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FIRST LATIN BOOK. 
 
 'V 
 
 ARCHIBALD Htf BRYCE, LL.D., 
 
 trin. coll., Dublin; 
 one or tub classical masters in tub high school of edinburgh. 
 
 Sixty «biiion. 
 
 LONDON: 
 T. NELSON AND SONS, PATERNOSTER ROW 
 
 EDINBURGH ; AND NEW YORK. 
 
^h 
 
 V 
 
 %1 
 
f ttintt 
 
 The following sentences, slightly altered from the Preface to 
 the author's " First Greek Book," will sufficiently explain 
 the scope and purpose of the present- work : — 
 
 " This volume is at once a Grammar, a Reader, an Exercise- 
 Book, and a Vocabulary. Its aim is twofold : — First, To 
 give a complete view of the Inflexions of Nouns and Verbs, 
 with a careful regard to simplicity and clearness ; and, 
 Secondly, To supply a series of interesting and easy lessons 
 in continuous reading. 
 
 " In the Grammar, care has been taken not to overload the 
 text with minutiae and exceptions, which serve only to confuse 
 and bewilder the beginner ; but to afford merely the amount 
 of information considered necessary in a First Course. The 
 Nouns and Verbs are so arranged that each class of Inflexions 
 is kept separate and distinct; and numerous Exercises follow 
 each paradigm, in order that the characteristics of one group 
 may be fixed in the mind of the pupil before his attention 
 is invited to another. The Nouns of the Third Declension 
 have been classified on a plan which, it is hoped, will lead 
 to a due appreciation of the peculiarities belonging to that 
 multiform division. " — The Verb has been set forth in a series 
 of Tables, and on a new scheme, so arranged that it may 
 coincide as far as possible with that adopted in the case of 
 the Greek Verb, that parts having the same stem may be 
 brought together, and that the relations of Time and Mode 
 may be more clearly displayed*. (See Section XII. 8, 9, 13, 
 and 14, obs., pp. 46, 47.) 
 
IV PREFACE. 
 
 Adjectives should always be taught simultaneously with 
 Substantives, and each gender-form by itself; but to afford 
 facility for comparing form with form, and to gratify those 
 Teachers who may prefer the old mode, paradigms have been 
 printed in full declension at* p. 29, sqq. 
 
 " The Exercises of Part I. are intended mainly as a praxis 
 on the Inflexions, and to this end the strict logical arrange- 
 ment of the Syntax has been entirely subordinated. The 
 Rules of Construction have therefore been introduced in such 
 order, and to such an extent, as has been deemed most con- 
 sistent with the general plan, and most conducive to rapid 
 progress.* The sentences, wnich by easy steps increase in 
 difficulty, have been selected, as far as possible, irom classical 
 authors; but the choice of words and appropriate phrases 
 has been very much restricted by peculiar features in the 
 design of the work. Those forming the Exercises of Part L 
 have been largely taken from the Reading Lessons of Part II., 
 in order that the principle of frequent repetition may have 
 as much play as possible-; and that, when students arrive at 
 the more difficult task of unravelling complex sentences, the 
 often recurring faces of old friends may, by diminishing 
 their difficulties, encourage them onward in their labours. 
 Sentences of an abstruse or philosophical kind, such as too 
 often form the staple of Introductory Pieaders, have been 
 avoided, as tending rather to repel than to invite the young. 
 The English portions of the Exercises are meant merely as 
 examples for imitative practice, and are not intended to 
 supersede the use of a methodically arranged Manual of 
 Latin Composition." — Vocabularies have not, for very 
 obvious reasons, been attached to the Exercises, but have 
 been supplied at a different part of the book, p. 107, sqq. 
 
 " It is of the utmost consequence that, in studying a 
 foreign language, pupils should daily, and from the very first, 
 make practical use of the principles and facts which the} 
 learn from the Grammar. For such praxis, short and easy 
 
 * A brief resume of the Syntax of Simple Sentences will be found in the Ap- 
 pendix, p. 150. 
 
PREFACE. V 
 
 clauses are, in the earlier stages, indispensable; but it is 
 possible to continue their use to an unnecessary extent, 
 inasmuch as the power of a boy to grapple with the diffi- 
 culties of complex sentences is by no means in proportion to 
 the time spent in analysing simple sentences. It has there- 
 fore been deemed prudent to introduce promiscuous reading 
 lessons as soon as the learner has fairly got over the Parts 
 of Speech and their companion Exercises. And thus the 
 Extracts forming Part II. have been chosen with this view, 
 that, while the pupil's ingenuity is exercised in the discri- 
 mination of mixed grammatical forms and the analysis of 
 compound sentences, his mind may at the same time be 
 interested in the subject-matter of his task, and his ambition 
 not disheartened by any great syntactical difficulties." — For 
 these purposes the Fables of Phaedrus stand unrivalled, and 
 a few of the easiest and most interesting of them have 
 accordingly been selected. The circumstance that they are 
 poetry may, in the opinion of some, form an objection to 
 their use ; but it must be borne in mind that the poetry of 
 Iambic Trimeters differs very slightly from prose, and that 
 whatever drawback exists on this ground is amply counter- 
 balanced by the general accuracy of Latinity, ease of con- 
 struction, and attractiveness of subject, which characterise 
 the Fables. 
 
 The Prose Extracts are taken from an elementary work by 
 Professor Lhomond,* who, with Livy as his basis and Nepos 
 as his model, wrought into a connected and easy narrative 
 the most romantic legends and the most interesting episodes 
 of Roman History. The style is not always the most elegant ; 
 but the phrases are, generally speaking, correct and idiomatic. 
 A considerable number of alterations have been made on the 
 text, both in the division of sentences and the mode of 
 
 * Two issues of this work— "De Viris lllustribus Urbis Romae" — have recently 
 appeared in England ; one by Dr. W. Smith, in his " Pvinoipia Latina ;" and the 
 other by the Editor of the " Graduated Series of English Reading-Books." It is 
 but due to Professor Pillans to state, that he was the first person in this country to 
 call attention (Preface to Eclogae Curtianae) to the merits of M. Lhotnond's work 
 as an Initiatory Reading-Book. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 expression ; but the Editor did not feel himself at liberty to 
 encroach too far on the original form of the work. He lias 
 also adopted some of Dr. Smith's judicious amendments. 
 
 High School of Edinburgh, 
 
 October, 18C2. 
 
 NOTE. 
 
 " In the first edition of this work a slight deviation was made, in the arrange- 
 ment of the Cases of Nouns, from the order usually followed. The change 
 was determined on after mature deliberation, and after a highly satisfac- 
 tory trial with a large class ; but at the urgent request of many Teachers 
 the Editor has been induced to revert in the present issue to the old estab- 
 lished order. Those, however, who prefer the new arrangement will find 
 Nouns so printed at p. 103. This is not the place to enter into the 
 more subtile arguments, logical and philological, which may be advanced 
 in favour of the alteration ; for a few of these the student of maturer years 
 will consult the Preface to Professor Madvig's Latin Grammar, Wood'? 
 translation, (second edition.) The considerations which will weigh most 
 with Teachers in adopting the change are those of convenience and mne- 
 monic utility. It may therefore be laid down, generally, that the more 
 the forms of Cases are reduced in number, or the more that like Cases 
 are grouped together, even though not reduced in number, the simpler does 
 the system of declension become to the learner. Thus the forms of Neuter 
 Nouns are acquired with much less difficulty, and retained with much more 
 ease, than those of Masculines and Feminines, from the fact that they 
 have really only three Cases, — malum, malt, malo : for it must be remem- 
 bered that a ' Case is not the word used in a certain construction, but the 
 word used in a certain form by virtue of the construction? and that, con- 
 sequently, ' there are no more Cases in a language than there are distinct 
 forms of Cases.' But if we follow this grouping principle farther, we shall 
 also find it of great service in the declension of Masculines and Femi- 
 nines." — Thus, in the Singular Number, the Nom. and Voc, which are 
 always alike except in Nouns of Decl. II., like servus, — the Gen. and 
 Dat. of Decls. I. and V., — and the Dat. and Abl. of Decl. II., are respec- 
 tively brought together. In the Plural Number the advantage is stin 
 more evident ; for while the Dat. and Abl. are set side by side, the Nom. 
 and Voc, — or in Declensions III., IV., and V., the Nom., Voc, and 
 Accus., — are in like manner brought together. Inflexions having the 
 same vowel (-as, -arum; -os, -orum ; -a, -am, &c) follow each other; and 
 the attention of the pupil is forcibly directed to the Nom. and Accus., 
 which are not only of most frequent occurrence in reading, but which 
 also express the two most prominent Nouns in every sentence, — the 
 names of the agent and the object* 
 
 * See Introduction to Dr. Woodford's Latin Grammar. 
 
<&o nitwit* 
 
 PART i. 
 
 THE PARTS OF SPEECH. 
 
 Suction 
 
 I. The Letters, Ac 
 
 II. First Declension— Examples and Exercises, 
 ITT. Second Declension- Examples and Exercises, ... 
 IV. Third Declension, 
 
 Class I.— Of Nouns— Examples and Exercises. 
 
 Class II. — Of Nouns— Examples and Exercises, 
 
 Class III. — Of Nouns— Examples and Exercises, 
 
 Class IV. — Of Nouns — Examples and Exercises, 
 
 Class V.— Of Nouns— Examples and Exercises, 
 
 Class VI.— Of Nouns — Examples and Exercises, 
 
 Class VII. — Of Nouns — Examples and Exercises, 
 
 Complex Nouns— Examples and Exercises 
 
 V. Fourth Declension— Examples and Exercises, 
 
 VI. Fifth Declension— Examples and Exercises, 
 
 VII. Adjective Nouns— Examples and Exercises, 
 
 VIII. Irregular Nouns, ... 
 
 I. Substantives, 
 
 II. Adjectives, with Exercise, 
 
 IX. Comparison of Adjectives, with Exercise, 
 
 X. Numerals, 
 
 XI. Pronouns, 
 
 I. Substantive Pronouns, 
 II. Adjective Pronouns, with Exercise, 
 XII. The Verb, 
 
 XIII. First Conjugation of Regular Verbs, ... 
 
 Exercises on Verbs of Conjugation I., 
 
 XIV. Second Conjugation of Regular Verbs, 
 
 Exercises on Conjugation II., ...- 
 
VUI CONTEXTS. 
 
 8«-r«ow P»OB 
 
 XV. Third Conjugation, ... ... ... ... ... rX< 
 
 Exercises on Conjugation III ... ... ... 64 
 
 XVI. Fourth Conjugation, ... ... ... ... ... <k5 
 
 Exercises on Conjugation IV., ... ... ... ... 70 
 
 XVII. Deponent Verbs, with Exercise, ... ... ... ... 72 
 
 XVIIL Irregular Verbs, turn, «fcc, with Exercises, ... ... ... 78 
 
 XIX. Defective Verbs, ceepi, memini, &c, ' ... ... _ 91 
 
 XX. Impersonal Verbs, with Exercises, ... ... ... ... 9C 
 
 XXL Indeclinable Parts of Speech, Adverbs, Prepositions, <kc., ... 100 
 
 The Declensions, <fcc, with the Cases in an altered order, ... ... 103 
 
 lAsts of Words used in each Exercise, ... ... ... ... 107 
 
 PART II. 
 EXTRACTS FOE READING. 
 
 I. Fables of Phaedrus, ... ... ... ... ... ... 119 
 
 II. Roman History, .. ... ... ... ... ... 127 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Brief Synopsis of the Syntax of Simple Sentences, ... ... ... 130 
 
 I. Subject and Predicate, ... ... ... ... — 150 
 
 II. The Cases, ... ... ... ... ... ... I&l 
 
 Nominative and Vocative, ... ... ... ... 151 
 
 Accusative, ... ... ... ... ... ... 151 
 
 Genitive, ... ... ... ... ... ... 15J 
 
 Dative, ... ... ... ... ... ... 153 
 
 Ablative, ... .. ... ... ... ... 154 
 
 HI. Infinitive Mood, Ac, ... ... ... 15€ 
 
 Participle, ... ... ... ... ... ... 15C 
 
 Gerund, ... ... ... ... ... ... 15<) 
 
 Supines, ... ... ... ... ... ... 156 
 
 Notes on the Extracts, ... ... ... ••• ••• ■■• 157 
 
 Rules for Gender of Nouns, ... ... ••- - •■• 163 
 
 Rules of Syntax, ... ... ... ... ••• ■•• W5 
 
 Irregular Verbs, List of, ... ... ■•. •■• ••• 1'S 
 
 Latis Vocabulary, ... ... ... ... ... ... '90 
 
 Ekclish Vocabulary, ... ... ... ... ... — 240 
 
FIRST LATIN BOOK 
 
 PART I. 
 
 THE PARTS OF SPEECH. 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 TIIE LETTERS. 
 
 1. The Latin alphabet is the same as the English, except that w 
 is wanting. 
 
 2. The letters are of two classes — Vowels and Consonants. 
 
 3. The Vowels are six — a, e, i, o, u, y. 
 
 4. Consonants are either, — 
 
 (1.) Semi- vowels*— I, m, n, r, and the sibilant, s; or, 
 (2.) Mutes— p, b,f, v; c, k, q,g; t, d. 
 
 5. The Mutes admit of a double classification : (1.) according to 
 the organ by which they are pronounced ; and (2) according to the 
 degree of breathing employed in their utterance. Thus, — 
 
 LABIALS. PALATALS. LINGUAL DENTALS. 
 
 p c (k or q) t light or sharp. 
 
 b g d intermediate, 
 
 f(j>h) and v (ch) (th) rough or flat. 
 
 * A vowel sound has two characteristics: — First, It comes freely in pronunciation; 
 and, Secondly, When it is once formed it can be prolonged. The semi-vowels possess 
 this second property, and hence their name of half-vowels. The semi-vowels, I, m, n, r, 
 are also called liquids. 
 
10 FIKST LATIN HEADER. 
 
 H. x and z are double consonants, being equal— x to cs or <js (pro- 
 nounced as ks), and sometimes to hs or gm; 2 to sd or cfo. 
 
 7. A is not properly a letter, but a breathing, j is the consonant 
 sound of i, and v of w. 
 
 8. Diphthongs are composed of two vowels combined together in 
 pronunciation. The most common diphthongs are ae, oe,au; the 
 leas common, ei, eu, oi, ui. 
 
 9. There are three Genders — Masculine, Feminine, Neuter. 
 
 Obs. — In English, the gender of all substantives is decided by the 
 meaning, and so it is in Latin in regard to the names of men 
 and the lower animals; but in nouns denoting inanima'e 
 things, the termination of the word usually determines tl.o 
 gender. Thus, filius, a son, is masculine ; filia, a daugJiter, 
 feminine; rex, a king, masc. ; regina, a queen, fem.; hortus, a 
 garden, masc. ; mensa, a table, fem. 
 
 10. There are two Numbers — the Singular, used of one ; and the 
 Plural, of two or more. 
 
 11. There are six Cases— Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusa- 
 tive, Vocative, Ablative. 
 
 12. Nouns are divided into five classes, called Declensions, accord- 
 ing to the system of inflexions adopted in forming their Cases. The 
 declension to which a noun belongs is known by the inflexion* of the 
 genitive singular. 
 
 13. There are eight Parts of Speech :— 
 
 DECLINABLE. INDECLINABLE. 
 
 Substantive (Noun). Adverb. 
 
 Adjective (Noun). Preposition. 
 
 Pronoun. Interjection. 
 
 Verb. Conjunction. 
 
 * Every declinable word may be divided into two parts— the stem and the in- 
 flexion. The stem is that part which remains unaltered throughout all the cases and 
 numbers; as mens- in mensa. The inflexion is that part which suflei-s change; i>s 
 -ae, -am, -&, -arum, -is, -as, &c The stem of a noun may be ascertained by taking 
 away the inflexion of the genitive singular; e. g., from mensae take away -ae, and 
 mens- remains as the stem ; from horti take away -t, and hort- remains. In the 
 paradigms of inflected words the stem is separated from the inflexion by a da«h; 
 thun, mcns-ae. 
 
FIRST LATIN READER. 11 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 FIRST DECLENSION. 
 
 1. The nouns of this declension end, in the nominative singular, 
 in -a; those which have -e, -as, or -es, are Greek, and are principally 
 proper names. Nouns in -a and -<?are feminine; those in -as and -es, 
 masculine. The genitive singular ends in -ae. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Nom. Mens-a, a table* [table. Mens-ae, tables. 
 
 Gen. Mens-ae, a table's, or of a Mens-arum, tables', or of tables. 
 
 Dat. Mens-ae, to or for a table. Mens-is, to or for tables. 
 
 Ace. Mens-am, a table. Mens-as, tables. 
 
 Voc. Mens-a, table / Mens-ae, tables f 
 
 Abl. Mens-a, from, with, in, or Mens-is, from, with, in, or by 
 by a table. tables. 
 
 Obs. — What we express in English by prepositions is very often indicated 
 in Latin merely by a change in the end of a word, {i.e., an inflexion.) 
 Thus, in English we leave the nouns unchanged, and, to vai-y the mean- 
 ing, change the little word going before, (preposition;) as, op the 
 queen, (= the queen's,) for the queen, by the queen. There is properly 
 only one case in English— the possessive or genitive. 
 
 2. A few nouns have -abus in the dative and ablative plural as well 
 as -is. They are such as have a masculine of the same stem in the 
 Second Declension; 2^,, fili-a, a daughter, — but Jili-us, a son, of the 
 Second Declension. So dea, anima, equa, mula, liberta, and some 
 others. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Nom. Fili-a, a daughter. . Fili-ae, daughters. 
 
 Gen. Fili-ae, a daughter's, or of Fili-arum, daughters', or of 
 
 a daughter. daughters. 
 
 Dat. Fili-ae, to or for a daughter. Fili-abus, or filiis, to or for 
 
 Ace. Fili-am, a daughter. Fili-as, daughters. [daughters, 
 
 toe. Fili-a, daughter I Fili-ae, daughters I 
 
 Abl. Fili-a, from, with, or by a Fili-abus, or filiis, from, with, or 
 
 daughter. by daughters. 
 N.B. — The feminine forms of adjectives, in a, are declined like mensa. 
 
 * As there is no article in Latin, mensa may mean either a table, or the table 
 according to the sense required. 
 
12 FIRST LATIN READER. 
 
 EXERCISE I. 
 
 Aquilae. Aquilas. Pugnam. Pugnarum. Aquilis. Porta. 
 Porti. PortA. Puellae. Puellarum. Portis. Pugnas. Ancilla. 
 Lunam. Ancillas. Ancillaram. Filiae. Casas. Ancilla. Genam. 
 (renis. Umbras. Silvae. Umbram. Aquilarum. Pennis. Fili- 
 abus. Fundas. Fundae. Umbris. Silvarum. Regina. Reginas. 
 Nautae. Nautas. Linguam. Linguis. Nympha. Nympha. 
 Musca. Muscarum. Peram. Pilae. Ancoras. Ancoris. Aulam. 
 Aulas. Perae. Ancorarum. Deas. Deae. Janua. Januaram. 
 
 The battle. The battles. Of the sling. The moons. The moon's. 
 Of the queen. The queen's. The queens. The queens'. For the 
 queen. Of the daughters. The language. The tongue. The 
 languages. Of the flies. To the maid-servant. The eagles. 
 
 3. (Syntax) Rule I. — An adjective agrees with its own substan- 
 tive in gender, number, and case: as, fabula longa, (fern.,) a long 
 story; fabulae longae, (pi.,) long stories; amicus fidus, (masc.,) a 
 faithful friend; amicos fidos, faithful friends; praemium mag- 
 num, (neut.,) a great reward. 
 
 4. (Syntax) Rule II. — The prepositions in, (in, among;) cum, 
 (together with;) a or ab, (from, by;) e or ex, (out of , from the 
 midst of,) govern the ablative: as, in silva, in the forest ; cum 
 ancilla, along with the maid-servant. 
 
 5. (Syntax) Rule III. — A verb agrees with its subject in number 
 and person: aquila est, rquilae sunt. 
 
 6. (Syntax) Rule IV. — One substantive governs, in the genitive, 
 another signifying a different thing; as, penna aquilae, the eagle's 
 feather. 
 
 7. Est (3c? sing.) means is ; sunt (3d pi.), are. 
 
 EXERCISE II. 
 
 (3.) Via lata. Dea sancta. Ancora curva. Portae latae. Viae 
 angustae. Vias angustas. Portarura latarum. Puellae sedulae. 
 Silvae latae. Portis angustis. Aquilae validae. 
 
 (4.) In silva. In casis. Cum puella. Cum filia. In casa. In 
 porta lata. Cum puellis sedulis. Cum regina beata. In via angusta. 
 Cum filiabus parvis. In parva casa. 
 
 (5.) Ancilla est fessa. Deae sunt sacctae. Ancorae sunt curvae 
 
FIRST LATIN READER. 13 
 
 Filia est bcata. Aquila est valida. Formicae sunt parvae. Regina 
 est caeca. Luna est clara. 
 
 (6.) Pluma aquilae. Plumae aquilae. Plumae aquilarum. Janua 
 casae. Gena puellae. Umbrae silvarum. In umbra silvae. In 
 casa agricolae. Funda nautae. Perae nautarum. Agricolae filia. 
 Cum filia agricolae. In densa umbra silvarum. Cum deabus Sanctis. 
 Filia reginae est pulchra. Ancilla est formosa. AncSrae sunt curvae. 
 Janua casae est lata. Portae sunt apertae. Lingua Belganim. 
 Agricolae sunt in silvis. Nauta est in agricolae casa. Formosa filia 
 nautae est in casa reginae. Pulchrae filiae nautarum sunt in splendida 
 aula reginae. Sedulae ancillae sunt in parva casa dominae. Pennae 
 aquilarum sunt longae. In silvis multae sunt muscae. Filia mea 
 est pulchra. 
 
 The gates are wide. The gates of the palace are wide. The 
 farmer's hut is small. The forest is dense. The eagle's wings are 
 long. There are many flies in the husbandman's cottage. The 
 woods are dense. The balls are round. The queen's cheeks are 
 pale. The moon is bright. Your daughters are beautiful (in feat- 
 ures). The girl's hair is auburn. There is a round table in the 
 husbandman's cottage. 
 
 SECTION III. 
 
 SECOND DECLENSION. 
 
 1. Nouns of this declension end in the nominative singular in -us, 
 -er, -ir, -ur, or -um. Words in -urn are neuter ; those in -us, -er, 
 -ir, -ur, masculine or feminine. The genitive singular ends in -i. 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 ..) Nom. 
 
 Serv-us, masc, a slave. 
 
 Serv-I, slaves. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Serv-I, of a slave. 
 
 Serv-6rum, of slaves. 
 
 Bat. 
 
 Serv-o, to or for a slave. 
 
 Serv-is, to or for slaves. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Serv-um, a slave. 
 
 Serv-68, slaves. 
 
 Voc. 
 
 Serv-e, slave/ 
 
 Serv-i, slaves / 
 
 AM. Serv-o, from, dc., a slave. Serv-is, from, dc, slaves. 
 
H 
 
 FIRST LATIN READER. 
 
 Singular. 
 (2.) Nom. Piier, masc., a boy. 
 Gen. Puer-i, of a boy. 
 Bat. Puer-o, to or for a boy. 
 Ace. Puer-um, a boy. 
 Voc. Puer, boy I 
 Abl. Puer-o, from, &c, a boy. 
 
 (3.) Nom. Magister, masc, a master. 
 Gen. Magistr-i, of a master. 
 Dat. Magistr-o, to or for a master. 
 Ace. Magistr-um, a master. 
 Voc. Magister, master/ 
 Abl. Magistr-o, from, dbe., a mas- 
 ter. 
 
 Plural. 
 Puer-i, boys. 
 Puer-orum, of boys. 
 Puer-is, to or for bogs. 
 Puer-os, boys. 
 Puer-i, boys I 
 Puer-is, from, dec, boys. 
 
 Magistr-i, masters. 
 Magistr-crum, of masters. 
 Magistr-is, to or for masters. 
 Magistr-os, masters. 
 Magistr-i, masters! 
 Magistr-is, from, <bc, mas- 
 ters. 
 
 2. N.B. — Neuter nouns have the nominative, vocative, and accusa- 
 tive alike in both numbers, and in the plural these cases end in i£. 
 
 Singular. 
 (4.) N. V.&Acc. Mal-um, neut., an apple. 
 Gen. Mal-i, of an apple. 
 Dot. Mal-o, to an apple. 
 Abl. Mal-o, from, <Lc, an 
 
 apple. 
 
 Plural. 
 Mal-a, apples. 
 Mal-orum, of apples. 
 Mal-is, to apples. 
 Mal-is, from, <bc, apples. 
 
 3. Adjectives which have the masculine in -us or -er, and the 
 neuter in -um, are declined like substantives of this declension. 
 The masculine in -us has the same inflexions as servus ; in -er, the 
 same as puer, or magister; and the neuter the same as malum. The 
 feminine form in -a belongs to the First Declension. Thus, parv-us, 
 yarv-a, parv-um, small ; tener, tenera, tenerum, tender ; pulcher, 
 pulchra, pulchrum, beautiful. 
 
 4. (Syntax) Rule V. — The p>repositions ad, (to or towards,) and 
 hi, (into,) govern the accusative* 
 
 EXERCISE III. 
 
 (1.) Digiti. Digitis. Oculus. Hortorum. Oculum. Servi. Oculus 
 servi. Oculi puellarum. Oculi puellarum sunt clari. Servi agricolae 
 sunt fidi. Cum equis agricolae. Populus est alba. Asinus cum 
 
 Hher prepositions governing the accusative will be given iifterwards. 
 
FIRST LATIN READER. If) 
 
 equo est in agricolae horto. Rami populi sunt parvi. Reginae equus 
 est albus. Albos vitulos agricolae. Deus est sanctus. Deus* sancte. 
 Oculi nautarum sunt acuti. 
 
 (2.) Pueri. Pueros. Oculi puerorum sunt teneri. Generos. Soceri. 
 Soceroruni. Generis. Cum generis. Generum. Liberos. Filiae 
 amici tui sunt miserae. Cum miseris liberis reginae. Fide puer ! 
 miser amice ! Digiti agricolae sunt longi. 
 
 (3.) Magistri. Agros. In agris magistri. In agros viri. Pulcher 
 vitulus agricolae in horto estTpoetae. Magister care. In parvani 
 Belgae casam. In parva Belgae casa. Teneros vitulos vaccae. 
 
 (4.) Templo. In templo. In templum. Ad templum dei. In 
 templa deorum. In templis deorum. Aquilae ova. Lata arva 
 agricolae. Poma sunt matura. Colla equorum sunt curva. Portae 
 templi sunt latae. Aperta est janua casae. Cum donis reginae. 
 FSlia populi sunt parva. In horto magistri mala sunt matura. 
 
 The horses. The horse's. The horses'. In the gardens. Into the 
 fields of the master. In the eagle's eggs. The temple is spacious. 
 My shadow is long. Your slave is faithful. The horse's tongue is 
 rough. The Belgian's gifts are hateful. The hatred of the man is 
 great. Poplar trees are tall. Among the leaves of the poplar. My 
 eyes are weak. The neck of your swan is long. The cow is in the 
 field with her calf. The boy's cheeks are pale. The gods are holy. 
 In the temples of the gods there are many gifts. There are many 
 ripe apples in your father-in-law's garden. There is a tall poplar 
 tree in the wood. The shadow of the poplar trees is long. The 
 children of the poet are much-loved. 
 
 SECTION IV. 
 
 THIRD DECLENSION. 
 
 1. In the First and Second Declensions the stem of a noun may 
 be easily distinguished, even in the nominative ; but in the Third 
 Declension it is so disguised, by the omission of consonants, or the 
 modification of vowels, that it cannot be known without reference to 
 
 * Deus has the vocative the same as the nominative. Tho nominntive and voca- 
 tive plural are Dii (Di) oftener than Dei ; and the dative and ablative plural, Diis 
 \JDi3) otteuer than Deis. , 
 
 iW ^ ^^ % 
 
16 
 
 FIRST LATIN READER. 
 
 one of the oblique* cases. The following classification groups the 
 nouns of this declension according to the change which takes place 
 on the stem in the nominative.^ 
 2. (I.) The First Class contains those nouns which have the 
 
 pure stem in the nominative, 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 (1.) N. & Voc. Honor, raasc. 
 Gen. Honor-Is. 
 Dat. Honor-I. 
 Ace. Honor-em. 
 Abl. Honor-e. 
 
 honour. 
 
 Plural. 
 Hondr-es, honour*. 
 Honor-um. 
 Honor-ibus. 
 Honor-es. 
 Honor-ibus. 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 
 Plural. 
 
 V. <fc Voc. 
 
 Frater, m., a 
 
 brother. 
 
 Fratr-es, brothers. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Fratr-is. 
 
 
 Fratr-um. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Fratr-i. 
 
 
 Fratr-ibus. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Fratr-em. 
 
 
 Fratr-es. 
 
 Abl. 
 
 Fratr-e. 
 
 
 Fratr-ibus. 
 
 3. To this class belong nouns likepater and mater, which drop out -t 
 in the oblique cases ; so that the genitive is patris, and not pater-is. 
 
 (2.) 
 
 (3.) iV. V. dfc Ace. Animal, n., an animal. Animal-ia, animals. 
 
 Gen. Animal-is. Animal-ium. 
 
 Dat. Animal-i. Animal-ibns. 
 
 Abl. Animal-i. $ Animal-ibus. 
 
 4. (Syntax) Rule VI. — The conjunctions et, ac, atque, (and,) 
 connect words and clauses co-ordinatively : as, p&ter et mater, father 
 and mother; pater meus est bonus, et mater tua est pulchra, my 
 father is good, and your mother is beautiful. 
 
 EXERCISE IV. 
 
 (1.) Anseris. Anseres. Anserem. Matris. Matres. MatrL Sor- 
 orum. Pastoribus. Cum pastoribus. Matrum. Patrem et matrem. 
 
 * The accusative, genitive, dative, and ablative are called oblique or dependent 
 cases, because subject to the government of other words. The nominative and 
 rocative are caUed independent cases, or casta recti, because they are not liable to 
 such regimen. 
 
 t In reading a Latin author, the problem which a young student is most fre- 
 quently called on to solve, in regard to nouns, is, "To find the nominative from 
 an oblique case," and not vice versa; and it is hoped that the arrangement of nouns 
 adopted in the text will render this a comparatively easy task. 
 
 % Neuter nouns in-«, -t, -aZ, and -ar, have -i in the ablativo. instead of-/,- and have 
 therefore ~ia in the nominative plural, and -ium in the genitive plural. 
 U2£) 
 
FIRST LATIN READER. 17 
 
 Fiatres et sorores. Cum sororibus et fratribus. Solis. Sole. Sine 
 sole. Ex mercatoribus. Dolor matris meae. 
 
 (2.) Pater care. Mater cara. Anseris collum. Corvos et anseres. 
 Matris soror meae. Pater meus est beatus, et mater mea est beata . 
 Arborum folia. Arborum folia sunt parva. Rami arborum sunt 
 magni. Circum casam patris sui. Patres puellarum formosi 
 sunt. Arator cum aratro. Ex agricolae casa. Fures sunt timidi. 
 Timor furum est magnus. Exulis filia est pulchra. A pud casam 
 pastoris. Lupi et pastores. Fures sunt in carcere. Per agricolae 
 agros. Lupus inter casas pastorum. Ante januam casae. Apud 
 Caesarem victorem. 
 
 (3.) Animali. Animalis. Calcaria. Fulgnr. Calcarium. Animalibus, 
 Ex animalibus. Animalia. Pastores sunt celeres. Ad aggerem. 
 Circum portam oppidi. Labores pastorum sunt magni. Inter 
 labores exulum. Fulgura coeli. Circum oppida mercatorum. Solis 
 radii sunt clari. Casa aratoris est parva. Casae pastorum et arat- 
 orum. Fratres tui sunt fessi vomere. Ante casas exulum arbores 
 sunt altae. Lupus et agnus. 
 
 The thief is wicked. Among the wicked thieves. The spring is 
 never-ending. Throughout a never-ending spring. Among the long 
 branches of the poplars. Caesar is victorious. The farmer's geese 
 are in the garden. The sailors are in the shepherd's hut. The glory 
 of the Roman people is great. In the exile's hut. Into the exile's 
 hut. Into the exiles' huts. With great honours. Caesar's statue is 
 near the mound. The ramparts are high and long. Throughout the 
 level plain. Around the towns of the Romans. My father is good. 
 The boy is in the garden with his father and his mother. 
 
 5. (II.) To the Second Class belong those nouns which, in the 
 nominative, add a letter (usually s or e) to the pure stem : as, urb-s, 
 (f.,) a city ; ret-e, (n.,) a net. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 (1.) iV. <k Voc. Urb-s, f., a city. Urb-es, cities. 
 
 Gen. Urb-is. Urb-ium. 
 
 Bat. Urb-i. Urb-ibus. 
 
 Urb-es. 
 Urb-ibus. 
 net. Ret-Ia, nets. 
 
 Ret-ium. 
 Ret-ibus. 
 Ret-ibus. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Urb-em. 
 
 AU. 
 
 Urb-e. 
 
 (2.) N. V. &Acc. 
 
 Ret-e, n., 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Ret-is. 
 
 Bat. 
 
 Ret-i. 
 
 All. 
 
 Ret-i. 
 
 (122/ 
 
 
13 FIEST LATIN READER. 
 
 G. As x is equal to cs or gs, (see Section I. 6,) all nouns ending in 
 x belong to this class ; thus, dux = dues, lex = legs. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 JV. dc Voc. Lex (leg-s), f., a law. Leg-es, laws. 
 
 Gen. Leg-is. Leg-um. 
 
 Bat. Leg-i. Leg-ibus. 
 
 Ace. Leg-em. Leg-es. 
 
 All. Leg-e. Leg-ibus. 
 
 7. (Svntax) Rule VII. — Since two singulars are equal to a 
 plural, two singular subjects connected by a co-ordinative conjunc- 
 tion (et, ac, atque, -que, &c.) have a verb or adjective in the plural; 
 as, Pater et filius sunt clari, the father and the son are famous. 
 
 EXERCISE V. 
 
 (1.) Hiemem. Plebis. Trabes. Urbium. Urbe. Inurbe. Exurbi- 
 bus. Plebem. TrabL Trabes. Pace. Vocis. Magna voce. Justara 
 legem. Aequas leges. Portae magnaram urbium. Longas trabes. 
 In arce. Ad forniosum gregem. Duces sunt fessi bello. Regum 
 coronae sunt splendidae. Pater meus est in urbe. Frater tuus 
 est dux Belgarum. Tauri sunt feroces. Pater meus et mater sunt 
 felices. Per sanctas leges. Bellum est atrox. Inter aquilas veloces. 
 
 (2.) Mare est planum. Retia sunt rara. Inter rara retia. Monile 
 est splendidum. Monile reginae est magnum. Undae maris sunt 
 longae. Aqua est pura. Aqua maris. Longae sunt radices populi altae. 
 Magnus grex corvorum. Magni sunt greges corvorum in silvis. 
 Inter hiemem. Hiemes longas. Sedilia in horto regis sunt longa. 
 
 The general of the Romans. The walls of the citadel. The laws 
 of the city. The deep sea. The girl's magnificent necklaces. The 
 king is just. The daughter of the fanner is happy. The master and 
 his slave are foolish. The sailors' nets are wide-meshed. The farmer's 
 wife is foolish. The queen's consort is happy. Around the walls of 
 the city. The generals of the Romans are daring in war. Among 
 the flocks of crows. Towards the level sea. In the wide-meshed 
 nets of the sailors. 
 
 8. Adjectives such as inops are declined like urbs, [but vvops makes 
 gen. plur. in-ww;] those in. r, asfelix, are declined like ter, [but/W«> 
 makes gen. plur. in -ium;] and those in e (i.e., the neuter of adjec- 
 
FIRST LATIN READER. 19 
 
 tives, in -is, as mitis, mitis, mite) like rete. The rule for neuters, 
 Section III., p. 14 (2. N.B.), applies in adjectives as well as in sub- 
 stantives. For examples of adj ectives declined in full, see Section VII. 
 
 9. (III.) In the Third Class are included those nouns which 
 have a vowel inserted in the nominative between the stem and the 
 inflexion ; as, caed-e-s for caed-s, gen. caed-is. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 N. S Voc. Clad-es, f., a defeat.* 
 
 Clad-es, defeats. 
 
 Gen. Clad-is. 
 
 Clad-ium. 
 
 Bat. Clad-i. 
 
 Clad-ibus. 
 
 Ace. Clad-em. 
 
 Clad-es. 
 
 Abl. Clad-e. 
 
 Clad-ibus. 
 
 N. dte Voc. Ap-is {or apes), f., a bee. 
 
 Ap-es bees. 
 
 Gen. Ap-is. 
 
 Ap-um {or ap-ium.) 
 
 Bat. Ap-i. 
 
 Ap-ibus. 
 
 Ace. Ap-em. 
 
 Ap-es. 
 
 Abl. Ap-e. 
 
 Ap-ibus. 
 
 -Am-o, 
 
 Am-a-s, 
 
 Am-a-t, 
 
 / love. 
 
 Thou lovest. 
 
 lie loves. 
 
 -Am-a-mus, 
 
 Am-a-tis, 
 
 Am-a-nt, 
 
 We love. 
 
 You love. 
 
 They love. 
 
 10. A large class of adjectives are declined, in the masculine and 
 feminine, like apis, (but see Section VII., p. 31, note *,) while tha 
 neuter follows rete; thus, grav-is, grav-is, grav-e, heavy. 
 
 11. The present indicative active of a verb of the First Conjuga- 
 tion is declined as follows : — 
 
 Sing.- 
 
 Plur. 
 
 EXERCISE VI. 
 
 Avis volat. Aves volant. Saltamus. Canes civium festinant in 
 silvas. Per oppidum festinat vir fortis. Omnes cives saltant. Amnes 
 sunt alti. Aures canis breves sunt. Colla piscium sunt brevia. Per 
 aquam natant pisces. Puella gracilis saltat in aula. Cives multi in 
 
 * Nouns in -es and -is have the following peculiarities : — 1. Some in -is have -im 
 in the accusative and -i in the ablative; as, sitis, thirst, sitim, siti: -while some have 
 both -em and -im ; as, navis, navem or navim, nave or navi. 2. The gen. plur. ends 
 in -ium (not -urn), in (1) those which have -i in the ablative or -e and -t both ; 
 as, navis, nave or navi, navium ; (2) in those which have the same number of sylla- 
 bles in the gen. sing, as in the nom. ; as, navis, navis, navium [Exception. — But vates, 
 canis, juvenis, <tec, have -um only] ; (3) in those monosyllabic nouns in which final 
 8 or x is preceded by a consonant ; as, urbs, urbium, arx, arcium. For exceptional 
 see Schmitz's Grammar, pp. 46, 47. 
 
20 FIRST LATIN READER, 
 
 aula regis coenant. Inter aures canis musca volat. Caesar festinat 
 in Italiam. Coenatis. Cum patre festinas in silvam. Ensis est 
 gravis auro. In tabernam tonsoris festinant nautae. Malus navis 
 est altus. Mali navium sunt leves. Panis est lSvis. Juvenes cum 
 caris sororibus in agricolae horto ambulant. Agricola arat. Fortes 
 viri cum hostibus patriae pugnant. Rupes sunt altae. Vulpes est 
 callida. Servi in agricolae casa coenant. Crines juvenum sunt nigri. 
 Caper et capella saltant in agro. Vates sunt sancti. Breves sunt 
 canis tui aures. 
 
 The dove flies. The beautiful daughter of the king is walking in 
 the citizen's garden. The queen's maid-servant is hastening to the 
 palace. All the Belgians are brave. The months of spring are short. 
 The hills are white. I am hastening to the territories of the Belgians. 
 The cunning foxes are walking round the farmer's cottage. The 
 months of spring are agreeable. Along with the wild boar. The 
 young men's axes are sharp. 
 
 12. (IV.) The Fourth Class includes those nouns which drop the 
 last letter of the stem in the nominative : as, sermo (for sermon), 
 sermonis; lac (for lad-), lactis; cor (for cord-), cordis; poema (for 
 poemat-), poematis. 
 
 SlKTJULAR. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 N. dk Voc. Sermo, m., conversation. 
 
 Sermdn-es, conversations. 
 
 Gen. Sermon-is. 
 
 Sermon-urn. 
 
 Bat. Sermon-i. 
 
 Sermon-ibus. 
 
 Ace. Sermon-em. 
 
 Sermon-es. 
 
 All. Sermon-e. 
 
 Sermon-ibus. 
 
 N. V. Jc Ace. Cor, n., the heart. 
 
 Cord-a, hearts. 
 
 Gen. Cord-is. 
 
 Cord-tun. 
 
 Bat. Cord-i. 
 
 Cord-ibus. 
 
 All. Cord-e. 
 
 Cord-ibus. 
 
 13. (Syntax) Rule VIII. — Transitive* verbs governf tie accus- 
 
 ative. 
 
 
 * For explanation of transitive verbs see Section XII. 
 
 t By the term "govern" it Is simply meant that the practice of the Latins was to 
 put an accusative case after a transitive verb. So in English it Is the practice to 
 use that form of nouns which we call the objective case (accusative) after transitive 
 verbs and prepositions: as, " He struck me" (not, He struck I) : " He walked with me" 
 (nat,with I); and hence we say that transitive verbs and prepositions govern the 
 objective- 
 
FIRST LATIN READER. 21 
 
 14. (SrNTAx) Rule IX. — The word that expresses the instrument 
 by which something is done, is put in the ablative; as, Necat ense, 
 he kills with a sword. 
 
 EXERCISE VII. 
 
 Poeta laudat sermonem Ciceronis. Latrones amant praedam. 
 Agricolae amant ligones. Agricola glebam ligone versat. Oratio 
 Ciceronis erat dulcis. Gloria populi Romani erat magna. Alexander 
 erat rex Maceddnum. Poemata sunt grata. Poema breve laudas. 
 Condiciones pacis erant foedae. Laudo pavonis caudam. Agricolae 
 servus asinum fusti dtflat. Asinus erat socius cum leone in silva. 
 Maritimi praedones naves Romanorum fugant. Neptunus turgidum 
 mare placat, et nubes fugat. Templum Junonis erat splendidum. 
 Pan curat oves, atque ovium magistros. Cives cum civibus certant. 
 Pater meus murum aedificat. Domini servos fustibus dolant. Corda 
 agnorum sunt timida. Pueri recens lac amant. Agricolae amant 
 pocula albi lactis. 
 
 The fame of Scipio was great. The enemy puts to flight the Roman 
 legions. Scipio slays his enemy with the sword. Nature gives (dat) 
 to us (nobis) reason and speech. The Macedonian loves the fields of 
 his own town. The pillars of the temple of Juno are high. The 
 maid-servants love the queen. The husbandmen turn up the soil 
 with spades. An ass and a lion were partners in the forests. The 
 boy admires the splendid tail of the peacock. The farmers, along 
 with their servants, are building a cottage. 
 
 15. (V.) To the Fifth Class belong those nouns which omit t or 
 d in the nominative before the final s ; as frons for fron-t-s, laus 
 tor laitrd-s. In one word n is dropped — namely, sanguis foi 
 mngui-n-s. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 N. & Voc. Laus {for Lau-d-s), f., praise. Laud-es, praises. 
 
 Gen. Laud-is. Laud-um. 
 
 Dat. Laud-i. Laud-ibus. 
 
 Ace. Laud-em. Laud-es. 
 
 Abl. Laud-e. Laud-ibus. 
 
22 FIRST LATIN READER. 
 
 Singular. Pxural. 
 
 N. & Voc. Frons {for Fron-t-s), f., the forehead. Front-es, foreheads. 
 
 Gen. Front-is. Front-ium.* 
 
 Dot. Front-i. Front-ibus. 
 
 Ace. Front-em. Front-es. 
 
 Abl. Front-e. Front-ibns. 
 
 16. All participles ending in -ns, as avians, monens, &c, and all 
 adjectives of similar termination, are declined like the nouns of thia 
 class. 
 
 EXERCISE VIII. 
 
 Frons pueri est tenuis. Virtus parentium est magna dos. Laud- 
 atis pietatem erga parentes. Mors aequo pSde pulsat et turres 
 regum et pauperum casas. Gutta cavat lapidem. Puer passerem 
 lapide necat. Auream aetatem laudant poetae. Laudes tuae patrem 
 meum delectant. Montes sunt alti. Pons est latus. Avus stultus 
 nepotem stultum amat. Mortis pes aequus est. Ungues aquilae 
 sunt acutl Mens hominum nescia est sortis futurae. Ingentes 
 lapides de montibus saltant. Mens regis est conscia recti Boves 
 sunt fessi vomere. Dii sunt custodes urbium. Ad fontem dulcis 
 aquae. Populi frondes sunt leves. Frondes silvarum sunt novae. 
 Philosophia liberat mentem cupiditatibus. Libertas est donum Dei. 
 Deus ! libertas est donum tuum. Patula arbor Jovis glandes suibus 
 ministrat. Mens adolescentis est matura. Puer pedes in fonte 
 lavat. Mors ducis erat salus civitatis. Nymphae sunt custodes 
 montium. 
 
 The shade of the wood delights the poet. My sister is taking-a- 
 walk through the wood. The poet praises the brave sailors. The 
 maid-servants love the farmer's daughter. My father and my mother 
 are knocking at the door of the farmer's cottage. The neck of the 
 ox is short. The maid-servant praises (i. e., likes to see) bowls of 
 white milk. The robbers hasten to the woods. The servant ploughs 
 his master's fields with sturdy oxen. Death's foot is impartial 
 (i. e. y the visits of Death are impartial.) 
 
