■^ o4 <=> O H ° K V \ V J.-' ' ^ CT O a' BIOGRAPHIES OF THE PRESENT SENATORS OF THE UNITED STATES. H* CHICAGO. Mize & Stearns Publishing Co. t892. Copyright Mize & Stearns Publishing Co., 1892. MIZE A STEABN8 PBEBS, CHICAGO. ^ 4 b \ PREFACE. There is no published work of which we have knowledge that contains a portrait and biography of each of the present senators of the United States, and no published work that contains a complete list of all the many senators who have served in the "second house" since the adoption of the constitution to the present time. In noting the doings of congress one has a desire to see the faces of the members and to know some- thing of their lives preceding their public careers. In this work is given a full-page portrait of each of the present senators of the United States, forming a pleasing picture gallery of distinguished Americans. Following each portrait is the biographical sketch of the senator, thus giving a ready reference for present needs — a book of to-day. Most of the biographical cyclopedias are in price beyond the reach of the masses, and there would seem to be a neccessity for a work of this kind — a work within the easy reach of most persons who are desirous of reading of the public men of the times. It has been said that biography is the anatomy of history, and it is certainly the most important of all studies, and of all the species of writing, the most worthy to be cultivated ; because it is more than the anatomy of history — it is history itself in a pleasing form and of a personal character to attract and inter- est both old and young. Moreover, biography should be written from an impartial standpoint. The partisan press too fre- quently prejudices the people for or against their public servants, which servants are not so good, nor yet so bad, as political writers too often represent them. It has been the object in this work to represent the individual achievements of the senators in their var- ious actions, both great and small, public and private, in such a manner as to give a true and impartial rep- resentation of their lives. Very truly yours, The Publishers. GENERAL INDEX. Page. Introductory 9 First Congress of Deputies 9 Second Congress of Deputies 9 Declaration of Independence 10 Confederation of States 10 Achievement of Independence 11 Limited Powers of Congress 12 Convention of Deputies 15 New Constitution Outlined 16 Debates on Proposed Constitution 18 The ThreeGreat Compromises 23 The Constitution Adopted 24 Ratification by States 24 First Proceedings Under New Constitution 25 Executive Administrations, 1789 to 1892, Including Cabinet Officers. 27 Washington — First Administration 28 Washington — Second Administration 28 Adams — Third Administration 28 Jefferson — Fourth Administration 29 Jefferson — Fifth Administration 29 Madison — Sixth Administration 29 Madison — Seventh Administration 30 Monroe — Eighth Administration 3° Monroe — Ninth Administration 30 Adams — Tenth Administration 3 r Jackson — Eleventh Administration 3 T Jackson — Twelfth Administration 3 1 Van Buren — Thirteenth Administration 3* Harrison and Tyler — Fourteenth Administration 32 Polk — Fifteenth Administration 33 Taylor and Fillmore — Sixteenth Administration 33 Pierce — Seventeenth Administration 34 Buchanan — Eighteenth Administration 34 Lincoln — Nineteenth Administration 35 GENERAL INDEX. Page. Lincoln and Johnson — Twentieth Administration 35 Grant — Twenty first Administration 36 Grant — Twenty-second Administration 36 Hayes — Twenty-third Administration 37 Garfield and Arthur — Twenty-fourth Administration 37 Cleveland — Twenty-fifth Administration 38 Harrison — Twenty-Sixth Administration 38 List of United States Senators from 1798 to 1892 . 39 to 65 Electoral Vote Under Apportionment Law of 1 890 ... 66 Vice-President and President of the Senate, Levi P. Morton 69 Biographies of Present United States Senators .... 73 Aldrich, N. W., Providence, R. 1 483 Allen, John B., Walla Walla, Wash 547 Allison, Wm. B., Dubuque, Iowa 197 Barbour, John S-, Alexander, Va 543 Bate, Wm. B., Nashville, Tenn 513 Berry, James H., Bentonville, Ark 81 Blackburn. Jos. C. S., Versailles, Ky 237 Blodgett, Rufus, Long Branch, N. J 379 Brice, Calvin S., Lima, Ohio 437 Butler, M. C, Edgefield, S. C 487 Call, Wilkinson, Jacksonville, Fla 135 Cameron, J. D., Harrisburg, Pa 471 Carey, Jos. M., Cheyenne, Wyo 593 Carlisle, John G., Covington, Ky 229 Casey, Lyman R., Jamestown, N. Dak 411 Chandler, Wm. E., Concord, N. H 361 Chilton, Horace, Tyler, Texas 523 Cockrell, Francis M., Warrensburg, Mo 323 Coke, Richard, Waco, Tex 517 Colquitt, Alfred H., Atlanta, Ga 149 Cullom, Shelby M., Springfield, 111 175 Daniel, John W., Lynchburg, Va 537 Davis, CushmanK., St. Paul, Minn 305 Dawes, Henry L., Pittsfield, Mass 281 Dixon, Nathan F., Westerly, R. 1 479 Dolph, Joseph N., Portland, Ore 443 Dubois, Fred T., Blackfoot, Idaho 159 Faulkner, Chas. J., Martinsburg, W. Va 557 Felton, Chas. N., San Francisco, Cal 95 Frye, Wm. P., Lewiston, Me 251 Gallinger, Jacob H., Concord, N. H 367 GENERAL INDEX. Page. George, James Z. , Carrollton, Miss 2x3 Gibson, Chas. H.,Easton, Md 271 Gibson, Randall Lee, New Orleans, La 241 Gordon, John B., Reynolds, Ga 143 Gorman, Arthur P., Laurel, Md 263 Gray, George, Wilmington, Del 131 Hale, Eugene, Ellsworth, Me 260 Hansbrough, Henry C, Devil's Lake, N. Dak 417 Harris, Isham G., Memphis, Tenn 507 Hawley, Jos. R., Hartford, Conn 109 Higgins, Anthony, Wilmington, Del 127 Hill, David B., Elmira, N. Y 383 Hiscock, Frank, Syracuse, N. Y 393 Hoar, Geo. F., Worcester, Mass 275 Irby, John L. M., Laurens, S. C 493 Jones, James K., Washington, Ark 85 Jones, John P., Gold Hill, Nev 357 Kenna, John E., Charleston, W. Va 563 Kyle, James H-, Aberdeen, S. Dak 499 McMillan, Ja»., Detroit, Mich 287 McPherson, John R., Belle Meade, N. J 37 1 Manderson, Chas. F., Omaha, Neb 337 Mitchell, John H., Portland, Ore 457 Morgan, John T., Selma, Ala 73 Morrill,, Justin S., Strafford, Vt 527 Paddock, A. S., Beatrice, Neb 343 Palmer, John M., Springfield, 111 163 Pasco, Samuel, Monticello, Fla 139 Peffer, Wm. A., Topeka, Kan 217 Perkins, Bishop W., Oswego, Kan 225 Pettigrew, R. F., Sioux Falls, S. Dak 5<>3 Piatt, O. H., Meriden, Conn "9 Power, Thos. C, Helena, Mont 333 Proctor, Redfield, Proctor, Vt 53 1 Pugh.Jas. L., Eufaula, Ala 77 Quay, M. S., Beaver, Pa 475 Ransom, Matt W., Weldon, N. C 407 Sanders, Wilbur F., Helena, Mont 3*7 Sawyer, Philetus, Oshkosh, Wis 577 Sherman, John, Mansfield, Ohio 4 2 3 Shoup, Geo. L., Salmon City, Idaho J 53 Squire, Watson C, Seattle, Wash 55* Stanford, Leland, San Francisco, Cal 89 Stewart, Wm. M., Carson City, Nev 349 GENERAL INDEX. Page. Stockbridge, Francis B., Kalamazoo, Mich 291 Teller, Henry M., Central City, Col 99 Turpie, David, Indianapolis, Ind 191 Vance, Zebulon B., Charlotte, N. C 401 Vest, Geo. G., Kansas City, Mo 317 Vilas, Wm. F., Madison, Wis 567 Voorhees, Daniel W., Terre Haute, Ind 183 Walthall, E. C, Grenada, Miss 309 Warren, Francis E. Cheyenne, Wyo 587 Washburn, Wm. D., Minneapolis, Minn 299 White, Edward D., New Orleans, La 247 Wilson, Jas. F., Fairfield, la 203 Wolcott, Edward O., Denver, Col 105 INTRODUCTORY. Before proceeding to give the biographical sketches of the " present senators of the United States," it may be well to narrate briefly the history of the formation of the government and the adoption of the constitu- tion. For, under the articles of confederation, under which the revolutionary war was fought, and under which the government existed for more than ten years, there was no second house, as the senate in the early days was called, and hence no senators until after the adoption of the constitution. It is not thought necessary in a work of this char- acter to rehearse the causes which led to the revolu- tionary war, nor to recount in detail the extended discussions which took place from the time the first congress of deputies from all the colonies met in New York on the first Tuesday of October, 1765, to the adoption of the constitution of the United States by the delegate convention of the confederation on the 17th of September, 1787. Suffice to say that the first semblance to a national congress met in 1765 to declare the rights and griev- ances of the colonies. Nine years later the next congress or convention met in Philadelphia for much the same purpose as the first ; and in May, 1775, con- gress again met with delegates from all the colonies, IO INTRODUCTORY. the war with Great Britain having actually begun. It was determined to organize an army ; and Washing- ton was appointed commander-in-chief of the Ameri- can forces, and other necessary preparations were made for resistance. The following year the Decla- ration of Independence was adopted. Congress soon perceived the necessity of some com- pact between the colonies, in order to give effect and permanence to the union, and to define more accu- rately the powers of the congress, but not until in November, 1777, was a plan agreed upon. This in- strument was called "Articles of confederation and perpetual union between the states," and the confed- eracy was to be styled " The United States of Amer- ica." Each state was to retain its sovereignty, free- dom, and independence, and every power and right not expressly delegated to congress. Congress was composed of delegates, not less than two nor more than seven, from each state, appointed annually by its legislature, which had power to recall any delegate at any time within the year, and send another in his stead. The delegates were maintained by their re- spective states. In determining questions in congress, each state had one vote ; and that vote was deter- mined by a majority of the delegates in that state. Congress was given the right to declare war and peace, to make requisitions of men and money, and to regulate the external affairs of the nation generally ; but any act of congress, making war, granting letters of marque and reprisal, coining money, emitting bills, INTRODUCTORY. I I borrowing or appropriating money, and for certain other similar purposes, was to have the assent of nine states. Other questions were to be decided by a majority of the states. Congress had authority to appoint a committee, denominated "a committee of the states," to consist of one delegate from each state ; which committee, or any nine of them, had authority to execute, in the recess of congress, such of the powers of that body as, by the consent of nine states, congress should think expedient to invest them with ; but no power was to be delegated to this committee, for which the voice of nine states in congress was requisite. Every state was to abide by the determi- nation of congress on all questions submitted to them by the confederation. The articles of the confedera- tion were to be observed by every state, and the union was to be perpetual ; and no alteration could be made in any of them, unless agreed to by congress, and afterwards confirmed by the legislature of every state. The power of regulating commerce with foreign na- tions had not been vested in congress. While numerous objections were raised to this plan, yet all the original states, except New Jersey, Del- aware and Maryland, instructed their delegates to ratify and sign the articles. Maryland was the last state that consented to the ratification, which was done March i, 1781, more than three years after the articles had been adopted by congress. Peace was declared in April, 1 783. The achievement of the independence of the United 1 2 INTRODUCTORY. States was not immediately followed by the advan- tages that had been expected. It soon became mani- fest that something more was essential to individual and national prosperity. The system of government which had been adopted during the war was found to be ill adapted to a state of peace. The principal de- fect of the confederation consisted in its weakness. It intrusted to congress the right to declare war ; but it did not confer upon that body the power to raise means of prosecuting war. It was capable of con- tracting debts, and of pledging the public faith for their payment ; but it had not the means of discharg- ing its obligations. Congress had no power to lay taxes and collect revenue for the public service. That power was reserved to the states. Hence the operations of the government depended upon the good will of thirteen distinct and very independent sovereigns. As a natural consequence, delays in col- lecting taxes were not infrequent. Collections were tardy even during the war, but after the return of peace, congress was unable to obtain from the states money sufficient to pay even the interest on the pub- lic debt ; and the affairs of the country were in a state of extreme embarassment. The federal treasury was empty ; the faith of the nation broken ; the public credit rapidly sinking, and the public burthens increasing. Congress recommended to the several states a " sub- stantive " funding measure, wherein the several states were to raise the funds, partly by duties on imports and partly by internal taxation, in proportion to pop- INTRODUCTORY. 1 3 ulation and for funding the whole debt of the United States ; but the plan did not meet the approval of all the states. That part of it which applied to the internal taxes having met with the greatest opposi- tion, congress requested authority "to carry into effect that part only which related to import duties." This proposition was not complied with, as it met the oppo- sition of New York, which state had already passed an act on the subject, but denied to the federal gov- ernment the power to collect duties. Another material defect of the confederation was the want of power to regulate foreign and domestic commerce. Indispensable to the accomplishment of this object, is the power to establish a uniform system of duties. Each state having reserved the right to regulate its own trade, imposed upon foreign produc- tions, as well as upon those from its sister states, such duties as its own exclusive interests seemed to dictate. Hence, a rate of duties which was favorable to the citizens of one state, was deemed by those of other states highly prejudicial to them. The jealousies, rivalries, and mutual resentments to which this system gave rise, caused apprehensions of serious collision between some of the states. Foreign nations took advantage of the discordant legislation of the states, and passed such laws as they judged most likely to destroy our commerce and to extend their own. Various endeavors were made by congress, through commissioners and ministers, to form commercial treaties with foreign powers, in the hope of obtaining 14 INTRODUCTORY. relief, but the attempts were unsuccessful. Relief was attempted in some states by the issue of paper money; in others, personal property at an appraised value, was made a legal tender in payment of debts. In some of the states the customs, taxes, and excises were so heavy that the people rebelled against the laws, and the condition of the country seemed to be approaching a crisis. On the 2 1 st of January, 1786, the legislature of Virginia adopted a resolution proposing a convention of commissioners from all the states, "to take into consideration the state of trade, and the expediency of a uniform system of commercial regulations for their common interest and permanent harmony." The commissioners met at Annapolis, in September, the place and time proposed. Virginia, Pennsylvania, Delaware, New Jersey, and New York were repre- sented. Delegates were appointed by New Hamp- shire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and North Caro- lina, but they did not attend. Deeming their powers too limited, and the number of states represented too small to effect the objects contemplated, the convention framed a report to be made to their respective states, and also to be laid before congress, advising the call- ing of a general convention of deputies from all the states, to meet in Philadelphia, on the second Monday in May, 1787, for a more extensive revision of thearti- cles of confederation. In February, 1787, congress passed a resolution concurring in the recommendation for a convention as proposed by the Annapolis meet- INTRODUCTORY. 1 5 ing. Delegates were appointed by all the states ex- cept Rhode Island. The day appointed for the assembling of the con- vention to revise the articles of confederation was the 14th of May, 1 787. Delegations from a majority of the states did not attend until the 25th, on which day the business of the convention commenced. The dele- gates from New Hampshire did not arrive until the 23d of July. Washington was elected president of the convention, and William Jackson was appointed secretary. The rules of proceeding adopted by the conven- tion, were chiefly the same as those of congress. A quorum was to consist of the deputies of at least seven states ; and all questions were to be decided by the greater number of those which were fully repre- sented, at least two delegates being necessary to con- stitute a full representation. The injunction of secrecy was placed upon their proceedings. The question was discussed at some length as to whether the confederation should be amended or a new government formed. It was decided in favor of the latter. In conformity with this decision, Edmund Randolph, of Virginia, offered fifteen resolutions, containing the outlines of a plan of government, for the considera- tion of the convention. These resolutions proposed, among other things — that the voice of each state in the national legislature, should be in proportion to its taxes, or to its free population; that the legislature 1 6 INTRODUCTORY. should consist of two branches, the members of the first to be elected by the people of the states, those of the second to be chosen by members of the first, out of a proper number of persons nominated by the state legislatures ; and the national legislature to be vested with all the powers of congress under the con- federation, with the additional power to legislate in all cases to which the separate states were incompe- tent ; to negative all state laws which should be re- pugnant to the articles of union, or to any treaty subsisting under them ; to call out the force of the union against any state refusing to fulfill its duty. The resolutions proposed that there should be a national executive to be chosen by the national legis- lature, and to be ineligible a second time. A national judiciary, the judges to hold their offices during good behavior, was also proposed. This was called the " Virginia plan," and its discussion drew party lines between the smaller and the larger states. The small states apprehending danger from the overwhelming power of a strong national govern- ment, as well as from the combined power of the large states represented in proportion to their wealth and population, were unwilling to be deprived of their equal vote in congress. The larger states — friends of the national plan — insisted upon a proportional rep- resentation. This opposition of sentiment divided the convention into parties. Mr. Randolph's plan was the subject of deliberation for about two weeks, when, having been modified in INTRODUCTORY. 1 7 committee, it was reported to the house with the fol- lowing provisions : A national legislature to consist of two branches, the first to be elected by the people for three years; the second to be chosen by the state legislatures for seven years; the legislature to possess the same powers as those first proposed. The executive was to consist of a single person to be chosen by the national legislature for seven years, and limited to a single term and to have a qualified veto ; all bills not approved by him, to be passed by a vote of three- fourths of both houses in order to become laws. A national judiciary to consist of a supreme court, the judges to be appointed by the second branch of the legislature for the term of good behavior, and of such inferior courts as congress might think proper to establish. This plan was objectionable to the states' right party, and Mr. Patterson submitted the "New Jersey plan," which proposed no alteration in the constitution of the legislature, but simply to give it the additional power, to raise a revenue by duties on foreign goods imported, and by stamp and postage taxes ; to regulate trade with foreign nations and among the states ; and, when requisitions made upon the states were not complied with, to collect them by its own authority. The plan proposed a federal executive, to consist of a number of persons selected by congress ; and a federal judi- ciary, the judges to be appointed by the executive, and to hold their offices during good behavior. I 8 INTRODUCTORY. The Virginia and New Jersey plans were referred to a new committee of the whole, and after much dis- cussion the New Jersey plan was rejected. The modified Virginia plan was then taken up and each proposition considered separately. The division of the national legislature into two branches, a house of representatives and a senate, was agreed to almost unanimously ; but the proposition to apportion the members to the states, according to population, was violently opposed. The small states insisted strenu- ously on retaining an equal vote in the legislature; but finally consented to a proportional representation in the house, on condition that they should have an equal vote in the senate. Accordingly, on the 29th of June, Mr. Ellsworth of Connecticut offered a motion "that in the second branch, each state shall have an equal vote," This motion gave rise to a protracted and vehement de- bate. It was supported by Ellsworth and Baldwin of Georgia, Bradford of Delaware, and others. It was urged on the ground of the necessity of a compro- mise between the friends of the confederation and those of the national government, and as a measure which would secure tranquility, and meet the objec- tions of the larger states. Equal representation in one branch would make the government partly fed- eral, and a proportional representation in the other, would make it partly national. Equality in the sec- ond branch would enable the small states to protect themselves against the combined power of the large INTRODUCTORY. 19 states. Fears were expressed that without this advan- tage to the small states, it would be in the power of a few laree states to control the rest. The small states it was said, must possess this power of self-defense, or be ruined. The representatives of Virginia, Pennsylva- nia, and Massachusetts objected to state equality, and uro-ed that it would enable one-fourth of the union to control three-fourths. Dr. Franklin said as it was not easy to see what the greater states could gain by swallowing up the smaller, he did not apprehend they would attempt it. In voting by states — the mode then existing — it was equally in the power of the smaller states to swallow up the greater. He thought the number of representatives ought to bear some proportion to the number of the represented On the 2nd of July the vote was taken on Mr. Ellsworth's motion, and lost — Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland voting in the affirmative; while Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Vir- ginia, North Carolina and South Carolina voted in the negative. Georgia divided, the New Hampshire delegates were not present, and Rhode Island had not appointed delegates. The excitement now became intense, and the conven- tion seemed to be on the point of dissolution. On motion of Mr. Sherman of Connecticut, a committee of conference, consisting of one member from each state, was appointed, and the convention adjourned for three days, and an opportunity to celebrate the anniversary of independence. 20 INTRODUCTORY. The report of this committee, which was made on the 5th of July, proposed that in the first branch of the legislature, each state should have one represen- tative for every forty thousand inhabitants — three- fifths of the slaves being counted — that each state not containing that number should be allowed one repre- sentative ; and that money bills should originate in this branch ; that in the second branch each state should have one vote. The states' rights party favored the report. The national party opposed it. In establishing a rule of future apportionment, great diversity of opinion was expressed. Although slav- ery then existed in all the states except Massachusetts, the great mass of the slave population was in the southern states. These states claimed a representa- tion according to numbers, bond and free, while the northern states were in favor of a representation ac- cording to the number of free persons only. This question was argued pro and con at great length, run- ning into the discussion of slavery. Finally the fol- lowing was agreed upon : That the term of service of members of the first branch was reduced to two years, and of those of the second branch to six years ; the representation in this body to consist of two members from each state, voting individually, as in the other branch, and not by states, as under the confederation. But the great question at issue was that of appor- tionment One faction demanded that the slaves. INTRODUCTORY. 2 1 or a certain proportion of them, should be counted ; while the other faction held that if the slaves were admitted as citizens, they should be admitted on an equality with citizens ; if they were admitted as prop- erty, then why should not other property be admitted into the computation in the matter of apportionment? A large number of the members of the convention, from both sections of the union, aware that neither extreme could be carried, favored the proposition to count the whole number of free citizens and three- fifths of the slaves. Subsequently a proposition was adoped for reckoning three-fifths of the slaves in esti- mating taxes, and making taxation the basis of rep- resentation. Several attempts were made to strike out the ineli- gibility of the executive a second time, and to change the term of office, and the mode of election, but, for the time, the Virginia provision was retained. The report of the committee of the whole, as out- lined in the foregoing, was accepted by the conven- tion, and, together with the New Jersey plan, and a third plan, drawn by Charles Pinckney of South Carolina, was referred to a committee of detail, consisting of Messrs. Rutledge, Randolph, Gorham, Ellsworth, and Wilson, who, after hearing all the debates on the various questions at issue, were ex- pected to report the constitution in proper form. To render the constitution acceptable to the south- ern states, which were the principal exporting states, the committee of detail inserted a clause, providing 2 2 INTRODUCTORY. that no duties should be laid on exports, or on slaves imported ; and another, that no navigation act might be passed, except by a two-thirds vote. By depriving congress of the power of giving any preference to American over foreign shipping, it was designed to se- cure cheap transportation to southern exports. As the shipping was principally owned in the eastern states, their delegates were equally anxious to pre- vent any restriction of the power of congress to pass navigation laws. All the states except North Caro- lina, South Carolina, and Georgia, had prohibited the importation of slaves; and North Carolina had pro- ceeded so far as to discourage the importation by heavy duties. The prohibition of duties on the impor- tation of slaves was demanded by the delegates from South Carolina and Georgia, who declared that, with- out a provision of this kind, the constitution would not receive the assent of these states. The sup- port which the proposed restriction received from other states, was given to it from a disposition to compromise, rather than from an approval of the measure itself. The proposition not only gave rise to a discussion of its own merits, but revived the opposition to the apportionment of representatives according to the three-fifths ratio, and called forth a heated argument on the question of slavery, and the importation of slaves. The committee retained the prohibition of duties on exports ; struck out the restriction on the enact- ment of navigation laws; and left the importation of INTRODUCTORY. 2T, slaves unrestricted until the year 1800, permitting congress, however, to impose a duty upon the impor- tation. A motion to extend the time from 1800 to 1808 was carried, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and New Hampshire voting with Georgia and South Car- olina. Owing to this fact, Mr. Pinckney made a strong speech against any restriction on the power of com- mercial regulation, other northern members joined with him, and the report was so adopted, against the votes of Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, and Georgia. Thus the third great compromise of the constitution was made, by conceding to the northern merchants the unrestricted power of congress to pass navigation laws, and to the Carolina rice planters, as an equivalent, twenty years' continuance of the African slave trade. The other two great compro- mises were the concessions to the smaller states of an equal representation with the larger in the senate, and, to the slaveholders, the counting of three-fifths of the slaves in determining the ratio of represen- tation. The question of the executive department was next taken up. The election of the executive was given to a college of electors, to be chosen in the states in such manner as the legislatures of the states should direct. The term of service was reduced from seven years to four years ; and the restriction of the office to a single term was removed. Numerous other amendments and additions were made in going through the draft. A substitution of a two-thirds 24 INTRODUCTORY. for the three-fourths majority — required to pass bills against the veto of the president, was adopted. The minimum ratio of representation was reduced from 40,000 to 30,000. The committee made its report, and finally, after nearly four months de- liberation, the constitution was accepted by the con- vention — a constitution that was changed but little within the next sixty years. The whole number of delegates who attended the convention, was fifty-five, of whom thirty-nine signed the constitution. Of the remaining sixteen, some had left the convention before its close ; others refused to give it their sanction. Several of the absentees were known to be in favor of the constitution. The new constitution bears date September 17, 1787. It was immediately transmitted to congress, with a recommendation to that body to submit it to state conventions for ratification, which was accord- ingly done. It was adopted by Delaware, December 7; by Pennsylvania, December 12; by New Jersey, December 18; by Georgia, January 2, 1788; by Con- necticut, January 9 ; by Massachusetts, February 7 ; by Maryland, April 28 ; by South Carolina, May 23 ; by Hew Hampshire, June 21; which being the ninth ratifying state, gave effect to the constitution. Vir- ginia ratified June 27; New York, July 26; and North Carolina, conditionally, August 7. Rhode Island did not call a convention, but was received into the union in June, 1790, the same year North Carolina sent to congress the report of her ratification. INTRODUCTORY. 25 After congress had received the ratifications of the first nine states, they were referred to a committee, who, on the 14th of July, 1788, reported a resolution for carrying- the new government into operation. The first Wednesday of January, 1789, was appointed for choosing electors of president, and the first Wed- nesday of February for the electors to meet in their respective states to vote for president and vice- president, and the first Wednesday, the 4th of March, 1789, as the time, and New York as the place, to commence proceedings under the new constitution. Congress assembled as per appointment at New York on March 4, 1789; but a quorum of the house of representatives was not present until April 1st, nor of the senate until the 6th. On counting the elec- toral votes it appeared that George Washington was unanimously elected president, and that John Adams was, by the next highest number of votes, elected vice- president. On the 30th of April the oath of office was administered to the president ; and soon after, he delivered his inaugural address to the senate and house of representatives. Three auxiliary executive departments were estab- lished at this session: the department of foreign affairs — since called department of state — the depart- ment of the treasury, and the department of war. These or similar departments had for some time existed, but they were now re-organized, and adapted to the new crovernment. In organizing these departments, the question arose 26 EXECUTIVE ADMINISTRATIONS. whether the officers of these departments could be removed by the president alone, or whether the con- currence of the senate was necessary, as in their ap- pointment. It was argued that as the president and senate were associated in making appointments the fair inference was, that they must agree in removals, in which case a change of the chief magistrate would not occasion so vehement or general a revolution in the officers of the government, as might be expected if he were the sole disposer of officers. Those on the opposite side argued that the execu- tive power was by the constitution vested in the pres- ident, and the power of removal was in its nature completely executive. The president was required to see the laws faithfully excuted ; and how could he be answerable without the power of removing an officer whose co-operation was necessary to their execution. Besides an immediate removal might become necessary. The question was decided in favor of conferring on the president alone the power of removal. The offices of the three auxiliary executive depart- ments were filled by President Washington, by and with the consent of the senate, and the new govern- ment proceeded to business. In pages following will be found a list of all the presidents, vice-presidents, and cabinet officers, as well a list of United States senators, from the formation of the government to the present date. EXECUTIVE ADMINISTRATIONS. Following will be found a list of presidents, vice- presidents, and cabinet members, from the formation of the government under the constitution to the pres- ent time — 1892. The present departments of the executive adminis- tration were not all organized at the beginning, but were organized by acts of congress of the following dates: War, August 7, 1789. Treasury, September, 1789. State, September 15, 1789. Justice, September 24, 1789. Postoffice, temporary, September 22, 1789, and permanent May 8, 1794. Navy, April 30, 1798. Interior, March 3, 1849. Agricultural, 1881-89. The postmaster-general was not considered a cabi- net officer until invited by President Jackson to the cabinet meetings in 1829. Until that time this office was considered a subordinate of the treasury depart- ment. Those serving in that capacity before that time were Samuel Osgood, Massachusetts, September 26, 1789; Timothy Pickering, Pennsylvania, August 12, 1 791 ; Joseph Habersham, Georgia, Feburary 25, 1795; Gideon Granger, Connecticut, November 28, 1 80 1 ; Return J. Meigs, Ohio, March 17, 18 14; and John McLean of Ohio, June 26, 1823 — the dates being the dates of appointment. The dates in the list of cabinet officers in the following various administra- tions, are also dates of appointment. 28 EXECUTIVE ADMINISTRATIONS. FIRST ADMINISTRATION. President George Washington, Virginia, April 30, 1789. Vice-President John Adams, Massachusetts, April 30, 1789. Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, Virginia, September 16, 1789. "Treasury ...Alexander Hamilton New York, September 11, 1789 Secretary of War Henry Knox, Massachusetts, September 12, 1789. Attorney General. Edmund Randolph, Virginia, September 26, 1789. SECOND ADMINISTRATION. 11 President George Washington, Virginia, March 4, 1793 Vice-President John Adams, Massachusetts, March 4, 1793 Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, Virginia, March 4, 1793 " " Fdmund Randolph, Virginia, January 2, 1794 " ...Timothy Pickering, Massachusetts, December 10, 1795 Treasury Alexander Hamilton, New York, March 4, 1793 " " Oliver Wolcott, Connecticut, February 2, 1795 " War Henry Knox, Massachusetts, March 4, 1793 " " ' Timothy Pickering, Massachusetts, January 2, 1795 " " James McHenry, Maryland, January 27, 1796 Attorney General Edmund Randolph, Virginia, March 4, 1793 Wm. Bradford, Pennsylvania, January, 27, 1794 Chas. Lee, Virginia, December 10, 1795 11 11 11 •< THIRD ADMINISTRATION. President John Adams, Massachusetts, March 4, 1797 Vice-President Thomas Jefferson, Virginia, March 4, 1797 Secretary of State Timothy Pickering, Massachusetts, March 4, 1797 " " John Marshall, Virginia, May 13, 1800 Treasury Oliver Wolcott, Massachusetts, March 4, 1797 " " Samuel Dexter, Massachusetts, January 1, 1801 War James McHenry, Maryland, March 4, 1797 " " Samuel Dexter, Massachusetts, May 13, 1800 " " Roger Griswold, Connecticut, February 3, 1801 " Navy George Cabot, Massachusetts, May 3, 1798 " " Benj. Stoddert, Maryland, May 21, 1798 Attorney General Chas. Lee, Virginia, March 4, 1797 " Theodore Parsons, Massachusetts, February 20, 1801 EXECUTIVE ADMINISTRATIONS. 29 FOURTH ADMINISTRATION. President Thomas Jefferson, Virginia, March 4, 1801. Vice-President Aaron Burr, New York, March 4, 1801. Secretary of State James Madison, Virginia, March 5, 1801. " Treasury Albert Gallatin, Pennsylvania, May 14, 1801. iy ar Henry Dearborn, Massachusetts, March 5, 1801. 11 Navy Robert Smith, Maryland, July 15, 1801. Attorney General Levi Lincoln, Massachusetts, March 5, 1801. FIFTH ADMINISTRATION. President Thomas Jefferson, Virginia, March 4, 1805. Vice-President George Clinton, New York, March 4, 1805. Secretary 0/ State James Madison, Virginia, March 4, 1805. 11 Treasury Albert Gallatin, Pennsylvania, March 4, 1805. «< iVar Henry Dearborn, Massachusetts, March 4, 1805. " Navy Jacob Crowninshield, Massachusetts, March 3, 1805. Attorney General Robert Smith, Maryland, March 3, 1805. • « •< John Breckinridge, Kentucky, August 7, 1805. <« «« Caesar A. Rodney, Pennsylvania, January 20, 1807. SIXTH ADMINISTRATION. President James Madison, Virginia, March 4, 1809. Vice President George Clinton, New York, March 4, i8oj. Secretary of State Robert Smith, Maryland, March 6, 1809. .< << James Monroe, Virginia, April 2, 1811. " Treasury Albert Gallatin, Pennsylvania, March 4, 1809. <« Hf ar Wm. Eustis, Massachusetts, March 7, 1809. <« ii John Armstrong, New York, January 13, 1813. " Navy Paul Hamilton, South Carolina, March 7, 1809. <« " Wm. Jones, Pennsylvania, January 12, 1813. Attorney General Caesar A. Rodney, Pennsylvania, March 4, 1809. «« <« Wm. Pinkney, Maryland, December IX, 1811. 30 EXECUTIVE ADMINISTRATIONS. SEVENTH ADMINISTRATION. President James Madison, Virginia, March 4, 1813 Vice-President Elbridge Gerry, Massachusetts, March 4, 1813 Secretary of State James Monroe, Virginia, March 4, 1813 Treasury Albert Gallatin, Pennsylvania, March 4, 1813 " " Geo. W. Campbell, Tennessee, February 9, 1814 " " Alexander J. Dallas, Pennsylvania, October 6, 1814 " " Wm. H. Crawford, Georgia, October 22, 1816, '' War James Monroe, Virginia, September 27, 1814 " " Wm. H. Crawford, Georgia, August I, 1815 " Navy Wm. Jones, Pennsylvania, March 4, 1813 " B. W. Crowninshield, Massachusetts, December 19, 18 14 Attorney General Wm. Pinkney, Maryland, March 4, 1813 " " Richard Rush, Pennsylvania, February 10, 1814 EIGHTH ADMINISTRATION. President James Monroe, Virginia, March 4, 1817. Vice-President Daniel D. Tompkins, New York, March 4, 1817. Secretary of State Jjhn Quincy Adams, Massachusetts, March 5, 1817. " Treasury Wm. H. Crawford, Georgia, March 5, 1817. War Isaac Shelby, Kentucky, March 5, 1817. " Geo. Graham, Virginia, August 7, 1817. " " John C. Calhoun.South Carolina, October 8, 1817. Navy B. W. Crowninshield, Massachusetts, March 5, 1817. " Smith Thompson, New York, November 9, iti8. Attorney General Richard Rush, Pennsylvania, March 5, 1817. " " Wm. Wirt, Virginia, November 13, 1817. NINTH ADMINISTRATION. President James Monroe, Virginia, March 4, 1821. Vice President Daniel D. Tompkins, New York, March 4, 1821. Secretary of State John Quincy Adams, Massachusetts, March 5, 1821. Treasury Wm. H. Crawford, Georgia, March 5, 1821. War John C. Calhoun, South Carolina, March 5, 1821. Navy Smith Thompson, New York, March, .5, 1821. " ....Samuel L. Southard, New Jersey, September 16, 1823. Attorney General Wm. Wirt, Virginia, March 5, 1821. «< EXECUTIVE ADMINISTRATIONS. 3 I TENTH ADMINISTRATION. President John Quincy Adams, Massachusetts, March 4, 1825 Vice-President John C. Calhoun, South Carolina, March 4, 1825 Secretary of Stale Henry Clay, Kentucky, March 7, 1825 " Treasury Richard Rush, Pennsylvania, March 7, 1825 " War James Barbour, Virginia, March 7, 1825 " Peter B. Porter, New York, March 26, 1828 " Navy Samuel L- Southard, New Jersey, March 4, 1825 Attorney General Wm. Wirt, Virginia, March 4, 1825 ELEVETH ADMINISTRATION. President Andrew Jackson, Tennessee, March 4, 1829. Vice President John C. Calhoun, South Carolina, March 4, 1S29. Secretary of State Martin Van Buren, New York, March 6, 1S29. " " Edward Livingaton, Louisiana, May 24, 1831. " Treasury Samuel D. Ingham, Pennsylvania, March 6, 1S29. " " Louia McLane, Delaware, August 8, 1831. War John H. Eaton, Tennessee, May 9, 1S29. " " Lewie Cass, Ohio, August 1, 1831. .Mjz^v John Branch, North Carolina, March 9, 1829. " Levi Woodbury, New Hampshire, May 23, 1831. Postmaster General Wm. T. Barry, Kentucky, March 9, 1829. Attorney General John M. Berrien, Georgia, March 9, 1829. " Roger B. Taney, Maryland, July 20, 1831. TWELFTH ADMINISTRATION. President Andrew Jackson, Tennessee, March 4, 1833 Vice-President Martin Van Burem, New York, March 4, 1833 Secretary of State Louis McLane, Delaware, May 29, 1833 " John Forsyth, Georgia, June 27, 1834 Treasury Wm. J. Duane, Pennsylvania, May 29, 1833 " •' Roger B. Taney, Maryland, September 23, 1833 " " Levi Woodbury, New Hampshire, June 27, 1834 War LewiaCasa, Ohio, March 4, 1833 " Navy Levi Woodbury, New Hampshire, March 4, 1S33 " ..Mihlon Dickerson, New Jersey, June 30, 1834 Postmaster General Wm. T. Barry, Kentucky, March 4, 1833 " " Amoa Kendall, Kentucky, May i, 1835 Attorney General Roger B. Taney, Maryland, March 4, 1833 " " Benj. F. Butler, New York, November 15, 1S33 32 EXECUTIVE ADMINISTRATIONS. THIRTEENTH ADMINISTRATION. President Martin Van Buren, New York, March 4, 1837. Vice-President Richard M. Johnson, Kentucky, March 4, 1837. Secretary of State John For»yth, Georgia, March 4, 1837. Treasury Levi Woodbury, New Hampshire, March 4, 1837. War B«nj. F. Butler, New York, March 3, 1837. " Joel R. Poinsett, South Carolina, March 7, 1837. Navy Mahlon Dickerson, New Jersey, March 4, 1837. " James K. Paulding, New York, June 25, 1838. Postmaster General Amos Kendall, Kentucky, March 4, 1837. " John M. Niles, Connecticut, May 19, 1840. Attorney General. Benj. F. Butler, New York, March 4, 1837. Felix Grundy, Tennessee, July 5, 1838. ....Henry D. Gilpin, Pennsylvania, January, 11, 1840. << << << < < H II It EXECUTIVE ADMINISTRATIONS. 35 NINETEENTH ADMINISTRATION. President Abraham Lincoln, Illinois, March, 4, 1S61. Vice-President Hannibal Hamlin, Maine, March 4, 1S61. Secretary of State Wm. H. Seward, New York, March 5, 1861. " Treasury Salmon P. Chase, Ohio, March 5, 1S61. " Wm. Pitt Fessenden, Maine, July 1, 1864. " War. Simon Cameron, Pennsylvania, March 5, 1S61. " Edwin M. Stanton, Pennsylvania, January 15, 1862. Navy Gideon Welles, Connecticut, March 5, 1861. Interior Caleb B. Smith, Indiana, March 5, 1S61. " John P. Usher, Indiana, January 8, 1863. Postmaster General Montgomery Blair, Maryland, March 5, 1861. " Wm. Dennison, Ohio, September 24, 1864. Attorney General Edward Bates, Missouri, March 5, 1861. " T. J. Coffey, Pennsylvania, June 22, 1863. " James Speed, Kentucky, December 2, 1S64. TWENTIETH ADMINISTRATION. President Abraham Lincoln, Illinois, March 4, 1865. Vice-President Andrew Johnson, Tennessee, March 4, 1865. Secretary of State Wm. H. Seward, New York, March 4, 1865. " Treasury Hugh McCullough, Indiana, March 7, 1865. War Edwin M. Stanton, Pennsylvania, March 4, 1865. Navy Gideon Welles, Connecticut, March 4, 1865. Interior John P. Usher, Indiana, March 4, 1865. Postmaster General Wm. Dennison, Ohio, March 4, 1865. Attorney General James Speed, Kentucky, March 4, 1865. President Andrew Johnson, Tennessee, April 15, 1865. Secretary of Stale Wm. H. Seward, New York, April 15, 1865. " Treasury Hugh McCullough, Indiana, April 15, 1865. War Edwin M. Stanton, Pennsylvania, April 15, 1S65. (Stanton suspended August 12, 1867 ; re-instated January 14, 1868.) " War U. S. Grant, Illinois, August 12, 1867. " Edwin M. Stanton, Pennsylvania, January, 14, 1868. " Lorenzo Thomas, Delaware, February 21, 1868. " John M. Schofield, Illinois, May 28, 1868. Navy Gideon Welles, Connecticut, April 15, 1865. Interior John P. Usher, Indiana, April 15, 1865. James Harlan, Iowa, May 15, 1865. O H. Browning, Illinois, July 27, 1866. Postmaster General Wm. Dennison, Ohio, April 15, 1865. s 35i 8 3 6 ' Joseph Kent t 1833-1837, JohnS. Spencef 1837-1S40, William D. Merrick 183S-1S45, John Leeds Ker 1841-1843 James Alfred Pearce f 1843-1862 Reverdy Johnson || 1845-1849 David Stewart | 1849 1850. Thomas G. Pratt 1850-1857, Anthony Kennedy 1857-1863. Thomas H. Hicks t t 1863-1865. Reverdy Johnson || 1863-1S68. John A. J. Creswell 1865-1868. W. Pinckney White J 1868-1869. George Vickers 1868-1873, William T. Hamilton 1869-1875. George R. Dennis 1873-1879. 4 50 UNITED STATES SENATORS. W. Pinckney White 1875-1881. James B. Groome 1879-1885. Arthur P. Gorman 1881 Ephraim King Wilson f 1885-1891. Charles H. Gibson || 1891 MASSACHUSETTS. Tristram Dalton 1789-1791. Caleb Strong || 1789-1796. George Cabot || 1791-1796. Benjamin Goodhue || 1796-1800. *Theodore Sedgwick || 1796-1799. Jonathan Mason 1800-1803. Samuel Dexter || 1799-1800. Dwight Foster || 1800-1803. John Quincy Adams || 1803-1808. Timothy Pickering 1803-1811. James Lloyd, Jr. || 1808-1813. *Joseph B. Varnum 1811-1817. Christopher Gore || 1813-1816. Eli P. Ashmun || 1816-1818. Prentiss Mellen || 1818-1820. Harrison Gray Otis [| 1817-1822. Elijah H. Mills 1820-1827. James Lloyd || 1822-1826. Nathaniel Sillsbee 1826-1835. Daniel Webster || 1827-1841. John Davis \\ 1835-1840. Isaac C. Bales f 1841-1845. Rufus Choate 1841-1845. John Davis 1845-1853. Daniel Webster || 1845-1850. Robert C. Winthrop t 1850-1851. Robert Rantoul, Jr 1851-1851. Charles Sumner f 1851-1S74. Edward Everett || 1853-1854. Julius Rockwell f 1854-1855, Henry Wilson || 1855-1873. George S. Boutwell 1873- 1877. William B. Washburn 1874-1875. Henry L. Dawes 1875 George F. Hoar 1877 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 5 I MICHIGAN. Lucius Lyon i S37 i S40. John Norvell 1837-1S41. Augustus S. Porter 1840-1845. William Woodbridge 1841-1S47. Lewis Cass T845-1848. Thomas Fitzgerald 1S4S-1S49. *Lewis Cass 1S49-1S57. Alpheus Felch 1S47-1853. *Chas. E. Stewart 1853-1859. Zachariah Chandler 1S57-1875. Kingsley S. Bingham f 1859-1861. Jacob M. Howard 1S62-1871. Isaac P. Christiancy || 1S75-1879. *Thomas W. Ferry 1S71-1883. Zachariah Chandler f 1S79-1879. Henry P. Baldwin % 1879-1881. Omar D. Conger 1881-1887. Thomas W. Palmer 1S83-1889. Francis B. Stockbridge 1 887 James McMillan 1889 MINNESOTA. Henry M. Rice 1858-1863. James Shields 185S-1S59. Morton S. Wilkinson 1859-1865. Alexander Ramsey 1863-1875. DanielS. Norton f 1865-1870. William Windom % 1870-1871. Ozora P. Stearns 1871-1871. William Windom || 1871-1881. Samuel J. R. McMillan 1875-1887. Alonzo J. Edgerton % 1881-1881. William Windom 1881-1883. Dwight MaySabin 1883-1889. Cushman Kellogg Davis 1887 William D. Washburn 1889 52 UNITED STATES SENATORS. MISSISSIPPI. Walter Leake || 1817-1820. Thomas H. Williams 1817.1829. David Holmes || 1S20-1S25. Powhatan Ellis J 1825-1826. Thomas B. Reed f 1826-1829. Powhatan Ellis || 1829-1832. Robert H. Adams f 1S29-1S30. *George Poindexer J 1830-1836. John Black J || 1832-1838. Robert J. Walker || 1836-1845. James F. Trotter || 1838-183S. Thomas H. Williams t 1838-1839. John Henderson 1839-1845. Joseph W. Chalmers J 1S45-1847. Jesse Speight 1845-1847. Jefferson Davis || 1847-1S51. Henry S. Foote 1847-1852. John I. McRaeJ 1851-1852. Stephan Adams 1852-1857. Walter Brooke 1852-1S54. Albert G. Brown § 1854-1861. Jefferson Davis \ 1857-1861. 37th, 38th, 39th and 40th Congresses vacant. Adelbert Ames || 1870-1874. Hiram R. Revels 1870-1871. James Lusk Acorn 1871-1877. Henry R. Pease 1874-1875. Blanche K. Bruce 1875-1881. Lucius Q. C. Lamar || 1877-1885. James Z. George 1881 Edward C. Walthall J 1885 MISSOURI. David Barston 1821-1831. Thomas H. Benton 1821-1851. Alexander Buckner f 1831-1833. Lewis F. Linn % f 1833-1843. *David R. Atchison J 1843-1857. Henry S. Geyer. 1851-1857. James Stephens Green 1857-1861. Trusten Polk \ 1857 1862. UNITED STATES SENATORS. 53 John B. Henderson J 1S63-1S69. Waldo Porter Johnson \ 1861-1S62. Robert Wilson % 1S62-1863. B. Gratz Brown 1863-1867. Charles D. Drake [' 1S67-1870. Francis P. Blair, Jr. 1871-1873. CarlSchurz 1S69-1S75. Lewis V. Bogy 1S73-1S79. Francis M. Cockrell lS 75 George G. Vest ^79 MONTANA. William F. Sanders i s 9° Thomas C. Power l8 9° NEBRASKA. John M. Thayer 1867-1871. Thomas W. Tipton 1S67-1875. Phineai W. Hitchcock 1S71-1877. Algernons. Paddock 1875-1881. Alvin Saunders 1877-1883. Charles H. Van Wyck 1881-1S87. *Charles F. Manderson- l8 83 Algernon S. Paddock T 8S7 NEVADA. James W. Nye 1S65-1873. William M. Stewart 1865-1875. John P.Jones l8 73 William Sharon 1875-1881. James G. Fair 1881-1887. William M. Steward 1887 NEW HAMPSHIRE. *John Langdon 1789-1801. Paine Wingate 1789-1793- *Samuel Livermore [| 1793-1801. Simon Alcott 1S01-1805. James Sheafe || 1801-1802. 54 UNITED STATES SENATORS. William Plumer 1802-1807 Nicholas Gilman f 1805-1814. Nahum Parker || 1807-1810. Charles Cutts % 1810-1813. Jeremiah Mason || 1813-1817. Thomas W. Thompson 1S14-1819. Clement Storer 1817 1S19. David L. Morril 1819-1823. John F Parrott 1819-1825. Samuel Bell 1823-1835. L,evi Woodbury 1825-1831. Isaac Hill || 1831-1836. John Page 1836-1837. Henry Hubbard 1835-1841. Franklin Pierce || 1837-1842. Leonard Wilcox % 1842-1843. Levi Woodbury || 1841-1845. Charles G. Atherton 1843-1849. Benning W. Jenness % 1845-1846. Joseph Cilley 1846-1847. John P. Hale 1847-1853. Moses Norris, Jr. f 1849-1855. Charles G. Atherton f 1853-1S53. John S. Wells J 1855-1855. Jared W. Williams % 1853-1855. James Bell f 1855-1S57. John P. Hale 1855-1S65. *Daniel Clark || 1857-1866. George G. Fogg % 1866-1867. Aaron H. Cragin 1865-1877. James W. Patterson 1867-1873. Bainbridge Wadleigh 1873- 1S79. Edward H. Rollins 1877-1883. Charles H. Bell % 1879-1879. Henry W. Blair 1879-1891. Austin F. Pike f 1883-1886. Person C. Cheney \ 1886-1SS7. William E. Chandler 1887 Jacob H. Gallinger 1891 NEW JERSEY. Jonathan Elmer 1789-1791. William Patterson 1789- 1790. Philemon Dickinson I79 0_I 793* UNITED STATES SENATORS. 55 John Rutherford || 1791-1798. Frederick Frelinghuysen 1793-1796. Richard Stockton i?9 6l 799- Franklin Davenport i 179S-1798. James Schureman || 1799-1S01. Aaron Ogden 1S01-1S03. Jonathan Dayton 1 799" 1S05. John Condit 1803-1809. Aaron Kitchel || 1S05-1S09. John Lambert 1809-1S15. John Condit J 1809-1S17. James J. Wilson || 1815-1821. Mahlon Dickerson || 1S17-1829. Samuel L. Southard || 1821-1823. Joseph Mcllvaine f 1823-1S26. Ephraim Bateman || (Elected by his own vote) 1826 1829. Mahlon Dickerson 1S29-1833. Theodore Frelinghuysen 1829 1 835. *Samuel L. Southard || 1833-1842. Garret D. Wall 1835-1841. William L. Dayton % 1S42-1S51. Jacob W. Miller 1841-1853. Robert F. Stockton || 1851-1853. John R. Thompson t 1853-1S62. William Wright 1S53-1859. John C. Ten Eyck 1859-1866. Richard S. Field % [862-1863. John W. Wall 1S63-1863. William Wright f 1S63-1866. John P. Stockton (Seat declared vacant) 1S66-1866. Alexander G. Cattell 1866-1871. Frederick T. Frelinghuysen : 1866-1S69. John P. Stockton 1869-1875. Frederick T. Frelinghuysen 1871.1877. Theodore F. Randolph 1875-1881. John Roderick McPherson 1877 William J. Sewell 1881-1887. Rufus Blodgett 18S7 NEW YORK. Rufus King i| 1789-1796. Philip Schuyler 1 789-1791. Aaron Burr 1 791-1797. 56 UNITED STATES SENATORS. *John Lawrence || 1796-iSco. Philip Schuyler || 1797-1798. John Sloss Hobart || 1798-1798. William North J 1798 1799 John Armstrong || 1801-1802. James Watson 1799 1800. Gouveneur Morris 1800- 1804. DeWitt Clinton || 1802-1803. John Armstrong J 1803-1803. Theodore Bailey || 1803-1804. John Armstrong || 1804-1804. Samuel h. Mitchell 1804- 1809. John Smith 1 804-1813. Obadiah German 1809- 1815. Rufus King 1813-1825. Nathan Sanford 1815-1821. Martin Van Buren || 1821 1828. Nathan Sanford || 1826 1831. Charles E. Dudley 1829-1833. William L,. Marcy J 1831-1832. Silas Wright, Jr. || 1833-1844. Nathaniel P. Tallmage || 1833-1844. Daniel S. Dickinson % 1844-1851. Henry A. Foster % 1844-1845. John A. Dix 1845-1849. William H. Seward 1849- 1861. Hamilton Fish 1851-1857. Preston King 1857-1863. Ira Harris 1 861-1867. Edward D. Morgan 1863-1869. Reuben E. Fenton 1869- 1875. Roscoe Conklin || 1867-1881. Francis Kernan 1875-1881. Thomas C. Piatt || 1881-1881. Warner Miller 1881-1887. Elbridge C. Lapham 1881-1885. William M. Evarts 1885-1891. Frank Hiscock 1887 David B. Hill 1891 NORTH CAROLINA. Benjamin Hawkins 1789- 1795. Samuel Johnston 1 789-1 793. Alexander Martin 1 793-1799. UNITED STATES SENATORS. 57 Timothy Bloodworth 1795-1801. *Jesse Franklin i799" l8l 3- David Stone || 1801-1S07. James Turner || 1S05-1816. David Stone 1S13-1815. Francis Locke || 1815-1815. *Nathaniel Macon || 1S15-182S. Monfort Stokes 1S16-1823. John Branch || 1823-1S29. James Irdell 182S-1S31. Bedford Brown 1S29-1S40. William P. Mangum || 1831-1836. Robert Strange || 1S36-1S40. William A. Graham 1840-1843. 'William P. Mangum 1S40-1854. William H. Haywood || 1843-1846. George E. Badger 1846-1855. David S. Reid 1S54-1859. Asa Biggs || 1855-1858. Thomas L. Clingman lS 58 Thomas Bragg lS 59 37th, 38th, and 39th Congresses vacant. Joseph C. Abbott 1868-1872. John Pool 1868-1873. Augustus S. Merrimon lS 73" iy 79- Matt W. Ransom lS 72 Zebulon B. Vance l8 79 NORTH DAKOTA. Gilbert A. Pierce 1889-1891. Lyman R. Casey l88 9 Henry C. Hansbrough I 8 9 J OHIO. John Smith || 1803-180S. Thomas Worthington 1803-180S. Return Jonathan Meigs || 1 809-1810. Edward Tiffin || 1S08-1S09. Stanley Griswold J 1809-1810. Alexander Campbell 1810-1813. Thomas Worthington || 1811-1814. Joseph Kerr 1814-1815. 58 UNITED STATES SENATORS. Jeremiah Morrow 1813-1819. Benjamin Ruggles 1815-1S33. William A. Trimble f 1819-1821. Ethan Allen Brown 1822-1825. William Henry Harrison || 1825-1828. Jacob Burnet 1828-1831. Thomas Ewing 1831-1837. Thomas Morris 1833-1839 William Allen 1S37-1849. Benjamin Tappen 1839-1845. Thomas Corwin || 1845-1850. Thomas Ewing J 1850-1851. Salmon P. Chase 1849-1855. *Benjarnin F. Wade t 1851-1869. George E. Pugh 1855-1861. Salmon P. Chase || 1861-1861. John Sherman || 1861-1877. Stanley Matthews 1877-1879. *Allen G. Thurman 1869-18S1. George H. Pendleton 1879 1885. *John Sherman 1881 Henry B. Payne 1885-1891. Calvin S. Brice 1891 OREGON. Delazon Smith 1859-1860. Joseph Lane 1859-1861. Edward D. Baker f 1860-1861. Benjamin Stark J 1862-1862. Benjamin F. Harding 1862-1865. James W. Nesmith 1861-1867. George H. Williams 1865-1871. Henry W. Corbett 1867-1873. James K. Kelly 1871-1877. JohnH. Mitchell 1873-1879. Lafayette Grover 1877-1S83. James H. Slater 1879-1885. Joseph N. Dolph ^83 John H. Mitchell ^85 PENNSYLVANIA. William Maclay 1789-1791. Robert Morris 17S9-1795. UNITED STATES SENATORS. 59 Albert Gallatin (Election declared void) I79 1 *JamesRoss 1794-1S03. *William Bingham 1795-1801. Peter Mullenberg || 1S01-1801. George Logan 1801-1807. Samuel Maclay || 1803-1808. Michael Leib || 1S09-1S14. *Andrew Gregg 1S07-1S1 5. Jonathan Roberts 1S14-1821. Abner Lacock 1S13-1S19. Walter Lowrie 1819-1S25. William Findley 1821-1S27. William Marks 1S25-1S31. Isaac D. Barnard || 1827-1S31. George M. Dallas 18311833. William Wilkins || 1S31-1S34. James Buchanan || 1834-1S45. Samuel McKean 1S33-1839. Daniel Sturgeon 1839- 1S51. Simon Cameron 1 845-1 S49. James Cooper 1849-1S55. Richard Brodhead 185 1- 1857. William Bigler 1855-1861. Simon Cameron j 1S57-1861. David Wilmot 1861-1863. Edward Cowan 1 86 1 - 1 867. Charles R. Buckalew 1863-1869. Simon Cameron || 1S67-1877. John Scott 1S69-1875. William A. Wallace 1875-1881. James Donald Cameron 1 877 John I. Mitchell 1881-1887. Matthew S. Quay 1887 RHODE ISLAND. Theodore Foster 1789-1803 Joseph Stanton, Jr i79°- I 793 *William Bradford || I793-J797 Ray Greene || 1797-1801 Christopher Ellery 1S01-1805 Samuel J. Potter 1803-1804 Benjamin Rowland 1804-1809 James Fenner || 1805-1807 60 UNITED STATES SENATORS. Elisha Matthewson 1807-1811. Francis Malbone f 1809 1809. Christopher G. Champlin || 1810-1811. Jeremiah B. Howell 1811-1817. William Hunter 1811-1S21. James Burrill, Jr. f 1817-1820. Nehemiah R. Knight 1820-1839. James DeWolf || 1821-1825. Asher P. Robins 1825 1841. Nathan F. Dixon f 1839-1S42. William Sprague || 1842-1844. James F. Simmons 1841-1847. John Brown Francis 1S44-1845. Albert C. Greene 1845-1851. John H. Clark 1847-1853. Charles T. James 1851-1857. Philip Allen 1853-1859. James F. Simmons || 1857-1862. *Henry B. Anthony f 18591884. Samuel G. Arnold 1862- 1863. William Sprague 1 863-1875. Ambrose E. Burnside 1875- 1881. Nelson W. Aldrich 1881 William P. Sheffield t 1884-1885. Jonathan Chace || 1885-1889. Nathan F. Dixon 1889 SOUTH CAROLINA. Pierce Butler || 1789-1796. *Ralph Izard 1 789-1 795. John Hunter || 1797-1798. *Jacob Read 1 795-1801. Charles Pinckney || 1798-1801. Thomas Sumter || 1801-1810. John Ewing Calhoun f 1801-1802. Pierce Butler || 1803-1804. *John Gaillard, V. P. | 1805-1826. John Taylor || 1810-1816. Willam Smith 1817 1823. Robert Y. Hayne || 1823-1832. William Harper $ 1826-1826. William Smith 1826-1831. UNITED STATES SENATORS. 6 I John C. Calhoun || 1833-1S43. Stephen D. Miller 1831-1S33. William C. Preston || 1833-1S42. George McDuffie || 1843-1846. Daniel E. Huger || 1843-1S45. Andrew P. Butler 1846-1S59. John C. Calhoun t 1845-1850. Frank H. Elmore J t 1850-1850. Robert W. Barnwell } 1850-1851. R. Barnwell Rhett || 1S51-1S52. William F. DeSaussure \ 1852-1S53. JosiahJ. Evans t 1853-1858. Arthur P. Hayne % 1858-1S59. James Chestnut, Jr * 8 59 James H. Hammond 1 8 59 37th, 38th, and 39th Congresses vacant. Thomas J. Robertson l868 l8 77- Frederick A. Sawyer 186S-1S73. John J. Patterson 1873-1S79. Matthew C. Butler l8 77 Wade Hampton 1879-1891. John M. L. Irby l8 9 r SOUTH DAKOTA. Gideon C. Moody 1889-1891. Richard F. Pettigrew * 88 9 James II. Kyle l8 9t TENNESSEE. William Blount g 1796-1797- William Cocke 1796-1805. Andrew Jackson || I797-I79 8 - Daniel Smith J i79 8 -!799- *Joseph Anderson T 799 l8l 5- Daniel Smith || 1805-1809 Jenkin Whiteside || i8o9-i8r 1. George W. Campbell || 1811-1814. Jesse Wharton J 1814-1815. John Williams 1815-1823. George W. Campbell || 1815-1818. John Henry Eaton J 1818-1829. 