastor, Prof. H. K. Edson was appointed a committee of one to fill the vacancy. He selected Rev. E. Y. Swift, who was installed in the folloAving year, and still continues in charge of the congregation. Mr. Swift has proved a valuable acquisition to the community. By his con- sistent Christian character, he has endeared himself to his Church, and, recog- nizing the inevitable advance in religious thought and action, he has acquired the esteem and admiration of the community generally. 672 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. DENMARK ACADEMY. The schools left behind by the pioneers from "Yankee-land" were sadly missed, and at the earliest possible moment it was determined to found an insti- tution which would aiford the growing children better advantages than the com- mon schools, then hardly worthy the name, could supply. -It was not until 1842, however, that the establishment of this school became feasible. Messrs. Curtis Shedd, Timothy Fox and Lewis Epps, the proprietors of the town, had donated one-half the lots to the proposed institution, and by special act of the Iowa Territorial Legislature, approved February 3, 1843, Denmark Academy was incorporated. Isaac Field, Reuben Brackett, Oliver Brooks, Ilartwell J. Taylorand Asa Turner, Jr., were named in the act as the first Trustees, who were to hold their offices for one year from the first Monday in March following. The object of the act was to establish a "literary institution for the purpose of instructing the youth of both sexes in science and literature." The town lots donated were designated as part of the stock, and the pro- ceeds arising from their sale was to constitute a permanent fund, the interest only to be used. Other stock was issued in shares of $25 each, which, were to be considered as personal property and transferable on the books of the corporation, and the annual income of the institution (not including tuition) was. limited to $3,000. The original Trustees continued to hold office for many years, being re-elected at each annual meeting. Albert A. Sturgis, of Washington, Iowa, was employed to take charge, and the first session of the Academy was opened in September, 1845, in the Con- gregational Church, which, prior to that time, had been used as a district school- room. The patronage of the school was derived principally from the resi- dents of Denmark and vicinity, and while the number of students was small as compared with its present attendance, the founders were thoroughly sat- isfied with their beginning. Mr. Sturgis continued in charge until the fall of 1848, when he went East, studied theology, entered the ministry, and, soon after, went as a missionary to the Mycronecian Islands, where he still remains. Mr. Sturgis was succeeded by George W. Drake, and continued at the head of the Academy until July, 1852. In September of the same year, H. K. Edson was placed in charge. Mr. Edson proved a most valuable acquisition, as his continuation to the present time indicates. He has given his entire time to the Academy until the present year, when, at his own request, he was granted leave of absence for one year, and is now traveling and studying in Europe. His wife, who, for many years, presided over the female department, accompanied him. In 1848, the Trustees decided to erect a building of their own, and a stone edifice was erected, at a cost of some $2,500. Mr. Isaac Field, as the Build- ing Committee, superintended the erection of the building, assorting the stones with his own hands. This building was occupied until the year 1865, when larger facilities were demanded, and the erection of a main building, to which the old one now forms an addition. The new edifice was completed in 1877, costing about $17,000. Messrs. Isaac Field and Curtis Shedd constituted the Building Committee ; but, as in the former case, the larger part of the super- vision devolved upon Mr. Field. The contract for the stone-work was let to Mr. Fry and partner (name forgotten) ; but the latter backing out, Mr. Fry completed the work, in a most satisfactory manner to the Trustees, although at HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. . 673- a large pecuniary loss to himself. Be it said, however, that having faithfulljr performed his work, the Trustees did not allow him to suffer, but paid him an excess .over the contract price. After the completion of the new building, the old charter and the stock were surrendered to a Board of fourteen Trustees provided for by the new articles of incorporation jBled January 21, 1868, under the general laws of the State. Thirteen of the fourteen Trustees were elected March 2, 1868, as follows : Isaac Field, Oliver Brooks, Lewis Epps, A. M. Fisher, T. S. Taylor, Asa Turner, John Houston, H. K. Edson,' George Shedd, Curtis Shedd, William Brown, Kellogg Day and H. Mills. The Trustees, by the new articles of incorporation, are made sole managers of the Academy, and have power to fill vacancies in their own body. Denmark Academy has acquired a reputation for thorough training and capable management second to none in the State. The business depression in the country has decreased the attendance, to some extent during the last two years ; but its general advancement in attendance and efficiency has been con- tinuous since its organization. The Academy possesses a good apparatus^ cabinet and library. The teachers in charge, during the present session of 1878-79, are: George W. Brigham, Principal ; Mrs. George W. Brigham, Preceptress ; Rev. D. D. Tibbetts and Miss Anna D. Smith, Assistants, and Miss Helen B. Smith, Teacher of Music. BAPTIST CHURCH. The Baptist Church, of Denmark, was organized November 15, 1848, by a council of ministers, as follows : B. F. Braybrook, Agent of the American Home Mission Society ; H. Burnett, of Mount Pleasant ; Leonard Ilsley, of Farmington ; G. J. Johnson, of Burlington ; W. B. Knapp, of Charleston ; Mr. Weddell, late of Covington ; J. H. Hope, of Keokuk, and Mr. Claypole, of Chillicothe, Ohio. The principal members uniting with the Church at that time, were David. Terril, Jonathan Swan, William Simmons, Noble Blackington, James A. Shedd, Eliza Stigler, Charlotte Swan and Mary Simmons. Of this number, Mrs. Charlotte Swan and Noble Blackington alone remain. After the organization of the Church, a site for a building was sought for, but all lots in the village, eligible for such a purpose, being owned by persons having no sympathy with the Church, and who refused to sell, a lot was donated by one of its members, and a small house of worship was erected. A spirit of persecution followed the Church, and for many years the struggle went on, the membership increasing all the time, until the little church became too small, when all went to work with willing hearts and hands to build a more suitable one ; and the spirit of that determination is seen to-day in a church-building as attractive as any in this part of the country. There have been baptized into the Church, 107 persons ; 59 have been received by letter, 29 by experience, being a total of 195 ; 33 have been excluded, 81 dismissed by letter, 1 dropped, 21 have died, total, 136. The present mem- bership, is 59. The following have presided over the Church, as Pastors, in the order named : James M. Hope, William A. Wells, Ormsby, Isaac Leonard, W. A. Eggleston, John Warren, J. M, Coggeshall, J. Lewellyn, W. C. Pratt, E. Anderson, J. Lewellyn, J. W. Hough and Arthur Stott, the present Pastor. 674 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. Between the pastorates of Isaac Leonard and W. A. Eggleston, Rev. Mor- gan Edwards, a descendant of the celebrated Dr. Jonathan Edwards, resided at Denmark for a time, and was a powerful advocate of the Baptist faith. He did much to break down the barrier of opposition, and was instrumental in organizing several other Baptist Churches in the country. This Church was largely noted for its liberality in raising money for church and benevolent objects, and has sent into the field several faithful workers, who are making good records for themselves. BUSINESS INTERESTS. The business interests of the village of Denmark may be enumei'ated as follows : Three general stores, owned and managed, respectively, by George L. Epps, Blackington & Holland and Day & Ingalls ; two wagon-factories, con- ducted by J. J. Krehbiel & Co. and Hart & Heiser, each with a blacksmith- shop attached ; the Wright Spring Company, manufacturers of wagon springs and seats ; one harness-shop ; one meat market ; one shoe-shop ; one livery ; one hotel, and a cheese-factory. The last named is an enterprise of such importance that it deserves special notice. At a very early day, the farmers in the vicinity of Denmark turneql their attention to the dairy, and it has proved to be the most profitable branch of their business. Prior to 1875, each firm^ manufactured cheese in his own private dairy, but in that year the DENMARK DAIRY ASSOCIATION was organized. This is a stock company, with a capital of $3,500. A suitable building was erected, 30x50 feet, two stories in height, the first story being of stone, Avith the curing department warmed by steam. C. M. Turner, who formerly managed a factory at Danville, in Des Moines County, was secured as manufacturer, he putting in the machinery, which is of the most improved pattern. The average run, extending from April to December, is three and one-half tons of milk daily, producing about one hun- dred thousand pounds of cheese in the season, which is of a more uniform quality, and brings a better price than that manufactured in private dairies. Farmers within a radius of three or four miles, who have had many years' experience, have, almost to a man, abandoned cheese-making at home, and bring their milk to the factory. Mr. Turner exhibited cheese from his factory, at the St. Louis Fair, in 1875, 1876 and 1877, taking the first premium of $100 each year. I. 0. 0. F. A Lodge of this Order, known as Rescue Lodge, No. 198, was organized in Denmark, February 22, 1869, with Hiram Andrews, Theodore Pyle, Edwin Conrad, George F. Case, C. E. Mead, R. J. Smith and George L. Epps charter members. C. E. Mead was first N. G., and Theodore Pyle, first Scribe. The Lodge now numbers about thirty-five members, and has a handsomely-furnished room, with a well-appointed library. Dr. A. A. Holland is present N. G., and F. J. Murphy, Scribe. HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 675 MONTROSE. The first settlement at Montrose, after the days of Louis Tesson Honori, was made by Capt. James White, in 1832, He inclosed some six or seven acres, and, from material pro3ured on the island near by, erected a double log cabin near the creek, about thirty rods from the river. When the Gov- ernment selected this point for a military post,- in 1834, Capt. White's improvements were purchased and made the nucleus of the barracks erected that year. After the removal of the troops and the abandonment of the post, in 1837, David W. Kilbourne laid out a town and named it Montrose. Prior to 1834, the place was known as "• Cut Nose " village. Sometime after Kilbourne had laid out his town, the heirs of Thomas F. Riddick brought suit to establish their title to the mile square derived through Tesson Honori, and after it was decided in their favor, the town site was again surveyed and partition made between the heirs. D. W. & Edward Kilbourne opened the first store in 1839. The build- ing was afterward occupied by Chittenden & McGavic, and still stands, the oldest house in the town. The weather-boarding was of clapboards smoothed with a drawing-knife. Montrose was incorporated in 1857. At the first election, held June 1, of that year, J. M. Anderson was chosen Mayor; Washington Galland, Recorder, :' J/^ and E. J. Hamlet, Gowen Hamilton, B. F. Anderson and George Purcell were ^ ^-^ elected Councilmen. Those who have since filled the Mayor's chair are as follows : 1858, Cyrus Peck; 1859, E. J. Aldrich ; 1860 and 1861, J. Comly ; 1862 and 1863, Oliver Dresser; 1864, J. S. Lakin ; 1865, Frederick Hahn ; 1866, L. M. Sloanaker; 1867, J. S. Lakin; 1868 and 1869, S. P. Carter. Carter resigned in August, and D. C. Riddick was elected to the vacancy; 1870, H. A. Winther, who was killed in September, by falling from the roof of the school-building ; D. C. Riddick was elected to fill the unexpired term ; 1871, D. C. Riddick; 1872, George Purcell; 1873, J. B. Kiel; 1874, William H. ' Morrison; 1875, Robert Allen; 1876, George Purcell; 1877 and 1878, J. S. Lakin ; 1879, W. T. Wilkinson, the present incumbent. Prior to the opening of the canal in 1877, Montrose was an important river town, in its being situated at the head of the Rapids, where, except in high water, cargoes were discharged and carried over the rapids by lighters. The- loss from this industry, however, has been more than balanced by the greater attention paid to manufiicturing. There is located here a very large saw-mill, owned by Guy Wells, G. B. Felt and D. J. Spaulding, having a cutting capac- ity of over fifty thousand feet of lumber per day. Machinery is attached for cutting shingles, lath, pickets, etc., and connected with the saw-mill is a planing-mill for dressing lumber. This firm employs from fifty to seventy-five hands. J. A. Smith is proprietor of a mill for the manufacture of heading, staves, boxes, etc.. which employs a large number of hands. There is also a flouring- mill for custom work. The population of Montrose at this time is about one thousand, and being surrounded by a magnificent farming country, and having shipping facilities, both by rail and river, there is no reason why it should not maintain its present important position. 676 HISTORY OF L¥^ COUNTY. RELIGIOUS INTERESTS — THK PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH ■v\-a«; organized in 1846, by Rev. G. C. Beaman. The original members were Solomon Beekley, wife and two daughters, Mrs. F. Bishop, Mrs. M. La Fevre and jNlrs. John Carpenter, all of Montrose : two men named Boler and Mr. Singly, with their wives living near Charleston, united with the Church at its organization. Mr. Beaman preached until 1854, services being held in the private houses of tlie members, and the schoolhouse. Rev. E. Holt succeeded him and erected the present church edifice in 1852. The ministerial succession is as follows : Rev. A. Yanstavoren, whose pastorate was ended by his death in 1860; Revs. William Kendrick, Aaron Thompson, Burgess, French, Belville, and G. C. Beaman, who was a second time the Pastor and remained until his death. Rev. J. T. Bliss, the present Pastor, was called three years ago. Rev. Walden- meyer, of Nauvoo, 111., partially supplied the Church at various times, when the pulpit was vacant. The present eldership is Thos. Sawyer, C. B. Leavenworth and George Curtice. A Sabbath school has been maintained since the organ- ization of the Church, and has now an average attendance of sixty scholarvS. The Church also supports a mission Sabbath school, which is now in its third year, with an average attendance of seventy scholars, who are taught in the afternoon. METHODIST CHURCH. - • In the year of 1847, Rev. J. T. Coleman preached a few times in Montrose, but it was not until 1850 that a class was formed and Montrose constituted a mission with Rev. D, Crawford in charge. The first official board consisted of G. S. Pendergast, H. Woodruff, R. B.'Scott, John Schooley. A. Ruoker and E. R. Mahin. In 1851, Montrose circuit included the classes at Charleston. Boston, Ambrosia, Sandusky, Nashville and a class in Jefferson Township. Rev. John Jay was the minister. In 185'2, came Rev. John Gilee. The first Quarterly Meeting was held November 1 of this year. In 1858, Rev. F. Evans; 1854, I. P. Teter ; 1855, F. Evans; 1856 and 1857, F. Goolman ; 1S58, MulhoUand. In 1850. the circuit was divided, and Rev. G. St. Clair Ilussev Avas the Montrose Pastor for two years; 1861, M. See; 1862, William Bishop ; 1863, William Brown ; 1864, P. C. Smith ; 1865 and 1866, L. F. C. Garrison ; 1867, John Orr ; 1868, J. T. Coleman. 1869, Montrose and Farmington circuits were united and Revs. B. A. Wright and J. \V. Cheney were assigned to the work ; 1870, B. A. Wright and T. C. Miller; 1871, John Burgess; 1872 and 1873, William Patterson; 1874, supplied ; 1875, James Hunter; 1876, supplied; 1877, Fletcher Robinson ; 1878, supplied. The present church-building was erected in 1855. Present membership, eighty-five. A Sabbath school is connected with the Church, Avhicli is attended bv about fifty scholars. •^ -' EPISCOPAL CHURCH. This Church was organized in 1861, by Rev. R. Jope, of Keokuk, with fifteen members. ^Ir. Jope ministered to the new congregation for about six months, when he was succeeded by Rev. Robert Page, who remained some four years. Rev. James Rambo came next, for two years, and and he, in turn, was succeeded by Rev. James WoodAvard. Rev. M. W. Darby, the last Rector, a much-loved minister, died in 1878, since Avhich time the pulpit has been vacant. In 1869, the congregation erected a neat church at a cost of $2,000, which is free from debt. The members of the Church number some forty persons, Avith an average attendance of eighty children at the Sab- bath school. HISTORY OF l.KR mUNTY. 677 The Catholic citizens of Montrose and vicinity erected a tasty stone church in 1860, but have no reguhir priest. The Re-organized Church of Jesus Christ Latter-Day Saints, or, as com- monly known, " Mormons," have also a handsome frame chapel, called "St. Mark's Church." SCHOOLS. The public school of Montrose is an institution of which the inhabitants are justly proud. The building, a three-story brick, was erected in 1870, at a cost of |15,000. The school is of a high order, and graded in some four or five departments, with a competent Principal and able assistants. Prof. J. K. McCuUough, of Burlington, has been in charge during the year just closing. About three hundred scholars are in daily attendance. MASONIC. Joppa Lodge, No. 1S6, was organized April 5, 1858, under dispensation granted by Grand Master J. F. Sanford. The first officers were as follows : H. B. Munson, W. M.; Charles Staley, S. W.; W. H. Hasket, J. W.; C. P. O'Neil, Treas.; J. M. Anderson, Sec; J. M. Hawkins, S. D.; G. W. Tolman, J. D., and Ezra Bishop, Tiler. The charter of the Lodge, issued by Grand Master J. R. Hartsock, is dated June 13, 18.'^9. Present membership, forty-nine. Present officers: Thomas Ellis, W. M.; S. A. Carter, S. W.; A. E. Kiel, J. W.; C. M. Home, Treas.; P. W. Bowen, Sec; H. Gerboth, S. D.; L. B. Harrison, J. D.; W. Kennedy, S. S.; G. W. Kiel, J. S., and R. Goodnough, Tiler. Masonic Hall is a neatly-furnished room in a two-story brick building, owned by the Lodge, and situated on the corner of First and Chestnut streets. The Lodge is in good working order, well officered and increasing in num- bers. Martha Chapter., No. 5, of the Order of the Eastern Star, was organized in 1870, and has some forty members. The officers are: Thomas Ellis, W. P.; Miss Josephine Anderson, Worthy Matron ; Mrs. J. B. Kiel, Associate Matron; Mrs. R. S. Owens, Treas.; Miss I. D. Ellis, Sec; Mrs. Susan Ellis, Conductress; Mrs. A. Ballou, Associate Conductress. Meetings are held on the first and third Fridays of each month, in Masonic Hall. The Red-Ribbon Club and a literary society, or debating club, are insti- tutions permanently established in Montrose, well managed, and doing much good to the community. FRANKLIN CENTRE. This town was laid out on the 21st of March, 1840, by J. L. Scott and S. C. Reid, appointed by act of the Legislature to locate a county scat of Lee County. The land upon which the town is situated was donated by Johnson Chapman, John Brown and Thomas Douglas. The Court was never removed to Franklin Centre. Other towns had greater influence, and in the war over the question Fort Madison secured the permanent location of the county seat. The first house in Franklin Centre, was built by Thomas Douglas, in 1859. The first store was kept by William Tillman, and, after him F. Welge, Arnold, Brown, Walker and Ehinger were the principal merchants. Frank Sala established the first drug store in 1868. Conrad Stein opened the first 1^78 UlSTOKV OF l.F.K OOVNTY. Stove !?tore. The town had for a time two tiouring-mills, the present one, built and oporjited bv Jacob and Adam Weigner, the other in the taotovy-buiUling run by Trump it Bnllingov. The tir^r $a\Y-mill was built by John MoMiUau and Jacob Wcignor. The tirst start toward the wooUm-factory was made by Henry Wedigc and Frederick l.ang. who put iu operation a carding uuichine prior to lSl)5. In that year, Jacob Weigncr. Gevu-ge ^lehl, Vahn\tiue Schwan, F. Welge, Mr. Hohleter and F. Lang formed a stock company under the name of the Franklin ^lanufacturing Company. This Company manufactured woolen goods until IST'J, when it failed, and the vuills have since been operated by F. Kreikenbaum, J. Berger and others. The Baptists began the erection of the tvrst church in I84il, on the lun-th side of the public square. Before it wa:? completed, it was sold to the Meth- odist organization, who tinished the house but were unable to maintain it, and it was sold to William Tillman, who occupied it with a stock of goods. The tirst church-building proper wa$ erected by the Evangelical congregation in 1850. l^he hrst sermon was preached in the now church by Rev. Kroenlein. Mr. John Berger builr the stone chapel now occupied by the Cerman Pvesbv- terians, 186i!. In 1808, the Mennonites built their line structure, in which is combined church, sohoolhouse and residence of the Pastor. The Independent school-building of Franklin Centre is a tAvo-story stone with cupola and bell, erected in 1878. It has a seating capacity for 160 children. The school ha* always been conducted by the best teachers that could be procured, and is not exceeded in etliciency by any in the county. .\ literary society has been an attacluncnt for several years, holding reg- ular meetings during the winter months. In addition to the public school, the Evangelical congregation and the Mennonites support denominational schools. It should be here stated, that at the census of 1875, there wa^s not a child in Franklin l\nvuship of the age oi' fourteen years but could read and write. Franklin Centre was incorporated in 1874. Previous to this. Christian Hirschlcr, had made an effort to incorporate the town, but had tailed. In the spring of 1874. Louis Heiseeke, H. C. Ileiser and others called a meeting, and the project was placed properlv before the people. A petition signed by thirty of the most prominent citi/.ens, was prestnued to the District Court, sitting in Fort Madison, and an election was ordered for the -Oth of June following. .Vt tins election, thirty-one votes were cast for incorporation and eleven against. At the tirst election for town officers, Arthur Craham was chosen Mayor; John Eyman, Recorder ; and Louis Heiseeke, Frank Wagner, (.teorge Vogt, Louis Ilalfner and Frank Weil. Aldermen. Franklin Centre is situated on a rich rolling }>rairie. and is verv neavlv tlu> geographical center of the county. It lias a large Ceruum population, who are industrious and frugal, mostly out o( debt, and yearly adding to the surplus laid aAvay for future needs. CHARLESTON, iu Charleston Township, was laid out by Joseph Ilupford, .March 5, 184!K It was for many yeai*s the point at which county conventions were frequently held, ami at one time had aspirations for the county seat, but failed, and is now a quiet country village that has probably seen its best days. iiisToKY or m;!', county. (yl^ NASHVILLE], on (,ho Mississippi Rivor, bolow Montrose, was laid out by Elias Smith, July 29, 1841, and Avas iticorj)ora(cMl bv s})ocial act of tho Territorial Ijcgislature, but a charter wa.s luiver adopted. (JKOTON, on tlic Oca Moines iliver in Van Uuren Township, and a station the C, K. I. k V. M. II., was laid out by Lewis (loon, duly -^ 1H49. PILOT (niOVE, in Marion Township, was laid out by Wesley Harrison, Stephen Townsend and others. April 1(1. 1858. ST. PAUL, ill the same township, was laid out April 30, 1866. PRTMIIOSE, in Harrison Township, was laid out by George W. Perkins, and Janu\s 11. Washburn, b^ebruary 28, 1848. SOUTH FRANKLIN, on the B. k S. W. R. R., was laid out bv Hon. P. Henry Smyth, of Burling- ton, August 22, 1872. VINCENNES is a business little village in Des Moines Township, on the C., R. I. & P. R. R. WEVER ia a station on the C, B. & Q. Railroad, in Green Bay Township. It is built but a short distance from the old town of Jolly villc, which it lias super- seded. The surrounding country is very fertile and gives Wever a good local trade. It has the usual places of business for a town of 800 inhabitants. a^.r:^^ BIOGRAPHICAL DIRECTORY. ^BBRESAT-I^TIONS. agt agent l)s, farmer. Neft; A. Nelson, James, stove-founder. Nelson, John, teamster. Nelson, N. P., painter. Nelson, William, carpenter. Neuer, V., gardener. Neyeus, elohn, teamster. Neyeus, Joseph, teamster. Nichols, William 11., carpenter. XOI>LF.K. T., MRS., dealer in sta- ple and fancy groceries. Main, between Fourth and Fifth streets, Keokuk, Iowa ; Mrs. Nodler's maiden name was Theresa Whealen. Married in this city in 1857, J . B. Nodler, now deceased ; he was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, Deo. 25, 18o4 ; came to Keokuk in 1856 ; engaged in the grocery business in 1857, which he continued until his death, on the 25th of August, 1873 ; thevhad five children —Edward S., Charhi N., Albert M., John J., Ijouis J. Mrs. Nodler is a thorough and reliable business woman, and, during her residence in this city, has merited and received the confidence and repect of the community at large ; she is doing an average btisiness of $70,- 000 a year. Her store is well stocked with everything usually kept in a first- class grocery store. Nolkemper, Frank, blacksmith. Nombalais, Euii'one, tailor. /^BERTOP, C, toys. O'Brien, Ed. C, teamster. O'Brien, l*atrick, euiiineer. O'CONNOR, F; 11., DR., physician and druggist, 122 Main street, between Second and Third streets ; the Doctor was born in Ireland ; came to this coun- try and located at Ft. Wayne, lud., in 18-17 ; remained there until he came to Keokuk, in 1852; immediately atYer his arrival here, he established the busi- ness he is now engaged in, and engaged in office practice of his profession, which he has continued ever since ; his is the oldest established drug house in Keokuk. He manufactures many standard prepa- rations which should find their way into every family; his " Excelsior Hair KEOKUK CITY. 707 Tonic " is without doubt one of the most excellent preparations now in use ; his sales of this vahiable article extend to nearly every part of this country ; he has many letters from Washington, 1). C, New York, Philadelphia and other ■cities, which testify to the value of the preparation. His Hair Restorative, Con- dition J*owders, etc., are very highly recommended by those who have used t\iem, in various parts of the United States ; they have been before the public for many years, and are fast surpassinf^- the worthless pre})arations with which the country has been so lonj;' afflicted. O'I>0Bf N K L L, THOiU AN, whole- sale and retail li(|Uor dealer, l*'ourth st., between Main and Johnson ; was born in County Tipperary, Ireland, in ISiU ; came to America in 1851, and to Keo- kuk in 18515 ; en<;aged in the liquor and grocery business in 18G0 ; and is now -doing an exclusive liquor business. Married Miss Ellen O'Donncll in 1853; she was born in County Tipperary, Ireland; died in Keokuk May 1(),18()3; has three children — Kate, Maggie and Thomas. Present wife's maiden name was Mary Davarii ; married her in 18(54; she was born in Galloway in 18o9 ; they have four children — William, Manna, Michael and John. Members of the Catholic Church. Mr. O'Donnell is at present Councilman ; Democratic. OCirlH^iN, It. l{.,book and job printer; born in jjecisburg, Loudoun Co., Va., Feb. 5, 1825 ; came with his parents to Urbana, Ohio, in 1832; in 1838, he went to Cincinnati, there he entered the office of the Cincirmati Gazette and learntid the printer's trade ; remained there! about five years, then wont to Springfield, Ohio, where he remained until he came to Keokuk in 1840 ; pub- lished the Keokuk Gazette from 1847 to 1841), when he was appointed Assist- ant Postmaster ; in 1850, he established the first book and stationery store in Keokuk ; carried on that business until 1805 ; since then he has been in the book and job printing business. Mr. Ogden's wife was Miss ]<]lizabeth M. Miller, daughter of Rev. ilcuben Miller, of Springfield, Ohio ; they have four children — Charles W., Robert M., Helen ia. and Mary M. Ollli^JC, A., proprietor of Gate City Beer Hall, No. ()2() Main St.; born in llhein Pfalz, Germany, in 1848 ; cami! to America in 18(58 ; to Keokuk in 1874, and has since been engaged in the saloon business. Married Miss Mary Mycir in 18(59 ; she was born in Rhein Pfalz, also, in 1848; they have two children — Annie and Amanda. Mr. Older is a member of the Druids' Soci- ety and of the Saengers' Association. Oldenburg, William, engineer. Ott, John, drayman. Owen, Sanmel, teamster. PADGIOTT, THOMAS, dry goods. Pattersoti, David, teamster. PAUROTT, JAMKS C, wus born in Talbott Co., Md., May 21, 1811, where he was educated ; in 1831 , he went to Wheeling, W. Va., and re- mained tlune until February, 1834, when he joined the 1st Regiment of U. S. Dragoons ; during the spring and sununer of that year, the regiment made a campaign among the Indians in the Rocky Mountain countr}!, and, in Sep- tember, came to Fort Des Moines (now Mt)ntrose), where it remained until the; spring of 1837, when it was ordcn-cd to Fort Leavenworth, Kan. ; Mr. Parrott's term of enlistment expired in February, 1837, since when he has remained a citizen of Lee Co. Sept. 4, 1838, he married Miss Henrietta Buckhalter, a native of Philadelphia, Penn., then 18 years of age ; live children — three sons and two daughters — were born of this union. When the war of the rebellion came on, Mr. Parrott took an active part in raising volunteers, which he I'ol- lowed to the field ; by reference to army appointments, between March 13, 18(55, and July 28, 186(), the following ap- pears on record: "Lieut. Col. James C. Parrott, of the 7th I. V. I., for gal- lant and meritorious service at the bat- tles of Belmont (Mo.), Forts Henry, Donelson, and Shiloh (Tenn.), Corinth and luka (Miss.), in the Atlanta cam- paign, the march to the sea, and through the Carolinas, and for faithful servii-es through the war to date from March 13, 18(55." T. J., the eldest son of Col. Parrott, was a member of the 2d I. V. I., and for two years rendered efficient service in the Signal Service 2 708 DIRECTORY OF LEE COIUNTY Department ; in April, 1867, Col. Par- rott was appointod Postniastor at Keo- kuk, a poi?itiou which he tilled with credit to himself, honor to the Govern- meut, and satisfaction to the citizens, until March -i, 1870 ; in those twelve years not a single act of negligence of duty to the Department or to the pub- lic stands charged against Col. Parrott, who has spent the better part of the years of his life in the service of his country. Parsons, (.icorge E., insurance auent. Paul, J. B., lumber ^Tabor c»c Co.\ PATTEKSON, J. C, of the tirm of W. A. \' J. C. Patterson, proprietors of the Patterson Hduse ; Mr. Patterson was born in Adair Co., Ky. ; came to West Point, Lee Co., Iowa, in 1837. His father. Col. Wui. Patterson, is among the early settlers of this county. In 1846, they came to Keokuk. The Patterson Bros, have been conducting the Patterson house since 1809. W. A. Patterson Avas born in Adair Co., Ky. ; came to West Poiut, Lee Co., Iowa, in 1837; came to Keokuk in 1846 ; he and his brother, J. C. Pat- tei"son, are proprietors of the Patterson House, which is the leading hotel of this section of the State. V A T T E K SOX, W 1 LI. 1 AJl , COIi., Keokuk ; was born iu AVythe Co., A'a., March 9, 1802 ; when he was 4 years of age, his father moved to Adair Co., Ky., where William received his education. In 1822, he married Miss Eleanor Johnson, a native of Maryland. In 1829, they removed to Marion Co., Mo. ; thence to Sang-amon Co., 111. in 1833 ; in 1837, removed to West Point, this county, where he re- sided until 1846, then removed to this city (^Keokiik") and engaged in mer- chandise and pork-packing; iu 1848, he went exclusively into the latter bus- iness, to which he still devotes his cap- ital and experience. Col. Patterson has taken an active part in public affairs ; he was elected a member of the first Legislature of the Territory of Iowa in 1838 ; while in that body, lie was in- fluential in settling the disturbance con- cerning the boundary-line between this portion of Iowa and Missouri; at that time, the Missourians of Clark Co. claimed the point of Iowa lying below ;» direct extension of the northern bound- ary line of their State to the Missis- sippi Biver ; the people of this section resisted their claim, and determined that the boundary line should follow the Des JMoines Biver to its mouth • the contest between them waxed warm ; war seemed imminent ; the militia on both sides were called out, and gi'neral orders given to march to the scene of itetion ; at this juncture, Col. Patterson was comuiissioned Colonel of militia by Gov. Lucas, of Iowa, and authorized to raise a regiment, which he at once proceeded to do ; Col. Patterson was several times elected to the Legislature, both to the upper and lower House, and served in all, during nine sessions, regular and special ; he was a member of the Constitutional Convention which convened in Iowa City iu 1857 ; he has- been three times elected Mayor of Keo- kiik, and Avas Postmaster seversvl years. He was the first Elder of the old Pres- byterian Church elected in Iowa, hav- ing been chosen for that office in 1837; he was one of the chief movers, and most liberal donors to the erection of the AVestmiuster Churi'h in this city. 1»KAKCE, INAA€ X.. blank-book manufacturer and bookbinder (^estab- lished in 18521 ; born in Liverpool, En- gland, Dec. 2, 1820; came to the United States in 1849 ; lived in New York City and vicinity about six months ; then went to St. Louis, resided there a little over two years ; then came to Keo- kuk. Mv. Pearce married Matilda Carr ; she was born in Liverpool ; they have four sons and lour dauiihtei-s. PEIKCE, €.11., proprietor of Peiroe Normal Pennianship Institute i^estab- lished in 1870; the Professor is Su- perintendent of Penmanship in the city schools, and Professor of Penmanship iu the Keokuk Mercantile College ; he lias been engaged in teaching penmanship for the last fifteen years ; for four years he taught in the Ohio State Normal School ; graduated from Eastman's Business College in 1870 ; came to Keo- kuk in "1871. Prof. Peiroe is a native of (^lark Co., Ohio. PIKKCE, P. F., I>R., was boru m German v «'ulv 14, 1854; came to the KEOKUK CITY. 709 United States in 1861; lived at Farm- ington, Van Buren Co., Iowa, until 1865 ; then removed to Dover, Lee Co., where lie remained until he came to Keokuk in 1868; learned the drug- business and read medicine with F. H. O'Connor, M. D. ; graduated from the Eclectic Medical College, of St. Louis, in 1 874 ; he then returned to Farming- ton and was engaged in the drug busi- ness and practice of his profession until 1876 ; he then came to Keokuk again ; the Doctor manufactures what he calls Pierce's Little Liver Pills, which he claims to be a perfect liver medicine, aiding digestion and cleansing blood, causing no pain, purely vegetable, con- taining no calomel, as many remedies for similar diseases do. Peck, C. K., hardware, and Government contractor. Peck, Peter H., railroad engineer. Pelgin, John, cooper. Pelgin, Louis, cooper. PERKINS, JOHN T., undertaker, on Third street, between Main and Johnson streets ; Mr. Perkins was born in Lewis Co., Ky., in 1842; came to this city in 1863. Married Miss Hen- rietta Browne, of this city, in 1871 ; they have two children — Lillian May and Gracie Lee. Mr. Perkins is a member of the Masonic Order, also of the Order of I. 0. 0. F.; is Dem- ocratic. Perry, C. H., retired. Peterson, Daniel, & Co., grocers. Peterson, Frank. Pflug, John. Phelan, -J. D., saloon. Phelan, Mat., saloon. Phillip, C. E., wholesale dry goods. PHILLIPS, T. F., grocer; was born in Van Buren Co., Iowa, in 1848 ; removed to this city with his parents in 185(1. Married Miss Carrie D. Hunt, of Van Buren Co., in 1875; they have one child— Earl E. During the war, Mr. Phillips enlisted in Co. A, 2d I. V. I.; served until the close of the war ; was honorably discharged. He is a member of the I. 0. 0. F. ; acts with the Republican party. Phillips, M. Phillips, T. F., grocer. Piekert, Frank, boots and shoes. i Pipkin, Robert, teamster. POLLOCK, S. <& CO., wholesale grocers; the business was established by S. Pollock, in 1861 ; in January, 1865, John M. Bisbeo and Benjamin B. Jewell, were admitted to partnership. Mr. Pollock came to Iowa in 184;> ; en- gaged in farming pursuits in Henry Co. until 1845; three years on the llalf- Breed Tract, two years in California ; in 1853, came to Keokuk. Mr. P. is from Guernsey Co., Ohio ; Mr. Jewell is a na- tive of Jettcrson Co., Ind.; came to Ke- okuk in 1855; Mr. Bisbee was born in Worthington, Hampshire Co., Mass.; came to Keokuk in 1856. Messrs. Pol- lock & Co. do a business amounting to about $300,000 per annum ; their sales are principally in Iowa, Missouri and Illinois. Polser, Henry, tailor. Pond, S. P., dealer in butter and eggs. Power, John J., deputy Co. Treasurer. Price, William, ])ainter. Puder, George, iarmer. Puder, John, butcher. Purdy, George, painter. Pyles, Barney, teamster. RABER, BENEDICT, cooper. Raber, Ben, cooper. Radasch, E., cigars. Rankin, Henry, brickmaker. Rankin, John, brickmaker. RANKIN, WM. T., attorney at law ; born in Keokuk June 28, 1854 ; graduated from Monmouth College in 111- nois Class of 1874 ; he is also a graduate of Columbia Law School, Class of 1876. He was admitted to the bar in 1876, and has been engaged in practice here ever since; from Aug. 4, 1876 to Jan. 1, 1878, the firm being Rankin & Smith ; since then Mr. Rankin has had no partner. He has held the position of Assistant United States District Attorney since Sept. 1, 1877. RAU, J., saloon-keeper, between Eighth and Ninth streets ; born in Germany in 1844; came to America in 1867; to Keokuk in 1869; started present busi- ness in 1878. Married Miss Elizabeth Holdefer in 1877 ; she was born in Lee Co. in 1850. They have one child — Carl H., born in 1878. Members of the Lutheran Church. He is a member of the I. 0. 0. F. Lodge. 710 DIRECTORY OF LEE COUNTY RAXKIN, JOHN WAI.KKR, HON., was born in Washington Co., Penn., June21, 1S23 ; he was the fourth of a faunly of nine children ; they were bereaved of their father when he was but 11 years of age and lotl in limited oireuuistanoes wholly to the eare of a widowed mother ; the industry, eeonomy and excellent management of that pioxis mother enabled her to bring up all her family in more than ordinary re- spectability, and give them all, sons and daughters, a liberal education. John W. entered Washington College, and graduated with distinguvjhed honors iu 18-A2 ; at Wooster,^ Ohio, he taught school and studied law, and was there admitted to the bar ; he came to Keokuk in 1S4S. and soon rose to distinction in his profession. Shortly after his settle- ment here he married Sarah E., daughter of Col. William Thomasson, of Louis- ville, Ky.; he died July 10. ISlU), after an illness of less than two days. The sudden death of eludge Ixankin cast a gloom over the entire city ; meetings of the bar were held at Keokuk and Fort Madison, and the tributes there paid to his memory attest the great loss sus- tained by his associates in the profes- sion. During his twenty-one years res- idence iu Keokuk, Judge Rankin w^as Judge, member of the State Senate, and Colonel of the 17th I. V. I. in the civil war ; in the same course of yeai-s, he w^as associated as law partner with Gen. S. E. Curtis, lawyer, statesman and soldier ; Judge Mason, eminent as a jurist ; Judge Love, now occupying th'e bench of the U. S. District Court, of this State ; Judge Samuel F. Miller, Justice of the IT. S. Supreme Court ; and Ceorge W. McCrary, our present Secretary of War, and as a lawyer and jurist Judge Rankin was not inferior to the most learned and able of these great men ; he loved his profession ; he never spoke ill of any one ; if he could not praise, he was silent. Tie had no ene- mies. RAY, W. B., wood and coal dealer ; otiioe and residence Morgan street, be- tween INIain and Ninth ; was born in Knoxville, Tenn., iu 18;>2 ; came to Lee Co. in 184:2; to Keokuk in 1851. Married Miss E. Gilbert, of New Wind- sor, INId.; born in 1 841) ; has one child — Maude, born in 18615. Mr. Kay is one of the charter members of the Free-for- All Church, and one of the membei-s of the choir ; Uepiiblican. Reed, E. W., carpenter. Rees, Joseph, lumber. Rees, Thomas. Couxfittitioti. . REEflli. Wl I. I.I AM, of the tirm of William Kees i^ Co., steam printers ; born in New York City Dec. 1(5, 1835 ; from 1851) to 1853, he was engaged in learning his trade of printer, in Pitts- burgh, Penn ; came to Keokuk in 1853; iu 1857, he conducted the Dally Post of Keokuk, for a short time ; for one year, he was proprietor of the Doniphan Post, in Doniphan Co., Kan.; since 18l50, he has been engaged in the general printing business in Keokuk. Oct. 15, 18(53, he married Miss Dale Tackaberry, a native of the State of New York. Reimers i^t Stolt, grocers. R E I N K R, CAT 11 E R INK, MRS., dealer in groceries, provisions, etc.. Main street ; was born iu France in 1823 ; her husband, Lawrence Reiner, was a native of Alsace-Lorraine ; was born April 22, 1825; April 23,1848, he entered the French army, and was enrolled in the regiment '' Guard Napo- leon," in which he served until Oct. 16, 1851, when he received an honorable discharge at Metz. They wore married in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1855 ; came to this city the same year ; engaged in the grocery trade iu 18(53, in which business he continued until his deatli, which oc- curred iu this city Nov. 11, 1878. Their children are Lawrence R., (leorge L., Edward 0.. William H., Harry E. and Nellie E. RKINHART, F., proprietor of the Bavaria Beer Hall, No. 181 Main street ; born in (.lermany in 1823 ; came to Keokuk in 1852 ; started present business in 18(51). Married Miss 3Iiria Hilt in 1853 ; she was born in Rhuheim, Gernnuiy, in 1831 ; they have two chil- dren — George and Miria. Membei*s of the Catholic Clyirch. Renand. Juliixs. silversmith. Replinger, M., butcher. Reps, Chas., teacher of piano. R I BY ^, in A T T., proprietor _ o\^ Mississippi Brass- Foundry, on Main, KEOKUK CITY. 711 near Tenth street ; Mr. R. was born in Bohemia in 1 827 ; came to this country in 1849. Married IMiss Theresa Fel- kik in St. Louis, Mo., in l856; the}' removed to this city in 1866. Have four children — Matthias, Amelia, The- resa and George. During the war 6f the rebellion, Mr. Ribyn served in the three-months service. Is Republican in politics. Himself and wife are mem- bers of the Catholic Church. RICJEi, J. li,, attorney ; born in De- troit, Mich.; came to Keokuk in 1857 ; engaged in practice of law ever since he came here ; Mr. Rice has served for nine years as Register in Bankruptcy. Rickards, G. V. S., butter and eggs. Rickards, T. F., butter and eggs. Rix, George, hardware. Robei'tson, Hugh, wholesale grocer. Rockenback, H. Rogers, William H., car-shops. Rollins, George W., bilhards. Rous, Louis, salesman. Rotchford, Martin, grocer. Rothert, H. W., hardware. Rovane, Thomas, teamster. Ruddick, William, farmer. Ryan, Thomas D., stone-mason. SAMPLE, S. S., contractor. Sample, W. S., livery. SAMPL.E, McEJLROY & CO., foundry, machine and boiler works. Sanborn, M. N., oculist. SAXTO, DAVID, proprietor of meat market, corner Second and John- son sts.; born in Keokuk in 1851. Married Mis Annie HuiFord, of Nauvoo, 111., in 1874s; they have two children — Emma and Lucy ; Mr. S. is a member of the I. 0. 0. F.; was a member of Fire Department of this city for ten years ; he has been engaged in his present business since 1869. Members Lutheran Church. Schade, Philip, gardener. Schaefer, C, grocer. Schaefer, George, grocer. Scharfenburg, Henry, harness-maker. Schardelman, H. A., furniture. Schearer, William, teamster. Schenck, F., shoemaker. Scherer, Charles, carpenter. Schevers, Daniel, |)lasterer. Schevers, Theodore, tinner. Schilling, George, saloon. Schlotter, N., Dep. City Marshal. SCHOCK, JOHIV, boots and shoes, Main St., between Ninth and Tenth ; born in Germany in 1831 ; came to Keokuk in 1857. Married Miss E. Lambert in 1855 ; she was born in Germany in 1835. Members of the Catholic Church ; Mr. S. is a Democrat. Schmidt, Henry, carpenter. Schmidt, John, fisherman. Schneider, N., saloon. Scholte, L., housemover. Schouten, H., baker. SCHIJLZ, CHAS., of the firm of Karle & Schulz, wholesale and re- tail furniture dealers, No. 516 Main St., between Fifth and Sixth; was bora in Wurtemberg, Germany, in 1839 ; came to America in 1851, and to Keo- kuk in 1857 ; started in present busi- ness in 1859. He married Miss Bar- bara Smith in 1863; she was born in Wurtemberg, Germany, in 1846 ; they have seven children — Lizzie, Charles, Minnie, Julia, Annie, Edward and Al- bert. Mr. Schulz enlisted in Co. D, 1st I. V. I, in the spring of 1861 ; he was in several engagements ; mustered out in the fall of "the same year. Mr. Schulz is a member of the Knights of Honor and I. O. 0. F. The family belongs to the Evangelical Church ; he is a Rep. Schulz, Fred, gardener. Schwartz, F., shoemaker. Scroggs, John W., lumber. Seibert, Stephen, cigars. Sell, Henry, blacksmith. Sellers, A. M., carpenter. Sessions, M., tea store. SEIDIilTZ, Ci^. XEUMAl^, phy- sician and surgeon ; born in Germany ; he received a thorough medical educa- tion in several of the leading universi- ties of Europe, at Berlin, Heidelberg, etc.; in 1847, he came to the United States and located in Mississippi, where he remained until 1864, when he came to Keokuk, arriving here in October of that year ; the Doctor is President of the Board of Health, now serving the fourth year in that capacity ; he is a member of the American Institute of Homeopathy, also ot the State Society ; he has been President of the latter So- ciety ; he is also one of the lecturers of the Iowa State Institute of Homeopathy, 712 DIRECTORY OF LEE COUNTY: and is Cliairman of several of the com- mittees connected with the different so- cieties. Seymour, Henry, clerk. Shaffer, Henry, engineer. Shaffer, J. M., Secretary Iowa Life Insur- ance Co. SHAFFEK, JOSHUA MOX- B.OEi, M. D., was born in Washing- ton Co., Penn., Sept. 13, 1830, and was the youngest of ten children ; he en- tered Washington College in 1843, at the age of 13 years, and graduated in 1848 ; in 1849, he began the study of medicine at Elizabeth, under the tuition of his brother, John E. Shaffer, M. D., and attended lectures at the University of Pennsylvania ; in 1852, he removed to Fairfield, Iowa, and entered upon the practice of his profession; in 1862, the honorary degree of Doctor of Medicine was conferred upon him by the Medical Department of the Iowa State Uni- versity ; from 1862 to 1874, he w£.s Secretary of the Iowa State Agricult- ural Society, an institution born in his office in Fairfield in 1853, and of which he was Secretary in 1854-55 ; in 1863, he was appointed Surgeon of the Board of Enrollment for the First Congres- sional District of Iowa, and, during the following two yeaz's, examined over five thousand men, preparatory to their ad- • mission to the army; in 1867, he was commissioned by the Grovernor to rep- resent Iowa at the Paris Exposition, but, the State failing to provide for ex- penses, he was forced to resign ; he rep- resented his county in the State Senate in the session of 1861-62 ; upon the organization of the Iowa Life Insurance Co., in 1874, he was elected its Secre- tary, and removed his residence to Keo- kuk ; he still holds the position. Dur- ing his residence in Iowa, Dr. Shaffer has been a careful student in natural history, and has made large collections in its different branches ; his collection of over five thousand specimens of stuffed birds, etc., all his own work, has given him an extended reputation as a taxidermist ; in this branch of the sci- ence he takes especial pleasure, and is contiuually adding new specimens. He married, on the 18th of March, 1856, Miss Mel. Jane Curry, of Elizabeth, Penn ; two of the three children born of this union are still living — Susan F. and William Monroe ; Lewellyn James, the second, died in 1861, at the age of 20 months. Shelley, J. M., wholesale dry goods. Shelley, W. F., dry goods; wholesale. Shepherd, William, R. R. shops. SHEPPARD, li. D., of the firm of Evans & Sheppard, dealers in gro- ceries, draining-tile, fire-brick, Louisville cement and plaster, 526 Main street. Mr. Sheppard was born in Cumberland Co., N. J., in 1841. At the com- mencement of the war of the rebellion, he enlisted in Co. F, 9th New Jersey Infantry, as private ; was in the service only a short time when he was appoint- ed Second Lieutenant, then First Lieu- tenant, and from the latter office was promoted to that of Captain ; he served from the beginning to the close of the war, and was honorably discharged ; was in numerous engagements ; was wounded quite severely at Drury's Bluff; went to Arkansas after the close of the war, and while there was engaged in the mercantile business with Mr. Evans. The maiden name of Mr. Sheppard's wife was Miss Lawrence ; they were married in Lewistown, Penn. Mr. Sheppard and wife are members of the Presbyterian Church. He is Re- ' publican in politics, and is a member of the Masonic society. SHERMAl^, R. H., attorney at Law, Estes House Block. Mr. Sher- man is a member of the firm of Carp- enter & Sherman, wholesale and retail dealers in coffees, teas, spices, etc., Main St., between Second and Third, and also of the firm of Carpenter & Sherman, proprietors of the Veranda Livery, John- son St., bet. Second and Third Shippey, D. D., carpenter. Shuler, John R., gunsmith. Sisson, Frank, Assistant Postmaster. Smith, B. H., pork-packer. SMITH, D. B., Deputy Co. Treas- urer ; born in New York City May 28, 1834; in 1835, his parents removed with family to Southern Illinois, near St. Louis; came tc Keokuk in 1846; Mr. Smith was for many years employed as Civil Engineer, connected with the con- struction of the Keokuk & Des Moines KEOKUK CITY. 713 Valley Railway Co.; Keokuk & Mt. Pleasant Railway Co.; Assistant City Engineer, etc. He has served as Dep- uty Sheriff, Alderman of Second Ward, two years, etc.; he is now serving his fourth year as Deputy Co. Treasurer. Mr. Smith married Mamie Reddington, August 14, 1860 ; they have one child — Lavina. .SMITH, GEORGE R., dealer in family groceries and boat stores ; also commission merchant, Main St., between Second and Third sts. Mr. S. was born in Muncie, Ind., in 1834 ; removed to Iowa City, with his parents, in 1842 ; thence to this county in 1847. In December, 1858, he married Miss Marguerite L. Bishop, a native of Philadelphia, Penn., who came to this county with her par- ents about 1850. They have two chil- •dren — Charles J. and Minnie M. Mr. Smith is a member of the I. 0. 0. F.; he was wharfmaster five years ; has been engaged in his present business since 1860. Smith, H. E., Constitution. Smith, Henry. Smith, R. E., carpenter. Smith, W. H., carpenter. Smith, Goo. B., Du-ector U. P. Railroad. Snively, H. N., carpenter. SIii[YDER, JACOB S., wagon and general repairer, and horseshoeing shop, Main St., near Thirteenth Mr. Snyder was born in Hartford, Conn., in 1832 ; in 1842, removed, with his parents, to Mercer Co., Penn., where he remained until he was 17 years of age; he then went to Wheeling, Va., where he learned the blacksmithing trade ; came to this city in 1855 ; at the breaking- out of the war he entered the service as black- smith. In 1857, he married Miss L. H. Hamilton, a native of Ripley Co., Ind.; they have two children — Ida Elizabeth and John Albert. Mr. Sny- der and wife are members of the Baptist Church. SPICER, NATHAN, jeweler, Main st.; was born in Trumbull Co., Ohio, in 1828 ; in 1836, he removed to Henry Co., Ill, with his parents ; he re- mained in Illinois until 1844, in which year he went to Iowa City ; thence to St. Paul, Minn , in 1849 ; on the 27th of April, 1852, he married Miss Mar- tha M. Boyl ; they moved to this city in 1867 ; they have five children. Re- publican ; members of the Latter-Day Saints' Church. SOELIilNGER, ML., proprietor of Eclipse Saloon, corner of Main and Eighth sts. ; born in Germany in 1832 ; came to America in 1857; to Lee Co. in 1858 ; started present business in 1876. Married Miss Louisa Chart in 1859; she was born in Paris, France, in 1843; they have eight children — Matilda, Amanda, Emma, Joseph, Jo- sephine, Theodore, Louis, Morris; Mr. Soellinger keeps the summer beer garden, between Eighteenth and Nine- teenth sts. ; belongs to the I. 0. 0. F. . Lodge. Solomon, L., clothing. Spiesberger, Jacob, clothing. Spiesberger Brothers, dry goods. Sprague, D. N., attorney. SPRING, J., proprietor of Floral Hall, No. 153 Main st. ; born in Ba- varia, Germany, in 1823 ; came to Ke- okuk in 1855 ; has been in the saloon business since 1856. In 1856, married Miss Catherine Frieker ; she was born in Eloise, Germany, in 1838 ; they have eight children — Mary, Kate, Amelia, Josephine, Lizzie, Frank X., Clemen- tius J., Edward ; members of the -Cath- olic Church. Spring, S., hotel-keeper. Springer, L. D., coal-dealer. Stafford, M., grocer. Stahl, Charles, butcher. Stahl, John A., shoemaker. STANWOOD, GEORGE, gen- eral collecting agent ; born in Newbury- port, Mass., May 22, 1818 ; removed to Natchez, Miss., in 1837; engaged in mercantile pursuits there, until 1854; in March, 1854, he came to Lee Co., Iowa, and engaged in farming in Section 31, Charleston Tp., where he purchased a handsome farm of 288 acres, which he still owns. Mr. Stanwood was engaged as traveling salesman for J. M. Shelley & Son for five years previous to 1876 ; although, at the same time, his farm was carried on under his supervision ; Dec. 1, 1878, Mr. Stanwood removed to Ke- okuk. He Married Charlotte P. Hen- derson Feb. 14, 1843 ; she was born in Maryland ; they have six children — ■ 714 DIRECTORY OF LEE COUNTY: Charles C, George, Jr., Joseph A., Isaac H., Minnie S. and Samuel J). Mr. Stanwood served four years as Supervisor from Charleston Tp. STRIPE, W. C, Secretary and En- gineer of the Keokuk Water Works ; born in Woolwich, Eng., Jan. 18, 1812 ; came to Ft. Madison, Iowa, in 1840 ; Mr. S. was associate editor of the Lee Co. Democrat for about two years ; after- ward, he was engaged in hotel keeping in Ft. Madison and Keokuk for several years ; in 1852, he and James L. Estes took charge of the sale of Hon. Charles Mason's lands, which comprised -^-^-^ of what was known as the " Half-Breed Tract." Upon the adoption of the Internal Revenue Law, Mr. Stripe was appointed Assistant United States In- ternal Revenue Assessor, which position he held until the office was abolished ; for four years he was employed by the Government as Clerk and Assistant Engineer in the construction of the Canal, for the improvement of the Des Moines Rapid* ; afterward originated, planned and superintended the construc- tion of the present system of water works at Keokuk, which he completed in about ten months after the cominence- ment of the work. Mr. Stripe's first wife was Eliza Payne ; she died in July, 184:2; they had four children, none of whom are now living ; his second wife- was Ellen Anderson ; she died in 1851; they had three children, only one now living — William A., a resident engineer of the Toledo, Wabash & Western Rail- way Co. Present wife was Eliza An- derson, a native of Tennessee ; they have had ten children — three deceased ; the living are Frederick H., Iowa 0., George M., Frank and Lyda (twins), Mary and Harry. STATE NATIONAL. BANK, capital, 8150,000; surplus |35,000 ; Arthur Hosmer, President ; Guy Wells, Vice President ; Oscar C. Hale, Cashier ; the bank is located on the southwest cor. of Main and Second sts. Steele, A. M., fine dry goods. Steele, William, wholesale liquors. Steiger, J. W., teamster. Steinmetz, Peter, baker. Stern, I. N., & Co., clothing. Stevens, Jacob, carpenter. Stoddard, John, R. R. shops. Story, Bogus, hostler. Sutton & Co., brass works. Sutton, P. R., brass foundry. SUTHERLAND, ROBERT^ way-bill clerk K. D. & M. Division of C, B. & Q. Ry. ; was born in Caith- ness, Scotland, in 1841 ; came to Can- ada in 185,3, and to Keokuk in 1867, and engaged in the capacity of check clerk on the Des Moines Valley R. R. Married Miss E. Fulton, of Van Buren Co., in 1865 ; has five children — Robt. D., George C, William, Kate and Margaret. Republican. Swanson, L. P., carpenter. Swartz, D. W., R. R. shops. Swasey, 0. T., clerk A. Hosmer & Ca. Swede, Charles, stone-mason. Swede, Fred., stone-mason. rpABOR, B. P., lumber. Tallon, P. J., coal-dealer. Tally, James TAYLOR, C. W., Police Recorder^ born in Morgantown, W. Va., Jan, 5, 1834; lived in Virginia until 1852, then removed to Ohio, where he resided two years ; in 1854, came to Keokuk ; worked at his trade of iron-molder until September, 1861, when he enlisted in Co. C, 3d I. V. C. ; re-enlisted in January, 1864 ; mustered out in August, 1865, after serving nearly four years. After Mr. Taylor returned from the army, he resumed his employment of molder and continued in that work until he was elected Recorder in April, 1875 ; re-elected in 1877. He married Maria Lynch May 27, 1857 ; she was born in Indiana ; they have had nine children ; lost two ; the living are Arthur^ Charles, George S., Willie, Margaret, Susan and Harry. Taylor, J. W., carpenter. Thieme, M., tailor. Tieke, Henry, cigars. Tighe, Patrick M., contractor. Timberman, William, pork -packer. TINSMAN, J. B., of the firm of Wycoif & Tinsman, dealers in new and second-hand merchandise, on Main street, between Fifth and Sixth streets. Mr. Tinsman was born in Westmoreland Co., Penn., in 1826. In 1854, he removed to Meigs Co., Ohio ; thence to Ripley KEOKUK CITY. 715 Co., Ind., in 1856 ; removed to this city in 1865. He married in Beaver Co., Penn., Miss Lavina Nagle. They have one child — Annie (now the wife of J. Wycoff). Mr. T. acts with the Na- tional party ; is a member of the T. 0. 0. F. Lodge. Tolmie, Alexander, miller. Tooke, David, grocer. Trimble, W. H., saloon. Trott, S. A. & M., shoemakers. Tucker, Howard, Secretary Iowa State Insurance Company. Tucker, S. W., insurance agent. Tuckman, M., Tailor. TYIiER, LOREIlf S., of the firm of Brown & Tyler, auction and commis- sion merchants. Main st., between Sixth and Seventh ; Mr. Tyler was born in Bos- ton, Mass., April 21, 1845; came to Keokuk in 1856. Enlisted as drummer in Co. H, 15th I. V. I., Dec. 20, 1861 ; was mustered out at Vicksburg, Miss., Dec. 31, 1863; re-enlisted as veteran in Co. H, 15th I. Vet. I., Jan. 1, 1864 ; was mustered out with regiment July 24, 1865 ; was in all the battles his regiment participated in, from the first at Shiloh, April 6 and 7, to the last at Bentonville, N. C, in March, 1865. In June, 1870, he engaged with his father in the furniture busi- ness under the firm name of A. S. Tyler & Son. In May, 1872, he was mus- tered into Torrence^ Post, No. 2, Gr. A. R., and was appointed Post Adju- tant, rank of 1st Lieutenant on the 17th of September, and was re-appointed in December for the ensuing year ; was was elected Post Commander, rank of i Colonel, in 1873 ; In 1874, was ap- j pointed Assistant Adjutant General, ' with rank of Colonel. At the organiza- I tion of the Keokuk Battery, he was I appointed 2d Lieutenant of that organ- \ ization. In December, 1875, he formed j a partnership with I. L. Brown, under the firm name of Brown & Tyler, and engaged in the auction and commission business. Served as Assistant Adju- tant General of Department of Iowa, G. A. R.jto second annual encampment, convened at Keokuk, January, 1876 ; in February, 1876, he was elected Adjut- ant and Commander with rank of 1st Lieutenant, of the 2d Regiment Infant- ry, Iowa State Guards ; was a delegate to the State Military Convention held, at Des Moines in 1878; was elected Vice President of the same ; in April of the same year, he was appointed Major and Assistant Inspector General of the 1st Brigade, 1st Division I. N. G. ; appointment was approved and he was commissioned by Gov. John H. Gear and John H. Looby, Adjutant General of Iowa, to rank from June 8^ 1878. "TTLRICH, AUGUST, carpenter. Upham, W. P., boots and shoes. YAIL, S. S., retired. Vanorsdal, Valentine, farmer Vancamp, L. C, hostler. Vanderheyden, H., retired. VA:Sf (jJRIEKEX, S., photogra- pher, 80 Main St. (old number), be- tween Third and Fourth sts.; Mr. Van Grieken has been engaged in the busi- ness of making pictures for twenty-twO' years ; he has the best possible facilities for doing first-class work ; all kinds of photographic work done ; enlarging and copying of every description done in a satisfactory manner, and at reasonable prices. His charges are in accord with the times. Mr. Van G. was born in Holland Dec. 6, 1840 ; when he was about 5 years of age he was brought to New York City by his grandparents (his father and mother being both de- ceased) ; while living in New York his grandfather died, and when he was 13 years of age he came to Keokuk with his grandmother, and he has re- sided here ever since. VAlVORSpAL., VAL.EK^- COURT, residence on Timea, between Twelfth and Thirteenth streets ; was born in Illinois in August, 1817 ; when, he was 6 years of age, his parents re- moved to St. Louis, then to this county, 1827, since which Mr. Vanorsdal has been a resident of Lee Co., with the ex- ception of the period from 1853 to 1858, which he spent in California. He has been twice married ; first wife was Miss Louisa Wright ; present wife was Ade- line Taylor ; children by first wife are Maria, Arthur, Kate, Claude, Amos ;. one child by present wife — Simon. Mr. Vanorsdal acts with Republican party. 716 DIRECTORY OF LEE COUNTY Vansant, John S., grocer. Van Werden, Gr. C, clerk. Vermullen, D., gas works. Vermillion, Green, grocer. Villannis, E., shoemaker. Vogel, R. & Brc, wholesale clothing. Vogel, S. & H.) clothiers. Voght, Jacob, plasterer. Voitmeier, V., saloon. Voorhies, J. O., capitalist. Voorhies, S. F., capitalist. Vonvucht, William. Vorieter, Charles, produce. Vorwaart, H., grocer. XTTAKEFIELD, SAMUEL, maehin- Walde, Joseph, dairyman. Waldsmith, Robert, drayman. Walker, A. H. Walker, D. WALSMITH, E., of the firm of Narrley & Walsmith, butchers, 614 Main street ; was born in Germany in 1841. Married Miss Elizabeth Law- renz in 1860 ; she was born in Germany ; they have four children — Emma, Lena, Odilla and Rosa. Mr. Walsmith is a member of the Knights of Honor, and holds the position of Treasurer ; Repub- lican. WAPPICH, WII^IilAM, resi dence Johnson, between Fourth and Fifth streets ; was born in Baden, Ger- many, Dec. 31, 1828 ; in 1848, went to Paris, France, and was there during the three-days revolution; in 1849, he en- tered the regiment known as the Paris Legion, which was entirely composed of Germans living in that city, and were enrolled for the purpose of establishing a Republican form of government in ■Germany ; they were, however, defeated at the battle of Rastavt, and Mr. Wap- pich, in consequence, became a refugee ; he fled to Switzerland, where he remained six months ; then returned to Germany ; was there only a short time before he was taken prisoner and kept in durance three months ; was tried and convicted to one year's imprisonment ; the sentence was commuted to twenty days' dark im- prisonment ; at the expiration of the twenty days, he had to enter the army and serve until 1851 ; in 1852, became to this country ; lived in St. Louis until 1853 ; then went to California ; remained there until 1855, in which year he re- turned to St. Louis, and came to this city in the winter of the same year. He married Miss S. Lorz, of this city ; have three children — Henrietta, William and Julia. Ward, Charles, farmer. Warner, J. T., watchmaker. Waters, John, carpenter. Waters, 0. A., teamster. Weed, Samuel R., retired. WEESE, XICHOIiAS, proprie- tor meat market, corner of Sixth and and Palean streets ; was born in Ger- many in 1822 ; came to America in 1848 ; lived in Pittsburgh, Penn., the greater portion of the time until 1855, when he removed to this city, and has been en- gaged in his present business since. He married in this city Miss H. Redmacher, a native of Holland. Weigner, Henry, tobacconist. WEISMAITN, ADOIiPH, phy cian and surgeon ; born in Germany June 24, 1833; came to the United States and located at Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1853; lived there three years, and in May, 1856, came to Keokuk. From 1856 to 1863, he was engaged in the drug business here. Since 1863, he has been engaged in practice ; the Doctor is a graduate of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, of Keokuk. He is Ex- amining Surgeon for Pensions ; has held that position for the last three years. He is Vice President of the Medical Society of Keokuk. Dr. Weisman married Bina Stuckert Sept. 17, 1855, in Cincinnati, Ohio ; she was born in Germany. They had eight children, lost one ; the living are Adolph, Bina, Charley, George, Mary, Ida and Anna. WEIiliS, GUY, Vice President of the State National Bank; born in Wya- lusing, Bradford Co., Penn., July 21, 1813. In the spring of 1838, he came to La Salle, 111. ; for two years, he was connected with the construction of the Illinois Railroad ; he then came to Fort Madison, Iowa, via. Galena and thence down the Mississippi River. He im- mediately entered into a contract for the construction of a portion of the Peni- tentiary at Fort Madison; for about three years, he also carried on mercantile business there, and for about five years, KEOKUK CITY. 717 operated the ferry at that point, James j Wilson being associated with him as a | partner; served two years as Deputy ! Sheriff. In the spring of 1847, Mr. ! Wells removed to Keokuk. For eleven j jears, Mr. Wells was Chief Engineer of | the Des Moines River Improvement ; ^ surveyed and superintended the con- \ struction of the railroad between here and Clayton, 111. He was Superintend- | ent of the company several years, the road being owned by Sample, Hornish & Wells, afterward sold to the Toledo, Wabash & Western Railway Co. ; then, for two years, Mr. Wells continued as Assistant Superintendent. Mr. Wells owns one-third interest in the Sonora Stone Quarries ; is one of the owners ot the saw-mill at Montrose; also stock- holder and Director in the Iowa State Insurance Co. For seventeen years he was a member of the School Board of Keokuk ; several years President of the Board. He is now serving a three- years term as member of the Board. Nearly all the present school edifices were constructed under his supervision. He served a long time as City Engineer. Mr. Wells has always taken an active interest in all pubKc improvements, and is one of the foremost men of the community. He married Ellen Hawk- hurst Oct. 1, 1850; she was born in Vermont Feb. 15, 1827. They have had four children, one deceased. The living are Carrie (now Mrs. James Ros- sell),' Kate and Robert Ross. Welsh, James N., gents' furnishing goods. Wende, Henry, wagon-maker. WERSE, J. C, proprietor meat mar- ket, Main St., between Seventh and Eighth ; this gentleman, an old citizen and business man of Keokuk, is a native of Germany ; was married in Holland ; came to Keokuk in 1850, and since 1852 has been engaged in his present business. West, William, Rapids pilot. Westcott, S. C, book store. WESTCOTT, J. HENRY, Jus tice of the Peace and insurance agent ; Mr. Westcott was born in Wheeling, Va., in 1823, where he remained until 1837, when he removed with his parents to Ohio, thence to Indiana, in 1862; removed to this city, 1855 ; he has been ■engaged in mercantile business the greater part of his life ; has been Justice of the Peace since 1877. Has been married twice; first wife was Miss Frances M. Ward ; present wife was Miss Adelaide Holsey, of this city ; himself and wife are members of the Presbyterian Church ; politically he acts with the Republican party. Mr. Westcott represents the fol- lowing insurance companies, Meriden Fire Ins. Co., of Meriden, Conn. ; Will- iamsburg Fire Ins. Co., of Brooklyn, N. Y. ; Northwestern National Ins. Co., of Milwaukee ; Merchants' Ins. Co., of Newark, N. J. ; The People's Fire Ins. Co., of Trenton, N, J. ; Union Ins. Co., of Philadelphia, Penn. Wheeler, James H., stone-mason. White, D. P., produce. White, Mason, produce. Wicke, John, carpenter. Wierather, Frank, gardener. Wies, F. J., butcher. Wies, John C, butcher. Wilkinson, A. J., wholesale and retail drugs. Williams, Horace, dairyman. Williamson, Greo., sawyer. Wills, Gr. W., miller. Wilson, George, grocer. Wilson, J. L., machinist. WIL.L.ER, H., proprietor of Depot House, Deutches Gasthaus, Levee st., between Main and Johnson ; born in Hanover, Germany, in 1834 ; came to Keokuk in 1868. Married Louisa Hal- masm in 1861 ; she was born in Hanover, Germany, in 1840 ; they have four chil- dren — Augusta, Harmon, Emma, Pau- i lina. Mr. W. belongs to the Druid's I Society ; is Democratic. ' WITZ, JOSEPH, cigar manufact- I urer. No. 148 Main st. ; born at Bur- UngtoQ, Iowa, in 1847 ; came to Keokuk in 1867; started present business in { 1877. Married Caroline Heissel in 1871 I she was born in Warsaw, 111., in 1853 Mr. Witz is a member of the Druids ! Society ; in politics, Liberal. j Wirtz, Carl, tailor. I Wiseman, A., physician. Wittich, F. W., musician. Wolf, Peter, blacksmith. 1 WooUey, William, carpenter. WORL.E Y, S. T., proprietor carriage- factory. First street between Main and Johnson ; he manufactures and keeps 718 DIRECTORY OF LEE COUNTY; constantly on hand the various styles of one and two seated phaetons, rockaways, single and double buggies, with or with- out tops, also manufactures all the styles of democrat and spring wagons called for in this market. Mr. Worley was born in Portsmouth, 0., in 1832, where he remained until 1860, when he removed to Quiney, 111. ; in July, 1862, he entered Co. A, 119th 111. V. I., as 1st Lieutenant ; was promoted Captain of the same company in 1863 ; honorably discharged at the close of the war in 1865. Mr. Worley married in Ports- mouth, Ohio, Miss E. J. Hicks, a native of that place ; they have nine children — Laura E., Charles M., William H., Em- ma, Ida, James H., Harry, Grace, Mary; Mr. Worley and family are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church ; he is Trustee and Steward in Methodist Episcopal Church ; Republican. Worley, Samuel, bricklayer. Worley, W. J., brickmaker. Worster, Oscar, R. R. conductor. WlJIiFF, ADOLPHrS, editor and proprietor of the Keokuk Post; is a native of Schleswig, Germany ; having studied law at the German Universities j of Kiel (Holstein), Tuebingen (Wur- temberg) and Gottingen (Hanover) ; he commenced practicing that profession in 1843, and continued it until 1851, when he came to the United States ; in 1867 and 1868, he edited the Volks- ; hlatt, a German paper at St. Joseph, Mo. ; was editor of a German paper at Kansas City, Mo., from 1870 to 1873, when he was a Government official under the Commissioner of Internal Revenue ; since Feb. 1, 1877, he has been editor and proprietor of the Keokuk Post, which, under his management, is in- creasing; in circulation and influence. Wycoff, I. C, carpenter. WYXOFF, J. F., of the firm oa Wycoff & Tinsman, dealers in second- hand furniture and new merchandise, on Main, between Fifth and Sixth sts. ; born in this city in 1851. Married Miss Annie Tinsman in l^urlington, Iowa, in 1874 ; have two children — Alice Belle and George Edward. Mr. W. is a Republican. Wycoff, Jonathan, ship-carpenter. WYMAN, F. W., M. D., office, Third street, between Main and Johnson ; born in Van Buren Co., Iowa, in 1848; came to Keokuk in 1852 ; in 1863, owned a drug store in partnership with Mr. Masburg, the firm name being Wyman & Masburg; continued in the drug business until 1869, then sold out and commenced the study of medicine with his father. Dr. R. H. Wyman; graduated at the Keokuk Medical Col- lege in 1876. Dr. W. is one of the charter members of the Free-for-All Church ; Democratic. Wyman, R. H., physician. Wyringa, Bernard, farmer. ""y^ALES, F. R., farmer. Yenawine, W. H., miller. Younker, Mannasse, dry goods. Younker, Marcus, dry goods. Younker, Samuel, dry 2;oods. ZERR, JOHW', dealer in dry goods, notions, etc.. Main street, be- tween Third and Fourth streets ; Mr. Zerr was born in St. Charles, Mo., April 6, 1851 ; resided there until he came to Keokuk, in 1869. For ten years he was engaged in the dry goods business as a salesman ; since 1873, has been engaged in the same business a.*' proprietor. TOO LATE FOR INSERTION IN THEIR PROPER PLACE. BURXS, JOHN, residence on Elev- enth and Blondeau sts., Keokuk ; this gentleman, a pioneer settler of the North- west, was born in Bucks Co., Penn., in 1813; in 1835, he came to Quiney, 111., where he remained until 1837, when he came to Van Buren Co., Iowa, and en- gaged in mercantile business in that county until 1840, in which year he came to this city (Keokuk) and has been engaged in mercantile business the greater part of the time until 1877, when he retired from it. Mr. Burns was married in Quiney, Hi., in 1839, to Miss Maria C. Rentgen, now deceased, a native of Pittsburgh, Penn. Mr. JACKSON TOWNSHIP. 719 Burns in early life acted with the Whig party ; on the organization of the Re- publican party, he became a Republican, and has remained a consistent supporter of the same. EVAXS, A. H., of the firm of Evans & Sheppard, grocers, and dealers in draining-tile, fire-brick, Louisville cem- ent and plaster, 526 Main st. ; Mr. Evans was born in Mercer Co., N. J., in 1840. At the breaking-out of the war of the rebellion he entered the three-months miUtia; at the expiration of the three-month service, he enlisted in Co. F, 9th N. J. V. I. : was mustered into the veteran service in November, 1863, appointed Second Lieutenant, April 13, 1864, promoted First Lieu- tenant on Sept. 28 of the same year, and to that of Captain, April 22, 1865 ; was appointed Regimental Treasurer, May 22, 1865 ; honorably discharged July 18, 1865 ; was in twenty-two reg- ular engagements and in numerous skirmishes. Politically, Mr. Evans is Republican to the core. In the fall of 1865, he went to Arkansas, and in connection with his present partner, Mr. Sheppard, engaged in the mercantile business. In 1868 and 1869, he was Senator from that State ; was also a member of the Constitutional Conven- tion. The maiden name of Mr. Evans' wife was Miss R. N. Sheppard ; they were married in Cumberland Co., N. J. ; they have three children — Mabel, Lewis S. and Elizabeth H. Mr. Evans and family are members of the Presby- terian Church. He is also a member of the Masonic society. Came to Keo- kuk in 1877, and has since been en- gaged in the grocery trade. JACKSON TOWNSHIP. (P. 0. KEOKUK) A DAMS, ROBERT, farmer. Anderson, William, farmer. no AWDEN, JOHN, marble-cutter. BIRD, <^EOR€}E, farmer, Sec. 20 a native of Grermany, born in 1828 emigrated to this country in 1838 lived in Pennsylvania until 1845, in which year he came to Lee Co. The maiden name of Mr. Bird's wife was Mary Kite ; they were married in Keo- kuk ; have six children — Benjamin, Adeline, Charles, Louisa, Simeon and George W. Black, H. H., teacher. Black, H. M., farmer. Boardman, James H., trunk manufact- urer. Boyce, David, farmer. Brunat, Justine, former. BUEIili, I.YMAN, farmer, Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Sandusky ; was born in Connecti- cut in 1832 ; he came to Lee Co. in 1854, and engaged in the photograph business ; he came to his present place in 1866. He married, in 1855, Nancy H. Doolittle, also a native of Connecti- cut ; has two children — Margaretta A. and Hortense Josephine. Mr. Buell is engaged principally in dairying and fruit-growing. Burrell, Green, gardener. piHEXOWITH, T. J., far., Sec.