 17. (VI.) The Sixth Class embraces those nouns in which the 
 
 * Observe that monosyllabic words like frons, in which the final sorj is preceded 
 by a consonant, take -turn in the genitive plural; but that ia those like Ictus, where 
 a vowel precedes, the genitive plural makes -urn. For exceptions, see Schm?tz*s 
 Grammar, pp. 4G, 47. 
 
FIRST LATIN READER. 23 
 
 j final vowel of Die stem is changed in the nominative: as, Bteni, 
 nornin, but nominative, nomen; stem, capit, but nominative, caput. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 JV. V. & Ace. Nomen, n., a name. Nomin-a, names. 
 
 Gen. Nourin-is. Nomin-um. 
 
 Bat. Nomin-i. Nomin-ibus. 
 
 All. Nomin-e. Nomin-ibus. 
 
 N. V. & Ace. Caput, n., the head. Caplt-a, heads. 
 
 Gen. Capit-is. Capit-um. 
 
 BaU Capit-i. Capit-ibus. 
 
 All. Capit-e. Capit-ibus. 
 
 18. The imperfect indicative active of a verb of the First Conjuga/- 
 tion is declined as follows : — 
 
 Sing.— Am-a-bam, Am-a-bas, Am-a-bat, 
 
 / was loving. Thou wast loving. He was loving. 
 
 Tlur.— Am-a-bamiis, Am-a-batis, Am-a-bant, 
 
 We were loving. You were loving. They were loving. 
 
 EXERCISE IX. 
 
 Pater mutat nomen filii. In regis capite corona est splendida. 
 Poeta laudat flumina lactis. Pueri et puellae in gramine saltant. 
 Multi pisces in flumine natant. Caput fluminis est parvum. Magis- 
 ter pueros bonos amabit. Vulcanus fulmina Jovi ministrat. Ad 
 latum flumen festinant servi. Pater alta capita cervorum filiis et 
 filiabus monstrat. Carmina poetarum delectant sapientes. Mater 
 filiabus caris nitidum ebur monstrabat. Gramma recentia boves 
 delectant. Juvenes dabant nomina sua consuli. Numina montis sunt 
 benigna. Pectines sunt eburnei. Regina dat aureum pectinem 
 filiae carae. Dentes puellarum albi sunt. 
 
 The river is deep. The rivers are deep. Sailors praise large 
 rivers. The water of the river is pure. The farmer's servants were 
 dancing on the grass. Caesar was a man of illustrious name (gen.) 
 A lion was killing a tender lamb with his teeth. The dogs were 
 swimming in the deep river. You were showing the pillars of the 
 temple to your friend. The farmer points out the way to the boy. 
 The consul was hastening into Italy with the Roman legions. The 
 servants were walking in the shepherd's garden. 
 
FIRST LATIN READER. 
 
 19. (VII.) In the Sevexth Class are ranged those nouns in 
 which the final letter of the stem is changed in the nominative into 
 *:* as, mos (for mor), moris; flos (for Jlor) floris. 
 
 
 SlKGULAR. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 r . & Voc. 
 
 Flos, m., 
 
 a flower. 
 
 Flor-es, flowers 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Flor-is. 
 
 
 Flor-um. 
 
 Lot. 
 
 Flor-i. 
 
 
 Flor-ibus. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Flor-em. 
 
 
 Flor-es. 
 
 All. 
 
 Flor-e. 
 
 
 Flor-ibus. 
 
 EXERGISE X. 
 
 Jus est aeternum. Columba dat oscula marl Mores Scytharura 
 laudat poeta. In horto reginae multi sunt flores recentes. Mer- 
 cator laudat rura oppidi sui. Amicus mens laudat rus in urbe. 
 Antiqui Tellurem deam putabant. Agricola mures ex agris suis 
 fugat. Aranearum crura longa sunt. Ante ora patris puer saltat in 
 horto. 
 
 The flowers in the shepherd's garden delight my sister. Your 
 brother was praising the fields (rus) of his own city. On the banks of 
 the river there are many flowers. The doves were giving kisses to 
 their mates. The praises of the country are in the mouth of all 
 poets. The earth is round. The husbandman was killing a little 
 mouse with a stick. 
 
 20. The seven classes above enumerated comprehend all the impor- 
 tant simple varieties of this declension ; but there are many nouns, 
 not yet exemplified, which exhibit the peculiarities of more than one 
 class. Thus, judex, which makes the genitive judic-is, adds s to the 
 stem, like the nouns of Class II., and changes the last vowel of the 
 stem, like those of Class VI. So also vertex, princeps, and many 
 others. Homo, ordo, cardo, imago, &c, drop the final n of the 
 stem, like sermo, Class IV., and change the last vowel of the stem, 
 like Class VI. Miles, eqxies, dives, and many others, omit t before 
 s, like Class V., and change the final vowel of the stem, like Class 
 VI. Corpus, tempus, vulmts, fiuius, &&, change the last vowel of 
 the stem, as the nouns of Class VI., and substitute s for r, like those 
 of Class VII. 
 
 * That s and r were interchangeable in Latin, as they are in Greek, is evident from 
 tnch forms as arbor and arbos, honor and hones, quaero and quaeto. <tc. 
 
FIRST LATIN READER. 
 
 25 
 
 (1.) 
 
 Classes II. & VI. Judex 
 
 (2.) 
 
 — IV. & VI. Homo 
 
 (3.) 
 
 — V. & VI. Miles 
 
 (*•) 
 
 — VI. & VII. Corpus 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 11.) 
 
 N. <k Voc. Judex, m., a judge. 
 
 
 Gen. Judic-is. 
 
 
 Dat. Judle-i. 
 
 
 Ace. Judic-em. 
 
 
 Abl. Judic-e. 
 
 (stem, judic-), judic-is. 
 
 (stem, homin-), homin-is. 
 
 (stem, milit-), milit-is. 
 
 (stem, corpor-), corpor-is. 
 
 Plural. 
 Judic-es, judges. 
 Judic-um. 
 Judic-ibus. 
 Judic-es. 
 Judic-ibus. 
 
 (2.) JV. & Voc. Homo, ra., a man {mankind.) 
 Gen. Homin-is. 
 Dat. Homin-i. 
 Ace. Homin-em. 
 Abl. Homin-e. 
 
 (3.) N. & Voc. Miles, m., a soldier. 
 Gen. Milit-is. 
 Dat. Kilit-i. 
 Ace. Milit-em. 
 Abl. Milit-e. 
 
 (4.) N. V. <b Ace. Corpus, n., a body. 
 Gen. Corp8r-is. 
 Dat. Corpor-i. 
 Abl. Corpor-e. 
 
 Homin-es, men. 
 
 Homin-um. 
 
 Homin-ibus. 
 
 Homin-es. 
 
 Homin-ibus. 
 
 Milit-es, soldiers. 
 
 Milit-um. 
 
 Milit-ibus. 
 
 Milit-es. 
 
 Milit-ibus. 
 
 Corpor-a, bodies. 
 Corpor-um. 
 Corpor-ibus. 
 Corpor-ibus. 
 
 EXERCISE XI. 
 
 Calcaria sunt decus equitis. Milites nostri in apertum latus 
 hostium festinant. Mons altus, nomine Parnassus, sidera verticibus 
 pulsat. Genera scelerum sunt diversa. Magna est vis consuetudinis. 
 Pater dabat certa pignora filio. Filiae ducis carae vulnera militum 
 curant. Itinere et frigore et vulneribus fessus est miles. Senum 
 multorum cani sunt capilli. Somnus est mortis imago. Puellae 
 munera matris carae laudabant. Helvetii multos obsides Caesari 
 dant. Mens hominum est nescia sortis futurae. Tempora mores 
 hominum mutant. Agricola laudat nemora et rura oppidi sui. 
 
 The body of the horseman was defiled with dust. The groves 
 supply a shade to the weary husbandmen. Anger supplies strength, 
 
26 
 
 FIftST LATIN READER. 
 
 Old men praise rest. The eagle flies down from the summit of the 
 mountain. The sides of the mountain are white with deep snow. 
 The father gives a great dowry to his beloved daughter. The shade 
 of the trees delights the husbandman weary with his work. The forces 
 of the enemy were hastening through the forest. The flank of the 
 enemy's cavalry was exposed. 
 
 SECTION V. 
 
 FOURTH DECLENSION. 
 
 1. The nouns of the Fourth Declension end, in the nominative, in 
 -us or -u. Those in -us are masculine or feminine, and those in -u 
 neuter. 
 
 N. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 <fc Voc. Fruct-us, in. 
 Gen. Fruct-us. 
 Dat. Fruct-ui. 
 Ace. Fruct-um. 
 AM. Fruct-u. 
 
 fruit. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Fruct-us, fruits. 
 
 Fruct-uum. 
 
 Fruct-ibus. 
 
 Fruct-us. 
 
 Fruct-ibus. 
 
 N. V. d; Ace. Gen-u, n., a knee. 
 Gen. Gen-iis. 
 Bat. Gen-u. 
 AM. Gen-u. 
 
 Gen-ua, knees. 
 Gen-uum. 
 Gen-ibus. 
 Gen-ibus. 
 
 N. A Voc. Domus, f., a house. 
 Gen. Domus.* 
 Dat. Domui (rarely domo). 
 Ace. Domum. 
 AM. Domo (rarely domu). 
 
 Domus, houses. 
 
 Domuum or domorum. 
 
 Domibus. 
 
 Domos (rarely domus^. 
 
 Domibus. 
 
 2. The following list contains those nouns which have usually 
 -ubus instead of -ibus in the dative and ablative plural : — 
 arcus, acus, portus, quercus,ficus, add, and artus; 
 tribus, lacus, specus, too ; with veru, pecu, partus. 
 
 * Do;r.i is uoed in the sense of " at home.' 
 
F1JIST LATIN READEK. 27 
 
 fXERCISE XII. 
 
 Agricolae laudant altas quercus. Alta est quercus in horto ducis. 
 Lacus est altus. Domus sunt splendidae. Portus erant tuti. Folia 
 quercus sunt lata. Puella laudat acutas acus. Puellae manus sunt 
 parvae. Hostium equitatus erat in conspectu nostri exercitus. Avis 
 puellam cantu delectat. Fructus arbores ornant. Pater meus 
 domum amplam aedificabat. Fructus terrae agricolas delectant. 
 Naves multae sunt in portu. Puer cornua tauri laudat. Cornua 
 cervi ramosa sunt. Arcus Persarum sunt validi. Magnus erat 
 exercitus in finibus hostium. Manus tua est magna. Nurus bona 
 socruin am at. 
 
 The waves of the sea are large. There are large waves in sight of 
 the harbour. Kind-hearted mothers-in-law will love their daughters- 
 in-law. Neptune calms the great billows of the sea. Chariots 
 delight boys. The servants are washing their master's carriage. 
 The boys swim in the billows. The carriage hastens through the 
 city. Caesar, with his army, hastens into Italy. The steps of the 
 temple are high. There are tall oaks in the king's garden. The 
 boys were swimming towards the shore. We are building a spacious 
 house for the king's brother. 
 
 SECTION VI. 
 
 FIFTH DECLENSION. 
 
 1. The nouns of this declension have the nominative singular in 
 -es, and the genitive in -ei. They are all feminine except dies, 
 which is either masculine or feminine in the singular, but masculine 
 in the plural. The compound meridies is masculine. 
 
 days. 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 
 Plural. 
 
 A 7 . & Voc. 
 
 Di-es, m. or f., 
 
 a day. 
 
 Di-es, m., 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Di-ei. 
 
 
 Di-erum. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Dl-ei. 
 
 
 Di-ebus. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Di-em. 
 
 
 Di-es. 
 
 AM. 
 
 Die. 
 
 
 Di-ebus. 
 
28 FIRST LATIN READER. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 N. <k Voc. R-es, f., a thing. 
 
 "B-ea,' things. 
 
 Gen. R-ei. 
 
 R-erum. 
 
 Dai. R-ei. 
 
 R-ebus. 
 
 Ace. R-em, 
 
 R-es. 
 
 Abl. R-e. 
 
 R-ebus. 
 
 2. Dies and res are the only words of this declension which have 
 the plural complete. The seven nouns, acies, effigies, fades, glades, 
 series, species, and spes have the nominative and accusative plural, 
 but the others want the plural. 
 
 3. (Syntax) Rule X. — The word indicating the point of time 
 at which anything occurs is put in the ablative. 
 
 4. The future indicative active of a verb ol the First Conjugation 
 is declined as follows : — 
 
 Sing. — Am-a-bo, Am-a-bis, Am-a-bit, 
 
 I shaU love. Thou wilt love. He wUl love. 
 
 Plur.— Am-a-bimus, Am-a-bitis, Am-a-bunt, 
 
 We shall love. You will love. They will love. 
 
 EXERCISE XIII. 
 
 Spes victoriae milites delectat. Duces hostium fidem violabunt. 
 Circiter meridiem milites ad magistratus festinant. Dea dabit filio 
 decoram caesariem. Acies hostium est longa. Pecunia est materies 
 multorum malorum. Postero die Caesar cum hostibus acie pugnat. 
 Facies tauri torva est. Fortuna est domina humanarum rerum. 
 Soror fidei est justitia. Solis occasu Caesar aciem Gallorum militibus 
 monstrat. Taurus portam cornibus pulsat. Tauri contra leones 
 cornibus pugnant. Cum hostibus patriae pugnabitis. 
 
 On the following day Caesar routs the enemy's cavalry with (cum) 
 great slaughter. Luxury is the source of many evils. At sunset 
 Caesar's cavalry put to flight the army of the Gauls. The ice 
 floats down the river. The father kept his promise. The boy's 
 hopes were vain. The arrival of her father will delight the girl. 
 Caesar will keep the promise which he gave (i.e., the promise given) 
 to the army. The face of the girl was beautiful. Caesar was fight- 
 ing with all his cavalry. At sunset the Britons rout the enemy's 
 cavalry. The bulls were beating the doors with their horns. About 
 sunset the enemy hasten towards the gates of the city. 
 
FIEST LATIN READER. 29 
 
 SECTION VII. 
 ADJECTIVES. 
 
 1. Adjectives may be divided into three classes : — 
 
 (1.) Those which have three forms — one for each gender: as, 
 bongos, masc, bon-a, fem., bon-um, neut. ; tener, masc, 
 tener-a, fem., tener-um, neut. 
 
 (2.) Those which have two forms — one for the masculine and 
 feminine in common, and one for the neuter : as, grav-is, 
 masc, grav-is, fem., grav-e, neut. ; grav-ior, masc, 
 grav-ior, fem., grav-ius, neut. 
 
 (3.) Those which have only one form for all genders : as, felix, 
 maze., felix, fem., felix, neut. ; par, masc, par, fem., 
 far, neut. ; sapiens, masc, sapiens, fem., sapiens, neut. 
 
 2. In adjectives of three forms, the feminine is declined like sub- 
 stantives of the First Declension ; and the masculine and neuter like 
 those of the Second. Tbus bonus, m., is declined like servus; bona, 
 f., like mensa; and bonum, n., like templum: tener, m., is declined 
 like puer; tenera, f., like mensa; and tenerum, n., like templum. 
 
 Obs. — But there are a few adjectives of the Third Declension which have 
 the masculine in -er, (sometimes -ris,) the feminine in -is, and the 
 neuter in -e, all of the Third Declension ; as, celer (sometimes 
 ceteris), masc, ceteris, fem., celer e, neut. 
 
 3. Adjectives of two forms and those of one form belong to the 
 Third Declension. Thus gravis (masc. and fem.) is declined like 
 apis; and grave (neut.) like rete. Gravior (masc and fem.) is de- 
 clined like honor; and gravius (neut.) like corpus. Felix is declined 
 like lex, par like honor, and sapiens like frons. In the neuters of 
 all these, the rule for the declension of neuter substantives (p. 14, 
 2 N.B.) of course applies. (See also notes, p. 31.) 
 
 CLASS I.— 
 
 Singular. 
 
 
 Masc 
 
 Fem. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 Norn. Bon-us, good. 
 
 Bon-a. 
 
 Bon-um. 
 
 Gen. Bon-i. 
 
 Bon-ae. 
 
 Bon-i. 
 
 Dat. Bon-o. 
 
 Bon-ae. 
 
 Bon-o. 
 
 Ace. Bon-um. 
 
 Bon-am. 
 
 Bon-um. 
 
 Voc. Bon-e. 
 
 Bon-a. 
 
 Bon-um. 
 
 All. Bou-o. 
 
 Bon-a. 
 
 Bon-o. 
 
30 
 
 FIRST LATIN READER. 
 
 
 
 Plural. 
 
 
 
 Masc 
 
 Fem. 
 
 Neut 
 
 N. <fc Voc. 
 
 Bon-i. 
 
 Bon-ae. 
 
 Bon-a. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Bon-orum. 
 
 Bon-arum. 
 
 Bon-orum. 
 
 Bat. 
 
 Bon-is. 
 
 Bcn-is. 
 
 Bon-is. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Bon-os. 
 
 Bon-as. 
 
 Bon-a. 
 
 Abl. 
 
 Bon-is. 
 
 Bon-is. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Bon-is. 
 
 N. <& Voc. 
 
 Tener, tender. 
 
 Tener-a. 
 
 Tener-um. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Tener-i. 
 
 Tener-ae. 
 
 Tener-i. 
 
 Bat. 
 
 Tener-o. 
 
 Tener-ae. 
 
 Tener-o. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Tener-um. 
 
 Tener-am. 
 
 Tener-um. 
 
 Abl. 
 
 Tener-o. 
 
 Tener-a. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Tener-o. 
 
 N. Jb Voc. 
 
 Tener-i. 
 
 Tener-ae. 
 
 Tener-a. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Tener-orum. 
 
 Tener-arum. 
 
 Tener-orum 
 
 Bat. 
 
 Tener-is. 
 
 Tener-is. 
 
 Tener-is. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Tener-os. 
 
 Tener-as. 
 
 Tener-a. 
 
 Abl. 
 
 Tener-is. 
 
 Tener-is. 
 
 Tener-is. 
 
 Obs. — Some adjectives are declined in the masculine like ager ; as,— 
 
 Nom. Niger, Nigra, Nigrum. 
 Gen. Nigri, Nigrae, Nigri, kc. 
 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 
 N. & Voc. 
 
 Celer, fleet. 
 
 Celer-is. 
 
 Celer-e. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Celer-is. 
 
 Celer-is. 
 
 Celer-is. 
 
 Bat. 
 
 Celer-i. 
 
 Celer-i. 
 
 Celer-i. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Celer-em. 
 
 Celer-em. 
 
 Celer-e. 
 
 Abl 
 
 Celer-i.* 
 
 Celer-i. 
 Plural. 
 
 Celer-i. 
 
 N. V. <k Ace. 
 
 Celer-es. 
 
 Celer-es. 
 
 Celer-a. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Celer-um.f 
 
 Celer-um. 
 
 Celer-um. 
 
 Bat. 
 
 Celer-ibus. 
 
 Celer-ibus. 
 
 Celer-ibus. 
 
 Abl 
 
 Celer-ibus. 
 
 Celer-ibus. 
 
 Celer-ibus. 
 
 * See notes * and t, P- 31. 
 
 f But celer is an exception, having -urn, not -turn. 
 used only as a proper name. 
 
 Its genitive plural, however, la 
 
FIRST LATIN READER. 
 
 31 
 
 CLASS II.— 
 
 SlNOULAR. 
 
 
 Masc 
 
 Fem. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 N. & Voc. Grav-is, heavy. 
 
 Grav-is. 
 
 Grav-e. 
 
 Gen. Grav-is. 
 
 Grav-is. 
 
 Grav-is. 
 
 Dat. Grav-i. 
 
 Grav-i. 
 
 Grav-i. 
 
 Ace. Grav-em. 
 
 Grav-em. 
 
 Grav-e. 
 
 Abl. Grav-i.* 
 
 Grav-i. 
 Plural. 
 
 Grav-i. 
 
 N. V. d: Ace. Grav-es. 
 
 Grav-es. 
 
 Grav-Ia.f 
 
 Gen. Grav-ium.f ' 
 
 Grav-ium. 
 
 Grav-ium. 
 
 Dat. Grav-ibus. 
 
 Grav-ibus. 
 
 Grav-ibus. 
 
 Abl. Grav-ibus. 
 
 Grav-ibus. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Grav-ibus. 
 
 N. d- Voc. Gravior, heavier 
 
 , Gravior. 
 
 Gravius. 
 
 Gen. Gravior-is. 
 
 Gravior-is. 
 
 Gravior-is. 
 
 Dat. Gravior-i. 
 
 Gravior-i. 
 
 Gravior-i. 
 
 Ace. Gravior-em. 
 
 Gravior-em. 
 
 Gravius. 
 
 A bl. Gravior-e or -i.$ 
 
 Gravior-e or -i. 
 Plural. 
 
 Gravior-e or -i 
 
 N. V. ds Ace. Gravior-es. 
 
 Gravior-es. 
 
 Gravior-a. 
 
 Gen. Gravior-um. 
 
 Gravior-um. 
 
 Gravior-um. 
 
 Dat. Gravior-ibus. 
 
 Gravior-ibus. 
 
 Gravior-ibus. 
 
 Abl. Gravior-ibus. 
 
 Gravior-ibus. 
 
 Gravior-ibus. 
 
 CLASS III.- ! 
 
 Singular. 
 
 
 N. & Voc. Par, equal to. 
 
 Par. 
 
 Par. 
 
 Gen. Par-is. 
 
 Par-is. 
 
 Par-is. 
 
 Dat. Par-i. 
 
 Par-i. 
 
 Par-i. 
 
 Ace. Par-em. 
 
 Par-em. 
 
 Par. 
 
 Abl. Par-i.§ 
 
 Par-i. 
 
 Par-i. 
 
 * Adjectives whose nominative neuter ends in -e have -t" in the ablative. 
 
 t Nouns that have -t in the ablative singular, or -e and -i together, take -turn in 
 the genitive plural ; and if neuter, have -ia (not -a only) in the nominative plural. 
 But comparatives have only -um and -a. For exceptions, see Schmitz's Grammar, 
 pp. 46, 47. 
 
 t The ablative singular ends either in -e or-»— (1.) in all comparatives; and (2.) in 
 those adjectives which belong to Class III. 
 
 $ far, though of Class III., has the -i form (rarely -e) in the ablative singular. 
 
02 FIRST 
 
 LATIN READER. 
 Plural. 
 
 
 ifasc 
 
 Fem. 
 
 Nent 
 
 y. V. is Ace. Par-es. 
 
 Par-es. 
 
 Par-ia. 
 
 Gen. Par-ium. 
 
 Par-ium. 
 
 Par-ium. 
 
 Bat. Par-ibus. 
 
 Par-ibus. 
 
 Par-ibus. 
 
 Abl. Par-ibus. 
 
 Par-ibus. 
 Singular. 
 
 Par-ibus. 
 
 iV. cfc Voc. FSlix, happy. 
 
 Felix. 
 
 Felix. 
 
 Gen. Fellc-is. 
 
 Felie-is. 
 
 Felic-is. 
 
 Dot. Felic-i. 
 
 Felic-i. 
 
 Felic-i. 
 
 Ace. Felic-em. 
 
 Felic-em. 
 
 Felix. 
 
 Abl. Felic-e or -i. 
 
 Felic-e or -i. 
 Plural. 
 
 Felic-e or 
 
 N. V.d-Acc. Felic-es. 
 
 Felic-es. 
 
 Felic-ia. 
 
 Gen. Felic-ium. 
 
 Felic-ium. 
 
 Felic-ium. 
 
 Dot. Felic-ibus. 
 
 Felic-ibus. 
 
 Felic-ibus. 
 
 Abl. Felic-ibus. 
 
 Felic-ibus. 
 
 Felic-ibus. 
 
 So, Nom. Sapiens, Sapiens, Sapiens. 
 
 Gen. Sapient-is, Sapient-is, Sapient-is, &c. 
 
 4. The second conjugation of verbs has its favourite vowel 5 (long) 
 as, mon-ere, to advise. 
 
 Sing.— Mon-e-o, 
 
 I am advising. 
 Plur.— Mon-e-mus, 
 
 We are advising. 
 
 Sing. — Mon-e-bam, 
 
 I ivas advising. 
 
 Plur.— Mon-e-bamus, 
 
 We were advising. 
 
 S ing. — Mon-e-bo, 
 
 Isliall advise. 
 
 Plur. — Mon-e-bimus, 
 
 We shall advise. 
 
 PRESENT. 
 
 Mon-e-s, 
 
 Thou art advising. 
 Mon-e-tis, 
 
 You are advising. 
 
 Mon-e-t, 
 
 He is advising. 
 Mon-e-nt, 
 
 They are advising. 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 Mon-e-bas, Mon-e-bat, 
 
 Thou wert advising. He was advising. 
 
 Mon-e-batis, Mon-e-bant, 
 
 You were advising. They were advising. 
 
 FUTURE. 
 Mon-e-bis, 
 
 Thou wilt advise. 
 Mon-e-bitis, 
 
 You will advise. 
 
 Mon-e-bit, 
 
 He will advise. 
 Mon-e-bunt, 
 
 They will advise. 
 
FIRST LATIN REAPEK. 33 
 
 EXERCISE XIV. 
 
 Blandus dominus servum fidelem vocat. Servi fideles dominos be- 
 nignos laudabunt. Copiae Caesaris in apertum campum festinant. 
 Fessi milites ad castra festinabant. Cur ad urbem festinatis ? Acres 
 servi pocula magna vino recentiimplent. Magister sedulus pueros bones 
 docebat. Puellae et pueri magnam reginae coronam videbunt. Ferox 
 lupus agnam tenerani lacerabat. Leo agnum asperis lacerat dentibus. 
 Acer agricola terram vomere acuto lacerabit. Parvi pueri acreni 
 lupura timent. Cur lupum times ? Regina pulcbra in horto magno 
 ambulabat. Timeo hostes et {evert) dona ferentes. Brevi tempore 
 hostes castra movent e campo. Cormni bovis sunt longa. 
 
 The boy was filling his father's large cup. The active girls are 
 filling the cup with leaves. The boys, along with their dear sisters, 
 were filling the cups with leaves. The timid cows fear the fierce lion. 
 The plough is heavy. The crow has black feathers. There are 
 many tall oaks in the dense forest. The wise father has a foolish 
 son. The walls of the city are high. The boys see beautiful fish in 
 the river. The ball is round. The ball is smooth. The balls are 
 round. The balls are smooth. The girls saw plenty of white milk 
 in the farmer's house. Caesar's soldiers were brave. The horse- 
 men's spurs are sharp. 
 
 SECTION VIM. 
 
 SOME IRREGULARITIES OF DECLENSION. 
 
 I. SUBSTANTIVES. 
 
 1. The following Nouns, of frequent occurrence, are irregular in 
 tlteir declension : — 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 N. <fc Voc. BSs, m. or f., an ox or cow. Bov-es, oxen. 
 
 Gen. Bov-is. Bo-um. 
 
 Dat. Bov-i. Bubus, or bobus. 
 
 Ace. Bov-era. Bov-es. 
 
 All. Bov-e. Bubus, or bobua. 
 
 (122) 3 
 
34 
 
 FIRST LATIN READER. 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 
 Plural. 
 
 y. & voc. 
 
 Jupiter, m., Jupiter. 
 
 
 
 Gen. 
 Bat. 
 Ace. 
 All. 
 
 N. & Voc. 
 
 J6v-is. 
 Jov-i. 
 Jov-em. 
 Jbv-e. 
 
 Sene*,* ra. or f., 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 an old man 
 
 Sen-es, old men or women 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Sen-is. 
 
 [or woman. 
 
 Sen-ttm. 
 
 Bat. 
 
 Sen-i. 
 
 
 Sen-ibus. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Sen-em, 
 
 
 Sen-es. 
 
 All. 
 
 Sen-e. 
 
 
 Sen-ibus. 
 
 Nom. Vis, f., strength. 
 
 
 VIr-es. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 (Vis, rare.) 
 
 
 Vir-ium. 
 
 Bat. 
 
 (Vi, rare.) 
 
 
 Vir-ibus. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Vim. 
 
 
 Vir-es. 
 
 Voc. 
 
 
 
 
 Vir-es. 
 
 All. 
 
 Vi. 
 
 
 Vir-ibus. 
 
 2. Respublica and jilsjurandum are compound words, res being 
 written continuously with the adjective publico,, and jus with the 
 gerundive (future participle pass.) jurandum. Each part of the 
 compound takes its own peculiar inflexion :— 
 
 Singular. Singular. 
 
 N. & Voc. Res-public-a, f., a republic. 
 Gen. Eei-public-ae. 
 Bat. Rei-public-ae. 
 Ace. Rem-public^am. 
 AU. Ee-public-a. 
 
 Plural. — Bes-publicae, &c 
 
 Jus-jurand-um, n., an oath. 
 
 Juris-jurand-i. 
 
 Juri-jurand-o. 
 
 Jus-jurand-um. 
 
 Jure-jurand-o. 
 
 3. Nix, fern., "snow," has the genitive niv-is, from which the 
 other cases are regularly declined. 
 
 4. In the Second Declension proper itames in -ius, and the two 
 Common Nouns filius and genius, make the vocative in -I, instead of 
 -ie: as, Appius, voc. Appl; filius, voc. fill. 
 
 5. Substantives in -ius and -ium occasionally made the genitive 
 3ingular in -*. instead of -ii ; as, oti for otii. 
 
 ,<knex is propeily an adjective. 
 
FIRST LATIN READER. 36 
 
 II. ADJECTIVES. 
 
 6. A few Adjectives make the genitive singular in -ius, and the 
 dative in -i; as, — 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Masc. Fem. Neut. 
 
 Norn. Un-us, one. XTn-a. TJn-um. 
 
 Gen. TJn-ius. . Un-ius. Un-itis. 
 
 Bat. Un-i. Un-i. tJn-i. 
 
 Ace. TJn-um. Un-am. Un-um. 
 
 Voc. TTn-e. Un-a, Un-um. 
 
 Abl. TJn-o. Un-a. XTn-o. 
 
 7. But the common forms of such adjectives, viz., -i in the geni- 
 tive, and -o in the dative, are occasionally used by certain writers. 
 The -i of the genitive singular is usually long. 
 
 8. In the same way are declined the following : — 
 
 Nullus, none. Neuter, neither of two. 
 
 Ullus, any. liter, which of two. 
 
 T5tus, ail, whole. Aiius, one {of many.) 
 
 Unus, one. Alter, one {of two), &c. 
 
 9. The plural of these words is regular, like bonus. 
 
 10. (Syntax) Rule XI. — Verbs and adjectives which signify 
 advantage or disadvantage, likeness or unlikeness, are followed by 
 a dative. 
 
 [That is, adjectives and verbs which, in English, ate followed by "to," 
 usually govern a dative in Latin: as, Like to his father, similis patri; 
 Useful to the state, utile reipublicae; Nocet amico, he does harm to his 
 friend. Thus, verbs signifying to give to, compare with, take away from, 
 hurt, resist, obey, &c, are followed by a dative.] 
 
 EXERCISE XV. 
 
 Vires leonis sunt ingentes. Senex est debilis artnis et morbo. 
 Multorum senum capilli sunt cani. Fulmina Jovis sunt malis* 
 inimica. Agricola laudat curva cornua boum. Agricolae servus 
 pabulum bubus dabat. Jupiter magna vi tonat. Agricolae omnes 
 Jovem magna voce invocant. In sepulchro pauper diviti part est. 
 Voluntas est inimica virtuti. Virtus civinm est salus reipublicre. 
 Caesar hastam validis viribus torquet. Vires virorum stint dispares. 
 
 * The substantive is often omitted in Latin, as in Enalish, when the adjective suf- 
 ficiently Indicates the meaning. So here, malis "to the wicked," persons being 
 undcrotood. f But pa?- sometimes governs the genitive. 
 
36 FIRST LATIN READER. 
 
 Pastor fidus jusjurandum non violabit. Pater meus jiirejurando 
 stat. Neutri consulum milites coronam dant. Principatum toth\3 
 Galliae obtinet Caesar. Alteri* divitiae, alteri ingentes vires sunt. 
 
 Tlie old men were teaching the boys. The priests will ornament 
 the heads of the oxen. The soldier was hurling the javelin with 
 powerful strength. The shepherds dread the lion's immense strength. 
 The soldier's mother was invoking Jupiter with a loud voice. The 
 wicked dread Jove's thunderbolts. The farmer's servant fills the 
 stall of the oxen with fodder. In the grave the poor are on au 
 equality with the rich. The exiles were hostile to the republic. 
 The slaves are preparing (to make) war against the republic. Tha 
 guide points out the temple of Jupiter to the old man. 
 
 SECTION IX. 
 
 COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 
 
 1. There are three Degrees of Comparison — the Positive, the 
 Comparative, and the Superlative. 
 
 2. The Positive degree is the simple adjective ; as, bonus, malus. 
 niger, alius. 
 
 3. General Rule. — To form the comparative and superlative 
 degrees, add -ior (-ior, /., -ius, n.) and -issimus (-a, /., -urn, n.), 
 respectively, to the stem of the positive; as, — 
 
 Positive. Comparative. Superlative. 
 
 Clar-us, clear. Clar-ior. Clar-issimus. 
 
 Saev-us, cruel. Saev-ior. Saev-issimus. 
 
 Grav-is, heavy. Grav-ior. Grav-issimus. 
 
 Lev-is, light. Lev-ior. Lev-issimus. 
 
 4. Exceptions: — 
 
 (I.) When the Positive ends in r, the Superlative takes 
 -rimus; as, — 
 
 Positive. Comparative. Superlative. 
 
 Tener, tender. Tener-ior. Tener-rimus. 
 
 Pulcher (stem pulchr-), fair. Pulchr-ior. Pulcher-rimus. 
 
 Acer (sfetn acr-), sharp. Acr-ior. Acer-rimus. 
 
 * Literally, "there are to Cite one;" t.e., "tlie one has." 
 
FIRST LATIN READER. 
 
 37 
 
 (2.) Six Adjectives, ending in -lis, take -limus in the Superlative; 
 
 Positive. 
 Facil-is, easy. 
 Gracil-is, slender. 
 Humil-is, low. 
 Simil-is, like. 
 Difficil-is, difficult. 
 Dissimil-is, unlike. 
 
 Comparative. 
 Faeil-ior. 
 Gracil-ior. 
 Humil-ior. 
 Simil-ior. 
 Difficil-ior. 
 Dissimil-ior 
 
 Superlative. 
 Facil-limus. 
 Gracil-limus. 
 Humil-limus. 
 
 Si mil-limns. 
 
 Difficil-limus. 
 
 Dissimil-limus. 
 
 (3.) Compound Adjectives ending in -dicus, -ftcus, and -volus, take 
 -entior and -entissimus, as if from Positives in ens; as, — 
 Positive. Comparative. Superlative. 
 
 Maledic-us, abusive. Maledicent-ior. Maledicent-issimua. 
 
 iVlalefic-us, vicious. Maleficent-ior. Maleficent-issimus. 
 
 Malevol-us, ill-disposed. Malevolent-ior. Malevolent-issimus. 
 
 tgen-us, needy. 
 Provid-us, foreseeing. 
 
 Egent-ior. 
 Provident-ior. 
 
 Egent-issimus. 
 Provident-issimus. 
 
 5. The following list contains those Irregular Comparatives and 
 Superlatives which most frequently occur : — 
 
 Positive. 
 
 Comparative. 
 
 Superlative. 
 
 Bonus, good. 
 
 Melior. 
 
 Optimus. 
 
 Mains, bad. 
 
 Pejor. 
 
 Pessimns. 
 
 Magnus, great. 
 
 Major. 
 
 Maximus. 
 
 Multus, much. 
 
 Plus. 
 
 Plurimus. 
 
 Parvus, small. 
 
 Minor. 
 
 Minimus. 
 
 Nequam, worthless. 
 
 Nequior. 
 
 Nequissimus. 
 
 Senex, an old man. 
 
 Senior. 
 
 Natu maximus, 
 
 Juvenis, a young man, 
 
 Junior. 
 
 Natu minimus. 
 
 6. A few Adjectives have two forms in the Superlative ; as, — 
 
 Extents, being outside. 
 Inferns, being under. 
 
 Posterus, being behind. 
 BupSrus, being above. 
 
 Exterior, outer. S Extremns, (sometimes 
 
 (. extimus,) the last. 
 Inferior, lower. Infimus, or Imus. 
 
 ( Postremus, the last; 
 ( Posterior , farther] and Postiimus, one 
 \ back, later. J born after his fa- 
 
 [ ther's death. 
 
 ( Supremus, the last (in 
 Superior, higher. < time); summus, tht 
 
 K hightst. 
 
38 
 
 FIRST LATIN READER. 
 
 7. A few have no proper Positive, but the positive stem appears in 
 adverbs or other indeclinable words ; as, — 
 
 Positive Stem. 
 
 Comparative. 
 
 
 Superlative 
 
 (Ante, before.) 
 
 Anterior. 
 
 
 - — 
 
 (Citra, on this side.) 
 
 Ulterior. 
 
 
 Citimns. 
 
 (De, down.) 
 
 Deterior. 
 
 
 Deterrimns. 
 
 (Intra, within.) 
 
 Interior. 
 
 
 Intlmus. 
 
 (owc^s, swift.) 
 
 Ocior. 
 
 
 Ocissimns. 
 
 (Pris, or prae, before.) 
 
 Prior. 
 
 
 Primns. 
 
 (Prope, near.) 
 
 Propior. 
 
 
 Proximus. 
 
 (Secus, otherwise. ) 
 
 Sequior, (n. 
 
 seqnius or 
 
 
 
 (Ultra, beyond.) 
 
 Ulterior. 
 
 [seems.) 
 
 Ultimus. 
 
 8. (Syntax) Rule XII. — The comparative degree governs t/te 
 ablative of the object with which comparison is instituted : as, Dulcior 
 melle, sweeter than honey; FUia pulchrior matre, a daughter more 
 beautiful than her mother. 
 
 EXERCISE XVL 
 
 Aurum gravius est argento. Argentum vilius est auro, virtutibus 
 aurura. Tullus Hostilius ferocior erat Romulo. Puella pulchrior est 
 pulcbra matre. Nihil est praestantius virtute. Nemo Romanorum 
 eloquentior erat Cicerone. Lupi ferociores sunt quani* canes. 
 Honesto {to the honourable man) carior est fides, quam pecunia. 
 Equus est celerior quam canis. Magister est doctissimus omnium. 
 Onus erat gravissimura. Hieme dies breviores sunt quam noctes. 
 Romam, urbem Italiae clarissimam, laudabat poeta. Filius major 
 est patre. Liberi parentibus sunt simillimi. Filia pulchra pulch- 
 errimae matri est simiUima. Lima minor est terra. Sol est max- 
 imus planetarum. Caesarem, et virum fortissimum, et imperatorem 
 summum, laudabunt posteri. Cura est ocior ventis. Portus erat 
 oeleberrimus. Juvenis erat nequissimus omnium aequalium. Hostes 
 extremum oppidum Sequanorum oppugnabant. Hieme pauperes 
 sunt egentissimi. Senem sapientissimum omnes amant. Gloria 
 populi Romani erat summa in re militari. 
 , , | 
 
 * When quam, "than," is expressed, the second substantive agrees with the first J 
 in case. 
 
I IKST LATIN READEll. 
 
 39 
 
 The boy was wiser than his sister. The work was very easy. 
 The works were very difficult. The girl was very naughty. The 
 sons were more fortunate than their parents. The girl is more slen- 
 der than her brother. Dogs are more sagacious than cats. In the 
 king's garden there are very sweet apples. The peacock's tail is very 
 splendid. In the forest beside the river there were very many poplar- 
 trees. The queen is the most wretched of all women. The bridge 
 is broader than the road. The lion's teeth are very strong. Cornelia 
 was the oldest of the sisters. The crane has a very long neck. Men 
 often dread the smallest evils. 
 
 SECTION X. 
 
 THE NUMERALS. 
 
 1. Most of the Numerals are in reality adjectives. The two prin- 
 cipal classes are the Cardinals and the Ordinals. Of the cardinals, 
 the first three are declinable, but from 4 up to 100 they are all inde- 
 clinable; from 200 to 1000 they are regularly declined, like the 
 plural of bonus. The ordinals are regular adjectives, like bonus. 
 
 2. For unus, see p. 35. 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fem. Neut 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fem. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 Nom. Du-o. 
 
 Du-ae. Du-o. 
 
 Tres. 
 
 Tres, 
 
 Tria. 
 
 Gen. Du-6rum. 
 
 Du-arum. Du-6rum. 
 
 Trium. 
 
 Trium. Trium. 
 
 Bat. Du-6bus. 
 
 Du-abus. Du-6bus. 
 
 Tribus. 
 
 Tribus. Tribus. 
 
 A cc. Du-5s. 
 
 Du-as. Du-o. 
 
 Tres. 
 
 Tres. 
 
 Tria. 
 
 Abl. Du-obus. 
 
 Du-abus. Du-obus. 
 
 Tribus. 
 
 Tribus. Tribus. 
 
 CARDINALS. 
 
 ORPINALS. 
 
 DISTRIBUTIVES. 
 
 MCLTIPLICA- 
 
 
 
 
 
 T1TES (ADT.) 
 
 1. Unus, una, un- 
 um, one. 
 
 > Piim-us, a, um, first. 
 
 ( Singuli, ae, a, ) 
 \ one each time. ) 
 
 Semel, once. 
 
 2. Duo, duae, duo 
 
 ( Se"cund-u,s, a, um, or \ 
 I alter. ] 
 
 BIni, ae, 
 
 a. 
 
 Bis. 
 
 3. TrSs, tres, trla. 
 
 Terttra. 
 
 Terni, or 
 
 trinl. 
 
 Tev. 
 
 4. Quatuor. 
 
 Quartus. 
 
 Qu&terai 
 
 
 Quater. 
 
 5. Quinque. 
 
 Quintus. 
 
 Qulni. 
 
 
 Quinqules 
 
 6. Sex. 
 
 Sextus. 
 
 SEni. 
 
 
 Sexies. 
 
 7. Septem. 
 
 Septimus. 
 
 SeptSni. 
 
 
 Septies. 
 
 8. Octo. 
 
 Octavus. 
 
 Octon|. 
 
 
 Octies. 
 
 9. NOvem. 
 
 NOnns. 
 
 Nflveni. 
 
 
 N6vies. 
 
 10. DScem. 
 
 Dgclmus. 
 
 DenL 
 
 
 Uficies. 
 
10 
 
 FIRST LATIN HEADER. 
 
 CARDINALS. 
 
 ORDINALS. 
 
 DISTRIBUTIVES. 
 
 MCLTIPLICA- 
 TIVE8 (ADV.) 
 
 11. Undecim. 
 
 Undecimus- 
 
 Undent 
 
 Un decies. 
 
 12. Duodecim. 
 
 Duodecimus. 
 
 DuodenL 
 
 Duodecies. 
 
 13. TrBdecim. 
 
 Tertius decimus. 
 
 Terni deni. 
 
 Terdecies. 
 
 14. Quatuordecim. 
 
 Quartus decimus. 
 
 Quaterni denL 
 
 Quaterdeciea 
 
 15. Quindecim. 
 
 Quintus decimus. 
 
 Qulni denL 
 
 Quinquiesdecie; 
 
 16. Sedeciin. 
 
 Sextus decimus. 
 
 Seni denL 
 
 ( Sexiesdecies, or 
 \ sedeciea. 
 
 17. Septendecim. 
 
 Septimus decimus. 
 
 Septeni denL 
 
 Septiesdeciea 
 
 18. DuodevigintL 
 
 DuodSvicesimus. 
 
 ( Octoni deni, or 
 \ duodeviceni. 
 
 Octiesdecies, or 
 duodevicies. 
 
 19. UndevigintL 
 
 Undevicesiinus. 
 
 \ KCveni deni, or 
 \ undevicenL 
 
 Noviesdecies, or 
 undevicies. 
 
 20. Viginti. 
 
 Vicesimus. 
 
 VicenL 
 
 Vicies. 
 
 21. Viginti unus. 
 
 Unus et vicesimus. 
 
 Vicer.i singulL 
 
 Semel et viciea 
 
 22. VIginti duo. 
 
 ( Alter et vicesimus, or \ „. . „ . 
 \ . . j M iceni binL 
 | vicesimus secundus. J 
 
 Bis et vicies. 
 
 30. Triginta. 
 
 I Tricesimus, or tri 
 \ gesimua, 
 
 J TricenL 
 
 Tricies. 
 
 40. Quadraginta. 
 
 Quadragesimus. 
 
 QuadraggnL 
 
 Qaadragies. 
 
 50. Quinquaginta. 
 
 Quinquagesimus. 
 
 QuinquagenL 
 
 Quinquagies. 
 
 60. Sexaginta. 
 
 Sexagesimus. 
 
 SexagenL 
 
 Sexagies. 
 
 70. Septuaginta. 
 
 Septuagesimus. 
 
 SeptuagenL 
 
 Septuagies. 
 
 80. Octoginta. 
 
 Octogesimus. 
 
 Octogeni. 
 
 Octogies. 
 
 90. Nonaginta. 
 
 Nonagesimus. 
 
 NonagenL 
 
 Nonaries. 
 
 100. Centum. 
 
 Centesimus. 
 
 Centeni. 
 
 Centies. 
 
 101. Centum et un- 
 
 us, or centum 
 unus. 
 
 102. Centum et duo 
 
 \ Centesimus primus. 
 ) 
 
 ( Centeni 6ing- 
 \ ulL 
 
 Centie« et 
 semeL 
 
 Centesimus secundus Ccntenl biuL 
 
 Centies et bis. 
 
 200. Ducenti, ae, a. 
 
 Duccntesimus. 
 
 Duccni. 
 
 Ducenti es. 
 
 300. Tricenti, ae. a. 
 
 Trecentesimua 
 
 TreceuL 
 
 Trecenties. 
 