62 UNITED STATES SENATORS. Andrew Jackson 1823-1S25. *Hugh Lawson White || 1825-1840. Felix Grundy || 1829-183S. Ephraim H. Foster || ! 1838-1840. Felix Grundy f JS39-1840. A. O. P. Nicholson j 1841-1843. Alexander Anderson 1 840-1841. Spencer Jarnagin 1 841-1847. Ephraim H. Foster 1843-1845. Hopkins L- Turney 1845-1851. John Bell..., 1847-1859. James C. Jones 1851-1857. Andrew Johnson 1857- 1863. Alfred O. P. Nicholson 1859-1861. 38th Congress vacant. Joseph S. Fowler 1866-1871. David T. Patterson 1866-1869. William G. Brownlow 1869-1875. Henry Cooper 1871-1877. Andrew Johnson t 1875-1875. David M. Key $ 1875-1877. James E. Bailey 1877-1881. Isham G. Harris 1877 Howell Edmunds Jackson || 1881-1886. Washington C. Whitthorne J 1886-1887. William B. Bate 1S87 TEXAS. Samuel Houston , 1S46-1859. *ThomasJ. Rusk f 1846-1857. J. Pinckney Henderson f 1858-1858. Matthias Ward J 1858-1860. Louis T. Wigfall 1860-1861, retired. John Hemphill 1859 1861, retired. 37th, 38th, 39th, and 40th Congresses vacant. J. W. Flanagan 1870-1875. Morgan C. Hamilton 1870-1877. Samuel Bell Maxey 1875-1887. Richard Coke 1877 John H. Reagan || 1887-1891. Horace Chilton % 1891 UNITED STATES SENATORS. VERMONT. Stephen R. Bradley Wl-Wl- Moses Robinson || T 79 I_I 79 6 - Isaac Tichenor || 179^ U97- Nathaniel Chipman i797- l8o 3- Elijah Paine || 1797-1801. *Stephen R. Bradley 1S01-1S13. Israel Smith || 18031807. Jonathan Robinson 1807-1815. Dudley Chace || 1S13-1S17. Isaac Tichenor 1815-1821. James Fisk || 1817-181S. William A. Palmer 1S1S-1S25. Horatio Seymour 1821-1833. Dudley Chase 1S25-1831. Samuel Prentiss || 1S31-1842. Benjamin Swift 1 833-1839. Samuel S. Phelps 1S39-1851. Samuel C. Crafts % 1S42-1S43. William Upham t i«43- lS S3- SamuelS. Phelps J [853-1854. *Solomon Foot t [851-1866. Lawrence Brainard 1S54-1855. Jacob Collamer f 1855-1865. *George F. Edmunds || 1S66-1891. Luke P. Poland \ 1865-1867. Justin S. Morrill 1867 Redfield Proctor 1891 VIRGINIA. William Grayson f 1789-179° John L. Walker J 1790-1790 James Monroe i790- J 795 *Richard Henry Lee || [789-1792 John Taylor || i792- r 794 *Henry Tazewell f I794 I 799 Stevens Thomson Mason f i795- l8 o3 Wilson Cary Nicholas || 1800-1804 Abraham B. Venable j| 1803-1804 William B. Giles % || 1804-1815 John Taylor % 1803-1803 Andrew Moore X 1804-1809 64 UNITED STATES SENATORS. Richard Brent f 1S09-1814. *James Barbour || 1815-1825. Armistead T. Mason 1816-1817. W. W. Bppes || 1817-1819. James Pleasants || 1819-1822. John Taylor 1822-1825. John Randolph j 825-1827. *Littleton W. Tazewell || 1825-1832. *John Tyler || 1827-1836. William C. Rives || 1833-1834. Benjamin W. Leigh || 1834-1836. Richard E. Parker || 1836-1837. William C Rives 1836-1845. William H. Roane 1837-1841. William S. Archer 1841-1847 Isaac S. Pennybacker | 1845-1847. *James M. Mason 1847-1861. Robert M. T. Hunter 1847-1861. John S. Carlile 1861-1861. Whiteman T. Willey 1861-1863. Lemuel J. Bowden f 1863-1864. 39th and 40th Congresses vacant. John F. Lewis 1870-1875. John W. Johnston 1870-1883. Robert E. Withers 1875-1881. William Mahone 1881-1887. Harrison H. Riddleberger 1883-1889. John W. Daniel 1887 John S. Barbour 1889 WASHINGTON. John B. Allen 1889 Watson C. Squire 1889 WEST VIRGINIA. Waitman T. Willey 1863-1871. Peter G. Van Winkle 1863-1869. Arthur I. Boreman 1869- 1871. Allen T. Caperton f 1875 1876: Samuel Price J 1876-1877. UNITED STATES SENATORS. 65 Henry G. Davis 1871-1883. Frank Hereford 1877-1881. Johnson N. Camden 18S1-1887. John E. Kenna 1883 Charles J. Faulkner 1887 WISCONSIN. Henry Dodge 184S-1857. Isaac P.Walker 1848-1855. Charles Durkee 1S55-1861. James R. Doolittle 1857-1S69. Timothy O. Howe 1861-1879. ♦Matthew H. Carpenter 1869-1875. Angus Cameron 1875-188 1. Matthew H. Carpenter! 1879-1881. Philetus Sawyer 1881 Angus Cameron 1S81-1885. John C. Spooner 1885-1891. William F. Vilas 1891 WYOMING. Joseph M. Carey 1890 Francis E. Warren 1 890 Note. — Senators who served any portion of their time as president pro tern are marked with the asterisk. Those who were appointed to fill vacancies were some- times subsequently elected. In 1861 several senators were expelled, and quite a number retired. ELECTORAL VOTE UNDER THE APPORTION- MENT LAW OF 1890. Alabama n Arkansas 8 California 9 Colorado 4 Connecticut 6 Delaware 3 Florida 4 Georgia 13 Idaho ... 3 Illinois 24 Indiana 15 Iowa 13 Kansas 10 Kentucky 13 Louisiana 8 Maine 6 Maryland 8 Massachusetts 15 Michigan 14 Nebraska § Nevada , New Hampshire 4 New Jersey IO New York ,5 North Carolina TI North Dakota Ohio Oregon 3 23 4 Minnesota. Mississippi 9 Missouri 17 Montana. Pennsylvania 32 Rhode Island 4 South Carolina 9 South Dakota 4 Tennessee 12 Texas 15 Vermont 4 Virginia 12 Washington 4 West Virginia 6 Wisconsin 12 Wyoming 3 Total 444 Necessary to a choice 223. 66 LEVI P. MORTON. LEVI PARSONS A\ORTON. VICE-PRESIDENT. Levi P. Morton was born in Shoreham, Vermont, May 1 6, 1824, his father being the Rev. Daniel Mor- ton. His first ancestor in the United States was George Morton, one of the Puritan fathers, who landed at Plymouth, New England, in 1623. At the age of sixteen, developing a preference for business pursuits, he entered a store as clerk, and was made a partner by his employer in Hanover before he was twenty-one years old. In 1849 he went to Boston, and though possessing but little capital, soon became a member of the flourishing mercantile concern of Beebe, Mor- gan & Co. He left Boston for New York in 1854, and there established the firm of Morton & Grinnell. Nine years later, in 1863, the banking house of Morton, Bliss & Co. was founded, with a branch in London, under the name of Morton, Rose & Co. These firms became widely known through their connection with the payments of the Geneva and Halifax awards, and other business relations with the government. Mr. Morton was elected to congress in 1878, by over seven thousand majority as a republican, and there represented the eleventh district of New York. He 69 JO UNITED STATES SENATORS. was re-elected in 1880. Declining the nomination for vice-president on the republican ticket that same year, President Garfield gave him the choice of being sec- retary of the navy or envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of the United States to the republic of France. Mr. Morton chose the latter, and re- signed as a member of congress to accept the mission to France. He was unanimously confirmed by the senate in March, 1881, and from that time to Presi- dent Cleveland's accession served with credit abroad. He succeeded in gaining many advantages for his countrymen in France, such as the removal of the re- striction upon the importation of American pork, and establishing the legal status of American corpora- tions. He was American commissioner general to the Paris electrical exposition, and the United States rep- resentative at the sub-marine cable convention. Mr. Morton was a candidate for United States senator in 1887, but was defeated by Mr. Hiscock. Dartmouth and Middlebury colleges have both conferred the de- gree of LL.D. upon him. " Ellerslie," the fine estate of William Kelley at Rhineback, on the Hudson, was bought by Mr. Morton in 1887 as a country seat. Mr. Morton is married and has several children. He was nominated for the vice-presidency of the United States with Benjamin Harrison by the national repub- lican convention in Chicago in 1888, and was elected at the November election following. He assumed the duties of the office March 4, 1889, and has been a successful and popular presiding officer of the senate. JOHN T. MORCAN. JOHN TYLER MORGAN. UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM ALABAMA. John T. Morgan was born in Athens, McMinn county, Tennessee, June 20, 1S24. In this small town in the southern part of that state he resided until he was nine years old, when his parents removed to Calhoun county, Alabama, and settled not far from the village of Jacksonville. In early life young Mor- gan received such education as he could secure from the primitive schools, and later was fortunate in obtaining a good academic education. He studied law in Talladega, in an adjoining county, and was licensed to practice in 1845. He then settled at Selma, a good town in the southern central portion of the state, where he soon built up a desirable practice, and where he has since resided. For the first fifteen years after his admission to the bar, he gave his almost ex- clusive attention to law business, and in that time gained a reputation throughout the state as an able and eloquent advocate, and a safe and reliable counselor. In 1 860 he was elected presidential elector and cast his vote for Breckinridge and Lane, and in the canvass of that year added to his reputation as a most eloquent speaker. In 1 86 1 he was a delegate from Dallas county, in which Selma is located, to the state conven- tion that passed the ordinance of secession ; and in May of that year enlisted in the confederate army as a private in Company I, Cahaba rifles, serving in Yir- 73 74 UNITED STATES SENATORS. ginia. When the company was assigned to the Fifth Alabama regiment under Colonel Robert E. Rodes, Mr. Morgan was appointed major, and not long after lieutenant colonel of the regiment. He was afterward commissioned as colonel, and returning to Alabama, raised the Fifty-first regiment, which he liberally aided in equipping. He went to the front in Tennessee, but at the request of the Alabama delegation in the con- federate congress, he was assigned to the head of the conscript bureau in that state. In 1863 he was ap- pointed brigadier-general by General Robert E. Lee, but declined the promotion, in order to lead his old regiment, whose colonel had fallen in battle. In No- vember of the same year he was again commissioned brigadier-general, and commanded a division in the winter of 1863 and 1864, operating with General James Longstreet in eastern Tennessee, and with Gen- eral Joseph E. Johnston and General John B. Hood. At the close of the war he resumed the practice of his profession at Selma. In 1876 he was a presiden- tial elector on the Tilden and Hendricks ticket, and the same year was also elected to the United States senate as a democrat, being re-elected in 1883, and again in 1889, for the term ending March 3, 1895. In congress Senator Morgan has ably served on many of the most important committees, notably for- eign relations, Indian affairs, and public lands. Mr. Morgan is married, and his wife and daughters reside with him in Washington during- the sessions of the senate. JAMES L. PUGH. JAMES LAWRENCE PUGH. UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM ALABAMA. James L. Pugh has been a man of note and promi- nence in Alabama for almost half a century, and for forty years of that time he has been almost continu- ously in public life. He was born in Burke county, Georgia, December 12, 1820, but was taken to Ala- bama when only four years old, and has resided in the latter state ever since. He attended schools in both Alabama and Georgia and received an academic education, after which he studied law and was admitted to practice in 1841. He opened an office at Eufaula, in the southeastern portion of the state, where he has since resided, and where he srrew into prominence as a lawyer. In 1848 he was one of the Alabama electors in favor of General Zachary Taylor, and he filled the same position when James Buchanan was chosen pres- ident in 1856. He was elected to represent his dis- trict in the lower house of congress in 1859, in which body he served until January 21, 1861, when his state adopted the ordinance of secession. Returning home he enlisted as a private in the Eufaula rifles, one of the companies of the First Alabama regiment. He was not long to remain in the ranks, however, and was soon called away from military duty by his elec- 77 78 UNITED STATES SENATORS. tion to the first congress of the southern confederacy. He was re-elected to the second congress in 1863, and served until 1865. When the war was ended Mr. Pugh resumed the practice of law at Eufaula, and soon had a large and lucrative practice. In 1874 he presided over the Alabama state democratic convention, and the follow- ing year he was a member of the state constitutional convention, and was one of the strongest members of that body. In 1876 he was an elector for the state at large on the Tilden and Hendricks ticket, and had the satisfaction of casting his vote for those gentlemen in the electoral college. In 1880 Senator George S. Houston died, and the legislature of Alabama at once elected Mr. Pugh to fill the unexpired term, which had four years to run. In 1884 he was re-elected for the full term which ended March 3, 1891. In Decem- ber, 1890, on his seventieth birthday, he was again re- elected, for the term expiring March 3, 1897. During his congressional career, Senator Pugh has faithfully served on many important committees, among them the committees on education and labor, judiciary, privileges and elections, revolutionary claims, and on the select committee on relations with Canada. Being placed on these committees is evi- dence of the estimation in which he is held by his col- leagues, and his many returns to congress is proof of his popularity in his state. He is a man of vigorous and rugged health, and it is not impossible that he may be again re-elected. JAMES H. BERRY. JAMES H. BERRY. UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM ARKANSAS. The ancestors of James H. Berry removed in an early day from Virginia to Tennessee, where the father of this sketch, James M. Berry, was born. He afterward removed to Bellefonte, Jackson county, Ala- bama, where James H. Berry was born May 15, 1841. The father with his family again removed, settling in Carrollton, Carroll county, Arkansas, in 1848, when young James was but seven years of age. There the subject of this sketch grew up, attending school for a short time at Berryville, Arkansas, and gaining such information as he could from private instruction and personal application. At the time the war broke out young Berry was clerking in a store, and, at the age of twenty, he volunteered in Company E, Sixteenth Arkansas infantry, confederate regiment, and on the organization of the company was elected second lieu- tenant. 1 le took part in the battles of Pea Ridge, Arkansas ; Farmington, and Iuka, Mississippi, and on the 4th of October, 1862, was wounded at Corinth, losing his right leg above the knee. He then went to Texas and remained in that state until the close of the war, after which he returned to Arkansas, stopping for a short time at Ozark, Franklin county, where he taught school, reading law at the same time from such books as he could borrow. On the 3d of October, 1865, Mr. Berry was mar- 8t 82 UNITED STATES SENATORS. ried to Miss Lizzie Ouaile of Ozark, a daughter of James F. Ouaile, a merchant of that place. He immediately went back with his wife to his old home at Carrollton, Arkansas, and in Aug- ust, 1866, was elected to the state legislature. In November of the same year he received his license to practice law. In 1869 he removed to Bentonville, Arkansas, his present home, where he continued to practice law with reasonable success. In 1872 he was again elected to the legislature, and in 1874 was elected speaker of the house, and was the same year elected judge of the circuit court for the term of four years. In 1876 he served as chairman of the demo- cratic state convention. At the close of his judicial term he practiced law until in 1882, when he was nominated by acclamation for governor of the state by the democratic convention, and was elected by thirty-eight thousand plurality. He served with dis- tinction for two years, and in 1885, when Senator Garland was appointed attorney general by President Cleveland, Mr. Berry was elected United States sena- tor to fill out the four years of his unexpired term. In 1889 he was re-elected for the term of six years, which term ends March 3, 1895. In congress Mr. Berry has served on the committees on census, civil service and retrenchment, epidemic diseases, public lands, coast defenses, and railroads. He feels, beginning life, as he did, poor and un- known, that the people of Arkansas have always been true friends to him and have treated him most kindly. JAMES K. JONES JAMES K. JONES. UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM ARKANSAS. James K. Jones was born in Marshall county, Mis- sissippi, September 29, 1839, his parents being resi- dents of West Tennessee at that time. Both branches of his family came to this country and settled in Vir- ginia at an early date, his father's ancestors going to North Carolina while that state was a wilderness. Thence, in 1827, his family removed to Tennessee, thence in 1848 to Arkansas, settling in Dallas county. Young Jones received a classical education. His father having a small family and good property, he spent the period of his childhood at a country home, on a plantation within call of what were known as " the quarters," the home of the negroes. The civil war came with his manhood. He cast his first vote for John Bell and the union, but in 1861 he enlisted in the confederate army, and as long as a delicate frame and ill health would permit, remained at the front as a private soldier. After peace was established he gave his attention to settling his father's business, and in 1867 moved upon the plantation and engaged in farming, all the professions being then closed by pre- scriptive legislation against those who had served in the confederate army. In 1873 he began practicing 85 86 UNITED STATES SENATORS. law in Dalton county. He was that year elected to the state senate on the first successful democratic ticket in the county since reconstruction began. He also served in the extra session of the legislature of that year, which came as the result of the Brooks-Baxter imbroglio, and voted for the "Crush convention" as it was called. His course in that body, while demo- cratic, was yet conservative. He was re-elected to the senate in 1874 and 1875, and in 1877 was elected president of that body, and served in that capacity during that session. In 1878 he was a candidate for the democratic nomination for congress from his dis- trict, but was defeated, and then supported heartily and effectively the nominee in the contest at the elec- tion. In 1880, however, Mr. Jones was nominated and elected to the Forty-seventh congress as a dem- ocrat, and was re-elected to the Forty-eighth and Forty-ninth congresses. When the term of Senator James D. Walker expired in 1885, Mr. Jones was chosen as his successor. He was re-elected without any special opposition in 1890, for the term ending March 3, 1897. In congress Senator Jones has been a faithful and hard-working- member of the committees on agricul- ture and foresty, claims, Indian affairs, patents, terri- tories, inter-state commerce, and on the select com- mittee on irrigation and reclamation of arid lands. Mr. Jones is married, has a family of five children, and resides at Washington, Hemstead county, Ar- kansas. LELAND STANFORD. LELAND STANFORD. UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM CALIFORNIA. Leland Stanford was born in Watervliet, Albany county, New York, March 9, 1824, and is consequently sixty-eight years of age. His ancestors settled in the valley of the Mohawk, New York, in about the year 1720. Leland Stanford, the subject of this sketch, was brought up on a farm, and was thoroughly famil- iarized with all the details of an agricultural occupa- tion. He attended the district schools during winters, had some other instruction, and by the time he was twenty years of age had acquired what was equiva- lent to an academic education. At the age of twenty- two he entered the law office of Wheaton, Doolittle & Hadley at Albany, and after three years study was admitted to practice law in the supreme court of the state of New York. Immediately after he was admitted to the bar, at the age of twenty-five, he 89 90 UNITED STATES SENATORS. removed to Port Washington, Ozaukee county, in the southeastern part of the state of Wisconsin. It was a small village about thirty miles north of Milwaukee on the shore of Lake Michigan, and here he was engaged in the practice of his profession for four years with only moderate success. In the spring of 1852 a fire destroyed his law library and other property, and he considered it a good time to make a change, and removed to California and began mining for gold at Michigan Bluffs, Placer county. Subsequently he became associated in business with his brothers, three of whom had preceded him to the Pacific coast. In 1856 he removed to Sacramento and engaged in mercantile pursuits on a large scale, laying the foun- dation of a large fortune that has recently been esti- mated at more than fifty millions of dollars. Money was plentiful in those days on the western slope, when people were flocking in from all parts of the world, and by the mining population it was spent with a lavish hand ; and the merchant who could obtain what the people desired was not stinted in the matter of profits. In i860 Mr. Stanford made his entrance into public life as a delegate to the national republican conven- tion in Chicago that nominated Abraham Lincoln for the presidency. He was an earnest advocate of a Pacific railroad and did much to interest capital in the enterprise, and was elected president of the Central Pacific company when it was organized in 1861. The same year he was nominated by the republicans and UNITED STATES SENATORS. 9 I elected governor of the state of California, and served with credit to himself and to the satisfaction of the people, from December, 1861, to December, 1863. As president of the Central Pacific Railroad com- pany he superintended its construction over the moun- tains, building- five hundred and thirty miles in two hundred and ninety-three days — one of the great achievements of modern times — and on May 10, 1869, drove the last spike at Promontory Point, Utah terri- tory. , He also became interested in various other railroads on the Pacific slope, and in the development of the agricultural and manufacturing industries of California. In 1884 he was elected to the United States senate as a republican to succeed J. T. Farley, democrat, and took his seat March 4, 1885, for the full term of six years. At the expiration of his term in 1891 he was re-elected for the term to end March 3, 1897. In congress Senator Stanford has served as chairman on the standing committee on public buildings and grounds, and has served as a member of the com- mittees on civil service and retrenchment, education and labor, fisheries, naval affairs, revision of the laws of the United States, and on the special committee on the quadro-centennial. Senator Stanford has attracted considerable atten- tion and created more or less discussion by his advo- cacy of the loaning of money to the people by the government at two per cent. 92 UNITED STATES SENATORS. In memory of his only son Mr. Stanford has given to the state of California twenty million dollars to be used in founding at Palo Alto a university whose cur- riculum shall not only include the usual collegiate studies, but comprise instruction in telegraphy, type- setting, type-writing, journalism, book-keeping, farm- ing, civil engineering, and other branches of practical education. The corner stone of this great institution was laid May 14, 1887, and the college is now open for the admission of students, and many are attend- ing from all parts of the country, and it bids fair to be one of the most popular institutions of learning in the union. The catalogue of the university already contains the names of four hundred and forty students, ninety of whom are women. The climate of that locality is particularly favorable, and this added to other desir- able features, makes it an especially promising seat of learning. Included in the trust fund for the mainte- nance of the university is Mr. Stanford's estate at Vina, Tehama county, California, which is said to be the largest vineyard in the world. It comprises thirty thousand acres, three thousand five hundred acres of which are planted with bearing vines, and is divided into five-hundred acre tracts. Senator Stanford is married and has a magnificent residence in Menlo Park, San Francisco, and is a neigh- bor of Senator Felton, his colleague in the senate. He and Mrs. Stanford also keep up a magnificent establishment in Washington during the sessions of congress. ^ CHARLES N FELTON. CHARLES N. FELTON. UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM CALIFORNIA. Charles N. Felton was born in Erie county, New York, in 1832, and in 1849, when but seventeen years of age, emigrated to California. He went at once into the gold-mining district, and migrated from camp to camp in the restless fashion peculiar to the miners of the great west, and with variable success. In 1853 he found himself in Yuba county, and although but barely of age, became a candidate for sheriff of the county, a position that required pluck to fill in those days. The contest was a fierce one, but young Felton was elected, and filled the office with commendable courage. Subsequntly he was elected to the impor- tant and more lucrative office of tax collector of the county. After a time he removed to San Francisco, became a stock operator, and secured an interest in the Spring Valley Water company, which supplies water to the city of San Francisco. Fortunate land speculations in Alameda county, of which Oakland is the county seat, increased his wealth. During the time he had been in California he studied law, tried one case, and then dropped the law to go into more active business and speculation, and was highly suc- cessful in his new field of labor and enterprise, amass- 6 95 96 UNITED STATES SENATORS. ing a fortune in a comparatively short time, which fortune has naturally increased with the passing years. He owns mining stocks, railroad stocks, and bonds, and is the possessor of much valuable real estate. He has never been a working candidate for office, and his political honors have come to him as a rule unsought. After having retired from active business he was appointed assistant treasurer and afterwards treasurer of the mint of San Francisco, and served in those positions six years. He was elected to the legislature of California, and served two terms. In 1884 he was elected as a representative in congress, and was re-elected in 1886. In March, 1 891, he was elected to the United States senate as a republican to fill the vacancy caused by the death of George Hearst, whose term would have expired March 3, 1893. His long experience in finance and general business affairs very naturally placed him upon some of the best committees in the house, where he did good service to the business interests of the country. He is recognized as a man of much ability. In the senate he was placed on the committees on mines and min- ing, agriculture and forestry and coast defenses. In person Senator Felton is about five feet, six inches in height, weighs about one hundred and thirty pounds, and is always carefully dressed. He is noted for his good fellowship and sterling business qualities. He resides in Menlo Park, San Francisco, where he is a neighbor of his colleague, Senator Stanford. HENRY M. TELLER. HENRY M. TELLER. UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM COLORADO. Henry M. Teller is of Dutch descent, and was born in Granger, Alleghany county, New York, May 23, 1830. His father, John Teller, was born in Schenec- tady, New York, February 7, 1800; and his mother was a native of Vermont, and was born in 1808. Henry received a good academic education. While he was attending the academy, he, at intervals taught school to aid him in the further prosecution of his studies. Having completed the academic course, he read law in the office and under the instruction of Judge Martin Grover, and was admitted to the bar January 5, 1858, at Binghamton, New York. He then removed to Morrison, Whiteside county, Illinois, where he began the practice of law which he continued at that place until April, 1861, when he emigrated and settled in Colorado. Here he found a wider field for the exercise of his talents, and both in the practice of law, and in other enterprises he has been remarkably suc- cessful. The Colorado Central railway is one of the 99 IOO UNITED STATES SENATORS. most important enterprises ever projected in the state, and the honor of originating it and pressing the enterprise to a successful termination is due to Mr. Teller. Its charter was drawn by him and presented to the territorial legislature in 1865. For five years he was president of the company. Into its construc- tion he infused the energy of his own progressive spirit, and its subsequent management has been watched by him with the utmost solicitude. Asa bus- iness man and financier Mr. Teller has proved his excellence. His judgment is clear, and upon a pre- sentation of facts, is quickly formed. He rarely errs when thoroughly acquainted with the subject in hand, whether as a lawyer or an operator. During the Indian troubles in 1863, he was appointed brigadier- general of militia, in which capacity he served two years and then resigned. He is a prominent Mason and Knight Templar, having served as grand master of the state seven years, and was grand commander of the Knights Templar of Colorado. In politics he was originally a democrat, but joined the republicans in 1855, when the party was in its infancy. Although he has long been actively engaged in politics and thoroughly identified with the party, yet he was never a candidate for any office till he became a candidate for United States senator in 1876. Even then he did not work for the position. Long resi- dence in the territory, active work in advancing its material progress, a wide-spread reputation as a sound and able lawyer, and previous labors for the welfare UNITED STATES SENATORS. IOI of the party, together with an extensive acquaintance with the people of Colorado, made his election by the legislature a comparatively easy matter. When, therefore, Colorado came to choose her first two sen- ators, he was elected for a period that was to be de- termined by lot. He drew the short term, which closed in 1877. He was re-elected to serve a full term from 1877 to 1883. He served in the senate until April 17, 1882, when he was appointed by Presi- dent Arthur, secretary of the interior. His adminis- tration of this department was generally recognized as exceedingly able and business like, and his special knowledge of western country, and his sympathy with western ideas and feelings, made his services espec- ially valuable. At the end of Mr. Arthur's adminis- tration, having been elected by the legislature, he took his seat again immediately in the senate as successor of Nathaniel P. Hill, who was appointed as commis- sioner to the inter-national money conference. He was re-elected in 1891 for the term expiring March 3, 1897. Senator Teller's career in the national legisla- ture has been marked by the same energy, the same integrity, and the same sagacity that characterized his earlier life. He was married at Cuba, New York, January 7, 1863, to Miss Harriet M. Bruce, daughter of Packard Bruce, an intelligent and thrifty farmer. Of this marriage several children have been born. Mrs. Teller is a member the Methodist Episcopal church, of which Senator Teller is a supporter but not a communicant. Senator Teller is a man of 102 UNITED STATES SENATORS. great generosity. To the deserving poor he is a friend and benefactor. He has done much gratuitous work for the advancement of Colorado, and has spent his money freely whenever an advantage to the state could be secured. In society he is genial and attrac- tive. His reputation for probity and uprightness of life is above reproach. Laborious and faithful as a lawyer, he has acquired a position among the ablest of his professional brethren. In the Fiftieth and Fifty-first congresses, Mr. Teller was chairman of the standing committee on patents, and a member of the standing committees on mines and mining, on privileges and elections, on public lands, on revision of the laws of the United States, and on the special committee on the five civilized tribes of Indians. In the Fifty-second congress he was placed on the additional committees of judiciary and private land claims, but did not serve on the com- mittee on patents. Mr. Teller resides at Central City, Colorado. His wife and daughter accompany him to Washington. EDWARD 0. W0LC0TT. EDWARD O. WOLCOTT UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM COLORADO. Edward O. Wolcott was born in Long Meadow, Massachusetts, March 26, 1848. He attended the common schools in his boyhood, and at the age of sixteen served for a few months as private in the One hundred and fiftieth regiment of Ohio volunteers. In 1866 he entered Yale college, but did not remain sufficiently long to graduate. He entered the Har- vard law school and graduated in 1871. He then removed to Chicago, Illinois, and began the practice of his profession ; but by some strange freak of for- tune his abilities were not widely recognized, and to improve his chances in life he removed to Denver. In that growing and enterprising city Mr. Wolcott began the practice of law with more success than he had met with in Chicago. He soon became known as a good orator and a shrewd political manager. His merit as a lawyer was soon established, and it was not long before he had as much business as he could handle. Later on he confined his energies to railroad cases, and in time was retained by the Denver & Rio Grande and the Burlington Railroad companies at salaries aggregating thirty thousand dollars a year. He also received large fees in miscellaneous cases. His income at the time of his election was larger than 105 106 UNITED STATES SENATORS. that of any other lawyer in Colorado. With these means constantly at hand Mr. Wolcott is always lib- eral and sometimes lavish in his expenditures. He is one of the best-known buyers of books and pictures west of New York. A Chicago book-seller has a standing order to send him anything worth buying, no matter what the price. In politics Mr. Wolcott is ostensibly a republican, but he does not hesitate to step one side when the course of his party does not suit him. During his canvass for the senatorship he had all the republican leaders against him, yet he had little difficulty in making good his claim to the Colorado seat in the senate. Hard work and grave responsibility have left few finger-marks on his still fresh and handsome face. His brother, Henry R. Wolcott, a Denver capitalist, is his political yoke-fellow and social companion. Mr. Wolcott was elected to the United States sen- ate as a republican to succeed Thomas M. Bowen, and took his seat March 4, 1889, for the term expir- ing March 3, 1895. In congress Senator Wolcott has served as chair- man on the committee on civil service and retrench- ment, and as member of the committee on claims, postofficesand post-roads, private land claims, woman suffrage, inter-state commerce, District of Columbia, and congressional library. Mr. Wolcott is married, and his wife accompanies him at Washington. JOSEPH R. HAWLEY. JOSEPH ROSWELL HAWLEY. UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM CONNECTICUT. Joseph R. Hawley was born at Stewartsville, Rich- mond county, North Carolina, October 31, 1826. He is of English-Scotch ancestry. His father was Rev. Francis Hawley, who was a descendant from Samuel Hawley, who settled in Stratford, Connecticut, in the year 1639. The Rev. Francis, father of the subject of this sketch, was born in Farmington, Connecticut, but he went south early in life and engaged in business, but afterward, in the year 1834, entered the Baptist ministry. While in the south he married Miss Mary McLeod, a native of North Carolina, but of Scotch parentage, and the family removed to the state of Connecticut in the year 1837, when young Joseph R. was about eleven years of age. The father was an active anti-slavery man, and those sentiments were more acceptable to his neighbors in Connecticut than in North Carolina. The son Joseph R. attended the public schools, worked on the farm, and later pre- pared for college at the Hartford grammar school and the seminary in Cazenovia, New York, to which place the family removed about the year 1842. Joseph R. was an only son, but had two sisters. The family continued to reside in Cazenovia until about the year 1870, though the mother died in 1869. Joseph was graduated at Hamilton college in 1847, with a very 109 IIO UNITED STATES SENATORS. high reputation as a speaker and general debater, and evidence of this was the fact that he was unanim- ously elected to deliver the annual address of the Union society. After graduating he taught in the winters, studied law at Cazenovia and Hartford, and after being admitted to the bar began the practice of law in 1850, forming a partnership with John Hooker in Hartford, the title of the firm being Hooker & Hawley. The firm, being well equipped for the pro- fession, soon secured a lucrative and desirable prac- tice. Mr. Hawley had strong convictions on questions of public policy, and soon became chairman of the free-soil state committee, wrote for the free-soil press, and spoke for that party in every canvass. He stoutly opposed the "know-nothings," and devoted his ener- gies to the uniting of all the opponents of slavery. He never belonged to or affiliated with the whig or democratic parties, and being a strong free-soiler he voted for Martin VanBuren in 1848. He was an able contributor to the republican free-soil organ in Hart- ford until it was merged into the " Press," and was a participant in all free-soil conventions. When the republican party was organized he became an active member of that party ; in fact, the first meeting for the organization of the republican party in the state of Connecticut was held at his call in his office, Febru- ary 4, 1856. Among those present were such distin- guished men as Gideon Welles and John M. Niles. When Gen. Fremont was that year nominated for the presidency Mr. Hawley at once entered the canvass and UNITED STATES SENATORS. I I I gave three months of constant speaking to the cause. So much had he become interested in the ultimate success of the new party that in February, 1857, he abandoned his law practice and became the editor of the Hartford "Evening Press," the new distinctly re- publican paper of that city. His partner in this field was William Faxton, who was afterward assistant secretary of the navy. Editor Hawley attended the national republican convention in Chicago in i860, and strongly favored the nomination of Salmon P. Chase for the presidency, but when Abraham Lincoln became the nominee of the convention, he accepted the result and went to work for his election with his usual energy and stalwart enthusiasm. When the war broke out in 1861 he responded to the first call for troops by drawing up a form of enlistment and assisted by Drake, afterward colonel of the Tenth regiment, raised Rifle Company A, First Connecticut volunteers, which was organized and accepted in twenty-four hours, Hawley having person- ally engaged rifles at Sharp's factory. He became the captain and is said to have been the first volunteer in the state. He received special praise for good con- duct at Bull Run from Gen. Erastus D. Keyes, briga- dier commander. Soon thereafter he united with Col. Alfred H. Terry in raising the Seventh Connec- ticut volunteers, a three years regiment, of which he was lieutenant-colonel. The regiment went south in the Port Royal expedition, and on the capture of the forts it was the first sent ashore as a garrison. It was I I 2 UNITED STATES SENATORS. engaged for four months in the siege of Fort Pulaski, and upon the surrender was selected as the garrison. Hawley succeeded Terry and commanded the regiment in the battles of James Islands and Pocotaligo and in Brannan's expedition to Florida. In January, 1863, he went with his regiment to Florida and commanded the post of Ferdinanda, and in April undertook an unsuccessful expedition against Charleston. He also commanded a brigade on Morris Island in the siege of Charleston and the capture of Fort Wagner. In February, 1864, he had a brigade under Gen. Truman Seymour in the battle of Olustee, Florida, where the whole national force lost thirty-eight per cent, of those engaged. Hawley's regiment was one of the few that were armed with the Spencer breech-loading rifle. This weapon which he procured in the autumn of 1863 proved very effective in the hands of his men. He went to Virginia in April, 1864, having a brigade in Terry's division, Tenth corps, Army of the James, and was in the battles of Drewry's Bluff, Deep Run, Darbytown Road, and various affairs near Bermuda Hundred and Deep Bottom. He commanded a divis- ion in the fight on the Newmarket road, and engaged in the siege of Petersburg. In September of the same year he was made a brigadier-general, having been repeatedly recommended by his immediate superiors for promotion. In November following he commanded a picked brigade sent to New York city to keep the peace during the week of the presidential election. He succeeded to Terry's division when the UNITED STATES SENATORS. I I 3 latter was sent to Fort Fisher in January, 1865, after- ward rejoining him as chief of staff, Tenth corps, and on the capture of Wilmington, was detached by Gen. Schofield to establish a base of supplies there for Sherman's army and command southeastern North Carolina. In June Gen. Hawley rejoined Terry as chief of staff for the department of Virginia. In October he returned home, was breveted major-gen- eral, and on January 15, 1866, was mustered out of the service, having served actively and continuously nearly five years. While Gen. Hawley was on duty in Virginia the citizens of Hartford presented to him a sword, on the ornamental scrolls and shields of which were engraved these words : " Bull Run, Siege of Pulaski, James Island, Pocotaligo, Olustee, Wagner and Sumter, Siege of Petersburg, Drury's Bluff, Deep Bottom, Deep River, Darbytown Road." In April, 1866, he was elected governor of Con- necticut, but he was defeated for the same office in 1867, and then having united the "Press" and the "Courant," he resumed editorial life, and more vigor- ously than ever entered the political contests following the war. He was always in demand as a public speaker throughout the country, and much of his time was given to the contests of his party. He was pres- ident of the national republican convention that nom- inated Gen. Grant in 1868; was secretary of the com- mittee on resolutions in the national convention of 1872, and chairman of that committee in the national 114 • UNITED STATES SENATORS. convention of 1876, when Mr. Hayes was nominated for the presidency, and was also a delegate to the convention in 1880. In November, 1872, he was elected to fill a vacancy in congress caused by the death of Julius L. Strong. He was re-elected to the Forty- third congress, defeated for the Forty-fourth and Forty-fifth, and re-elected to the Forty-sixth congress, which covered the years 1 879-1 881. He was elected United States senator in January, 1881, by the unani- mous vote of his party, and re-elected in like manner in January, 1887, for the term ending March 3, 1893. In the house he served on the committees on claims, banking and currency, military affairs, and appro- priations. In the senate he served on the committees on coast defenses, railroads, military affairs, and has usually been chairman of the committee on printing. He served on the special committee on the quadro-cen- tennial, and has been chairman of the committee on civil service, and vigorously promoted the enactment of civil service reform legislation. He was also chair- man of a select committee on ordnance and war ships, and submitted a long and valuable report, the result of careful investigation into steel production and heavy gun-making in England and the United States. In the national republican convention in Chicago in 1884, the Connecticut delegation unanimously voted for him for president in every ballot. He was presi- dent of the United States centennial commission from its organization in 1872 until the close of its labors in UNITED STATES SENATORS. I I 5 1877, and gave two years exclusively to the work. He was ex-officio member of its committees, and appointed all of them except the executive committee. In January, 1881, Gen. Hawley received from the board of commissioners of the centennial exhibition a New Year's present in the shape of a silver urn of beautiful design and artistic workmanship. The urn is about eighteen inches high. Its stand is made from wood from Farragut's flagship Hartford; the base from the timbers that supported the Independence bell, wood from a California " big tree," wood from the timbers of the Constitution, iron from the sunken monitor Catsh'//, a block of gold and silver ore highly polished from Montana, and on this stands the pedes- tal proper formed of Tennessee marble between layers of black marble from Vermont and New Hampshire. The vase itself is made of solid silver from Nevada. The presentation speech was made at Gen. Hawley's residence in Washington by Daniel J. Morrell of Pennsylvania in the presence of many dis- tinguished men of the nation. The recipient made a fitting response, and stated that he would deposit the vase with the Connecticut historical society, so that it could be exhibited at the next centennial, of which so- ciety Gen. Hawley has for many years been a member. Senator Hawley received the degree of LL.D. from Hamilton college in 1875, an< ^ f rom Vale in 1886. Of the former institution he has been trustee. Gen. Hawley is an ardent republican, one of the most acceptable extemporary orators in the republic, I i 6 UNITED STATES SENATORS. a believer in universal suffrage, the American people and the " American way," is a " hard-money " man, has earnestly opposed paper money theories, would adjust the tariff so as to benefit native industries, urges the reconstruction of our naval and coast defenses, demands a free ballot and a fair count every- where, opposes the tendency to federal centralization, and is a strict constructionist of the constitution in favor of the rights and dignity of the individual states. Ecclesiastically he is a Congregationalist. He is married and resides with his wife in Washington dur- ing the sessions of congress. ORVILLE H. PLATT. ORVILLE H. PLATT. UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM CONNECTICUT. Orville H. Piatt was born in the old town of Wash- ington, Litchfield county, Connecticut, July 19, 1827. His ancestors were good stock. His grandfather served in the revolutionary war. His father was a farmer, and young Piatt spent his early years working on the farm, attending school meanwhile at the " Gunnery," a famous school in those days when it was conducted by its founder, Frederick Gunn. After re- ceiving an academic education, Mr. Piatt studied law in Litchfield, Connecticut, which in the early part of this century had a law school where Henry Clay studied and which was popular among law students as a place to get their legal education. Mr. Piatt was admitted to the bar in 1849 and established himself at Meriden in the practice of his profession, where he has since resided, with the exception of a short resi- dence in Nebraska before the civil war. Meriden is one of the busiest cities in Connecticut, full of manu- facturing concerns, and naturally a large part of Mr. Piatt's legal business was in the field of patent law. 7 JI 9 I 20 UNITED STATES SENATORS. As a patent lawyer he had no superior in the state and few equals. His general practice was also large. For several years he filled the office of state's attorney for New Haven county, an appointment made by the courts. From the first Mr. Piatt has been prominently identified with the republican party of his state. He was appointed clerk of the senate of the state of Con- necticut in 1855 and 1856, and a year later, when but thirty years of age, he was elected secretary of state. In 1 86 1 and 1862 he was a member of the state senate, and in 1864 he was elected to the state house of representatives, and was again elected to the same body in 1869, being chosen speaker. Mr. Piatt's voice was heard in the early spring of 1 86 1, earnestly urging prompt and decisive action to save the union. Again, when a member of the state senate, a "peace man" advocated measures "guaran- teeing the constitutional rights of the south," Senator Piatt rose in his place and denounced all compromise in the issue made by the acts of secession with a force of utterance indicated by the expression. "I wish first to know whether we have a constitution to be amended, or whether it is to be subverted." At the general assembly of Connecticut which met at New Haven, May 4, 1864, Mr. Piatt was appointed chair- man of the judiciary committee, thus making him by courtesy the leader of the majority party in the house. 'I he constitutional amendment providing for the ex- tension of the elective franchise to the soldiers in the UNITED STATES SENATORS. I 2 I field was passed in the senate by a party vote of eighteen to three. It was immediately claimed by the opposition that the amendment had failed for want of a two-thirds vote of the whole house, and the speaker, guided by a precedent in his favor, decided that the amendment was not carried. Mr. Piatt appealed from this decision, and after a long debate resulting from his protest, the amendment was carried. In 1879, after an exciting contest in the republican party, Mr. Piatt was elected to the United States senate, the other contestants being Gen. Joseph R. Hawley and the late Postmaster-General Jewell. Be- fore his election he defined his political position as follows : " My ideas about hard money are that the time is fast approaching when the center of the world's trade will be in the United States, and we ought to deal in the world's money. I do not know that I can give you my financial views in brief in any better form. I believe in the republican party be- cause I believe the party has the best interests of the nation and people at heart. That is why I am a republican. The first vote I ever cast was for Mr. Van Buren. That was when the free-soil movement was prominent." Mr. Piatt was elected for the full term, taking his seat in the senate, March 18, 1879. He was re-elected in 1885 and again in 1890, receiving in the last two elections the unanimous republican vote of the legis- lature. During his career in the senate he has been chairman of the committee on patents and of the com- 122 UNITED STATES SENATORS. mittee on territories, and has served on the com- mittee on pensions, committee on Indian affairs, the committee on inter-state commerce, and the com- mittee on judiciary, as well as on a few minor com- mittees and special committees. He has been espec- ially identified in the senate with measures relating to the patent laws and the admission of new states and the tariff. His speech on the reorganization of the patent office in the Forty-eighth congress in favor of making it a department attracted wide attention among patent lawyers, and did much to place the office on a firmer basis than ever before. To his ef- forts in committee and on the floor of the senate is due the passage of the international copyright law in the Fifty-first congress more than to those of any other man. During the Fiftieth and Fifty-first con- gresses he was foremost in the struggle to give the great northwest recognition by admitting Washington, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming, Idaho, and Montana into the union as states. Coming from Connecticut he has always been deeply interested in tariff legislation, and has taken a pronounced stand in favor of protection to American industries, and in his tariff speeches has shown himself a firm believer in the principles of protection. Among his brother senators Mr. Piatt is regarded as a well equipped man, of sound judgment, great industry, attentive to the wants and devoted to the interests of his constituents, right in his principles and sure of his facts. One day Senator Hoar was advo- UNITED STATES SENATORS. I 23 eating the passage of a certain bill, to some feature of which Mr. Piatt objected; whereupon the senator from Massachusetts observed that his friend from Connecticut was always right in principles, but that the matter in dispute was a question of fact, and that hence he could not defer to the judgment of the senator from Connecticut. In a few days, however, he came into the senate and admitted that the senator from Connecticut was right in his facts as well as in the principles of the thing. At home Mr. Piatt is one of the most popular men in the state, especially in the country. He is a plain man, whom every man feels he can approach on any business connected with the government, with the certainty that his business will be promptly and care- fully looked after. He is not a rich man ; in fact, he lives upon his salary, and gives all his time to the public service. He is over six feet tall, wiry, in good health and in the fullness of his intellectual powers. He is an omnivorous reader, and on subjects outside the common range. He is regarded in his state as one of the clearest, most convincing and effective platform speakers during the great political campaigns. In the temperance cause his position and influence are best illustrated by the boast of one of his ablest and most enthusiastic supporters, that no intoxicating liquors were offered by any of the friends of the senator during the canvass for his election. He is a worker in the church and in the Sunday school, and for many years conducted a bible class of over one hundred 124 UNITED STATES SENATORS. members. Senator Piatt is a comparatively rare ex- ample of high success professionally and politically to whose record his fellow citizens who have known him from his childhood, can point the young men, and with- out hesitation invite them to make a study for their conduct in life. While Mr. Piatt fully realizes the earn- estness of life, yet he is fond of amusement, and his great and favorite sport is fishing, and in that respect he is a modern Ike Walton. Senator Piatt in his early manhood married Miss Bull, a lady of Pennsylvania, and they have one son, a practicing lawyer in the city of Meriden, Connecticut. In 1887 Yale college conferred the degree of Doctor of Laws upon Senator Piatt, a distinction which he prizes very highly. His present term in the senate will expire March 3. 1897. • 4 ANTHONY HICGINS. ANTHONY HIGGINS. UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM DELAWARE. Anthony Higgins, the first republican United States senator from Delaware, was born October i, 1840, in Red Lion Hundred, a village of about one hundred inhabitants in New Castle county, Delaware, not far from Wilmington. At the age of thirteen, he entered upon a five years' course of study at Newark acad- emy and Delaware college, and in the autumn of 1858, at the age of eighteen entered Yale college, from which he was graduated in 1861 with the degree of Bachelor of Arts. During the next two succeeding years he attended the Harvard law school, after which he read law under the instruction of William C. Spruance of Wilmington, Delaware, and was admitted to the bar in New Castle county in May, 1864. 1° Septem- ber of the same year he entered into partnership with Edward G. Bradford of Wilmington, who was after- ward appointed United States district judge for Dela- ware. About the same time he entered into the partnership, Mr. Higgins was appointed deputy attorney general for Delaware under Attorney General Jacob Moore. In 1869 he was ap- pointed United States district attorney for Del- Delaware by President Grant, which office Mr. Hig- gins held until the year 1876, since which time he has devoted himself exclusively to his large clientage'. 