^ \_J 11 ; Mr. Chenowith is a native of Jefferson Co., Ky. ; born near Louisville, in 1809; in 1816, he removed with his friends to Jefferson Co., Wis., thence to Clinton Co., Ind., in 1831. While in CUnton Co., he married Miss Mary Wright, a native of Adams Co., Ohio, born in 1807 ; they removed to Adams Co., III., in 1836, and came to Lee Co. the following year ; she died in July. 1878 ; she was an earnest Christian woman, and one of the pioneer mothers in whom we all take a just pride ; they have four children now living — Melvina, Joseph H., Ruhamah (now Mrs. John Downey) of Charleston, Lee Co., and Henry C. In early life, Mr. C. acted with the Whig party, on its decline be- came a Republican and a firm supporter of the party ; in the early history of the county, he was elected County Commis- sioner five terms ; has been member of 720 DIRECTORY OF LEE COUNTY: Board of Trustees of^ Jackson Tp. eighteen years, and has always taken an active part in the religious and educa- tional interests of the county. "T~\ANFORTH, JOSI AH, farmer. Danielson, J. F., farmer. DAVIS, S. 11., Superintendent of Lee Co. Poor-farm ; was born in Lebanon, N. H., Feb. 18, 1834 _; he was brought up and lived there until the war broke out, when he enlisted in Co. F, Berdan's 2d Regt. U. S. Sharpshooters ; he after- ward served in the Qartermaster's De- partment ; he was taken prisoner at Chan- cellorsville and also at the battle of Fredericksburg, but he was fortunate enough to escape each time the same day he was captured ; he was in the serv- ice four years. Came to Iowa and settled in Lee Co. in 1865 ; he has held his present office for three years. He married Miss Alma A. Moore, from Chelsea, Vt., in August, 1858; they have two daughters — Ellen F. and Laura J. THNGSTROM, G-UST., farmer. Engstrom, John, farmer. TnLEMlNG, JOHN, farmer. Foley, Daniel, farmer. Fowler, Edward, limekiln. Fowler, John, farmer. Funkhouser, Jacob, farmer. r^ ORGAS, DANIEL, farmer. H AISCH, ERNEST, farmer. Haisch, Jacob, farmer. / Haisch, John, farmer. Harrington, John, farmer. Hay den, Pius, farmer. Hayden, William, farmer. Hedrick, Y. P., farmer. Heffleman, Henry, farmer. Hilt, William, farmer. Hine, Charles W., farmer. Hoffman, Sylvanus, farmer. House, Elijah, farmer. Howell, Thomas H., farmer. nrX€}ERSOIiIi,E.lI., farming and I dairy. Sec. 22 ; was born in Nauvoo, 111., in 1837 ; while he was a child, his parents, William and Hannah Ingersoll, removed to Des Moines Co., Iowa, thence to this county, in 1847 ; during* the war, he served as Corporal of Com- pany C. 45th Iowa Inf. ; was honorably discharged. He married in Keokuk Miss M. A. Seymour ; they have three children, viz., Edgar L., Lucy C, Ida May. TASTER, M., farmer. Jefferson, William S., stock-dealer. Johnson, John A., farmer. Juhl, Gregus, farmer. TT^ENNEDY, J. A., farmer. KERR, ROBERT, farmer, Sec. 9 ; was born in Alleghany Co., Penn., in 1822 ; removed to this county with his parents, Alexander and Isabel Kerr, in 1839. In 1853, he married Miss Ruth, daughter of Thomas and Mary Colwell, who came to Iowa in 1836 ; they have eight children — rAlexander D., William C, Olive, Clara, Robert Colwell, Walter Brown, Isaac Brrrett, Thomas Edwin, Mary Isabel. Mr. Kerr is a Republican ; he has held various offices ; is a member of the present Board of Township Trustees, which office he has filled for several terms ; himself and family are members of the U. P. Church. Mr. Kerr's farm contains over 196 acres of land, being well-improved. Kritchel, James, farmer. T" AYTON, ERASTUS, farmer. liEE, G. W., farmer, Sec. 13 ; was born in Jennings Co., Ind. ; came to this county with his parents, Charles V. and Elizabeth Lee, who were pioneer settlers of Jackson Tp., in 1839. He married Miss Elizabeth Dwyer in Ap- panoose Co., Iowa, in 1859 ; they have nine children living. Mr. Lee acts with the Democratic party ; he has held va- rious school offices ; has resided in this township (Jackson) forty-one years. Lindner, Conrad, farmer. Lindner, Frederick, farmer. I.OCHHEAD, AL.EXAX- DER, farmer. Sec. 7 ; Mr. Lochhead is a native of f^cotland ; born near Glas- gow in 1828 ; came to America in 1850 ;. lived in Pennsylvania until 1851, then came to Keokuk. He married Miss Jane Lyon ; she was born in Kentucky -^ they were married in Keokuk ; have six JACKSON TOWNSHIP. 721 children — Isabel, Ellen, Alice, Fannie, Lucy and John. Mr. L. owns 90 acres of land ; he is a Republican. Mrs. Lochhead is a member of the U. P. Church. l^OOMIS, SARAH, MRS., (maiden name Sarah Chalfont), farming, Sec. 27 ; was born in Highland Co., Ohio, in 1822 ; removed tathis county with her parents, Abner and Ruth Chalfont, in 1841. In 1846, she mar- ried John Loomis, a native of New York, born Jan. 17, 1817 ; he came to this county in 1840, and resided here until his death, which occurred in Feb- ruary, 1875. He was a member of the Baptist Church, in the advancement of which he took an active interest. Their children living are Clara Ellen (now the wife of M. V. B. Walker, of this township), Caroline (wife of W. H. Wyatt), Laura and Alice. Mrs. Loomis owns 110 acres of land in this county, and 300 acres seven miles north of Can- ton, Mo.; she is a member of the Bap- tist Church. Lupton, Joseph A., farmer. ny /["ATTERNICH, CHRIS, gardener. Meister, Conrad, gardener. Merrick, Seth, farmer. /^'BLENIS, CHARLES, farmer. O'Blenis, D. A., farmer. Orr, David, farmer. JARKHURST, MOSES, farmer. P Parsons, A. L., student. Parsons, J. W., plasterer. PATTERSON, E. R., far., S. 19; was born in Livingston Co., N. Y., Aug. 13, 1826 ; in 1840, he removed with his parents, George Gr. and Fannie Pat- terson, to this county ; in 1845, he re- turned to his native State, remaining until 1860, when he again came to Iowa, and has made it his home since. Mr. Patterson has been twice married ; first wife was Betsy C. Devoe ; present wife was Lucy A. Robinson ; has one child by first marriage — Josephine F., now Mrs. Adams ; five children by sec- ond marriage, three now living — Frank J., Minnie R., Gracie M. Mr. Patter- ' son and wife are members of the Bap- tist Church ; he has held the ofl&ces of Deacon and Secretary several years ; he acts with the Republican party ; has held various local offices. Owns eighty acres of land. Peterson, Alfred, farmer. Proudly, George W., farmer. Prouty, Oscar, farmer. TDEIMER, BENEDICT, farmer. QCHNEIDER, ERASTUS, farmer. Scholtie, Henry, gardener. , Scholtie, Leopold, housemover. Sibald, John, farmer. Sikes, Henry, gardener. Sleeth, J. S., farmer. STEVENS, MANNING W.,far. was born in Litchfield Co., Conn., Dec. 30, 1823 ; remained in Litchfield and in the adjoining county in Massa- chusetts until 1852, when he came to this county ; in 1854, he married Miss Julia A. Wadsworth, a native of Berk- shire Co., Mass., born in 1832; they have six children — Mary M., Cecilia Irene, Charles M., Arthur S., Nellie M. and Julia R. Mr. Stevens has acted with the Republican party since its or- o-anization ; he owns 310 acres of land finely improved. Stonewall, Theo., farmer. nnURNER, JAMES, farmer. Turner, William H., farmer. TT^ANAUSDAL, ISAAC, farmer. Yandoren, James, farmer. TTTALKER, JAMES S., farmer. Walker, Van Buren, farmer. Way, N. P., farmer. Williams, John M., gardener. Weidlick, August, farmer. Welcome, John P., farmer. Wierather, John, gardener. Wooster, J. A., farmer. "Reiser, Abraham, gardener. 722 DIRECTORY OF LEE COUNTY: MADISON TOWNSHIP. (P. O. FORT MADISON.) \ BEL JOHN, merchant. ARElfS, CASPER, insurance agent; was born in Prussia April 27, 1834; he lived there until 16 years of age, and emigrated to America in 1850 he came to Iowa the following year arrived in Fort Madison July 4, 1851 he learned the cooper trade, and fol- lowed that business for some years ; he was engaged in the mercantile business for eight years, and for the past three years has been engaged in the insurance ^business. He has held the office of city Alderman. He married Elizabeth Wen- ka, from Prussia, in March, 1859 ; she •was born Sept. 8, 1841 ; they have two children — Anna, who is married, and Theodore, born July 28, 1853. AliBRIC^HT, JACOB W., in- surance agent ; was born in Lancaster, Penn. Aug. 31, 1811 ; he was brought up in Pennsylvania, and served an ap- prenticeship as a printer in Harrisburg; he came to St. Louis in 1833, when that city contained only 8,000 people, and started the Evening Herald, the first newspaper published west of the Mississippi River ; in 1837, he removed to Illinois, and was engaged on public works for a few years, then went to Philadelphia, and married Miss Rachel J. Wilson, a native of that city, July 5, 1840; they came to Iowa, and loca- ted in Fort Madison in the spring of 1841 ; he engaged in the mercantile trade with his brother, W. Gr. Albright; <30ntinued in business twenty-eight years; since 1869, has been engaged in the insurance business. He has held the office of City Treasurer for three years; also City Alderman. They have three children — Katie, Jacob W., Jr., (in the Fort Madison Bank,) Daniel K. (in R. R. office in St. Louis) ; have lost four children. AIiBRI€^HT, R. W., dealer in books, stationery and fancy goods ; born in Reading, Penn., in June, 1813 ; he lived there until 1841, when he came to Iowa ; located in Fort Madison, and engaged in publishing the Fort Madison Courier ; he conducted it as an inde- pendent paper for six months, then changed the name to the Lee County Democrat, and continued until 1846, when he was elected the first Clerk of the county after the State was organ- ized ; since then he has been engaged in mercantile pursuits. He has held the office of Mayor of this city, and other town and school offices. He married Miss Catherine 0. Schoner, a native of Pennsylvania, in 1836 ; they have had six children, of whom three survive — John W., Robert W. and Katie. ALBRIGHT, WI1.I.IAM G., of the fii^ of William G. Albright & Son, merchants, dealers in dry goods and notions ; the senior partner of the oldest mercantile house in Fort Madison is William Gr. Albright; he was born in Berks Co., Penn., June 10,1816; he lived there until 14 years of age ; then went to Lancaster, and served an appren- ticeship in the dry goods trade, and re- mained there seven years ; he left Lan- caster March 8, 1837, and went to St. Louis ; came to Iowa and located in Fort Madison in the fall of 1839, and engaged in mercantile business, the firm being James Wilson & Co.; in 1841, his brother, J. W. Albright, bought out the interest of Wells and Wilson, and the firm became J. W. & W. G. Albright ; in 1 847, R. W. Albright, another brother, entered the firm, which was changed to Albright Brothers, and so continued un- til 1856, when R. W. withdrew ; in 1864, J. W. withdrew from the firm, and the business was continued by Will- iam G. Albright; in 1867, his son Harry A. became interested in the busi- ness, the firm being William G. Albright & Son ; subsequently, he withdrew, and, in January, 1876, his son William G., Jr., became interested in the business, the firm name remaining unchanged ; Mr. Albright is one of the oldest mer- chants on the river, and has been actively identified with the interests and improve- ments of this city and county. He m >r- ried in November, 1841, Miss Cynthia White, daughter of Edward White, MADISON TOWNSHIP. 723 Esq., one of the earliest settlers of Han- cock Co., 111.; they have six children — Harry A., Caroline (now Mrs. R. B. Hatch), Grace, William G-., Jr., Vir- ginia and Cynthia. Harry married a daughter of Joseph M. Edwards. Will- iam G., Jr., married Miss Annie J. Reed, of Council Bluffs. Members of the Presbyterian Church. Aldrich, S., salesman lumber-yard. AliLE:^, TIMOTHY, retired; was born in Hartford, Washington Co., N. Y., Sept. 13, 1823. There he mar- ried Miss Lucy Amelia Root, a native of Washington Co., N. Y., Dec. 18, 1846 ; they came to Iowa and located in Lee Co. in November, 1855 ; they settled on a farm near West Point ; en- gaged in farming and continued fifteen years ; in 1873, Mr. and Mrs. Allen re- moved to the city, where he has built a large, pleasant home ; he still owns his farm of 333 acres ; they have an only child, a daughter — Celia P.; she married Mr. S. E. Stephenson Feb. 12, 1872 ; they live on the farm of Mr. Allen, near West Point. Alley, A. J., attorney. AMBORN, CONRAD, manufact- urer and dealer in furniture ; born in Byrne, Germany, Nov. 15, 1817, where he learned the furniture business. He married Louisa Deobald, of Germany, in 1847 ; they came to America in 1850 ; arrived at Fort Madison June 28, 1850 ; he engaged in the furniture business the following year ; was asso- ciated with his brother in business for fourteen years ; Mr. Amborn manufact- ures his furniture ; he made the furni- ture for the German American Bank, and manufactures as fine work as is made in the State. His son Conrad, Jr., is one of the most skilled workmen in the State ; draws all the designs for their best furniture, and is an expert carver. Mr. and Mrs. Amborn have nine chil- dren — Hannah, Josephine, Conrad, Louisa, Philip, Rudolph, Helen, Fred and Clara. Amborn, William, Sr., furniture. A^fDERSOlf, BEJfJAMIK^F., carpenter and builder ; was born in Montgomery Co., Ky., April 10, 1815 ; his parents removed to Quincy, 111., when he was 14 years of age ; lived there until he came to Iowa and settled in Dubuque, in April, 1833 ; he was brought up there, and learned the trade of carpenter and joiner ; while living there, he cast his first vote, for George W. Jones, of Dubuque, for delegate to Congress ; in the fall of 1836, he came to Lee Co.; he lived in Van Buren Co. some years, and also several years in Mahaska Co., then re- turned- to Fort Madison, and since then has been engaged in building here ; Mr. Anderson has been a resident of Iowa forty-six years, and is one of the oldest residents of the State now living ; he helped build the first Methodist Church built in this State ; he has held the of- fices of Postmaster and Justice of the Peace. He married Louisa Davis, a native of Ohio, in April, 1849 ; they have five children — Attica (married), William Roy (conductor on railroad), Frances (engaged in teaching^, Letitia and William. Andrews, William J., carpenter. AiyOEAR, J. J. M., M. D., phy- sician and surgeon ; was born in En- gland Sept. 5, 1829 ; when 14 years of age, his parents came to America ; they located in Racine Co., Wis.; he attended school, then entered Racine College and completed his education, graduating with degree of Bachelor of Science ; he was the founder of the Berlin High School in Wisconsin, and was its Prin- cipal for four years ; he studied medi- cine and graduated at Rush Medical College, Chicago, in the spring of 1860. During the war, he was commissioned Surgeon by President Lincoln, and served two years. He came to Iowa and located in Fort Madison in 1866; in 1871, he was appointed Professor of Physiology and Pathology in the College of Physicians and Surgeons at Keokuk, and still fills that chair; in 1872, he received the de- gree of A. M. from his Alma Mater ; he has been President of the Commis- sion of Insanity of Lee Co. since its or- ganization, in 1870 ; he is a member of the State Medical Society and the American Medical Association, which body he represented in the British Med- ical Association, which met at Bath, England, in August, 1878 ; after the meetina;, he spent much time in tlie 3 T24 DIRECTORY OF LEE COUNTY; hospitals of London and Paris ; he is author of a number of articles in the medical journals and State reports, and is a popular lectiirer ; he has one of the best medical libraries in the State ; Dr. Angear has given mxich attention to microscopy, and has one of the finest instruments in the State, or. indeed, the West ; he is frequently called upon to testify in coi;rts as a scientific expert. He is a Republican. He married Miss Sophia Smith April 19, 1855; she is a native of Kacine Co., Wis., and is a daughter of Benjamin B. Smith, who was one of the earliest settlers of that county, who came there in 1S3G ; Mrs. Angear is one of the first persons born in Kacine Co.; Dr. and Mrs. Angear have two sons — William J. S., born March 27, 18G3, and Benjamin Horace, born Jan. 29, 1871. ANTHES, GEORGE, proprietor Central Hotel, Front street, opposite the depiot; was born in Shelbyville, Shelby Co., Ind., March 21, 1840; when only 4 years of age, liis parents removed to St. Louis, and he was brought up there ; he came to Iowa and settled in Fort Madison, and has been enjjaged in the hotel business for a num- ber of years ; he built the present large and commodious house known as the Central House in 1874, and opened it to the traveling public Jan. 1, 1875, and it has the reputation of being one of the best hotels in the State, and is justly entitled to it. During the war, he enlisted in the 5th Regt. L V. C., but only remained away ashort time, on account of sickness. He married Miss Annie Leetje in St. Louis, Mo., in June, 1860 ; they have five children — George P., Amelia, Charlie, Albert and Eliza- beth. Appleton, Charles H., painter. Areus, Casper, insurance. Arnold, William B., retired. AlIWAERTER, JOHK M., wagon-maker; was born in Germany July 19, 18oo ; there learned the trade of wagon-making ; emigrated to Amer- ica in 1853 ; lived in Ohio two years ; came to Iowa and located in Fort Mad- ison in 1855, and began working at his trade, and since then has been engaged in Lis present business. He married Miss Elizabeth Faeth, from Germany, Oct. 25, 1859; they have seven chil- dren — Lizzie, Katie, Anna, Ellen, 3Liry, Eddie and Willie ; they lost one son. ATLEE, JOHN C, native of Maryland, was born on the 22d day of March, 1810, the son of Samuel J. and Martha Atlee ; several years prior to his birth, his parents had removed from Lancaster Co., Penn.; upon the death of his mother, which occurred when he was only a few weeks old, he was left to the care of his grandmother, who lived at the old home of his parents in Pennsylvania ; there he remained until he attained his 12th year ; and after the death of his grandmother, he lived first with his uncle, Henry Stickler, and afterward with an older brother, Will- iam A. Atlee ; at the age of 1 6, he was apprenticed to his brother, Jacob C. Atlee, to learn the carpenter's trade ; he continued thus employed during the next two years, and at the expiration of that time, his brother retiring from bus- iness, he went to Philadelphia to finish his ti-ade ; soon afterward, in 1835, he went to New York, and there worked one year at his trade ; in 1830, he went by sea to Mobile, Alabama, and thence hy Lake Pontchartraiu to New Orleans , he did not like the South, however as he had anticipated, and leaving New Orleans, he went up the Mississippi to St. Louis, and finally settled for a short time at Quincy, 111.; in 1837, he spent a few months at Fort Madison, and was so thoroughly pleased with the place that he determined to make it his future home. Going to Quincy, he was there married to Miss Emeliue S. Brooks, and immediately returning to Fort Madison, established himself at his trade, and continued it with good success for six years ; having accumu- lated from his hard-earned savings a sufficient capital, he purchased a farm within a few miles of town, and for several years employed himself in agri- cultural pursuits ; returning to Fort Madison in 1852, he formed a co-part- nership with his brother, Isaac B. Atlee, and during the next two years carried on a successful lumber trade ; extend- ing his operations in 1854, he, in com- pany witli Nathaniel Beunet, built the MADISON TOWNSHIP. 725 first steam saw-mill that was erected at Fort Madison, and was doing a very prosperous business until 1856 and 1857, when tliey became somewhat in- volved and embarrassed in the financial crisis that swept over the country dur- ing those years; however, by close at- tention to business, and a course of economy and strict integrity, they avoided the serious consequences which befell many business men ; Mr. Atlee afterward purchased the interest of his partner, and associated with himself his son Samuel, and from that time until the present, the business has been con- ducted under the firm name of S. & J. C. Atlee; the business tact, cool judg- ment and clear foresight of Mr. Atlee are best attested by the growth of his business ; the mill, in all its appoint- ments, is inferior to none on the Mississippi River; at the time when the son became associated in the busi- ness, it was producing about 15,000 feet of lumber per day ; at the present time the mill has a capacity of 55,000 feet of lumber per day, and of 20,000,- 000 of shingles and -4,000,000 of lath per year, and employs 150 men. In local enterprise, Mr. Atlee has been some- what active, and heartily co-operates in all matters pertaining to the growth and prosperity of his city ; personally and socially, he is a man of excellent quali- ties, and throughout his life has main- tained an adherence to those principles of honor and fair dealing that have se- cured to him the confidence and esteem of all with whom he has had to do ; he has accumulated a handsome fortune, and lives in the enjoyment of a happy home ; he has four children — Samuel J., (mentioned above), William H., (who is book-keeper for the firm), Martha and Maggie. . Atlee, Isaac R., merchant. ATIiEE, SAMUEL, of the firm of S. & J. C Atlee, manufacturers and dealers in lumber, sash, doors and blinds ; was born in Ft. Madison, Oct. 29, 1838, and is one of the oldest natives of Fort Madison now living here ; his father, John C. Atlee, is one of the oldest, most honored and enterprising citizens in Lee County. Samuel received his education here and entered his father's mills, soon after becoming associated with him in the business ; now has the active management of the business ; they employ about one hundred and fifty men and boys, and have a capacity of manufacturing 12,000,000 feet an- nually ; are the largest manufacturers of lumber in this section of the State. Mr. Atlee married Miss Nancy M. Wright, a native of this State, Jan. 20, 1867. I Atlee, William H., book-keeper. j "13 AHME. Christ., vineyard. I BACON, JAMES H., DR., 1 capitalist; was born in Washington Co., j Tenn., July 19, 1816 ; he was brought I up and received his education in that I State ; he studied medicine and, after graduating, practiced medicine in Nash- I ville for some years ; in 1840, he came i to Illinois, located at Macomb, and i remained there eleven years, and then i came to Iowa and settled in Ft. Madi- son in 1851 , and practiced here for seven i years; in 1861, he engaged in banking i here, with Judge Johnson, of Keokuk, I and they continued together for ten j years, when Dr. Bacon retired on ac- 1 count of his health, and bought a tract I of land and improved it, in Green Bay ! Tp ; the farm contains 1,200 acres, and is known as"Bayview;" the improve- ments have cost $25,000 ; his son James H., Jr., lives on it. Dr. Bacon is a prominent member of the Christian Church, and preached for twenty years, in Illinois and Iowa ; he married Sarah Lester, from Dayton, Ohio, in May, 1839 ; she died Dec. 25, 1878, leaving ; son, James H. Bacon, Jr.; they lost one I daughter, Alice James H. Bacon, Jr., was born in Macomb, 111., June 13, I 1849; when 2 years of age, his pareuts ■ came here, where he was brought up, and attended school ; completing his educa- tion at Abingdon, Knox Co., 111., where he took his collegiate course ; he mar- i ried Miss Lizzie Case, of Ft. Madison, I May 16, 1871 ; they live on his father's j " Bayview Farm ;" they have two chii- j dren — James M., born July 8, 1872, and Alpha, born Jan. 1, 1874. BAKER, CHARJLES O., homeo- pathic physician and surgeon ; was born in Norwich, Chenango Co., N. Y. 726 DIRECTORY OF LEE COUNTY June 8, 1849 ; when 14 years of age. lie removed to Michigan, where he at- tended school ; he entered the Univer- sity of Michigan at Ann Arbor, where he received his classical education ; he studied medicine, and graduated in the medical department of that institution ; the spring of 1878, after spending a few months in Keokuk, he came to Ft. Madison, and since then has practiced his profession here. Banger, Frank, far., Sec. 5. Bardt, Hem*y, miller. Bauder, Gleorge, saw-filer. Bechrens, Martin, carpenter. Beck, A., laborer. BECK, JOSEPH MARCUS, HOI^., was born April 21, 1823, in Clermont Co., Ohio; he was the youn- gest of eight children, whose parents were Samuel Beck and Hannah Morris, who were prosperous as agriculturists, and distinguished for piety, both earnest members of the Baptist Church ; his mother was a daughter of Isaac Morris, of Virginia, and a brother of Senator Morris, of Ohio, distinguished as an early and fearless advocate of human freedom, and for his opposition to the monstrous anomaly of a slave-holding republic ; the Morris branch of the family were of Welch extraction, and the Beck of English ; his education was ac- complished by his own exertion ; teach- ing school, with other employments of an honorable nature, gave him the means of securing a thorough education at Hanover College, which institution he left in 1843, and began teaching as Principal of the seminary at Vernon, Ind.; remained for one academical year, then removed to Kentucky, where he taught two years ; read law in Madison, Ind., in the office of Miles C. Eggle- stone, distinguished, at that time, as an eminent jurist, and, in 1846, was ad- ' mitted to the bar ; after teaching school six months in Kentucky, he came to Lee County, Iowa, settled in Montrose and practiced for two years ; in 1850, he came to Fort Madison ; in 1852, was elected Prosecuting Attorney and also Mayor of Fort Madison ; in 1867, was elected Judge of the Supreme Court ; served six years ; in 1873, having re- ceived the nomination of the convention without a dissenting voice, he was re- elected ; he is now Chief Justice of the Supreme Bench. In 1854, he was united in marriage to Clara C. Rine- hart, daughter of Dr. William Rinehart, of Fort Madison ; they had three chil- dren, two still living — William J. R. Beck, who is reading law with his father, and Vallie E., now attending Glendale College, near Cincinnati ; will graduate in June, 1879 ; in politics, the Judge is a strong Republican, but his first vote was for Henry Clay ; he has always been Antislavery, and when young, engaged in teaching school in a slave-holding State at a time when the advocacy of the rights of the black man was perilous ; was distinguished for his manly and fearless attacks oh the evil of human servitude ; the Judge pos- sesses a powerful mathematical mind ; when pursuing his collegiate education, he was remarkable for his proficiency in mathematics; it will be only justice to remark that he was prominent as a scholar in all his classes. He is a mem- ber of the Baptist Church, which he joined when quite young; was Superin- tendent of a Sabbath school in his youth, while pursuing his first legal studies ; from that time forward, he has taken a great interest in the Sunday-school cause ; he is distinguished for his inter- est in education and our common schools, as one of the great institutions of the land ; he has always led a temperate life ; temperance in language, action and intercourse, is, with him, a natural char- acteristic ; his life has been one of cease- less activity and industry ; and his as- siduous attention to the legal interests of the commonwealth, within the province of the Supreme Court, is a matter of ad- miration to his intimate legal acquaint- ances ; in society, the Judge is earnest; the educational discipline imparted to his mind by studies of a mathematical and abstract nature, have given it a a permanent bias ; it may be said with truth that on " his features sits delibera- tion and public care." His constitution is yet robust, and his labors appear to have left unimpaired a body of more than natural vigor. Beck, Valentine, basket-maker. Becker, Charles, blacksmith. MADISON TOWNSHIP. 727 Beckert, Joseph, farmer, Sec. 2 ; P. 0. Madison. Behrens, Conrad, shoemaker. Beimer, Anton, carpenter. Beimer, Henry, carpenter. Beine, Stephen, shoemaker. Benbow, J. VV., s;rain and elevator. BE^DIiAGE, JOHN B., cooper ; was born in Hanover, Germany, Dec. 22, 1826, where he learned the carpenter's trade ; he emigrated to America, and landed at New Orleans, March 4, 1845, thence went to Cincinnati, and learned the cooper's trade ; in 1849, he moved to St. Louis ; came to Iowa, and located in Fort Madison June 16, 1855 ; he worked at his trade two years, then engaged in business for himself; has continued in business for over twenty years and has built up a large business ; he manufactures 6,000 lard tierces, 1,000 pork barrels and 10,000 apple and egg barrels yearly ; when he came to this country, he only had two 5-franc pieces ; he has held the office of City Alderman for eight years ; also, has represented the county in the Board of Supervisors ; has been Town Trustee. He married Miss Elizabeth Menke, from Germany, Oct. 7, 1849; they have six children — Kate, Hermon, John, Theodore, Henry, Eliz- abeth — have lost six children. Bennet, Stephen, boatman. Bendlage, J. B., cooper. Bergman, Io;natius, teacher Catholic school. BERNHARD, EDWARD, of the firm of Peters & Bernhard, Potowo- nok Mills ; born in Prussia Jan. 22, J 818; there learned the baker's trade; he emigrated to America in 1854 ; came to Iowa; lived in Burlington three years ; came to Fort Madison in 1857 ; was in the bakery business seven years ; in 1868, he engaged in the milling business with Mr. Peters ; they built the lai'ge mill now operated by them and do an extensive business. He married Mrs. Dorothy Woolgast, from Germany, in 1870 ; his wife had two children — Henry and Charlie. Biethan, Fred, merchant. BI.ACKBUR5f, JACOB C, DR., Auditor of Lee County ; was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, Jan. 8, 1832 ; he received his education there, studied medicine, and graduated at the Cincin- nati College of Medicine and Surgery, in February, 1856; after graduating, prac- ticed in Cincinnati for seven years ; came to Iowa, and located in Fort Madison in August, 1863 ; engaged in the practice of his profession and continued it until he was elected Auditor of Lee County, in the fall of 1873 ; he was re-elected to the same office in the fall of 1875, and again in the fall of 1877, each time being elected by the largest majority of any officer in the county. He married Miss Eleanor Davey, of Newport, Ky., May 20, 1855 ; they have had four children, and lost them all in infancy ; they have one adopted son, W. G. Davey. Blender, Joseph, far., Sec. 2. BONXEIili, JOHN W., retired ; was born in EssexCo., N. J., Julyl4,1812; he was brought up and lived there until 31 years of age, when he and two of his brothers emigrated to Iowa, and located in Lee County, in October, 1843 ; the following spring, two other brothers came here ; they engaged in the mercantile business here, and in Salem, Henry County, two years after, they bought a large tract of land, about 1,500 acres; engaged in farming and continued in this way for five or six years, then they divided up their property ; John contin- ued farming until within a few years ; he has rented his land and removed to Fort Madison ; with his brother, owns about 600 acres of good land. He married Bosanna Houver, from this county, in 1857 ; she died the following year. He married Eliza M. Pittman in April, 1864 ; she is a daughter of W. G. Pitt- • man, one of the earliest settlers of Lee County ; they have had four children, only one son survives — Burton, born Feb. 22, 1872. Borgman, George, teamster. Brandes, William, gardener. Breidenbend, H., merchant. BREWSTER, CHAREES, President of the Fort Madison Bank ; was born in Ireland in 1813; when only 12 years of age, with his grand- father, he emigrated to America and was brought up in Philadelphia ; he afterward removed to Indiana, lived there six years, came to Iowa and located in Fort Madison in 1844; he engaged in mercantile trade and successfully con- 728 DIRECTORY OF LEE COUNTY: ducted that business for thirty-two years ; there are only one or two merchants here who have been in business the same length of time; in 1876, he associated with Dr. J. A. Smith and engaged in the banking business ; he is also a large landholder ; when Mr. Brewster began life ho had nothing, and, since he was 12 years old, he has cared for himself and owes his success in life to his own eflForts, and is a man of strict integrity in all his dealings. He has been twice mar- ried ; his first wife was Margaret Badol- ler, of Vincennes, Ind. ; she died in 1852 ; in 1855, he married his present wife, Eliza J. DeForest, of Sharon, Penn. ; they have three children — James, William and Martha. Bricker, James E., millwright. Brockelman, Stephen, carpenter. Brown, A. P., stationery and books. Brown. Daniel T., stationery and books. BUCHHOLZ, ROBERT P., barber and hair-dresser ; was born in Germany on the 12th of February, 1840 ; when 15 years of age, he came to America, to Iowa the same year, and settled in Lee Co. in 1855 ; he lived in Keokuk for six years; he established his business here in 1864, and has built up a good business ; he has the oldest business and the largest trade in his line in town. He married Miss Lizzie Fricke, a native of Fort Madison, in April, 1872, they have four children — Emma, William, Minnie and a little boy not named. Buchholz, William, paper hanger. Buckingham, George, laborer. Buckler, Frank, cooper. Buckler, Herman, mechanic. Buckler, Stephen, cooper. BUECHEI., VALEXTINE, re tired; was born in Prussia June 11, 1826, and educated there ; he emigrated to America in 1848, and went back to Prussia, but returned to America, came to Iowa and located in Fort Madison Aug. 19, 1850, and engaged in the grocery business; in 1851, he engaged in teaching, and continued until 1859, when he was elected to the State Senate and filled that ofiice during two sessions; he has held ofl&ce of Deputy Clerk of the Courts for two years, Deputy County Treasurer six years and also Deputy Recorder; he has held school offices for many years, and now holds office of City Alderman. He married Dorothea Dag- enhardt, from Germany, in the fall of 1850 ;, they have had ten children, only three survive — Mary E,., Catharine A., Amelia C. Buehrig, Charles, boots and shoes. Buehrig, F., boots and shoes. Bueseher, Christ, butcher. Buescher, J. G., farmer ; Sec. 5. Bueseher, John G., carpenter. BULLiARD, A. J.,far.,S. 6; born in Des Moines Co., Iowa, May 19, 1835; came with his parents to Lee Co., May, 1836 ; they were among the early set- tlers of this county. Married Miss Amanda Walker in 1859 ; she was a na- tive of York State; died April 4,1868; he married again. Miss Fannie Sniveley in 1870 ; born in Lee Co., Iowa, in 1 847 ; has three children by former wife — Matilda, James and Rachel, and two dead — Oliver and Ellen ; and by pres- ent wife, four — Charley, John, The- ophilus and Sarah J. Owns 270 acres of land. Mr. and Mrs. Bullard are mem- bers of Methodist Church ; Mr. Bullard is a Democrat. Bullard, James, farmer. Sec. 7. Bullard, James, farmer. BURSTER, Al^TON, proprietor of Concordia Brewery ; was born in Wittem- berg, Germany, Oct. 26, 1825 ; he there learned the trade of stone-cutter ; in 1847, when 22 years of age, he emi- grated to America, and lived in Chicago for three years, and also lived in St. Louis and New Orleans a short time, and came to Fort Madison in 1851, and began working at stone-cutting ; in 1865, he engaged in his present business, and has continued it since then ; he has held the office of City Alderman and has just been re-elected. He married Miss Au- gusta Henneberg, from Germany, Dec. 10, 1853; they have had nine children; six survive — Adolph, Otto, Julius, Louise, Ernest and Emma. BUTTERFIEI^B, MANL.Y T., Clerk of the State Penitentiary; was born in Franklin Co., Me., June 29, 1836 ; his parents removed to Dear- born Co., Ind., where he lived until 1857, when he came to Iowa, located in Lee Co., and engaged in teaching school ; MADISON TOWNSHIP. 729 was afterward engaged in farming ; he continued farming and teaching until 1872 ; then removed to Fort Madison and was in the mercantile business for six years and was appointed to his pres- ent position. He married Miss Sarah E. Tibbetts, a native of Indiana, Oct. 28, 1858 ; Mr. Butterfield has held the office of County Supervisor and other town and school offices. Butz, John, wagon-maker. i^AROL, FRANK, far., Sec. 8. Carroll, Frank, laborer. Case, Morton, grocer. CAMPBELL, J. W., now a resi- dent of Ft. Madison, Lee Co., Iowa, was born on the North Fabius, Lewis Co., Mo., June 17, 1825, and became a resident of Lee Co., Iowa, in October 1 830, and is to-day the second oldest in- habitant living in the county ; while re- siding at Keokuk, in his boyhood days, he devoted a large share of his time to catching catfish and drift logs ; this occupation inclined him in after years to a nautical life, and, in 1844, he shipped on board the steamer Mermaid in St. Louis, to learn to pilot on the Up- per Mississippi River ; he followed this occupation until 1851, when he was promoted to the position of Master of the steamer Badger State, plying between St. Louis and G-alena; in succeeding jears, he commanded the following boats: Hindoo, in 1852 ; Envoy, 1853 to 1856 ; he built and commanded the Henry Clay in 1857 and 1858 ; City Belle and Kate Cassell in 1859 and 1860 ; Flora, in 1861 ; Fannie Harris, In 1862 ; Jenny Whipple, iu 1863 and 1864 ; Keithsburg, in 1865 and 1869 ; l)uilt and commanded the steamer Rock Island in 1870 to 1871, and, in October •of this year, after spending twenty-seven years on the waters of the Upper Missis- sippi, he voluntarily stepped down and off the hurricane deck, and requested President Rhodes, of the Northern Line Packet Company, to fill his place with Capt. Albert Woempner, who had at one time been an apprentice pilot with him on the steamer Envoy. There are probably living in Iowa at this time 50,000 persons who have been guests of Capt. J. W. Campbell during his career as a steamboatman ; for many of these people he entertains a kindly regard, and feels assured the friendship is recipro- cated. In 1871, he secured the origi- nal autographs of all the prominent boat- men on the Upper Mississippi from 1819 to 1871, and arranged them as au auto- graphical chart, and presented it to the Historical Society of Iowa, at Iowa City, endeavoring thereby to perpetuate the names of many good and generous pioneer boatmen who would have soon been forgotten. The writer of this sketch is more indebted to him and his father, Isaac R. Campbell, for informa- tion in regard to the pioneer history of Lee Co. than any other authorities ; they seem to have forgotten nothing relating to the county, or the men who have lived in it. Capt. J. W. Campbell mar- ried Miss Eliza J. Eversole, in St. Louis, in 1849, with whom he is now passing along the journey of life with all the happiness that man can ask ; he has" three sons— J. W. Campbell, Jr., B. H. Campbell and I. R. Campbell, whom he is endeavoring to train up to be good and useful men. In the years 1872 and 1874, Capt. Campbell built several graiuhouses on the B. & S. W. R. R., in Van Buren, Davis and Appa- noose Cos., and has bought and shipped, in the past year, to Chicago and St. Louis, about 300,000 bushels of grain. CAMPBELL, ISAAC R., re- tired; P. 0. St. Francisville, Mo.; Mr. Campbell was born in Oneida Co., N. Y., May 2, 1798, cotemporaneously with the erection of the first house in Utica; the day Mr. C. was born, his father hauled the shingles that covered that first house ; at the age of 18 years, the subject of this sketch left home with the intention of engaging in nau- tical pursuits, and went as far as Al- bany, and from thence to Pittsfield, Mass., to visit an uncle, where he spent the winter ; his uncle persuaded him to abandon his seafaring intentions, and, in the following spring, he engaged as a laborer on the construction of the Erie Canal ; he afterward went to Pennsyl- vania, where he remained a short time, and then went to the vicinity of Wells- ville, Ohio, where he became an em- ploye in a stillhouse ; one evening when 730 DIRECTORY OF LEE COUNTY: he desired to go courting, he turned a hot slop out into the hog-troughs, and started on his mission of wooing ; when he returned home early the next morning, before hi^ employer was out of bed, he found the hogs all dead ; anticipating the displeasure of the owner of the stillhouse, he packed his worldly goods in a cotton handkerchief, and, without waiting for a settlement and to receive the wages due him, Mr. C. started for other quarters ; he shipped as cook on a keelboat, under the command of Col. Kinney, and finally landed at the mouth of the Wyaconda, Missouri Territory ; there he became a " jack-of-all-trades," tinker, shoemaker, farm laborer, etc. In 1823, he married Miss Sarah White, and settled down to the improvement of a tract of forty acres of land, of which he had become the owner. In 1825, he sold his little farm, and in October of that year, loaded his household effects on a couple of canoes and " pad- dled " up to the present site of Nauvoo, at which place he remained until 1830, keeping a boarding-house, working at shoemaking, keelboating to the lead mines at Galena, etc.; in 1830, he sold out his possessions at Nauvoo, whert! he had lived five years, and returned to Ah-wi-pe-tuck, now Nashville, Lee Co.; he remained there until the spring of 1831, and then in April, I'emoved to Puck-e-she-tuck, now Keokuk, where he engaged with Dr. Samuel C. Muir, as an Indian trader ; during his resi- dence in Illinois and Iowa, he held negro slaves ; in 1834, he applied to Hon. Mr. Spaulding, M. C, from Penn- sylvania, to secure the passage of an act to enable the half-breeds to dispose of their reservation ary rights in the Half-Breedlands,which comprised a large part of Lee County ; the act was passed, immediately after which Mr. C. organ- ized the St. Louis Land Company, con- sisting of J. and E. AValsh, of St. Louis, J. H. Overhall, of St. Charles, Mo., and Col. Crossman, U. S. A., and himself, and purchased the first claim ever sold, from Isaac Antyer ; in 1836, he sold one-half of his interest in Puck- e-she-tuck, consisting of a ''potato- patch " of a few acres, to Dr. Isaac Golland; in 1838, he disposed of his remaining interest in the Half-Breed Tract, consisting of one-thirteenth part of 119,000 acres of Half-Breed lands to Dr. Golland, a man named Knight and Joseph Smith, the Mormon Prophet,, for the sum of $14,000; of this- amount, $2,000 was paid down, in old chairs, horses, carriages, etc.; he failed to take a mortgage on the lands to se- cure the payment of the balance and lost the whole amount ; he still holds the notes of Golland, Knight and Smith as souvenirs of the friendship that once existed between him and them ; in 1837, in consequence of the Antislav- ery feeling in Iowa, he removed to St. Francisville, Mo., where he still resides ; he is now in the 81st year of his age,- and in full possession of good health and all his faculties, except his hearing -^ he is an active old man, and no weather will keep him indoors all day ; he must be out, and spends at least one-half of each day in working around among his trees and shrubs and in his garden ; he has lived within thirty miles of his present home ever since 1820 — fifty-^ nine years ; in that time he has made and lost several fortunes, but no man ever suffered the loss of a single dollar by him ; from the time he landed from Col. Kinney's keelboat, at the mouth of the Wyaconda, until the years bore too heavily on his shoulders, he was en- gaged in active business pursuits ; he was always liberal and enterprising, hospitable and charitable, and many i& the man and woman that had occasion' to thank Isaac R. Campbell for relief in times of distress and want ; no one ever applied to him for relief and went away empty-handed ; from the time he killed the stillhouse hogs at Wellsville,- Ohio, by feeding them hot slops, to the present, he has never been intoxicated,, although he has handled thousands of bar- rels of liquors ; it is safe to assume that he has outlived at least 50,000 men who- were cotemporaneous with him since he first ascended the Mississippi River and cast his fortunes in Missouri Ter- ritory. CASEY, JOSEPH M., HON. firm of Casey & Hobbs, attorneys ; Jo- seph M. Casey, a native of Adair Co.^ Ky., was born on the 25th of March^ MADISON TOWNSHIP. 731 1827 ; the youngest of a family of six children. His grandfather was one of the pioneers of Kentucky, and his father, Green Casey, was the first male child born in Adair Co. His mother, Jane, nee Patterson, was a native of Rock- bridge Co., Va. Both of his parents were well educated, and zealous mem- bers of the Presbyterian Church. When Joseph was 11 years old, his father died, leaving his family in moderate cir- cumstances. He received a good aca- demical education, and at the age of 17 began the study of law in the office of Judge John F. Kinney, who was then a prominent jurist in Lee Co., Iowa, and who afterward became Judge of the Supreme Court of Iowa. After a three- years course of diligent and thorough study, young Casey, in 1847, was ad- mitted to the bar, and settling in Keokuk Co., was at once elected Prosecuting At- torney. He held that office for five years, and in that time established an enviable reputation as a prosecutor and a lawyer. In October, 1859, he was elected County Judge of Keokuk Co., and satisfactorily performed the duties of his office until April, 1861. Desiring, however, to make Fort Madison his per- manent home, he removed thither, ar- riving on the 12th of April of the last- named year, leaving a lucrative practice and many true friends. Although Judge Casey's attention has been devoted mainly to the practice of his profession, he has yet found time for literary cult- ure. He was for two years editor of the Iowa Democrat, while a resident of Keokuk Co., and for three years editor of the Fort Madison Plaindealer. In po itical sentiment he has always been an uncompromising Democrat, and cast his first vote for Gen. Cass. But although he has firmly adhered to and advocated the principles of his party, he has never been so biased by .political prejudice as not to willingly allow those who differed from him the peaceful en- joyment of their opinions, recognizing the fact that men may honestly differ in their views. As a consequence, he has many warm personal friends among men with whose political views he has no sympathy. Personally Judge Casey is kind, courteous and affable. He has a decidedly mathematical turn of mind>- and his arguments, especially those be- fore the Supreme Court, have been styled by superior jurists, as models of logical strength and literary excellence. He has taken a prominent stand in the Masonic fraternity, and been honored with the highest offices of the craft. As a Royal Arch Mason, he is acknowl- edged to have few superiors. He has ta- ken a deep interest in educational matters, and in all public enterprises tending to the prosperity of his city he has co-operated to the extent of his ability. He has. twice filled the office of Mayor. As a lawyer, his aim has been to be true and faithful to his clients. He resolved, when he began his jjractice, that he would never resort to deception or dis- honesty, and has rigidly adhered to his principles, so that courts and jurie- never doubt the sincerity of his argus ments, and it has become a common say- ing for safe counsel and honest advice, go to Judge Casey. His life has been spent in the interests of his fellow-men,^ with a full realization of the truth that while he should seek to develop in him-^ self a true manhood, he should do all in his power to assist others. Such has been his course of life, and his dealings with all with whom he has to do, that he has secured to himself universal confi- dence and respect. Judge Casey mar- ried in 1854 Miss Sarah J. Ward, a na- tive of Ohio, and daughter of Thomas and Nancy Ward. They have had five children, four of whom are now living. Such, in brief, is an outline of the life- history of one whose career has been marked by enterprise, energy, pure mo- tives and honest effort. He has made himself what he is, a worthy type of in- dependent manhood, and may justly be placed upon Iowa's roll of honor. Cattermole, A. C, pork-packer. Cattermole, Henry, banker. Chambers, George, minister. Chambers, 0. F.,\ engineer. Chambers, Thos. C, plow factory. Chamberlin, M. S., insurance. Chegka, Joseph, farmer, Sec. 5. Chott, Peter, tailor; musician. COIiE, A. J., M. D., physician and surgeon; was born in Seneca Co., N. Y., Nov. 8, 1837 ; when 12 years of 732 DIRECTORY OF LEE COUNTY; age, went with his parents to Michigan ; he received his education at Ann Ar- bor ; studied medicine, and graduated at the Michigan University in 1860. Upon the breaking out of the rebellion in 1861, he was commissioned Surgeon of the 14th Reg. Mich. Inf. ; was in the servi'^'e until 1865, then returned and practiced medicine in Ann Arbor until ] 872, when he came to Fort Mad- ison, and since then has practiced his profession here. He is United States Examining Surgeon for Pensions. COBfRAD, CHARLES, meat- market ; was born in Germany Dec. 29, 1819 ; he emigrated to America in 1840 ; he was on the river about seven years ; he came to Iowa and settled at Fort Madison in 1847, and engaged in his present business, and has continued it since then — thirty-two years ; he has the longest-established meat-market in Lee Co. He married Miss Barbara E. Ruckerman, from Bavaria, Germany, in August, 1849 ; they have six children — George, Charles, Harry, Albert, John and Jeannette. CORIELL, JlJIilAlV D., grocer; born in Dubuque in March, 1840 ; when 10 years of age, his parents came to Ft. Madison, where he was brought up ; his father was one of the Government Com- missioners who laid out this city. Julian enlisted July, 1861, 7th Beg. Iowa Inf., Co. D ; served eighteen months ; after- ward served two years in the Navy ; af- ter the war, he was engaged in the book and stationery business ; he went to Montana, thence to California ; remained eight years on the Pacific coast. He was in the Government Survey establishing the boundary line between Washington Territory and Idaho ; he held the office of Deputy Sheriff' of Stevens Co., Wash- ington Territory ; Mr. Coriell has a rare collection of old books, the best in Lee Co., some of them being of gi'eat age. He married Miss Jane Hesser, daughter of Fred Hesser, Esq., of this city, in December, 1876. Oorse, Barney, carpenter. COURTRIOHT, ARCHI- BALD li.. insurance and loaning money ; was born in Franklin Co., Ohio, Oct. 16, 1839; when 14 years of age, he came with his parents to Lee Co., where he received his education ; after reaching manhood he engaged in teach- ing — was also engaged in farming ; he was elected County Treasurer in the fall of 1873, and held that office two years. He owns a farm of 240 acres in this county, and nearly 1,000 acres of good land elsewhere ; he has held the office of Town Trustee, Town Clerk and school offices. He married Miss Anna H. Eakins Sept. 21, 1876 ; she is a native of Clarke Co., Mo. ; came to Ft. Madison when quite young ; Mr. Courtright's father died Sept. 27, 1877 ; his mother died in 1863. Cowles, E. F., lath sawyer. COWLES, PHILOTUS, carpen- ter and builder, and foreman of S. & J. C. Atlee's shingle mill ; was born in Unadilla, Otsego Co., N. Y., Oct. 10, 1816 ; he was brought up in that State, and learned the trade of carpenter and joiner; he came to Iowa ; arrived at Ft. Madison May 3, 1838, and began work- ing at his trade ; he continued in the building business until the spring of 1863, and since then he has been fore- man of the shingle mills at Atlee's mills. Mr. Cowles is one of the earliest settlers and has lived here over forty-one years ; he has been prominently connected with the Order of Odd Fellows, and was the member initiated in this Order in Fort Madison, and he is authority in all mat- ters relating to the Order here ; he has held the office of City Collector and City Marshal. He married Miss Jane Sim- mons, a native of the State of New York, Nov. 6, 1836 ; she died March, 1841, leaving one daughter — Melissa ; for some years she has been in the B. & M. Land Office at Burlington. On the 5th day of January, 1842, he married Diana Freeman, a native of Rutland Co., Vt. ; they have seven children — Elijah, Cal- vin, Samuel, Alva, Jane, George, Ella: Elijah and Calvin were in the army ; Elijah enlisted in 1861, in the 7th Reg. Iowa Inf., Co. D ; Calvin enlisted in the same company in February, 1862 ; he was wounded in the battle of Corinth ; they both re-enlisted and served as vet- erans until the end of the war ; Samuel enlisted in the 100-day service in the 45th Reg. Iowa Inf , Co. E. Creps, R., carpenter. MADISON TOWNSHIP. 733 'CtlTIiER, OTWAY, retired ; the oldest resident settler of Fort Madison to-day; born in Morgan Co., Ind., May 21, 1824 ; when only 3 years of age, his parents moved to Illinois ; came to Iowa when he was only 12 years of age, and arrived in Lee Co. about the middle of April, 1836; his father bought a claim, and Otway was brought up on a farm ; in 1846, he engaged in mercan- cantile business, and continued until 1857, when he gave his whole attention to his farming interests, and continued until May, 1878, when he gave up the active management of his farm to his son, and moved into the city. Mr. Cut- ler has been actively identified with the interests of Lee Co., and is a cautious, safe, successful business man ; he owns the old homestead farm of 160 acres, another of 160 acres near here and a farm of 500 acres near Bloomfield, and two farms, comprising 640 acres, in Fremont Co., one and a half miles from Farragut Station. He was the Treas- urer of the Fort Madison & Bloomfield R. R. He married Miss Mary Jane Iludisell,a native of Ohio, Jan. 8, 1843; they have four children — George and Thomas live on his farm in Fremont Co.; Arabella (now Mrs. George Smith) lives here; Otway, the youngest son, lives on the old homstead farm. "npv ASSAN, EMIL, painter. BAWL.EY, JOHW M., of the firm of Dawley & Tremaine, publishers of the Fort Madison Plain dealer ; was born in La Fayette Co., Ind., May 28, 1843 ; when 11 years of age, removed ■with parents to Cedar Rapids, Iowa, and learned the printing business. In 1861, lie enlisted in the 8th I. V. I., Co. D, and was in the service four years and eight months ; was in the battle of Shiloh, siege of Vicksburg and many other bat- tles and skirmishes; was taken prisoner ^t Shiloh and held six months. After the war, returned to Iowa, and, in No- vember, 1878, he associated with H. H. Tremaine and purchased the Plairi- dealer. He married Miss Mary E. Culp, a native of Virginia, May 15, 1867; they have three children — Law- son H., Charles M. and William W. Deamude, Theo., far., Sec. 7. Deiman, Joseph, book-keeper. Derrencamp, Barney, carpenter. Detmer, Edmund, gardener. Diedrich, Charles, grocer and baker. Dieman, Henry, far.. Sec. 4. DODD, H. W., publisher of the Knight's Sword and Helmet ; was born at Marysville, Union Co., Ohio, in the year 1847 ; when 5 years of age, in the fall of 1853, he repioved with his parents to Oskaloosa, Iowa, where he was educated ; he read law in the office of the late Hon. John R. Needham ; was admitted to the bar, and engaged in the practice of law for nearly five years. On the 6th day of June, 1871, he married Ada M., eldest daughter of Dr. B. G. Neal, of Columbus City, Iowa; in January, 1873, he removed to the city of Fort Madison, and was with the firm of George H. Schafer & Co., wholesale druggists and manufacturing pharmacists ; he was editor of the Fort Madison Plaindealer, and is the founder of the KnigMs Sword and Helmet; he became associated with the Knights of Pythias in the autumn of 1874, and is a member of Gem City Lodge, No. 21, K. of P. of Iowa; he served as Deputy Grand Chancellor of the Grand Jurisdiction of Iowa, and assisted in organizing six lodges ; at the seventh annual session oi the Grand Lodge of Iowa, held in the city of Mount Pleas- ant, Iowa, on the 8th and 9th days of February, 1876, he was duly elected Special Deputy Grand Chancellor, and he takes a deep interest in all that per- tains to the welfare of this Order. DOERR, CHARL.EIS, Secretary of the Fort Madison & N. W. R. R. ; was born in the Duchy of Nassau, Ger- many, Jan. 13, 1831; he was brought up there and learned the trade of stone-cutter and mason ; he came to America in March, 1851, and was in the employ of the Illinois Central R. R. Co. ; he i'ame to Iowa and located in Fort Madison in August, 1855, and en- gaged in building bridges and contract- ing ; in 1862, he was elected Clerk of the Courts, and served two years ; in the spring of 1866, he was appointed Clerk of the Courts to fill an unexpired term, and was elected to the same office in the fall of the same year, and re-elected in 734 DIREOTOKV OF LKK OOliNTY; t ho fall of ISlv^; in 1S71, ho bought the fovry and luauagod that lor !?ix Yoiws ; ho was Soorotavv of tho Fort 3Iadi$on. Fannington >S; Wostorn U. 1\., ami whou it was luorgod into tho Bur- lington tS: Southwostorn K. U.. ho hold tho position of Soorotarv until it was loniplotod ; ho has boon aotivoly idon- titiod with tho intorosts of this county for tho past twenty yoai-s. II o inarriod Miss Oathorino Magerkurth, from Hhonish Ravaria, OuH-ntany, in August, 1857 ; thoY havo oight ohildron — Charles, Nettie, Edward, miilip, Albert, Iviino, Elsie and baby. Pooriuii'. Coorgo, plasterer. Douglas. A. \Y., farmer, See. 2. Doyle, Sanjuol, Sr., retired. Doyle. Samuel. Jr.. bookkeeper. Duos. John, eoUar-maker. j^RERLlNG, CONRAD, farmer. See. E' F.KKKI.l^iC;;. COXKAI>. moat market ; was born in Brunswick. Ger- many, Dee. 15, 1820 ; he was brought up there and learned the stoni^mason trade; emigrated to America in 1852; came to Iowa, and settled in Fort Mad- ison in 1854, and began working at his trade, and has continued it since then ; he has also carried on a meat-market for twenty yeai-s. He has held tho office of City Alderman. He married Hannah Barons, from (.lormany, in 1851; they have six children — Henry, Hannah, Christ. Anna, IjOuIo and Weinna, and have lost three children. FJ>WAK1>S, J. F., of the firm of Edwards Oi; 3icCabe, livery and sale stable ; was born in Warren Co., Ohio, Sept. 5, 1824; ho lived there until 1854, then came to Iowa, and located in Lee Co. and engaged in farniing ; lontinued until February, 18l)i), when he moved to Fort Madison, and en- gaged in the livery business ; a few years ago, his stable burned, but he im- mediately replaced it with his present tine brick building, arranged with all conveniences for the business. Ho has hold tho office of City Aldormati. Ho married Ann K. Hattiold, of Ohio, in 1844; she died in 1853, leaving four children — Hannah M., Jaaies C, Sarah E. and Ann; in November, 1858, he mar- ried Lvdia Lonrv, a native of Marvland. Kdwards, Joseph , retired. I'lhart, flacob. far.. Soc. 4. FIIAKT. .IOIl^\ cooper; was born in Hesse l\irnistadt, Germany. 3lay 17. 182(1 ; his parents onugTatod to Amer- ica in 1838. and settled in rennsylvania. where he learned tho cooper's trade ; during the Mexican War. he enlisted as dr\nnmer boy, and helped drill the vi>l- untoors. but was prevented by sickness from going in the tield ; while living in rennsylvania his lather died ; John, with his mother and brothers, eume to Iowa and settled in Fort Madison April 14, 1845, and he began working at his trade. He has boon engaged in the coopering business here over thirty years — a lotigor time than any other cooper in Loo Co. Ho married Hannah Cebelein. from Ivwaria, (uM-many, April \\\ 184;1 ; thov havo one adopted son — William A. Ehart, John, Jr., clerk. Ehart, John. Jr.. farmer. Sec. 5. KHAKT. JONFRH, retired; was born in Darmstadt. Germany, Oct. 1. 1810 ; he learned the trade of wagou- unikor and blacksmith ; emigrated to - America Nov. 1, 1838; lived two years in Somerset Co., Penn., and three yeai-s in Westmoreland Co. ; ho had made some money, and loaned out §1,200, and tho man who borrowed it wont itilo bankruptcy, and he lost all ; he decided to come West, so he made several wag- ons, loaded them, and came to Pitts- burgh, paying only $2 for eaoh person to St. Louis, and #1 each from there to Fort 31adison. and §3 for each wagon. The boat on which they came, burned bacon or side-meat for fuel ; they arrived in Fort Madison Oct. 3, 1843; ho en- gaged in wagon-making and blacksmith- iug, and continued it until 1800, and afterward kept tavern and farmed ; one of tho wagons that ho made and brought with him from Pennsylvania, over thirty- tivo years ago, is still in use ; he brought and still owns tho first iron kettle ever brought here, and ho has two doors taken from the old barraeks, at Mon- trose. Ho has held office of City Al- derman. When he began life he had nothing, and by his indiistry and good management, he now owns several build- iuijs in the center of the citv, and a farm MADISON TOWNHirrP. 785 udjoiriiiifj: it,. Tlifirn am fow men lion; uions tli(juj;liU'iil ;iri(l ja'acLiciil than he iH. He niarri(i(J .Josophiiio Hikharfc, a nafciv S O N, .1 1) Kim I A II S., Street (youiiniasioner ; was born in Preble; Co., Ohio, Oct. 2, 1821 ; lived there until 18!>8; when he came with his purentK to [owa, they came by wafi,'on ; were five weeks on the way; arrived in this county in the; sj)rinerty and a farm near the city, lie was elected Street Com- missioner in 1 878 and again elected in 1879. Mrs. Kidson carries on the dress- making business on Pine street and does a good business. They have one adopted child — Addie. Einspanger, 11., grocer. Eitnian, William, boots and shoes. ELLWANC^KU, F. _ !>., manu- facturer and dealer in cigars and to- bacco; born in Franklin Tp., Lee Co., Iowa, Oct. 27, 1853 ; he was brought up in this county, and, in the fall of 1877, he engaged in liis present business. He married Miss Lizzie Becker, of Fort Madison, June 20, 1878. Mr. Ell- wanger's father emigrated to Iowa at an early day, among the early settlers. Enderly, Andrew, bricklayer. Engeman, Charles, shoemaker. Engle, John H., shoemaker. Engle, Joseph W., saloon. KKNNT, THEODORE, jeweler; was born in Saxony, Cermany, Aug. 7, ] 885 ; he learned the jewelry business ; emigrated to the United States in 1858 ; came to Iowa and lo(;ated in Fort Madi- son in 18(il,and since then he has been engaged in his present businciss and has the largest trade in his line in the city. He ma,rried Miss Alvina Retter, froni Germany, in 18(il ; they have iJvtt chil- dren — Clara, Hugo, Lena, Flora and Freda. Espy, Knud, book-keeper. I^jssf'x, B. K., foreman of tool company. Ktzkorn, H. C, harness-maker. Elzkorn, Bobert, harn(!ss-maker. Lj^ADJ.KB, FRANK, carpenter. Faha, Michael, tinner. Faha, Richard, retjred. Fahien, John, cooper. Feye, Herman, blacksmith. I^'iggen, Jiorenz, nitired. Frailey, Peter IL, contractor. Frank, Charles, grocer. Frederick, (Jharles, farnier, Sec. 5. EKOEItEL, CHARLES, pro priet(;r saloon ; was born in Saxony, Germany, Jan. 2, 1835 ; he lived there until 1802, when he emigrated to Amer- ica ; he came to Fort Madison in the fall of 1803 ; was steamboating for some years ; has been engaged in his present . business for ten years. He marri(;d Miss Lissette Dunhofl't from OIdenb(;rg, (lermany, in Aj>ril, 1801; she was born Feb. 27, 1841 ; they have nine children — Johanna, Emma, Clemintine, Charlie, Caroline, Dorothea, Josephine, Lizzie and Louise. FROW, .J. W., dealer in groceries, provisions, and Postmaster ; was born in Juniati Co., Penn., Jan. 20, 1828; when 21 years of age, he removed to Ohio. He married Mi.ss Susan Davis, a native of Ohio» in 1852 ; they came to Iowa, and located in this county, in 1855, and he engaged in teaching ; in 1804, he was elected Deputy County Treasurer; he was elected the first Re- corder of the county in 1860, and has held the office of Secretary of the Agri- cultural Society ; he engaged in mercan- tile business in ISGS, and has been agent of the express company here since 1807 ; he was appointed Postmaster Dec. 17, 1874, and since has held that office ; was re- appointed March 3, 1870. Mr. and Mrs. Frow have four children — Libbie M. ('now Mrs. Bonnell, living in 736 DIRECTORY OF LEE COUNTY Lincoln, Neb.), Emma L., Ott 11. and Clara J. Fin-hs, Alex., saloon-koopor. F\irnov, John, Jr.. earpontor. Furiior, John, Sr., retired. Fuscli, Christ, bricklayer. GARDNKll, JOSEPH, foreman shoe- shop, prison. Gaylord, Andre, carpenter. Geldmaelier, Fred, I'armer, See. 5. Geldmaehor, Henry, farmer, Sec. 5. Geodda, Peter, farmer, Sec. 5. Gerardo, Joseph, mechanic. Gerarde, \Yilliam, engineer. Gerling, Stephen, farmer. See. 4. Gibbs, Iv A., hiniber-dealor. 5 ; died in 18(55. Glahe, Ferdinand, shoemaker. Gockel, Ixirney, tailor. Goedde, John V., shoemaker. Goedde, Peter, retired. Goeldner, August, stone-mason. CiiKABOI§»CH, MATIUAS, re tired; was born in Prussia Aug. 14, 1814; he was brought up and lived thereuntil 1844, when he emigrated to America, and lived in Cincinnati and St. Louis ; he came to Ottumwa, Iowa, when there were only seventeen house,*! there ; he made a farm near there, lived six years tliere ; removed to Missoxiri, and was engaged in farming there twenty years, when he sold out and came to Ft. 31adison; since then has lived here ; he owns Concordia Hall and several other building-s; he had nothing when he be- gan life. He married Lovina Porter July 10, 1874; she came to this State in 1852; they have two children — ^latthias M. (born May 2, 1875), Au- gust F. (born Oct. 24,'l877\ Greene, Fred., ropemaker. (ireitens, George, farmer. Grothouse, Barney, farmer. See. 5. Guenther, Peter, tinner. H AESTG. GKOKGE. carpenter. Haesig, Jacob, carpenter. Hall. Georue W., kindling-mill. HAliK/lSAlAH,"" of the firm of llcsser i.*c Hale ; born in Miami Co., Ohio, March 13, 1824 ; when 15 years of age, his parents came to Iowa ; thev arrived in Ft. jMadison May 2t>, 1830 ; his father engaged in the tinning and gro- cery business ; was the first tinner who started the business in Lee Co. ; Isaiah learned the tinning business, and when 23 years of age, he engaged in business with his father ; continued about three years, then formed a partnership with Mr. Hesser, his present partner, and they have been associated together ior thirty years. Mr. Hale married Miss Amelia Cherry, a native of Franklin Co., Ohio, in 1841); she died in 1851, leaving five children — Jennie (now Mrs. Wood- worth^, Amanda i^now Mrs. Robinson''. AVilliam, George \Y. and Ella; he mar- ried Mrs. Sarah M. Hamilton formerly Miss Sarah 31. Miller, a niece of Hon. D. F. Miller, of Keokvik, in May, 1851 , they have two children — Sallie and Isaiah. HAliFi, HIF.Ii, Deputy Warden of the loAva State Penitentiary ; was born in Columbiana Co., Ohio. Feb. 23, 1 842 ; when 8 years of age his par- ents emigrated to Iowa and settled at Springdale, Cedar Co., where he was brought up ; they removed to Linn Co. in IStiO, and upon the breaking-out of the rebellion, he was among the tii"st to enlist, in April, 18(51, in the 1st Regt. Iowa Infantry, Co. K, throo-monthsscrv- ice : after his time expired he enlisted in the 12th Regt. Iowa Infantry, and was unanimously chosen 2d Lieutenant of Co. T> ; there were twenty-three school- teachei-s in the company ; in the battle, of Pittsburg Ijanding. he was taken prisoner, April (5, 18(52, and was confined nine months ; ho was paroled from Libby Prison ; upon his return home, he found his ct>mmission of 1st Lieutenant await- ing him, dated the day after he wa.s taken prisoner; he returned to his regiment, was promoted and commissioned Cap- tain of Co. D ; he was in the battles of Wilson Creek, Fort Donelson, Pittsburg Landiiiu, sieiic of Vicksburi::, battle of aiADISON TOWNSHIP. 73T Nashville, and a number of others ; he I was wounded in the battle of Wilson's Creek ; he resigned his commission during the latter part of 1864, on account of ill health, returned to Cedar Rapids and was elected Sheriff of Linn Co. in the fall of 1865 ; he afterward held the office of City Marshal of Cedar Rapids for six years, and resigned March V, to accept the appointment of Deputy Warden of the Iowa State Penitentiary, March 8, 1 878. He married Miss Sa- rah M. Dawley, of Indiana, in Cedar Rapids, in December, 1866. They have had four children ; only two survive — Albert E. and Otis R. Mr. and Mrs. Hale are members of the Presbyterian Church. Hammer, George, watchman, prison. HAMILTOIV, J. D. M., attorney, of the firm of Van Valkenburg & Hamilton ; was born in Pittsburgh, Penn., July 18, 1850 ; when he was 6 years old, his parents removed to Iowa and located at Fort Madison ; his father, John S. Hamilton, was an attor- ney ; was member of the State Legis- lature in Pennsylvania, and in this State. He was killed by an accident ; in the fall of 1856, the subject of this sketch attended school here, then en- tered Knox College, where he received his collegiate education ; after graduat- ing he studied law with Hon. J. Van Valkenburg, and attended the St. Louis Law School, where he completed his legal studies, and was admitted to the bar March 10, 1875, since when he has been associated with Mr. Van Valken- burg in the practice of his profession. He was elected to the State Legislature in the fall of 1877, his term of office expiring Jan. 1, 1880. He married Miss Mamie M. Rice of Keokuk, Feb. 28, 1878. Hamilton, J. M., attorney. Hannus, Wenzel, cooper. Hansman, Fred, far., S. 5. Hatch, R. B,, salesman. HEER, ERANK, general merchant, dealer in dry goods and groceries ; was born in Prussia, March 20, 1839 ; when 16 years of age, he emigrated to Amer- ica in 1855; came to Iowa and settled in Fort Madison in June, the same year ; he learned the trade of moulder and worked at it for seven years ; he has been enaged in the mercantile busi- ness for the past eight years. He mar- ried Miss Wilmcna Scholing, from Germany, in August, 1868 ; they have five children — Lawrence, George, Frank, Therese and Mary ; they have lost two sons. Heiiz, Sebastian, gardener and fruit. HENDERSON, JAMES E.^ guard at the prison ; was born in Wayne Co., Ind.,,Aug. 27, 1828; when 10 years of age, he came with his parents to Iowa ; they came by wagon ; were four weeks on the road, and arrived in this county Aug. 20, 1839, and were among the early settlers ; when the war broke out, he enlisted in 1862 in the 19th Regiment I. V. I., Co. E, and was Sergeant of the company ; he was in the battle of Prairie Grove, siege of Vicksburg, Mobile, and many other fights and skirmishes , he was wounded at the battle of Prairie Grove ; at the close of the war he returned, and has occupied the position of guard at the prison for many years. He married Miss Margaret Hamilton, from Indiana, Dec. 25, 1854 ; they have three chil- dren — Thomas W., Charles and John I. Henke, Fred, shoemaker. Henry, Daniel W., dealer in tax titles. Henry, M. L., plasterer. HERMANN, FRED, merchant, dealer in groceries ; was born in Ger- many May 26, 1850 ; emigrated to America when 18 years of age ; came to Iowa, located in Burlington, and en- gaged in the boot and shoe business, and lived thereuntil October, 1877, when he came to Fort Madison. He married Miss Minnie Sandvos, of this city, June 17, 1877. HERMES, FRANK, of the firm of Nordman & Hermes, coopers ; born in Prussia in 1844; emigrated to America in January, 1853 ; came to Fort Madison the same year and learned the cooper's trade, and has been en- gaged in business with Mr. Nordman over four years. He married Miss Eliz- abeth Kottenstette, a native of Ger- many, Jan. 10, 1871 ; they have three children — Frank, Felicitas and Mary A. Hermesmeier, Frank, cooper. Hcrminghausen, F. W., fruit-grower. 738 DIRECTORY OF LEE COUNTY: Hesse, B. B., clothing man. Hesse, Frank, lightning-rod dealer. Hesse, John, cooper. Hesser, Fred, hardware dealer. Heying, Henry, retired. Hierstine, Henry, far.. Sec. 8. Hillier, George, auctioneer. Hinken, John, cooper. Hinge, Ernst, far., Sec. 4. Hitch, Peter G., mechanic. HOBBS, WESIiJBY C, of the firm of Casey & Hobbs, attorneys and counselors at law ; was born in Des Moines Co., Iowa, Feb. 3, 1842; he was brought up and attended school there, and then entered the University ^t Burlington, depending upon his own exertions; he engaged in teaching to enable him to complete his education. At the opening of the rebellion, in 1861, he left school and enlisted as a private, in Company K., 6th Regiment, I. V. T.; he remained with his regiment about six months, the most of the time in Missouri, where he participated in Fremont's campaign against Price, marching through Missouri and over the Ozark Mountains, driving the rebel forces into Arkansas ; being rendered unfit for service by the return of his old complaint, inflammatory rheumatism, he was discharged in January, 1862, and, returning home, engaged in teach- ing ; three months later, upon the call of President Lincoln for 300,000 men, he discontinued his school and as- sisted in raising Company K, 25th I. V. I.; was elected Second Lieutenant of the same ; he was afterward promoted to fill the vacancy caused by the resigna- tion of his Captain ; he commanded his company during the three-days fight in the rear of Vicksburg, under Gen. Sher- man in 1862 ; and also participated in the battle of Arkansas Post, on the 11th of January, 1863 ; at both of these battles, his uniform was pierced with balls, and at the latter his regiment sustained a heavy loss of men ; among the mauy killed was Mr, George W. Wilson, a brother- in-law of Capt. Hobbs; resign- ing his commission soon after this, he returned home and began the study of law, and, in November, 1864, was ad- mitted to the bar by the District Court of Henry Co., then sitting at Mt. Pleas- ant, Hon. Francis Springer, presiding Judge. He soon afterward established himself in practice at Ft. Madison, and in 1870, was elected City Attorney without opposition ; during the succeed- ing two years, he was Deputy Clerk of the Courts; in 1873, he formed a part- nership with Hon. Judge Casey, with whom he has since continued in prac- tice, building up an extensive and pros- perous business. Mr. Hobbs was also, in 1873, elected President of the School Board, and in the year following. County Superintendent of Public Schools ; in 1875, he was elected, by a very large ma- jority, to the General Assembly of Iowa ; he united with the Baptist Church at the age of 17, and still continues a wor- thy member of that body ; he is also a member of the Odd Fellows' and Ma- sonic fraternities ; in 1876, he was Dis- trict Deputy Grand Master of the former, and at the present time is Master of the Masonic Lodge of Ft. Madison. Mr. Hobbs was married August 24, 1862, to Miss Sallie Estella Smith, a lady of fine native abilities and rare ac- complishments ; of the children who have been born to them, a daughter of 10, and a son, 8 years, are now living. Hodgeman, B. F., salesman. Hoff"man, Ed., furrier. Hofi"man, Oscar, cigar-maker. Hofi'meister, A. W., physician. Holderhouse, Loreaz, shoemaker. Holtzberger, Henry, painter. Holtzberger, John F., blacksmith. HOIiZBER^i^ER, FRED, of the firm of Fred Holzberger& Sons, workers of iron and steel and manufacturers of carriages, buggies and wagons ; born iu Bavaria. Germany, May 8, 1826 ; he learned his business there, and emigrated to America in 1 848 ; he came to Fort Madison May 5, 1849; he first carried on a repair-shop, on Front street until July 4, 1853, when he moved to his present location and engaged in making- wagons, plows and all kinds of repair- work, and since then, he has carried on the business here, and is the oldest man- ufacturer of the kind in the city ; his sons are engaged in business with him. He has held the office of City Alderman, serving many years, and has held school offices. He married Miss Anna B. MADISON TOWNSHIP. 