 400. Quadringenti, 
 as, a. 
 
 !• Quadringentesimus. 
 
 QuadringenL 
 
 Quadringenties 
 
 500. Quingenti,ae, a 
 
 Quingentesimus. 
 
 QuingenL 
 
 Quingentiea. 
 
 600. Sexcenti, ae, a. 
 
 Sexccntesimus. 
 
 SexcenL 
 
 Sexcentiea 
 
 700. Septingenti,ae, 
 a. 
 
 \ Septingentesimus. 
 
 SeptingenL 
 
 Septingenties. 
 
 800. Octingenti, ae, 
 a. 
 
 > Octingentesimus. 
 
 OctiugenL 
 
 Octingenties. 
 
 900. Nongenti, ae, a. 
 
 Nongentesimus. 
 
 NongenL 
 
 Non centies. 
 
 1000. Mille, 
 
 Millesimus. 
 
 Singula millia. 
 
 Millies. 
 
 2000. Duo niillia, or 
 bis mille. 
 
 > Bis millesimus. 
 Decies millesimus. 
 
 Bina millia. 
 
 Bis millies. 
 
 10.000. Decern millia 
 
 Dena millia. 
 
 Decies millica 
 
 100,000. Centum millia. 
 
 Centies millesimus. 
 
 Centena millia. 
 
 Centies mttbm 
 
 For other Numerals, see Gram) 
 
FIRST LATIN READER. 41 
 
 SECTION XI. 
 
 THE PRONOUNS 
 
 1. A Pronoun is a word which is used to supply the place of a sub- 
 stantive, or to refer to some substantive going before or following. 
 
 I. SUBSTANTIVE OR PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 
 
 Singular. 
 1 Pers. 2 Pers. 3 Pers. 
 
 Norn. Ego, /. Tu, thou. 
 
 Gen. Mei, of me. Tui, of thee. Siii, of himself, dec 
 
 Dat. Mini, to or for me. Tibi, to or for thee. Sibi, to or for himself, 
 
 dc 
 Ace. Me, me. Te, thee, Se, himself, herself, 
 
 itself. 
 
 Voc. Tu, thou. 
 
 Abl. Me, with, by, from, Te, with, die., thee. Se, with himself, dec. 
 or in me. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Nom. Nos, we. Vos, ye or you. 
 
 (Jen. Nostri, or nostrum, Vestri, or vestrum, Siii, of themselves. 
 
 of us. of you. 
 
 Dat. Nobis, to or for us. Vobis, to or for you. Sibi, to or for them- 
 
 Ace. Nos, us. Vos, you. Se, themselves. 
 
 Voc. — Vos, ye or you. 
 
 Abl. Nobis, with, from, Vobis, with, from, Se, with, from, dec, 
 
 dec, us. doc, you. themselves. 
 
 2. Se is rather a reflexive pronoun than a personal, since it refers 
 to the subject of its own clause, or sometimes to the subject of the 
 principal clause. When a person or thing different from the subject 
 is referred to, him, his, &c, must be expressed by the proper case of 
 is, ea, ia; Me, ilia, illud; or hie, haec, hoc. Is, ea, id, is often used 
 as the substantive pronoun of third person. 
 
42 
 
 FIRST LATIN READER. 
 
 II. ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS. 
 
 3. (I.) The Possessive Pronouns are formed from the persona^ 
 and are regular adjectives, like bonus or tener: as, meus, mea, meum, 
 "my" or "mine;" tuus, tua, tuum, "thy" or "thine;" suits, sua, 
 suum, "his, hers, its, theirs;" noster, nostra, nostrum, "our;" 
 vester, vestra, oestrum, "your." Meus has the vocative singular 
 masculine mi. 
 
 4. (II.) The Adjunctive Pronoun ipse, "self," though sometimes 
 used as an emphatic personal pronoun, is generally attached to other 
 pronouns, or to substantives, to give additional emphasis. It is 
 declined as follows : — 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Neat 
 Ipsum, self. 
 Ipsius. 
 Ipsi. 
 Ipsum. 
 
 
 Mrsc. 
 
 Fem. 
 
 Norn 
 
 . Ipse. 
 
 Ipsa. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Ipsius. 
 
 Ipsius. 
 
 Dot. 
 
 Ipsi. 
 
 Ipsi. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Ipsum. 
 
 Ipsam. 
 
 Voc. ■ 
 
 Abl. Ipso. Ipsa. 
 
 Ipso. 
 
 
 Plural. 
 
 
 Mast 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Neat 
 
 Ipsi. 
 
 Ipsae. 
 
 Ipsa. 
 
 Ipsorum. 
 
 Ipsarum. 
 
 Ipsoruni 
 
 Ipsis. 
 
 Ipsis. 
 
 Ipsis. 
 
 Ipsos. 
 
 Ipsas. 
 
 Ipsa. 
 
 Ipsis. 
 
 Ipsis. 
 
 Ipsis. 
 
 5. (III.) A Demonstrative Pronoun draws special attention to an 
 object, or the description of an object. Hie, haec, hoc, "this," re- 
 fers to what is near the speaker, or to what has been most recently 
 mentioned ; ille, ilia, illud, " that," to what ii distant from the 
 speaker, or to what has been mentioned farther back : — 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Masc. Fem. Neut 
 
 Hi. Hae. Haec 
 
 Horum. Harum. Horum 
 
 His. His. His. 
 
 Hos. Has. Haec. 
 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fem. 
 
 Vent. 
 
 Xom 
 
 Hie. 
 
 Haec. 
 
 Hoc, this. 
 
 Gen, 
 
 Hujus. 
 
 Hujus. 
 
 Hujus. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Huic. 
 
 Huic. 
 
 Huic. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Hunc. 
 
 Hanc. 
 
 Hoc. 
 
 Voc. 
 
 
 
 
 Abl. 
 
 Hoc. 
 
 Hac. 
 
 Hoc. 
 
 His. 
 
 His. 
 
 His. 
 
 Nom. Ille. Ilia. Illud, that. 
 
 Gen. Illius. Illius. Illius. 
 
 Dot. Illi. Illi. Illi. 
 
 Ace. Ilium. Illam. Illud. 
 
 Voc. 
 
 Abl. Illo. Ilia. Illo. 
 
 Illi. Illae. Ilia. 
 
 Illorum. Illarum. Illorum 
 
 Illis. Illis. Hlis. 
 
 Illos. Illas. Ilia. 
 
 Illis. 
 
 Illis. 
 
 Illis. 
 
FIRST LATIN READER 
 
 43 
 
 6. Iste, ista, istud, " that of yours," has reference to the second 
 person. It is declined like Me, ilia, Mud. 
 
 7. Is, ea, id, " the person or thing before mentioned," is more of 
 a personal than demonstrative pronoun. It is very often equivalent 
 to " he, she, it." 
 
 Singular. 
 Masc. Fern. Neut. 
 
 Nom. Is. Ea. Id, this {here). 
 
 Gen. Ejus. Ejus. Ejus. 
 
 Bat. Ei. Ei. Ei. 
 
 Ace. Eum. Earn. Id. 
 
 Voc. 
 
 All. Eo. Ea. Eo. 
 
 
 Plural. 
 
 
 Masc 
 
 Fem. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 Ii. 
 
 Eae. 
 
 Ea. 
 
 Eorum. 
 
 Earuin. 
 
 Eorum. 
 
 lis or eis. 
 
 lis, eis. 
 
 lis, eis 
 
 Eos. 
 
 Eas. 
 
 Ea. 
 
 lis or eis. lis, eis. lis, eis. 
 
 ■ 8. Idem, eadem, idem, " the same," is mao^e up of is, ea, id, and 
 the suffix -dem. 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 
 Masc, 
 
 Fem. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 Nom. Idem, the same. 
 
 Eadem. 
 
 Idem. 
 
 Gen. Ejusdem. 
 
 Ejusdem. 
 
 Ejusdem 
 
 Bat. Eidem. 
 
 Eidem. 
 
 Eidem. 
 
 Ace. Eundem. 
 
 Voc. 
 
 AU. ESdem. 
 
 Eandem. 
 
 Idem. 
 
 Eadem. 
 
 Ecdem. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Nom. Iidem. Eaedem. 
 
 Gen. Eprundem. Earundem. 
 
 Bat. Iisdem or eisdem. Iisdem, &c. 
 
 Ace. Eosdem. Easdem. 
 
 Voc. 
 
 AU. Iisden* or eisdem. Iisdem, &c. 
 
 Eadem. 
 Eorundem. 
 Iisdem, &c. 
 Eadem 
 
 Iisdem, &c. 
 
 9. (IV.) The Relative Pronoun qui, quae, quod, "who," "which," 
 refers to a noun (called the " antecedent") in a foregoing clause. The 
 compound, quicunque,quaecunque, quodcunque, signifies "whoever," 
 " whichever," and is declined like qui, quae, quod, the suffix -cunquc 
 being attached to the several cases. 
 
u 
 
 FIRST LATIN READER. 
 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 
 
 Plural. 
 
 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Kent 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fein. 
 
 Kent 
 
 Som 
 
 .Qui. 
 
 Quae. 
 
 Quod. 
 
 Qui. 
 
 Quae. 
 
 Quae. 
 
 Gen, 
 
 Cujus. 
 
 Cujus. 
 
 Cujus. 
 
 Quorum. 
 
 Quarum. 
 
 Quorum 
 
 Bat, 
 
 Cui. 
 
 Cui. 
 
 Cui. 
 
 Quibus. 
 
 Quibus. 
 
 Quibus. 
 
 Ace. 
 Voc. 
 Abl. 
 
 Quern. 
 
 Quam. 
 
 Quod. 
 
 Quos. 
 
 Quas. 
 
 Quae. 
 
 Quo. 
 
 Qua. 
 
 Quo. 
 
 Quibus. 
 
 Quibus. 
 
 Quibus. 
 
 10. (V.) The Interrogative Pronoun quis, quae, quod or quid 
 who," " which," " what," differs but slightly from the Relative :— 
 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 
 
 1'lural. 
 
 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Neat 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Keut 
 
 Worn 
 
 . Quis. 
 
 Quae. 
 
 Quod or quid. 
 
 Qui. 
 
 Quae. 
 
 Quae. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Cujus. 
 
 Cujus. 
 
 Cujus. 
 
 Quorum. 
 
 Quarum. 
 
 Quorum 
 
 Bat, 
 
 Cui. 
 
 Cui. 
 
 Cui. 
 
 Quibus. 
 
 Quibus. 
 
 Quibus. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Quern. 
 
 Quam. 
 
 Quod or quid. 
 
 Quos. 
 
 Quas. 
 
 Quae. 
 
 Voc. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Abl. 
 
 Quo. 
 
 Qua. 
 
 Quo. 
 
 Quibus. 
 
 Quibus. 
 
 Quibus. 
 
 11. Qui, quae, quod, the other Interrogative, is declined exactly 
 as the Relative. 
 
 12. (VI.) The Indefinite Pronouns are for the most part compounds. 
 Those of common occurrence are quis, quae, quod or quid, " some 
 one," " any one," declined as the interrogative : aliquis, aliqua, ali- 
 quod or aliquid, "some one;" quidam, quaedam, quoddam or 
 quiddam, " a certain one," " some one or other ;" quisquam, quae- 
 quam, quidquam or quicquam, "anyone;" quicunque, quaecunque, 
 quodcunque, " whosoever," &c. &c. Observe that aliquis, siquis, 
 and ecquis have the nominative singular feminine in a, not ae. 
 
 13. The present indicative of the verb " to le" is declined as 
 follows : — 
 
 Sing. — Sum, / am, 
 Plur.— Sumus, ice are. 
 
 £s, thou art. 
 Estis, you are. 
 
 Est, he is. 
 Sunt, Giey arc. 
 
 14. (Syntax) Rule XIII. — The relative, qui, quae, quod, agrees 
 with its antecedent in gender, number, and person : as, Miles, 
 quern laudas, est fortis ; Mulieres, quas vides, graciles sunt ; Oarmina, 
 quae canto, sunt nova. 
 
PIRST LATIN READER. it 
 
 EXERCISE XVII. 
 
 Pater meus te amat. Soror tua mihi dabat pecuniam. Mi pater, 
 te laudo. Libros meos servus mihi (for me) portat. Mater tua me 
 uon laudabit. Ego te amo, sed mater mea te non amat. Quis me 
 vocat ? Quern times ? Quos deos invocas ? Ipse me laudo. Ego 
 sum pastor, tu es latro. Stultus sibi est inimicus. Pueri inertes 
 se non amant. Ille dies erat tristissimus. Haec nox est laetissima. 
 Miles quern laudas fidem non servat. Omnes nobismet* inimici 
 sumus. Ego et frater ambulamus. Sunt mihif quatuor equi et 
 quinque canes. Omnia;}: mea" mecum § porto. Haec carmina quae 
 laudas sunt gratissima mihi. Quid est praestantius virtute 1 Istum 
 amicum laudo. Ista poemata sunt nobis grata. Omnia animalia 
 quae sanguinem habent, cor habent. Horum omnium fortissimi sunt 
 Belgae. Sorores tuae mecum in horto ambulabant. Vos vobiscum 
 pugnatis. Cui coenam paras ? Quid est nequius aut turpius ? 
 Milites quos laudas jurejurando non stant. Quem deorum non 
 invocabis ? 
 
 They will praise us. Covetous men are hostile to themselves. We 
 are wretched ; you are happy. My father will give me useful books. 
 That book of yours is smaller than mine. This slave is active ; that 
 one is idle. My sister and I \say, I and my sister] were walking 
 about in our fathef s garden. The fault is ours. My son and I are 
 hastening to the city. The farmer gives us bread and milk. 
 Those slaves whom you praise are most worthless. The one boy is 
 diligent ; the other is idle. On the same day the cavalry of the 
 Romans rout the enemy. All of us do not praise the same things. 
 What was the cause of the war? Who is tending the wounded 
 soldiers ? These apples are sweet ; those are sour. Our native 
 land is dear to us. They are good citizens who adorn the state 
 by their military-glory, and their own homes by their virtues. 
 
 * The syllable met, " self," is often added to the different cases of the personal 
 pronouns, to make them more emphatic. It is not added, however, to the genitive 
 plural, or to the nominative and vocative singular of tu. 
 
 t Literally, " there are to me ;" i.e., " I have." 
 
 t Adjectives often stand without substantives, when the meaning is readily dis- 
 covered from the* context. Here omnia and mea are neuter plural, and we therefore 
 supply in English the word "things," or "goods." 
 
 5 When the preposition cum governs me, te, se, nobis, vobis, it is attached to the 
 pronoun, so that the two form one word ; as, mecum, tecum, nobiscum, vobiscum, Ac. 
 
46 FIRST LATIN READER. 
 
 SECTION XM. 
 THE VERB. 
 
 1. A Verb is that part of speech which is Used to make an asser- 
 tion about something. 
 
 2. Verbs are divided into two classes, according to their meaning,— 
 
 (1.) Transitive, in which the action or feeling is represented 
 as passing over to some object ; as, I strike the dog ; 
 He loves his -father. 
 
 (2.) Intransitive, in which (a) the action or feeling is repre- 
 sented as not passing over to an object, but as confined 
 to the subject ; as, / run, T walk, I reflect ; or in 
 which (t) a state or condition is expressed ; as, / am, 
 1 stand, I rejoice. 
 
 3. Verbs have two voices — the Active and the Passive. 
 
 4. The forms of the Active Voice indicate that the subject of the 
 sentence represents the doer of the action expressed by the verb ; as, 
 The boy strikes the dog. 
 
 5. The forms of the Passive Voice indicate that the subject of 
 the sentence represents the object of the action expressed by the verb ; 
 as. The dog is struck by the boy. 
 
 6. There are four Moods— Indicative, Subjunctive, Imperative, 
 and infinitive. 
 
 7. Besides these there are three other forms, which partake partly 
 of the nature of the verb, and partly of that of the noun : (1.) The 
 Participle, which is a verbal adjective,— as, amans, declined like 
 sapiens (p. 32) ; and amaturus, -a, -u?n* like bo?ius, -a, -urn : 
 (2.) The Supine, which is a verbal substantive of the Fourth De- 
 clension, having an accusative and an ablative case : and (3.) The 
 Gerund, which is a verbal substantive. 
 
 8. Tense means time. Verbs have six Tenses. Three of these, 
 the Present, Perfect, and Future, are called principal or leading 
 tenses, as they represent the three great divisions of time, the pres- 
 ent, the past, and the future. The other three, the Imperfect, Plu- 
 perfect, and Future Perfect, are called secondary tenses. The Perfect 
 
 * The student will observe, in the Table of the Verb, that, in the Active Voice, 
 the participle of past time is wanting. The defect is remedied by what is called the 
 ablative absolute, or by a relative clause, introduced usually by guum. 
 
FIRST LATIN READER. 47 
 
 Tense serves not only as a proper Perfect, I have written, but also as 
 an Indefinite (aorist) Tense, 1 wrote. 
 
 9. Three tenses, the Present, Imperfect, and Future, represent 
 an action as incomplete ; and three, the Perfect, Pluperfect, and 
 Future Perfect, represent it as completed. 
 
 10. There are two Numbers, Singular and Plural ; and three Per- 
 sons in each Number. 
 
 11. Verbs are divided, according to their stems and inflexions, 
 into four classes, called Conjugations, which are distinguished by the 
 termination of the present infinitive ; thus, — 
 
 I. The First Conjugation has -are', as Smarg, to love. 
 II. The Second . < . -erg, as monere, to warn. 
 
 III. The Third . . . -erS, as lege're', to choose. 
 
 IV. The Fourth . * . -ire, as audire', to hear. 
 
 12. The stem of amare is, properly speaking, ama-; of monere, 
 mone-; and of audire, audi-; but for convenience in conjugation, 
 and for the purpose of avoiding confusion, the four classes are printed 
 uniformly as if the stem of each ended in a consonant, — i.e., as if 
 am- were the stem of amare, mon- of monere^ and aud- of audire, 
 as leg- is of legSre. 
 
 13. While ama-j as seen in the present imperative, is the primary 
 and proper stem of the whole verb, it will be found advantageous to 
 make use of certain secondary stems appearing in different tenses of 
 the verb. Thus, while ama- or am- is the stem of all presents and 
 imperfects, dmav- (perfect) may be taken as a secondary stem run- 
 ning through all the perfects and pluperfects ; and amat-, occurring 
 in supines, future participles, and future subjunctives. 
 
 14. Thus there are four parts of the verb, which exhibit all the 
 possible stems (primary and secondary), namely, the present indica- 
 tive, perfect indicative, supine, and present infinitive. These are 
 called the principal parts, because when they are once known every 
 other form of the verb may be readily ascertained. 
 
 Ohs. — In the following Tables of Verbs, all the parts of the same Mood 
 are on the same column, and the same Tense extends across the 
 Table. It will also be observed, that the three incomplete tenses come 
 together, and have the same stem; that the three complete tenses 
 are likewise together; and that these two classes of tenses are separ- 
 ated by a double line. The Leading Tenses are printed in bold 
 type, to give them due prominence. To these some Teachers may 
 prefer to confine the attention of boys, in the first instance. 
 
48 
 
 FIRST LATIN READER. 
 
 SECTION XIII.— REGULAR 
 
 ACTIVE 
 
 Principal Parts — Amo, Amavi, 
 
 INDICATIVE. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 PRES.—(I love, or I am loving, &c.) 
 
 (I may love, or I may be loving, <fcc.) 
 
 S. Am-o, Am-as, Am-at 
 
 Am-em, Am-es, Am-et 
 
 P. Am-amiis, Am-atis, Amant 
 
 Am-emus, Am-etis, Am-ent 
 
 IMPERF.—(l was loving, <fcc.) 
 
 (I might, could, would, or should be 
 
 
 loving, <fec) 
 
 S. Am-abam, Am-abas, Am-abat 
 
 Am-arem, Am-ares, Atn-aret 
 
 P. Am-abamus, Am-abatis, Am- 
 
 Am-aremus, Am-aretis, Am-arent 
 
 abant 
 
 
 FUT.—{\ shall or will love, or be loving, 
 
 (I may be about to love, «fec.) 
 
 &c.) 
 
 
 S. Am-abo, Am-abis, Am-abit 
 
 Amaturus sim,* Amaturus sis, 
 
 
 Amaturus sit 
 
 P. Am-abimiis, Am-abitis, Am- 
 
 Amaturi simus, Amaturi sitis, 
 
 abunt 
 
 Amaturi sint 
 
 PERF.—l have loved, <fec, or I loved, <fec.) 
 
 (I may have loved, <fec.) 
 
 S. Amav-i, Amav-isti, Amav-it 
 
 Amav-erim, Amav-eris, Amav» 
 
 
 erit 
 
 P. Amav-imus, Amav-istis, Am- 
 
 Amav-erimus, Amav-eritis, Am- 
 
 av-erunt, or ere 
 
 av-erint 
 
 PLUPERF.—Q. had loved, &c.) 
 
 (I might, could, would, ox - should 
 
 
 have loved, &c) 
 
 S. Amav-eram, Amav-eras, Am- 
 
 Amav-issem, Amav-isses, Amav- 
 
 av-erat 
 
 isset 
 
 P. Aniav-eramus, Amav-eratis, 
 
 Amav-issemus, Amav-issetis, Am- 
 
 Amav-erant 
 
 av-issent 
 
 FUT. PEEF.—(1 shall have loved, <fcc.) 
 
 
 S. Am£v-ero, Amav-eris, Amav- 
 
 
 erit 
 
 
 
 P. Amav-erimus, Amav-erltis, 
 
 
 Amav-orint 
 
 
 SUPINES. 
 
 1st, Amat-um, to lore. 
 2d, Ama-tu, to be loved. 
 
 * The pupil will refer to verb sum, Sectio T XVI L 
 
FIRST LATIN READER. 49 
 
 VERBS — FIRST CONJUGATION. 
 
 VOICE. 
 
 Amatum, Amare, to love. 
 
 1MPKRATIVE. 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 PARTICIPLE. 
 
 (Love thou, &c) 
 — , Am-a 
 — , Am-ate 
 
 (To love.) 
 Am-are 
 
 (Loving.) 
 
 Am-ans, -axis, -ans [&c. 
 Am-antis,-antis,-antis 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (Tliou shalt love, &c.) 
 — , Am-ato, Am-ato 
 
 — , Am-atote, Am- 
 anto 
 
 (To be about to love.) 
 
 Amat-urum*) 
 
 uram > esse 
 
 urum ) 
 
 [See Fut. Participle.] 
 
 (About to love.) 
 
 Amat-urus, -uri 
 Amat-ura, -urae 
 Amat-urum, -uri, &c. 
 
 [From stem of supine.] 
 
 ■ 
 
 (To have loved, <tec.) 
 Amav-isse 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 GEKUNl). 
 Ace. Amand-um, loving. 1 Dal, Amand-o, to or for loving. 
 Gen. Amand-i, of loving. Ahl. Amand-o, by, from, or in loving. 
 
 * In the compound Inflr 
 found in the accusative cas 
 [122) 
 
 itive the Participle (amah 
 e, and it is therefore so prir 
 
 4 
 
 irus, <fec.) is most frequently 
 ted in the Tables. 
 
50 
 
 FIR3T LATIN READER. 
 
 REGULAR VERBS.- 
 
 PASSIVB 
 
 Principal Parts — Amor, Amatus 
 
 INDICATIVE. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 PRES. — (I am loved, <fec.) 
 
 (I may be loved, Jkc) 
 
 S. Am-or, Am-aris {or -are), Am- 
 
 Am-er, Am-eris {or -ere), Am- 
 
 atur 
 
 etur 
 
 P. Am-amur, Am-amini, Am- 
 
 Am-emur, Am-emini, Am-entur 
 
 antur 
 
 
 IMPERF.—{\ was [being] loved, <fec.) 
 
 (I might or should be loved, <fec) 
 
 S. Am-abar, Am-abaris [or -abare), 
 
 Am-arer, Am-areris [or -arere\ 
 
 Am-abatur 
 
 Am-aretur 
 
 P. Am-abamur, Am-abamini, Am- 
 
 Am-aremur, Am-aremini, Am- 
 
 abantur 
 
 arentnr 
 
 FUT.—Q. shall or will be loved, 
 
 
 <fcc.) 
 
 
 S. Am-abor, Am-aberis, {or 
 
 
 -abere), Am-abitur 
 
 * 
 
 P. Am-abimur, Am-abimini, Am- 
 
 
 abuntui" 
 
 
 PERF.—(l was, or I have been, loved, 
 
 (I may have been loved, <kc) 
 
 &c) 
 
 
 S. Amat-us (-a, -urn) sum, Amat- 
 
 Amat-us (-a, -um) sim, Amat-us 
 
 us es, Amat-us est 
 
 sis, Amat-us sit 
 
 P. Amat-i (-ae, -a) sumus, Amat-i 
 
 Amat-i (-ae, -a\ simus, Amat-i 
 
 estis, Amat-i sunt 
 
 sitis, Amat-i sint 
 
 PLUPERF.—Q. had been loved, <fcc) 
 
 (I might or should have been loved. <tcJ 
 
 S. Amat-us eram, Amat-us eras, 
 
 Amat-us essem, Amat-us esse?. 
 
 Amat-us, erat 
 
 Amat-us esset 
 
 P. Amat-i eramus, Amat-i eratis, 
 
 Amat-i essemns, Amat-i e ; 
 
 Amat-i erant 
 
 Amat-i essent 
 
 FUT. PERF.—<J shall have been loved, 
 
 
 <fcc) 
 
 
 S. Amat-us ero, Amat-us eris, 
 
 
 Amat-us erit 
 
 
 
 P. Amat-i erimus, Amat-i erltis, 
 
 
 Amat-i erunt 
 
 
 * It will be observed that in the Pitsaice 
 
FIRST LATIN READER. 
 
 51 
 
 FIRST CONJUGATION. 
 
 VOICE. 
 
 sum, Amari, to be loved. 
 
 
 IMPERATIVE. 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 PARTICIPLE. 
 
 (Be thou loved, &c.) 
 — , Am-are 
 
 - , Am- amini 
 
 (To be loved.) 
 Ama-ri 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 (Thou shalt be loved, 
 
 Ac.) 
 
 --, Am-ator, Am-ator 
 
 — , Am-abimini, Am* 
 alitor 
 
 (To be about to be loved, 
 &c.) 
 
 Amat-um Iri 
 
 (Deserving or requiring to 
 
 be loved.) 
 Am-andus, -anda, 
 
 -andum 
 Am-andi, -andae, 
 
 -andi, &c. 
 
 
 (To have been loved.) 
 Amat-um ) 
 
 (Loved, or having been 
 loved.) 
 
 Amat-us, -a, -um 
 Amat-i, -ae, -i, &c. 
 
 
 
 
 
 ! 
 
 -^__ 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 J 
 
 Voice there is no Present P 
 
 irticiple. 
 
 
52 FIRST LATIN" READER. 
 
 1. (Syntax) Rule XIV. — Verbs of giving, declaring, and taking 
 away, govern the dative with the accusative : as, Poeta dat carmiDa 
 reginae, the poet gives verses to the queen; Puer rem omnem patri 
 indicavit, the boy declared the whole matter to his father. 
 
 2. The indicative mood is used to state facts. 
 
 3. The subjunctive mood is used to express what is conceived 
 as possible, or contingent on circumstances. It is often used for the 
 imperative, especially in the present tense. 
 
 EXERCISE XVIII. 
 
 Pastor parat insidias lupo. Puellae, quas laudas, ad mediam noc- 
 tem saltabant. Aquilae volabunt ad astra. Agricola cum servis 
 suis coenaverat. Hostes silvas nocte occupaverunt. Pater meus id 
 curaverat. Vos rogaveratis ; ego recusavi. Si hostes occupaverint 
 silvas, nostros equites facile fugabunt. Pueri, parentes amate. Si 
 quis rem magistratui indicaverit, mercedem impetrabit magnam. 
 Omnes servi panem humeris portabant. Pueri, pilas secum portantes, 
 in agros ex urbe festinabant. Festinate, puellae, ut collera occu- 
 petis. Servus, ignem portans, per fomm festinavit. Multos lepores 
 necavimus. Quot hostium necavistis ? Duri agricolae, nudi arate. 
 Milites scalas secum portant, ut urbem facile intrant* Milites 
 scalas secum portabant, ut urbem facile intrarent.* Xautae, panem 
 secum portantes, per undas ad navem nabunt. Milites frumentum 
 in castra secum portanto. Omne frumentum vobiscum ne portetis. 
 Cervus laudavit ramosa cornua, nimiam tenuitatem crurum vituper- 
 avit. Cives cum civibus de virtute certabanfc. 
 
 Give me bread. The forces of the enemy were hastening through 
 the island. The poet gave a letter to the queen. The wolves will 
 lay {prepare) snares for the sheep. The master had called-on his 
 slave. Why do you call on the slave ? The messenger points out 
 the way to the general. The servant wis preparing medicine for his 
 master. Let us take a walk in the garden. The farmer rides 
 through his fields. The farmer used-to-ride (impert) through his fields 
 every day. The master often praised his pupils. When Caesar had 
 entered the city, the citizens, with many tears, obtained peace. The 
 husbandman sailed over the fields which he had lately ploughed. 
 
 * Observe that, as a general rule, when the verb of the leading clause u 
 present or future time, the verb of the subordinate clause is in the present or future 
 subjunctive; and that when the verb of the leading clause expresses past time, the 
 verb of the secondary clause is In a past tense of the subjunctive. 
 
FIRST LATIN READER. 53 
 
 4. (Syntax) Rule XV. — The word expressing the agent is, after 
 passive verbs, usually put in the ablative with a or ab ; as, Pueri 
 laudantur a magistro, the boys arc 'praised by the master. (See 
 Rule IX., p. 21.) 
 
 5. But the agent is sometimes put in the dative without a preposition ; 
 
 and sometimes in the accusative, with }:er, more especially after 
 active verbs. 
 
 EXERCISE XIX. 
 Pueri boni a magistro laudantur. Tu laudaris a me. Insidiae 
 lupo parantur. Ager arabitur. Laudamur a rege. Auxilium a 
 legato rogabatur. Nostri equites ab hostibus sunt fugati. Filia 
 pulchra a matre amabatur. Medicina a servo paretur. Miles gladio 
 est vulneratus. Laudat me, ut laudetur a me. Montes occupati 
 erant ab Jhostibus. Bestiae turbantur voce aselli. Inutilis erat rex, 
 qui fuerat datus. Mandata furtim Mercurio dantur ad Jovem. 
 Graculus Pavonum rostris fugatus est. Laudamini a magistris. 
 Fac* ut lauderis a magistro. Facite ut laudemini a magistro. 
 Operam dedit puer, ut a patre laudaretur. Primam partem tollo, 
 quia nominor leo. Donum puero datum est. Dona puero data 
 sunt. Persae solem adorant. Caesar ab hibernis in Italiam 
 maturans, legatos convocat. Copiae a Cassio revocantur. Insidiae 
 latroni parentur. Domina blanda a servis suis est amata. Milites 
 dueenti in praelio vulnerati erant. Quingenti equites in pugna apud 
 Philippos sunt vulnerati. Caesar bellum per legatos suos gessit. 
 Fur non est amandus. Laudabat amicum, ut ab amico laudaretur. 
 
 Bread is given to the dogs. The road is pointed out to the 
 general by the shepherd. Corn will be brought into the camp by 
 the Gauls. Many hares had been killed during the winter. The 
 kind master will be loved by his pupils. You will be loved by your 
 friends. The farmer's daughters had been praised by the queen. 
 Snares had been laid for Caesar. The poet was praised by the king. 
 The king was killed by an arrow. The husbandman is asked about 
 his children. The house was built during summer. The temple 
 was built by the king's orders. We were freed from fear. The 
 temples of the gods were built by the people. Letters were given to 
 the messenger for the general. The j ackdaw will be beaten off by the 
 peacocks. The jackdaw will be beaten off by the beaks of the peacocks. 
 
 * Fac {or facite) ut, " see that" 
 
54 
 
 FIEST LATIN FvEADER. 
 
 SECTION XIV.— REGULAR 
 
 ACTIVE 
 
 Principal Parts — MSneo, Monfti, 
 
 INDICATIVE. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 PRES.—Q. advise, &c) 
 S. Mon-eo, Mon-es, Mon-et 
 P. Mon-emus, Mon-etis, Mon-ent 
 
 (I may advise, <fcc.) 
 Mon-eam, Mon-eas, Mon-eat 
 
 Mon-eamus , Mon-eatis, Mon-eant 
 
 IMPERF.—(l was advising, &c) 
 S. Mon-ebam, Mon-ebas, Mon-ebat 
 P. Mon-ebamus, Mon-ebatis, Mon- 
 
 ebant 
 
 (I might, could, <fcc, be advising, <fcc.) 
 Mon-erem, Moij-eres, Mon-eret 
 Mon-eremus, Mon-eretis, Mon- 
 erent 
 
 FUT.—a shall or will advise, *c) 
 S. Mon-ebo, Mon-ebis, Mon-ebit 
 
 P. Mon-ebimus, Mon-ebltis, Mon- 
 ebunt 
 
 (I may be about to advise, <fcc.) 
 Monlturas sira, Moniturus sis, 
 
 Moniturus sit 
 Mouituri simus, Monitori sitis, 
 
 Monituri sint 
 
 PERF.—(l have advised, &c.) 
 S. Monu-i, Monu-isti, Monu-it 
 
 P. Monu-Imus,Monu-istis,Monu- 
 erunt, or Monu-ere 
 
 (I may have advised, <fcc) 
 Monu-erim, Monu-eris, Monu- 
 
 erit 
 Monu-erimus. Monu-erftis, 
 
 Monu-erint 
 
 PLUPERF.-(l had advised, &c.) 
 S. Monu-eram, Monu-eras, Monu- 
 
 erat 
 P. Monu-eramus, Monu-eratis, 
 Monu-erant 
 
 (I might, could, <fcc., have advised, &c) 
 Monu-issem, Monu-isses, Monu- 
 
 isset 
 Monu-issem us, Monu-issetis, Monu- 
 
 issent 
 
 FUT. PERF.—Q. shall have advised, &c) 
 S. Monu-ero, Monu-eris, Monu-erit 
 P Monu-erimus, Monu-eritis, 
 Monu-erint 
 
 SUPINE. 
 
 1st, Monit-um, to advise. 
 2d, Momt-u, to be advised- 
 
FIRST LATIN READER. 
 
 5& 
 
 VERBS— SECOND CONJUGATION. 
 
 VOICE. 
 
 Monitum, Monere, to advise. 
 
 IMPERATIVE. 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 PARTICIPLE. 
 
 (Advise thou, <fcc.) 
 — , Mon-e 
 — -, Mon-ete 
 
 (To advise.) 
 Mon-ere 
 
 (Advising.) 
 Mon-ens, -entis, &c. 
 Mon-ens, -entis 
 Mon-ens, -entis 
 
 
 
 - — 
 
 
 
 (Thou shalt advise, <fec.) 
 
 — , Mon-eto, Mon-eto 
 
 (To be about to advise.) 
 Monit-urum \ 
 
 (About to advise.) 
 Monit-urus, -uri, &c. 
 Monit-ura, -urae 
 Monit-urum, -uri 
 [From stem of supine.] 
 
 — , Mon-etote, Mon- 
 ento 
 
 
 [See Fut. Participle.] 
 
 
 
 (To have advised, <fcc.) 
 
 Monii-isse 
 
 
 
 — ■ 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 T 
 
 
 Ace. Monend-um, advising. 
 
 Gen. Monend-i, of advising. 
 
 J) at. Monend-o, to or for advising. 
 
 All. Monend-o, by, from, or in advising. 
 
56 
 
 FIRST LATIN READER. 
 
 REGULAR VERBS.— 
 
 PASSIVE 
 
 Principal Parts — Monoor, Monitus 
 
 INDICATIVE. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 
 PRE&— (I am advised, <fec ) 
 
 (I may be advised, <fec.) 
 
 s. 
 
 Mon-eor, Mon-eris, (or -ere,) 
 
 Mon-ear, Mon-earis, (or -eare,) 
 
 
 Mon-etur 
 
 Mon-eatur 
 
 p. 
 
 Mon-emur, Mon-enrini, Mon- 
 
 Mon-eamur, Mon-eamini, Mon- 
 
 
 entur 
 
 eantur 
 
 
 TMPERF.—{1 was advised, «fcc) 
 
 (I might or should be advised, &c) 
 
 8. 
 
 Mon-ebar, Mon-ebaris, (or 
 
 Mon-erer, Mon-ereris, (or -erere,) 
 
 
 -ebare,) Mon-ebatur 
 
 Mon-eretur 
 
 P. 
 
 Mon-ebamur, Mon-ebamini, 
 
 Mon-eremur, Mon-eremini, Mon- 
 
 
 Mon-ebantur 
 
 erentur 
 
 FUT.—(l shall or will be advised, «kc) 
 
 
 s. 
 
 Mon-ebor, Mon-eberis, (or 
 
 
 