127 128 UNITED STATES SENATORS. His first appearance in politics was in 1863, when he championed the cause of Nathaniel B. Smithers, the republican candidate for congress. Mr. Smithers was elected, and during that campaign Mr. Higgins attracted general attention by his brilliant oratory. He was chairman of the republican state committee in 1868, and he received the votes of the republican members of the legislature for the United States sen- ate in 1 88 1. He was republican candidate for con- gress in 1884, and was elected to the United States senate to succeed Senator Saulsbury, the latter having represented Delaware in the senate for eighteen years successively. Senator Higgins took his seat March 4, 1889, for the six years' term to expire March 3, 1895. In the Fifty-first congress Mr. Higgins served as chairman of the standing committee to examine the several branches of the civil service, and was a mem- ber of the committees on agriculture and forestry, claims, and the District of Columbia. In the Fifty- second congress he was made chairman of the com- mittee on manufactures, and member of the committees on inter-state commerce, privileges and elections, and again on the District of Columbia. Ecclesiastically, Senator Higgins is a Presbyterian, and is a man of scholarly attainments and pleasant address. He resides in Wilmington, directly opposite the residence of Senator Gray, his democratic col- league. He is a bachelor, and his sister presides over his home. GEORCE GRAY. GEORGE GRAY. UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM DELAWARE. George Gray was born at New Castle, Delaware, May 4, 1840. His father was Andrew C. Gray, a man of education and a prominet lawyer in that part of the country. Young Gray had every advantage for acquiring a good education, and he improved the opportunity. He attended the public schools, and with good preparation entered Princeton college, from which he graduated at the early age of nineteen, receiving the degree of Bachelor of Arts, and in 1862, at the age of twenty-two, received from the same institution the degree of Master of Arts ; and in 1889 the degree of Doctor of Laws was conferred upon him by his alma mater. He began the study of law with his father, and so well did he apply himself that after attending the Hartford law school one year he was admitted to the bar, and at the age of twenty- three began the practice of his profession at New Castle, and soon acquired not only a lucrative prac- tice, but a high standing at the bar. In 1879 he was appointed by Gov. Hall attorney general of the state, and moved to Wilmington, where he has since resided. In 1884 he was re-appointed to the same office by Gov. Stockley, which position he filled until 1885, with credit to himself and the satisfaction of the peo- 131 132 UNITED STATES SENATORS. pie of Delaware. He was a delegate to the national democratic convention at St. Louis in 1876 which nominated Mr. Tilden for the presidency, was again a delegate to the Cincinnati convention that nominated Gen. Hancock in 1880, and was also a member of the national democratic convention in Chicago in 1884 that nominated Grover Cleveland. In 1885 he was elected by the legislature of Dela- ware as a United States senator as a democrat, to fill the vacancy caused by the appointment by President Cleveland of Thomas F. Bayard as secretary of state. He took his seat March 19, 1885, and served the unexpired term, at the end of which time he was re- elected for the full term of six years, and took his seat March 4, 1887. His term will expire March 3, 1893. In the senate Mr. Gray was placed on several of the leading committees from the start, and most of his time has served on the standing committees to examine the several branches of the civil service, on naval affairs, on patents, on territories, on privileges and elections, foreign relations, and on the special committee on the quadro-centennial. His being placed on these important committees so early in his senatorial career was a recognition of his abilities, and evidences the standing in which he is held by his brother senators. Senator Gray is married and resides in a splendid home in Wilmington immediately opposite the resi- dence of his colleague, Senator Anthony Higgins. ^-» V$ , *%> o»i N i ^ .. ***». '■"""V ■ H* WILKINSON CALL. WILKINSON CALL. UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM FLORIDA. Wilkinson Call was born in Russellville, Logan county, Kentucky, January 9, 1834. His native place is the seat of Logan Female college, and the Baptist Bethel college. But young Call had no intention of settling down to the routine of business which made up the uneventful history of Russellville. Although unable to avail himself of the advantages of a liberal education, he embraced the means of culture within his reach and determined to prepare himself for a wider field of activity. He began the study of law, and after the usual preparatory course was admitted to the bar. Florida became his home, and his life was identified with the interests of his adopted state, and he was intensely devoted to the political views of the south. Mr. Call was fortunate in the selection of Jacksonville for his place of residence, now the most populous city of the state, situated on the banks of the St. John's river, twenty miles from its mouth. He has been associated with the growth of the place since it was a village, and has practiced his profession with great success. In 1865 he was elected United States senator from Florida, but owing to the subsequent passage of the reconstruction act was not allowed to 135 136 UNITED STATES SENATORS. take his seat. In 1878 the democratic party again came into power, and on March 18th, 1879, he was aeain elected, and was seated March 18th of that year, succeeding Simon B. Conover, a republican, for the full term. In 1885 he was again returned, and again re-elected in 1891, after a long and exciting contest in the state legislature. It has been a time honored rule in Florida that the democratic candidate must receive two-thirds of the caucus vote before he is officially recognized as the party nominee. The caucus decided to adhere to this rule at their first meeting, and ninety ballots were taken without any one receiving the required majority. Mr. Call was supported by a majority of the democrats during all the sessions, but his opponents were equally firm, and the contest was most exciting. At length it was de- cided to abandon the caucus and to throw the contest into the legislature, which was near adjournment by limitation of the constitution. A majority was the only requisite to election in the joint session, and on May 29th, 1 89 1, the state assembly and senate met and Mr. Call received fifty-one out of fifty-four, and the president of the senate declared Mr. Call elected. The joint session contained a majority of all the members elected to the legislature. Senator Call has served on the committees on appropriations, educa- tion and labor, engrossed bills, transportation, fish- eries, mines and mining, and revision of the laws. Senator Call is married, and his wife and daughter reside with him at Washington. SAMUEL PASCO SAMUEL PASCO. UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM FLORIDA. Samuel Pasco, of Monticello, Florida, was born in London, England, June 28, 1834. When quite young he removed with his father first to Prince Edward Island, and soon thereafter to Charleston, Massachusetts. He attended the public schools, pre- pared for college at the high school in Charleston, and was graduated with high honors at Harvard in 1858. In January, 1859, he went to Florida to take charge of the Waukeenah academy, in Jefferson county, where he also commenced the study of law. In July, 1 86 1, the war having broken out, he entered the confederate army as a private in the Third Flor- ida infantry. He was wounded and taken prisoner at Missionary Ridge, and was taken to Camp Morton, Indianapolis, Indiana, where he was detained till the close of the war, when he returned to Florida, and was soon elected clerk of the circuit court of his county, and resumed the study of law which he had abandoned at the outbreak of the war. He was admitted to the bar in 1868 and began the practice of his profession in Monticello, and soon gained a desir- able clientage. In 1872 he became a member of the 139 I40 UNITED STATES SENATORS. democratic state committee, and from 1876 to 1888 was its chairman, conducting the campaigns with a vigor and an intelligence that has held that state in democratic line despite the large influx into the state of many republicans from the eastern states. He has represented Florida on the democratic national com- mittee since 1880. In 1880 he was elected a presi- dential elector at large for his state and cast his vote for Gen. Hancock. In both 1880 and 1884 he was proposed as the democratic candidate for governor, but withdrew his name for the sake of party harmony. In 1885 he was president of the state constitutional convention, and in 1886 he was elected to the state legislature, and was chosen speaker of the house and over both he presided with dignity, fairness and dis- tinction. While he was still a member of the legis- lature, on the 19th of May, 1887, he was elected United States senator as a democrat, to succeed Charles W. Jones. His term will expire March 3, 1893. In that august body, distinguished for men of ability, he has taken high rank, and has won for him- self and state honors and distinctions by his wise treatment of every question that has been before that body. Senator Pasco has faithfully served on the com- mittees on private land claims, woman suffrage, pub- lic buildings and grounds, public lands and claims. He is a prominent Mason and Odd Fellow, and has served as grand master of the former and presiding officer of the state grand lodge of the latter. P *;*i> *<' JOHN B. GORDON. JOHN BROWN GORDON UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM GEORGIA. Senator John B. Gordon is one of the most popular and best known men in the south, and he was one of the first, if not the first, of the old confederate leaders to turn his back definitely upon the past, and to look forward to the development of the resources of his section of the country. He is a most brilliant speaker, and his earnest appeal to the patriotic men of all parties and sections to unite to put an end to the strife, bickerings and jealousies between the north and the south, soon after the war, was very influential. He felt assured that the strife was maintained by the selfish and ambitious politicians for their own pur- poses. His counsel and influence have invariably been in the interest of peace and good will. When in the senate of the United States nearly twenty years ago, it was probably true of him as maintained by his admirers, that at that time he had done more than any one else to convince the people of the north that the better classes of the south accepted the conse- 143 144 UNITED STATES SENATORS. quences of the war in good faith, humiliating as they might be to many. General Gordon has also taken an energetic part personally in the southern industrial movement, and has been an important figure in the inauguration and maintainage of all new and desirable enterprises. To him is very largely due the prosperity and advancement of the " new south." John B. Gordon was born in Upson county, Georgia, on February 6, 1832. No pains or expense was spared in his early education and in fitting him for college, and like so many public men of the south he attended the University of Georgia. After leaving college he studied law, was admitted to the bar, and practiced with unusual success until the outbreak of the war, when he entered the confederate army and was made captain of a company in an infantry regi- ment. He proved to be a dashing and intrepid soldier, and soon rose to the rank of major, then rose to the rank of lieutenant-colonel, became colonel of a regiment, was appointed brigadier-general, and for gallantry upon the battle-field, was promoted to major-general. He then became commander of the Second army corps and did valiant service for his cause. At Appomattox court house he commanded one wing of Gen. Robert E. Lee's army. His brilliant achievements on the battle-field, his many wounds, and the devotion of his wife to him, make a story which has often been told. It is one of the interesting and beautiful romances of the war of the rebellion. He was wounded no less than eight times in battle, and UNITED STATES SENATORS. 145 his still handsome face bears the scars he received at Sharpsburg where a ball entered his cheek and laid him low on the field. His exploits at Petersburg placed him in the first rank of living military chief- tains. His division fired the last gun before Lee's surrender ; but when peace was again restored, he poured the balm of his kindly nature into the wounds of the war, and like a true soldier accepted the re- sults of the victory of his late opponents in the deadly strife. In 1868 he made his first appearance in politics. He was the candidate of the conservative democrats for governor of the state, but was defeated for the po- sition by his republican opponent. He was sent by his constituents as a delegate to the national demo- cratic convention that nominated Horatio Seymour for the presidency, and was again a delegate to the national democratic convention in 1872. The same years he was elected presidential elector for the state at large. He was also in 1872 elected by the legis- lature of his state to the United States senate as a democrat, and took his seat March 4, 1873. He served out his term in that body, and was noted for his brilliant oratory and his fraternal bearing, and from 1877 to the close of his term he was friendly to the administration of President Hayes, and yet re- tained the confidence and respect of his own party. In 1879 Senator Gordon was re-elected, but in 1880 he resigned his seat in the senate on the grounds that he was too poor to remain in politics and returned to 8 I4 6 UNITED STATES SENATORS. Georgia and engaged in railroad enterprises to repair his shattered fortunes. In 1886, through the solicitation of friends, he again entered politics and was elected governor of Georgia, and so popular was his administration that he was re- elected in 1888. In 1890 he was elected United States senator for the term expiring March 3, 1897. The farmers' alliance as a political organization opposed him, and the contest was a fierce one. Senator Gor- don invited and met the hostility of the new party and overcame it. Senator Gordon is a working member of the stand- ing committees in the senate on civil service, coast defenses, railroads, territories, and transportation routes to the seaboard. Gen. Gordon is one of the fine looking men of the senate. He is tall, straight, and military in his bearing. He is very popular with his old soldiers, and notwithstanding the fact that he opposed the fanners' alliance and was opposed by them he was elected to the senate. He is the commander of the United States Confederate veterans, a social order of the south similar to the Grand Army of the Republic in the north. He is a noted after-dinner speaker, is fond of his fellowmen, and makes and holds friends wherever he is thrown. Gen. Gordon resides at Atlanta and also has a country home at Reynolds, a village in Taylor county, in the western-central part of the state, not far from where he was born. ALFRED H. COLQUITT. ALFRED HOLT COLQUITT. UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM GEORGIA. Alfred H. Colquitt was born in Walton county, Georgia, April 20, 1824. His grandfather was a Vir- ginian. His father, Hon. Walter T. Colquitt, was a native of Georgia, and became one of its most influ- ential citizens, representing the commonwealth for several years in the senate of the United States, and resigning that position in 1845. Alfred H. Colquitt, the subject of this sketch, after preparing for a classical course, entered Princeton college, New Jersey, and was graduated therefrom in 1844 at the age of twenty, while his father was still a member of the United States senate. He studied law, 149 150 UNITED STATES SENATORS. and was admitted to the bar upon arriving at his majority, and began practice ; but the Mexican war coming on, he entered the army, and at the age of twenty-three, with the rank of major, was serving on the staff of General Zachary Taylor. After peace was declared with Mexico, he returned home and resumed the practice of his profession ; but in 1852 the people of his district having marked him as one fitted for political preferment, nominated him for congress, and although but twenty-eight years of age, he was elected, taking his seat in the Thirty-third congress. In 1854 he declined a unanimous nomina- tion for re-election. In 1856 he was a delegate to the national democratic convention that nominated James Buchanan for the presidency. In 1859 he was a mem- ber of the legislature of his state, and in i860 he was a delegate to the national democratic convention, and an elector at large on the Breckinridge ticket. He was a member of the secession convention of Geor- gia ; and at the opening of the civil war he joined the confederate forces, and was made a captain in the Sixth Georgia infantry. He was soon chosen colonel of the regiment, then promoted to brigadier-general, and after serving some time in that grade, was pro- moted to the rank of major-general, and by his gal- lantry won special distinction as the "hero of Olustee." At the close of the war he returned to his home, and once more began the practice of law. In 1868 he was a delegate to the Seymour convention ; and in 1870, on the same day, he was made president of both UNITED STATES SENATORS. 151 the state democratic convention and of the state agri- cultural society, and was re-elected to the later office for the following six years. In 1872 he was a delegate to the democratic convention which met at Baltimore, Maryland. In 1876 he was the gubernatorial candi- date of his party, and was elected by a majority of eighty thousand, the largest ever received in the state at a similar election. Two years later he was elected president of the great International Sunday-school as- sociation, which he regards as one of the highest honors ever conferred upon him. In 1880 he was re- elected governor. His administration was distin- guished by an event the most important and far-reach- ing in its influence upon the prosperity not only of his own state but of the entire south — the Atlanta Cotton exposition and fair, which brought together capitalists and inventors from all parts of the union, and which was the beginning of the prosperity of the "new south." The effect of the enterprise was harmonizing and salutary upon the vast multitudes who assembled at Atlanta on the occasion. The address made by Governor Colquitt at its opening, and his uniform courtesy to all whose good fortune it was to be there, will ever be a recollection grateful to them ; and the splendid results of the great achievement was one of the crowning features of his administration as governor of the state. In January, 1882, Governor Colquitt addressed an immense assembly in Brooklyn Tabernacle, New York, under the auspices of the National Temperance so- I 5 2 UNITED STATES SENATORS. ciety, and delivered a speech in favor of temperance, which alone would have almost given him a national reputation. In 1882 he was elected to the United States senate as a democrat, for the term expiring March 3, 1889, at which time he was re-elected for the term expiring March 3, 1895. In congress, Senator Colquitt has served on the committees on manufactures, postoffices and post- roads, private land claims, enrolled bills, inter-state commerce, and on the centennial of the constitution. In the distinguished body in which he serves, he is recognized as an able, conscientious, clear-sighted member; and his many calls to prominent public po- sitions, is evidence of the estimation in which he is held by the people of his own state. Senator Colquitt is married, has a son and a daughter, and resides at Atlanta. ^ W CEO. L. SHOUP. GEORGE L. SHOUP. UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM IDAHO. George L. Shoup was born in Kittanning, Pennsyl- vania, June 15, 1836. He was educated in the schools of Freeport and Slate Lick. In 1S52 he removed with his father to Illinois and settled near Galesburg, where they engaged in farming and stock raising for the next six years. In 1859 young Shoup removed to Colorado and engaged in mining and mercantile bus- iness, which business he followed until 1861, when he enlisted in Captain Backus' independent company of scouts, and was soon thereafter commissioned second- lieutenant. During the autumn and winter he was engaged in scouting along the base of the Rocky moun- tains, and in the early part of 1862 was ordered to Fort Union, New Mexico, and was kept on scouting duty on the Canadian, Pecos, and Red rivers until the spring of 1863, and during the time was promoted to a first-lieutenancy. He was then ordered to the Arkansas river. He had been assigned in 1862 to the Second Colorado regiment of infantry, but was re- tained on duty in the cavalry service. In 1863 he was assigned to the First Colorado regiment of cavalry. In 1864 he was elected to the convention to prepare a constitution for the proposed state of Colorado, 155 I56 UNITED STATES SENATORS. and obtained a leave of absence for thirty days to serve as a member of that convention. After per- forming this service he returned to active duty in the army, and in September, 1864, was commissioned col- onel of the Third Colorado cavalry, in which capacity he served until he was mustered out in Denver with the regiment at the expiration of his term of service. Mr. Shoup engaged in the mercantile business in Virginia City, Montana, in 1866, and during the same year established a business at Salmon City, Idaho, where he now resides. Since going to that country he has been engaged in mining, stock raising, mercan- tile and other business. He was a member of the ter- ritorial legislature during the eighth and tenth ses- sions; was a delegate to the national republican convention in Chicago in 1880, was a member of the republican national committee from 1880 until 1884, and was United States commissioner for Idaho at the World's Cotton Centennial exposition at New Orleans in 1884 and 1885. He was again placed on the republican national committee in 1888, and in 1889 was appointed governor of Idaho territory, which position he held from March of that year until he was elected governor of the state October 1, 1890. On December 18th of the same year he was elected United States senator as a republican, and took his seat December 29, 1890. His term of service will expire March 3, 1895. Mr. Shoup is married, and Mrs. Shoup resides with him in Washington during the sessions of congress. FRED T. DUBOIS. FRED T. DUBOIS. UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM IDAHO. Fred T. Dubois was born in Crawford county, Illinois, May 29, 1851. His father was Jesse K. Du- bois, a well-known pioneer of the state and a warm personal friend of Abraham Lincoln, and prominent in the early history of the state. Young Fred at- tended the public schools in his boyhood, prepared for a classical course at Springfield, Illinois, and entered Yale college, from which institution he was graduated in 1872. After graduating he returned to his native state, and for a time was in the employ of John V. Farwell & Co., wholesale dry goods mer- chants, in Chicago, after which he entered the state auditor's office at Springfield as an assistant. Subse- quently be became secretary of the state board of railway and warehouse commissioners in Illinois, which position he held during the years 1875 an d 159 l6o UNITED STATES SENATORS. 1876, and was considered an influential factor in the politics of his party in the state. On account of ill health he concluded to change climates, and started for Idaho, taking a herd of cattle from Illinois as far as Cheyenne, Wyoming, where he sold them, and with the proceeds engaged in business in Idaho. In August, 1882, he was appointed United States marshall for that territory, which position he held until September 1, 1886. By his uncompromising fight on the Mormons, who were endeavoring to colonize the territory, he got into politics, and was elected delegate to the Fiftieth congress. So satis- factorily did he represent his constituency that he was re-elected to the Fifty-first congress, in which he served until the admission of Idaho into the union as a state. He was elected to the United States senate as a republican in 1891 for the term expiring March 3. 1897. Mr. Dubois took his seat in the senate December 8, 1 89 1, and was placed on the committees on manu- factures, immigration, irrigation and reclamation of arid lands, and organization, conduct and expendi- tures of the executive department. Mr. Dubois is one of the youngest members of the senate, is a bright, progressive man. He comes of good sensible stock, and he will doubtless prove an able representative of his state. He resides at Black- foot, Idaho. JOHN M. PALMER. JOHN M. PALMER. UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM ILLINOIS. John McCauley Palmer was born on Eagle Creek, Scott county, Kentucky, September 13, 181 7. His father, Louis D. Palmer, emigrated to Kentucky from Northumberland county, Virginia, in the year 1793, and was married in 18 13 to Miss Ann Tutt, a native of Culpepper county, Virginia. The ancestors of the family were from England, and among the first set- tlers of Virginia. The elder Palmer, who was a sol- dier of the war of 181 2, removed to Christian count)-, Kentucky, at the time of the birth of John McCauley Palmer. Here John M.'s childhood was spent, attend- ing a neighboring school in winter and rendering as- sistance upon the farm in the summer, until he had received a fair common-school education. His father, an ardent Andrew Jackson man, was also an ardent opponent of human slavery, and thoroughly impressed his opinions upon his children, the family being at that time known as warm anti-slavery democrats. In 183 1 the opinions of the elder Palmer determined him to emigrate to the free states, and in that year he 163 164 UNITED STATES SENATORS. removed to Madison county, Illinois, and settled about ten miles from Alton. Young John at this time was about fourteen years of age. The labor of improving the farm occupied the time until 1833, when the death of the mother broke up the family. In the spring of 1835 J onn M. and his elder brother, Elihue, who, afterwards became a minister of the gospel and noted for his learning and eccentricities, entered Alton col- lege, which was organized and opened upon the "manual labor system." They were almost without money, but in its place were possessed of most san- guine hopes. Several months were thus spent, and in the fall of 1836 John M. left college for lack of money to further prosecute his studies. From this time until the spring of 1839 he spent his time in a variety of ways. For awhile he worked with a cooper, then he became a peddler, and, finally in the fall of 1838, be- ing then in Fulton county, Illinois, he was invited to take charge of a district school near Canton, where he taught "two quarters" to the apparent satisfaction of his patrons. During this time he had been a constant reader of history, poetry, novels, sermons, and news- papers, and had amassed a respectable but most illy arranged store of knowledge. In the summer of 1838 he cast his first vote for the democratic ticket, Senator Douglas being a candidate for congress. The acquaintance of this then rising young statesman, by kindling young Palmer's ambition and spurring him to effort, probably gave stability to his purpose, and tended to shape his future course in life. During the UNITED STATES SENATORS. I 65 winter of 1838 he obtained a copy of Blackstone's Commentaries and began the study of law, and in the spring of 1839 he entered the office of John L. Great- house, then a lawyer of considerable standing at Car- linville, Macoupin county, Illinois. On arriving at Carlinville, having walked to that place from St. Louis, his entire stock of money consisted of fourteen dollars and his wardrobe of an indifferent suit of clothes and an extra change of linen. Here young Palmer found his brother Elihue, who was married and preaching to a congregation in Carlinville. This brother advised him to remain and pursue his studies, offering to board him, and accordingly, as above stated, John M. entered the office of Mr. Greathouse. In less than two months after this, at the request of leading democratic politicians, he became a candidate for the office of county clerk. He engaged actively in the canvass, but was defeated by a majority of one hundred and twenty votes. In December, 1839, at the age of twenty-two, he obtained a license to practice as an attorney and counsellor at law. Judge Stephen A. Douglas took much interest in the application, and wrote the license, which General Palmer carefully preserves to this day. Upon the return of young Palmer to Carlinville he was not at once successful, and the only reason he did not seek a new home was his inability before leav- ing to meet his obligations. Often since then Gen- eral Palmer has said that this early poverty lies at the foundation of whatever success he afterward attained. I 66 UNITED STATES SENATORS. In time, however, his practice grew, and it was not long until he was considered a successful lawyer. In 1840 he participated in the canvass for presi- dent, supporting Mr. Van Buren. In December, 1843, at tne a g e °f twenty-five, he was married. In 1843 ne was elected probate judge of Macoupin county. In 1847 he was elected to the Illinois state constitutional convention, and at the same election was defeated for probate justice by a combination formed against him. In 1848, his victorious com- petitor having resigned, he was again elected probate judge by a large majority. The same year the new constitution was adopted and he was elected county judge, in which office he continued until 1852, when he was elected to the state senate. He attended the ses- sions of that body in 1852, 1853, and 1854, and in the latter year opposed a resolution approving the Ne- braska bill. In 1855 he was re-elected to the senate as an independent anti-Nebraska democrat, and warmly supported many important measures, such as the free- school system, homestead law, etc. In 1856 he was a a member of and was president of the first Illinois re- publican state convention, held at Bloomington. He was a delegate to the national republican convention at Philadelphia, and advocated the nomination of Judge McLean, though personally preferring Fremont. He entered actively into the canvass, exerting himself for Fremont, having resigned his seat in the senate, upon the ground that, having changed his political UNITED STATES SENATORS. 1 67 connections after his election, self-respect and a proper regard for the true principles of a representative gov- ernment demanded such a course. In 1858 Mr. Pal- mer was engaged in state politics and favored the nomination of Lincoln as a candidate for senator by the republican state convention, and in 1859 was nominated for congress, but was defeated, the party to which he had allied himself being yet quite young. In i860 he was elected elector-at-large on the republi- can ticket, and cast his vote for Abraham Lincoln for the presidency. In 1861 he was a delegate to the peace congress at Washington, and favored measures of compromise adopted by the conference. When the second call for troops was made he came forward and enlisted as a soldier, regardless of great home interests, and on May 9, 1861, was unanimously elected colonel of the Fourteenth Illinois regiment of volunteers. After moving with his command from Jacksonville, Illinois, to sundry points in Missouri, he accompanied Gen. John C. Fremont in his expedition to Springfield, Missouri, and was there assigned the command of a brigade by Gen. Hunter, which formed a part of Gen. Pope's expedition to Milford, which captured a large number of confederate prisoners. On the 20th of November, the same year he was com- missioned brigadier-general. He commanded a di- vision and was with Gen. Pope at the capture of New Madrid and Island Number 10, the bombardment of Fort Pillow, and took part in the operations against Corinth. On the 20th of April, 1862, they landed at 1 68 UNITED STATES SENATORS. Hamburg, on the Tennessee river, and Gen. Pope in re-organizing his corps assigned Gen. Palmer to the command of the First brigade, First division of the Army of the Mississippi, composed of the 22nd, 27th and 51st Illinois volunteers and Hikock's battery. From great exposure and constant activity Gen. Pal- mer was taken very ill, and on the 29th of May, 1862, he was ordered home by Gen. Pope, where he re- mained for three months, when he took part in the effort to raise more troops, and under the authority of the governor of Illinois organized the 122nd Illinois regiment at Carlinville. On the 26th of Auo-ust he left home for the front, and on the 1st of September reached Tuscumbia, Alabama, where he was assigned the command of the First division of the Army of the Mississippi and ordered to join Buell. The 1st and 2nd brigades were concentrated at Decatur under Gen. Palmer, and reached Athens the 6th of Septem- ber. After active operations in this neighborhood, they arrived in Nashville on the nth of September; and during the so-called blockade of Nashville by the southern forces, for a period of several weeks Gen. Negley's and Gen. Palmer's forces were the occupants and defenders of the city. In the early part of No- vember, Gen. Palmer was with Gen. Grant's army in temporary command of a division. Subsequently in the awful scenes of Stone River, Gen. Palmer led a division and acted a conspicuous part, which was personally recognized ; and for gallantry and skill dis- played upon this occasion, he was nominated and con- UNITED STATES SENATORS. I 69 firmed as major-general, his commission dating from the battle of Stone River, December 29, 1862. He was at Corinth and at the bloody contest of Murfrees- boro, was engaged at Chattanooga, Chickamauga, Lookout Mountain, Missionary Ridge ; and subse- quently participated in the bloody strife at Dalton, Resaca, Dallas, Kenesaw Mountain, and at the battle of Atlanta rendered brilliant service. In the memorial hall at Springfield, Illinois, may be seen a battle- stained banner of the confederacy, a hard-won trophy of his troops at the spirited engagement of LaVergne. In placing Gen. Palmer in nomination for the sen- atorship in 1891, Hon. Wiley E. Jones, a member of the Illinois house of representatives, after an eloquent rehearsal of Gen. Palmer's war record, said : "In the recital of his martial service to his country, no part is brighter than his record as military governor of Kentucky, the state which gave him birth. Com- bining the firmness of a soldier with the genius of a statesman, he lifted a prostrate people and restored to them the confidence and power to rule themselves. Out of chaos he brought order ; and so far as possible he endeavored at all times to subordinate the military to the civil power. War at an end, sectional hatred and petty prejudice found no abiding place in his bosom. The thunders of Appomattox scarce had ceased when his teachings were that bayonets and blades, so lately crimson with the blood of brothers should be beaten into implements of husbandry that prosperity might speedily return to bless a re-united I 70 UNITED STATES SENATORS. people." On August 4, 1864, after commanding the Fourteenth army corps through the Atlanta campaign, General Palmer was relieved at his own request, and from February, 1865, to May 1, 1866, commanded the military department of Kentucky. His resignation was accepted September 1, 1866; and after over five years of active service, he returned to Illinois, removed to Springfield, and engaged once more in the peaceful practice of his profession ; but the people of Illinois would not allow him to remain long in retirement, and in the summer of 1868 he was nominated by the republican state convention for the governorship of the state. So well and favorably known had he be~ come that a canvass was scarcely necessary, and in November of that year he was elected governor of Illinois by over fifty thousand majority — the largest majority ever given to any one for that office in the state. His record as governor forms an important portion of the history of Illinois. During that period the present state constitution was adopted and many needed reforms were established. He supported Greely in 1872, and advocated the discontinuance of sectional strife. In fact, he was in position at the time to secure the liberal republican nomination for the presidency, but refused to make any pledges or prom- ises to secure it. He was offered the vice-presidency on the ticket with* Greeley, but declined. In 1876 the "New York Sun" and many other prominent journals strongly advocated Gen. Palmer for the democratic nomination for the presidency, though he was in no UNITED STATES SENATORS. I 7 1 sense a candidate. When Mr. Tilden was nominated, Gen. Palmer labored vigorously for his election, and his eloquence and logic in Mr. Tilden's behalf were felt in every portion of the state. He was one of the democratic visitors to Louisiana after the presidential election. In 1877 he was supported by the democrats of the legislature for United States senator, and came within a very few votes of election. He was again voted for in the senatorial contest in 1883, and again in 1889. In 1884 he was a delegate-at-large to the national democratic convention in Chicago. General Palmer has always been a firm believer in the right of the people to govern themselves through their chosen representatives, all power to remain as near the people as possible; and in 1888, when he was unanimously nominated for governor of Illinois by the state democratic convention, he de- livered a brief speech of acceptance that was ap- plauded in all parts of the union, and in which he vehemently denounced the practice of employing from private detective agencies bodies of armed men to suppress strikes and force arbitrations. He prom- ised that his administration, if elected, should be " as strong as the law, no stronger ; as weak as the law, no weaker ; " and that the people should govern them- selves through their duly elected representatives. His memorable campaign of that year, impressed the voters with his belief that all power should be as near the people as possible, and that taxation should be for public purposes only, and in 1890 he was nomi- 172 UNITED STATES SENATORS. nated in open state convention as the democratic can- didate for the United States senate. His canvass for the election of members of the state legislature and the entire democratic ticket was never equaled in the state, not even in the days of Lincoln and Douglas ; and he had the eminent satisfaction of not only gain- ing the legislature, but of seeing the entire demo- cratic state ticket elected by a large majority, and fourteen out of twenty members of congress as well. The people of the state having thus named him as their choice, the legislature the following winter went through the legal formality of electing him senator of the United States from Illinois for the six years beginning March 4, 1891, and ending March 3, 1897. General Palmer is a veteran in years and exper- ience, but he is a veritable Hercules in mental vigor and physical strength and endurance. That he is one of the great men of the nation is recognized and affirmed by his political friends and willingly conceded by his political opponents. On the 4th of April, 1888, his first wife having been dead for a number of years, Senator Palmer was mar- ried to Mrs. Hannah L. Kimball of Springfield, Illi- nois, a lady of rare culture and of prominent family connections. His wife and daughter reside with him in Washington. In congress, Senator Palmer has been placed on the committees on military affairs, railroads, pensions, and improvement of the Mississippi river and its tribu- taries. SHELBY M. CULLOM. SHELBY M. CULLOM. UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM ILLINOIS. Shelby M. Cullom was born in Monticello, Wayne county, Kentucky, November 22, 1829. His father removed with him, when scarcely a year old, to Taze- well county, Illinois, where he became prominent among the pioneers of the state, a member of the leg- islature and a trusted friend of Abraham Lincoln. The son Shelby until he was nineteen years of age worked on the paternal farm in summer, and attended the district schools in winter. During ten months of this time he was engaged also in teaching school. He then left home and became a student at the Mt. Morris university, but at the close of his second year was obliged to leave on account of his health. Re- turning home he remained there until his energies were recruited, when he entered the office of Stewart & Edwards at Springfield, Illinois, and commenced the study of law, using many of the same books that were used by Abraham Lincoln twenty years before. In a short time he was admitted to practice, and was 17s I 76 UNITED STATES SENATORS. immediately thereafter elected city attorney of Spring- field, which office he held for one year, and then returned to the practice of law. In 1856 he was placed on the electoral ticket for Fillmore, and was also nominated by the Fillmore and Fremont parties for the state legislature, and was elected to the latter position. At the meeting of the legislature he was voted for by the Fillmore adherents for speaker of the house. In i860 he was again elected to the legis- lature from Sangamon county, and was then chosen to fill the office of speaker. In 1862 he was appointed by President Lincoln on a commission with Governor Boutwell of Massachusetts and Charles A. Dana, afterwards assistant secretary of war, to proceed to Cairo, Illinois, for the purpose of examining into the accounts and transactions of quartermasters and com- missary officers, and to pass upon claims allowed by them against the government. The same year Mr. Cullom was a candidate for the state senate and for a seat in the constitutional convention, in a demo- cratic district, and was defeated. In 1864 ne was nom- inated by the union republican party of his district for congress, and although the district at the last previous election had been democratic by about fif- teen hundred majority, yet he was elected by a majority of seventeen hundred, thus defeating Hon. John Stewart, one of the gentlemen with whom Mr. Cullom had studied law. His first speech in congress was in reply to Mr. Harding of Kentucky, who had spoken against the conduct of the war, and among UNITED STATES SENATORS. I 77 other things had said " it was time that a little posing was done." Mr. Cullom defended the union party in a strong and vigorous speech that won him favor from the beginning. At the end of his first term he was re-nominated by his party, and was re-elected by more than double his first majority. He continued in the lower house by re-elections until 1871. During his third term he served as chairman of the committee on territories, conducted an investigation into the question of polygamy in Utah, and secured the pas- sage of a bill for the extirpation of polygamy, which failed to come to a vote in the senate. In 1872 he returned to the Illinois house of representatives, and was elected speaker in 1873, and in 1874 served another term in the legislature. He was a delegate to the national republican convention in 1868, and at Philadelphia, as chairman of the Illinois delegation, placed General Grant in nomination for the presi- dency in 1872. He was also a delegate to the national convention in 1884, and had the pleasure of nominat- ing Gen. John A. Logan. In 1876 he was elected governor of Illinois, de- feating Lewis Stewart, the candidate of the farmers and democrats combined. He was re-elected in 1880, serving as governor from January 8, 1877, to February 5, 1883, when he resigned the position, having been chosen United States senator, as a republican, to suc- ceed Hon. David Davis, independent democrat, for the term expiring March 3, 1889, at the expiration of which time he was re-electedfor the term ending March 3, 1 895. I 78 UNITED STATES SENATORS. Senator Cullom has been prominently connected with the question of railroad regulation. As speaker of the Illinois house of representatives he appointed the committee that drafted the stringent railroad law of Illinois, which was the first state to take action on this subject. During his six years as governor it be- came his duty to appoint the Illinois railroad and warehouse commissioners and to see that they se- cured the enforcement of the law, which was sustained by the courts and practically put into operation dur- ing his administration. As senator he has been zealous and active in endeavoring to secure national legislation upon the same subject, and in 1885, as chairman of the senate committee on inter-state commerce, conducted an investigation into the question of the regulation of railroad corporations by national legislation. His report upon the subject, submitted to the senate Jan- uary 16, 1886, is an elaborate review of the whole subject, and it attracted attention at home and abroad, and finally resulted in the passage of the present inter- state commerce law, which bears his name. In the senate Mr. Cullom has been chairman of the committee on inter-state commerce, and has served with ability and commendable zeal on the committees on commerce, engrossed bills, territories, transporta- tion routes to the seaboard, and on the select com- mittee to enquire into administrative service of the senate. In 1882 a law was passed to suspend for ten years UNITED STATES SENATORS. I 79 the coming of Chinese laborers into the United States, the ten years expiring in May, 1892. Owing to this fact, Senator Cullom early in the Fifty-second con- gress introduced a bill similar to the law of 1882. His bill proposes to suspend the coming of Chinese laborers into the United States, and provides that for ten years after the passage of the act no Chinese laborer, skilled or unskilled, shall be permitted to remain in the United States, and none shall be allowed to enter. Every Chinese person, other than a laborer, who may desire to enter the United States, must pre- sent a certificate issued by the Chinese government showing his title or rank, if any, his height, age and physical peculiarities, his individual, family and tribal name, and his residence and occupation, business or profession. The certificate must also show that he is entitled to enter the United States under the provis- ions of the treaty of November 17, 1880. This cer- tificate must be endorsed by the consular representa- tive of the United States at the port from which the person sailed. This act, says the bill, shall apply to all persons of the Chinese race, whether subjects of China or other foreign powers, excepting Chinese diplomatic or consular officers and their attendants. Provision is also made for a rigid system of inspec- tion at the various ports of the United States and punishment may be inflicted upon any person aiding Chinese to enter the United States or remain within its borders, the penalty being a fine of one thousand dollars and imprisonment for one year. Such Chi- l8o UNITED STATES SENATORS. nese as may be in the United States at the time of the passage of the act must secure a certificate within ninety days. Those who have no certificates at the end of that period shall be transported to China at the cost of the United States. — Such is Mr. Cullom's latest important measure. The private life of Senator Cullom is a model of uprightness. In his home, in his office, in all his relations to the public, he is always the same court- eous gentleman. His habits are simple, and, like his colleage, he detests pretense or ostentation. For over thirty years he has been in public life, and the people have advanced him step by step from city attorney to United States senator. He may go higher. Mr. Cullom has been twice married ; first to Miss Hannah M. Fisher, on December 12, 1855. From this union two daughters were born — both of whom are now married. His first wife having died, he was married to her sister, Miss Julia Fisher, May 5, 1863. Mrs. Cullom and two daughters reside with the sena- tor at Washingtan during the sessions of the senate. Their home is at Springfield, Illinois. S* DANIEL W. VOORHEES. DANIEL WOLSEY VOORHEES. UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM INDIANA. Daniel Wolsey Voorhees, of Terre Haute, Indiana, is a lineal, and direct decendant in the male line, and in the seventh degree, from Steven Coerte Van Voor- hees, who emigrated from the Province of Drenthe, Holland, in the ship " Bontekoe," and settled on Long Island, New York, in 1660. This emigrant ancestor of the Voorhees family in America was born in Hol- land at the village of Hees, in the year 1600, and was consequently sixty years of age when he and his chil- dren and grand children landed in New York. It is stated in the geneological records, which have been carefully preserved, that " he purchased, November 29th, 1660, from Cornelius Dircksen Hoogland, nine morgens of corn land, seven morgens of wood land, ten morgens of plain land, and five morgens of salt meadow, in Flatlands, Long Island, for 3,000 guilders; also the house and houseplot lying in the village of Amesfoort en Bergen, (Flatlands), with the brewery and all the brewing apparatus, kettle house and casks 183 184 UNITED STATES SENATORS. with the appurtenances as per page thirty-seven of liber B of Flatbush Records." He became a magistrate there, and a citizen of prominent local standing, as is shown by an official paper still extant speaking of him as "the worshipful Steven Coerte Van Voorhees, seventy-nine years old." He died February, 1684, leaving numerous decendants in this country, and some who remained in Holland. His fourth son was Lucasse Stevense Van Voorhees, whose second son was Jan Lucasse Van Voorhees, whose sixth son was Petrus Van Voorhees, whose third son was Stephen Voorhees, whose third son was Peter Voorhees, whose eldest son was Stephen Voorhees, the father of the senator from Indiana. Every name in the order of descent has been carefully kept in its place and is of easy reference. The marriage records also show that throughout six generations of this family in this country no male member of it ever made a domestic alliance outside of the blood of the old Dutch repub- lic. The senator's father was a Hollander of pure blood ; not a cross having taken place in the Dutch geneology prior to his birth. The female names brought by marriage into the family are such as Van Dyke, Van Duyckhuysen, Van Noortstrand, Van Arsdale, and others of like significance. Senator Voorhees is himself a member of the Holland society, of New York, by virtue of his unbroken paternal Hol- land descent. Immediately upon the close of the revolution, Peter Voorhees went west from New Jersey and settled at Harrodsburg, Kentucky, where UNITED STATES SENATORS. I 85 in 1 796 he married, and where Stephen Voorhees, the father of Senator Voorhees, was born April 16, 1798. The marriage of Stephen Voorhees, in February, 1822, to Rachel Elliott, the mother of the senator, was the first matrimonial alliance made by one of the male descendants of Steven Coerte Van Voorhees outside of the Dutch line. Rachel Elliott was born January 15, 1802, in Baltimore county, Maryland, of Scotch ancestry, and of a family noted for strength of character, brilliancy of thought, and gifts of speech. She was herself a woman of very superior intellect, endowed with all the graces of a most benevolent and unselfish heart, and a handsome and accomplished person. She died at the old homestead in Fountain county, Indiana, as late as January 31, 1891. We find from the record that the subject of this sketch was born in Butler county, Ohio, September 26, 1827, but was carried a few months later by his pioneer parents into the almost unbroken wilderness of the Wabash Valley. There, in Fountain county, Indiana, the senator's father, a man of great energy and force of character, as well as of superior intelli- gence, purchased and opened a farm of about seven hundred acres, much the larger portion of which is still owned and cultivated by one of the senator's brothers. In his youth Senator Voorhees was trained and made skillful in every branch of farm labor and his sympathies are always active and accute in behalf of the people in whose ranks he was born and whose ways of life and methods of thought and action he so 1 86 UNITED STATES SENATORS. well understands. Until nearly seventeen years of age he had simply the advantages of neighborhood winter schools. At that period, however, his parents sent him to the Indiana Asbury university, (now De Pauw) at Greencastle, Indiana. There he remained four years and graduated in 1849 with a good college record. In recent years the De Pauw university has honored him with the title of LL. D. The public career of Senator Voorhees is well known and calls for but brief mention. As a young lawyer he had the usual struggles and discouragements, but he always loved his profession, and to this day enjoys "courthouse contests" better than any other. The reason for this may be that he has done better work there than anywhere else. Such in fact is his own opinion. There is an error, however, in the public mind in regard to his career and standing as a lawyer. The fact that he has at different times appeared for the defense in criminal cases of great and sensational interest has led many to suppose that his principal prominence in the profession was in business of that kind. Nothing could be more erroneous. When, on a recent occasion, a gentleman attempted to compli- ment him on his success as a criminal lawyer he re- plied: "You are mistaken. I am not a criminal lawyer at all. I know nothing of the criminal classes, and never allow them to come near me. I have been called on a few times in my life to defend gentlemen who have been compelled in defense of their homes, their families, or themselves to kill their ruthless and UNITED STATES SENATORS. 187 lawless assailants. I never defend criminals." Very soon after coming to the bar, and at an early age in life, Mr. Voorhees, although living on the Indiana side of the line between Indiana and Illinois, was thrown into a full practice in the eastern counties of Illinois, and for nearly ten years tried cases before David Davis, with Abraham Lincoln, Stephen Logan, Leonard Swett, Oliver L. Davis, and others of great note as his associates, or opponents, but always as his kind, courteous, and instructive friends. In the courts of Indiana he had to measure himself from the start both as an advocate and a lawyer with Hannegan, Lane, Zebulon Baird, Pettit, McDonald, McGaughey, Gregory, Huff, John P. Usher, Thomas A. Hendricks, the Walpoles, Hughes, Dunham, Hugh O'Neal, and many others, all older than himself, and all well trained and powerful legal combatants. In 1853, Mr. Voorhees was appointed state prosecutor for his cir- cuit, and in May, 1858, he was appointed by President Buchanan United States district attorney for Indiana. The latter position he held in November, 1859, when he defended John E. Cook at Harper' Ferry for par- ticipating in the John Brown raid, and it was predicted by many of his best friends that he would be removed from office on the ground that his appearance in that case was inconsistent with his official relations to the government. On the contrary, however, Mr. Buchanan sent for him and personally complimented him on the course he had pursued. In i860, after a hard contest, and in a failing year I 88 UNITED STATES SENATORS. for his party, Mr. Voorhees was elected to congress from the Terre Haute, Indiana, district, and has been in political life almost constantly from that time to the present. His course on public questions has been so pronounced, and is so well known, that but little, if anything, need be said in regard to it here. One fact, however, may be remarked, showing the strong and unusual hold he has always had on the confidence of his own party in Indiana. He has received seven nominations for the house of representatives, and five commissions as a senator and never had even nominal opposition in any nominating convention, or legisla- tive caucus of the democratic party. It may also be stated that he has been elected a senator from Indiana oftener, and for a greater number of years, and by larger majorities than any other man of any party in the entire history of the state. His present term of service will expire March 3, 1897. DAVID TURPIE. DAVID TURPIE. UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM INDIANA. David Turpie was born in Hamilton county, Ohio, July 8, 1829. He is of Scotch descent, and the son of a carpenter. In early life he formed the habits of industry and study that were the foundation on which he has built the monument of a successful life. He attended the common schools of his boyhood, but not content with the studies pursued in them, when but a lad he asked a friend of the family to teach him Latin. In the study of this ancient language he proved so apt a scholar that Greek was next essayed, and the friend records that young Turpie " literally devoured " the Greek and Latin classics in his library and at about the same time the "Universal History" in twenty octavo volumes. He entered Kenyon college, and was graduated therefrom in 1848 at the age of nineteen. He resided for a time at Monticello, White county, Indiana, and then removed to Logansport in the same state, where he studied law and was ad- 10 191 192 UNITED STATES SENATORS. mitted to the bar in 1849. Here he began the prac- tice of his profession, and here he resided for many years before removing to Indianapolis, his present home. He was a member of the state legislature in 1853, and was appointed by Governor Wright, whom he afterward succeeded in the United States senate, — judge of the court of common pleas in 1854, at the age of twenty-five, and was judge of the circuit court in 1856, both of which offices he resigned. He was again a member of the state house of representa- tives of Indiana in 1858, and in 1863 was elected United States senator for the unexpired term of Jesse D. Bright, who was expelled, and immediately suc- ceeded Joseph A. Wright, who had been appointed by the governor until the state legislature should meet. Judge Turpie was but thirty-four years of age at the time of his election to the senate. In 1866 and again in 1868 he was the nominee of his party for a seat in the national house of representatives, but was defeated. Having removed to Indianapolis he was elected from Marion county a member of the house of representa- tives of the general assembly of Indiana, and served as speaker of that body in 1874 and 1875, making an ideal presiding officer. The legislature at that time met in the Marion county court house, as the present two-million-dollar state house was in course of erection. In 1878 Mr. Turpie was appointed one of the three commissioners to revise the laws of Indiana, serving as such for three years. In August, 1886, he UNITED STATES SENATORS. 193 was appointed by President Cleveland United States district attorney for the state of Indiana, and served as such until March 3, 1887. He was elected United States senator as a democrat February 2, 1887, to succeed Benjamin Harrison, receiving seventy-six votes to that gentleman's seventy-one votes, and took his seat March 4, 1887, for the term expiring March 3, 1893. He was a delegate at large to the national democratic convention at St. Louis in 1888. In the senate Judge Turpie has served on the com- mittees on census, pensions, privileges and elections, transportation routes to the seaboard, and on the select committees on Indian depredations, and the presi- dent's message transmitting report of the Pacific rail- way commission. At the beginning of the Fifty-second congress Sen- ator Turpie introduced a joint resolution proposing an amendment to the constitution providing for the election of United States senators by a direct vote of the people of the several states, in support of which he delivered a very able speech, which was read and appreciated throughout the country. In Indiana Judge Turpie is looked upon as an able leader and a wise counselor. In person he is com- manding in figure and impressess the observer with the idea of his decisive character and capacity. He is a forcible and logical public speaker and splendid political organizer. The laws of Indiana will long bear the impress of the learning and labor which he bestowed in their revision as a member of the com- JQ4 UNITED STATES SENATORS. mission of 1878. His experience as a law-maker, and judge, and United States senator covers a period of nearly forty years, and the intervals in which he was not in the public service have been given to the suc- cessful practice of his profession. He has fine legal attainments, is scholarly in his tastes, and is modest, unassuming, and thoroughly democratic in his inter- course and social life. Judge Turpie has been twice married, and twice be- reaved. He resides in a splendid, well-ordered man- sion in Indianapolis, of which home his daughter has charge. She also has charge of his Washington home during" the sessions of the senate. WM. B. ALLISON. WILLIAM BOYD ALLISON. UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM IOWA. William B. Allison was born in Perry, Wayne county, Ohio, March 2, 1829, his parents being John and Margaret Allison. His mother's maiden name was Williams. His youth was spent in aiding his father to cultivate a farm, and in attending the com- mon schools a few months each year. His early man- hood was devoted to studies in Alleghaney college at Meadville, Pennsylvania, where he progressed very rapidly. He subsequently attended the Western Re- serve college at Hudson, Ohio. After leaving college he commenced the study of law at Wooster, Ohio, in 1850, and was admitted to the bar in Wayne county two years later. He began the practice of his pro- fession at Ashland, Ohio, and in the year 1857 re- moved to Dubuque, Iowa, which city has since been his home. Mr. Allison applied himself closely to his profession, and in a comparatively short time built up a large and desirable as well as lucrative practice. 