739 Soell, of Germany, Sept. 26,1850; they have six children — John F., Henry H., Anna J., Fred O., Ellen and Charlie L. Hoover, Wm. 0., attorney. Hopkins, W. W., painter. Housselton, F. M., retired. Howard, Cyrus, carpenter. Huestead, S. D., Sr., drayman. Huestead, S. D., Jr., oyster saloon. Huff, Joseph, guard prison. HUGEL,_ BENEDICT, deceased; was born in Baden, Germany, Feb. 26, 1813. He grew up there and married Therese Zierlewagen April 3, 1840 ; she was born in Baden, Germany, Sept. 9, 1820. They emigrated to America in the spring of 1840, and settled in Ohio, and lived there until 1848, when they came to Iowa and located in Fort Madison, and he engaged in the grocery trade ; in 1861, he was appointed Post- master under President Lincoln, and held the office about five years; he also held the offices of Town Trustee, City Alderman, and member of the School Board, and was an honored, respected ^citizen. He died Feb. 17, 1874, leav- ing four children — John B. Hugel, born Sept. 12, 1841, died in November, 1876 ; Lewis P., born April 23, 1843 ; Joseph W.,Sept. 12, 1845. Benedict D. Hugel was born in Fort Madison Sept. 28, 1848, and was brought up here ; is a tele- graph operator by profession. He was married in Iowa City, Oct. 17, 1874, to Miss Barbara Elizabeth Hotz, a native of Iowa City, daughter of Simeon Hotz ; they have three children — Clara E., born Oct. 13, 1875; George T. B.,' March 5, 1877 ; Frank M. C, Nov. 26, 1878. Lewis lives in Chicago; is a commercial traveler. Joseph W. car- ries on business here. Benedict is a book-keeper in Iowa City. Joseph W. Hugel is engaged in the wholesale liquor business. He married Miss Liz- zie Brown, from Muscatine, Iowa, Jan. 18, 1872; they have two children — Therese and Louis J. Joseph W., dur- ing the war, enlisted in the U. S. navy for one year, in the Mississippi squad- ron. Hugel, Joseph, wholesale liquors. HUISKAMP, H. J., of the firm of Hinskamp Bros., manufacturers of boots and shoes, Fort Madison, and wholesale dealers in boots and shoes, Keokuk ; was born in Amsterdam, Hol- land, June 16, 1839; when 9 years of age, he came to America, in 1847, and lived in St. Louis for six years ; re- moved to Keokuk in 1854. He en- listed June 13, 1861, as private in Co. A, 1st I. V. C. ; on the 27th of Febru- ary, 1863, he vras promoted and com- missioned Captain of Co. D, 6th Mo. V. C., and served on staff duty ; he was Inspector General on the staff of Gen. Ewing, and that of Gen. Pleasonton. he remained in the service until Jan. 1, 1865. After the war, he returned to Keokuk, and since then has been en- gaged in business ; he has entire charge of the manufacturing department of the firm of Huiskamp Bros., Keokuk ; they manufacture at the State Penitentiary, employ over one hundred men, make about three hundred pairs of boots and shoes daily, and are doing an extensive business ; Capt. Huiskamp has held the office of Deputy U. S. Marshal under Col. Rogers. He married Miss Alice C. Britts, of Clinton, Henry Co., Mo., in 1871 ; they have two sons — Herman J. and John B. Hull, Lee, nurseryman. Hull, Thomas, nurseryman. XNGALLS, CHARLES, prison guard. Inkman, Henry, stone. XAYES, HENRY, far.. Sec. 5. Jewett, Charles, retired. JOHNS, CHARI.es, manufact- urer of cigars and dealers in cigars, to- bacco and pipes ; was born in Fort Mad- ison June 15, 1858; when 12 years of age, he began to learn the cigar and to- bacco business ; he engaged in business for himself Jan. 16, 1878, and is build- ing up a good retail trade. Johnson, Aaron, retired. Johnson, Nelson, school-teacher. , Jostrundt, Henry, far., Sec. 4. Junge, eloseph, traveling agent. jTT^AMP, JOHN, far., Sec. 8. Kampf, John, far.. Sec. 4. Kasmeier, John, gardener. Kasten, William, Kasten House. Kempker, Barney, gardener. Kennaman, Charles, tailor. ■1 740 DIRECTORY OF LEE COUNTY: Kennedy, George J., lawyer. KENNEDY, JOHN G., retired; was born in Granville County, N. C, April 17, 1812 ; his father was a soldier in the war of 1812, and was in the army at that time ; John was brought up in Tennessee, and learned the trade of car- penter and joiner ; he moved to Rush- ville, Schuyler Co., 111., in 1833, and lived there until he came to Iowa ; came to Fort Madison, April 12, 1836, and began working at his trade ; he is one of the earliest settlers in Lee County, and the oldest resident of Fort Madison ; has lived here forty-three years ; he was engaged in the building business until 1854. He has held the office of Deputy Sheriff", Constable and City Marshal. He married Miss Mary C. Vance Jan. 16, 1837 ; she is a native of Kentucky, and was born July 20, 1817 ; they have had seven children — Lucretia M., born Sept. 16, 1838; Eliza J., Aug. 27, 1841 ; George J., Sept. 12, 1844 ; Em- ma A., Nov. 12, 1847 ;'Katie E., June 22, 1850; Mary E., Oct. 22, 1853; Thomas B., July 29, 1855. Kent, F. B., far. Sec. 6. KENT, JOSIAH, retired; was born in York Co., Penn., March 30, 1805 ; he was brought up there and in Mifflin Co. until 1 8 years of age ; he went to Ohio for a short time ; returned to Pennsylvania, lived in Pittsburgh and learned the plasterer's trade. He married Miss Anna Maria Rothrock, a native of Centre Co., Penn., Oct. 16, 1834. They came to Iowa, located in Lee County, in the spring of 1842, and engaged in farming, having bought a claim here while living in Pennsylvania ; he continued living on his farm until about one year ago, when he gave up his farm to his sons, and came in the city to reside. Mr. Kent has always acted with the Democratic party ; was a member of the convention, in 1847, when ijie State Constitution was formed; in 1848, he was elected Repre- sentative to the State Legislature, and has held town and school offices. They have had six children, only two survive — William G., Frank B. — both living on the farm, a short distance from the city. Kerting, George, far., Sec. 4. Kessler, Frank, carpenter. Kiel, A. W., R. R. employe. KIEIi, FERD., rectifier and dealer in wines and liquors ; born in Hanover^ Germany, July ^8, 1813 ; there learned the milling business ; he emigrated to America, landed at Baltimore, in August^ 1839 ; came to Iowa, and located in Fort Madison, March 15, 1840; he began working at the carpenter's trade,, and, in 1852, engaged in rectifying and liquor business, and has continued in it since ; his is the oldest house in thi& business here ; he holds office in the City Council and has done so for several terms. He married Mary Ann Erlbrodt,. from Hanover, Germany, May 12, 1839 ; she died June 30, 1878, leaving four children — Louis, George, Adolph, Wil- helni ; they lost four children — Wilhel- mina, Adolph, Henry and Ferdinand, the two former died within twenty-four hours, of cholera, in 1851 ; Ferdinand was in the army, enlisted in the 5th Reg.., I. V. C, Co. F, and died of disease con- tracted in the army. Kiel, George, grocer. Kiel, L. G., grocer. Kinsley, John H., grocer. Kniemeier. Henry, butcher. Koch, John, far., Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Madison> Koch, John, Jr., butcher. Koch, Peter, painter. Koch, Philip, wood-turner. Kochjohn, John, laborer. Koechig, Christ, carpenter. K O E H li E R, FRANK, tailor ; was born in Hanover, Germany, Dec. 26, 1824 ; he was brought up there, and learned the tailor trade ; he emi- grated to America in 1846, and came to Iowa, and settled in Fort Madison in August, 1848, and began working at his trade ; there is no tailor here now who was here when he came. Mr. Koehler is a member of the Board of Education. He married Adelheid Stempel, from Prussia, in 1855 ; she died in 1869, leaving six children — Rosa, Alma, Ilda, Oscar, Hugo and Emil. His eldest daughter, Rosa, has prepared herself for teaching, and is now assistant teacher of German in the^ schools of Fort Madison. Koehler, John, saloon. Koelner, Henry, farmer. Sec. 5. Korschgen, Fred, shoemaker. MADISON TOWNSHIP. 741 Kottenstetta, Ernst, cooper. Kottenstetta, Peter, cooper. Kreiger, Albert, farmer, Sec. 5. Kreiger, Henry, farmer, Sec. 5. Kretsinger, F. S., book-keeper and sales- man. KRETSIMGJER, WIL.IiIAlI H., Superintendent and Manager of the Iowa Farming Tool Co. ; one of the most enterprising and substantial busi- ness men of Lee Co. ; he is a native of Herkimer Co., N. Y., and was brought up in that State ; he came to Chicago in 1856, and was successfully engaged in business there for a number of years ; in 1869, having purchased an interest in the firm of Soule, Davis & Co., manu- facturers of agricultural implements, he removed to Fort Madison, and the firm became Soule, Kretsinger & Co. On the 1st of October, 1874, the Iowa Farming Tool Co. was organized by Mr. Kretsinger, he having the control and entire management of the Company ; the Company employ convict labor in the different departments of their flictory . employing about one hundred and twen- ty-five men ; the farm implements man- ufactured by this Company have an es- tablished reputation, and under the pres- ent able management of the Company, have built up a large and extensive trade, and the demand for their goods is con- stantly increasing to such an extent that they are unable to fill their orders ; they not only ship their goods over the West and California and Oregon, but they have a large demand from Eastern markets. New York and Boston ; they are also having a foreign demand, and ship their goods to Liverpool, England, Switzerland and Germany. The quality and cheapness of their goods being un- surpassed. While living in Chicago, Mr. Kretsinger married Miss Maria A. Rams- dell, a native of Oneida Co., N. Y. ; they have one daughter — Adele; Mr. Kret- singer has two sons by a former mar- riage. Krukenmier, C. H., tailor. Kunzel, Rudolph, barber and bookbinder. T EIDY, GEORGE B., carpenter. l^ENTZ, Z., machinist; was born in Little York Co., Peun., April 29, 1827 ; when about 7 years of age, his parents removed to Ohio, and he was brought up there ; he c&me to Iowa in 1850, and settled in Fort Des Moines, and the fol- lowing year came to Lee Co., and has lived here since then. He married Mis& Elizabeth Mayhew, of Ohio, in October,. 1854; they have one son — James M, Lesch, ConTad, shoemaker and dealer. Lohmeier, John S., saloon. Lowrey, William T., City Clerk. Luebbers, Bernard, plasterer. McCABE, L. S., livery-man. McConn, Daniel, retired. McConn, U. D., cashier bank. McFARIiAXD, ROBERT, re- tired; was born on the 19th of October, 1818, in Westmoreland Co., Penn. ; was the youngest of eight children, whose parents were William McFar- land and Elizabeth, nee Fishback. His father was a native of Pennsylvania, and his mother of Virginia ; his father was a tanner, and in moderate circum- stances; he gave his children a fair common-school education ; his parents moved to Ohio in 1822, and settled in Williamsport, Pickaway Co., where they remained until their death. Nov. 4^ 1839, Mr. McFarland came to Fort Madison, then in his 21st year; en- gaged as a tailor, and remained at that vocation for ten years. In 1849, he was elected Clerk of the Board of County Commissioners, whose duties he faithfully and earnestly discharged for two years; in 1857, was elected Re-- corder. Treasurer and Collector of the county, and held various public offices until 1860. In 1862, after a vaca- tion from actvie pursuits of about two years, he went into the drug business; March 1, 1872, he retired from practical duties of a mercantile nature. Mr. McFarland started in life poor, and well understood the value of self-acquired experience and property ; in the battle of life, he has never been without good friends and good health. While his early education was some- what limited, and his attention and efforts in life have been engrossed with the demands of active business, he has yet found time to read and reflect ; he has always been a close reader and keen observer, and his memory is very re- tentive. In 1856, he was elected 742 DIRECTORY OF LEE COUNTY: Mayor of Fort Madison, and re-elected after the expiration of his first term. In politics, he is a strong Democrat ; voted for Gen. Cass, and for Judge Douglas, on account of his admiration for him as the proper exponent of De- mocracy at the commencement of the civil war ; he thinks to-day that the issues of the hour demand the forma- tion of a party whose action will be against monopolies and corruption. In religion, is disposed to take his stand with the Universalists, and believes that real Christianity will advance in the world in proportion as the real character of our Savior and His mission on earth are understood. Mr. McFarland may be rightly termed the shrewd business man, whose public spirit is ready at all times to advance the interests of his fellow-beings. We find him to-day en- joying good health, and in that pros- perity and contentment which those who have devoted a life-time to indus- try and integrity have a right to expect. Mahin, W. H., marble man. MALCOLM, ELIZA E. S., MRS.,(formerly Miss Eliza E. Sample), is a native of Washington, Washington Co. , Penn. ; her father was a printer ; learned his trade in Pittsburgh ; he es- tablished the Washington Reporter in Washington, Washington Co., Penn., in August, 1808, and published that paper for twenty-five years. He was a soldier and also an of- ficer in the war of 1812. On account of ill-health, he disposed of his interests in Pennsylvania, and emigrated to Iowa in 1840 ; after living in Van Buren Co. two years, he came to Lee Co. in 1842, where he lived until his death, Jan. 15, 1862 ; his wife is still living in this city, and in February, of the present year, she passed her 79th birthday. Her son, James B. Sample, upon the breaking out of the rebellion, enlisted in the 1st I. V. I., Co. D, and was commissioned First Lieutenant ; he was successively pro- moted, and served as Captain and Major, and was commissioned Lieutenant Colonel by brevet for meritorious services in the field ; at the battle of Belmont, he climbed the flag-stafl" and pulled down the flag in front of the enemy's guns, and the flag is now in possession of the fam- ily. Mrs. Malcolm married, in 1856, Frank Malcolm, a native of Indiana ; his parents were natives of Virginia ; his father was in the war of 1812, and bis mother is now receiving a pension. Mrs. Malcolm is an own cousin of the Hon. James G. Blaine; she is a lady of more than ordinary ability, and is fore- most in every good word and work in the church and throughout the city. Marcy, P. B., retired. MARR, J. F., carpenter and builder, of the firm of Marr & Creps ; was born in Northumberland Co., Penn., Nov. 10, 1820 ; he lived there until 1842 ; then removed to Livingston Co.,N. Y.; lived there three years ; then went to Pitts- burgh, where he learned his trade of carpenter and joiner ; he came to Iowa ; arrived in Fort Madison May 16, 1851 ; ' worked at his trade for two years ; in 1853, he associated with R. Creps ; they have been engaged in building for over twenty -five years, and are the oldest building firm in Lee Co. He has held the ofiices of City Alderman, Town Trustee and School Director. He mar- ried Miss Rosauna HauUy, of Bath Co., Va., in 1855 ; they have had one child, which is not living. Marselle, Joseph E., Justice of the Peace. Marsh, Calvin, City Marshal. Marsh, Calvin, hide dealer. Mathews, F. A., loans money. May hew, Sylvester, lawyer. Meier, John N., salesman. MEIS, ALOYSIUS, Pastor of Saint Mary's Catholic Church ; was born in the Province of Westphalia, Prussia, in 1833 ; when 17 years of age, his father, mother and eight brothers of them em- igrated to America in December, 1850 ; he received his education in Kentucky and Missouri ; he was Pastor of the church in Lyons, Iowa, nearly two years, then removed to Dubuque and remained over six years ; he built St. Mary's Church in that city ; he came here in 1871, and since then has been Pastor of St. Mary's Church, and is greatly beloved by his people. His father died in January, 1878, and his mother died in 18G3. MEYER, J., of the firm Meyer Bros., was born in Westphalia, Prussia, in 1845 ; his parents emigrated to this country and settled in Ft. Madison in MADISON TOWNSHIP. 743 1846; lie was br(iuj;lit uj» aiul loanicd his trade and ast-ix-iati'd in busiiu'ss willi his hicithcM-, in IS77. lie niairicd Miss Alichi Stolwyiv, of Keokuk, in Novem- ber, 1S78. m^^l'l^llfi, S., of Iheiiriu Meyer Uros., nianulaetnrers, dealers in harness and saddlery harilwaro ; born in Pi-ovinoc of Westphalia, I'russia, in 18-10; when t) years of aye, his parents emigrated to Ameriea ; eam(> to Kt. Madison the same year, where he learned his trade ; he en- iiat;c'd in business here witli his brother in 1877. IK^ married Mary K. Hui'ord, a native of Yirj;inia, in October, 18(i8 ; they have thnt! ehildren — Lawrence, Blanrhe and Ivosn. Miller, 1^'rank (i., Ibundrv. llll^lir.K, II. C, grain-dealer. Miller, N. B., miller. Miller, Peter M., wood and coalman. Miller, Peter, miller. Miller, Peter, linnier, Sec. 2. Minder, flonas, engineer. Minnekemeier, C^harles, shoemuker. Mittenilorf, liaruey, drayman. Morgan, K., carpenter. JNlorgan, Thomas, retired. Morrison, Amzi, drayman. moititiso^, i>i:^NiN A., of the iirni ot JMonison Brothers, manufact- urer of plows, scrapers and agricult- ural implements ; was born in Koss Co., Ohio, Oct. 5, 18:{!) ; when 9 years of age, came with his parents to Iowa, and in 18515 they came to Ft. Madison; he went in his father's shop and learned the trade «)f plow-making ; tht>y carricnl on the business, sparing no elfort to make a superior [)low ; from this small beginning, their business has grown to the present magnitude. When the war broke out, he enlisted, in September, I8ti2, in the 7th I. V. I., Co. D, and served until the close of the war, nearly three years ; ^ since his return, he, with his father and brother, have carried on their extensive manufacturing business ; he gives his attention to the iron and steel work, and has the practical management of this de})artment. He nnirried Miss Emma A. Kennedy in October, 18ti8 ; she is a daughter of John G. Kennedy, one of the olde.^t settlers of Lee Co. ; they have three children — Maud E., Ed. K. and Don. moKinsoiv, josFJ'ii k., of the firm of Morrison Brothers, manu- facturers of ])lows, scrajji'rs and agricul- tural implements; was born in Boss (7o., Ohio, Aug. .'>1, 1812; his father came to Iowa in 1817, located in Kort INladison in 1853; Joseph was brought up and attended school here; when only 18 years of age, he enlisted in 18G1 as a private in the 7th Regiment L V. I., Co. D ; he was promoted to Second Lieutenant in 18(52, and to First Lieu- tenant in 18(i:5, and was afterward pro- moted ami t'ommis^ioned Captain of his company ; he was in a nundn r of bat- tles, ann)ng them Belmont, Fort ILairy, Kort Donelson. luka, Corinth and tbrtHigh Sherman's campaign ; he was slightly hurt at Corinth ; he served on stall' duty for two years, and was mus- tered out in September, 18(54, with rank of Major and Lieutenant Colonel by brevet ; after tho war he returned, and since then has been connected witli their manufacturing business; July 1, 1875, Mr. IMorrison retired from the business, giving it up to his sons ; Joseph has the iinant'ial management of the business. lie marriod JNliss Toma Espy, a native of this city. May 5, 18(58 ; they have five children — Vincent, William, (Gene- vieve, Mabel and Maria. Morrison, S. 1)., Sr., retired. Mousehund, Peter, car|)entor. MIJI^'iLLKU, (.JKOIMilK, «tone- niasun ; born in Bavaria, (Jermany, July 18, 1827 ; he was brought up there and learned the trade of stone-mason ; he emigrated to America in January, 1850; came to Iowa in June, 185(5 ; settled in Fort Madison and began working at his trade ; has worked at it every season lor twenty-three years. He marriod Miss Barbara Scheuermann, from Bavaria, Germany, Sejjt. 18, 1853; they have seven children — Barbara, Philippine, Elizab(!th, George, Katie, Emma and Charlie. Philippine married August Ellerman Dec. 8, 187(5 ; they have one son — George John (born M..iy 18, 1878). MlJKlilil^:it, JA€0B; proprietor saloon; was born in Baden, Gerniany, Nov. 24, 1840; he lived there until 25 yjirty : he has, probably, since lSt50. inadcmore political speoclu\^ than any other man iii the State. rolln\iller. Jacob. See. S. Totts, \V. 0-.guiu\k prison. IVaUirer. ^Villiam. livervman. TKIC IIFTT, \V1LLI\:!I, Uv cry business and buying and selling stock ; was born in Oivene Co., renn.. May S, 1S3T ; his }>juYUts came to Iowa and located in Fort Madison in lSoJ>; wei'e early settlers heu>; William has. lived here forty years ; ho has been en- gj\gxHl in the livery business since ISYO, and is also eng'^igvd in buying and shi^>- ping stock. He married Miss Mary K. Oarrisou in ISlU ; they have tive chil- divu — Kichard, Alice, Albert. Knmk and John. Mr. Triehett's lather died iti ISTO; his mother died in lSl>T. "^HMTK. JOSKCU II.. blacksmith. E Uenne, John, wa^on-maker. KK.iUFK. L. «.. manufacturer and dealer in eigais and tobacco ; was born in Montgvnury Co., Penn., April S, ISUi ; ho was bnuight up in Tennsyl- vania,and came to Iowa in lSl>8 ; lived in Clinton two yea\-s. then in Cedar Rapids; came here in IS72; in 1ST5, he eng-aged in the cigjtr and tobacco business, and has bxiilt up a good trade, lie married Miss Matilda Oelandor in October, IST2; she was born in \"ir- ginia and was itiised here ; they have one daughter — Lottie. Khode. llenrv, teauiinir, KIC I1AK1>$<0]K, .\. J., tanner. Section t> ; he owns oL'l! acres of land ; he was born in Hamilton Co., Ohio, in 1SL*(>; his parents, David and Jemi- ma Richardson, came to Lee Co. in lS4ti; his father purchased the farm whieh A. J. now owns, the same year; his father died in .\pril, ISlJL'; his mother died in .Vucust, lStU>. ^Ir, Inchanlsen tuarried. in lS.">(i, Susan BuUard. a native of Illinois; they havo tive children — Kdwaixl, Kllen. Miltou, Abs,nKnu and Thcophilus; haveU^t two ohildivn — Kmma, agvd 14 years, aud Caxvline, who died at about the sam» agx\ Ixiefenacht, t\eoa"j»o, wagvn maker. Rippetjjjal, Conrad, g-jvixlener. Ritter. WilliauK physieian. KIX, JOIlS* surgvon dentist; was born in t\uuuia Jan. 4. ISoi*; came to the States in infancy, and was bumght up in Western New York, thence came to Mivhigan. Puriug tho war, he en- listed in Uetrv'it .\uii. L*S, lSt52. in tht^ Ith Regt. Mich. V. C.. Co. A ; he was promoted and commissioned Lieutenam of Co. tl Maivh IJ^ ISliU; his i"ogi- ment was in seventy -tive battU^s and skirmishes, and was the banner jvgiment of the State ; it was the ivginu^nt which captured JetV Davis; was umstered out at Nashville July I, lSl5;'>. At\er the war. liieut. Rix ivturued to Michig-5u», studied detitistry, atid took a medical course at the University of Michigiui, at Ann Arbor; he catne to Iowa ami located at Fort Madi.^on in .Vugust, IS74, and since then has practiced l\ere. He married Miss Maria K. Ha«Ut, iVoni Cass Co., Mich., Jan. 1, IStiT ; they havo one dauiihter — l.i>ttie .\, KOKFJIS, i3M>K4.;F.. nianufact- vu'cr and dealer ii\ harness and saddlery hai\iwa\\>; was born in Hollat\d Aug. 25, ISoi? ; his parents emigrated to the Unitixl States in lSo7 ; they lived in St. Louis two years; went to Cincin- nati in IStO, when> Cicoige learned his trade of his ttither; the latter died in 1S41>. aiul George came to Fort JMadisou in July, IS5(^ and engaged in his pr<.NS- cut business, and has continued it twen- ty-t»ine yiars longer than any other harness house in Lee Co.. extvpt liOi>- pold, of Keokuk. He n\arried in iX^ tober, ISfiT. JMiss Catharine Shields, .^i native of Fhiladclphia ; they have eight children- (Gertrude. Henry. Kmily. Ka- tie, Minnie, Kdwaril, Lewis and IVt. KOIIKIMS, A III. I. cinii- ]HIXiiIS,!^l. !>., was born in Queons- bury fp,, Warren Co.. N. V., Jan. 15, lSr»0 ; he was the tit\h ehild of Jona- athan and Melita ^^(\inunings^ Roberts,, MAhlSON 'I'OVVNMIIII' 717 wild liatl a I'ainily nC roiirlccii ; in liis yiiiilli, lid iiMdiuIdd llu^ wiiit,»M' diiSlricil, sclimiJH, 1111(1, in (li(! Hnniincr, wdrkcd on liis rnllicr'.s liirni ; as lii^ ^nnv older and advanced in edueation, lui idleiided (lio I li,i!,li Seiidol at Adrian, IMi(;li., (or one itMin, lin(< mo.sl. of liis .sliidie.s were jnir- mikmI ni. odd linicM al lionie ; lie Hehutted medicine as ii iirolessioii, and hv.nt all his enorf^ies io iie(|uir() n, Hullieienl. de- cree ol' knowled^'e (o enable him (o j)ro|»- erly piirsne il .; nlVer makinj;' siic.li pro;:;- I'os.s as Ii(» could with I. his end in vi(iw, he alUMided leelnrcs dnrinu,' (he winhfr of liSr)0-r)l 111 (he UMiv(!rHi(y ol" iNlichi- piii ; his means Ixriiiiz; (oo lindd^l (.o c(iniple(o iiis s(ndies, lie \ven(, (o (,he I'lldunido ol' Ameri(!a (-aiiloniia — where he spent, (.wo years; in IH5;{, liavin;^' ac(Mnnula(.ed a. eoiisich'i'ahKt sum, ho rcidirned, ajijiiin at (ended lect.urcH at the University, and gnukud.cd as M. I), in 1851 ; (he same year, lie bi!fi;ai» to prac(ie.e in Otsego, Mich.; in iKf)!), he removed (.o l<\)r( Madison, and cni^af^dd actively in (.lie pracitice oC his prol'cssion ; in IHCilJ, he was appointt^d (lontract. Snr};'con in (he (JovcnimeiU, llospi(al at. Keokuk ; in Manrh, 1H(!;{, he was com ^nissioiied Snri;'eon t, and was disciiargod. Ho oanio to Kort Madison March 15, IHtiH, having taught school tho winter previous at Nio(;a; has Ih'v.u in business since ISOH; owns llii! building ho oc- cupies and olluir pidper(y. Ih; married Mi.ss (!a(.liarine l>oerr, a natives of (Germany, May 2H, iHtiS; they liavo one son- -Hollin (J. ; lost one son. Hump, (Jcoige, niciidiaiit. ItllSSIOIil., irOKI^IlT A., insur anoe ugoiit ; was born in Maryville, lilounfc Co., Tonn., Dec. 12, IHOIJ; lu^ received his education there and prcparcid himself for teaching. He married Miss Louisa, i). Spykor, a native of Abingdon, Va., in August, IS."!.'); in October, they came to Illinois and liveF T.KK Cl>UNTY posifion of Secretary and Agont of the projootod railrv>ad fivtn Fort Madison ; he wa$ oUvtoil County Judgo and sorwxi tiivir yoai-!? ; ho was; appointed A!?s:i$tant Assessor of Internal Kovonuo for this ■district, lie is now enpxged in the in- snranct^ business. Judge and Mi-s. Russell h.ave had three children, none of whom survive. They ar«> members of the l\esbyterian Church; Judge Russell has served as Elder in this church for over tirtv vears. 71 AN l\ .ion N VI .; olothiuii merchant. b iSandi\>ss. Charles, clerk. Salmon, Joseph F.. druggist. Salmon . The dove. druiTiiisr. JliAWYKK, JF\XF/r T. ^KS., is a native of 3liddlesex Co.. Conn ; she was brvnight \ip in that State. She married Jt^seph Sawyer at Senei\<\ Falls. N. Y.. in lSi>S; ho was a native of Etigland; the year following, thev iMuignued to Iowa; arrived in Fort Madison in Septemlvr, lSoi\ and were anxong the early settlei"s ; he brought a stock of boots and shoes ; they spent the iii-st winter in West l\nnt ; about one year atUn-, they removed to Fort Madison, and Mr. Sawyer built the third brick house berv> ; he vr:\s actively engaged in business here for many yeai-s. and died in October, ISTT, leaving quite a larg-e property ; Mrs. Sawyer has no children ; she is actively iuteivsted in all charitable enterprises. Is an active member of the Pres^byterian Church and has btvn a teacher in the Sabbath school over thirty years. Sawver. Sanuiel. tVnit uivwer. SlIliFER, i,;KOm.!K 11., ot the tinn ot' tioorgv H. Sehater v*c Co.. wholesale manutacturiug dvugaists ; was born in Fort Madison July 15, ISIT ; he attended school here and completed his education at Western Union Collegv, Lyons. Iowa ; he comuuMiced to learn the drug busiui^-y^with Samuel Kckhart, of this city, who died in 1S(U; at^er his death, Mr. Schafer managed the business for McFarland c't Kckhart ; when he became of agv in ISOS, ho Ih^ <>ame a partner of Robert McFarland under the firm name of 3lcFarlaud, Kckhart «lt Schafer, which continued until the spring of 1ST-, when the firm became tieorgv 11. Schafer »!t Co.; they have the only steam laboratory in the West for the manufacture of the puivst and best gxHxis for the drug trade ; they are pioutvi-s ii\ this line of business in the West; Mr. Schafer has the m-nnag-e- ment of business and hsis laKuvd indt>- fatig-:»bly. and by his determintni energy built up a largv and constantly increas- ing trade. lie married Miss Natalie Koester J une 1 5. 1 809 : she was boru in Soest. Prussia, and came with her parents to America ; they came to St. Louis, where her tivther dieii of cholera ;v he ^^•as an intimate friend of Carl Schura. Mi.^s KvH^ter was brvnight up by Rev. Mr. Reis, former Pastor of the Lutheran Chuivh hen;\ under the guardianship of Mr. ShuUeuberg, of St. Louis ; she wsis educated and gnuiuattnl at Fulton. III. ; at\er graduating, she went to Kuivpe to visit relatives in Prussia and Relgium, and, upon her re- turn, they weiv married at the Astor House, in New York City, and now live in the old homestead in this city ; they have two children — Robbie and Lulu. SCH.VFFKK. JOllX !>., was born in Wurteniberg. t»evmany. April 22, ISIT ; he emigrvttxi to America in July, ISoS; he worked as a journeyuuan baker succt^ively in Philadelphia. Cin- cinnati and Oetivit, until he settltHl in Caiiv, 111., in IS40, wheiv he started in business for himselt. with William Ben- der, now a prominent nunvhaut in Memphis, Tenu. ; in 1S4IV he removtMi to Iowa ; settled in Fort Madison. On the 2d of June, 184i>, he married Louisii Peters, daughter of Matthias Petei-s ; they have six children. He is still living in the wsidencx^part of the old homestead, which, with two store- rooms, constitutes what is known as Seh.att'er's Corner, built by him in 1S44. and whci-e he carried on the g-euend meivatitile busini\?s, until the hard tiim\*, bad debts, Kads' svvurities, v'tud other ivverst^, cimijvlUHi him to sell otF his stock at i^ost, pay all of his debts, o»\e hundnxl cents on the dollar, ami siH>k to ivcover his forttmes as sutler in the army; for invest of the time since the war, he has been and is still en- gagvxl as C^ua^^l at the lowx State Pen- itentiary. He is a quiet nxan, of unas- MADISON TOWNSHir. '40 sumitiii' lunniuMs. kind to his t'unily, ami lovod by all who ivallv know him. l^chapov, Convaii, inoirhaut. Sohindhohn. Boniard, tailor. jiiiiiLvrr, <;i.oiu.;f., ot ih. firm otHJoo. Sohlapp i^ Hro., Kovt Mad- ison Hrowoiy ; was born in Uorniany. Nov. 27. 1^;U^ ; his pavonts oniijiratod to Aniorioa when ho was only 1- yoai-s of ujre ; oanio to h>wii in lS5o, and looatod in .Loo (\» ; ho ongajiod in tho browing bnsvness in 1858. and in l8lU), ho bnilt tho large brewery on Front street, where they earry on tho bnsiness ; it has a eapaeity of niannfaeturing i.OlM) barrels yearly. IMr. Sehlapp is promi- uently identified with the bnilding of the Fort Madison Western Narrow- tiauge H. 1\.. and is also aetively identi- fied with the interests of the eity and eounty ; he is a stoekholder and one o^' the Oireotors of the t«ennan-.Vnieriean Bank. He unirried Miss iMary Pn- puis. from Germany-, in ()etober, 18l»:>; they have six ehildren — Otto, Charlie, Max. Ida. Marv and tieorge. J»iCllli.ilM», IIE^'KV, of the tirm of George 8ohlapp i\: Hro., Fort Madi- son Brewery, was born in Germany Jan. 15, 1841 ; with his {larents emigrated to Ameriea in 1851, and eame to Iowa and settled in Pes Moines Co. \Vhei\ the war broke out, he enlisted in 18(>1. in the 5th I. V. C, Co. F; he was in the battles of Fort Henry and Fort Donel- son, and in many other tights and skir- mishes ; was taken prisoner, paroled and left on the field with the wounded ; he was in the serviee until 18t55 ; after the war, he lived in Davenport. Ho eame here and began working in the brewery in 1871. and beeame assoeiated with his brother in the business. He married Miss Augusta Platseher, a native of this eounty, in August, 1875; they have two ehildren — llelena and 5$1MhVf.H F.K. IIEXKV, billiard hall and saloon ; born in Marion Tp., Lee Co., Iowa, May 1, 184a; he was broughr up on a farm and lived there until Mareh 2, 18tU>, when he removed to Fort IMadison. and went in the gro- cery business; he was City JMarshal one year, and was eleetod Justiee of the Peace and served three >\''U's ; then was appointed Poputy ShevifV; also, held sehool otViees ; he then engaged in farin- inir for four yeai-s ; in Jaiuiary. 187!\ he eame in tho eity and engnged in his present business. He nu»rrit>d iMiss .Mary Ann Kern Nov. 24, 18(i4; .she was born in Lee (\>., in Marion Tp-i they have five ehildren — John T., Fjli/.a- betii. William IL, Anna C. and J. Bonnie. Selimidt Balthaser. rag-seller. Sehmidt, John, shoenniker. Schneider, L., jeweler. Schomaker, Henry, gardener. Sehomaker, J. B., tailor. 8ohomaker. tlohn B., carpenter. 8eholtz, Robert, briekmason. 8chott, NVilliam, furniture-dealer. SrilKOI<:i>FJfi, III.ISKV ■.., of the firm o[' Uoberts i^. Sehroedor, pub- lishers of the Fort Madison l)(nu>crnf : was born here Atig. 25, 1848; entered tho office of the I*hiin Dtahr, where he learned the printing business ; he re- mained there nine years; in 1874. ho became associated with Dr. Kobcrts, and since then they have published tho Ihinocrat. He married Miss .Fjizzio Borehers, o\' this city, iMay 21, 1872; they have two children — Ida and tuMio- vieve. Schultc, Franz, shoemaker. 8chultc, llennan H., merchant. IS€Hl'l/rK, I^TF.rilEX, plaster- er; was born in Prussia Jan. 18, 1821 ; he emigrated to America Dec. 25, 184(5 ; came to Iowa and settled in Fort JMadi- son in the spring of 1847 ; worked in brickyard and at steamboating ; then learned the plasterer's trade, and has worked at the business ever since then ; he has worked longer at the trade than any other plasterer in Fort ALulison ; when he came here he only had §7 in money ; now owns a nice home and other city property. He has held the office of City Alderman ten yeai-s. He married Aniui Mary Stetfcnsmeyer, from Prussia, Feb. 22, 1840 ; they have seven children ; they lost three sons ; Theresa is teaching in Baltimore; John. Mary, Stephen, Frank, Katie, Joseph. Schume, JMartin, retired. Schurck, Fred, Sec. 2. SCHWAKTZ, JOII\ II., dealer in drv uoods and clothinu'; was born in '50 DIRECTORY OF LEE COUNTY : Fort Madison Jan. 10,1840; ho at- tended school hero, then in Kontuoky for throe years; in 1 SGI, he entered a store in Keokuk, and eontiniied there until the spring' of 18(,)4, when he engaged in business here ; irom o snuill beginning he has, by his energy and business ability, built up a large and extensive trade. He uuuTied Miss Pauline Holhuan, u native of Galena, Nov. 13, 1875; they have throe children — Eddie, Albert, Ernie. SCHWARTZ, JOSEPH «., uierehant dealer in boiits and shees ; was born in Fort Madison, Lee Co., Iowa, Oct. I, 185 1 ; his parents being early settlers. Joseph was brought up here, and attended school ; completed his ed- ucation in 8t. Louis ; he was engaged in business about live years; in 187G, he engaged in the boot and slioe busi- ness here; carries a well-selected stock of fine goods, and has the best class of trade. S KUIP.LK, ¥. H., attorney ; was born in Hradlbrd Co., Penn., June 24, 1841 ; when only 4 years of age, his father re- moved to Iowa; settled in Leo Co. in 1845, near Franklin, and practiced law in this county from 1847 to 1875 ; F. H. received his education in this coun- ty, and studied law with his fither ; was admitted to the bar in Oeci>mbor, 18G7, and since then has practiced law here. He enlisted July 25, 18G2, in Co. E, 19th Keg. Iowa Inf , and served three years. He married Miss Catharine (>. Walter, a native of Venango Co., Penn., Sept. 25, 18G6; theyhave four children —Edgar H., Je^^sie W., Albert H. and Francis. SHAW, WM. B., retired bricklayer; was born at New Albany, Ind., April aO, 1825; when 11 years of age, moved to Illinois ; came to Iowa, and located in Fort Madison, in the spring of 1841, and learned the trade of bricklayer ; worked at that business until 18G8, and since then, tor the past ten years, he has been engaged in biiying and selling real estate and attending to his property ; when he begay life, he had nothing, and by industry and good management, he now owns a number of houses and lots hero, 100 acres adjoining the city and two other farms. He married Julia ]Mc(Tinley, of Ohio, in 1851 ; she died in 18G0, leaving two children — Mary and Eddie. He married Elizabeth Boley, from Indiana, in 18G4 ; they have one daughter — Cora. Shepherd, Addison. Siemer, Clemens, bricklayer. Sieman, Henry, janitor. Court House. Sierwcke, Joseph, tailor. SliACK, THOIIAS A., black- smith and agent tor agricultural imple- luents ; was born in (Treene Co., S. C, May 30, 1829 ; he came to Cincinnati in early childhood, lived there and in In- diana, and learned the trade of black- smith ; he came to Iowa and located in Lee Co., in 1852 ; he has been engaged in selling agricultural implements for tiltoeu years and has done an extensive business; in the fall of 1874, his place of business was burned out ; he lost con- siderable ; he has a taste for fine horses, and his daughter, " Kittie," is one of the most expert drivers in the State. He married Emily Sargent, from En- gland, in April, 1877; they have one son, Thomas Edward, born Feb. 12, 1879. Mr. Slack has had three daugh- ters by former marriage — Juliet, Lizzie and Kittie. Smith, Albert IL, tinner. Smith, Charles A., tinner. SMITH, KDWIM l>., dealer in hardware, stoves and house-furnishing; goods ; was born in England Nov. 21, 1840; his parents emigrated to Amer- ica when he was only G years of age ; came the same year to Iowa, and settled in Fort Madison ; he enlisted in the 19th 1. V. I., Co. E ; he was in the battle of Prairie Grove, capture of Vicksburg, Fort Brown, Texas, Spanish Fort, and many other severe tights and skirmishes ; he received iour tlesh wounds ; was taken prisoner at Morganz:i, but was held only a few minutes, when, with two oth- ers, he escaped ; after Ins return, he engaged in the hardware business. He married JMiss Bessie IM. Smith, a native of Virginia, in October, 187G. SMlTil, KI>W1X F., of the firm of E. F. Smith ; its fruit was about the tirst evidence oF the fact that apples may be sacvvssfully cultivated in this portion of Iowa. Mr. Solotuon Beckley died in IST-t. at the age oi' S2 years; his wife, Mrs. Laura Beckley, still survives, at the advanced age of So years. Mr. CharU\< A. Beckley married in 1855. Josephine Simmons, a native of Ohio ; born in I Sot; they have had eight children; fovu- now living — Henry S., Mary 1., Laurji C. and Louis 8. Mr. He^'kley was Township Clerk for the years 1872 and 1873; is Assessor for 187iK !Mr. Henry Simmons, a brother-in-law of Mr. Becklcy's. n^ides with the latter; he wits born in Ohio in 1S32; came to Lnva in 1844. and to Montrose in 1851 ; was educated at Yellow Springs Collegv, 0<.^ Moines Co. Vic enlisted in IStU. in the lM Lnva Inf. : remained with his regiment two years ; participated in the battles ot' Fort Donelson, Tittsburg Lamiing, Coriiuh, luka. etc ; was promoted to a acptaincy in the 55th U. S. C Inf ; was discharged at Baton Kouge. La,. December. 18G5 ; he went to Montana in 18lU5. and eug-v^ijed in mining ; he lost his sight by an ex- plosion in the mines, in 1870, and iv- turned ; is now an occasioi\al contributor to several newspapers, under the nom do pluute of l\'ti'os. Becbc, A. S.. farmer. Sec. ."Ui ; V. 0. Sandusky. Best. James, steamboatman, Montrose. Bishop. Kdward. tanner. Sec. 2o : P. 0. Montrose. Blair. Iv A., farmer. Sec. ;U) ; P. tX San- BLAKEl.V, W. T., 11. !>.. Montrose; was born in Gvundy Co.. Mo., in 1841 ; his lather, Ini Blakely. M. D.. was one of the t-arly settlei-s of that county ; the Doctor pursued his medical studies with his father, and be- giui the practice of medicine with Dr. Ge*.n*ge Hay. at Corydon. Wayne Co., Iowa ; he graduated at the Collegv of PhYsicians and Sursxe.H\s. Keokuk, in February. 187^^ ; came to INKmtrose, and began the pr;u'tice of his pivtession, in Dcccujbor ot" the same year. Married in 187;>, liCttie Zern, a resident ot NNayne Co. ; they have two children — ticoriic II. and Maud. BliIS^!i^. JASi. T., KEY.. Pastor of Prosbyterian Church, Montrose ; Mr. Bliss was born in Massjichusctts in 1813 ; he obtained his literary educa- tion in Massachusetts; he removed t. Mr. Bliss is now living with his third wife ; he was married in 18;>9 to >Lu-y Ann Abels; they had one son — William IL. now deceased; Mrs. Bliss died in 1841. he married in 1844. Eliza ^I. >L>rrill . had three children by this marriage, two of whom are living — Carrie L. and Leonard ^L ; Eleanor M, died in 1875; Mr. Bliss lost his second wife in 1851 ; he was married in 1853 to Janet Brown, a native of tilasgvw, Scotlatul; has had tiiiu^ children by third marriagv. onlv three now livinii — Marv Iv. Alice E. and Nettie M. Boy CO, A. J., tju-.. S. 19 ; P. O. Montrose. Inncc. IL A., tar., S. 18; P. 0. Montrose. BoVd. J. (L, f.ir., S. 15; P. 0. Montrose. 1U>VI>, .I01l\ R., far.. Sec. 17; 1\ tV Montrose; owns aliO . acres ; was born in Brown Co.. Ohio, in 1817. He married, in 1838, Elisuibeth Wardlow, also a native of Ohio. ^Ir. Boyd caiue to ^lontrosein 1854, and located in Sec. 9 ; came to pivsent farm in 187S ; he is eng-aged in the stock business in connec- tion with general farming ; he owns a stock farm in Clarke Co.. Mo., iviuaiuing 41:0 acres. Has tive children — Sanuu4 L. Martha A. .now Mrs. John Ken- MONTROSE TOWNSHIP. 759 nedy), Lydiu .J. (now Mih. James Hurly), John G. iind Zachury. Mr. iind iMrs. JJoyd are iiionibors of the Christian Churcli. Boylos, Dennis, far., Sec. 35 ; P. (). San- (hisky. Brauniagon, J. M., far., 8cc'. 18; P.O. Montrose. Brown, Bonj., Car., Sec. 85 ; P. 0. San- BK 36 ; P. 0. Sandusky. Nelson, Andrew, far., S. 31 ; P. 0. Sum- mitville. WEWMAX, GEOK, that deoided the land title of the old French and Spanish olainis. He was a native of ^'irii■iuia ; removed to St. Louis in lSOi>. and dieL>n- trose. Robertson. K. F.. far.. S. ol ; F. (.>. Sum- mitville. Rl'XXFK, A. F., farmer. See. 10 ; F. 0. Suvnuiitville : owns 1U> aeres ; born in Frederick Oiry. Md.. in 1S24 ; his parents removed to Ohio, where he lived during earl v v out h ; his father died in lS4i) ; his mother now resides with him; came to Keokuk in 1S54, and located on his present farm in 1862. He married in ISol Kliza E. Allen, a native of Ohio ; they have ten children. Mr. Runner is engaged in farming and frait-irrowiuc". ^AWY KK. WILLI AM. tar.. S. ; F. 0. kZ* Montrose. ISAWVKH, Nll.A!l» X., tarmer. See, 0; P. 0. Montrv>se; owns 60 acres ; was born in Ohio in 1S42, and came to Let> Co. with his parents in ISoO, and to Montrose in 1S65. He inarriei.1 in IStiS. Laui-a A. Le Fever, a native of Montrose, born in 1S-U5 ; they have two children — Frank H. and Ad- die Grace. He purch.Hsed the farm he now owns in ISt^S. Mr. Sawyer enlisted in M.mtiville. where he remained nine months ; was then removed to Charles- ton, thence to Florence and Wilmington and paroled afler being a prisoner four- teen monchs ; was discharged the 15th of April, 1865. i^iAWYEK, THOMAS, farmtn. Sec ; F. 0. Montrose ; was born in Warren Co.. Ohio, in 1813. He mar- ried in 1836 Eliza Snodgrass, born in Pauphin Co.. Penn., in 1815 ; Mr. Saw- yer came to Lee Co. in 1850. and located in Pleasant Ridge Tp.; removed to ^L'ln tn>se and settled on the farn\ he now owns in 1865. Has seven children — >L\ry J. (^now Mrs. C. L. Carpenter, of Sandusky. Iowa'*. Martha S.. Silas N., Blanche A. (^now Mi-s. R. H. Younkin), William. Elizabeth ^^now Mi-s. Letts, of Clay Co.. Ill.\ and PrisciUa B. Mr. Sawyer was ehx^ted to the Tjcgislature in 1856, served one term. Mr. Sawver is a member of the Presbyteriai\ Church ; he was chi^sen by the l^resbytery of Iowa as a deleg-tite to the treneral Assem- bly which met at Cleveland, Ohio, in 1866. Schiveder, Henry, steamboat mate, >Lm- trose. Singvr, Henry, miller. Montivse. Slattery. CharK\^. far.. S. 17 ; P. 0. i>Ln»- tivse. Slattery, Daniel, far., S. 8 ; P. 0. MontKvse. Sorter.* W. S., far., S. 33; P. 0. Summit- ville. Spring. Thomas, far.. S. 31 ; F. 0. Sum- mitville. Struthers. William, far.. S. 10; F. 0. Summitville. Swisher. James. Sec. 15 ; P. 0. Moutri>se. rpAVLOR. A. E.. far.. Sec. 36; P. 0. .X Sandusky. Trimble, Robert, far., Stn". 36; P. 0. Sanduskv 'IVeedy, Andrew, far.. Sec. 26; F. 0. Montiwje. Tweedy. George, far.. Sec. 26; P. O. Montn>se. Tweedy, elohn. far.. Sec. 32 ; P. 0. Mon- trose. XT-ALKENBURG. JOHN, tar. Sec. V 33 ; P. 0. Summitville. Vought, Samuel, tivr.. Sec. 25 ; F. 0. Sanduskv. WARD. THOMAS, druggist. Mon- trose. Welshvmer. G. W.. carpenter. Montrose. Weirather, Michael, fiu-.. Sec. 29 ; P. O. Summitville. West. Harrison, pilot. Montrose. AVlllTE, CllESTKK F., Mon- trose, of the tirm o\' Spaulding, Felt & White, proprietoi-s of Siiw-mill ; Mr. White was born ii\ Stoughton. Mass. ; went to California with his parents iu 1858; lived there until he came to Keokuk in 1872. Mr. White was assoi'iated with Mr. M. S. Maijoun in MONTROSE TOWNSHIP. 765 the lumber business, at Keokuk, until Mr. Magoun's death, in October, 1878. Whitfield, B., proprietor of Jeflerson House, Montrose. WHITNEY, A. J., contractor, San- dusky ; was born in Massachusetts in 1828 ; came to Burlington, Iowa, in 185() ; while there he was engaged as locomotive engineer on the B. & M. Bailroad ; in 18G0, he removed to Keo- kuk ; he was then, for some time, en- gineer on the D. V. road, and afterward foreman of the shops, and master , mechanic on the D. V. road; in 1865, he returned to Burlington, and took charge of the Burlington Foundry and Machine-shops ; went to Green Bay, Wis., and engaged in the foundry business ; he returned to Burlington in the spring of 1869 ; he came to his present location in 1870, and became superintendent of George Williams' con- tract on the Des Moines Rapids Canal ; has been employed on contracts on Up- per and Lower Mississippi since 1870. He married in 1851, Lucretia Blodgett, a native of Ohio ; she died in 1864 ; he married the spring of 1867, Miss Kate Kelley, a native of Canada ; Mr. Whitney has four children by first mar- riage — Frank, Marietta, Charles and Henry ; has two by second marriage — Wilber and Arthur. Wickersham, E. J., far.. Sec. 28 ; P. O. Summitville. WILKINSO^, W. T., attorney, Montrose ; born in Winchester, Va., in 1843 ; removed to Western Virginia in 1848, where he resided till the breaking- out of the rebellion. Being a Union man, he was compelled to leave the State; went to Indiana, but returned to Vir- ginia in July, 1861 ; soon after his return he was attacked by guerrillas and severely wounded. He joined the 1st Va. V. C, and remained in the service of the Union until the close of the war. He married in 1865 Martha J. Bell, of Baltimore, Md. He came to Montrose in 1875, where he is now engaged in the practice of law ; has one child — Emma B.; has lost three children. Williams, S. A., pilot, Montrose. Williams, Fred A., far., Sec. 8 ; P. 0. Montrose. Williams, L. E., far., Sec. 8 ; P. O. Mon- trose. Wllilil AMSON, E 1. 1 J A H , REV., Pastor of Christian Church, Sandusky ; born in North Carolina in 1804 ; removed to Darke Co., Ohio, in 1833 ; to Van Buren Co., Iowa, in 1857 ; and to his present location in 1859. He married in 1823, Charlotte Keene ; she died in 1854; his present wife was Susan Sample, a native of Virginia, born in 1813; he has two children by first marriage — Elisha T. (a resident of Montrose), and Mary E. (now Mrs. J. A. Hiller, of Van Buren Co.). Mr. Williamson has been en- gaged in the ministry for fifty-seven years. WILSON, HENRY H., teacher, Sandusky ; resides on Sec. 26 ; Mr. Wilson was born in Preble Co., Ohio, in 1840; he came to Lee Co., in 1853. Married in 1867, Rebecca Reed, daugh- ter of Robert Reed ; has four children — Perry D., Raymond D., Henry B. and Harvey R. ; his parents were Har- vey H. and Margaret Wilson ; his mother died about 1858, and his father in 1868. Wright, A. M., far., S. 32 ; P. 0. Mon- trose. Wright, James, far.. Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Mon- trose. W^right, M. W., far., Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Mon- trose. YOUNG, HENRY, gardener, Mon- trose. Younkin, Joseph, far.. Sec. 4 ; P. O. Mon- trose. YOUNKIN, R. H., far., S. 4 ; P. 0. Montrose; owns 200 acres; w;;s born in Ohio in 1836 ; He came to Farming- ton, Van Buren Co,, in 1848 ; came to Montrose in 1864. He married in 1870, Blanche A. Sawyer, a daughter of Mr. Thomas Sawyer ; they have four children — Joseph, Thomas, Kate and Charles. Mr. Younkins purchased his present farm in 1877. Younkin, S. G., far.. Sec. 4 ; P. O. Mon- trose. 766 DIRECTORY OF LEE COUNTY: HARRISON TOWNSHIP. ACKLAM, JOHN F., far., Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Primrose. ABEL., JACOB, far., Sec. 35 ; P. 0. Warren; owns 117 2 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre; born Feb. 16, 1822, in Gerroany ; parents emigrated to the United States in 1832, locating in Stark Co., Ohio ; in the fall of 1836, came to West Point, Lee Co., Iowa, where his father died in 1874, and his mother in 1862 ; in the spring of 1847, Mr. Abel went with a party with ox- teams across the plains to Oregon ; the fall of 1848, returned home by over- land route ; in the spring of 1850, he again went across the plains to Califor- nia ; followed mining there till the fall of 1852 ; returned via Panama route to New Orleans. He married Miss Etta Burich April 22, 1853 ; she was born in Germany May 30, 1830 ; after his marriage, he lived in West Point Tp. till the spring of 1870, then moved to Fort Madison and engaged in the gro- cery and express business, which he continued till the spring of 1873, when he moved on to his present farm. Their children are Henrietta, Jacob and Ma- tilda ; lost one daughter — Caroline. Member Lutheran Church : Independ- ent. ACKLAM, GEORGE, far.. Sec. 29 ; P. O. Farmington ; owns 210 acres of land, valued at $25 per acre ; born Oct. 8, 1808, in Yorkshire, Eng.; he emigrated to the United States in the summer of 1833, landing at Montreal, Canada ; soon after went to Fair Ha- ven, Vt., and in November of the same year, to Sullivan Co., N. Y.; in the fall of 1837, went to Ross Co., Ohio, where he remained till the fall of 1842, when he came to Lee Co., Iowa, and pur- chased the farm he still owns. Mar- ried Nancy Morris, of Lee Co., May 11, 1848 ; she was born Feb. 21, 1814, in Coshocton Co., Ohio ; their children are John F., born March 30, 1854, and Frances, born March 10, 1852; lost two — Edwin and Miranda. Member of the Episcopal Church ; Republican, AXDERSOX, A P. 0. Primrose owns HON., farmer, 520 acres of land, 360 of which are worth $40 per acre, and the balance $15 per acre ; he also owns 60 acres of land in Adams Co., Iowa. He was born Sept. 12, 1809, in Anne Arundel Co., Md. ; his parents emigrated to Belmont- Co., Ohio, in 1811, and from there to Coshocton Co., in 1819 ; he engaged in the mercantile business at Nashportj Muskingum Co., a short time previous to the crash of 1837, which broke him up ; he then came to the West to re- trieve his lost fortunes ; in the fall of 1841, he came to Lee Co., Iowa, and located in Harrison Tp., where he still resides. Mr. Anderson was elected one of the first Justices of the Peace of his township, which position he has filled eighteen years ; he was also elected Rep- resentative of his county in 1864, to fill a vacancy, and, in 1868, elected as a member of the Board of Supervisors, and, in 1874, was again elected as Rep- resentative. He married Flora Cisna, Nov. 13, 1834, in Ohio; she died of cholera, in this county, July 18, 1849 ; he was again married, to Emeline Cole- man, June 23, 1850; she died of a cancer, Sept. 17, 1869 ; he again mar- ried, Mary A. Manhard, Nov. 16, 1871; his children by first wife were Thomas J., Orin J., Mary J., WilHam, George N., Robert C. and Hugh T. ; the last four are deceased ; William died while in the service of his country, at Helena, Ark. ; George N. was killed at the battle of Pea Ridge, Ark., and Robert C. was killed, with sixteen others, by the Indians, in Wyoming Territory, in November, 1876; HugTi T. died in infancy ; by his second wife he had two children — Ira and Dorr. Republican ; his wife is a member of the M. E. Church. Anderson, Ira, Jr., far., Sec. 20; P. 0. Primrose Anderson, Thomas, Jr., far., Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Primrose. Andres, Hanson, far., Sec. 2 ; P. O. Primrose. Andres, John H., laborer, Primrose. Anton, Christopher, far., Sec. 12 ; P. O.- Dover. HARRISON TOWNSHIP. 767 Anton, George, far., S. 12; P. 0. Dover, i Artis, Jacob, blacksmith, Primrose. BARTON, WILEY, far., S. 6 ; P. 0. ■ Big Mound. ;BAR(^AR, M. L.., farmer, S. 7 ; P. ! 0. Farmington ; son of Dr. Valentine and Alice C. Bargar, was born July 7, ' 1836, in Coshocton Co., Ohio ; in the spring of 1842, his father, in company with his uncle, B. S. Lee, came West in quest of new homes ; his father pur- , chased the farm upon which M. L. now ' lives, and on his return home lost his life by an explosion of a boiler of the steamer just as they were landing at Louisville, Ky. ; left his wife with four children to mourn his loss ; M. L., the eldest, soon after went to live with his grandfather, in Harrison Co., and, later, with his uncle, B. S. Lee; in the fall of 1854, he, in company with his uncle. Dr. Arnold, came to this county ; he i taught school the following winter, the \ proceeds of which he invested in a team the following spring, and commenced , improving his land, teaching school win- ; ters and farming summers for five or six < years. Married Mary N. Lee March 25, 1858 ; she was born Feb. 23, 1835, in Tuscarawas Co., Ohio ; they have seven children living — Edward V., Gil- ^ bert L., Mary L., Ida A., John W., Byron W. and Elizabeth M. ; lost one son — Benjamin G. Independent. BAUDER, C. C, HOX., dealer in agricultural implements, proprietor of ; harness-shop, auctioneer, and Justice of ■ the Peace, Sec. 23 ; P. 0. Primrose ; born Aug. 13, 1817, in Herkimer Co., N. Y., and, in 1818, with his parents, moved to Albany Co., and to Columbia Co. in 1829, thence to Montgomery Co. , in 1833 ; in 1835, he went to Little Falls to learn the trade of saddle and harness-making ; in 1837, to Utica, where he worked at his trade ; spring of 1839, went to Pickaway Co., Ohio. Married there Catharine Christy Aug. 22, 1839 ; she was born in same county, ' May 21, 1816; he worked at carriage trimming, then clerked in a dry goods store, after which he engaged in the | grocery and bakery business ; in the fall ] of 1853, came to Lee Co., Iowa, and pur- ' chased a farm adjoining the town of Prim- j rose, part of which he subsequently plat- ted as an addition to the town ; kept a harness-shop on his farm until he sold his land in 1863 ; then came into Primrose and followed the mercantile business four or five years ; then was several years engaged in various kinds of business, putting up buildings in the town, deal- in real estate, etc., till within the last three years, again commenced his pres- ent business. He was elected to the House of Representatives from Lee Co., in 1857, and again in 1867, and aa County Supervisor in 1870, and has served his township as Justice of the Peace eighteen years ; his children are Charles C, Cyrenius T., G. Edgar, Amelia I. and Hattie J.; lostfive— George (1st), George (2d), John W. (who was killed by accident on the steamer D. A. January, at St. Louis, Mo., July 31, 1861, while belonging to Co. E, 2d I. V. I.), Eliza J. and Ellen C. Mr. Bauder now owns 400 acres of land, valued at $25 per acre. Member of Lutheran Church ; Democrat. Beeler, Abraham, far., S. 13; P. 0. Prim- rose. Behrens, Henry, far., S. 22; P. 0. Prim- rose. Bell, Samuel, hotel proprietor and cabinet- maker. Primrose. Benjamin, William, far., S. 27; P. O. Primrose. Bonn, George, Sr., far., Sec. 28 ; P. 0. Primrose. Bonn, Michael, far. ; P. 0. Primrose. Borman, August, far. ; P. 0. Primrose. Borman, Christ., far. ; P. 0. Primrose. Breitenstein, Fredrich, far. ; P. 0. Prim- rose. Breitenstein, Fredrich, Jr., far.; P. 0. Primrose. Breitenstein, Henry, far., Sec. 28 ; P. 0. Primrose. Buckles, Noah, teamster. Primrose. Buckles, Alexander, farmer ; P. 0. Prim- rose. Butler, Tracy, far., Sec. 35; P. 0. War- ren. CALDWELL, JAMES, farmer ; P. 0. Primrose. Carver, Owen, far. ; P. O. Primrose. Carver, William, far., S. 15 ; P. 0. Prim- rose. COOK, BENJAMIN, farmer;^ P. 0. Primrose ; son of Stephen and Eliz- 768 DIRECTORY OF LEE COUNTY: abeth Cook; was born Jan. 12, 1825, in Warren Co., Ohio; emigrated with his parents to Lee Co., Iowa, in the spring of 1844, and located on a part of the farm which he now owns ; his parents both died here — his father in September, 1869, and his mother in 1865. Mr. Cook married Miss Susan- nah Hill Nov. 2, 1851 ; she was born Jan. 9, 1832, in Wayne Co., Ind.; they have five children living — Evans, Robert, Seth, Elizabeth and Eleanor. Mr. Cook has served his township as Assessor, Trustee and County Super- visor ; he owns 720 acres of land, val- ued at $35 per acre. Republican. Cook, Jason, far.. Sec. 10; P. 0. Prim- rose. COONS, MADISOX, farmer.. Sec. 3; P. 0. Primrose; owns 110 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre ; was born Feb. 22, 1825, in Franklin Co., Ohio; in early life, he learned the carpenter and joiners' trade, which he followed until the last fifteen years, he has en- gaged in farming. He married Rachel Lunn April 28, 1848 ; she was born in Bucks Co., Penn., April 26, 1824. He emigrated to Lee Co., Iowa, in Septem- ber, 1856, locating in Marion Tp.; the following year, came into Harrison Tp., and on his present farm in the spring of 1865. His children are William ^T., born July 8, 1852 ; Jacob W., July 15, 1857 ; Oliver F., Aug. 11, 1862; have lost three — Oliver, Margaret A. and an infant. Democrat. Cowles, Salmon, retired merchant and farmer. DAVIS, JAMES, far. ; P. 0. Prim rose. Davis, James A., far., S. 14 ; P. 0. Prim- rose. Davis, Levi, far., S. 23 ; P. 0. Primrose. Derosier, William, carpenter. Primrose. EYLER, HENRY, far., S. 23 ; P. 0. Primrose. FORD, JOSEPH, stock-dealer ; P. 0. Warren, /n ARDNER, ANDREW, retired yjT farmer ; P. 0. Primrose. Grrelk, John, far.; P. 0. Primrose. XT ALL, N., farmer; P. 0. Warren. HAMPTON, ANDREW, far., Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Primrose ; owns 182 acres, valued at $6,500 ; he was born July 17, 1823, in Warren Co.,, Ohio; his parents moved to Wayne Co., Ind., when he was about 2 or 3 years old ; in the spring of 1845, he came to Lee Co.; the next year, he entered a part of" the farm he still owns, and returned to Indiana, where he married Rachel M. Rich May 20, 1847 ; she was born Sept. 28, 1826, in Wayne Co., Ind.; the following fall, they came to Iowa and settled on their land. Mr. Hamp- ton has filled most of the important offices 0^ his township. They have three children living — Mary D., Samuel R. and Anna D. ; have lost three — Annie E., who died in infancy ; Dorrence D. and Abraham L., who were educated at the Howe School at Mt. Pleasant ; each followed teaching for a year or two with the best success, but, both having a preference for journalism, engaged in that business ; Dorrence D. first entered the office of the Denison Review, in Crawford Co., to learn the printer's trade ; from there he went to Iowa Falls and became a partner in the iben- tinel office ; married there Miss Leah Jones, in May, 1875 ; in July, of the same year, he sold his interest in the Sentinel, removed to Jackson, Mo., and purchased an interest in the Cash-Book, the following December becoming sole proprietor ; he was a very popular edi- tor, gaining many friends among jour- nalists as well as the patrons of his paper, but, amidst his prosperity, he was stricken down by disease and died Oct. 28, 1876, in the 24th year of his age, lamented by a loving companion and fond parents. Abraham L. in May, 1876, first entered the office of the Gentry County Chronicle, in Missouri, as a partner ; disj)osing of his interest, he afterward founded the Brookfield Gazette, in Missouri ; he was also a very successful journalist, but he, too, was stricken with disease in the fall of 1878 ; he came to his father's, where he had the best of medical aid and at- tendance, but, despite their elforts, he died Nov. 26, 1878, leaving a second wife and son of former wife. Mr. Hampton and wife are members of the Congregational Church ; Repub- lican. HARRISON TOWNSHIP. Hanna, Miles, far., Sec. 7 ; P. 0. Farm ington. \ Harbeson, Robert, far- ; P. 0. Primrose ■^ HEXXIES, AFG^UST, far., S. 6 ; p. 0. Warren ; owns 160 acres of land, valued at $45 per acre; born Aug. 6, 1843, in Hanover, Germany; his par- ents, ChristiaiTand Dora: Hennies, em- igrated to the United States in the fall of 1854, and located on Sec. 35, of Harrison Tp., where his father died Oct. 24, 1865. On the 2d day of March, 1871, he married Miss Sophia, Vornkohl ; she was born in this town- ship May 5, 1849, and died March 18, 1878, leaving two children — Sophia born Dec. 7, 1875, and August born Oct. 14, 1877; Mr. Hennie^ came on his present farm in the spring of 1871 ; since the loss of his wife, his mother has kept house for him. He is a mem- ber of the Evangelical Church ; Dem- ocrat. HEXXIES, HENRY, far., Sec. 35 ; P. 0. Warren ;. son of Christian and Dora Hennies ; was born Nov. 9, 1835, in Hanover, Grermany ; parents emi- grated to the United States in 1854, and the same year located- on the farm upon which he now lives; his father died Oct. 24, 1865. He married Miss Dora Banks April 24, 1861 ; she was born in Hanover, Germany, Nov. 4, 1841 ; her parents came to the United States in 1849, and located at Fort Madison, in this county ; subsequently moved to Van Buren Tp., where her father still resides ; her mother died May 6, 1876. Mr.' Hennies' children 1 are Henry C, born 3Iarch 23,1863; j William A., born Sept. 8, 1864 : Louis E., born March 13, 1867 ; Emma D., I born Nov. 13, 1868; and Otto A., born | Aug. 30, 1874. Members of the Evan- | gehcal Lutheran Church ; Democrat. | Hentzell, Henry, far., S. 35 ; P. 0. War- ! ren. Hill, Robert, far.. Sec. 12 ; P. 0. Prim- rose. HILL, SAMUEL, far., Sec. 14; P. 0. Primrose; owns 100 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre ; he was born April 30, 1809, in Wayne Co., Ind.; in the fall of 1838, went to Mount Holly, Warren Co., Ohio, and engaged in the mercantile business, also in pork-pack- 169 J business during the winter ; in the spring of 1844, came to Lee Co., Iowa, and located on the land upon which he still resides. He married Miss Susan Cook, of Warren Co., Ohio, May 9, 1838 ; she was born in same county, June 7, 1816 ; have no chil- dren. Mr. Hill has served his town- ship as Justice of the Peace and Trust- ee. Member of the Friends' Church ; Republican. Holdefer, John, far.. Sec. 36 ; P. 0. War- ren. Holland, Charles B., far., Sec. 3 ; P. 0. Primrose. JAQUES, JAQUES, far., P. 0. Prim- t) rose. KELLEY, H. G., far.. Sec. 19; R O. Farmington. Kleber, John, far.; P. 0. Primrose. Kleber, John P., far., Sec. 13; P. 0. Primrose. Knapp, R. J., far., Sec. 30 ; P. 0. Farm- ington. LEAZER, ROBERT, far. ; P.O. Farm- ington. Leazer, Zacharia, merchant, Primrose. Lightfoot, John, far.. Sec. 6 ; P. 0. Biff Mound. McCORKLE, JAMES, far.; P. 0. Primrose. McCorkle Robert, far., S. 3 ; P. 0. Prim- rose. Mcculloch, david t., far , S. 23 ; P. 0. Primrose ; brother of Hon. E. S. McCulloch ; was born in Novem- • ber, 1806, in Fairfield Co., S. C. ; parents moved to Tennessee when he was about 2 years old; in 1826, they moved to Montgomery Co., 111. ; while there, he, in company with his brother E. S., enlisted in the Black Hawk war. In the spring of 1836, in company with his parents and brother, he emigrated to Lee Co., Iowa, and located in Harrison Tp. ; his father departed this life in April, 1854, and mother in September, 1852. Mr. McCulloch never married. He owns 215 acres of land, valued $40 per acre ; makes his home with his brother-in-law, J. S. Paisley. Is a member of the Cumberland Presby- terian Church ; Democrat. Mcculloch, e. s., hon., deceased ; he was born July 3, 1812, in Davidson Co., Tenn ; his parents em- 770 DIRECTORY OF LEE COUNTY: igrated to Montgomery Co., 111., in rS2(). There lie'enlisted in the Black Hawk war and served till its close. In the fall of 1835, he came to the Terri- tory of Iowa, and laid claim to the homestead now left to his bereaved family ; returned to Illinois, and, in the spring of 1836, in company with his parents and two brothers, returned to loAva and took possession of his claim ; again returned to Illinois and married Miss Minerva A. Paisley March 25, 184:1 ; she was born Aug. 3. 1822, in Bond Co., 111. ; in the fall following,^they came on horseback to Iowa, a distance of 250 miles, his wife enjoying the vide as a pleasure trip. Mr. 3IeOulloch was among the earliest settlers of Harrison Tp , and one of the leading and prom- inent men ; like most old settlers, he was hospitable and sociable, making all at perfect ease who sought his ac- t][uaintance. Served his township and county in important official positions; was elected in 1841 member of the Legislature : sel^'ed in that body three ■consecutive terms; was again elected in 1850, and, in 1854, was elected to the ■State Senate ; served four years ; re- elected, in ISGO, to the Legislature; as- sisted in the revision of the Code ; was again in the Senate in 1870, the official positions he held indicating his popu- larity and appreciation of his acts with the people. He departed this life April 5, 1877, his wife having previously died Feb. 7, 1873. His children were Wni. P. (born May 1, 1842, and died in San Francisco, Cal., Jan. 7, 1877). Eobert N. (barn May 26, 1844), David ^born Oct. 15, 1850), Harriet (born June 28, 1853), and Joel (born June 28, 1859^; Robert N. and David are conducting the homestead farm of 270 acres ; they make a specialty of raising stock and buj-ing and shipping extensively. Eobert N. married Laura Gardner Maj-ch 2ti, 1874 ; she was born April 3, 1853, in this county ; she died Dec. 18, 1876, leaving her husband and son, Harry E., to mourn her loss ; Harry E. was born x\pril 7, 1875. David "Mc- Culloch married Miss Eva Millard Feb. 14, 1876 ; they are living on a part of the homestead; Sec. 23^ P. 0. Prim- rose. McGreer, John, tar., Sec. 26 ; P. 0. Prim- rose. McKeehan, Benjamin, far., Sec. 23; P. 0. Primrose. McKeehan, Daniel, far., Sec. 15; P.O. Primrose. McKeehan, Isaiah, tar., Sec. 16; P. 0. Primrose. McMillan, Jesse, Sr., tar., Sec. 14; P. 0. Primrose. McMillan, Jesse, Jr., tar., Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Primrose. Miller, George, tar. ; P. 0. Primrose. Miller, James, far. ; P. 0. Primrose. Miller, John. fir. ; P. 0. Primrose. MILLER, J. F., farmer. Sec. 16 ; P. 0. Primrose ; son of Joseph and Eliza- beth i^nee Trumbo^i Miller ; was born Nov. 1, 1837, in Hardy Co., W. Va., where he resided till the spring of 1861, then went to Muskingum Co., Oliio, where he was married to Louisa V. Claypool (daughter of Levi and Mary Claypool) June 12, 1862; she was born Dec. 0, 1840 ; they have three children — Bourbon (born May 23, 1863), Levi (born Oct. 25, 1865)*, and OUie (born June 14, 1873. In the tall of 1&62, they came to Lee Co., Iowa, and located in Harrison Tp. ; Mr. Miller now owns 900 acres of land, valued at S35 per acre, one of the best farms in the town- ship ; he makes a specialty of stock- raising and is among the leading and enterprising farmers of his county. Ke- publiean. Mineh, Anton, far. : P. 0. Primrose. MITCHFXL. M. W., dealer in general njcrchandise and grain, also rail- road agent, Warren ; born Sept. 27, 1837, in France ; parents emigrated to New Orleans, La., while he w;is an in- fant, where they died while he was quite small ; at the age of 16, he came to St. Clair Co., 111.; "he remained till the spring of 1859 ; then came to Lee Co., Iowa; in September. 1861, he enlisted in Co. H, of the 3d I.Y. C; he partici- pated in the battles of Guntown, Miss., Pea Eidge and Little Eock, also many other engagements ; in December, 1864, he was captured at White's Station. Tenn., taken to Andersonvillo, and kept till tlie close of the war ; was discharged at Davenport June 20, 1865; returned to Lee Co. and commenced farminii\ but HARRISON TOWNSHIP. 771 on account of ill-health, abandoned that and commenced his present business. Mr. Mitchell was a candidate on the Re- publican ticket in the fall of 1878, for Representative of Lee Co. ; was defeated by about 200 votes, being considerably ahead of his ticket ; is Assessor of his township. He was married to Mary A. Holmes March 7, 1864; she was born Sept. 16, 1835, in Hamilton Co., Ohio; no children. Member of M. E. Church. Molog, Samuel, far., S. 15 ; P. 0. Prim- rose. Morris, C. G., carpenter, Primrose. Murry, Edmund, carpenter, Primrose. PAISLEY, J. N., far., ; P. 0. Prim- rose. PIERCE, J. W., dealer in dry goods and general merchandise, Primrose ; born Sept. 27, 18-41, in Prussia ; emi- grated to the United States in the spring of 1861, locating at Farmington, Van Buren Co., Iowa, working on a farm and in a tannery till November, 1863; he then engaged as clerk in a dry goods .store at Bentonsport, till the fall of 1867. Married Mary E. Hohl April 30, 1868; she was born Dec. 22, 1843, in Bavaria, Germany ; in May, 1868, he commenced the mercantile business in Primrose, which he continued till the spring of 1871, when he sold out to Mr. Cowles, and engaged, in company with Mr. Kumleh, in the building of the Primrose steam flouring-mill ; com- menced mercantile business again in 1875, but, through misfortune, lost the whole in 1876, but by the assistance of friends arranged to continue the mercan- tile business. His children are Martha, Mary L., John W., Clara A. and Anna E. His religion is Catholic ; wife Protestant; Greenbacker. FOWEIili, JOHX W., farmer, Sec.2 ; P. 0. Clay's Grove ; son of George W. and Nancy Powell ; born Feb. 22, 1848, in Franklin Co., Ohio, emigrated with parents to Lee Co., Iowa, in the spring of 1865, locating in Marion Tp., where they still reside. He married Miss Sarah Overton Nov. 1- 1872 ; she was born in this county Sept. 27, 1855 ; have two children — Frank W. (born Nov. 25, 1873), Charley (born May 6, 1877). Mr. Powell owns a farm of 160 acres, valued at $40 per acre. Democrat. Purdy, Joel T., far.; P. 0. Primrose. RASCH, WILLIAM, shoemaker, Primrose. Rice, J. R., blacksmith, Warren. BOBERTISOX, THOS. R., farm er, Sec. 8 ; P. 0. Primrose ; son of Wm. J. and Catharine (nee Rtinyon) Robertson ; was born Oct. 10, 1848, in Jefferson Co., Ohio ; parents emigrated to Lee Co., Iowa, in the spring of 1851, and located on Sec. 9, of Harrison Tp., where they still live. Thos. R. was ed- ucated at the District Schools of his township, working upon the farm sum- mers and attending school winters ; he married Mattie L. McGoun, Jan. 1, 1872 ; she was born in Jefferson Co., Ohio, Oct. 21, 1849; they have two children — Maggie C., born March 27, 1873, and Wm. W., born July 24, 1876. Mr. Robertson owns a farm of 195 acres, valued at $40 per acre. Independent. ROBERTI^OX, WM. J., farmer. Sec. 9 ; P. O. Primrose ; son of Thomas and Hannah Robertson ; born Oct. 29, 1812, in Jefferson Co., Ohio; emigrated to Iowa in the spring of 1851 and lo- cated in Harrison Tp., where he still lives ; he married Miss Catharine Run- yon Jan. 1, 1833; she was born Oct. 28, 1813, in New York; they have five children living — Hannah, now wife of Thos. J. Anderson ; John W., Thos. R., , Lewis B. and Sarah L., now wife of S. H. Rrownlee ; lost two — Albert and Thos. C. Mr. Robertson is among the representative men of his township ; served his township as Justice of the Peace, Trustee, etc., and is now serv- ing his county as a member of the Board of Supervisors ; he cast his first vote for President Harrison in 1840 ; since that time has acted with the Democratic party until two years ago when he united with the Greenback party ; has been Elder in the Presby- terian Church twenty-three years ; he owns 280 acres of land, valued at $35 per acre. Rockey, John, far.. Sec. 34 ; P. 0. War- ren. Roth, John, far.; P. 0. Primrose. Russell, Peter, far.. Sec. 36 ; P. 0. War- ren. Russell, T. B., merchant. 772 DIRECTORY OF LEE COUNTY Rye, John, far., See. 2 ; P. 0. Primrose. Eve. Lewis, merchant and Postmaster, Primrose. lAILOR. A. W.. physician. Primrose. S^ latterly, Alva, far.. See. 19 ; P. 0. Prim- rose. SATTERXY. EI.EAAOR. IIBI^.. larmer, See. 20 ; P. 0. Farm- ington ; daughter of Joseph and Martha Norris, horn Oct. 2, 1 SI 9, in Coshocton Co., Ohio ; came with her parents to Harrison Tp., Lee Co., in the fall of 1S39. She married Sylvester 0. Sat- terly. June 25, 184-4 ; he was born in Washington Co., N. Y., Aug. 31, 1812 ; they located on a farm two miles east of Farmington, the same year ; Mr. Satterly followed the wagon- making business till the spring of ISTO, ■when he sold out, and came on to the farm where Mrs. Satterly now lives ; Mr. Satterly died Feb. 27, 1872, leav- ing his wife and four children to mourn his loss ; the children are Alva H., Cornelia I., Florence A., Sylvester H.; one daughter, Harriet, died previously. Mrs. Satterly owns the homestead of 110 acres, valued at S45 per acre, and to the children was let\ 260 acres, valued at $30 per acre. Mrs. Satterly 's fother died Oct. 16, 1871, and her mother. March 30, 1870 ; her husband was a member of the Baptist Church ; she is a member of the Presbyterian Church. Satterly, Hugh S., for.. See. 20 ; P. 0. Primrose. SAX, GEORGE, deceased, former ; he was born June 7, 1786, in Saratogn Co., N. Y. ; in early life, he learned the carpenter and joiner's trade, which he followed about twenty yeare. He mar- ried Betsey Bobertson, in 1825 ; she was born Jan. 30, 1809 ; they had six children — George W., Albert C. and Lovenia, still living ; Eosannah, Sarah and Elias W., deceased. He emigrated to Lee Co., Iowa, in the spring of 1845, and located on the tarm now owned by George W., and Albert C; his wife died the following September ; he con- tinued on the homestead with his children till May. 10, 1874, when he too passed away. George W. was born Sept. 26, 1835. and Albert C. born March 9, 1840, both in Saratog-a Co., j N. Y. Albert C. served his country in I the late rebellion, from Feb. 23, 1864, : till Aug. 21, 1865, in Co. B, of the 3d I I. Y. Cavalry ; he participated in the battles of Guntown and Tupelo, Tenn., and at the capture of Selma. Ala., and Columbus, Ga. He married Helen M. Tracy, Nov. 22, 1866 ; she was born in Yan Buren Co. Dec. 21, 1847 ; her father was born in Belmont Co., Ohio, April 15, 1819, and her mother Auu'. 27, 1826 ; the children of Albert C. and Helen M.. are Ella M., Clara A., Frederick A. and George H. George VY. and Albert C. own, in the county, a f;\rm of 260 acres, valued at I S40 per acre. Geo. W. being unmar- ried, they reside on Sec. 3 ; P. 0. Primrose. Eepublican. Sax, Henry C., far.; P. 0. Primrose. SAX, JOHX, far.. See. 10; P.O. I Primrose ; son of Eensselaer and Han- nah Sax; was born Aug. 13, 1832, in Saratoga Co., N. Y.; parents emigrated to Lee Co., Iowa, in the spring oj 1844, and located upon the farm upon which he now lives ; his lather died in the fall of 1845 ; his mother still lives with him. He married Miss Paulina Clunies, Aug. 11,1855; she was born in Saratoga Co., N. Y.; they have no children. Mr. Sax now owns 280 acres of laud, valued at §35 per acre ; is among the most intellectual, well-in- formed men of his township ; he fre- quently contributes articles for the press. He received the nomination for Repre- sentative on the Eepublican ticket, but on account of his aversion to holding- office, he declined to accept. Eeligion, Liberal ; Eepublican. SCHWEER, COXRAD, HOIS^.. far., Sec. 27; P. 0. Primrose; son of Christopher and Pora Sehwe^■'r ; born Feb. 6, 1825, in Hanover, Germany; is the only one living of a family of seven children — four boys and three girls ; in 1835, his lather came to the United States, came up the Mississippi Eiver above St. Louis, and purchased land in Lewis Co., Mo., where he remained till the spring of 1836, when he came into Lee Co., Iowa, and laid claim to a part of the land now owned by his sou ; re- turned to Missouri and remained till the HARRISON TOWNSHIP. 