 -ebere,) Mon-ebitur 
 
 ~~~~~ 
 
 p. 
 
 Mon-ebimur, Mon-ebmuni, 
 Mon-ebuntur 
 
 
 
 PERF.- (I have been advised, <fcc) 
 
 (I may have been advised, <fec) 
 
 s. 
 
 Monit-us (-a, um) sura, Monit- 
 
 Monit-us (-a, -um) sim, Monit-us 
 
 
 us es, Monit-us est 
 
 sis, Monit-us sit 
 
 p. 
 
 Monit-i sumus, Monit-i estis, 
 
 Monit-i simus, Monit-i sitis. 
 
 
 Monit-i sunt 
 
 Monit-i sint 
 
 PLUPERR—Q. had been advised, &c ) 
 
 (I might or should have been advised, 
 
 
 
 <fcc.) 
 
 8. 
 
 Montt-us eram, Monit-us era*. 
 
 Monit-us essem, Monit-us 
 
 
 Monit-us erat 
 
 Monit-us esset 
 
 P. 
 
 Monit-i eramus, Monit-i erati-:, 
 
 Monit-i essemus, Monit-i esseti?, 
 
 
 Monit-i erant 
 
 Monit-i essent 
 
 
 FIT. PERF.—Q. shall have beep 
 
 
 
 advised, &c) 
 
 
 S. 
 
 Monit-us ero, Monitus eri?, 
 Monit-us erit 
 
 
 P. 
 
 Monit-i erlmus, Monit-i, eritis. 
 Monit-i erunt 
 
 
FIRST LATIN READER. 
 
 57 
 
 SECOND CONJUGATION. 
 
 VOICE. 
 
 sum, Moneri, to be advised. 
 
 IMPERATIVE. 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 PARTICIPLE. 
 
 (Be thou advised, «fcc.) 
 
 — , Mon-ere 
 — , Mone-mini 
 
 (To he advised.) 
 
 Mon-eri 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (Thou shalt be advised, 
 &c.) 
 
 — ,Mon-etor, Mon-etor 
 
 — , Mon-ebimini, Mon- 
 entor 
 
 (To be about to be 
 advised.) 
 Monit-um iri 
 
 (Deserving or requiring 
 
 to be advised.) 
 Mon-endus, -enda, 
 -endum 
 
 Mon-endi, -endae, 
 -endi, &c. 
 
 
 (To have been advised.) 
 Monit-um ) 
 
 (Advised, or having been 
 advised.) 
 
 Monit-us, -a, -urn 
 Monit-i, ae, i, &c. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 - — 
 
58 FIRST LATIN HEADER. 
 
 1. (Syntax) Rule XVI. — Substantives which stand in apposi- 
 tion to one another agree in case; as, Romam, urbem Italiae, Rome^ 
 a city of Italy. 
 
 EXERCISE XX. 
 
 Servus poculum vino implet. Servus poculum domino implebat. 
 Agricola nudo capite in horto ambnlabat. Sacci tument multo hordeo. 
 Latrones mulum ferro sauciant. Vacuus viator non timet latrones. 
 Mula spoliata casus flevit suos. Graculus superbus segregi pavonum 
 formoso immiscuit. Ferox lupus agnum nece injusta laceravit. 
 Agna, superior stans, sic lupo respondit. Canis per flumen natans, 
 simulacram suum in speculo lympharum vidit. Canes cibum ore 
 tenebant. Pater deorum risit, atque ranis regem dedit parvum 
 tigillum. Motus sonusque tigilli pavidas ranas terruit. Inertes 
 ranae, necem frustra fugitabitis. Mandata ad Jovem Mercurio 
 demus. Nonne domos aedificatis, ut in iis habitetis ? Quum tigillum 
 in limo diu jacuisset, rana quaedam, ceteris audacior, comites 
 cunctas evocat. Serve, aquam vino mihi misce. Si in speculum 
 lympharam aspectes, simulacrum tuum videbis. Quum Divitiacus 
 pluribus verbis flens rogaret, ut veniam peccatis daret fratris, Caesar 
 benigne respondit. Caesar hostes castra movere jubet. 
 
 The. enemy move their camp. Let us obey our parents. Yob 
 warned your friend in vain. When the log was lying {imperf. sulj.) 
 for a long time in the mud, a certain frog called out all her asso- 
 ciates. The deserters hasten to the river, through fear of punish- 
 ment. If the messenger will carry {i.e., will have carried) my message 
 to the king, I shall not fear. The Belgians have many towns. The 
 shepherd saw a savage wolf near the stalls. You have avoided many 
 dangers. The helpless frogs vainly endeavoured-to-escape-froin 
 {imperf.) death. The queen lamented her misfortunes. With bitter 
 tears the father lamented the death of his only son. The barns 
 swell with a plentiful harvest. The robbers will maim the she- 
 mule with the sword. The father had in vain warned his foolish 
 son. The helpless crowd of frogs was vainly endeavouring to escape 
 from a violent-death. Let the maid-servant mix some wine with 
 water for me. The shepherd orders his dog to hold the flesh in his 
 mouth. The boys saw a dog swimming over a broad river. 
 
 
FIRST LATIN HEADEE. 59 
 
 EXERCISE XXI. 
 
 Poculum vino impletur. Poculum vino impletum est. Pocula 
 vino impleta sunt. Agnus nece injusta laceratus est a lupo. Stultus 
 ridetur. Castra Gallorum tenebantur a Romanis. Mons tenetur a 
 Labieno. Ranae territae sunt motu sonoque tigilli. Vinura aqua 
 miscetur. Aqua vino mixta erat. Fac ut vinura aqua misceatur. 
 Recte dedistis* operam ut vinum aqua misceretur. Cibus ore canis 
 tenebatur. Castra hostium propius urbem moventur. Agricolae 
 amici frustra erant moniti. Dona pueris' dentur ! Britanni a 
 Caesare obsides dare jubentur. Pueri et puellae a magistro doce- 
 bantur. Corvus celsa sSdet arbore. Qualis videtur tibi opera vocis 
 meae ? Simius sedit judex inter lupum et vulpem. Una pars 
 oppidi flumine rapido continetur. Britanni figura navium Romanorum 
 sunt permoti. Socrates habebatur sapientissimus. Moniti sunt pas- 
 tores, ut periculum vitarent. Puer a patre suo doceatur. Pueri sunt 
 docendi, dum aetas sit tenera. Moniti eramus, ut pravos comites 
 vitaremus. Puer ab avunpulo docebatur. 
 
 Gifts had been given to the faithful servants. The shepherds were 
 warned in vain. The girls will have been warned in vain. The goddess 
 was moved by the tears of the suppliants. Let children be taught by 
 their parents. Let the cups be filled with milk. The camp of the 
 Germans had been shifted the day before. The forces of the Gauls 
 are terrified at the sight of the Roman cavalry. Caesar was in vain 
 warned not to (ne with imperf. subj.) enter the senate-house. A 
 sword was given to the soldier. If a sword be given to the soldier, 
 he will fight against the enemies of his native country. The king 
 was dreaded by all his subjects (citizens). The inhabitants of the 
 island were terrified by the arrival of the enemy's, fleet. The timid 
 race (of frogs) was terrified by the motion and splash (noise) of the 
 shallow-water. The first share was given to the lion, because he 
 was brave. See that gifts be given to the farmer's sons and daugh- 
 ters. See to it, lieutenants, that the mountain be occupied by 
 our men. 
 
 * Dare operam, "to give one's labour " to an object; i.e., to exert one's self to 
 tLe utirjDst. 
 
CO 
 
 FIRST LATIN READER. 
 
 SECTION XV.— REGULAR 
 
 ACTIVE 
 
 Principal Parts — Lggo, Legi, 
 
 INDICATIVE. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 PRES.—(l choose, <fcc) 
 
 S. Leg-o, Leg-is, Leg-it 
 
 P. Leg-imiis, Leg-itis, Leg-unt 
 
 (I may choose, <fcc.) 
 Leg-am, Leg-as, Leg-at 
 Leg-amus, Leg-atis, Leg-ant 
 
 IMPERF.—{\ was choosing, <fcc) 
 S. Leg-ebam, Leg-ebas, Leg-ebat 
 P. Leg-ebamus, Leg-ebatis, Leg- 
 ebant 
 
 (I might choose, <fcc.) 
 Leg-erem, Leg-eres, Leg-eret 
 Leg-eremus, Leg-eretis, Leg-eriint 
 
 FUT.—Q. shall or will choose, <tc.) 
 S. Leg-am, Leg-es, Leg-et 
 
 P. Leg-emiis, Leg-etis, Leg-eut 
 
 (1 may be abont to choose, <fec) 
 Lecturus (-a, -urn) sim, Lecturus 
 
 sis, Lecturus sit 
 Lecturi (-ae, -a) simus, Lecturi 
 
 sltis, Lecturi sint 
 
 PERF.—(J have chosen, &c.) 
 S. Leg-i, Leg-istI, Leg-it 
 P. Leg-imus, Leg-istis, Leg- 
 erunt or -ere 
 
 (I may have chosen, <fcc) 
 Leg-erim, Leg-eris, Leg-erit 
 Leg-erlmus, Leg-eritis, Leg- 
 
 erint 
 
 PLUPERF.—{\ had chosen, Ac.) 
 S. Leg-eram, Leg-eras, Leg-erat 
 P. Leg-eramus, Leg-eratis, Leg- 
 erant 
 
 (I might have chosen, <tc) 
 Leg-issem, Leg-isses, Leg-isset 
 Leg-issemus, Leg-issetis, Leg- 
 is<ent 
 
 FUT. PERF.—Q. shall have chosen, 
 <fcc) 
 8. Leg-ero, Leg-erls, Leg-erit 
 P. Leg-erlmus, Leg-eritis, Leg- 
 erint 
 
 
 
 1st, 
 ML 
 
 SUPINES. 
 
 Lect-um, to chocs?. 
 Lect-u, to be chosen. 
 
FIEST LATIN READER. 
 
 61 
 
 VERBS.— THIRD CONJUGATION. 
 
 VOICE. 
 
 Lectum, LegSre, to choose. 
 
 IMPERATIVE. 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 PARTICIPLE. 
 
 (Choose thou, &c.) 
 -, Leg-e 
 — , Leg-ite 
 
 (To choose.) 
 Leg-ere 
 
 (Choosing.) 
 Leg-ens, -ens, -ens 
 Leg-entis,-entis,-entis 
 &c. 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 (Thou shalt choose, <fcc.) 
 — , Leg-ito, Leg-ito 
 
 — . Leg-itote, Leg- 
 nnto 
 
 (To be about to choose.) 
 Lect-urum ) 
 
 uram > esse 
 
 urum ) 
 
 [See Fut. Participle.] 
 
 (About to choose.) 
 Lect-urus, -ura, -urum 
 uri, -urae, -uri, 
 
 &c. 
 [From stem of supine.] 
 
 
 
 (To have chosen, <fec.) 
 Leg-isse 
 
 
 
 
 
 -■ | 
 
 
 
 
 
 GERUND. 
 
 Ace. Legend-um, choosing. 
 Gen. Legend-i, of choosing. 
 Dat. Legend-o, to or for choosing. 
 Abl. Legend-o, by or in choosing. 
 
62 
 
 FIEST LATIN READER. 
 
 REGULAR VERBS.- 
 
 PASSIVE 
 
 Principal Parts — 
 
 INDICATIVE. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 PRES.—Q. am chosen, <fec.) 
 
 (I may be chosen, <fec) 
 
 S. Leg-or, Leg-eris {or -ere), Leg- 
 
 Leg-ar, Leg-aris {or -are), Leg- 
 
 ltur 
 
 atur 
 
 P. Leg-imur, Leg-Imini, Leg- 
 
 Leg-amur, Leg-amini, Leg- 
 
 untur 
 
 antur 
 
 IMPERF.~-(l was chosen, <fec) 
 
 (I might or should be chosen, ifcc.) 
 
 S. Leg-ebar, Leg-eb5ris {or -ebare), 
 
 Leg-erer, Leg-ereris {or -erere), 
 
 Leg-ebattir 
 
 Leg-eretnr 
 
 P. Leg-ebamur, Leg-ebamini, Leg- 
 
 Leg-Sremur, Leg-eremTni, Leg- 
 
 ebantur 
 
 erentur 
 
 FUT. — (I shall or will be chosen, Ac.) 
 
 
 S. Leg-ar, Leg-eris {or -ere), Leg- 
 
 
 etur 
 
 — 
 
 P. Leg-emur, Leg-emini, Leg- 
 
 
 entur 
 
 
 PERF.—(l have been chosen, ic) 
 
 (1 may have been chosen, <tc) 
 
 S. Lect-us (-a, -urn) sum, Lect-us 
 
 Lect-us sim, Lect-us sis, Lect-us 
 
 es, Lect-us est 
 
 sit 
 
 P. Lect-i siimus, Lect-i estis, 
 
 Lect-i simus, Lect-i sitis, Lect-i 
 
 Lect-i sunt 
 
 sint 
 
 PLUPERF.—Q. had been chosen, <fcc.) 
 
 (I might or should have been chosen. 
 
 
 «fcc) 
 
 S. Lect-us eram, Lect-us eras. 
 
 Lect-us essem, Lect-ns esse*. Lect- 
 
 Lect-us erat 
 
 us esset 
 
 P. Lect-i eramus, Lect-i eratis. 
 
 Lect-i essemns, Lect-i aw 
 
 Lect-i erant 
 
 Lect-i essent 
 
 FUT. PERF.—(l shall have been chosen, 
 
 
 &c) 
 
 
 S. Lect-us ero, Lect-us eris, Lect-us 
 
 
 erit 
 
 
 
 P. Lect-i erimus, Lect-i eritis, 
 
 
 Lect-i erunt 
 
 
 
FIRST I ATTN READER. 
 
 63 
 
 THIRD CONJUGATION. 
 
 VOICE. 
 
 LSgor, Lectus sum, Legi. 
 
 IMPERATIVE. 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 PARTICIPLE. 
 
 (Be thou chosen, &c.) 
 — , Leg-ere 
 
 — , Leg-Im.rni 
 
 (To be chosen.) 
 Leg-i 
 
 
 
 * — 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 (Thou shalt be chosen, &c.) 
 
 — , Leg-ltOf , Legator 
 
 — , Leg-emini, Leg- 
 untor 
 
 (To be about to be chosen.) 
 
 Lect-um in 
 
 (About to be chosen, &c.) 
 
 Leg-endus, -end a, 
 
 -endum 
 Leg-endi, -endae, 
 
 -endi, &c. 
 
 
 
 (To have been chosen.) 
 
 Lect-um ] 
 
 -am f esse 
 
 urn 
 
 (Chosen, or having been 
 
 chosen.) 
 Lect-us, -a, -nm 
 
 Lect-I, -ae, -i, &c. 
 
 
 
 - — 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
64 FIRST LATIN EEADEE. 
 
 EXERCISE XXII. 
 
 Dens mundum regit. Pueri currant per agros. Hostes legates 
 ad Caesarem mittunt. Puella epistolam ad matrem scribebat. 
 Curramus in hortum. Curramus in horto. Puella nuntium ad 
 parentes suos mi sit. Antiqui Britanni lacte et came vivebant. Copias 
 Romano-rum duxit Caesar. Catilina conrligere cum Antonio statuit. 
 Multas epistolas ne scribas. M&ui legatos ad Labienum miserunt, 
 qui de pace agerent. Caesar Britannos vicit. Die* niihi hoc tantum. 
 Pastor sedulus oves ad rivum duxit. Omnia vincit amor. Regina 
 Britannorum omnes hostes vincat ! Dux Qermanoram exercitum 
 trans flumen Rhenum duxerat. Puerum, epistolam ad patrem 
 scribentem, laudavit magister. Caesar cum omni equitatu facit 
 impetum in hostes. Quondam sol duxit uxorem. Vacca et capelia 
 et ovis cervum vasti corporis in saltibus ceperant. Primam partem 
 leoni tribuetis, quia plus valet. Passerem, fletus edentem graves, 
 accipiter rapuit. Cur fecisti aquam turbulentam mihi bibenti ? 
 Rauae magno clamore regem a Jove petierunt. Quum omnia 
 dixeris, respondebo. 
 
 The Belgians will send ambassadors to Caesar, to treat concerning 
 peace. The dogs run. The sheep were running towards the fold 
 through fear (abl.) of the wolf. The forces of the Belgians hasten 
 towards the city. A great part of the army leaves the city. The 
 general had sent a messenger to the camp of the enemy. The kins: 
 will give honours to the soldiers who did not abandon the city. If 
 you will write me a letter, I shall feel gratefid to yon. The boys 
 were running through the farmers' fields. Ariovistus married two 
 wives. May the citizens overcome all their enemies ! Why have you 
 taken my book ? Octavia, sister of Octavianus, married Antony. 
 Antony married Octavia, the sister of Octavianus. The Germans 
 send an ambassador to Caesar to beg peace. 
 
 EXERCISE XXIII. 
 
 Mundus a Deo regitur. Legati ad Caesarem sunt missi. Principes 
 civitatis ad hostium ducem mittantur. Epistola ad matrem suam a 
 
 * The verbs dico, I say, duco, I lead, facio, I do, or make, and fero, I brinir. 
 drop the final e of the 2d singular imperative, and make tfo, due, /or, and/er. 
 
FIRST LATIN READER. 65 
 
 puella est missa. Copiae Romanorum in Britannos sunt ductae. 
 Legati ab ^Eduis ad Labienum missi erant, qui paceni et societatem 
 peterent. Barbari a Caesare sunt victi. Impetus in hostes factus 
 est. Cervus vasti corporis in saltibus captus erab. Lepores multi 
 in silvis capientur. Prima pars leoni tribuitur, quia plus valet. 
 Aqua lupo bibenti facta est turbulenta. Lupus repulsus est viribus 
 veritatis. Septimo die post praelium factum omnes Belgarum copiae 
 ex castris eductae sunt. Docemur. Monebimini. Hydrus, dente 
 aspero, ad ranas est missus. Secunda pars leoni tribuitur, quia est 
 fortis. Exitus noti a bestiis, leonis metu, petuntur. Socrates habe- 
 batur sapiens. A parentibus mittens ad urbem. A parentibus 
 mitteris ad urbem. Brachia sua pandit quercus. Oves fugiunt 
 lupum. Relinquebatur una via per Sequanos. Magna multitudo 
 hominum celeriter coacta est Mulieres flentes sese Caesari ad pedes 
 projecerunt. Nemo cunctam spectans terrain, de divina providentia 
 dubitabit. Romani templum Jani bis post Numae regnum clauser- 
 unt. Principes civitatis ad_Caesarem gratulatum* convenerunt. 
 Legati ab iEduis venerunt auxilium postulatum. Legati ab ^Eduis 
 venerunt, ut auxilium postularent. Legati ab iEduis venerunt, qui 
 auxilium postularent. 
 
 The forces of the Romans are led by Crassus. Crassus was slain 
 by the Parthians. The Gauls were conquered by the Romans. 
 Hostages will be sent to the Germans. Let a messenger be dis- 
 patched to the city to ask help. The towns of the Belgians were 
 fortified. A letter will be written by my father. Many houses 
 were built in the plain. The master is feared, but is not loved. 
 The letters were written by my sister's friends. I was led to the cave 
 by the cry of an infant. I shall be sent to the enemy's camp, to 
 sue for {say, that I may sue for) peace. The war was successfully 
 conducted by Caesar's lieutenant-generals. Three ambassadors will 
 be sent to the general's tent. Two girls were sent to the queen, to 
 beg for the life of the citizens. Many names were enrolled by the 
 consuls in one day. The house was set on fire by the robbers. 
 Many hares were caught by the farmer's dogs. The general's tent 
 had been set on fire by the barbarians. Two stags of huge size 
 (body) were caught by the huntsmen in the woods. Letters were 
 sent by the boys to their parents. 
 
 * The supine in -urn is used after Terbs of motion, to indicate a pvrpose. 
 (122) 5 
 
66 
 
 FIRST LA.TIN READER. 
 
 SECTION XVL— REGULAR 
 
 ACTIVE 
 
 Pkincipal Parts — Audio. 
 
 
 INDICATIVE. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 PRES.—(l hear, or am heating, &c.) 
 
 (I may hear, .fee.) 
 
 S. 
 
 Aud-io, Aud-is. Aud-it 
 
 Aud-iam, Aud-ias, Aud-iat 
 
 P. 
 
 And-imus, Aud-Itis, Aud-iunt 
 
 Aud-Iamus, Aud-iatis, Aud-iant 
 
 
 IMPERF.—(l was hearing, &c.) 
 
 (I might hear, <fcc) 
 
 s. 
 
 Aud-iebam, Aud-iebas, Aud- 
 iebat 
 
 Aud-lrem, Aud-ires, Aud-iret 
 
 p. 
 
 Aud-iebamus, Aud-iebatis, Aud- 
 iebant 
 
 Aud-Iremus, Aud-iretis, Aud-irent 
 
 
 FUT.—Q. shall or will hear, <fec.) 
 
 (I may be about to hear, «fcc.) 
 
 s. 
 
 Aud-iam, Aud-ies, Aud-iet 
 
 Auditurus sim, Auditurus sis, 
 Auditurus sit 
 
 p. 
 
 Aud-iemus, Aud-ietis, Aud- 
 
 Audituri simus, Audituri sitis, 
 
 
 ient 
 
 Audituri sint 
 
 
 PERF.— {1 have heard, <fcc.) 
 
 (I may have heard, «fcc.) 
 
 8. 
 
 Audlv-i, Audiv-isti, Audiv-it 
 
 Audiv-erim, Audiv-eris, Audiv- 
 erit 
 
 P. 
 
 Audiv-imus, Audiv-istis, Aud- 
 
 Audiv-erimus, Audiv-erltis, 
 
 
 iv-erunt, or -ere 
 
 Audiv-erint 
 
 
 PLUPERF.—(l had heard, &c) 
 
 (I might have heard, £c.) 
 
 s. 
 
 Audlv-eram, Audiv-eras, Aud- 
 
 Audiv-issem, Audiv-isses, Audiv- 
 
 
 iv-erat 
 
 isset 
 
 P. 
 
 Audiv-eramus, Audiv-eratis, 
 
 Audiv-issemus, Audiv-issetis, Aud- 
 
 
 Audiv-erant 
 
 iv-issent 
 
 PUT. PERF.—(J shall have heard, <fcc.) 
 
 
 S. 
 
 Audlv-ero, Audiv-eris, Audiv- 
 
 
 
 erit 
 
 
 
 P. 
 
 Audiv-erlmus, Audiv-erltis, 
 Audiv-erint 
 
 
 SUPINES. 
 
 1st, Auditum, to Tiear. 
 2d, Auditn, to be heard. 
 
 
FIRST LATIN READER. 
 
 67 
 
 VERBS— FOURTH CONJUGATION. 
 
 VOICE. 
 
 Audivi, Auditum, Audire. 
 
 IMPERATIVE. 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 PARTICIPLE. 
 
 (Hear thou, &c) 
 — , Aud-i 
 — , Aud-Ite 
 
 (To hear.) 
 And-Ire 
 
 (Hearing.) 
 Aud-iens, -ientis 
 Aud-iens, -ientis 
 Aud-iens, -ientis, &c. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (Thou shalt hear, <fcc.) 
 — , Aud-ito, Aud-ito 
 
 (To be about to hear.) 
 Auditur-um J 
 
 (About to-hear.) 
 Auditur-us, -i 
 Auditur-a r -ae 
 Auditur-um, -i, &c. 
 
 — , Aud-Itote, Aud- 
 innto 
 
 
 
 
 
 (To have heard.) 
 Audiv-isse 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 GERUND. 
 
 Ace. Audiendum, hearing. Dat. Audiendo, to or for hearing. 
 
 Oen. Andiendi, of liearing. j Abl. Audiendo, by hearing. 
 
€3 
 
 FIRST LATIN READER 
 
 REGULAR VERBS.— 
 
 PASSIVE 
 
 Principal Parts — Audior 
 
 INDICATIVB. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 PRES.—(L am heard, <fcc.) 
 
 (I may be heard, <fec.) 
 
 S. Aud-ior, Aud-iris, (or -ire,) 
 
 Aud-Iar, Aud-iaris, Aud-iatur 
 
 Aud-itur 
 
 
 P. Aud-imur, Aud-Imini, Aud- 
 
 Aud-iamur, Aud-iamiui, Aud- 
 
 iuntur 
 
 iantur 
 
 IMPERF.- (I was beard, Ac.) 
 
 (I might or should be heard, &c.) 
 
 S. Aud-Iebar, Aud-iebaris, (or 
 
 Aud-Irer, Aud-ireris, (or -irere,) 
 
 -iebare,) Aud-iebatur 
 
 Aud-iretur 
 
 P. Aud-iebamur, Aud-iebamini, 
 
 Aud-iremur, Aud-iremini, Aud- 
 
 Aud-iebantur 
 
 irentur 
 
 FUT.—Q. shall or will be heard, <fcc) 
 
 
 S. Aud-Iar, Aud-ieris, (or -iere,) 
 
 
 Aud-ietur 
 
 ~ ~ ~ 
 
 P. Aud-iemur, Aud-iemini, Aud- 
 
 
 ientur 
 
 
 PERF.—(l have been heard, &c) 
 
 (I may have been heard, <fcc) 
 
 S. Audit-us (-a, -urn) sum, Audit- 
 
 Audit-us sim, Audit-us sis, 
 
 us es, Auditus est 
 
 Audit-us sit 
 
 P. Audit-i sumus, Audit-i estis, 
 
 Audit-i simus, Audit-i sitis, 
 
 Audit-i sunt 
 
 Auditi-i sint 
 
 PLUPERF.—Q. had been heard, <fcc.) 
 
 (1 might or should have been heard, 
 
 
 <fcc) 
 
 S. Audit-us eram, Audit-us eras, 
 
 Audit-us essem, Audit-us esses, 
 
 Audit-us erat 
 
 Audit-us esset 
 
 P. Audit-i eramus, Audit-i eratis, 
 
 Audit-i essemus, Audit-i essetis, 
 
 Audit-i erant 
 
 Audit-i essent 
 
 FUT. PERF.—{1 shall hare been heard, 
 
 
 <fcc) 
 
 
 S. Audit-us ero, Audit-us eris, 
 
 
 Audit-us erit 
 
 
 P. Audit-i erimus, Audit-i eritis, 
 
 
 Audit-i erunt 
 
 
 ' 
 
FIRST LATIN READER. 
 
 69 
 
 FOURTH CONJUGATION. 
 
 VOICE. 
 
 Auditus sum, Audiri, to be heara. 
 
 IMPERATIVE. 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 PARTICIPLE. 
 
 (Be thou heard, <&c.) 
 -, Aud-ire 
 
 — , Aud-Imini 
 
 (To be heard.) 
 Aud-iri 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (Thou shalt be heard, <fec.) 
 
 — , Aud-itor, Aud-itor 
 
 — , Aud-iemini, Aud- 
 iuntor 
 
 (To be about to be heard.) 
 Audit-um iri 
 
 (Deserving or requiring 
 
 to be heard.) 
 Audiend-us, -i 
 Audiend-a, -ae 
 Audiend-um, -i 
 
 
 
 (To have been heard.) 
 
 Audit-um ) 
 
 am > esse 
 
 * um J 
 
 (Heard, or having been 
 
 heard,) 
 Audit-us, -i 
 Audit-a, -ae 
 Audit-um, -i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
70 FIRST LATIN READER. 
 
 EXERCISE XXIV. 
 
 Pueri in cubiculo donniaut. Pueri totam noctem in cubiculo dor- 
 miebant. Pastor ad magnum oppidum venit. Ad rapidum flumen 
 veniet viator. Caesar bina castra muniit.* Hostes castella in monti- 
 bus muniebant. Canis dormit in antro. Lupus et agnus ad rivum 
 eundem venerant. Copiae Belgarum ad urbem venerunt. Quum 
 Caesar ad castra munita venisset, hostes ad eum legatos miserunt, 
 qui pacem peterent Ranae petiere regem a Jove. Turba ranarura 
 supra lignum insilit. Lignum quum ranae omni contumelia inqui- 
 nassent, misere ad Jovem, alium rogantes regem. Cupiditatibusf 
 servit malus. Cupiditatibus ne servias. Aper venit ad leonem ful- 
 mineis dentibus. Calorem solis sentimus. Caesar duo maxima bella 
 aestateunafiniit. Nonne clamorem magnum sentitis? Miles quidam 
 perfidus portas urbis hostibus aperuit. Varios fundit humus flores. 
 Summos fulgura montes feriunt. Igne micant oculi. Cives urbem 
 novam condiderunt. Omnis parturit arbos. Parturiunt montes. Nos 
 patriae fines linquimus. Formosus puer in parvo cubiculo dormiet 
 Crassus castra sua munierat. Bina castra muniet Caesar. Puer in 
 cubiculum suum dormitum missus est. Improbus latro irae servit. 
 Pueri boni parentibus obediunt. Magistro obedite. Dionysius 
 tyrannus ludum Corinthi (at Corinth) aperuisse dicitur. 
 
 You came to the gate of the city late at night. Let us not be 
 slaves to our passions. The frogs leapt up on the top of the log. 
 Do you feel the sun's heat ? The father and his son were sleeping 
 in a small chamber. The sheep came in terror to the shepherd's 
 hut. The boy will sleep the livelong night. Caesar had finished 
 the very serious war with (of) the Helvetii in one summer. I sing ; 
 my friend hears. The Romans are coming to a large town. Ambas- 
 sadors had come to the Roman general to sue for peace. A messen- 
 ger had come from the camp of the Belgians about (de) peace. My 
 brother and I had come to the same house. The enemy will have 
 fortified many castles on the banks of the river. Let us send a 
 messenger to Jupiter, and beg (i.e., begging) for another king. We 
 finished the work yesterday. We heard the sound of trumpets in 
 the camp. My father and mother will come to-morrow. 
 
 * In the perfect and derived tenses of the Fourth Conjugation ihe. c is often 
 omitted, so that munivit becomes muniit. 
 t See (Syntax) Rule XX., p. 77. 
 
FIRST LATIN EEADEE. 71 
 
 EXERCISE XXV. 
 
 Servus malus a domino merito punitur.* Corpora canum in horto 
 scpeliuntur. Ingens fragor in silvis auditur. Porta urbis hostibus 
 aperitur. Porta urbis ab hostibus aperitur. Fur pessime, merito a 
 magistratu punitus es. Pueri non merito puniuntur. Bellum cum 
 barbaris uno die finitum est. Animi militum luxuria molliti erant. 
 Audiris, mi amice. Audiatur vox justitiae ! Terra floribus vestitur. 
 Merito ego punior, sed frater meus injuste. Sonus tubarum auditus 
 est in aula. In montibus castellum erat ingens, natura munitum. 
 Oppida Belgarum muniebantur. Italia Alpibus munita est. Puellae 
 a matre erudiuntur. Mater curat ut filiae diligenter erudiantur. 
 Nova urbs a civibus est condita. Omnis unda a mari frangitur 
 in rapes. Consulis jussu pons rescinditur. Praeceptis magistra- 
 tuum parere atque obedire jubemur. Exercitus Romanus ab Hel- 
 vetiis pulsus et sub jugum missus est. Haec munera puerilibus 
 annis conveniunt. Maxime prohibenda est ira in puniendo. Hel- 
 vetii jam per angustias transduxerant copias suas, et in iEduorum 
 fines pervenerant. Oppidani portas aperuerunt hostibus. 
 
 The body of Caesar was buried by his sorrowing friends. The 
 oamp was fortified by Crassus. The hills are clothed with grass. 
 You will be punished by the magistrates if you transgress the laws, 
 {i.e., shall have transgressed.) The wicked boys were deservedly 
 punished. The sound of the trumpets was heard from afar. The 
 Britons were clothed with skins. The city had been fortified with 
 the greatest labour. The bodies of the soldiers who perished in the 
 battle with the Gauls were buried on the following day. Let us 
 take care that our children are carefully trained. The magistrates 
 will take care that all the wicked robbers be. punished. Let the 
 work be speedily finished. Many towns of the Helvetii were 
 strongly fortified by nature. Let the gates of the city be opened to 
 the enemy. The bodies of the soldiers had been buried by their 
 comrades. Let the gates of the city be thrown open to the con- 
 queror. Many towns had been fortified by the Helvetii. Many 
 towns of the Belgians were set on fire by the enemy. 
 
 _ * But punior is sometimes used as a deponent verb. See Section XVIL, 
 pi 72. 
 
72 
 
 FIRST LA.TIN READER. 
 
 SECTION XVII- 
 
 Deponent Verbs are those which have the inflexions of the Passive Voice, 
 known, as in Regular Verbs, by the favourite vowel. Deponents 
 and four participles. They are the only verbs which have a perfect 
 Advanced Grammar, p. 114. 
 
 FIRST CONJUGATION— 
 
 INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 PRES. — (I admonish, &c.) 
 S. Hort-or, -aris, &c. 
 
 (I may admonish, <fec.) 
 Hort-er, -eris, &c. 
 
 IMPERF.— 
 S. Hort-abar, &c. 
 
 Hort-arer, &c. 
 
 FUT.— 
 
 S. Hort-abor, -aberis, &c. 
 
 Hortaturus sim, &c. 
 
 PERF.— 
 
 S. Hortat-us sum, kc. 
 
 Hortat-us sim, &c. 
 
 PLUPERF.- 
 S. Hortat-us eram, &c. 
 
 Hortat-us essem, &c. 
 
 FUT. PERF.— 
 S. Hortat-us ero, &c. 
 
 
 
 Supine — Hortatum, &c. 
 
 SECOND CONJUGATION- 
 
 PRES.—Q. fear, <fec.) 
 
 S. Ver-eor, -eris, &c. 
 
 (I may fear, .fee.) 
 Ver-ear, -earis, &c. 
 
 IMPERF.— 
 S. Ver-ebar, &c. 
 
 Ver-Srer, &c 
 
 FUT.— 
 S. Ver-ebor, &c. 
 
 Verit-urus sim, &c. 
 
 PERF.— 
 
 S. Verit-us sum, &c. 
 
 Verit-us sim, &c. 
 
 PLUPERF.— 
 S. Verit-us eram, &c. 
 
 Verit-us essem, &c. 
 
 FUT. PERF.— 
 S. Verit-us ero, &c 
 
 
 
 S upine — Veritum. 
 
FIRST LATIN READER. 
 
 73 
 
 DEPONENT VERBS. 
 
 but the meaning of the Active. The conjugation to which each belongs is 
 have more forms than Regular Verbs : thus, they have a supine, a gerund, 
 participle active, (see p. 46, note.) For other peculiarities, see Schmitz's 
 
 Hortor, I admonish. 
 
 IMPERATIVE. 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 PARTICIPLE. 
 
 (Admonish thou, &c.) 
 — ,Hort-are,-amini,&c. 
 
 (To admonish, &c.) 
 Hort-ari 
 
 (Admonishing, &c.) 
 Hort-ans, &c. 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 — , Hort-ator, &c. 
 
 Hortatur-um^ 
 
 (About to admonish.) 
 Hortat-urus, &c. 
 
 
 (Deserving to be admon- 
 ished.) 
 Hortand-us, -a, -urn 
 
 
 umJ 
 
 
 
 Hortat-um esse 
 
 (Having admonished.) 
 Hortat-us, -a, -urn, &c. 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Gerund — Hortandum, &c. 
 
 Vereor, I fear. 
 
 (Fear thou, &c.) 
 — , Ver-ere, -emini, &c. 
 
 (To fear, &c.) 
 Ver-eri 
 
 (Fearing, &c.) 
 
 Ver-ens, &c. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 — , Ver-etor, &c. 
 
 Verit-unim esse, &c. 
 
 Verit-urus (act.), and 
 Ver-endus (pass.) 
 
 Verit-us, -a, -um, &c. 
 
 . 
 
 Verit-um esse 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Gerund — Verendum, &c. 
 
74 
 
 FIRST LATIN READER, 
 
 DEPONENT 
 
 THIRD CONJUGATION- 
 
 
 INDICATIVE. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 
 s. 
 
 PRES.—(l speak, <fcc) 
 Loqu-or, -eris, -itur, &c. 
 
 (I may speak, &c ) 
 Loqu-ar, -aris, &c. 
 
 s. 
 
 IMPERF.— 
 Loqu-ebar, &c. 
 
 Loqu-erer, &c. 
 
 
 s. 
 
 FUT— 
 Loqu-ar, -eris, &c. 
 
 Locuturas sim, &c. 
 
 s. 
 
 PERK— 
 
 Locut-us sum, &c. 
 
 Locut-us sim, &c. 
 
 s. 
 
 PLUPERF.— 
 Locut-us eram, &c. 
 
 Locut-us essem, &c. 
 
 s. 
 
 FUT. PERK— 
 Locut-us ero 
 
 
 Supine — Locut-um. 
 
 FOURTH CONJUGATION- 
 
 PMB&—Q. divide, <fcc) 
 S. Part-ior, -Iris, -Itur, fee. 
 
 (I may divide, <fcc,) 
 Part-iar, -iaris, &c. 
 
 IMPERF.— 
 S. Part-Iebar, &c. 
 
 Part-lrer, &c. 
 
 FUT— 
 
 S. Part-iar, -leris, &c. 
 
 Partitur-us sim, kc. 
 
 PERK— 
 
 S. Partlt-us sum, &c. 
 
 Partit-us sim, &c. 
 
 PLUPERF.— 
 S. Partit-us eram, &c. 
 
 Partit-us essem, &c. 
 
 FUT. PERK— 
 S. Partit-us ero, &c. 
 
 Supine — Partit-uin. 
 
FIRST LATIN HEADER. 
 
 75 
 
 VERB S — continued. 
 Loqu-or, I speak 
 
 IMPERATIVE. 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 PARTICIPLE. 
 
 (Speak thou, <&c.) 
 — , Loqu-ere, -imini 
 
 (To speak, <&c.) 
 Loqu-i 
 
 (Speaking, &c.) 
 Loqu-ens, &c. 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 — , Loqu-itor, &c. 
 
 Locuturum esse, &c. 
 
 Locut-iirus, -ura, &c. 
 Loquend-us,-a,-um,&c. 
 
 (Requiring to be spoken.) 
 
 
 
 Locut-um esse, &c. 
 
 (Having spoken.) 
 Locut-us, -a, -ura 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Gerund — Loqu-endum. 
 
 Part-ior, I divide. 
 
 (Divide thou, &c.) 
 
 — , Part-Ire, -imini, &c. 
 
 (To divide, &c.) 
 
 Part-Iri 
 
 (Dividing, <fcc.) 
 
 Part-iens, &c. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 — , Part-itor, &c. 
 
 Partiturum esse, &c. 
 
 Partit-urus, -ura, &c. 
 Partiend-us,-a,-um,&c. 
 
 
 
 Partit-um esse, &c. 
 
 Partit-us, -a, -urn, &c. 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Gerund — Part-iendum. 
 
76 FIRST LATIN READER, 
 
 1. (Syntax) Rule XVII. — The accusative is used to express 
 duration of time and extension of space : as, Dorniiunt totam 
 hiemem, they sleep the whole winter; Cives murum sexaginta pedes 
 altum exstruxerunt, the citizens built a wall sixty feet high. 
 
 2. (Syntax) Rule XVIII. — The verbs utor, abutor, fruor, fungor, 
 potior, vescor, &c, usually govern the ablative : as, Utebantur aere, 
 they used brass ; Fungitur officiis, he performs his duties. 
 
 EXERCISE XXVI. 
 
 Caesar milites hortatur. Caesar, milites hortatus, in hostes pro- 
 ficiscitur. Haec, quae supra scripta sunt, eo spectant, ut te horter 
 et suadeam. Pueros ad laudem hortemur. Cornibus tauri, apri 
 dentibus se tutantur. Opus magnum conamur. Me haec agere 
 conantem deterruit pudor. Imperator legiones hortabatur, ne fidem 
 fallerent. Peccata mea fatebor. Principes conabantur totius Galliae 
 potiri.* Gloria virtutem, tanquam umbra, sequitur. Homines vir- 
 tute, non fortnna, metimur. Canes pastorem libenter sequebantui. 
 Romani per Britanniam iter facere conati sunt. Pater filium amplec- 
 titur. Filiam caram amplexa erat mater. Consul sic locutus, in 
 hostem profectus est. In Galliam proncLscamur. Manibus, pedibus, 
 noctesque et dies conati eramus. Haec a me sunt scripta, ut te 
 hortarer et monerem, ne id faceres. Exempla virorum fortium 
 sequSre. Cicero saepe nobiscum de virtute et de ammo loquebatur. 
 Me, vel imperatore vel milite, utiminl Caesar paucos dies in his 
 locis moratur, navium parandarum causa. Filiam teneram, dulce 
 loquentem, amplexus est pater. Commius hospitio Ariovisti usus 
 erat. Fractarum navium materia atque aere ad reliquas (naves) 
 reficiendas utebatur Caesar. 
 
 The general exhorted his soldiers to fight bravely. ^Eneas in 
 vain endeavoured to embrace the shade (spirit) of his wife. The boys 
 were enjoying the cool shade of the oak tree. Let us willingly follow 
 our commander into every danger. The consul, having thus spoken, 
 attacked the enemy's camp. The Helvetii were endeavouring to 
 force a passage through the province against Caesar's will, (i.e., 
 Caesar being unwilling.) Let us endeavour to make ourselves mas- 
 ters of the whole of Gaul. The chiefs will endeavour to lead the 
 army across the Rhine. The Romans followed glory. On the same 
 day Caesar set out from the camp, and hastened into Italy. 
 
 * Potior often governs the genitive, as here. 
 
FIRST LATIN READER. 77 
 
 3. (Syntax) Rule XIX — When motion towards is expressed, the 
 frames of towns and islands are put in the accusative, without 
 a preposition : as, Romam accessit, he approached Rome; Reversus 
 est Rhodum, he returned to Rhodes. 
 
 4. (Syntax) Rule XX. — Verbs signifying to persuade, command, 
 serve, resist, spare, believe, envy, &c, are followed by a dative : as, 
 Persuadet amico, he prevails on his friend; Servit irae, he is a 
 slave to passion. 
 
 EXERCISE XXVII. 
 
 Avium multarum cantu maxima nobis praebetur voluptas. Vir 
 fortis non ullis periculis movebitur. Sentimus calere ignem, nivem 
 esse albam, dulce mel. Praefecti regis Persiae legatos miserunt 
 Athenas questum, quod Chabrias adversus regem bellum gereret. 
 Cicero quaestor (as quaestor) Siciliam profectus est. Multi e 
 Graecis, qui Trojam profecti erant, domum reversi sunt nunquam. 
 Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres. Helvetii reliquos Gallos vir- 
 tute praecedunt. Praeceptum erat Labieno, ne praelium committeret, 
 nisi Caesaris copiae visae essent. Edimus ut vivamus, non vivimus 
 ut edamus. Dux imperavit ne* milites stationes suas desererent. 
 Orgetorix persuadet Dunmorigi, ut idem conetur. Orgetorix persua- 
 sit Dumnorigi, ut idem conaretur. Helvetii persuadent Rauracis, 
 uti cum iis proficiscantur. Maledixisti mihi, agne. Ranae, vagantes 
 paludibus, Jovem obsecrant, ut afflictis succurrat. Ranae clamorem 
 ad sidera sustulere. 
 
 The boys returned to Athens along with their father. The king's 
 sons persuaded their father to make war on the neighbouring states. 
 Do not envy the rich. This pleases me. Cornelia will marry Scipio. 
 Scipio will marry Cornelia. He spared not only himself, but also 
 his horse. Let us obey the laws of our country. Nobody will be- 
 lieve a liar, even when speaking (dat. of pres. part.) the truth. 
 The fool is-a-slave to his passions. Do not be-a-slave to your pas- 
 sions. Let us learn to govern our temper. The judge had been-a- 
 slave to passion for many years. Hurt no one. The Christian will 
 injure no one. The army returned to Rhodes without their general. 
 Let us return to Sicily, to see (that we may see) our parents. 
 
 * Ne, "lest," is equal to ut non. 
 
78 
 
 FIRST LATIN READER. 
 
 SECTION XVIII. - 
 
 The following Verbs differ from the paradigms already given, either 
 
 adding the inflexions 
 
 ESSE, to be. Principal 
 
 INDICATIVE. 
 
 subjunctive. 
 
 PRES.—Q. am, <fec ) 
 
 S. Sum, Es, Est 
 
 P. Sumus, Estis, Sunt 
 
 (I may be, &c) 
 Sim, Sis, Sit 
 Simus, Sitis, Sint 
 
 IMPERF.—d was, .fee) 
 S. Eram, Eras, Erat 
 P. Eramus, Eratis, Erant 
 
 (I might or should be, <fcc.) 
 Essem, Esses, Esset 
 Essemus,f Essetis, Essent 
 
 FUT.—(I shall or will be, <fec.) 
 S. Ero, Eris, Erit 
 
 P. Erimus, Eritis, Erant 
 
 (I may be about to be, <fcc.) 
 Futuras sim, Futuras sl3, 
 
 Futuras sit 
 Futuri simus, Futuri sitis, 
 
 Futuri sint 
 
 PERF.—(l have been, <fec.) 
 S. Fiii, Fuisti, Fuit 
 P. Fuimus, Fuistis, Fuerunt, or 
 
 Fuere 
 
 (I may have been, <fec.) 
 Fu-erim, -eris,^-erit 
 Fu-erlmus, -eritis, -erint 
 
 PLUPERF.—Q. had been, <fec.) 
 S. Fu-eram, -eras, -erat 
 P. Fu-eramus, -eratis, -erant 
 
 (I might or should have been, <kc.) 
 Fu-issem, -isses, -isset 
 Fu-issemus, -issetis, -issent 
 
 FUT. PERF.—(I shall have been, .fee.) 
 S. Fn-ero, -eris, -erit 
 P. Fu-erlmus, -eritis, -erint 
 
 
 
 Like sum are declined its compounds, absitm, "I am away from;" adsum, "I 