197 I98 UNITED STATES SENATORS. He immediately identified himself with every local enterprise tending to further the interests of Dubuque and the state, and became almost from the start a leader in more than one important movement. Enterprising himself, he lent confidence to others, and his influence was beneficial in the development of the country. His first entrance into public life was as a delegate to the national republican convention in i860. When the war of the rebellion broke out in 1861, Mr. Alli- son was appointed on the staff of Governor Kirk- wood as one of his aides and rendered valuable ser- vice to his country in raising troops for the war. He continued to act in this position with great efficiency until 1862, when he was elected by the union party to the Thirty-eighth congress. He was re-elected three times, serving in all eight years in the lower house, from December 7, 1863, to March 3, 1871. He was but thirty-three years of age when first elected to con- gress, and he entered that body in the darkest hours of the political history of the country since independ- ence was gained, and vigorously supported every measure for suppressing the rebellion and took advanced grounds on the methods for accomplishing that end. He was one of the hopeful members of the house of representatives and believed the rebellion would be crushed as soon as the government guar- anteed "all the privileges of religion, of family, of property, and of liberty " to all the people. During the first two years that he was a member of congress UNITED STATES SENATORS. 1 99 he introduced a bill for the improvement of the Mis- sissippi river, and had the satisfaction of seeing the measure succeed, he being one of its ablest and most earnest supporters. It was through his influence that the land grant was secured for the railroad leading west from McGregor, Iowa. While in congress he had the pleasure of voting for all the constitutional amendments after the war, and earnestly supported every republican measure, such as the civil rights bill and the freedman's bureau bill. During the last six years that he was in the lower house he was on the committee of ways and means, and showed by his efficiency the wisdom of the selection. He did him- self much credit, and at the close of each session of congress stood higher with his constituents and fellow members than at the first. His speeches were pre- pared with much care, have great logical strength, and some of them have been much sought for and have been widely circulated. On leaving Washington in March, 1871, Mr. Allison returned to his home in Iowa and aided in pushing to successful result several enterprises of local impor- tance. But the people of Iowa were not yet done with his services, and in January, 1873, he was elected to the United States senate as a republican, succeeding Hon. James Harlan in that body. He took his seat in March following his election, and at the expiration of his term he was re-elected. In 1885 he was again re- elected, and again in 1891, the latter term to expire 200 UNITED STATES SENATORS. March 3, 1897. In the upper house he has proved himself an indefatigable worker, and has done good service on the committees on appropriations, pensions Indian affairs, and congressional library. In the sum- mer of 1875 ne was appointed one of the commis- sioners to negotiate with the Sioux Indians for the sale of the Black Hills, but the attempts were a fail- ure. He has always acted with the republican party, and in Iowa has been one of its most prominent, trusted, and effective leaders. In 1888 he was sup- ported in the national republican convention for the presidency, and was the choice of many of the ablest men in the country. He is a candid and persuasive speaker. In his ora- torical efforts he appeals to the judgment and reason- ing powers rather than the passions, and leaves an excellent impression on the mind. His bearing is such that he commands the highest respect of political opponents. His social qualities are admirable, and his moral character irreproachable. Senator Allison was married June 5, 1873, to Miss Mary Nealley of Burlington, Iowa. He attends the Presbyterian church. JAMES F. WILSON. JAMES FALCONER WILSON. UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM IOWA. Hon. James F. Wilson is one of the able men who have represented Iowa in the senate of the United States. His career can be no less than an inspiration to the humblest and most ambitious American youth. From a harness-maker's bench to a seat in the highest deliberative body of the foremost nation on earth is the measure here between possibility and accomplished fact. He belongs to the group whom the world de- lights to honor with the magic title, "self-made men.'' James F. Wilson was born in Newark, Ohio, on the 19th day of October, 1828, being the eldest of three children of David S. and Kitty Ann Wilson, who were married in Newark, the former being a native of Morganstown, Virginia, and the latter of Chillicothe, Ohio. His parents, while poor, were worthy Christian people, both being active and esteemed members of the Methodist Episcopal church. David S. Wilson died in Newark, Ohio, in 1839; the mother's death occurred in Fairfield, Iowa, January 28th, 1875. Upon the death of his father, this son, then only ten years of age, became the sure and strong reliance of his mother, younger brother and sister for support. For a term of years he was apprenticed to the harness- 203 204 UNITED STATES SENATORS. making trade, but found the time, principally through his own efforts sustained by private recitations to certain immediate personal friends, to acquire a fair education and including the knowledge of the Latin language. He early formed the determination to be- come a lawyer. This purpose becoming known to William B. Woods, then a member of the bar of his native town and late an associate justice of the supreme court of the United States, he placed at the command of the aspiring youth the necessary books and voluntarily became his legal preceptor. Thus did the apprentice of a harness-maker gain a somewhat liberal education and orow into a knowledge of the law, rendering possible a remarkably successful pro- fessional and political career. In 1 85 1, he was duly admitted to the bar of his native county and continued in the practice thereat for upwards of a year and a half. On the 25th day of November, 1852, he was married to Mary A. K. Jewett, of Newark, Ohio, the second daughter of Alpheus and Aletha Jewett. The newly married pair set out immediately to plant a new home in the then little known and far west. They proceeded first by water to St. Louis, then up the Mississippi to Burling- ton and from thence by stage to Fairfield, Jefferson county, Iowa, where they located and have since re- sided. Mr. Wilson at once commenced the practice of law, nor was he long in commanding recognition as an able, conscientious and successful lawyer. He rapidly UNITED STATES SENATORS. 205 acquired a most flattering business and soon stood in the front rank of his chosen profession. But it was not as a lawyer trying cases in state and federal courts, wherein he was destined to attain the full measure of his success and prominence. However certain or choice would have been the promotions accorded him within the narrower limits of his pro- fession, they could not have been more satisfactory to himself, or useful to the public, than have been those resulting from his pre-eminent services in the broader field of state and national organic, as well as statutory law-making. In his early days amid fast accumulating profes- sional duties, he found time to write the leading editorials of his party's local paper. His rare ability thus displayed in dealing with political questions, then in a formative state, won for him an abiding confidence in the integrity of his political thought and actions that has followed him closely throughout his extended public career. In 1856 it was deemed wise to revise the state's constitution. A convention was duly convened with this purpose in view. Mr. Wilson, then only three years resident in the state, was chosen to attend this constitutional convention and was next to the young- est of its members. Young in years, perhaps, yet his associates soon found him old in resources that make men valuable in such bodies. The record of its pro- ceedings abounds in the wisdom of his selection and reveals the marked ability with which he performed his 206 UNITED STATES SENATORS. part of the great work of constitutional revision. As the state's constitution was then and there recast it stands to this day, without serious change or modifi- cation, and the mental, moral and material environ- ments of this great commonwealth are the best evi- dence of its fostering care and concernment for the " life, liberty and pursuit of happiness" of its people. The governor of Iowa in 1857 appointed Mr. Wilson as assistant commissioner of the DesMoines River improvement, then a matter of chiefest concern to the people of the state. Later in the same year he was elected as a republican to the lower house of the general assembly of Iowa and during his term was chairman of the committee on ways and means. In 1859, promotion followed in his election to the state senate, and here again he rendered most valuable service, during the first year of his term as a member of the judiciary committee through whose hands passed for final inspection a then recent recompilation of the laws of Iowa, afterwards and now more familiarly known as the revision of i860. During his second year in the state senate he served as president of that body. Possessed of great natural ability as a writer and speaker, well disciplined in the law, familiar with par- liamentary rules and usage, painstaking to a degree, unsurpassed in every undertaking, and with it all patriotic to the core, Mr. Wilson was elected as a re- publican representative in congress for the unexpired term of General Samuel R. Curtis ; was re-elected, UNITED STATES SENATORS. 20/ without having met with any opposition in nominating- conventions, to the Thirty-eighth, Thirty-ninth and Fortieth congresses, serving from December 2, 1861 to March 3, 1869, his retirement in the latter year made possible only through his positive and repeated declin- ation of further renomination. On his entrance into congress he divided with one other the sole responsi- bility of representing the state of Iowa in the house of representatives. The labor performed in the form of committee work is universally recognized as "a fair test of any man's zeal, industry and influence in any legislative body." Without regard then to Mr. Wilson's conceded power as an advocate, his logic and oft times eloquence in the arena of debate, and simply applying to him this fair test of legislative usefulness and fidelity, it will be found that, while he may have equals, he has no su- periors in this present regard among all his able con- temporaries. A hard worker at a mechanical trade at twenty-one, chairman of the judiciary committee of the American house of representatives at thirty-three, is tribute enough to the man and his talents and an equally splendid one to the absolute freedom of aspira- tion and achievement accorded the single individual under our matchless republican institutions. Mr. Wilson was, perhaps, the youngest man ever assigned to this important committee, yet he served thereon throughout his entire service in the house and during the last six years, as already indicated, was its honored chairman. This committee on account of prevailing 208 UNITED STATES SENATORS. civil war, the consequent conflicts arising between constitution and statutes and which was only intensi- fied by the suppression of the rebellion and the in- trusion upon congressional action of a perfect multi- tude of perplexing legal questions attendant upon the reconstruction of erring states, was forced into a con- trolling rank and a conspicuous responsibility un- known before or since. It was a severe test to any man, however ripe in years or special acquirement, but when applied it found in Mr. Wilson an all suffi- cient conscience and capacity. "That he remained uninterruptedly at its head and no measure favorably reported upon by him from this committee failed in the house is the best assurance of the confidence placed by congress in his work." Mr. Wilson made his debut in congress by the in- troduction, in December, 1861, of a resolution to in- struct the committee on military affairs to report an additional article of war prohibiting the use of the United States forces to return fugitive slaves ; on December 7th, 1863, being the first day of the session of the Thirty-eighth congress, he gave notice of his intention to introduce a joint resolution for an amend- ment to the constitution abolishing slavery. This was the first notice looking to that end ever given in the congress of the United States. Shortly after he re- ported the resolution from the judiciary committee and brought on one of the most memorable parlia- mentary struggles of those stirring times, and its final passage was largely due to the speech delivered by UNITED STATES SENATORS. 200. him on that occasion, considered "one of his ablest and most effective efforts." Early in the first session of the Thirty-ninth congress, he reported from the judiciary committee a joint resolution proposing an amendment to the constitution to forever forbid the payment of any portion of the rebel debt. He material- ly aided its passage in the house, and while the senate neglected to take concurrent action upon it, its purpose found substantial fulfillment in a subsequent provision of the fourteenth constitutional amendment. Among the bills favorably reported by him from the same com- mittee and in whose final passage he was a most potent factor, was one providing for the enfranchisement ot the colored people of the District of Columbia ; an- other giving freedom to the wives and children of the colored union soldiers, and then the great civil rights bill. Mr. Wilson has always commanded a host of ardent admirers, and one of the several claims they confidently assert is that he stands with few, if any, rivals in early and zealous contention in legislative halls for the abolition of human slavery and the granting to all men equal rights before the law. This claim it would seem has an enduring foundation. Be- fore ever entering congress he had been persistently waging war on the retention of the word "white" in the constitution of his adopted state, nor did he desist until he saw it finally eliminated and a standard of citi- zenship established in both federal and state laws, such as to use the form of one of his utterances in debate, "that no person can tell from the reading of them 2IO UNITED STATES SENATORS. what color is stamped upon the faces of the citizens of the United States." Not among the least distinguished of his labors in the lower house of congress were those performed in matters relative to the famous impeachment proceed- ings against the president of the United States. Dur- ing the second session of the Thirty-ninth congress the subject was referred to the judiciary committee and consideration of it was resumed in the Fortieth congress. The result was the presentation from the committee of minority and majority reports. Mr. Wilson was with the minority and in its behalf re- ported against the proposed impeachment. The fact that, after an extraordinary and exciting debate, he carried his proposition through the house is indicative of his personal influence, as well as corroborative of that degree of confidence reposed in him by his associ- ates in all matters with which he and they were com- pelled to deal. In an interesting volume, called the "Fortieth Congress," Mr. Wilson's connection with the impeachment question is thus forcibly set forth : "He went to the examination of this case with the prevailing ideas with regard to the law and the practice in cases of impeachment — that the power to impeach is a vast, vague, almost illimitable prerogative resting sub- substantially alone in the judgment of the senate as to the character of the offensive acts and the exigencies of the public welfare. The known deeds of the excu- tive led him to anticipate the necessity of reporting in favor of impeachment, and he was not inclined to sus- UNITED STATES SENATORS. 2 I I pect the legal power to meet the admitted acts by the extreme remedy of the constitution. But the careful study of the law and history of impeachments which the occasion imposed upon him, forced him to the conclusion that, at least under our constitution, no federal officer could be impeached for any offense which was not named in the constitution, or which was not a criminal offense under the laws of congress. No such offense was shown. In support of his views, he comprised in his report a careful but succinct re- view of every important case of impeachment in the British parliament, and of every case brought before the senate of the United Sates, with an elucidation of the law and practice under both governments, which forms an interesting and valuable treatise for the jurist and the historian. The report comprised also a summary of all the evidence bearing upon every charge made against the president, and a considera- tion of the character of each specific charge. "When the subject came a second time before the house on new charges, Mr. Wilson was one of the most prompt and decided of those who demanded the impeachment of the president. In this instance, in his judgment, there was no doubt about the power and duty of congress. In his view, a penal enactment of congress had been violated, clearly, knowingly, in- tentionally, defiantly. He was made one of the mana- gers appointed by the house to carry the articles of impeachment that were found against the president before the senate, and to prosecute them there, and to ii 2 i 2 UNITED STATES SENATORS. that prosecution he gave his best and most active efforts." Mr. Wilson retired from congress as General Grant entered upon his first presidential term. The presi- dent tendered him the the position of secretary of state, and then again the choice of two other cabinet appointments. Strong as the influences were that seemed conspiring to break or bend his resolve to quit public life long enough at least to mend his private fortune, the better to superintend the affairs of home and eive a safer care to the education of his children, they were powerless to change the hour or the order of his going. The twelve intervening years were busy ones to Mr. Wilson, and they found him pursuing principally those private ends whose needs ot his closer attention had been so potential with him. While seldom if ever again appearing in local courts, his wise counsel and professional services were sought by imperilled interests far and wide and his presence became familiar in the highest state and federal tri- bunals. Nor was it possible for him in those days to be unmindful of the debt of gratitude he was under to the great political organization that had opened up to him his public opportunities. His wisdom and po- litical sagacity, were ever present in its conventions, clearly shown forth in most of its state platforms, and his voice was never more eloquent than when raised in advocacy of the principles thus proclaimed and submitted for popular approval at the polls. His only official service in this interval was rendered UNITED STATES SENATORS. 2 1 3 as a orovernment director of the Union Pacific rail- road, to which position he was assigned by President Grant, and continued to discharge its duties for eight years. He wrote all the reports made to the secretary of the interior by the government directory during his connection therewith and thereby furnished much ac- curate knowledge to the department concerning the interests involved, supplemented with wholesome recommendations as to needful legislation. In 1 88 1 Mr. Wilson determined to re-enter public life and submitted to the people of Iowa his candidacy for a seat in the United States senate. His manner and method of conducting his campaign for this high position was as exceptional as it proved in the end to be effective. It discarded adverse criticism or per- sonal abuse of opponents and confined itself rather to a process of public education. " Mr. Wilson delivered eight written addresses on subjects of deep interest to the people, on topics scientific, literary, theological, historical and political. The character of these ad- dresses suggested thorough study, deep research and a broad and diversified knowledge that enlightened the people of Iowa as to the capabilities of the man and won for him a seat in the United States senate without opposition." He took his seat in the senate on March 4th, 1883, and was re-elected thereto in 1888; his second term will expire on the 3rd of March, 1895. At the time of re-election he gave public notice of his intention to permanently retire from public life, if spared to fill out the term to which he was then ac- 2L4 UNITED STATES SENATORS. knowledging an election. None knowing the man misunderstood or stopped to question the sincerity of this declaration. In the senate Mr. Wilson has served on the follow- ing committees : Revision of laws, foreign relations, postoffice and post roads, pensions, education and labor, census, inter-state commerce and the judiciary. At this writing he is chairman of the committee on re- vision of laws and ranks second on the judiciary. His services in the senate have been marked by that same ability, industry and integrity that he has always dis- played in whatever public capacity called upon to act. In matters of constitutional law his judgment com- mands the highest deference. The several addresses he has delivered in this most conservative and digni- fied body have only added to his reputation as a broad, liberal minded statesman. ^1 WM. A. PEFFER. WILLIAM ALFRED PEFFER UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM KANSAS. William A. Peffer was born on a farm in Cumber- land county, Pennsylvania, on the ioth day of Sep- tember, 1 83 1. His education consisted of the train- ing received during winter months, between his seventh and fifteenth years, in an old fashioned country school house in the neighborhood. He early developed a habit of reading and study, and has retained it to this day. When but fifteen years old he held a teacher's certificate and was teaching a public school at sixteen dollars a month, boarding himself. His savings all went for books. He read while others slept. Teach- ing during the winter months, working on the farm the rest of the year, devoting every odd hour to his books, before he had turned his nineteenth year he had collected a library of over one hundred volumes ; was a ready debater in the local societies, and some of his communications had been published by the anti-slavery and temperance press. At the age of 217 2 1 8 UNITED STATES SENATORS. seventeen he was advised by friends to study law, and was offered a full collegiate course at Dickinson col- lege ; but he declined because of a suspicion he enter- tained that a successful lawyer could not be an honest man. He was married December 28, 1852, and the following June he removed to St. Joseph county, In- diana, purchased a piece of "thick woods" land, and began to clear out a farm there. The financial troubles of 1857 made a move prudent, and in March, 1859, he went to southwest Missouri, purchased a farm in Morgan county, raised a crop of corn, and re- moved his family the following September. Here he distinguished himself by a union speech, delivered July 4, i860. The war unsettled everything in that part of Missouri, and although, by careful manage- ment and pinching economy, he and his wife had col- lected and saved enough property to pay out on the farm, when it became necessary, on account of his union sentiments, to retire from that part of the country, he was compelled to leave a large amount of farm produce, grain, hay, etc., and had barely money enough to pay for horse feed and ferriage on the way to Warren county, Illinois, where he arrived early in March, 1862, with a few articles of household goods in his wagon. He rented a farm, put out a large acreage of spring wheat, oats, corn, and potatoes, and August 6th, following, enlisted as a private in com- pany F, Eighty-third Illinois infantry; was commis- sioned second lieutenant May, 1863, and was after- wards kept on detached duty most of the time, UNITED STATES SENATORS. 2IQ. charged with responsible duties, his last position be- ing that of depot quartermaster in the engineer department at Nashville, handling all the engineer supplies for the military division of the Mississippi, under General Sherman. Without missing a day on furlough from the time of enlistment, he was honor- ably discharged June 26, 1S65, and was allowed thirty days by General Thomas to settle his business with the government. Having read law off hours during the last two years of his service, he opened a law office at Clarksville, Tennessee, where he was employed in some impor- tant cases involving constitutional questions growing out of the war. In all these he was eminently suc- cessful. He at once engaged actively in efforts to restore peace and good will among the people. By special invitation of union men in middle Tennessee, he delivered a number of public addresses in that region, counseling good neighborhood and obedi- ence to the law. These speeches bore good fruit in restoring confidence among the lately divided citi- zens. He took issue with the extreme radicalism of Governor Brownlow, and attempted the organization of a conservative union party, in harmony with the national republican party, based on a complete freedom of the people — free speech, free press, free schools, and free ballot for all. He volunteered to defend the constutionality of the new public school law ; he successfully maintained the legal liberty of all persons formerly held to bondage, and this simply 2 20 UNITED STATES SENATORS. by act of war without the operation of law, and he successfully advocated the legality of common law marriages among slaves. Social and political conditions were such that, after a four years' residence there, real reconciliation seemed to be farther off rather than nearer, and early in 1870, at great sacrifice of property, he removed his family to Kansas, locating on a claim in Wilson county, where he began making a farm. He also opened a law and newspaper office at the county seat. The next year he secured the organization of farmers in a county agricultural society. In 1874 he was elected to the state senate, representing Wilson and Montgomery counties. His footprints may easily be traced in the legislation of the next two years. He was chairman of the joint committee on the centen- nial exposition which gave Kansas the best advertise- ment the state ever had. He was active in behalf of sufferers from the grass- hopper invasion. Caught in the financial crash of 1873, he in 1875 removed to the adjoining county of Montgomery, where he established the Coffeyville Journal, and practiced law until 1878, when he aban- doned the law business, and has taken none since. In 1880 he was one of the republican presidential elec- tors. He was employed, in 1881, as editor of the "Kansas Farmer," which position he held continuously until after his election to the United States senate. He virtually abandoned party politics with the elec- tion of President Garfield. From that time until 1888 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 221 he did not deliver more than half a dozen party speeches, and in them he confined himself to the tariff exclusively. Amone the first issues of the "Kansas Farmer" under his editorial management, the policy which he has steadily maintained ever since was foreshadowed — that of organization amoncr farmers for social and political purposes, free coinage of silver and gold, anti-monoply, opposition to national banks, low pro- tective tariff, prohibition, rural education, politicat action, etc. His transportation article, July, 1882, entitled "The Robbery of Kansas," was copied extensively in the agricultural press of the country. In 1883 he pub- lished a series of articles on the tariff, claiming that twenty per cent, average duty, properly adjusted, would afford all needed protection. In 1882 he com- mitted all the republican candidates for congress in Kansas to legislative control of railroad corporations. In 1883 he attempted the organization of a "farmers' movement," and called a meeting for that purpose, but the time was not ripe. In 1885 he advocated free coinage of silver, addressing the Kansas mem- bers of congress and senators especially on the sub- ject. In 1886 he began the study of the debt ques- tion, his researches resulting in a modification of his views concerning interest and the proper functions of money. His non-partisan " Tariff Manual " was pub- lished in 1888, and his little book, "The Way Out," came in 1889. His article, "The Farmers' Defensive 22 2 UNITED STATES SENATORS. Movement," in the Forum, December, 1889, attracted general attention. In 1888 and 1889, by special in- vitation, he delivered many public addresses to farmers' assemblies. His first address to an alliance meeting was at McPherson, August, 1889; and during 1890 he delivered more than one hundred alliance addresses. The subject of this sketch has always been a tem- perate man; is now a prohibitionist. In politics he was republican from Fremont to Harrison. Is a mem- ber of the Protestant Episcopal church ; is a master mason, belongs to the knights of labor, and the farmers' alliance. Senator Peffer is six feet tall, weighs about 150 pounds, in temperment is cheerful, in manners re- served and modest, and is courteous and respectful to all. He speakes deliberately, with force and great earnestnesss. He has a wife and eight children living, and two children deceased. In the Fifty-second congress Senator Peffer is a member of the committees on census, claims, on the examination of the several branches of the civil ser- vice, improvements of the Mississippi river and its tributaries, and railroads. HP BISHOP W. PERKINS BISHOP W. PERKINS. UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM KANSAS. Bishop W. Perkins was born in Rochester, Lorain county, Ohio, October 18, 1841. He received a com- mon school education, and for a short time attended the Knox academy at Galesburg, Knox county, Illi- nois. After leaving the academy he spent two years in Colorado, and then returned to Illinois and in July, 1862, enlisted in Company D, Eighty-third Illi- nois volunteer infantry and was chosen sergeant. He was soon promoted to adjutant, and for two years and six months was captain of the Sixteenth United States colored infantry. He served four years in the union army, and participated in some of the hardest fought battles of the war. He was mustered out of the ser- vice at Nashville, Tennessee, and returned to Illinois and entered the law office of O. C. Gray at Ottawa, La Salle county, where he pursued his studies until he was admitted to the bar in 1867, when he removed to Princeton, Indiana, and commenced the practice of his profession. He removed to Kansas in 1869 and settled in Oswego, Labette county, in the southern tier of counties in the state. The same year of his arrival he was appointed attorney for the county, and 225 2 26 UNITED STATES SENATORS. in 1870 was elected probate judge of the county, to which office he was re-elected in 1872, serving until February, 1873, when he was appointed judge of the Eleventh judicial district of Kansas; and in November of the same year was elected for the unexpired term. In November, 1874, he was re-elected, and was again re-elected in November, 1878, holding the office for nearly ten years, making a record pleasing to himself and satisfactory to his constituents. In 1882 he was elected as a republican to the Forty-eighth congress as a congressman for the state at large from Kansas, and was re-elected in the Third congressional district in 1884, 1886, and 1888, but was defeated in 1890 by B. H. Clover, who was the candidate of the farmers' alliance. On January i, 1892, Judge Perkins was ap- pointed by Governor Humphrey as United States senator from Kansas to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Senator Preston B. Plumb. Senator Perkins has always been a strong republi- can and has been prominent in the various campaigns in Kansas since he first became a citizen of the state. He is a thorough administration man, was opposed to the free silver bill in the Fifty-first congress, and was an enthusiastic supporter of the McKinley tariff measure. He is a stalwart in politics and is a strong man mentally, and where he is best known has the stanchest and truest friend. In his home town he has served for some years as president of the board of trustees of the Oswego college for young ladies. JOHN G. CARLISLE. JOHN GRIFFIN CARLISLE. UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM KENTUCKY. John G. Carlisle was born in Campbell — now Kenton — county, Kentucky, September, 5, 1835. He was the youngest son of a large family. His father was a farmer, and young Carlisle until he was nine- teen years old worked on the farm in summer and attended school in the winter. At that time there was scarcely a buggy or pleasure carriage in the county, and farm products were taken to market on wagons drawn by oxen, and young Carlisle's father used to haul his wheat and tobacco twenty miles to market in this way. It took him two days and two nights for every load. Young Carlisle with the ever-present ox-whip in his hand was the frequent conductor for his father of these primitive traffic trains. History and tradition are equally silent as to whether he en- joyed the ocupation ; but be that as it may it is well- known that the young Kentuckian gave his leisure hours to study and general reading until he had ac- quired a good common school and common sense education, and at an early age became a teacher in 229 230 UNITED STATES SENATORS. his county and afterward at Covington, where he now resides. Deciding upon the law as a profession, he commenced its study in the office of J. W. Stevenson and W. B. Kinkead, and in 1858 was admitted to the bar of Kentucky, and soon acquired an extensive and lucrative practice. From 1859 to 1861 he was a member of the state house of representatives of Kentucky, being but twenty-four years of age at the time of his election. During the civil war he was opposed to secession. In 1864 he was nominated for presidential elector on the democratic ticket, but declined. In February, 1866, he was elected to the state senate, and was re-elected in August, 1869. He was a delegate at large from Kentucky to the national democratic convention at New York in July, 1868. In May, 1 871, he was nomi- nated for lieutenant-governor of his state, and re- signed his seat in the state senate to accept the nomi- nation. He was elected in August of the same year and served in that position until September, 1875. In 1876 he was alternate presidential elector for the state at large, and the same year and at the same election was elected to the Forty-fifth congress, taking his seat in March, 1877. He was six times re-elected, and served in the house of representatives from March, 1877, to May, 1890. He soon became promi- nent as a democratic leader, was appointed a member of the ways and means committee, and attracted wide attention by his clear, forcible and able speeches in favor of revenue reform. In the Forty-eighth, Forty- UNITED STATES SENATORS. 23 I ninth, and Fiftieth congresses, he was elected speaker without opposition in his own party. To quote his own language "the speakership is certainly a very arduous position. It entails hard work from the be- ginning to the end of the session and taxes the strength and tries the patience of the incumbent to the fullest extent. The work of selecting the com- mittees — determining just what members will deal most intelligently with certain classes of questions — and the naming of chairmen is perplexing and tedious in the extreme. When this is done the speaker's work is only begun. He has to pass upon questions of importance almost every hour. He has to be con- sulted as to the time that shall be given to the various legislative measures ; must carry in his mind a pano- ramic view of the whole legislation of the session, and must understand the merits of each measure and how it should be treated. This, of course, requires a great amount of investigation and study. He must be ready to decide upon all matters the moment they arise, and new questions of procedure and parlia- mentary law are always being presented." As speaker of the house Mr. Carlisle is given credit of always being fair and impartial in his decisions, and he re- garded the office as that of a judge rather than that of a partisan, that in his judgment being the true position of a speaker. On May 17, 1890, Mr. Carlisle was elected to the United States senate as a democrat, to fill the unex- pired term of James B. Beck, deceased, and took his 232 UNITED STATES SENATORS. seat May 26, 1890. His term of service will expire March 3, 1895. There is no stronger man in the senate to-day than John G. Carlisle. His fourteen years in congress, during which he served as speaker or upon the important committee of ways and means, have given him a thorough equipment regarding all matters connected with the government and the inter- ests of the United States, and his wonderful intellect, joined to a capacity for perpetual work, makes him a giant among his fellows. There is no greater worker in Washington than Senator Carlisle. While speaker he put in more hours a day than any other man at the capitol, and his work is still before him from morning until night. But it is as a revenue reformer that Senator Car- lisle is best known, and on that question he has been a leader of his party for years. He is in favor of a just revision and reduction of tariff taxation, with due regard to the raising of revenue and to the industrial system as it has grown up under the existing system. Theoretically he is a free trader, because he believes that all taxes are simply necessary burdens, but he thinks it will be a long time before this country can arrive at anything near free trade, as it must be ap- proached gradually, step by step. If it were an origi- nal question, the situation, he thinks, would be differ- ent ; but at present artificial conditions have to be dealt with, and a complete reform cannot be accom- plished by a single measure of legislation. He thinks absolute free trade hardly probable, as there will UNITED STATES SENATORS. 233 always be needed a certain amount of money to carry on the government, and taxes of some kind must always be imposed to pay the expenses. His idea of a good government is one which accomplishes its pur- poses with the least possible taxation upon the peo- ple, and not only should the rate of taxation be as small as possible consistent with the raising of the necessary amount of revenue, but the burdens of tax- ation, he thinks, should be distributed as equally as possible upon the people according to their ability to bear them. He believes the present system of tax- ation violates both these rules in the most flagrant manner. Senator Carlisle believes that every dollar in circu- lation among the masses of the people should be as good as any dollar that circulates in financial circles or forms the basis of trade, either domestic or inter- national, and if anything at all be done on the silver question it is his opinion that the principal commer- cial nations of the world should join in a monetary conference and fix an international ratio. The capitalist, he thinks, can always take care of his own interest when changes occur or are about to occur in the relative values of the different kinds of circulating medium, because he can, in anticipation of such changes, convert his money at any time into the most valuable kind of currency and hoard it in order to realize the premium, while the laborer and those of scanty means have little to hoard and are compelled to receive from day to day in payment for their labor 12 234 UNITED STATES SENATORS. and its products just such money as the law makes legal tender, whatever it may be. Senator Carlisle is a calm, deliberate, judicious man, not given to oratorical display, but states his facts clearly and with a convincing earnestness that impresses his hearers. He is held in high esteem by his associates, and his knowledge of affairs and his ability to deal with them are recognized and admired by members of all parties. He is married, and he and Mrs. Carlisle are very popular in Kentucky, as well as in Washington, where they have a home dur- ing the sessions of congress. JOSEPH C. S. BLACKBURN. JOSEPH C. S. BLACKBURN. UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM KENTUCKY. Joseph C. S. Blackburn was born in Woodford county, Kentucky, October i, 1838. He attended the common schools, received private instruction, and after completing his preparatory course of study at Sayres Institute at Frankfort in that state he entered Centre college at Danville, from which institution he was graduated in 1 85 7. After his graduation he entered upon a course of legal studies in the office of George B. Kincaid in Lexington, Kentucky, and was admitted to the bar in 1858 at the age of twenty. In casting about for a desirable location in which to begin the practice of his profession, he made up his mind that Chicago would prove an excellent field, and he conse- quently removed to the Garden City, where he prac- ticed until 1 860 with gratifying success. But when the rumblings of the coming conflict began to make them- selvesmore audible and the dividing line more distinctly drawn between the north and the south, his love for the state of his boyhood induced him to return to his 337 2^>8 UNITED STATES SENATORS. native county, and upon the breaking out of the civil war he cast his lot with the south and entered the con- federate army in 1861 and served with the usual energy of his nature until the end of the strife, receiv- ing numerous promotions during the time. In 1865 he resumed the practice of law in Kentucky, and soon acquired a lucrative and desirable clientage, and a prominent standing at the bar: In 1 87 1 he was elected to the Kentucky legislature and was a conspicuous member of that body, and was re-elected in 1873. In 1875 he was elected to the lower house of congress as a democrat, and since that time has been a prominent figure in American poli- tics. He was re-elected in 1876, again re-elected in 1878, 1880, and in 1882, and at the expiration of the latter term, he was elected by the legislature of his state to the United States senate on February 4, 1884, as a democrat to succeed John S. Williams, and took his seat on March 4, 1885. At the expiration of his term in 1891, he was re-elected for the term expiring March 3, 1897. In the lower house Mr. Blackburn served on many of the leading committees, was an energetic worker, and was considered a good debater. In the senate he has served on the standing commit- tees on appropriations, on rules, railroads, naval affairs, census, Indian traders, and on some of the special committees. Senator Blackburn is married and his home is at Versailles. Mrs. Blackburn usually accompanies him at Washington during the sessions of congress. RANDALL L. GIBSON. RANDALL LEE GIBSON. UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM LOUISIANA. Randall L. Gibson was born at Spring Hill, near Versailles, Woodford county, Kentucky, September 10, 1832. His ancestors settled originally in Vir- ginia. Those on the paternal side subsequently emi- grated to South Carolina, and thence to Mississippi, where his grandfather, Randall Gibson, who was a revolutionary soldier, settled with his kindred at Oakley, Warren county, and continued to make it his home until his death in 1836. The latter built the first church and founded the first college — Jefferson — in the state of Mississippi. The father of Randall Lee Gibson was Tobias Gibson, who settled early in life at Lexington, Kentucky, where he was educated and married, afterwards purchasing a large estate in Terre Bonne parish, Louisiana, where he became a large and successful sugar planter. Although not a public man he was an ardent whig and a warm and cherished friend of Henry Clay, a gentleman of the old school, of elegant manners and accomplishments, and of generous hospitality. On his maternal side the 241 242 UNITED STATES SENATORS. ancestors of the subject of this sketch were the Harts and Prestons of Virginia, but who afterwards removed to Kentucky. The old family estate at Spring Hill, where Randall Lee was born, was the country seat of his grandfather, Colonel Hart, and in early days the center of a most princely hospitality. The subject of this sketch was educated in Lexington, Kentucky, and in Terre Bonne parish, and was gradu- ated from Yale college in 1853, and was, owing to his superior attainments, chosen as class orator upon the occasion. After leaving college he entered the law department of the university of Louisiana — now Tulane university — from which institution he received his diploma in 1855, and of which institution he sub- sequently became the official head, being president of the board of administrators. The next three years he spent in Europe, studied in Berlin, traveled in Russia, and spent some months at Madrid, which experience was both a pleasure and a benefit in after years. Upon his return to America he engaged in sugar planting until the breaking out of the civil war, at which time he was acting as aid to the governor of Louisiana. He at once joined the confederate army as a private, but a man of his ability and experience was not to remain long in the ranks, and he was soon made a captain in the First Louisiana artillery and stationed at Fort Jackson below New Orleans. Not long afterward he was elected colonel of the Thirteenth Louisiana infantry. At Shiloh he com- manded a brigade which attacked the "hornet's nest" UNITED STATES SENATORS. 243 in front, and was repelled four times with great slaughter, but he held his ground and was in the front line at sunset and was distinguished in the fighting on the following day. Gibson was with Bragg's army in the Kentucky campaign, and was recommended for promotion for skill and gallantry at Perryville, where one-third ot his brigade were killed or wounded. He did service for his cause at Murfreesboro and Chicka- mauga, and was in all the battles of Gen. Joseph E. Johnston's retreat from Dalton to Atlanta, and at Jonesboro lost half of his command. In the defeat of Gen. Hood he successfully covered the retreat, and in Canby's campaign against Mobile, Gen. Gibson was detached with three thousand five hundred men to Spanish Fort, where he held the national forces at bay for full two weeks and then withdrew his entire com- mand, under cover of darkness threading a pathway only eighteen inches wide through as dangerous and dismal a marsh as could be found in all that country. From a private in the ranks he rose step by step until he commanded a division and was frequently compli- mented by his superior officers for gallantry upon the battle field. He was financially ruined by the war, but after its close resumed the practice of law in New Orleans. In 1872 he was elected to congress as a democrat, but was not permitted to take his seat. He was again elected in 1874, after his political disabilities were removed, and took his seat in that body. He was re-elected in 1876, 1878 and 1880, and was then 244 UNITED STATES SENATORS. elected to the United States senate, and took his seat March 4, 1883. He was re-elected in 1888, and his present term of service will expire in 1895. In congress Gen. Gibson has been a pronounced "hard-money" man. He may fairly be said to be the father of the policy for the improvement of the Mississippi river, which movement he originated and has constantly and consistently advocated and success- fully guided. He is author of the bill establishing the mint at New Orleans, and also the bill authorizing the president to send a man-of-war to New Orleans for the enlistment of a naval school at that port. He has been the most pronounced opponent in the south of all forms of financial inflation and irredeemable issues. In short Senator Gibson has been a hard-working, safe, conservative, high-minded public servant. In the house he served on the committee on ways and means and other important committees. In the senate he has served on such committees as agriculture, com- merce, expenditures of public money, public buildings, public library, and transportation. In 1882 he was chosen by Paul Tulane as president of the board of administrators who were to manage his gift for education in New Orleans, now estimated at one million five hundred thousand dollars. Under his auspices Tulane university was founded. He is one of the administrators of the Howard memorial library in New Orleans, is one of the trustees of the Peabody educational fund, and is regent of the Smith- sonian institute. EDWARD D. WHITE. EDWARD DOUGLAS WHITE. UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM LOUISIANA. Edward D. White was born in the parish of La- fourche, Louisiana, November 3, 1845, an d was edu- cated at St. Mary's college near Emmitsburg, Mary- land, at the Jesuit's college in New Orleans, Louisiana, and at Georgetown, District of Columbia. His father, who bore the same name, was a distinguished citizen of Louisiana, having served the people as judge in New Orleans, and was a member of congress for a number of years, and was governor of the state. The son, although quite young at the outbreak of the war, served in the confederate army, and at the close of hostilities, studied law, and was licensed to practice by the supreme court of Louisiana in December, 1868, and with the prestige of the family name in the line of the law he soon had a good practice. In 1874 Mr. White was elected to the state senate 247 248 UNITED STATES SENATORS. and from 1878 to 1880 he was judge of the supreme court of Louisiana. At the expiration of his term on the bench, he practiced law and looked after his large sugar plantation near New Orleans. On the 29th day of May, 1888, nearly three years before the expiration of the term of Senator James B. Eustis, Judge White was elected United States senator. He took his seat March 4, 1 891, for the term to expire March 3, 1897. Senator White is placed on the committees on public lands, claims, and epidemic diseases. Senator White is noted for his vitality and energy. He is six feet tall, has a robust frame, and his hair and complextion are blonde. He is well educated, speaks French like a native, and is very fluent as a debater. He is quick at repartee, though not bitter in his remarks. He is a bachelor, but prefers his own home to a hotel, and he keeps house at Washington with his sister at the head of the home. WILLIAM P. FRYE. WILLIAM P. FRYE. UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM MAINE. William P. Frye was born at Lewiston, Maine, September 2, 1831. His father, Col. John M. Frye, a successful manufacturer, was one of the early settlers of that town, and one of its most respected citizens. The great-grandfather of the senator, Joseph Frye, was a colonel in the English army and during the revolutionary war a general in the American, receiv- ing for his military service a grant of the town of Freyburg, Maine. The subject of this sketch took his preparatory course at the Lewiston Falls academy, and graduated from Bowdoin college in 1850. He read law in the office of William Pitt Fessenden, and was admitted to practice in 1853. He was married soon after to Miss Caroline F. Spear, of Rockland, Maine. He soon entered into a copartnership with Thomas A. D. Fes- senden, which continued until the death of the latter. 251 252 UNITED STATES SENATORS. Mr. John B. Cotton, now assistant attorney-general of the United States, shortly became the junior member of the firm of Frye & Cotton, and later Mr. Wallace H. White, a son-in-law of the senator, was admitted to the copartnership, which was now styled " Frye, Cotton & White." The practice of these various firms was extensive and important, dealing to a con- siderable extent with the affairs of the cotton manu- facturing corporations, which form the leading industry of the city. Mr. Frye early gained an enviable reputation as a powerful and successful advocate. Nature had en- dowed him with the attributes of an orator, a mag- nificent voice, a logical mind, quick perception and a ready command of language, and he found ample opportunity for the cultivation of his powers. The supreme court room of Androscoggin county was an arena into which he was often called to wage high battle with antagonists worthy of his steel. On these occasions there was no lack of eager and appreciative listeners, many of whom were attracted a considerable distance by the fame of the eloquent young lawyer. Scarcely less remarkable than his oratorical ability was the facility with which he was able to absorb the details of a case, and his promptness in meeting any new phase in its development. In the perilous waters of cross-examination he seemed to be guided by an intuition which saved him from the disasters which so frequently overtake the practitioner. His first public office was that of register of probate. UNITED STATES SENATORS. 253 He was chosen a representative of his city in the legis- latures of 1 86 1, 1862 and 1867. In 1864 he served as a presidential elector. In 1866 he was elected mayor of Lewiston, and re-elected in 1867. In the latter year he was elected attorney-general of the state, an office which he continued to hold for three years. It will be observed that in 1867 he held three public offices, representative, mayor and attorney- general. Mr. Frye was elected a member of the national re- publican executive committee in 1872; was re-elected in 1876, and again in 1880. He was a delegate to the national republican conventions in 1872, 1876 and 1880. In 1 88 1 he was elected chairman of the repub- lican state committee, in place of Hon. James G. Blaine, who resigned in November of that year. He was elected a trustee of Bowdoin college in June, 1880; received the degree of LL.D. from Bates college in July, 1881, and the same degree from Bow- doin college in 1889. Mr. Frye was elected a representative in the Forty- second congress, which assembled in December, 1871. He continued to occupy a seat in that body until he was elected to the United States senate to fill the vacancy occasioned by the resignation of Hon. James G. Blaine, who was appointed secretary of state in President Garfield's cabinet. He took the seat March 18, 1 88 1 ; was re-elected in 1883, and again in 1888. His present term of service will expire March 3, 1895. In the house he was chairman of the library com- 254 UNITED STATES SENATORS. mittee ; served for several years on the judiciary ; was a member of the committees on ways and means and on rules. He was chairman for two or three con- gresses of the republican executive committee. It was generally conceded that he would have been elected speaker of the house in the Forty-seventh congress, without opposition on the republican side, had he not resigned before the meeting of that con- gress on account of his election to the senate. While in the house he was prominent as a debater, especially on all political questions, for he was ever a zealous partisan and a sturdy champion of the prin- ciples of the republican party. He took a leading part, also, in the discussion of nearly all important national questions. He was a prominent advocate of the act admitting parties to testify. In the distribu- tion of the Geneva award he espoused the cause of the actual losers, conducted that fight in the house through four congresses, and in the senate through one, until the bill introduced by him originally in the house became a law, and the entire fund was distrib- uted according to its terms. In the senate he has been for several years chair- man of the committee on commerce, one of the largest and most important in that body ; a member of the committees on foreign relations and on privi- leges and elections, and is also chairman of the spec- ial committee on Pacific railroads. He took a leading part in the abrogation of the fishery articles in the treaty with Great Britain, and in UNITED STATES SENATORS. 