773 spring of ISiJT, when he returned to his Iowa claim and commenced improv- ing it ; in June, 1838, he returned to Germany after his family, and Oct. 8, following, they shipped from Bremen to New Orleans on a sailing-vessel ; arrived at Alexandria, Mo., March 4, 1839, and came with teams on to his claim ; he brought several hundred fruit-trees from Germany, but the long voyage through the warm climate sprouted them to such an e'xtent that the cold climate here caused most of them to die ; he had a great many varieties of apple,pear and cherry trees and started a nursery, " the first in the county ; also raised the first fruit in the township ; those times were hard when compared with what people complain of now ; he had to haul wheat to Keokuk to market, sell it for twenty-five cents, and take most of it in trade at high figures ; also to go forty to fifty miles to mill, running the risk of being drowned in crossing streams, or losing the way and perishing from cold. Mr. Conrad Schweer married Miss So- phia Klinder June 24, 1853 ; she was born Nov. 14, 1830, in Hanover, Ger- many ; they have seven children — Charles, Mary, Louis, Martha, Sophia, Christopher and Conrad. His father is still living with him ; he was born Oct. 27, 1795 ; his mother died Oct. 9, 1859. Mr. Schweer has served his county as a member of the Legislature in the House of Representatives in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth General Assemblies, also in many other positions in his township. He owns 693 acres of land, valued at $35 per acre. Member of Evangelical Lutheran Church ; Democratic. SEEIiEY^ EL.I, farmer and stock- raiser; P. 0. Primrose ; he was born May 7, 1813,in Fairfield Co., Conn. ; in 1841 he came to Lee Co., Iowa, and entered a quarter-section of land, where he yet lives ; returned to Connecticut, and remained till the spring of 1843, when he returned to Iowa and commenced improving his land ; broke up forty acres, built a house, fenced his land, and the winter of 1843-44 returned to Connect- icut ; the following spring he started for Iowa again, coming through Pennsylva- nia, where he purchased eight or nine hundred sheep and drove them through, arriving here in August ; he made a specialty of sheep-raising for many years. He married Miss Martha Beeler, daugh- ter of Isaac and Jane Beeler, May 1, 1845; she was born May 14, 1822, in Wayne Co., Ind. ; her parents emigrated to this township in the spring of 1836 ; among the first families settled in Harri- son Tp. Her father harvested grain where Cincinnati, Ohio, now stands, and was in the war of 1812, and departed this life Feb. 16, 1872, at the advanced age of 89 years 2 months and 6 days ; his wife Jane Beeler, was born Feb. 24, 1788, and died May 9, 1860 ; he had a family of seven sons and four daughters ; the children of Mr. and Mrs. Seeley are Lucy J. (who married S. B. Davis, Jan. 1, 1879), Marietta, Theodore F., Ada M., Wm. B.,and George L.; lost one infant son. Mr. Seeley has, by his industry and economy, accurnulated a handsome property ; his home residence is one of the best farm houses in the county ; he owns in this county about 1,600 acres of land, and about 3,000 elsewhere. Is a member of the Presbyterian Church ; Republican. Slaughter, Samuel, far. ; P. 0. Farming- ton. Smith, Christ., blacksmith. Primrose. Stansbery, Daniel, far., Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Big Mound. Stanfer, Jacob, fiir. ; P. 0. Primrose. Steadman, Squire, far. ; P. 0. Primrose. Stephenson, William, section boss on rail- road, Warren. Stevenson, Samuel, retired physician. Sec. 36 ; P. ( '. Warren. r-p AYLOR, JOHN, tailor. Primrose. Tiebe, William, painter. Primrose. Townsand, A. E., far. ; P. 0. Fai-mington. Townsand, Clark, far.. Sec. 30 ; P. 0. Farmington. YERNKAHL, FREDRICK, far. ; P. 0. Primrose. Voht, Daniel, far. ; P. 0. Primrose. WEBBER, JOHN, wagou-maker, Primrose. Weishaar, Anton, far., S. 27 ; P. 0. Prim- rose. Weishaar, Frank, carpenter. Primrose. Weishaar, William, carpenter and cooper Primrose. Wendt, Henry, far. ; P. 0. Prhnrose. 774 DIRECTORY OF LEE COUNTY White, Henry, far. ; P. 0. Primrose. Williamson, Ebenezer, fixr. ; P. 0. Prim- rose. Williamson, Frank, stock-dealer, Primrose. Williamson, William, merchant, Primrose. FRANKLIN TOWNSHIP. A LB RIGHT, T., far. ; P. 0. Dover. ABF.Ii. IIKXRY, tar.. Sec. 34 ; P. 0. Franklin Centre ; son of Henry and Elizabeth Abel ; born May 2, 1819, in Bavaria, Germany ; emigrated with parents to the United States in the fall of 1832 ; stopped in Franklin Co.,Penn., till the spring of 1833, when they moved to Stark Co., Ohio, and thence to this connty in the fall of 183l), locating in West Point Tp., and the same winter eng'ased to Levi MotStt to rxvn the Aiignsta Mills, where he remained for three yeai-s. He and his father were the first millers in Lee Co. ; their cus- tomers frequently came to mill from a distance of 75 to 100 miles, and camp- ing out, and sometimes having to wait three and foxir weeks for their grist's to be ground ; since leaving the mills at Augusta, he has devoted his time to farming, with the exception of one sea- son steamboatiug on the Mississippi River, and one winter running the Farmington Mills. Mr. Abel was the fii-st person who discovered the dead bodies of Leisa and Miller, who were murdered by the Hodges Bros. ; he car- ried the tirst news to West Point and Fort Madison ; that was the tirst mur- der committed in Lee Co. Mr. A. has served his township as Trustee ; w\is also candidate for Representative on the Re- puWican ticket in the fall of 1876. He married Miss Christine Felt, of this county, May 20, 1847 ; she was born in Hesse Darmstadt, Germany, in May, 1833 ; came to Ohio in 1837, and to Lee Co. in 1845 ; they have five chil- dren — Elizabeth, born May 14, 1849 ; John, born Oct. 25, 1851 ; Henry, Jr., born March 27, 1853; David, born June 3, 1857 ; Michael J., born July 7, 1859. Mr. x\. came to his present farm in 1852 ; his father was a soldier under Napoleon Bonaparte, and died in West Point Tp. in 1874, in his 87th year, and mother in same township in 18ti8. Mr. A. and family are members of the Evancelieal Church ; Republican. ARMKXECHT, «EOmiJK, wagon-maker, dealer in agricultural implements, and Justice of the Peace, Franklin Centre; born Dec. 2l>, 1839, in Bavaria, Germany; emigrated to the United States in 1851, locating in Frank- lin Tp., Loe Co.; in 185l5, commenced learning his trade in Primrose, and, in 1859, went to Burlington, where he remained till the fall of I8t)2 ; came to Franklin and engaged in the wagon- making business, and in 1872, added agricultural implements to his business. Married Wilhelmina Welge Oct. 8, 1867 ; she was born Feb. 8, 1844, in Hanover, Germany, and came to this county in 1848 ; have three children living — Leonia M., born March 26, 1869; Emil P., born July 8, 1871; Hermina H., born Jxily 2t), 1873 ; lost two — Hugo and Albert. Mr. A. has served as Township Clerk several years, and Secretary of the School Board, which he now holds, and was elected Justice of the Peace in the fall of 1878. Democrat. Arniknecht, Henry, far. ; P. 0. Franklin Centre. Armknecht, Phillip, wagon-maker, Frank- lin Centre. BAUST, HENRY, furniture-dealer, Franklin Centre. Becker, Lewis, far.. Sec. 7 ; P. 0. Dover. Beeler, David. Beeler, David, far.. Sec. 7 ; P. 0. Dover. Bell, Wm. E., fir., Sec. 15 ; P. 0. Dover. Bentzinger, Abraham, far.. Sec. 19 ; P. 0. Donnellson. Bentzinger, Abraham. Bentzinger, Jacob, far.. Sec. 7 ; P. 0. Dover. .Bentzinger, John, far., Sec. 4 ; P. 0. Dover. FRANKLIN TOWNSHIP. 775 Bentzinf>;er, Henry, far. ; P. 0. Dover. BEKOEK, JOHN, Franklin Cen- tre, proprietor of harness and saddler shop, also one of the proprietors of the Franklin Woolen-Mills ; born April 7, 1831, in Bavaria, Germany. In the summer of 1851, emigrated with his sister to Ashland Co., Ohio ; in 1852, came to Fort Madison, Iowa ; worked at his trade there till the fall of 1854 ; came to Franklin and engaged in the harness and saddlery business. In 1873, he purchased one-third interest in the Franklin Woolen-Mills, which he still owns. Married Barbara Schmidt July 23, 1854; she was born Dec. 14, 1831, in Bavaria Germany, and in the fall of 1851, came to the tlnited States ; have seven children — Lizzie H., Christian A., Samuel E., Henry D., Emma L., John C. and Lydia C. ; lost one — Mary A. ; owns ninety-four acres of land, valued at $40 per acre. Members of the Presbyterian Church ; Democrat. Bergthold, Isaac, far., Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Franklin Centre. Bergthold, John, far., Sec. — ; P. O. Franklin Centre. Bermhard, Jacob, laborer, Franklin Cen- tre. Best, John, miller., Franklin Centre. Best, George, far.; P. 0. Franklin Centre. Best, P., blacksmith, Franklin Centre. Best Henry, saddler, Franklin Centre. BEST, PETER, Franklin Centre, prop, of wagon and blacksmith shop ; born Dec. 26, 1837, in Bavaria, Ger- many ; came with parents, Christopher and Josephine Best, to the United States in the summer of 1847, and lo- cated in West Point Tp., of this county; at the age of 15 years, he commenced learning the blacksmith's trade, and worked at different places, at journey work, up to September, 1861, when he enlisted in the service of his adopted country, in Company D, of the 14th I. V. L, participating in the battle of Fort Donelson, Pittsburg Landing, Corinth and Pleasant Hill, Ark., with many others of less note ; the last year worked mostly at his trade ; was mustered out in January, 1865; returned home and commenced his present business in Franklin, in the spring of 1865 ; mar- ried Miss Christine Seyb Feb. 9, 1866; she was born Aug. 20, 1844, in Bavaria, Germany ; have four children — Han- nah, born Feb. 22, 1869 ; Edward W., born Aug 20, 1871 ; Rudolph C, born Jan. 5, 1876; Mary E., born Dec. 15, 1876; lost three — Philip, Clara and Mary. Mr. B. has served his town- shid in several official positions ; is pres- ent Mayor of the town ; Democrat. l^est, Wm., prop, brewery, Franklin Cen- tre. Blanfussy, George, cabinet-maker, Franklin Centre. Blanfussy, Frcdric, carpenter, Franklin Centre. Blechschmidt, Charles, far.; P. 0. West Point. Boeding, Frank, far.; P. 0. West Point. Boeding, Herman, far.. Sec. 1 ; P. 0. West Point. Bogert, John L., far.. Sec. 15; P.O. Franklin Centre. Bogert, John, Jr., far.. Sec. 15 ; P. 0. Franklin Centre. Boley, John, far.. Sec. 33 ; P. 0. Don- nellson. BOIXKEL, JAMES H. & Will., farmers, Sec. 8; P. 0. Dover; James H. was born June 30, 1811, and Will- iam Dec. 31, 1820, in Morris Co., N. J. ; in the fall of 1843, emigrated to Iowa and, in company with two other brothers, engaged in mercantile business at Ft. Madison; the following spring, opened a store in Salem, Henry Co.; in 1845, the firm of Bonnel Brothers pur- chased 880 acres of land in Franklin Tp.; commenced improving it the same spring; in 1846, brought out their goods and established a store on their farm, which they closed out in about two years thereafter, but continued farming in company till the winter of 1852, they divided up their interests in the land, James H. taking his where he now lives, which contains 171 acres, valued at $50 pc^r acre. He married Bachel A. Buffington March 5, 1845 ; she was born May 5, 1822, in Dearborn Co., Ind., and came to Lee Co. in the spring of 1843 ; the fall of 1845, they moved into Franklin Tp., and in the spring of 1852 on their present farm. They have seven children living — Syl- vanus, Edwin R., Nancy, Frank S., Clark 0. , Harvey and Albert ; lost one 776 DIRECTORY OF LEE COUNTY son, Lewis ; wife, member of the Pres- byterian Churob ; Republican. Wui. owns one-half interest with his brother John W.. in -tiH) acres of land, and makes his home with his bivther James H.; Kejniblican. Sylvanus and Edwin, sons of Jas. H.. served their country in the late rebellion. Borland, A. J., tar.. Sec. oL' ; P. 0. Dou- nellson. Bregenkempke, Frank, far.. Sec. 1 ; P. 0. West Poim. Brantsteller, Christ, ouirineer, Franklin Centre. Brown, W., blacksmith. Dover. Bntz. Theobald, tar.; P. 0. Fi-ankin Ceutiv. /'^OUKTKIGHT, J. C, tar.. Sec. -4 : \^' P. 0. Clay's Grove. Christman, Fred, teamster, Franklin Cen- tre. CKl 1K8HAXK. Al.KXAX- 1>EK, far.. Sec. L' ; P. 0. West Point ; owns --1 acres of land. valut\i at §40 per acre ; is a sou of James and Susau (^Wilson^ Crnikshank, and was boru Feb. 2, 1S05, in Christian Sands. Nor- way, his tathcr beiu;:; a native of Scot- land and his mother of Norway ; his father was a millwright by trade ; went to Norway about IT ST ; married Jane Wilson; had one daughter; his wife died and he married jSusan Wilson \^sis- ter of his first wife and mother of Al- exander\ and died in lSOi\in the 59th year of his age ; at the ag-e of 12 yeai-s, young Cruikshank went on boai'd a vessel plyiug between Christian Sands and -Duudee, in Scotland, and subse- quently sailed under the tlag>j of En- gland, United States, Prussia, Bussia and that of Mexico in 1S24, while in the attempt to gixin her independence, and the following yeai-s vip to lSo2, he was on board vessels running between New York. London and West Indies ; a shipmate, John Thompson, of New York State, pei-siiaded him to go with him to New York; they came to Butlalo, and on to Erie, where they took stage to Kttsburgh, Penn., his comrade having some land in Pennsylvania which be wished to look at\er ; they concluded to go to New Orleans, came down to Wheeling, Ya., where his com- rade was accidentally killed by falling on the rtv-wheel of the boat ; he had his remains interred at Marietta, Ohio, and sent his effects to his friends ; while in Marietta, he formed the acquaintau^H? of Mr. Bissell, and together they came to Beardstown, 111.; he stopped in Schuyler Co., 111.; springof ISi^H.wentto Hancock Co. In ISiU, married Keziah Perkins, daughter of Stephen and Catharine ;^nee Stmuna^ Perkins ; she was boru March 5, ISIO, in Floyd Co., Ky.; she was of the old Revolutionary stock ; her grandfather I\nkins served xtnder Gen. Francis Marion during the Kevolution, and living to be one of the early settlei-s of Lee Co., Iowa, dying at Primrose in January, 1S41, at the advanced age of 9T. In the spring of lSo4. Mr. C. made his first advent into Iowa, landing at Fort Madison in March ; there were but three families in the place ; he came to what is now Pleasant Ridge Tp. and made his claim ; was the first white inhabitant in that township; in the fall of 1S3-I, sold out and moved into Marion Tp.; was also the first white settler in that township ; remained until the tall of "ISoo, sold oxit to Mr. Davis, u\oved into Franklin Tp. and laid claim to the laud he still owns. Has had eight children, seven still living — «Tames. born May 7, 1S35, the first white child born in Marion Tp. and the oldest male person now living who was born in this county ; Cntha- riue, born Feb. 14, ISoT ; Elizabeth, May S, 1S41 ; Jeannie, March 27, 1S44; Iowa, Sept. 5, lS4t> ; Alexan- ander, Sept. 12, 1S49 ; John P„ June 22, 1S52; Stephen, March 13, 1S40, died Sept. 2t>. 1S40. Mr. C. has held a few of the otfices of trust in his town- ship ; is not au office-seeker, being con- tent to use his best endeavors to elect the best men to fill all places of trust. Democrat. Cruikshank, James, far.. See. 3 ; P. 0. \V est Point. DEI BERT, JACOB, mail-carrier, Franklin Centre. Dekalb, John, far.. See. 10 ; P. 0. Dover. Delabar, L., painter, Franklin Centre. Dester, Jacob, tar.. Sec. 28 ; P. 0. Fi-ank- lin Centre. Dickey, Barbara, Postmistress, Dover. Ditsoii, L., far., Sec. 25; P. 0. Franklin Centre. FRANKLIN TOWNSHIP. 777 Donnell, W. 11., in Charleston Tp. Dyck, H., wagon-maker, Franklin Centre. ELLWANGH]R, GOTTHILF, far.; P. 0. Franklin (\>ntre. E^iClIMANN, rRKI>, far., Sec. 36; P. U. Franklin Centre; own.s 120 acres of land, valued at |25 per acre ; born Sept. 24, 1827, in what was then France, but now Germany. Married Miss Caroline Maeffner, of the same ]tlace Sept. 14, 1850 ; she was born March 28, 1825; in the spring of 1 852, emiarated to the United States locating in Lee Co., Iowa, on the farm upon which he is still living. Mr. E. has served his Township as Trustee, School Director and Assessor ; the latter office he now holds for the sixth year. They have five children living — Lena (now Barker), born Sept. 18, 1852 ; Caroline, born Dec. 12,1854; George, born Feb. 24, 185fci ; Sophia, born Feb. 21, 1858 ; Emily (now Heyer), born July 24, 1862 ; lost two sons, Fred and Frederick. Mr. E. is a member of the I. O. 0. F. Republican. Eberley, J. C, far., Sec. 2!) ; P. 0. Don- nellson. Eschmann, Fred, far.. Sec. 8G ; P. 0. Franklin Centre. Eyiuann, D. T.,far., Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Frank- lin Centre. Eymann, J. J., saddler, Franklin Centre. FEIKERT, KARL, flxr.. Sec. 32 ; P. O. Donnellson. FEI.DMAXN, HKXRV, farmer, Sec. 23 ; P. 0. Franklin Centre ; son of Henry and Sophia Feldmann ; born May 12, 1823, in Brunswick, Germany ; on the 20th of November, 1846, he shipped from Bremen for the United States ; came to Iron Mound, Mo., where he stopped till the following May, when he came to Lee Co., Iowa, and located in Franklin Tp. ; . in the spring of 1856, moved in to Harrison Tj)., where he resid- ed till thespringof 1876; then came to his present farm of 175 acres, valued at $25 per acre. Mr. F. was married to Miss Johanna Wilke Jan. 19, 1854; she was born in Hanover, Germany, in De- cember, 1827, and died Aug. 3, 1855. He again married Augusta Wirsig Jan. 17, 1861 ; she was born Dec. 10, 1837, in Prussia ; had one son by first wife, deceased ; have two adopted children — William and Caroline. Mr. F.'s parents came out from Germany in 1848 ; his father died Sept. 20, 1872 ; his mothei is still living. Mr. F. has held several .offices of trust in his township; is a member of the ]^iVangelical Church; Deniucrat. Fett, Henry, farmer, Sec. 34 ; P. 0. Frank- lin Centre. Fey, John, far. ; P. 0. Franklin Centre. Fischer, John, far.. Sec. 36 ; P. 0. Frank- lin Centre. Frank, Frederick, farmer, Sec. 28 ; P. 0. Franklin Centre. Frank, John, far., Sec. 7 ; P. 0. Dover. Free, Adam, laborer, Franklin Centre. r^ ARDNER, E. C, far.; P. 0. Dover. GARDINER, JAMES II., farmer and bridgc-buildur, Sec. 8 ; P. 0. Dover; born May 11 , 1835, in Hillsboro, N. H. ; parents, William and Sophronia Gard- ner, emigrated to Jackson Co., W. Va., when he was about 4 years old ; in the fall of 1856, he went to Louisville, Ky., and engaged in the employ of the Louis- ville Bridge and Iron Co., building bridges ; have been in their employ, building, and superintending the build- ing of bridges ever since ; during the re- bellion, had charge of the bridges and building on the Louisville & Nashville R. R., and was captured several times by the guerrillas, but on account of his not being a combatant, was released ; he has had charge of the bridge-building on twenty-seven different railroads, and is still making a specialty of superintend- ing and putting up bridges for the same company. He married Miss Amanda Peoples, of Meigs Co., Ohio, Dec. 15, 1859; she was born July 16, 1838, in Steubenville, Ohio ; purchased 160 acres of his present farm in 1874, and moved his family on it, and has subsecfuently added to it, till now he has 364 acres valued at $50 per acre ; in 1876, brought his parents from Virginia, and located them on his fiirm ; liis children are William S.,Lucinda H., Harry A., Mary E., Robt. H. and John E. ; lost two — James C. and Edwin E. Member of Christian church ; Dem. Gardner, R. A., farmer ; P. 0. Dover. Gathermann, A., laborer; P. 0. Franklin Centre. 778 PIRJECTOKY OF LEF COUNTY: Gottonian, Aiidrow, lab.. Franklin Cenno. (riosoke. William, faruier. Seo. 1 : P. 0. Wosc Point. UKAHAM. ARTIHK, mirod tariuer and obairniakov ; P. O. Frank- lin Centre ; born Sept. 10, ISll. in Cumberland Co., England ; in the spring of lSol.\ he emigrated to the United States, loeating at Bellofonte, in Centre Co., Penn. ; followed hi.< trade, ohair- making, till the spring of 1SHJ1 ; he went to Ciiuinnati, Ohio, and stopped but a short time ; then eanie to Lee Co.. Iowa, purchased the claims for three (\uartor- sections of land in Charleston and Jef- fei"son Tjis., and returned to Ciueiunati. and followed his trade till the summer of 1S42 ; returned to Iowa and secured only one quarter -section of the laud he purchased, two of the quarters being t;ikon by the Government for school pur- poses ; remained upon his farm till the fj\ll of IStiT ; then sold out and moved to Keokuk, where he remained till the fall of ISliJK when he moved to Frank- lin, where he now resides. Mr. G. mar- ried Miss Sarah Bainbridge in England, June 4, 1S3(.> ; she was born March 10, 1811 : have uo children ; have lost two — ,Tane and William B. Mr. G. has filled several offices of trust in his town- ship ; was also Mayor of Franklin Centre ; is a member of Wesleyan Meth- odist Church ; Republican. Groene, Casper, tarmer. Sec. 1 : P. 0. West Point. Gumpf. George, tarmer. Sec. 35 ; P. 0. Franklin Centre. HA E F F N E B. D A X . , merchant, Franklin Centre. Hatiner, Jacob, farmer. Sec. -JO : P. 0. Donnellson. HAAFFXFK. JOHX. Sr., i u ; P. 0. Franklin Ctnitre ; born Sept. 13, 1S14, in Bavaria, Germany ; in the spring of 1S3T, emigrated to the United States, locating in West Point Tj>.. of Lee Co., and made his homo with his brother Fred ; came into Franklin Tp. in ISO'i; makes his homo with his brother Freds widow. Mr. H. has served as one of the County Supervis- oi-s several years, and as Township School Treasurer, also Trustee; is a member of the German Presbyterian Church ; Democrat. HAAFXKK. FKFI>.. Jr., for., Sec. L'l ; P. 0. Ponuellson ; owns 326 acres of land valued at S50 per acre ; born in Lee Co., Iowa. Dec. 21, 1846; his lather, Fred Haafner, came to the United States in 1832, with a Mr. Fred- erick Krebill ; stopped in Kichland Co., Ohio, and worked one year for Mr. Krebill to pay his passage, according to an agreement made previous to starting ; in the fall of 1836. he came to Lee Co., Iowa ; located near West Point ; in the spring of 1862, he came into Franklin Tp.,wherc he died Feb. 27, 1874. Fred married Bosaua Haafner Nov. 16, 1860 ; she was born in this county Sept. 13, 1850 ; have three children- Edwin, born Sept. 2, 1870, Emil, Feb. 20, 1872. and Alviu. Aug. 24, 1875. Mr. Haafner has served his township as Trustee ; is one of the leading liirmei^ of this township. Member of the Presbyterian Church ; Democrat. Hahn. Karl, stoni^mason, Franklin Centre. Hlafmann, George. saloon, Franklin Centre. Hahn, Frederick, saloon. Franklin Centre. Ilalbusch, William, lab., Franklin Centre. Hammer. John C, tar.; P. 0. Franklin Centre. Vlamnier. Karl, teamster, Franklin Centre. Harms, Christian, butcher, Franklin Centre. Haffner, John. Sr., lar.. Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Donnellson. Halfmann, Adam, lar.. Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Franklin Centre. Halfnian. L.. merchant. Fiixnklin Centre. Handrich, Jacob, far.. See. 20; -P. 0. Dotniellson. / Hardwick. Jonathan, far.. Sec. 4 ; P. 0. Dover. Harnagel, Anderas. lar.. Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Franklin Centre. Hanry. Jacob, shoemaker Franklin Centxe. Heimbcrg. Henry, laborer. Franklin Centre. Heiseke, Louis, retired farmer; P. 0. Franklin Cct\tre. HFINFK. IIFKMASTN €., 31. n.. physician and surgeon, also dealer in drugs and medicines, Frank- lin Centre; born Aug, 11, 1845, in Prussia ; his parents emigrated to the United States in the spring of 1855, locating in Keokuk, Lee Co. ; was edu- cated in the Keokuk schools; in 1858, entered the drug store of Dr. Bradeu, where he remained two or three yeai-s ; FRANKLIN TOWNSHIP. 779 served in the Missouri Militia about six months prior to enlisting in Co. M, of the 8th I. V. C, Aug. 13, 1863; in 186-1, was promoted to Commissary; participated ut the battles of Resaca, Allatoona, Ga., Nashville and Franklin, Tenu., and at the capture of Atlanta, also in about one hundred skirmishes ; was discharged at Clinton, Iowa, Aug. 27, 1865. On his return home, engaged in mercantile business at Peakesville, Mo., in company with his sister, also commenced the study of medicine ; was appointed Postmaster at Peakesville ; attended the Keokuk Medical College in 1867 and 1868, and graduated in 1869, and in the spring of the same year came to Franklin Centre and com- menced his present business. Dr. H. was a candidate for State Senator on the Republican ticket in the fall of 1877 ; was Mayor of Franklin in 1876. Married Johanna M. Welge of this place, Oct. 27, 1870; she was born Jan. 6, 1851, in this town; have two children — Emma D., born Sept. 22, 1872, and Clara E., Jan. 17, 1877. Members of the Lutheran Church ; Re- publican. Helm, W. O., far., S. 23; P. 0. West Point. Hirschler, J. S., Rev., Mennonite minister, Franklin Centre. Herstein, John, far. ; P. 0. Franklin Centre. Herstein, John, teamster, Franklin Cen- tre. Herschler, David, far., Sec. 9; P. 0. Dover. Hohl, Martin, far., Sec. 7 ; P. 0. Dover. Hohl, Michael, far., S. 14; P. 0. Frank- lin Centre. Holdefer, Jacob, far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Frank- lin Centre. Hooser, John, far., Sec. 14 ; P. 0. Frank- lin Centre. JOTTER, PETER, retired ftirmer ; P. 0. Franklin Centre. Jesberg, John I., far. ; P. 0. Franklin Centre. Jesberg, Henry, shoemaker, Franklin Centre. Jaschke, Frank, far., Sec. 1 ; P. 0. West Point. KALTEFLEITER, HENRY, far., 8. 1 ; P. 0. West Point. Kesler, Bernhard, laborer, Franklin Cen- tre. Kern, M., far., S. 28; P. 0. Franklin Centre. Kiefer, Joe, far., S. 28 ; P. 0. Franklin Centre. Kile, J. E., hr., S. 17 ; P. 0. Dover. Kirchner, Adam, far.. Sec. 36 ; P. 0. Franklin Centre. Kiichner, John, far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Frank- lin Centre. KIK€HN£R, PHIL.IPP, farm- er. Sec. 29; P. 0. Donnellson ; owns 1171 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre; was born Jan. 11, 1820, in Ba- varia, Germany ; in the fall of 1849, he emigrated to the United States, stopping in New York City about three u)onths, then to New Jersey for two months ; returned to New York State for a short time, thence to Cleveland, Ohio ; in the spring of 1851 and the following sum- mer, he worked on a farm in the country ; next fall, came back to Cleve- land, thence to St. Louis, Mo., visited friends, and went into Madison Co. 111.; in the spring of 1852, he returned to St. Louis; in the fall following, he re- turned to Germany. In the spring of 1854, he returned to Cleveland, Ohio, and married there Elizabeth Schmidt May 31, 1854 ; she was born June 23, 1833, in Germany ; remained in Cleve- land till the spring of 1855, then came to Lee Co., Iowa, and stopped at Fort Madison ; in the spring of 1858, he purchased forty acres of land, where Donnellson is now located ; in the spring of 1866, he sold out and purchased his present farm ; they have three children —Fritz, born March 2, 1855 ; Phillip, Oct. 31, 1857; Carl, July 29, 1859. Mr. Kirchner has served his township as Trustee and School Director. Re- publican. KLIEBENSTEIN, LMD WlCt, Pastor of the German Presbyterian Church, Franklin Centre ; was born March 23, 1833, in Prussia; emigrated with his parents to the United States in 1846, and located in Grant Co., Wis. ; in 1856, he went to Dubuque to attend school ; remained there about five years, attending the Theological Seminary, which was under the supervision of the German Presbyterian Church ; in 1861 , •80 DIRECTORY OF LEE COUNTY he came to Buifalo, Scott Co., Iowa, and served as Pastor of the church there till 1S66, when he eaine to Frank- lin ; since has officiated as Pastor of the German Presbyterian Clinrch hei"e. He married Miss Mary jMiser, of Du- buque, April 9, ISGa ; she was born in Switzerland Dec. iL', 1842 ; they have five children living — Mary A., Emma M., Lydia M., Ludwig F., Gnstav J. ; lost two — Ludwig and Edward. Re- publican. KL.I XDER, LOl IS H., former, P. 0. Primrose ; son of Christopher and Sophia Klunder ; born Nov. 2S, 1836, in Hanover, Tiermany; he is one of a fomily of five children, three boys and two girls ; two boys died in Germany. In September, 1849, his parents started for the United States, and came on to Cape Girardeau, Mo., where they re- mained till the spring of 1850 ; they then came to Harrison Tp., Lee Co. ; his father purchased the farm now owned by himself, of a Mr. Wm. Howard ; the farm now contains 295 acres, valued at $85 per acre ; parents both died of typhoid fever ; father died Aug. 19, 1859, and mother Aug. 21, 1859. Mr. K. married Miss Magdalena J. Schweer, of this township, April 13, 1860 ; she was born in thiscoimty Sept. 11, 1840. and is said to be the first white child born in the township ; she departed this Hfe Jan. 25, 1878, leav- ing her companion and eight children to mourn her loss — Charlie C, born Feb. 20, 1861 : Sophia C, born Feb. 19, 1863 ; Anna C, born Dec. 11, 1864; Mary S., born Feb. 12, 1867; Emma M., born May 14, 1869; Martha J., born Deer 31, 1870; Louis C, bora Nov. 3, 1873; Doratha M., born Nov. 17, 1876. Mr, K. is among the prosperous farmers of his township ; has a fine resi- dence, and is comfortably situated. Member of the Evangelical Church ; Democrat. Koehler, Fred, tar., Sec. 12; P. 0. ^\'■est Point. Knauff, Chatanna, tar., Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Dover. Knauti; Geo., far.. Sec. 4 ; P. 0. Dover. Knoch, John, carpenter, Franklin Center. Kramer, Casper, for., Sec. 12 ; P. 0. West Point. Krebell, F. H., for.. Sec. 8 ; P. 0. Dover. KREBIIX, PETER, for.. See. 19 ; P. 0. Franklin Center ; owns 190 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre ; born Nov. 7, 1827, in Bavaria, Germany ; parents, Frederick and Anna Kre- bill, emigrated to what was then Rich- land Co., Ohio, in 1832, where the fothcr died in IMarch, 1849, and the mother Jan. 17, 1856. Mr. Krebill married Magdalena Fox Feb. 15, 1856; she was born April 6, 1833, in Bavaria, Germany. In the spring of 1857, they emigrated to Lee Co., Iowa, and located on his present form. They have eleven children — Anna F., born Jan. 15, 1857 ; David J., born May 11, 1858 ; Henry F., Nov. 10, 1859 ; Margaret, April 29. 1862; Magdalena, Feb. 15. 1864; Samuel, Jan. 20, 1866 ; Peter, Dec. 28, 1868 ; John, May 23, 1870 ; Edward, Feb. 5, 1873; Laura, July 7, 1875; Frederick, March 9, 1878. Mr. Kre- bill is a member of the Mennonite Church ; Democrat. Krehbiel, Christ., for.. Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Donnellson. Krehbiel, Henry, far., S. 18 ; P. 0. Dover. Krebill, Jacob, for.. Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Don- nellson. Krehbiel, Jacob, for., S. 20 ; P. 0. Frank- lin Centre. Krehbiel, J. A., far., S. 17 ; P. 0. Frank- lin Center. Krehbiel, John, far., S. 18 ; P. 0. Dover. Krehbiel, Peter, far., S. 19; P. 0. Don- nellson. Kreikenbaum, Fred, blacksmith, Franklin Centre. Kukhartz, John, tar.. Sec. 12 ; P. O. West Point. Kreikenbaum, Henry, retired, Franklin Centre. Kuhn, Frank, laborer, Franklin Centre. ANG, F., merchant, Franklin Centre. L Lang, John P., far., S. 18 ; P. 0. Dover. Latschar, Joseph, far., S. 18; P.O. Frank- lin Centre. , Ledig. Louis, far., S. 18 ; P. 0. Dover. Leisy. Abraham, Sr., for. ; P. 0. Dover. Leisy, Abraham, Jr., for. ; P. 0. Dover. Leisy, Jacob, for., S. 30 ; P. 0. Donnell- son. Leisy, John, retired farmer ; P. 0. Franklin Centre. FRANKLIN TOWNSHIP. 781 Lerche, A. H., butcher, Franklin Centre. Loeweuberg, John, Sr., far., See. 19 ; P. 0. Franklin Centre. Loewenberg-, John, Jr., far., S. 19 ; P. 0. Franklin Centre. Loewenberg, Valatin, far., Sec. 19 ; P. 0. Franklin Centre. JL.EDERER, GEORC^E F., deal- er in dry goods and general merchan- dise, Franklin Centre ; born May 24, 1823, in Bavaria, Germany ; in the spring of 1852, emigrated to the United States via New York and Chicago ; stopped at the latter place about two months, then went on to New Orleans, where he remained till the summer of 1854, then went to Quincy, 111., and, in the spring of 1855, moved to Bushnell, 111., being among the first settlers of the town; in August, 1856, came to Keo- kuk, Lee Co., and engaged in the dis- tillery and brewery business, which he carried on till the spring of 1872 ; traded his property in Keokuk for 340 acres of land in Scotland Co., Mo., which he farmed till the fall of 1878; traded it for his present property in South Franklin, also ninety- nine acres of land, valued at $35 per acre. Mr! L. married Mary Frith, of New Or- leans, June 11, 1854; she was born in Alsace, France, April 11, 1816 ; they have one adopted son — Charles ; he was born July 29, 1366. Mr. L. and wife are members of the Lutheran Church ; Kepublican. MATTERN, JOHN, far., Sec. 32; P. 0. Donnellson. • McCUIiliOlJGH , ll^ATH AN- lEIi, farmer, Sec. 23 ; P. 0. Frankin Centre ; is of Scotch descent, although he was born in Ireland, Nov. 10, 1805; emigrated to the United States in 1822, locating in Ogdensburg, N. Y. While there, he married Mary Flannigan ; she was also a native of Ireland, and born in May, 1807. In the year 1830, they emigrated to Washtenaw Co., Mich., where they remained till July, 1844, when they came to Iowa, locating on the farm he still owns ; in the spring of 1850, he crossed the plains with ox- teams to California ; remained there till the spring of 1851, when he returned home via New York ; on the 6th of August, 1871, his wife died. He again married Sarah Locke Jan. 8, 1873 ; she was born Jan. 25, 1822, .in County Antrim, Ireland; Mr. McCullough had seven children by first wife ; three now living — Minerva (now Rasey), Elizabeth (now Hathaway) and William, a prac- ticing physician in Barry Co., Mo. ; those deceased were Thomas, Nathaniel, Drummond, Walker and Mary, all of whom died in adult life. Mr. McC. was appointed Deputy Warden of the State Penitentiary at Fort Madison in 1854, and, the year following, was elected Land School Commissioner, and was re-elected at the end of two years for a second term, the office being abolished by the act of the Legislature about a year thereafter ; he has also served in most of the offices of his township and as grand and petit Juror for many years. Is a Presbyterian ; Democratic. MATHEWS, PAUL, far., Sec. 6 ; P. 0. Dover ; owns 460 acres of land, valued at $30 per acre ; born March Iti, 1811, in Washington Co., Penn. ; emi- grated 1)0 Lee Co., Iowa, in the spring of 1851, and located on the farm upon which he still lives. He married Nancy Speer March 29, 1837, in Pennsyl- vania ; she was born May 18, 1816, in Washington Co., Penn., and died July 17, 1873 ; their children are Jane, born June 6, 1838 : Paul M., born March 29, 1842 ; William P., born July 19, 1852; Albert L., born Aug. 28, 1855 ; Edward C, born July 15, 1857; Cora E., born July 27, 1859 ; James S., born Nov. 12, 1839, and died May 30, 1863, from wounds received at a skir- mish, near Helena, Ark. ; Boyd, born Jan. 26, 1841, and died Aug. 23, 1871 ; John C, born May 7, 1845, and died June 1, 1864, in Memphis, Tenn. ; Catharine, born Sept. 6, 1843, and died Aug. 11, 1845; Eliza, born April 20, 1847, and died April 26, 1851 ; Isa- bella H., born Nov. 25, 1848, and died April 30, 1851 ; his sons, James S., John C. and Paul M. served their country during the late rebellion in Co. B, of the 3d I. V. C. Mr. Mathews has been a member of the United Pres- byterians ; politics, Republican. May, Jacob, far., Sec. 11; P. 0. West Point. 782 DIRECTOKY OF LEE COUNTY: May, William, far.. Sec 11 ; P. 0. West Point. Meinhart, Jacob, for.. Sec. 32; P. 0. Donnellson. Meker, Henry, far.. Sec. 31 : P. 0. Don- nellson. Metzger, Christ, far.. Sec. 3 ; P. 0. Dover. Miller, Daniel, far., See. 28 ; P. 0. Frank- lin Centre. Miller, Grideon. teamster, Franklin Centre. Moehlinger, Jacob, flir.. Sec. 33 : P. 0. Donnellson. Mehl, Henry, carpenter, Franklin Centre. Mehl, Jacob, shoemaker, Franklin Centre. Mehl, Valentine, far.; P.O.Franklin Centre Mueller, Phillip, for., S. 22 ; P. 0. Frank- lin Centre. 'ATEWTOX. T. H., tar.. S. 16 ; P. 0. JJN Dover. Neft'. John, far., S. 32 : P. 0. Donnellson. OHWING, FRED, tailor, Franklin Centre. PARDALL, L. F., for. ; P. 0. Frank- lin Centre. PASCHAI., SAMCEL, former, Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Dover; owns 107 acres of land, valued at ;$4:0 per acre ; born Nov. 8, 1811, in Wilson Co.,Tenn. ; parents emigrated to Morgan Co., 111., in 1825; in\he fall of 1835, he emi- grated to Lee Co., Iowa, locating in Marion Tp. ; among the first settlers of the township ; in the fall of 1850, came to his present form in Franklin Tp. ; he also served in the Black Hawk war three months under Gen. Dodge. He married Hannah Street, of Morgan Co., 111., Feb. 7, 1833; she was bom Jan. 20, 1813, in Tennessee, and died Nov. 5, 1877, leaving her companion and eight children to mourn' her loss ; the children are Silas J. (born Nov. 23, 1833, who is unmarried and living at his father's"), Mary E. (born Sept. 10, 1835), Lucy A. '(born Oct. 8, 1837), Anthony S. (born Jan. 6. 1840), James I. (born Sept. 9, 1843), Daniel B. F. (born Jan. 21, 1848~), Emily P. (born June 5, 1850), John F. ^born Feb. 24, 1853) ; lost one daughter — Eliza. Mr. Paschal is a member of the M. E. church, his wife having also been a member of the same church and several of his children. Silas J., Anthony S. and John L. are living at home. Dem- ocrat. Pletscher, John, far., S. 9 ; P. 0. Dover. RASCH. F., shoemaker, Franklin Cen- tre. Ranscher, Adam, retired farmer, Franklin Centre. Refior, Jacob, for., S. 6 ; P. 0. Primrose. Reitz. Conrad, stone-mason, Franklin Cen- tre. Reugg, — , Congregational clergyman, Frenklin Centre. Rings, John, cooper, Franklin Centre. Roemermann, William, dyer, Franklin Centre. Rockelmann, Nicholas, laborer, Franklin Centre. Rueggy, T. R., Rev., Pastor Liitheran Church, Franklin Centre. Rings, Daniel, far.. Sec. 15 ; P. 0. Dover. Rochbach, J. J., teacher, Franklin Centre. Roeder, John, farmer and cooper, Frank- lin Centre. Roth, John, far., Sec. 3 ; P. 0. Franklin Centre. SAEGERT, FREDRIC, sexton, Frank- lin Centre. Schaefer, Conrad, tailor, Franklin Centre. Sawyer, D. T., for., Sec. 33 ; P. 0. Don- nelson. Sander, Christian, for., Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Franklin Centre. Schachtrup, Frank, for.. Sec. 13 ; P. 0. West Point. Scheffler, Peter, far., S. 34 ; P. O. Frank- lin Centre. Schenebele, Henry, for. Sec. 18 ; P. O. Donnellson. Schmidt, Abraham,- far., Sec. 24 ; P. 0. Franklin Centre. Schmitt, Frank; for., Sec. 24 ; P. 0. Franklin Centre. Schmidt, John, for., S. 34 ; P. 0. Frank- lin Centre. Schmidt, J. M., teacher, Franklin Centrf.. Schuiitt, Valentine, for.. Sec. 8 ; P. 0. Dover. Schowalter, Abraham, for., S. 18 ; P. 0. Donnellson. SCHOWAIiTER, CHRIS- TIAN, REV., Pastor of the Men- nonite Church and teacher of the Ger- man school, Primrose; born Nov. 11, 1828, in Bavaria, Germany; was edu- cated at a seminary m Germany and followed teaching there about one year ; in the foil of 1850, emigrated to the United States, stopped in Ashland Co., FRANKLIN TOWNSHIP. 783 Ohio, attended the Vermilion school there under Prof. DieiFendorf; in the spring of 1853, came to Lee Co. and located in Franklin Tp. ; the same year established a German school, also or- ganized the Mennonite Church, and the following year the church was built ; Mr. S. was ordained as a minister in 1861, since which time he has officiated as Pastor of the Church, and has taught the German school since 1853. Mar- ried Miss Kosanna HaflEher, of this coun- ty, Oct. 25, 1855; she was born May 14,1835, in Bavaria, Germany; their children are Edward H., Minno W., Rudolph C, Barbara K., Hannah M., Christopher A., John B., Jacob A. ; lost 5 — Menno, John, Babette, William and an infant. Schowalter, Peter, far.. Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Donnellson. Schnebele, Jacob, far.. Sec. 18 ; P. 0. Donnellson. Schock, Christ., far.. Sec. 24 ; P. 0. Frank- lin Centre. Scott, H. T., carpenter, Donnellson. Scott, J. M., blacksmith, Dover. Sell, John, laborer, Franklin Centre. Smith, John, teacher, Franklin Centre. Snee, Frank, far.. Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Frank- lin Centre. Specht, Jacob, far.. Sec. 24 ; P. 0. Frank- lin Centre. Specht, Justus, far.. Sec. 14 ; P. 0. Frank- lin Centre. Spiese, G. H., far., Sec. 36 ; P. 0. Frank- lin Centre. Spohnheimer, Jacob, far., Sec. 30 ; P. 0. Donnellson. Straib, Henry, far., Sec. 23 ; P. 0. Frank- lin Centre. Seby, Christ., Sr., far., Sec. 27; P. 0. Franklin Centre. Seyb, Christ., Jr., far.. Sec. 28; P. 0. Franklin Centre. Seefeld, John, far., Sec. 13; P. 0. Frank- lin Centre. Seyb, Charley, far., S. 16; P.O. Franklin Centre. SEYB, MICHAEIi, far., and stock- dealer. Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Franklin Centre; makes a specialty of Short-horns and Norman horses ; owns 480 acres of land, valued at $35 per acre ; born May 7, 1823, in Bavaria, Germany, came with parents, Peter and Catharine Seyb, to the United States in the fall of 1835, locating near Buffalo, N. Y. ; in the spring of 1838, he came to Lee Co. ; his parents came in 1845, and located land in Franklin Tp. ; father deceased, De- cember, 1^65, and mother Oct. 18, 1877. Mr. S. married Mary Rauscher, of this county, July 22, 1851 ; she was born Oct. 27, 1830, in Bavaria, Germany ; their children are John P., born Oct. 10, 1855; Henrietta, born April 28, 1852, married Theodore Feiff Jan. 13, 1878. Mr. S. came on to his present farm in 1870 ; is a member of the Evan- gelical Church ; Republican. THOMAS, GOTTLEIB, farmer, Sec. 23 ; P. 0. Franklin Centre. Turner, Ezra, miller, Franklin Centre. Timpe, Henry, far.. Sec. 14 ; P. 0. Frank- lin Centre. TT^OOT, <3;-EORGE, manufacturer V and dealer in boots and shoes ; Franklin Centre ; owns thirty-two acres of land outside of the corporation, valued at $25 per acre ; born Sept." 4, 1838, in Bavaria, Germany ; emigrated with par- ents to the United States in 1851 ; located in Franklin Tp., Lee Co., Iowa'; at the age of 13, he commenced to learn the shoemaker's trade, from which time that has been his occupation ; commenced business for himself in 1857. Married Mrs. Sally Vogt, whose maiden name was Weber, April 18, 1860 ; she was born Dec. 12, 1835, in a province then in France, now in Germany ; her hus- bands were brothers ; by the first mar- riage she had five children, three now living — George, Susan and Caroline ; deceased were Henry and Caroline ; the children by second marriage are Henry, Katy, I-ena, Mary, Emma and Anna ; lost three, Julius, Rosa and infant not named. Mr. V. has served as member of the School Board several years, and is the present Recorder of the corpora- tion ; is a member of Evangelical Church ; Democratic. WAGNER, JOS., hardware and tin- ware, Franklin Centre. Wagner, Frank, carp., Franklin Centre. Wagner, George, laborer, Franklin Centre. Walter, Louis, merchant, Dover. Weaker, P. H., far.. Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Dover. Watermeier, F. E., far. ; P. 0. Franklin Centre. 784 DIRECTORY OF LEE COUNTY : WKBKK, JACOB, iavuior, See. IS; V. 0. Frimroso ; siou of Foter ami Cath- avine Weber; born July o. 1880, in Bavaria, Germany ; he emigrared with his father to the United States in the spring of 1851, and located in Franklin Tp., Lee Co. ; his father died Aniiust. 1855 ; Mr. W. married Barbara llatl- ner, of this county, Oct. 2,"), 1855 ; she was born Feb. 7, 18H4, in Bavaria, Ger- many, and oamo to the United States in 1837 ; have two children — Christopher, born Jan. oO, 1858 ; Catharine K., born April 28, 18ti(^ ; lost one daughter. Bar- bara. Mr. W. owns a farm of 1(H^ acres, valued at $40 per acre ; member of Mennonite Church ; Pemocratic. AVeber, I»eter, far.. See. 18 ; P. 0. Frank- lin Centre. Weil, Fredric, stone-mason, Franklin Cen- ter. Weil, Mathew. basket-maker, Franklin Centre. Weil, John, iarmer and stone-mason. Sec. P. 0. Franklin Centre. Weimer, Jacob, far., Soc. I ; P. 0. West Point. Weir, J. B., merchant, Dounellson. Westermau. Henry, far.. Sec. 84 ; P. 0. Franklin Centre. Wiegner, Adam, far.. Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Don- nellson. Wieguer, A. &. P.. farmers, S. 22; P. 0. Fi-anklin Centre. Wiegner. ,lacob. far.. S. 22 ; V. 0. Frank- lin Centre. WIKUXKK. .1. FHll.Lir, farmer and stock-dealer, Soc. ;U> ; P. 0. Franklin Centre; owns 2G5acivs of land, valued at $40 per acre ; son of Henry and Mary Wiegner; boi'u Feb. 14, 1889. in Bovaria, Germany; in the fall of 1850, his parents emigrated to the United States, locating in Charleston Tp., Lee Co., where he remained till the fair of lStU>. He then returned to Germany, and, on the 14th of jMarch tbllowing, he married Miss Caroline Schmidt; she was born in April, 1847. The same spring, after his marriage, ho retiuned to Leo Co. and commenced keeping house on the farm he still owns, having purchased it in 18l>4. On the 21st of November, 18G8, his wife and an infant son died. He agiiin married, Flizabeth Abel, of this county, Feb. 20, 1878; she was born April 18, 1851. in this countv, bv whom he has one son — Carl Alfred, born Nov. 21, 1873. The town of South Franklin was laid out on on his land in 1872, a year after the railroad came through. Mr. W. is a member of the FiVangelical Church ; Democrat. Wiegner, Peter, far., S. 22 ; W 0. Frank- lin Centre. Winkler, Henry, far., S. li> ; P. 0. Dover. AVykoff, P. H., oarpentei", Donnellson. DES MOINES TOWNSHIP. ADAMS, E. R.,far., S. 7 ; P. 0. Vin- cennes. Allen, Wm. W.. fm-., S. 7; P. 0. Hins- dale. Alous, F. H., far., S. 11 ; P. 0. Montrose. Ames, Joel, far., S. 15 ; P. 0. Yineeunes. Andei-son, Gus., fi\x.,Seo. 12; P. 0. Mon- trose. Anderson, John, far., S. 12 ; P. 0. Mon- trose. BAILEY, WILLIAM, far.. Sec. 8; P. 0. Yineeunes. Best, John, far.. Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Yineeunes. Bond, tl. N., physician, A^ineennes. Bond, S. D., far.. Sec. IG ; P. O. Yin- eeui\es. Brown. Wm., far., S. 1; P. 0. New Eos ton. Browutield. B. S., tar., S. 18 ; P. 0. Mon- trose. /^ABLSON, LARS, far.. S. 24; P. 0. \_y Keokuk. Carr, Isaac, far.,S. 15 ; P. 0. Yineeunes. Carr, J. T., far., S. 15 ; P. 0. Yincennes. Case, A. J. ; far., P. 0. Yincennes. Case, Thomas, far. ; P. 0. Yincennes. Cheney, 0. W., far., S. 23 ; P. 0. Yin- cennes. (.Vxle, James, far., S. 18 ; 1\ 0. Montrose. CKVZK, JOIIX B.. far., S. 24 P. 0. Hinsdale ; owns 108 acres ; wag born in Cumberland Co., Ya., in 1820 • r: DES IMOINKS TOWNSIlir 785 liis paivnts movod to Pike Co., Ohio, in 18!>2 ; lio Ciuuo to Dos Moines Tp. in 1850; purchased his pivsont fann in 185(1, wlicro ho lias sinco resided. He married, in 1854, Janet Wyllie, a native of Seotland, who caiuo to this country ■with her parents in 1844; they have five children — Andrew L., Robert W., John B., Mary J. and Paschal ; their first child, James 0., died in infancy. Mr. Cruze was elected Justice of the Peace in 1854 ; served five years; elect- ed again about 18(>(> ; served ibur years ; was one term member of the Board of Supervisors ; has also served as Town- ship Assessor, etc. ClIRTIN, GEOm^K D., far.; P. (). Hinsdale; Mr. Curtis at present has charge of the Hinsdale stock farm ; he owns a farm near Montrose, Mon- trose Tp. ; was born at Mount Morris, N. Y., in 1831 ; his parents removed to Michigan in 18H4; they removed to Montrose, Leo Co., in 1856. He mar- ried, in 1854, Mary F. Woltitt, a native of Lincoln City, England ; they have six children — Wm. D., Kdmond T., Charles H., Mary A., Sai^juel L. and George D. ^ DANDlllDG, H., far., S. 2:5; P. 0. Yinccnnes. Danielson, P. J., far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Keokuk. Devereux, B., far., S. 28 ; P. 0. Vin- cennes. Dupy, L., far., S. 14 ; P. 0. Vincennes. EEK, CHARLES, far., S. 24 ; P. 0. Keokuk. KLLIOTT, JOSEPH I.., far., S. a ; P. 0. Hinsdale ; owns 300 acres ; was born in Preble Co., Ohio, in 1827. Married Caroline Wade, a native of Ohio. Came to Lee Co. in 1850 ; resided in Jackson Tp. till 1 878 ; then bought his present farm. Mrs. Elliott died in 1873. Has one child— Mary H. F REMAN, ORAN, far., S. 20 ; P. 0. Vincennes. Foster, John A., far., S. 20 ; P. 0. Vin- cennes. /^ ARRARD, J., merchant, Vincennes. 4,}AUVERI€H, HF.NR Y, farmer, Sec. 17 ; owns 320 acres ; P. 0. Vin- cennes ; was born in Dauphin Co., Penn., in 1834 ; was a resident of that county until 1867, when he came to Lee Co. and bought the farm lu; now owns ; he enlisted,' in 1864, in the 201st Penn. Regt., and served till the close of war; lie married, in 18(i!), Janctte Sargent, daughter of John and Ursula Sargent, and grand-daughter of Mr. Nicliolas Sargent ; she was born in 184!), on the farm where she now lives, then owned by her maternal arand father, Mr. Leon- ard Starkweather ; they have four chil- dren — ^^Minnie J., born 1870 ; George H., born 1872; Nellie J., born 1875, and F. E., born 1878. Mr. Garverieh was elected a Justice of the I'eace in 1876, and elected again in 1878. Ganley, P., far., Sec. 28; P. 0. Vin- cennes. OA V, JAMKS H., attorney, Sec. 8; P. 0. Vincennes ; Mr. Gay was born in Augusta Co., Va., 1825; he married Elizabeth Fridley, a native of Virginia ; they came to Lee Co. in 1852; have six children — Wm. A., Jennie, Vallie B., Clara, Charles and James W.; have lost three children — Robert G., was killed by lightning, June 1, 1873; the others died in infancy. Mr. Gay has practiced law for the last twelve years. Griffith. W. D., merchant, Vincennes. HAISCH, E., far.. Sec. 2; P. 0. Ke- okuk. Hampton, John, far.. Sec. 2; P. 0. New Boston. Hancock, D. A. G., far., Sec. 9; P. 0. Vincennes. Hancock, Isaac, far.. Sec. 15; P. 0. Vin- cennes. Hanson, Hans, fixr., S. 25; P. 0. Keokuk. Hanson, Louis, far., Sec. 36 ; P. 0. Keo- kuk. Harrington, P., far., Sec. 28; P. 0. Vin- cennes. Hellickson, Jerome, far., See. 36 ; P. 0. Keokuk. Hickman, G. J., fiir.. Sec. 11 ; P. 0. New Boston. Holt, J. C, far., Sec. 15; P. 0. Vin- cennes. Horner, Chas., far.. Sec. 19; P. 0. Vin- CGnncs. Hubbard, C, far.. Sec. 26 ; P. 0. Vin- cennes. JACOBSON, A., far.. Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Vincennes. JOHNSON, AXDREWM., farm- er, Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Keokuk ; was born 786 DIRECTORY OF LEE COUNTY: in Sweden, in 1839 ; his parents came to this country about 1S52 ; they first came to Lee Co.; removed to Missouri in 1857, and returntfd to Lee Co. in 1867. Mr. Johnson purchased a part of his form the same year ; he now owns about 700 acres of land. He married in 1867, Carohne Testman, a native of Lee Co.; born in 18Jr9. They have five children — John W., Andrew E., Clara A., Caroline W. and Joseph. Mr. John- son is engaged principally in stock-rais- ing ; he and wife are members of the M^: E. Church. Johnson, Swan, far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Keokuk. LARSON, C. J., far., Sec. 24 ; P. 0. Keokuk. Layton, Geo., lar.. Sec. 21; P.O. Vin- cennes. Lightner, David, for., See. 8 ; P. 0. Hinsdale. Liiihtner, J. C. \' H.. fiirs., Sec. 24; P. 0. Hinsdale. Lind, J., tar., S. 27 ; P. 0. Vincenncs. Lind, Swan, tar., S. 27 ; P. 0. Yincennes. Linquist, John, far., Sec. 13 ; P. 0. Montrose. Lund, Louis, far., S. 25 ; P. 0. Keokuk. MATHEWS, JOHN, merchant, Vin- cenncs. MAI.LETT, J. «., DR., farmer, Sec. 24 ; P. 0. Hinsdale ; owns ninety acres ; he was born in Stratford, Conn., in 1785 ; his parents removed to Penn- sylvania about 1795, and afterward to Ohio ; he came to Iowa in 1837, and located at Brighton, Washington Co. ; he came to Lee Co. in 1850. Dr. Mallett practiced medicine for over forty years. His lather was a Revolu- tionary soldier ; was with Gen. Wayne at the capture of Stony Point. Dr. Mallett, though 94 years of age, retains, to a remarkable degree, his mental faculties, and has a vivid remembrance of events that occurred far back in the historv of our countrv. MEEK, JOHIVSOX, farmer, Sec. 19; P. 0. Hinsdale; owns 600 acres; was born in "West Virginia in 1805; his parents removed to Wayne Co. in 1811, and to St. Joseph Co., Mioh., in 1829. He married, in 1829, Mary A. Kean, a native of Pennsylvania. Came to Lee Co. in 1836; has been on his present farm for forty-three years. Mrs. Meek died in 1844 ; he again married, in 1850, Priseilla McBride, a native of Ohio ; jMr. Meek had eight children by his first marriage, two now living ; Araminta, now Mrs. M. Teel, resides" in California ; Xantippe, now Mrs. T. A. Smith ; has had six children by his second marriage, four still living — Jane A., now Mrs. Joseph S. Rain ; Otto B., Blanche and R. B. Metz, S., flir.. Sec. 15; P. 0. Viucennes. MOORE, THOMAS, tar., Sec. 9 ; P. 0. A^incennes ; born in Washington Co., Penn., in 1836 ; his parents, James and Eeoecca Moore, came to Lee Co. in 1849, and purchased the farm now owned by Thomas, in 1855 ; Mr. James Moore died in 1867 ; his wife died in 1871. Thomas Moore married, in 1866, Jane Mathews, a daughter of Paul and Nancy Mathews, who came to Lee Co., from Pennsylvania, in 1851 ; 31r. Moore has four children — Nancy F., Katie, Fred L. and Paul IM. ; he enlisted in January, 1862, in 2d Mo. Cav. ; was promoted to Second, then to First Lieu- tenancy ; the 2d Mo., with other vet- ^ erans, were transferred to the 13th Mo. ^Cav. ; after the close of the war, they were placed on frontier duty ; dis- charged in May, 1866. Morton, Robert, far.. See. 23; ' . 0. Vin- cennes. Mott, Robert E., tar., Sec. 29; P. 0. Vincennes. XTl^I^^^'*^' ^-^I^' ^"■•' Sec. 36 ; P. 0. JJN Keokuk. Nelson, C, far.. Sec. 26 ; P. 0. Keokuk. Nelson, Nelson, far.. Sec. 2; P. 0. Vin- NEWBERY, A. B., tar.; Sec. 5; P. 0. Vincennes; owns 1,600 acres of land ; Mr. Newbery was born in Orange Co., N. Y., in 1816 ; came to Lee Co. about 1838. Married to Eliza Duty, a native of Vermont; has two children — Orson 0. and Charles M. ; Mr. Newbery is extensively engaged in stock-raising. New^all, Levi, far., S. 6 ; P. 0. Vincennes. Newberry, J. W., tar., S. 8 ; P. 0. Vin- cennes. Newberry, \Y. W., tar., S. 8 ; P. O. Yin- cennes. Newberry, W., t-u-.. Sec. 8 ; P. 0. Viu- cennes. DES MOINES TOWNSHIP. 787 OLESON, CANUTE, far. Sec. 2 ; P. 0. Keokuk. Oleson, Omund, far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Keokuk. Oleson, Sure, far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Keokuk. PARRISH, IRA, far., Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Vincennes. Peterson, John, 1st, far.. Sec. 35; P. O. Keokuk. Peterson, John, 2d, far.. Sec. 26 ; P. 0. Keokuk. Pierson. C. A., far., Sec. 24; P. 0. Keo- kuk. EIDER, HENRY, far., Sec. 16; P. 0. Vincennes. Rambo, Henry, far., Sec. 9; P 0. Vin- cennes. Robb, L. C, far., Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Vin- cennes. Roney, James, far., Sec. 20; P. 0. Vin- cennes. Rumbaugh, E., far., Sec. 18 ; P. 0. Vin- cennes. S ANDEAN, JOHN, far.. Sec. 11; P. 0. New Boston. Sargent, John, far.. Sec. 32 ; P. 0. Vin- cennes. SARtt^EXT, NICHOIiAS, farm- er, Sec. 34 ; P. 0. Vincennes ; owns 600 acres; born in Essex Co., Mass., in 1795 ; he removed to Missouri in 1837, to Lee Co. in 1837, and located on the farm he now owns in 1839. He manned, in 1816, Miriam Sawyer, a native of New Hampshire, born in 1797 ; they have had thirteen children, eight of whom are living — Christopher, born in 1818 ; Sarah (now Mrs. Wyatt), 1826 ; Lorinda B. (now Mrs. James Bell), 1827; Lucy (now Mrs. William Ingert), 1829; John A., 1831— mar- ried Ursula Starkweather and has five children ; Horace C, 1835 — married in 1858, Adeline D. Washburne, a native of Canada, born in 1833, and has had six children, three of whom are living — Orson G., born in 1859, and Edwin B. and Edwinnie (twins), in 1861. Horace G. resides on the home- stead with his parents ; he has 360 acres of land in Sees. 34 and 35 ; Or- son Gr., born in 1836, married Hannah Smith, and has one child — Mamie Belle; Stephen, born in 1840, married Mary Knowles and has five children. Sargent, 0. G-., far., Sec. 3; P. 0. Vin- cennes. Sargent, Stephen, far., Sec. 32 ; P. 0. Vincennes. Sparp, Calvin, far.. Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Vin- cennes. Shoup, Isaac, carpenter, S. 7 ; P. 0. Vin- cennes. Sigler, Emanuel, far., Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Vin- cennes. Simonson, Andrew, far., Sec. 36 ; P. O. Keokuk. SOUTH, HENRY, farmer, Sec. 16 ; P. 0. Vincennes; owns 200 acres; was born in Pennsylvania in 1822 ; came to Lee Co. in 1856, and first located in Marion Tp.; purchased his present farm in 1875. He married in 1846 Miss Mary Park, a native of Ohio ; they have four children — John L. (resides in Kansas), Milton M., Nancy J. (now Mrs. F. W. Vanderberg), and Leonidas. Mr. South was Justice of the Peace in Marion Tp. for six years, and has served nine years as Notary Public ; he was the first general agent for the Mai'sh Harvester in Lee Co. ; is still agent for these harvesters and other farm ma- chinery. STARKWEATHER, C}EO. A., far.. Sec. 16; P. 0. Vincennes ; owns 160 acres; born in Calhoun Co., Mich., in 1843 ; his parents, Leonard and Emily Starkweather, removed from Pennsylvania to Michigan about 1834, and came to Lee Co. in 1846 ; they first located on the farm now owned by Mr. Garverich, and came to the farm now owned by George A. in 1859 ; George purchased the farm of his father in 1870. He married in 1864 Emily Thompson, a native of Illinois ; they have four children — Ida May, George A., John and Harriet. TESTMAN, P., far., Sec. 24 ; P. 0. Keokuk. Turner, Joseph, far.. Sec. 15 ; P. 0. Vin- cennes, "TTLLRICH, E. C, far., Sec. 3; P. 0. LJ New Boston. YANDERBURG, FRED, far.. Sec. 16; P. 0. Vincennes. Vanvleet, W., far.. Sec. 10; P. 0. Vin- cennes. WAGGONER, C, fixr., Sec. 11 ; P. 0. Montrose. Wallcrist, J. C, far., Sec. 25 ; P. O. Keo- kuk. 7 788 DIRECTORY OF LEE COUNTY: Washburne, H. M., far., Sec. 9; P. 0. j Williams, P., far., S. 29; P. 0. Vincemies. Vincennes. Wilson, J. E,., far.. Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Keokuk. Washburne, F. F., far., Sec. 9; P. 0. | Wylley, A., far., S. 34; P. 0. Vincennes. Vincennes. i Wyllie, J. M., telegraph operator, Vin- Welsh, M., far., S. 20 ; P. 0. Vincennes. ^ cennes. Whetstone, J. N., far., Sec. 10; P. 0. i ^y^OUNGMUYER, J., far., Sec. 36; Vincennes. JL P. 0. Keokuk. Wilkinson, H., far., Sec. 13; P. O. Vin- \ Young, Felix, far., Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Keokuk. cennes. I JEFFERSON TOWNSHIP. ANDREWS, WILLIAM, farmer, Sec. 34 ; P. 0. Montrose. Andrews, Zachariah, farmer, Sec. 34 ; P. 0. Montrose. Anwater, George, farmer, Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Viele. App]e2;ate, Henry, farmer. Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Viete. Applegate, John, far.. Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Viele. BALLINGER, FRANK, farmer, Sec. 32 ; P. 0. Montrose. Barclay, John, farmer, Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Montrose. Bishop, Solomon, farmer, Sec. 34 ; P. 0. Montrose. BRATOlf, J. C, farmer. Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Montrose ; born in Albany, N. Y., Aug. 25, 1838; removed with his par- ents to Montgomery Co., N. Y., where they remained four years ; then went to the city of Geneva, N. Y. ; removed to Jackson Co., Mich., and remained about ten years, and then came to Lee Co. Feb. 20, 1858. Married Miss Sarah M. Slingerland Aug. 2, 1860 ; she was born in Lee Co., Iowa, Jan. 31, 1844; have one child by adoption — William. Mr. B. has served as Justice of the Peace six years ; owns 421 acres of land ; members of Baptist Church; Democrat. Braton, L. J., far., Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Viele. Britton, Albert, far., S. 17; P. 0. Viele. Britton, Francis, far., S. 17 ; P. 0. Viele. BROWX, J. J., farmer, S. 27; P. O. Montrose ; born in St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., Aug. 18, 1830 ; moved with his parents to Pike Co., 111., in 1838; his mother, Nancy B., died there in 1839 ; then he and his father went to Han- cock, 111., and while there, his father died, in 1842 ; Mr. B. remained there till 1844, then came to Fort Madison. He served five years in Co. F, 1st Regt. U. S. A., and was all through the Mexican war ; was at the battle of Vera Cruz and City of Mexico, and all the prominent battles in the Mexican war ; remained at Mexico City till the close of the war ; in 1848, returned to Vera Cruz, and embarked for New Orleans,, where they arrived July 20 ; went up the Mississippi and established a post , returned to Texas, thence to San AntoniO' and Austin, where they established a post, and remained during the winter ; while there, he was promoted 1st Ser- geant of the company ; in the spring of 1849, started for the Rio Grande River, and established Fort Duncan ; remained until Dec. 24, 1851, when he was discharged; remained in Texas until 1858, then returned to Lee Co. Married Miss Ann L. Snively March 6, 1859; she was born in Washington Co, Md., 1837 ; came to Lee Co. in 1850. Mr. Brown remained at home till 1861, then enlisted in Co. G, 4th Iowa Cav. ^ was First Lieutenant of company till July, 1862, then returned home. Owns 200 acres of land Is a member of the Methodist Church. Mr. B. is a Democrat. BKOWX, JOHN, farmer. Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Montrose ; born in St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., Oct. 8, 1836 ; went to Mis- souri, thence to Pike Co., 111. ; removed to Hancock Co. ; came to Lee Co., 1843, and has been a resident of the county ever since. Married Miss Elizabeth Bullard Feb. 26, 1860; born in Jack- sonville, 111., Jan. 7, 1833 ; her parents came to Lee Co. in 1837 ; Mr. B. has JEFFERSON TOWNSHIP. 789 six children — Mary E., Lucy L., Susan S., Nellie, James T., John A. and one dead, Josephine. Mrs. B. is member of the M. B. Church. Mr. B. owns 400 acres of land. Democrat. Buhner, John, far., Sec. 8 ; P. 0. Viele. BUIiliARD, JAMES, farmer. Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Fort Madison ; born in Morgan Co., 111., May 22, 1825 ; came to Des Moines Co., Iowa, in 1834 ; re- moved to Lee Co. in 1836, and settled where he now lives. Theophilus Bul- lard, James BuUard's father, was born in North Carolina March 8, 1798, and died in 1875 ; his mother was born in Wythe Co., Va., 1801, and died in 1848 ; they were among the early settlers of Lee Co. His father was in the Black Hawk war in 1832 ; was one of the first Justices of the Peace of the Territory. James Bullard married Miss Sarah A. Wallace in 1852; born June 1, 1834; have two children — Robert R. and Eugene. Owns forty acres of land. Both members of the Baptist Church ; Mr. B. is a Democrat. BULiIiARD, JOHX, farmer. Sec. 14 ; P. 0. Fort Madison ; born in Lee Co., Iowa, Aug. 15, 1844. Married Miss Mary A. Griffis Feb. 16, 1865 ; born in Clay Co., Ind., Aug. 1, 1844; have four children — Ruth A., Jas. M., Myrta, Harry H., and two dead, Jessie W. and May. Mrs. B. is a member of the Methodist Church. Mr. B. owns 200 acres of land. Democrat. Bullard, Richard, far., Sec. 14; P. 0. Fort Madison. Bullard, Wilson, far., Sec. 14 ; P. 0. Fort Madison. Burdorf, Frederick, far., Sec. 4 ; P. 0. Viele. Busard, C. H., far., Sec. 7 ; P. 0. Viele. CAMERON HUGH, far., S. 16; P. 0. Viele. Carroll John, far., S. 33 ; P. 0. Mon- trose. Cole, Emerson, far., Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Mon- Cole, Henry W., far., S. 29 ; P. 0. Mon- trose. Cole, Joseph, far., Sec. 29 ; P. O. Mon- trose. Conlee, Paris, far., Sec. 10; P. 0. Viele. Conlee, William, far.. Sec. 15; P. 0. Fort Madison. Cook, L., far., S. 14; P. 0. Ft. Madison. Cooper, W., tar., S. 15 ; P 0. Viele. COY:SfE, FKANK, far., S. 29 ; P. 0. Montrose ; born in Greene Co., Mo., Nov. 6, 1853 ; came with his parents to Lee Co., in 1856, and settled where he now lives. Married Miss Eliza Cale in 1877; born in Indiana in 1854; have one child, Mabel F. Mr. C. has held the office of Assessor. Democrat. Mary E. Coyne ; born in Greene Co., Mo., Jan. 20, 1852 ; is now residing with her mother at the old home ; is a member of the Methodist Church. Crossley, C, far., S. 34 ; P. 0. Montrose. DAWSON, GEORGE, far., S. 14 ; P. 0. Ft. Madison. Day, Edwin, far., S. 17 ; P. 0. Viele. Drollinger, B. R., far., S. 11 ; P. 0. Ft. Madison. DROLI^IIVG^EK, B. W., far., S. 12 ; P. 0. Ft. Madison ; born in Indi- ana Dec. 4, 1830; removed with his parents to Missouri ; remained there four years ; thence to Illinois ; at 13 years of age, he started out for himself; came to Lee Co. March 20, 1844. Mr. Drollinger's father was a Mormon preacher; they were at the Mormon surrender in Missouri ; then removed to Clay Co., Mo.; while there, his father died ; then he and his mother moved to Quincy, 111.; thence to Nauvoo, and at present his mother is with the Mormons at Salt Lake City. Mr. D. married Miss Susan L. Wilson Dec. 14, 1850 ; born in Hancock Co., 111., Jan. 13, 1834; has seven children — George M., B. P., Emma L,, Francis E., Mary A., Franklin B., Lettie L., and two dead — Rachel R. and Laura C. Mr. D. owns 575 acres of land, on which he has made most of the improvements. Democrat. Drolling'^r, Burl, far., S. 12 ; P. 0. Ft. Madison. Drollinger, William, far., S. 11 ; P. 0. Ft. Madison. Dunn, Richard, far., S. 10 ; P. 0. Viele. EPPERS, H. C, far., Sec. 16 ; P. 0. Viele. Eppers, Henry, far., S. 10 ; P. 0. Viele. Eppers, Julius, far., S. 9 ; P. 0. Viele. FAETH, ADAM, far., S. 4; P. 0. Viele. Faeth, George, far., S. 4 ; P. O. Viele. Faeth, John, f\ir., S. 3; P. 0. Viele. 790 DIRECTORY OF LEE COUNTY: Foley, John, far.; S. 27 ; P. 0. Montrose. aRABER, L., far., Sec. 7 ; P. 0. Viele. GliAI^fCY, A. C, COI.., far., S. 27 ; P. 0. Montrose ; stock-raiser, specialty, blooded horses and hogs ; born in Clermont Co., Ohio, Aug. 9, 1811 ; came to Lee Co. in 1863. Married Miss Phoebe H. Fletcher in 1832 ; born in Clermont Co., Ohio, June 21, 1815 ; have six children — Martha M., Emma 0., Fletcher, H., Addie A., Elizabeth and Mary, and five dead — Albert, By- ron, Amanda, Hannah and one died in infancy. He owns 516 acres of land. Mr. Gr.'s father, Wm.Glancy, was in the war of 1812. Col. A. C. Glancy served twenty years in a rifle regiment of Ohio ; was appointed Adjutant of the regiment, promoted to Lieutenant Colonel, then elected by the company as Colonel. Mr. and Mrs. Gr. are members of the Bap- tist Church. Mr. G. is a Republican. GOODRICH, J. W., far., Sec. 33; P. 0. Montrose; born in New York May 20, 1801, where he remained till 28 years of age ; then engaged ia mer- cantile business for sixteen years; also con- tractor on the Erie Canal, and con- tractor on the Central, and the Illinois Central Railroads ; came to Keokuk in 1855, where he engaged in speculating for four years ; removed to where he now livesin 1859. Married Elizabeth El- ley March 20, 1827 ; born in New York July 6, 1802, and died Nov. 9, 1840 ; he married again, to Miss Sarah Vau- mont in 1843 ; born July 4, 1822 ; has one child by former wife — Smith E., and two dead — Melville W. and Louisa M. ; and by present wife, four — Elliott, Mary A., William and Charles, and four dead — Edward A., Ward, Emma and Alice. Held the ofl&ce of canal collect- or in York State two years ; has been on the Board of Supervisors of Lee Co. six years ; owns 460 acres of land. Both members of the Episcopalian Church ; Mr. G is a Democrat. Graser, Jacob, far., S. 2; P. 0. Viele. Griswold, W. Henry, far., S. 20 ; P. 0. Montrose. ORI^WOIiD, WM. H., ftir.. Sec. 20; P.O. Montrose; born in Herkimet Co., N. Y., April 8, 1804 ; came to Montrose, LeeCo. , in 185 1 ,and moved in 1 852,where he now lives. Married Miss Sallie Onderdonk Oct. 17, 1828; born in Rockland Co., N. Y., March 22, 1809 ; they returned to York State in 1878, where they held the anniversary of their golden wedding ; they have eight children — William H., Ann M., George (attorney at Ottumwa), Almira, Charles W., James, Mary and Helen, and two deceased — Alfred and Simon. Mr. Griswold was elected to the Legis- lature in 1856 ; has held the office of Justice of the Peace from 1854 to 1864 ; was Deputy Sheriff one term, and was Superintendent of Roads two years ; was appointed first Postmaster of Lock Bridge, N. Y. ; appointed by John Q. Adams. Mr. and Mrs. Gris- wold have been members of the Epis- copal Church since 1840. Mr. G. owns eighty acres of land. Democrat. GuUic, Fredrick, far., Sec. 9; P. 0. Viele. HAFFNER, C, far.. Sec. 7 ; P. 0. Viele. Hatton, Henry, far.. Sec. 15; P. 0. Fort MadisoQ. Hewit, Noah, far., Sec. 10 ; P. 0. Fort Madison. HITCHCOCK, WM. H., farmer. Sec. 34 ; P. 0. Montrose ; born in Monroe Co., Mich., Feb. 22, 1839; came to Lee Co. in 1858, and engaged in teaching school, most of his time, till 1861. Married Miss Sarah R. Bishop, Oct. 14, 1861; born in Ohio, June 24, 1841 ; returned to Michigan and re- mained four years ; returned to Lee Co. and purchased the farm where they now live ; owns 60 acres. Members of the Presbyterian Church. Has no family ; one by adoption. Frank S., and two liv- ing with them, Henry Fulton and Clara. Mr. Hitchcock is opposed to all secret organizations ; Republican. Hollander, A. M., far.. Sec. 20; P.O. Montrose. IXGERNOL., ARTHUR, far., Sec. 6 ; P. 0. Franklin Centre ; son of James I. and Elizabeth Hill, the former a native of New Jersey, the latter of Pennsylvania ; both pioneers of Hamil- ton Co., Ohio ; when young, were mar- ried there ; his mother died in that county in 1807, leaving two children — John, born in 1805, .still a resident of JEFFERSON TOWNSHIP. 791 that county, and Arthur, born Oct. 28, 1807, and two weeks of age at his mother's death. The father again mar- ried, and continued to reside in that county until his death, leaving a family by his second marriage of nine children. At the age of 25, Mr. Ingersol married Julia A., daughter of William and Mar- garet Skinner, the former a pioneer of Lee Co. ; she was born in Hamilton Co., Ohio, Nov. 17, 1817, and died Dec. 23, 1839, leaving two children — John, born Oct. 26, 1837, who served in the late war, and William, born Dec. 13, 1839, who died May 9, 1862, while serving his country. He married again, Harriet, sister of his first wife, born in Hamilton Co., Ohio, September, 1821 ; married in Lee Co., but returned to Ohio and re- mained until the spring of 1847, when they settled where they now reside ; their farm consisting of 100 acres of land, valued at $35 per acre ; they have had eight children five of whom are living ; the eldest — Mary E., was born Dec. 23, 1842, and died Oct. 28, 1846 ; Nathaniel S., born April 14, 1845, died March 5, 1848 ; Alice A., born Oct. 23, 1847 ; Arthur M., born Oct. 11, 1849 ; Harriet D., born Jan. 15, 1852 ; Sarah L.. born April 5, 1854; David W., born Dec. 26, 1858, died Feb. 8, 1859, and Sidney W., born May 3, 1863. Democrat ; a member of A., F. & A. M., No. 44, Columbia Lodge, in which he held the offices of Senior Deacon and Warden. J AGGER. JOHN, far.. Sec. 14; P. 0. Ft. Madison. Jones, Willis P., far.. Sec. 18 ; P. 0. Viele. Judy, G. W., far.. Sec. 16 ; P. 0. Viele. KEARANS, JAMES, far., Sec. 16 ; P. 0. Viele. KEXT, WM. G., Sec. 1 ; p. 0. Ft. Madison; born in Centre Co., Penn., Aug. 10, 1837 ; came with his parents to Lee Co. in 1842, and settled where he now lives; his parents reside in Ft. Madison ; they were natives of Penn- sylvania. Wm. G. Kent married Miss Sarah Shepherd Dec. 24, 1863; she was born in Lee Co., Iowa, Jan. 12, 1843. Mr. K. has been County Super- intendent of Schools four years, and Secretary of Schools ; also Township Clerk, etc.; is a member of Damascus Commandery, No. 5, of Keokuk ; also member of Claypoole Lodge, 13, of Ft. Madison ; owns 200 acres of land ; Democrat. Korn, George, far., Sec. 18; P. 0. Viele. Kudebeh, W- m., far.. Sec. 4 ; P. 0. Viele. LAMBERT, CHARLES, far., Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Montrose. liAMBERT, AXN E., MRS., far.. Sec. 33 ; P. 0. Montrose ; born in Kentucky in 1826. Married, in 1845, Robert Lambert, a native of Kentucky ; born in 1824 ; they came to Lee Co. in the fall of 1854, and settled on present farm in 1869 ; Mr. Lambert died Jan. 26, 1879 ; Mr. Lambert has six chil- dren — John A., Charles W., Cyrus D., Sarah M., Maggie and Louisa. Charles W., at the death of his father, assumed charge of the farm. LAMBERT, CYRUS D., farmer, Sec. 30 ; P. 0. New Boston ; born in Kentucky in 1852 ; came to Lee Co. with his parents in 1854. Married, in 1875, Armenia Nicholson, a native of Indiana ; has two children — Howard and Robert. Mr. Lambert purchased his present farm in 1866. Lambert, John A., far.. Sec. 30 ; P. 0. Montrose. Lambert, Robert, far.. Sec. 32 ; P. 0. Montrose. McBRIDE, BARNEY, far., Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Montrose. McBride, Felix, Sr., far., Sec. 19; P. 0. Viele. McBride, Felix, Jr., far., Sec. 19 ; P. O. Montrose. McCarthy, Timothy, far.. Sec. 33 ; P. 0. Montrose. McShane, Frank, far.. Sec. 19 ; P. 0. Viele. Manny, George, far.. Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Viele. Milliner, George, far., Sec. 13 ; P. 0. Fort Madison. Mitchell, Henry, far.. Sec. 20; P. 0. Montrose. Mitchell, Wm., far.. Sec. 16 ; P. 0. Viele. Moon, Chas., far.. Sec. 32 ; P. 0. Mon- trose. Morrison, G. H., far., Sec. 34; P. 0. Montrose. Mulligan, John, far.. Sec. 30 ; P. 0. Montrose. 'BRIEN, THOMAS, far.. Sec. 28 ; P. 0. INlontrose. O 792 DIHECTORY OF LEE COUNTY: ODEIili, FREDERICK, far, Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Montrose ; born in West- chester Co., N. Y., Dec. 12, 1812; went to East Chester, N. Y,, where he served an apprenticeship as carriage- maker in 1832; went to New York City, where he engaged in house-paint- ing, and then removed to Rye, N. Y., and worked at his former occupation until February, 1833, then returned to New York City, and engaged in house- painting again, and remained till 1837, then went to New Rochelle, where he engaged in farming ; came to Lee Co. in 1842, first settling on the old Bishop farm, now the Griswold farm ; re- moved to where he now lives, where he owns 160 acres of land. Married Miss Hannah Kerr May 18, 1833 ; she was born in Albany, N. Y., Nov. 2, 1807 ; they had one child — Frederick, born in New York City, and died in his 9th year. Mrs. 0. is a member of the Presbyterian Church ; Mr. Odell is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and neutral in politics. Ott. Michael, Sr., far., S. 7; P. 0. Viele. PETTY, CHARLES A., far.. Sec. 21 ; P. O. Montrose. PETTY, WIIililAM E., far., S. 21 ; P. 0. Viele ; born in Worcester Co., Md., Dec. 22, 1832 ; removed to Clermont Co., Ohio, in 1843; came to Lee Co. in 1846, first settling in Montrose Tp.; then removed to where he now lives. Married Miss Sarah J. Kearn in 1854 ; she was born in Coles Co., 111., April 28, 1836 ; have seven children — Charles A., born Jan. 13, 1855 ; James H., Oct. 12, 1856 ; John A., Dec. 10, 1858; Thomas H., Oct. 28, 1860; Annie B., Dec. 12, 1863; William E., May 21, 1866 ; Mary F., Nov. 4, 1868. Mr. Petty owns 120 acres of land. Republican. QUEISNER, AUGUST, far.. Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Viele. RAMSEY, B. B., far.. Sec. 21 ; P. Montrose. REED, EL.9IER, far.. Sec. 28 ; P. O. Montrose ; born in Otsego Co., N. Y., Feb. 18, 1842 ; came to Lee Co. in 1842, with his parents, and settled in Jefferson Tp.; they were among the early settlers of the county. Married Miss Kate Hilbourn Dec. 6, 1866, she was born in Northumberland Co., Penn., Sept. 1, 1845 ; they have two children — Annie B., born April 25, 1873, and Joseph, March 6, 1875 ; and two children deceased — Anthis, born Aug. 19, 1868, died in 1868; May, born in 1870, died in 1870. Mr. Reed owns ninety -six acres of land. Enlisted in 1861, in the 1st I. V. C, and served till the close of the war ; was in the bat- tle of Prairie Grove, Mo., and several others. REED, MADISON, far., Sec. 28; P. 0. Montrose; born in Otsego Co., N. Y., Jan. 21, 1836; came with his parents to Lee Co. in 1842 ; his parents were among the early settlers of the county, and lived here until their death. Mr. Reed married Miss S. Gargass in 1858 ; born in Hampshire Co., Va., Nov. 8, 1838; have six children— El- mer, born Sept. 23, 1860 ; William M., April 28, 1864; Jessy J., March 21, 1870 ; Maggie F., Aug. 5, 1872 ; Fi- delia, March 21, 1875; Robert, Dec. 8, 1877, and two dead — David, born March 30, 1863, died in 1863 ; Phoebe A., born July 2, 1867, died in 1868. Mr. Reed owns fifty-six acres of land. Democrat. REED, MYRICK, far., S. 21 ; p. 0. Montrose ; born in Otsego Co., N. Y., July 22, 1838; came to Lee Co. in 1844 with his parents. Married Miss Eliza Ramsey in 1859 ; she was born in Iowa, and died Feb. 3, 1864. Married again Miss Margaret Allison March 24, 1864 ; she was born in Beaver Co., Penn., March 8, 1844. Mr. Reed has two children by former wife — Edward (born Sept. 7, 1861), Ira (born Jan. 25, 186-), and by present wife six — Rasey L. (born Feb. 22, 1865), John M. (Jan. 1, 1867), Samuel J. (Oct. 2, 1871), Charles M. (Nov. 13, 1874), Henry D. (Jan. 11, 1876), Clara S. (Aug. 10, 1878). Mr. R. owns ninety-six acres of land. Republican. Reid, Charles W., far., S. 18 ; P. 0. Viele. Reid, George, far., S. 18 ; P. 0. Viele. Reid, Julius, far.. Sec. 7 ; P. 0. Viele. Riddle, Alexander, far., S. 9 ; P. 0. Viele, Rudd, John, far.. See. 18; P. O. Viele. Rudd, Michael, far.. Sec. 17 ; P. 0. Viele. S CHAFFER, CHRISTIAN, far., Sec. 18; P. 0. Viele. JEFFERSON TOWNSHIP. 