 a d in those parts in which the simple verb begins 
 f Form, fores, ford. &c, are often used instead of essem, &c 
 
FIRST LATIN READER. 
 
 79 
 
 IRREGULAR VERBS. 
 
 in the manner of forming the Perfect and Supine, or in the mode of 
 to the stem. 
 
 Parts — Sum, Fui, Esse * 
 
 IMPERATIVE. 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 PARTICIPLE. 
 
 (Be thou, Ac.) 
 
 - Es 
 — , Este 
 
 (To be.) 
 Esse 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (Thou shalt be, <fec.) 
 — , Esto, Esto 
 
 (To be about to be.) 
 Futur-um ) 
 
 am > essej 
 
 am ) 
 
 (About to be.) 
 Futur-us, -i 
 
 — , Estote, Sunto 
 
 urn, -i, &c. 
 
 
 
 (To have been.) 
 Fuisse 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bra present;" desum, " I am wanting," <fec But prosum, "I am useful to," inserts 
 with an e; as, pro-d-es, pro-d-eram, pro-d-ero, &c 
 
 X Fore is often used instead offuturum esse. 
 
80 
 
 FIEST LATIN READER. 
 
 IRREGULAR VERBS— continued. 
 
 POSSUM, / am able. 
 
 Possum is compounded of pot-, the stem of the adjective potts, "able," and 
 sum, "I am." Whenever the parts of sum begin with an e, the t of 
 pot- is retained ; but when they begin with s, the t is assimilated to * : 
 as, pot-es, pot-eram • but possum for pot-sum, possim for pot-sim. In 
 the perfect and derived tenses, the / of fui is omitted ; as, pot-ui for 
 pot-fui. The Imperative is wanting, and the Present Participle, potens, 
 is used as an adjective. Posse is for pot-esse. 
 
 Principal Parts — Possum, Pottii, Posse. 
 
 INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 PRES.—(I am able, <fec) 
 S. Possum, Potes, Potest 
 P. Possumus, Potestis, Possunt 
 
 (I may be able, <fec.) 
 Possim, Possls, Possit 
 Possimus, Possitis, Possint 
 
 IMPERF.—Q. was able, &c) 
 S. Pot-eram, -eras, -erat 
 P. Pot-eramus, -eratis, -erant 
 
 (I might or should be able, &c) 
 Poss-em, -es, -et 
 Poss-emus, -etis, -ent 
 
 FUT.—{1 shall be able, <fcc) 
 S. Pot-ero, -eris, -erit 
 P. Pot-erimus, -eritis, -erunt 
 
 
 
 PERF.—(l have been able, <fcc) 
 S. Potu-i, -isti, -it 
 P. Potu-imus, -istis, -erunt, or 
 -ere 
 
 (I may hare been able, <fec.) 
 Potu-erim, -eris, -erit 
 Potu-erlmus, -eritis, -erint 
 
 PLUPERF.—(l had been able, <fec) 
 S. Potu-eram, -eras, -erat 
 P. Potu-eramus, -eratis, -erant 
 
 (I might have been able, etc) 
 Potu-issem, -isses, -isset 
 Potu-issemus, -issetis, issent 
 
 FUT. PERF.—Q. shall have been able, 
 
 &C.) 
 
 S. Potu-ero, -eris, -erit 
 
 P. Potu-erlmus, -eritis, -erint 
 
 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 PRES.— Posse, to be able. 
 
 PERF.— Potu-isse, to have been alle. 
 
FIRST LATIN READER. 
 
 81 
 
 IRREGULAR VERBS— continued. 
 
 PRO SUM, I am useful to, I do good to. 
 
 Principal Parts — Prosum, Profm, Prodesse. 
 
 INDICATIVE. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 PRES.— Q. am useful to, Ac.) 
 S. Pro-sum, Prod-es, Prod-est 
 P. Pro-sumus,Prod-estis,Pro-sunt 
 
 (I may be useful to, Ac.) 
 Pro-sim, -sis, -sit 
 Pro-slmus, -sitis, -sint 
 
 IMPERF.—(l was useful to, Ac.) 
 S. Prod-eram, -eras, -erat 
 P. Prod-eramus, -eratis, -erant 
 
 (T might or should be useful to, Ac.) 
 Prod-essem, -esses, -esset 
 Prod-essemus, -essetis, -essent 
 
 FUT.—Q. shall be useful to, Ac.) 
 S. Prod-ero, -eris, -erit 
 P. Prod-erimus, -eritis, -erunt 
 
 (I may be about to be useful to, Ac.) 
 Profuturus sim, sis, sit 
 Profuturi simus, sitis, sint 
 
 PERF — (I have been useful to, Ac.) 
 S. Profu-i, -isti, -it 
 P. Profu-imus, -istis, -erunt, or 
 -ere 
 
 (I may have been useful to, Ac.) 
 Profu-erim, -eris, -erit 
 Profu-erimus, eritis, erint 
 
 PLUPERF.—{\ had been useful to, Ac.) 
 
 S. Profu-eram, -eras, -erat 
 
 P. Profu-eramus, -eratis, -erant 
 
 (I might have been useful to, Ac.) 
 Profu-issem, -isses, -isset 
 Profu-issemus, -issetis, -issent 
 
 FUT. PERF.— (I shall have been 
 useful to, Ac.) 
 S. Profu-ero, -eris, -erit 
 P. Profu-eriinus, -eritis, -erint 
 
 
 
 IMPERATIVE. 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 PRES.- 
 
 (To be useful to.) 
 Prod-esse 
 
 FUT.— 
 
 S. — , Prod-esto, Prod-esto 
 P. — , Prod-estote, Pro-sunto 
 
 (To be about to be useful to.) 
 Profutur-um \ 
 
 ■ am > esse, or Profore. 
 
 — um ) 
 
 PART.— 
 
 Profdtur-us, a, urn 
 
 PERF.— (To huve been useful to.) 
 Profu-isse 
 
 (1221 
 
32 
 
 FIRST LATIN READER. 
 
 IRREGULAR 
 
 ( EO, I go. Principal Paets 
 
 Eo belongs to the Fourth Conjugation. Its stem, -t, becomes -e before 
 indicative eo for io ; 3d plural present eunt for iunt. The imperfect 
 
 INDICATIVE. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 PRES. — (I go, or am going, <fec.) 
 S. Eo, Is, It 
 P. Imus, Itis, Eunt 
 
 (I may go, &c) 
 Earn, Eas, Eat 
 Eamus, Eatis, Eant 
 
 IMPERF.—(\ was going, <fec) 
 S. Ibam, Ibas, Ibat 
 P. Ibamu3, Ibatis, Ibant 
 
 (I might, <fct, go, <fce.) 
 Irem, Ires, Iret 
 Iremus, Iretis, Irent 
 
 FUT.— (I shall or will go, Ac.) 
 S. Ibo, Ibis, Ibit 
 P. Ibinms, Ibitis, Ibuat 
 
 (I may he about to go, <fcc.) 
 Iturus sim, Iturus sis, kc. 
 
 PERF.—{\ have gone, Ac.) 
 S. Iv-i, -isti, -it, &c. 
 
 (I may have gone, <fcc) 
 Iv-erim, -eris, -erit, kc. 
 
 PLUPERF.—Q had gone, <tc.) 
 S. Iv-eram, -eras, &c. 
 
 (I might have gone, <fec.) 
 Iv-issem, -isses, &c. 
 
 FUT. PERF.—(l shall have gone, <fec.) 
 S. Iv-ero, -eris, &c. 
 
 - 
 
 Supine — Itum, Itu. 
 Note (1.) That eo has a passive voice only in the 3d singular ; as, itur, '• it 
 "to go away ;" irieo, " to enter ;" redeo, u to return," &c.) are conjugated 
 are usually contracted into u, iisti [isti). (3.) That some of the compounds 
 
 FIO, I am made, or I become. Principal 
 
 Fio serves as the Passive Voice o(facio, " I 
 
 PRES.—Q. become, <fec) 
 S. Flo, FIs, Fit 
 P. Fl-mus, Fl-tis, Fi-unt 
 
 (I may become, <fcc.) 
 Fi-am, -as, -at 
 Fi-amus, -atis, -ant 
 
 IMPERF.—a became, <fcc.) 
 S. Fl-ebam, -ebas, &c. 
 
 (I might become, &c.) 
 Fi-erem, -eres, &c. 
 
 FUT.— (I shall become, Ac) 
 S. Fi-am, -es, -et, kc. 
 
 
 
FIEST LATIN READER. 
 
 83 
 
 VERB S — continued. 
 — Eo, Ivi, Itum, Ire. 
 
 the vowels a, o, u : thus, present subjunctive earn for iam ; present 
 is ibam, and not i-e-bam ; and the future ends in bo, and not in am. 
 
 IMPERATIVE. 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 PARTICIPLE. 
 
 (Go thou, Ac.) 
 — , Ite 
 
 (To go, <fec.) 
 Ire 
 
 lens, Euntis 
 lens, Euntis 
 lens, Euntis 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (Thou shalt go, &c) 
 
 — , Ito, Ito 
 
 — , Itote, Eunto 
 
 (To be about to go.) 
 Itur-um J 
 
 am > esse 
 
 um ) 
 
 (About to go.) 
 
 Itur-us, -i 
 Itur-a, -ae 
 Itur-um, -i, &c. 
 
 
 
 (To have gone, <fcc.) 
 
 Iv-isse 
 
 ■ ■ 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Gerund — Eundum, Eundi, &c. 
 is gone;" ibatur, " it was gone," &c. (2.) That the compounds of eo [abeo, 
 in the same way as the simple verb ; but that ivi, ivisti, &c, in the perfect 
 occasionally take -am instead of -bo in the future ; as, redeam, redies, &c. 
 
 Parts — Flo, Factus sum, Fieri. 
 
 make." It is of the Fourth Conjugation. 
 
 (Become thou.) 
 -, FI 
 — , Fite 
 
 (To become.) 
 Figri 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (To be about to become.) 
 Factum iri 
 
 (Deserving, or requiring, to 
 be made or to become.) 
 Faciend-us, -i 
 Faciend-a, -ae 
 Faciend-um, -i, &c. 
 
81 
 
 FIKST LATIN HEADER. 
 
 IRREGULAR 
 
 FIO, I am made, 
 
 INDICATIVE. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 PERF.—(l have become, .fee.) 
 S. Factus sum, Factus es, kc. 
 
 (I may have become, <fcc.) 
 Factus sim, Factus sis, &c. 
 
 PLUPERF.—Q. had become, <fec) 
 S. Factus eram, Factus eras, &c. 
 
 ■ 
 (I might have become, <fec.) 
 
 Factus essem, Factus esses, &c. 
 
 FUT. PERF.—Q. shall have become, 
 <fcc.) 
 S. Factus ero, Factus eris, &c. 
 
 
 
 FERO, I bring or bear. Principal 
 
 Fero is of the Third Conjugation, but is irregular in the Perfect and 
 thus,/ers for fer-i-s, fert for fer-i-t, ferre for/er-e-re, 
 
 ACTIVE 
 
 PRES.—(l bear, <fcc) 
 S. Fero, Fers, Fert 
 P. Fer-Imus, Fer-tis, Fer-unt 
 
 (I may bear, «tc.) 
 
 Fer-am, -as, -at, kc. 
 
 IMPERF.—{\ was bearing, &c.) 
 S. Fer-ebam, -ebas, &c. 
 
 (I might bear, <fcc.) 
 Fer-rem, -res, -ret, &c. 
 
 FUT.— (I shall or will bear, Ac) 
 S. Fer-am, -es, -et, kc. 
 
 (I may be about to bear, <fcc.) 
 Laturus sim, 6is, kc. 
 
 PERF. — (I have borne, <tc.) 
 S. Tiil-i, -isti, -it 
 P. Tul-imus, -istis, -erunt, or -ere 
 
 (I may have borne, <tc.) 
 Tul-erim, -eris, -erit, kc. 
 
 PLUPERF.—(l had borne, <fec) 
 S. Tul-eram, -eras, &c. 
 
 (I might have borne, <fcc.) 
 Tul-issem. -isses. Sec. 
 
 FUT. PERF.— (I shall have borne, <fcc) 
 S. Tul-ero, -eris, &c 
 
 
 
 Supine— Lat-um, Lat-u. 
 
 
FIRST LATIN READER. 
 
 85 
 
 VERB S — continued. 
 or 1 become — continued. 
 
 IMPERATIVE. 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 PARTICIPLE. 
 
 
 
 (To have become.) 
 Fact-um \ 
 
 am > esse 
 
 nm ) 
 
 (Having become.) 
 Fact-us, -i 
 Fact-a, -ae 
 Fact-um, -i, &c. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Parts — Fero, Ttili, Latum, Ferre. 
 
 Supine and derived tenses. In some parts it omits the connecting vowel 
 ferris (2d singular present passive) for fer-e-ria, &c. 
 
 VOICE. 
 
 (Bear thou, &c.) 
 — , Fer 
 — , Fer-te 
 
 (To bear.) 
 
 Fer-re 
 
 (Beaiing.) 
 
 Fer-ens, -entis 
 Fer-ens, -entis 
 Fer-ens, -entis, &c. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (Thou shalt bear.) 
 
 — , Fer-to, Fer-to 
 — , Fer-tote, Fer-unto 
 
 (To be about to bear.) 
 
 Latur-um \ 
 
 (About to bear.) 
 Latur-us, -i 
 Latur-a, -ae 
 Latur-um, -i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (To have borne.) 
 Till-isse 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Gerund — Ferend-um, -i, &c. 
 
86 
 
 FIRST LATIN READER. 
 
 IRREGULAR 
 
 Fgror, Latus 
 PASSIVE 
 
 INDICATIVE. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 PEES.— (1 am borne, <fec.) 
 S. Fer-or, Fer-ris, Fer-tur 
 P. Fer-imur, -imini, -untur 
 
 (I may be borne, <fcc.) 
 Fer-ar, -aris, -atur 
 Fer-amur, -amini, -antur 
 
 IMPERF. — (I was borne, Ac.) 
 
 S. Fer-ebar, -ebaris, &c. 
 
 (I might be borne, <fcc) 
 Fer-rer, -reris, -retur, &c 
 
 FUT.—d shall be borne, <fcc) 
 S. Fer-ar, -<jris, -etur, &c 
 
 
 
 PERF.—Q. have been borne, <fcc) 
 S. Latus sum, Latus es, &c. 
 
 (I may have been borne, &c) 
 Latus sim, Latus sis, &c. 
 
 PLUPERF. — (I had been borne, <fcc) 
 S. Latus eram, eras, &c. 
 
 (I might have been borne, Ac.) 
 Latus essem, esses, &c. 
 
 FUT. PERF.—{1 shall have been 
 borne, <fcc) 
 S. Latus ero, eris, &c. 
 
 
 
 In the same way are conjugated 
 
 Affero (ad fero) 
 Effero (e or ex fero) 
 Perfero (per fero) 
 
 Attuli 
 Extuli 
 Pertuli 
 
 
FIRST LATIN READER, 
 
 87 
 
 VERB S — continued. 
 
 sum, Ferri. 
 
 VOICE. 
 
 IMPERATIVE. 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 PARTICIPLE. 
 
 (Be thou borne.) 
 ~, Fer-re 
 — , Fer-imini 
 
 (To be borne.) 
 Fer-ri 
 
 
 
 - — 
 
 
 
 ■r— 
 
 (Thou shalt be borne.) 
 — , Fer-tor, Fer-tor 
 — Fer-emin}, Fer-un- 
 tor 
 
 (To be about to be borne.) 
 Latum iri 
 
 (Requiring to. be borne.) 
 Ferend-us, -i 
 Ferend-a, -ae, 
 Ferend-um, -i, &c 
 
 -^r- 
 
 (To have been borne.) 
 Lat-um ) 
 
 am > esse 
 
 um J 
 
 (Borne.) 
 Lat-us, -i 
 Lat-a, -ae 
 Lat-um, -i, &c 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 the compounds of Fero : — 
 
 Allatum 
 Elatum 
 Perlatum 
 
 Afferre. 
 Eflfe.rre. 
 Perferre, &c. &o. 
 
88 FIRST LATTBT READER. 
 
 1. (Syntax) Rule XXI. — The infinitive mood usually depend* 
 on another verb; as, Cupio discere, I am eager to learn. 
 
 2. (Syntax) Rule XXII. — The subject to a verb in the infinitivt 
 mood is put in the accusative; as, Hostes parare bellum videt, 
 he sees that the enemy are preparing {for) war. 
 
 3. (Syntax) Rule XXIII. — Tlie compounds of sum, except pos- 
 sum, govern the dative; as, Interfuit praelio, he was present at the 
 battle. 
 
 EXERCISE XXVIII. 
 
 Caesar vir magnus et clarus fuit. Nonne in horto fuistis agri- 
 colae? Nonne in horto fuistis, agricolae? Nunquam deerit tibi 
 laus, si probus fueris. Ante Ciceronis aetatem oratores multi atque 
 clari fuerunt. Ante bellum Punicum secundum imperatores multi 
 ac clari fuerant, nee postea defuerunt. Multis praeliis interfuerant 
 miiites. Divitiacus copiis iEduoram praefuit. Si Caesar ipse equi- 
 tatui praefuisset, hostes non effugissent. 
 
 Beatus esse sine virtnte potest nemo. Mons altissimus impendet, 
 ut facile perpauci prohibere hostes possint. Mons altissimus im- 
 pendebat, ut facile perpauci prohibere hostes possent. Romani con- 
 sequi hostes non potuerunt. ■ Divitiacus plurimum poterat apud 
 suos cives. Possunt, quia posse videntur. Non est dubiuni quin* 
 totius Galliae plurimum Ilelvetii possint. Viri boni sumus, si iis 
 prosumus, quibus (prodesse) possumus. Caesar negat se posse iter 
 ulli per provinciam dare. Qui possum facere quod quereris ? Canis 
 non potuit attingere cibum, quem petebat 
 
 You cannot be happy without virtue. If you are (pres. subj.) 
 rich, you will never want friends ; (i. e., friends will never be wanting 
 to you.) Labienus commanded Caesar's cavalry. Labienus, as lieu- 
 tenant-general, was in charge of the camp. Our soldiers were not 
 able to repulse the enemy. Caesar's ships had not been able to 
 reach the island. Divitiacus was very powerful at home {domi) 
 and in the rest of Gaul. The king who had been given (them) 
 was useless. The dogs were not able to reach the flesh which they 
 were aiming at. Let us be useful to all our friends. Cicero had been 
 of great service to the state. 
 
 * Quin is equal to qui (old ablative of quis) and Jion or ne, and means ". 
 "in what manner, not," or "how, not." It is usually translated, " but that," and 
 is generally followed by the subjunctive. 
 
FIRST LATIN READER. 80 
 
 EXERCISE XXiX. 
 
 Multi dolorem morbi ferre non possunt. Aulus fert talos nuces- 
 que sinu laxo. Improbi cives arma contra patriam ferunt. Aura 
 secunda naves per mare feret. Omnia ferebant atque agebant* hostes. 
 Multa tulit fecitque puer. Flumen Rhenus longo spatio per fines 
 Germanorum fertur. Quodvis pete munus, ut illud, me tribuente, 
 feras. Sapiens nomen insani ferat. Helvetii admirati sunt, Cae- 
 sarem injurias tam diu impune tulisse. Ariovistus tantam arrogan- 
 tiam sumpserat, ut ferendus non videretur. Lupus causam jurgii 
 intulit. Si res adversas mihi fortuna imposuisset, animo aequo 
 tulissem. Duae mulae ibant gravatae sarcinis. Muli ferebant fiscos 
 cum pecunia. Rana qnaedam caput e stagno profert. Canis per 
 flumen natans, carnem ferebat. Canis aliam praedam ab alio {cane) 
 ferri putabat. Leo improbus totam praedam abstulit. Eodem 
 anno bellum Romanis illatum est. Caesari nuntiatum est Ariovistum 
 Populo Romano bellum intulisse. 
 
 The boy was not able to bear the pain of the disease. The Hel- 
 vetii carried their baggage to one place. Bring help to the wretched 
 and the poor (inops). The wise man bears injuries with contented 
 mind. The poets say {ferunt) that the giants made war {accus. with 
 inf.) against the gods. The farmer's son used to carry apples and 
 nuts in the loose fold (of his robe). Let the son bear his father's 
 name. If the Gauls shall wage {fut. perf.) war on the Romans, the 
 consuls will hasten over the Alps with the legions. All the baggage 
 was brought together into one place. The soldiers had waged war 
 against their fellow-citizens. Some dogs swimming over a river, 
 carrying flesh, saw their own forms in the clear water. The whole 
 Helvetian state waged war on the Romans with all their forces. 
 Let wise men receive (bear) the name of fools. The ships were borne 
 over the sea with a favouring breeze. Caesar bore for a long time 
 the injuries of {i.e., done by) the Helvetii. Rich men are able to be 
 of great service to the poor. Let us not wage war against our 
 fellow-citizens. There is no doubt but that Caesar is able to make 
 himself master of all Gaul. 
 
 * The phrase, Ferre et agere, is used to denote a general plunder : ferre applies to 
 the carrying of inanimate tilings, and agere to the driving of live stock. 
 
90 
 
 FIRST LATIN HEADER. 
 
 IRREGULAR 
 
 VOLO, 1 
 This verb is irregular in the present indicative and 
 
 Principal Parts — 
 
 INDICATIVE. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 PRES.—QL am willing, <fec.) 
 S. Volo, Vis, Vult 
 P. VSlumus, Vultis, Volant 
 
 (I may be willing, Ac.) 
 Vel-im, -is, -it 
 Vel-Imus, -itis, -int, &c. 
 
 IMPERF.—Q. was willing, <fcc.) 
 S. Vol-ebam, -ebas, &c. 
 
 (I might be willing, <fec.) 
 Vel-lem, -les, -let, &c. 
 
 FUT. — (I shall be willing, Ac.) 
 
 S. V61-am, -es, -et, &c 
 
 
 
 PERF. — (I have been willing, Ac.) 
 S. Volu-i, -isti, -it, &c. 
 
 (I may have been willing, Ac.) 
 Volu-erim, -eris, &c. 
 
 PLUPERF.—Q. had been willing, Ac.) 
 S. Volu-eram, -eras, &c. 
 
 (I might have been willing, Ac) 
 Volu-issera, -isses, &c. 
 
 FUT. PERF— (J. shall have been 
 willing, Ac.) 
 S. V51u-ero, -eris, &c. 
 
 
 
 NOLO, lam 
 Nolo is composed of ne or non, " not," and 
 
 Principal Parts — 
 
 PRES.—Q. am unwilling, Ac) 
 
 S. Nolo, Noiuvis, Non-volt 
 
 P. Nolumus, Non-vnltis, Nolunt 
 
 (I may be unwilling, Ac.) 
 N61-im, -is, -It 
 Nol-imus, -itis, -int 
 
 1MPERF.—QL was unwilling, Ac) 
 S. Nol-ebam, -ebas, -ebat, &c. 
 
 (I might be unwilling, Ac) 
 N5l-lem, -les, -let, &c. 
 
 FUT.— (I shall be unwilling, Ac.) 
 S. Nol-am, -es, -et 
 
 
 
FIRST LATIN READER. 
 
 91 
 
 VERB S — continued. 
 
 am willing. 
 
 present infinitive, and the tenses derived from them. 
 
 Volo, Volui, Yelle. 
 
 IMPERATIVE. 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 PARTICIPLE. 
 
 
 
 (To be willing.) 
 
 Velle 
 
 (Willing.) 
 
 Volens 
 Volentis, &c. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (To have been willing.) 
 Volu-isse 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 — ■ 
 
 : 
 
 
 
 unwilling. 
 
 v&lo ; the first syllable is therefore long. 
 
 Nolo, Nolui, N511e. 
 
 (Be thou unwilling.) 
 — ,N61i 
 — , Nolite 
 
 (To be unwilling.) 
 Nolle 
 
 (Unwilling.) 
 Nolens 
 Nolentis, &c. 
 
 (Thou shalt be unwilling.) 
 j — , Nolito, Nolito 
 -, Nolitote, Nolunto 
 
92 
 
 FIRST LATIN READER. 
 
 IRREGULAR 
 
 NOLO, / am 
 
 INDICATIVE. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 PERK— (I have been unwilling, &c) 
 S. N61ii-i, -isti, -it, &c. 
 
 (I may have been unwilling, <kc.) 
 N51u-erim, -eris, kc. 
 
 PLUPERF.—{1 had been unwilling, <fcc.) 
 S. Nolu-eram, -eras, &c. 
 
 (I might have been unwilling, &c) 
 Nolu-issem, -isses, &c. 
 
 PUT. PERF.—(l shall have been 
 unwilling, <tec) 
 S. Nolu-ero, -eris, &c. 
 
 
 
 MALO, I am 
 Mdlo is composed of magis or mage, "more," 
 
 Principal Parts — 
 
 PRE&—(1 am more wihing, &c.) 
 8. Malo, Mavis, Mavnlt 
 P. Malumus, Mavnltis, Malunt 
 
 (I may be more willing, <fcc) 
 Mal-im, -is, -it 
 Mal-imus, -itis, -int 
 
 IMPERF.—(l was more willing, Ac) 
 S. Mal-ebam, -ebas, &c. 
 
 (I might be more willing, <fec) 
 Mal-lem, -les, -let, &c 
 
 FUT. — (I shall be more willing, <fcc.) 
 
 S. Mal-am, -es, -et, kc. 
 
 
 
 PERF.— (I have been more willing, <fcc.) 
 S. Malu-i, -isti, -it, kc. 
 
 (I may have been more willing, &c) 
 Malu-erim, -eris, kc. 
 
 PLUPERF.—Q. had been more 
 willing, <fcc) 
 S. Malu-eram, -eras, &c. 
 
 (I might have been more willing, 
 <fca) 
 Malu-issem, -isses, &c. 
 
 FUT. PERF.—{1 shall have been more 
 
 willing, <fcc.) 
 S. Malu-ero, -eris, &c. 
 
 1 ] 
 
 
 
FIRST LATIN READER. 
 
 S3 
 
 1 
 VERBS — continued. 
 
 vn willing — continued. 
 
 
 IMPERATIVE. 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 PARTICIPLE. 
 
 — 
 
 (To Jiave been unwilling.) 
 Noluisse 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 ! 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 more willing. 
 
 , and volo, and has the first syllable long. 
 
 j 
 
 Malo, Malui, Malle. 
 
 — 
 
 (To be more willing.) 
 Malle 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ — 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 (To have been more 
 willing.) 
 Malu-isse 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 ! 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 | 
 
 
 
94 FIRST LATIN READER. 
 
 EXERCISE XXX. 
 
 Non eadem volo senex, quae volui adolescens. Quia noluistis ves- 
 tram ferre bonum, malum perferte. Noli mentiri. Nolite, judices, 
 de me ita existimare. Quod volumus, libenter credimus. Idem velle 
 etidem nolle, ea firma amicitia est. Nosti* ingenium mulierum ; 
 nolunt, ubi velis,— ubi nolis, cupiunt ultro. Nemo, me nolente, pecu- 
 niam Aulo meo auferet. Iracundia non vult regi. Caesar ab Hel- 
 vetiis discedere nolebat. Si vis amari, ama. Stultus corvus, dum 
 vocem ostendere vult, emisit ore caseum. Noli coram pluribus cani- 
 bus panem craore tinctum mittere, ne nos vivos devoreut. Dum 
 rana vult inflare sese validius, rupto jacuit corpore. Noli imputare 
 vanum beneficium mihi. Quum mustela, ab homine prensa, in- 
 stantem necem effugere vellet ; parce, inquit, mihi, quae domum tibi 
 molestis muribus purgo. Senex asino suadebat fugere, ne possent 
 capi. Hydras ranas singulas aspero dente corripere coepit.t Gracu- 
 lus ad proprium genus redire coepit maerens. Si voluisses pati quod 
 natura dederat, banc repulsam non sentires. 
 
 A lion was anxious to go-a-hunting, (i e., to hunt,) with a donkey 
 for a companion. The stag begins to run over (per) the plain. The 
 foolish crow was anxious to show off its voice. The enemy began to 
 assemble from all parts. The inhabitants began to cultivate the 
 fields. Ambassadors were sent to Rome to the senate, to sue for 
 peace. The enemy began to retreat. The soldiers, worn out (dt- 
 fessus) with wounds, had begun to retreat. Don't be at all (imperat. 
 of nolo) afraid ; (i. e., do not fear.) We know (novi) the wisdom of 
 Socrates, (and) the justice of Aristides. The citizens began to build 
 a new city. 
 
 SECTION XIX. 
 
 DEFECTIVE VERBS. 
 
 1. Defective Verbs are those which want some of their parts. 
 Thus, volo, malo, &c, are not only Irregular, but also Defective 
 Verbs. The following, however, are more largely defective, since they 
 either want the present and derived tenses, or have only a few 
 
 * Nosti, for novisti, perfect of notco, but often translated as a present Sea 
 next page, t For coepi, see next page. 
 
FIRST LATIN READER. 
 
 95 
 
 isolated parts, principally of the present stem. Thus, eoepi, " I begin;" 
 memini, "I remember;" 6di, "I hate;" and novi, "I know," have 
 only the perfect (preterite) tense and the forms derived from it : from 
 which circumstance they are sometimes called Preteritive Verbs. 
 
 2. The perfects are translated as presents, the pluperfects as per- 
 fects indefinite or imperfects, and the future perfects as futures. 
 The reason of this change is evident when we remember that mem- 
 ini literally means, "I have called to mind," i.e., "I remember;" 
 odi, " I have conceived a hatred," i. e., " I hate," &c. 
 
 
 INDICATIVE. 
 
 
 
 PERFECT. 
 
 
 Coepi. 
 
 Memln-L 6d-i. 
 
 N6v-I. 
 
 Coep-istl. 
 
 Memin-istl. Od-isti. 
 
 Nov-istL 
 
 Coep-it, &o. 
 
 Memm-it, &c. Od-it, &c. 
 PLUPERFECT. 
 
 N6v-it, &c 
 
 Coep-eram, 
 
 MSmln-eram. 6d-eram. 
 
 FUTURE PERFECT. 
 
 N6v-eram, 
 
 Coep-gro. 
 
 Memfti-ero. 6d-ero, 
 
 N5v-8ro. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 PERFECT. 
 
 Coep-2rim. Memin-erim. 6d-erim. Nov-erim. 
 
 PLUPERFECT. 
 
 Coep-issem. Mgmln-issem. Od-issem. Nov-issem. 
 
 IMPERATIVE. 
 
 FUTURE. 
 
 S. Memen-to. | P. Memen-tote. 
 
 Coep-isse. 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 Memin-isse. Od-isse. 
 
 Nov-isse. 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 PERFECT. 
 
 6-sus {obsolete.) (No-tua.) 
 
 FUTURE. 
 
 6-surus. 
 
96 
 
 3. Ajo or aio, 
 parts : — 
 
 FIE5T LATIN EEADER. 
 
 " I say," a I say yes," has only the following 
 
 PRESEXT IXDICA TIYE. 
 S. AJO, AlS, Alt. 
 
 P. — , — , Aiunt. 
 
 IMPERFECT INDICATIVE. 
 S. Aiebam, Aiebas, Aiebat. 
 P. Aiebamus, Aiebatis, Aiebant. 
 
 PRESEXT SUBJUXCTIYE. 
 8. — , Aias, Aiat. 
 P. — , — , Aiant. 
 
 PARTICIPLE PRESEXT. 
 Aiens, affirming. 
 
 4. Tnquqm, " I say," is likewise very defective. Of inquam it 
 must be noticed, (1) that it is only used (like our "says I") in quot- 
 ing the words of a person ; and (2) that it never stands as the first 
 word of a clause : — 
 
 INDICATIVE. 
 
 PRESEXT. 
 
 S. Inqtiam, Inquis, Inquit. 
 
 P. Inquimus, Inquitis, Inquiunt. 
 
 PERFECT. 
 S. , Inquisti, Inquit. 
 
 S. 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 , Inquiebat. 
 
 FUTURE. 
 
 Inquies, Inquiet. 
 
 IMPERATIVE. 
 Pres. Sing. Inque. | Fut. Sin?. Inquito. 
 
 SECTION XX. 
 
 IMPERSONAL VERBS. 
 
 1. Impersonal Verbs are used only in the third person singular, and 
 have no personal subject—/. <?., have no substantive or substantive 
 pronoun as their subject. They are like the English phr 
 snows, it rains, it happens, &C. 
 
 2. The third singular of regular verbs is sometimes used imper- 
 sonally; as, accidit, "it happens," from accido, "I fall in with," 
 u happen on." 
 
 .'I The following refer to the weather and certain natural pheno- 
 mena:— 
 
 
FIRST LATIN READER. 
 
 97 
 
 Pluit, it rains. 
 Ningit, it snows. 
 Grandinat, it hails. 
 Lapidat, or lapidatum est, stones 
 fall from heaven. 
 
 Lucescit and illucescit, it dawns. 
 Fulgiirat and fulmlnat, it lightens. 
 Tonat, it thunders* 
 Vesperaseit and advesperascit, it 
 grows dark. 
 
 4. The following six, referring to feelings of the mind, take the 
 accusative of the person experiencing the feeling ; as, Miseretme tui, 
 " I pity you," (literally, " It pities me of you") :— 
 
 MIseret (me), I pity; perf. miserit- 
 
 um est, misertum est, or miser- 
 
 uit. 
 Piget (me), I regret ; perf. piguit, 
 
 or pigitum est. 
 Poenitet (me), / repent; perf. poen- 
 
 ituit. 
 
 Piidet (me), / am ashamed; perf. 
 
 puduit, or puditum est. 
 Taedet (me), / am disgusted; perf. 
 
 pertaesum est, and rarely taed- 
 
 uit. 
 Oportet (me), it is necessary for me, 
 
 1 must; perf. oportuit. 
 
 5. Some have a substantive as their subject, and are used in the 
 the third plural, with a neuter plural as subject ; as, Parvum parva 
 decent : — 
 
 Decet (me), it becomes me; perf. 
 
 •decuit. 
 Dedecet (me), it does not become me; 
 
 perf. dedecuit. 
 Liquet, it is obvious; perf. licuit. 
 
 Libet, or lubet (mihi), I like, 
 choose; perf. llbuit, or libitum 
 est. 
 
 Licet (mihi), T am permitted; perf. 
 licuit, or licitum est. 
 
 6. Some personal verbs are used impersonally in the third person 
 singular, and with a meaning more or less different from that of the 
 personal forms : — 
 
 Interest and refert, it is of impor- 
 tance to. 
 
 Accidit, evenit, contingit, or fit, 
 it happens. 
 
 Accedit, it is added to, or in addi- 
 tion to. 
 
 Attinet and pertinet (ad), it con- 
 cerns or pertains to. 
 
 Conducit, it is conducive. 
 
 Convenit, it suits. 
 
 Constat, it is known or established. 
 
 Expedit, it is expedient. 
 
 Delectat and jiivat (me), it delights 
 me. 
 
 Fallit, fugit, and praeterit (me), 
 it escapes me. 
 
 Placet, it pleases, perf. placuit, or 
 placitum est. 
 
 Praestat, it is better. 
 
 Restat, it remains. 
 
 Vacat, it is wanting. 
 
 Est, in the sense of licet, it is per- 
 mitted. 
 
 * Some of these are occasionally used as personal Thus we find Jupiter tonat: 
 and in a figurative sense, orator tonat. 
 (322) 7 
 
98 FIRST LATIN READEE. 
 
 7. Most verbs may be used impersonally in the Passive Voice. 
 This usually happens in the case of intransitive verbs, which other- 
 wise have no passive ; as curritur, " they run ;" literally, " it is run," 
 £.«., "running is taking place." Thus, pugnatur, "they fight," 
 (the battle is carried on ;) pugnabatur, " they were fighting ;" pitg- 
 natum est, "they fought," &c. : vivitur, "people live," (i.e., life is 
 maintained :) ventum est, " they came," &e. 
 
 8. (Syntax) Rule XXIV. — An impersonal verb governs the 
 dative: as, Expedit reipublicae, it is profitable for the state. 
 
 9. Exceptions : — 
 
 (1.) Refert and interest govern the genitive ; as, Refert regis, 
 "it concerns the king;" Interest civium, "it is the 
 interest of the citizens." * 
 
 (2.) Miseret, poenitet, pudet, taedet, and piget govern an 
 accusative of the person (who feels pity, regret, shame, 
 &c), and the genitivef of the object (which excites the 
 feeling) ; as, Pudet mepeccati, " I am ashamed of my 
 fault." 
 
 (3.) Decet, delectat,juvat, and oportetX govern the accusative 
 of a person with the infinitive ; as, Non decet te irasci, 
 " it does not become you to be angry." 
 
 10. For further exceptions, and other minutia', consult an advanced 
 grammar, or a dictionary under each verb. 
 
 EXERCISE XXXI. 
 
 Licet nobis esse beatis. Nobis gloriari licet, nulli gentium mitiores 
 placuisse poenas. Caesari placuit castra defendere. Caesari placuit, 
 ut ad Ariovistum legates mitteret. Tibi ire licet. Tibi ire licuit. 
 Quod tibi lubet, idem mibi lubet. Vobis venire licuit. Non cuivis 
 contingit adire Corinthum. Legatus petebat, ut sibi discedere 
 liceret. 
 
 Omnium interest vera {accus. pi. neut.) dicere. Mea, interest virtu- 
 
 • But when the possessive pronouns accompany these verbs, they are used in the 
 forms nua, tua, sua, nostra, vestra; as, Non mea refert, " it does not concern me." 
 Some scholars consider these forms as in the ablative sinpular feminine, agreeing 
 with re; while others regard the phrases as abbreviations for rem meam fert, and 
 inter rem est meam. (See Key, Latin Grammar, § 910.) 
 
 t The infinitive mood is occasionally used instead of the genitive; as, Pudet nt 
 p-atrem hocfecisse, " I am ashamed that my brother has done tins." 
 
 J Oportet is also followed by the subjunctive, but rarely. 
 
FTRST LATIN READER. 99 
 
 kem colere. Refert civitatis omnes legibus obtemperare. Id me5 
 minime refert. Quid id refert tua ? Quid patris mei interest, ubi tu 
 sis ? Tua et mea maxirae interest, te valere. Tua quod nihil refert, 
 percontari desinas. 
 
 Miseret me tui. Non me poenitet hujus consilii. Inertem poenit- 
 ebit aliquando ignaviae. Pueros ineptiarum poenitebat. Socratem 
 non puduit fateri, se multas res nescire. Nos miseret casus tui. 
 Morum civitatis me piget atque taedet. Nunquam Caesarem suscepti 
 negotii pertaesum est. Quern poenitet peccasse paene est innocens. 
 An poenitet vos, quod exercitum trans flumen transduxerim ? Sunt 
 homines quos libidinis infamiaeque suae neque taedeat neque 
 pudeat. 
 
 Adolescentem verecundum esse decet. Pudet me peccati mei. 
 Sunt quos delectet segnem traducere vitam :— et sunt quos studiis 
 invigilare juvet. Pueros diligentes esse oportet. Caesarem oportet 
 ad Ariovistum venire. Ariovistus dixit, Caesarem oportere ad se 
 venire. Hoc fieri et oportet et opus est. Pecunia his civitatibus 
 pro frumento dari oportuit. Hoc te oportuit facere. Haec facta 
 esse a civibus oportebat. 
 
 EXERGISE XXXII. 
 
 Diu et acriter pugnatum est. Gloriae maxime invidetur. Nemini 
 parcetur. Omnibus constabat hiemari in Gallia oportere. Nuntiatum 
 est Caesari Germanos in fuga esse. His rebus fit, ut Helvetii minus 
 late vagentur. His rebus fiebat, ut Helvetii minus late vagarentur. 
 Vivitur ex rapto. 
 
 Milites vulneribus defessi pedem referre coeperunt. Caesar milites 
 hortatur ut veteris gloriae meminerint. Legati dixerant, se portus 
 insulasque novisse. Multi te oderunt, si te solum amas. Multi te 
 oderint, si te solum ames. Germani superbiam atque saevitiam 
 Lucii Varii odisse coeperant. Tullus Hostilius, ut ait Livius, ferocior 
 etiam Romulo fuit. Novimus Aristidis justitiam, novimus Socratis 
 sapientiam. Socrates interrogatus quinam homines tranquilliter 
 viverent : qui, inquit, nullius turpitudinis sibi conscii sunt. Pater 
 tuus, inquit, maledixit mihi. Vos quoque, ait, cives ! sustinete 
 hoc. Tunc contra deus ; — quia noluistis, inquit, vestrum bonum ferre, 
 malum perferte. Equidem, inquit alter, me contemptum esse gaudeo. 
 Nunc, inquit, sol unus omnes exurit lacus. Quid refert mea cui 
 serviam, dum clitellas portem meas 1 
 
100 
 
 FIRST LATIN READER 
 
 SECTION XXI 
 
 INDECLINABLE PARTS OF SPEECH. 
 I. ADVERBS. 
 
 1. Adverbs are words joined to verbs, adjectives, or adverbs, to 
 modify their signification. Adverbs are either (1) simple; as saepe, 
 " often ;" post, "after :" or (2) derived from adjectives ; as docte, from 
 doct-us, -a,-um; merito, from merit-us,-a,-um ; facile, from factt-ds, 
 -is,-e; fortiter, from fort-is, -is, -e: or (3) certain forms which were 
 originally cases of nouns ; as, noctu (by night), partim, ibi, ubi, &c. 
 
 2. Many adverbs, especially those derived from adjectives, are sub- 
 ject to comparison. The comparative of the adverb is generally 
 the nominative singular neuter of the adjectival comparative ; thus, 
 doctior, doctior, doctius, — this neuter, doctius, being used as the com- 
 parative of the adverb docte. From the superlative, doctissimijbs, is 
 formed the adverb doctissime. 
 
 ADVERBS. 
 
 ADJECTIVES. 
 
 Doctus, 
 
 learned. 
 Felix, fortunate. 
 Fortis, brave. 
 Gravis, heavy. 
 Similis, like. 
 Liber, free. 
 Pulcher, beautiful. 
 Aeger, sick. 
 Audax, bold. 
 Amans, loving. 
 Prudens, wise. 
 
 POSITIVE. 
 
 Docte, 
 
 learnedly. 
 Feliciter. 
 Fortiter. 
 Graviter. 
 Similiter. 
 Libere. 
 Pulchre. 
 Aegre. 
 Audacter. 
 Amanter. 
 Prudenter. 
 
 COMPARATIVE. 
 
 Doctius, 
 
 more learnedly. 
 Felicius. 
 Fortius. 
 Gravius. 
 Similius. 
 Liberius. 
 Pulchrius. 
 Aegrius. 
 Audacius. 
 Aniantius. 
 Prudentius. 
 
 SUPERLATIVE. 
 
 Doctissime, 
 
 most learnedly. 
 Felicissime. 
 Fortissime. 
 Gravissime. 
 Simillime. 
 Liberrime. 
 Pulcherrime. 
 Aegerrime. 
 Audacissime 
 Amantissime. 
 Prudentissime. 
 
 3. In comparison, adverbs follow the irregularities of the adjec- 
 tives from which they are derived ; as, — 
 
 Bonus, good. 
 
 Bene, well. Melius, better. Optime, best. 
 
 Malus, bad. Male. Pejus. Pessime. 
 
 Multus, much, many. Multum. Plus. Plurlmum. 
 
 Magnus, great Magnum. Magis. Maxime. 
 
 (Propinquus, near.) Prope. Propius. Proxime. [mo. 
 
 (Pro or prae, before.) Prius. Primum, orpn- 
 
 Validus, strong. Valde. Validius. Validiasime. 
 
FIRST LATIN READER. 
 
 101 
 
 4. Only a few of the primitive adverbs suffer comparison :- 
 
 Diu, long. 
 
 Saepe, often. 
 
 Secus, otherioise. 
 
 Temperi, in time. 
 
 Nuper, lately. 
 
 Satis, enough, or sufficient. 
 
 Diutius. 
 Saepius. 
 Secius. 
 Temperius. 
 
 Satius. 
 
 Diutissime. 
 Saepissime. 
 
 Nuperrime. 
 
 II. PREPOSITIONS. 
 
 5. Some Prepositions govern the accusative, some the ablative, 
 and a few either the accusative or ablative : — 
 
 (1.) The accusative : — 
 
 Ad, to, up to, near, or nearly. 
 Adversus or adversum, opposite, 
 Ante, before. [against. 
 
 Apud, near, with. 
 Circa or circuxn, around, about. 
 Circiter, about (in regard to time or 
 
 number"). 
 Cis or citra, on this side of. 
 Contra, against. 
 Erga, towards. 
 
 Extra, without (opposite of within). 
 Infra, below, beneath. 
 Inter, between, among. 
 Intra, within. 
 