255 all matters touching our fishery relations with Can- ada. It was largely through his efforts that the atten- tion of the country was called to the condition of affairs in Samoa, and a settlement effected of the complications there. He presented the bill providing for the congress of American nations, and took charge of it until it became a law, as he did also of the bill providing for the maritime congress, and of all legis- lation resulting therefrom. His postal subsidy and tonnage bills have received a generous share of his attention for several years. The enactment of the former into law and the pas- sage of the latter through the senate in the Fifty-first congress were largely due to his efforts. His zealous championship of these measures is warmly appre- ciated by all who are interested in the welfare of American shipping. He takes charge in the senate of all matters relat- ing to general commerce, including the river and harbor bill, and everything pertaining to shipping. The senate, having given him its entire confidence in these matters, rarely fails to give its sanction to any measure reported and urged by him. He has been a leader in the shaping and enactment of laws along these lines, and indeed it may be safely asserted that he has been closely identified with most of the im- portant legislation of congress for the past twenty years. But it is not alone as a legislator that he has be- come known to the people of the country. For thirty 256 UNITED STATES SENATORS. years he has been a favorite republican speaker, hav- ing appeared on the public platform in every political campaign and in nearly every state in the north. His eloquent and logical arguments in behalf of his party in these political battles, have done much to bring about republican successes, and his calm, deliber- ate, and judicious appeals to the people have kept steady many a wavering line. Senator Frye has a beautiful home at Lewiston, the city of his birth, and during the sessions of the sen- ate he and Mrs. Frye reside in Washington. EUGENE HALE. EUGENE HALE. UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM MAINE. Eugene Hale was born in Turner, Oxford county, Maine, June 6, 1836. He received an academic edu- cation, and before reaching his majority studied law in Portland and was admitted to the bar in 1857, when at the age of twenty-one he began the practice of his profession at Ellsworth, Maine, where he has since resided. He rose rapidly in his profession and was soon chosen county attorney for Hancock county, a position he filled very creditably for nine successive years. In 1867 he was elected as a member of the legislature in his state, serving in that capacity for two years. He was then elected as a republican to the house of representatives in congress and served continuously in that body from 1869 till 1879. In 1880 he was again elected to the legislature of Maine, and while a member of that body was elected as a republican to the United States senate to succeed Hon. Hannibal Hamlin, who declined a re-election, 13 259 2 6o UNITED STATES SENATORS. and took his seat March 4, 1881. He was re-elected at the end of the term in 1887, for the term to expire March 3, 1893. In 1874 Senator Hale was appointed postmaster- general by President Grant, but declined the proffered position. Again he was offered a cabinet position by President Hayes, and again he declined. He was chairman of the republican congressional committee in the Forty-fourth and Forty-fifth congresses, and performed faithful service for his party. He was a delegate to the national republican convention in 1868 when General Grant was first nominated. He was again a delegate to the convention that nominated President Hayes in 1876, and again in 1880 when Gen. Garfield was nominated in Chicago. In the lower house of congress he served on some of the best committees, and in the senate he has been a faithful worker on such committees as appropri- ation, naval affairs, epidemic diseases, immigration, and has served as chairman of the committee on census. He has also served on the special committee on relations with Canada. Senator Hale married a daughter of Hon. Zachariah Chandler of Michigan. He has received the degree of Doctor of Laws from Colby university as well as from Bates college. He has been a man of decided influence in congress, is wealthy, is genial in manner, and can reckon his friends by hosts. ARTHUR P. CORMAN. ARTHUR PUE GORMAN. UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM MARYLAND. Arthur P. Gorman was the eldest son of Peter and Elizabeth A. (Brown) Gorman, and was born in Howard county, Maryland, March n, 1839. His father was a farmer and a large contractor on the Baltimore and Ohio railroad, with which he was con- nected for many years. He was a native of Balti- more. Arthur P.'s grand father, John Gorman, came to America from Ireland in the year 1800, and settled in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania; he afterward removed to Baltimore. His mother descended from the family of Samuel Brown, who were of English blood, but came from Scotland to this country before the revo- lution, and took part in the war, fighting bravely in the cause of American freedom. Of this family two great uncles of Mr. Gorman distinguished themselves in the war of 181 2. The advantages of education which the subject of this sketch enjoyed in early life were very limited. He attended the public school in Howard county for only a brief period, when, in 1852, 263 264 UNITED STATES SENATORS. at the age of thirteen, he went to Washington, and through the influence of Judge Edward Hammond, then a member of congress from Maryland, and of Senator Stephen A. Douglas, secured a position as page in the United States senate. Here his amiable and obliging disposition and his prompt performance of duties made him a general favorite. He was ad- vanced from one position to another, under the rules of promotion, till he held every subordinate office of trust in that body, except that of sergeant-at-arms. The senate became republican in 1861, but such was his popularity, that although he was a pronounced democrat he was retained in its service. In 1866, after he had been in that service for fourteen years, and was then postmaster to the senate, he became very active in opposition to the effort to impeach President Johnson. This gave offense to the republi- can majority, and caused his removal. Immediately Reverdy Johnson, Thomas A. Hendricks, and other democratic members of the senate, with Hon. Mont- gomery Blair, united in a petition to the president to secure his appointment as collector of internal reve- nue of the fifth district of Maryland, which was granted, making his commission date from the date of his re- moval. Messrs. Fessenden of Maine, Morgan of New York, and other conservative republicans, united with the minority to secure his confirmation. He entered upon the office to which he had been appointed, continuing to discharge its duties until April, 1869, soon after the accession of President UNITED STATES SENATORS. 265 Grant to the presidential chair, when he was succeeded by an appointee of the new administration. The fifth district comprised all the southern tier of counties down to Point Lookout, and had always been re- garded as one of the most difficult to manage. Its accounts had never been closed up, but when Mr. Gorman left the office his were closed in less than six months, it being the first time in the history of the district that this had been done. In the autumn of 1 869, having already taken an active part in the political con- tests of the time, he was elected, with Judge William McCormick, to represent his county in the house of delegates. His influence began to be decidedly felt before the end of the first session. During the same year he was appointed one of the directors of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal company. He was re- turned to the house for the succeeding term of 1872, and elected to the speakership by an almost unani- mous vote of his party in caucus. Immediately after the adjournment of the session, he was elected presi- dent of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal company, which office he held for many years. In 1875, ne was elected to the Maryland state senate for four years, to succeed Hon. John Lee Caroll, who afterward be- came governor of the state. In 1877, he was ap- pointed chairman of the state central committee of the democratic party in Maryland. He was at first opposed to the constitutional amendments, but when they became a part of the national fundamental law he was in favor of recognizing them, and with 266 UNITED STATES SENATORS. the Hon. Fred Stone proposed and secured from the state an appropriation of $150,000 for the education of the colored people, coming down from his chair and advocating the measures on the floor of the house. He was always in favor of the government paying its obligations to the letter and was as far removed as possible from anything that savored of repudiation. The canal of which he became president was not a profitable investment at the time he took charge of the same, but under his able administration it was made to yield a net revenue of over one million dol- lars in the first five years, being more than double the amount earned during the twenty years previous. There was never a defaulter in any office connected with the canal. Mr. Gorman became one of the most conspicuous men of his state and the acknowledged leader of the democratic party. This position was accorded him not from any prestige of wealth or family, but solely on account of his magnificent abili- ties. His personal popularity, and his success in harmonizing the conflicting elements and interests in his own party and in sustaining party discipline, his wisdom in council, his force, calmness, and cool cour- age, united with his life-long experience in political life, eminently fitted him for the leadership in the public affairs of a great state, or even of a great nation. His experience for fourteen years in the United States senate, where the greatest men of the country were dealing constantly with the profoundest questions of government at the most critical period of UNITED STATES SENATORS. 267 the nation's history, gave Mr. Gorman a field of ob- servation and a school of. discipline which had peculiarly fitted him for the position in which he was placed in his native state. Having served four years in the state senate, and having served as chairman of the democratic state executive committee, in Novem- ber, 1879, he was re-elected to the state senate for another term of four years, but in January following he was elected by the legislature of Maryland to the United States senate to succeed Hon. William Pinkney Whyte, and resigning his state position took his seat March 4, 1 881, and was re-elected in 1886 for the term expiring March 3, 1893. On Janaary 19, 1892, he was again re-elected for the term ending March 3, 1899. In the senate he has proved himself equal to every occasion, and has fully met the requirements and ex- pectations of his friends and admirers. In the Fifty- first congress he was easily the leader of his party in the senate. He has served on such committees as appropria- tions, commerce, inter-state commerce, and printing, and on the select committee on irrigation and reclama- tion of arid lands, and later on expenses of the executive department. The Hon. Chauncy F. Black has spoken of Senator Gorman as "the almost perfect political chieftain." Of his opposition to and defeat of the force bill Mr. Black has said: " From first to last there was not a single break or misstep. From the beginning to the unexpected and 268 UNITED STATES SENATORS. brilliant triumph Mr. Gorman committed no single error and incurred nojt a word of adverse criticism from any quarter. There is absolutely no parallel to this case in the history of England or America — a man leading in a struggle vital to the liberties and interests of the whole people, involving possibly the very existence of a political party, the struggle ex- tending through many weeks with varying fortunes and chances, and this man trusted and commended with absolute unanimity at every turn, and accorded the full measure of credit for his conduct at the end without a solitary dissenting voice." Mr. Gorman's home is at Laurel, Maryland. He was married in March, 1867, to Miss H. Donagan of Pennsylvania, and they have a large family of chil- dren. Mrs. Gorman and several of her daughters spend the winters in Washington, and are very popu- lar in society. Mrs. Gorman is a member of the Presbyterian church to which church the senator also inclines. CHARLES H. CIBSON. CHARLES HOPPER GIBSON. UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM MARYLAND. Charles H. Gibson was born in Queen Anne's county, Maryland, January 19, 1842. His education was commenced at the Centreville academy, and he was afterward sent to the Archer school in Hartford county and from there to Washington college, Chester- town, where his course of study was completed. He studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1864, and commenced the practice of his profession with Colonel Samuel Hambleton at Easton, Maryland, where he has since resided. Mr. Gibson was appointed by President Johnson collector of internal revenue for the eastern shore district, but his nomination was rejected in the senate by a majority of one vote. In 1869 he was appointed commissioner in chancery, and in 1870 became auditor, which office he resigned before the end of the 271 2/2 UNITED STATES SENATORS. year to accept the appointment by the circuit court for the three years' unexpired term of the state's attorney for Talbot county, to which position he was elected in 1871 for four years. He was re-elected in 1875, holding the office for three consecutive terms, and declining a re-nomination for the fourth. He filled this position with such ability that he was made the nominee of his party for a seat in congress. He was elected, and served in the Forty-ninth congress, and was re-elected to the Fiftieth and Fifty-first congresses. In the house of representatives he served on the com- mittees on rivers and harbors, military affairs, and printing. Senator Ephraim K. Wilson of that state died in February, 1891, and in the following November, Mr. Gibson was appointed by Governor Jackson to fill the vacancy in the United States senate until the meeting of the Maryland general assembly. He took his seat December 7th of the same year, and was placed upon the committees on District of Columbia, manufactures, fisheries, irrigation and reclamation of arid lands, and on quadro-centennial. On January 21, 1892, the legislature of Maryland having convened, Mr. Gibson was elected United States senator to fill the unexpired term caused by the death of Senator Wilson, which term ends March 3- 1897. Senator Gibson is described as handsome, courte- ous and distinguished, and a gentleman of great popularity. GEORGE F. HOAR. GEORGE FRISBIE HOAR. UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM MASSACHUSETTS. George F. Hoar was born in Concord, Massachu- setts, August 2Q, 1826. He comes from a family dis- tinp-uished in the public service of the country. His grandfather was a revolutionary soldier, and served many years in the legislature of Massachusetts. His father, Samuel Hoar, was a graduate of Harvard university, a prominent and successful lawyer ior more than forty years, member of the state constitutional convention, member of the state legislature, serving in each house, and member of congress, being a vigor- ous opponent of human slavery. He married a daughter of the distinguished Roger Sherman. George F. Hoar was prepared for college at Con- cord academy, and like his father, a graduate of Har- vard university, receiving his degree in 1846. He then completed a course in the Dana law school at Cambridge, and began to practice in Worcester, Massa- chusetts, where he has since resided. He soon 275 276 UNITED STATES SENATORS. acquired a good practice in his profession. He was made president of the trustees of the city library, and in 1852 was elected as a member of the Massachusetts house of representatives. In 1857 he was elected to the state senate, and in i860 was chosen city solicitor. In 1868 he was elected as a republican to the national house of representatives, and took his seat in congress March 4, 1869. He served by successive re-elections until March 3, 1877, when he declined a renomination. In the lower house he served on many of the most important committees, was progressive in his ideas, scholarly in his debates, and was recognized as a man of great ability. In the first session of the Forty- fourth congress he was an earnest advocate of the centennial appropriation against a powerful opposition to it on the ground that there was no constitutional authority for the measure, and did much to secure its success. He was a member of the electoral commis- sion on the presidential election of 1876, and his de- cisions as a member of that body were uninfluenced by partisan preference, and commanded the respect to which impartiality and integrity of purpose are en- titled. He was one of the managers on the part of the house of representatives of the Belknap impeach- ment trial in 1876. He was president of the Massachusetts state repub- lican conventions of 1871, 1877, 1882, and 1885. He was president of the national republican convention held in Chicago in June, 1880, which nominated Gen- eral Garfield for president of the United States, and UNITED STATES SENATORS. 277 was a delegate to the national republican conventions in 1876, 1880, 1884, and 1888, being chairman of the Massachusetts delegation in the last three conventions. He was elected United States senator from Massa- chusetts and took his seat March 5, 1877, and was re-elected in 1883, and again in 1889. His term of service will expire in 1895. 1° tne senate Mr. Hoar has served as chairman of the committee on privileges and elections, and in the Fifty-first congress was a vigorous advocate of the force bill, which, after a long contest was defeated. He has been a member of such standing committees as judiciary, library of congress, and claims. He has served as chairman of the spe- cial committee on relations with Canada, and member of the special committees on the centennial of the con- stitution, and to enquire into all claims of citizens of the United States against the government of Nicaragua. The committees on which an experienced member of congress is placed is a fair indication of his ability and the line of his congressional work. Mr. Hoar has been in public life for forty years, and consider- ing his fine early education and his great natural abilities, much has been expected of him; and his constituents by repeatedly returning him to the national congress, have testified that their expecta- tions have been realized. They have also evidenced their confidence in his political ability by placing him at the head of the Massachusetts delegation in the national republican conventions as they have done for the past twelve years. 278 UNITED STATES SENATORS. Mr. Hoar's ability and prominence have not alone been recognized in the political arena; he has been closely identified with all the educational and charita- ble institutions of his city and of the state, and ad- mirably sustains the honor and dignity of his native commonwealth. He was an overseer of Harvard university from 1874 to 1880, was regent of the Smith- sonian institute in 1880, and was made president in 1887 of the American Antiquarian society, and is now vice-president. He was chosen president of the as- sociation of the alumni of Harvard, but declined. He is trustee of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology, trustee of Leicester academy, and a member of the Massachusetts Historical society, of the American Historical society, and the Historic-Geneological society. He has received the degree of Doctor of Laws from William and Mary colleges, from Amherst from Yale and from Harvard. Few men have been so highly honored by the educational institutions of the country, and few men have so highly honored the institutions. Senator Hoar is married, and during the sessions of congress resides with his wife in the most aristo- cratic portion of the city of Washington. HENRY L. DAWES. HENRY L. DAWES. UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM MASSACHUSETTS. Henry L. Dawes was born October 30, 1816, at Cummington, Massachusetts, a town forever associ- ated with one of America's noblest poets, being the birth-place and frequent summer resort of William Cullen Bryant. After the usual instruction in the common schools he prepared for and entered Yale college, where he graduated with honor in 1839. He then engaged in teaching, but not long after took an editorial position in the office of the Greenfield "Gazette," a republican family newspaper of Franklin county, Massachusetts. Subsequently he became editor of the Adams "Transcript" in the same state. Soon after he turned his attention to the study of law, and was admitted to the bar in 1842, and opened an office at Pittsfield, where he has since resided. He grew rapidly into popularity in his profession, as well as among the people generally, and in the year 1848 was called into the field of political usefulness by being elected to the house of representatives of the state, and was recognized as a leading member. In a8r 282 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 1849 he was re-elected, and in 1850 he was chosen to the state senate, where he served for one year, when he was again elected a member of the house of repre- sentatives. In 1853 he was a delegate to the Massa- chusetts state constitutional convention, and the same year became district attorney for the western district of Massachusetts and served in that capacity until 1857, making a conscientious and capable officer. He was then elected to the national house of representa- tives and took his seat in the Thirty-fifth congress as a republican, in December, 1857. He remained in the lower house of congress by successive re-elections for eighteen years, and then declined to be a candi- date for the tenth term. In the house he was an able, active, honorable member, and did good service on a number of the leading committees. He has been chairman of the committee on ways and means, has served on the committee on public buildings and grounds, and inaugurated the measure by which the completion of the Washington monument was under- taken. He is the author of many tariff measures, and assisted in the construction of the wool and woollen tariff of 1868, which was the basis of all wool and woollens from that time until the revenue law was passed in 1883. One of his most important measures was the introduction of the "weather bulletin" of 1869, at the suggestion of Professor Cleveland Abbe, for the purpose of collecting and comparing weather reports from all parts of the country. In 1866 he was a delegate to the loyalists' convention in Philadelphia. UNITED STATES SENATORS. 283 When Senator Charles Sumner died, the Hon. William B. Washburn filled out his unexpired term. At the regular election, however, in 1874, Mr. Dawes was chosen United States senator, and took his seat March 4, 1875, f° r tne following term of six years. He was re-elected in 1881 and again in 1887, the latter term to expire March 3, 1893. I n the senate he has served as chairman of the standing committee on Indian affairs, and an active member of the com- mittees on appropriations, civil service and retrench- ment, fisheries, transportation routes to the seaboard, and on the special committees on the five civilized tribes of Indians, and on the president's message trans- mitting the reports of the Pacific railway commission. He has also served on revolutionary war claims and on naval affairs. In short, Senator Dawes in congress has labored upon almost every important committee, and has been a prominent figure in the debates on nearly every important question that has occupied the attention of congress and the nation in the last thirty-five years, and his speeches have been so widely circulated that it may be safely affirmed that his name is familiar wherever congressional proceedings are read. Senator Dawes has long been interested in the American Indian. He was appointed on a special committee to investigate the Indian disturbances in the Indian Territory, upon which he made a valuable report. The entire system of Indian education due to legislation was created by Mr. Dawes. Among the 14 284 UNITED STATES SENATORS. important bills of his authorship passed are the severalty bill, the Sioux bill, and the bill making Indians subject to and protected by our criminal laws. He has grown to be an authority on all Indian matters, especially those matters relating to the civilized tribes. He takes great interest in their schools and their progress, and has been in a certain sense their guardian. The length of time which Mr. Dawes has been con- tinued in public service by so intelligent a common- wealth as Massachusetts is sufficient evidence of his rare qualifications as a legislator and his ability to cope with the powerful rivals and antagonists who are always to be found in the arena of state and national politics. He is now in his seventy-sixth year, and has been a state and national legislator for nearly forty- four years. He has received the degree of Doctor of Laws from Williams college and Yale university. He has had an experience that is a history in itself, and has been a witness of the greatest improvements in the life of our nation. Mr. Dawes is married, and his wife and daughter spend their winters with him in Washington. His daughter, Anna Laurens, is a well-known writer on political topics, and of whom the senator is very proud. JAMES MCMILLAN. JAMES MCMILLAN. UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM MICHIGAN. James McMillan was born in Hamilton, Ontario, May 13, 1838. He comes of good Scotch stock, his father being an immigrant from Scotland, who won a superior position on the Great Western railway, now known as the Wabash. Young James received a com- mon school education and then prepared for college, but did not take a course, as he removed with his father to Detroit, Michigan, in 1855, where he served an apprenticeship in a hardware store. He then be- came his father's assistant as purchasing agent for the Detroit and Milwaukee railroad. In 1863, with John S. Newberry and others, he organized the Michigan Car company for the manufacture of freight cars. This business grew very rapidly, and in ten years it was one of the largest in the United States. Its suc- cess led to the formation of the Detroit Car-wheel company, the Baugh Steam-forge company, the De- troit Iron-furnace company, and the Vulcan Furnace company. In 1881, with his associates in business, he organized the Detroit, Mackinaw and Marquette Railroad company, of which he became president. Mr. McMillan is one of the largest owners of the Detroit and Cleveland Steam Navigation company, 287 288 UNITED STATES SENATORS. and the Detroit Transportation company. He has been a director in several banks in Detroit, and is interested in other large business enterprises. He is at the head of a corporation employing three thousand men and doing business of over six million dollars annually. His business enterprises have uniformly proved successful and he has acquired a large fortune. In 1886 he joined with John S. Newberry in con- tributing one hundred thousand dollars each for the establishment and maintainage of a hospital in De- troit, and he has been a generous contributor to other charitable institutions. He first appeared in politics in 1876, as a member of the republican state central committee, and on the death of Zachariah Chandler he was made chairman. Again in 1886 and in 1890 he was elected chairman of the committee. For three years he was president of the Detroit board of park commissioners, and for four years was a member of the Detroit board of estimates. He was a republican presidential elector in 1884. In 1889 he was elected to the United States senate for the term ending March 3, 1895. In con- gress he has served as chairman of the committees on manufactures and District of Columbia, and a member of the committees on agriculture and forestry and postofnces and post roads. Mr. McMillan is married, and has four sons and a daughter. The wife and daughter accompany him to Washington. One son is with him in business, and one is a lawyer. FRANCIS B. STOCKBRIDGE. FRANCIS BROWN STOCKBRIDGE. UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM MICHIGAN. Francis B. Stockbridge was born in Bath, Sagada- hoe county, Maine, April 9, 1826. He came from good, old New England stock, that stock which has so impressed itself for good on the entire country — sturdy and honest, with its high sense of honor and integrity. His father, Dr. John Stockbridge, was prominent as a practicing physician in Bath for fifty years. His mother, Eliza Stockbridge, was the daugh- ter of John Russell, the veteran editor of the Boston Gazette. Francis B. Stockbridge received his educa- tion in the common schools and at Bath academy of his native town until he reached the age of sixteen, when he became a clerk in a dry goods store in Bos- ton, Massachusetts. There he remained for four years until 1847, when he concluded to try his for- tunes in the west. He removed to Chicago, Illinois, 291 292 UNITED STATES SENATORS. then a small town located in a marsh, but with a good harbor and situated at the south end of Lake Michi- gan, which lake made easy of access the great pine forests of the north. Mr. Stockbridge had known something of the lumber interest in his native state, and when he reached Chicago, he shrewdly noted the fine forests to the north, and with an eye to business observed the great timberless prairies to the south and west, their fertility inviting immigration, tillage and improvement ; and with a keen foresight he en- gaged in the lumber trade, associating himself with another gentleman under the firm name of Carter & Stockbridge. In making the move he decided the work of his entire after-life. From this time onward his interest as a lumber merchant gradually widened until he became one of the most prominent men in that line in the northwest. In 1853 he removed from Chicago to Allegan county, Michigan, where he had a number of saw mills. Locating at Saugatuck, he remained there until 1874, when he removed to Kalamazoo, where he has since resided. The year of his removal to Saugatuck he became connected with the firm of O. R. Johnson & Com- pany, whose mills then turned out about twenty mill- ion feet of lumber per year. Shortly afterwards he became a member of the Mackinack Lumber com- pany of about the same capacity, and in 1875 was elected president of the company. Three years later he founded and became president of the Black River UNITED STATES SENATORS. 293 Lumber company. In 1887 he organized the Kala- mazoo Spring and Axel company, of which he is presi- dent. He is a member of a large lumber company in California, a large owner of Mississippi pine-lands, a leading stock-holder in the Menominee iron mines of the upper peninsula of Michigan, and is largely inter- ested in the S. A. Brown & Company stock-breeding farm near Kalamazoo. During the war, though not in active service, he served on the staff of Governor Blair, gaining the rank of colonel. In 1869 he was elected to represent Allegan county in the state legislature, and after completing his term was elected to the state senate, in which he served until 1873. In both houses he was distinguished for his tact as an organizer and manager and his ability in committee work of every form. He has been engaged in several political campaigns, in which his reputation as a manager and a man of keen business ability has been clearly demonstrated, adding to his reputation and the esteem of his colleagues. In 1887 he was elected, with but little opposition, to succeed the Hon. Omar D. Conger in the United States senate. Here, as elsewhere, his practical ability has made itself manifest. He has served with dis- tinguished ability on some of the leading senate com- mittees. He has been chairman of the committee on fisheries, and member of the committees on census, epidemic diseases, Indian affairs, naval affairs, and railroads. Though never known as a politician, and much less 294 UNITED STATES SENATORS. a mere party politician, he is a republican of the most pronounced type, who has ever labored for the best interests of his party when he has found himself able to do so. The senator was married in 1863 to Miss Betsy Arnold, of Gunn Plains, Allegan county, Michigan, the estimable daughter of Daniel Arnold, esq., one of the pioneers of the state. Their social and domestic re- lations have ever been of the most pleasant. At the federal capital, as at their Michigan home, they are honored members of the best and most intelligent society circles. In the enjoyment of an ample competence, as the result of wise and well-directed commercial enter- prise, the senator freely indulges his natural tastes for literature and valuable works of art. He is also a great lover of the animate in nature, and his eye is keen in admiration of the points of a well-bred horse. In the raising of fine stock he probably finds one of his greatest sources of pleasure. With all his manifold business interests, the time and attention devoted to political and governmental affairs, the demands of social life, he is found not un- mindful of that higher life; for as a member of the Protestant Episcopal church, he is one of the vestry- men, and actively and prominently connected with all charitable and church matters. He is president of the Kalamazoo Children's home, a most useful and worthy charity, and to these good causes he gives freely of his means. In October of 1887 he was one UNITED STATES SENATORS. 295 of three gentlemen who gave thirteen thousand dollars toward carrying on the work of the Kalamazoo col- lege. He was also the first to offer ten thousand dol- lars toward the building of a suitable home in Kala- mazoo for the Young Men's Christian association, a fine structure just completed. The following addenda has been written by one who knows the senator well, and has been able to note his course throughout: Senator Stockbridge is known among his friends as a genial, affable gentleman, popular with all classes, and with none more than with his own employes. As a business man he has accomplished a great deal for Kalamazoo and the various localities in the lumbering districts where he has had interests, and for the great state of which they form a part. An open-hearted, generous man: not a day passes in which he does not do some act of good or perform some generous deed for others. Rank and station count little in his eyes — a man being valued for what he accomplishes; and there is no one who is more open to the approach of the poor or humble. He is not only a benefit to the various communities in which he has lived, but he is now of equal benefit to the state which he represents in the nation's highest legislative body. Personal interests in no way inter- fere with his duty to the public he represents. He is exceedingly patient in listening to every argument advanced for or against a measure which may effect the public interest, and displays great zeal in investi- 296 UNITED STATES SENATORS. gating the merits of any bill under discussion. When he has passed judgment he stands like a rock, and the entreaties of his warmest and most trusted friends to change his action when he knows he is in the rieht, fail to impress him in the least. In his case business capacity, combined with in- dustry, integrity and application, has once more told the story of what may be achieved by the bright American boy who "hews close to the line" of right and applies himself diligently. WILLIAM D. WASHBURN. WILLIAA\ DREW WASHBURN. UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM MINNESOTA. William D. Washburn was born in Livermore, An- droscoggin county, Maine, January 14, 1S31. His parents were Israel Washburn, a farmer, and Martha B. (Benjamin) Washburn. He is a member of the widely known Washburn family so intimately associ- ated with the political history of the country, and whose first representative in America came from Eng- land in the Mayflower. His paternal grandfather was a soldier in the revolutionary war, while his maternal grandfather was a lieutenant, serving under Washington the greater part of the time, and with him at Yorktown, at the surrender of Cornwallis. The Benjamin family, of which his mother was a member, came originally from Scotland and early settled in Maine, where it is widely known. William D. was the youngest of five brothers, all of whom were born at Livermore, and all of whom be- came prominent in the history of the country. They 299 300 UNITED STATES SENATORS. were as follows : Israel — school teacher, lawyer, mem- ber of the state legislature of Maine, member of con- gress, collector of the port of Portland, and governor of the state. Eli hue i?. ---printer, school teacher, editor, lawyer, congressman for many years, cabinet minister, and foreign minister. Cadwalader C. — teacher, surveyor, lawyer, banker, congressman, col- onel, brigadier-general, and major-general in the army, and governor of Wisconsin. Charles A. — lawyer, editor in California, foreign minister, and author. William D. lived at home with his father until he was twenty years old, working on the farm in summer and attending school during the winter season. After leaving the district school he entered Gorham acad- emy; and later studied one term at South Paris, finally completing his preparatory studies at Farm- ington academy. In 1851 he entered Bowdoin col- lege, and there graduated in 1854. While there he defrayed nearly all his expenses by teaching winters and working in vacations. During one of these va- cations he was clerk of the national house of repre- sentatives under General Cullom. After leaving col- lege Mr. Washburn decided to enter the legal pro- fession, and spent the following year and a half with his brother Israel at Orono, Maine, in the study of law; later he completed his preparatory legal studies at Bangor under the Hon. John A. Peters, and was admitted to the bar in 1857. He then removed to Minneapolis, Minnesota, and in the fall of the same UNITED STATES SENATORS. 301 year was appointed agent of the Minneapolis Mill com- pany, a corporation under the chief control of Gov- ernor C. C. Washburn, of Wisconsin, and during the following four years attended to the duties of his appointment, in connection with his law business. He afterwards became directly interested in the company, and a director of the same. In 1861 President Lincoln commissioned him as surveyor-general of Minnesota, which position he held for four years. Mr. Washburn then erected a large saw mill at Minneapolis and en- gaged in the lumber business, and became a director and large owner of the Minneapolis Water Power company. In 1870 he was the principal projector of the Minneapolis and St. Louis railroad, and became its vice-president, and in 1875 its president, and its success was due largely through his efforts. Mr. Washburn has been a director in various other roads. He organized and built the Sault line of railway from Minneapolis to Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, of which he was the chief projector, and remained its president until his election to the United States senate in 1879. He has been the owner of several large saw mills, and has been interested in many manufacturing industries, the Minneapolis Harvester works being among them. In fact, all projects for the development of the state resources and wealth have met with his sympathy and aid. In the growth of his own city he has taken special pride, and to matters of local interest has ex- tended a cordial support. In politics Mr. Washburn has always been a repub- 3d was re-elected in 1881, and again re-elected in 1887 for the term expiring March 3, 1893. In the United States senate Mr. Cockrell has served as chairman of the committee on woman suffrage, chairman of the committee on engrossed bills, and has been an active member of the com- mittees on appropriations, military affairs, public lands, organization, conduct and expenditures of the executive departments, and on the select committee to inquire into administrative service of the senate. That he is popular with the people of Missouri is evidenced by his long continuance in the senate, and that he is recognized as an able member is proved by his appointment upon a number of the most important committees in that body. Senator Cockrell is married, has a pleasant home in Warrensburg, but during the sessions of congress he and Mrs. Cockrell reside in Washington. WILBUR F. SANDERS. WILBUR F. SANDERS. UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM MONTANA. Wilbur F. Sanders was born in Leon, Cattaraugus county, New York, May 2, 1834. He was educated in the common and high schools of his native state, and as soon as he was of sufficient age began teaching in the public schools; and in 1854, when twenty years old, he removed to the state of Ohio, where he con- tinued for a time in the same work, reading law at intervals in the meantime. After a short time he entered the law office of his uncle, Sidney Edgerton, at Akron, Ohio, and began a regular legal course of study, his uncle being one of the most prominent lawyers at the time of the Western reserve, and a fine instructor. Young Sanders was admitted to the bar in 1856, and at once began practice. In 1858 he married Miss Harriet B. Fenn. When the war broke out in 1 861, he was among the first to respond to the call of the president for volun- teers, and in the summer of that year recruited a 327 328 UNITED STATES SENATORS. company of infantry and a battery, and in October following was commissioned a first-lieutenant in the Sixty-fourth Ohio, of which regiment he was made adjutant. Subsequently was acting assistant adjutant- general on the staff of General James W. Forsyth. In 1862 he assisted in the construction of defenses along the railroads south of Nashville. He continued in the army until 1863, when ill health compelled his resignation, and he returned to Ohio and then removed to Idaho territory — now Montana — whither his uncle had preceded him as governor of the terri- tory. The next year the territory was divided, and Mr. Edgerton became governor of Montana, and Mr. Sanders, then thirty years of age, settled in Virginia City. He soon became prominent as a lawyer, and was selected as the attorney to prosecute robbers and murderers before popular tribunals organized to maintain public order. In this office he distinguished himself by his ability and absolute fearlessness. In 1868 he removed to Helena, Montana, where he has since resided. Montana in those days was infested with "road agents," and it was due to him, in no small degree, that the famous "vigilantes" succeeded in restoring the reign of law and order in that territory. He brought the notorious Slade to justice, and it was on his motion, when there was some hesitation about carrying out the sentence imposed by the improvised court of the "vigilantes," that the murderer was "forth- with hanged." When order was restored Colonel Sanders practiced in the civil courts and engaged UNITED STATES SENATORS. 329 quite extensively in mining and stock-raising. He has always been a pronounced republican, and in his political speeches he does not always refer to his democratic opponents in the most complimentary language. He is one of the readiest impromptu talkers in his state, and many are the stories told of his marvelous power of extempore eloquence. He is said to be equally at home before a vigilance com- mittee, a board of railway directors, a Browning society, or a political meeting in a miner's camp. Colonel Sanders has been a recognized leader of the republican party in Montana for twenty years. He was the republican candidate for delegate to con- gress in 1864, 1867, 1880, and 1886, but failed to overcome the democratic majority. He was a dele- gate to the republican national convention in 1868 when General Grant was the first time nominated for the presidency; was again a delegate in 1872; and again in 1876 when Rutherford B. Hayes was nomi- nated; and was a delegate in the convention in Chicago in 1884 that selected James G. Blaine as the standard bearer of the republican party. Mr. Sanders was a member of the legislative assembly of Montana from 1872 till 1880, inclusive, and made himself felt in the discussion of every important measure before that body. His constituents always knew the con- victions of their representative; for he was never a "trimmer" on any question. In 1872 he was appointed by President Grant as United States attorney for Montana, but declined the proffered position. 330 UNITED STATES SENATORS. For twenty-five years Mr. Sanders was president of the Historical society of Montana. In 1868 he was grand master of the grand lodge of Free and Accepted Masons of the then territory of Montana. He was elected to the United States senate as a republican January 1, 1890, and took his seat April 15th of that year. His term of service will expire March 3, 1893. ^ n tne Fifty-first congress he served on the committee on enrolled bills, on the committee to examine the several branches of the civil service, on improvements of the Mississippi river, on Indian depredations, and on the select committee on irriga- tion and reclamation of arid lands. In the Fifty- second congress he was made chairman of the com- mittee on enrolled bills, and a member of the com- mittees on public lands, claims, patents, and private land claims — a flattering recognition by the present congress of his abilities. Senator Sanders is accompanied by Mrs. Sanders to Washington. THOMAS C. POWER. THOMAS C. POWER. UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM MONTANA. Thomas C. Power was born on a farm near Du- buque, Iowa, May 22, 1839. He received his primary education in the common schools, and took a three years' course of study in civil engineering at Sinsiniwa college, Wisconsin. He then followed his profession in summers and taught school in winters for three years. In i860 he went with a surveying party to Dakota. Soon thereafter he engaged in the mercan- tile business on the Missouri river, and continued in that business till 1867, in which year he located at Fort Benton, the head of navigation, and became president of the "Benton P." line of steamers. He is interested in cattle, mines, and various mercantile companies. He located in Helena, his present home, in 1878. He was elected a member of the first consti- tutional convention of Montana in 1883, was a dele- gate to the republican national convention in Chicago in 1888, and was nominated by the republicans of his 333 334 UNITED STATES SENATORS. state for governor in 1889, and was defeated by J. K. Toole, democrat, by 576 votes. He was elected to the United States senate January 2, 1890, and took his seat April 16th of the same year. His term of service will expire March 3, 1895. In the Fifty-first congress he served on the committees on immigration, rail- roads, revolutionary claims, and on the select com- mittee on the transportation and sale of meat pro- ducts. In the Fifty-second congress he was made chairman of the committe on civil service, and a mem- ber of the committees on fisheries, improvement of the Mississippi river, mines and mining, and railroads. Senator Power is a man of superior abilities, of great force of character, and is one of the strong men of his adopted state. Mr. Power is married and has a pleasant home in Helena, the capital of the state. CHARLES F. MANDERSON. CHARLES FREDERICK MANDERSON. UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM NEBRASKA. Charles F. Manderson was born of Scotch-Irish ancestry in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, February 9, 1837, and received his education in the schools of his native city. At the age of nineteen he removed to Canton, Stark county, Ohio, studied law there and was admitted to the bar in 1859. In the spring of i860 he was elected city solicitor of Canton, Ohio, and was re-elected the next year. On the day of the receipt of the news of the firing on Fort Sumter he enlisted as a private with Captain James Wallace, of the Canton zouaves, in which com- pany he had been a corporal. Receiving permission, with Samuel Beatty, to raise a company of infantry, they raised a full company in one day in April, 1861, Manderson being chosen first lieutenant. In May, 1 86 1, Beatty, the captain, being made colonel of the Nineteenth Ohio infantry, Manderson became captain of Company "A" of that regiment. He took his com- pany into West Virginia among the first troops to 16 337 338 UNITED STATES SENATORS. occupy that section and afterwards with McClellan's army participated in the first field battle of the war, Rich Mountain, in July, 1861. In the three years' service he rose rapidly through the grades of major, lieutenant-colonel and colonel of the Nineteenth Ohio infantry, and on January 1, 1864, over four hundred of his regiment re-enlisted with him as veteran volunteers. He was in command of his regiment after the battle of Shiloh and was frequently mentioned favorably and with high praise for gallantry and distinguished service in the official reports. He participated in all the campaigns of the middle west, among other battles being at Shiloh, Stones River, Murfreesboro, Tullahoma, Mission Ridge, Chattanooga and the conflicts of the Atlanta campaign under Sherman. While leading his demi-brigade in a charge upon the enemy's works at Lovejoy Station, Georgia, on September 2, 1864, ne was severely wounded in the spine and right side. The ball being unextracted and much disability arising therefrom he was compelled to resign the service from wounds in April, 1865, tne war in the west having closed. Previous to his resig- nation he had been brevetted brigadier-general of vol- unteers " for gallant, long continued and meritorious services during the war of the rebellion," which dis- tinction came to him on the recommendation of the army commanders in the field and not by political influence. Returning to Canton, Ohio, he resumed the practice UNITED STATES SENATORS. 339 of law and was twice elected district attorney of Stark county, declining- a nomination for a third term. In 1867 he came within one vote of receiving the repub- lican nomination for congress in a district in Ohio con- ceded to be republican by several thousand majority. In November, 1869, he removed to Omaha, Nebraska, where he still resides, and where he quickly became prominent in legal and political affairs. He was a mem- ber of the Nebraska state constitutional convention of 1 87 1 and also that of 1874, being elected to both conventions without opposition by the nominations of both political parties. He served as city attorney of Omaha for over six years, obtaining signal success in the trial of important municipal cases and achieving high rank as a lawyer. In 1882, with other citizens, he organized the Omaha Savings bank, of which he has been the presi- dent, which has been most successful as the result of conservative management. For some years he has been active in the grand army of the republic, and for three years was commander of the military order of the loyal legion of the District of Columbia. While practicing his profession he was elected United States senator as a republican, to succeed Alvin Saunders, his term commencing March 4, 1883. He was re-elected to the senate in 1888 without oppo- sition and with exceptional and unprecedented marks of approval from the legislature of Nebraska. His term will expire March 3, 1895. As a senator he has been chairman of the joint 340 UNITED STATES SENATORS. committee on printing and an active member of the following committees : claims, private land claims^ territories, Indian affairs, military affairs and rules. Many valuable reports have been made by him from these committees, and he has been a shaping and directing force in much of the legislation of value relating to claims, the establishing of the private land claims court, the government of the territories and admission of the new states, pensions of soldiers, aid to soldiers' homes, and laws for the better organiza- tion and improving the discipline of the United States army. In the second session of the Ffty-first congress he was elected by the senate as the president pro tempore, which had previously been declared by the senate after full debate to be a continuing office. This position he now holds. He is a sound thinker and a pleasing and convinc- ing speaker. Independence and self reliance have dis- tinguished his private and public career. In 1865 he married Rebecca S. Brown, daughter of Hon. James D. Brown of Canton, Ohio, and grand- daughter of Hon. John Harris, one of the pioneer settlers of Ohio and a lawyer of distinction. Mrs. Manderson resides with her husband in Washington during the sessions of congress. ALGERNON S. PADDOCK. ALGERNON SIDNEY PADDOCK. UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM NEBRASKA. Algernon S. Paddock was born at Glens Falls, Warren county, New York, November 9, 1830. He was educated at an academy in his native town, taking there the regular college course. After graduating, he studied law, and in the early spring of 1857 removed to Nebraska, settling at Omaha, where he was soon after admitted to the bar. He took a promi- nent part in the general development of the territory and afterwards of the state. In 1858 he was a candi- date for the legislature, and in 1859 was a delegate to the first territorial republican convention. In i860 he was a delegate to the republican national convention in Chicago, which nominated Abraham Lincoln for president, and was also a delegate to the republican national convention at Baltimore in 1864, which re-nominated Mr. Lincoln. In 1861 he was appointed secretary of the territory of Nebraska by President Lincoln, and held this office until the admission of Nebraska as a state in 1867. A portion of this time 343 344 UNITED STATES SENATORS. he acted as governor of the territory. In 1866 he was an independent republican candidate for congress. In 1868 he was appointed governor of Wyoming territory, but declined to accept the office. In 1873 he removed from Omaha to Beatrice, where he has since resided. In the latter city he engaged in the manufacture of hydraulic cement and farming and stock-raising, in all of which he was very successful. His original farm of two hundred and forty acres on which he settled, is now mostly in the city, and electric lights, gas and water mains, and street-car lines traverse it in many direction. "Alemma Place," his picturesque and handsome home, is situated in a close inlying suburb of the city, on a slight eminence, affording a complete view of the surrounding country for miles. He was elected United States senator from Nebraska as a republican, to succeed Thomas W. Tipton, receiv- ing nearly all the votes of both the republican and democratic members of the legislature, and took his seat in the senate March 4, 1875, and served until March 3, 1881. In June, 1882, he was appointed by President Arthur as a member of the Utah commission, on which he served until October 1, 1886, when he resigned to become a candidate again for the senate. He was elected in January, 1887, to succeed Charles H. VanWyck, and took his seat in March following, for the term expiring March 3, 1893. In congress Senator Paddock has served on the committees on agriculture and forestry, contingent UNITED STATES SENATORS. 345 expenses of the senate, pensions, public lands, improv- ing the Mississippi river, and on the special com- mittee on Indian depredations. He is chairman of the committee on agriculture and forestry, and has been an intelligent and hard working member, and has made a record of which any public official might justly feel proud. Senator Paddock married in his early manhood Miss Emma Mack, like the senator, a native of New York state, and they have three children, two daugh- ters and a son. The elder daughter is married to Mr. O. J. Collman. The second daughter, Miss Frances, a young lady of rare accomplishments, is a favorite in Washington society as well as at the home of the family in Beatrice. The youngest member of the family is Algernon Frank, a young man of promise. So closely linked are the thoughts and desires of this model family that their home coming after a season in Washington, is ever a source of delight to each member, where the environments are such as are only known in the truly happy household. The senator is in every essential thoroughly domestic, and the family is thoroughly unselfish and at all times and in all places ever mindful of the desires and com- forts of others. At no Beatrice home, whether in or out of season, is a more cheerful welcome assured in advance of a call, than at "Alemma Place," and memories of some of the most notable and brilliant social affairs ever given in the city are associated with it. 346 UNITED STATES SENATORS. As might easily be surmised the senator's callers while at home are very frequent, but never a deaf ear is turned to one, however humble the visitor, which has doubtless given the senator much of his deserved popularity, for he is known to be in close touch with his constituency. After his home and family, the city of Beatrice and Nebraska, are his pride, and he never tires in extolling the beauties, commercial, social and educational ad- vantages of his town and state. He is largely interested in the commercial welfare of Beatrice and has expended many thousands of dollars towards enhancing its beauty and commercial standing. The Paddock block, a handsome structure containing a large hotel and opera house, is a substantial monu- ment to his public spirit and enterprise. He also has large investments in Omaha, but his home city is always his first thought. Senator Paddock has been successful in farming, in stock-raising, and in manufacturing, and is a part of his constituency, having a thorough knowledge of the wants of the people of his state from actual experience. SOk 40" ..%&. WILLIAM M. STEWART. WILLIAM MORRIS STEWART. UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM NEVADA. William M. Stewart was born in Lyons, Wayne county, New York, August 9, 1827. When six years old the family moved to Trumbull county, Ohio. He attended the common schools and Farmington academy, and returning to Lyons the youth prepared for college in the Union school. From the age of thirteen he depended solely upon manual labor and teaching. With his small savings and the aid of a Mr. James C. Smith, a young lawyer, who since became a judge of the New York supreme court, he entered Yale college, remaining until early in 1850, when he went to California, via the Isthmus of Panama, arriv- ing in San Francisco on the 7th of May. Proceeding immediately to the mines, for two years he engaged in prospecting, mining, and constructing canals. One of these, twenty miles in length, is still used in Nevada county, California. It was surveyed by him in 185 1, and constructed along the mountain side by the aid of rude levels made by himself. Early in 1852 Mr. 349 350 UNITED STATES SENATORS. Stewart commenced the study of law, was admitted to practice the following fall, and appointed district attorney of Nevada county, and in 1853 was elected to the same office. In 1854 he was appointed attorney general of California and served for six months. In 1855 he married Miss Annie E. Foote, daughter of the Mississippi senator and statesman, Henry S. Foote, then a citizen of California. Mrs. Stewart is a lady of fine intellect and accomplishments, having the mastery of several languages, widely travelled, and possessed by inheritance and training of the social tact and sagacity that so well befits the wife of a public man. Mr. Stewart during these years easily became one of the leaders of a bar famous for ability. On the discovery of the Comstock lode in the spring of i860 he removed to Virginia City, Nevada, and was immediately retained by the original lode claimants. The Comstock lode, some miles in length, was indi- cated on the surface by croppings several hundred feet in width. The first locators, according to rules and regulations which they made, claimed the same with all its dips, spurs, and angles. A population of from 15,000 to 20,000 soon gathered. Thousands of claims were located parallel to the original ones, under the assumption that the Comstock was a system of parallel veins and not a single lode. Mr. Stewart contended from the first for the latter, and his views were termed the "one lode theory." The result was the most important mining litigation that has taken UNITED STATES SENATORS. 