793 Schiller, Charles E., far., Sec. 18 ; P. O. Viele. Schone, Charles A., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Viele. Schone, Martin, far., Sec. 25 ; P. O. Viele. Schubert, John, far., Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Viele. J^HAY, P., far.. Sec. 22; P. 0. Ft. Madison; born in the county of Clare, Ireland, Dec. 28, 1818 ; came to Amer- ica in 1847, and settled in Quebec, Can- ada ; removed to Cleveland, Ohio, where he remained six years ; came to Lee Co. in 1853, and engaged in farming, rent- ing for some time till he made money enough to purchase the farm where he now lives. Married Miss Mary Waters March 15, 1839 ; born in Ireland in 1822 ; have four children^ — Jane, Ellen, Mary and Perry. Mr. Shay owns 230 acres of land. Members of the Catholic Church. Mr. S. is a Democrat. Skiner, William, far.. Sec. 6 ; P. O. Viele. SKYL.es, benjamin, far, Sec. 11; P. 0. Viele; born in West Tennessee Aug. 24, 1810 ; went to Missouri in 1818 with his parents; then to Illinois, where he remained ten years, and while there married Miss Hannah Peak in 1833 ; she was born in Ken- tucky in 1818 ; Mr. S. came to Lee Co. in 1838; in 1860, Mrs. S. died. Mar- ried again, Miss Elizabeth Canlee in 1 864 ; born in England in 1829 ; she moved with her parents to York State in 1830; to Michigan in 1834 ; thence to Missouri in 1836 ; in 1839, came to Lee Co. ;her mother is living with her, aged 80 years ; was born in England in 1799. Mr. Skyler held the office of Justice of the Peace. Owns 196 acres of land. Has eight children bv former wife — Thomas A., F. J., G. W", M. R., Nancy, John, Frank B. and Susie. Mr. S. is a Demo- crat. Stacker, "William, far., Sec. 18; P. 0. Viele. Steward, Francis, far.. Sec. 12 ; P. 0. Ft. Madison. TROENER, HENRY, far.. Sec. 12 ; P* 0. Ft. Madiscn. Troener, Theodore, far.. Sec. 12; P.O. Ft. Madison. yTRFER, CHRISTIAN, far., Sec. 16 ; U P. O. Viele. YIOX, FREDERICK, far., Sec. 7 ; P. 0. Viele. Voix, Sebastian,' far.. Sec. 7 ; P. 0. Viele. WALLACE, WM., far.. Sec. 12 ; P. 0. Ft. Madison. Warhine, William, far.. Sec. 8 ; P. 0. Viele. Wharton, Abraham, far.. Sec. 16 ; P. O. Viele. Whitcomb, Eugene, far., Sec. 12 ; P. 0. Ft. Madison. WIJLSON, GEORCi^E, farmer, Sec. 2 ; P. 0. Ft. Madison ; born in Tennessee. June 22, 1809 ; went with his parents to Indiana, then removed to Kentucky^, thence to Missouri, where they remained seven years, then came to Lee Co., in 1834, and settled where he now lives. iVIarried Miss Rebecca Wallace in 1832 ; she was born in Tennessee, 1812, and died June 13, 1878 ; Mr. W. has five children living — Susan (now Mrs. Dall- inger), Jane (now Mrs. Buzard), Louisa (now Mrs. Mitchell), Greorge, Hannah (now Mrs. Hatten), and six deceased — James, Mary, John M., others died in infancy. Mr. W. owns 439 acres of land. Was in the Black Hawk war in 1832. Is a Democrat. WILSON, GEORGE W., born in Lee Co., Iowa, Jan. 20, 1852, now living at the old homestead. Married Miss L. E. Stewart, 1877 ; she was born in Lee Co., Iowa, Jan. 30, 1856; ha.s two children — Charley and Frank. Is a Democrat. P. O. Ft. Madison. Wisher, Henry, far., Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Viele. Wolheater, Lorenz, far., Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Viele. Worthington, Thomas, far., Sec. 33 ; P. O. Montrose. 794 DIRECTORY OF LEE COUNTY: MARION TOWNSHIP. P. 0. P. 0. Pilot Grove, far.. Sec. 5 ; P. 0. far.. Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Clay's P. 0. Clay's 15 ; P. 0. St. 12 ; P. 0. St. ADDINGTON, AMOS T., far., Sec. 4 ; P. 0. Pilot Grove. Addington, W. G., far., Sec. 4 Pilot Grove. Auk, A., far., Sec. 1 BARTLETT, W., Pilot Grove. Becker, F., ftir., Sec. 18 ; P. 0. St. Paul. Belles, Adam, Grove. Bell, John, far.. Sec. 30 Grove. Bell, R., far., Sec. 30 ; P. 0. Clay's Grove. Bentler, W., far., Sec. 18 ; P. 0. St. Paul. Bick, John, far.. Sec. 4; P. 0. Pilot Grove. Bond, B., far., Sec. 10 ; P. 0. Pilot Grove. Bond, W. M., far., Sec. 6 ; P. 0. Pilot Grove. Brimhurst, H., far.. Sec. Paul. Brockman, J. B., far.. Sec. Paul. Brockman, M.. far., Sec. 17 ; P. 0. St. Paul. Buckhold, J. U., far., Sec. 33; P. 0. Clay's Grove. Burnett, John, shoemaker. Pilot Grove. C^iALDWELL, A. B., far., Sec. 20 ; P. J 0. Clay's Grove. Caldwell, B. E., far., Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Clay's Grove. CAI.DWE1.I., JOHX, far and stock-grower ; Sec. 30 ; P. O. Clay's Grove ; son of Jobn Caldwell, Sr., who was born in Washington Co., Penn., on the first day of our present century, and raised a blacksmith, a trade handed down to him by his father. At the age of 26, he married Margaret McCord, who was born in Washington Co., Penn., in 1808 ; in 1850, they came to Lee Co., where he built a shop and worked at his trade near Clay's Grove until his death, which occurred in 1875, leaving a widow and nine children ; John was born in Wash- ington Co., Penn., March 15, 1834; consequently, was 16 years of age on coming to this county ; soon after which, he began working at the carpenter trade Sept. 24, 1862. He married Melinda L., daughter of Edward Court- right, who was born in Franklin Co., Ohio, March 9, 1811, the sixth son of Richard Courtright and Sarah Ricketts ; her mother was Mary Powell, born in Franklin Co., Ohio, Dec. 5, 1810, and married March 2, 1832 ; they came to Lee Co., in 1853, settling near Clay's Grove, where her mother died, Sept. 11, 1863 ; her father died, Sept. 27, 1877 ; Mrs. Caldwell was born in Franklin Co., Ohio, October, 1840 ; the spring follow- ing their marriage, they removed to their present place of residence, where they own 187 acres of land, valued at $50 per acre ; they have six children — Clyde L., born Jan. 24, 186^; Mary J.. born April 13, 1865 ; Carrie M., born July 5. 1867 ; Sarah J., born March 10, 1870 ; Edward J., born Aug. 24, 1872. and Johnson E., born Sept. 18, 1876. Democrat; members of M.E. Church; has held the office of Township Trustee and various school offices. Caldwell, Joseph, far., S. 20; P. 0. Clay's Grove. Cammack, Marion, far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Pilot Grove. Clark, Lebius, Sr.,far., S. 18 ; P. 0. Clay's Grove. Clawson, Charles, far., Sec. 16; P. 0. Pilot Grove. CliAWSOX, C. I.., farmer and stock-dealer. Sec. 16 ; P. 0. Pilot Grove ; is a son of Mahlon Clawson, who was born in Guilford Co., N. C, 1802, and, when 10 years of age, taken by his mother (his father having died) to Wayne Co., Ind. ; and, Jan. 1, 1829, he married Mar/ A. Brown, who was born in Tazewell Co., Tenn., May, 1812 ; they settled in that county, where he became an extensive farmer and stock- grower and was largely engaged in pork- packing ; meeting with reverses of fort- une in 1854, he came to Lee Co.. where they still reside ; had ten children, five still living; C. L., the youngest, born in Wayne Co., Ind., May 10, 1852; was 2 years of age when his parents came to Lee Co., where he received an education at the common schools. Aug. 29, 1878, he married Miss Ida B., daughter of John Huff, a resident of Cedar Tp.; and an early set- tler of Lee Co., from Indiana; she was MARION TOWNSHIP. 795 boru in Cedar Tp., this county, in 1860; soon after their marriage, they settled where they now reside, and own 160 acres of land, valued at $45 per acre. Republican. Clawson, Joseph, far., Sec. 4; P. 0. Pilot Grove. Clawson, Mahlon, far.. Sec. 4 ; P. O. Pilot Grrove. Crampton, Samuel, far.. Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Pilot Grove. DAVIS, ALFRED, farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. Pilot Grove. DAY, J. N., M. D., Pilot Grove; a son of Jacob Day, a native of Pike Co., Miss. ; at 12 years of age, moved to Washington Co.,' Ind., where he married Mary Payne, a native of that State ; had three children ; J. N., the second, born in Washington Co., Ind., Oct. 26, 1850, and when 2 years of age, was brought by his parents to Jefferson Co., Iowa; they settled on Round Prairie, in that county, until 1858, the family returned to Indiana, where they remained until 1869, when they again returned to Jefferson Co., where they now reside. In 1871, Mr. Day commenced the study of medicine with P. N. Woods, of Fairfield, Iowa, taking a three-years course, including two courses of lectures at Keokuk, and graduated at the Medical College at Cincinnati, Ohio, May 7, 1874. He married Miss C. G. Balding, daughter of Wm. Balding, of Fairfield ; she was born in Van Buren Co., Iowa, June 4, 1851 ; they settled at Pilot Grove, where he had previously established a practice, which has steadily increased, until now he has an extensive ride. They have two children — Ettie L., born March 28. 1875, and Archie L., born April 14, 1878. He is Democratic in politics. Member of the M. E. Church. He is a member of A., F. & A. M. West Point Lodge, No. 75. Delashmuth, H. H., far.. Sec. 4; P. 0. Pilot Grove. Denny, Frank, far., Sec. 11 ; P. O. Pilot Grove. Denuing, Gerhard, fiir.. Sec. 11 ; P, 0. St. Paul. Denny, John, far.. Sec. 11 ; P. 0. Pilot G rove. Denny, James, far., S. 7 ; P. O. Pilot Grove. Denny, Joseph, far., Sec. 11 ; P. 0. Pilot Grove. Dickens, Isaac, far.,. Sec. 19; P. 0. Clay's Grove. Dingman, Herman, far., Sec. 19; P. 0. Clay's Grove. Dingman, Theodore, far.. Sec. 25 ; P. O. St. Paul. Dodd, John, far., Sec. 33; P. 0. Clay'.'* Grove. EMMERSON MICHAEL, far., Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Clay's Grove. Esmeier, August, far.. Sec. 20 ; P. 0. St. Paul. IpENHAUS, CHRISTOPHER, far., 1 Sec. 22 ; P. 0. St. Paul. Fenteiger, Frank, far., S. 1 ; P. O. St. Paul. Fenteiger, Otto, far., Sec. 14 ; P. 0. St. Paul. FERGIISOX, ROBERT A., P. 0. Pilot Grove ; was born in Blount Co., East Tennessee, July 23, 1833 ; his parents on both sides of the house were of Scotch descent; he graduated from Ewing and Jefferson College in 1861 ; was ordained to the ministry in Cumberland Presbyterian Church in 1862. During the war, he rendered what aid he could to the Union cause, together with other loyal East Tennes- seans ; he was arrested several times by the rebels ; escaped any long imprison- ments. In 1864, he came to Henderson Co., 111., and took charge of the South Henderson congregation of the Cum- berland Presbyterian Church. In 1866, he married Miss Helen A. Baldwin, of Abingdon, 111., born at Ft. Edward, N. Y., Oct. 19, 1839; in 1867, he moved to Cedar Co., Iowa, and took charge of the C. P. Church at Pedee ; after five years, moved to Pilot Grove, Lee Co.; for seven years, he has been Pastor of the C. P. Churches of Donnellson and Con- cord, in Cedar Tp., and Pleasant Ridge in Pleasant Ridge Tp.; have two chil- dren — Robert Donnell, aged 10, and Delia AHce, aged 6. Foulke, Edward, far., S. 7 ; P. 0. Salem. Fraizer, Addison, far.. Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Pilot Grove. Fraizer, Jonathan, far.. Sec. 6 : P. 0. Salem. Frese, John, far.. Sec. 36 : P. 0. West Point. Freker, Gerhard, far., Sec. 21 ; P. 0. St. Paul. 796 DIRECTORY OF LEE COUNTY : Funekehernn, Stephen, far., Sec. 35 ; P. 0. St. Paul Fuker, Joseph, far., Sec. 22 ; P. 0. St. Paul. Fergeson, A. R., Pastor C. P. Church, Pilot Grove. GARRETSON, ALBERT H., far., Sec. 4 ; P. 0. Pilot Grove. Griffith, George, far.. Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Clay's Grove. Griffith, Jacob, Sr., far., Sec. 13 ; P. 0. St. Paul. Griffin, Joseph, far.. Sec. 10 ; P. 0." Pilot Grove. HAMPTON, ELWOOD, far.. Sec. 7 ; P. 0. Pilot Grove. Hampton, Henderson, far., Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Pilot Grove. Hampton, M. J., far.. Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Pilot Grove. Hannen, S., far., Sec. 3 ; P. 0. Pilot Grove. Hannen, William, far., Sec. 3 ; P. 0. Pilot Grove. Harrison, Wesley, far., Sec. 34; P. 0. Pilot Grove. HARVEY, ISOM, far., Sec. 14; P. 0. St. Paul ; was born in Randolph Co., N. C, March 9, 1806, and when 1 year of age, was taken by his parents (who were members of the Friends' Church), to Wayne Co., Ind. ; they first settled near Richmond, but afterward removed farther into the wilderness, set- tling near the center ot the county, where, by the aid of an industrious family, consisting of a wife and six sons and three daughters, his father became one of the most extensive farmers of the State, owning at one time thirteen and one-quarter sections of land, beside 700 in another body, enabling him to provide each of his children with a large farm. Nov. 4, 1830, Isom Harvey married Elizabeth E., daughter of Elijah Fisher, who was born in Indi- ana, 1807 ; they settled near Richmond, Ind., where, in 1834, his wife died, leaving two children — John L., born Aug. 10, 1831, now a farmer of Pleas- ant Ridge Tp., and Elijah R., June 17, 1833, a merchant of his native city, Richmond ; Sept, 17, 1839, he married Mary A., daughter of James Jones, a farmer near Baltimore, Md., where she was born Sept. 7, 1819. At the age of 13, came with her parents to Indiana, they settling near Richmond, where she was married. After being en- gaged in the grocery trade for several years at Centerville, the county seat of his native county, in 1843, Mr. Harvey removed to Lee Co., crossing the Mis- sissippi the 22d of Oct., of that year ; they first settled in Green Bay Tp., where his father had purchased a claim of a Mr. Small ; six years previous they occupied a cabin erected by Small with the aid of twelve Indians and two white men ; remained there for five and a-half years, and then removed to his present place of residence, consisting of 139 acres of land, valued at $50 per acre; he also owns a house and lot at Pilot Grove, valued at $500. They have had twelve children, six sons and six daugh- ters — James A., born May 6, 1841 ; he enlisted in Co. I, 30th I. V. I., Aug. 15, 1862; participated at Vicksburg, Helena, Arkansas Post (where he was color-bearer) ; at both sieges of Jackson, the forced march to Chattanooga, and at Resaca, where he fought for three days, standing upon one foot, and taken thence to the hospital at Chattanooga, where he died June 27, 1864; Chris- tenie J., born January, 1847 ; she mar- ried Henry Pickard, and died October, 1878; Jerusha A., Jan. 25, 1849 (the wife of J. W. Pretker, of Fort Madison) ; Willard C, Sept. 14, 1850, drowned at Portland, Oregon, July 11, 1877; Jemima E., April 8, 1853 fthe wife of James F. Wilson, of Henry Co.) ; Daniel, Jan. 14, 1855, now principal of schools at Portland, Oregon; Henry S., June 19, 1858, and Nathan B., Dec. 17, 1859, now attending school at Fort Madison; Republican. Mrs. H. and two daughters are members of the Bap- tist Church. HELLMAN, BENNET H., far ; P. 0. and residence St. Paul ; son of G. H. Hellman, who was born in Hanover, Germany, in 1811, and the spring of 1835, emigrated to America, arriving at Fort Madison, Lee Co., the spring of 1836 ; coming over in the same ship was Mary A. Kalker, -born in Hanover, Germany, in 1806, to whom, by the time they reached Fort Madison, he waa engaged in marriage, and there being no proper officer nearer, they were MARION TOWNSHIP. 797 obliged to go to Quincy, 111., in order to secure the services of one ; returning, they settled in Marion Tp. ; had nine children, six sons and three daughters — Harmon H., born July 15, 1837, is sup- posed to be the first child born in the township, now a resident of Sec. 19, this township, and May, 1859, he mar- ried Elizabeth, daughter of Barney and Gertrude Grothouse ; she was born in Prussia, 1837, and with her parents emigrated to America and Lee Co., when 11 years of age. In 1868, they settled where they now reside, and own eighty acres of land, valued at $45 per acre. They have eight children — Gar- ret H., born March 6, 1859 ; Annie M., Feb. 9, 1861 ; Joseph, May 2, 1863 ; Louisa, Jan. 10, 1866 ; Carolina, April 29, 1868 ; Mary, July 15, 1871 ; John A., Nov. 21, 1873, died Oct. 21, 1876, and Bernard G., May 26, 1876. The second born to Mr. and Mrs. Hell- man, Sr., was the subject of this sketch, who was born March 31, 1838, and after receiving an education at the American and German schools of his native county, at the age 21 went to St. Louis, where, at the breaking out of the war, he joined the Western Division of the United States Telegraph Corps, op- erating in Missouri and Arkansas. June, 1864, found him at Atchison, Kan., from which, with five yoke of oxen, he made the journey to San Fran- cisco, Cal., walking the entire distance, where he engaged with the Stage Co., and worked his way back to Denver, Colo., there engaged to the B. 0. Des. Co., driving from Denver to Cheyenne Wells ; this he continued for two years, then he worked as baggage-master for A. W. Buyer, of Ellsworth, Kan., taking freight to Santa Fe, New Mexico ; aft- erward he worked for the Southern United States Mail Co., in which serv- ice, he visited New Mexico, Iron Springs, Colo., and most of the important cities of Mexico and Colorado, and in 1871, he returned to Lee Co. Democratic in politics. The family are members of the Catholic Church. Helman, G. W., far.. Sec. 24 ; P. 0. Pilot Grove. Helman, Joseph, far., Sec. 24; P. 0. St. Paul. Helm, Merideth, far.. Sec. 36 ; P. 0. West Point. Hendricks, Wm. H., far., Sec. 35 ; P. O, West Point. Henry, Robert, far., Sec. 30 ; P. 0. Clay Grove. Helway, Henry, far.. Sec. 8 ; P. 0. St. Paul. Hill, Jonathan, far., Sec. 3 ; P. 0. PUot Grove. Hill, N. 0., far., S. 3 ; P. 0. Pilot Grove. Hoggath, I. M., mail-carrier. Pilot Grove. Holcomb, Aaron, far., Sec. 2; P.O. Pilot Grove. Holland, G. W., Postmaster, Pilot Grove. Holtkamp, Barny, far.. Sec. 22 ; P. 0. St. Paul. Holtkamp, John, far., Sec. 25 ; P. O. St, Paul. Hussey, Charles, far., Sec. 17; P. 0. St. Paul. Hussey, Christopher, far.. Sec. 17 ; P. 0. St. Paul. Hutcheson, G. W., far.; P. 0. Pilot Grove. Hutchtons, Henry, far., Sec. 21 ; P. 0. St. Paul. Hutchtons, Otto, far.. Sec. 21 ; P. 0. St. Paul. Huxley, Fred, far., Sec. 12 ; P. 0. Pilot Grove. Huxley, H., far.. Sec. 11 ; P. 0. Pilot Grove. JACKMAN, BENSON, far.. Sec. 3; P. 0. Pilot Grove. J ACKM All^f , CATHARINE, retired. Sec. 3, P. O. Pilot Grove ; was born in Washington Co., Penn., Dec. 15, 1804 ; she was the second daughter of Henry and Katy Holman, nee Ship- ler, natives of Pennsylvania ; her father was educated in Philadelphia, was 18 years of age at the breaking-out of the war of our independence, and served through the war. December, 1822, Catharine married Nathan Jackman, who was born in Washington Co., Penn., in 1795, a ship-carpenter by trade; they settled on the Mononga- hela River, where he followed his trade until 1843, when they became early set- tlers of Lee Co., and settled where she now resides, and owns 40 acres of land, valued at $45 per acre. They had eleven children — Benson, Clark, Addi- son, Nathan, William, John, Henrietta, Melissa, Van Buren, Joseph and Rob- 798 DIRECTORY OF LEE COUNTY ert. Mr. Jackman died Feb. 6, 1873, having been a member of long standing iu the M. E. Church ; Mrs. Jackman is also a member of that church. Jackman, John, far., S. 3 ; P. 0. Pilot ' Grove. Jacobsmeier, William, far.. Sec. 15; P.O. St. Paul. JARRETT, ElilAS, farmer., Sec. 3G ; P. 0. West Point ; born in Lin- coln Co., N. C, Sept. 24, 1799; he is the youngest son of John Jarrett, vfho was born in Pennsylvania, in 1759, and afterward became a resident of Cabarrus Co., N. C, where he married Elizabeth, daughter of Frederick Fisher; she was born in Cabarrus Co., N. C, September, 1770 ; his father died in Lincoln Co., N. C, Jan. 29, 1829 ; his mother June 14, 1841. leaving a family of eight children, of whom Mr. Jarrett and a brother Absalom, a resident of Morgan Co., Ind., are the only me;iibers left. At the age of 20, Mr. Jarrett learned the tanner's trade, which he followed to a greater or less extent until comine to Lee Co. On the 8th of March, 1827, he married Fanny, daughter of Samuel and Fanny Lantz, nee Hildebrandt; she was born in Lincoln Co., N. C, Oct. 11, 1807. In the fall of 1849, they emigrated to Lee Co., direct to where he now resides, and owns 309 acres of land, valued at $50 per acre. Had thirteen children, eleven now living — Harriet C, born Sept. 30, 1827, the wife of Geo. Sample, of this county; Sally E., born May 30, 1829 (she married Philip Ehart, deceased, a resident of Fort Madis.on); John E., born Aug. 27, 1830 ; Caroline, born Oct. 16, 1832, died Oct. 28, 1857; Mira Mary A., born July 27, 1834, the wife of Amos Logan, of Pleasant j Hidge; Fanny L., born Aug. 16, 1836, wife of C. Martin, of West Point; Phihp F., born Feb. 28, 1838 (married Rachel A., daughter of Edward Court- right, of Marion Tp. (deceased) ; she was born in Franklin Co., Ohio, Dec. 18, 1841 ; they reside near his father's, where he owns a fine farm ; they have but one child, Mary A., born July 10, 1873); Margaret J., born Feb. 5, 1840, the wife of Jacob McCracken, of this township ; Eve Susannah, born Jan. 3, 1842, wife of James Boyle, of Worth Co., Mo.; Frances E., born Oct. 15, 1843, died May 31, 1852; Isabel, born Sept. 5, 1845, wife of James Stul, of Page Co.. Iowa ; Virginia C, born Oct. 21, 1847, wife of John Courtright, of Franklin Tp., and Barbara Iowa, born March 6, 1850. Democratic. Mrs. J., and several of her children, are members of the Presbyterian Church ; some of them are Methodists. JARRETT, JOH]V E.,_ iar. and bee culturist ; P. 0. West Point ; boru in Catawba Co., N. C, Aug. 27, 1830, and in 1849, with his parents, removed to Lee Co., and June 4, 1865, he mar- ried Amy E., daughter of Wesly Har- rison, of this township ; she was born in Dearborn Co., Ind., in November, 1841, and soon after settled where he now resides; owns 100 acres of land, valued at $50 per acre ; he also owns 160 acres in Hancock Co., Iowa, val- ued at $55 per acre. Democrat; mem- bers of the Presbyterian Church ; held the office of Assessor for two years, and has held Various school offices. Jarrett, P. F., far.. Sec. 36 ; P. 0. West Point. Jennings, Hiram, far., Sec. 10 ; P. 0. Pilot Grove. JOHNSOJf, S. W., far.. Sec. 30; P. 0. Clay's Grove ; his father, Larkec Johnson, was born on the Rappahan- nock River, Virginia, in 1798 ; his parents removed to Kentucky, near Lexington, when he was 5 or 6 years of age, afterward to Brown Co., Ohio, where he enlisted and served in the latter part of the war of 1812, under Gen. Harrison. He married Mary Harvell, a native of North Carolina, but at that time a resident of Brown Co., Ohio; had eight children — six sons and two daughters, of whom four sons and one daughter are living ; S. W. was the fourth son and seventh child born in Logan Co., Ohio, Aug. 14, 1828, and in April, 1837, his parents became pioneers of Henry Co., Iowa, settling in Jackson Tp., with (if our informer's memory serves her right) but one house built then in West Point, and that occupied by a Mr. Stump, more familiarly known at that time as "Stump on the prairie." The election was held at his father's MARION TOWNSHIP. 799 house for several years ; his father died in October, 1851 ; his mother in 1859 ; but two of the family are now residing in Henry Co. George had limited means for an education, his nearest school being three miles distant. The 9th of January, 1851, he married Amanda, daughter of Charles Hall and Rachel Mooney, natives of Ohio, also early settlers of Henry Co. ; she was born at South Bend, Ind.,- March 15, 1830; in 1853, they removed to Keokuk, where they remained seven years, then removed to his present place of residence, where he owns eighty-nine acres of land, valued at $50 per acre. A Jeffersonian Republican. Mr. John- son has been an attentive member of the M. E. Church since 14 years of age, in which he has held the office of Class- Leader, Steward and Superintend- ent of Sabbath schools. Mrs. John- son has been a member of the same church for nearly as many years. KARHOFF, JOSEPH, tailor, St. Paul. Karphage, Gerhard, far.. Sec. 24 ; P. 0. St Paul. Karphage, Henry, far.. Sec. 11 ; P. 0. Pi- lot Grove. KEMPKER, C^ARRET H., farmer and dealer in drugs, groceries. Sec. 23, St. Paul; son of John H. Kempker, who was born in Hanover, Germany, 1797 ; raised a farmer, and in 1830, married -Mary Nichting, also a native of Hanover, born 1801, and died in 1832, leaving one child, Mary A., now the wife of Joseph Haymeier, of West Point; in 1833, he married Mary A. Hillman, born in Hanover, Germany, 1804, and the fall of 1835, emigrated to America, stopping at Cleveland, 0., where she died, leaving one child. Gar- ret H., who was born in Hanover, Ger- many, June, 1834, and with him the father proceeded to what is now Lee Co.; arriving the spring of 1836, and with Barny Sand, settled on Sec. 23, Marion Tp.; the spring of 1837, he married Mary A. Sand, who was born in Hanover, Germany, 1792 ; came to America with her brother above men- tioned ; she died 1848, leaving no chil- dren. The father died March 20, 1872, having found a home with his son, G. H., since the death of his last wife ; in May, 1857, Mr. Garret H. Kempker married Gertrude, daughter of Herman and Mary A. Menke, natives of Germany who emigrated to America and Lee Co. in 1854, they settled in Pleasant Ridge Tp., where her father died in 1861, her mother being at present a resident of West Point. They settled where he now resides, and owns 120 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre ; they have four children — Henry, born April, 1861 ; Herman, March 9, 1865 ; John, May 8, 1868, and Christina, July 17, 1875. Democrat 'in politics ; has held the office of Justice of the Peace, and Township Trustee ; member of the Catholic Church. Kersting, Henry, far., Sec. — ; P. 0. Pi- lot Grove. Koforth, Henry, far.. Sec. 13 ; P. 0. St. Paul. . Koforth, Theodore, far.. Sec. 26 ; P. 0. St. Paul. Kritenbrink, Henry, far., Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Pilot Grove. Kruse, Henry, far.. Sec. 17; P. 0. St- Paul. LAMPE, GERHARD, Sr., far.. Sec. 14; P. 0. St. Paul. Lampe, Gerhard, Jr., far., Sec. 13 ; P. 0. Pilot Grove. Lampe, Henry D., far.. Sec. 13 ; P. 0. St. Paul. Lereling, Barney, far.. Sec. 14; P. 0. St. Paul. Lereling, Steppan, blacksmith, St. Paul. Lusk, Harvey J., far.. Sec. 29; P. 0. Clay's Grove. McCRAKEN, JACOB, far.. Sec. 32; P. 0. Clay's Grove. McCRACKEX, JOHN, farmer. Sec. 32 ; P. 0. Clay's Grove ; was born in Delaware, Oct. 1, 1801 ; soon after his birth, his parents removed to Ken- tucky, near Louisville, where they re- mained for four years ; thence to Frank- lin Co., Ohio, and settled ten miles east of Columbus, being among the first set- tles of that part of Ohio ; he remained with his father until 23 years of age, when he married Elizabeth Perrin, who was born in Pennsylvania, 1799 ; she died in FrankUn Co., Ohio, in 1837, leaving three children — Susan, now the wife of Wesley Harrison, of this 800 DIRECTORY OF LEE COUNTY : township ; Nancy A., the wife of Ed- win Gill, of Cedar Tp., and Jacob E., who occupies a portion of the home farm; August, 1837, he married Eliza- beth Collins, who was born in Virginia April, 1819, and in 1850, they came to Lee Co., and settled where he now resides and owns 102 acres of land, val- ued at 150 per acre ; Democrat. Mr. McCrackin, and both his wives, were members of the M. E. Church, in which he has been Class- Leader for twenty-five years. MeCord, C. C.,far., Sec. 18; P. 0. Clay's Grove. McClure, J. W., far.. Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Pilot Grove. McMillen, Elisha, capitalist, Pilot Grove. McMIIiliAX, liEWIS, farmer, Sec. 7 ; P. 0. Pilot Grove ; a son of George McMillan, who was born in Lan- caster Co., Penn., in 1796, and married Elizabeth Brunter, born in Pennsyl- vania in 1803 ; they first settled in Tippecanoe Co., Ind., but, in 1838, were among the pioneers to Lee Co., and settled one-half mile west of what is now Franklin ; his father is still a a resident of this county, in the 84th year of his age; had nineteen children; Lewis was the fourth born and third son ; born in Lancaster Co., Penn., in November, 1831 ; was in the 7th year of his age on coming to Lee Co.; cultivating his father's farm, he continued a bachelor until 40 years of age, and, Jan. 27, 1871, he married Fanny J., daughter of John and Bar- bara Hoover, natives of North Carolina, and came to Lee Co. about 1859 ; she was born in North Carolina in 1841. Soon after their marriage, he purchased the farm on which they now reside, con- sisting of 160 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre. They have three chil- dren — James C, born Feb. 17, 1873; Nora M., in March, 1875 ; Ella, in January, 1878. Kepublican. McVicker, M., far., Sec. 33; P. 0. Clay's Grove. Mackey, John, far., Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Clay's Grove. Maddock, Henry, far., Section 7 ; P. 0. Salem. Maddock, Wilham P., far., Sec. 7 ; P. 0. Salem. Martin, John, far., Sec. 34 ; P. 0. Clay's Grove. Martin, Phillip, far.. Sec. 32 ; P. O. Clay's Grove. Marshall, I. E., far., Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Pilot Grove. Mathiasmeier, Conrad, far.. Sec. 16 ; P. 0. St. Paul. Mathiasmeier. Ferd, far.. Sec. 16 ; P. 0. St. Paul. Menke, Duke, far.. Sec. 12 ; P. 0. Pilot Grove. Menke, Henry, far., Sec. 11 ; P. 0. Pilot Grove. Menkens, John, far.. Sec. 13; P. 0. St. Paul. Meierotto, Caspar, far., S. 16 ; P.O. Pilot Grove. Meierotto, Christopher, far., S. 26; P. 0. St. Paul. Meierotto, John, far., S. 16; P. 0. Pilot Grove. Mertens, Christian, far., S. 19 ; P. 0. St. Paul. Mertens, Conrad, far., Sec. 19; P. 0. St. Paul. Miller, E. A., far., Sec. 2 ; P. 0. Pilot Grove. Miller, J. W., far., Sec. 2 ; P. 0. Pilot Grove. Millson, Oliver, far., Sec. 2 i P. 0. Pilot Grove. Moeller, Barney, far., Sec. 16; P. 0. St. Paul. Moeller, Wilhelm, tailor St. Paul. Mueller, Bernhard, far.. Sec. 16 ; P. 0. St. Paul. XT^WBY, MATTHEW, far., Sec. 19 ; l.\ P. 0. Clay Grove. IVEAIi, ElfOS H., far.. Sec. 6 ;_ P. 0. Pilot Grove; born in North Berwick, Me., July 1,1815 ; his father was a black- smith by trade ; he was early apprenticed to that trade, which he followed for thirty-five years; at the age of 21, he removed to Beaver Co., Penn., where, in 1842, he married Eleanor Cook, who was born in Ohio, near Richmond, in 1815, to which place her parents. Ellis and Elizabeth Cook, nee Carter, in the early times of that State, had carried their household stores on horse-back many miles through the wilderness ; her moth- er died when she was but 4 years of age, and she was raised by an aunt in Beaver Co., Penn.; they remained in MARION TOWNSHIP. 801 that county until 1854, when they came to Lee Co. and settled upon the farna he now owns, consisting of 160 acres, valued at $45 per acre. March, 1854 (soon after coming to this county), his wife died, leaving four children, one son and three daughters. He then married Melinda, daughter of Jacob Hampton and widow of Mahlon Townsman ; she was born in Richmond, Ind., in 1823; they have four children, one son and three daughters. Mr. N., in his younger days, was a Whig and an Abolitionist, then a Republican, but finally voted the Greenback ticket ; himself, his first and present wife were raised in the Friends' Church. OSTDIEK, JOHN, far.. Sec. 23 ; P. 0. St. Paul. OVERTON, ELI AS, farmer, stock- grower and dealer, Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Clay's Grove ; son of Asa Overton, who was born in Hartford Co., N. C, 1771, and married Kitty Thomas, born in Hart- ford Co., N. C, in 1775, during 1811, they removed to Randolph Co., of the same State; and, spring of 1837, were among the first settlers of this part of Lee Co., where they both died the fol- lowing year, the mother the 1st, the father the 29th of May, leaving a family of seven children — six sons and one daughter — of whom but two brothers are now living, Mr. Overton being the only member of the family left in Lee Co. ; he was born in Hartford Co., N. C, Jan. 12, 1807 ; raised in Randolph Co., where (his parents being in destitute circumstances and there were no free schools), he grew up with a^ limited education, and worked as a common laborer from place to place ; he reached his 26th year, when he married Miss Nancy York, who was born in Randolph Co., N. C, in 1811, and within thirty days they emigrated Westward, first settling in St. Clair Co., 111., where he purchased a little farm of forty acres, and engaged in farming on his own ac- count ; in 1836, he crossed the Missis- sippi, and settled on what afterward was Section 36, Marion Tp., where he put up a rail pen in which they lived until a cabin could be erected ; in September, 1840, his wife died, leaving three chil- dren—Alfred N., born July 13, 1834 ; he enlisted in 40th I. V. I., in 1862, and died at Columbus, Ky., March 11, 1863 ; Eliza J., born in September, 1836, and Lucinda R.. born Feb. 17, 1840. In September, 1841, he married Eliza Bunner, who was born in Virginia March 17,1815; they have five chil- dren — Mary E., born in October, 1843, the wife of C. C McCord, of this town- ship ; Arey L., born in May, 184-, the wife of Daniel Powell, of Cedar Tp. ; John T., born March 31, 1848, at home ; Marion T., born Aug. 10, J850, a farmer of this township; and Sarah A., born Sept. 21, 1853, the wife of John Powell, of Harrison Tp. In 1854, Mr. Overton removed to his present place of residence, where he now owns 1,140 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre. Members of long standing in the M. E. Church ; his first wife having been a member of the same Church in which he holds the oflSce of Trustee ; he has held the oflBce of Township Trustee and County Supervisor for eleven years, and has held various school offices. Overton, John, far.. Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Clay's Grove. Overton, M. T., far., S. 28 ; P. 0. Clay's Grcve. PICKARD, JAMES, retired farmer ; res. Pilot Grove. Pickard, Henry, retired farmer ; res. Pilot Grove. Polhans, Conrad, S. 17 ; P. 0. St. Paul. Polhans, Ferdinand, S. 17 ; P. 0. St. Paul. Polhans, Henry, S. 17 ; P. 0. St. Paul. Powell, A. J., far., Sec. 35 ; P. O. West Point. Powell, G. L., far., Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Clay's Grove. POWELL, GEO. W., farmer and stock-raiser. Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Clay's Grove ; son of Archibald Powell, who was born in Loudoun Co., Va., Decem- ber, 1784, and soon after reaching his 21st year, he removed to Bedford Co., Penn., where he married Miss Elizabeth Adams, who was horn in Bedford Co., Penn., June 23, 1792 ; they afterward settled in Franklin Co., Ohio, where they died and left a family of six chil- dren — four sons and two daughters ; George was the fourth ; born in Bed- ford Co., Penn., Jan. 25, 1815, and at the age of 23, he married Nancy 802 DIRECTORY OF LEE COUNTY; daughter of Elihu and Mary McCrack- en, of that county, Ohio, from the State ■of Delaware ; she was born in Franklin Co., Ohio, March 22, 1818 ; in 1865, they removed to Lee Co., and settled where they now reside and own 993 acres of land, valued at $50 per acre ; had eleven children, ten now living — Clarissa A. (born Dec. 14, 1838, the wife of W. A. Geese, Cedar Tp.), Martha S. (^Oct. 21, 1840, wife of Ma- thias Newby, of Marion Tp.), Joseph T. (Sept. 29, 1842), David M. (Sept. 17,'1'844), Aurelia (Nov. 18, 1846, the wife of M. P. Mathews, of Van Buren Tp.), John W. (Feb. 22, 1848), William L. (Jan. 14, 1851), (leorge T. (June 8, 1853), Nancy 0. (Nov. 9, 1855 ; died Oct. 6, 1857), Oliver L. (Nov. 17, 1857) and Laura A. (July 2, 1860). A Jackson Democrat, conservative and conciliatory, however, rather than rad- ical in his views and feelings. Mr. and Mrs. Powell have passed thirty-seven years of their lives as members of the M. E. Church, to which he has devoted much time and attention, having acted as Leader and Steward both in Ohio and Iowa, and has been Superintendent of the Sabbath schools for twenty-five years ; to educational matters, as well, Mr. Powell has given a share of his time and attention, his children all having received a liberal education ; all now married except the two youngest and all settled in Lee Co. ; although not very far advanced in age, Mr. and Mrs. Powell have twenty-four grand children. Pomberg, Henry, farmer. Sec. 15 ; P. 0. St. Paul. Powell, Joseph T., farmer. Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Dover. Protsman, L W., farmer. Sec. 33; P. 0. Clay's Grrove. Pyle, John, farmer. Sec. 15; P. 0. Pilot Grrove. REID, THOMPSON, far., S. 31; P.O. Clay's Grove. R£ID, MATTHEW T., farmer, Sec. 31; P. 0. Clay's Grove; son of James Reid, who was born in Abbeville District, S. C, 1783 ; his father Hugh (Matthew's grandfather), was one of the Marion Men, and fought at the bat- tle of King's Mountains during the American Revolution. He married Annie, daughter of Mathew Thompson (also one of Marion's Men), a native of New Jersey ; she was born in South Carolina, 1792; in 1810, emigrated to the Territory of Indiana, among the first settlers, and lived in constant fear of the Indians ; his wife died in 1832 ; he again married, and, in 1845, became a resident of Clay's Grove, this county ; his second wife died, and he died Feb. 16, 1868, having married again, left a wife and three children ; had by his first wife eight children — five sons and three daughters; Mathew T.- was the second son ; born in Union Co. Ind., Dec. 7, 1815; Oct. 9, 1839, married Emily, daughter of Ephraim Dunton, a native of Cumberland Co., N. J., who married Anna Dubois ; they were early settlers of Indiana ; had four children ; Mrs. Reid was the third, born on Delaware Bay, Oct. 9, 1815, and, in 1845, came to Lee County and settled where they now live and own 145 acres, valued at $50 per acre ; they have had ten chil- dren, three now living — Elizabeth T., born Oct. 12, 1848 ; Thomas Emmitt, born Nov. 5, 1851, and James L., born Jan. 26, 1861. Mr. R. is a Repub lican. Mrs. R. is a member of the Chris- tian Church. Rippenkroeger, S., shoemaker, St. Paul. Roberts, Jesse, far., Sec. 12 ; P. 0. Pilot Grove. Roeth, Leonard. Jr., far., S. 34 ;"P. 0. West Point. Roeth, Leonard, Sr., far., Sec. 34 ; P. 0. West Point. , . Rotrige, Anton, merchant, St. Paul. Russell, Charles, far.. Sec. 13 ; P. 0. St. Paul. QAMPLE, GEORGE, far.. Sec. 27 ; P. iO 0. West Point. SAMPIiE, GEORG^E W., lar.. Sec. 26 ; P. 0. West Point ; born in Morgan Co., 111., April 3, 1822, and, in 1842, with his parents came to Lee Co., settling in this township. Sept. 24, 1849. He married Harriet C. Jarrett, who was born Sept. 30, 1827, in Catawba Co., N. C; soon after their marriage they settled on the farm they now occupy, consisting of 208 acres of land, valued at $50 per acre ; he also owns 160 acres in Decatur Co., valued at $10 per acre. They have six children — John E., Phillip, Sarah, MARION TOWNSHIP. 803 Margaret, McClellan and Mary, Demo- crat. Member of the Presbyterian Church . Sample, John E., far., S. 27 ; P. 0. VTesc Point. SAMPLE, JOHN T., far., S. 6; P. 0. West Point ; second son of Wm.' Sample, who was born in Kentucky in 1792, and in the 21st year of his age, enlisted at the breaking-out of the war of 1812, in which he served three years and three months under officers White- sides and Armstrong, and soon after its close, married Sarah Cole, who was born near the line between Indiana and Ohio, in 1802 ; they first settled near Jacksonville, 111., and in 1836, were among the pioneers of Lee Co., and erected their cabin on Sec. 36, Marion Tp., where he entered 420 acres ; his son John T. still retains 112 acres of the original farm, now valued at $40 per acre ; the father lived to the ripe old age of 81 years, and died the 27th of September, 1873; the mother, the 9th of October, 1875, leaving a family of four sons and one dauaihter ; all but one settled in Iowa ; the fifth was John T., born in Morgan Co., 111., the 17th of April, 1830; he was 6 years of age when he came to this county ; and with of an education such as was afforded at the log-schools of his day. On the 23d December, 1869, he married Miss Annie M., daughter of Francis J. and Barbara Bunn, natives of Ger- many, and emigrated to America in 1850; they settled at Fort Madison, where his father died in 1853, and his mother in 1855 ; Mrs. Sample was born in Germany the 21st of May, 1848 ; have five children — John A., born Octo- ber, 1870; Nellie, 10th of February, 1872 ; Charles, 8th of September, 1873 ; Eliza J., January, 1876; and Annie, 8th of November, 1877. Democratic; Mrs. Sample is a member of the Bap- tist Church. Sanders, Gerhard, far., Sec. 7 ; P. O. St. Paul. Sand, Henry, far.. Sec. 22; P. 0. St. Paul. Schinstock, Henry, far.. Sec. 9 ; P. 0. St. Paul. Schiernieier, Joseph, far., Sec. 7 ; P. 0. St. Paul. Schrierer, Martin, far., Sec. 11 ; P. 0. Pilot Grove. Schroeder, Herman, retired, St. Paul. Schroeder, John, merchant and Postmaster, St. Paul. Schroeder, Joseph, farmer and wagon- maker, Sec. 23 ; P. 0. St. Paul. Schutte, Henry, far.. Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Pilot Grove. Seamans, Heaman, far.. Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Pilot Grove. Soppe, H. H., far., S. 12 ; P. 0. St. Paul, Spexarth, William, far.. Sec. 16; P. 0. Pilot Grove. Spiekmeier, Joseph, far.. Sec. 25 ; P. 0. St. Paul. Sporkman, Christ, far.. Sec. 35 ; P. 0. St. Paul. StefFensmeier, Stephen, far.. Sec. 14 ; P. 0. St. Paul. STEWART, JOHN, farmer and stock-dealer, Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Pilot Grove ; the parents of John, James and Mary, were natives of Scotland, but early in life emigrated to Belfast, Ireland ; thence in 1813, to America, and settled in Guernsey Co., Ohio, where they were among the first settlers, it being two years before they had a neighhor nearer than seven miles : his father died in that county January, 1860 ; his mother then came to Lee Co., where she found a home with her son, and died March, 1863 ; seven children had been born to Mr. and Mrs. S., four sons and three children, the subject of this sketch being the only son now liv- ing; he came to Iowa in the fall of 1843, then in his 21st year; went to Van Buren Co., whence, in June, 1844, he married Mary, daughter of Robert and Ellen Steel, who were early settlers of Lee C I., but afterwai-d removed to Jefierson Co.; she was born in Harrison Co., Ohio, Oct. 1, 1822; in 1848, they settled near Pilot Grove, where he held the post ofiice for five years, and in 1856, to where he now resides ; owns 265 acres of land, valued at $50 per acre; he also owns 419 acres in Henry Co., valued at $20 per acre. They have had nine children, seven now liv- ing — Mary E., born February, 1847, wife of J. W. Griffith, of Atlanta, Neb.; Rezilla, Dec. 29, 1848, wife of Oliver Holcomb, of Nebraska; Jane, 8 804 DIRECTORY OF LEE COUNT! Nov. 11, 1850, married Wm. L. Miller, also of Nebraska, and died April 4, 1876 ; James, Dee. 13, 1852, a farmer of Henry Co.; Annie M., Dec. 15, 1854, the wife of Thos. Vincent, of Madison Co., Iowa ; Robert S., born April 16, 1857; William, Nov. 1, 1858; Masgie, Dec. 21, 1860, and John, Dec. 2, f862, died Dec. 27, 1862. Demo- crat ; Mrs. S. is a member of the Bap- tist Church. He has held various township and school offices. Taylor, William, far., S. 6 ; P. 0. Salem. Thomas, Louis, far., Sec. 6 ; P. 0. Salem. Thornburg, Herilah, far., Sec. 10 ; P. 0. Pilot Grove. TTTMTUM, HENRY, farmer. Sec. 24 ; U P. 0. St. Paul. YENJOHAN, ARNOLD, far.. Sec. 4 ; P. 0. St. Paul. VORWAI^DT, HEXRY A., attorney at law and Notary Public, St. Paul ; son of August Vorwaldt, who was born in Munster, Prussia, in 1809 ; a saddler by trade. He married Margaretha Trelling, who was born in Vormaln, Prussia, in 1820 ; the mother died in 1847, the father in 1871, leaving a fam- ily of four children — Henry A., the eldest, born in Munster, Prussia, in Feb- ruary, 1830 ; after receiving a liberal education, in 1850, emigrated to Amer- ica, first stopping at Scranton, Penn., where he was time-keeper for the Union Coal Co.; afterward engaged as clerk in a leather-factory, at Millford, Penn., where he remained two years, and in 1854, under Gen. J. C.Fremont, he visited Nebraska, Kansas and Dakota Territo- ries, on a surveying expedition, in which he was engaged until 1858 ; thence to Cincinnati, Ohio, where he engaged in teaching, and, in the spring of 1860, to Lee Co., and to what is now St. Paul, where he was instrumental in establish- ing a post office, and had the honor of giving the place its name ; he kept the post office for four and one-half years, when he took up his present profession. In February, 1860, he married Mary E. Hoalsher, who was born in Hanover, Germany, in April, 1832, and emigrated to America in 1852 ; they have two children, the eldest, August F.,born the 21st of February, 1867 "and Margaretha D., in November, 1869. Democratic in politics, and members of the Catholic Church. TT7ARD, MYRON, far., Sec. 10 ; P. VV 0. Pilot Grove. WEIKMAXI^f, FRANC JOSEPH, Pastor of the Assump- tion Church at St. Paul ; born at Schwabesh, Germany, Jan. 31, 1823 ; at the age of 10, after receiving a com- mon-school education in his native city, he began the higher studies preparatory for the priesthood ; completed his studies and was ordained Sept. 4, 1848 ; he served as Pastor of his own diocese for twenty years, and as Assistant Priest for four years and as Independent Priest in various places until, in 1868, at the earnest solicitation of his brother John Baptist, a priest at New Vienna, Iowa, he emigrated to America, accepting the pastorship of the church at New Wash- ington, at that time consisting of forty families, but, during fifteen months of his administration, increased to eighty- four ; then to Keokuk, Pastor of St. Mary's Church, where he built the parish house for that church, and-, in the fall of 1872, he came to St. Paul, where he has since presided over the church, having a membership of 627. Weisbrook, Louis, far., Sec. 15 ; P. 0. Pilot Grove. Wenzel, Joseph, merchant. Pilot Grove. Werner, Joseph, blacksmith, St. Paul. WILCOXSOl^, BERRY, retired farmer; res. Mt. Pleasant, Henry Co. ; born in Franklin Co., Ky., February, 1804, and, when 4 years of age, was taken by his parents to North Carolina, but, on account of slavery existing in that country, removed to the Territory of Indiana, settling near the falls of the Ohio, in what afterward was Washing- ton Co., where they endured all priva- tions attending pioneer life ; the father, in 1832, died, the mother about 1834, leaving a family of nine children — five sons and four daughters — all born in Kentucky, except one ; Berry remained with his father and improved a large tract of land, until his 25th year, when he married Sarah W. Cassell, who was born in Fayette Co., Ky., six miles from Lexington, March 15, 1808, and, when a child, was taken by her parents to that part of Indiana. Mr. W. re- PLEASANT RIDGE TOWNSHIP. 805 Tuained in Indiana, working at the mill- wright and cabinet trades, until the spring of 1843, then came to Lee Co. and settled on the farm which he owned and occupied until the present spring, consisting of 181 acres. They have had nine children, eight now living — Louisa (born Sept. 7, 1829, the wife of George McGreer, of Van Buren Co.), Annie (born Sept. 27, 1831, wife of Levi Cam- mack, of Henry Co.), Mariette (born April 2, 1834, wife of Cyrus Dilbe, of Henry Co.), Margaret E. (born Sept. 25, 1837, the wife of William L. Wood- row, an undertaker of San Jose, Cal.), Hiram C. (born March 1, 1839, died Oct. 29, 1861), Jane (born July 25, 1842, wife of Joseph King, of Davis Co.), EH Sala (born Jan. 20, 1844, resident of Osborn Co., Kan.), William H. (born Dec. 6, 1846, a saddler at Mt. Pleasant), and John A. (born March 15, 1849). Mrs. W. was formerly a member of the C P. Church, but, with her husband, now is a member of the U. B. Church ; Mr. W. has held various school and township offices. Wilcoxen J. A., far., S. 29 ; P. 0. Clay's Grove. Williamson, J. A., merchant and Post- master, Clay's Grove. Woolf, W. C, far.. Sec. 18 ; P. 0. Salem, PLEASANT RIDGE TOWNSHIP. ALLEN, A. P., far.,'Sec. 23 ; P. 0. Denmark. Anderson, Salvadore, far., Sec. 9 ; P. 0. West Point. Arnold, Daniel, far.. Sec. 14 ; P. 0. Den- mark. BAKER, E. R., far.. Sec. 12 ; P. 0. Denmark. Balm, T. J. Barnes, William C, far.. Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Denmark. BARR, ROBERT, far.. Sec. 19; P. 0. West Point ; a son of William Barr, who was born in Carlisle, Penn., in 1772, and, after attaining manhood's estate, was engaged in transporting goods in the grocery line by teams pur- chased in Baltimore, and selling in Pittsburgh, a business he continued un- til his death ; he married Elizabeth, daughter of John Bael ; she wsa born in Westmoreland Co., Penn., in 1773 ; had three sons and four daughters ; Robert was the second son, and fourth child, born in Westmoreland Co., Penn., in 1808 ; when 6 years of age, his father died, and at the age of 16, he went to learn the tanner's trade, which he fol- lowed until leaving his native county ; came to Zanesville, Ohio, where he en- gaged in selling goods, and various other occupations, until 24 years of age, when he returned to his native county where he united in marriage with .Nancy, daughter of William and Martha Braden, nee Smith ; she was born in Westmoreland Co., Penn., in 1814; her father was born in County Tyrone, Ire- land, in 1784, and, at the age of 21, emigrated to America, finding a home in Westmoreland Co., Penn., where he be- came an extensive stock-dealer. In 1810, he married Martha, daughter of George Smith, a native of Ireland; she was born in Westmoreland Co., Penn., in 1787 ; her father died there in 1825, her mother in 1834, leaving a family of six sons and one daughter. Soon after their marriage, Mr. and Mrs. Barr re- moved to Clarion Co., Penn., where he he engaged in farming until 1847, when they emigrated to Iowa, settling first in Des Moines Co., and passed the first winter ; in the spring of 1848, removed to West Point, and in 1849, to his pres- ent residence, where he owns 160 acres of land, valued at $45 per acre ; have had eight children, six of whom are living — William W., born May 11, 1833 ; he enlisted in the 1st I. V. C, in 1862, and died at St. Louis, Sept. 14, 1863; Elizabeth, born Feb. 11, 1835, the widow of Thomas James, of Rhode Island ; had one daughter, Mattie James; Benjamin F., born June 3, 1837, who enlisted in the same regiment as his brother, and died at Memphis, Sept. 30, 1863 ; he married Miss P. 806 DIRECTORY OF LEE COUNTY: Johnson, daughter, of Seth Johnson ; left one daughter, Ola R. ; Martha J., June 15, 1839, died March U, 1855 ; Mary L., April 15, 1841, a successful teacher ; George W., Aug. 29, 1843 (he enlisted in 1st I. V. C. in August, 1861, serving four years, and participated at Little Rock, Prairie Grove and other places, now residing at Salt Lake City) ; Margaret, Oct. 20, 1845, a resident of Fort Madison; Nancy R., Sept. 21, 1847; Robert J., July 10, 1851. Re- publican ; members of long standing in the Episcopal Church. He held office of Justice of the Peace, Township Clerk and School Treasurer. Baumgers, Henry, far., Sec. 33 ; P. 0. West Point. BERRY, G^EORttE, flu-.. Sec. 8; P. 0. West Point ; the fourth son of John and Jenny Berry, natives of Bath Co., Va., where he was born Jan. 16, 1805 ; at 12 years of age, having lost both his parents, he made his home with his elder brothers and sisters, until 18 Jyears of age, and having ac- quired a good comtcon-schoon educa- tion with a few terms at a select school, he engaged in teaching ; this he engaged in for seven years, when, his health having failed, he trav- eled. Nov. 18, 1834, he married Isabel, daughter of James and Elizabeth Given, nee Graham ; she was born in Nicholas Co., Va., Jan. 8, 1816; in the fall of 1836, they removed to Peoriti, 111., and in the spring of 1837 became pioneers of Lee Co., Iowa ; poor in purse, he rented what was then the Edson farm, and, at the land-sales of 1838, pur- chased his present property, consisting of 165 acres of land, now valued at $40 per acre. In 1846, Mr. Berry was a Delegate to the Convention for the pur- pose of reframing the Constitution made that year ; in 1849, he was made Deputy United States Surveyor, and the same year, had ten townships assigned him west of Dubuque for surveying, and held the office of County Surveyor for fifteen years ; he was one of three mem- bers who organized the townships into school districts. Mr. and Mrs. Berry have had ten children, seven of whom arc living — EUzabeth J., born Feb. 5, 1836, died'Sept. 22, 1840; Christopher A., June 6, 1838, an attorney at law at Casey, Iowa ; Rachel L., June 13, 1840, the wife of Thomas Anderson, a farmer of Harrison Tp. ; James G., Nov. 4, 1842, an attorney at law at Casey, Iowa; Rebecca J., Jan. 5, 1845, died Aug. 21, 1871 ; Arthur G., Oct. 6, 1847,' died Jan. 17, 1851 ; Thomas G., June 25, 1850, at home, managing the aflEairs of the ftirm; Mary E., May 17, 1852, a teacher at Fort Madison; Maggie J., Feb. 16, 1857, and Charles E., March 13, 1859. Democratic ; Mr. and Mrs. Berry have, for nearly fifty years, been members of the M. E. Church, in which he holds the offices of Steward and Class- Leader. BILLMANN, JOHN, far.. Sec. 19 ; P. 0. West Point; the third son of Geo. Billman, who was born in Alsace, France, in 1814 ; at the age of 20, with his parents, emigrated to America, settling in Wayne Co., Ohio, in June, 1841. He married Barbara H. Enber, who was born in Alsace, France, in 1821, having emigrated to America the year of her marriage; they settled in Wayne Co. until the spring of 1846, when they emigrated to Iowa, Cedar Co., settling near Pedee ; in 1855, they removed to Lee Co., West Point, where the father died in 1862, leaving a wife and four children, three sons and one daugh- ter ; John, the youngest son, was born in Cedar Co., Dec. 27. 1846, consequently in his 8th year on coming to Lee Co.; immediately after attaining his 18th year, he served an apprentiee.«!hip at the harness trade, which he followed for seven years. Nov. 12, 1868, he mar- ried Elizabeth, daughter of Casper and Margaret Felt, nee Abel, natives of Germany, and early settlers of West Point Tp.; she was born in West Point Tp. in 1850; in 1872, they settled where they now reside, and own 123 acres of land, valued at 045 per acre ; they have four children — George H., born March 14,1870; Wm. C.^^ April 26, 1872 ; Matilda E., November, 1876; Allison, Nov. 23, 1878. Democratic in politics; members of the Presbyterian Church. Has held the office of Town- ship Trustee. Binford, Benaijah, far., Sec. 5 ; P. 0. West Point. PLEASANT RIDGE TOWNSHIP. SOT Blunt, Emil, far., Sec. 14; P. O. Den- mark. Blunt, Xavier, far.. Sec. 23 ; P. 0. Den- mark. Boediug, Henry, far., Sec. 33; P. 0. West Point. Boughton, George, farmer, Sec. 16 ; P. 0. West Point. Bos, Newton J., far.. Sec. 4 ; P. 0. Lowell. Brewer, F. H., farmer, See. 23 ; P. 0. Den- mark. Brock, William, farmer, Sec. 10. Browu, Moses, farmer, Sec. 26 ; P. 0. Den- mark. BURTO:Sf, A. H., farmer, Sec. 25; P. 0. Denmark ; son of Asa Burton, whose history appears with that of C. H. B. ; was born at Glover, Vt., June 6, 1827 ; had limited advantages of ed- ucation ; at the age of 19, with his par- ents and the fiimily, moved to Lee Co. ; arrived June 1-1, 1846 ; settled where he now resides, and owns 150 acres of land, valued at §40 per acre. Novem- ber, 1854, he married Carrie L., daughter of Rev. Edmond Engalls, of Alleghany Co., N. Y., who, in 1851, became a resi- dent of Denmark, where he soon after died, leaving a wife and three children. The mother died in December, 1868 ; of the children, Mrs. Burton was the younaest ; born at Arcade, Wyoming Co., N. Y., July 25, 1829; they have three children, the eldest, Edmond I., born Jan. 25, 1858; Asa H, Aug. 9, 1861 ; Eugene H., Aug. 1, 1863 ;"Re- publican ; Mrs. Burton is a member of the Congregationalist Church, at Den- mark. BURTON, ALONZO, far., Sec. 25 ; P. O. Denmark ; son of Henry Burton, who was born in Connecticut ; at the time of the Revolutionary war, was 16 years of age ; enlisted and served through the war. When 30 years of age, he married Ann Hazen, who was born in Connecticut, and was the youngest of sixteen children ; had nine children — five sons and four daughters ; Alouzo, the youngest, was born in Norwich, Vt., in 1809 ; at the age of 26, he came to Lee Co., and settled where he now resides, and owns 110 acres of land, valued at 850 per acre. May 18, 1846, at his native town, he married Miss Eliza A., daughter of Harry Lyman ; she was born in Vermont in August, 1826 ; with his wife, he returned to Lee Co., where she died in August of the same year. In the spring of 1850, joining the great emigration at that time, he took the overland route for California, stopping, for a time, in Oregon and Washington Territories; he arrived at Shasta the following winter ; he remained there, mining and lumbering, for six years, then, via Panama and New York, re- turned to Lee Co., and, on the 24th of December, 1857, he married Miss Cyn- thia, daughter of Asahel Case, formerly of Connecticut ; moved to Ohio, and to Lee Co. in 1856 ; she was born in Ash- tabula Co., Ohio, in 1820; they have two children — Anna L., born in No- vember, 1860, and Alonzo F., born in February, 1863. Liberal in politics, and has held various township and school offices. BITRTOi\, C. H.,'far., Sec. 25; P. 0. Denmark ; son of Asa Burton, who was born at Norwich, Vt., in 1797, and, soon after becoming of age, removed to Sandy Hill, Washington Co., N. Y., where he married Minerva, daughter of Titus Beech, who was born at Sandy Hill in 1804; after their marriage, they removed to Glover, Orleans Co., Vt.; had twelve children — six sons and six daughters; the eldest, C. H. Bur- ton, was born 6th of October. 1822 ; at the age of 18, having received a good common-school education, he com- menced teaching school, and continued, during the winter-season, for twenty-two years ; the summer months were de- voted to the farm. In the fall of 1845, he married Cornelia C, daughter of Smith Burton, a distant relative ; she was born at Norwich, Vt., Sept. 18, 1824 ; after marriage, they settled in his native town of Glover, where he engaged as school-teacher and farmer until 1851, when they removed to Lee Co., and settled on the 200-acre tract of land which he now owns, and valued at 130 per acre ; they have had eight children — Andrew C., born at Glover, Vt., June 3, 1847, a farmer at Lewis, Cass Co., Iowa; Laura A., born at Norwich, Vt., April 2, 1850, and died in Lee Co., Sept. 16, 1870 ; Ellen L., born in Lee Co., March 30, 1855, wife 808 DIRECTORY OP LEE COUNTY; of Walter Little, of Denmark village ; Annette, born in Pleasant Ridge Tp. Jan. 5, 1858, and died Sept. 16, 1858 ; Charles E., born in Pleasant Ridge Sept. 9, 1860 ; William S., born July 12, 1862 ; Tracy, born March 17, 1865 ; Clara, born June 15, 1868 ; the last four are at home, and assist in the man- agement of the farm. Mr. Burton is Republican in politics, and has been Town Clerk eighteen years in succes- sion, and Secretary of the School Board for twenty years. BURTON, E. G., farmer, Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Denmark ; was born in Orleans Co., Vt., 1835 ; there he lived until 11 years of age, then, with his parents, he came to Lee Co. and received his educa- tion, mostly at the common schools. May 18 ,1861, he married Miss Mary J., daughter of Nicholas Wren, of Quiney, Adams Co., 111., where she was born in 1841 ; soon after their marriage they settled where they now reside ; the farm consisting of 100 acres of well-improved land, on which Mr. Burton has erected buildings costing upward of $7,000, and which he now values at $55 per acre; they have two children — Edith, born March, 1862; Arthur, October, 1866. Republican in politics; Mr. B. is a member of the Congregationalist Church and Mrs. B. of the Christian. He holds the office of Township Trustee, CANADAY, OLIVER, farmer, Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Lowell. CANADAY, RACHEIi, far.. Sec. 5; P. 0. Lowell; daughter of Andrew and Lydia Sutherland, natives of Ten- nessee; she was born in Jefferson Co., Tenn., Feb. 8, 1798; her father died when she was but three weeks of age, her mother only outliving him three weeks, leaving her to be cared for by her grandparents, Amos and Phoebe Will- iams ; by them she was raised, and when 17 years of age, removed to Wayne Co., Ind., where, at the age of 23, she mar- ried Wm. Canaday, who was born in Jef- ferson Co., Tenn, 1799; her grand- mother Williams died in Indiana at the age of 78 ; her grandfather lived to the extreme old age of 103 years ; in 1839, Mr. and Mrs. Canaday became pioneers of Lee Co., settling where she now re- sides, the farm containing 160 acres of land, valued at $35 per acre ; Feb. 15, . 1877, Mr. Canaday died, leaving a family of five children, all born in Indiana — Lena C, was born Nov. 22, 1821, the wife of Linly Kellem, of Warren, 111. ; Joel, born Aug. 20, 1823, died De- cember, 1839; Polly, born March 14, 1826, married Abel Wilson, of Missouri, deceased; Margaret, born Oct. 14, 1831, the wife of Thomas Cunningham, of Texas; Eliza, born Nov. 22, 1833, wife of John Harvey, this county, and Oliver, born Feb. 6, 1836, and in March, 1858, was married to Miss Jane Box, who was born in Henry Co., Iowa, March, 1837; her parents, James and Elizabeth Box, were among the 'first settlers of that county; they have seven children — Wm. T., born December, 1858; Addie P., May 10, 1862; Eddie A., April 10, 1865; Alphia C.,Feb. 28, 1868; Jessie C, Oct. 19, 1870; Rachel E., Dec. 9, 1872, and T., Feb. 24, 1878. Oliver lives upon and cultivates the home farm ; Mrs. Canaday, though in the 82d year of her age, is still hale and hearty and still continues each year to attend the Lee Co. Fair, a privilege she has enjoyed every year, except one, for a quarter of a century ; when in her 81st year, she manufactured with her own hands a piece of linen, which she exhibited at the fair the same year and received the first prize. Case, Orson, far.. Sec. 17 ; P. 0. West Point. Church, James V., far.. Sec. 23 ; P. 0. Denmark. Clark, Samuel, far., Sec. 17 ; P. 0. Den- mark. Cranmer, John, far., Sec. 2 ; P. 0. Den- mark. Creel, William C, far.. Sec. 30; P. 0. West Point. DANOVER, JACOB, far.. Sec. 19; P. 0. West Point. DEiaiAN, HENRY, farmer and stock-grower, Sec. 17 ; P. 0. Fort Madi- son ; born in Hanover, Germany, 1817 ; his parents were very poor, and at the age of 7, he was turned out to shift for himself; at 26, having accumulated about $400, he emigrated to America; arrived in Clinton Co., 111., where he settled, in 1843 ; on the vessel in which he crossed the ocean was Miss Elizabeth PLEASANT RIDGE TOWNSHIP. 809 Johnson, who was born in the same place and was of the same age as him- self ; she was also coming to this country to seek her fortune ; being alone, a friend- ship naturally sprang up between them, which ripened into love and a promise of marriage ; Miss Johnson accompanied Deiman to Clinton Co., where they were married soon after their arrival ; they invested their united fortunes in a small farm of 1 20 acres, and engaged in farm- ing for seven years ; at the end of that time they sold the farm, stock, etc., and removed to Quincy, 111., where he formed a copartnership with a brother-in-law, who was engaged in buying hides and pelts ; subsequently, he engaged in the grain trade, and lost everything. After this misfortune, he removed to Fort Madison, in 1852, and, almost penniless, recommenced the battle of life as a laborer and teamster ; in two years he bought a tract of bottom-land below Fort Madison, which he occupied for five years, then returned to Fort Madi- son and purchased twelve acres in Trust- ees' Addition to city, where he built a fine brick residence, and engaged in pork- packing ; in the fall of 1878, bought his present farm, consisting of 255 acres, now valued at $55 per acre, all in a high state of cultivation, and well stocked and supplied with all kinds of modern labor-saving farm machinery. They have two children — Joseph, born in Quincy, 111., in 1852, educated at Fort Madison, and Elizabeth (now the wife of Law- rence Figgen), born in Fort Madison, in 1855. At the age of 14, Joseph entered the First National Bank, at Fort Madison; at a salary equivalent to his board ; at the ensuing Christmas the President of the Bank, as a reward for his faithfulness and industry in discharg- ing the duties assigned him, made him a present of S300 ; he remained in the employ of this Bank for eight years, after which he became a partner with Henry McCown and Henry Cattermole, in the organization of the German Savings Bank, and became one of its principal managers. In 1875, he was granted a vacation and visited Europe, where for six months, he traveled through Germany, Holland and England. Deiman, Joseph. Delong, Charles, far.. Sec. 2 ; P. 0. Den- mark. Dennis, Duke, far., S. 6 ; P. 0. St. Paul. Denny"; Barney, far., S. 6 ; P. 0. St. Paul. DEXNY, iELI, far., Sec. 19; P. 0. West Point ; was born in Preble Co., Ohio, in 1846, and, when 5 months of age, was brought by his parents to Lee Co., settling in Marion Tp. He re- mained at home until 22 years of age, when he married Hannah J. Bond, daughter of Nathan Bond, an early set- tler of Lee Co., from Indiana ; she was born in Pleasant Ridge Tp. in 1847. In 1870, he settled where he now re- sides, and owns eighty acres of land, valued at $35 per acre. They have three children — Alfred, born in 1870 ; Cora, in 1875, and Luther in' 1877. Republican. DIl^CitMAlf, BARXEY, farmer, Sec. 18 ; P. O. St. Paul ; son of Garret Dingman, who was born in Hanover, Germany, in 1800, and, soon after be- coming of age, emigrated to America, and afterward became a resident of Lee Co., where he for several years engaged as a farm laborer, and married Anna Mary Shutte ; they had four children, of whom but two are living ; the subject of this was the second, born in Marion Tp. in 1842, and married Maggie, daughter of Barney Holtcamp ; she was born in West Point in January, 1855 ; they settled in Marion Tp. until 1878, when he purchased his present place of residence, consisting of 104 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre ; they have four children — Barney, born Jan. 7, 1875; Harmon, Jan. 4, 1877, and Katie and Lizzie, in September, 1878. EDSON G. S., farmer. Sec. 15 ; P. 0. West Point. EXSIiOW, SARAH C, farmer, Sec. 23 ; P. 0. Denmark ; daughter of Edward D. Lee, who was born in Gene- see Co., N. Y., Aug. 22, 1810 ; at the age of 22 years, he went to Coshocton Co., Ohio, and June 8, 1834, married Matilda Frederick, who was born in Vir- ginia, May 3, 1811 ; in 1840, they re- moved to Lee Co., and settled in Harri- son Tp., where her father died May 8, 1877, leaving five children ; Sarah was the second ; she was born in Marion Co., Ohio, 1837 ; raised and educated 810 DIRECTORY OF LEE COUNTY: in Lee Co. Dec. 2, 1S58, she married Elias H. Enslow, who was born in Tusca- rora, Mifflin Co., Penn., June S, 1826; came with his parents. Thomas and Catharine, to Lee Co., and settled in this township spring of 1S35, where, on June toHowing, his mother died, his tathor ioHowing her in 1S52 ; soon after their marriage, Mr. and Mrs. Enslow settled on the farm where she now resides, and owns 210 acres of land valued at 850 per acre, and where have been born to her ten ehildren^eight now living. Ella M., born Get. 18^ 185i) : Sarah Alice, Jan. IS, 1861 ; Mary L., March o, 1862 ; Benjamin H., Sept. 2-1, 1863; Dora. Sept. 20. 1865 ; Katie B., Jan. 12, 1866; Edward B., Jan. 80, 1868 ; William C, Feb. 9, 1870 ; John F., Oct. 22, 1871 ; Lizzie M., Mav 3, 1874, died Dec. 10, 1874; and Elias F., Nov. 29, 1875, in his iniancy. Mr. E. was baptized in the Presbyterian Church, and during his life was largely interested in church and educational matters; very industrious and financially successful. Mrs. E. is a member of the C. P. Church. KKSLOW, T. W.. tlumer. Sec. 23; P. 0. Denmark ; son of Thos. Enslow, who was born in Juniata Co., Penn., June 4, 1800, and married Catharine Noss, who was born in Pennsylvania July, 1807 ; they settled in Juniata Co.. Penn., where were born three sous and four daughters ; the second son and sixth born. T. V^., was born Jan. 1, 1835, and at the age of 3 years, was brought by his parents to Lee Co., where they settled on Sec. 23 of this township ; the year following their coming, his mother died; his father ag-ain marr_ying, remained at his first place of residence until his death, which occurred Nov. 19, 1853; T. W. remained with his ftther until his death, and 31 ay 1. 1862, in company with Louis Hosier and Henry Sophir, went the overland route to California, arriving at Stockton, after a stay at Vir- ginia City of two months, the last of November of the same year ; the first two years he engaged in iarming, then in various speculations until 1865 ; then returned to Loe Co., after which, for sis years he was employed as an attend- ant at the Hospital for the Insane, at Mount Pleasant, and Sept. 15, 1874, he married Mary E., daughter of W. W. Kendall ; she was born at Mouut Pleas- ant, Henry Co.. Aug. 18, 1848; soon after his marriage, he settled where hi now resides, and ownt< eighty acres of laud valued at S5l> per acre ; they have two children — C. Stanley, born June 27, 1875 ; Thurlow Tico. born Nov. 8. 1876; Torrey, born Jan. 4, 1879, died Feb. 6. 1879. A member of the Mys- tic Lodge A. F. (!c A. 31., at Mount Pleasant. Republican. FOGaY, GEORGE, A., Sec. 16 ; P. O. West Point. FOWC;; Y. AXI>KEW, farmer and stock-grower. See. 21 ; P. 0. West Point ; born in Tyler Co., Ya., 1830. and was 6 yeai*s of age when he was brought by his parents to Lee Co.; I'e- mained with them until their death, and with the exception of three trips across the plains, has passed his life thus far in Lee Co., owning and occupy- ing the tarm which his father located in 1836, consisting of 247 acres of land, now vahved at S50 per acre. Mr. Fog"gy lived the life of a bachelor until Novem- ber, 1871, when he married Eliza, daughter of John and Eliza Cooper, nee Deaue, natives of Ireland ; she was the youngest daughter of a family of fifteeu children, and was born in Dublin, Ire- land, Nov. 8, 1845; when 3 yeai"S of age, her ptxrents emigrated to America, first settling in Burlington, where her mother died February, 1861 ; her lather is now an extensive iaruier and railroad man of Lomax, Henderson Co.. 111. ; they have two children — John C, born Feb. 13, 1873. and Esther L., born Jan. 1. 1S75; .Democrat. FOCiJCJY, JA^IKS, farmer, stix-k- doaler and grower. Sec 28 ; P. 0. West Point; son of James Foggy, Sr., who was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, 1796, and, when a young man, emigx-ated to America ; coming over on the same ship was Margaret Atlack. born in Edinburg. Scotland. September, 1790; they be- came acquainted, ;.nd both landing in Tyler Co.. A'a., were married and set- tled there until 1836, when they were among the first settlers of this part of IjCc Co.. on what was then known as Cruikshaiik's Point, now Sec. 16 of this PLEASANT RIDGE TOWNSHIP. 811 township, where they renjainod until thoir death, which oceurred to the father April ll*>, iSiU ; the mother, April 4, 1858, leaving a family of seven ehil- dren, six sons and one daughter; James, the second son and third born, was born in Tyler Co., Va. July 21, 1825, eonse- (juently, was 11 years of age when his parents removed to Iowa ; educated at the common schools of the day, with a few terms at a private school, at Salem. In 1849, he was with the tirst trains to cross the Rocky and Sierra Nevada Mountains ; having left home with a small company of men, on the 29th of March of that year, they arrived at Bear Kiver diggings August 17, of the same year, remaining there for twelve daysj; he proceeded to Sacra- mento, where he engaged as clerk in a wholesale store of general merchandise, at a salary of $850 per month, where he remained until the rains of the fol- lowing winter submerged the city, and, flanuary 1. returned home, via the Pan- ama route. May 28, 1850, he married Miss Priscilla Weaver, who was born in Indiana June 14, 1884. and died Nov- 12, 18li4, leaving three children — Mar- garet A., born July 1, 1851, the wile of Wm. Neugon, a farmer of Henry Co.; Adeline, born elan. IS, 1854, the wile of Richard Way, of this county ; and Emily, born Oct. 29, 1865 ; soon after the death of his wife, he removed to Henry Co., near Mt. Pleasant, and re- mained for four years, and, June 18, 1868, he married his present wife, j Nancy, widow of Cyrus Hedges, whom I she married in Henry Co., in 1858; he ; died 1862, leaving one child, Harry J., j born Dec. 9, 1862. Mrs. Foggy was \ the daughter of Patrick Cavenee, of ! Henry Co., and born in Perry Co., Ohio, \ 1887 ; they have one child, Olive, born March 11, 1872 ; in 1868, he returned to Lee Co., and settled where he now i resides and owns 170 acres of land, val- ued at 650 per acre ; Democrat in poli- tics. Foreman, Walter, far., Sec. 7 ; P. O. West Point. " I Foreman, William L., far.. Sec. 17 ; P. 0. j West Point. FORDEK^WALT, DAVID, farmer, stock-grower and dealer in agri- cultural implements. Sec. 33 ; P. O. West Point ; son of John and Anna F., nee Wagler, both of whom were born in Strasburg, France, and, in 1817, emigrated to America, and settled ii( Wayne Co., Ohio, where David was born in September, 1828; in 1846, he came to Lee Co., and worked in the stables of the livery and stage lines of that day; in Keokuk, May 20, 1850, he married Catharine Hunter, who was born in Germany, 1880 ; soon after their marriage, they settled where they now reside and own 380 acres of land, valued at $50 per acre. They have- nine children, five sons and four daugh- ters. Democrat in politics, and has held various Township and School offi- ces ; was also President and Treasurer of the Lee Co. Agricultual Society for a number of years. Fosdick, H. O., fiir., Sec. 35 ; P. 0. Den- mark. Fox, N. M., far., S. 86 ; P. 0. Denmark. Fender, John N., for., Sec. 9; P. 0. West Point. FI 1LL.EXKAMP, HEKRY, for., Sec. 38 ; P. 0. West Point ; was born in Hanover, Germany, in 1805, of parents in extremely indigent circum- stances ; born in a barn, and, when 6 years of age, was employed in herding cows, and continued as a common la- borer until, becoming of a suitable age, he determined to marry, and, not having the necessary means ibr supporting a wife, as was at that time I'equired by law, he went to Holland, and engaged in gathering turf, and, having secured money enough to bring himself and wife to America, in 1887, he married Mary Droppal, also born in Hanover, Germany, in 1806; the following day, they shipped for America, first landing at Hancock, Va., where he worked on the canal for two and a half years ; thence to Lee Co., where he purchased eighty acres of land in West Point Tp.; they have had a family of five children \ three sons and one daughter arc still living — Barny, born in A^irginia July 14, 1840, died May 6, 1873; George, born Feb. 8, 1848, a bachelor, owning a handsome farm of 140 acres, one mile north of Wei>t Point, with whom the old people have found a comfortable 812 DIRECTORY OF LEE COUNTY: home since 1874; Henry, born Aug. 18, 1845, and, in 1871, married Eliza- beth, daughter of Henry Holtkamp ; she was born in Marion Tp., this county, in 1849 ; they have three children — Henry, Jr., born Sept. 3, 1872 ; Mary, Aug. 16, 1874; Katie, October, 1876. He owns 130 acres of well-improved land, adjoining that of his brothers, valued at $45 per acre, on which he has erected substantial and convenient build- ings. The fourth son, Joseph, was born April 3, 1846; Oct. 24, 1871, he married Elizabeth, daughter of Barney Holtkamp ; she was born in West Point Tp., Jan. 4, 1852; they have four chil- dren — Mary, Bennie, Henry and George ; he owns 130 acres of land, valued at $45 per acre. The boys having first purchased 160 acres, to which they afterward added 100 acres, and keeping " bach," improved and cultivated the same until two of them married, when the}' divided the land as above shown. The daughter, Mary, was born April 5, 1849, and is the wife of Casper Stroth- man, an extensive farmer of West Point Tp. The family are Democratic in politics, and members of the German Catholic Church. Fullenkamp, Henry, Jr. Fullenkamp, Joseph. FrL.IiER, HEIiEW M., far., Sec. 5 ; P. 0. West Point ; daughter of Harmon Coggshall, who was born in Litchfield, Conn., Sept. 4, 1808, and when 12 years of age, with his parents, re- moved to Susquehanna Co., Penn., and adopting his father's trade — that of a blacksmith — he continued to work at that industriously. At 27 years of age, he married Anna McCumber, who was born in the State of New York June 16, 1809; eleven children were born of this marriage — four sons and three daughters are still living; the first born, the subject of this sketch, was born in Susquehanna Co., Penn., Sept. 19, 1828, and when 6 years of age, was brought by her parents to Ste- phenson Co., 111. At the age of 27, she married Jeduthan G. Fuller, who was born in Greenwich, Mass., Oct. 30, 1811, and when 12 years of age, with his parents, John and Sarah Ful- ler, removed to Berlin Heights, Erie Co., Ohio, thence to Stephenson Co., 111., where they were married ; in 1869, they removed to Lee Co., settling where she now resides and owns eighty acres of land, valued at $50 per acre. Mr. Fuller died Aug. 6, 1873, leaving a family of six children — two sons and four daughters — all were born in 111., except the youngest. Foggy, Adam, far.. Sec. 21 ; P. 0. West Point. G^ IBSON, ESINGTON, far., Sec. 18 ; T P. 0. Denmark. Gingrich, Jacob, far., S. 36 ; P. O. Den- GRAHAM, BENJ., far., Sec. 32 ; P. 0. West Point ; born in the Province of Upper Canada, near the Falls of Niagara, 1808 ; left an orphan at the age ot 4 ; at the age of 16, he went to Ashtabula Co., O., where he learned the trade of bri<3kmason, an occupation which he followed for fifteen years. In 1834, he married Mary Large, who was born in Pennsylvania in 1814 ; in the spring of 1837, they were among the pioneers of Lee Co., and settled where he now resides and owns 215 acres of land, now valued at $50 per acre, where he turned his attention to farming ; in 1840, his wife died, leaving three chil- dren — David, Jacob and John ; in 1841, he married Nancy Randolph, who was born in Illinois in 1824, and died in 1845, leaving three children — Mary, Henry and George, all deceased ; in 185 1 , he married Catharine Jeficrs, who was born in West Virginia, in 1824 ; they have had ten children, seven of whom are living — Abram, Benjamin F., Serena, Hannah, Dennis, Joseph, Charles, Ada, Lincoln and Melvin ; Mr. Graham has identified himself in the improvement and educational interests of the county by starting the first school in his township, started by subscription at Peckanne Point ; he also made the first farm between West Point and Salem. Green, Jackson, far., Sec. 13; P. 0. Den- mark. HAMMER, WILLIAM, far., S. 18 ; P. 0. West Point. Harvey, John D., far., S. 6 ; P. 0. West Point. Hazen, James, far., Sec. 34 ; P. 0. West Point. PLEASANT RIDGE TOWNSHIP. 