 (2.) The ablative :— 
 
 A, ah, or abs, from. 
 Absque, without {wanting). 
 Coram, in the presence of. 
 Cum, with. 
 
 De, down from, concerning. 
 E or ex, out of, of. 
 
 Juxta, near to, or beside. 
 Ob, against, or on account of. 
 Penes, in the power of. 
 Per, through. 
 Pone, behind. 
 Post, after. 
 
 Praeter, besides, excepting. 
 Propter, on account of, close by. 
 Secundum, next after, in accord- 
 ance with. 
 Supra, above. 
 
 Trans, on the other side of, beyond. 
 Ultra, beyond. 
 Versus, towards {a place). 
 
 Prae, before, in consequence of. 
 Prd, before, instead of. 
 Palam, with the knowledge of. 
 Sine, without (i.e., not with.) 
 Tenus, up to, as far as. 
 
 (3.) The accusative or ablative: the accusative, when motion to- 
 wards is signified ; the ablative, when rest, or position in, is 
 meant : — 
 
102 FIRST LATIN READER. 
 
 With the Accusative. With the AblatlTa. 
 
 In, into, against. in. 
 
 Sub, under, about, towards. under. 
 
 Super, above, over. upon, concerning. 
 
 Subter, under, beneath; generally with the accusative in either 
 
 sense, rarely with the ablative. 
 
 III. INTERJECTIONS. 
 
 6. Interjections are words used to express some emotion of the 
 mind, such as joy, grief, astonishment, contempt, &c. ; as, eheu, 
 alas! euge, bravo! ecce, lo! heus, holla! Interjections are thrown 
 in between the parts of a sentence without influencing the syntax. 
 Some of them, however, when used in connection with a noun, prefer 
 a special case ; thus, 0, heu, proh, take a vocative of address, but an 
 accusative of exclamation ; as, formose puer, beautiful boy ! 
 Heu me infelicem, ah ! luckless me ! Ileus tu, holla, you there ! 
 
 Vae, woe, prefers the dative (rarely the accusative) ; as, Vae mihi, 
 woe's me ! Hei mihi, ah me ! 
 
 7. Other parts of speech are frequently used as interjections ; as, 
 pax, peace! hush! — infandum, monstrous! shame! — miserum, 
 wretched ! — cito, quick ! — Mehercule, by Hercules ! 
 
 IV. CONJUNCTIONS. 
 
 8. Conjunctions serve to connect words, clauses, or sentences. 
 Some of them are (1) simple; as, et, ac, sed, aut, &c. : or (2) com- 
 pound; as, atque, itaque, quamvis, &c. 
 
 9. Those conjunctions which are employed to connect clauses 
 that are on an equality with one another — that is, either primary 
 (independent) clauses or secondary (dependent) clauses, which stand 
 in the same relation to the governing clause — are called co-ordinative; 
 as, et, ac, -que (which last never stands alone, but is always attached 
 to a word), atque, sed, vel, aut, &c. : and those which connect a 
 secondary (dependent) clause to a primary or leading clause, are 
 railed suhordinative ; as, ut, si, quum, ne, quo, ubi, dum* &c. 
 
 * Some of these so-called conjunctions are, more strictly speaking, adverbs, but 
 to avoid confusion the usual classification has been retained. 
 
THE DECLENSIONS, &c. WITH THE CASES IN 
 AN ALTERED ORDER. 
 
 FIRST DECLENSION. 
 
 Singular. 
 Worn. Mens-a, a table. 
 Voc. Mens-a, table 1 
 Ace. Mens-am, a table. [table. 
 Gen. Mens-ae, a table's, or of a 
 Dat. Mens-ae, to or for a table. 
 Abl. Mens-a, from, with, in, or 
 by a table. 
 
 Plural. 
 Mens-ae, tables. 
 Mens-ae, tables/ 
 Mens-as, tables. 
 
 Mens-arum, tables', or of tables. 
 Mens-is, to or for tables. 
 Mens-is, from, with, in, or by 
 tables. 
 
 SECOND DECLENSION. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Nom. Serv-us, masc, a slave. 
 
 Serv-I, slaves. 
 
 Voc. Serv-e, slave! 
 
 Serv-i, slaves ! 
 
 Act. Serv-um, a slave. 
 
 Serv-6s, slaves. 
 
 Gen. Serv-I, of a slave. 
 
 Serv-orum, of slaves. 
 
 Dat. Serv-6, to ox for a slave. 
 
 Serv-Is, to or for slaves. 
 
 Abl. Sevv-b,from, &c, a slave. 
 
 Serv-Is, from, &c, slaves. 
 
 T . V. <k Ace. Mal-um, neut., an apple. 
 
 Mal-a, apples. 
 
 Gen. Mal-i, of an apple. 
 
 Mal-orum, of apples. 
 
 Dat. <fc Abl. Mal-o, to an apple. 
 
 Mal-is, to apples. 
 
 THIRD DECLENSION. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plurai 
 
 N. dc Voc. Honor, masc, honour. 
 
 Honor-es, honours. 
 
 Ace. Honor-em. 
 
 Honor-es. 
 
 Gen. Honor-Is. 
 
 Honor-urn. 
 
 Dat. Honor-I. 
 
 Honor-Ibus. 
 
 Abl. Honor-e. 
 
 Honor-Ibns. 
 
 N. «fc Voc. Frater, m., a brother. 
 
 Fratr-es, brothers. 
 
 Ace. Fratr-em. 
 
 Fratr-es. 
 
 Gen. Fratr-is. 
 
 Fratr-um. 
 
 Dat. Fratr-i. 
 
 Fratr-ibus. n 
 
 Abl. Fratr-e. 
 
 Fratr-ibus. 
 
104 
 
 FIRST LATIN READER. 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 A. V. Jb Ace. Animal, n., an animal 
 
 Gen. Animal-is. 
 Dot. <fc Abl. Animal-i. 
 
 N. ds Voc. Urb-s, f., a city. 
 
 A cc. Urb-em. 
 
 Gen. TJrb-is. 
 
 Dot. Urb-i. 
 
 Abl. Urb-e. 
 
 K. V. <k Ace. Ret-e, n., a net. 
 Gen. Ret-is. 
 Dai. & Abl. Eet-i. 
 
 N. & Voc. Miles, m., a soldier. 
 Ace. Milit-em. 
 Gen. Milit-is. 
 Bat. Milit-i. 
 Abl. Milit-e. 
 
 Plural. 
 Animal-ia, animals. 
 Animal-ium. 
 Animal-ibus. 
 
 Tlrb-es, cities. 
 
 TJrb-es. 
 
 TJrb-ium. 
 
 Urb-ibus. 
 
 Urb-ibus. 
 
 Ret-Ia, nets. 
 
 Ret-ium. 
 
 Ret-ibus. 
 
 Milit-es, soldiers. 
 
 Milit-es. 
 
 Milit-um. 
 
 Milit-ibus. 
 
 Milit-ibus. 
 
 FOURTH DECLENSION. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 N. <k Voc. Fruct-us, ra., fruit. 
 
 Fruct-us, frui 4 * 
 
 Ace. Fruct-um. 
 
 Fruct-us. 
 
 Gen. Fruct-us. 
 
 Fruct-uum. 
 
 Bat. Fruct-ui. 
 
 Fruct-ibus. 
 
 All. Fruct-u. 
 
 Fruct-ibus. 
 
 y V.dcAcc. Gen-u, n., a knee. 
 
 Gen-ua, knees. 
 
 Gen. Gen-us. 
 
 Gen-uum. 
 
 Bat. <fc Abl. Gen-u. 
 
 Gen-ibus. 
 
 FIFTH DECLENSION. 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 A r . d' Voc. Di-es, m. or f., a day. Di-es, m., days. 
 
 Ace. Di-em. Di-es. 
 
 Gen. Di-ei. Di-erum. 
 
 Bat. Di-ei. Di-ebus. 
 
 Abl. Di-e. Di-ebus. 
 
 y. <£• Voc. R-es, f., a thing. R-es, thinys. 
 
 Ace. R-em. R-es. 
 
 Gen. R-ei. R-erum. 
 
 Bat. R-ei. R-ebus. 
 
 Abl. R-e. R-ebus. 
 
FIRST LATIN READER. 
 
 10/) 
 
 
 ADJECTIVES. 
 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 
 Maso. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Neut 
 
 Norn,. Bon-us, good 
 
 Bon-a. 
 
 Bon-um. 
 
 Voc. Bon-e. 
 
 Bon-a. 
 
 Bon-um. 
 
 Ace. Bon-um. 
 
 Bon-am. 
 
 Bon-um. 
 
 Gen. Bon-i. 
 
 Bon-ae. 
 
 Bon-i. 
 
 Dat. Bon-o. 
 
 Bon-ae. 
 
 Bon-o. 
 
 Abl. Bon-o. 
 
 Bon-a. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Bon-o. 
 
 N. de Voc. Bon-i. 
 
 Bon-ae. 
 
 Bon-a- 
 
 Ace. Bon-os. 
 
 Bon-as. 
 
 Bon-a. 
 
 Gen. Bon-orum. 
 
 Bon-arum. 
 
 Bon-orum. 
 
 Dat. <k Abl. Bon-is. 
 
 Bon-is. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Bon-is. 
 
 N. da Voc. Grav-is, heavy. Grav-is. 
 
 Grav-e. 
 
 Ace. Grav-em. 
 
 Grav-em. 
 
 Grav-e. 
 
 Gen. Grav-is. 
 
 Grav-is. 
 
 Grav-is. 
 
 Dat. ds Abl. Grav-i. 
 
 Grav-i. 
 Plural. 
 
 Grav-i. 
 
 N. V. d Ace. Grav-es. 
 
 Grav-es. 
 
 Grav-Ia. 
 
 Gen. Grav-ium. 
 
 Grav-ium. 
 
 Grav-ium. 
 
 Dat. d Abl. Grav-ibus. 
 
 Grav-ibus. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Grav-ibus. 
 
 N. d Voc. Gravior, heavier. Gravior. 
 
 Gravius. 
 
 Ace. Gravior-em. 
 
 Gravior-em. 
 
 Gravius. 
 
 Gen. Gravior-is. 
 
 Gravior-is. 
 
 Gravior-is. 
 
 Dat. Gravior-i. 
 
 Gravior-i. 
 
 Gravior-i. 
 
 Abl. Gravior-e or 
 
 -i. Gravior-e or -i. 
 Plural. 
 
 Gravior-e or -i 
 
 A T . V. d Ace. Gravior-es. 
 
 Gravior-es. 
 
 Gravior-a. 
 
 Gen. Gravior-um. 
 
 Gravior-um. 
 
 Gravior-um. 
 
 Dat. d A bl. Gravior-ibus 
 
 i. Gravior-ibus. 
 
 Gravior-ibus. 
 
 PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 
 1 Pers. 
 
 2 Pers. 
 
 3 Pei s. 
 
 Nom. Ego, /. 
 
 Tti, thou. 
 
 
 
 Voc. 
 
 Tu, thou. 
 
 \UscK 
 
 yllSt'J 
 
 Ace. Me, me. 
 
 Te, thee, 
 
 Se, himself, herself, 
 
 (fen. Mei, of me. 
 
 Tiii, of thee. 
 
 Siii, of himself, dec. 
 
 Dat. Mini, to or for me. 
 
 libi, to or for thee. 
 
 Sibi, to or for himself, 
 
 [or in me. 
 
 
 dc. 
 
 Abl. Me, with, by, from, Te, with, dc, thee. S§, with himself dc. 
 
106 
 
 FIRST LATIN READER. 
 
 Norn. Nos, we. 
 
 Voc. 
 
 Ace. Nos, us. 
 
 Gen. Nostri, or nostrum, 
 
 of us. 
 Dat. Nobis, to or for us. 
 Abl. Nobis, with, from, 
 
 &c., us. 
 
 Plural. 
 Vos, ye or you. 
 Vos, ye or you. 
 Vos, you. 
 Vestri, or vestrum, 
 
 of you. 
 Vobis, to or for you. 
 Vobis, with, from, 
 
 d'C, you. 
 
 Se, theniselvcs. 
 Sui, of themselves. 
 
 [selves, 
 Sibi, to or for them> 
 Se, with, from, d-c., 
 themselves. 
 
 ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS. 
 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 
 
 Plura l. 
 
 
 
 Masc 
 
 Fem. 
 
 Neat 
 
 Masc 
 
 Fem. 
 
 Nent. 
 
 A T om 
 
 .Hie. 
 
 Haec. 
 
 Hoc, this. 
 
 Hi. 
 
 Hae. 
 
 Haec. 
 
 Voc. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Hunc. 
 
 Hanc. 
 
 Hoc. 
 
 Hos. 
 
 Has. 
 
 Haec. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Hujus 
 
 Hujus. 
 
 Hujus. 
 
 Horum. 
 
 Harum. 
 
 Horun 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Huic. 
 
 Huic. 
 
 Huic. 
 
 His. 
 
 His. 
 
 His. 
 
 Abl. 
 
 H5c. 
 
 Hac. 
 
 Hoc. 
 
 His. 
 
 His. 
 
 His. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Masc. Fem. Nent. Masc Fem. NeuL 
 
 Xom. Is. Ea. Id, this {here). Ii. Eae. Ea. 
 
 T^oc. ■ ■ I 
 
 Ace. Eum. Earn. Id. 
 
 Gen. Ejus. Ejus. Ejus. 
 
 Dat. Ei. Ei. Ei. 
 
 Abl. Eo. Ea. Eo. 
 
 Eos. Eas. Ea. 
 
 Eorum. Earum. Eorum. 
 
 lis or eis. lis, eis. lis, eis. 
 
 lis or eis. lis, eis. lis, eis 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Masc Fem. Neut. 
 
 Nom. Qui. Quae. Quod. 
 
 Voc. 
 
 Ace. Quern. Quam. Quod. 
 
 Gen. Cujus. Cujus. Cujus. 
 
 Dat. Cui. Cui. Cui. 
 
 Abl. Quo. Qua. Quo. 
 
 
 Plural. 
 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fem. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 Qui. 
 
 Quae. 
 
 Quae. 
 
 Quos. Quas. Quae. 
 
 Quorum. Quarum. Quorum, 
 
 Quibus. Quibus. Quibus. 
 
 Quibus. Quibus. Quibus. 
 
LISTS OF WORDS USED IN EACH EXERCISE. 
 
 I. 
 Substantives. 
 
 Ancilla,/, a maid-servant. 
 
 Ancdra, /., an anchor. 
 
 Aquila,/., an eagle. 
 
 Aula,/., ahall, court, palace. 
 
 Cdsa,/., a hut, cottage. 
 
 Did, /., a goddess. 
 
 Filia, /., a daughter. 
 
 Funda, /., a sling. 
 
 Gt/ict,/., a cheek, 
 
 lanua, /., a door. 
 
 Lingua, /., a tongue, lan- 
 guage. 
 
 Luna,/., the moon. 
 
 Musca, /., a fly. 
 
 Nauta, m., a sailor. 
 
 Nympha,/., a nymph, mai- 
 den. 
 
 Penna, /., a quill. 
 
 Pera, /., a bag, wallet, 
 pocket 
 
 Ptla/, a ball. 
 
 Porta, /., a gate. 
 
 Ptklla/., a girL 
 
 Pugna, /., a fight, battle. 
 
 Regina, /., a queen. 
 
 Silva,/., a wood, forest. 
 
 Umbra,/., a shade, shadow. 
 
 II. 
 Substantives. 
 
 Agricdla, m., a farmer, hus- 
 bandman. 
 
 Ala,/., awing. 
 
 Ara,/., an altar. 
 
 Belga, to. or/., a Belgian. 
 
 Cauda, /., a tail. 
 
 C6ma,/., hair. 
 
 D&mina, /., a mistress ; 
 owner. 
 
 Formica,/., an ant 
 
 Laurea,/., a bay-tree; lau- 
 rel. 
 
 Ltipa, /., a she- wolf. 
 Mensa, /., a table. 
 Pluma, /., down, feather. 
 Ptf&a, to., a poet 
 Vacca. /., a cow. 
 Via,/, a way, path, road, 
 street. 
 
 Adjectives. 
 
 Angust-us, a, urn, narrow. 
 
 Apert-us, a, um, Qpen. 
 
 BMt-us, a, um, blessed, 
 happy. 
 
 Caec-us, a, um, blind. 
 
 Clar-us, a, um, bright, 
 clear; famous. 
 
 Curv-us, a, um, crooked, 
 bent, arched. 
 
 Dens-us, a, um, dense, 
 thick, shaggy. 
 
 Fess-us, a, um, wearied, 
 tired. 
 
 Flav-us, a, um, yellow, 
 golden, auburn, fair. 
 
 Formos-us, a, um, beauti- 
 ful (especially in shape). 
 
 Lat-us, a, um, broad, wide. 
 
 Long-us, a, um, long. 
 
 Me-us, a, um, my, mine. 
 
 Mult-us, a, um, much, 
 many. 
 
 Pallld-us, a, um., pale, wan. 
 
 Parv-us, a, um, small, little. 
 
 Pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum, 
 beautiful (especially in 
 /eatures). 
 
 R6tund-us, a, um, round. 
 
 Sanct-us, a, um, holy, reve- 
 rend, venerable. 
 
 Sedul-us, a, um, diligent. 
 
 Splendid-us, a, um, magni- 
 ficent, splendid. 
 
 ■Tu-us, a, um, thy, your. 
 
 Valid- us, a, um, strong, 
 powerful 
 
 Verbs. 
 
 Est, (3d sing.,) (he, she, or 
 
 it) is. 
 Sunt, (3d pi.,) (they) are. 
 
 Prepositions, with 
 Ablative. 
 
 In, in, among. 
 Cum, along with. 
 
 III. 
 
 Substantives. 
 
 Ager, agri, m., a field. 
 
 Amic-us, m., a friend. 
 
 Arv-um, n., a field (plough- 
 ed). 
 
 Asfn-us, to., an ass. 
 
 Coll-um, n., a neck. 
 
 Cycn-us, to., a swan. 
 
 De-us, m., a god. 
 
 Digit-us, m., a finger, a toa. 
 
 Don-urn, n., a gift. 
 
 Equ-us, m., a horse. 
 
 FOli-um, n., a leaf; pi. 
 foliage. 
 
 Oiner, m., a son-in-law. 
 
 Hort-us, m , a garden. 
 
 LibSr-i, -orum, pi. m., chil- 
 dren. 
 
 Magister, magistr-i, to., a 
 master (who teaches.) 
 
 Mal-um, n., an apple. 
 
 OcUl-us, m., an eye 
 
 Odi-um, n., hatred. 
 
 Ov-um, n., an egg. 
 
 Pom-um, n., fruit, (usually 
 in the pi.) 
 
 Popul-us, /., a poplar-tree. 
 
 Puer, m., a boy. 
 
 Ram-us, to , a branch. 
 
 Serv-us, m., a slave, ser- 
 vant 
 
 Sdcer, soccr-i, m., a father- 
 in-law. 
 
108 
 
 FIRST LATIN READER. 
 
 Templ-um, n., a temple. 
 Vtr, m., a man. 
 VUHl-us, m,, a call 
 
 Adjectives. 
 
 Acut-us, a, um, sharp. 
 
 Alb-us, a, um, white. 
 
 Alt- us, a, um, high, tall; 
 deep. 
 
 Ampl-us, a, um, spacious, 
 large. 
 
 Asper, a, um, rough. 
 <!ar-us, a, um, dear, much- 
 loved. 
 
 Fid-us, a, um, faithful. 
 
 Magn-us, a, um, great, ] 
 large; loud, (of sound.) 
 
 Mdtur-us, a, um, ripe. 
 
 Miser, a, um, wretched. 
 
 Odios-us, a, um, hatefuL 
 
 Su-us, a, um, his own, her 
 own, its own, their own. 
 
 Tiner, a, um, tender, deli- 
 cate, weak. 
 
 Prepositions, with. 
 Accusative. 
 
 Ad, to, towards. 
 
 In, into ; towards, against 
 
 Inter, among. 
 
 IV. 
 
 Substantives. 
 
 Agger, m., a mound, ram- 
 part 
 
 Animal, n., a living crea- 
 ture, animal 
 
 Anser, m. or /., a gander, 
 goose. 
 
 Arator, m., a ploughman. ! 
 
 A rbor (or arbos), /., a tree. 
 
 Cadaver, »., a corpse, dead 
 body. 
 
 Caesar, Caesar-is, m,, Cae- i 
 sar. 
 
 Calcar, cakar-is, n., a spur, j 
 
 Career, carc&r-is, m., a pria- j 
 on. 
 
 Consul, m., a consul. 
 
 DOlor, dolor-is, m., pain; 
 grief, sorrow. 
 
 Exul, m. or/., an exile. 
 
 Frater, fratr-is, n., a j 
 brother. 
 
 Fuigur, n., lightning. 
 
 Filr, m., a thief. 
 Honor, m., honour, reward. 
 Labor, m., labour. 
 Mater, /., a mother. 
 M'ercdtor, m., merchant. 
 M Slier, /., a woman. 
 Pastor, m., a shepherd. 
 Pater, m., a father. 
 Sol, m., the sun. 
 S&ror, /., a sister. 
 Timor, m., fear. 
 Ver, n, spring. 
 Victor, m,, victor; victori- 
 
 ous. 
 Vomer, //»., 
 
 a ploughshare. 
 
 Agn-us, m , a lamb (male). 
 Agn-a,/., a lamb (female). 
 Aratr-um, «., a plough. 
 Camp-us, m., a plain. 
 Coel-um, n., heaven ; the 
 
 sky. 
 Cor x- us, m , a crow, raven. 
 Gloria,/., glory; fame, 
 Lup-us, jh., a wolf (male). 
 Oppid-um, n., a town. 
 FOpul-us, i, m., a people. 
 Rddi-us, i, m., a staff, 
 
 rod; ray, £c 
 Signum, n., ) . 
 o/-- \r , statue. 
 btatua, /., ) 
 
 Adjectives. 
 
 Aequ-us, a, um. level; 
 smooth; impartial. 
 
 Aetern-us, a, um, eternal, 
 never-ending. 
 
 lidn-us, a, um, good. 
 
 CSler, is, e, swift. 
 
 Mal-us, a, um, bad, wicked; 
 naughty. 
 
 Roman- us, a, urn, Roman. 
 
 Saev-us, a, um, cruel, sav- 
 age. 
 
 Timid-us, a, um, timid, 
 cowardly. 
 
 Prepositions, with 
 
 Accusative. 
 
 Ante, before; in front of. 
 
 Apud, at; near; at the 
 
 house of. 
 Circum, around. 
 Inter, between ; among. 
 Per, through ; throughout 
 Post, after. 
 
 Prepositions, with 
 
 Ablative. 
 
 .1, ab, abs, from ; away 
 
 from; by. 
 DS, down from ; about : 
 
 concerning. 
 E, or ex, out of; from 
 
 the midst of. 
 Sine, without 
 
 Conjunction. 
 Et, and. 
 
 V. 
 
 Substantives. > 
 Arx, arc-is, /., a citadel ; 
 
 castle. 
 Conjux, (-gis,) 77i. or /, t 
 
 consort ; husband ; wilt*. 
 Dux, due-is, m. or /., a 
 
 general ; leader, guide. 
 Grex, greg-is. m., a flock. 
 Grus (or gruis), m. or /., a 
 
 crane. 
 Hiems, /., winter. 
 Lex, leg-is, f., a law. 
 Mdr-e, is, n., the sea. 
 MonU-e, «, n., a necklace. 
 Pax, pdc-is, /.. peace. 
 Pleb-s, is, /„ the common 
 
 people. 
 Radix, (-ids,)/., a root 
 Rit-e, is, n., a net 
 Rex, reg-is, m., a king. 
 Se~dil-e, is. n,, a seat 
 Trab-s, is, /., a beam. 
 Urb-t, is, /., a city. 
 Vox, voc-is, /., a voice 
 
 Aqu-a,/., water. 
 Bell-um, n., war. 
 Coron-a, /., a crown. 
 Fera, /., a wild beast 
 Mur-us, 771., a walk 
 Taur-us. m., a bull 
 Und-a,/., a wave; water. 
 
 Adjectives. 
 
 Atrox. savage, cruel, fierce. 
 
 Audax, daring, foolhardy. 
 
 Faliax, deceitful, treacher- 
 ous. 
 
 Felix, happy; fortunate. 
 
 Ferox, proud ; self-sat i *- 
 fled ; fierce. 
 
 Just-us, a, um, just, impar- 
 tial. 
 
FIRST .LATIN READER. 
 
 109 
 
 PlOn-ut. a, vm, level; 
 smooth. 
 
 Pur-us, a, um, pure; clear. 
 
 R&r-us, a, um, thin ; wide- 
 meshed. 
 
 Stult-us, a, um, foolish; 
 silly. 
 
 Vllox, rapid, swift 
 
 Ver-us, a, um, true. 
 
 Substantives. 
 
 Amn-is, rru, a river. 
 Apis (or apes), /., a bee. 
 ~Aur-is,/., an ear. 
 -Av-is,/., a bird. 
 -C&n-is, to. or/., a dog. 
 Civ-is, to. or/., a citizen. 
 ^Coll-is, to., a hilL 
 Crin-is, to., hair. 
 Ens-is, to., a sword. 
 Files, /., a cat. 
 An-«, to. or f., an end : In 
 
 pi., territory. 
 Host-is, to. or/, an enemy.- 
 JUven-is, m., a young man, 
 
 youth. 
 Mens-is, m., a month. 
 JV'ap-ti, /., a ship. 
 Fan-is, to., bread. 
 Fisc-is, m., a fish. 
 RUp-es, /., a rock. 
 Sicur-is,/., an axe, hatchet. 
 
 [It takes -im in occws., 
 
 and -i in abl.] 
 Vdt-es, is, m., a prophet, 
 
 seer. 
 Vulp-es, /., a fox. 
 
 Aper, apri, to., a wild boar. 
 Aur-um, i, n., gold. 
 Cdpell-a, ae, /., a she-goat. 
 Caper, capri, to., a he-goat. 
 Cdlumb-a, ae, /., a dove. 
 Itali-a, ae, /, Italy. 
 MSI us, t, /., an apple-tree ; 
 
 mast of a ship, masc. 
 Pair? -a, ae,/., native coun- 
 
 tiy. 
 Tabern-a, ae, f., a shop. 
 Tonsor, tonsoris, to., a 
 
 barber. 
 
 Adjectives. 
 Brer-is, ts, e, short. 
 
 CalM-us, a, um, cunning ; 
 sly. 
 
 Debil-is, is, e, weak. 
 
 Dulc-is,is, e, sweet, pleasant. 
 
 Fort-is, is, e, brave, valiant. 
 
 Gracil-is, is, e, thin, slen- 
 der, graceful. 
 
 Ordt-us, o, um, agreeable; 
 pleasing. 
 
 Grdv-is, is, e, heavy. 
 
 L&v-is, is, e, light. 
 
 Lev-is, is, e, smooth; pol- 
 ished. 
 
 Niger, nigr-a, nigr-um, 
 black. 
 
 Omn-is, is, e, every, all. 
 
 Verbs. 
 
 AmbUl-dre, to walk about; 
 
 take a walk. 
 Ar-dre, to plough. 
 Corn-are, to sup, to dine. 
 Festin-dre, to hasten. 
 Nat- are, to swim. 
 Pugn-dre, to fight. 
 •\-Salt-dre, to leap; dance; 
 
 bound. 
 ■^VM-drt, to fly. 
 
 VII. 
 Substantives. 
 Cicero, to., Cicero, the ora- 
 tor. 
 Conditio, (or conditio,) /., a 
 
 condition ; state. 
 Cor, cord-is, n., the heart. 
 Juno, /, Juno, queen of 
 
 the gods. 
 Lac, lact-is, «., milk. 
 Latro, to., a robber. 
 LSgio, /., a legion. 
 Leo, to., a lion. 
 LUgo, to., a hoe ; mattock ; 
 
 spade. 
 Mdce"do, MacMSn-is, to., a 
 
 Macedonian. 
 Ordtio, /., speech, (i. e., 
 
 power of speech;) an 
 
 oration. 
 Pdvo, to., a peacock. 
 Foema, poemat-is, n., a 
 
 poem. 
 Praedo, w., a plunderer, 
 
 robber, thief. 
 lo,f., reason. 
 
 Sdpio, to., SclpTo. 
 
 Sermo, to., speech, con- 
 
 Alexander, Alexandri, to., 
 
 Alexander. 
 Cdlumn-a, ae,/., a pillar. 
 D6min-us, i, to., a master, 
 
 (owner.) 
 Fust-is, is, m., (abl. usually 
 
 in t',) a club, cudgel. 
 Gleb- a, ae,/., a clod; the soil. 
 Ndtur-a, ae,/., nature. 
 Neptun-us, i, to., Neptune. 
 Nub-es, is,/., a cloud. 
 6v-is, is, /., a sheep. 
 Pan, Fan-is, to., Pan, god 
 
 of shepherds. 
 Focul-um, i, «., a cup, 
 
 bowL 
 Fraed-a, ae, /., booty, 
 
 plunder. 
 SCci-us, i, to., a partner. 
 
 Adjectives. 
 
 Foed-us, a, um, foul, dis- 
 graceful. 
 
 Maritim-us, a, um, belong- 
 ing to the sea; mari- 
 time, marine. 
 
 Ndv-us, a, um, recent; 
 fresh; new. 
 
 RScens, (gen. recent-is,) 
 fresh ; new. 
 
 Turgid-us, a, um, swollen : 
 stormy. 
 
 Verbs. 
 
 Aedi/ic-are, to build. 
 Am- are, to love. 
 Cert-are, to strive. 
 Cur-are, to care for^ tend. 
 D6l-are, to belabour. 
 Fug-are, to put to flight; 
 
 rout. 
 Laud-dre, to praise. 
 NSc-dre, to slay ; put to a 
 
 violent death. 
 Pldc-dre, to appease ; calm. 
 Vers are, to turn up; till. 
 Erat (3d sing.), he (she or 
 
 it) was. 
 Erant (3d pi), they were. 
 
 Conjunction. 
 
 Atque, and. 
 
110 
 
 FTRST LATIN READER. 
 
 VIII. 
 
 Substantives. 
 
 AdMescens, adolescent-is, m. 
 or /, a young man or 
 woman. 
 
 Aetas, aettit-is, /., an age. 
 
 Bos, bdv-is, m. or /., an ox 
 or cow. 
 
 Civttas, civitdt-is, /., a state 
 or city. 
 
 Cupiditas, cupiditdl-is, /., 
 desire, passion. 
 
 Cusios, custod-is, m. or /, 
 a guardian ; keeper. 
 
 Dos, dot- is,/., a dowry. 
 
 Fons,font-is, m., a fountain. 
 
 Frons, front-is, /., the fore- 
 head. 
 
 From, frond-is, f., a leaf; 
 foliage. 
 
 Glans, gland-is, /., an acorn. 
 
 H6mo, homln-is, m. or /., 
 mankind ; a man. 
 
 Lapis, lapld-is, m., a stone. 
 
 Laus, laud-is, f, praise. 
 
 Liberlas, libertat-is, /., lib- 
 erty. 
 
 Mens, ment-is,f, the mind. 
 
 Mons, mont-is, m., a moun- 
 tain. 
 
 Mors, mort-is,f, death. 
 
 Jfepos, nepotis, m., a grand- 
 son. 
 
 Parens, parent-is, m, or /., 
 a parent. 
 
 PhWsdphia, ae,f, wisdom. 
 
 Pietas, pietdt-is, f, natural 
 affection ; dutifulness. 
 
 Pes, pSd-is, m., a foot. 
 
 Pons, pont-is, m,, a bridge. 
 
 Stilus, salut-is, f, safety. 
 
 Sors,sort-is,f, lot; fate. 
 
 Virtus, virtut-is, f., merit ; 
 virtue, bravery. 
 
 VSluptas, voluptat-is, f, 
 pleasure. 
 
 Av-us, t, m., a grandfather. 
 
 Gutt-a, ae, /., a drop. 
 
 Jupiter, Jdv-is, m., Jupiter. 
 
 Passer, passer-is, m., a 
 sparrow. 
 
 Red- urn, i, »., right; up- 
 rightness. 
 
 Sus, sH-is, in, or/, a pig, 
 boar. 
 
 Turr-it, 
 
 is, f, a 
 
 castle 
 
 palace. 
 
 Ungu-is, 
 
 is, m., 
 
 claw, 
 
 talon. 
 
 Adjectives. 
 Aure-us, a, um, golden; 
 
 made of gold. 
 Consci-us, a, um, conscious 
 
 (of). 
 Futur-us, a, um, future ; 
 
 about to be. 
 Human-us, a, um, human ; 
 
 belonging to man. 
 Ingens, ingent-is, great, 
 
 huge, immense. 
 Xisci-us, a, um, ignorant of 
 Pdtul-us, a, um, wide- 
 spreading. 
 Pauper, (gen. pauper-is,) 
 
 poor. 
 Te~nu-is, is, e, fine; small; 
 
 narrow. 
 
 Verbs. 
 
 Cav-dre, to hollow (out). 
 Delect-tire, to delight ; give 
 
 pleasure to. 
 Ldv-dre, to bathe ; wash. 
 Liber-are, to free from ; set 
 
 free. 
 Mlnistrdre, to supply; 
 
 serve. 
 Puis are, to knock at ; 
 
 strike. 
 
 Preposition, with 
 Accusative. 
 
 Ergo, towards. 
 
 IX. 
 
 Substantives. 
 
 Caput, capitis, n., a head ; 
 
 source. 
 Carmen, carmln-is, n., a 
 
 poem; song. 
 Ebur, ebOr-is, n., ivory. 
 Flamen, flumln-is, n., a 
 
 river. 
 Fulmen, fulmin-is, n., a 
 
 thunderbolt 
 Grdmen, gramin-is, n.. 
 
 grass. 
 Xomen, nomin-is, n., a 
 
 came. 
 
 Mlmen, numJn-u, n., a 
 
 deity. 
 Pecten, pectin-is, m,, a comb. 
 
 Cerv-us, i, nu, a stag. 
 Dens, dent- is, m., a tooth. 
 FUi-us, i, m., a son. 
 Vulcan-us, i, m., Vulcan. 
 
 Adjectives. 
 
 Anfiqu-us, a, um, ancient 
 Binign-us, a, um, kind; 
 
 kind-hearted. 
 Ebume-us, a, um, made of 
 
 ivory. 
 Nltid-us, a, um, bright; 
 
 polished; clear. 
 Sapiens, sapient-is, wise. 
 Virid-is, is, e, green. 
 
 Verbs. 
 
 D-are, to give. 
 
 Foed-dre, to defile. 
 
 Monstr-dre, to show ; point 
 out 
 
 Mut-dre, to change. 
 
 POt-dre, to think, consi Jei. 
 
 X. 
 
 Substantives. 
 
 Crus, crur-is, n., the leg. 
 
 Flos, flor-is, m., a flower. 
 
 Jus, jur-is, n., law ; right 5 
 equity. 
 
 Mas, mar-is, m., a male; 
 mate. 
 
 Mos, moris, m., custom; 
 habit 
 
 Mus, mur-is, m. or /, a 
 
 _ mouse. 
 
 6s, br-is, n.. the face, coun- 
 tenance. 
 
 Rus, rur-is, n., the country. 
 
 Tellus, teUur-is,f, the earth. 
 
 Arane-a, ae, f., a spider; a 
 
 spider's web. 
 GicUl-um, i, n., a lip ; kiss. 
 Kip-a, ae,f.,& bank. 
 Scyth-a, ae, m., a Scy thian. 
 
 XL 
 Substantives. 
 Ctipi J l-us, i, m,, a hair. 
 Consult udo, consuetudln ii, 
 /., custom; habit 
 
FIRST LATIN READER. 
 
 Ill 
 
 Cdpi-ae, arum, /., (mili- 
 tary) forces. 
 
 Corpus, corpdr-is, n., a 
 body. 
 
 DScus, decdr-is, n., beauty ; 
 ornament. 
 
 EquSs, equtt-is, m., a horse- 
 man; knight. 
 
 Frigus, frigdr-is, n, cold. 
 
 Oenus, gener-is, n., kind, 
 race. 
 
 Helviti-i, orum, m., the 
 Helvetians. 
 
 Hdmo, homin-is, m. or/., a 
 man or woman; man- 
 kind. 
 
 Imago, imagin-is, /., an 
 image; likeness. 
 
 Jr-a, ae, /., anger, wrath. 
 
 Iter, Uin&'-is, »., a way, 
 route; journey. 
 
 Judex, judic-is, m., a judge. 
 
 Latus, late~r-is, n., a side, 
 flank. 
 
 Mil&, mtlU-is, m., a soldier. 
 
 Munus, munSr-is, n., a gift. 
 
 Nimvt, nemdr-is, n., a 
 grove. 
 
 Nix, niv-is,/., snow. 
 
 Obses, obsid-is, m. or /., a 
 hostage. 
 
 dpus, oper-is, n., a work. 
 
 Oti-um, i, n., ease, rest; 
 idleness. 
 
 Parnass-us, i, m., Mount 
 Parnassus. 
 
 Phae.lhon, Phaethont is, m., 
 Phaethon. 
 
 Pignus, pigndr-is, n., a 
 pledge; token. 
 
 Puhis, pulv&r-is, m., dust. 
 
 Scilus, sceler-is, n., wicked- 
 ness ; a heinous crime. 
 
 Senex, sen-is, (see p. 34,) 
 m. or /., an old man or 
 woman. 
 
 Sid-us, sidSr-is, n, a con- 
 stellation ; a star. 
 
 8omn-us, i, m., sleep. 
 
 Tempus, tempdr-is, n., time. 
 
 Vertex, verttc-is, m., a sum- 
 mit, top. 
 
 Vis, (see p. 34), f. t force, 
 power. 
 
 Vulnus, vulnfr is, n., a 
 wound. 
 
 Adjectives. 
 
 Candid-us, a, um, white. 
 
 C&n-us, a, um, grey, hoary : 
 cam, grey hairs. 
 
 Cert-us, a, um, sure, cer- 
 tain. 
 
 Divers-us, a, um, different, 
 diverse. 
 
 Noster, nostr-a, nostr-um, 
 our. 
 
 Sordid-us, a, um, soiled, 
 dirty; defiled. 
 
 XII, 
 Substantives. 
 
 Ac-us, us,/., a needle. 
 
 Advent-us, us, m., an arrival. 
 
 Arc-us, us, m., a bow. 
 
 Cant-us, us, m., a song ; 
 singing. 
 
 Conspect-us, us, m., sight, 
 view. 
 
 Corn-u, us, n., a horn. 
 
 Curr-us, us, m., a carriage, 
 chariot. 
 
 Ddm-us, us, /., a house; 
 home. 
 
 Equit,at-us, us, m., cavalry. 
 
 Exercit-us, us, m., an army. 
 
 Fluct-us, us, m., a wave, 
 billow. 
 
 Fruct-us, us, m., fruit. 
 
 Grdd-us, us, m., a step. 
 
 Lac-us, us, m., a lake. 
 
 Magislrdt-us, us, m., a ma- 
 gistrate. 
 
 Mantis, us, /., a hand; a 
 band (£<?., a handful) of 
 men. 
 
 NUr-us, us, /., a daugnter- 
 in-law. 
 
 Pers-a, ae, m, a Persian. 
 
 Port-us, us, m., a harbour. 
 
 Querc-us, us, /., an oak- 
 tree. 
 
 Socr-us, us, /., a mother-in- 
 law. 
 
 Vult-us, M5, m., the coun- 
 tenance, face. 
 
 Lit-us, oris, n., the shore. 
 Terr-a, ae, /., the earth. 
 
 Adjectives. 
 
 Ramosus, a, rebranching; 
 abounding in branches. 
 
 Tut-us, a, um, safe. 
 Van-us, a, um, vain, empty. 
 
 Verbs. 
 
 Orn-are, to adorn, beautify 
 Par-are, to prepare. 
 
 XIII. 
 Substantives. 
 
 Aci-es, ei, /., an army ; line 
 of battle. 
 
 Caesari-es, ei, /., a head of 
 hair. 
 
 Di-es, ei, m. or /, a day ; 
 period : (in pi. masc.) 
 
 Fetches, ei, /., an appear- 
 ance; face. 
 
 Ftd-es, ei, /., faith; a pro- 
 mise. 
 
 Glaci-es, ei,/., ice. 
 
 LuxUri-es, ei,/., luxury. 
 
 Mdtiri-es, ei, /., material ; 
 source. 
 
 MSridi-es, ei, m., mid-day. 
 
 Res, rei,/, a thing, matter, 
 affair, &c. 
 
 Sp-es, ei,/., hope. 
 
 Caed-es, is,/, slaughter. 
 Fortun-a, ae,/., fortune. 
 Gall-us, i, m., a Gaul. 
 Justiti-a, ae, /., justice. 
 Mal-um, i, n., an evil; 
 
 wickedness. 
 Occds-us, us, m., setting (of 
 
 the sun). 
 PScuni-a, ae,/., money. 
 Victori-a, ae,/., victory. 
 
 Adjectives. ' 
 
 Dot- us, a, um, given. 
 
 Decor-us, a, um, becoming; 
 beautiful. 
 
 PostSr-us, a, um, the fol- 
 lowing; next: pi. pos- 
 t&ri, posterity, [savage. 
 
 Torv us, a, um, fierce, 
 
 Van-us, a, um, vain. 
 
 Verbs. 
 
 Serv-dre, to keep, preserva 
 Vidl-dre, to violate; break. 
 
 Prepositions, with 
 Accusative. 
 
 CircXter, about (nearly). 
 Contra, against; opposite to. 
 
112 
 
 FIRST LATIN READER. 
 
 XIV. 
 
 Substantives. 
 
 Castr-a, orum, n. pi, a 
 
 camp. 
 Copi-a, ae, /., plenty : in 
 
 pi., forces. 
 Vin-um, i, n., wine. 
 
 Adjectives. 
 
 Bland-us, a, um, kind, 
 agreeable. 
 
 A cer, acris, acre, keen ; ac- 
 tive. 
 
 FSrens, ferentis, carrying; 
 bearing. 
 
 Per-us.a, um, fierce, savage. 
 
 fldel-is, is, e, faithfuL 
 
 Verbs. 
 
 DOc-h-e, to teach, instruct. 
 Habere, to have. 
 Impl-ere, to fill. 
 Lacer-are, to tear; furrow. 
 AFOn-ere, to warn ; advise. 
 MOv-ere, to move ; shift. 
 Rdg-are, to ask; beg. 
 Txm-ere, to fear ; dread. 
 Vtd-ere, to see. 
 VSc-are, to call, summon. 
 
 Adverb. 
 
 Cur, (interrog.,) why? 
 XV. 
 Substantives. 
 
 Annus, i, m., a year. 
 
 I>iviti-ae,arum,/.pl., riches. 
 
 Ilast-a, ae,f., a spear. 
 
 J usjurand-um,jurisjurandi, 
 n., an oath. 
 
 Morb-us, i, m., a disease. 
 
 Pabul-um, i, n., fodder. 
 
 Principdt-us, us, m., sove- 
 reignty. 
 
 Respublic-a, reipublicae, /., 
 a republic 
 
 S&cerdos, sacerddt-is, m., a 
 priest. 
 
 Stpulchr-um, i, n., a tomb. 
 
 ^tabul-um, i, n., a stall. 
 
 Adjectives. 
 
 Alter, a, um, one (of two). 
 Ihspar, (gen. dispar-is,) 
 
 unequal. 
 Dives, (gen. divft-is,) rich. 
 lufmic-iis, a, um, hostile to. 
 
 Neuter, neutra, neutrum, 
 
 neither (of two). 
 Par, (gen. parts,) equal. 
 Tot-us, a, um, the whole, 
 
 all ; (of time,) livelong. 
 
 Verbs. 
 
 Tnvbc-are, to invoke ; pray 
 to. 
 
 Obtin-ere, to get, seize; re- 
 tain. 
 
 St are, to stand. 
 
 T6n-dre, to thunder 
 
 Torqu-ere, to twist, hurL 
 
 Adverb. 
 
 Non, not 
 
 XVI. 
 Substantives. 
 
 Argent-nm, i, «., silver. 
 
 Comeli-a, ae,f., Cornelia. 
 
 Cur-a, ae,/., care, anxiety. 
 
 Impet-ator, is, m., a gene- 
 ral; commander. 
 
 NSmo, nemin-is, m., no one. 
 
 Nihil, (indeclinable), n., no- 
 thing, (used in nom, and 
 accus.) 
 
 Nox, noctis, /., night 
 
 dnvs, oner-is, n., a load, 
 bunien. 
 
 Pldnet-a, ae, m., a planet 
 
 Rom-a, ae,/., Rome. 
 
 Romul-us, t, m,, Romulus. 
 
 Sequan-i, orum, m.pl., the 
 Sequani. 
 
 Tullus Hoslilius, m., Tullus 
 Hostilius. 
 
 Vent-us, i, m., the wind. 
 
 Adjectives. 
 
 Aequal-is,is,e,eq\i&\; coevaL 
 
 Ceieber, Celebris, celebre, 
 much-frequented ,• cele- 
 brated. 
 
 Difficil-is, is, e, difficult 
 
 boct-us, a, um, learned. 
 
 Egens, e~genl-is,i\eedy, poor. 
 
 E/dquens* eloquent-is, elo- 
 quent 
 
 Extrem-us, a. um, last: 
 most remote. 
 
 FacU-is, is, e, easy 
 
 H6nest-us, a, um, honou r - 
 able; honest. 
 
 Major, major, m-^us, 
 greater. 
 
 Militdr-is, is, e, military. 
 
 Minor, minor, minus, less. 
 
 Nequam, (indecl.,) less ; 
 good-for-nothing, worth- 
 less; naughty. 
 
 Ocior, ddor, ocius, swifter. 
 
 Praestans, praestantis, ex- 
 cellent 
 
 Sagax, (gen. sagdc-is,) sa- 
 gacious; wise. 
 
 Si mil-is, is, e, like. 
 
 Summ-us, a, um, the high- 
 est. 
 
 Vtl-is. is, e, cheap; worth- 
 less. 
 
 Verbs. 
 Oppugn-dre, to besiege, at- 
 tack. 
 Port-are, to carry. 
 
 Prepositions, with 
 Accusative. 
 Juxta, beside ; near to. 
 Prdpe, near to. 
 Secundum, along by ; near 
 to. 
 
 Adverb. 
 Qnam, than. 
 Prope, near. 
 
 XVII. 
 
 Substantives. 
 
 Causa, ae, /., a cause ; 
 reason. 
 
 Coen a, ae,/., dinner; sup- 
 per. 
 
 Culpa, ae,/., a fault. 
 
 Liber, libr-i, m., a book. 
 
 Sanguis, sanguin-is, m., 
 blood. 
 
 Adjectives. 
 
 Acid-us, a, um, bitter; sour. 
 
 Arar-us, a, um, covetous; 
 greedy. 
 
 Tndustri-u*, a, um, dill- 
 gent ; industrious. 
 
 Tners, (gen. mat u, ) de- 
 void of energy j idle. 
 
 Laet-us, a, um, joyful 
 
 Trist-is. is,e, sad, sorrowful 
 
 Turp-is, is, e, base. 
 
 I til-is, is, e, useful. 
 
FIRST LATIN READER. 
 
 113 
 
 Vulnevdt-us, a, um, wound- 
 ed. 
 
 Verb. 
 Sum, I am. 
 
 Conjunction. 
 
 Sed, but. 
 
 XVIII. 
 
 Substantives. 
 
 Astr-um, i, n., a star. 
 Disclpul-us, i, m., a pupil, 
 
 scholar. 
 Fdr-um, i, n., a forum, or 
 
 market-place. 
 Frument-um, i, n., corn. 
 if&mir-us, t, m., the upper 
 
 arm ; the shoulder. 
 J-m-is, is, m., fire. 
 lnsldi-ae, arum, /., snares; 
 
 treachery ; an ambush. 
 lnsM-a, ae,f., an island. 
 Lacrim-a, ae, /., a tear. 
 Lgpus, lepdr-is, m., a hare. 
 Medlcin-a, ae,/., medicine; 
 
 a drug, 
 Merces, merced-is, /., pay, 
 
 wages; reward. 
 Xunti-us, i, m., amessenger. 
 Scdl-a, ae, /., a ladder; 
 
 generally used in the 
 
 pi., scalae. 
 T&nuit-as, atis, /., slender- 
 
 ness. 
 
 Pronouns. 
 
 fr'cum, (i.e., cum se,) with 
 himself, herself, itself, 
 or themselves. 
 
 Vobiscum, with you. 
 
 Adjectives. 
 
 bur-us, a, urn,, hard. 
 MSdi-us, a, um, middle. 
 Aimi-vs. a, um, excessive; 
 
 too much. 
 Nud-us, a, um, naked ; 
 
 lightly clad. 
 
 Verbs. 
 
 FquU-are, to ride. 
 ImpStr-dre, to obtain ; re- 
 ceive. 
 Indic-dre, to declare. 
 fntr-are, to enter. 
 N-are, to swim. 
 
 (122J 
 
 Ndvig-dre, to sail. 
 
 Occiip-dre, to take posses- 
 sion of. 
 
 Recus-dre, to refuse. 
 
 VUUper-are, to blame ; find 
 fault with 
 
 Adverbs. 
 
 Facile, easily. 
 
 Ne, not, (used with im- 
 peratives, and subjunc- 
 tives when employed as 
 imperatives.) 
 
 Nuper, lately. 
 
 Qudt, how many ? 
 
 QuMldie, daily. 
 
 Saepe, often. 
 
 Conjunctions. 
 Quo, that ; in order that. 
 Si, if. 
 
 Preposition, with Ac- 
 cusative or Ablative. 
 SUper, above. 
 
 XIX. 
 
 Substantives. 
 
 Asell-us, i, m., an ass. 
 
 Avuncul-us, i, m., an uncle. 
 
 Besti-a, ae, /., a beast. 
 
 Britann-i, orum, m., the 
 Britons. 
 
 Cas-us, us, m., a misfor- 
 tune; calamity. 
 
 Cassi-us, i, m., Cassius. 
 
 Cib-us, i, m., food. 
 
 Corners, comlt-is, m. or /., 
 a companion, associate. 
 
 Curi-a, ae, /., senate-house. 
 
 Divitiac-us,i, m., Divitiacus. 
 
 Ferr-um, i, n., iron; the 
 sword. 
 
 Figur-a, ae, /., figure; 
 shape. 
 
 Oladius, i, m., a sword. 
 
 Qrdcul-us, i, m., a jack- 
 daw. 
 
 Hibern-a, orum, n. pi, 
 winter quarters. 
 
 Horde-um, i, n., barley. 
 
 Horre-um, i, n., a barn. 
 
 Incdl-a, ae, m. or /., an in- 
 habitant. 
 
 Legat-us,i, m., a lieutenant- 
 general. 
 
 8 
 
 Lim-us, i, m,., mud, slime. 
 
 Lymph-it, ae, /,, clear 
 water. 
 
 Manddt-um, i, n.,' a com- 
 mand; commission. 
 
 Mercurius, i, m., Mercury. 
 
 MSt-us, Us m., fear. 
 
 Mot-us, us, m., a move- 
 ment 
 
 Mul-a, ae,/., a she-mule. 
 
 Nex, nSc-is,/., death. 
 
 OpSr-a, ae,/., work, service. 
 
 Pars, part-is,/., a part. 
 
 Peccdt-um, i, n., a sin ; 
 fault. 
 
 Per/Qg-a, ae, m., a deserter. 
 
 Pericul-um, i, n., danger. 
 
 Philipp-i, orum, m,, Phil- 
 ippi. 
 
 Poen-a, ae, /., punishment. 
 
 Praeli-um, l, n., a battle. 
 
 Rdn-a, ae, /., a frog. 
 
 Rostr-um, i, n., a beak. 
 
 Sacc-us, i, m., a bag, sack. 
 
 Simi-us, i, m., or simi-a, ae 
 /., an ape. 
 
 SimUlacr-um, i, v., an 
 image ; likeness. 
 
 Socrat-es, is, m., Socrates. 
 
 SOn-us, i, m., a sound; 
 noise. 
 
 Spe~cul-um, i, n., a mirror. 
 
 StabUl-um, i, n., a stall ; 
 stable. 
 
 Tigill-um, i, n., a log of 
 wood. 
 
 Vihia, ae, /, pardon; 
 leave. 
 
 Verb-um, i. n., a word. 
 
 Viator, vidtor-is, m., a tra- 
 veller. 
 
 Adjectives. 
 
 Acerb-us, a, um, bitter. 
 Cels-us, a, um, high. 
 CetSr-i, ae, a, pi, the rest. 
 Cunct-i, ae, a, pi., alL 
 Ducent-i,ae,a, two hundred 
 Injust-us, a, um, unjust, 
 Inntil-is, is, e, useless. 
 Pavid-us, a, um, fearful; 
 
 timid. 
 Plus, pluris, more. (See 
 
 p. 37.) 
 Prav-us, a, um, wicked. 
 Prim-us, a, um, first. 
 
114 
 
 FIRST LATIN READER. 
 
 Qudl-is, is, e, of what kind. 
 
 Quidam, quaedam, quod- 
 dam, a certain one. 
 
 Quingent-i, ae, a, five hun- 
 dred. 
 
 Spoliat-us, a, um, plun- 
 dered; despoiled. 
 
 Superb-us, a, um, proud; 
 haughty. 
 
 Superior, superior-is, high- 
 er, (compar.) 
 