35 I place in the United States, but the "one lode theory" finally prevailed. The titles of the original locators were judiciously confirmed. Mr. Stewart naturally became a commanding figure and the leader in this great controversy, whose exciting history would fill volumes. Being a union man and a republican from convic- tion, Mr. Stewart was most active in the animated controversies of the period, which determined whether Utah and California should remain loyal. His ser- vices to the union cause during that stru(jo"le were most important. Mr. Stewart served one term in the territorial council, assisting in organizing the territorial government framed in 1 86 1. He was a member of the constitutional convention in 1863. The next year Nevada was admitted into the union and Mr. Stewart was elected the first senator; his colleague, elected next day, was James W. Nye, the first territorial gov- ernor. Mr. Stewart served five years, and was in 1869 again elected, serving until March 4, 1875. His fortune having become somewhat impaired he then declined a re-election. These first eleven years in the senate embraced a large part of the most notable portion of American political, financial, and economic history. An active supporter of the war legislation, before the fourteenth amendment was offered, Mr. Stewart proposed a plan of reconstruction which pro- vided for universal amnesty and universal suffrage. Under this the southern states could have prevented suffrage restrictions, because of participation in the 35 2 UNITED STATES SENATORS. rebellion. Voters of the same class that supported secession would thus have brought their states back into the union, provided only that there should be no distinction between persons thereafter to become voters on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. His plan was not adopted. The legis- lation which followed involved the organization of southern state governments by colored voters acting with whites, not disfranchised, who were willing to participate. When President Grant was elected, Mr. Stewart, as a member of the judiciary committee, wrote, reported, and secured the fifteenth amendment, afterwards ratified through the influence of President Grant. Mr. Stewart was the author of our national mining laws, recognizing and continuing all local mining regulations then in existence. These have grown into a system of common law admirably adapted to the use of our mining communities. From 1858, when the mines were discovered, to 1866, when the first mining law was passed by congress, the settlement of the mining region was in violation of United States statutes. Legally, all were trespassers. Mr. Stewart contended that non-action had created equities that rested upon broad principles of natural right, such as the government could not ignore. This view was first argued before the United States supreme court in the celebrated case of Hearst and Strong vs. Sparrow (3 Wallace) by Mr. Stewart against Mr. O'Connor, who contended that the court had no jurisdiction be- UNITED STATES SENATORS. 353 cause both parties were trespassers. The court sustained the jurisdiction, and in explanation ordered a senatorial speech of Mr. Stewart, explaining the situation, to be printed in an appendix to the report. On retiring from the senate in 1875 Mr. Stewart resumed his legal practice on the Pacific coast. He has been constantly engaged in the most exciting and im- portant mining, land, and railroad cases. In 1886-7 he was again elected to the United States senate and his present term will expire March 4, 1893. In the senate since his re-election he has devoted himself particularly to the remonetization of silver, and the subject of irrigation. Upon the money question his writings and speeches would fill a large volume. They have been extensively circulated. As a member of the republican national convention of 1888 he framed and secured a silver plank in the party platform. In the Fifty-first congress Mr. Stewart strongly opposed the federal elections bill, making two memorable speeches against it. The first is a review of recon- struction history and an argument against the legis- lative policy proposed. The second, delivered on the 24th of January, 1891, is esteemed the most effective effort of his life. In it he argued that such legislation was a blow at self-government, interfering vitally with the freedom necessary for local elections, and thereby menaced the rights of the people to conduct their state elections. Mr. Stewart is of striking appearance, and in stature over six feet. With increasing years he has rounded 354 UN [TED STATES SENATORS. out until he presents a finely proportioned frame, amply endowed with vital energy and activity. Not an orator, perhaps, the senator is, however, a most effective speaker and a close and vigorous parliamen- tary and forensic debater. He is a man of full brain and constant study, ready speech and open courage, easy in manner and ready in delivery. His voice is mellow, full, and strong, and it can be loud on occa- sions. In off hand debate the Nevada senator is peculiarly effective, as his sentences are pointed, incisive, and often axiomatic in character. A large well-rounded head, thinly covered with hair, once auburn, but now white, a long face with ample, flowing beard, strong features, healthy, florid complexion, a pair of keen but kindly blue eyes — these, with his massive frame and stature, make William M. Stewart a most notable figure in the senate and public life. In private life he is beloved and esteemed by all. A man of thoroughly democratic sympathies, great kindness of heart and courtesy of manner, he is indeed what a life-long friend has said of him — "an honest gentleman." JOHN P. JONES. JOHN P. JONES. UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM NEVADA. John P. Jones was born in Herefordshire, England, in 1830, but came with his parents to the United States before he was a year old and settled in northern Ohio near Cleveland. As a boy he attended the public schools of Cleveland for a few years, but had no further education. When the gold excitement broke out in 1849 M r - Jones, then a boy of nineteen, warmed with enthusiasm, and went to California, locating in an inland county, where he engaged in both farming and mining, and with such success that he continued thus engaged for the next seventeen years. While in California he served in both houses of the state legislature. In 1867 he removed to Ne- vada and went into extensive mining operations, in which he soon acquired a large fortune. In 1872 he was elected United States senator as the successor of James W. Nye, and took his seat March 4, 1873. He was re-elected in 1879, again re-elected in 1885, and again in 1890. The latter term will expire March 3, 1897. In the senate Mr. Jones has served on such com- 357 358 UNITED STATES SENATORS. mittees as finance, commerce, mines and mining, and has been chairman of the committee on contingent expenses of the senate. Although Mr. Jones is one of the "millionaire senators," he is much more than a millionaire; he is recognized by his colleagues as one of the best read and best informed men in congress, and as a master of all that relates to coinage and finance. His speeches on these subjects are a mine of information, and have proved a veritable arsenal for the "silver men" in both houses. He and his colleague, Senator Stewart, in the Fifty-first congress, were opposed to the federal election bill and the closure rule, and were both in favor of placing silver on a parity with gold as a coin. Senator Jones is generally popular among his col- leagues; and he was an especial friend of General Grant, who considered him one of the strongest men in the senate, and often relied on his advice and assistance. To Mr. Jones' influence was ascribed the vetoing of the inflation bill in 1874 by President Grant. He is now serving his fourth term in the senate. He has great business talent and acquire- ments, and long experience, all of which give him special adaptation to public service. His home is at Gold Hill, Nevada; he is married, and he and Mrs. Jones reside in Washington during the sessions of congress. !• "•fciv V"*' WILLIAM E. CHANDLER. WILLIAM EATON CHANDLER. UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM NEW HAMPSHIRE. William E. Chandler was born in Concord, New Hampshire, December 28, 1835. ^ e was educated in the public schools of his native town, studied law for a time in Concord and then entered the Harvard Law school, from which he graduated in 1855. For several years after his admission to the bar he practiced in Concord, and in 1859 was appointed reporter of the decisions of the New Hampshire supreme court, and published five volumes of reports. From the time of his coming of age Mr. Chandler was actively con- nected with the republican party, serving first as secretary, and afterward as chairman of the state republican committee. In 1862, and in 1863 and again in 1864 he was elected to the New Hampshire house of representatives, of which he was speaker the last two terms. In 1864 he was employed by the navy department as special counsel to prosecute the 17 361 362 UNITED STATES SENATORS. Philadelphia navy-yard frauds, and on March 9, 1865, was appointed first solicitor and judge-advocate gen- eral of the navy department. On the 1 7th of June, 1865, he was appointed first assistant secretary of the treasury. On November 30, 1867, he resigned this position and resumed the practice of law. During the next thirteen years, although occupying no official position except that of member of the constitutional convention of New Hampshire in 1876, he continued to take an active part in politics. He was a delegate from his state to the republican national convention in 1868, and was secretary of the national committee from that year till 1876. In that year he advocated the claims of the Hayes electors in Florida before the canvassing board of that state, and subsequently was one of the counsel to prepare the case submitted by the republican side to the electoral commission. Mr. Chandler, however, afterward became an espe- cially outspoken opponent of the Hayes administra- tion. In 1880 he was a delegate to the republican national convention, and served as a member of the committee on credentials, in which place he was active in securing the report in favor of district representa- tion, which was adopted by the convention. During the subsequent campaign he was a member of the national committee. On March 23, 1881, he was nominated by President Garfield as United States solicitor-general, but the senate refused to confirm the nomination, the vote being nearly on party lines. In the same year he was again a member of the New UNITED STATES SENATORS. 363 Hampshire legislature. On April 12, 1882, he was appointed by President Arthur as secretary of the navy, and served in the cabinet until March 7, 1885. Among the important measures carried out by him were the simplification and reduction of the unwieldy navy-yard establishment; the limitation of the number of annual appointments to the actual wants of the naval service; the discontinuance of the extravagant policy of repairing worthless vessels; and the begin- ning of a modern navy in the construction of the four new cruisers recommended by the advisory board. The organization and successful voyage of the Greely relief expedition in 1884 were largely due to his personal efforts. Mr. Chandler was a strenuous advocate of uniting with the other nautical branches of the federal administration, including the light-house establishments, the coast survey, and the revenue marine, upon the principle first set forth by him, that "the officers and seamen of the navy should be em- ployed to perform all the work of the national gov- ernment upon or in direct connection with the ocean." After leaving the cabinet Mr. Chandler became the controlling owner of the daily " Monitor," a republican newspaper, and its weekly edition, the " Statesman," published in Concord, New Hampshire. As a political manager, Mr. Chandler is shrewd, alert, and energetic; as a journalist, outspoken, parti- san, and aggressive. He was elected to the United States senate June 14, 1887, to fill tne unexpired term of Austin F. Pike, 364 UNITED STATES SENATORS. deceased, which ended March 3, 1889. He was re-elected that year, and his term will expire March 3. 1895. In the Fiftieth congress Senator Chandler was chairman of the committee on Indian traders. He was chairman of the committee on immigration in the Fifty-first and Fifty-second, and has served on the committees on naval affairs, railroads, improvement of the Mississippi river, additional accomodations for the congressional library, epidemic diseases, Indian depredations, inter-state commerce, and privileges and elections. While he has at various times served on a number of committees, yet his most earnest work has been on the committees on immigration and naval affairs. Mr. Chandler is married, and resides with his family in Washington during the sessions of congress. JACOB H. CALLINCER. JACOB H. GALLINGER. UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM NEW HAMPSHIRE. Jacob H. Gallinger was born in Cornwall, Ontario, March 28, 1837. As a farmer's boy he attended the common schools and academy. Afterward he became a printer, but while still young the opportunity to study medicine changed his plans, and he left the printers' case for a course in that science, and was graduated in May, 1858, and has practiced medicine and surgery since, obtaining some eminence in his profession, his services being called for not only in his own state, but outside of its boundaries also. He is a member of various state and national medical socie- ties. Dr. Gallinger has the degree of Master of Arts from Dartmouth college, and is generally recognized as a man of learning and of more than ordinary executive ability and force of character. But it is in political life that he is best and most widely known. He was elected to the state house of representatives of New Hampshire in 1872, 1873, and again in 1891. He was a member of the state consti- tutional convention in 1876, and took a prominent part in the proceedings. In 1878 he was elected to the state senate, and was re-elected in 1879 and again 367 368 UNITED STATES SENATORS. in 1880, and was chosen to the presidency of that body the last two years. After a hot contest with Chas. H. Burns in 1882 he was made chairman of the republican state central committee, and served by re-elections until 1890, when he resigned the position. As chairman he proved a most adroit and intelligent manager. In 1879 and 1880 he was surgeon-general of New Hampshire with the rank of brigadier-general. In 1884 he was elected to the house of representatives of the national congress, and at the end of the first term was re-elected, but declined to be a candidate again. In congress he took a prominent part in party debates, and made not a little reputation in the investigation of the conduct of the government print- ing office in Washington. Dr. Gallinger was a dele- gate to the national republican convention held in Chicago in June, 1888, and was chairman of the New Hampshire delegation. He seconded the nomination of Mr. Harrison. In the republican senatorial caucus in the New Hampshire legislature of June, 1889, he received sixty votes against W. E. Chandler, but was defeated by that gentleman In 1891 he was elected United States senator to succeed Henry W. Blair, and took his seat March 4, 1891, for the term ending March 3, 1897. ^ n tne Fifty-second congress he was placed on the committees on civil service, manufac- tures, pensions, District of Columbia, and epidemic diseases. Dr. Gallinger is married and resides at Concord. Mrs. Gallinger spends the winters in Washington. •• >w % - y V ' JOHN R. MCPHERSON. JOHN RODERICK McPHERSON. UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM NEW JERSEY. John R. McPherson was born at York, Livingston county, New York, May 9, 1833. He first received a common school and an academic education. When eighteen years old he started to fight the battle for existence as a farmer and stock-raiser, and by dint of very hard work was moderately successful. In those days the young man, whose strong features betrayed his Scotch origin, might have been seen in the gray dawn crossing the North river ferries with his cattle, to and from the market. Thirty years ago John R. McPherson was unknown beyond the limits of his own district, which was then in and around what is now known as Park Place, New York city, but was then called Robinson street. On that street he lived in a small inn, and was engaged in buying and selling cattle. A short time after the war broke out Mr. McPherson entered into partnership with some friends and estab- 371 372 UNITED STATES SENATORS. lished great cattle-yards at Hudson City, New Jersey, near the western end of the Erie railway tunnel. By far the greater portion of the cattle which were then shipped to New York came over the Erie line. Con- sequently the new yards were liberally patronized, and prospered. Then he made the first great hit of his life. He acquainted himself with the French abattoir system, and poor though the start was, he rapidly im- proved upon the original till the stock-yards reached almost perfection, and have now become an institution national in their importance. Everything that he touched seemed to turn to gold. His real-estate investments were as successful as his cattle dealings, and he was still a young man when he found himself a millionaire. Attracted by his rapid successes, the prominent men of that city sought his advice in busi- ness and public affairs, and many a man there to-day owes his prosperity to the counsel he received from Mr. McPherson. Having become wealthy, the subject of this sketch turned his attention somewhat to politics. His first public office was in the common council of Hudson City. When that city was consolidated with Jersey City he became an alderman in the new municipality and served several terms, during part of which time he was president of the board. In 1868 he was a candi- date for the office of state senator from Hudson county, but was defeated for the position. But by 1 871 he had matured his plans, and again entered the race for the state senatorship and was elected by a UNITED STATES SENATORS. 373 good majority. In all the business that came before the senate at Trenton, John R. McPherson took a prominent and creditable part. To drift back from politics to business, he estab- lished in Jersey City the People's Gas Light company and was elected its president, and he was particularly successful in establishing savings banks there, none of which has ever failed. In less than twelve years Mr. McPherson raised himself from comparative obscurity to a position of proud eminence. In 1876 he was a presidential elector on the Tilden and Hendricks ticket, and in 1877, when he was but forty-four years of age, he was elected United States senator to succeed Fred- erick T. Frelinghuysen, and took his seat March 5, 1877. He was re-elected in 1883, and again in 1889. His present term of service will expire March 3, 1895. It is said that when Senator McPherson had delivered his maiden speech in the senate, the late Roscoe Conkling walked over to the new member from Jersey, and in the most public manner complimented him upon it. In those days Roscoe Conkling had great power in Washington, and approbation from him was praise indeed. In the senate Mr. McPherson has served on such committees as finance, immigration, naval affairs, territories, coast defenses, and the select committee to investigate the condition of the Potomac river in front of Washington, and his industry and good judgment are appreciated by his colleagues. 374 UNITED STATES SENATORS. Of late years Senator McPherson has taken a more important part in national politics. He is a great admirer of Mr. Cleveland, his intimacy with the ex- president dating back to the national convention of 1884. Such an admiration did Mr. Cleveland have for the senator that, when Daniel Manning resigned the secretaryship of the treasury, Mr. Cleveland wished to hand the portfolio to the senator from New Jersey; but as the legislature at Trenton was then controlled by the republicans, the resignation of Mr. McPherson would have been equivalent to making the republican party a present of a United States sen- atorship. For that reason only was his appointment deemed unadvisable. The McKinley bill made Senator McPherson one of the most conspicuous leaders of the democrats, owing to the masterly way in which he presented nearly every amendment offered in behalf of his colleagues to the bill in the senate. He, too, was one of the three democratic senators who had the boldness to vote against the free coinage measure. Since then his name has been prominently mentioned as a presi- dential possibility. He is an ambitious man, who will pursue whatever he attempts with indomitable courage and perseverance. So far, he has succeeded in every important scheme he has devised. Senator McPherson is a very striking looking man. He is what in monarchical countries would be called highly aristocratic in appearance. He is over six feet in height, broad-shouldered, spare, and sinewy. He UNITED STATES SENATORS. 375 has a magificent brow, which overshadows a pair of large blue-gray eyes, deep set in their sockets, piercing at times, and yet often kindly in their melan- choly. His nose is large and strong, high-arched, and very prominent. His thin, expanding nostrils seem to indicate high aspirations, and determination is written on his strong jaw. Always well and even fashionably dressed, he is a figure that cannot pass without notice as he strides along the streets of Washington, with long steps, toward the capitol. But it is when Senator McPherson speaks that you discover his greatest charm. His voice is rich, clear, and musical, with just enough of the ancestral "burr" about it to be agreeable. His manner is graceful and earnest. His memory is wonderful. Busy man as he has been, he has always found time to study, and the fund of information he has accumulated is a wonder to his friends. Everything he reads he remembers, and he can recite from memory page after page of the classics, whether of state-craft, history, philosophy, or poetry. Though not a lawyer, his familiarity with legal authorities and his knowledge of parliamentary prac- tice indicate a volume of reading which many an able lawyer in congress lacks. Cool, composed, self-re- liant, and alert, he always shows himself to the best advantage in an emergency. He is broad and liberal in his views, and, while holding on tenaciously to what he thinks right, he not only appreciates but even courts a difference of opinion. No one, it is said, ever saw him in a passion. 376 UNITED STATES SENATORS. Senator McPherson has ever shown himself a kind friend to the poorer classes. Many a poor man has he established in business. The struofelinQf and honest have always found in him a firm friend. To help deserving men with small means he erected in Jersey City, Newark, Philadelphia, and other cities blocks of commodious two-story brick dwelling-houses which were rented for a moderate price. Senator McPherson is a most delightful companion, but he rather shuns promiscuous society, though always happy when he is with his real friends. He looks upon life too seriously to care for pleasure- seeking. His wife, a very refined woman and one who has seen much of the world, is a charming hostess, and no drawing-rooms in Washington are more popu- lar than hers. RUFUS BLODGETT. RUFUS BLODGETT. UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM NEW JERSEY. Rufus Blodgett, of Long Branch, was born in Dor- chester, Grafton county, in the central part of the state of New Hampshire, October 9, 1834. In his boyhood he attended the public schools of his native town and subsequently took an academic course. When he was eighteen years of age he was appren- ticed to the Amoskeage Locomotive works of Man- chester, New Hampshire, where he learned the trade of locomotive building. His industry, quick percep- tions, and thorough business qualities soon made him a favorite with the company, and he was entrusted with much of the business management of the con- cern. In 1866 he removed to the state of New Jersey and engaged in railroad business, and has since been so engaged. He settled at Long Branch, soon be- 379 380 UNITED STATES SENATORS. came one of its leading citizens, and was successful in his business enterprises. He assisted in organizing the first national bank in that place, and became its president. He was elected to the house of assembly of the New Jersey legislature, and served in that body from 1878 to 1880. He proved to be a good, con- servative business member. In 1880 he was a dele- gate to the national democratic convention at Cincin- nati, which nominated General Hancock for the presi- dency. He was elected to the United States senate as a democrat to succeed Hon. W. J. Sewell, republi- can, and took his seat March 4, 1887, for the term expiring March 3, 1893. In congress, Senator Blodgett has served on such committees as census, fisheries, manufactures, pensions, postoffices and post roads. DAVID B. HILL. DAVID B. HILL. UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM NEW YORK. David Bennett Hill was born in the village of Ha- vana, Schuyler — then Chemung — county, New York, August 29, 1843. His father, Caleb Hill, who died in the village of Waverly, where he was making a visit, in December, 1882, was born in Windham county, Connecticut, in the early part of the present century. In his youth he emigrated to the state of New York, and for many years carried on business as a carpen- ter and joiner at Havana. At an early age he mar- ried Eunice Durfey, also of Connecticut, a woman of superior intelligence and rare force of character, who bore him three sons and two daughters. Both of the latter died young. Mrs. Hill died in Elmira in Aug- ust, 1 882. Although not blessed with a superabundance of the world's goods, Caleb Hill was rich in love for his family. Intelligent, industrious, and affectionate, he provided his children with a good common-school education, and he had the satisfaction of knowing that they appreciated it, and also of living to see all 383 384 UNITED STATES SENATORS. three of his sons attain to prosperity and honor. One of the sons studied medicine and is now a prac- ticing physician in Missouri. Another, a merchant in the same state, recently died. David, the youngest son, and the subject of this sketch, inherited all his mother's strong characteristics, and was noted as a boy for his brightness and ambition. He needed no spurring to make the most of his limited educational opportu- nities and, at the age of seventeen, having graduated at the Havana academy, and thus exhausted the school advantages of his native place, he entered with spirit into the task of earning his own living. While employed as clerk in the office of one of the principal lawyers of Havana, he attracted the notice of Col. John I. Lawrence, a cousin of Judge Abraham Law- rence, of New York city, who took great interest in his progress, and advised him to study law and enter the legal profession. This advice accorded well with young Hill's tastes and ambition, and he lost no time in following it. In 1863 he went to Elmira at the in- stance of Erastus P. Hart, an able lawyer of that place, whose attention he had attracted, in whose office and under whose supervision he qualified for practice. He was admitted to the bar in Novem- ber, 1864, and, establishing himself in Elmira, entered at once upon the duties of his profession. From his earliest youth he took a deep interest in politics, and on coming of age he accepted the privileges of citizen- ship as a sacred duty, having claims paramount to all others, even those of business. His earnestness and UNITED STATES SENATORS. 385 ardor were appreciated by his fellow-citizens, and within a month after his admission to the bar he was appointed city attorney. His first years of legal prac- tice were marked by many notable sucesses, and with a rapidity surprising under all the circumstances, he rose to a leading position at the bar of the southern tier. His politics were of the democratic school, per- haps of the " old school," for from the first he was an enthusiastic admirer of the principles of Jefferson, and as such naturally attached himself to the democratic party, in the local counsels of which his worth was quickly appreciated and his services welcomed. In 1868 he was chosen to represent Chemung county at the democratic state convention, and in the year 1870, at the age of twenty-seven years, he was nominated by the democrats for the assembly and was elected. With one exception he was the youngest member, but nevertheless served on several of the most important committees — judiciary, railroad, and privileges and elections — with distinction. Before the expiration of his term he was renominated and re-elected, and served until the close of 1872 — two terms. The legis- lature of 1872 was the celebrated reform legislature resulting from the exposure of the ring frauds. In the assembly there were only twenty-six democratic members out of 125, one of whom was Samuel J. Tilden. The judiciary committee was composed of seven republicans and two democrats — Mr. Tilden and Mr. Hill. The veteran leader instantly recog- nized the remarkable abilities of his young colleague, 18 386 UNITED STATES SENATORS. and there quickly sprang up between them a warm political and personal friendship which continued to increase with passing years. Under the leadership of Mr. Tilden the judiciary committee was called upon to investigate the scandalous and corrupt conduct of the ring judges of New York city, and the active energies of young Hill gave timely and able assist- ance to the plans of the great reform leader. The committee reported in favor of the impeachment of Barnard — Cardoza resigning in order to escape — and Mr. Hill was elected by the assembly one of the man- agers of the prosecution before the senate, receiving 1 04 votes out of a total of 1 1 o. It was owing in no small part to his efforts that Barnard was at last convicted. Durino- his first term in the assembly he interested himself in the matter of prison labor, and framed and presented a bill abolishing contract convict labor. This measure he warmly advocated in the interests of the honest workingmen of the state, and delivered in the assembly a very powerful speech upon the subject which attracted wide attention. Through his earnest efforts the bill passed the assembly, but failed in the senate, owing to its not being reached before the close of the session. Mr. Hill's able efforts in behalf of this measure were noted and appreciated by the great body of workingmen in the state, and at the first convention of the labor organizations held there- after, a resolution thanking him for his services was passed with enthusiasm, and subsequently a hand- somely engrossed copy of it was sent to him. In UNITED STATES SENATORS. 387 1875 Mr. Hill was appointed by Governor Tilden, with William M. Evarts, Judge Hand, and other prominent men, on the commission to provide uni- form charters for the cities of the state, but declined to serve on account of professional engagements. Having ably performed his duties as a delegate in the state convention of 1868, he was regularly chosen by his democratic fellow-citizens to represent them in each of its successors for a dozen years or more, and in 1877 and again in 1881 he was the president of the convention, which in each of these years met in Albany. For many years he was a member of the democratic state committee. In 1876 and 1884 he was a delegate to the national conventions which nominated Tilden and Cleveland respectively. In the spring of 1882, at the expiration of his term as alder- man in the common council of Elmira, to which office he had been elected the previous year, Mr. Hill, while absent from the city, was placed in nomination for mayor. In the canvass he developed extraordinary strength, and was again successful, leading his ticket largely and winning the contest by a handsome ma- jority of nearly 400 over one of the strongest and most popular republican candidates for the office ever put in the field, who received 500 majority two years before, and whose administration had been very suc- cessful and popular. In accepting the nomination Mr. Hill emphatically announced that he believed the government of a city should be conducted on business principles, and that if elected he would 388 UNITED STATES SENATORS. endeavor to so conduct it. His administration, though brief, was brilliant, and was signalized by several im- portant reforms which not only gave him additional strength locally, but also extended his reputation as a reformer throughout the state. In another city in the state, another democratic mayor, Grover Cleve- land, was also winning golden opinions on all hands by a series of vigorous reform measures which were instituted and carried out almost simultaneously with those conducted by Mayor Hill in Elmira. But neither of them then seemed to comprehend that he was laying up a heavy political capital by this close atten- tion to his bounden duty, and each worked on in his circumscribed sphere, actuated by a single thought, fidelity to the trust he had sworn to administer in honor. At the democratic state convention held in Syracuse in September, 1882, both gentlemen were backed by strong delegations for the chief places on the ticket. On the third ballot Mayor Cleveland, of Buffalo, who had received the earnest and active sup- port of Mr. Hill and his friends, was unanimously nominated for the office of governor. On the after- noon of the same day, September 22, Mr. Hill's name was presented for the office of lieutenant-governor. It was received with cheers. George Raines, of Roch- ester, who had been a rival candidate for the nomina- tion, gracefully seconded Mr. Hill's claims, and asked that his nomination be made by acclamation. Sev- eral prominent political leaders, representing the var- ious factions of the democracy of the state, each UNITED STATES SENATORS. 389 spoke a good word for Mr. Hill, and the nomination was made unanimous. Probably no ticket ever put in the field in the state of New York was welcomed with more sincerity or more generally supported. Thousands of citizens who for years had been unswerv- ing in their allegience to the republican party, now eagerly supported the reform candidates, who at the election held November n, 1882, were chosen to the respective offices for which they were nominated, Grover Cleveland receiving a plurality of 196,854 and Mr. Hill receiving a plurality of over 195,000, a victory absolutely unprecedented in the history of state elections. Mr. Hill assumed his duties as lieu- tenant-governor of the state of New York and presi- dent of the state senate, January 1, 1883. He filled the position with ability, and, as a presiding officer in the senate, was noted for the wisdom and justice of his rulings and remarkable and complete mastery of parliamentary law. During the session of 1883, when the capitol commission bill was before the sen- ate, he ruled that the refusal to vote of senators who were in their" seats did not prevent the chair from taking cognizance of their presence in order to con- stitute a quorum — a decision which was sustained by the republican attorney-general, and which was made an important precedent which has since been followed. The election of Mr. Cleveland to the presidency of the United States in the fall of 1884 caused that gen- tleman to resign his office of governor with the close of the year, and thus Mr. Hill, in accordance with the 390 UNITED STATES SENATORS. provisions of the constitution, became the chief mag- istrate of the state of New York, the duties of which office he discharged until the fall of 1885, when he was unanimously nominated by the democratic state convention for governor, and was elected by about 12,000 plurality over Ira Davenport. In 1888 he was re-elected over Warner Miller, by a plurality of 20,000. In 1891 he was elected United States senator, to succeed Wm. M. Evarts. His term of office will expire March 3, 1897. His career as governor is well known to the public. For a number of years Mr. Hill was one of the pro- prietors of the Elmira Daily "Gazette," the leading democratic organ of the southern tier, but he retired from the concern some time previous to his election to the mayoralty of Elmira. He was, in 1885, elected president of the state bar association, of which he had been a member since its inauguration. In habits he is frugal and temperate, and his manners are democratic and cordial. He does not use tobacco or liquor in any form, is not fond of society, and when not at his office he is gen- erally to be found in his bachelor apartments en- gaged in reading or in entertaining some of his friends. In stature he is a little below the average height, and is rather sparely built. His political friends are confined to neither of the great parties and to no walk in life. ' FRANK HISCOCK. FRANK HISCOCK. UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM NEW YORK. Frank Hiscock was born at Pompey, Onondaga county, New York, September 6, 1834. Senator Hiscock's ancestors in whose veins there was a blend- ing of the English and the Scotch blood, were engaged for many years in agricultural pursuits. The name of his grandfather, Richard Hiscock, appears upon the pension rolls of the revolutionary war as one of those who served his country in the ranks of the patriot army throughout the entire struggle for independence. This ancestor, soon after the close of the war, moved from his native state of Massachusetts to Pompey, New York, then an almost unbroken wilderness. Here in 1798 was born Richard Hiscock, father of the senator, a man of vigorous physical and mental quali- ties, who in early manhood married Cyntha Harris, a lady whose family has long been prominent in the state. Frank Hiscock's early life was for the most part the ordinary one of a prosperous farmer's son. 393 394 UNITED STATES SENATORS. He displayed an inclination to avoid the somewhat monotonous routine agricultural tasks for the more congenial pursuits of study and literature, and was a close and persistent applicant in these latter fields. He graduated at a youthful age from the Pompey Hill academy, an institution then in high repute for the attainments of its instructors, and long since ren- dered famous by the eminence of many of its gradu- ates. Among the students of his own immediate time were several who have since risen to distinguished prominence in state and national affairs. Upon graduation from the academy at Pompey young Hiscock, following his inclination toward pro- fessional life, entered as a student the law office of his elder brother, L. Harris Hiscock, at Tully, Onondaga county, with whom, after his admission to the bar in 1855 he formed a law partnership, which was in 1858 moved to and permanently located at Syracuse. Following the example of his brother he first joined the democratic party, and with him in 1856 partici- pated in the organization of the democratic "free soil" element at Syracuse in support of Gen. Fremont, which greatly contributed to the republican majority of nearly seven thousand in the county of Onondaga in the ensuing presidential election. From this time forth Mr. Hiscock acted with the republican party, thus becoming identified with its formation and prac- tically beginning his political life in its ranks. In i860 he was elected district attorney of Onondaga county, and served in that office until the close of UNITED STATES SENATORS. 395 1863. In 1867 he was elected a member of the state constitutional convention, and was active in committee work and prominent in the debates of that body. In common with many other prominent republicans Mr. Hiscock supported the nomination of Horace Greeley for the presidency in 1872, and in the same year was himself nominated for congress by the liberal republi- cans and democrats of the Twenty-third congressional district, comprising the counties of Cortland and Onondaga. This district more recently known as the Twenty-fifth was a stronghold of the republicans, but in this election so many of that party joined the liberal movement, which was indorsed by the demo- crats, that the local vote was pretty evenly balanced. In supporting the liberal party in 1872 Mr. Hiscock doubtless was largely influenced by his personal friendship and respect for Mr. Greeley, and sympathy with his views; and without intention of becoming a member of the democratic party he co-operated in his support. At the close of that canvass he resumed his place in the republican party. In 1876 he was elected a delegate to the republican national convention, and without solicitation on his part, unanimously chosen as the republican candidate to represent his district in the national house of representatives, being elected by a large majority. His early services in the house were as a member of the committee on elections, and of the "Potter investigating committee." In both these relations he gained great credit for the ability dis- played in conducting investigations and presenting 396 UNITED STATES SENATORS. results. His speeches in the house were direct and forcible, securing an attentive hearing from the mem- bers ol both parties, and exercising a large influence on national legislation. Mr. Hiscock was elected to the Forty-fifth, Forty-sixth, Forty-seventh, Forty-eighth, Forty-ninth, and Fiftieth congresses, in each election re- ceiving the cordial support of his party. In the Forty- sixth congress he was chairman of the committee on appropriations, and in the Forty-eighth and Forty- ninth congresses he was chairman of the committee on ways and means. Twice he was very favorably con- sidered for the speakership of the house of representa- tives. As chairman of the committee on appropria- tions Mr. Hiscock was practically the leader of the house of representatives, and his national reputation was firmly established for a complete knowledge of the requirements of the various departments, a wisdom in the expenditure of the public money and revenue legislation. By his arduous and useful public service Mr. Hiscock became firmly entrenched in the respect and esteem, not only of his immediate constituents, but also of the people of his state and nation, and by his breadth of views, wise conservatism and practical action the high opinion early formed of him was con- stantly strengthened. He was recognized as a repub- lican leader attentive to his duties, careful of the public interests, conservative in public crisis, and always safe, honorable and reliable. Before entering congress Mr. Hiscock had risen to high eminence at the bar of the state of New York. In January, 1887, UNITED STATES SENATORS. 397 while still a member of the house of representatives and chosen for his sixth term, Mr. Hiscock was brought forward in the republican canvass in the state legis- lature at Albany for the office of United States senator. Having received the caucus nomination he was duly elected, and March 4, 1887, took his seat in the senate for the regular term of six years. Mr. Hiscock is a member of the senate committees on finance, foreign relations, inter-state commerce, quadro- centennial, and chairman of the committee on organization, conduct and expenditures of the execu- tive departments. He is also on the special com- mittee to consider the reports of the Pacific railroad commissioners and the president's message thereon. He was associated with Senators Allison, Aldrich and Jones, of Nevada, in preparing the senate substitute for the revenue or tariff bill from the house of repre- sentatives in the first session of the Fiftieth congress, which had become a democratic party measure. On October 8th, 1888, the senate substitute was reported to that body, considered, and became a republican party measure. Upon these two bills was joined the main issue between the two political parties resulting in the election of General Harrison. In a speech in the senate October 9th, 1888, Mr. Hiscock defined the position of the two parties on the question of pro- tection, and his views commanded very general atten- tion, and especially in New York state, exerted a powerful influence on the election. Mr. Hiscock had favored the maturing and adoption of the senate 39$ UNITED STATES SENATORS. tariff bill previous to the election as essential to the formulation of the republican party's attitude. This policy was acquiesced in, and thus was presented an affirmative measure antagonistic to the bill passed by the democratic majority in the house, and the result fully justified him and his political associates upon the senate finance committee in their action. Mr. Hiscock's name was widely considered in connection with the presidential nomination in 1888, but without favor or encouragement from him. He was chosen a delegate-at-large from the state of New York to the republican national convention, and there gave his influence in behalf of Hon. Chauncey M. Depew as the choice of his state. Throughout the deliberations of the convention his voice was potential in the harmonious action of the delegation from New York, which exercised so large an influence in determining the results of the convention. Senator Hiscock is married, and Mrs. Hiscock resides with him in Washington during the sessions of the senate. His term will expire March 3, 1893. ZEBULON B. VANCE. ZEBULON BAIRD VANCE. UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM NORTH CAROLINA. Zebulon B. Vance was born in Buncombe county, North Carolina, May 13, 1830. His family name is a distinguished one in that state. Robert Brank Vance was a member of the Eighteenth congress, and later was elected to the Forty-third, Forty-fourth, and Forty-fifth congresses. The subject of this sketch was prepared for college at thirteen years of age, and entered Washington college, Tennessee, but left at the end of two years in consequence of the death of his father. He was then one year at the Asheville academy, and one year at the University of North Carolina. He studied law under Judge Battle and the Hon. S. T. Phillips, afterward solicitor-general, and was admitted to the bar in January, 1852, and estab- lished himself at Asheville, North Carolina, and was chosen county attorney the same year for Buncombe county. On August 3, 1853, Mr. Vance was married to Miss Harriet Espy. 401 402 UNITED STATES SENATORS. In 1854 he was elected to the state house of com- mons. When Thomas L. Clinorman was elected to the United States senate, Mr. Vance, at the age of twenty-eight, was elected to succeed him in the national house of representatives, taking his seat December 7, 1858. He was re-elected in i860, but did not remain in Washington to serve out the latter term. Like his colleague, Senator Ransom, he opposed the secession of North Carolina, yet after the state had decided to go out of the union, he raised a com- pany and was elected its captain. This company subsequently became one of the most famous of the organizations of the southern soldiers. In August, 1 86 1, Captain Vance was chosen colonel of the Twenty-sixth North Carolina regiment, and was engaged in the battles of Newbern, the seven days before Richmond, and Malvern Hill. In 1862 he was elected governor while serving in the field. He soon saw the impossibility of obtaining sufficient supplies for the troops of his state without recourse to foreign aid, and therefore sent agents abroad, and purchasing a fine steamship in the Clyde, which successfully ran the blockade, not only supplying the state troops with clothing and arms, but furnishing also large sup- plies for the use of the confederate government, and for hospitals and general supplies for the people of his state. As early as 1863, perceiving the desperate nature of the undertaking in which the south was engaged, he urged President Davis to neglect no UNITED STATES SENATORS. 403 opportunity to negotiate with the United States gov- ernment, but at the same time he was so earnest and efficient in contributing men and material for the support of the cause he was called the war governor of the south. He was also conspicuous in his efforts to ameliorate the condition of the federal prisoners in his state. In 1 864 he was overwhelmingly re-elected for the next two years. When the national troops occupied North Carolina, Governor Vance was arrested and taken to Washington, D. C, where he was confined in prison for several weeks. In November, 1870, he was elected United States senator by the legislature of his native state, but he was not allowed to take his seat, and resigned the same in January, 1872. In the same year he was again a candidate for the senatorship, but was defeated by Augustus S. Merrimon, to whom the republicans and bolting democrats £ave their votes. He received pardon from President Johnson in 1867, and his political disabilities were removed by congress in 1872, soon after he had been refused a seat in the United States senate by reason of those disabilities. He continued to practice law in Charlotte, where he had located, taking no part in politics, except his con- spicuous efforts as a private citizen to overthrow the reconstruction £overnment of North Carolina. In 1876, after an animated canvass, he was elected gov- ernor for the third time by a large majority. He resigned on being again elected to the United States senate, to succeed A. S. Merrimon, democrat, and 404 UNITED STATES SENATORS. took his seat March 4, 1879. He was re-elected in 1884, and again re-elected in 1891. His present term will expire March 3, 1897. He had not been long in the senate before he had acquired by his wit and eloquence a high rank among the democratic orators of that body. Senator Vance does not seek society, and is a stu- dent and almost a recluse, but he is a ready, magnetic speaker, quick at repartee, and an adept in running debate, in which his long practice in joint canvassing and campaign tours stand him in good stead. He is popular with his colleagues, full of good stories, and a general favorite with all classes in his state, as his many re-elections would indicate. In congress Sena- tor Vance has served on the committees on finance, privileges and elections, contingent expenses of the senate, District of Columbia, and has been chairman of the committee on woman suffrage. On June 6, 1880, Mr. Vance, who had been a wid- ower for some years, married Mrs. Florence S. Martin, of Louisville, Kentucky, an interesting and estimable lady. During the sessions of congress they reside in Washington. MATT W. RANSOM. MATT WHITAKER RANSOM. UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM NORTH CAROLINA. Matt W. Ransom was born in Warren County, North Carolina, October 8, 1826. In his boyhood his progress was such in his studies that he prepared for college when about sixteen years of age. He was graduated from the University of North Carolina in 1847. Having studied legal text books while in college, upon his graduation he was admitted to the practice of the law in the courts of his state, and soon became a successful lawyer as well as a prosperous planter. He was a presidential elector on the whig ticket in 1852. For the subsequent three years, he was state attorney general, but resigned the office in 1855, not caring to further act with the whigs. He then joined the democratic party and was elected to the state leg- islature in the years 1858, 1859 and i860. In 1861 he was one of the three North Carolina peace commis- sioners to the congress of southern states at Mont- gomery, Alabama, where he did his utmost to avert the war. But when his state decided to go out of the 19 407 408 UNITED STATES SENATORS. union, he volunteered as a private in the confederate service, and was very soon appointed lieutenant colo- nel of the First North Carolina regiment of infantry, with which he marched to the seat of war in Virginia. In 1862 he was chosen colonel of the Thirty-fifth North Carolina infantry, and participated with his regiment in all the important battles of the army of northern Virginia. He was severely wounded in the seven days' fight around Richmond. In 1863 ne was promoted for gallantry displayed on the field to briga- dier-general, and in 1865 was further promoted to major-general. Upon the fall of the confederacy he laid down his sword at Appomattox, accepted the in- evitable, returned to his native state, and resumed the practice of his profession, exerting in the meantime a pacific influence upon the politics of the people of that region. In 1872 he was elected as a democrat to the United States senate, and took his seat April 24th of the same year. He was re-elected in 1876, again re-elected in 1883, and again in 1889. His present term will expire March 3, 1895. In congress Senator Ransom has served on such committees as commerce, private land claims, to in- vestigate the Potomac river in front of Washington, and quadro-centennial. He has been chairman of the committee on private land claims a goodly portion of the time. Senator Ransom resides at Weldon, Northampton county, North Carolina. LYMAN R. CASEY. LYMAN R. CASEY. UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM NORTH DAKOTA. Lyman R. Casey was born in the town of York Livingston county, New York, May 6, 1837, son of Lyman Casey, who was born in Rhode Island in 1793, and whose ancestors had inhabited that state since before 1 700, and of Annie M. Casey, nee Church, whose father was among the earliest settlers of Mon- roe county, New York, and for whom the village of Churchville was named. Mr. Casey's early boyhood was passed on his father's farm in the Genesee Valley, then famous as the most fertile wheat belt in the United States. His summers were occupied in farm labors, and his winters in study, first at the district school, later at Temple 411 412 UNITED STATES SENATORS. Hill academy, Genesee. In 1853 his father determined to move west, whither his older children had already gone, and, for the sake of its educational advantages, made a new home at Ypsilanti, Michigan. There Lyman engaged in a course of study preparatory to entering the University of Michigan. This plan was not fully carried out, ill-health forbidding, and from 1857 Mr. Casey followed an active business life. His training was in the line of hardware, but for some years he was a member of the well-known firm of Piatt & Co., of Baltimore. In 1867, however, he returned to the business of his choice, and became a partner in the long-established house of W. H. Tefft & Co., Detroit, Michigan, the firm name becoming Tefft, Casey & Kellogg. In 1872 sickness of a seri- ous character forced his retirement from business, and with his wife he spent several years in travel, at home and abroad. Fortunately during that time he was able to studiously occupy himself with observations of social and political conditions wherever he went, and he counts those years of suffering and of loss in a financial sense, as of great mental profit, contributing perhaps better than any other agency to whatever of equipment he may possess for the duties of citizen and servant of his state. In 1882, Mr. Casey removed to Jamestown, North Dakota, where he still resides. The climate proving wholly beneficial he was soon able to engage with full activity in business affairs. The corporation of the "Carrington & Casey Land Co." being formed, he assumed the position of general UNITED STATES SENATORS. 413 manager. With its other extensive operations, farm- ing has been a feature of the company's business. Here came into advantage the early training acquired on the Genesee Valley farm, although the forty acre wheat-field of Mr. Casey's boyhood has, in North Dakota, been replaced by the mile square, the farms now being directed by him having upwards of five thousand acres under the plow. In November, 1889, about six weeks after the ad- mission of North Dakota to the union, Mr. Casey was elected to the United States senate, a position which he now holds. His term will expire March 3, 1893. In congress Senator Casey has served as chairman of the committee on railroads, and as member of the committees on agriculture and forestry, organization, conduct and expenditures of the executive depart- ments, transportation routes to the seaboard, and the select committee on irrigation and reclamation of arid lands, on which committees he would seem to be especially qualified to serve with intelligence, and with profit to the country. In person Mr. Casey is tall and slender, with blue eyes, a pale face, and a brown moustache. He looks more like a scientific litterateur than a farmer, and he is one of the best business men and one of the most cultivated gentlemen of the senate. He is a man of broad and generous ideas, and he has made a special study of all questions relating to the agricultural interests of the country. Prior to his election to the senate he has not held office; but he is 4H UNITED STATES SENATORS. a pleasing impromptu speaker, and throughout North Dakota is strikingly popular with all classes. While a practical man of affairs, yet he combines with this a fine intellectuality and a habit of studiousness that make him a delightful conversationalist. It would be well for the country if the United States senate con- tained more such farmers as Lyman R. Casey. Mr. Casey was married in i860, his wife being Harriet Mary, daughter of the late L. Beach Piatt, of Baltimore. He has three children living — two sons and a daughter. Mrs. Casey resides with her husband in Washington during the sessions of the senate. HENRY C. HANSBROUGH. HENRY CLAY HANSBROUGH. UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM NORTH DAKOTA. Henry C. Hansbrough was born in Randolph county, Illinois, January 30, 1848. His parents removed from Kentucky in 1846, and his paternal grandfather, Enoch Hansbrough, emigrated to the "blue grass country" from the state of Virginia about 1802, and was one of the compatriots of Daniel Boone. The name "Hansbrough" is of Teutonic origin, "Hans" being equivalent to the Flemish "Johannes." The "brough" is manifestly an English attachment, or affix. The name until half a century ago was written "Hans- borough." The dropping of the first "o" was doubt- less done in the interest of economy. Some members of the family now living have eliminated the "ugh" for the same reason. The first Hansbrough in America came here from Holland over two centuries ago, and his father, according to evidence now in the hands of a relative, married an Englishwoman; those familiar 417 4 I 8 UNITED STATES SENATORS. with Teutonic and English nomenclature agree that the last syllable of the name, the English attachment, came with this matrimonial alliance. Up to that time the name, like so many of similar origin, was probably "Hanson," and "borough" was given the place of the two last letters. On his maternal side Mr. Hansbrough's grandfather was a Hagen, and was born in Ireland. His grand- mother was a Scotchwoman. They crossed the ocean with the first wave of immigration following the American revolution, and located also in Kentucky. The subject of this sketch received, in a limited measure, the benefits of a common school education, being obliged to assist during the summer months upon his father's farm in that portion of "Egypt" where corn is king, and where, at that time, "book learning" was not wholly indispensable to the youth who could follow a plow "as good as a man." At the age of fifteen, just as he was about to seek a higher course of studies, the war broke out, and everybody, including college professors, "joined the army." Young Henry C. sought to enter the service of his country, but was refused, being admonished that his mother needed him at home, whither he went to become a member of the "homeguards." Later on, in 1867 — his parents having removed to California at the close of the war — he commenced a "college course" in the printing office of the San Jose "Mercury." In 1869 he was a partner in the publication of a small daily at San Jose. This venture proving unremunerative, he UNITED STATES SENATORS. 