813 S. 13; P. 0. Den- Sec. 11 P.O. , West farm- born when Hersehler, John, far., S. 33 ; P. 0. West Point. Herstein, Jacob, far., S. 29 ; P. 0. West Point. Hertzler, Daniel, far., S. 28 ; P. 0. West Point. Honarick, Christian, far., S. 22; P. 0. West Point. Hosier, A. M., far., S. 18 ; P. 0. West Point. Hosier, Henry, far., S. 17; P. 0. West Point. Hosier, Isaiah, far. mark. JACKSON, ROBERT, far P. 0. Lowell. Johnson, Chauncey, far.. Sec. 30 ; West Point. Johnson, John, far., Sec. 30 ; P. Point. JOHNSOX, SETH, retired er. Sec. 30 ; P. 0. West Point ; in Middletown, Conn., in 1798 ; 4 years of age, he was taken by his parents to Claremont, N. H., and at the age of 15, again moved westward, this time to Whitesboro, Oneida Co., N. Y.; he remained with his father (who was a tanner and currier by trade) until 21 years of age ; and at the age of 24, he married Lavina Adams, who was born in Oneida Co., N. Y., in 1804 ; in 1834, they emigrated to Huron Co., Ohio, where they resided for 20 years, and, in 1854, came to Lee Co., where he purchased an extensive farm of 355 acres, all of which he has since divided among his children, of whom he has six now living, havina; raised nine — Reuben was born in Oneida Co., N. Y., is a resident of Newton, Jasper Co., Iowa; a dealer in coal; Nathaniel, in New York; enlisted in 4th I. V. C; killed at the battle of Pittsburg Land- ing, and buried on field of battle ; Seth, Jr., in New York, deceased ; Robert, in New York, who left home thirty years since, the last heard from him ten years since, was in California; John, in New York, now occupies the home farm ; Lucretia, in Ohio, the wife of Louis B. Keeler of Lee Co. ; ^-osella, in Ohio ; married B. P. Barr, deceased ; occu- pies the homestead, with her parents, and finds a pleasant home; Chauncey, in Ohio, living near his father's ; and Nelson, in Ohio, a resident of Fort Madison, for many years a successful teacher. Republican in politics. Mr. Johnson, although past 80 years of age, has a constitution, which, in spite of the exposure and demands of a lifetime of great activity, indicates to-day, good health, and promise of years of activity still. KEELER, L. B., far., Sec. 30 ; P. 0. West Point. Kempker, Henry H., far., Sec. 33 ; P. 0. West Point. Kennedy, James, far.. Sec. 34; P. 0. West Point. Kennedy, Samuel, far., Sec. 21 ; P. 0. West Point. Kennedy, W. R., far., Sec. 26 ; P. 0. West Point. Klopfenstein, Peter, far.. Sec. 13 ; P. 0. Denma,rk. Kruze, Lewis, far., S. 19 ; P. 0. St. Paul. LICHTY, PETER, far., Sec. 20 ; P. 0. West Point. L.ITTLE, I. C, far.. Sec. 26 ; P. O. Denmark ; son of Samuel Little, who was born in New Hampshire in the year 1800 ; with his parents removed to Vermont, where he married Arabel Baxter ; they settled at Littleton, N. H., six miles from the White Moun- tains, where I. C, their first child, was born. When 11 years of age, his par- ents removed to Norwich, Vt., where he received the greater part of his educa- tion, and remained until 1852, when he came to Lee Co., November, 1856. He married Cynthia A., daughter of George L. Dean, an early settler of Lee Co. ; she was born at Athens, Ohio, Oct. 18, 1833. In 1858, they removed to Men- dota. La Salle Co., 111., and remained until 1860, and returned to this county, Washington Tp., where, March 16, 1861, his wife died, leaving one child — Ora I., born Jan. 6, 1861. Aug. 21, 1863, he married Laura L., daughter of Daniel and Martha Newton ; she was born on the Black Hawk Purchase, 1838. In 1866,- they settled where they now reside, and own seventy-five acres of land, valued at $40 per acre ; they have three children — Owen, born Oct. 15, 1866; Abbie, Jan. 7, 1869 ; Daphne, June 17, 1871. Republican in politics. 814 DIRECTORY OF LEE COUNTY: Lockwood, Oscar, fkr., Sec. U4 ; P. Denmark. Logan, Amos, far., Sec. 31 ; P. 0. West Point. Lutz, John, far.; Sec. 29; P. 0. West Point. MCCAIN, DANIEL, far., Sec. 12; P. 0. Denmark. McCoy, Brice, far.. Sec. 14 ; P. 0. Den- mark. McCoy, Jesse, far., Sec. 3 ; P. O. Lowell. McKee, B. R., far., Sec 27 ; P. 0. West Point. McKee, John, far.. Sec. 17 ; P. 0. West Point. McKee, Thomas, far.. Sec. 27 ; P. 0. West Point. McKee, William, far., Sec. 27 ; P. 0. West Point. Manning, Antone, far., Sec. 33 ; P. 0. West Point. Marsh, Lyman, far., Sec. 22 ; P. 0. West Point. Miller, Paul, far., Sec. 10; P. 0. Lowell. Moeler, Garret, far.. Sec. 6 ; P. 0. St. Paul. Murry, David, far., Sec. 11 ; P. 0. Den- mark. Murry, Jacob M., far.. Sec. 2 ; P. 0. Den- mark. ^wTEW, MICHAEL, far.. Sec. 14; P. i_N 0. Denmark. Newby, Abner, far.. Sec. 7 ; P. 0. West Point. Newby, Isaiah, far.. Sec. 18 ; P. 0. West Point. WEWT01[, MARTHA, farmer. Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Denmark ; a grand- daughter of Stephen Foster, who was born in Bhode Island, where he married Sarah Gallup ; soon after their marriage they settled at Sharon, Windsor Co.,Vt. ; had six sons and three daughters, among whom was Joseph Foster, the father of Mrs. Newton ; he was born at Sharon, where he married Miss Lucretia Ballard, who was born at Munson, Mass., in 1776 ; had two sons and two daughters ; Mrs. Newton, the youngest of the daughters, and the only one of the family now living ; she was born at Sharon, Vt., in 1812 ; at the age of 5 years she lost her father, and, at 12 years of age, was put out to service which she con- tinued until 25 years of age, when, in company with Calvin Newton and family and Deacon Burton, she came to Lee Co., the party coming the entire dis- tance from Vermont in wagons, and. after a journey of eight weeks, arrived in Denmark Tp., on Thursday, the 10th of July, 1837 ; on the following Sab- bath (July 13), she was married to Daniel Newton, at the cabin of Esquire Boss, in Washington Tp. ; her husband was a native of Windsor Co., Vt., where he was born in 1813 ; at the age of 21. he emigrated to Ohio ; in the spring of 1835, came to Lee Co., and bought the claim upon which Mrs. Newton now lives. Mrs. Newton relates that her first broom was made of hazel brush and their first cradle from a black-walnut log, which was cut to a suitable length and split or rived into suitable p'eces ; at two different times, for a period of three months, she did not see the face of a woman ; for six weeks after the}* commenced to keep house, they pounded corn for bread, and twice, for a week at each time, they had no bread in their house ; they managed to live, however, and in February, 1842, while absent from home, their cabin took fire and was entirely consumed, with everything in it ; the neighbors contributed clothing, bedding, etc. , and helped them to another start ; March 29, 1859, her husband died, leaving an estate of 290 acres of land, which is now valued at $45 per acre. They had five children, two now living; Laura, the eldest, born in 1838, is the wife of I. C. Little ; Mary was born in 1842, and is the wife of William. Barnes. Newton, Orson, far.. Sec. 24; P.O. mark. OSBUBN, THOMAS J., far., S. P. 0. West Point. PRETSMEYEB, STEPHEN, Sec. 6 ; P. O. St. Paul. Price, F. A., far., Sec. 8; P O, Point. RAUENBUEHLEB, MELCHOR. far., Sec. 30 ; I . 0. West Point. Risser, Jacob, Sr., far., S. 30 ; P. O. West Point. Risser Jauob, far.. Sec. 29 ; P. O. West Point. Risser, John, far., S. 29; P. 0. West Point SCHULLTB, DETRICH, far., S. 32 ; P. 0. West Point. Den- 17 far. West PLEASANT RIDGE TOWNSHIP. 815 -Scliullte, Theodore, far., Sec, 32 ; P. 0. West Point. Scliullte, William, far., S. 82; P. 0. West Point. Shantz, Peter, far., S. 26 ; P. 0. Denmark. Sharp well, Christian, for., Sec. 5 ; P. 0. St. Paul. Shipley, Charles, far., S. 22 ; P. 0. West Point. Shutte, G. G., far., Sec. 30 ; P. 0. West Point. SNOOK, J. C, farmer, Sec. 28; P. 0. West Point ; a son of John Snook, who was born in Sussex Co., N. J., Aug. 17. 1776; when a young man, ,he removed to Union Co., Penn., where he married Elizabeth Christ, who was born in Union Co.. Penn, Sept. 25, 1778 ; he died in Union Co., Penn., Dec. 9, 1834, his wife in Lee Co., March 13, 1863, leaving a family of four sons and three daughters, but three now living ; the second son and fourth born, the subject of this sketch, was born in Union Co.. Penn., June 5, 1809 ; he was raised a farmer. In the 27th year of his age, he married Jane, daughter of James Cornelius ; she was born in Union Co., Penn., Feb. 18, 1836 ; in 1853, they emigrated to Lee Co., and settled where they now reside, and own eighty acres of land, valued at $30 per acre They have ten children — Mary, born in Pennsylvania, Jan. 11, 1837, the wife of Wm. Bronson, of Clark Co., Towa; Sarah J., born in Pennsylvania, Nov. 8, 1838, the wife of Thns. Moore, of Montrose ; Lucy Eliz- abeth, born in Pennsylvania, May 21, 1841, married James Thornton, a sol- dier in the late war, now deceased ; Julia A., born in Pennsylvania, June 17, 1843, the wife of E. M. Stewart, of this county ; John W., born in Penn- sylvania, Oct. 30, 1845, of Idaho, en- gaged in freighting ; Isaac N., born in Pennsylvania, Feb. 20, 1848, a resident of Henry Co., Iowa, a farmer ; James H., born in Pennsylvania, Nov. 20, 1850, a farmer of this township ; Chris- tian Gr., born April 5, 1853, a farmer of this township ; Lewis C, born in Lee Co., March 12, 1856; Ella, born in Lee Co., Oct. 9, 1860. Mr. Snook was formerly a member of the German Reformed Church. Has held various township and school offices ; is a Jack- son Democrat. Snook, James H., far.. Sec. 7 ; P. 0. West Point. Soppe, Barney, far., S. 7 ; P. 0. St. Paul. Spexarth, Joseph, far., Sec. 7 ; P. O. St. Paul. STEPHENSON, JOHN S., far , Sec. 7 ; P. 0. We.st Point ; grandson of Edward Stephenson, who, in his early life settled at what is now the populous city of Cincinnati, Ohio, at that time consisting of a fort erected as a protec- tion to the white settlers against the Indians ; in that fort, John S., Sr., the father of John S., Jr., was born; during the year 1800, when but 4 or 5 years of age, his father died, soon after which his mother (the grandmother of John S., Jr.), returned to Wood Co., Va., their former home. Having reached manhood's estate, John S. soon returned to Hamilton Co., Ohio, thence to Dear- born Co., Ind., where he married Eliza- beth Archibald, who was born near Bos- ton, Mass., in 1801 ; they settled in In- diana, and after residing for a time in Hamilton Co., Ohio, in 1837, they be- came pioneers of Henry Co., Iowa., first settling in Baltimore Tp. for three years, thence to Jackson Tp., where, in 1846, he was elected to the State Legis- lature, and again in 1847; in 1855, he returned to Baltimore Tp., where, in 1865, he died ; the mother is still a res- ident of that township ; they had seven children, five sons and two daughters ; John S., Jr., the youngest of the sons, was born in Hamilton Co., Ohio, in 1834, consequently being 3 years of age on the removal of his parents to Henry Co.; being 16 years of age before the erection of the first schoolhouse in his district ; his means for education were somewhat limited ; was employed on his father's farm until he reached the age of 26, when he married Annie E., daughter of Calvin J. Price, who was born in Smithfield, N. C, in 1801 ; aft- erward a resident of Tennessee ; thence to Cairo, III., where he married Mary Conley, and in 1836 they were among the first settlers of West Point, this county, where he did the first mercan- tile business, and erected and kept the first hotel ; during the first year of his 816 DIRECTORY OF LEE COUNTY; residence there his wife died, and in August, 1838, he married Frances Long- ford, born in Newcastle, Ky., in 1819, at that time a resident of Clarke Co., Mo. Mr. Price was a member of the first Territorial Legislature, and subse- quently elected several times, and was a member of that honorable body at his death, which occurred in 1 860. Mrs. Price is now a resident of Lowell, Henry Co. ; of seven children born of this marriage but four are now living, Mrs. Stephenson being the second born in Pleasant Ridge Tp., in 1841, and the only one of the family now residing in Lee Co. ; soon after their marriage, they settled on the farm they now occupy, consisting of 168 acres of land, valued at f 50 per acre ; they have four chil- dren — John C., born Jan. 23, 1863 ; Frances L., born Oct. 18, 186-1- ; Ed- mund A., born Nov. 16, 1867, and Clyde L., born March 28, 1872. Democratic in politics ; a member of Leaf Lodge, I. 0. 0. F., No. 57, at Lowell. Stewart, A., far.. Sec. 14 ; P. 0. Denmark. STEWART, E. M., far.. Sec. 5 ; P. 0. West Point ; was born in Ohio Co., Ind., in 1824 ; received an education such as was to be had at the common schools ; at the age of 14, he determined to learn the printer's trade, and served an apprenticeship of two and one-half years, after which his services being required at home, he returned there ; re- mained until 1849, and embarked for California via New Orleans and the Isthmus; after a journey of six months, he arrived at San Francisco the spring of 1850 ; after mining for two years, he returned to Indiana, and September, 1852, came to Muscatine Co., Iowa, where he engaged in farming. Sept. 6, 1855, he married Elizabeth, daughter of Valentine and Mary Woods, of that county, from Indiana ; she was born in Ohio Co., Ind., in 1836 ; the fall after their marriage, they removed to Lee Co., and settled where he now resides, and owns 138 acres of land, valued at $35 per acre. In 1864, his wife died, leav- ing five children — Millard F.,born Aug. 5, 1856 ; died at the age of 10 ; William M., born Jan. 6, 1858 ; Valentine C, born Aug. 2, 1859 ; Charles E., born March 12, 1861 ; Mary E., born Aug. 17, 1862. He then married Julia A., daughter of John C. Snook ; she was born in Union Co., Penn., June 17, 1843 ; they have four children — John was born Aug. 5, 1867 ; Julia A., born Jan. 23, 1870 ; August J., born July 10, 1873 ; George A., born April 5, 1878. Mr. Stewart has served as Justice of the Peace for several years, ajid, in 1871, was elected to represent his county in the State Legislature. Stoner, John, farmer, Sec. 17 ; P. 0. West Point. TAYLOR, FRANK, farmer, Sec. 31 ; P. 0. West Point. TIMPE, JACOB FRITZ, far and stock-grower. Sec. 20 ; P. 0. West Point ; son of Carl Timpe, who was born in Brunswick, Germany, in 1799, and married Sophia Sandons, who was born in the same State in 1801 ; had three children, the eldest of whom was Jacob, born in Germany Jan. 5, 1824 ; raised a farmer, and with what educa- tion he had secured previous to his 14th year, when in his 22d year emigrated to America, and, after stopping at St. Louis for two months, landed at Fwt Madison March 9, 1845 ; the first year here he worked for Henry Buhrig at $5 per month, the second with still lower wages, and continued as a laborer for four and a half years, with a slight in- crease in wages after the first two years. December, 1851, he married Henrietta Schulze, who was born in Brunswick, Germany, in 1824, and emigrated to America and Lee Co., in 1847; they farmed by renting until 1861, when he purchased his first real estate, consisting of 180 acres of land which he now owns and occupies ; in 1863, he erected a convenient and commodious barn, cost- ing $1,000, and, in 1868, a fine brick residence costing $3,000; in 1873, he added to his original farm 120 acres of land, nraking a total of 300 acres, which he now values at $50 per acre; they have had a family of six children, four still living — Henrietta, born April 17. 1853, died June 18, 1874; Caroline, April 6, 1854 ; Sophia, May 29, 1855 ; William, Sept. 4, 1858 ; Fritz, Jan. 26, 1860, died Feb. 18, 1860, and George, April 4, 1862; all have received or are receivino; liberal educations. Mr. Tim- d PLEASANT RIDGE TOWNSHIP, 817 pe was a practical, and has proved him- ; self a successful, farmer ; received the . first premium at the first fair held in Lee Co., as the best plowman ; he has ' since been Director for the Agricultural Society of this county. Democratic; ' they are members of long standing in the Lutheran Church. Trevitt, Kenry, far., Sec. 26; P. 0. Den- mark. YANSICKLE, WILLIAM, far., Sec. 24 ; P. 0. Denmark. Vincent, John, far.. Sec. 9 ; P. 0. West Point. WOODMANSEE, JOHN, far., Sec. 24 ; P. 0. Denmark. WELCH, T H O S., farmer. Sec. 29; P. 0. West Point; born in Harrison Co., Ohio, Aug. 2, 1807; when 21 years of age, removed to Athens Co., Ohio, where he engaged in milling, which occupation he followed for three years. In 1837, he married Miss Ann Starr, who was born in Athens Co., Ohio, in 1810 ; July, 1838, they came to Lee Co.; purchased a claim in West Point Tp., adjoining Louis Pittman ; in 1839, his wife died, leaving one child — John, born Feb. 15, 1838, now a resident of Allen Co., Kan.; a farmer. He then married Mary, daughter of Joseph Isham ; she was born in Monroe Co., N. Y., Feb. 4, 1822; in 18G6, they removed to their present place of residence, where he owns 120 acres of land, valued at §45 per acre ; they have three children — Martha, born May 4, 1842 ; George, July 23, 1843, and Nathan, July 2, 1851. Mr. Welch was one of the Judges at the first election of Lee Co., under the Territorial law ; also Treasurer of the Lee County Agricultural Society, and has held all the township and va- rious school offices. WIIililAMSON, J. D., farmer, S. 15 ; P. 0. West Point ; a grandson of John Williamson, who was born in Maryland, and married Miss Dodd ; they were among the first settlers of West Virginia, and lived in forts at Wheeling during the troubles with the Indians ; had two sons and four daugh- ters, of whom IMoses, the father of J. D., was the first born ; he was born at Wheeling, March, 1779, and while still a young man, removed to Tyler Co.' Va., where he married Nancy Ball, a native of Ireland, and at the age of 7 weeks, brought to this country by her parents ; they settled in Tyler Co., where the mother died about the year 1865, having lived to be over 80 years of age ; the father is still a resident of that (now Pleasant Co.). having reached the advanced age of 1 00 years ; they had ten children, six sons and four daughters, four sons and three daughters now living — J. D., the eldest son, was born in Tyler Co., Va., the 15th of March, 1811 ; there he was raised, with but limited means for an education ; at the age of 21, he began boating on the Ohio Ptiver, an occupation he followed for five years; then married Delilah Gorrell ; her parents, Ptalph and Katie G., were natives of Pennsylvania; she was born in Tyler Co., Va., in 1810 ; in the spring of 1839, they emigrated to Iowa, first stopping at^ Burlington ; came in October, of the same year, to their present place of residence, where they now own 330 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre, a property they have accumulated by real industry, persever- ance and self-denial ; came here almost entirely without means ; have had six children, three now living — the eldest, Mary J., was born the 27th of Novem- ber, 1837 (married Oliver McKay of Illi- nois, and died 31st of November, 1871); Gilbert B., June 28, 1839 (died at Portland, Or., the 16th of September, 1865); Albert S., Sept. 16, 1840 (a resident of Lowell, Henry Co., Iowa, engaged in merchandising) ; John G., the 22d of September, 1843 (now of Mt. Ayr, Ringgold Co., a dealer and shipper of live-stock ; Viro;inia, the 20th of May, 1845 (the w#e of Dr. Holland, of Dei mark, this county) ; and Eliza, the 20th of September, 1847 (married Joseph Gill, of Dallas, 111., died the 24th of July, 1873). Repub- lican in politics ; members of the M. E. Church. Has held the office of Town- ship Trustee, and various school offices. Woolen, A. J., far.. Sec. 17 ; P. 0. West Point. YOUNG, LYMAN, far., S. 10; P. O. West Point. 818 DIRECTORY Of LEE COUNTY: CHARLESTON TOWNSHIP. A NDERSON, J. W., Charlestou. Arnold, Wm., far., Sec. 7; P. 0. Warren. Arthur, James, far., See. 34 ; P. 0. Xew Boston. 'ALL, A., CLarieston. B Ball, Fred., far.. Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Charleston. Bannan, Michael, far.. Sec. 32 ; P. 0. Beltast. Barnes. J. W., former. See. 23 ; P. 0. Charlestou. Barues. Morgau, farmer, Sec. 26 ; P. 0. Charleston. Bassett, Const, former, Sec. 24; P. 0. Charlestou. Bassett, Wm. M., merchant, Charleston. Beerghafer, G., farmer, Sec. 10; P. 0. Franklin. Bopoix, George, merchant, New Boston. Branderberger. 3Iichael, Sec. 10; P. 0. Charleston. Britton, R., Sec. 3t>; P. 0. New Boston. CASSIDAY. JOHN, for., Sec. 3; P. 0. Charleston. Church. H. L., for., Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Bel- fost. Conn. William, far.. See. 35; P. 0. New Boston. Cook, Jas., for.. Sec. 22; P. O. Charleston. Cox, Geo, far.. Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Charleston. Cross, H. H., physician, Charleston. Currants, John, for., See. 35 ; P. 0. New Boston. DAVIS THOMAS, Sec. 25 ; P. 0. New Boston. Deroff, J., far.. Sec. 11; P. 0. Charleston. Donnell. Eston, S. 27 ; P. 0. Charleston. Donnell, W. A., for., Sec. 5; P. 0. Don- nellson. Douglas, Geo., S. 28 ; P. 0. Charleston. Downey. John, former, Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Charleston. Dumenil, J. B., S. 28 ; P. 0. Charlestou. Dumenil, M. F., Sec. 22; P. 0. Chailes- tou. Dumenil, V., Sec. 28 ; P. 0. Charleston. TpVANS, S., Sec. 6 ; P. 0. Warren. Evans. Thomas, far., S. 6 ; P. 0. Warren. FISHER, JOHN, for,. Sec. 20 ; P.O. Charleston. Fisher, P., far., S. 11 ; P. O. Charleston. GRABER, HENRY, tar.. Sec. 2; P. 0. Franklin Centre. Green. John, Sec. S ; P. 0. Warren. HAFFNER, CHRISTIAN, farmer, Sec. 12; P. 0. Franklin Centre. Hall, Hazel. S. 32 ; P. 0. Charleston. HALI., JAMES, for.. Sec. 35; P. 0. New Boston ; born in Ireland Nov. l(\ ISIS; came to America in 1847; first stopped in Belmont Co., Ohio ; removed to Lee Co. in November, 1853, first shipping in Keokuk; remained until 1S54, then removed to Montrose Tp., thence to Charlestpn Tp., where he now lives, in 1853. Mr. Hall never married ; is living with his sistei-s Ellen and Agnes ; owns seventy acres of land ; was formerly member of the Presbyterian Church; Republican. HAMILTOX, JESSE, for., Sec 26; P. 0. New Boston; born in Rip- ley Co., Ind., Dee. 22, 1824 ; came to Lee Co. in 1849, first to Keokuk; re- mained for eighteen yeai*s. iMarried Miss Charit} A. Thomas in 1853; she died Aug.9, 1861 , when Mr. H, enlisted in the 3d I. Y. C, in Co. C ; served until the close of the war ; was iu several battles and skirmishes. At the close of the war. returned home and married Mrs. Mary Gildersleive Sept. 14, 1865 ^ she was born iu Pennsylvania Sept. 22, 1823 ; her maiden name was 3Iary Jor- dan. _ Mr. H. owns twenty-five acres of land, and is a member of the Baptist Church ; Mrs. H. is a member of M. E. Church ; Mr. H. is a Republican. Hamilton, Joseph, for., Sec. 36; P. 0. New Boston. Havner, L., for., S. 24; P. 0. Charleston. Heiser, J. C, for., S. 23 , P. O. Charles- ton. Heitman, J. B., merchant, Charleston. Hershleri J., far., Sec. 6 ; P. 0. Warren. Hiler, George, Charlestou. Hill. A. R.,^S. 33 ; P. 0. Charleston. Holdefer, Charles, far., Sec, 23; P. 0. Charleston. Hopp, J., for., Sec. 26 ; P. 0. Charleston. Housal, John, for., S. 35 ; P. 0. Warren. Hunt. J. F., for.. See. 6 ; P. 0. Warren. HUNT, JEREMIAH F., for, Sec. 6 ; P. 0. Donnellsou ; son of John, <;iiAiii;K,sr()N rovvNsiiii' H I !) of tilt! (/OiKionl laiiiily of lliiiils, vvlio I W!iH l)(»rn ill (Jonconl, MiiHs., I7<10, iintor.shain, INlasK., May :$, 1772; in IHOO, [\\v.y movf-d to Palmer, Hampden Va)., IMass., where th(! father pnreliased a farm, which (lu! KoiiM eultivat(>d while he eonliniii'd to work at hi.s trade; had el(!V(!n ehildn^n ; six lived to mardiood and woiiiaiiluMtd ; the eldest, John, Jr., horn in Norlhhoro Jun(5 27, 17!)'J, and died Nov. I, IHiU); lloxana, horn in Norlhhoro June IH, 1802, and rr'tained her nj.sidence in her native State until her death, whieli oc- curred in 1878; Anni.s, horn in North- boro Oet. 11, 18();{, and became the wife of Harvey Smith, of I'almtT, Mans., and is Htill a re.sidetit of that place '. haH four children ; her eld(!,st Hon (lied at Ko;inok(! Island, havin;^,' '^inn\ out with (Jen. IJurnsidc!, and |)artieij)at,ed at that battle ; Jeremiah ]<\, the only niembiT of his fatluir's family who came West;, was born in Northhoro Fcib. 21, ISOli, and was (i W(!eks of a<^e on the removal of his parents to I'almer ; at the a}!;e of 2 1 , he hifi home, and the sprin;^ of 1 827, was enifiloycd by the Hampshire Man- ufacturing^ Co., at Ware village, U)T nine months; tluiu was at home farming and, in the fall of 1828, nsturntid to Wan; village, and engaged with the factx)ry, dyciing and bleaching nard<(!ens ; remaintid there until early in the S[)ring of 181)2; thence to I'rovidenee, K. f.; then visited different cities, and at Spencer, Mass., again engaged in a fac- tory at dyeing; the winter of 18:{2-;>:>, he went to Hartfijrd, Conn., where he engaged as dyer with Colt, the father of Sam. Colt, the inventor of the noted pistols and revolvers; tlie spring of 18154, he went to Lynn, Mass., and worked at dyeing and printing; the winter of 18:5r)-:}G, in Alfred, Me., he studied surveying, which he has prac- ticed in Lee Co. and surrounding eoun- ticB ; in 18;jG, he returned to Lynn and entered the employ of the i'oHl-on and hynn Silk, (/olton and Woolen l)y(;ing an8, came l,o L(!e (/O., and f)urehased a claim, on which lie still residt^s, with 2'l!) acres of land, valued at %A0 per acre ; still occu- pies t.lie cabin Huf»posed by some to be about the first built in this pa|-t of the county, (;re(!t(!d sohily by t,li(; aid of auger and iix, iiiid hearing (lat,i! IH.'Jf). iiiti\tik4,;to\, joiiiv t., fir.; !*.(). New Hostoii ; born in (!ler- nioiit (Jo., Ohio, in 182:5. Marririd, in 1817, Urania Light, a nalivi; of Ohio ; rcniov(!d to Van iJuren (Jo., Iowa, in 18^1) ; eame to fice ('o., and settled onhis present farm in 1851 ; have one daugh- ter — KlizabeUi J., now Mrs. A. fL Miles. "FNtlKLMAN, JOHN, far., Sec. 1 ; P. 1 O. hVanklin (3ent,er. TOHNSTON, \V. K., far., See. 17; P. f J O. (Miarleston. -Jordan, James, New i>ost,oii. .Iiitdvins, J(din, hlacksmith, Charleston. KKMKIS, THOMAS, far., Sec. 14; P.O. (;harl(.st,on. KFJCAIV, J. r., far.. Sec. .'55; P.O. N(!W I'oston ; born in ('oles Co., HI., Dee. i5(), 18."5!J; came to Jice Co. in 1843; first sett hid in Augusta, thence removed to Cliarl(!st,on Tp. Married Miss M. A. iJritton March 1, 18GG ; sh(! was born in Guernsey Co., Ohio, April 11, 18157; her parents came to Lee Co. in 18:58. Mr. K. has one; child living — Charles (J., born March 24, ]87t), and three deceased, Kletcher IJ., born Dec. 22, 18(;(;, and was drowned at 18 months of age; the oth(!rs, twins, a boy and girl, born Aug. 28, 1874, and died the same year. Mr. Keran owns seventy one and a half acres of land, lie enlisted March 15, 1802, and served till the close of tho war, in Co. I, 17th Iowa V. I. ; was in eight battles — luka. Miss., Corinth, the evacuation of Corinth, Haker'H Creek, Missionary Jlidge, Jackson, Miss., si(!gc of Vicksburg and Tilton Grove, where ho was taken prisoner, and held in Aridersonville Prison six months and nine days, and when re- leased w;ls a mere skeleton, and still 9 820 DIRECTORY OF LEE aiUXTYT: suflors ill-health from his privations and a sunstroke. Kepubliean. Kerr, Wm., far., S. S ; P. 0. Donnelson. Kirchner, Q.. far., S. -i; P. 0. Donnellson. Klinalor. C.,far.. S. 10 ; P. 0. Donnellson. Koch, M.. tar.. See. S : P. 0. Donnellson. LATTA. ALEXANDER, flu-.. See. 1(3 ; P. 0. Charleston. I.AMB. SMITH, ftr.. Sec. 26; P. 0. Charleston; bom in Wayne Co., Ind.. Aug. 3, 1832; came to Jefferson Co., Iowa, inlSll; removed to Polk Co., Eowa, in 134-4 ; then to Lee Co. in 1S47, and settled in Jackson Tp. ; in 1S50, went to Colorado, where he mined for some time ; returned to Lee Co., in 1S53, and settled where he now lives. Married Miss Jane Cos Oct. 26, 1S54 ; born in Coshocton Co., Ohio, Dec. 1. 1834 ; her parents were among the early settlers of Lee Co. ; they have had eleven children, six now living — Annie I.. Clara E., Sarena E.. Martha J., James E. and Lewis H. ; five deceased — Charles, Nettie, William H., Fannie and Emma. Mr. Lamb owns 106 acres of land ; is a member of the Baptist Church ; wife, is a member also ; Democrat. Leech. A. J., llir., S. 16 ; P. 0. Charleston. Liiiht. Greoro-e. moved awav. LIGHT/ JOHX. farmer. Sec. 35 ; P. 0. New Boston ; born in Clermont Co., Ohio, Jan. IS, 1805 ; came to Van Buren Co., Iowa, in 1848 ; removed to Lee Co. in 1852. Married Mi;s Char- lotte Phillips in 1827 ; she was born in HamUtou Co., Ohio, Dec. 8. 1807; and died Aug. 22, 1830 ; manied ag-ain Phcvbe C. Dole Jan. 27, 1833 ; born in Clermont Co., Ohio, Aug. 1, 1810; died Feb. 16, 1864. Remar- ried ag-ain Mrs. Esther McCrackiu Dec. 13, 1865 ; torn in Montgomery Co., Peun., Nov. 28, 1812; had two chil- dren ; by first wife, Urania, now Mrs. Huntington, one dead — Jane W. ; and by second wife, Eebecca A. yuow Mrs. Brown.) James A., Charlotte E. (^now Mi-s. Miles\ Joha H., George H., Mary M. (^now 3Irs.Vaughn), and four dead — Jane W., Emily A., Joseph D. and Marion H. Mr. Jiight was ordained as an M. E. Minister in 1856, and as Elder in 1861 ; has been preaching since 1842 ; RepubUcan. Lyon, Zach., farmer. Sec. 36; P. 0. New Boston. cANDREWS, JAMES, tar.,5ec- 20 ; P. 0. Charleston. McClarv, James, farmer and shoemaker. Sec. 22: P. 0. Charleston. MeCORD, J. S.. far., S. 27; P. 0. Charleston ; born in Preble Co., Ohio, Feb. 2. 1816. Married Miss Martha Sawyer Feb. 28, 1838; she was born in Warren Co., Ohio, Jan. 15, 1815 , came to Lee Co. in 1853, and pur- chased, in company with Mr. Boyce, a tract of land located in Jackson Tp. . for which they paid S2,500, Mr. McC. paying 81,000; in 1856, Mr. MeC. sold his interest for 69,000, and then removed to Montrose Tp., and bought 163 acres, for which he paid §5,000, and then sold and removed to Ch:rrles- ton Tp., and settled where he now lives. Has two sons and three daughters — William S., served in the rebellion ; Ann, now Mrs. Fallar ; James B., served during the rebellion ; Harriet A. and Amanda, also married. Mrs. McCord united with the Presbyterian Church at the age of 17, and Mr. McCord when 20 ye^irs of age. Dem- ocrat. McCutehin, J. H., flir.. Sec. 35; P. 0- New Boston. Marion, Felix, Jr., far.. Sec. 21 ; P. 0- Charleston. 3IATTEER, 31., f^r., S. 27 ; P. 0. Cbarleston ; born in Dauphin Co., Penn., May 22, 1806. Married Miss Mary Rodger's May 8, 1828 ; she was born in Perry Co., Teun.. April 2, 1812. Removed to Washington Co., Ohio, in 1829 ; came to Lee Co. in 1851, and settled in Charleston Tp. Mrs. Mat- teer died Sept. 24. 1849 ; he married ag-:\in, Mrs. Elizabeth WestfixU, formerly Miss Solomon, Sept. 11, 1850 ; she was born in Hardy Co., Va., Dec. 13, 1812 ; her former marriage to Isaac Westfall, was Sept. 12, 1833 ; he was born in Virginia March 12, 1809, and died Feb. 16, 1847 ; she had six chil- dren by her former husband — Cath- erine J., William W., Henry L., Thomas M., John M. and Robert W. ; Mr. Matteer had by his former wife, ten children — Louisiana, Lucetta, Mar- garetta, Hannah, William 31. C, Fran- CHARLESTON TOWNSHIP. 821 cis M., Lavina W., Charles A., Mary M., Sarah C. Both arc members of the M. E. Church. He owns eighty- four acres. Democrat. Martin, James, farmer, Sec. 19; P. 0. Charleston. Miles, J. A., farmer, Sec. 36 ; P. 0. New Boston. Miller, Jacob, farmer, Sec. 17 ; P. 0. Charleston. Monz, Isadore, farmer. Sec. 7 ; P. 0. Charleston. Moore, Shapely, farmer, Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Charleston. Morrissey, John, farmer, Sec. 33; P. 0. Charleston. nVTEWM ASTER, GOTLIEB, larmer, JlN Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Charleston. PFLINGERSTOFER, J. B., farmer. Sec. 28 ; P. 0. Charleston. Pickai'd, S., minister, Charleston. Potter, P. W., Charleston. Pratt, J. B., farmer, Sec. 19; P. 0. Charleston. RAxMBO, JACOB, farmer. Sec. 35 ; P. 0. New Boston. Ramsay, David, farmer. Sec. 35 ; P. 0. New Boston. Ranz, John, far., S. 23 ; P. 0. Charleston. Reuchler, P. F., blacksmith, Charleston. BIC^^IiER, L.., farmer, Sec. 25; P. 0. Charleston ; born in Bavaria Oct. 4, 1827 ; came to America with his par- ents when 2 years of age ; first stopped in Cincinnati, Ohio; removed to Ken- tucky, thence to St. Louis, then to Hamilton Co., 111. ; remained one year, and then came to Keokuk, Lee Co., in 1853 ; remained four years, and then moved to where he now lives. Married Miss Margaret Kirshbaum in 1850 ; she was born in Bavaria July 18, 1829 ; they have two children — Sarah and Naomi. Mr. R. owns 280 acres of land; member of the Lutheran Church. Mr. R. is a Democrat. Rice, David, far.. Sec, 10 ; P. 0. Charleston. Rokey, Christ., far., Sec. 17; P. 0. Charleston. Rokcy, Peter, far.. Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Charleston. Schneider; Joseph, far., Sec. 5 ; p. 0. Donnellson. Schwartzentruber, P. J., far., Sec. 14; P. 0. Charleston. Scott, Eli, far., Sec. 16 ; P. 0. Charleston. Sell, Casper, far., Sec. 24 ; P. 0. Charleston. Sheffcr, Daniel, far., Sec. 8; P. 0. Charleston. Slater, W. P., far., Sec. 35 ; P. 0. New Boston. Sollars, William, far. ; P. 0. Charleston. SOUTH, JOHiy, far., Sec. 26 ; P. 0. Charleston ; born in Greene Co., Penn., May 20, 1821 ; removed with his par- ents to Montgomery Co., Ind., in 1831 ; came to Lee Co., June 15, 1840, and settled in Van Buren Tp. ; removed to Franklin Tp., then to Charleston Tp., and settled where he now lives. Mar- ried Miss Nancy A. Martin, June 21, 1849 ; she was born in Monongalia Co., Va., June 6, 1829 ; had four chil- dren, two deceased — Daniel and Will- iam H. ; John M. and Theodosia, liv- ing ; all members of the Baptist Church. Mr. South followed breaking prairie for some lime when he first came to the cpunty. The first hogs marketed by him netted him $1.75 per hundred, and corn 12} cents per bushel. Mr. South has served as Justice of the Peace and other township offices ; has been Super- intendent of Sunday school for twenty- one years ; he has been a member and deacon in the church for twenty-seven years. Owns 201 acres. Members of the Baptist Church; Democrat. Spahr, Samuel, far., Sec. 14 ; P. 0. Charleston. Stanton, Thomas, far.. Sec. 19; P. O. Charleston. Stanwood, Charles, far., Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Charleston. Stanwood, George, far., Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Belfast. Stevens, James, far. and stock-breeder, Sec. 3 ; P. 0. Donellson. Stewart, J. S., far., Sec. 3 ; P. 0. Donel- son. SrLIilVAlV, V. H., far., Sec. 36; P. 0. New Boston ; born in Jeffierson Co., Ind., Feb. 1; 1837 ; came to Lee Co. Oct. 13, 1854, and engaged for some time as conductor on the C, B. & Q. Railroad ; also was engaged in mer- cantile business in Keokuk for some time. Mr. Sullivan served on the Board of Supervisors four years, and Justice of the Peace four years; owns 116 acres of land. Married Miss Susan E. Hedges ; she was born in Ohio June 18. 1840; have six childi-en — Chai-les N., 822 DIRECTORY OF LEE COUNTY : Joseph T., Jemima H., S. L., A. H. and N. H. ; Democrat. SllVIDER, JOSEPH, ftir., Sec. 6 ; P. 0. Donnellson; was born in Harrison Co., Ind., in 1827, wlierc his grand- father, John, had settled from Vir- ginia in 1806, his son, Isaac, who became the father of Joseph, being at that time six years of age. Isaac married Julia A. Oatman, whose parents were also among the first settlers of the State of Indiana, and they are still residents of that State and county. Joseph, at the age of 17, went to Ohio, and for a time followed the river — engaged in shipping produce to New Orleans. April, 1853, he married Kuth J., daughter of James and Ab- igail McCullum; she was born in Crawford Co., Ind., Aug. 27, 1832, and September, of the same year, they came to this county, and settled where they now reside, and own 240 acres of land, valued at $45 per acre. They have two children — William H., born April 26, 1858, and George I., Dec. 26, 1861 ; Democratic. Members of C. P. Church, Mr. S. being Eider and Clerk in that Church. Township Trustee, an ofiice he has held for eight years, and has also held various school ofiices. TRUMP, GEORGE, far., S. 2 ; P. 0. Franklin Station. YERMAZEN, JAMES, far., S. 21 ; P. 0. Charleston. VERMAZEW, ARCHIE, dealer general merchandise. Charleston ; born in Holland Jan. 25, 1844; came to Keokuk, Lee Co., in 1856 ; in the spring of 1862, went to Colorado, where he engaged in mercantile and hotel business for six years; returned to Lee Co,, in 1868 ; bought a farm one mile northwest of Charleston, contain- ing eighty acres, and, in November, 1875, engaged in his present business. Married Miss Emma Sapp in 1869 ; she was born in Clermont Co., Ohio, Nov. 27, 1850 ; came to Lee Co., with her parents, in 1858; they have two children — James H. and John A. Mr. V. has been Justice of the Peace six years. Township Clerk one term, and Assessor two terms. Mrs. V. is a mem- ber of the Baptist Church ; Mr. V. is a Democrat. Vermazen, William, far.. Sec. 20; P. O. Charleston. VERMILL.ION, li. G., farmer, S. 26 ; P. 0. Charleston ; born in Bracken Ky., Sept. 2, 1815. Married Miss Amanda L. Wheaton in 1836, and re- moved to Ohio, where he remained till 1849, then came to Clarke Co., Mo., where Mrs. V. died in 1851, leaving him with a family of sis children ; he married again, Miss Sarah A. Phillips, in 1851 ; she was born in Lehigh Co., Penn., Oct. 10, 1824; had seven chil- dren by his former wife, six still living — Greenberry N., Maria L., George L., Louisa, John P. and Elizabeth; one deceased — Permelia A., and by present wife five — Matilda J., Janetta T., Alonzo B., Alice A., Fannie B., and one dead — Charity R. Mr. V. owns 200 acres of land, and has given seven of his children farms. Members of the Baptist Church. Mr. V. has been in- dustrious and economical, and is now able to live comfortably without hard work. Democrat. WAHRER, AUGUST, far., S. 34 ; P. 0. Charleston. Wahrer, F., far., S. 22 ; P. O. Charleston. Wahrer, Jacob, far., S. 13 ; P. 0. Charles- ton. Washburn, G. S., far., Sec. 32 ; P. 0. Charleston. Watson, Wm, far, S. 15 ; P. 0. Charleston. Weber, George, far.. Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Charleston. Weber, Jacob, fir., S. 22 ; P. 0. Charles- ton. Weber, John, far.. Sec. 12 ; P. 0. Frank- lin Station. Wilsey, John, far., Sec. 34 ; P. 0. New Boston. CEDAR TOWNSHIP. 823 CEDAR TOWNSHIP. ALEXANDER, T. R., far., Sec. 32; P. O. Big Mound. Atkinson, W., far., Sec. 32 ; P. 0. Big Mound. BEACH, WELCOME, far.. Sec. 5; P. 0. Hillsboro. BEACH, JUIilUS, far., Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Hillsboro; owns 180 acres of land, valued at $35 per acre ; he was born June 25, 1798, in Vermont ; in the spring of 1813, his parents emigrated to Guernsey Co., Ohio ; in early life, he learned the carpenter and joiner's trade, which he followed in connection with farming. Prior to coming West, he married Miss Jane Allen of Muskingum Co., Ohio, June 1, 1836 ; she was born March 16, 1816, in same county ; in the spring of 1846, they emigrated to Iowa and located upon the farm on which they still live ; have seven children liv- ing — Thomas B., Alfred A., George M., Welcome B., Lucy E., Jesse C. and Oscar E. ; lost four — David, Herman, Josephine and Lueius. Jesse C. and Welcome B., have charge of the home farm. Jesse C. married Sarah E. Pyle, of Fort Madison, Nov. 12, 1878; she was born Oct. 1, 1857, in Van Buren Co., Iowa ; the oldest son is living in Carroll Co., Mo., and two sons and a daughter are living in Nebraska. Mem- bers of the Congregational Church ; Re- publican. Beard, W., far.. Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Big Mound. Bell, I., far., Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Big Mound. BEL.L., T. A., far., Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Big Mound ; son of D. S. and S. S. Bell, deceased ; he was born Aug. 4, 1845, in Huntingdon Co., Penn. ; emigrated with parents to this county in the fall of 1845, and settled on the farm upon which he now lives, it being a part of the homestead, and contains 160 acres, valued at $35 per acre. In the spring of 1864, he enlisted in Co. E, of the 45th Iowa regiment, and was mustered out the following October, it being a hundred-day regiment. He was married to Alvira C. Harlan, daughter of Jacob and Pharba Harlan, Aug. 19, 1866 ; she was born Sept. 27, 1846 ; her mother died in Ohio Nov. 9, 1849, and father emigrated to this county in the M\ of 1859 ; in the fall of 1870, he moved to Kansas, where he died Aug. 27, 1876 ; have three children — Frank S., bQrn Oct. 20, 1867 ; Cora E., born Jan. 23, 1871, and Gracie, born April 22,1878. Member Presbyterian Ch ur ch; Democrat. BELIi, Z. T., farmer, P. 0. Big Mound ; owns a farm of 145 acres, val- ued at $8,000 ; is a son of David S. and Sarah S. Bell, and was born June 16, 1848, in Huntingdon Co., Penn.; the following fall, parents emigrated to Lee Co., Iowa, and located upon the - farm, a part of which he now owns ; his father served as Deputy Recorder in an early day ; also as Representative in the Legislature in 1870 and 1871, and de- parted this life Jan. 14, 1878, his wife having died Feb. 5, 1873. Mr. Z. T. Bell married Sarah S. Alexander March 27, 1873 ; she was born May 28, 1846, in Jeiferson Co., Ohio ; have two chil- dren — Laura M., born Jan. 26, 1875, and Anna J., born Jan. 31, 1877. Mr. Bell has held the office of Township Clerk two terms ; also Director of his School District, and Secretary of the Board ; wife member of the Presbyte- rian Church. Democrat. Bennett, Joel, far.. Sec. 30 ; P. O. Big Mound. Beyerle, George, farmer. Sec. 14 ; P. 0. Salem. Blair, C. F., merchant. Big Mound. Braden, David, farmer. Sec. 16 ; P. O. Salem. Braden, J. P., farmer, Sec. 10 ; P. O. Salem. BROWXLEE, SAMUEI. H., farmer. Sec. 28 ; P. O. Big Mound ; son of Samuel and Catharine C. Brown- lee, was born Sept. 3, 1854, in Wash- ington Co., Penn.; his father died in June. 1854; he purchased the farm upon which Samuel H. now lives, some years before his death ; mother married Hon. James B. Pease Oct. 17, 1867 ; the following December, came to Van Buren Co., Iowa, where she still lives, and where he lived till his majority; married Sadie Robertson May 11, 1876 824 DIRECTORY OF LEE COUNTY she was born in Lee Co. July 19, 1856; have two children — Daisy and Hattie B. Mr. Brownlee purchased the inter- est of his mother, brother and sister, in the homestead of 320 acres, valued at $50 per acre, one of the best farms in the township. Mr. Brownlee is a member of the Presbyterian Church. Greenbacker. CLARK ABNER,far., Sec. 24; P. 0. Big: Mound. €Ii ARK, ISSAC, farmer, Sec 22 ; P. O. Big Mound ; son of Libbeus and Mary (Evans) Clark ; was born April 28, 1834, in Washington Co., Penn.; emigrated to Vermilion, Co., 111., in the spring of 1855; the fall of 1857, came to Lee Co., Iowa, Pleasant Ridge Tp.; in the spring of 1859, came into Cedar Tp., and rented the Brownlee farm, where he remained till the spring of 1862, when he came on to his pres- ent jE\irm of 312 acres, valued at $45 per acre. He married Lydia Clark Jan. 1, 1861 ; she was born Dec. 21, 1841, in West Virginia; have six chil- dren living — Frank L., Owen H., Alice N., Ira F., Maggie B. and Jennie BI.; lost one, James B. Mr. Clark is a man of intelligence and ability ; a friend to all literary or educational enterpriser ; has served his township as Justice of the Peace and Trustee, several years ; also Director of the County Agricultural Society ; was a candidate for the Legis- lature, on the Republican ticket, in the fall of 1877, and defeated by 110 votes,' the average Democratic majority being about 700 in the county. Member of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church. Clark, Isaac N,, far.; P. 0. Big Mound. Clark, John W., far., S. 12 ; P. 0. Salem. Clark, W. J., far.. Sec. 12 ; P. 0. Salem. Colman, Samuel, ftxr.. Sec. 17 , P. 0. Big- Mound. Connard, William, ftir.; P. 0. Primrose. Crawford, David, far., Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Big Mound. Crawford, D. W., far., Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Big Mound. Crawford, Thomas, far.. Sec. 31 ; P. O. Big Mound. Crawford, William, far.. Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Big Mound. DAVIS, JOSEPH, far., S. 1 ; P. O. Salem. Davis, William, far., S. 11 ; P. 0. Salem Dawson, Peyton, far., S. 28 ; P. 0. Big Mound. Delany, R. T., far. ; Big Mound. Derisear, William, far., Sec. 29; P. O. Big Mound. Derisear, John, far.; P. O. Big Mound. Dick, James, far.. Sec. 17 ; P. 0. Big Mound. DIJLli, JOHX H., far.. Sec. 27; P. 0. Big Mound ; owns 165 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre ; he was born Jan. 13, 1826, in Warren Co., Ohio ; in the fall of 1 850, emigrated to Lee Co. , Iowa ; the following spring, he purchased the farm upon which he now lives. He married Mary R. Bell March 26, 1862 ; she was born in 1842, and died Aug. 19, 1870, leaving three children — Wm. C, Linnie B. and Julia M. Members of the Presbyterian Church ; Republican. DINISIiORE, ROBERT, farmer; P. 0. Big Mound ; owns 233 acres of land, valued at $50 per acre ; he was born in County Antrim, Ireland, in 1826 ; emigrated to the United States in the fall of 1859, and located in Ce- dar Tp., Van Buren Co., Iowa, where he lived till 1866, when he moved on to his present farm in Lee Co. He married Jane Wallace April 22, 1858 ; she was born in Ireland March 28, 1844 ; they have six children living — William, born June 22, 1859, in Ire- land ; James W., Jan. 2, 1861 ; Mag- gie B., Dec. 30, 1862; Leah J., Nov. 21,1865; Jane A., Feb. 23, 1870; Mary B., Sept. 23, 1872; lost one daughter— Eliza, born March 12, 1877, and died Aug. 30; 1877. Mr. Dins- more is among the leading and influen- tial men of his township ; member of the M. E. Church ; Democratic. DINSMORE, SAMUEL., de ceased ; he was born in County Antrim, Ireland, in 1820 ; emigrated to the United States in 1847 ; stopped in New York City a short time, after which he went to Pennsylvania, thence to Fort Madison, Iowa, in 1848, and engaged in the marble business there, also con- tracting for stone-work, and in building the first cells in the Penitentiary at- Fort Madison ; in 1866, he purchased the farm now left to his bereaved fam- CEDAR TOWNSHIP. 825 ily, which contains nearly four hundred acres, valued at $40 per acre, part of which was previously laid out in town lots, and named Georgetown ; he also, in company with Messrs. Walsh and Rourke, purchased a steam grist-mill there, which they converted into a dis- tillery and operated it for two or three years; since that time he devoted his time to framing and stock-raising. He married Miss Mary Holtzclaw, of Fort Madison, June 14, 1857; she was born June 14, 1836, in Xenia, Ohio; her parents emigrated to Burlington, Iowa, in 1843, where her father died in 1846, and her mother at Fort Madison in 1851; the children of Mr. and Mrs. Dinsmore, are William, Kate, Grace, Samuel, Nina, Charlie, Robt. E. and Jennie, the last, deceased. Mr. Dins- more departed this life Jan. 1, 1879, leaving his family and a large circle of friends to mourn his loss. Doan, D. T., far. ; P. 0. Salem. Doan, Robert, far., S. 10 ; P. 0. Salem. Doohling, Joseph, far., Sec. 30 ; P. 0. Big Mound. EVANS, H. v., far.; P. 0. Big Mound. InOSTER, WILLIAM L., far., S. 31 ; ' P. O. Big Mound. Frazier, Lindley, far., S. 2 ; P. 0. Salem. GARVER, SAMUEL, farmer; P. 0. Big Mound. ttAKVER, JACOB F., far.. Sec. 18 ; P. 0. Big Mound ; son of Samuel and Catharine Garver, was born April 10, 1843, in Fayette Co., Penn.; his parents emigrated to this county in the fall of 1857, and located upon the farm upon which they are still living, where his boyhood days were spent. He enlisted in Co. E, 45th Iowa Inf, April, 1864, in the hundred - days service ; was mustered out the following September. Married Adaline Clifford Feb. 17, 1869 ; she was born Jan. 7, 1841, in Fayette Co., Ind. ; have three children — Herman F., Mark C, Neal B. Mr. Garver is a man of good sound judgment, a friend of all literary and educational improvements ; has served the public as Justice of the Peace, and is the present Justice elect. Owns a farm of eighty-four acres, valued at $40 per acre ; Independent in politics. GEESE, W. A., far.. Sec. 26 ; P. 0. Clay's Grove ; son of George and Mary Geese, was born Dec. 18, 1832, in Washington Co., Penn. ; parents emi- grated to Coshocton Co., Ohio, in 1836; remained till the fall of 1854, when he went to Franklin Co. ; thence to Lee Co., Iowa, in the fall of 1866, and located on his present farm of 160 acres, which is valued at $50 per acre. He married Clarissa Powell, of Franklin Co., Ohio, March 10, 1857 ; she was born in same county, Dec. 14, 1838 ; have five children — Otis T., Emma A., Frank M., Effie A., Nannie W. Mr. Geese has served his township in most of the offices of the township, and as Director of both the county agricult- ural societies. He is also a member of the M. E. Church. Democrat. Gill, Edwin S., far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Clay's Grove. GRIFFIS, R. E., far., S. 24 ; P. 0. Clay's Grove ; son of William and Ruth Griffis, was born Oct. 10, 1836, in Kentucky ; his parents emigrated to Clay Co., Ind., in 1839, and from there to Clarke Co., Mo., in 1848, and in 1849, came to Lee Co., Iowa, and locat- ed near Fort Madison. He married Mary Sawyer Aug. 5, 1860; she was born in this county Aug. 7, 1841; her parents came from Massachusetts to this county in 1836 ; have three children — Sylvester S., Edith J. and Herbert L.; lost one infant. Mr. Griffis' father lives just above Fort Madison, in this county; his mother died Feb. 9, 1876. Democrat. HAMMOND, JOHN, far.. Sec. 6 ; P. 0. Hillsboro. Hampton, Henry, far. ; P. 0. Salom. Harlan, J., far. and patent-right man ; P. 0. Hillsboro. Harlan, M., far.. Sec. 6 ; P. 0. Hillsboro. Hartley, T. C, far. Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Salem. Hathway, H. H., carpenter and joiner ; P. 0. Big Mound. Heaton, E. H., flir., Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Big Mound. Heaton, J. G., far. ; P. 0. Big Mound. Heaton, John, fir. ; P. 0. Big Mound. Heinming, Mr., far., Sec. 21 ; P. O. Big Mound. Hill, Henry, far. ; P. 0. Big Mound. Hinsha, J. B., far.. Sec. 12 ; P.O. Salem. 826 DIRECTORY OF LEE COUNTY: HixsoD, David, far.. Sec. IS: P. 0. Big Moiind. Holmes. John, far. ; P. O. Salem. Hott,P., tar.. See. 6 ; P. 0. Hillsboro. Houser. D. L.. for., Sec. 33; P. 0. Big Mound. Hover. E.. for., Sec. 14; P. 0. Salem. Huft; J., for., Sec. 12 ; P. 0. Salem. Hyde, Addison, for. : P. 0. Salem. HYDE, GEORGE W.. for., Sec. • 4 , P. 0. Salem ; he was born July 13, 1809, in Xew York City; parents' emi- grated to Athens Co.. Ohio, in 1S15; where he remained till 1839 ; when he went into Franklin Co., and married there, Sarah Harce, July 29, 1841; she was born in same county, June 6, 1820 ; in the wiuter of 1846, moved into Champaign Co. ; remained till the foil of 1848; then emigrated to Lee Co., Iowa, and located upon the form on which he still lives, which contains 195 acres, valued at 840 per acre ; his wife died Dec. 27. 18o4 ; and he again mar- ried Eliza J. Richardson. July 22. 1S55 ; she was born in Washington Co.. Ohio, July 11, 1821 ; she died Oct. 4. 1876 ; he had by first wife seven children, of whom Eomelia, Josephine. Bolandus. Emeline. Abigail and Addison are living : Georgiana died; and by second wife four — Olive and Lucretia living, two died in infoncy ; Eolaudus is now running the form, and married Adaline Beuler, of this county, April 1. 1875; she was born Feb. 20, 1853 ; they are raising a little daughter of his wife's brother, named Nellie. Eolandus served his country in the 45th I. V. I. Hyde, J.' W., for. ; P. Q. Salem. Hyde, Nelson, for. ; P. 0. Salem. Hyde, E.. for.. Sec. 4 ; P. 0. Hillsboro. KELLY. PETEE, for.. Sec. 35 ; P. 0. Big 3Iound. Kennedy, J., for.. Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Big Mound. KEXXEDY. JOSIAH, farmer. Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Big 3Ionnd ; owns 340 acres of land, valued at §40 per acre ; ,boru Jan. 18, 1817, in Casey Co.. Ky ; emigrated with his parents to iMorcan Co., Ill, in the foil of 1828. Married Julia Scott, of Scott Co., 111., in March, 1837 (her fother was the first settler, after whom the county was named^ ; wife was born in ^Morgan, the adjoining cotinty. April 2, 1819; in the fall ot 1842. he emigrated to Iowa, stopped ic Van Biu-en Co.. till the spring of 1843. when he came into Lee Co., where he since resided most of the time in Cedar Tp.. which he has served as Township Trustee sixteen years, and in other official capacity ; politically, he has supported the Eepublican party since 1854; till the fall of 1878, voted the Greenback ticket ; member of the Christian Church. Have five children living — James. Joanna, Nellie, William H. and Eda; lost four — Josephine. John S., Mary and Sophia. Kerr, G. A., for.. Sec. 10 ; P. 0. Salem. Kins, James D., far., S. 3 ; P. 0. Salem. King. John. for.. See. 23; P. 0. Big Mound. Kin-z. Obod H.. for.. S. 14 ; P. 0. Salem. LAXGWIRTH. EDWAED. for.; P 0. Hillsboro. Leazer, .Isaac, far. ; P. 0. Big Mound. Lightfoot. John, far.. Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Big Mound. Logan, Hugh E., fu:.. Sec. 17 ; P. 0. Big MounJ. L^gan. W. P., tar., Sei-. 20 ; P. 0. Big 3Iound. McDAXIEL. GEORGE, far. ; P. 0. Hillsboro. McDaniel, Isaac, far.. Sec. 8 ; P. 0. Hills- boro. Mcl^iniel, Nate, for.. Sec. 8 ; P. 0. Hills- boro. McDaniel, Newton, fir.. Sec. 5 ; P. O. Hillsboro. McDaniel, Richard, fir.. Sec. 5 ; P. O. Hillsboro. McKee, Fmnk. for. ; P. O. Primrose. Mackey. George, for.. S. 24 ; P. 0. Clay's Grove. 3Iarshall, Evan. t;ir. and physician, S. 11 . P. 0. Salem. 3Iiddauoh. Dan., for. ; P. 0. Salem. 3Iiddaxidi, John, for. ; P. 0. Salem. Miller, Jackson, for. ; P. 0. Salem. Miller. Samuel, far. ; P. 0. Primrose. Moore, H. F.^ for.! Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Big Mound. Moran. William, for.. Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Big ^lound. NEWSAM. JOHN, for., Sec. 2S; P. 0. Bis; mound. iACKEICF. v., for. ; P. 0. Salem. P CEDAR TOWNSHIP. 827 Packer, M. L., far. ; P. 0. Salem. Pease, Alfred, for.. Sec. 29; P. 0. Big ; Mound. Pease, Emery H., f;ir.; P. 0. Big Mound. . Pease, James F., far.; P. 0. Big Mound. Pease, Jonathan, far., Sec. 18; P. 0. Big > Mound. PEASK, JOSEPH A., far., Sec. ; 22 ; P. 0. Big Mound ; owns eighty ; acres of land, valued at $3,000, and a residence in Fort Madison, valued at $1,000; he was born Aug. 21, 1823, in Washington Co., Penn.; emigrated to the West in the spring of 1S56 ; stopped near Lane Station, in Ogle Co., 111.; in the fall of the same year, came to Lee Co., Cedar Tp. Served his county as Deputy Sheriif during the years 1869-70. Married Sarah Xew?am, of this county, Oct. -4, 1S70 ; she was born March 25, 1834, in Washington Co.; I Penn.; her parents emigrated to Iowa ' in the spring of 1843. He served as ] Steward of the County Farm during ' 1871-72, and, in the fiill of 1872, was ] elected Sheriff of the county. At the j expiration of his term of office. January, 1875, came onto his present farm. He has an adopted daughter, Clara J., who was born Feb. 5. 1872. Member Pres- byterian Church ; Democrat. PEASE, KAYaiO.\D S., far, Sec. 22; P. 0. Big Mound; son of Boyd E. and Margaret J. Pease; was j born June 15, 1850, in Washington ' Co., Penn.; emigrated to Lee Co., Iowa, ; with his parents in the spring of 1853, when they settled upon the farm upon which he is now living ; his fa'her was born April 23, 1S21, in Washington Co., Penn., and married Miss Black j Dec. 21, 1848; she was born Aug. 1, i 1828, in Westmoreland Co., Penn.; ; father died March 27, 1875, leaving a ! family of ten children and his wife to I mourn his loss ; children are Raymond ; S., Alfred M., Mary S., Frank B., Ed- i mund L., Emma J., Harriet A., Fanny G., Boyd E. and Ada B. His ! father was an elder in the Presbyterian j Church for several years, and at his | death left an estate of 470 acres of land, '. estimated to be worth 815,000. Eay- mond S. is the administrator of the estate j PICKARD, HIRAM, far , Sec. I 3 ; P. 0. Salem ; owns seventy acres of I land, valued at S40 per acre ; is a son of Henry and Eleanor Pickard ; was born Nov. 18, 1838, in Parke Co., Ind.; emigrated with parents to Iowa in the foil of 1845 and located near Salem, Henry Co., and, in the spring of 1847, came into Lee Co. In Februarv, 1863, he enlisted in Co. E of the 1st t. V. C; was accidentally wounded shortly after entering the service, while on drill, being shot through the right arm, shat- tering one of the bones below the elbow, and was kept in hospital most of the time till he was mustered out Nov. 25, 1865. He married Rebecca Almond of Henry Co., Jan. 6, 1858; she was born in same county Aptril 27, 1841 ; her parents emigrated from Indiana in 1840 ; have eight children living — Charles A., Amanda J., Pleasant E., John E., Os- car, Sarah C, Arlow, Walter E.; lost one son — Frank. Mr. Pickard moved onto his present farm in the fall of 1874. Republican. Pickard, H. J., far.; P. O. Salem. Pickard, Laban, for., S. 11; P. 0. Salem. Powell, D. M.. for., Sec. 26 ; P. 0. Clay's Grove. Powell, W. L., far., Sec. 35; P. 0. Clay's Grove. RAFIER, JOHN, far.; P. 0. Clay's . Grove. Ransom, George, far.. Sec. 4 ; P.O. Salem. Reader, L. M., blacksmith; P. 0. Big Mound. RHYNAL.DS, WM., J. for , Sec 2 ; P. 0. Salem ; owns eighty acres of land, valued at 845 per acre ; he was born June 1, 1835, in Quincy, 111.; his father, John A. Rhynalds, emigrated from Nova Scotia to that place in 1826 ; in the tall of 1844, came with parents to Henry Co., Iowa, and located near Salem, where his father died Feb. 14, 1850, and mother, Feb. 20, 1848; he remained on the home farm till 1852, when he came into Lee Co.; since has lived in Cedar Tp., except three years in Marion Tp.; came to his present farm in 1876. He married Lavina Bond, of Lee Co.,. Iowa, Aus;. 27, 1854 ; she was born Oct. 21, 1834, in Randolph Co., Ind,, has ciuht children living — John B., Melinda C., Eva R., Mary E., Mar- shall J., Albert W., Charles E., Elijah 828 DIRECTORY OF LEE COUNTY: A.; lost two — Jesse M. and Irilla J. Member of the M. E. Church ; Repub- Hcan. RHODE, J. W., law student, Big Mound; son of John and Catharine E,., who, in 1843, came to Jefferson Co., Iowa, thence to Henry Co., where they now reside was educated in the com- mon schools of that county ; was a student in Whittier College and Earl- ham College, Richmond, lud. In 1874, he married Miss Lydia Johnson, daughter of Benj. H. Johnson, an early settler of Van Buren Co. Soon after their marriage, he purchased his present property, consisting of eighty acres of land, valued at §40 per acre ; since, has been engaged in farming and teaching ; at the beginning of the past year, he commenced the study of law with Casey & Hobhs, of Fort Madison, and intends to make that his profession. They have two children — Vada C, born in 1875, and May M., March, 1876. Has been Secretary of School Board ; is Notary Public, member of A., P. & A. M., No. 17, Salem. Rhynold, J. B., far.; P. 0. Salem. Rigby, Ralph, far. ; P. 0. Salem. Ross, Robert, for., Sec. 21; P. 0. Big Mound. SAMPLE, JOHN W., far., S. 15 ; P. 0. Salem. Sayers, James, far., Sec. 7; P. 0. Big Mound. Sivil, John, shoemaker. Big Mound. Steadman, Addison, far. ; P. 0. Pi*imrose. TAYLOR, LEWIS, for.. Sec. 19 ; P. 0. Big Mound. WALSH, WILLIAM, Jr., far. ; P. 0. Big Mound. Ware, John, far., Sec. 3(h; P. 0. Big Mound. Welsh, William, for., Sec. 17; P. 0. Big Mound. Wiley, William, for., Sec. 30; P. 0. Big Mound. WILKINSON, C. L., former. Sec. 23 ; P. 0. Primrose ; son of Charles and Sarah (Rogers) Wilkinson ; was born Sept. 26, 1832, in Burlington Co., N. J. ; parents moved to Louisville, Ky. Y., in 1834 ; his father died there in 1 836 ; the following year, his mother returned to New Jersey with the family, where she remained till the spring of 1843, when she came to Iowa and located in Harrison Tp., whete his early life was spent. He married Miss Josephine L. Anderson, daughter of T. 0. Anderson, May 28, 1857 ; *she was born April 21, 1836, in Dcs Moines Co., Iowa ; her parents settled there in 1832 ; they were natives of Kentucky. In the spring of 1859, Mr. Wilkinson came to his present foi'm ; in the spring of 1862, he went with a company of gold-seekers with ox-teams for Oregon ; arrived at Baker City after a long and tedious journey ; had three skirmishes with Indians ; lost two of their com- pany at Plum Creek, Neb., who were left at a watering-place to guard some wagons while the company pushed on ; about twenty-five Indians were am- bushed near the men, and, as soon as the company were out of sight, murdered them in the most brutal manner, chop- ping them to pieces with their toma- hawks, and plundered the wagons of what they could carry ; shortly after arriving at Baker City, Mr. Wil- kinson, in company with a Mr. Charles Fisher started out prospecting and came back over the mountains, making the first discovery of gold where Boise City now stands ; the news soon spreading brought lai-ge numbers of gold- seekers ; Boise City was soon established, and Mr. Wilkinson appointed Recorder of the District ; the following July re- signed and started for home, where he arrived in August; the following De- cember started back, went as for as Omaha, remained till spring, then went on to Virginia City, mined till the fol- lowing November, when he returned home ; since has devoted his time to farming and stock-raising; have one son — Charles E. ; lost one — Frank Gr. ; owns a farm of 160 acres, valued at $50 per acre. Member of Friends' Church ; Greenbaekcr. Wilson, H. H., for. ; P. 0. Bis Mound. Wilson, N. T., for. ; P. 0. Big Mound. WOOLMAN, JOHN A., far., Sec. 14 ; P. 0. Clay's Grove ; owns 175 acres of land, valued at S40 per acre; he was born March 24, 1835, in Co- lumbiana Co., Ohio ; parents emigrated to Iowa in the spring of 1842, and located near Salem, in Henry Co., where his WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP. 829 father died April 14, 1877, and mother Aug. 19, 1877. Mr. Woolman married Elizabeth C. Baldwin May 24, 1864 ; she was born July 23, 1838, in Frank- lin Co., Ohio ; her parents were Sylvanus and Minerva Brewster, who emigrated to Iowa in 1839 ; located near Burling- ton ; came to this township in 1841, where her Hither died May 1, 1850; have two adopted children — Anna E. and Charles W. Mr. Woolman is a member of the Friends' Church, and Mrs. W. of the Cumberland Pres- byterian Church; Republican. WRIGHT, AI^EX ANDER, tar., Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Clay's Grove ; son of Rob- ert and Phoebe Wright, was born Sept. 5, 1811, in Philadelphia, Penn. ; parents moved into Lancaster Co. the following year ; in his early life he commenced learn- ing the shoemaker's trade, which, no' suiting his fancy he learned the wagon - maker's trade. In 1832, he went to Juniata Co., worked at wagon-making two years, then to Cumberland Co., and worked at manufacturing threshing ma- chines, then returned to Lancaster Co., and worked at threshing machines ; April, 1840, started for the West via Cincinnati and St. Louis, up to Fort Madison, where he arrived Aug. 24, 1840 ; came to a friend of the name of C. J. Price ; worked on a form for him a short time, then commmenced work- ing at carpenter and joiner work, which he followed till he came on his present farm in 1860, having purchased 320 acres in 1847, for SI. 25 per acre ; sub- sequently sold eighty acres to Mr. Rafer. Mr. Wright has no family. Democrat. WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP. ALLEY, L., far.. Sec. 36 ; P. 0. Fort Madison. Alley, L. D., far., Sec. 36 ; P. 0. Ft. Mad- ison. Amborn, C, farmer, See. 33 ; P. 0. Fort Madison. ANDREWS, CMiBERT M., farmer and stock-dealer. Sec. 2 ; P. 0. ■ Wever ; son of Joseph Andre^\;s ; was born in Chautauqua Co. N. Y., July 19, 1841 ; when 16 years of age, with his parents, came to Lee Co.; received his education at the common school and academy. Jan. 10, 1872, he man-ied Miss Margaret Eads, daughter of Areh- abald and Margaret Eads, natives of West Virginia, who moved to Ft. Madi- son in 1840 ; her father, now deceased, her mother is a resident of Kansas. Mrs. A. was born in Grallia Co., Ohio, in . 1848. Soon after mai*riage they set- tled where they now reside, and own 183 acres of land, valued at $50 per acre ; engaged in farming and also deal- ing extensively in stock. They have two children, a son and daughter — Dora E., born Dec. 22, 1874, and George J., born February, 1877. Republican; He is a member of the Baptist Church. ANDREWS, JOSEPH, farmer, Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Wever ; born in Herkimer Co., N. Y., July 31, 1811 ; when 22 years of age, he married Mary Miller, daughter of Andrew Miller, of Oneida, N. Y., proprietor of the Burston Cot- ton Factory ; she was born April, 1812, and married at her native place, Jan. 22, 1833 ; soon after they moved to Chautauqua Co., N.Y.; remained twen y- five years, and, in the spring of 1857, came to Lee Co.; the first two yeai-s, rented a farm in Pleasant Ridge Tp.; moved thence to where they now reside and own 155 acres, valued at $50 per acre. They have four children — Cor- nelia S., born 1834, wife of Samuel Van Scyoc, a farmer and dairyman of Piatt Valley, Neb.; Helen D., born March 14, 1837, the wife of O. A. Wol- cott, of Elkhorn City, Neb., farmer and dairyman ; Gilbert M., whose biogra- phy will be found elsewhere ; Edwin M., born May 15, 1846, enlisted in the 30th I. V. I., in 1862, served fifteen months and was discharged on account of ill health ; married Sarah Kern, daughter of Thaddeus and Mary Kern, of Ft. Madison, born in Green BayTp., sso DIRBdOBT OF LEE COrisTT: in 1S56. Kepol^cacn. Mr. A. is sn &dToe&te of tenperance, and intoesced in all qustioiis a&cs^ii^ the pro^pass of the sge. Aitx. Hb^'. &r.. Sec- 13 ; P. O. Wercr. BALDWIN. AS HER, fer., Se^ 2- : P. 0. Fi- Madiscn- ' B.iliwia. Biiaion. fiir.. S. 34; P. O. xcrr BARXES. STEPHEX. ff J^ r . P- 0. r>ri::r:-rk : <;- of Mollis Bsroei. of Ecgiish. deseeni. 'srho was bom in 17SS ; married in Ihnches Ctv. X- T-. Charinr Proper, •wiio wss b|Tr3raiaa. Fefo. 13. 1S17; she di^d at Poi^hkeep- sie, N- T.. April 21. ISSi*. karing one child. MsjT E.. K>ra Mareh 17. 1S39. wife 0^ Delanemi Doa^ias* a m^i^ of S>a>iland Co.. Mo. ; Jane 6. 1S40, he Bjarried Eiiabrdi Hcose, whc« was bom in Dutchess Co_ X. T., Maneh 19. iSlS: he wojked at his trade that of a carpenta-" until 1S46 : in the ^ain^ of that Tea-, he eime to I*ee Co.. and sealed where he now resides, his &rm eoc»sdBg of 15m aenes of knd. rah^d at $35 p»- ao^; ecntiotied his ir»^ for tw^e T^rs aibsr eomii^ here: kas. ^K£' that cixe. devoeed »osir of kfe time to the cukiT^atioii and infvevtgser . c£ his Smn. His seeood wife died Jaz: 4. «^ the pceseac jear. larii^ btros a ~:~^:r, ^ir d>e paBt thiitr rears, of ^:ia& OiBXch ; sbe Idt a £anh- : -:ue — Ge««e M.. bora Oet. Id. 1>41. tBOsJed in -kh Iowa C^v,. ia F^'crairr. 1S62, and died v W«5 P-iius. Mol, Maj 14 of the sausae year ; TVni C„ bean Jan 1. iSio; fee al5J> c- J-S5ed in the iaie war. aad sserred :i~:;. :7S :-':;i^-; js now a larmer of F.r^s::^: P.iijS Tp.; Gilben R., bora Feb. i. lSi7^ aaamed £B»a J. PsI- saestoa ; is a ioosia' caT ibis lajentT : Oscar S.. bom Nov. 27, 1S50; ried Miss LoaeLa. daughter of C^t. TuUiss. who was t<*m in Ohkn. and became an early seitler of Lee Co. ; en- listed as Captain of Cc«. G. -kh Iowa CaT.. acd di^ at Helena, Ark.. Fd». S, lSd3. kaving a wife and five childr^, 31rs, Barnes the eldest : she was boar^ in Lee Co.. Joit 17. 1S52 ; they now re^de on the home iarm, and have three children — ^Dudley T.. bc^m Get- 2. iS73: Suaansa^. boro Oct. 26, 1S75; Albert. b:m Jsn. 10. 1S76. Be5«h- BEAX. DATID \S .. irxex. Set 13; P. O- Fen Miils- : :f Irish de- seeni; his greai-gririziiher. during the fir^s siHclement cf PennsyiTania ; enoi- giaied m]«a T-f"--5 - ': - '^- - -r-;-"- a family of : r i _ ware, M^.: __^ _:. married at :J r Marv S«r:_7 s .^\' - o jjce Lo.. . -- Bay - :.a:y ii5 ISIT: i_._ bom in ISl" now iiviai:; i£e 5t>x^a-I at TVes* Saleai, M:r:-fr C 26. 1S45: in IS and engaged in : _: Tp. Ha- two years : State. XoT. 2i. 1:^7 . Idi^ E.^G-. Gresg, danidiier :f Silss Gresg: die w::? ^-r - '- : - -- ^^-^ 1S51: rauaiL; _" 1S77. : _ x thence :^ *,^c '^'_i. . _ srd i- MiTih, iS7r -iaaee, eoa&^sii^«.: s^ valued at $40 j laev have, three childieB — A.: boiis Det.^4. 1S74; Be^e X _^ 6. 1S76 ; Miio W., Mai^ 2, Islk BepdbSean ; ^e a meaabfr or" tte Cht^ tian OsurciL Bindcft^Bj, F.. Mr„ S. 13 ; F. 0. WcTar. Bioeiway. Xatbaniei, Mr- Sec 9 ; P. Ol For: Midi^ffl- Biv>ciway. Mardn. Bock, McitQB. £ir„ Sec. z^i P. O. Fist Ma£s«n. BrECHEE, H^ ~ " ^ - WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP. 831 sia, March 17, 1819. Married Miss Ciara E. Hunalt Nov. 6, 1849 ; born in Greruiauj April 14, 1827 ; came to New Orleans July 5, 1850, and July 20, to St. Louis; Aug. 18, 1850, came to Fort Madisou and bought forty acres in West Point Tp., for which he paid §400 ; built a house in Fort Madison in 1854, on Lot 42 ; purchased a farm of 106 acres in Green Bay Tp., in 1870, for which he paid §3,000.50, on Sec. 20. in 1870; purchased the farm where he now lives, in Washington Tp., of 200 • acres, valued at 87.000. BURTOX, ISHAII, tar.. Sec. 28; P. 0. Fort Madison ; son of Levi Bur- ton, who was born in Maryland, and when 10 years of age, moved with his father to Guilford Co., Va., where he grew to manhood, and married Miss Betsy Lansford, who was born in Vir- ginia ; Levi Burton and his wife remained in Virginia about five years ; then moved to Kentucky, near Harrisburg ; thence to Indiana, when that country was beginning to settle up ; the country was so infested with Indians, they re- turned to Kentucky ; after the Indiaiis were quieted in Indiana, they returned to that State, and settled in Harrison Co., where Isham Burton was born in 1811. and where his mother died in 1814, leaving a fami'y of four children; Isham received such an education as his native county afforded at that early period. At the age of 22 years, he married Miss Lydia Harger, who was born in New York ; in 1813, her par- ents, Samuel and Eunice Harger re- moved to Indiana, when she was quite small ; in the spring of 1836, they re- moved to Iowa and settled at West Point, Lee Co., where he made the brick used in building the first church ever erected in the Territory ; they came Irom Indiana in an ox-wagon, and were four weeks on the road, often " sticking " in the sloughs and pulling out backward ; they remained at West Point some years, and then removed to Pleasant Ridge Tp. ; his wife's father visited Burlington and bought 100 acres of land that is now occupied in part by the Patterson car-stables; and, in 1846, Isham removed to Union Tp., Dos Moines Co., where he purchased 300 apres of land, and re- mained until 1861, when he purchased and removed to his present beautiful homestead of 320 acres, valued at §70 an acre, near Fort Madison, and after- ward sold his Des Moines Co. land. He is a Democrat ; members of the M. E. Church since their youth . Mr. Burton's father married a second time; in 1842, removed to Iowa and settled in West Point Tp., remained until 1848 ; then moved to Des Moines Co., where his wife died in 1852, and he in 1860, at the age of 93 years. Burton, James A., far., Sec. 28; P. 0. Fort Madison. r^LO\]D, WILLIAM, tar., Sec. 12; \y p. 0. Wover. COURTRIGHT, HIRAM, far , Sec. 36 ; P. 0. Fort Madison ; of Hol- land ancestry ; was born in Franklin Co., near ('olumbus, Ohio, in 1815, where his father had settled from New Jersey in an early day. There in 1835, he married iMiss Isalael Switzor, who was born in the same county in 1817, and died in 1844, leaving two children — Elizabeth, born March, 1836, (^mar- ried Geo. Cloud, who died in service during the late war); John S., born Sept. 1, 1837 (a resident of Mis- souri, near Memphis). In 1846, ]Mr. C. again married Mrs. Eliza W. Fash- ner, daughter of James and Margaret Taylor, and widow of Joseph Fashner, who was born in Pennsylvania in 1816, and died in 1843, leaving one child — Margaret S., boi-n in 1841 (now the wife'of Isaac BeU of Cedar Tp. ' .^Irs. C. was born on the farm adjoining the one on which her present husband was born, March, 1821; in 1848, they re- moved to Woodford Co., 111.; to this county in 1853, and settled on the farm on which he now resides, consisting of 160 acres, valued at S40 per acre; they have three children — Mary J., born in 1846 (now the wife of S. W. Smith, of Oregon); Edward S., born in 1852 (now a resident of Kinsley, Kan.) ; and Julia A. P., born the 27tii of September, 1853 (now the wife of W. A. Powell of Ce- dar Tp. Members of the M. E. Church. CRAIG, D. T., far., Sec. 24; P. 0. Fort Madison ; was born in Dearborn Co., Ind., in 1833 ; there he received 832 DIRECTORY OF LEE COUNTY : his education by attending the subscrip- tion schools three months in the year ; at 16, he began to provide for himself by working as a farm laborer ; in the fall of 1856, he came to Lee Co., where he followed his former occupation, and jobbing. Dec. 2.3, 1858, he married Miss Sarah Jane Hilmick, who was born in Hamilton Co., Ohio, October, 1 837 ; after that he farmed by renting until 1 874, when he purchased his pres- ent place of residence, containing sixty- four acres of land, valued at $30 per acre ; they have eight children — James, born Oct. 17, 1850; Sarah H., Aug. 5, 1861 ; Mary Eva, Sept. 6, 1863 ; John F., Dec. 17, 1866; Hannah E., Nov. 6, 1869; Angeline, Feb. 13, 1871 ; Alvina, Feb. 9, 1874; Charles, Oct. 22, 1876. Democratic ; has held various township offices, and takes great interest in educational matters ; has accepted various school offices. Cutler, Otway, Jr., far.. Sec. 35 ; P. 0. Fort Madison. DAVIS, GEOEGE H., far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Fort Madison. DA VIS,''JOHX F., far.. Sec. 3 ; P. 0. Denmark ; son of Wm. and Ann Davis, nee Jenkins, natives of Wales ; in 1815, early settlers of Cincinnati, Ohio ; his father helped to launch the first steamer built at Cincinnati, They had ten children, five sons and four daughters still living; the second son John, was born in Cincinnati in 1819 ; when 8 years of age, his parents removed to Dearborn Co., Ind., where his mother died April, 1866, at 77 years of age ; his father in 1867, at the age of 82 ; five of the sons came to Lee Co., one daughter became a resident of Davis, the others remained in Indiana ; J. F. remained at home until in his 26th year ; then mar- ried Miss Jane Williams, daughter of Benjamin Williams and Annie Dodge ; he of New York and she of Vermont, but married and settled in Indiana. Mrs. Davis was born in Dearborn Co., Ind., in 1824 ; there married March 4, 1845 ; they came to Iowa by water via Cincin- nati, Cairo and St. Louis to Fort Madi- son, making the trip in two weeks; first settled in Green Bay Tp. ; moved in 1851 to present residence, where they own 155 acresof land, valued at $30 per acre ; he was a Henry Clay Whig ; hav- ing no children of their own, in 1873 they adopted the daughter of Uriah and Emily Skinner, of Ohio, who died near Denmark, leaving five children ; this was the youngest, born 1868. Mr. and Mrs. D. are believers in universal salva- tion. DAVIS, WM., farmer and stock- grower. Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Denmark ; son of Ebenezer Davis, who was born at Canaan, Grafton Co., N. H., 1780, and married Sarah Scales, who was born in the same county 1790 ; had four sons and four daughters; the youngest of the sons, William, was born in Grafton Co., N. H., 1814 ; had a common-school educa- tion ; at the age of 16, began life as a farm laborer ; remained in his native county until 1836, then came to Ohio, and in the fall of 1838, to Lee Co. ; the following spring, he returned to Ohio, Athens Co., where he purchased a team, and with a load of fifteen cwt., returned to Lee, Co., com- pleting the drive in fourteen days. Sept. 9, 1840, he married Hannah, daughter of Ira Houston, one of the pioneers of Lee Co., from New Hamp- shire ; she was born in Lyndeborough, N. H., March 28, 1820, and died Oct. 9, four weeks after her marriaae. He worked two years for Parson Turner ; returned to his native State, thence to Lowell, Mass., where he married Laura, daughter of Deacon John Houston (she was a cousin of his first wife) ; was born at Lyn- deborough, N. H., 1813 ; returned imme- diately to Lee Co., and settled on the farm where he now resides, having pur- chased a claim of 200 acres before re- turning to New Hampshire, which he has since continued to cultivate and im- prove, and to add to until he now has 565 acres of land, with convenient and well-arranged buildings, valued at $60 per acre. Democrat. Both of his wives were members of the Congrega- tionalist Church. Mr. Davis held the office of County Supervisor for five years. DAVIS, WM. M., pioneer, carpen- ter and farmer ; P. 0. Fort Madison ; son of John Davis, who was a son of Basil Davis, born near the Potomac River in Virginia, and while still a • young man, on foot and alone, emigrated WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP. 833 to Pennsylvania, then in its infancy. There he married Mary Mattox and settled in Beaver Co., where they raised a family of five sons and four daughters, of whom John was the third son, born in Beaver Co., Nov. 25, 1791. There he married Sarah Moore in April, 1816 ; she was born in Centre Co., Penn., April 21, 1791. A few weeks after their marriage, he placed a feather bed upon his horse, upon which his wife mounted and with their cooking utensils, including a Dutch oven, strapped upon another horse, and walking beside, he journe;yed to Muskingum Co., Ohio ; there they settled in a heavy body of timber, which he proceeded to reduce to ashes and the land to a state of cultiva- tion ; they cleared up a large farm there, then removed to Morgan Co., Ohio, where they cleared up another, and, in October, 1838, again became pioneers of the "West and settled in Lee Co., where his son William now resides, and re- mained until their death, which oc- curred, the mother's in September, 1869, the father's March 21, 1877, at the age of 86 years, leaving a family of twelve children, of whom William M. was the eldest; born Feb. 25, 1817, in Mus- kingum Co., Ohio; received all of his education at a log schoolhouse; at 18, in company with George Herring and family, emigrated West ; arrived in Ap- panoose in June, 1835, where they worked, making fans for fanning-mills until the following September, when they crossed the river ; he remained with his uncle Herring until 1838, and, having entered a claim in 1837, he be- gan to improve and now owns 270 acres, valued at $30 per acre. In 1859, he married Miss Sarah G., daughter of James Anderson, of Crawford Co., Penn. ; she was born in IMeadville, Penn., Oct. 30, 1823 ; they have five children — Alma L., born August, 1860 ; Kate May, March, 1862 ; George E., June, 1864; William H., April, 1867; Sarah J., July, 1868. Of his father's family, the second was Basil E., now of Missouri ; James C, at Fort Atkinson, Wis., a physician ; Joseph, who died at Dallas, Tex., 1876 ; John W., of Marion Co., Iowa; Elisha, now of Texas; Geo. H., of this township ; Sophia A., whose biography appears in this work ; Mary A. , wife of A. L. Rice, whose biography ap- pears elsewhere ; Elizabeth, wile of Henry Densmore, of Arizona ; Nancy J., wife of Zeno F. Hopkins, of Kansas, now deceased, and Sarah L., of Fort Madison ; the youngest had grown to manhood be- fore a link was broken by death among the children. Mr. D. is a Jeifersonian Democrat ; says that he never voted in any State but Iowa ; members of the Christian Church ; Mrs. Davis was formerly a member of the M. E. Church at Meadville, Penn. Degen, John A., far.. Sec. 23 ; P. 0. Ft. Madison. Deighton, Wm. J., Sec. 14; P. 0. Ft. Madison. DEWEY, OEORGE IT., farmer, Sec. 18; P. 0. Fort Madison; was born in Lenox, Berkshire Co., Mass., in 1816; in 1838, he came to Iowa ; attended the first land-sales at Burling- ton, and purchased the land on which he has since resided, consisting of 320 acres, which he now values at $25 per acre ; he remained one year, erecting his cabin and making improvements,, then returned to Massachusetts ; walked to Peoria, from which he started to walk to Chicago, but the stage overtak- ing him, took passage in it. In Massa- chusetts, he married Miss Chloe B. But- ler, who was born in Pittsfield, Mass., in 1817. Soon after returned to Lee Co., via Chicago, Galena and Mississippi River, being four weeks making the re- turn trip ; since which time, he has been steadily engaged in cultivating and improving his farm, which he has made one of the first in the county, with sub- stantial and commodious buildings and fences. They had ten children — George H., Jr., born Feb. 7, 1841, who en- listed in 1863, as private in 19th I. V. I., for one year, then detailed as Hospi- tal Steward and served for two years ; died in 1871 ; Eunice S., born Dec. 8, 1842, the wife of N. F. Butler, of Missouri; Asaph C, April 8, 1844, a resident of Cahoka, Mo., who was in the 19th I. V. I.; married Miss Mary Riggs, of Missouri, July, 1874; Sarah E., born April 10, 1845, the wife of Wm. A. Tade, of Van Buren Co., who served during the war as Captain of a 834 DIRECTORY OF LEE COUNTY: colored regiment ; James B., born Nov. 29, lS4G.\iied at the age of 8 months; Nancy W.. born Feb. 4, 1848 (at home) ; Kate M., born Aug. 11, 1850, wife of John Tade, of MUls Co.; Howard M., born Jan. 23, 1852, on the home farm; Siar B., born Jul}- 27, 1853, also at home, and Frank M., born April 22, 1855. Eepublican; Mr. and Mrs. D. and their daughter Nancy are members ■of the Congregational Church ; the other members of the family are Bap- tists. Held the office of Justice of the Peace and Assessor for ten years. Dohson, Thomas, farmer. Sec. 17 ; P. 0. Fort 31adison. DOW, \V. W., fiirmer, Sec. 6 ; P. 0. Denmark ; born in Canaan, Grafton Co., N. H., in ISIG ; at 24 years of age, went thence to Vermont. There he married 31iss Sally Metcalf, who was born in Grafton, N. H., April 17, 1820 ; four years after, the}' came to Van Buren Co., Iowa ; resided iu Cedar Tp. sixteen years, where, April 17, 1855, his wile died, leaving five chil- dren—Jane W., born Sept.^ 26, 1842, died Sept. 9, 1858; Lydia M., born May 1, 1845, the wife of Stephen Yass ■of tjtali Territory ; Frank W., born Jan. 12, 1849; Wyrnan E., born April 17, 1852; and Irli V., boru Nov. 18, 1854, who married Miss Lily Rice, and is a farmer of Lee Co. June 10, 1857, Mr. Dow married Jerusha Waterman, who was born in Athens Co., Ohio, Aug. 27, 1825; they have two children — Mary E., born March 7, 1858, and Arthur W., born Feb. 13, ISGO. Eepublican ; has held the offices of Township Trust- ee, Township Clerk and various school offices. Duncan, H. W., Sec. 3; P. 0. Denmark. DYE, HEXR Y, former, Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Fort Madision ; was born in Miami Co., Ohio, in 1814. In 1837, married Miss Nancy Dye, daughter of Andrew Dye, who was born in same county, in 1819 ; she died within a year after their marriage, leaving one child — Andrew, born June, 1838, who enlisted iu the 2d Mo. luf at the breaking out of the late war, and died at St. Louis, iu 1862 ; The year following the death of his wife, Mr. Dye came to Lee Co., lo- cated iu Cedar Tp., where he soon after married Jane, daughter of Willoughby Mockelwaite, now deeeased, who was from the North of England, and came to Morgan Co., 111., resided for ten years, and, iu 1839, came to Lee Co. ; she was born in England, in 1822 ; aft- er spending six years in A"an Buren Co., he came to this township, and pur- chased the firm now owned by W. F. Snapp ; thence to his present residence. Owns 280 acres valued at §40 por acre ; in 1861, he was again left a widower with . a family of eight children ; the eldest, Sylvester, born May 22, 1843, was also in the late war; enlisted with 19th Iowa Inf ; participated in many of the heaviest battles, and was a prisoner for ten months at Morganza, Texa5, but participated in the last battle of the re- bellion ; now a former of Pottawattamie Co. ; Mary A., born Feb. 25, 1845, the wife of Kobt. Gilmer, of California ; John, born Aug. 29. 1847, a farmer of Pottawattamie Co. ; G-eorge S., born Aug. 29, 1847. who is now conducting the home farm ; Willoughb}', born April 14, 1852, a dealer iu general merchan- dise at Macedonia, Pottawattamie Co. ; Charles H., born Aug. 23, 1856, a grad- uate at Denmark x\cademy, now in Oberlin College ; Lottie, bors Sept. 22, 1859, died Oct. 27, 1866. H;\s been Justice of the Peace for several years, and has held various township offices as well as school offices, having always taken an active part in educational mat- ters ; is a member of the Claypoole Lodge of the A., ¥. & A. M.,at Fort Madison. Democrat. EBERLINa COXKAD, for.. Sec. 33 ; P. 0. Fort Madison. EATOX, GEO. C, former. Sec. 4 ; P. 0. Fort Madison ; born in Worces- ter Co., Mass.. November 9, 1805 ; son of Jonas and Sally Eaton, nee Powere, of New England nativity, dating back to the Mayflower ; at the age of 8, his father died, and he was educated by a cousin. In 1828, he married Mary G-oodrich, who was born in Worcester Co., Mass., in 1795, and died in 1832, leaving two children — Julia, born in 1829, died in 1843, and Lucian, horn Sept. 24, 1831. During the late war, was Captain of a company : participated with Frank Blair iu the taking of Camp WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP. 835 Jackson, then a commissioned officer stationed at St. Louis, that being the headquarters of the department. He was an active worker in the Temperance cause ; he took Gen. Grant's deposition in the Babcock whisky case, at Wash- ington, as counsel of the Government in a whisky case ; now a prominent lawyer of St. Louis, a Register in Bank- ruptcy and U. S. Commissioner. Mr. ■Geo. Eaton afterward married Abigail Nichols, who was born in the State of New York Feb. 28, 1803; she died in January, 1860, leaving three children Mary A., born Aug.'lS, 1836, a suc- cessful teacher, with an experience of thirty-two terms in school; Louisa M., born July 19, 1839, the wife of Wm. Vanhyningj'of Des Moines; Helen S., born Aug\ 19, 1841. Mr. E. was an Old-Line Whig, then active in original Republicanism, now a Liberal Demo- ■crat ; liberal in religion ; his first wife was a member of the Unitarian, and his second, of the M. E. Church. After the death of his first wife, he removed to Denmark, N. Y. ; there he married his second wife ; thence to St. Law- rence Co.; in 1846, to Lee Co.; re- mained two years in Denmark, thence to his present place of residence ; has held the office of Justice of the Peace twenty years ; has also been Assessor. Eofi; Leonard, far., Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Fort Madison. Eofi", William S., far., Sec. 15 ; P. 0. Fort Madison. TPRASSMEYER, M., far., Sec. 31 ; P. Jo 0. Fort Madison. FIEL.I), CHARI.es, fatmer, Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Denmark ; born in Peter- boro, N. H., in 1817 ; he received an education at the common schools of the day, with two terms at the acad- ■emy; at 21, he went to Lowell, Mass., and engactod mother, and !:Minagor of the farm ; Margaret ,)., born in March, 18(i1 ; Thomas B. was born in March, 18154, and died in April, 18(1(). The Lauther family came of Presbyterian parentage, of which Church i\Ir. ljauthi>r was a respected and intluential member at the time of his death ; Mrs. Lauther and her chil- dren are also members of that Church. Liddle, William 0., farmer, Sec. 2 ; P. 0. Madison. MoCOlU), WILLIAM L., farmer, Sec. 20 ; V. O. Madison. inc€i>M B, W IIJ i I A HI , deceased, son of Robert McConib, who was born in Washington Co., Penn., March ?A, 1783 ; his wife, Isabella McComb, was born in the same county on the 1st day of November, 178!). They were married December 5, 1805 ; they emigrated ['von\ Pennsylvania, and were among the early pioneers of Lee Co. ; they iirst settled on the firm now t)ccnpied by Frank Harder ; they had ten cliildrcMi — Mar- garet, wife of William Mason, of this township ; Eliza married David Hill, now deceased ; she now lives in Pennsylvania; Jane married Mr. Cooper, both deceased ; Mi>rcy married Hugh W. Hughs, and died in 1812 ; Mary A. died the same year ; bjllen, wife of J oseph Pierson, of Nevada Co., Cal. ; William, the eldest son, was born in Washington Co., Penn., flanuary, 1808, and grew to manhood iinchn- the parental roof; edu- cational advantages were limited, and W^illiam always lamented the fact that his surroundings were such as to cramp and cripple his desire for a good educa- tion. Oct. 4, 18GI), he married Miss Ruhama, daughter of John Van Horn, of Illinois; after marriage, they settled on Sec. 22, in this township, and com- menced the battle of life; their first child, llobert William, was born Aug. 11, 18G7 ; Lulu May, born Sept. 25, 18(iS) ; the third child, James, was born April 2;}, 1872, and died Aug. 10, 1872; the mother died April 2(i, 1872; the father, William MeComb, died May 21, 1877, leaving two children, who are be- ing raised and educated by (Jeorge B. \Vade and wife, their uncle and aunt — Mrs.AVade heiiig a sister to their mother ; ■Mr. Wade was born in Monongalia Co., Va. ; at 10 years of age, he was bound to a tailor to serve until he was 21 years itf age, but ran away the spring before his time was out ; went to Monroe Co., 31o., and engaged as a laborer. In the fall of that year he married Plu«beJ. Van Horn,who was born in Buchanan(\),,Va., Jan. 28, 1812; in 18l!:>, he enlisted in the Missouri State service, and served four months and twenty days ; when the cause of the Missourians began to look dark, the forces to which he belonged disbanded, and Wade moved over u> riancot^k Co., 111., and, in 18(50, he came to Lee Co., and settled in this township. William McComb was a man universally recognized as the nobl(>st work of Uod — an honest man — and during hisn^sidence in Lee Co., tilled various otficcs of public (rust. Me was a Member of tlie Pres- byterian (^Imrch. lIcClllKAIIl, lill Y A.; P 0. Port i>L»dison ; daughter of Daniel MoCrc^ady, who was born in Ireland May 2, 1707; of Scotch and Irish ancestry ; received a liberal education ; at the age of 14, with liis parents, came to America ; started with seven ohil- dren, three of whom were buried at sea. Tlu7 iirst settled near Knon Valley, Penn. ; there tlu>y engaged in farming ; her father afttuward purchased a half interest in a store, where he continued business until 181(5, (hen marriml Mar- garet Douglass, of Ohio ; she was born on the Wes(ern Reserve, in I'ennsyl- vania, and there married ; soon after, ht^ sold out his business, and they i-emoved to Ohio, thence to Clarke Co., lnd.,near Utica, and (or a time engaged in teach- ing, then farming; in the spring of 18;}8, thoy came to Lee Co., and after living one year in Madison, came to what is now the Morrison farm, this township, thei\cii to their present place of residence; tlu! farm contains 120 acres of land, valued at $45 per acre. Tn 1818, Mr. McCready began taking observations of the weather, which after- ward he re[H)rted regularly to the Smith- sonian Institution, at Washington; this he continued until three days jirevious (0 his death ; his daughter has sine*- WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP. 848 made the report; he died April 13, 1872 ; hiw wife March 2(j, 1H77, leaving a family of four children — William, born in Ohio, Oct. 5, 1H17; Maria L., born May 27, 1820, and died in Decem- ber, 187H; Mary M., born Sept. 24, 1828, and the subject of this bioj>;raphy, who was born in Clarke Co., Ind., Dec. 19, 1832, the two last named having remained with their parents until their death, and still occupy the home vacated by them ; t)thers of her mother's family had preceded them to Lee Co. ; her brother James was at Madison ; was killed at the explosion of the steamer Moselle, on the Mississippi River, in 1837 ; a brother William at West Point; John in Van Buren Co., and Charles near Charleston, this county — all pio- neers to this county ; her father held the office of County Clerk by appoint- ment, when the county seat was at West Point, and again elected to the office, after the county seat was re- moved to Fort Madison ; also ekicted County Commissioner ; was Justice of the Peace for years ; was Assessor for Green Bay, Washington and Madison Townships at the same time. McCRKAI>Y, WII.I.IA1I, far , Sec. 23 ; P. 0. Fort Madison ; born in Columbiana Co., Ohio, Oct. 5, 1817 ; when 2 years of age, his parents emi- grated to Clarke Co., Ind.; there, at the age of 10, he attended school, walking two miles, frequently barefooted, to a log schoolhouse ; had for eight years a three-months' term each winter ; in the spring of 1837, with his father and family, he came to Lee Co. May 13, 1852, he married Miss Melvina C, daughter of Clayton and Juliet Mont- gomery, of Schuyler Co., 111., formerly of Kentucky, who came to Illinois in in 1835 ; she was born in Adair Co., Ky., in 1833; they settled in this town- ship, near the residence of his father, until 1 874, when he purchased the farm on which he now resides, of 135 acres, valued at $35 per acre. They have eight children — Juliet, born in May, 1853; John C, April 9, 1855; Mary M., Oct. 19, 1856; George D., June 19, 1858 : Charles H., Jan. 1, 1861 ; Fred, Nov. 6, 1865 ; Sylvester C, May 17, 1869; Minnie, June 4, 1874; all born in Jjee Co., and all at home ; have received liberal educations. Mr. McC. is a firm Democrat ; Mrs. McC. and their eldest daughter are members of the M. K, Church. He has held most of the school and township offices. McNeill, AMOS, farmer, Scc. 4; P. 0. Denmark ; of Scotch origin, from Whiting, Vt.; in 1813, when in his 2d year, his father removed to the Western Reserve, now Medina Co., Ohio; his father refused to give a silver watch for 160 acres of land where Akron now stands, and settled six miles distant; when Amos was 12 years of age, his mother died, and, about the same time, his father lost his sight and became dependent upon his children ior support; they were scattered to different parts of the country ; Amos was bound to a farmer named Gadyale, who afterward joined the Mormons at Salt Lake City ; Amos learned the stone-cutter's trade, which he has since followed. July 6, 1837, he married Miss Linda McNeill (his cousin), daughter of John McNeill, who died in Lee Co. Jan. 20, 1852; her mother died in Mahaska Co. three years later. In September following their marriage, they moved to Warsaw, III., where h(! followed milling, and worked at his trade two and a half years ; thence to Lee Co., this township, and settled on the farm now occupied by O. T. Hayes ; three years after, he moved to the section where he now owns 146 acres, valued at $45 per acre. They have five cliildren — Elias, born in September, 1840 — enlisted with the Engineers of the West in 1861, and served through the war; Alvin, born in December, 1842, also a soldier in the late war; enlisted in the 7th 1. V. I. in 1861, was discharged and re-enlisted in the 30th I. V. I., in 1862, in which he was detailed as forager, and, after many narnow escapes, mustered out at the close of the war ; he is now a resident of Colorado ; Alice K., born in December, 1844, the wife of W. J. Musser, a car- penter of Denmark, from Pittsburgh, Penn., married Dec. 15, 1878; Jona- than E., born in December, 1850 ; Reuben C, in December, 1 853. Re- publican ; Mr. and Mrs. McN., with two of their children, are members of 844 DIRECTORY OF LEK COUNTY : the Baptist Churoh, slie of titty years' standing. Ho has never sousiht oltico. MoNoiU, Klias, far., S. 3 ; P. 0. bonmavk. McNoill, Salmon, far.. See. '2, ; \\ 0. Don- mark. Mak'om, John, far., Sec. ?A ; P. 0. Fort Madison. Mardor, Frank, far., 8oo. 27 ; P. 0. Fort Madison. MAKSII, B. J., farmor, See. 14; P. 0. Fort Madison ; son of Wm. Marsh, born in New York ; moved to A'^inconnes, Ind. ; married Lodisa Knight, a native of Connecticut ; mar- ried during the war of 1812, he bearing arms at the time ; in 1839, they became pioneers to Leo Co., bringing with them their family of eight childron, of whom, B. J. was the iifth ; born in Preble Co., Ohio, in 1822, and with his parents canio to IjOo Co., this township, where his father died, in 1852, and his 'mother in 1877, at the ago of 80 years. Tn Soptombor, 1814, he married Miss Lamson MinoiT, who was born in Virginia in 1824, and died in 1847, leaving one child — Flizaboth, born in 1845, the wife of Samuel F. Hayes ; Dec. 14, 1848, he married Martha, daughter of Elijah Lake, who came to Lee Co. in 1844, from Lidiana (^sinee deceased) ; she was born in Dearborn Co., Ind., in 1829. In 1852, they came to their present place of residence, a small farm of twenty acres, well im- proved, and valued at $50 per acre. They have three children — Laura V., born in 1800; Cora M., born in 1864; Daniel, born in 1800. Mem- bers of the Christian Church. He has held the office of Justice of the Peace for a long tern; of years; has also boon Constable, and has hold various school offices. Marsh, David C, farmer, Sec. 2 ; P. 0. Denmark. MAKNH, J, i:., farmer. See. 2 ; P. Flirt Madisi)n ; borii in I'roblo Co., Ohio, Dec. 23, 1817, and Dec. 23, 1837 Oiis 20th birthday) ho married Miss Martha A. Williams, who was born in the same county Dec. 10, 1821 ; in 1839, they came to Lee Co., settling where ho now resides, and owns 150 acres of land, val- ued at |145 per acre ; they have ten chil- dren — Jasper, who married M. A.Saun- ders, now of Poweshiek Co. ; Emeline married Kphraini Snitt", since deceased ; Wesley marrioil Mary vlroat, and culti- vates the honu> farm; Rebecca J., the wife of Anu)s Snitf, of Rhihaska Co. ; Hansom married Martha J. Mct^ritf now of Weston, Iowa ; Monroe, also iif Weston, Iowa; Martha, the wife of Wm. Liddle of this township ; Eddy, Jane and floseph. Neutral in politics ; members of Christian Church. 1IAK8H, ^1 lIliFOR l>, f u-n.or. See. 22 ; P. 0. Fort Madison ; son of James Marsh, who was born in I'reble Co., Ohio, in 1802. There married Annie McDaniel, wlu) was born in Kentucky, in 1 808 ; they first settled in South Caroliiui, returned to Ohio, and, in 1840, to this county, where they lived for thirty years, and, in 1870, removed to Anderson Co., Kan., where ho died in 1873, his wife having died in 1872, they raised a family of six children — Mary A., born in Preble Co., married A. 11 . Morton, of Leo Co., and died in this township in May, 1870, at 47 years of ago ; Martha, who became the third wife of A. H. Morton, died January, 1874, aged 42 years; the third Mulford, born in Preble Co., Ohio, in 1SI>S, was 2 years of age when brought to this county by his parents, who settled on the farm where he now resides, cojisist- ing of 80 acres, which he values at $45 per acre. Nov. 18, 1857, ho married Miss Molinda Marsh, daughter of Sam- uel 11. IMarsli, also from Preble Co., a resident oi' California since 1853; she was born in Ijoc Co., in 1841 ; they have one child — IJello, born April 12, 1859 ; INh\ M.'s sister, Lucinda, mar- ried David Adams, of Harrison Co., Ohio, and died Jaimary, 1805 ; his brother Stei>hon marrieil ALiria Kerny, and died in Anderson Co., Kan., Sep- tember, 1874; his wife in • August of the same year ; Harristtn, the youngest brother, married Emily Imther; died in same eounty, Kansas, Septond)er, 1868. Mason, Robert, farmer. Sec. 28 ; P. O. Ft. Madison. ^IAlSOi\, WILLI A^I, farmer. Sec. 28; P.O. Ft. Madison; son of Alex- ander Mason, who was btu'u Fiust of the Alleghany Mountains, in Pennsylvania, whore he married Klizabeth Simonton, WASmN(iTON TOWNSIUP. 845 alfc^o boni in that viciiiity ; liud ten chil- , lH)i2, a resident oi' Min- neapolis, Minn., but formerly a success- ful merchant in St. Louis; Robert M., born in Pennsylvania, Dec. G, 18l};>; is the only son at home ; Elizabeth, the only living daughter, was born in Penn- sylvania March 10, 18;}6, remains at home with he)' parents; John K., born in Ohio, March 11, 1 838, a carpenter bv trade, resident of Oregon ; William €., born in Ohio, Dec. 21, 18:{!), a phy- sician at Walnut Bureau Co., III.; he is a graduate of the Keokuk Medical Col- lege, and served through the late war, in which he was wounded, after which he served as Hospital Steward ; Samuel J., born in Ohio, April 1, 1841 ; he also H(!rvcd in the , late war ; was badly wounded and discharged ; is now a money broker in St. Louis; David H., born in Iowa, Feb. 15, 184l>; resides at Alexandria, Mo., and is engaged in the American Sabbath School work ; James 8., born in Iowa, Nov. 25, 1844, and died November, 1875 ; Thomas H., was born Dec. 2G, 184G, a farmer in Kansas; Walter L.,born Dec. 5, 1848, also farm- ing in Kansas ; Isabel, born Feb. 2G, 1852, and died Aug. 9, 1852. Mr. Ma- son is a Republican ; the entire famiiy are members of the Presbyterian ('hurch, of which Mr. Mason is an Elder, the father and mother uniting in Pennsyl- vania when they were (juite young. Manshein, Clemens, far., Sec. 31 ; P. O. Fort Madison. Manshein, John, far., S. HI ; P. 0. Fort Madison. Mills, Ezra, far., S. 5 ; P. O. Denmark. Meyers, F. W., far., S(!c. 33; P. O. Kort Madison. HITCIIEI.I., JOHN, J r., farmer, Sec. 10 ; P. O. Fort Madison ; his father. John M., Sr., was born in County Derry, Ireland, in 1794. In 181G, mar- ried Miss Mattie Burr, born in the sanx; county in 1795; they had six childnm, four of whom cam(; to this country ; the eldest, Margaret, born in 1818, married Nathaniel Ilumjthnys, came to America in 1841, settled in Philadelphia, where she died in April, 1874; Hannah, born October, 1820, came over to Philadi^l- [)hia in 1848, where she married Krancis Snowd(!n and still resides; Jcjlin was born in May, 1823, learned the trade; of linen-weaver of his father ; in 1844, came to America, remained thirte(;n months in New York Cit^, weaving carpets; went to Philadelphia, where he married Jane Brewster July 3, 1849 ; she was also a native of County Derry, Ireland ; lost her j)arents when young, and, with a brotlusr and two sist(;rs, came to America in 184G ; in 1851, they came to Van Buren Co., Iowa ; a year after, Mr. Mitchell left his family with a brother-in-law, and went over- land to California, with a company of twenty-six men, four women and six children, with thirteen wagons ; they organized under the leadersliip of Capt. Stone, of Illinois, and left Council Bluff's May 17, 1852. The cholera prevailed to an alarming extent all along their road until they passed the mountains, but owing to the good care of Dr. Murdock, of Fort Des Moines, they passed through safely ; reached their destination Sept. 13 ; Mr. M. remained four years en- gaged in mining with moderate success ; returned via Panama, N. Y., and Phila- delphia ; reached home in May, 185G, and, a year after, settled at their present residence, the farm first settled by Cy. Ross, who brought the first rat to this township in a box of fruit-trees from K<;n- tucky ; the farm now consists of 150 acres, valued at $G0 per acre, with brick residence which cost $3,500, and is well improved ; they have five chil- dren — John, Jr., born July 3, 1851 ; Mattie J., March 25, 1857; Charles B., Aug. 4, 1859; Mary A., Dec. IG, 1865 ; Maggie H., June 13, 1870 ; Mr. 846 PIRECTORY OF I.EE COUNTY M.'s youngest brother, Benjamin, was born in Connty Dorry in 1825 ; eume to America with his sister Hannah, and settled in Phihidolphia ; worked as a laborer, then as a wirpet-weaver : in 1854, went to California in 18G5, and turned to Philadelphia ; in 18lit>, mar- ried Jane Houston, and died in Novem- ber. 1870. Their mother died in 1828 ; father in 1845. Morrison. Joseph, far.. See. 21 : T. O. Ft. Madison. 910KR1N0X. IIIRIAII, tar. Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Fort Madison ; daughter of John and Mary Baugh ; the former a native of Nortli Carolina ; the latter, of A'irginia, afterward settled in Ken- tucky ; before the war of 1812, moved to Jefferson Co., 111., but during the trouble then existing with the Indians, returned to Kentucky, where they re- mained until peace was restored, and ag-ain came to Illinois, where they died, leaving a family of seven children ; Mrs. Morrison was the eldest daughter ; she was born in Madison Co., 111., near Edwavdsville, May 11, 1810; at the age of 17, man-ied William Kelly, who wa.>* born in Pennsylvania Oct. 10, 1807 ; raised by a fiimily named Dixou, and brought to Illinois when a child ; he died in 1820, leaving two children-;- Oeorge D., born in 1827, now of Texas, and Emily, born in 1829, who married Dennis Montgomery, both now de- ceased. In 1833, she married Joseph Morrison, who was born in Washington Co.. Tenn.. on the same vear, month and day as her first husband ; with him she came to Lee Co. in 183G ; first bought and improved a place at Fort Madison, and remained for two years; ri'moved to her present place of res- idence, where she owns 234 acres of land, valued at §45 per acre ; she has ten children — William F., born in Illi- nois Aug. 26, 1834, now of Nebraska ; John H., born in Lee Co. in 1836, now of Palestine, Tex. ; Margaret A., born in December, 1839, the wife of A. Skiles, of Nebraska ; Mary E., born Jan. 9, 1842. wife of Richard Miek- elwaite, of Glenwood, Iowa ; Martha J., born Feb. 25, 1844, of Mills Co., Iowa; Louisa A., born March 14, 1S4G, wife of Henry Ware, of Montixonierv Co.. 111. ; Joseph G., born Feb. 2, 1848, at home; James E., born Aug. 17, 1849, attorney at law, at Plattsmouth, Neb. ; Ivoseann C. born Jan. 8, 1851, wife of A. A'ai\hyning, of Lee Co. ; Sarah M.. born Dec. 3, 1852. Mrs. 3Iorrison is one of the pioneer mothei-s of Lee Co. ; has raised a large family of children — all honest, industrious citizens ; she has thirty-nine grand and great-grand chil- dren. IIOKTOX. ALEV. 11.. Jr., farmer. Sec. 15 ; P. 0. Fort Madison ; son of Alex H. Morton, Sr., who was born in Newcastle Co., Delaware, in 1782, and married Rebecca Harris, a native of the same county, born in 1785; had three sons and three daugh- ters ; the youngest son, Alex H., Jr.. was born in Newcastle Co., Del, July 2, 1819 ; had but limited advant^iges of education, and that before 1.3 years of age; lost his father at 2 years of age; at the age of 1 1 , with his mother and family, removed to Butler Co., Ohio, where he commenced learning the tai- lor's trade when 13 years of age, and served four years as apprentice, at Ox- ford, in that county ; he followed his -trade without intermission until 21, having traveled like most journeyman tailors ; he visited Indiana, Illinois, Ohio and Iowa, working in the princi- pal citie-s in those States, visiting Iowa in 1838 ; he then farmed, by renting, for two years, and when in his 2od year, married Miss Rebecca Ilawley, who was born in Ohio, near the Little Mi- ami River, in 1825; they remained in Ohio until 1850, moved thence to St. Joseph Co., lad., and in 1853, came to Lee Co. ; passed the first winter with J. 0. Smith; in the spmug of 1854. they came to their present residence, where he owns 167 acres of land, val- ued at $35 per acre. In January. 1854, his wife died, leaving five chil- dren — Zalmon H., born in Indiana. Jan. 13, 1843; J. P., born in Ohio, Dec. 1, 1844; Vercelious, born in Ohio, July 25, 1846; William, born in Union Co., Ind., in 1848; Martha J., born in Indiana, April 2, 1853. He married Mary A., daughter of James Marsh, a pioneer of Lee Co.. from Preble Co., Ohio ; she was born in Preble Co.. Ohio,. WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP. 847 July 31, 1824, died May 15, 1871, leavinp; five children — IClla, born March 14, 1855; Kate, born May 20, 1857; Rebecca, born Nov. 1,1858; Charles, born Sept. 28. 1860 ; Viola, born June 2, 1862. April 24, 1872, married Martha Marsh, sister of his second vpif'o, who was born in Preble Co., Ohio, Nov. 19, 1829; she died Jan. 31, 1873. Democrat. His first wife was a mem- ber of the M. E. church, the second and last of the Baptist. MYERS, JUISTUS M. T., form- er and naturalist. Sec. 34 ; P. 0. Fort Madison ; born in Perry Co., Ohio, May 3, 1842, and the following October came with his parents to Lee Co., Ft. Madison, where his father, Joseph F., soon after established himself in the drug business ; continued for thirty-five years until the death of his wife in 1877 ; J. M. T. remained with his father, engaged in the store, until 1864; thence went to Illinois and remained four years; then farmed until 1871, when he married Miss x\nn C, daughter of Thaddeus and Mary Kern, natives of Alsace, France ; emigrated to America, and were early settlers of Ohio, then of Lee Co.; her father died at Ft. Madison October, 1875 ; her mother is still a resident of that city; she was born March 11, 1851, at St. Paul, this coun- ty ; they first settled in Green Bay Tp., on the old Territorial or telegraph road from Ft. Madison to Burlington ; he soon after discovered in an elevation of the road opposite his house the skeletons of thirty-two human beings interred, each in a tomb of flat stones and ap- parently in a sitting posture ; these have since been distributed among different medical institutions of the States; Mr. Myers first began the study of natural history and geology when a child of 3 or 4 years, and appeared to have inherit- ed a natural desire for that branch of science ; his talent for scientific re- searches attracted the attention of U. S. Geologist David D. Owens, who per- suaded his father (against his will) to allow him to continue his collections ; he has accumulated some 15,000 geo- logical specimens and 2,000 distinct species (some rare and valuable ones) in entomology ; from that he branched off" to ornithology ; he exchanged entomo- logical and geological specimens with Prof James Hall, of Albany, N. Y.; Dr. D. M. Castle, of Philadelphia ; Frank Zesch, of BuftUlo, N. Y.; Or- rienecke, of the same place; Samuel Auxer, of Lancaster, Penn.; Deitz, of Hazelton, Penn.; Bowditch, of Brook- liiie, Mass.; E. P. Austin, of Boston, Mass.; G. N. Dunn, of San Francisco ; G. W. Dodge, of Glencoe, Neb.; he has exchanged from 300 to 500 specimens ; among his relics, is a piece of the Mor- mon Temple, representing the hand of Gabriel, the sword which originally be- longed to Jo Smith, the Mormon, a poisoned ball fired at Scott's men at the siege of Mexico, and a great number from the late war; and ruins of Pompeii ; retaining his farm in Green Bay, in April last, he removed to his present place of residence, one mile north of the business center of Ft. Madison, where he owns his residence, with nine acres of land. They have three children — Mary L., born March 2,1872; Catha- rine G., Sept. 25, 1875, and Joseph F., Jr., Dec. 25, 1877. Ho is a Demo- crat ; member of the Catholic Church, and a member of the Red-Ribbon Club at Ft. Madison. Myertholen, H., far.. Sec. 33 ; P. 0. Fort Madison. "VTEWBEL, JOHN, far.. Sec. 22 ; P. _LM 0. Fort Madison. Newton, J. W., far.. Sec. 8 ; P. 0. Fort Madison. IVEWTON, SARAH, far.. Sec. 8 ; P. 0. Denmark ; grand-daughter of Hezekiah Hazen, who was born in Con- necticut, and when (juite a young man, with six brothers, settled at Hartford, Vt., when that State was a wilderness ; where he married Sarah Marsh, whose parents were also among the early settlers of the Green Mountain State; had seven sons and four daughters ; Mrs. Newton's father, Dan, the third, was born at Hartford, Vt., March 12, 1790, where he married iVbigail Batcheldor, who was born at Stratford, Vt., Sept. 2, 1789 ; had three sons and three daughters, the youngest daughter, Mrs. Newton, was born at Hartford, Vt., Jan. 21, 1823, and March 5, 1855, married Charles R. Newton (son of David Newton), who 848 DIRECTORY OF LEE COUNTY : was also born at Hartford, Vt., Dec. 9, 1822 ; soon after their marriage, they removed to Iowa, and settled on the farm where Mrs. N. now lives, consist- ing of 100 acres of land, valued at $45 per acre, and where Mr. Newton died April 14, 1869, leaving four children — Jasper, born Dec. 15, 1855; Solon, Nov. 18, 1858 ; Sabra, May 31, 1861, and Dan, March, 1866. ORM, FRANK, far., Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Fort Madison. P RANGER, THEODORE, far., Sec. 35 ; P. 0. Fort Madison ; born in Washington Tp. , Lee Co., 1852, and in 1875, he married EHzabeth Borgfectel, who was born in West Point Tp., 1852 ; they have one child — Jennie, born May. 1877. Democratic in politics, and member of Catholic Church. "DICE, GEORGE A. REICHEI.T, AUOrST, of Reichelt Brothers, farmers and man- ufacturers of brick and tile. Sec. 13, sons of John Reichelt, who was born in Prussia, March 31, 1821 : at the age of 25, married Mary Veronica Heinze, who was born in Prussia Dec. 18, 1824, and on April 27, 1856, with his family, which now consisted of wife and five children, embarked for America; ar- rived at Burlington on July 4, of that year ; invested his all in eight acres of land in this township, leaving him in debt $60 ; among people of his own country and tongue in this vicinity, he sought employment, and they, taking ad- vantage of his ignorance of wages paid at that time, kept him hard at work at 40 cents per day for three years, which (although his wife took in washing whenever it could be obtained) at the the prices then of the necessaries of life, scarcely kept the family from want, and they often suffered from hunger ; at one time he sent his sons, August and John, to mill with a bushel of corn ; and a hen, the price of which paid for grinding ; while waiting for their grist at Madison, one of them picked up an oyster-can, which he supposed his mother could utilize. On their way home, having gone to the mill before breakfast, they stopped to let the old mare graze, and the boys being hungry, milked the mare into the oyster can, mixed the milk with corn-meal and made their breakfast of it. The father began to learn more of the American people, and secured employment from them which was more remunerative ; after awhile, he obtained a team of a heifer and a steer, and a wagon, the wheels of which were sawn from a log of wood, then rented a small tract of land for two years, and in 1865, he bought eighty acres of land, where the family now reside, to which, in 1867, he added another eighty, and the same year they opened their brick- yard, mixed their clay with an old- fashioned mud-mill, and a $10-horse ; molded by hand ; made only 35,000 the first year ; he added to his farm until he had 200 acres, now valued at $40 per acre, which he continued to improve and cultivate, and in the manufacture, in his crude way, of brick and tile until his death, which occurred May 10, 1876^ leaving a family of seven children — John A., born July 13, 1847, now of Chicago in the boot and shoe trade ; Louise E. F., August, 1849 (^the wife Herman Wauku, a farmer of this town- ship) ; Augttstus J., the subject of this sketch, was born in Prussia Sept. 7, 1851 (married Mary, daughter of Christ. Witty, of B^ort Madison ; she was born in Fort Madison March, 1857; they have one child — Harry, born April 10, 1878) ; Francesca, born Sept. 24, 1853 (wife of Hugo Artz, of this township, a farmer) ; Paulina E.,born Oct. 8, 1855 (the wife of Samuel Boobier, a native of England, now connected with the Sher- man House of Chicago; Julius F.,born June 1, 1858, foreman in the brick and tile yard, and Ida, born Dec. 21, 1864. Since the death of their father, the sons have added to their brick manufactory new and improved machinery, which has a capacity (with the assistance of four men) to turn out 6,000 to 7,000 of the finest pressed brick known to this part of the country, per day, and find a good market for all produced. In the way of farming, they have all the neces- sary machinery of the latest improve- ments, with seven fine horses and other stock ; have a yearly tax of $80 ; their first tax, for which they now hold the receipt, being 18 cents. Fam- WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP. 849 ily politics, Republican ; relij^ion, Cath- RICE, A. I.., farmer, Sec. 15 ; P. 0. Fort Madison ; the eldest son of Col. James Rice, who was born in Worcester Co., Mass. Married Miss Gratia Part- ridge ; had eleven children ; A. L. was born Jfin. 13, 1822, atTempleton, Wor- cester Co., Mass.; did not enjoy the ad- vantages of even a common-school edu- cation on account of losing his voice when quite young ; at the age of 17, came with his father and family to Lee Co., settling in Washington Tp.; re- mained until his death, in March, 1862; Jan. 8, 1846, he married Miss Mary A., daughter of John Davis, a soldier of the war of 1812, pioneer of Lee Co., from Ohio in 1838 ; he died March 21, 1877, at the age of 86 years ; her mother, Sarah Moore, died March, 1868. Mrs. Rice was one of twelve children, seven sons and five daughters ; after their mar- riage, they settled in Sec. 7 of this town- ship, and remained until 1856, when he purchased his present residence ; he owns 150 acres of land, valued at $55 per acre. They have had three chil- dren — Celesta A., born Oct. 23, 1846, died July 27, 1848; Evaline G., born May 26, 1848, and manied Wm. M. Marsh, Dec. 24, 1866 ; died Sept. 24, 1867 ; George A., born Dec. 26, 1854. Their adopted daughter, Jennie, now about 9 years of age, was taken from the Or[jhan's Home at No 1, Pine Place, Boston. Democrat. Mrs. Rice is a member of the Christian Church ; Mr. R. is a member of the A., F. & A. M., Hiram-Lodge, No. 7 ; also of I. 0. 0. F. Rescue, at Denmark. He has held the office of Township Clerk, Trustee, and various school offices. RICE, JOIVAS, Jr., farmer and dairyman. Sec. 5; P. 0. Denmark; was born in Worcester Co., Mass., 1 823 ; son of J. Rice, Sr., who Avas born and raised in «ame county, and there married Miss Greta Partridge, also born in Massachnsetts, one of a family of sixteen children, eight sons and eight daughters, all of whom became influ- ential members of difierent churches; only two of whom are now living — May- nard P., of Royalston, Mass.; a manu- facturer, and Amanda, the wife of Uriah Moore, of Templeton, Mass., a son of the eldest of the family is Geo. Part- ridge, a wealthy merchant of St. Louis. Jonas Rice, Sr., was of a long lived race, a Colonel of the militia of Massa- chusetts, a popular officer ; hLs father was Wm. JPtice, who married Lucy Wright ; his grandfather, David Rice, who married Love Moore ; hLs great- grandfather, Daniel Rice, married Eliza- beth Taylor ; his great-great-grand fa- ther, Daniel R., married Barthia Ward ; his great-great-great grand father, Ed- ward Rice, married Anne . In 1839, Mr. Rice, Sr., with his family, came to Lee Co. and settled in Wash- ington Tp., on the farm now owned by Jonas, Jr., con.sisting of 240 acres, and remained till their death, his in 1862, Mrs. Ftice, 1869; during the sixteen years of his life passed in New England, Jonas. Jr., had enjoyed the privileges of a com- mon school, but on coming to Lee Co., was deprived of that, and had but six weeks schooling afterward. June, 1849, he married Miss Harriet N. Cowles, daughter of Dr. Josiah Cowles, of Fort Madison, who came, to Lee Co. the spring of 1839. They have six chil- dren — Oscar J., born Dec. 2, 1850 ; Harriet A., born March 10, 1854; Phebe L., born July 27, 1856 ; Ida D., born Nov. 19, 1859 ; John G., born Aug. 23, 1864; Edward J., born July 14, 1869. Mr. and Mrs. R., with their three daughters, are members of the Christian Church ; he is an Elder of that Church. BICE, W. O., farmer and dairyman, Sec. 11; P. 0. Fort Madison; among the prominent and worthy citizens of Washington Tp. ; son of the pioneer, Col. Jonas R. Rice ; he was born in Templeton, Ma.ss., in 1838; when 9 months of age, was brought by his par- ents to this county ; received an educa- tion such as was afforded by the com- mon schools of the day, and two years at the Denmark Acadera}^ At the age of 24, married Miss Martha A., daughter of Thos. M. Morgan, a pioneer of Lee Co., who came here in the fall of 1839, from Ohio ; she was born on the farm where they now reside, in 1846, which they now own, consisting of 130 acres, valued at $45 per acre ; they have two 850 DIRECTORY OF LEE COUNTY: ohildreu — Frank M., bom Jan. 9, 186G, Arthur E.. Dec. 81, 1S60. Repiib- lioun; membci-s of the Christian Church, : of which he is clerk. Richards. William, tar., S. 14 ; P. 0. Fort Madison. Kittor. John, tar.. Sec. 33 ; P. 0. Fort Madison. Eodgors, Thomas T.. far.. Sec. 16 ; P. 0. Fort Madison. Rohker. Edward, far., S. 19 ; P. 0. Fort Madison. SAWDON. ROBERT, far.. S. 1 : P. 0. Fort Madison. SAWYER. FKAXCIS, Jr., farmer. Sec. S ; P. 0. Fort >[adison ; was born in Rindge, Cheshire Co., N. H., in 1815 : when 11 ^-ears of age, his father removed to New Ipswich, N. H., where Francis received a common- school and academical education; in 1838, when '2'2 yeai-s of age, accompa- nied by his brother, then 15 years of age, he left the hills of New Hampshire to find a now home in the West ; they traveled the entire distance from New Ipswich to the Black Hawk Purchase ;^ex- cept between Buffalo and Detroit by boat") in a one-ho.st^ buggy, being six weeks on the road; arriving at Fort Madison in August of that year, he made a claim and erected a cabin, where he now lives. In 1840, he married Miss Sarah Childs, who was born in New Ipswich Pec. 7, 1818; an orphan, raised and came to Leo Co. with Wm. Taylor ; she died in January, 1>^43. He married Miss Lucy Baxter in 184(i ; she was born in New Ipswich in 1821. and died in 1862, leaving four children — Henry B.. born Jan. ;->0, 1852, now a resident of Kan- : sas; Perley F., born in 1856 and died | in 1871; Flora M., born in 1857; Herbert, born in 1860 and died in 1869. i He ag-ain married Miss x\bbie Holt, of j Andover, JMass., born in February, j 1828, and married in October, 1865. \ He owns 240 acres of land, valued at ; $50 per acre. Members »>f the Congre- gational Church ; he assisted in its organization and was elected Deacon ; ho has taken an active part in Sabbath j schools; established two schools, one of j which was the first in the township. His father. Francis Sawyer, came to Leo Co. in the spring of 1838, and made I and improved a claim adjoining his son's ; in later years, he removed to Denmark, where he died at the ripe old age of 79 years ; the elder Sawyer was a perfect specimen of New England manhood, and possessed all the charac- teristics of that people. Sawyer. Horace, far.. Sec. 8 ; P. 0. Den- mark. SAWYER. JEMIMA, MRS., farmer. Sec. 30 ; P. 0. Fort Madisou ; daughter of Jabez and Jemina Sawyer ; she was born at Mendel, Franklin Co., Mass., where, at the age of 21 years, she married her cousin, John Sawyer, son of Joseph and Eunice Sawyer, who was born in the same place in 1800 ; in 1832, they removed to Bristol, Mor- gan Co., Ohio, where they engaged in farming until 1836. when they came to Lee Co.; in the spring of 1837. they purchased the iarm ^240 acres, valued at S40 an acre) where Mi-s. Sawyer now resides. 3Ir. Sawyer died from the result of a fall from an apple-tree while picking apples, in the fall of 1876, leading a family of six children — Frank- lin, born in 1832, now in the bee and goat business in Texas ; Asahel P., born April 5. 1834, now at Mount Ayr, Iowa ; William C, born Aug. 16, 18o5, enlisted at the beginning of the late war and died in October, 1861 ; Sarah M., born Fob. 28. 1839, wife of Hezekiah K. Griflis, of Nebraska ; Mary C, born April 7, 1841. wife of Richatil E. G riffis. f Clay's (.i rove ; 3lart ha J . , born July 26. 1845, is at home with her mother ; Nathaniel G.. born Aug. 5. 1847. lives at licrmantown, Kau. Shaw, Thos. L.. fi\r.. Sec. :U ; P. O. Fort Madison. Scheir, Conrad, tar.. See. 13 ; P. 0. Fort Madison. Sholtz, H., far., See. 24; P. 0. Fort Madison. Shrader, Geo., far., Sec. 26 ; P. 0. Fort Madison. Shubert, J. G., tar.. Sec. 36 ; P. 0. Fort Madison. Smith, D. D., far.. Sec. 18; P. O. Fort Madison. Snapp, W. F., far., Sic. 17; P. 0. Fort Madison. Stein, R., far.. Sec. 7 ; P. 0. Fort Madi- son. WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP. 851 STEN^EK, JOHN, far., See. lo ; P. 0. Fort Madison ; sou of Homy Stengel", who was born in Bavaria in 17i)L* ; his father (John's grandfather), a miller of Moeuibris, Gornuiny. gave to tnich of his sous a mill ; in conset|uenee of whieh his father became a miller. Married Mary K. Reising, who was born in the same county. (.Termany ; had twelve children, six grow to man and woman hood ; John, the eldest, was born in Moembris, Germany, in 1820, and at the age of IS, emigrated to America ; stopped at Zanesville, Ohio, where he worked on the improvements on Mus- kingum River until March, ISoO; thence to Kenton Co., Ivy., where he worked as a farm laborer and in a tan-yard ; in 18-10, the other members of the family settled in Dearborn Co., Ind., where his father purchased a farm on whieh he re- mained until his death, in ISGS, his wife having died in 1805. In 1842, John 8. married IMiss Mary M. Smith, wlio was born in Dearborn Co., lud., in in 1820 : in 1848, they came to Lee C>i. ; tirst settled in Green Bay Tp., near Fort Madison ; then, in 1849, in com- pany with A'. Lawrence, he erected a saw- mill ; in 1850, added a ilour depart- ment ; in 1861, th'ey converted it into a distillery, consuming 150 bushels of corn per day ; paid the first year a tax of §30,000 on manufactured high wines, this he continued until 1804, then re- turned to section where he now resides and owns 140 acres of land, valued at §45 per acre ; they have seven children — Joseph, born 1843, who served in the late war, 1803 to 1805, with 1st L V. C. now of Kansas; JMary E.,born December, , 1845, the wife of Garhardt Ostdick, of Ottumwa, an extensive manufacturer of brick ; Caroline, born in 1848, wife of Daniel J. Sherwood, of Fort Madison ; Henry, born — ; John J., born in 1854 ; Barbara, born in 1858; Isabella, born in 1860 ; the last four were born in Lee Co. ; the others in Indiana ; all have an education fitting them for business ; are men and women, and all of good habits and standinsi- in society. Kepublican; Mr. S. and the children are members of the Catholic Church ; ]Mrs. S. of the M. E. Church. Stevenson, S. T., far.. S. 7; P. 0. Denmark. Strunk, Fritz, tar., Sec. 10 ; P. 0. Fort Madison. rpAYLOR, BENJAMIN M. R., far., JL See. 13; P.O. Wever. THACKRAY, JOHN, thrmer. Sec. 4; P. 0. Denmark; one of a family of eleven children ; born in Hunting- donshire, Euiiland, July 15, 1841 ; re- mained with his fiither on the farm until the 1st of April, 1876, when he left Liverpool, arriving at Fort Madison, Iowa, the 18tli of the same month ; worked as a laborer until February, 1877, then purchased his present place of residence and farm of 101 acres, valued at 630 per acre. The following- March, he married Miss Mary D. Bon- neville, of French ancestry, born in Lower Canada in 1841, and, when 10 years of age, having lost her parents, came to Illinois with a brother, thence to Lee Co.; she is a member of the Catholic Church ; Democrat. Tibbets, P. E., far., Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Ft. Madison. Tibbotts, Kussel, far.. Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Ft. Madison. YANHYNING, JOSKPIIUS, far.. Sec. 6 ; P. 0. Denmark. YANHYNING. TEKSEY, flu , Sec. 6 ; P. O. Denmark ; daughter of Abel Thomas, who was born in Con- necticut, and married Tersey Miller, of of the same State ; she died there ; her husband moved to Columbus, Ohio, where he soon after died, leaving a fl\m- ily of three children, Mrs. "\\ the only one now living ; she was born in Granby, Conn., in 181 1, and, when 3 years of ■ age, was brought by her grandparents to Medina Co., Ohio; there. April 24. 1828, she married Joel A^anhyning, who was born July 31, 1808; in the "fall of 1841, tbe_y came to Lee Co.; farmed by renting for the tirst three years ; then purchased the farm on which she now^ resides, consisting of 112 acres of land, valued at $45 per acre. Mr. Vanhyn- iug died Oct. 6, 1852, leaving seven children, having had thirteen — Rachel M., born Nov. 4, 1829, married Horace Stiles in Ohio, and died in Nebraska April 14, 1873 ; Caroline M., hovn Sept. 10, 1831, the wife of James Mc- Lane, of Polk Co.; Edward E., born Sept. 22, 1833, of Marion Co., Iowa; 11 852 DIRECTORY OF LEE COUNTY Aaron, born Oct. 25, 1835, died at tlie jiii'c of 2 years ; Arnold W., born Feb. 22, 1837, of Polk Co.; Betsey E., Dec. 29, 1839, died Ang. 14, 1841 ; James R., Jan. 24, 1841, died at the age of 4 years; Aii'a F., born April 24, 1843, the wife of Wm. Sweezy, of Har- vey Co., Kan.; Ansel J., born July 15, 1845, died July 2, 1849; Isaiah J., born Oct. 1, 1847, died July 25, 1849; Josiah C., May 27, 1850, married Le- miah Larkins, who was born in Con- necticut Jan. 1, 1848; they have two children, a son and daughter ; he lives with his mother and conducts the farm ; Khoda, born Sept. 21, 1S52, died Oct. (j, 1852; Joel D., born Dec. 17, 1853, a resident of Lee Co. Mr. and Mrs. Vanhyning were members of long stand- ing in the M. E. Church. Yogt, AVilliam, far., Sec. 36 ; P. O. Fort Madison. WASSERZICHER, B., far., Sec. 34 ; P. 0. Fort Madison. Wenke,Wm, far., S. 23; P.O. Fort Madison WHITEHEAD, WILI.IAM, far.. Sec. 4 ; P. 0. Denmark; was born in Butler Co., Ohio, April 23, 1819; when 8 years of age, his parents re- moved to Dearborn Co., Ind., where he remained until 19; thence to Cincin- nati, Ohio, where he engaged in draying ; this he followed for seven years ; then returned to Indiana, and worked at the cooper's trade, at which he had previ- ously served an apprenticeship ; con- tinued in this for four years ; then en- _ gaged in farming. In the year 1845, he married Susan A. Lawrence, who was bora in Dearborn Co., Ind., April * 23, 1828 ; in 1872, they came to Lee Co., and settled at their present resi- dence, where he owns 64 acres of land, valued at $45 per acre. In August, 1874, his wife died, leaving three chil- dren — Mary E., born in Dearborn Co., Ind., Sept. 2, 1847, the wife of Benja- min Taylor, of this township ; Martha, born Feb. 13, 1853, wife of George Keutch, of this township ; Priscilla, born Jan. 23, 1856. llepublican ; a member of the United Brethren Church, formerly a Class-Leader; his wife was a life-long member of the same Church. Wiggenjost, Antone, far.. Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Fort Madison. Willard, Samuel G., for., Sec. 1 ; P. O' Fort Madison. Willard, Sidney B., far.. Sec. 11 ; P. O. Fort Madison. WI1XIAM8, JOHX B., farmer, S. 6 ; V. 0. Denmark ; a grandson of Jacob Williams, who was born a Quaker in Queens Co., un Long Island, the residence of the family for the past two centuries. He married Miss Starkin, whose ancestors were among the first settlers of the United States ; had five children, four sons and one daughter — Benjamin, the fourth, was born on Long Island in 1778 ; there learned the blacksmith trade, and married Miss Annie, daughter of Stephen Dodge, a soldier of the llevolution and Aide under Washington, who, in 1828, went West and has not since been l\eard of; she was born on Long Island in 1785 ; they had two sons and three daughters ; the youngest son was John B. ; born in Dearborn Co., Ind., in 1828; lost his mother when 6 years of age, and was brought up by a brother-in-law ; at 17 years of age, learned the blacksmith trade, served an apprenticeship of three years, and, soon after completing it, in 1848, came to Lee Co. June lo', 1849. Married Miss Elizabeth Morgan, who was born in Dearborn Co., Ind., in 1830, and, with her father, John Morgan, came to Lee Co. in 1839 ; Mr. W. worked at his trade until 1853, then, in company with eight others, took the overland route to California, started the 12th of March and arrived at Volcano, Eldorado Co., the 10th of August of the same year; worked at his trade and at mining for two years,, and by the Nicaragua and Vanderbilt line of steamers via New York returned home; arrived Oct. 19, 1855, and, with the exception of one year spent in Illi- nois, has lived for twenty years in Green Bay Tp. ; the 20th of February, 1876, he removed to his present plact; of residence, where he owns 200 acres of land, valued at |35 per acre; they have five children, have lost four — Henry (born Nov. 22, 1850, died Feb. 11, 1865), John B., born April 8,1853; Omer, born in Illinois in 1856; Janey and Mary (^twins), born June 26, 1859, the former died Feb. 8, 1860, the latter WKST I'OINT TOWNSmi' 858 Marcli 3 of the same year; Annie, born June 8, 18G1; Abrum A., Nov. 4, 1863; Edward, June 1, 18(JG, died Aug. 12, 1870, and (reorgo B., May 9, 1870. Kcpubliean. A member of A., ¥. & A. M., Hiram Lodf^e, No. 7. Winterbotham, W. W., Car., S. 1:5; i*. (). Fort Madison. WKK^IIT, I?lll/rON, farmer, S<,c. 2 ■ l\ 0. Denmark ; son of Cliarles W. Wright, a native of Maryland, who, with his parents, was among the early settlers of the forests of Indiana. There he met Miss Louisa M. Palmer, born in the State of N(!W York, whose; parents were also early settlers of Indiana ; they were married ; had seven ehildren ; the eldest, Milton, born in Dearborn (Jo., Irid., in November, 1828, the only member of the family who eame to Iowa. In 1847, he married Miss Eveline J. Tibbits, daughter of David Tibbits, who came to Lee Co. from Indiana in 1851 ; she was born in Dearborn (Jo., Ind., in January, 1828; in 184*J, they came to Lee Co. ; remained two years, and returned to In- diana. In 1 802, he enlistorn in Indiana in 1800; Dallas V.,born in Iowa in 1800. Democratic ; has held the oilice of Township A.sK(;ssor, 'l\jwnship (Jl(;rk and various school oiliees. Mr. Wright's oldest brother, Augustus, was killed at tlx; battle of Gettysburg in 1801, a member of the 3d Ind. V. C. ; the next, Samuel P., a resident of California, died in 1 878 ; Charles W. is now a resident of F'airland, Ind. ; his sister, Lucy A., is the wife; ol Augustus Fair- banks, of (Jalifornia ; Sarah married William ^]Ider, of Indiana, now de- c(;ased; Mary L. is a resident of Cali- fornia. WEST POINT TOWNSHIP. ALTER, H. K., far., Sec. 3 ; P. 0. West l»oint. ALSTON, JOSHUA, farmer. Sec. 13; P. 0. Fort Madison; was born in Lancashire, FJngland, in 1830, where he remained until 21 years of age, and received a good common-school educa- tion. Married Miss Martha Bicheno, who was born in Cambridir(;shire, FJn- gland, in 1838, and one week after, sailed for America, coming direct to Newburg, Ohio, where, after working on a farm for one year, he secured work in a roll- ing-mill ; in the fall (jf 1858, they came to Lee Co., West Point Tp., where he has since been engaged in farming ; first by renting, until 1802, when he pur- chased a farm, which he exchanged for the one he now occupies, consisting of ninety-six acres, valued at $30 per acre ; they have three children — Margaret M. born in 1857, (now the wife of David Snapp, a farmer of J'ottawattamie Co., Iowa); Joseph W., born in 1800; Nancy A., in 1803. Jiepublican; Mrs. Alston is a member ol' the M. K. Church. Armor, (x. W., tailor. West Point. Arthur, John, Sr., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. West Point. Aulston, Joshua, far., S. 13; P. (). Fort Madison. Avis, Frank M. J., teamster. West Point. Avis, Thomas, teamster, West Point. BARNS, GILBERT, far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Denmark. Bechtold, Frank, laborer. West Point. Berger, Theodore, cabinet-maker. West Point. Berry, John H., farmer. West Point. 854 DIRECTORY OF LEE COUNTY: Bety, Lorenz, far., S. 5 ; P. 0. West Point. Beuscher, Wm., laborer, West Point. Bird, John, farmer. Boeding, E. D., far.. Sec. 9 ; P. 0. West Point. Boeding, Edward, shoemaker, West Point. Boeding, Henry, shoemaker, West Point. Bohmenkamp, H., far.. Sec. 17; P. 0. West Point. Bolte, Henry, far.. Sec. 36 ; P. 0. Fort Madison. Bongfechtel, Frank, far., Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Fort Madison. Box, Geo., far., Sec. 6 ; P. 0. West Point. Brandt, Harm, far., S. 7; P. 0. West Point. Braun, Lewis, harness-maker, West Point. Brinck, Herman, merchant. West Point. Brockman, Wm., laborer. West Point. Brusch, Wencel, shoemaker. West Point. Buechell, Peter, x'ar.. Sec. 32 ; P. 0. Fort Madison. Buff, Phillip, far.. Sec. 10 ; P. 0. West Point. Buhrig, H., far., S. 25 ; P. 0. Fort Mad- ison. Burgman, George, far., S. 13 ; P. 0. Fort Madison. CALE, J. M., far.. Sec. 2; P. 0. Den- mark. Carsteus, A. W., blacksmith. West Point. Carsteus, Alexander, retired. West Point. Carsteus, Diedrick, blacksmith. West Point. CliAYPOOIiE, J. H., farmer and stock-grower. Sec. 12 ; P. 0. Fort Mad- ison ; was born in Belleville, St. Clair ' Co., 111., in 1835; when but 1 year of age, his parents removed from Illi- nois to Fort Madison, where J. was ed- ucated. When in his 25th year, he married Miss Martha J. Edwards, daughter of Joseph Edwards, of Fort Madison ; she was born in War- ren Co., Ohio ; soon after their marriage, he settled where he now owns 200 acres of land, valued at $30 per acre ; they have five children — Caroline, Georgia, Joseph E., Ellen and Arthur. Mr. Claypoole's father John, a descendant of Proctor Cromwell, was born in Hampshire Co., Va., in 1798; studied medicine with an uncle in Indiana, and graduated at the University of Lexing- ton, Ky.; soon after which he made an extensive tour through the Southern country, and settled near St. Louis; after which, his health failing, removed to Lee Co. and located on a farm near Fort Madison; in 1840, he removed to the city and resigned his practice, in which he had been eminent ; earnest in educational matters, he assumed the care and education of three families of orphan children, and was in the habit of having in school two or three benefi- ciaries, the children of the widowed and unfortunate ; he is the founder of Clay- poole Lodge at Fort Madison, which remains a monument of his zeal and labor in behalf of the ancient Order, in which he held various ofl&ces ; he died in 1866, 68 years of age — to his family and friends an irreparable loss, and, as was fitting, was buried with Ma- sonic honors. Although not a member of any church, was a man of profound religious convictions, and a regular at- tendant upon the ministrations of the sanctuary. Codner, Moses, butcher. West Point. Coleman, Wm., far., S. 30; P. 0. Frank- lin. Cooney, Matt, far., S. 32 ; P. 0. Franklin. Craig, A. J., laborer. West Point. Craig, John, far., S. 5 ; P. 0. West Point. Craig, William, laborer. West Point. DAVIDSON, JOHN, laborer. West Point. Davis, George, far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Denmark. Davis, Wm., far., Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Denmark. Dierker, Henry and Barney, fars.. Sec. 21 ; P. 0. West Point. ^ Dingman, J. H., teamster. West PoirLL ' Dougherty, J^ames, wagon-maker." Dremhoff, Wiiiram, far.. Sec. 32; P. 0. West Point. Droppel, Barney, far., S. 27 ; P. O. West Point. Droppel George, far., S. 27 ; P. 0. West Point. EICHHORN, CHARLES, far., Sec. 7 ; P. 0. West Point. Eichhorn, Henry, far.. Sec. 7 ; P. 0. West Point. Eichhorn, Julius, far.. Sec. 7 ; P. 0. West Point. Ellenberger, Christ, cabinet-maker. West Point. Ellenberger, Henry, turner, West Point. Ellenberger, Jacob, cabinet-maker. Ellenberger, John, laborer. West Point. Emerson, 0. D., laborer.. WEST POINT TOWNSHIP. 855 Emmett, G-eorge, far.. Sec. 31 ; P. O. Franklin. EXTLER, P. J., dealer in stoves and general hardware, Washington St., West Point ; was born in Van Buren Co., Iowa, Feb. 10, 1848; at the age of 16, he came to West Point, where he served an apprenticeship of three years learning the trade of tinsmith, after which he engaged at his present busi- ness, dealing largely in stoves, his trade in that line extending over more coun- try than any man in the retail trade in the county ; has been, also, extensively engaged in the manufacture of fruit- cans and the canning of fruit. July 16, 1868, he married Miss Katy Mehl, daughter of John Mehl, whose biography appears elsewhere ; she was born in West Point Oct. 29, 1846 ;• they have two children — John, Jr., born March 14, 1873 ; Mary A. L., Dec. 16, 1875. Owns his residence and place of busi- ness, which, in 1875, cost |4,000. ' Members of the Presbyterian Church. He is a member of Council. Etka, Henry, plasterer. West Point. Etka, Simon, plasterer. Evans, J. M. physician. EVANS, J. M., physician and sur- geon ; office and residence, corner Race and Jefferson streets ; was born in Washington Co., Penn., in 1841 ; re- ceived his first schooling in the village of Ten-Mile ; at the age of 17, he en- tered the Wamsburg College, in which he passed to the Sophomore Class in six months. Enlisted in the 8th Penn. Res. Inf , under Gen. McCali, May 1, 1861 ; was all through the Peninsular cam- paign, also Pope's campaign, and served two years ; discharged on account of disability, and returned to Pennsyl- vania, where he followed teaching for a time. In May, 1865, he came to Lee County, and engaged in the study of medicine with Dr. Goodell, at Pilot (irrove ; continued for three years, prac- ticing some the last six months of the time. Dec. 3, 1868, he married, and settled at Big Mound, where he con- tinued his practice with success for four years ; thence to West Point, where he now has an extensive practice. FAIRLIE, ALEX, far., S. 13 ; P. 0. West Point. Fedler, Conrad, far., Sec. 8 ; P. 0. West Point. Fedler, H., teamster. West Point. Feeismeyer, Martin, far.. Sec. 36 ; P. 0. Fort Madison. Fett, C, far., S. 19 ; P. 0. Franklin. Fette, Eberhard, far.. Sec. 22; P. O. West Point. Fergers, William, farrier. West Point. Friechtenkort, Joseph, far., S. 16 ; P. 0. West Point. FosterUng. H., far., Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Fort Madison. Freese, H., far., S. 3 ; P. 0. West Point. Friedel, Joseph, far., S. 18 ; P. 0. West Point. GEERS, JOHN M., physician. West Point. Geppert, Frank, retired. West Point. Grerveler, Henry, far., Sec. 33 ; P. 0. Franklin Centre. G-illham, J. G., laborer. West Point. GII.L.HAM, JAMES G., harness- maker; residence corner Race and Jef- ferson sts.; son of Thos. Grillham, who set- tled in Madison Co., Ill, in 1800 ; was the first settler west of the Ohio River, and the first Methodist of Illinois ; the services of that organization were held at his house for seventeen years ; he aft- erward became Circuit Judge of that county, which office he held for eight years; there James Gr. was born in 1819, raised a farmer, and, in 1840, married Barbara, daughter of T. G-. Lofton, then Sheriff of Madison Co., also Local Pastor of the M. E. Church; she was born in Greene Co., 111., in 1819, and died February, 1848, leaving one child — Benj. Irish, born in 1845 (now a residentof Macoupin Co., 111.); Decem- ber of the same year he married Frances A. Murphy, who was born in Wood Co., Va., in 1824 ; they remained in Madi- son Co. until 1850; the fall of that year, came to West Point, where he formed a copartnership with A. Love- land in the manufacture and sale of harness and saddles, which he continued for four years ; in 1854, his wife died, leaving three children — Edgar J., born in 1849, now book-keeper for a large <-lothing house in Sullivan, 111. ; Marga- ret L., born Sept. 8, 1851, died the 26th of May, 1855; James, born in Octo- ber, 1854, now engaged in railroading in 856 WRKOTOUV OK LI'lK 001) ^^Y Kansas; May 1,1855, ho nuirriod his present wife. Miss Mary M. lirand, who was born in M(>noii_i;aU!i (•()., Vii., Maroh 215, ISlJiJ, ilan>;'htor ol' Sanmol Hrand, ono of t.h(< j)ionoors of Wt^st Point, who sottlod lioro from Virginia, in 18;>T; hold tho otfioo of Jnstioo of tho IVaoo horo for tift(>on yoars ; tho proliininary oxaniination of tho llo(ii;os brotht>rs was hold bt'U>ro him for tlio mnrdor of IMilK>r and lioisa, also that of Jones tor the murdor of Mot'lurdlo. Mr. Brand sorvod as Orderly three months in tho ;>d Missouri in tho war of 1 SI 2, and was possessed of a memory whioh enabled him, wht^n SO ytnvrs of age, to (mil the roll of his eompany, of I l!> men, as he oalled it when on dutv with the com- pany ; he died in ISTa, at the ago of SI years, having raised a family of ten ehildren, live of whom, with his wile, now repost> in the eemetery at West I'oint; November, IStil, Mr. (ilillham enlisted in the 17th I. V. I. as private of Oo. I, (Captain lliee ; soon after Avhieh, he was dl^taehed for hospital duty, and served in that d(i[)ariment un- til unistered out, August, lS(i5, having visittHl all tln> Slave States of thei Union except IHorida and 'l\>xas. Mr. and Mrs. (1. are mend)i>rs of long standing in tho M. K. C^hureh at W'est l\»inr, and to him we are indebted tor a his- tory of that Ohureh ; he has hold vari- ous city otRces. Hy last wife, has one child — Mary Kates,* born l<\>b. ll>, lS5t5. A member oi' Meehaniis Lmlge, I. 0. O. v., No. 5li. (loebel, Henry, tar., Sih', ItJ; Point. ({rabensehroer, l<\, far., See. West Point. (}ram, Christian, far.. See. '20 Point. (}ran», ,lohn, far.. See. IJO ; Point. Oraner, (Muu-les, far., See. Frank lin Oentre. (Jrasekemper, (leorge, far. ; Point. Urasekeinper, lleurv, far. ; IVint. Urothe, 11., far., S. 5; P. (). West Point. tiuvton, John W., lab., West Point. Vl AKPNKU, (1., tar.. See. nO ; P. O. JL-L. Kranklin (lentre. P. 0. West • >•> . P. 0. P.O. West p. (). West ;u) ; P. 0. p. (). West p. o. West HatVner, W., tin-., See. iU); P. (), Knink lin (Centre. llahn, Peter, far., See. S; P. (). West Point. Hall, Honor, livery, We.st Point. Hallbnsh. Martin', far.. See. :U) ; P. (). l''rai\klin (\nitre. llainelinan, William, uier.. West Point. Harniagel, Kred, far.. See. 2i) ; P. O. I'rankliu (Vntre. Harmeyer, flos., far., See. 5; P. (). West Poin't, Heese, Frank, far., S. 5 ; P.;(). West Point. Hellega, Barni^y, far.. Sec. 25 ; P. O. Port Madison. Hellega, Wm., far., Sec, •-!5 ; P. O. h\nt Mndison. Helling, Anton, tiir.. See. ;U> ; P. O. Port Madison. Hehuan, John, far.. Sec. 5; P. O. West Point. Heneberger, Ernst, stone mason, NVest Point. Henriehsmeyer, K.. tiir.. Sec. 5; P. (>. West Point. Hermes, (}., far., See. lit?; P. O. Port Madison. IIFiKICIN<;, SOrillA, far.. Sec. K> ; P. 0. Port Madison ; born in Mor- gan (\>., (>hio, in IS'JO ; lived there until IS years of age; then, with her parents, canu> to Xtw Co., and at tht> age of 11), nnirried Mr. Ui>bert Herring, who was born in Pennsylvania in IS 10 ; brought by his panuits, when -t years of age, to Ijoe (\>., when> tlu\v settled cm Sec. lo, his fath(>r having entered the entire section of land. Their tirst set- tlement, atter their marriage, was made in Washington Township, wheiv they remained until ISdS ; removed to Kort Madison, atid remained nine and one- half years, then letl tor California by water via Pamima, and there re- mained eight months, and returned to their home — the farm where she now resides, and (>wns eighty acres of land, valued at $1(1 per acre. Mr. Herring died in March, IS77, at the age of (U. A membtT of the M. VI. Chureh, to which Mrs. Herring has also belonged for twt>ntv-tive years. Hinkel, Phillip, t'ar,, Sec. 2(; ; P. O. Port Madison. Hoenig, Barney, far., See. liS ; P. (). West Point. WEST POINT TOWNSHIP 857 Honadel, Jacob, far., Sec. lil ; P. (>. Franklin Centre. ^ Honnschild, Ohria,. lar., Sec. 83; P. 0, Franklin Centre. Hook, Georjre, cabinet-maker, West Point. Horsnian, H., far., Sec. 3H ; P. O. West Point. Hoskins, Caleb, far., Sec. 14; P. 0. Fort Madison. Hotof, Fred, far.. Sec. 3:i ; P. 0. Fort Madison. Hundt, Win., butcher, West Point. Hunt, Henry, far.. Sec. 5 ; P. O. West Point. Hutnut, A. B., far., Sec. 6 ; P. 0. West, Point. "TACK, FRKD, far., Sec. 83; P. 0. fj Franklin. JACOBY, WJH., RKV., Pastor of the Assumption Church ; residence, Tyler street ; was born in the Inde- pendent District of Luxembourg, in 1834; at the age of 18, commenced the study of the classics, which he con- tinued for nine years, and, in 1860, came to this country and entered the Clerical Seminary St. Francis, located jit Milwaukee, Wis.; when his studies W(!r(! completed, he was ordained at Dubuque, Iowa, and located as Pastor of the church at Lansing, Allamakee Co.. Iowa ; he remained for nine years, thence ; P. 0. Fort Madison. Judy, George, far., S. 32 ; P. 0. Franklin Judy, Henry, far., S. 32 ; P. 0. Franklin. Judy, H. H., far.. Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Frank- lin. Judy, J. C, far., S. 32; P. 0. Franklin. Jungferman, Herm, watchman. West Point. KAHLER, FRED, far., Sec. 7 ; P. 0. West Point. Kamschneider, C, far., S. 16 ; P. West Point. Kemper, Theodore, carpenter. West Point. Kempker, B. H., clothier. West Point. KLEY, ALLISOX, Editor. West Point. Lenhard, George, far.. Sec. 6 : P. 0. West Point. Levee, Almon, blacksmith. West Point. Levee. EUas. blacksmith. West Point. 1. E S S E X « E R . JACOB H., HOX., stock-dealer and tanner ; was born March 19, 1830, at Winchester, A''a., and, in 1844, removed to Cham- paign Co., Ohio. ; remained for eleven years and removed to Muncie. Delaware Co., Lid., where he was twice elected Assessor; leaving Indiana, ho again jour- neyed westward ; in 1864, came to Henry Co.. Iowa, afterward removinii'toLeeCo.. West Point, where he located in 1869; at\erward became Mayor of that city. His educational advantages were lim- ited to those atforded by the common schools of the county. 3Iarried in Mun- cie, Ind., 1858, Miss Mary PriscoU; have seven children, the eldest 2() years of age, and the youngest 18 months. The confidence of his neighbors in him, has been repeatedly manifested by call- ing him to fill various responsible posi- tions ; he is now one of the Board of Trustees of the Independent District of AS"" est Point, President of the Lee Co. Stock Association ; was the originator of the present District Fair, and Kepre- sentative to the Seventeenth General Assembly of Iowa. Mr. Lessenger is an active, enersretic, wide-awake busi- ness man. and his colleagues in the Leg- islature bear willing testimony to his careful attention to business in that honorable body. Leyes. R., barber. West Point. Lindermuth, P. E., stock-dealer West Point. Linke, John. tar.. Sec. 16; P. 0. West Point. Link, AYilliam. far.. Sec. 6 ; P. 0. West Point. Lohman, A., far.. Sec. 5 : P. 0. West Point. Lohman, Harmon, far.. Sec. 5; P. O.West Point. LOHIIAR. HEXKY, attorney and counselor at law, real estate and collec- tion agent ; office and residence corner of Madison and Hain ; born in Germany, 1826; receeived a liberal education. At the age of 17, commenced the study of the law, which he continued \intil the troubles of 1848 in that country, whea he participated in the Liberal moveiuent for one year ; in 1852 came to this country, to Keokuk, and, being unac- quainted with the people and lauiruage of the country, he first engaged to work as a tinner ; served an apprenticeship at that trade from 1849 until 1852. No- vember, 1854, he married 3Iiss Mary T. Burrus, who was born nenr Cologne, Germany, 1827, and emigrated to this country, to Oquawka, Henderson Co., 111., 1852. They have four children. In 1861, he enlisted in the 30th I. Y. I. as private, but by special order of Sec- WKST POINT TOWNSUrP. 