 Super-us, a, um, high. 
 
 Unic-us, a, um, only, sole. 
 
 Vacu-us, a, um, empty. 
 
 Verbs. 
 
 Adbr-are, to worship. 
 
 Aspect-art, to look at; re- 
 gard. 
 
 Convdc-dre, to summon. 
 
 Contin-ere, to hold in; 
 hound. 
 
 Evdc-are, to call forth. 
 
 Fac-ere, to do; make, 
 (Fac ut; see that.) 
 
 Fl-ere, to weep ; lament 
 
 Fugit-dre, to flee away. 
 
 Ger-ere, to carry on. 
 
 Habit-are, to dwell in. 
 
 Immisc-ere, to mix with; 
 associate. 
 
 Interrog-dre, to ask about. 
 
 Jac-ere, to lie. 
 
 Jub-ere, to order. 
 
 Msc-ere, to mix. 
 
 Mmin-dre, to name. 
 
 Par-ere, to obey, (governs 
 dative.) 
 
 PermOv-ere, to excite alarm. 
 
 Respond-ert, to answer. 
 
 Rev5e-are, to call back. 
 
 Rid-ere, to laugh; laugh at. 
 
 Sauci-dre, to wound. 
 
 SSd-ere, to sit. 
 
 Ten-ere, to hold. 
 
 Terr-ere,to frighten, terri fy. 
 
 Toll-ere, to lift up, rai^e; 
 take away. 
 
 Tum-ere, to swell. 
 
 Turb-dre, to confuse. 
 
 Yit-dre, to avoid. 
 
 Vulner-dre, to wound. 
 
 Adverbs. 
 
 Benigne, kindly. 
 Dm. for along time. 
 
 Frustra, in vain ; uselessly. 
 
 Furtim, secretly. 
 
 Nonne, (interrog., expect- 
 ing the answer, "Yes,") 
 is it not ? 
 
 Pridie, the day before. 
 
 Propius, nearer. 
 
 Recte, rightly. 
 
 Sic, thus. 
 
 Preposition, witb 
 Accusative. 
 
 Apud, at; near; among. 
 
 Conjunctions. 
 
 Quia, because. 
 Quum, when, since, be- 
 cause. 
 Ut, that 
 
 XX. 
 Same as before. 
 
 XXL 
 
 Same as before. 
 
 XXIL 
 Substantives. 
 
 Accipiter, accipitris, m., a 
 hawk. 
 
 Aedu-i, orum, m. pi, the 
 Aedui. 
 
 Amor, is, m., love. 
 
 Antoni-us, i, TO., Antony. 
 
 Auxili-um, i, «., help. 
 
 Ariovist-us, t, to., Alio- 
 vistns. 
 
 Barbdr-us, t, m., a bar- 
 barian. 
 
 Brdchi-um, i, n., an arm. 
 
 Cdro, earn is, /., flesh. 
 
 Catilin-a, ae, to., Catiline. 
 
 Clamor, is, to., a shout 
 
 EpistSl-a, ae, /., a letter, 
 epistle. 
 
 Exit-us us, m., an outlet 
 
 Flet-us, us, m., weeping; 
 lamentation. 
 
 Germdn-i, orum, m., the 
 Germans. 
 
 Grati-ae, arum, f. pi 
 thanks ; gratitude. 
 
 Gratias habere, to feel gra- 
 titude. 
 
 Hydr-us, i, to., a water- 
 serpent 
 
 Impetus, us,m.,xa attack. 
 
 Jan-us, i, to., Janus. 
 
 Labien-us. i, m., Labienus. 
 
 Multitudo, multitiidZn-is, /, 
 a multitude. 
 
 Mund-us, i, to., the world. 
 
 Num-a, ae, to., Numa. 
 
 Octavi-a, ae./., Octavia. 
 
 Octavian-us, i, to., Octavi- 
 anus. 
 
 OvU-e, is, n., a sheep-fold. 
 
 Praetori-um, i, n., the gen- 
 eral's tent. 
 
 Princeps, princXp-is, m., a 
 chief man. [deuce. 
 
 Providenti-a, ae. f., prD\i- 
 
 Rhen-us, i, to., the Rhine. 
 
 Riv-us, i, to., a river. 
 
 Salt-vs, us, to., a forest. 
 
 Societas, sdcietdt-is,/., an al- 
 
 Uxor, is,/., a wife, [lmnc-e. 
 
 Yagitus, us, to., the cry of 
 iniants. 
 
 Veritas, veritdt-is, /., truth. 
 
 Adjectives. 
 Dwin-us, a, um, divine. 
 ydt-us. a, um, well known 
 Secund-us, a, um, second ; 
 
 favourable. 
 Turbuknt-us,a, um, muddy. 
 Vastus, a, um, huge, vast. 
 
 Verbs. 
 Ag-ere, to do ; to treat of. 
 Bib-ire, to drink. 
 Cap-fre, to take. 
 Claud-ire, to shut 
 Cog- ere. to collect 
 Con/fig-ere, to engage fin 
 
 battle). 
 Conven-ire, (4*A Conj.,) to 
 
 come together ; to suit 
 Curr-ere, to run. 
 Deprec-or, at us, ari (riiam), 
 
 to beg (the life or). 
 Die- ere, to say : speak. 
 Dubit-dre, to doubt 
 Duc-ere, to lead; command: 
 
 d. u-rorem, to marry. 
 Ed-gre. to give forth; utter. 
 Educ-ere, to lead forth. 
 Fac-ere. to do ; make. 
 Fug-ire. to flee. 
 GrdtuUdri, to congratuiati 
 Mitt-ire. to send. 
 
FIRST LATIN READER. 
 
 115 
 
 tfub-ire, to marry, {governs 
 
 dative.) 
 Pand-ire, to stretch out, 
 
 extend. 
 PSt-Sre, to beg; ask; sue 
 
 for. 
 PrqjXc-ire, to prostrate. 
 Postul-dre, to demand. 
 Rap-ire, to carry off; seize. 
 Rig-ire, to rule, govern. 
 Relinqu-ire, to leave ; aban- 
 don. 
 Repell-ire, to repel, drive 
 
 back. 
 Scrlb-ire, to write. 
 Spect-are, to examine, look 
 
 at 
 Statu-ire, to determine. 
 Tribu-ire, to give; assign. 
 Val-ere, to be strong ; to be 
 
 healthy. 
 Vin-ire, to come. 
 Vine- ire, to conquer. 
 Viv-ire, to live. 
 
 Adverbs. 
 Bis, twice. 
 C&iriter, quickly. 
 Plus, more, 
 
 Quondam, once (on a time). 
 Tantum, only. 
 
 Preposition, with 
 Accusative. 
 Trans, beyond. 
 
 XXIII. 
 Same as before. 
 
 XXIV. 
 
 Substantives. 
 
 Aestas, aestdt-is, /., sum- 
 mer. 
 
 Antr-um, i, n., a cave, 
 grotto. 
 
 Color, calor-is, to., heat. 
 
 Castell-um, i, n., a fort; 
 castle. 
 
 Contumeli-a, ae, /., an in- 
 sult. 
 
 Corin(h-us, i, /., Corinth. 
 
 Crass-us, i, m., Crassus. 
 
 CUbicul-um, i, n., a bed- 
 chamber. 
 
 Dionysi-us, i, to., Dionysius. 
 
 Hum-us, i,f., the ground. 
 
 Lign-um, i, n., a piece of 
 wood; timber. 
 
 Lud-us, t, m., play ; a 
 schooL 
 
 Nunti-us, i, m., a messen- 
 ger. 
 
 Tub-a, ae, /., a trumpet. 
 
 Turb-a, ae, /., a crowd, 
 rabble. 
 
 Tyrann-us, i, to., a tyrant 
 
 Adjectives. 
 
 Ali-us, a, ud, one (of 
 many) ; another. 
 
 Bin-i, ae, a, two at a time. 
 (See p. 39.) 
 
 Duo, ae, o, two. (See p. 
 39.) 
 
 Fulmine-us, a, um, thun- 
 dering. 
 
 Idem, eddem, Idem, the 
 same. 
 
 Imprdb-us, a, um, wicked. 
 
 Maxim-us, a, um, superL 
 of magnus, the greatest; 
 very great; very seri- 
 ous. . 
 
 Munit-us, a, um, fortified. 
 (Perf. part, of munire.) 
 
 Pavvh-us, a, um, fearful; 
 in terror. 
 
 Per/id-us, a, um, treacher- 
 ous, traitorous. 
 
 Rapid-us, a, um, swift, fleet. 
 
 Ser-us, a, um, late: sera 
 node, late at night. 
 
 Un-us, a, um, one. 
 
 Vari-us, a, um, various. 
 
 Verbs. 
 
 Aper-ire, to open. 
 Aud-ire, to hear. 
 Cant-dre, to sing. 
 Cond-ire, to found. 
 Dorm-ire, to sleep. 
 Fir-ire, to strike. 
 Fin-ire, to finish. 
 Fund-ire, to pour forth; 
 
 give forth abundantly. 
 Inquin-are, to defile; be- 
 
 mire. 
 Insil-ire, to leap up on. 
 Linqu-ire, to leave. 
 Mic-dre, to dart; shine 
 
 brightly on ; flash. 
 Mun-ire, to fortify. 
 
 Obid-ire, to be obedient; 
 
 obey. 
 Partur-ire, to bring forth. 
 Sent-ire, to feel; think. 
 Serv-ire, to serve; be a 
 
 slave to. 
 Ven-ire, to come, 
 
 Adverbs. • 
 
 An, (interrog.,) whether or 
 
 no? 
 Cras, to-morrow. 
 ffiri, yesterday. ' 
 Ni, (johied to words, as 
 
 amas-ne, do you love?) 
 
 whether or no? 
 
 Preposition, with 
 Accusative. 
 
 Supra, above. 
 
 XXV. 
 Substantives. 
 
 Alp-es, ium, to., the Alps. 
 
 Angusti-ae, arum,/., straits. 
 
 Fragor, is, to., a crash. 
 
 Jug-um, i, n., a yoke, 
 
 Juss-vs, us, to., an order. 
 
 Luxuri-a, ae,f., luxury. 
 
 Oppidan-i, orum, to., peo- 
 ple of a town. 
 
 Praecept-um, i, n., a com- 
 mand. 
 
 Adjectives. 
 
 Mi, (voc. of me-us, a, um,) 
 my. 
 
 Pessim-us, a, um, the worst. 
 (See p. 37.) 
 
 Puls-us, a, um, beaten. 
 (Perf. part, ofpello) 
 
 Pueril-is, is, e, boyish ; be- 
 longing to boys. 
 
 Verbs. 
 
 Eriid-ire, to educate; teach, 
 
 instruct 
 Frang-ire, to break. 
 Moll-ire, to soften. 
 Pell-ire, to drive away 
 
 banish. 
 Perven-ire, to come to; 
 
 reach. 
 Prohib-ire, to prevent 
 Pun-ire, to punish. 
 
116 
 
 FIRST LATIN READER. 
 
 Rtscind-ere, to tear down. 
 SSpSl-Xre, to bury. 
 Transduc-ere, to lead across; 
 
 transfer. 
 Vest-Ire, to clothe. 
 
 Adverbs. 
 
 DMgenter, diligently. 
 Injuste, unjustly. 
 Jam, now, already. 
 Jfaximt, especially, most 
 
 of all. 
 Merito, deservedly. 
 
 Preposition. 
 
 Sub, under. 
 
 XXVL 
 Substantives. 
 
 Aes, aer-is, n., brass. 
 
 Anim-m, i, tn., the mind. 
 
 Causd, (abl.,) for the sake, 
 or purpose, of. 
 
 Commi-us, i, m., Ccm- 
 mius. 
 
 Fxempl-um, i, n., an ex- 
 ample; specimen. 
 
 Oalli-a, at, /., Gaul 
 
 HospM-um, i, n., hospi- 
 tality. 
 
 Mate~ri-a, ae, /., material; 
 source. 
 
 Ptidor, is, m,, shame ; mo- 
 desty. 
 
 Adjectives. 
 
 Hie. haee, hoc, this. 
 Pauc-i, at, a, (pi), a few. 
 Reliqu us, a, um, remain- 
 ing. 
 
 Verbs. 
 
 Ampltct-i, to embrace. 
 
 Con-ari, to endeavour. 
 
 Deterr-ert, to frighten ; 
 prevent; deter. 
 
 Fall-ire, to deceive, 
 
 Fat-eri, to confess. 
 
 Hortdri, to exhort; en- 
 courage. 
 
 Uqu-i, to speak. 
 
 Afet-iri, to measure. 
 
 Md'-.ari, to delay. 
 
 Pdt-iri, to get possession 
 of; make myself master 
 of 
 
 Proficisc-i, to set out, start, 
 
 depart 
 Refic-Sre, to refit 
 SSqu-i, to follow. 
 Suad-ere, to advise. 
 Tut-dri, to defend ; protect. 
 Uti, to use. 
 
 Adverbs. 
 
 Eo, to this ; thither ; there- 
 fore. 
 
 Libenter, willingly. 
 
 Supra, (prep, or adv..) 
 above. 
 
 Tanquam, (adv. or conj.,) 
 as if; as it were. 
 
 Conjunction. 
 
 Vel, either : vel — vel, either 
 
 XXVIT. 
 Substantives. 
 
 Athen-ae, arum,/., Athens. 
 
 Chabri-as, at, rru, Chabrias. 
 
 Dumnorix, Dumnorigis, m., 
 Dumnorix. 
 
 Gratc-us, i, m., a Greek. 
 
 Mel, mtll-is, n., honey. 
 
 Orgftdrix, Orgetorig-is, m., 
 Orgetorix. 
 
 Palus, palud-is, /., a lake. 
 
 Persi-a, at, /., Persia. 
 
 Praefeet-us, i, m., an over- 
 seer; governor; com- 
 mander. 
 
 Quaestor, is, m., a quaestor. 
 
 Ravrac-i, orum, tn., the 
 RauracL 
 
 Sicilia, at, f., Sicily. 
 
 Statio, station-is, /., a sta- 
 tion, post 
 
 Troj-a, at, /., Troy. 
 
 Adjectives. 
 
 Adflict-us, a, um, or aff ict- 
 us, a, um, distressed; 
 afflicted 
 
 Alb-us, a, um, white. 
 
 Tres, tres, tria, three. 
 
 Ult-us, a, um, any. 
 
 Fts-tft, a, um, (pert part, of 
 video,) seen. 
 
 Verbs. 
 
 Cal-ere, to be warm. 
 
 CommitteYe, to engage (e.g» 
 in battle.) 
 
 Deser-ere, to desert, aban- 
 don. 
 
 Dirfd-ere, to divide. 
 
 Sd-ere, to eat 
 
 Imper-are, to order, com- 
 mand. 
 
 Maltdic-ere, to speak ill of 
 
 Obsecr-are, to beseech. 
 
 Persuad-ere, to persuade. 
 
 Praeb-ere, to afford; sup- 
 ply. 
 
 Praeced-Sre, to excel; sur- 
 pass. 
 
 Praecip-ere, to order, en- 
 join. 
 
 Quir-i, to complain. 
 
 Revert-i, (also rtcert-ere.) 
 to return. 
 
 Succurr-e~re, to succour, 
 help. 
 
 Vag-ari, to wander; roam 
 about 
 
 Adverb. 
 Xunquam, never. 
 
 Preposition, witb 
 Accusative. 
 Adcersus, against 
 
 Conjunctions. 
 MM, unless. 
 Quod, because. 
 Uti, that ; in order that 
 
 xxvni. 
 Substantive. 
 Orator, is, m., an orator. 
 
 Adjectives. 
 
 Dubi-us, a, um, doubtful 
 Ips-e, a, um, self. 
 Perpauc-i, at, a, (pi), very 
 
 few. 
 Prte-us, a, um, apright; 
 
 good. 
 Punic-us, a, um, Punic; 
 
 Carthaginian. 
 
 Verbs. 
 Atting-tre, to reach: attain. 
 Consequ-i, to overtake. 
 DSsum, I am wanting ; fail 
 
FIRST* LATIN HEADER. 
 
 117 
 
 Effdg-ei-e, to escape. 
 
 Jmpend-ere, to hang over ; 
 Impend. 
 
 Interesse, to be present at ; 
 engage in. 
 
 Nig-are, to deny; say 
 "No." 
 
 Posse, to be able. 
 
 Praeesse, to be over ; com- 
 mand. 
 
 Prodesse, to do good to; 
 help. 
 
 Vid eri, (dep.,) to seem. 
 
 Adverbs. 
 Plurimum, very much. 
 Postea, afterwards. 
 Qwi,how? in what manner? 
 Quin, how not ; but that. 
 
 Conjunction. 
 
 Nee, nor : nee— nee, neither 
 — nor. 
 
 XXIX. 
 Substantives. 
 
 Arm-a, orum, n. pi., arms, 
 
 armour. 
 Arroganti-a, ae, /., arro- 
 gance; pride. 
 Aul-us, i, m., Aulus (prop. 
 
 name). 
 Aur-a, ae, /., a breeze. 
 Fisc-us, i, m., a purse; 
 
 money-bag. 
 Injuri-a, ae, /., injustice; 
 
 wrong. 
 Jurgi-um, i, n., a quarrel; 
 
 brawl 
 Mul-us, i., m., a (he) mule. 
 Nux, nuc-is,/., a nut. 
 Sardn-a, ae,/, a burden ; 
 
 pack. 
 Sln-us, us, m., a curve; 
 
 bay ; fold (of a robe). 
 Spati-um, i, n., a space, 
 
 distance. 
 Stagn-um, i, n., a pool. 
 Tal-us, i, m., an ankle 
 
 bone ; a die, (pi.) dice. 
 
 Adjectives. 
 
 Advers-us, a, um, opposite; 
 
 res adversae, adversity. 
 Or&v&t-us, a, um, laden. 
 iltlvtti-us, a, um, Helvetian. 
 
 Insan-us, a, um, of unsound 
 
 mind; mad. 
 Lax-us, a, um, loose. 
 Quivis, quaevis, quodvis, 
 
 any one, any thing. 
 Tant-us, a, um, so great; 
 
 so much. 
 
 Verbs. 
 
 Admlr-ari, to admire; won- 
 der at. 
 
 Aufer-re, to take away. 
 
 /Vr-nf.tobear, carry; bring. 
 
 Impon-ere, to lay on ; im- 
 pose. 
 
 In/er-re, to bring in ; wage. 
 
 Nunti-are, to tell; report; 
 declare. 
 
 Pro/er-re, to put forth. 
 
 Sum-Ire, to take. 
 
 Adverbs. 
 
 Impune, with impunity. 
 Tarn, so. 
 
 XXX. 
 
 Substantives. 
 
 Amiciti-a, ae,/., friendship. 
 Btnefici-um, i, n., benefit, 
 
 service. 
 Bdn-um, i, «., a blessing, 
 
 advantage. 
 Case-us, i, m., cheese. 
 Cruor, is, m., blood, gore. 
 IngSni-um, i, »., disposition, 
 
 nature. 
 Iracimdi-a, ae, /., anger, 
 
 wrath. 
 Mustel-a, ae,/., a weasel. 
 Rgpuls-a, ae, f., a rebuff, 
 
 repulse. 
 
 Adjectives. 
 
 Firm-us, a, um, strong, 
 firm. 
 
 Mdlest-us, a, um, trouble- 
 some. 
 
 Prens-us, a, um, caught, 
 (perf. part, of prehendo 
 or prendo.) 
 
 Prdpri-us, a, um, one's own. 
 
 Ruptus, a, um, burst. 
 
 Singul-i, ae, a, one each 
 (time, <fec.) 
 
 Tinct-us, a, um, stained, 
 dyed. 
 
 Vesler, vestr-a, vestr-um, 
 
 your. 
 Viv-us, a, um, alive, living. 
 
 Verbs. 
 
 Coep-isse, to begin. 
 
 Corrip-Sre, to seize. 
 
 Cred-ire, to believe. 
 
 Cup-ire, to desire. 
 
 DevOr-are, to devour. 
 
 DiscSd-Sre, to depart. 
 
 Emitt-ire, to. send forth ; 
 drop. 
 
 Existim-dre, to think, 
 judge. 
 
 Imput-dre, to attribute to 
 impute. 
 
 Infl-are, to blow up, inflate. 
 
 Inquam, I say. 
 
 Inst-are, to stand over, im- 
 pend. 
 
 Maer-ere, to grieve. 
 
 Ment-iri, to tell lies. 
 
 Nolle, to be unwilling. 
 
 Nose-ire, to-krRjw, recog- 
 nise. 
 
 Novisse, to know. 
 
 Ostend-ire, to show; show 
 off. 
 
 Parc-ire, to spare, (with 
 dat.) 
 
 Pat-i, to suffer. 
 
 Per/er-re, to bear on, con- 
 tinue to suffer. 
 
 Prehend-ere (prendere), to 
 catch, seize. 
 
 Purg-are, to clear, free. 
 
 R&d-lre, to return. 
 
 Rump-ire, to burst, break. 
 
 Ting>-ire, or tinguire, to dip, 
 stain, dye. 
 
 Telle, to wish, wilL 
 
 Adverbs. 
 
 Ita, thus. 
 
 Vbi, (adv. or conj.) when, 
 
 where. 
 Ultro, of one's own accord ; 
 
 farther; vehemently. 
 Undique, from all parts. 
 Validius, more vigorously 
 
 Preposition, with 
 Ablative. 
 Coram, before ; in preeence 
 o£ 
 
118 
 
 FIRST LATIN EEADEE. 
 
 Conjunction. 
 
 Durn, whilst. 
 
 XXXI. 
 Substantives. 
 
 Consili-um, t, n., counsel, 
 advice. 
 
 Gens, gent-is, /., a race, 
 tribe, nation. 
 
 Ignavi-a, ae, /., inactivity, 
 sloth, idleness. 
 
 Inepti-a, ae, /., silliness: 
 pi. fooleries, trifles. 
 
 Jn/ami-a, ae, /., evil re- 
 port, bad character. 
 
 Libido, tibxdin-is, /., lust, 
 desire. 
 
 Mgoti-um, i, n., business, 
 affair, thing. 
 
 Opus est, it is needfuL (See 
 Vocabulary.) 
 
 SlMi-um, i, n., zeal, de- 
 sire, study. 
 
 Adjectives. 
 
 Diligens, dUigent-is, dili- 
 gent, industrious. 
 
 Inndcens, innocent-is, harm- 
 less, innocent 
 
 Mlt-is, is, e, meek; mild; 
 gentle. 
 
 Null-us, a, um, none. 
 
 Quivis, quaevis, quodvis, or 
 quidvis, any person or 
 thing. 
 
 Segn-is, is, e, inactive, 
 slow; idle. 
 
 Suscept-us, a, um (peil 
 part, of suscipio), under- 
 taken ; begun. 
 
 Ve~recund-us, a, um, modest. 
 
 Verbs. 
 
 Ad ire, to go to, visit 
 
 Cdl-e~re, to cultivate ; in- 
 habit; worship. 
 
 Contingit, it falls to one's lot. 
 
 Dicet, it becomes. 
 
 De/end-ere, to defend, pro- 
 tect 
 
 Delectat, it delights. 
 
 Delect-are, to delight 
 
 Desin-ere, to give over, 
 cease. 
 
 Fi-eri, to be made ; to be- 
 come. 
 
 Glori-ari (dep.), to boast 1 
 Interest, it concerns, is of 
 
 importance. 
 IntOgU-are, to keep watch 
 
 over. 
 Mv-are, to help, assist. 
 IAbet, or lubet, it pleases (I 
 
 like). 
 Licet, it is permitted. 
 Lubet, or libet, it pleases (I 
 
 like). 
 M Ueret, it excites pity ; I, 
 
 thou, &c. pity. 
 Nescire, not to know. 
 Obtemper-are, to obey, 
 
 (with dat.) 
 Oportet, it behoves (me, 
 
 thee, <fec), I must 
 Pecc-dre, to sin. 
 Percont-dri, {dep.,) to in- 
 quire; search into. 
 Pertaesum est, it disgusts, 
 
 I am disgusted, «fcc 
 Piget, it grieves. 
 Placet, it pleases. 
 Poenitet, it repents. 
 Pudet, it ashames. 
 Re/ert, it concerns. 
 Taedet, it disgusts, wearies, 
 
 &c 
 Traduc-ere, or transduc-ere, 
 
 to bring across, trans- 
 port 
 
 Adverbs. 
 Aliquando, sometimes. 
 Minime, least of all ; by no 
 
 means. 
 Paene, almost 
 
 Preposition, with 
 Ablative. 
 Pro, before, in front of; 
 instead of. 
 
 Conjunction. 
 
 Xe~que, neither, nor. 
 
 XXXII. 
 
 Substantives. 
 
 Aristid-es, is, m., Aristides. 
 Clitell-ae, arum, / pi., a 
 
 pack-saddle, pannier. 
 Livi-us, i, m., Livy. 
 Luci-us, i, m., Lucius. 
 Saevitia, ae,/., cruelty. 
 Sapienti-a, ae,/., wisdom. 
 
 Superbi-a, ae, /., pride; 
 
 haughtiness; tyranny. 
 Turpitudo, turpitudin-is, /., 
 
 Vari-us, i, m. (prop, name), 
 
 Varius. 
 Vuln-us, eris, n., a wound. 
 
 Adjectives. 
 
 Contempt-us, a, um, de- 
 spised. 
 
 De/ess-us, a, um, wearied ; 
 worn out 
 
 Interrogat-us, a, um, asked. 
 
 Quinam, quaenam, quod- 
 nam, who, which, or 
 what, pray? 
 
 Rapt-us, a, um, carried off; 
 neuL raptum, (used as 
 substantive,) plunder. 
 
 Sol-us, a. urn, alone, only. 
 
 Vttus, vitir-is, old, ancient; 
 former. 
 
 Verbs. 
 
 A to, I say. 
 
 Const-are, to stand still, 
 halt: constat, it is agreed 
 upon; it is evident. 
 
 Exur-ere, to burn up. 
 
 Gaud- ere, to rejoice. 
 
 Hiem-dre, to pass the win- 
 ter. 
 
 Invid-ere, to envy, grudge, 
 (with dat) 
 
 Meminisse, to remember. 
 
 Odisse, to hate. 
 
 Refer- re, to carry back, (re- 
 /errepedem, to retreat) 
 
 Sustin-ere, to bear up 
 against endure 
 
 Adverbs. 
 
 Acriter, keenly. 
 Equidem, indeed, I for mj 
 
 part. 
 Etiam, also, even. 
 Late, widely. 
 Minus, less. 
 Nunc, now. 
 Qudque, also. 
 Solum, only. 
 TranquUiier, peacefully. 
 Tunc, then, at that time 
 
 Interjection. 
 
 O, 0! 
 
PART II. 
 
 EXTRACTS FOR READING. 
 
 FABLES OF PHAEDRUS. 
 
 1. THE MULES AND THE ROBBERS. 
 
 Muli gravati sarcinis ibant duo : 
 
 Unus ferebat fiscos cum pecunia, 
 
 Alter tumentes multo saccos hordeo. 
 
 Ille, onere dives, celsa cervice emmet, 
 
 Clarumque collo jactat tintinnabulum ; 6 
 
 Comes quieto sequitur et placido gradu. 
 
 Subitd Latrones ex insidiis advolant, 
 
 Interque caedem ferro mulum sauciant ; 
 
 Diripiunt nummos, negligunt vile hordeum. 
 
 Spoliatus igitur casus quum fleret suos ; 10 
 
 Equidem, inquit alter, me contemptum gaudeo, 
 
 Nam nihil amisi, nee sum laesus vulnere. 
 
 [Hoc argumento tuta est hominum tenuitas : 
 Magnae periclo sunt opes obnoxiae.] 
 
 2. THE FROGS ASKING A KING. 
 
 [Athenae quum florerent aequis legibus, 
 Procax libertas civitatem miscuit, 
 Frenumque solvit pristinum licentia. 
 Hie conspiratis factionum partibus, 
 
120 FIRST LATIN HEADER. 
 
 6 Arcem tyranuus occupat Pisistratus. 
 
 Quum tristein servitutem flerent Attici, — 
 Non quia crudelis iile, sed quoniani grave 
 Omne insuetis onus, — et coepissent queri ; 
 Aesopus talem turn fabellam rettulit.] 
 
 1 Ranae, vagantes liberis paludibus, 
 
 Clainore magno regem petiere a Jove, 
 Qui dissolutos mores vi compesceret. 
 Pater Deorum risit, atque illis dedit 
 Parvum tigilluiu, niissum quod subito vadi 
 
 L6 Motu sonoque terruit paviduin genus. 
 
 Hoc mersum limo quum jaceret diutius, 
 Forte una tacite profert e stagno caput, 
 Et, explorato rege, cunctas evocat. 
 Illae, timore posito, certatim adnatant, 
 
 20 Lignumque supra turba petulans insilit. 
 
 Quod quum inquinassent onini contumelia, 
 A Hum rogantes regem misere ad Jovem, 
 Inutilis quoniam esset, qui fuerat datus. 
 Turn misit LUis hydrum, qui dente aspero 
 
 "3 Corripere coepit singulas. Frustra necem 
 
 Fugitant inertes : vocem praecludit metus. 
 Furtini igitur dant Mercurio mandata ad Jovem, 
 Adflictis ut succuixat. Tunc contra Deus : 
 Quia noluistis vestrum ferre, inquit, bonum, 
 
 30 Malum perferte. Vos quoque, 6 cives, ait, 
 
 Hoc sustinete, majus ne veniat malum. 
 
 3. THE JACKDAW AND THE PEACOCKS. 
 
 [Ne gloriari libeat alienis bonis, 
 Suoque potius habitu vitam degere, 
 Aesopus nobis hoc exemplum prodidit] 
 
 Tumens inani Graculus superbia, 
 Penrias, Pavoni quae deciderant, sustuHt, 
 Seque exornavit : deinde contemnens suos 
 Immiscuit se Pavonum formoso gregi. 
 Illi impudenti peunas eripiunt avi, 
 Fugantque rostris. Male mulcatus Graculus 
 
FIRST LATIN READER. 121 
 
 Redire maerens coepit ad proprium genus ; 10 
 
 A quo repulsus tristem sustinuit notam. 
 
 Turn quidam ex illis, quos prius despexerat i 
 
 Contentus nostris si fuisses sedibus, 
 
 Et, quod natura dederat, voluisses pati, 
 
 Nee illam expertus esses contumeliam, 15 
 
 Nee hanc repulsara tua sentiret calamitas! 
 
 4. THE WOLF AND THE LAMB. 
 
 Ad rivum eundeni Lupus et Agnus venerant 
 
 Siti compulsi : superior stabat Lupus, 
 
 Longeque inferior Agnus. Tunc fauce improba 
 
 Latro incitatus jurgii causam intulit. 
 
 Cur, inquit, turbulentam fecisti mihi 6 
 
 Aquam bibenti ? Laniger contra, timens : 
 
 Qui possum, quaeso, facere quod quereris, Lupe ? 
 
 A te decurrit ad meos haustus liquor. 
 
 Repulsus ille veritatis viribus ; 
 
 Ante hos sex menses male, ait, dixisti mihi. 10 
 
 Respondit Agnus : Equidem natus non eram. 
 
 Pater, hercule, tuus, inquit, maledixit mihi. 
 
 Atque ita correptum lacerat injusta nece. 
 
 [Haec propter illos scripta est homines fabula, 
 Qui fictis causis innocentes opprimunt.J 15 
 
 5. THE DOG AND THE PIECE OP FLESH. 
 
 [Amittit merito proprium, qui alienum adpetit.] 
 
 Canis per flumen, carnem dum ferret, natans, 
 Lympharum in speculo vidit simulacrum suum, 
 Aliamque praedam ab alio ferri putans, 
 Eripere voluit : verum decepta aviditas ; 
 Et, quern tenebat ore, dimisit cibum, 
 Nee, quern petebat, adeo potuit adtingere. 
 
 THE COW, THE SHE-GOAT, THE SHEEP, AND THE LION. 
 
 [Nunquam est fidelis cum potente societas : 
 Testatur haec fabella propositum meum.] 
 
122 FIRST LATIN READER. 
 
 Vacca et Capella, et patiens (Ms injuriae, 
 Socii fuere cum Leone in saltibus. 
 5 Hi. quum cepissent cervum vasti corporis, 
 
 Sic est locutus, partibus factis, Leo : 
 Ego primam tollo, noniinor quia Leo ; 
 Secundani, quia sum fortis, tribuetis mihi ; 
 Turn, quia plus valeo, me sequetur tertia ; 
 10 Malo adficietur, si quis quartam tetigerit. 
 
 Sic totam praedam sola improbitas abstulit. 
 
 7. THE FROGS AND THE SUN. 
 
 Vicini Furis celebres vidit nuptias 
 Aesopus, et continuo narrare incipit : 
 
 Uxorem quondam Sol quum vellet ducere, 
 Clamorem Ranae sustulere ad sidera. 
 Convicio permotus quaerit Jupiter 
 Causam querelae. Quaedam turn stagni incola 
 Nunc, inquit, omnes unus exurit lacus, 
 Cogitque miseras arida sede emori : 
 Quidnam futurum est, si crearit liberos ? 
 
 8. THE ASS AND THE LION HUNTING. 
 
 [Virtutis expers, verbis jactans gloriam. 
 
 Ignotos fallit, notis est derisui.] 
 
 Venari Asello comite quum vellet Leo, 
 
 Contexit ilium frutice, et admonuit simul, 
 5 Ut insueta voce terreret feras ; 
 
 Fugientes ipse exciperet. Hie Auritulus 
 
 Clamorem subito totis tollit viribus, 
 
 Novoque turbat bestias miraculo. 
 
 Quae, dum paventes exitus notos petunt, 
 10 Leonis adfliguntur horrendo impetu. 
 
 Qui, postquam caede fessus est, Asinum evocat, 
 
 Jubetque vocem premere. Tunc ille insolens ; 
 
 Qualis videtur opera tibi vocis meae ? 
 
 Insignis, inquit,— sic, ut nisi nfissem tuuni 
 15 Animum genusque, simili fugissem metu 
 
FIRST LATIN READER. 123 
 
 9. THE STAG AT THE FOUNTAIN. 
 
 [Laudatis utiliora, quae contempseris, 
 Saepe inveniri, haec exserit narratio.] 
 
 Ad foiitem Cervus, quum bibisset, restitit, 
 Et in liquore vidit effigiera suara. 
 Ibi duru ramosa mirans laudat cornua, 5 
 
 Crurumque nimiam tenuitatem vituperat, 
 Venantuni subito vocibus conterritus, 
 Per campum fugere coepit, et cursu levi 
 Canes elusit. Silva turn excepit feruin ; 
 In qua retentis impeditus cornibus 10 
 
 -Lacerari coepit morsibus saevis canuin. 
 Tunc moriens vocem hanc edidisse dicitur : 
 me infelicem ! qui nunc demum intelligo, 
 Utilia mihi quam fuerint, quae despexeram, 
 Et, quae laudaram, quantum luctus habuerint. 15 
 
 10. THE POX AND THE CROW. 
 
 [Qui se laudari gaudent verbis subdolis, 
 Fere dant poenas turpi poenitentia.] 
 
 Quum de fenestra Corvus raptum caseum 
 Com esse vellet, celsa residens arbore, 
 Hunc vidit Vulpes, deinde sic coepit loqui : 5 
 
 qui tuarum, Corve, pennarum est nitor ! 
 Quantum deeoris corpore et vultu geris ! 
 Si vocem haberes, nulla prior ales foret. 
 At ille stultus, dum vult vocem ostendere, 
 Emisit ore caseum, quem celeriter 10 
 
 Dolosa Vulpes avidis rapuit dentibus. 
 Turn demum ingemuit Corvi deceptus stupor. 
 
 11. THE ASS AND THE OLD MAN. 
 
 [In principatu commutando civium, 
 
 Nil praeter domini nomen mutant pauperes. 
 
 Id esse vcrum, parva haec fabella indicat.J 
 
124 FIRST LATIN READER. 
 
 Asellum in prato timidus pascebat senex. 
 6 Is, hostium clamore subito territus, 
 
 Suadebat Asino fugere, ne possent capi. 
 At ille lentus : Quaeso, num binas mihi 
 CHtellas impositurum victorem putas ? 
 Senex negavit. Ergo quid refert mea 
 10 Cui serviam, clitellas dum portem meas ? 
 
 12. THE UNGRATEFUL DOG. 
 
 [Habent insidias hominis blanditiae mali : 
 Quas ut vitemus, versus subjecti monent.] 
 
 Canis parturiens, quum rogasset alteram, 
 Ut fetum in ejus tugurio deponeret, 
 
 5 Facile impetravit : dein reposcenti locum 
 
 Preces adniovit, tempus exorans breve, 
 Dum fixmiores posset catulos ducere. 
 Hoc quoque consumpto, flagitare vaiidius 
 Cubile coepit. Si mibi et turbae meae 
 
 10 Par, inquit, esse potueris, cedam loco. 
 
 13. THE DOGS AND THE HIDE. 
 
 [Stulttjm consilium non modd effectu caret, 
 Sed ad perniciem quoque mortales devocat.] 
 
 Coriuni depressum in fluvio viderunt Canes. 
 Id ut comesse extractum possent facilius, 
 Aquam coepere ebibere : sed rupti prius 
 Periere, quam, quod petierant, contingerent. 
 
 14. THE AGED LION, THE BOAR, THE BULL, AND THE ASS. 
 
 [Quicunqtje amisit dignitatem pristinam, 
 Ignavis etiam jocus est in casu gravi] 
 
 Defectus annis et desertus viribus 
 Leo quum jaceret, spiritum extremum trahens, 
 » Aper fulmineis ad eum venit dentibus, 
 
FIRST LATIN READER. 125 
 
 Et vindicavit ictu veterem injuriam. 
 
 Infestis Taurus mox confodit cornibus 
 
 Hostile corpus. Asinus, ut vidit ferum 
 
 Impune laedi, caloibus frontem extudit. 
 
 At ille exspirans : Fortes indigne tuli 10 
 
 Mihi insultare : te, naturae dedecus, 
 
 Quod ferre cogor, certe bis videor mori. 
 
 15. THE WEASEL AND THE MAN. 
 
 Mustela, ab Homine prensa, quum instantem necem 
 
 Effugere vellet ; Parce, quaeso, inquit, mihi, 
 
 Quae tibi molestis muribus purgo domum. 
 
 Respondit ille : Faceres si causa mea, 
 
 Gratum esset, et dedissera veniam supplici. 5 
 
 Nunc quia laboras, ut fruaris reliquiis, 
 
 Quas sunt rosuri, simul et ipsos devores, 
 
 Noli imputare vanum beneficium mihi. 
 
 Atque ita locutus, improbam leto dedit. 
 
 [Hoc in se dictum debent illi agnoscere, 10 
 
 Quorum privata servit utilitas sibi, 
 Et meritum inane jactant imprudentibus.] 
 
 16. THE FAITHFUL DOG. 
 
 [Repente liberalis stultis gratus est, 
 Verum peritis inritos tendit dolos.] 
 
 Nocturnus quum fur panem misisset Cam", 
 Objecto tentans an cibo posset capi : 
 Ileus ! inquit : linguam vis meam praecludere, 
 Ne latrem pro re domini. Multum falleris. 
 Namque ista subita me jubet benignitas 
 Vigilare, facias ne mea culpa lucrum. 
 
 17. THE FROG AND THE OX. 
 
 [Inops, potentem dum vult imitari, peril] 
 In prato quondam Rana consnexit Bovem, 
 
126 FIRST LATIN READER. 
 
 Et, tacta invidia tantae magnitudinis, 
 Rugosam inflavit pellem : turn natos suos 
 
 6 Interrogavit, an Bove esset latior. 
 
 Illi negaxunt. Rursus intendit cutem 
 Majore nisu, et simili quaesivit modo, 
 Quis major esset. Illi dixerunt, Bovem. 
 Novissime indignata, dum vult validius 
 
 10 Inflare sese, rupto jaeuit corpore. 
 
 18. THE DOG AND THE CROCODILE. 
 
 [Consilia qui dant prava cautis hominibus, 
 Et perdunt operam, et deridentur turpiter.] 
 
 Canes currentes bibere in Nilo flnmine, 
 A Crocodilis ne rapiantur, traditum est. 
 Igitur quum currens bibere coepisset Can is, 
 Sic Crocodilns : Quamlibet lambe otio — 
 Noli vererL At ille : Facerem raehercule, 
 Nisi esse scirem carnis te cupidum meae. 
 
 19. THE FOX AND THE STORK. 
 
 [Nuxli nocendum : si quis vero laeserit, 
 Multandum siraili jure, fabella admonet.] 
 
 Ad coenam Vulpes dicitur Ciconiam 
 Prior invitasse, et illi in patena liquidara 
 
 5 Posuisse sorbitionera, quam nullo modo 
 
 Gustare esuriens potuerit Ciconia. 
 Quae Vulpem quum revocasset, intrito cibo 
 rienam lagonam posuit : huic rostrum inserens 
 Satiatur ipsa, et torquet convivam fame. 
 
 10 Quae quum lagonae collum frustra lamberet, 
 
 Peregrinam sic locutam volucrem accepimus : 
 Sua quisque exempla debet aequo animo pati. 
 
 20. THE FOX AND THE EAGLE. 
 
 [Qoamvts sublimes debent humiles metuere, 
 Vindicta docili quia patet solertiae.] 
 
 Vulpinos catulos Aquila quondam sustulit, 
 
FIRST LATIN READER. 127 
 
 Nidoque posuit pullis, escam ut carperent. 
 
 Hanc persecuta mater orare incipit, 5 
 
 Ne tantum miserae luctum importaret sibi. 
 
 Contempsit ilia, tuta quippe ipso loco. 
 
 Vulpes ab ara rapuit ardentem facem, 
 
 Totamque flamrais arborem circumdedit, 
 
 Hosti dolorera damno miscens sanguinis. 10 
 
 Aquila, ut periclo mortis eriperet suos, 
 
 Incolumes natos supplex Vulpi tradidit. 
 
 21. THE MAN AND HIS TWO LOVERS. 
 
 [A feminis utcunque spoliari viros, 
 Ament, amentur, nempe exemplis discimus.] 
 Aetatis mediae quendam mulier non rudis 
 Tenebat, annos celans elegantia ; 
 
 Animosque ejusdem pulchra juvenis ceperat. 5 
 
 Ambae, videri dum volunt illi pares, 
 Capillos homini legere coepere invicem. 
 Quum se putaret fingi cura mulierum, 
 Calvus repente factus est ; nam funditus 
 Canos Puella, nigros Anus evellerat. 10 
 
 22. THE EAGLE, THE CAT, AND THE BOAR. 
 
 Aquila in sublimi quercu nidum fecerat : 
 
 Feles cavernam nacta in media pepererat : 
 
 Sus nemoricultrix fetum ad imam posuerat. 
 
 Turn fortultum Feles contubernium 
 
 Fraude et scelesta sic evertit malitia. 5 
 
 Ad nidum scandit Volucris : Pernicies, ait, 
 
 Tibi paratur, forsan et miserae mihi : 
 
 Nam fodere terram quod vides quotidie 
 
 Aprum insidiosum, quercum vult evertere, 
 
 Ut nostram in piano facile progeniem opprimat. 10 
 
 Terrore offuso et perturbatis sensibus, 
 
 Derepit ad cubile setosae suis : — 
 
 Magno, inquit, in periclo sunt nati tui ; 
 
128 FIRST LATIN READER. 
 
 Nam simul exieris pastum cum tenero grege, 
 15 Aquila est parata rapere porcellos tibi. 
 
 Hunc quoque timore postquam complevit locum, 
 
 Dolosa tuto condidit sese cavo. 
 
 Inde evagata noctu suspense* pede, 
 
 Ubi esca. se replevit et prolem suaru, 
 20 Pavorem simulans prospicit toto die. 
 
 Ruinam metuens Aquila ramis desidet : 
 
 Aper rapinam vitans non prodit foras. 
 
 Quid multa ? inedia sunt consumpti cum suis, 
 
 Felique et catulis largam praebuerunt dapem. 
 25 [Quantum homo bilinguis saepe concinnet mali, 
 
 Documentum habere stulta credulitas potest] 
 
 23. THE STAG AND THE OXEN. 
 
 Cervtjs, nemorosis excitatus latibulis, 
 Ut venatorum fugeret instantem necem, 
 Caeco timore proximam villam petit, 
 Et opportuno se bubili condidit. 
 5 Hie Bos latenti : Quidnam voluisti tibi, 
 
 Infelix, ultro qui ad necem cucurreris, 
 Hominumque tecto spiritum commiseris ? 
 At ille supplex : Vos modo, inquit, parcite : 
 Occasione rursus erampam data. 
 
 10 Spatium diei noctis excipiunt vices. 
 
 Frondem bubulcus adfert, nee ideo videt. 
 Eunt subinde et redeunt omnes rustici, — 
 Nemo animadvertit : transit etiam villicus, 
 Nee ille quidquam sentit. Turn gaudens ferns 
 
 1 5 Bubus quietis agere coepit gratias, 
 
 Ilospitium adverso quod praestiterint tempore. 
 Respondit unus : Salvum te cupimus quidem ; 
 Sed ille, qui oculos centum habet, si venerit, 
 Magno in periclo vita vertetur tua. 
 
 20 Haec inter ipse dominus a coena redit : 
 
 Et, quia corruptos viderat nuper boves, 
 Accedit ad praesepe : Cur frondis parum est ? 
 Stramenta desunt ? Tollere haec aranea 
 
FIRST LATIN READER. ]29 
 
 Quantum est laboris ? Dum scrutatur singula, 
 
 Cervi quoque alta conspicatur cornua : 25 
 
 Quern convocata jubet occidi familia, 
 
 Praedamque tollit. Haec significat fabula, 
 
 Dominum videre plurimum in rebus suis. 
 
 24. THE PANTHER AND THE SHEPHERDS. 
 
 [Solet a despectis par referri gratia.] 
 
 Panthera imprudens olim in foveara decidit. 
 Videre agrestes : alii fustes congerunt, 
 Alii onerant saxis : quidam contra, miseriti, 
 Periturae quippe, quamvis nemo laederet, 5 
 
 Misere panem, ut sustineret spiritum. 
 Nox insecuta est : abeunt securi domum, 
 Quasi inventuri mortuam postridie. 
 At ilia, vires ut refecit languidas, 
 
 Veloci saltu fovea sese liberat, 10 
 
 Et in cubile concito properat gradu. 
 Paucis diebus interpositis, provolat, 
 Pecus trucidat, ipsos pastores necat, 
 Et, cuncta vastans, saevit irato impetu. 
 Turn sibi timentes, qui ferae pepercerant, 15 
 
 Damnum baud recusant, tantum pro vita rogant. 
 At ilia : Memini, qui me saxo petierit, 
 Qui panem dederit : vos timere absistite ; 
 Illis reverter hostis, qui me laeserunt. 
 
 25. AESOP AND THE FORWARD FELLOW. 
 
 [Successus ad perniciem multos devocat.] 
 
 Aesopo quidam petulans lapidem impegerat. 
 Tanto, inquit, melior. Assem deinde illi dedit, 
 Sic prosecutus : Plus non habeo mehercule ; 
 Sed, unde accipere possis, monstrabo tibi. 5 
 
 Venit ecce dives et potens ; huic similiter 
 Impinge lapidem, et dignum accipies praemium. 
 Persuasus ille fecit, quod monitus fuit : 
 Sed spes fefellit impudentem audaciam : 
 Comprensus namque poenas persolvit cruce. 10 
 
 (122) 9 
 
130 FIRST LATIN READER. 
 
 26. THE FLY AND THE MULE. 
 
 Musca in temone sedit, et Mulam increpans • 
 
 Quam tarda es ! inquit, non vis citius progredi ? 
 
 Vide, ne dolone collum compungam tibi. 
 
 Respondit ilia : Verbis non moveor tuis ; 
 6 Sed istum timeo, sella qui prima sedens 
 
 Jugum flagello temperat lento meum, 
 
 Et ora frenis continet spumantibus. 
 
 Quapropter aufer frivolam insolentiam ; 
 
 Namque, ubi strigandum sit, et ubi currendum, scio. 
 10 [Hac derideri fabula merito potest, 
 
 Qui sine virtute vanas exercet minas.] 
 
 27. THE DOG AND THE WOLF. 
 
 [Quam dulcis sit libertas, breviter proloquar ] 
 
 Cani perpasto macie confectus Lupus 
 Forte occurrit : dein salutantes invicem 
 Ut restiterunt : TJnde sic, quaeso, nites ? 
 5 Aut quo cibo fecisti tantum corporis ? 
 
 Ego, qui sum longe fortior, pereo fame. 
 Canis simpliciter : Eadem est conditio tibi, 
 Praestare domino si par officium potes. 
 Quod ? inquit ille. Custos ut sis liminis, 
 
 10 A furibus tuearis et noctu domum. 
 
 Ego vero sum paratus : nunc patior nives 
 Imbresque, in silvis asperam vitam trahens. 
 Quanto est facilius mihi sub tecto vivere, 
 Et otiosum largo satiari cibo ! 
 
 L5 Veni ergo mecum. Dum procedunt, adspicit 
 
 Lupus a catena collum detritum CanL 
 Unde hoc, Amice ? Nihil est. Die, quaeso, tame a. 
 Quia videor acer, alligant me interdiu, 
 Luce ut quiescam, et vigilem, nox qirani venerit ; 
 
 20 Crepusculo solutus, qua visum est, vagor. 
 
 Adfertur ultro panis ; de mensa sua 
 Dat ossa dominus ; frusta jactat familia, 
 Et, quod fastidit quisque, pulinentarium. 
 
FIRST LATIN READER. 131 
 
 Sic sine labore venter impletur meus. 
 Age, si quo abire est animus, est licentia ? 25 
 
 Non plane est, inquit. Fruere, quae laudas, Canis : 
 Regnare nolo, liber ut non sira mini. 
 
 28. THE BROTHER AND SISTER. 
 