419 disposed of his interest and accepted a position in the mechanical department of the San Francisco "Chroni- cle." In 1872 he became the telegraph editor of that journal, and occupied other positions, including that of assistant managing editor of the ''Chronicle," until 1 879, when he went east and was married to Josephine, daughter of James Orr, of Newburgh, New York. Engaging in journalism for a brief time in Wisconsin, he established the daily "News" at Grand Forks, Da- kota territory, in 1882, and a year later founded the "Inter-Ocean" at Devils Lake, which journal he now owns. Being an ardent republican and recognizing the political necessity for the admission of new states to the union, as well as the justice of it, his editorial abilities were applied in that direction; and when, in 1 889, the territory of Dakota was divided by act of congress into two parts, each being admitted, together with the territories of Montana and Washington, as members of the sisterhood of states, his fellow repub- licans honored him by sending him as the first repre- sentative to the lower house of congress from the new state of North Dakota. His majority was over 14,000 out of a total vote of 38,083. He had previ- ously been elected as a delegate to the national con- vention, and took part in naming General Harrison for the presidency. He was also chosen national committeeman from his state. During his service in the Fifty-first congress he was defeated — July, 1890 — for re-nomination. It was at 420 UNITED STATES SENATORS. this juncture in his career that he most needed the pertinacity and sturdiness inherited from his Scotch- Irish and old Dutch ancestry, and the sequel proves that they stood him well in hand. Entering at once upon an active canvass in behalf of the republican state ticket, he laid the basis of a strong claim to a seat in the United States senate, and on the 23rd day of January, 1891, at Bismarck, the capital city of his state, he was elected to that position on the seven- teenth ballot, receiving on the sixteenth ballot forty- two votes, which was a large majority of the republi- cans of the two houses, and on the final or seventeenth ballot, sixty-seven votes out of a total of ninety-two votes in the joint session. Thus he stepped from the lower to the upper house of the American congress without a moment's interregnum, his term in the house ending March 3rd, and beginning in the senate March 4, 1 89 1. Senator Hansbrough's term of service will expire March 3, 1897. ^ n tne senate he has been placed on the committees on census, education and labor, territories, and the District of Columbia. Mrs. Hansbrough accompanies her husband at Washington. sfq* •gjfa. /' .-— stfP JOHN SHERMAN. JOHN SHERMAN. UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM OHIO. John Sherman was born in Lancaster, Ohio, May 10, 1823. His paternal ancestors emigrated from Essex county, England, to Massachusetts and Con- necticut in 1634. His grandfather, Taylor Sherman, of Norwalk, Connecticut, was an accomplished scholar and an able jurist, who received a seat on the bench, and who was a commissioner of the Firelands settle- ments, when, in 1805, he went to Ohio to arrange some disputed boundary questions. While engaged in this service, he became personally interested in tracts of land located in Sherman township, Huron county; but he returned to Connecticut, where he died in 18 15. He married early in life Elizabeth Stoddard, a lineal descendant of Anthony Stoddard, who emigrated from England to Boston in 1639. Charles Robert Sherman, their son, and the father of John Sherman, was born and brought up at Norwalk, Connecticut, where he in due time commenced the 433 424 UNITED STATES SENATORS. study of law. He was admitted to the bar in 18 10, and on the 10th of May of that year he married Mary Hoyt, who had grown up with him from childhood. A few months after his marriage he went to Ohio in search of a home, leaving his wife in Connecticut. He settled at Lancaster, and began the practice of his profession. The following season his wife came to him across the Alleghanies on horseback, carrying her infant child — afterwards Judge Charles T. Sherman — on a pillow strapped before her saddle. It was a long and dreary road, but Mrs. Sherman was fortunate in having as companions a considerable party of emi- grants from her native region, who were seeking a western home. Cheered by the presence of his wife and child, Charles Robert Sherman rapidly rose to eminence in his profession, and for five years before his death in 1829 he was judge of the supreme court of Ohio. They had eleven children, of whom William Tecumseh was the sixth and John the eighth. After the death of their father, leaving the large family with but limited means, Mr. Thomas Ewing, a neighbor and friend of the deceased, adopted William Tecumseh, and procured his appointment as a cadet at West Point, while a cousin of his father, named John Sherman, a merchant of Mount Vernon, who had been recently married, took John home with him in the spring of 1 83 1, and he remained with him four years, attending school constantly, with the exception of occasional visits to his home. At the age of twelve he returned to Lancaster and entered the academy to UNITED STATES SENATORS. 425 prepare himself for college. In two years he was sufficiently advanced to enter the sophomore class, but a desire to be self-supporting led to his becoming junior rodman in the corps of engineers engaged on the Muskingum improvements. He was placed in charge of the section of that work at Beverly early in 1838, and so continued until the summer of 1839, when he was removed because he was a whig, a change of administration having taken place. The responsi- bilities attending the measurements of excavations and embankments, and the leveling for a lock to a canal, proved a better education than could have been procured elsewhere in the same time. Upon being discharged he returned to Lancaster, and had a great desire to go to college and complete a regular course, but having no pecuniary means available and not desiring to be a burden to any one, he made up his mind to study law, and entered the office of his brother Charles, at Mansfield, who was then a good lawyer, in active practice, unmarried, and nearly thirty years of age. John was just nineteen, tall, strong- and active. Mansfield was then a village of 1 100 inhabitants. Young Sherman regularly pre- pared the pleadings, and did a good amount of the office business of his brother, and after the first year was entirely self-supporting. He was greatly assisted in his studies by his uncle, Judge Parker, who was an old and well-educated lawyer. Other young law students in Mansfield at the time were Samuel J. Kirkwood and Win. B. Allison, both of whom Mr. 426 UNITED STATES SENATORS. Sherman afterwards met in the United States senate. Under the laws of Ohio young Sherman was com- pelled to wait until he was twenty-one years of age before he could be admitted, although he was pre- pared for admission before. He was admitted in 1844, and at once formed a partnership with his brother Charles at Mansfield, and continued with him actively and profitably employed in the practice of his profession, until be was elected a member of con- gress in 1854. Incessant in his application to business, conciliatory in his deportment, and identified with the people of Mansfield and the surrounding section, he soon occupied a high position in the courts. His oratorical powers were not of that old Roman school of declamation; but he argued his cases after a plain, blunt, straight-forward style, which secured him the attention of the court and won the confidence of the jury at the outset. Shortly after Mr. Sherman was admitted to the bar his mother removed from her own home at Lancaster to Mansfield, where she and her younger daughters kept house for him, and where she remained until her death in 1852, after her children were all married. In the spring of 1848 he was sent as a delegate to the whig convention held in Philadelphia that nomi- nated Zachary Taylor for the presidency. He and Schuyler Colfax were secretaries of the convention. On the 30th day of August, 1848, Mr. Sherman was married to Miss Cecilia Stewart, the only child of Judge Stewart, of Mansfield, who came there from UNITED STATES SENATORS. 427 western Pennsylvania. She is a lady of rare accom- plishments, and capable of filling any social position, but domestic in her tastes, and a thorough house-wife. In 1852 Mr. Sherman was a delegate to the Balti- more convention that nominated Winfield Scott. In the winter of 1853-4 he opened a law office in Cleve- land with the intention of removing there at some future time, but his attitude as a conservative whig, in the alarm and excitement that followed the attempt to repeal the Missouri compromise, secured his elec- tion to the Thirty-fourth congress, and he gave up removing to Cleveland and took his seat in congress on December 3, 1855. He is a ready, forcible, and practical speaker, and his thorough acquaintance with public affairs made him an acknowledged power in the house from the first. He grew rapidly in reputa- tion as a debater on all the great questions agitating the public mind during that eventful period ; the repeal of the Missouri compromise, the Dred-Scott decision, the imposition of slavery upon Kansas, the fugitive slave law, the national finances, and other measures involving the very existence of the republic. I lis appointment by the speaker, Nathaniel P. Banks, as a member of the committee to inquire into and collect evidence in regard to the border-ruffian troubles in Kansas, was an important event in his career. Owing to the illness of the chairman, Wm. A. Howard, of Michigan, the duty of preparing the report devolved upon Mr. Sherman. Every state- ment was verified by the clearest testimony, and has 428 UNITED STATES SENATORS. never been controverted by any one. This report, when presented to the house, created a great deal of feeling, and intensified the antagonisms in congress, being made the basis of the canvass of 1856. In 1855 Mr. Sherman attended and was president of the first Ohio republican state convention, which nominated Salmon P. Chase for governor, and par- ticipated in the organization of the republican party. He acted with the republican party in supporting John C. Fremont for the presidency because that party resisted the extension of slavery, but did not seek its abolition. In the debate on the submarine telegraph he showed his opposition to monopolists by saying : " I cannot agree that our government should be bound by any contract with any private incorporated com- pany for fifty years ; and the amendment I desire to offer will reserve the power to congress to determine the proposed contract after ten years." All bills making appropriations for public expenditures were closely scrutinized, and the then prevalent system of making contracts in advance of appropriations was denounced by him as illegal. At the close of his sec- ond congressional term he was recognized as the foremost man in the house of representatives. He had from deep and unchanged conviction adopted the political faith of the republican party, but without any partisan rancor or malignity toward the south. He was re-elected to the Thirty-sixth congress, which began its first session amid the excitement caused by the bold raid of John Brown. In 1859 he was the UNITED STATES SENATORS. 429 republican candidate for the speakership. He had subscribed for Hinton R. Helper's "Impending Crisis," and this fact was brought up against him and estranged from him a few of the southern whigs, who besought him to declare that he was not hostile to slavery. He refused, and after eight weeks of balloting, in which he came within three votes of election, he yielded to Wm. Pennington, who was chosen. Mr. Sherman was then made chairman of the committee of ways and means. He took a decided stand against inoraftinof new legis- lation upon appropriation bills, saying: "The theory of appropriation bills is, that they shall provide money to carry on the government, to execute exist- ing laws, and not to change existing laws or provide new ones." In i860 he was again elected to congress. At the close of President Buchanan's administration the public indebtedness was nearly $100,000,000, and in such crippled condition were its finances that the government had not been able to pay the salaries of members of congress and many other demands. Mr. Sherman proved equal to the occasion in providing the means for the future support of the government. His first step was to secure the passage of a bill authorizing the issue of what are known as the treas- ury-notes of i860. The presidential election in i860 resulted in the election of Abraham Lincoln. Mr. Sherman was boarding at Willard's hotel, at Washington, in Febru- ary, 1 86 1, when Mr. Lincoln, accompanied by his wife, came there previous to Irs inauguration. Shortly 20 430 UNITED STATES SENATORS. after his arrival Mr. Sherman called to see him, and his first salutation while shaking hands was, "and so you are John Sherman?" He inspected him from head to foot and then said: "Well, I am taller than you, anyway; let's measure." They backed up against each other and some one said that Mr. Lincoln was two inches taller than Mr. Sherman. From that time their acquaintance and friendship continued during Mr. Lincoln's life. On the resignation of Salmon P, Chase, who had resigned to accept the position of secretary of the treasury, Mr. Sherman was elected to his place in the senate, and took his seat on March 4, 1861. He was re-elected senator in 1867 and in 1873. During most of his senatorial career he was chairman of the com- mittee on finance, and served also on the committees on agriculture, the Pacific railroad, the judiciary, and the patent office. After the fall of Fort Sumter, under the call of President Lincoln for 75,000 troops he tendered his services to Gen. Robert Patterson, was appointed aide-de-camp, without pay, and remained with the Ohio regiments till the meeting of congress in July. After the close of the extra session he returned to Ohio, and received authority from Gov. William Dennison to raise a brigade. Largely at his own expense, he recruited two regiments of infantry, a squadron of cavalry, and a battery of artillery, comprising over 2,300 men. This force served during the whole war, and was known as the "Sherman brigade." Mr. Sherman went to Washing- UNITED STATES SENATORS. 43 I ton, at the meeting of congress in December, intend- ing to resign his seat in the senate, and to offer his services in the army; but President Lincoln and Secre- tary Chase thought he ought not to do so, but that he should retain his place, where he could be of more service to the union cause. The most valuable ser- vices rendered by him were his efforts in the senate to maintain and strengthen the public credit and provide for the support of the armies in the field. On the suspension of specie payments, about the first of Janu- ary, 1862, the issue of the United States notes became a necessity. The question of making them a legal tender was not at first received with favor. Mainly through the efforts of Senator Sherman and Sec- retary Chase, this feature of the bill authorizing their issue was carried through congress. They justi- fied the legal tender clause of the bill on the ground of necessity. In the debates on this question, Mr. Sherman said : " I do believe there is a pressing ne- cessity that these demand notes should be made legal tender, if we want to avoid the evils of a depreciated and dishonored paper currency. I do believe we have the constitutional power to pass such a provision, and that the public safety now demands its exercise." The records of the debate show that he made the only speech in the senate in favor of the national bank bill. Its final passage was secured only by the personal appeals of Secretary Chase to the senators who opposed it. Mr. Sherman's speeches on state and national banks are the most important that he 432 UNITED STATES SENATORS. made during the war. He introduced a refunding act in 1867, which was adopted in 1870, but without the resumption clause. In 1874 a committee of nine, of which he was chairman, was appointed by a republi- can caucus, to secure a concurrence of action. .They agreed upon a bill fixing the time for the resumption of specie payment at January 1, 1879. This bill was reported to the caucus, and the senate with the dis- tinct understanding that there should be no debate on the side of the republicans, and that Mr. Sherman should be left to manage it according to his own dis- cretion, the bill was passed, leaving its execution dependent upon the will of the secretary of the treas- ury for the time being. Mr. Sherman was an active supporter of Rutherford B. Hayes for the presidency in 1876, and was a mem- ber of the committee that visited Louisiana to witness the counting of the returns in that state. He was appointed secretary of the treasury by President Hayes in March, 1877, and immediately set about providing a redemption fund by means of loans. Six months before January 1, 1879, the date fixed by law for redemption of specie payments, he had accumu- lated $135,000,000 in gold, and he had the satisfac- tion of seeing the legal tender notes gradually approach gold in value until, when the day came, there was practically no demand for gold in exchange for the notes. In 1880 Mr. Sherman was an avowed candidate for the presidential nomination, and his name was presented in the national convention at UNITED STATES SENATORS. 433 Chicago by James A. Garfield. During the contest between the supporters of Gen. Grant and those of James G. Blaine, which resulted in Mr. Garfield's nom- ination, Mr. Sherman's vote ranged from 90 to 97. He returned to the senate in 1881, and on the expiration of his term in 1887 was re-elected to serve until 1893. In January, 1892, he was re-elected for the term end- ing March 3, 1899. For years he has been chairman of the committee on foreign relations, and an active member of the committee on expenditures of public money, finance, and rules. In December, 1885, he was chosen president of the senate pro tern, but he declined re-election at the close of his senatorial term in 1887. His name was pre- sented by Joseph B. Foraker in nomination for the presidency at the national convention held in 1884, but the Ohio delegation was divided between him and James G. Blaine, so that he received only thirty votes from his state. Again in 1888 his name was presented by Daniel H. Hastings, in behalf of the Pennsylvania delegation at the national republican convention, and on the first ballot he received 229 votes and on the second 249, being the leading candidate and continu- ing so until Benjamin Harrison received the support of those whose names were withdrawn. Senator Sherman is six feet two inches tall, weighs about 180 pounds, has clear gray eyes and wears a full beard closely cut. His has been a successful life in a pecuniary sense. But this, like his political suc- cess, has been the result of a lifetime of careful and 434 UNITED STATES SENATORS. honorable work. He began as a boy to save his earnings and invest them. A half a century of in- dustrious efforts finds him, not with millions, as he is popularly rated, but still with a competence which is above the average of public men. Such are the prominent events in the life of John Sherman — a life which represents the growth and capacities of man under the free institutions of this republic. CALVIN S. BRICE CALVIN STEWART BRICE. UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM OHIO. Calvin S. Brice was born in the village of Denmark, Ashtabula county, Ohio, September 17, 1845. His first education was gained in the public schools of his native town, and later he attended school at Lima, Ohio, and when fourteen years of age entered the preparatory class of the Miami university at Oxford, Ohio. He remained in this institution a little over two years, until the outbreak of the war, and then enlisted in Captain Dodd's University company in April, 1 86 1, and served at Camp Jackson, Columbus, Ohio. In April, 1862, he enlisted in Captain McFar- land's University Company A, Eighty-sixth Ohio Volunteer infantry, and served the summer of that year in West Virginia, and then returned to the Miami university and graduated with distinction in June, 1863, before he was eighteen years of age. After teaching three months in the public schools ot 437 43 8 UNITED STATES SENATORS. Lima, he recruited a company, and re-entered the ser- vice as captain of Company E, One hundred and eightieth Ohio Volunteer infantry, and served in the First division of the Twenty-third corps in Tennessee, Georgia, and the Carolinas until July, 1865. He was promoted to major on the field for personal bravery. The war ended just before he received his commission as lieutenant-colonel, to which rank he had been pro- moted, so that he was mustered out still a major, be- ing but about twenty years old at the time. After the war ended he entered the law school of Michigan university at Ann Arbor, and was gradu- ated from that institution in 1866, and was admitted to practice by the state and United States district and circuit courts, at Cincinnati, in the spring of the same year. He turned his attention immediately to corporation law, and soon attained considerable dis- tinction in his chosen field. This line of business gave him opportunity to become interested in various enterprises of magnitude and importance. In 1880 he went to New York city as counsel for the Lake Erie and Western railroad, and shortly thereafter relinquished the practice of the law to devote himself more closely to railroad development and to give personal supervision to his other interests. In 1887 he was elected president of the Lake Erie and Western railroad. He has also been largely interested in other railroads, among them the New York, Chicago and St. Louis road, known as the " Nickel Plate road," the Richmond and West Point Terminal, the Duluth UNITED STATES SENATORS. 439 and South Shore and Atlantic railroad, of which he became vice-president. The following story, for the truth of which we can- not vouch, was frequently told during the canvass of Col. Brice for the senatorship: When he was a brief- less and penniless young lawyer in Columbus, Ohio, business was not coming his way, and his mother's house was mortgaged for two thousand dollars, which had been spent in his education. The owner of the mortgage was Governor Charles Foster, afterward secretary of the treasury. At last Mr. Brice went to Foster and asked him to i«K3k NELSON W. ALDRICH. NELSON WILMARTH ALDRICH. UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM RHODE ISLAND. Nelson W. Aldrich was born in Foster, Rhode Island, November 6, 1841. During a greater part of his life prior to 1858, he resided at Killingly, Windham county, in the state of Connecticut. He received a thorough education at the schools in his vicinity, completing his academic course at the Providence Conference seminary at East Greenwich, Rhode Island. Leaving that institution in 1857, he went to Providence, where he entered upon a successful mer- cantile career, in which he has continued to the pres- ent time. In 1869 he was elected to the common council of the city of Providence, and served in that body until 1875. During the years 1872 and 1873 he was president of the council. During the years 1875 and 1876 he was a member of the general assembly of his state, and in the latter year was speaker of the house of representatives. He was elected to the Forty-sixth 483 484 UNITED STATES SENATORS. congress in 1878, and was re-elected to the Forty- seventh as a republican, by a majority of nearly three thousand votes. On the 5th of October, 1881, Mr. Aldrich was elected by the grand committee of both houses of the Rhode Island legislature to the United States senate as a republican, for the unexpired term of Senator Burnside, he having died while in office. Mr. Aldrich was re-elected in 1886 for the term expir- ing March 3, 1893. In the Fiftieth and Fifty -first congresses he was chairman of the standing committees on rules, and member of the standing committee to examine the several branches of the civil service, on finance, and on transportation routes to the sea-board. He is a prominent Mason, having served as grand commander of the Rhode Island and Connecticut Knights Templar, and is held in high esteem by the people of his state, as his high position would in- dicate. Senator Aldrich is married, has a family, and his wife and daughter reside with him in Washington dur- ing the sessions of congress. s MATTHEW C. BUTLER. MATTHEW CALBRAITH BUTLER. UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM SOUTH CAROLINA. Matthew C. Butler was born near Greenville, South Carolina, March 8, 1836. His paternal grandfather was General William Butler, who was a brave officer in the revolutionary war, and afterwards for many years a member of congress. General Butler's sons were Dr. William Butler, Andrew P. Butler, judge of the state courts and United States senator, Pierce M. Butler, an officer in the regular army and governor of South Carolina, who fell in 1847 at Cherubusco, at the head of the "Palmetto regiment" in the war with Mexico. Senator Butler's maternal ancestors were the Perrys of naval fame. His grandfather was Christopher Raymond Perry of Rhode Island, a captain in the navy during the American revolution. The hero of Lake Erie was his uncle, as also was Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry, who was commissioner to Japan, and after whom the subject of this sketch was 487 488 UNITED STATES SENATORS. named. Commodore Rogers, a hero of the war of 1 81 2, married a sister of Senator Butler's mother. General Francis Marion, of historic memory and the hero of every school boy, is remotely included in the ancestral line. So that Matthew C. Butler has a priceless family inheritance, since he comes of patri- otic blood. He was born as above stated at the family home- stead on Pike's mountain, a few miles from Green- field, where he passed his early life. Dr. William Butler, his father, was a surgeon in the United States navy during the war of 181 2, and afterwards a repre- sentative in congress. He was a gentleman of high character and marked personal attractions. Senator Butler was prepared for college at the academy in Edgefield, and entered the South Carolina college in 1854; but before completing the full course of study there, left to commence his preparations for the bar, under the tuition of his uncle, Andrew P. Butler, at Stonelands, near Edgefield, and was admitted to practice in 1857, at the age of twenty-one. He began the practice of his profession at Edgefield, where he has ever since resided, and soon rose to a commanding influence at the bar. In i860, at the age of twenty- four, he was elected to the legislature of South Caro- lina, and was a leading member of that body. The civil war coming on, he cast his fortunes with the state, and became an earnest advocate of secession. When the conflict actually began, he entered the con- federate service, and was made captain of cavalry in UNITED STATES SENATORS. 489 the Hampton legion in June, 1861. He was a brave officee and soon commanded the attention of his superiors. He was engaged in many of the most hotly contested battles of the war, and for gallantry upon the field was frequently promoted, rising step by step from captain to a major-generalship. In the severe cavalry fight at Brandy Station on June 19, 1863, while leading a regiment of the confederate forces under General J. E. B. Stuart, he lost his right leg. It was in this battle that General Davis of the union forces was killed. The history of his military career is that of a brave and humane soldier. When the war was ended, General Butler returned to Edgefield and again began the practice of law. His neighbors and friends, however, elected him to the state legislature in 1866, where as a natural conse- quence he was a leader in that body. In 1870 he was a candidate for lieutenant-governor of the state, and the same year he received the democratic vote of the legislature for United States senator, but failed of election. In 1877, however, the democrats succeeded in electing him to that office, and after a severe con- test with Mr. Corbin for the seat he was victorious, and took his seat December 2nd of the same year. In connection with that contested election, participation in the Hamburg massacre by connivance at the terri- ble negro riot was charged against him, and by him indignantly denied. In writing of the matter, Mr. P. C. Headley, the biographer, says: "We find no proof of the charge, while Mr. Butler's unsullied integrity in 490 United states senators. all the relations of life ought to make his word suf- ficient against all but the most irrefragable evidence; emphatically is this deemed just when viewed in the light of the fact that, in the invasion of Pennsylvania by General Lee, his honorable treatment of the citi- zens through whose country he passed won their grateful admiration." In entering the United States senate in 1877, Mr. Butler succeeded Thomas J. Robertson, republican, and so satisfactorily did he represent his state that in 1882 he was re-elected. He was again re-elected in 1889, and his present term will expire March 3, 1895. In congress Senator Butler has been chairman of the committee on the five civilized tribes of Indians, and has been an active member of the committees on naval affairs, relations with Canada, territories, estab- lishing university of the United States, additional accommodations for the library of congress, and for- eign relations. In the senate chamber Mr. Butler is always listened to with close attention. He is sound in law, and in literary execution almost faultless. He is a church communicant, happy in his domestic relations, and blameless in personal character. His family resides with him in Washington during the sessions of con- gress. JOHN L. M. IRBY. JOHN LAURENS MANNING IRBY. UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM SOUTH CAROLINA. John L. M. Irby was born at Laurens, county seat of Laurens county, South Carolina, September 10, 1854. He is descended from one of the oldest and most celebrated families of the state of South Carolina. His father was Colonel James A. Irby, a distinguished lawyer, bright politician, and a large and successful planter. His grandfather, Captain William Irby, served in the revolutionary war. Three of his grand- uncles were murdered by the tories at Hay's Station, South Carolina. On his mother's side Colonel Irby is descended from the Earles, a name which has been distinguished for generations, the attorney-general of the state at the time of Colonel Irby's selection to the senate, Colonel Joseph H. Earles, being a member of the family. Colonel Irby was educated at the Laurensville Male academy, at the College of New Jersey at Princeton, New Jersey, and at the University of Vir- 493 494 UNITED STATES SENATORS. ginia. He studied law under Associate Justice Mc- Iven of South Carolina, and was admitted to the bar in 1876, at the age of twenty-two. He practiced his profession for about three years at Laurens, but in 1879 he abandoned the law for the purpose of engag- ing in agricultural pursuits, and retired to his planta- tion in Laurens county, where he still resides. By good management and close attention to the affairs of his estate, he became independent in means, and although not a rich man, he is now rated as one of the most prosperous and progressive farmers in the state. He lives on his plantation, which is managed under his personal supervision, and in which manage- ment he takes great pride. He was an active political worker in the famous Hampton campaign of 1876, and organized a mili- tary company in Laurens, of which he was made captain, and was subsequently chosen staff officer under Governor Hampton, with the rank of lieutenant- colonel. He has always been a democrat, and up to the year of his election acted politically with the Hampton-Butler wing of his party. Colonel Irby was elected to the house of representatives of South Carolina in 1886, and was one of the leading members of that body. He was returned in 1888, and again re-elected in 1890. Prominent in the farmers' movement from the first, when the new party division was organized in March, 1890, Colonel Irby took a vigorous part in carrying its political purposes to success. He was an ardent UNITED STATES SENATORS. 495 and enthusiastic follower of Captain R. R. Tillman, and was one of his most trusted advisers in the remarkable campaign which resulted in the election of Captain Tillman as governor of the state and also in securing control of the general assembly of South Carolina to members representing the farmers' alliance. Colonel Irby was the leader of the alliance in his county, and prominent in the councils of the state. He was regarded as a man for political pre- ferment, and when the Tillman wing of the democratic party secured control of the party machinery, Colonel Irby was made chairman of the state executive com- mittee. The management of the campaign was in- trusted to him, and at the assembling of the legis- lature he was elected speaker of the house of repre- sentatives, and on Thursday, December ii, 1890, he was elected United States senator for the full term of six years commencing March 4, 1891, and ending March 3, 1897. He succeeded in the senate General Wade Hampton. The vote for him on the fourth and decisive ballot was one hundred and five against forty-two for General Hampton and ten for M. P. Donaldson. His election to the senatorship indicates the appreciation of his party for his energetic and well devised efforts to make the alliance revolution a success. In congress Senator Irby has been placed upon the standing committes on civil service and retrenchment, coast defenses, epidemic diseases, mines and mining, and postoffices and post roads— a flattering compli- ment to so young a man. 23 496 UNITED STATES SENATORS. Colonel Irby is a man of fine physique, ruddy com- plexion, and most perfect health. His movements are quick, his perceptions prompt and clear, and his utterances practical and to the point. He makes no pretentions to scholarship, but is generally well in- formed, and is a ready debater and forcible speaker. He is a member of the Baptist church. He was but thirty-six years of age at the time of his election, and is the youngest member of the United States senate. His political position in the senate is that of a demo- crat in full accord with the policy of the national democracy. Whatever is to be gained for the farmers' alliance, must, he believes, be gained through the democratic party. JAMES H. KYLE. JAMES HENDERSON KYLE. UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM SOUTH DAKOTA. James H. Kyle was born near Xenia, Ohio, Febru- ary 24, 1854. His grandfather came from Lexington, Kentucky, about the year 1800. He was a civil engineer and the owner of large estates near Xenia. He was also judge of the courts for nearly thirty years. He married Rachel Jackson, of the family of Old Hickory. The father of the subject of this sketch is Thomas B. Kyle, who was born in 1824. He mar- ried in 1 85 1 Miss Margaret J. Henderson, of one of the old families of western Pennsylvania. He served as an officer during the civil war, after which he removed to Urbana, Illinois, where he now resides. He is by profession a civil engineer. James H. Kyle was educated in the common schools, graduating from the Union schools of Urbana at six- teen years of age, showing a fondness for mathematics. The same year he entered the University of Illinois, where he remained two years. In the fall of 1873 he went east to Oberlin college, where he graduated among the first of his class in the classical course in 1878. He then prepared for admission to the bar, but afterward entered the Western Theological seminary at Alleghany, Pennsylvania, where he 499 500 UNITED STATES SENATORS. graduated in 1882. During his student days he also taught for several years, as instructor in ancient languages, and in civil and mechanical engineering. Mr. Kyle was married on April 27, 1881, to Miss Anna I. Dugot, of Oberlin, Ohio. In the spring of 1882 he removed to Utah territory and became superintendent of an academy and pastor of a church at Mt. Pleasant. He was afterward called to the pastorate of Plymouth Congregational church in Salt Lake City, where he remained till 1885. While in Utah he served as an officer under the Utah commissioners sent there to execute the Edmunds law. In 1886 Mr. Kyle removed to Ipswich, Dakota; and in 1889 became pastor of the Congregational church at Aberdeen, where he has since resided. In 1890 he was elected secretary of Yankton college, and the same year was elected to the state senate of South Dakota, after a spirited contest, on an inde- pendent ticket. On February j6, 1891, Mr. Kyle was elected to the United States senate, on the fortieth ballot, to succeed Judge Gideon C. Moody, of Dead- wood, South Dakota. His term will expire March 3, 1897. In politics Senator Kyle is more democratic than republican, being a strong advocate of low tariff. In congress he has been placed upon the committees on education and labor, patents, and irrigation and reclamation of arid land. Mrs. Kyle resides with her husband in Washington during the sessions of congress. r* ^\ ■> RICHARD F. PETTICREW, RICHARD FRANKLIN PETTIGREW. UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM SOUTH DAKOTA. Richard F. Pettigrew was born at Ludlow, Windsor county, Vermont, July 26, 1848. In 1854, when young Pettigrew was but six years old, his father removed to Evansville, Rock county, Wisconsin, and settled on a farm. The boy attended the common schools, pre- pared for college at the Evansville academy, and entered Beloit college in 1866, where he remained two years intending to work his way through ; but his father died, and it became necessary for him to leave college in order to assist in the support of the family. He continued his studies, however, giving his atten- tion mainly to the law, and in 1869 entered the law class in the University of Wisconsin, and in July of the same year was admitted to the bar at Janesville. He then went to Dakota in the employ of a United States deputy surveyor as a laborer, and traveled 503 504 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 1 over a goodly portion of the state carrying a chain for the surveyors. He was attracted to Sioux Falls, a desirable place for a rising young man and settled there and engaged in the surveying and real estate business, and soon became enthusiastically in- terested in the development of the territory, and has slowly but surely amassed quite a fortune. In 1872 he opened a law office, and has been in the practice of his profession there ever since. He was elected to the Dakota legislature as a mem- ber of the council in 1877 and was re-elected in 1879. He was then elected to the Forty-seventh congress as a delegate from Dakota territory. In the years 1884 and 1885 he was again elected to the territorial council, where he did good service for his constituents and where he was a leader. In 1883 he was a mem- ber of the South Dakota constitutional convention. He was chairman of the committee on public indebt- edness, and framed the present provisions of the constitution on that subject. On October 16, 1889, he was elected United States senator, under the pro- visions of the act of congress admitting South Dakota into the union. He took his seat December 2, 1889, for the term ending March 3, 1895. ^ n con_ gress Senator Pettigrew has served on the comittees on improvements of the Mississippi river, Indian affairs, railroads, public lands, and quadro-centennial. Mr. Pettigrew is married, and his family reside with him in Washington when congress is in session. *sp •*>* ISHAM G. HARRIS. ISHAM G. HARRIS. UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM TENNESSEE. Isham G. Harris was born near Tullahoma, Frank- lin county, Tennessee, February 10, 1818. He was the third of this name, his father and grandfather both having borne the same name. His ancestors on both sides were of the best revolutionary stock of North Carolina. His father was a farmer and surveyor, a man of strong native intellect and remarkably well- balanced judgment, as well as of the highest sense of honor and of the strictest integrity of character, and was a man of note and influence in the country in which he lived. He reared a family of nine children, five of whom were sons, and of these Isham G. was the youngest. His elder brothers all became successful and popular men in their respective vocations in life — one a supreme judge of his state, and one a minister of distinction. Young Isham received his early edu- cation at the academy at Winchester; but at the age of fourteen, seeine that his education and maintenance were a charge upon his father, told him that he desired to go further west and make his own way. The elder Harris consented, and young Isham went to Paris, Henry 507 508 UNITED STATES SENATORS. county, Tennessee, where an elder brother had previ- ously gone and who was engaged in the practice of law. Young Harris took employment as a shop-boy with a merchant at the small salary of $60 a year and board. The next year he received a salary of $350. The following year he attended school. He then engaged again for another year as clerk at a salary of $500, a large sum for the time and locality. Before he was quite nineteen years of age he entered on business for himself as the partner of an elder brother. He carried a stock of goods to Ripley, in northern Mississippi, where he opened and controlled the busi- ness of the house, and made money rapidly. He was fortunate in all his transactions, and was soon regarded as a safe and successful merchant. Before he was of age he had acquired what was deemed a competency in that country at that time, and began to have ambitions for something more than mere money making. He decided to study law, and for the next two years attended shop in the day and read law at night with all the concentration of a burning purpose. At the end of that time he was admitted to the bar. He sold out his business, estab- lished a home for his father near Paris, Tennessee, and placing the balance of his funds in a bank, began the practice of his profession, making his home with his father. His hopes were suddenly shattered. The bank failed, its notes became worthless, and young Harris was left penniless. With the decision that has characterized him he went UNITED STATES SENATORS. 509 without delay, without repining, to a rich man of the county who had frequently offered him a partnership, and, putting his services as an equivalent for the money of the rural capitalist, received an advance of $io,ooo, and at once commenced business in the town of Paris. In two years he had repaired his losses, and to the regret of his partner, he then sold out again, and again began the practice of the law. The first year of his practice guaranteed his success, and a few years more placed him among the leaders of the bar — able, brilliant, successful. Being successful as a business man and as a lawyer, and being an ardent democrat, it was but natural that his party should look upon him favorably, and in 1847, against his wishes, he was elected to the state legislature. In 1 848 he was the candidate of his party for presidential elector on the democratic ticket, and in 1849 was elected to congress from the same dis- trict. He was re-elected in 1851, and was nominated as the candidate of his party in 1853, but declined the nomination, as he had no love for politics and pre- ferred to devote himself to the law, and removed to Memphis, where he has since resided. But the people would not allow him to go out of politics, and he was made presidential elector for the state at large in 1856, and was elected governor of Tennessee in 1857. He was re-elected in 1859, and again in 1 861, and served until the capital of the state was about to pass into the hands of the union forces, when he felt that his place was in the army. He went upon the staff of 5IO UNITED STATES SENATORS. Gen. Albert Syndey Johnston as a volunteer aide, and when that general met his mortal wound at Shiloh he received the dying soldier in his arms. Governor Harris continued with the Army of the Tennessee during the remainder of the war, sharing in the dangers as well as the fatigues of its campaigns, and taking part in all the great battles in which it was engaged, except Perryville. He was a counsellor whose audacity, experience, and position of indepen- dence often proved valuable to the commanding general. When the war began he was worth $150,000; when it closed he had nothing. He evaded capture on parole, went into exile in Mexico, where he remained eighteen months, and then went to England, where he spent nearly a year. In 1867 he returned to Memphis and resumed the practice of law, and abjured politics for the next ten years. In 1876 he announced him- self as a candidate for the United States senate, was elected, and took his seat March 5, 1877, and was re-elected in 1883, and again in 1889, the latter term to expire March 3, 1895. In congress Senator Harris has served on the com- mittees on claims, District of Columbia, finance, inter- state commerce, rules, to establish the University of the United States, and is chairman of the committee on epidemic diseases. Senator Harris married Miss Martha M. Travis, daughter of Edward Travis, of West Tennessee, and has had five sons. WILLIAM B. BATE. WILLIAM B. BATE. UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM TENNESSEE. William B. Bate was born near Castalian Springs, Sumner county, Tennessee, and received an academic education. When quite a youth he served for a time as second clerk on a steamboat plying between Nash- ville and New Orleans. When the Mexican war broke out, he enlisted as a private and served through- out the war in Louisiana and Tennessee regiments. Peace having been restored, he returned to Tennessee, and the following year was elected to the state legis- lature. The experiences of the war and his services in the legislature broadened the scope of his mental horizon and lent to him new ambitions, and he decided to study law and entered the Lebanon Law school, from which he graduated in 1852. He commenced the practice of his profession at Gallatin, the county- seat of his native county. He rose rapidly in the esteem of his fellow citizens both as a lawyer and as a man, and in 1854 was elected attorney-general for the Nashville district for six years. During his term of office he was nominated for congress, but declined the nomination. In i860 he was a presi- dential elector on the Breckinridge and Lane ticket. When the civil war came on he cast his lot with the 513 5H UNITED STATES SENATORS. south and enlisted as a private in the confederate army. He was soon chosen captain, then colonel, and for bravery displayed on the battle field, was pro- moted to brigadier-general and then to major-general. He surrendered with the Army of the Tennessee in 1 865. During the war he participated in some of the most hotly contested engagements, and was on three sepa- rate occasions dangerously wounded. After the close of the war General Bate returned to Tennessee and resumed the practice of law. In 1868 he was a delegate to the national democratic conven- tion that placed in nomination for the presidency Horatio Seymour. For the next succeeding twelve years he served as a member of the national demo- cratic executive committee for Tennessee. He was an elector for the state at large on the Tilden and Hendricks ticket in 1876, and did good service in the canvass of that year In 1882 he was elected gov- ernor of Tennessee, and in 1884 was re-elected with- out opposition. In January, 1887, he was elected United States senator as a democrat to succeed Washington C. Whitthorne, and took his seat March 4, 1887, for the term expiring March 3, 1893. In congress Senator Bate has served on the com- mittees on agriculture and forestry, improvement of the Mississippi river, military affairs, mines and mining, and railroads. Mr. Bate is married, has a comfortable home at Nashville, Tennessee, and when congress is in session, lives with his family in Washington. RICHARD COKE. RICHARD COKE. UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM TEXAS. Richard Coke was born at Williamsburg, Virginia, March 13, 1829. In the schools of his boyhood he made rapid progress, and entered at an early age William and Mary college, from which he was grad- uated with honor in 1849, at the age of twenty years. Having chosen the profession of law, he dilligently and thoroughly prepared himself for the bar, and on obtaining his license in 1850 he removed to Texas and located at Waco, where he began the practice of his profession and has since continued to reside. He was a young man of sterling qualities, steady habits and popular manners, which, in conjunction with a strong mind and finished education, soon opened to him the avenues of success and distinction. His pro- fessional ascent was rapid and brilliant, and in a few 517 5 l8 UNITED STATES SENATORS. years he took a position in the front rank of the bar of his district. Mr. Coke was thoroughly in sympathy with the institutions of the south, and when the civil war called for southern regiments he responded with alacrity and enlisted as a private in the confederate army. He was promoted to a captaincy and served throughout the conflict. When the contest was ended and the forces disbanded, Mr. Coke returned to Waco and again engaged in the practice of law. Soon civil honors began to crowd upon him. He was offered and accepted the office of judge of his district, and his popularity was such with his party that the follow- ing year, 1866, he was nominated for the office of judge of the supreme court of the state and was elected by a large majority. Personally he was equal to the position and was considered a very able judge, but he was intensely southern in his sympathies, and after occupying the position for one year, he was removed by General Sheridan, who was carrying forward the reconstruction measures of the govern- ment, on the grounds that he was an "impediment to reconstruction." Mr. Coke returned to his legal practice at Waco, in which he quietly prospered and grew in popularity. In 1873 he was nominated by his party for governor of Texas, and after a spirited con- test he was elected by over fifty thousand majority, together with the entire delegation of congressmen and a large majority of the members of the state legislature. On the 15th of January, 1874, Governor UNITED STATES SENATORS. 5 I 9 Coke and Lieutenant-governor Hubbard were duly inaugurated and installed in their respective offices. The appointments of Governor Coke to the bench and to all other important positions were very popular and highly judicious, and during his administration the entire machinery of the state government was brouo-ht into smooth and harmonious action. New avenues of prosperity were opened up to the people, new enterprises were stimulated, and new hopes inspired, until the highest anticipations of prosperity seized upon the minds of all classes of people. Rail- road communications of the most vital importance were established, and a constant tide of immigration flowed into the state. The people of Texas smarted under the constitution forced upon them by the mili- tary authority and its allies in the state, and it was under the auspices of the administration of Governor Coke that the constitution of 1875 was framed and adopted, and which forms the present organic law of the state. This constitution effected a change in the tenure of office, and in February, 1876, Governor Coke was re-elected by a majority of over one hun- dred and two thousand. In April of the same year he was elected United States senator to succeed Morgan C. Hamilton, republican, and took his seat March 4, 1877. He continued, however, to perform the duties of the gubernatorial office from the time he was elected senator until the following December, when he resigned the position to the lieutenant-gov- ernor. Senator Coke was re-elected in 1883, and 520 UNITED STATES SENATORS. again re-elected in 1889. His present term will expire March 3, 1895. In congress Senator Coke has served as chairman of the committee on revolutionary claims, and member of the committees on commerce, and judiciary, and on the select committee on transportation and sale of meat products. As a United States senator he has been true and faithful to the interests of his party and his people, constant in his efforts to promote the public welfare, and able in the advocacy of the principles of the party to which he belongs. His mental organization is of high order and his professional learning is thorough. His arguments and decisions evince, both in expo- sition and research, the qualities of a profound lawyer and an able judge. Viewed from whatever stand- point, in every sphere of his life, judge, governor, senator, or citizen, Senator Coke is one of the most eminent of Texans. HORACE CHILTON. HORACE CHILTON. UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM TEXAS. Horace Chilton was born in Smith county, Texas, December 29, 1853. His father was George W. Chilton and his mother Miss Ella Goodman, both formerly of Alabama. Young- Chilton was reared in Tyler, Texas, where he now resides. He was edu- cated in the schools of that town under the tutorship of Thomas Smith find John T. Hand. He also attended the Lynnland Institute in Hardin county, Kentucky, one session. At the age of fifteen he was thrown upon his own resources. Besides himself he had his mother and sister to provide for, and it became necessary for him to seek such employment as would benefit him not only financially but in an educational way. He left college in the midst of his educational course, and entered a printing office where he acquired a practical knowledge of the printing trade, all the while pursu- ing his studies at night, the only time he could call his own. He labored in this calling in various towns in Texas and Louisiana, and finally started a small 24 523 524 UNITED STATES SENATORS. newspaper in Tyler, which paper he conducted until he saved sufficient money to sustain himself while studying law. After being admitted to the bar, he began practice and rose very rapidly in his profession, and having been a close student and an industrious worker he soon ranked high at the bar of his state- He has been successful, too, in a financial way in his practice, and has accumulated a handsome competency. In 1877 he was married to Miss Mary W. Grinnan, and they have now five interesting children. In 1 88 1 he was appointed assistant attorney gen- eral of the state of Texas by Governor Roberts, without solicitation, an appointment which he filled with credit to himself and the satisfaction of the peo- ple until the close of his term, when he returned to a successful practice. He was a delegate at large to the national demo- cratic convention in St. Louis in 1888. In 1891 he was appointed by Governor Hogg United States sen- ator as a democrat to fill the vacancy created by the resignation of Hon. John H. Reagan, and took his seat December 7, 1891. Senator Reagan's term would have expired March 3, 1893. In congress Senator Chilton has been placed on the committees on postoffices and post roads, coast defenses, and patents. Mr. Chilton is said to hold conservative views, and to be very courteous in manner. He is regarded as a political economist of much learning, and is likely to make his mark. JUSTIN S. MORRILL. JUSTIN SMITH MORRILL. UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM VERMONT. Justin S. Morrill is the patriarch of the United States senate, having first been elected to that body in 1867, and at the expiration of his present term will have served thirty years in the senate and twelve years in the house of representatives, making a total service in congress of forty-two years. He is not only old in years but is old in experience and usefulness as well, though young in spirit and body. He was born in the town of Strafford, Orange county, Vermont, April 14, 1 8 10, and at this writing, January, 1892, is nearly eighty-two years of age. Senator Morrill in his boyhood attended the common schools, and after- ward received an academic education, and in his early manhood engaged in mercantile pursuits. He fol- lowed this business for some years and then abandoned the life of a merchant for the more congenial pursuit to him, of agriculture. But the people called him into the arena of politics, electing him representative in 1855 to the Thirty-fourth congress, in which he established his reputation as a wise and reliable member of the house. At the expiration of his first term, with no effort on his part, he was without spe- 527 528 UNITED STATES SENATORS. cial dissent re-elected to the Thirty-fifth, Thirty-sixth, Thirty-seventh, Thirty-eighth, and Thirty-ninth con- gresses, wherein he made a faithful, hard-working, public servant. He was the author of the Morrill tariff of 1 86 1, and acted as chairman of the committee of ways and means in 1864 and 1865. He was con- sidered a safe and conservative counsellor and leader in the years of the great civil war, and his labor did much to shape the legislation of the country dur- ing that trying period. In 1866 Mr. Morrill was elected to the United States senate as a union republican, and took his seat in that body March 4, 1867. At the expiration of his term he was re-elected in 1873, again re-elected in 1879, again in 1885, an< ^ again re-elected in 1891, for the term to expire in 1897. F° r many years Senator Morrill has served on such standing committees in the senate as finance, public buildings and grounds, revolutionary claims, census, and other important committees. In most of the congresses since he has been in the senate he has been chairman of the committee on finance, and in addition to being a member of several regular stand- ing committees, has served on the special committee on additional accommodations for the library of con- gress, as well as upon other select committees. He is the author of a work entitled "Self Con- sciousness of Noted Persons." Senator Morrill resides with his family at Wash- ington during the sessions of congress. His home is at Strafford, Vermont, the place of his birth. REDFIELD PROCTOR. REDFIELD PROCTOR. UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM VERMONT. Redfield Proctor was born at Proctorsville, Windsor county, Vermont, June i, 1831. His father was a farmer, manufacturer, and trader, and was the first permanent settler of the village, from whom it derived its name. In his youth he attended the common schools, and later entered Dartmouth college, from which institution he graduated in 1851 at the age of twenty. He studied law at the Albany Law school, and graduated therefrom in 1859, and began the practice of his profession in Boston, Massachusetts, with his cousin, Isaac R. Redfield, an able lawyer and an eminent jurist. When the civil war broke out, Mr. Proctor felt that he owed something to his country, and he returned to his home in Vermont, and at once volunteered as a soldier, serving as quartermaster of the First Ver- mont regiment, and as brigade and division quarter- master on the staff of General William F. Smith — 531 532 UNITED STATES SENATORS. known as Baldy Smith — until September, 1861, when he was promoted to major of the Fifth regiment. In the summer of 1862 he was so ill that for a time his life was despaired of, but on his recovery in the fall he was elected colonel of the Fifteenth regiment. He served faithfully until the autumn of 1863, when he was mustered out at the expiration of his term, and returned to his home in Vermont with his health more or less shattered. He gave his attention for a time to farming, until his health was repaired, and then for several years divided his attention between farming and the practice of law. In 1869 ne was made receiver of the Sutherland Falls Marble company, which was seriously involved in litigation and threatened with bankruptcy. He un- tangled the affairs of the company, and by his energy and business acumen soon doubled its capital and producing capacity. He purchased an interest in the company, and it soon became a power in the marble industry. In 1883 he consolidated several companies and formed the Vermont Marble company, of which he became president and manager, and from which investment he acquired a large fortune. Later on he formed a combination of all the leading marble industries of Vermont, and started the Producers' Marble company of Rutland. This company controls to a large extent the marble industries of America. Mr. Proctor has always been a republican, and has taken an active interest in politics in Vermont. In 1867 ne was elected to the Vermont house of repre- UNITED STATES SENATORS. 