859 rotary Stanton, was made Ordnance Sorgeant, and served tliriH! years ; at his enlistment, was offered $(15 local bounty which he refused, as his enlistment had been through other motives than for money, and ordtn'ed (he money returned to the 'l^r(!asurer. After his i(!turn from the army, he lived for sev(;ral years in liona])arte, A^an Buren ()o.; then! he h(ild the offieeof Assessor; in 1874, he removcnl to West Point ; in 1H7(!, was admitted to the; bar and is now practi- eina; in the courts at Madison and Keo- kuk. Mr. aTid Mrs. Jj. are members of the Assumption Church. lioveless, Aaron, far., Sec. 11 ; P. 0. West Point. 1. V E L K S S, A AR4>N, farmer and stock-f^rower. Sec. 10 ; P. (). West Point; born in Monmouth Co., N. J., Oct. 1, 1814; received an cniucation at the common schools of that day ; at the ajre of "ZO, he removed to Medina Co., Ohio ; his liither having been a rnill- wrijTjht, he had acciuired some knowl- edge of tools, and there he encraji,'ed at the carpenter's trade for two years ; at the age of 22, he married Miss Belinda Vanhyning ; she was born in Medina Co., Ohio, March 8, 1816 ; daughter of Thomas Vanhyning, who came to Lee Co. in 1840. and died herein 1849. Mr. and Mrs. Loveless remained in Ohio until 184G, when they removed to Lee (Jo. and settled in Denmark Tp.; in 1856, removed to where he now resides and owns 96 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre. They have seven chil- daen — Thomas M., W. W., Frank., Aaron J., Angeline, Ada and Clara. Members of the Baptist Church ; has been Town.ship Supervisor, Assessor, Trustee, and all township offices, except Clerk ; is a member of A., F. & A. M., No. 75, West Point. Lowery, Daniel, far., Sec. 5 ; P. 0. West Point. IjOWKUY, D., physician and sur- geon, office and residence Jefi'erson St.; was born in Berlin, Somerset Co., Penn., Aug. 23, 1806 ; attended the common schools and eighteen montlis at college ; at the age of 18, commenced the study of medicine with Dr. Cooper, of Johnstown, Penn. ; remained two years, thence to Philadelphia, entered the Medical (JoUege, and graduated after a three-years' courses; commen(;ed practice at Salisbury, Penn. There, in 1828, h(! married Miss Susan Mattingly, who was born in Alleghany (Jo., Md., in 1804, daughter of Samuel M., a farnnsr ; she d'lvA in 18!>!i, hiaving four children— William 'l\, lOlh^n M., Mar- tha A. and Samuel, lie remained in Salisbury two years ; in 18;{5, removed to ]jathroi)olis, Ohio, and jtracticed f(j|- three years ; thenc(i to (Jhillicothe, Ohio. During the first yeai- of his residence there, he married Esther Tea- garden, daughter of Jacob T., a farnu^r of Pickaway Co., Ohio ; she was born in 1816. He remained there until 1889, thence to Mercer Co., Ohio, wh(u-e he had a large practice until his luialth failed, then returned to Pickaway ('o. to recruit, and, in 1845, came to Lee Co., West Point, among the early set- tlers of this part of the county ; in 1851, his wife died of the cholera, leav- ing five children — Clement (I., a (Cath- olic priest at Cedar Rapids, Iowa ; Sarah, Perpetua 0., Esther S. and Daniel J. He then married Miss Mary Simmons, who was born in Athens (Jo., Ohio, in 1828; daughter of Joseph S., a farmer of that county, who took his third wife when 101 years of age; they have six children — Mary A., Lydia Alice, Joseph H., John M., Clara J. and Charles Edward. After coming to Lee Co., his practice steadily increased; at one time, for six weeks he did not enter a bed, but slept either in his saddle or carriage, and at another time, for three weeks ; but for the last twelve years he has rather laid his practice aside, and has devoted a part of his time and attention to the growing of grapes ; has a fine vineyard. His first wife was a Catholic, and had a supply of books treating upon that subject; he began an investigation, and, in 1885, joined that Church ; his second wife joined that Church in 1840, and his third wife in 1858 ; all his children who have attained a suitable age are mem- bers of the same church. Democratic in politics. Ludolph, Martin, far., Sec. 26; P. 0. Fort Madison. Lutz, Jacob, cooper. West foint. 8(H) DIRECTORY OF LEE CK)UNTY: Luetvehan$, F., far., Soo. 17 ; 1'. 0. West Point. Luotkolians, H.. far.. Soc. Ui ; V. 0. West Point. MoOABE. JACOB, tar.. Seo. 2 ; P. O. West Point. .MfCAKE. AKTlirK. famun- and stoek-growor. 8oo. 1 ; P. 0. Fort Mad- ison : son o\' AVarren IMoCabo, of Sns- sex Co., Dol. ; there ho was born in ISIO, and lived xintil 15 j-ears of age, when his father removed to Eaton. Preble Co., Ohio; was among the early settlers, and improved a farm, whieh he continued to eultivate until his old age, when he retired to the village, and re- sided until his death, at the age of 75 ; Arthur renuiined at home until 21 years of age, then went to Lebanon. Ohio, and engaged in the nianufaeture of fanning- inills. He married Miss Susan Christ, i\ native of Virginia; born in 1S17; daughter of elaeob Christ, of Stanton. Angust^i Co.. Ohio ; her nuither, whose maiden name was Mowery, afterward ivmoved to Preble Co., and there Mr. and jVIi-s. I\leCabe were married in Oeiober. 1885 ; soon atVer, he purehased a small inrm near Eviton. on whieh they lived wntil the fall of lS4o, when they eame to Lee Co., and fii"st settled west of Wt^t Point, on a farm now oeenpied by Mr. Taylor, and remained until 1847, when he removed to his present res- idenee, where he owns 400 aeres of land, valued at S40 per aere ; they have ten children ; the eldest, Jacob C., was born in Ohio Sept. 13, ISoti; a farmer of Lee Co. ; liaban T.. born in Ohio Jan. 31, 1839 — now in the livery busint^ss at Fort Madison ; William H. 11., born in Ohio May 4, 1841 — he enlisted in the U)th L v. I., Co. E, Capt. Adams, August, 1862 ; served through the war, participating in various battles and skir- mishes with the regiment, and was nuis- tered out in 18(.i5, at Davenport, Iowa ; jiow in the mercantile business at Clarke Co., Mo, ; James 1\. was born in liCe Co. in December, 1848, now a farmer in Clarke Co., Mo. ; Josiah C, born in liCe Co. Dee. 6, 184l?, also a t^irmer of Clarke Co.. Mo. ; Eliza J., the wife of Charles C. Brown, a farmer of Clarke ■(^0., Mo., was born in Lee Co. Feb. 28. 1S49; Arthur E.. born Au^-. 28. 1854. a tjirmer of Lee Co. ; Huston R., born Jan. 8, 1854 ; he is farming the home farm; Eva. born Nov. 5, 1858. the wife of Charles C. TuUis, a farmer of Lee Co. ; and Ella, born Oet. 21.1802, who still remains at home, comprising a family noted for their industry, honesty and respectability. Mr. and Mrs. McCabe have both been members of the M. E. Church for many years; he has held various ollices in the Church (Pitt- man Chapels ; he has also held various township offices. In the accumulation of property, 3Ir. McCabe has been very successful ; and what he possesses, has earned by good business tnet and man- agement. ^leCardel, J as., far. ; P. O. West Point. McDonald. J. L., teamster. West Point. ^lcDom\ell, N. C, saloon. West Point. McKabbin. A. P., poultry-dealer. West Point. ^laiberger, tu\nge, far.. Sec. ll>; P. O. West Point. Marks, H., tar., S. 35 ; P. 0. Ft. Madison. ^lartin, Charles, merchant. West Point. Ill Fill L. JOHN, retired; residence Washington street; born in Bavaiia, Gxn-many, in 1813; at the ag-e of IG was apprenticed to learn the shoe- maker's trade ; served two yeai-s, then worked at journey work until 22 years of age, then left his mother, brothers and sisters, and en\igrated to this coun- try, stopping in New York for one year, thence to Marietta. Ohio, where he married Miss Mary Beshtold Nov. 21, 1838; she was born in Germany in I81i^ emigrated to this country in 1837 ; they remained in Marietta until the summer of 183l>. when he came to Lee Co.. and to West Point, where he continued his business, the manufacturt> ot' haiul made boots and shoes, employ- ing a force of seven and eight men, until 18li8. when he retired. Owns his residence here, valued at S2.000, also a farm in Pleasant Ixidge Tp. of 200 aeres, valued at $40 per acre. They have two children — John, musician and dealer in pianos and org-ans in Mt. Pleasant ; Catharine, wife of Philip Entler, dealer in hardware at West Point. jNlr. and Mrs. -Mehl are mem-- bers oi' the Lutheran Church, and their children of the Presbvterian Church. WEST POINT TOWNSHIP 8()1 Menke, Diet, far., Sec. 5 ; W (). West l*oint. Mcrschmau, F., far., 8cc. If); 1'. O. West Point. Meyers, Jacob, far., Sec. 4 ; V. O. West Point. Meyertholoii, Henry, far.. Sec. 4; P.O. West Point. Mitchell, J. C, bricklayer, West Point. Mittendorf, Theodore, far., Sec. (5 ; P. 0. West Point. Mullor, Joseph, far.. Sec. 6 ; P. 0. West Point. NACKF., CONRAD, tailor. West Point. Nacke, J. F., tailor. West Point. Nacke, William, clerk, West Point. Neiwa, H., far., Sec. 8; P. O. West Point. Nelson, J. H., carpenter, West Point. Neurey, Herman, laborer, West Point. OiNSTOTT, GEO 11(1 E, far., Sec. Ui; P. O. Fort Madison. Onstott, John, far., Sec. 12; P. 0. West Point. Otta, Greorge, laborer, West Point. Otta, John", tailor. West Point. Otta, Theodore, laborer, West Point, PAHLENKF.MPEU, G., dealer in prodnce, West Pt)int. Parker, D. B., shoemaker, West Point. Peebler, J. !">., painter. West Point. Petess, Jacob, hotel, West Point. Pickering, Henry, jeweler, West Point. Pieper, Theodore, carpenter, West Point. Pie{>er, Harnien, Sec. 9 ; P. 0. West Point. Pittman, C. W., physician, West Point. Pitman, Greene, mail-carrier, West Foint, Pitman, L. G., far., Sec. 11 ; P, 0. West Point, PITTMAN, I.YI>lA,far,, Sec. 11 ; P. 0. West P(»iiit;she was born in Lanrel Co., near London, Ky., 18li4, daughter of William G. and I'atsy C. P., nee Pittman (her mother and father were cousins) ; when 1 year of age, her parents moved to Bureau Co., near Pekin, 111., thence, a few months after, to this county, and settled where she now resides, and owns 211 acres, valued at $40 per acre. In 1842, the family, consisted of father, mother and three children ; in March the mother died, and the year following, her brother, Am- brose, died; May 24; 1854, her sister Mary died, leaving Lydia J. to be the staft" and support of her father s declin- ing years ; she was faithful to the trust until* his death June 20, 1878; he was born in Woodford Co., Ky., ITiK") ; a pioneer of this ctmnty ; he cast his bal- lot with the first cast in the county, with the Whig party ; when that was no more, he joined the Kei)ublicans. Al- though he nev(>r united formally with any church, he attended the dilVerent churches, and gave liberally for the sup- port of the ministry. The golden rule was exemplified in him in every trans- action of bis life with his fellow-nnMi, no matter how trivial. 1MTMA]\, It. W.,far., Sec. 2, West Point Tp.; F. 0. West Foint ; was born in. Laurel Co., Ky., April 27, 1827, and came to Lee Co. with his parents wIumi in the 9th year of his age. 'IMie l*it- man family came the entire distance from l\(>ntueky by ox-team, and crossed the Mississippi Kiver, opposite the pres- ent site of the Feiiitentiary, on the 20th day of April, 18:55. and went directly to the neighborhood where they have ever since resided. When the Pitmans set- tled t)n their claim, they were on the ex- treme borders of civilization, and be- yond them westward there were no set- tlers ; for many years, there were no schools, except subscription schools. The elder Pitman was poor and had a large fiinily to support, and, as soon as the boys were large lujough, they were put to work to help improve the claim and help maintain tlie family. The sub- ject of this sketch, the fourth son of the family, and the first by his father's third wife, grew to manhood without the benefits of even a common-school school education. All his knowledge of books and men was gained by his own industry and studious habits ; tliere are but few men in Lee or any other county in Iowa who possesses a more diversified fund of useful information than K. W. Pitman ; as a writer and speaker, he far excels most men of better advan- tages. In February, 1849, when in the 22d year of his age, he married Miss Belinda C, the youngest daughter of Simeon W. and Sarah Cooley, pioneers in Athens Co.. Ohio, who removed from the Buckeye State to JjCc County in 1843, After his marriage, Mr. Pit- 862 DIRECTORY OF LEE COUNTY man settled down to the life of a farmer on the, old homestead, where he still re- sides ; his wife, Belinda* died Dec. 31, 1849, leaving an infant son, Lewis Cooley, named after his two grand- fathers ; this son lived about nine months, and then followed his mother. June 10, 1850, Mr. Pitman married his present wife, Amanda Cooley. a sis- ter of his first wife ; has had eight chil- dren. During the war, Mr. Pitman was Provost Marshal for Lee Co., a position for which he was peculiarly well fitted. A farmer by education, he has always taken an active part in the agricultural interests of the county, and to his energy and enterprise the people of Lee Co. owe the success and pros- perity of the Agricultural Society. In all public enterprises, he has always taken an active and guiding part. As a friend and neighbor, R. W. Pitman is a noble representative of the Kentucky type ; his latch-string always hangs out- side, and no one, no matter what their caste or color, ever went hungry or cold from his home ; he has always been known as the poor man's friend. Pittman, Wm. G-., druggist. West Point. PITTMAN, W. G., dealer in drugs and medicines, corner Monroe and Jef- ferson sts.; rosidence, Columbia, between Monroe and Race streets ; was born at West Point in 18-12 ; he received such an education as could be obtained at the District school of the day, and at the Denmark Academy for a time. In 1861, he enlisted in the 4th I. V. C, served one year, was discharged on account of disability, and engaged as sutler in the army for three years, until the close of the war. In 1865, he married Miss Harriet Root, daughter of Wareham and Charlotte M. Root ; she was born in Washington Co., N. Y., in 1840. He engaged in farming until 1869, after which he engaged in the mercantile business ; also held the post ofiice until 1873, at which time, his health failing, he returned to farming for a time, then re-engaged in busi- ness, this time addins; druo;s and medi- cines, which he has since continued ; he owns several residence-houses, the farm on which he was born, consisting of 140 acres, valixed at $40 per acre, and also several tracts of wild land and town lots in different parts of the State ; they have one child — Arlitta May, born in 1868. Republican; is a member of the M. E. Church, in which he has held various ofiices ; Mrs. Pittman is also a member of the same Church. He has held the office of Justice of the Peace; is now Mayor ; is Secretary of the Dis- trict Agricultural Society. Pitz, Barney, farmer, West Point. Pitz, Frank, teamster, West Point. Pogge, Harmen, far., Sec. 3 ; P. 0. West Point, Posgy, Frank, laborer, West Point. Poilpeter, Harmen, far., S. 21 ; P. 0. West Point. Poilpeter, Henry. Sec. 34 ; P. 0. West Point. Poilpeter, John, far., Sec. 2 ; P. 0. West Point. Publiska, Anton, broom-maker, West Point. Publiska, Frank, broom-maker. West Point. Publiska, John, broom-maker. West Point. RARE, ANDREW, tailor, West Point. Reisner, Fred, druggist. West Point. Rempe, Harmen, far., S. 14 ; P. 0. West Point. RICHARD, F., physician and sur- geon ; residence and office corner Mon- roe and Casey streets ; was born in Hanover, Germany, in 1824, and, at the age of 13, entered school at Osua- bruck, where he remained until 1840 ;. then engaged as clerk in the banking: business until he came to this country in 1849 ; stopped in Baltimore for a short time, thence to Philadelphia and euLtaged in the commission business until 1852 ; thence to Cincinnati, Ohio, where he engaged in the drug trade until his health failed ; he entered Miami College in 1866, for the study of medicine ; remained until 1868, then removed to Richmond, Ind., and com- menced practice, which he followed four years, and, in 1872, returned to Cincin- nati, practiced until 1876. and then came to Lee Co., West Point, and is now enjoying his share of the business in his profession here. During the year 1857, he married Miss Elizabeth Schwerman, daughter of B. Schwer- WEST POINT TOWNSHIP. 863 man, a weaver of woolen cloth in that county ; she emigrated to this country in 1854, and came to Cincinnati, where they were married ; they have one child — Elizabeth, born in 1859. Independ- ent; members of the Catholic Church. Kiley, W., far., S. 6 ; P. 0. West Point. RINISISR, JACOB, miller. Sec. 5 ; P. 0. West Point ; a son of Daniel Risser, who was born in Bavaria, Ger- many, Aug. 25, 1784, and May 26, 1811, married Elizabeth, daughter of Henry Smith ; she was born in Hesse- Darmstadt, Germany, Nov. 28, 1786 ; having jjassed her wedded life in the same house in which she was born, she died in 1824, leaving a family of one son and three daughters ; with them the father came to America, and died • at Cleveland, Ohio, in 1838 ; Mr. Ris- ser, the only son, was born Dec. 12, 1815; at the age of 16, was appren- ticed to a cabinet-maker ; served out his apprenticeship, and worked at jour work a few years; in 1841, he em- barked in business for himself in Cleve- land, Ohio, and on Dec. 8, 1842, he married Amelia M., daughter of John Miller, the account of whose murder appears in this volume ; she was born near the city of Newburg, on the Dan- ube, May 16, 1821, and with her par- ents emigrated to America when 21 years of age ; in the spring of 1845, they emigrated to Lee Co., and settled ■on a farm southwest of West Point ; in 1854, came to their present place of residence near West Point, where he owns his residence, ninety acres of land and one-half interest in a mill, all val- ued at $6,700. Have six children — Daniel F., born at Cleveland, Ohio, Nov. 8, 1843, now a teacher at Sum- merfield. 111. ; John, born Dec. 17, 1845, a farmer of Pleasant Ridge Tp. ; Jacob M., born Nov. 2, 1847, also a farmer of Pleasant Ridge Tp. ; Abra- ham, born Aug. 30, 1850, died Feb. 22, 1852 ; Mary A., born Dec. 7, 1853 ; Annie A., born March 22, 1858, died April 6, 1858. Rippen, Rioeger, stock-farmer. Sec. 5 ; P. 0. West Point. Rissinger, George, farmer. Sec. 26 ; P., 0. Fort Madison. Risser, Jacob, far., S. 5; P. 0. West Point. Robinson George, farmer, Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Fort Madison. Roots, P. P., teacher, West Point. Roth, Peter, cooper. West Point. Ruet^r, Joseph, far., Sec. 15 ; P. 0. West Point. Rump, John, miller. West Point. Ruofi', G., stone-cutter, West Point. S ALLEN, JOSEPH, farmer. Sec. 27 ; P. 0. West Point. SALMON, ANNIE M., MRN., retired ; was born in Saxony, City of Dresden, Oct. 5, 1828 ; the daughter of Benedict Salmon, dealer in boots and shoes, and, when 85^ years of age, with her parents, emigrated to this country ; they came to St. Louis, where her father engaged in the grocery and provision business until 1845, then retired, and acted as collector for his church. May 5, 1846, she married Adolphus Salmon, who was born of wealthy Hebrew parent- age, in Hamburg, Germany, in 1802 ; was highly educated in the language and music, but owing to commercial re- verses, came to this country with thi'ee of his brothers, landing at New Orleans in 1828; there he taught music, and was leader of the orchestra in a theatre of that city ; he continued there winters, passing the summer seasons North, for seven years; in 1837, he came to West Point, where he established himself in the grocery business, and afterward add- ed drugs. In 1840, he married Miss Mary Acorn, daughter of pioneers of Lee Co. ; she was born in Germany, in 1824, and died in 1845, leaving one child — Rosa, born March 23, 1842, now the wife of Dr. Molitor, a physician of Somonauk. In the fall of 1845, while on business in St. Louis, he became ac- quainted with the subject of this . sketch ; May 5, 1846, they were married, and the 13th of the same month they came to West Point. In 1847, he erected a flouring-mill at West Point, considered at that time the best mill in the State ; in 1850, he was elected to the State Legislature ; Mr. Hempstead was Governor at the time ; also served as Mayor of West Point, and held the post oflSce from 1846 to 1850; Feb. 9, 1864, after a long and painful illness, he died, leaving a family of six children ; the eldest, Theresa J., was 864 DIRECTORY OF LEE COUNTY born Ji'ne 3, 1847, now the wife of Melvin Smith, a physician of Coneville, Iowa; married Mov. 14, 1867; Gusta- vus A., born Dec. 11, 1848, a resident of Columbus Junction, dealer in drugs and medicines; Edward J., born March 18, 1852, a resident of Troy Mills, Linn Co., Iowa, a dealer in drugs — also prac- ticing law ; -vras admitted to the bar in 1877 ; Albert A., born Feb. 3, 1854, a resident of Colorado ; Theodore M., born Dec. 2, 1857, a resident of Musca- tine, Iowa, teacher of music, and an ex- cellent pianist ; Adolphus H., born June 8, 1860, who remains at home at pres- ent, engaged in teaching. Mrs. Salmon connected herself with the German Lutheran Church, in St. Louis, at the age of 13; and with the Presbyterian Church at this place, at the age of 31 ; Mr. Salmon was a member of the Presbyterian Church, and was made President and Trustee of the Building Committee during the erection of their fine church, erected 1 862. Soon after their marriage, the parents of Mrs. S. came to live with them, and remained until her mother died, in 1857; her father, Oct. 2, 1862. Sandbote, H., farmer. Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Fort Madison. SCOTT, ROWLAND THOS., farmer, Sec. 2; P. 0. West Point; was born in Marion Tp., Lee Co., June, 1 839, where his father, James S., settled in 1836, from Illinois. Dec. 25, 1861, he married Miss Nettie Koberts, who was born at Monroe, Mich., in 1842 ; daughter of Hiram M. Roberts, former- ly a member of the Michigan Confer- ence, until his health failed, in 1853, when he removed to Iowa, where he was connected with the Iowa Wesleyan University, and later, witht he institution at West Point. Although past the age for military duty,when the war began he volunteered in the 6th Iowa Inf , and served as private and corporal for sever- al months, when he was discharged ; again entered the service in 37th Iowa Inf, known as the Gray-Beard Resri- ment ; in this he served as 1st Sergeant, until colored troops were organized in Missouri, when he was commissioned 2d Lieutenant in the 3d Mo. Colored Vol., afterward known as the 67th U. S. C. I. ; his regiment was sent to Port Hud- son, La., and soon after its organization, the duties being very severe, many of the officers and men sickened and died ; Lieut. Roberts was ever ready for his turn of duty, and did his full share of the hardest work ; besides the duties re- quired, he personally instructed his men in reading and writing, and often assist- ed the Chaplain in his duties; he con- tinued his duties with his regiment un- til its consolidation with another regi- ment, when he was detailed as Superin- tendent of the Freedman's Schools, in which his zeal for the rights and interest for the freedman, made him a valuable worker ; he had just been returned to duty with his regiment, when he was attacked with congestive fever, and died May 22, 1866, at Baton Rouge, La., at the age of 57 ; was in the service about five years ; a good soldier, a patriotic, honest, active, Christian man. Soon aft- er their marriage, Mr, and Mrs. Scott removed to their present place of resi- dence, consisting of a farm of 120 acres, valued at $40 per acre ; they have five children — Freddie G., born Dec. 15, 1862 ; George H., born March 25, 1864; Ida E., born Dec. 20, 1866; Lulu May, born Oct. 20, 1869 ; Chas. Willis, born Jan. 25, 1872. Democrat. Members of Pittman Chapel, M. E. Has held various township and school oflices. Scovel, L. A., farmer. West Point. Scovel, Lewellen, former. West Point. SCOVEjL, R. a., dealer in stoves and tinware, Washington street ; resi- dence, Columbia street ; born in West Point, in 1851 ; after receiving an edu- cation such as could be obtained at the common schools of the day, at the age of 24, he entered his present business. May, 1878, he married Miss Lena Seim, daughter of Geo. Seim, a cabinet- maker of West Point ; she was born in West Point, in 1853. He is a Repub- lican ; has been City Recorder for three years. Mrs. Scovel is a member of the Presbyterian Church. Schetiier, Anton, farmer. Sec. 34 ; P. 0. Fort Madison. Schier, Lorenz, farmer. Sec. 34 ; P. 0. Fort Madison. Schierbrock, Christ, carpenter, West Point. WEST POINT TOWNSHIP. 865 Schierbrock, Herm., carpenter,West Point. Schierbrock, Wm., carpenter, West Point. S-hmidt, Henry, far., S. 20 ; P.O. Frank- lin. Schmitt, Christian, laborer, West Point. Schmitt, Jacob H., wagon-maker, West Point. y Schmitt, Peter, blacksmith. West Point. Schoene, Phillip, far.. Sec. 29; P. 0. Franklin. Schroeder, H., far., Sec. 15; P. 0. West Point. Schulte, E., far., S. 4 ; P. O. West Point. Schuck, John P., hotel. West Point. Schulte, Joseph, far., S. 5 ; P. 0. West Point. Schwartz, Jacob, far., Sec. 7 ; P. 0. West Point. Sein, George, furniture. West Point. Sela, E. Q., harness-maker. West Point. Sheu, Alex., stone-cutter. West Point. Short, Christ, far., Sec. 30 ; P. 0. Frank- lin. SMITH, JOSEPH, farmer, Sec. 16; P. 0. West Point; son of Xavier and Kate Smith, natives of Colman, France, who, in 1846, emigrated to Texas ; thence to New Orleans, and, in 1848, to Lee Co., settling in West Point Tp., where he engaged in farm- ing, devoting a portion of his time to the carpenter's trade, which he had previously learned; he died in 1871, leaving a widow and five children — three sons and two daughters ; Joseph, the subject of this sketch, was the sec- ond son and third born ; he was born in Castro ville, Texas, April, 1846 ; at 2 years of age, was brought to this county ; after receiving the advantages of a common-school education, at the age of 20, he learned the cooper's trade, which he followed for nine years, with the exception of which, he has been en- gaged in cultivating and improving his farm, consisting of 105 acres of land, valued at $25 per acre. Democratic in politics ; members of the Catholic Church. Ke has held various town- ship and school offices, and now holds the office of Assessor, and is President of the School Board. Snadt, Garrett, far., Sec. 4 ; P. 0. West Point. Snively, A. C, far., Sec. 34 ; P. 0. Fort Madison. Snively, Henry, far.. Sec. 33 ; P. 0. Fort Madison. Snyder, John, laborer. West Point. Snyder, Nicholas, laborer. West Point. Spicer, W. A., laborer, West Point. Stanffer, Christ, far., Sec. 26 ; P. 0. West Point. Stegman, Conrad, far., Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Fort Madison. STEGMAN, COONROD, far., Sec. 24 ; P. 0. Fort Madison ; born in Sax- ony, Germany, Jan. 24, 1826 ; Hved there until 19 years of age, and with his parents emigrated to Texas, where they remained but a short time, thence to St. Louis, where they passed the winter of 1846 and 1847 ; thence to St. Charles Co., Mo., where his father engaged in farming, and he, returning to the Mississippi River, engaged in steamboating, which he continued until April, 1857, when he married Maggie, daughter of John Gayer, of this county ; she was born in Wittenberg, Germany, Sept. 21, 1839, and with her parents emigrated to America in 1855, first set- tling in Niagara Co., N. Y., and, in 1856, in Lee Co. In 1853, he purchased a farm of forty -five acres in Washington, Tp., which he retained until 1857, then sold and bought eighty acres where he now resides, valued at |20 per acre. They have seven children — Martha A., born April 19, 1858 (the wife of George Davis, of this county) ; Annie M., Feb. 4, 1860 ; Mary C, Jan. 26, 1862 ; Charles R., Feb. 8, 1866 ; Katie, Jan. 11, 1868; Adam B., April 29, 1869, and Minnie A., March 30, 1873. In- dependent in politics ; members of the Lutheran Church. Stephenson, J. D., far.. Sec. 12; P.O. Denmark. Stevens, Asa M., laborer, West Point. Stevens, Thomas H., laborer, West Point. Stevenson, S. E., far.. Sec. 12 ; P. 0. West Point. STE VEXSOlf, J. I>.,far., Sec. 12; P. 0. Fort Madison; born in Meigs Co., Ohio, July 11, 1825. In the fall of 1840, he came with his parents, Dr. J. P. and Eliza S., nee Thomas, to Lee Co. ;,they settled west of Denmark, on the farm now owned by Mr. Vantyle. He attended school until 19 or 20 years of age, then learned the carpenter's 806 IHRKOrOHY OF l.KK COUNTY until Jan. 1, 1S78, when he received the appointment of Postmaster, and took the position ; bought a stock of gro- ceries, and has since been engaged in bis present business ; thoy have one child — k>st two ; Harry D.. born June 9. IStUi ; Edgar W..' born Aug. 19. lSl?S. and died Aug. 7. ISTl ; Julian S.. born April 2o. 1871. and died June 2(5, 1873. 3Iembers of the Baptist Church ; Clerk of same and Super- intendent ot Sabbath school. Srothuian. Casper, far.. Sec. 9; F. 0. West Point. Stuckoy. John, waiiou-maker. West Point. trade, which he has followed at times since. Sept. 24, 1846, he married Miss C. A. -Rice ; her fi\ther. Col. Jonas Kice. in 1839, came to Lee Co.. from Worcester Co., Mass. ; died March 30, 18G3 ; she was born in Worcester Co., 3Iass., Aug. 30. 1829 : the spring tbl- lowing their marriage, they removed to their present residence, where he now owns 200 acres oi' land, valued at S40 per acre. They had thirteen children — Amanda M. born Auii'. 24. 1847. died Oct. 14, 1803; J. E.. Feb. 1. 1849. who taught in Penniark Academy for three yeai-s, now of Bethany College. West Virginia; Eliza J., Jan. 18. 1851 I Stuckey, Joseph, tar.; P. 0. West Point, (^now the wife of Charles H. Umphrey, j Stuckey, Noah, tai.. Sec. 29; P.O. Frank- it farmer of Bellville. AV. Va. ) ; Julia A., j lin Centre. Aov. 4, 1852 (^now the wife of James i n^HOX, JOHN, butcher. West Point. Alter, a farmer, Henry Co.") ; Clara D., ' JL Feb. 11, 1855. died Nov. 20. 1857 ; John i Torley, William, merchant. West Point. D., Jr., May 2.3, 1857; Lewis E.. July ! Tolle." J^vseph. far.. Sec. 17; P. 0. We^t 1, 1859; Sherman, Nov. 25, ISOT; i Point. Clara E.. Nov. 21. 1804; Ada B., Oct. Tuddiughotl". Wm.. tar.. Sec, 0; P. 0. 27. 1800; Nellie J., Feb. 1. 1870, and West Point. Sumner S., June 19. 1870. Mr. and Tullis C. .S: W., fars.. Sec. 10; P. 0. West Mrs. Stevenson have been meinbei-s of i Point. the Christian Church, he since 18 and I ^TANOEHHAR, BARNEY, laborer she since 14 years of age, in which they i V West Point, have been joined by all their eldest, j Vanderhar. Garet, blacksmith, West Point, children. Mr. S. was first chosen Pea- rVanhyming, Geo., tiir., Sec. 11; P. O. con, but is now Elder of the church at I West Point. Lost Creek ; he is also leader of the choir ; has held various school offices. Stoddard. Anthony, far.. Sec. 34; P. 0. West Point. Yanhyming. H., far.. Sec. 10 ; P. 0. West Point. Vanhyming. V. R., far.. Siv. 11 ; P. tV West Point. Stoddard. E,. far.. Sec. 4: P. 0. West TT^ALKER. D. P.. stock-dealer. West Point. \\ Point. 8T01>1>AKI>. E. !>.. Postmaster Wallace. -Morris, tar. Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Fort and dealer in groceries, corner Monroe Madison. and .letterson sts. ; residence the same ; Wallyasper. H.. far.. Sec. 5; P. 0. West born in West Point April 14. 1842; ' Point. educated in the schools of West Point. Walgasper, John, laborer. \\ est Point. and three terms at Peniuark Academy. ' Walg.isper. Otto, retired. West Point. In 1801, he enlisted; his health not Walgasper. Stephen, carpenter. West Point. permitting him to remain with the army, WKKKK. H., of Weber ^^ Schulte. uianufacturei-s and dealers in harnes-*, saddlery, leather and shoe fiuding-s, wr. Washington and Madison sts., i-esi- dencc detlerson St. ; was born in Bava- ria, trermany in 1832 ; at the agv> ot' 17, was apprenticed to learn the trade of harness-making and earriagi^trini- ming ; was to serve the usual time of three years ; he bought the last six months of his time, and emigrated to was discharged. Then went to Beards- town, 111., where he engaged in the nursery business, and was made Deputy Po vost Marshal for the Ninth District and remained there two years. Married Miss Annie C. Sturdivant, daughter of C. C. Sturdivant, of Beardstown, 111. ; she was born at La (i range. III.. July lt>, 1843 ; they came immediately to Lee Co., where he euiiaiiod in farmiuii' DENMyMtK TOWNSlllT 867 this country; iit NiiWiirk, N. J., lio W()rlc(id lor ono year, thciKMi l,u lllirioi.s ; rt'iiiuiiu'd Cor (wo yourH, Mioiuu) to (jiiihiH- bur, wh(Mi he rticoived as a part- ner', Joseph Sehuhe, with whom ho has since boon associated. Tluiy have lour chihJren — Albert J., Princi|);d of the village school; Edwin, Oliver and Amanda. Democrat. Owns one-hall' interest in place of business, his resi- dence and other property, all valued at |4,(»00 to ,|r),()0(). Memb(^rs ol' the Mennonito Church. Weidel, J., far., S. li); V. O. KnuilJin. Werner; Wm., far., Sec. !) ; I'. O. West Point. Wheatly, 11. 8., miller, 'West I'oint. Whiehard, Theodore, shoemaker. West Point. Whitlock, CharUiS, carpenter, West Point. Whorton, Wm., far.,S. :52 ; P.O. Franklin. Wilson, Henry, harness-maker, West Point. Wilson, Ohas. K., teamster, W(!St Point.. WlliSOIV, JOSFiril, far.. Hoc. 11; P. O. h'ort Madison ; was l)orn in Lancashire, !i]nii;land, in IH2I, wluiro he was cared for by his parents until 1(1 years of uer acri;. 'I'lnry have liv(! ehildr(!n- — William, Margaret K., CIku-Ics li., Maria J., Joscspii S. Dciuiocral. Wilson, J. til., mail contractor, Wtist Point. Winn(!k(!, .loseph, far., Sec. !) ; P. O. W(!st Point. WoHe, 1). L., laborer, W(;st Point,. YO'ITKP, (IIIIMS'I'IAN, far., S.!.!. 10; P. O. West Point. Yottcr, .Jacob, briekmason, West i'oint. DENMARK TOWNSHIP. ALSAP, JOHN, ox- Pastor Methodist Church, D(!ninark. Antrobus, James 11., attorney at law, Den- mark. "DANE, P. h]., earpentior, Denmark. Barry, William, sluxjmaker, Denmark. Bonnet, John, far., Siic, 153; !*.(). Den- mark. Blackington, N., retired far., Denmark. Blackington, William N., mer., Denmark. Brackett, (I. IJ., nursc^ryman, Denmark. BltO€KWA V, IfiAKTJN, farm- er. Sec. 153; P. O. Denmark; son of Titus lirockway, who was born in Ohio, 18015, and married Nancy Wilson, who was born in Trumbull Co., Ohio, 1787. In 1 8/58, they were pioneers to Leo Co.. settling on Sec. !), in this township, where they remained until his death in I85;{, leaving a wife and elev(;n chil- dren. Martin, tin; young(!St, was born in 184!2j; (iducatcd at the common schools. On D(!c. llJ, LStiti, he uiarried Miss Sarah, datighter of James and Susannah McJ'jlhany, ncio Mc(jr(!gor, both of whom were born near I'itts- burgh, Penn.; afterward residents of Burlington, when; h(!r mother dicsd ; her father resided in thiscounty; died at Albia, Iowa, 18()r). vVflcr their marriage, they settled in Des Moines Co., Washington Tp.,wherethey remained until 187i{, when he purchased his pn!S(!nt property, con- sisting of 100 acr(!S of land, valued at $50 p(!r acre. They have two chil- dnm — Minni(! L., born January, 1871, and Charles, born Sept(!mber, 1870. llepubliean in politics. Mrs. Brockway is a member of the I'resbyt,erian Church 12 868 DIRECTORY OF LEE COUNTY in which her parents were members of long standing. Brockway, Wilder, far., Denmark. BROOI^N, OJLIVER, farmer, Sec. 33 ; P. 0. Denmark ; a grandson of Aaron Brooks, of Concord, Mass., and son of Stephen Brooks, who was born in Lincoln, Mass., March 22, 1759; there he married Rachel, daughter of Thadeus Taylor of New Ipswich, N. H.; she was born at Dunstable, Mass., Nov. 9, 1770 ; they were married at New Ipswich, N. H., in 1791 ; had seven sons and two daughters ; Oliver, the youngest but one, was born at New Ipswich, N. H., May 14, 1810; at- tended the common schools six weeks in winter and seven in summer ; at 1 8, worked in a cotton-factory in his native town ; afterward worked at Milford and Haskcel ; went thence to Lowell, Mass. June, 1835, he married Miss Eliza C, daughter of John Farrar, a descendant of Farrar, of Concord, Mass.; she was born at Concord, Mass., October, 1811 ; fall of 1838, they came to Lee Co., via rail from Boston to Sterling, thence across Long Island Sound, by rail and canal to Philadelphia and Pitts- burgh, where they waited two weeks for water ; thence by water to Cincinnati, Louisville and St. Louis ; at Hannibal, their journey by water ended, on ac- count of the ice ; employed teams to carry them to Palmyra, Mo., and from there to Denmark ; were eight weeks on the road ; arrived on Thursday, and by ■Saturday had purchased a claim of 1,600 acres, and the same fall entered eighty where he now resides, and owns 285 acres, averaging in value with other lands of the neighborhood. Have had no children of their own, but have raised more than a dozen from infancy to boyhood and girlhood, and three or four to manhood and womanhood. Mr. Brooks and his wife are members of the Congregational Church at Denmark ; he is not one of the original members, but among the first to join the church after its organization ; has been Church Clerk since 1839, a Deacon from that time to 1877, and again elected Deacon in Jan- uary, 1-879, and Trustee and Treasurer of the Denmark Academy from its be- ginning until a few years since ; he has also been Clerk of the township for twenty years, and served one year as Township Assessor. Brown, Edward H., far., Sec. 32; P. 0. Denmark. Brown, William L., far., See. 20; P. O. Denmark. Bryant, W^alter, miller, South Augusta. CABTER, DANIEL S., for., See. 26 ; P. 0. Augusta. CASE, HOSEA S., faiiner. Sec. 30 ; P. 0. Denmark ; born in Ashtabula Co. March 16, 1816; in 1837, in his 21st year, came to Lee Co. ; on his ar- rival he had nothing but $5 and a good outfit of ague ; during his first winter here, he broke through the ice on Skunk River, and has never had the ague since ; for three years, he worked by the month whenever he could get employment, and then purchased eighty acres of land in the section where he now resides, and for three years "bached" it with Deacon Burton. Jan. 28, 1845, he married Mrs. Elizabeth, widow of Thomas Wilkie, of Utica, N. Y., and daughter of Lotan Briggs, an early settler of Lee Co.; she was born in Otsego Co., N. Y., in 1817, and died April 27, 1870 ; they had four children — Albert B., born Sept. 29, 1846 ; en- listed in the hundred-day service ; was killed by the cars at the city of Des Moines, April 1, 1869; Charles B., born June 3, 1848, a farmer in Mont- gomery Co., Iowa ; Arvilla E., born May 14, 1850, the wife of Alexander E. Staflbrd, a native of Ireland, now a resident of Nemaha Co., Kan. ; Lotan L. was born Dec. 6, 1852, who assists in the management of the farm. March 5, 1871, Mr. Case married Mary E., daughter of his first wife by her former husband, Thomas Wilkie ; she was born in the city of Utica,, N. Y., March 22, 1838. Since his first purchase of eighty acres, Mr. C. has made other purchases, until he now has 191 acres, valued at $45 per acre. His first wife was a member of the M. E. Church. Chickering, George, far., Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Denmark. COL.TON, GEO., farmer, Sec. 33 ; P. O. Denmark; son of Samuel H. Colton ; was born in Hartford, Conn. ; became a pioneer carpenter of Lee Co., DENMARK TOWNSHIP. 869 where he married Elmira Brockway, daughter of Titus Brockway, and born in Trumbull Co., Ohio ; they had six children — George, the eldest, born Dec. 2, 1840 ; educated at the common schools. May 16, 1867, he married Miss Sophia J., daughter of Thomas Rodgers, a native of Tennessee, who became a resident of Lee Co., Wash- higton Tp., in 1839 ; first settled in Washington Tp., Des Moines Co. ; re- mained until 187G, then removed to their present place of residence, near Denmark, where he owns twenty- four acres of land, valued at $2,500. They have two children — Carrie A., born July 27, 1876 ; George F.. born March 25, 1878. Republican. Mr. Colton has always taken a great interest in ed- ucational matters, and has held various school offices. Conaro, James, Sec. 34 ; P. 0. Denmark. Conrad, Edwin, clerk, Denmark. Cowdrey, J. E., Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Denmark. Curier, Thomas G., far.. Sec. 28 ; P. 0. Denmark. DAVIS, DAVID, retired farmer, Den- mark. Davis, Willis, physician, Denmark. Day, John, far., S. 20 ; P. 0. Denmark. Day, Kellogg, merchant, Denmark. Deeds, Ephreham, far.. Sec. 18 ; P. 0. Denmark. Delapp, Thomas, far., Sec. 26 ; P. 0. Au- gusta. TjSdMUND, ERICH, tailor, Denmark. Eggleston, Chauncey, far.. Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Denmark. Eggleston, Hezekiah, carpenter, Augusta. 1 Elder, William W., far.. Sec. 36 ; P. 0. Augusta. Epps, George L., merchant, Denmark. FARNSWORTH, LEVI, M. D., Au- gusta. Fayerweather, James, clerk, Denmark. FIEIiD, ISAAC, retired; residence East street, Denmark ; was born in Peterboro, Hillsboro Co., N. H., in 1 804 ; at the age of 2 1 , having received an academical education, taught school one winter, then went to Boston, where he entered the counting-room of a large lumber firm and remained until 1830. He married Miss Mary Green, born in Charlestown, Mass., Feb. 24, 1807 ; she lost her parents when a child, and was educated in Boston by Mr. Clapp ; they were married March 20, 1830. Soon after, he entered the hide and leather business, under the firm name of Field, Converse & Field, a brother of Mr. F. the third party ; this he continued until 1838, then removed to Iowa, purchased afarmnear Denmark, which he improved and cultivated for a few years ; then, with Fox & Epps, of Denmark, he engaged in pork-packing and shipping to his brother in Boston ; just before the war, he sold his farm. Republican ; Mr. and Mrs. F. have been members of the Congregational Church for many years ; he joined when a boy ; has held the office of Deacon in the Church here since its organization ; Mrs. F. was a member of the Old South Church in Boston. They were prominent in the Antislavery and temperance movements. He has held the office of Justice of the Peace for several years. Fisher, A. M., retired farmer, Denmark. Flint, Franklin, janitor Academy, Den- mark. Freeman, Green, carpenter, Denmark. Frye, B. J., far., S. 18; P. 0. Denmark. r^ REENE, JOSEPH, far., S. 7 ; P. \jr 0. Denmark. Gross, Chas., far., S. 22; P. 0. Denmark. Groth, Jos., far., S. 27 ; P. O. Denmark. HART, GEORGE, blacksmith, Den- mark. Hayes, Aug., far., S. 16 ; P. 0. Denmark, mark. Hiser, Andy, wagon-maker, Denmark. Holland, Ambrozene. physician, Denmark. Holland, James C, physician, Denmark. Hornby, Jas., far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Denmark. HORNBY, WM. 1.., farmer, S. 27 ; P. 0. Denmark ; his father, John Horn- by, was born in London, England, in 1787, and having lost his father when a child, his mother placed him on board an outward-bound vessel, and he was left by the captain at a foreign port, and when 9 years of age, was taken from the wharf at Havre, France, by the captain of an American vessel, with whom he remained for several years ; he followed the sea until 40 years of age, and became commander of a vessel. In the mean time he married, in Lincoln Co., Me.; had one child ; lost his wife 870 IMKKOTOKX iM-' 1 Kl" «>MNTV ton ohiKhvii— AVui. 1*. was bv^rn at lh\^ \\(on. Kiiivvln t\>M Mox in IS;?0, suwl. w hon 7 >oni^}« ot' »gv. Ms tat l»or loiuing' '!>!>' his svM»s (^so\no of \v1um\» h;ni i»(t!\ino*i to numhovul's »\st)Vlo> n^i^^hf oIwhvso 1\us jnv- tossion. loH tho si^{> ooast suul csuno to lioo (V,, sottloil wluMv WuK l«. tvnv »v- vvidi\s> {uul iNMntunoil nntil his vlouth, in IS»H» ; his wilo vliovl thivo y<\nrs at\or wnniuix to Iowa; in ISr^h \Vtn„ \\\ ovMupanv with a ht\>thvn\ joinod tho tido or omi^iiMtion to 0{ilitonvi,'>.>taki>»g tho ovovhuid »\mto ; t how ho ivnisnnod Two yo!n"s ; ivtnrnod nnil ^nirolnisod tho honvo tann. of L'U> noivs. vahiod at $10 |hm" aoiv, Tho loth of Ootobor. lS^^^ ho niarriovi Miss' Moivy >!. i^^aokott, dan^ij:h- tor v>r O.Ass unvl llotu-iotta M. 8aokot(, t»oo Uoaoli, who oanio tv> hoo IV., f\vn» Ohio. Mr UvMnhv onlisto^l in tho 1st 1, W r,, anvi sovvovl n»»til tho oloso of tho war ; pavtioipatovl at Prairio t^rovo, l.iulo Kook, anil, as oavah'v is nsnallv oinj>K\YOil, in skirnushinu; and raivlinij ; thoy havo had two ohiUiivu Clara K.. horn Jnlv iil. 1857, diod Aiig, 21, ISOh MavyU.. Wvn Nov. 'JU. 180'J. Mr. and Mi's. M. aw n»o«iho«"s of tho (.Vn^itvunt tonal OUuwh. llvniok. daooh. tar., 8, 2^ ; \\ 0, Aiv«ust«. llon;rhton, Aln\ot\. jviiut -r. Donmark, IIOl"NTI>:\. .IOII\. tannor and dairvn\an. Soo .vl ; W O, l^Mwnark ; born in l.yndohow. N. H . Hoo. lo, I S.:^ ; whon 1 yoa\^ ot' a^v. his naronts ron^ovod (v^ l.owoU, Ma.ss., whor»n>o was oduv'atod in »ho .sohools of tho oity. jmv paratory Tor coUouv ; bnt botoro gradvi atinjr. his lathor ivn\ovod to l.oo t\>. ; at tl>o roi^nost of tho oitiaotts, ho bogat* toaohi»»j>\ at»d ooudnnod wintors. and tannod dnrittji: svuu^uoi-s. In 1815'. ho tnarriod Mi-ss Maria 8tui>iX\^, daughtor of bsaao atul 8arah8turiivs. ttativtvs ot' Oon- nootiont, whv> joittod a oolv>ny iVv^nt that 8tato a( tJriHMuillo. Ohio; thow.showas born. April l!tK l8l*T ; sho oanvo to Ikv Oo, with hor bwthor. Albort ,\.. who w;»s tho ti>-st toaohor of l>o»»\nark .Voadotuy, now a ntissionary at (ho l.sland of Mi oi>nu\sia was ot»o oC tho ^hl^^» who ostablishod that nussion ; sov>n aOor thoiv uiarriasiw thoy .sotjlod on t\»o old hon\ostoad. whioh ho i\vnY »nvns, vHUVsist- ins."; ot' "JOO aoros. valnod at § 10 {>or aotv. Thoy huw sown oUildwn — Albert 8., born .Inly 0, 1851, who is |nvpavinj* \ov tho ministry, ur^Hhiatod at tJrinnoU. b>W5», now attondit\g thooloi!,ioal so1uh>1 at ri»ioa>iO ; /orvia »1,, Innn 8opt. S. K^:>:5, wilb or Oharlos .\. 8win. a tarnior of lioo To.; Wartvtt II., born Nov. 2J\ 185-1, now at Oborlin (Vllogv; Laitra M., born N\a\ 1*T, 185t>, a grad- ual o K\\'' HiMunark ,\oadon»y. now a stio- ot\iJ; Asa T.. Aug. 18, K^t;8; John J.. May 2^, 18t>5 i^diod 8op(. -1, I8(>8\ Mr. and Mrs. Houston, with thoir ohildtvt*, ox- wpt tho youngivst. atv nuMtibors ot tho Totigivgational Chtiwh ; Mr. H. is Poaoon ol' tho .sanio. and has hold v.u'ious (ownship olVu^>s. IliH STO:V. SiMI l.l„ tarnur. 8ov'. o5 ; \\ lVMU\>ark ; born in Uills- how Co., N. U.. KS15 ; livod on a farm; in his 2l.st yoar oanto to tho thou Torri (ory of \Visov>«».sin dirivt to (ho .soot ion w how ho »unv i\\sid»\s ; biuight a olainv with son\o imptvvomonts; tho tolKnving y«xu\ his pawnts oatno and sottlod on ad |oit\ing |>n>porty ; with thotn ho u»ado liis hot»»o until 1818, thou ho ujarritnl Oatharii\o Uornbv. a sistor of \Vm, L. llv>rnhy. whv>.so biography appoavs oW whow; sinv'o ho has oontinuod to onlti- vato and invpnwo his t'.uin. v'onsisti»\g of 1(>5 aoiws vl. at\d Arthur 8„ Inmv Kohruary, 18(»T. Uo publioan, Mr. and Mi's. H. and two oldivst daughtors. aw inoinboi"S ol* tho (\>ngwg-!itional Oluuvli at Honinark, Ho W51S among tho original nuMnboi*s o( that olmwh; tho lamily aw vory atton tivo at roligivMis oxoroi.sv\s ; it h.ns b«vn said (hat t\n* ovov twontyyoars thoy had not missod a sinsjlo 8abbath ; tho tathor i^r Mr. H., Ira Houstv^n. 8r., was a na- tivo of HiUsboro (\\. N. H., bvn-n in I78t>; marriod Kli«aboth Kj^jvs, dangh tor of Jos. K.; sho 'was born in tho .sanuM'ountv, in 170- ; had two son,<» DKNMAIIK 'lOWNMIIII' 871 I'. (). I'. (), Den Di'iiiiiiuk . iiiid 1(1111 (lim}i;lil(irH ; nil iii(iim;irk. .liiiiMiH, l<](lwiii r.., (nr , See. |)<'rinuirl( , .h.liiiHdii, |(", IVI., fi,r., H(!('-. lilC; ^iihIii, Joy, NcJKiiniiili, liir.; Hue, lil ; riiiirk. .U>y, lU,yi\\, Ctir., Hon, :'A , CO .Joy, iJoyiil N,, (,(!ii(!lH)r, Ihwimiirk, .JiKil. I'rii^r, (■ur.,H<(!. 115; I'. (). AukuhI-u, KMI-liY, AMOX,, Oir., M.M!. 2Ci; I', <>. AufjruHlii. K(:iizi(!, .lackHori, Ciir,; I'. (). Aiij/khI.u. K(!ii(liill, J<,|jii, fur., H(!,.„ ui.'irk. Kr(rM(nirk liieiOIIKIIOI. r. «.', l.lackKmilJ,, DciiiKiirk , w.w. ixiin in Wdiil, roiril/rt>,, li(!(! Oo,, in lHr)l ; uUJm, „kH & Kndibir;!, niannfJicJun-TM of wa^oiiH and carriaf.^(!H, Main hIi-ca-I, Don- rnatk ; born in I{u(,l( r (Uj., May (;, IH.'W; «on of .i, (J, K,. wlio waH born in Now Bavaria, norniany, in .iannary, 1811; owii^^ralcd (,o Amciica and w;!,- tlod noar ('in<;inna(,i in I8.'5l, wluin! lir-. '•ri^'a^'-d in milling' for Tour ycarw ; llir;n(;(! rofurncd (o Ocrmany iUmiaincd (wo yf-ar.M and nj;irri(;d MiHH Anna Wolil;.'/:mn ; mturndd (o Oliio, and in IH.'iJi, in cfunpany willi IN.nry jind Miui'iin^l . (',, in (Jovdriirnonl/ r'mploy ; Ih-.v,. I!>, 1807, lio rol.urniid Ut liCd'Oo, and jaindiaHcd nn inlen'Ml. in Imh picMenl. Imim- ifidHH, 'I'lid nani(!(! (/'d,; hIk! watt li()rn in (iermany in 18/J5, and came to \,<,i: (U,. in 1855; iliey havo nix eliildn^n lOdgar A,, l.drn Nov, 1!), 1808; Willie .1., Dm.. II, IH70; Mary K,, Keh. 17, 1872; Albert, 11., Nov. i;r», 187;'.; Krcdio A,, Ma,y 4, 1875; IJnda A., Marcli 18, 1877, ()wn« one ball' inffsrcHt, in nbop, bin reMidenrid, iind on*! four! b in(e,reM(, in l.be l)dubl, Denmark. liiMb;, Wal(,(!r (J,, livery, Denmark. Uekvyodd, T, I'„ Hw, ]u ■]'.(). Denmark, lidomiM, William K,, Tar,, Hi'.c. 27 ; 1*. (). Denmark, M<;Nlf;K()L, I'.AKNV, far,; 1'. (). Aur.Mir;(,;i. .Tl4ri\IOIIJ., lj:TIII':it l».,m,-.«dn, Denmark ; p.on (,/' I ;,h I ,Me.\., wbd WUH born near VVbil.ing, V(,., al'lcrward wcul to Lilebfield, ('f»nn,, and (bere mjirrierl MixH Mary I'eek, wlio wan born in liil.oh- lield,(,V>nn., I7;;7 ; baveHeven ebildren — five, of wlidin 0!ii(,b(;r I',, wm born J8;{8 in Homcrxot (Jo,, (Jhio, wlion? liiH pan-Mn 872 DIRECTORY OV LKE COUNTY uu)vod iVtun \'onuont, and his i'mhcr died in 1S:U). In 184(), with the ro- mixindor of hov I'mnily, tho niothor ctuno to Loo Co., and sottlod in Washington Tp. [n 18151, ho onlistod in tho '7th [. V. I., Co. D, Capt. J. P. Harper; served through the war ; in tho batllos of Bohnont, IMo., Kort llonry. Fort Don- elson. Pittsbnrg Landiiig, Corinth, Miss., and in skirmishing to Atlanta, Ca., liovojoy Station, then with 81ior- nian on his nioinorablo niareli to tho soa ; mustorod out at Louisville, Ky., 18(55, having seen just tour years of aetual service. On his return home, he worked at the trade of mason, serving an ap- prenticeship of one season. In 18(58, he married Miss Uebecea Newby, daughter of Isom and Catharine Newby, nee lloskins, early settlers of Leo Co., from Ohio; she was born in Leo Co. in 1848, and died March 8, 187 1, leaving two children— Clara M, born 8ept. 1(5, 18t;!); Nettie M., May Ii», 187;i. llo- publiean; Mrs. McN, was a member of the ('hristian (^hurcli. Mack, Ceorge, laborer, Denmark. Maneely, Jose{>h W., carpenter, Augusta. Martin! Henry, far., See. 21 ; V O. Henmark. Miller, P. (I., far., Sec. 2l' ; P. 0. mark. Morteshang, Michael, far.. Sec. 2(1 ; Auiiusta. OUTON, KM AS, far.. Sec. :5,V. Hen mark. OKT4r\. IV-il.lflKK, far.. See. 2(5; r. O. Ocnmark ; a siui of Fjlias Orton, who was born in Massaehusetts, l7!Ui, and in Colbrook, Mass., married Klecta Chapman, also a native of Massachu- setts, born in 175H). They had seven children ; four sons and one daughter lived to maturity ; moved to Livingston Co., N. Y., where the subject of this sketch was born Fob. 15,1821; lived there until l> years of ago, when the family ren)oved to Jacksonville, III., and in 18-H>, to Wapello (\)., Iowa; settled on Des Moines l\iver, two miles from Ottumwa ; remained a \o\y numths, and in 1844 removed to this county, and set- tled on what is known as the V. M. John- son farm in Uenmark Tp. In 1851, the father went to California, and remained two years; on the return trip, died on Den- P. 0. P. O. board a vessel near (.'hagres, Central America, in tho 5(ith year of liis age. At the time ho lelV for California, the farm was sold and tho family dispersed. Palmer worked for John 0. Smith, re- mained for two years, then purchased ninety-one acres of the land be now oo- cujues. 3larch, 1851, he married Miss Elizabeth M. Kneel. Her father, David Kneel, was a pioneer of Lee Co. from St. Louis in 18:5(i, a !\ative of Massachu- setts, born 17!Ui; married Silence Iveed, who was Inn-n near New Haven, Conn., 179;>. He afterward settled in Ohio, came thence to Missouri and engaged in merchandising, thence to Illinois, but that country prtn'ing too unhealthy, they removed to tlie Parish St. Landra, La. ; there ]>h-s. Orton was born ]May 1, 1832. On coming to Lee Co. in tho fall of 183(5, they passed tho first win- ter with the family of Curtis Shedd ; tho spring following, her father pur- ohased the claiuj, a part of which her- self and husband now occupy. Tho family consisted of four daughters, two are now living ; the father died Sept. 15, 1815, tho nunhcr IMay 27, 1851. After his uiarriage, Mr. Orton continued to improve his farm, until 1853, when, with bis wife and only child, a wagon and ox-team, in company with a few neighbors, took the overland route to Calitbrnia ; after a pivsperous journey of six n\onths. arrived at IMariposa Co., remained for two and a half years ; then returned by water. He now owns 15(5 acres of land, valued at $45 per acre. They have had seven children, live still living — Ksther S.. born June 8, 1853, in IMariposa Co., Cal. ; Lyman, Sept. 15, I8ti0; Kiank, Sept. UK 18ti3 ; jjcttie, Jan. 22, 18(5(1; Bertie, July 5, 18(»y. Democrat ; has lield the office of Cou- ' stable, and various school oflices. Orton, Thomas, Sec. (5, ]>enmai-k. ]_).\USH ALL, DAVID, far., Soc. 18; .1. P. O. Detunark. Paul, August, far., Sec. mark. Peterson, Peter, far.. See. mark. Platts, Alanson, far.. See, mark. QIHNTON, HARLAN H., far.. See. ii); P. O. Denmark. 21 ; P. 0. Den- 15; V. 0. l>on- 21 P. 0. Den- DKNMARK TOWNSHIP. 87a Quiiitou, llcrbort T., far., Hoc. HO ; P. O. 4|llil\TO]«, UOYAIi B., farmer, stock-i^rower and doaler, iSec. .'{() ; 1*. (). Deninailv ; t^rniulson of David, a soklior of th(i war of the Auuu-ioaii llevolu- tion, who was l)()rn at Wetliorsdold, N. H. ilo niarru^d Margaret Allison, of Walpole, N. II., who was of Scotch and Irish ancestry, and born on the tuuiie farm where her father was born ; her father, at the request of some of the Revolutionary soldiers, visited Bal- timore to secure their pensions, and died of small-pox while on that niissifm, leavinji; a wife (who lived to the rij)e old age of 87 years) and two childrerr — a son aged 5) years, and a daughter; the son, Samuel ( father of Royal R.), was born at Walpole, N. II., in ITSt; lit the age of H!, he left home and went to Roston, cMigaged as bar-tender, car- riage boy, stage-driver, etc., for five years, then returned to his native place and assumed the management of a mill which had come into the possession of his mother ; he subsecjuently returned to Rostt)n, and, with a man named Law- ton, engaged in the livery business; ill \H\'A, Lawton and Quinton emi- grated to Ashtabula Co., Ohio, built a cabin and commenced to keep " bach- elors' hall ;" in September of that year, Lawton was drafted into the army, and (juinton returned to" Roston, remained tliree years, dealing in horses, then went to Charleston, N. IL, where he soon after married Lucretia, daughter of llobert Henry, of Henry Rros., paper manufacturers of that city ; soon after his marriage, he returned to Ashtabula Co., Ohio, with his wife, and found his old partner occupying the old cabin ; Quin- ton built anotiier cabin and commenced improving liis land, which he occupied until IBuO, when he sold out, removed to Iowa and settled in Denmark, when; Mrs. Quinton died in 18()0, at the age of G4 years, and Mr. Quinton in ]8()(), at tlie age of 84 years and 1 month; they were born in one month and on the same day of the month, although ho was fourteen years older than his wife ; this aged couple had raised a fam- ily of six children — four sons and two daughters. The oldest, tlie subject of this sk(!teh, Royal R., was born at Oe- neva, Ashtabula Co., Ohio, in August, 181!); in February, 1815, he start«Ml for Iowa; he reached Denmark on the 4th of INLm^h, and worked in the Rlack Hawk Purchase as a common laborer ; at the (Uid of the first fivi; months, his former savings and earnings amounting to about !||!r)0(), which lie invested in land in Sec;. HG, Pleasant Ridge. On the 27t\\ of August, LS4(), he married Sarah R., daughter of John Hornby, whose biography appcnirs else- where ; she was born in Maine h'eb. 7, 1825. LniiKMliately after their mar- riage, they settle(l on the IMeasant Ridge laiui ; the following March, they removed to Dover, reniainetl tli(>re ono ■ year and sold out ; after several re- movals, including one year spent in Ohio, they setthnf on their present homestead of 1,1 1{() acjres near the village of Denmark, which he values at $50 per acre ; Mr. Quinton is an ex- tensive stock-raiser and dealer — bundles and feeds 8((veral hundred bead of hogs, cattle and horses annually. Tlu;y have six children — Herbert T.,b()rn in Dover in May, 1847, is married and lives on a farm near his parents; Harlan R., born in Franklin Tp. in May, 1850, is mar- ried and a, farmer lunvr Denmark ; Al- t'rc.d R., born in January, 1855, is a graduate of the Ann Arbor Law Col- lege, and practicing his profession at Topi^ka, Kan.; Frank C, born in Den- mark Aug. 22, 185(), remains at home; Kugene S., born in July, 1858, is fitting himself for the study of law; Nellie E., born Nov. (i, 18G:{. Mrs. Quinton is a member of the f/ongregational Church at Dcinmark ; Mr. Q. is a Re- publican of long standing, and has filliMl various township o^^lC(^s. RII>IM.]:, IIKF.XKZKK, far , p. O. and resi(letic(( Denmark ; bis grandfather Riddle was a native of Scot- land ; there married ; emigrattid to America, and was among the first set- tlers of Kentucky. He served in the war of the Revolution, for which service he was granted a large tract of land in Pendleton Va).. in that State; he carried a bullet in the back of bis neck (received during that war) until his death in 181(3, at the advance age of 104 year, and !> 874 DIRECTORY OF LEE COUNTY: weeks. Left four sons and two dauji;hters , of whom Robert was the eldest, born in Pennsylvania, raised in Kentucky, and married, near Nashville, Tenn., Miss Hettie Buckley ; died in Kentucky, leaving three children — Ebenezer, the eldest son and second child, was born near Nashville, Tenn., in 1810; moved to Pendleton Co., Ky., where his mother soon after died; his father again mar- ried ; in 1828, in company with three uncles, he came to Adams Co., near Quincy, 111., where he purchased and improved a farm of 100 acres. There he married Miss Jane Hillery, of Vir- ginia. In 1S35, Mr. and Mrs. Riddle became pioneers to Des Moines Co., where they erected a cabin about two miles from what is now the center of Burlington ; in 1839, his wife died, leaving two children — Robert, born near Quincy, ill., in October, 1833, an exten- sive farmer and stock-grower of Lee Co. ; William C, born in Des Moines Co. in 1838 ; died in August, 1845. In 1840, he married Susan, daughter of John Swank and widow of John M. Percell, who died in Indiana in 1833; she was born in Shelby Co., Ky., in November, 1803. They remained in Des Moines Co. until" March, 1876, when they came to their present farm, which originally belonged to Rev. Asa Turner, who received his patent from President John Tyler, and who deeded the same direct to Mr. Riddle, contain- ing 284 acres, now valued at $50 per acre. By his second marriage he has had two children — Ebenezer, Jr., born in 1841 ; he married Edith J., daughter of Pernell Veach, of Des 3Ioines Co. ; she was born in Union Tp., Des Moines Co., Dec. 1, 1845; they have six chil- dren. The second son, Flavcns J., born in October, 1843; died Dec. 3, 1845. Democrat. His lirst wife was a mem- ber of the Baptist Church, of which he was also a member during her lifetime. RIDDT^E, ROBERT T., farmer and stock-grower, Sec. 34 ; P. 0. Den- mark ; son of Ebenezor Riddle, whose biography appears elsewhere ; was born in Adams Co., 111., in 1833 ; when 18 months of age, was brought by his parents to Des Moines Co.; received a limited ed- ucation. At 23, married Ruth A., daugh- ter of Henry Walker, one of the first settlers of Des Moines Co., from Indi- ana ; she was born in Des Moines Co., Union Tp., in 1837, and married on the same farm on which she was born, and, with her husband, continued to re- side there until 18(59, then sold and purchased a form of 207 acres in Dan- ville Tp., where they remained until the 15th of January, 1878, when, still re- taining his Danville farm, he purchased the one he now occupies, consisting of 336 acres, valued at $40 per acre, the other valued at the same ; they have eight children — Geo. S., born the 1st of September, 1856, died Sept. 5, 1857; Tennis L., born the 12th of March, 1858 ; Marcus E., the 8th of Septem- ber, 1859; Flotilla V., the 16th of August, 1861 ; Douglas, the 23d of February, 1863 ; Effie A., the 25th of February, 1865; Clara J., the 30th of November, 1867 ; Flora May, the 24th of April, 1872. Democratic; members of the M. E. Church. SHARP, DARWIN, far., 8. 26 ; P. O. Augusta. Sharp, Simon, far., S. 23 ; P. 0. Augusta. Shedd, George, physician, Denmark. Sheppard, Joseph S., far.. Sec. 35 ; P. O. Augusta. Sheppard, Thomas, far.. Sec. 36 ; P. 0. Augusta. Sheppard, W. N., far., Sec. 36; P. O. Augusta. SIIITH, JOHN O., Postmaster, Denmark ; born in Asheville, N. C, in 1808, and, when 8 years of age, was taken by his parents to Jackson Co., Ala. ; when 21 years of age, removed to Hancock Co., 111. There, in 1833, he married Drusilla Wren, who was born in Jefferson Co., 111., in 1816, and daughter of Nicholas Wren, at that time a resident of Adams Co., 111. ; two years after their marriage, they were among the first settlers of Northern Lee Co., where he engaged in farming in this township until the fall of 1866, when he removed to Denmark, where he engaged in the boot and shoe busi- ness, which he continued until 1877, having at the same time held the post ofiice ; December, 1863, his wife died ; they have had ten children, five of whom are livintr. DENMARK TOWNSHIP. 875 Sniff, Ed., far., S. 29 ; P. O. Denmark. Speaks, Thomas, far., Sec. 36; P. 0. Augusta. Spencer, William P, far., S. 27; P. 0. Denmark. Stewart, E. F., far., S. 26; P. O. Augusta. STILES, HORACE, farmer. Sec. y>2 ; P. 0. Denmark ; born at Lyndeboro, HiUsboro Co., N. H., in 1816; at the age of 11, left an orphan, was given to a family by name Sargent, and by them taken to Steuben Co., N. Y.; re- maining with them eleven years ; then began life upon his own responsibility ; came to Lee Co., and in the spring of 1839, entered forty acres of land in Washington Tp., Sec. 2 ; this he im- proved, and retained until 1847, then sold and purchased 160 acres on Sec. 6 of the same township. March 26, 1850, he married Rachel, daughter of --^oel Vanhy ning, a pioneer of Lee Co. ; /she was born m Logan Co., Ohio, Nov. ^ 4, 1829, and died at York, Neb., April 14, 1873, leaving five children — Mary, born Aug. 6, 1851, the wife of Joseph Hunter, of York, Neb. ; Rodney, born Oct. 26, 1853, a farmer of Lee Co. ; Celia, bprn Sept. 20, 1855, the wife of Ray Hart, of this county ; Amelia, born March 12, I860; Martha, .born Sept. 21, 1871. In 1853, Mr. S. removed to Warren Co., Iowa, where he im- proved a farm, and remained until 1868, when he returned to his present place of residence, where he owns eighty acres of land, valued at $50 per acre. Nov. 14, 1877, he married Al- mira Kindall, daughter of Stephen Mandigo, of Canton, Iowa ; she was born in Jefferson Co., N. Y., and mar- ried Wm. Hunter, who died, leaving three children — Mary E.,Nov. 9, 1851, the wife of John James, of Burlington ; ' Stephen J., born Sept. 5, 1857 ; Sarah M., born Sept. 20, 1860 ; she afterward became the wife of James Kendall, who died, leaving no children. The first Mrs. Stiles was a member of the Bap- tist Church at Denmark. STEWART, THORNTOX, mill- wright. Sec. 26 ; P. 0. Denmark ; born Fauquier Co., Va., 1824 ; when 8 years of age, his parents removed to St. Louis, where, at an early age, he began work at his trade ; in 1844, he came to Iowa, his first work here was journey work, at Burlington. In 1853, he married Miss Eliza F. Carter, who was born in Hendricks Co., Ind. ; they were married in Des Moines Co. ; soon after removed to Fort Madison, where he built the Atlee Mills ; afterward built two mills for Cook, at Burlington, and one for Berry & Gillman of the same city, with several at Keokuk, and on Skunk River, also several in Minnesota ; in 1871, they removed to his present place of residence, where he owns eighty-two acres of land, valued at $40 per acre ; they have two children — Willie, born 1858 ; Carrie, born 1870. Democrat. Stohe, Joseph, far.. Sec. 18; P. 0. Augusta. SWAIV, J. C, was the son of Deacon Jonathan Swan, who was one of the first founders of the Baptist Church in this place ; Mr. Swan was about the only young man in the town belonging to a Baptist family, and says at the time that it did not add to his popularity ; he was urged, he says, by one of the prom- inent men of the Congregational Church, to join them, on the plea that it would be more pleasant for him ; he replied that he did not think himself a fit per- son to join a church, nor was the ithurch what it should be ; he was strongly urged, but steadfastly refused. Mr. S. was a member ot the Masonic Order, and he says that many were prejudiced against him on that account ; Mr. S. also had some trouble with school offi- cials on account of a serenade given a newly-married couple by some school boys ; the boys were to be expelled, and Mr. S. contended the Scho(jl Directors had no authority to expel them for such an act. On account of the attacks. Mr. S. published a pamphlet vindicating his course ; while the above unfortunate oc- currences have caused an unpleasant feel- ing to exist between Mr. S. and some of his neighbors, yet, Mr. Swan says he has acted from a sense of duty ; as this is a free country, and every man has a right to act as he sees fit, so long as he keep within the bounds of law and good morals. Swift, Chas. far.. Sec. 29; P. 0. Den- mark. Swift, E. Z., Pastor of Congregational Church, Denmark. 876 DIRECTORY OF LEE COUNTY: THOMPSON, MARTIN, lab., Au- gusta. T AYJLOK, T. S., farmer, Sec. 28 ; P. 0. Denmark ; born in Enosburg, Vt., in 1828 ; son of George and Relief Taylor (nee Nichols) ; the subjeet of this sketch, when 13 years of age, was left an orphan ; his parents died within six months of each other; in 1843, with the lamily of Curtis Shed, he came to Lee Co. In April,"^ 1852, married Miss Henrietta Brown, daughter of Joseph B., who came to Lee Co. in 1855 ; she was born in Groton, Mass., in 1827; in 3Iarch, 1854, he removed to his present place of residence, AYhere he owns 240 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre; in September, 1855, his wife died ; in October, 1857, he married his present wife. Miss Mary P. Brown, sis- ter of his first wife ; they have four children ; Marietta, born March 14, 1859; Glen A., born July 7, 1860; Edwin W., born Jan. 22, 18G6 ; Hattie R., born Feb. 27, 1873. Republican. Members of the Congregational Church ; his first wife was, also. TIBBETS, WASHINGTON, farmer. Sec. 33 ; P. 0. Denmark ; was born in Manchester Tp., Dearborn Co., Ind., Nov. 4, 1832 ; was raised a form- er ; at the age of 17, with his parents, David and Fanny Tibbets, emigrated to Lee Co., and settled on Sec. 16, Washington Tp., Jan. 5, 1854. Mar- ried Mary D., daughter of George and Sophia Kigler (nee Man), natives of Philadelphia, Penn., where she was born iSept. 8, 1830, and with her parents emigrated to Lee Co. in the fall of 1850; they settled in Fort Madison, where her mother died Feb. 28, 1853. Her father again married, and is now a resident of Appanoose Co., Iowa ; after their marriage, JMr. and Mrs. Tibbets settled in Washington Tp., where they remained until September, 1870, when they returned to his present place of residence, near Denmark, where he owns sixty-three acres of laud, valued at $60 per acre ; , they have two children — Fanny S., born Jan. 12, 1855 (now the wife of Quincy P. Manning, operator at Gleudale, Iowa") ; Alice L., born May 19, 1859. Independent in politics; has held various township and school oflices; Assessor this present year; a member of I. 0. 0. F., Rescue Lodge, No. 193, Denmark. Tivis, George, far.. S. 22 ; P. 0. Augusta. Tompkins, S. V., physician, Denmark. Trowbridge, John B., plasterer, Denmark. Trowbridge, Theron, plasterer, Denmark. Turck, Amasa, far., Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Den- mark . Turner, Clinton M., prop, cheese-factory, Denmark. Turner, Lewis Q., far,. Sec. 29; P. (). Denmark. TUTTI.Fi, A. M., retired; bom June 4, 1817, at Austinburg, Ohio, the residence of his parents and grand- parents on both sides, all of whom re- moved from Connecticut ; his grand- parents settled there in 1800, his fiither later. He received a good common school education, with four terms at Farmington Academy. In 1834. his father, with a family of eleven children vnow scattered from Ohio to Washing- tou Territory), removed to Nelson, Ohio; June 2, 1838, A. M., in company with B. B. Bosworth and David Groesbeck, his uncles, started for the Black Hawk Purchase, arriving at Fort Madison six weeks after ; Mr. Bosworth soon after died, and, after traveling that season, Mr. Tuttle returned to Ohio with 31 r. Bosworth's fomily. and remained there and in Virginia for two years, teach- ing, and then returned to Denmark, where he married JMiss Eliza J. Van- dike, December 19, 1841 ; he engaged in farming until 1857, since when he has resided in Deuniark ; Sept. 1 8, 1871, his wife died, having been a con- stant sufterer tor more than forty years ; was a membeb of long standing in the Congregational Church ; a woman of few words, but many good deeds ; she left three children — iMary J., born Jan. 30, 1845 (graduated at Denmark Acad- emy, now the wife of George Wright, a farmer, of Ellsworth Co., Kan.) ; Emma T., born January, 1850 (also educated at Denmark xVcademy, and, in 1868, engaged in the millinery business, which she has since continued ; the wife of x\. B. Houghton, a native of Toronto, Canada, of French ancestry, a skilllul portrait and landscape painter, a resident of Denmark) ; A. M., Jr., born in Ooto- GREKN BAY TOWNSHIP. 877 ber, 1855, a farmer, of Ellsworth Co., Kan. Mr. Tuttle is decidedly Repub- lican in politics ; the township of which he was a resident at the time of Andrew Jackson's election did not cast a vote for him ; for more than forty years, a member of the Congregational Church. UNDERWOOD, DAVID, far., Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Augusta. YANTUYL, HOWARD, far., Sec. 19; P. 0. Denmark. WATTS, JAMES, far.. Sec. 17 ; P. 0. Denmark. Watynauer, Edward, far., Sec. 35 ; P. 0. Augusta. Weaver, Arnsted, laborer, Denmark. WHITMARSH, CHAN. E., farmer, Sec. 28 ; P. 0. Denmark ; born in New Ipswich, N. H., in 1819, and when 18 years of age, with his father came to Denmark, Lee Co., where his father engaged in blacksmithing until his death a year after ; his interment was one of the first in the cemetery at Denmark ; Charles E. worked as a la- borer for several years. In 1845, married Miss Charlotte Fox, daughter of Timothy and Mary Fox, among the first settlers of Denmark ; she was born in Peterboro, N. H., in 1826; after his marriage, Mr. Whitmarsh took up his father's trade, which he followed for twelve years. August, 1862, enlisted in 1st I. V. C; served until close of the war, as company blacksmith. Has since been engaged in farming ; his farm con- sists of 200 acres of land, valued at $50 per acre. They have four children —Timothy T., born in 1846, who served over three years in Co. C, 1st Mo. Engineers; Edward, born in 1851 ; Eva A., in 1857; Mary T., in 1867. Republican ; Mr. and Mrs. W. and their daughter Eva are members of the Congregational Church. Whitmarsh, Edward, clerk, Denmark. Whitmarsh, Timothy T., tar.. Sec. 28 ; P. 0. Denmark. Wilder, Flavel, for., Sec. 84 ; P. O. Den- mark. WILSON, ELIZA H., daughter of Ira and Elizabeth Huston ; born in Lyndeboro, N. H., April 2L 1811 ; re- ceived a liberal education; in 1887, with her parents came to Lee Co., where she taught the first school in the village of Denmark, also the first school in the district three miles southeast of Denmark. In 1840, she married Jasun Wilson ; he was born in Hartford, Vt., March 31, 1811 ; in early life, engaged in tanniner, purchased the grocery stock of W. R. Mooney ; moved to Sand Prairie ; in July, 1873. came to Belfast, thou being only a tlag station, obtained permission from the company to build his store near the railroad track, which serves as depot, store and post office since ; has secured sis lots and built his residence ; on his arrival here he procured the es- I tablishment of the post office and w:is appointed Pusttnastcr, was also ap- pointed station and express agent, which he still holds. His children are John A.. Mary K.. Florence E., Wilson and Eddie ; lost one son, Albert. Re- jniblican. Mathews. P. M.. far.. Sec. 2; P.O.Warren. MIl.liAKD. JAMES F., farmer and stock-raiser. Sec. 1 ; P. O.SVarren; makes a specialty of short-horn stock ; son of Eli and Pha>be A. ^^ Foster^ Millard ; was born April 25, 1847. in this county ; he is one of a tamily of six children, three now living; two sisters, Nellie P. and Emma R., the latter being- married to David McCulloch : parents emigrated from Hartford Co.. Conn., to Lee Co., Iowa, in the fall of 1838, and located upon the tarm now occupied by himself and mother, which contains 240 acres, valued at S40 per acre. His tather, Eli Millard, was among the early settlers of A'an Bureu Tp. ; a zealous worker in the Congregational Church, having served as Deacon the last ten years of his life ; he died JMarch 12, 1 864. James F. married Eliza Wesson, daughter of Jack and Rebecca Wesson, of Kei>kuk, April 10, 1878 ; she was born April 9, 1849, in this county, her father being a native of Virginia, and her mother of Pennsylvania. Member Congregational Church ; Republican. Moline. Gustaf 3Iorrisey, ^Michael, farmer. Sec. 24 ; P. 0. Warren. 3Iorrisey, Patrick, farmer. Sec. 24 ; P. O. Warren. Clover, John C, farmer : P. 0. Belfast. MuVphy. T. R., farmer; P. 0. Warren. O'CONNOR, DANIEL, ttirmer, Sec. 24 ; P. O, Warren. O'Niel, Jasper, far.. Sec. 29 : P. 0. Croton. 0"Niel. William. PALMER. SAMUEL, farmer. Sec. 12 ; P. 0. AVarren. Pai-sons, H. J., tar., S. 26; P. 0. Belfast. Phillips, Asa, far.. Sec. 17 ; P. 0. Croton. Piersou. Henry, Sr., far.. Sec. 33 ; P, 0. Croton. RASMUSSON, RASMUS, farmer, P. 0. Belfast. Read, Nelson, tlir.; P. 0. Croton. Reidy, John, tar., Sec. 24; P. 0. Warren. Reiter. L. F., f\vr., S. 15 ; P. 0. Warren. VAN ItUKKN TOWNSmi'. 887 lu'.itz, llnnry, liir.; V. (). Orotdii. iJitchic, James, Sr., fur., Hec. "M ; T. (). VViirren. i;iU"hi(^ Hobcrl, liir., 8. HC ; T. (). Hclfiist. Kouere, I). M. Knl.o, .Idlin (i., Car., 8. ::! I ; P.O. Warren. Kuble, 'rii(i(i(l(irc, ILslu'rinan, Ooton. C1AN1)EH8, WlJJilAM, lar., 8oo. 25; to P.O. Ikllkst. 8a!tsj4}ivor, 8ainucl, nienjhant, Crotctn. 8t-(itt, John. 8ct)i, Jacob, fur.; I*. 0. Croton. 8li('i,c,r(l. William, 8r., far., Sec. 2(i ; P. O. Wjirn;!!. 8ini(ins, Henry, far., 8ec. 14 ; V. 0. VVarri'ii. SMITII, JO^»l<]PII, far., 8ec. I; P. O. Warren; owtih I4() acres of land, valued at $?>{) per acre ; he was born Dec. 14, 181(i, in Bavaria, (Jerniatiy. In 1834, euii2 ; I*. O. (Jr(»ton. Starr, .lohn B., far.. Sec. ;>;5 ; P. O. (Jroton. Surena, Philiji, far.. Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Croton. Sw(!aringen, ., far.; P. O. P'arm- ington. TAYLOR, FRANKLIN. far., Sec. 27 ; P. O. Croton. Taylor, Marion, far. ; P. O. (Proton. Thorp, Joshua J., far.; P. 0. (Jroton. HN B., far.. Sec. y TNDI^MIWOOD, JOI U 21 ; p. 0. Croton. WALLINdFORD, JOHN, far. Sec. 15; P. (). Warren. Warner, Jacob, Sr., far., Sec. 19; P.O. Croton. Wat(!rnian, John, far.. Sec. 28; P. O. (Jroton. Watts, l^]lihu, far.; P. O. Croton. Watts, John, far.. Sec. IJ;} ; P. 0. Croton. Wendt, Henry, far.. Sec. 10; P. 0. Warren. With row, H. R., fur., Sec. 28; P. O Croton. E R R ATU m. Valencourt '' Vanorsdal," page 715, should he Van Ausdal. L5Je?9 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 016 086 622 6,