533 sentatives, where he very soon became a leading member. He was re-elected in 1868, and again in 1888. From 1874 to 1876 he was a member of the state senate, and was president of that body. In the latter year he was elected lieutenant-governor of the state and served for two years, at the end of which time he was advanced to the more exalted position of governor. He served very acceptably from 1878 to 1880, and was offered a re-election, but declined. He was a delegate at large to the national republican con- vention in Chicago in 1884, and was again a delegate in 1888, being chairman of the Vermont delegation in the latter convention, and from the first ballot to the last voted for the nomination of Mr. Harrison. In 1888 the Vermont legislature unanimously recommended Mr. Proctor for a cabinet position, and in the following March he was appointed by President Harrison as secretary of war, in which position he was unusually successful, as he took to that department business habits and knowledge of affairs very beneficial in the management of the office. He served in the cabinet from March, 1889, to November, 1891; and when Hon. George F. Edmunds sent his resignation of his office of United States senator to the governor of Vermont in the summer of 1891, it was a foregone conclusion that Governor Page of that state would select Mr. Proctor to succeed the retiring statesman. Indeed, no other name was mentioned, and Mr. Proctor was appointed United States senator to fill the vacancy. Mr. Proctor resigned from the cabinet 534 UNITED STATES SENATORS. and accepted the appointment, taking his seat in the senate December 7, 1891. Mr. Edmund's term would have expired March 3, 1893. Senator Proctor was made chairman of the com- mittee to establish the University of the United States, and member of the committees on revision of the laws, private land claims, military affairs, immigration, and organization, conduct and expenditures of the executive department. Mr. Proctor was married in 1858 to Miss Emily J. Dutton, of Cavendish, and now resides at Proctor, Rutland county, Vermont. He is a man of democratic habits, and very popular with the people of his state. He is over six feet tall, is slender in build, his face is long, and in general ap- pearance he is very like what our English friends delight to portray as a typical Yankee. He is wealthy, and with his wife and daughter, lives in good style in Washington while in public life. He still owns a big farm in Vermont and runs it, and is said to possess some of the finest blooded cattle in the country, and he is fond of a country life. JOHN W. DANIEL. JOHN WARWICK DANIEL UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM VIRGINIA. John W. Daniel was born in Lynchburg, Campbell county, Virginia, September 5, 1842. His father was Judge William Daniel, jr., who for many years served as judge of the supreme court of appeals of Virginia — a cousin of Judge Peter V. Daniel, of the United States supreme court, and of John M. Daniel, United States minister to Sardinia. His paternal grandfather was Judge William Daniel, sr., of the Virginia general court. Both father and grandfather were distinguished as jurists and as democratic advocates — Judge William Daniel, sr., being an ardent supporter of Jefferson and the resolution of 1 798, and Judge William Daniel, jr., an elector for Van Buren in 1840. The latter was distinguished as an orator before he went upon the bench. Senator Daniel's paternal grandmother was Miss Margaret Baldwin, of Virginia, a daughter of a Connecticut surgeon in the war of the revolution, and of a family distinguished in New England history. John M. Warwick, his maternal grandfather, was a manufacturer and merchant of Lynchburg who occu- pied a high position in the community, and his ma- ternal grandmother, Miss Caroline Norvell, of Scotch 537 538 UNITED STATES SENATORS. descent, was of a leading family of the same town. Senator Daniel received his early education in the schools of Lynchburg, at Lynchburg college, and at Dr. Gessner Harrison's University school. Being very fond of languages rather than scientific studies, at the early age of eighteen he was versed in Latin, Greek, French and German. He was but nineteen years of age when the civil war broke out, and with the characteristic state pride of those reared in the "Old Dominion," he stood by the land of his birth, and when the ordinance of secession was passed, he emphasized his convictions by entering the confederate army as a volunteer. He soon was promoted to second lieutenant in the Twenty-seventh Virginia regiment of Stonewall bri- gade. He was wounded at the first battle of Manassas in 1861, was at Boonsboro in 1862, and at Antietam; and in the battle of the Wilderness in 1864 had his leg broken and crippled in a charge. After being shot from his horse he lay between the firing lines, but was saved from death by bleeding, by a private soldier — James Horn of the Forty-second Virginia infantry — who bound his wound with a sash while General Daniel held his limb with his hands to stop the flow of blood. Senator Daniel says when he read of Sidney Johnson's bleeding to death on the field at Shiloh, he determined to keep a sash ready for an emergency, and the moment he struck the ground he thought of the sash which he carried for the purpose and which saved his life. He served UNITED STATES SENATORS. 539 throughout the war in the armies of northern Virginia, and at the time of the battle of the Wilderness was adjutant-general on the staff of General Jubal A. Early. While recovering from his wound General Daniel studied law, and during ' 1865 and 1866 attended lectures at the University of Virginia. He came to the bar in 1866 as a partner of his father who had retired from the bench and had a large practice. During the years 1868 and 1869 he wrote "Daniel on Attachments," and later on became the author of "Daniel on Negotiable Instruments," which has a world-wide reputation, and which has passed through four editions and is extensively quoted by English and American courts. Having a strong love for his profession, and being a close legal student, with com- manding abilities, it is little wonder that he has enjoyed an extensive, successful, and lucrative practice. He has followed no other business but that of the law, but was for ten years a bank president in Lynch- burg, the city of his birth and his present home. In 1869 he married Miss Julia E. Murrell of his native town, and they have five children, two daugh- ters and three sons. Mr. Daniel entered public life in 1869, and served two terms in the Virginia house of delegates, from 1869 to 1872. He was a member of the Virginia senate from 1875 to 1 881, when he resigned, being unanimously nominated for governor by the demo- cratic party. He was defeated at the election by W. 54° UNITED STATES SENATORS. E. Cameron, re-adjuster. In 1885 he was unanimously nominated by his party for congress, and was elected ; but during the first session of his service he was elected to the United States senate, to succeed Wil- liam Mahone, and took his seat March 4, 1887, for the term expiring March 3, 1893. On the 15th of De- cember, 1 89 1, the general assembly of Virginia re-elected him for the term beginning March 4, 1893, and ending March 3, 1899. He received every vote in both branches. Senator Daniel was an elector at large on the Tilden ticket in J 876, seconded Hancock's nomination for the presidency in 1880 in the national democratic convention, and Thurman's nomination for the vice- presidency in 1888. He has made many public addresses. He delivered the oration at the unveiling of Gen. Lee's monument at Lexington in 1883; and by invitation of congress he delivered the address at the dedication of the Washington monument in 1885. By invitation of the general assembly of Virginia, he delivered the oration at the memorial exercises upon the death of Jefferson Davis in 1890. In congress Senator Daniel is a hard worker, and a member of the committees on Indian affairs, public buildings, immigration, revision of the laws, and the quadro-centennial. The degree of LL. D. has been conferred upon him by the Washington and Lee university of Virginia, and also by the Michigan university at Ann Arbor. JOHN S. BARBOUR. JOHN S. BARBOUR UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM VIRGINIA. John S. Barbour was born in Culpeper county, Virginia, December 29, 1820, and is consequently in the seventy-second year of his age. As a young man he pursued a course of study at the University of Virginia for three years, and graduated from the school of law in that institution in 1842. At the age of twenty-two he began the practice of law in his native county of Culpeper, and was very successful in his profession. In 1847 he was elected to the legis- lature of Virginia from his county, and was re-elected, serving four consecutive sessions. In that body he was a leading member, and thereby became well known throughout the state as a man of unusual energy and ability. In 1852 Mr. Barbour was elected president of the railway company then called the Orange and Alexandria Railroad company. He served in that position until the road was merged 543 544 UNITED STATES SENATORS. into what is now known as the Virginia Midland Railroad company, of which road he continued presi- dent till he resigned the position in 1883. He was elected to the Forty-seventh congress in 1 88 1, and was re-elected to the Forty-eighth and Forty-ninth congresses. He was elected to the United States senate as a democrat to succeed Harrison H. Riddleberger, the last of the readjusters in the senate from that state. Senator Barbour took his seat March 4, 1889. His term of service will expire March 3, 1895. In the senate Mr. Barbour has served as a member of the standing committees on the District of Colum- bia, education and labor, inter-state commerce, organ- ization, conduct and expenditure of the executive de- partments, and pensions, and has been a member of the select committee to investigate the condition of the Potomac river in front of Washington. Mr. Barbour's home is at Alexandria, Virginia. JOHN B. ALLEN JOHN BEARD ALLEN. UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM WASHINGTON. John B. Allen was born in Crawfordsville, Mont- gomery county, Indiana, May iS, 1845. In his early boyhood he attended the public schools at or near his native town, and later received instruction at Wabash college, Crawfordsville. At the age of nineteen he enlisted in the One hundred and thirty-fifth regiment of Indiana volunteers and served in Tennessee and Alabama until mustered out with his regiment in 1865. He then returned to Indiana, and with his parents removed to Rochester, Minnesota, where he resided until January, 1870. During his first year in Minnesota he served as an agent for a firm of grain men. He then read law in the office of Judge Wilson of Rochester, and soon entered the law school at Ann Arbor, Michigan, and was admitted to the bar in 1869. In 1870 he removed to Washington territory and settled at Olympia, the present capital of the new state, where he opened an office in the public reading room, of which he became the custodian at the salary of fifteen dollars per month. He practiced law, how- ever, in the meantime, and before he was twenty-six years old had an unprecedented practice for one of 547 54-8 UNITED STATES SENATORS. that age, and was regarded as a lawyer of great promise and an orator of unusual force and ability. His compeers and often competitors were such legal lights as ex-Chief-Justice Dennison, ex-Justice McFadden, Elwood Evans, Governor Ferry, and others of more than local reputation. In 1875 ne was appointed United States attorney for Washington ter- ritory by President Grant, and in this position for over ten years, through the administrations of Grant, Hayes, and Arthur, he served with distinction. In 1 88 1 he removed to Walla Walla, which city has since been his home, and where he has built up what is probably the most lucrative as well as the most successful practice in eastern Washington. In 1878 he was reporter of the supreme court of Washington territory, and held that position until 1885. Mr. Allen was elected to the Fifty-first congress as a republican ; but when Washington territory was ad- mitted into the union, under the provisions of the act of congress, he was elected United States senator, and took his seat December 2, 1889, for the term expiring March 3, 1893. In congress, Senator Allen has served on the com- mittees on claims, public lands, Indian depredations, and woman suffrage. Senator Allen is affable, courteous, easy of ap- proach, careful of what he promises or does, faithful to his friends, and of the most unswerving integrity, as well as a patriot and most excellent citizen and neighbor. He is married. WATSON C. SQUIRE WATSON C SQUIRE. UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM WASHINGTON. Watson C. Squire was born in Cape Vincent, Jef- ferson county, New York, May 18, 1838. He was prepared for college in the seminaries at Fulton, Oswego county, and at Fairfield, Herkimer county, that state, and was graduated from the Wesleyan university at Middletown, Connecticut, in 1859. For a time he studied law in the office of Judge Ezra Graves, at Herkimer, New York, but afterward be- came principal of the Moravia institute at Moravia, Cayuga county, New York, where he taught until the breaking out of the civil war in 1861. He then enlisted in Company F, Nineteenth New York regi- ment of infantry for three months' service, and was promoted to first lieutenant of the company. After serving on the upper Potomac till the fall of 1 861, he was honorably mustered out of the service. He then removed to the state of Ohio, and for the following year studied law in the office of Judge Rufus P. Ranney at Cleveland, and was admitted to practice in the supreme court of Ohio in June, 1862. In the fall of that year, in response to the call of President Lincoln for more troops, he raised a company of 552 UNITED STATES SENATORS. sharpshooters, of which he was commissioned captain. Soon afterward he was placed in command of the First battalion of Ohio sharpshooters. He served in the Army of the Cumberland and participated in the battles of Chickamauga, Chattanooga, Nashville, Resaca, and numerous other engagements. He was promoted three times, and during the latter part of his service in the army was judge advocate of Tennessee on the staff of General Rousseau and also on the staff of General George H. Thomas, with head- quarters at Nashville. At the close of the war he was employed by the Remington Firearms company, and applied himself for the next thirteen years to the study of breach- loading arms and the sale of the same, in the mean- time becoming a member of the company as well as its business manager. The company not only manu- factured many kinds of firearms, but typewriters, and other articles. Mr. Squires at first represented the company in New York, but subsequently visited the capitals of Russia, Spain, Turkey, Mexico, and other countries. One contract was made with France for fifteen million dollars worth of firearms. In 1876 he purchased large landed and other interests in Wash- ington territory. Having great faith in the future developments of that country, he returned to New York and disposed of his interests in the Remington company, and in 1879 removed to Washington and settled at Seattle, where he has ever since resided. He engaged largely in farming as well as in various other UNITED STATES SENATORS. 553 enterprises, and became thoroughly identified with the growth and development of that commonwealth. In 1884 he was appointed governor of Washington territory by President Arthur, and served in that position for three years, distinguishing himself by his course as executive during the anti-Chinese riots. He has contributed largely to the advancement and de- velopment of the country, and has done as much as any one in the matter of creating the new state. His first report as governor to the secretary of the interior was pronounced by Secretary Teller as the best report ever given by any governor of any territory. He was elected to the United States senate as a republican November 21, 1889, under the provisions of the act of congress admitting Washington territory into the union as a state, and took his seat on the 2nd of December of the same year, for the term ending March 3, 1891, at the expiration of which time he was re-elected for the full term of six years, which term will expire March 3, 1897. In congress Senator Squire has served as a mem- ber of the standing committees on coast defenses, fisheries, immigration, and public buildings and grounds, on all of which matters his state is especially interested, and on all of which subjects Senator Squire is especially well qualified. Having a collegiate education, military training in the army, and years of good business experience, and the benefit of extensive foreign travel, as well as three years of political schooling as governor of a new 554 UNITED STATES SENATORS. territory — with good common sense to back it all — Senator Squire is certainly qualified for the exalted position he holds in the government of the country. His having been twice elected to the best office within the gift of the people of his state is evidence of the esteem in which he is held by his constituency. Senator Squire is married, and Mrs. Squire crosses the continent to be with her husband during the sessions of the senate. f~ CHARLES J. FAULKNER. CHARLES JAMES FAULKNER. UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM WEST VIRGINIA. Charles J. Faulkner was born in Martinsburg, Berkeley county, Virginia — now West Virginia — Sep- tember 21, 1847. He was the second son of Hon. Charles J. Faulkner, one of the most prominent men that section of country ever produced, and who stood high at the bar as a lawyer for more than fifty years, holding in the meantime many offices of trust and honor, having been a member of the Virginia house of delegates, commissioner on the disputed boundary line between Virginia and Maryland, state senator, member of the Virginia constitutional convention, member of congress for several terms, being a repre- sentative from both Virginia and West Virginia, and minister to France during the administration of Presi- dent Buchanan, and a member of "Stonewall" Jack- son's staff in the confederate army. Senator Faulkner's education really commenced, 557 55^ UNITED STATES SENATORS. when, in 1859, he accompanied his father to France, as during his stay in Europe he attended some of the best and most noted schools of the continent, princi- pally at Paris and in Switzerland. His mind was broadened and strengthened by the opportunity for observation of men and customs which his residence in a foreign country gave him, and his life in France strengthened that self-confidence which was to win applause more than once on the battle field. At the beginning of the civil war in America he at once returned to his native state and entered the Virginia Military academy to prepare himself to render as valuable service as was in his power to his state in the hour of her need. He served with the Virginia Military Institute cadets in the battle of New Market; took part in the bloody charge upon the federal works, and his gallantry on this occasion so pleased General Breckinridge that he, on the battle- field, offered the young cadet a position on his per- sonal staff as aid. This position was accepted, and during his connection with that general and with General Henry A. Wise, on whose staff he served, he was engaged in some of the most hotly centested battles which marked the close of the great struggle. Upon the close of the war he returned to Boydville, his home in Martinsburg, and settling upon law as the profession of his choice, studied under the direction of his father until October, 1866, when he entered the University of Virginia, graduating from that institu- tion two years later, in 1868, at the age of twenty-one. UNITED STATES SENATORS. 559 Soon after his graduation Mr. Faulkner married Miss Sallie Winn of Charlottesville, Virginia, and located in Martinsburg, where he has since resided. He brought to his chosen profession a mind natur- ally judicial in its trend, a love of study, and a capacity for infinite pains-taking ; hence, it is no wonder that his success at the bar was rapid, and the ability of the young lawyer was soon recognized and rewarded. In October, 1 880, at the age of thirty-three, he was elected judge of the Thirteenth judicial circuit of West Virginia, filling the position for seven years with honor to himself and satisfaction to his circuit, and only resigning to take the seat in the United States senate to which he was elected in 1887, to succeed Johnson N. Camden. During Senator Faulkner's services in the senate he has been prominently identified with the fate of three of the most important measures that have occupied the attention of congress for the last decade — the educational bill, the tariff bill of 1890, and the force bill. His opposition to all these measures has been thorough and continuous. His speeches against the educational bill and the tariff of 1890 commanded the attention not only of the senate and his state, but of the entire country, and no one was more uncom- promising in opposition to the force bill than he. From the day of its introduction in the senate until the day of its defeat he opposed its progress step by step. His seat in the chamber was never unoccupied, his efforts against it were well-directed and untiring, 560 UNITED STATES SENATORS. and his all-night speech, in which he held his own for twelve hours against its most prominent advocates will long be remembered as an effort worthy of the occasion, and his final triumph was that of a leader. In congress Senator Faulkner has served on such committees as claims, District of Columbia, mines and mining, pensions, and the select committee on Indian depredations. While he has proved himself able and skillful on the floor of the senate, he has been no less capable as a worker in the committee rooms, and to his labor is due the shaping of much important legislation. His term of service will expire March 3, 1893. JOHN E. KENNA JOHN E. KENNA. UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM WEST VIRGINIA. John E. Kenna was born in Valcoulon, Kanawha county, Virginia — now West Virginia — April 10, 1848. His youthful days were mostly spent in work on the farm, doing " chores," running errands, building fence, plowing, and all the attendant labor of rural farm life, obtaining, however, in the meantime, such education as the schools in his vicinity then afforded. When the hostilities began between the north and the south, and the " Old Dominion " had voted to secede from the union, young Kenna in 1861 espoused the southern cause, and although but thirteen years of age, joined the confederate army as a private soldier. He served chiefly in the west and southwest, and in 1864 was wounded, and in 1865 was surrendered at Shreveport, Louisiana. At the close of the war he returned to his native state, and began a preparatory study for col- lege, and afterward attended St. Vincent's at Wheel- ing. He studied law with Miller & Quarrier at Charleston, and on June 20, 1870, having completed 563 564 UNITED STATES SENATORS. his preparatory studies for that profession, he was admitted to the bar, and at once began practice, and has pursued his profession at Charleston from that time. In 1872 he was elected prosecuting attorney for Kanawha county, and served in that capacity for five years until January i, 1877, with more than ordi- nary distinction. In 1875 ne was elected by the members of the bar in the respective counties, in accordance with statutory provisions, to hold the cir- cuit courts of Lincoln and Wayne counties. He was elected to the Forty-fifth congress as a democrat, and was re-elected to the Forty-sixth, Forty-seventh, and Forty-eighth congresses ; but before the close of the latter term, he was chosen by the legislature of his state as United States senator, in 1883, to succeed Henry G. Davis, and took his seat in the following December. He was re-elected in 1889 for the term expiring March 3, 1895. Mr. Kenna was but twenty- nine years of age when first elected to the lower house of congress, and although one of the youngest members, he soon became one of the influential ones of that body. He was but thirty-five when elected senator. In the Fiftieth congress he served on the committees on commerce, expenditures of public money, patents, and railroads. He served on the same committees in the Fifty-first congress, as well as upon the special committee on the quadro-centennial. In the Fifty-second congress, Senator Kenna was placed on the additional committee on foreign rela- tions, a compliment to his ability and industry. WILLIAM F. VILAS. WILLIAM FREEMAN VILAS. UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM WISCONSIN. William F. Vilas was born in Chelsea, Orange county, Vermont, July 9th, 1840. His father was Judge Levi B. Vilas, a distinguished member of the early bar of Wisconsin, and who was born in Vermont in 181 1. The father was not only an able jurist, but was distinguished in the councils of the democratic party. In his native state as early as 1835 he was a member of the state constitutional convention, and served six terms in the lower house of the state legis- lature and two terms in the state senate; was a state commissioner of the deaf, dumb, and blind asylum; was probate judge of his county; again in the consti- tutional state convention in 1850; chosen democratic candidate for congress in 1844; was supported by the democrats of the legislature in 1848 for United States senator, but was defeated by William Upham. In 1 85 1 Judge Vilas removed with his family to Wiscon- sin and settled at Madison. He was in the Wisconsin 567 568 UNITED STATES SENATORS. legislature three terms, 1855, 1868, and 1873, the last year received the vote of the democrats for speaker of the assembly. He was mayor of Madison in 1861 without opposition, draft commissioner in 1862, twelve years regent of the state university, and a loyal friend of education. He was married in 1837 to Esther G. Smilie of Cambridge, Vermont, a lady of rare charac- ter and possessed of marked womanly power and accomplishments. He was broad and generous, and he was faithful to the interests and requirements of his family, and careful and liberal in the education and training of his children. He died at his home in Madison in 1879. His widow and five children sur- vived him. William Freeman Vilas was born as above stated, in Chelsea, Orange county, Vermont. He was a lad of about eleven when his father removed with his family to Wisconsin and settled at Madison. The subject of this sketch early entered the university of Wisconsin, whence he graduated with the highest honors of his class in 1858, at the age of eighteen. His collegiate career gave promise of that brilliant future which his maturer years have realized, and his instructors and companions at that time did not fail to recognize in the zealous, earnest and industrious young student, the qualities which have since con- tributed to his success. Immediately upon graduation he went to the Albany Law school, where for two years he diligently and intelligently pursued the studies of the profession UNITED STATES SENATORS. 569 he had chosen. He took his diploma at that institu- tion in i860, and returned to Madison where he entered upon the practice of law as a partner of E. Wakeley, who subsequently became a leading member of the bar at Omaha, Nebraska. Under such favora- ble auspices, thoroughly trained and equipped for the struggle, and imbued with an ardent love for his pro- fession, the young lawyer's progress was rapid and satisfactory. He speedily established himself in the esteem of his brethren on the bench and at the bar, and readily gained the confidence and good will of clients. He had, however, only just entered upon his career when the civil war broke out. We can well believe that it cost him a struggle to abandon his pro- fession and the alluring prospect of success in it which a just ambition held out to him. No unworthier sentiments could have caused him to hesitate, nor could that lon£ control his mind. He was commis- sioned captain, raised a company and went out at the head of it in the Twenty-third Wisconsin regiment in 1862. With this regiment he participated in the campaign before Vicksburg, was present throughout that long siege, and at the surrender of that redoubt- able stronghold of the rebellion, and in many of the most hotly contested battles of our western armies. He was promoted to major and afterward to lieuten- ant-colonel, acting as colonel and commanding his regiment. He resigned after a period of very hard and active service and returned to Madison, where he resumed 570 UNITED STATES SENATORS. and has since continued the practice of his profession. Unlike many who returned from stirring scenes of camp and field to the duties of civil life, he seemed to begin where he left off when he entered the army, and in the same line of progressive development he pressed zealously forward in his professional career. He could not, in a profession where more perhaps than any other calling a man finds that the position which he is entitled to hold, fail of success, because he earned and deserved it. Whatever he had to do he did thoroughly and well, relying not merely nor mainly upon his undoubted natural talents, but never failing diligent, intelligent, and systematic preparation. He early formed habits of industry, without which all professional success, however brilliant it may seem, must be illusive and disappointing. He was married in 1866, and soon after established his beautiful home amid a grove of noble oaks a short distance from the city, where he could enjoy his evenings in the seclusion of his library, undisturbed by anxious clients or the numerous disturbances of town life. There for years he has habitually devoted his evenings until a late hour of the night to study and reading, mainly in the line of his profession ; for no lawyer ever more fully realized the necessity of Coke's sayings: "A passion for nocturnal study." Yet, notwithstanding the engrossing character of his professional studies, he has found time to wander into the domain of general literature, history, politics, science, poetry, belles- letters, and the higher class of fiction, and in such UNITED STATES SENATORS. 5 7 I fields accomplished what would be for an ordinary man an immense amount of labor. Such was the result of the excellent use made by him of all his opportunities, his natural gifts, his courage and apti- tude for legal controversy, and his sound business sense and quick perceptions, that it is not too much to say that at the age of thirty he was the peer of any member of the then brilliant bar at the capital of the state. This early success neither tempted him to forego his efforts for further triumph nor filled the measure of his ambition. He rather redoubled his exertions, nor did he thus seem to tax, but rather to call forth his powers. In every line of professional labor, in the office, at the pleader's desk, in the court room, before the courts of last resort in equity, in law or in bankruptcy matters, he was instant, zealous, bold, untiring and generally successful. In his argu- ments in court he is more intent upon impressing the jury with his views of the case than with his ability as a talker, and in consequence seldom fails to convince them. His clientage, which was considerable at an early period of his professional career, constantly increased until he had a flood of important business, with such constant demands upon his time and atten- tion, as commonly attend only upon the most success- ful practitioners in great commercial cities. He was for some time under general retainer from the Chicago and Northwestern Railway company, and transacted all their law business in the state of Wisconsin in addition to carrying on his large general practice. 57 2 UNITED STATES SENATORS. He has been for many years professor of pleadings, practice, and evidence in the law department of the state university of Wisconsin; has been one of the trustees of the state orphan asylum, and was one of the three commissioners appointed by the supreme court to revise the statutes under an act of the legis- lature passed in 1875. ^ n 1880 he was appointed a member of the board of regents of the state university, a position which he held until 1885. He is essentially a man of the people, open, affable, and genial in man- ner, making friends readily with people of all classes, of broad and liberal views on all subjects, and opposed to everything in legislation or politics that is oppressive or undemocratic, or that seeks to foster the interests of any class or monopoly at the expense of the general public. Taken all in all, as a lawyer his is a singularly well-rounded character. But it is not merely within the profession as a lawyer that Colonel Vilas has made and earned a wide reputa- tion. Before he was thirty-five years of age his repu- tation as an orator had extended beyond the circle of his immediate hearers, until it might have been justly termed national. It is impossible within the limit of this article to give any account of his great oratorical efforts, whether forensic or otherwise. He has delivered a considerable number of addresses, political and general, all of which are marked by deep thought, wide reading and scholarly and elegant diction. Among the notable public addresses of Colonel Vilas, his great effort was at the reunion of UNITED STATES SENATORS. 573 the Army of the Tennessee, at Chicago, in December, 1879, in response to a toast to General Grant, who was present. His was the speech of the occasion. The orator had a more critical and distinguished audience before him than had ever greeted Demos- thenes or Cicero. Amono- the brilliant addresses then made, it was conceded that Col. Vilas' excelled them all, and obtained for him a national reputation, which his subsequent oratorical efforts have fully sustained. He has been for years associated in business at Madi- son with Gen. E. E. Bryant and Edward P. Vilas — a younger brother — both of whom are able and accom- plished lawyers. Politically Col. Vilas has been all his life a stead- fast democrat. Although devoted to his profession and pursuing it with assiduity, yet he has found time to bestow upon public matters. In 1879 he declined the democratic nomination for governor of Wiscon- sin. He was a delegate to the national democratic conventions of 1876, 1880, and 1884, and in the latter was permanent chairman, which position he filled with ability and dignity. He was a member of the Wis- consin state legislature in 1885, and on the 7th of March of that year was appointed postmaster general in the cabinet of President Cleveland, in which posi- tion he served until January 16, 1888, when he was appointed secretary of the interior, which position he filled till March 6, 1889. In January, 1891, he re- ceived the unanimous nomination of the democratic legislative caucus, and was elected United States sen- a6 574 UNITED STATES SENATORS. ator to succeed John C. Spooner, republican, and took his seat March 4, 1891, for the term ending March 3, 1897. In congress, Senator Vilas is placed on the commit- tees on claims, Indian affairs, pensions, quadro-centen- nial, and on examination of the several branches of the civil service. Of fine personal appearance, genial in manner, strong in the law, and an orator of great power, Sen- ator Vilas is a commanding figure in the senate of the United States. Mrs. Vilas resides with her husband in Washington, where she is very popular. PHILETUS SAWYER. PHILETUS SAWYER. UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM WISCONSIN. Philetus Sawyer was born in Rutland county, Ver- mont, September 22, 1816. He was one of a family of five brothers and four sisters, of whom he and one sister are now the only survivors. When he was about a year old his father moved with his family to Essex county, New York, and located at Crown Point. He was a farmer and a blacksmith, who became em- barrassed and impoverished by signing notes with others. The sons of men in his station, in that day were not a burthen to be borne and toiled for until they should go out into the world for themselves. So the young Philetus, at an early age, began to take his share in the "chores" around the house and farm and shop. The summer that he was fourteen he worked out for the magnificent wages of six dollars per month. The country in which they lived was rough and poor, and it required hard and continuous toil to obtain the most common comforts of existence. The educational advantages were limited to the annual three-months' winter term of the common schools; but the salubrious atmosphere of that mountainous pine region was conducive to health, and produced robust 577 57& UNITED STATES SENATORS. men and women, robust both physically and intellect- ually. The business of lumbering was carried on in a primitive fashion, and in the woods and at the neigh- boring saw-mills, Mr. Sawyer, at an early age, became initiated in the business in which afterward he laid the foundation and reared the superstructure of a fortune which, in those days would have appeared impossible. The legal proposition that the father is entitled to the services of his minor children was one of constant practical application in those days. When Mr. Sawyer reached the age of seventeen he was a strong, vigorous youth, ambitious, self-reliant, and eager to commence the work of making his own way in the world. His father wanted money; he wanted to be master of his own time; and a bargain was easily made. He borrowed one hundred dollars of an older brother and paid it to his father for his own services for the next four years. Before the time expired his debt to his brother was paid, and he had given him- self two more terms in the district school, from his savings as a saw-mill hand. But he was not one to rely entirely upon the labor of his own hands for the achievements of the results he aspired to. Being gifted with both brains and muscle, he used both and was soon operating the mill, at which he worked, under contract, sawing "by the thousand." Before "Mr. Sawyer was twenty-five years old he was married to Melvina M. Hadley, a young lady of an adjoining town, eminently qualified for a help-meet to such a man in every situation and sta- UNITED STATES SENATORS. 579 tion of his career. December 4, 1842, his son and present partner, Edgar P. Sawyer, was born. Four- teen years after he had purchased his minority from his father, Mr. Sawyer, then thirty-one years old, with his family, consisting of his wife and two sons, joined the tide of emigration to the great west. He had accumulated about two thousand dollars. When he was starting upon his western journey, an older brother who lived and died a farmer on the Ticondaroga flats, asked him how much money he had. He answered that he had two thousand dollars in his belt and one hundred and ninety-nine dollars in his pocket. His brother handed him a dollar with the remark: "Now, remember that when you started for the west you had just twenty-two hundred dollars." Years afterward, when the brother had become an old man, and Mr. Sawyer had become wealthy and held an honored position in the senate of the United States, he was at one time visiting his old home, and learning that the brother was in debt about twelve hundred dollars, which was worrying him, Mr. Sawyer quietly bought up the paper from his brother's creditors and presented it to him, remarking, "This is that dollar with the accumulations. I have made about that amount with it." "Ah," said the brother, seeing the merry twinkle in the senator's blue eyes. "1 wish I had given you ten or fifteen dollars more." Mr. Sawyer removed to Wisconsin, and settled upon a farm which he purchased in Fond du Lac county. He did not move west with the thought of 580 UNITED STATES SENATORS. political preferment ; his ambition was only to own a good farm; but a brief experience satisfied him that he had not selected the best field for the exercise of his energy and industry. There were two years of short crops following his settlement there, and conse- quently two years of toil without remuneration. Only a short distance away the great pineries of the Wolf river held out tempting inducements to lumbermen. His decision was soon made. The farm was disposed of, and in December of 1849, ne removed to the village of Algoma, now in the city of Oshkosh. There was a saw-mill in Algoma, which mill Mr. Sawyer operated successfully in the season of 1850 upon con- tract by the thousand feet. Then he rented the mill and operated it on his own account until 1853, with reasonable success. The country was settling up and lumber was needed, though there were no railroads at that time. Fond du Lac, seventeen miles away, was a thriving town, and centered the trade of a large area of fertile country. In 1853 Mr. Sawyer formed a partnership with Messrs. Brand and Olcott, lumber manufacturers and dealers of Fond du Lac, and pur- chased the mill which he had been operating. The mill was improved and soon re-built and the firm did a prosperous business. In 1856 Mr. Olcott retired from the firm, and the firm of Brand and Sawyer con- tinued the business until 1862, when Mr. Sawyer purchased Mr. Brand's interest at an advance of over $70,000 above his original capital in the business. The following year his only surviving son, Edgar P. UNITED STATES SENATORS. 58 I Sawyer, was taken as a partner in his general business, and since that time the firm has been P. Sawyer and Son, a firm whose word has been as good as their bond and their bond as good as gold, Many years ago there were large tracts of very valuable pine timber around the head waters of the Wolf river, which were not accessible, because it was impossible to drive out the logs upon the streams, which were full of rocks and rapids and too small to float them out. Mr. Sawyer spent much time in investi- gating the matter and devising a scheme to get out the timber, he purchased large tracts of the best timber, and then organized a company and cleared out the river and its tributaries. Untold millions of the best timber in Wisconsin was made accessible. The firm continued to invest its surplus capital in pine lands, as well as in bank stocks, in extensive mills and in large lumber yards in Chicago. Mr. Sawyer's judgment of men was accur- ate, and he seldom had trouble in his business, and he was never individually a party to a lawsuit in his life. His employes were usually glad to remain with him and some of them have been with him for a quarter of a century. When the village to which he had removed in 1849 became a part of a thriving young city, almost by common consent of his neighbors, he was repeatedly chosen to represent them as alderman in the city council. Mr. Sawyer had formerly been politically a democrat of free-soil proclivities, but he acted and voted with the republican party soon after its organiz- 582 UNITED STATES SENATORS. ation. In the fall of 1856, he was nominated by that party for representative in the legislature of 1857, and was easily elected. He had by this time so acquired the confidence of the people among whom he lived that office began to seek him. Mr. Sawyer was again elected to the legislature in 186 1. In 1863 and 1864 he was elected and served as mayor of Oshkosh. In the latter year he was elected to the Thirty-ninth congress, although the district prior to his election had been democratic. He took his seat in December, 1865. For the next ten years till 1875, Mr. Sawyer served in congress, and applied to the business of legislation, the same careful scrutiny of details, and the same sound judgment, which made his private business so successful, and he returned to his constituents more firmly established in their confi- dence than ever. He refused to stand as a candidate for another term. In 1876, the West Wisconsin railroad running from Tomah to Hudson, Wisconsin, was financially em- barrassed, and mortgages on it were foreclosed. Mr. Sawyer with some New York and Chicago capi- talists, formed a syndicate and purchased it. The reorganized corporation purchased the North Wiscon- sin railway, of which he was made president. They afterward acquired the St. Paul and Sioux City lines and connected four weak and struggling corpora- tions into one strong one, known as the Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha Railroad company. Of this company Mr. Sawyer was a director and vice- UNITED STATES SENATORS. 583 president and member of the executive committee until i88o,when he severed his connection with it and prepared to make a trip to Europe with his family; but when Senator Angus Cameron's term was about to expire, it became known that he would not be a candidate for re-election, and early in 1880 many of Mr. Sawyer's friends and leading republicans of the state began to solicit him to become a candidate for the senatorship, and in January he was elected United States senator for six years from March 4, 1881. In January, 1887, he was re-elected without opposition in his own party for the term ending March 3, 1893. Mr. Sawyer took his seat as senator in the Forty- seventh congress. In that congress he was chairman of a select committee to examine the several branches of the civivil service. In the Forty-eighth and Forty- ninth congresses, he was chairman of the committee on railroads of the senate. In the Fiftieth congress, he was chairman of the committee on post offices and post roads, which position he held in the Fifty-first congress. Of the committee on pensions he has been an active member since March, 1886, when he was. ap- pointed on it in place of Senator Mitchell, who was in bad health. Mr. Sawyer has always been disposed to a liberal policy in the matter of pensions. In the Forty-ninth congress it is said that he reported from his committee a greater number of bills than were ever reported by any other senator of the United States in his whole senatorial career, however long. And the bills reported by him were not often ques- 584 UN [TED STATES SENATORS. tioned, so thorough was his examination into each case. The private and domestic life of Senator Sawyer was singularly happy until disease laid its hand upon his faithful partner. On the 21st of May, 1888, forty- seven years after their marriage, Mrs. Sawyer died after a lingering illness of several years. They buried an infant son soon after they removed to Wisconsin and a few years later an infant daughter. Besides his son and partner Senator Sawyer has two daughters living, Mrs. Howard G. White of Syracuse, New York, and Mrs. W. O. Goodman of Chicago, Illinois. For the benefit of each of these children he made invest- ments some years ago, which would secure each a com- fortable and ample income beyond contingencies. Mr. Sawyer's liberality as a citizen has been conspicuous in many ways. As mayor of Oshkosh during two years of the civil war, his expenditures of both time and money in the effort to fill the quota of the city to avoid conscription was large and no claim was made for any reimbursement. He has made innumerable and frequent contributions to various churches, the Young Men's Christian association, and other deserv- ing societies. Mr. Sawyer is a man of medium stature, with broad shoulders, and inclined to corpulency, a man of vigor- ous frame and usually healthy physical condition. Mr. Sawyer's place has always been among the workers ; but by reason of those rare qualities, which give in- fluence and leadership to the few, it has proved a con- spicuous one. FRANCIS E. WARREN. FRANCIS E. WARR£ N. UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM WYOMING. Francis E. Warren was born near Hinsdale, Mass- achusetts, on the 20th day of June, 1844. His early life was spent on a farm in the Berkshire Hills, a place famous in New England for its delightful scenery and the thrifty and sterling character of its people. At the age of fifteen he entered the Hinsdale acad- emy where he devoted three years to study. De- scended of a long line of New England ancestry, it was natural than he should be one of the first to respond to the call of his country, and at the age of eighteen he enlisted in the service as a private. It was not long, however, before his qualities as a soldier were recognized and he was promoted. He belonged to that family of Warren, the most distinguished representative of which was mortally wounded at Bunker Hill, and of whom it has been said, " He was one of the first who fell in the glorious cause of his country, and his name has become con- secrated in its history." On the conclusion of the war Captain Warren took the management of an extensive live stock breeding and importing establish- 587 588 UNITED STATES SENATORS. ment near his native village where he remained sev- eral years, when he decided to go west. Early in 1868 he was induced to remove to Chey- enne by an old school-fellow, and it was not long be- fore Mr. Warren was associated with a partner in con- ducting the large general merchandise business, now known as the Warren Mercantile Emporium, also in banking, live stock, lighting business and other enter- prises. His indomitable will and untiring energy soon gave him a prominent place in all matters connected with the growth and improvement of the city and ter- ritory. After having served for a long time as one of the city aldermen or city trustees, he was at twenty- nine years of age chosen to preside over the legisla- tive senate or council, and soon after held the respon- sible position of territorial treasurer. In 1884 Mr. Warren refused a unanimous nomination for delegate in congress tendered by the republicans of Wyoming. In January, 1884, he was elected mayor of the city of Cheyenne. During the year 1871 he returned to Massachu - setts and married Miss Helen M. Smith, a lady of rare accomplishments and domestic virtues. No family in the state dispense a more generous hospitality. President Arthur appointed Mr. Warren governor of Wyoming in February, 1885, a position which he held with distinguished honor for a period of nearly two years. During his administration a radical change took place in public sentiment in favor of the devel- opment and upbuilding of the territory. On his UNITED STATES SENATORS. 589 recommendation important public buildings were pro- vided for, and the result has been the erection of the magnificent capitol building at Cheyenne, the Wyo- ming university at Laramie and the hospital for the insane at Evanston. Governor Warren's influence was no less felt in all matters pertaining to the welfare and prosperity of the city of Cheyenne. He built many fine business blocks in the city of his adoption and has always been foremost in every progressive movement. As presi- dent of the board of trade he was the leading spirit of that organization. November 5, 1886, President Cleveland removed Governor Warren ostensibly on account of his oppo- sition to the policy of Land Commissioner Sparks, but presumably because he was a republican. March 27, 1889, Mr. Warren was again appointed governor of Wyoming by President Harrison and served in that capacity until the territory was admit- ted as a state July 10, 1890. Wyoming was made a state and Governor Warren called the first state elec- tion for September 1 1, 1890. He was elected first gov- ernor of the new state with a handsome majority and October 1 1, 1890, qualified and entered upon his third term as governor of Wyoming. The first state legislature elected Mr. Warren United States senator November 18, 1890. He served during the second session of the Fifty-first congress and in the drawing of classes, drew the short term ending March 4, 1893. 590 UNITED STATES SENATORS. During this session he introduced an " Arid Land Bill " which has attracted attention. The bill provides for the ceding of the arid lands to the states and ter- ritories in which they are situated, subject to restric- tions as to limit of acreage to any one ownership and that only actual settlers shall be the eventual owners ; that timber shall be preserved, etc. No action was taken upon the bill on account of the late hour in the session in which it was introduced, but it is believed the several states are capable and more likely to re- claim the arid lands than the government. Senator Warren was active during the short term of 1890 and j 89 1 in securing legislation and appro- priation for the new state of Wyoming. He is of an industrious and persevering temperament and will add to the activity and energy of the senate. In appearance Senator Warren is considerably over six feet in height and of commanding presence. His complexion is fair, and his straight regular features and moustache give him a military distinguished air and an appearance to be remembered by all who meet him. A sketch, however, of Senator Warren would not be complete without reference to his genial qualities as a gentleman. His kindly disposition, which leads him to give a willing ear and assistance, if necessary, to all who seek his counsel and advice, however hum- ble they may be, has made him one of the most popu- lar of men No worthy object but finds in him a sin- cere friend. JOSEPH M. CAREY. JOSEPH M. CAREY. UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM WYOMING. Joseph M. Carey was born in Milton, Sussex county, Delaware, January 19, 1845. He received a common school education, and attended Fort Edward Colle- giate institute and Union college, New York. He studied law in Philadelphia, and took a course in the law department of the University of Pennsylvania, from which he graduated in 1867, and was admitted to the bar the same year. Like many ambitious young men of energy, he migrated to the west and settled in Wyoming. In 1869, upon the organization of that territory, he was appointed United States attorney for Wyoming. Two years later he was appointed an associate justice of the supreme court of the territory and resigned his office of attorney to accept. He remained on the bench until 1876. He also served as a member of the United States centennial commission from 1872 to 1876. He was three times elected mayor of Cheyenne, serving from 1881 to 1885, inclu- sive. In 1 884 he was chosen territorial delegate to 593 594 UNITED STATES SENATORS. congress, and served in the Forty-ninth, Fiftieth, and Fifty-first congresses, as a republican. He was elected to the United States senate, under the act of congress admitting Wyoming into the union as a state, Novem- ber 15, 1890, and took his seat December 1st of the same year, for the term expiring March 3, 1895. In congress Senator Carey has served as chairman of the committee on education and labor, patents, public buildings, territories, transportation and sale of meat products, organization, conduct, and expendi- tures of the executive department. He is generally regarded in the new state as the father of Wyoming statehood. He had charge of the bill for the admission of that territory in congress, and it was largely through his skill and perseverance that the bill was passed by both houses. He is a recognized leader of the republican party in Wyo- ming, and it is largely owing to his talents as an or- ganizer and executive that the republican party has grown stronger at every election in that state. Judge Carey has found time to engage in private business, notwithstanding his constant public service for more than twenty years past. He is the owner of a large cattle ranch, and owns much land and many ditches for irrigating purposes, and is also a member of a wall-paper manufacturing firm in Philadelphia, and is reputed to be quite wealthy. Mr. Carey is married and resides in Cheyenne. Mrs. Carey sojourns with him in Washington during the sessions of congress. Jfi-13 0. *^A a - ■ * s v c ^ > v * A ^ i .0' .0 » ' * °- *> v ■«. ev ,0 '0- cv . 1 • o A* 00B9S DROS. LIBRARY BiNDINO ST. AUGUSTINE jf^k FLA - WSSF32084