 [Praecepto monitus, saepe te considera.] 
 
 Habebat quidam filiam turpissimam, 
 Idemque insignem pulchr& facie filium. 
 Hi speculum, in cathedra matris ut positum fuit, 
 Pueriliter ludentes, forte inspexerant. 5 
 
 Hie se formosum jactat ; ilia irascitur, 
 Nee gloriantis sustinet fratris jocos, 
 Accipiens quippe cuncta in contumeliam. 
 Ergo ad patrem decurrit, laesura invicem, 
 Magn&que invidia criminatur filium, 10 
 
 Vir natus quod rem feminarum tetigerit. 
 Amplexus ille utrumque, et carpens oscula, 
 Dulcemque in ambos caritatem partiens j 
 Quotidie, inquit, speculo vos uti volo : 
 Tu formam ne corrumpas nequitiae malis ; 15 
 
 Tu faciem ut istam moribus vincas bonis. 
 
 29. THE BEES AND THE DRONES. 
 
 Apes in alta quercu fecerant fa vos : 
 
 Hos fuci inertes esse dicebant suos. 
 
 Lis ad forum deducta est, Vespa judice. 
 
 Quae genus utrumque ndsset quum pulcherrimo, 
 
 Legem duabus hanc proposuit partibus : 5 
 
 Non inconveniens corpus, et par est color, 
 
 In dubium plane res ut meritd venerit. 
 
 Sed, ne religio peccet imprudens mea, 
 
 Alvos accipite, et ceris opus infundite, 
 
 Ut ex sapore mellis, et forma favi, 10 
 
 De quis nunc agitur, auctor horum adpareat. 
 
 Fuci recusant : Anibus conditio placet. 
 
132 FIRST LATIN READER. 
 
 Tunc ilia talem protulit sententiam : 
 Apertum est, quis non possit, et quis fecerit 
 15 Quapropter Apibus fructum restituo suiira. 
 
 [Hanc praeterissem fabulam silentio, 
 Si pactam Fuci non recusassent fidem.] 
 
 30. AESOP AMUSING HIMSELF. 
 
 Puerorum in turba quidam ludentem Atticus 
 Aesopum nucibus quum vidisset, restitit, 
 Et quasi delirum risit. Quod sensit simul 
 Derisor potius, quam deridendus senex, 
 
 6 Arcum retensum posuit in media via : 
 
 Heus ! inquit, Sapiens, expedi, quid fecerim. 
 Concurrit populus. Ille se torquet diu, 
 Nee quaestionis positae causam intelligit. 
 Novissime succumbit. Turn victor sophus : 
 
 10 Cito rumpes arcum, semper si tensum habueris 
 
 At si laxaris, quum voles, erit utilis. 
 
 [Sic ludus animo debet aliquando dari, 
 Ad cogitandum melior ut redeat tibi.] 
 
 31. THE TREES A3STD THEIE GUARDIAN DEITIES, 
 
 Olim, quas vellent esse in tutela sua, 
 Divi legerunt arbores. Quercus Jovi, 
 Et myrtus Veneri placuit, Phoebo laurea, 
 Pinus Cybebae, populus celsa Herculi. 
 
 5 Minerva admirans, quare steriles sumerent, 
 
 Interrogavit. Causam dixit Jupiter : 
 Honorem fructu ne videamur vendere. 
 At, mehercules, narrabit quod quis voluerit, 
 Oliva nobis propter fructum est gratior. 
 
 10 Tunc sic Deorum genitor atque hominum sator : 
 
 nata, merito sapiens dicere omnibus : 
 Nisi utile est, quod facimus, stulta est gloria. 
 [Nihil agere, quod non prosit, fabella admonet.] 
 
FIRST LATIN READER. 133 
 
 32. THE PEACOCK AND JUNO. 
 
 Pavo ad Junonem venit, indigne ferens, 
 
 Cantus luscinii quod sibi non tribuerit : 
 
 Ilium esse cunctis auribus admirabilem, 
 
 Se derideri, simul ac vocem miserit. 
 
 Tunc, consolandi gratia, dixit Dea : 6 
 
 Sed forma vincis, vincis niagnitudine ; 
 
 Nitor zmaragdi collo praefulget tuo, 
 
 Pictisque plumis gemmeam caudam explicas. 
 
 Quo mi, inquit, mutam speciem, si vincor sono ? 
 
 Fatorum arbitrio partes sunt vobis datae : 10 
 
 Tibi forma, vires aquilae, luscinio melos, 
 
 Augurium corvo, laeva cornici omina, 
 
 Omnesque propriis sunt contentae dotibus. 
 
 [Noli adfectare, quod tibi non est datum, 
 Delusa ne spes ad querelam recidat.] 15 
 
 33. THE FOX AND THE GRAPES. 
 
 Fame coacta Vulpes alta in vinea 
 Uvam adpetebat, summis saliens viribus ; 
 Quam tangere ut non potuit, discedens ait : 
 Nondum matura est : nolo aeerbam sumere. 
 
 [Qui, facere quae non possunt, verbis elevant, 
 Adscribere hoc debebunt exemplum sibi.] 
 
 34. THE HORSE AND THE BOAR. 
 
 Equus sedare solitus quo fuerat sitim, 
 Dum sese Aper volutat, turbavit vadum. 
 Hinc orta lis est. Sonipes, iratus Fero, 
 Auxilium petiit hominis, quern dorso levans, 
 Rediit ad hostem. Jactis hunc telis eques 
 Postquam interfecit, sic locutus traditur : 
 Laetor, tulisse auxilium me precibus tuis ; 
 Nam praedam cepi, et didici, quam sis ntilis. 
 Atque ita coegit frenos invitum patl 
 
] 34 FHtST LATIX EEAJ)EK. 
 
 10 Tum maestus ille : Parvae vindictam rei 
 
 Dum quaero demens, servitutem repperi. 
 
 [Haec iracundos admonebit fabula, 
 Impune potius laedi, quam dedi alteri.] 
 
 35. THE BATTLE OF THE MICE AND WEASELS. 
 
 Quum victi Mures Mustelarum exercitu 
 (Historia quorum in tabernis pingitur) 
 Fugerent et artos circum trepidarent cavos, 
 Aegre recepti, tainen evasemnt necein. 
 5 Duces eorum, qui capitibus cornua 
 
 Suis ligarant, ut conspicuum in \ raelio 
 Haberent signum, quod sequerentur, milites, 
 Haesere in portis, suntque capti ab hostibus ; 
 Quos iinmolatos victor avidis dentibus 
 10 Capacis alvi mersit tartareo specu. 
 
 [Quemcunque populum tristis eventus premit, 
 Periclitatur magnitudo principura, 
 Minuta plebes facili praesidio latet.] 
 
 36. THE VIPEE AOT) THE FILE. 
 
 [Mokdaciorem qui improbo dente adpetit. 
 Hoc argumento se describi sentiat.] 
 In officinam fabri venit Vipera. 
 Ilaec quum tentaret, si qua res esset cibi, 
 Limam momordit. Ilia contra contumax : 
 Quid me, inquit, stulta, dente captas laedere, 
 Omne adsuevi ferrum quae corrodere ? 
 
 37. THE FOX AND THE HE-GOAT. 
 
 [Homo, in periclum siniul ac venit, callidus 
 Reperire effugium alterius quaerit malo.] 
 
 Quum decidisset Yulpes in puteum inscia, 
 Et altiore clauderetur marsrine, 
 
FIEST LATIN READER. ] 35 
 
 Devenit Ilircus sitiens in eundem locum : 5 
 
 Simul rogavit, esset an dulcis liquor, 
 
 Et copiosus. Ilia fraudem moliens : 
 
 Descende, amice ; tanta bonitas est aquae, 
 
 Voluptas ut satiari non possit mea. 
 
 Immisit se Barbatus. Turn Vulpecula 10 
 
 Evasit puteo, nixa celsis cornibus, 
 
 Hircumque clauso liquit haerentem vado. 
 
 38. MEN'S FAULTS. 
 
 Peras imposuit Jupiter nobis duas : 
 Propriis repletam vitiis post tergum dedit, 
 Alienis ante pectus suspendit gravem. 
 
 [Hac re videre nostra mala non possumus ; 
 Alii simul delinquunt, censores sumus.] 
 
 39. THE SHE-GOATS AND THE HE-GOATS. 
 
 Barbam Capellae quum impetrassent ab Jove, 
 Hirci maerentes indignari coeperant, 
 Quod dignitatem feminae aequassent suam. 
 Smite, inquit, illas gloria vana frui, 
 Et usurpare vestri ornatum muneris, 
 Pares dum non sint vestrae fortitudini. 
 
 [Hoc argu mentum monet, ut sustineas tibi 
 Ilabitu esse similes, qui sunt virtute impares.] 
 
 40. THE MAN AND THE SNAKE. 
 
 [Qui fert malis auxilium, post tempus dolet.] 
 Gelu rigentem quidam Colubram sustulit, 
 Sinuque fovit, contra se ipse misericors ; 
 Namque ut refecta est, necuit hominem protinus. 
 Hanc alia quum rogaret causam facinoris, 
 Respondit : Ne quis discat prodesse improbis. 
 
136 FIRST LATIN READER. 
 
 41. THE ANT AND THE FLY. 
 
 Formica et Musca contendebant acriter, 
 
 Quae phiris esset. Musca sic coepit prior ; 
 
 Conferre nostris tu potes te laudibus ? 
 
 Ubi immolatur, exta praegusto Deuru ; 
 5 Moror inter aras, templa perlustro omnia. 
 
 In capite regis sedeo, quum visum est mihi, 
 
 Et matronarum casta delibo oscula. 
 
 Laboro nihil, atque optimis rebus fruor. 
 
 Quid horum simile tibi contingit, Rustica ? 
 10 Est gloriosus sane convictus Deum, 
 
 Sed illi, qui invitatur, non qui invisus est. 
 
 Aras frequentas : nempe abigeris, quo venis. 
 
 Reges commemoras, et matronarum oscula : 
 
 Super etiam jactas, tegere quod debet pudor. 
 15 Nihil laboras : ideo, quum opus est, nil habes. 
 
 Ego granum in hiemem quum studiose congeio, 
 
 Te circa murum video pasci stercore. 
 
 Aestate me lacessis : quum bruma est, sile*. 
 
 Mori contractam quum te cogunt frigora, 
 20 Me copiosa recipit incolumem donius. 
 
 Satis profecto retudi superbiam. 
 
 [Fabella talis hominum discernit notas 
 
 Eorum, qui se falsis ornant laudibus, 
 
 Et quorum virtus exhibet solidum decus.] 
 
 42. TIME. 
 
 Cdrsu volucri, pendens in novacula, 
 Calvus, comosa fronte, nudo corpore, 
 (Quem si occuparis, teneas ; elapsum semel 
 Non ipse possit Jupiter reprehendere ;) 
 Occasionem rerum significat brevem. 
 Effectus impediret ne segnis mora, 
 Fiuxere antiqui talem effigiem Tempcris. 
 
FIRST LATIN READER. 137 
 
 ROMAN HISTORY. 
 
 1. ROMULUS AND REMUS. 
 
 Procas, rex Albanorum, Numitorem et Anmlium filios gemiit. 
 Numitori, qui natu major erat, regnum legavit. Plus tamen vis 
 potuit quara voluntas patris. Pulso fratre, Amulius regnavit : et, ut 
 Numitorem sobole privaret, Rheam Silviam, ejusfiliam,-Vestae sacer- 
 dotem fecit. Vestalis, fide violata, Romulum et Remum uno partu 5 
 edidit. Quo cognito Amulius ipsam in vincula conjecit ; parvulos 
 alveo impositos misit in Tiberim, qui tunc forte super ripas lenibus 
 stagnis erat effusus ; sed relabente flumine pueros aqua in sicco 
 reliquit. Vastae turn in iis locis solitudines erant. Lupa, ut fama 
 traditum est, ad puerilem vagitum accurrit, infantes lingua lambit, 10 
 eorum ori admovit ubera, atque se pro matre gessit. 
 
 Faustulus, regii pecoris magister, parvulos invenit, et ad casam 
 Laurentiae uxori educandos tulit. Hi deinde adulti inter pastores 
 primo ludicris certaminibus vires auxere, venando saltus peragrare, 
 et latrones a rapina pecorum arcere coeperunt. Quam ob rem quum 15 
 iis insidiati essent latrones, Remus captus est, Romulus vi se defendit. 
 Tunc Faustulus necessitate compulsus indicavit Romulo, quis esset 
 ejus avus, quae mater. Romulus statim cum armatis pastoribus 
 Albam properavit. 
 
 Interea Remum latrones ad Amulium regem perduxerunt, ultro 20 
 accusantes, quasi Numitoris agros infestare solitus esset. Remus 
 itaque Numitori ad suppliciuin a rege Amulio traditus est; at 
 Numitor, quum aetatem cognovisset adolescentis, et vultum matri 
 Rheae simillimum inspexisset, haud procul erat quin nepotem 
 agnosceret. 25 
 
 [753 b.c] Deinde Romulus et Remus urbem in iisdem locis, ubi 
 expositi, ubique erant educati, condiderunt ; sed orta inter eos conten- 
 tion, uter nomen novae urbi daret, uter conditam imperio regeret, 
 anspicia adhibuere. Remus prior sex vultures, Romulus postea 
 duodecim videt. Sic Romulus, augurio victor, urbem "Romam" 30 
 vocavit. Remus, fratris ludibrio, novos transiluisse muros dicicur ; 
 
1 38 FIRST LATIN EEADEE. 
 
 eum iratus Romulus interfecit, his increpans verbis : Sic deiiide 
 pereat, qiiicunque alius transiliet moenia raea. Ita solus potitus est 
 imperio Romulus. 
 
 First King of the Romans — b.c. 753-7 1G. 
 
 Romulus imaginem urbis magis quam urbem fecerat ; deerant 
 incolae. Erat in proximo lucus ; hunc asylum fecit. Eo statim 
 multitudo latronum pastoruuique confugit. Quum vero ipse et 
 cives sui uxores non haberent, legates circa vicinas gentes misit, qui 
 
 5 societatem connubiumque novo populo peterent. Kusquam benigne 
 legatio audita est ; ludibrium etiam additum : Quidni ' feminis quoque 
 asylum aperuistis ? Id enim compar foret connubium. Romulus 
 aegritudinem animi dissimulans ludos parat ; indici deinde finitimis 
 spectaculum jubet. Multi convenere studio etiam videndae novae 
 
 10 urbis, maxime Sabini cum liberis et conjugibus. Ubi spectaculi 
 tempus venit, deditaeque ei mentes cum oculis erant, turn, dato 
 signo, juvenes Romani virgines rapiunt. 
 
 Sabini ob virgines raptas bellum adversus Romanos sumpse- 
 runt. Qui quum Romae appropinquarent, Tarpeiam virginem nacti 
 
 15 sunt, quae aquam forte extra moenia petitum ierat. Hujus pater 
 Romanae praeerat arci. Titus Tatius, Sabinorum dux, Tarpeiae 
 optionem muneris dedit, si exercitum suum in Capitolium per- 
 duxisset. Ea petiit quod Sabini in sinistris manibus gererent, 
 videlicet annulos et armillas. Quibus dolose promissis, Tarpeia 
 
 20 Sabinos in arcem perduxit. Ibi Tatius earn scutis obrui jussit ; 
 nam et scuta in laevis habuerant. Sic impia proditio celeri poena 
 vindicata est. 
 
 Romulus acerrime in hostes impetum fecit, et in eo loco, ubi nunc 
 Romanum forum est, pugnam conseruit. Primo impetu vir inter 
 
 25 Romanos insignis, nomine Hostilius, fortissime dimicans cecidit ; 
 cujus interitu consternati Romani fugere coepemnt. Jam Sabini 
 clamitabant : Vicimus perfidos hospites, imbelles hostes. Xiinc 
 sciunt, longe aliud esse virgines rapere, aliud pugnare cum viris. 
 Tunc Romulus arma ad coelum tollens Jovi aedem vovit, et statim 
 
 30 exercitus seu forte seu divinitus restitit. Itaque praelium redinte- 
 gratur ; sed raptae mulieres crinibus passis ausae sunt se inter tela 
 volantia inferre, et hinc patres, hinc viros orantes, paces conciliarunt 
 
FIRST LATIN HEADER. 1 39 
 
 Romulus, foedere cum Tatio icto, Sabinos in urbem recepit. 
 Centum ex senioribus elegit, quorum consilio omnia ageret, quos 
 Senatores nominavit. Tres Equitum centurias constituit ; populum 35 
 in triginta Curias distribuit. His ita ordinatis, quum ad exercitum 
 lustrandum concionem in campo ad Caprae paludem haberet, subito 
 coorta est tempestas cum magno fragore tonitribusque, et Romulus 
 e conspectu ablatus est. Eum ad Deos abiisse vulgo creditum est, 
 — cui rei fidem fecit Proculus Julius vir nobilis. Orta enim inter 40 
 Patres et plebem seditione, is in concionem processit, jurejurando 
 affirmans, Romulum a se visum augustiore forma quam fuisset, 
 eumdemque praecipere, ut seditionibus abstinerent, et rem militarem 
 colerent. Ita Romulus pro deo cultus, et Quirinus est appellatus. 
 
 3. NUMA POMPILIUS, 
 Second King of the Romans— B.C. 716-673. 
 
 Successit Romulo Numa Pompilius, vir inclyta justitia et reli- 
 gione. Is Curibus oppido Sabinorum accitus est. Qui quum Romam 
 venisset, ut populum ferum religione mitigaret, sacra plurima insti- 
 tuit. Aram Vestae consecravit, et ignem in ara perpetuo alendum 
 virginibus dedit. Flaminem Jo vis Sacerdotem creavit, eumque in- 5 
 signi veste et curuli sella ornavit. Duodecim Salios Martis sacer- 
 dotes legit, qui ancilia, imperii pignora, ferre per urbem canentes et 
 rite saltantes solebant. Annum in duodecim menses ad cursum 
 lunae descripsit ; nefastos fastosqite dies fecit ; portas Jano gemino 
 aedificavit, ut esset index pacis et belli : nam apertus in armis esse 10 
 civitatem, clausus vero pacatos omnes circa populos significabat. 
 
 Leges quoque plurimas et utiles tulit Numa. Bellum quidem 
 nullum gessit, sed non minus civitati profuit quam Romulus. Morbo 
 exstinctus in Janiculo monte sepultus est. Ita duo deinceps reges, 
 ille bello, hie pace, civitatem auxerunt. Romulus septem et triginta ] 5 
 regnavit annos ; Numa tres et quadraginta. 
 
 4. TtJLLUS HOSTILIUS, 
 
 Third King of the Romans — b.c. 673-641. 
 
 Mortuo Numa Tullus Hostilius rex creatus est. Hie non solum 
 proximo regi dissimilis, sed ferocior etiam Romulo fuit. Eo regnante 
 
140 FIRST LATIN READER. 
 
 bellum inter Albanos et Romanos exortum est. Ducibus Hostilio 
 et Fuffetio placuit, fata utriusque populi paucorum manibus coin- 
 5 mitti. Erant apud Romanos trigemini fratres, Horatii, trigemini 
 quoque apud Albanos, Curiatii. Cum iis agunt reges, ut pro sua 
 quisque patria dimicent ferro. Foedus ictum est ea lege, ut, unde 
 victoria, ibi imperium esset. Itaque trigemini arma capiunt, et in 
 medium inter duas acies procedunt. Consederunt utrimque duo 
 
 10 exercitus. Datur signum, infestisque armis terni juvenes, magnorum 
 exercituum animos gerentes, concurrunt. 
 
 Ut primo concursu increpuere arma, micantesque fulsere gladii, 
 horror ingens spectantes perstrinxit. Consertis deinde manibus, 
 statim duo Romani, alius super alium, exspirantes ceciderunt ; tres 
 
 15 Albani vulnerati. Ad casum Romanorum conclamavit gaudio exer- 
 citus Albanus. Romanos jam spes tota deserebat. Unum Hora- 
 tium tres Curiatii circumsteterant. Forte is integer fuit ; sed quia 
 tribus impar erat, fugam capessivit, ut eorum pugnam segregaret. 
 Jam aliquantum spatii ex eo loco, ubi pugnatum est, aufugerat, 
 
 20 quum respiciens videt unum e Curiatiis baud procul ab se abesse. 
 
 In eum magno impetu redit ; et dum Albanus exercitus inclamat 
 
 Curiatiis, ut opem ferant fratri, Horatius jam eum occiderat. Altemm 
 
 deinde, priusquam tertius potuit consequi, interfecit. 
 
 Jam singuli supererant, sed nee spe nee viribus pares. Alteri erat 
 
 25 intactum ferro corpus, atque animus geminata victoria ferox. Alter 
 corpus vulnere fessum, fessum cursu, trahebat. Kec illud praelium 
 fuit. Romanus exsultans male sustinentem arma conficit,Jacen- 
 temque spoliat. Romani ovantes^c gratulantes accipiunt Horatium, | 
 et domum deducunt. 
 
 30 Non diu pax Albana mansit ; nam Fufletius, dux Albanorum, [ 
 Veientes adversus Romanos concitavit. Ipse a Tullo in auxilium - 
 arcessitus aciem in collem subduxit, ut fortunam belli exspectaret i 
 et sequeretur. Postero die Fuffetius, quum ad gratulandum Tullo i 
 venisset, jussu illius quadrigis religatus est, et in diversa distractus. 
 
 35 Deinde Tullus Albam propter ducis perfidiam diruit, et Albanos 
 Romam transire jussit. 
 
 Roma interim crevit Albae ruinis ; duplicatus est civium numerus ; 
 mons Caelius urbi additus, et quo frequentius habitaretur, earn 
 Regiae sedem Tullus cepit, ibique deinde habitavit. Auctarum 
 
 ^0 virium fiducia elatus bellum Sabinis indixit. Pestilentia insecuta 
 est \ nulla tamen ab armis quies dabatur. Credebat enim rex belli- 
 cosus, salubriora militiae quam domi esse juvenum corpora ; sed 
 
FIRST LATIN READER. HI 
 
 ipse quoque diuturno morbo est implicatus. Tunc adeo fracti simul 
 cum corpore sunt spiritus illi feroces, ut nulli rei deinceps, nisi 
 Bacris, operara daret. Memorant Tullum fulmine ictuni cum domo 45 
 conflagrasse. Tullus magna gloria belli regnavit annos duos et 
 triginta. 
 
 5. ANCUS MARCIUS, 
 Fourth King of the Romans — b.c. 640-616. 
 
 Tullo mortuo Ancum Marcium regem populus creavit. Numae 
 Pompilii nepos Ancus Marcius erat, aequitate et religione avo similis. 
 Tunc Latini, cum quibus Tullo regnante ictum foedus erat, sus- 
 tulerunt animos, et incursionem in agrum Romanum fecerunt. Ancus, 
 priusquam eis bellum indiceret, legatum misit, qui res repeteret; 5 
 eumque morem posteri acceperunt. Id autem hoc modo fiebat. 
 Legatus, ubi ad fines eorum venit, a quibus res repetuntur, capite 
 velato : Audi, Jupiter, inquit ! a udite, fines hujus populi ! Ego sum 
 publicus nuntius fojpuli Romani; verbis meis fides sit. Deinde 
 peragit postulata. Si non deduntur res, quas exposcit, hastam in 10 
 fines hostium emittit, bellumque ita indicit. Legatus, qui ea de re 
 mittitur, fecialis, ritusque belli m&icen&i, jus feciale, appellatur. 
 
 Legato Romano res repetenti superbe responsum est a Latinis ; 
 quare bellum hoc modo iis indictum est. Ancus exercitu conscripto 
 profectus Latinos fudit, et compluribus oppidis deletis cives Romam 15 
 traduxit. Quum autem in tanta hominum multitudine facinora 
 clandestina fierent, Ancus carcerem in media urbe ad terrorem 
 increscentis audaciae aedificavit. Janieulum montem, non muro 
 solum, sed etiam ponte Sublicio in Tiberi facto, urbe conjunxit. In 
 ore Tiberis urbem Ostiam condidit. Pluribus aliis rebus intra paucos 20 
 annos confectis, immatura morte praereptus obiit. 
 
 6. LUCIUS TARQUINIUS PEISCUS, 
 
 Fifth King of the Romans — B.C. 616-578. 
 
 Anco regnante Lucius Tarquinius, urbe Tarquiniis profectus, cum 
 conjuge et fortunis omnibus Romam commigravit. Additur haec 
 fabula : ei advenienti aquila pileum sustulit, et super carpentum, 
 ubi Tarquinius sedebat, cum magno clangore volitans, rursus capiti 
 
142 FIRST LATIN READER. 
 
 5 apte reposuit ; inde sublimis abiit. Tanaquil conjux, coelestium 
 prodigiorum perita, regnum ei portendi intellexit ; itaque virum com- 
 plexa sperare alta jussit. Has spes cogitationesque secum portantes 
 urbem ingressi sunt, domicilioque ibi comparato, Tarquinius pecunia 
 et industria dignitatem, atque etiam Anci regis familiaritatem, con- 
 
 10 secutus est, a quo tutor liberis relictus regnum intercepit, et ita 
 administravit, quasi jure adeptus fuisset. 
 
 Tarquinius Priscus Latinos bello domuit. Circum Maximum aedifi- 
 cavit : murum lapideum urbi circumdedit : bellum cum Sabinis 
 gessit, in quo bello equitum centurias numero auxit ; nomina tamen 
 
 15 rautare non potuit, deterritus, ut ferant, Accii Navii auctoritate. 
 Accius, ea tempestate augur inclytus, id fieri posse negabat, nisi aves 
 addixissent ; iratus rex in experimentum artis eura interrogavit, 
 fierine posset, quod ipse mente concepisset ; Accius, augurio acto, 
 fieri posse respondit. Atqui hoc, inquit rex, agitabam, num cotem 
 
 20 Mam secare novacula possem. Potes, inquit augur ; et secuisse 
 
 dicitur. Tarquinius Sabinos vicit, et filium tredecim annorum, quod 
 
 in praelio hostem percussisset, praetexta et bulla donavit; unde 
 
 haec ingenuorum puerorum insignia esse coeperunt 
 
 Supererant duo Anci filii, qui aegre ferentes se paterno regno 
 
 25 fraudatos esse regi insidias paraverunt. Ex pastoribus duos ferocis- 
 simos deligunt ad patrandum facinus. Ii, simulata rixa, in vestibule 
 regiae tumultuantur. Quorum clamor quum penitus in regiam per- 
 venisset, vocati ad regem pergunt. Primo uterque vociferari coepit, 
 et certatim alter alteri obstrepere. Coerciti ab lictore et jussi sunt 
 
 30 invicem dicere. Unus ex composite rem orditur ; dumque intentus 
 in eum se rex totus avertit, alter elatam securim in ejus caput dejecit, 
 et relicto in vulnere telo ambo foras se proripiunt. 
 
 7. SERVIUS TULLIXrS, 
 
 Sixth King of the Romans — B.C. 578-534. 
 
 Servius Tullius matre nobili sed captiva natus est. Quura in 
 domo Tarquinii Prisci educaretur, ferunt prodigium visu eventuque 
 mirabile accidisse. Flammae species pueri dormientis caput am- 
 plexa est. Hoc viso, Tanaquil summam ei dignitatem portendi intel- 
 5 lexit, conjugique suasit, ut eum non secus ac liberos suos educaret. 
 Is postquam adolevit, et fortitudine et consilio excelluit; quare a 
 Tarquinio gener assumptus est ; et quum Tarquinius occisus esset, 
 
FIRST LATIN READER. 143 
 
 Tanaquil, celata ejus niorte, populum ex superiore parte aediura 
 allocuta ait, regem, gravi quidem sed non letali vulnere accepto, 
 petere, ut interim, dum convalesceret, Servio Tullio dicto audientes 10 
 essent. Servius itaque imperium administravit. Sabinos subegit ; 
 raontes tres, Quirinalem, Viminalem, Esquilinum, urbi adjunxit; 
 muro lapideo urbera circumdedit. Idem censum ordinavit, et popu- 
 lum in classes et centurias distribuit. 
 
 Servius Tullius aliquod urbi decus addere voluit. Jam turn incly- 15 
 turn erat Dianae Ephesiae fanum. Id communiter a civitatibus 
 Asiae factum fama ferebat. Itaque Latinorum populis suasit, ut et 
 ipsi Romae fanum Dianae cum populo Romano aedificarent. Quo 
 facto bos mirae magnitudinis cuidam Latino nata dicitur, et re- 
 sponsum somnio datum, eum populum summam imperii habiturum, 20 
 cujus civis bovem illam immolasset. Latinus bovem ad fanum 
 Dianae deduxit, et causam sacerdoti Romano exposuit. Sacerdos 
 callidus dixit, eum debere prius vivo fiumine manus abluere. Dum 
 Latinus ad Tiberim descendit, sacerdos bovem immolavit. Ita im- 
 perium civibus, sibique gloriam, vindicavit. 25 
 
 Servius Tullius filiam alteram ferocem, mitem alteram habebat. 
 Duo quoque Tarquinii Prisci filii longe dispares moribus erant. 
 Tullia ferox Tarquinio miti nupserat ; Tullia vero mitis Tarquinio 
 feroci : sed mites, seu forte, seu fraude, perierunt ; feroces similitudo 
 morum conjunxit. Tarquinius Superbus a Tullia statim incitatus, 30 
 advocato senatu, regnum paternum repetere coepit ; qua re audita 
 Servius, dum ad curiam contendit, jussu Tarquinii gradibus dejectus 
 et domum refugiens interfectus est. Tullia carpento invecta in 
 forum properavit, virum e curia evocavit, et regem prima appellavit ; 
 a quo jussa ex tanto tumultu decedere, quum domum rediret, jacen- 35 
 tern que Cyprio Vico Servium trucidatum videret, per patris corpus 
 carpentum egisse fertur. Inde vicus ille sceleratus dictus est. Ser- 
 vius TuJlius regnavit annos quatuor et quadraginta. 
 
 8. TARQUINIUS SUPERBUS, 
 
 Seventh and last King of the Romans — b.c. 534-510. 
 
 Tarquinius Superbus regnum sceleste occupavit. Strenuus tamcn 
 
 bello Latinos Sabinosque domuit. Urbem Gabios in potestatem 
 
 redegit fraude Sexti filii. Is quum indigne ferret, earn urbem a patre 
 
 expugnari non posse, ad Gabinos se contulit, patris saevitiam in se 
 
144 FIRST LATIN READER. 
 
 5 conquerens. Benigne a Gabinis exceptus, paullatim eoram bene- 
 volentiam fictis blanditiis alliciendo dux belli electus est. Turn 
 e suis unum ad patrem mittit sciscitatuni, quidnam se facere vellet. 
 Pater nuntio filii nihil respondit, sed in hortum aedium transiit, 
 ibique inanibulans, sequente nuntio, surama papaverum capita baculo 
 
 10 decussit. Nuntius fessus exspectando rediit Gabios. Sextus ubi ex 
 
 tacitis anibagibus intellexit, quid vellet pater, primores civitatis in- 
 
 teremit. Sic res Gabina regi Romano sine ulla dimicatione traditur. 
 
 Postea Tarquinius Ardeam urbem oppugnavit. Ibi quutn in cas- 
 
 tris essent, TarquiDius Collatinus, sorore regis natus, forte coena- 
 
 15 bat apud Sextum Tarquinium cum aliis juvenibus regiis. Incidit 
 de uxoribus mentio; quum unusquisque suam laudaret, placuit 
 experiri. Itaque citatis equis Romam avolant. Regias minis in 
 convivio et luxu deprehendunt. Pergunt inde Collatiam. Lucre- 
 tiam Collatini uxorem inter ancillas in lanificio inveniunt. Ea ergo 
 
 20 ceteris praestare judicatur. Paucis interjectis diebus Sextus Colla- 
 tiam rediit, et Lucretiae vim attulit. Ilia postero die, advocatis 
 patre et conjuge, rem exposuit, et se cultro, quern sub veste ab- 
 ditum habebat, occldit. Conclamat vir paterque, et in exitium 
 regum conjurant. Tarquinio Romam redeunti clausae sunt urbis, 
 
 25 portae, et exsilium indictum. 
 
 9. LUCIUS JUNIUS BEUTUS, 
 First Roman Consul — B.C. 509. 
 
 L. Junius Brutus, sorore Tarquinii Superbi natus, quum earudem 
 fortunam timeret, in quam frater inciderat, qui ob divitias et pruden- 
 tiam fuerat ab avunculo occisus, stultitiam finxit, unde Brutus dictus 
 est. Profectus Delphos cum Tarquinii filiis, quos pater ad Apollinem 
 5 muneribus honorandum miserat, baculo sambuceo aurum inclusum 
 Deo donum tulit. Peractis deinde mandatis patris, juvenes Apollinem 
 consuluerunt, quisnam ex ipsis Romae regnaturus esset. Respon- 
 sum est, eum Romae summam potestatem habiturum, qui primus 
 matrem osculatus esset. Tunc Brutus, velut si casu prolapsus 
 10 cecidisset, terram osculatus est, scilicet quod ea communis mater 
 omnium mortalium esset. 
 
 Expulsis regibus duo consul es creati simt, L. Junius Brutus et 
 Tarquinius Collatinus, Lucretiae maritus. At libertas, modo parta, 
 per dolum et proditionem paene amissa est. Erant in juventute 
 
FIRST LATIN READER. 115 
 
 Romana adolescentes aliquot sodales Tarquiniorum. Hi de acci- 15 
 piendis nocte in urbem regibus colloquuntur ; ipsos Bruti consulis 
 hlios in societatem consilii assumunt. Sermonem eorura ex servis 
 unus excepit; rem ad consules detulit. Scrip tae ad Tarquinium 
 litterae manifestum facinus fecerunt. Proditores in vincula conjecti 
 sunt, deinde damnati. Stabant ad palum deligati juvenes nobi- 20 
 lissinii ; sed prae ceteris liberi consulis omnium in se oculos converte- 
 bant. Consules in sedem processere suam, missique lictores nudatos 
 virgis caedunt, securique feriunt. Supplicii non spectator modo, sed 
 et exactor erat Brutus, qui tunc patrem exuit, ut consulem ageret. 
 
 Tarquinius deinde bello aperto regnum recuperare tentavit. Equit- 25 
 ibus praeerat Aruns Tarquinii Alius ; rex ipse cum legionibus seque- 
 batur. Obviam hosti consules eunt. Brutus ad explorandum cum 
 equitibus antecessit. Aruns, ubi Brutuni agnovit, inflammatus ira : 
 ille est vir, inquit, qui nos patria expulit; en ille nostris decoratus 
 insignibus magnifice incedit. Turn concitat calcaribus equum, atque 30 
 in ipsum consulem dirigit ; Brutus avide se certamini offert. Adeo 
 infestis animis concurrerunt, ut ambo hasta transfixi ceciderint ; 
 fugatus est tamen Tarquinius. Alter consul Romam triumphans 
 rediit. Bruti collegae funus, quanto potuit apparatu, fecit. Brutum 
 matronae, ut parentem, annum luxerunt. 35 
 
 10. WAR WITH PORSENA. 
 
 Horatius Codes — b.c 508. 
 
 Porsena, rex Etruscorum, ad restituendos in regnum Tarquinius 
 cum infesto exercitu Romam venit. Primo impetu Janiculum cepit. 
 Non unquam alias ante tantus terror Romanos invasit ; ex agris in 
 urbem demigrant ; urbem ipsam sepiunt praesidiis. Alia urbis pars 
 muris, alia Tiberi objecto tuta videbatur. Pons Sublicius iter paene 5 
 hostibus dedit, nisi unus vir fuisset Horatius Codes, illo cognomine 
 donatus, quod in alio praelio oculum amiserat. Is, extrema pontis 
 parte occupata, aciem hostium solus sustinuit, donee pons a tergo inter- 
 rumperetur. Ipsa audacia obstupefecit hostes ; ponte rescisso armatus 
 in Tiberim desiluit, et multis superincidentibus telis incolumis ad 10 
 suos transnavit. Grata erga tantam virtutem civitas fuit ; ei tantum 
 agri datura est, quantum uno die circumarari potuisset. Statua 
 quoque ei in Comitio posita. 
 
 1122) 10 
 
HG FIRST LATIN READER. 
 
 Mucins Scaevola — B.C. 508. 
 
 Quum Porsena Romara obsideret, Mucins vir Romanae constantiae 
 senatum adiit, et veniam transfugiendi petiit, necem regis repro- 
 raittens. Accepta potestate in castra Porsenae venit. Ibi in con- 
 fertissima turba prope regium tribunal constitit. Stipendium tunc 
 5 forte militibus dabatur, et scriba cum rege pari fere ornatu sedebat. 
 Mucius ignorans uter esset rex scribara pro rege occldit. Appre- 
 hensus et ad regem pertractus dextram accenso ad sacrificium foculo 
 injecit, hoc supplicii ab ea exigens, quod in caede peccasset. Attoni- 
 tus miraculo rex juvenem amoveri ab altaribus jussit. Turn Mucius, 
 10 quasi beneficium remunerans, — Quandoquidem, inquit, est apud te 
 virtuti honos, beneficio a me accipies, quod minis nequisti; trecenti 
 conjuravimus principes juventutis Romanae, ut in te hoc via grass- 
 aremur. Mea 'prima sors fuit : Ceteri, suo quisque tempore,aderu?it. 
 Qua re Porsena territus bellum acceptis obsidibus deposuit. 
 
 Cloelia Virgo— b.c. 508. 
 
 Porsena Cloeliam, virgmem nobilem, inter obsides accepit. Quum 
 Etruscorum castra haud procul a ripa Tiberis locata essent, Cloelia 
 deceptis custodibus noctu egressa, equo, quern sors dederat, arrepto, 
 Tiberim trajecit. Quod ubi regi nuntiatum est, primo ille incensus ira 
 5 Romam legatos misit ad Cloeliam obsidem reposcendam. Romani 
 earn ex foedere restituerunt. Turn rex virginis virtutem admiratus 
 earn laudavit, ac parte obsidum donare se dixit, perniisitque, ut ipsa, 
 quos vellet, legeret. Productis obsidibus Cloelia virgines elegit, 
 quarum aetatem injuriae obnoxiam sciebat, et cum iis in patriam 
 10 rediit. Romani novam in femina virtutem novo genere honoris, 
 statua equestri, donavere. In summa Via Sacra fuit posita virgo 
 insidens equo. 
 
 11. WAE WITH THE LATINS. 
 
 Aulus Postumius — Battle of Lake RegiRus — b.c 496. 
 
 Tarquinius ejectus ad Mamilium Tusculanum, generum suum, con- 
 fugerat. Qui quum, concitato Latio, Romanes graviter urgeret, nova 
 Romae dignitas creata, quae Dictatura appellata est, major quam 
 Consulatus. Tunc etiam creatus est Magister Equitum, qui Dicta- 
 5 tori obsequeretm-. A. Postumius dictator factus cum hostibus apud 
 Regillura lacum confiixit. Ubi quum victoria nutaret, magister 
 equitum equis fraenos detrahi jussit, ut irrevocabili impetu ferreB- 
 
KrRST LATIN READER. 117 
 
 tur ; itaque et aciem Latinorum fuderunt, et castra ceperunt. Tar- 
 quinius Cumas se contulisse, in eaque urbe senio et aegritudine con- 
 fectus obiisse dicitur. 10 
 
 12. MENENIUS AGRIPPA. 
 
 Secession to the Sacred Mount— Institution of the Tribuni Plelis— 
 
 b.c. 494. 
 
 Menenius Agrippa concordiam inter patres plebemque restituit. 
 Nam quum plebs a patribus in Montem Sacrum secessisset, quod 
 tributa et militiam non toleraret, Agrippa vir facundus ad plebem 
 missus est ; qui intromissus in castra nihil aliud quam hoc narrasse 
 fertur. Humana olim membra adversus ventrem, quum otiosum esse 5 
 cernerent, discordarunt, conspiraruntque, ne manus ad os cibum fer- 
 rent, neu os acciperet datum, neu dentes conficerent. At, dum ventrem 
 domare volunt, ipsi quoque defecerunt, totumque corpus ad extre- 
 mam tabem venit. Inde apparuit, ventris quoque haud segne minis- 
 terium esse, eumque acceptos cibos concoquere et per omnia membra 1 
 digerere ; itaque cum eo in gratiam redierunt. Sic senatus et popu- 
 lus quasi unum corpus discordia pereunt, concordia valent. 
 
 Hac fabula Menenius flexit hominum mentes. Plebs in urbem 
 regressa est ; creavit tamen tribunos, qui libertatem suam adversus 
 nobilitatis superbiam defenderent. Paullo post mortuus est Mene- 15 
 nius, vir per omnem vitam pariter patribus ac plebi cams. Is tamen 
 in tanta paupertate decessit, ut eum populus collatis quadrantibus 
 sepeliret, locum sepulcro senatus publice daret. 
 
 13. THE DECEMVIRI. 
 b.c. 451-449. 
 
 Anno trecentesimo ab urbe condita pro duobus consulibus Decem- 
 viri creati sunt, qui allatas e Graecia leges populo proponerent. 
 llae leges duodecim tabulis sunt perscriptae. 
 
 Unus e Decemviris, Appius Claudius, virginem plebeiam adamavit; 
 quam quum non posset pretio ac spe pellicere, M. Claudio clienti 
 negotium dedit, ut earn in servitutem assereret, facilem victoriam 
 sperans, quum ipse esset et accusator et judex. L. Virginius, 
 puellae pater, tunc aberat militiae causa. Cliens igitur virgini veni- 
 enti in forum (ibi namque in tabernis ludi litterarum erant) injecit 
 
148 FIEST LATIN READER. 
 
 10 nianum, affirmans suam esse servam ; earn sequi se jubet ; ni faciat, 
 
 minatur se cunctantem vi abstracturum. Pavida puella stupente, ad 
 
 clamorem nutricis fit concursus. Claudius, quuru puellam non posset 
 
 vi abducere, vocat in jus ipso Appio judice. 
 
 Interea missi nuntii ad Virginium properant. Is prima luce 
 
 15 Romam advenit, quum jam civitas in foro erecta expectatione staret. 
 Virginius statim in forum lacrimabundus, et civium opem implorans, 
 filiam suam deducit. Appius obstinato animo in tribunal escendit, 
 et Virginiam clienti suo addixit. Turn pater, ubi nihil usquam 
 auxilii vidit: Quaeso, inquit, Appi, ignosce patris dolori; sine me 
 
 ?& filiam ultimum alloqui. Data venia, filiam seducit, atque ex 
 taberna lanionis cultro arrepto, pectus puellae transfigit. Turn ferro 
 sibi viam facit, et respersus cruore ad exercitum profugit. Concita- 
 tus exercitus montem Aventinum occupavit ; decern tribunos mili- 
 tum creavit ; decemviros magistratu se abdicare coegit ; eosque 
 
 25 omnes aut morte aut exilio mulcavit. Appius Claudius in carcerem 
 conjectus mortem sibi conscivit. 
 
 14. MARCUS FURIUS CAMILLUS. 
 
 Tlie Schoolmaster of Falerii — Rome taken by the Gauls — 
 b.c. 390. 
 
 Quum M. Furius Camillus urbem Falcrios obsideret, ludi magister 
 plurimos et nobilissimos inde pueros, velut ambulandi gratia eductos, 
 in castra Romanbrum perduxit; quibus Camillo traditis, non erat 
 dubiuni, quin Falisci deposito bello sese Romanis dedituri essent. 
 5 Sed Camillus perfidiam proditoris detestatus : i\ on ad similes tui, 
 inquit, venisti; sunt et belli, sicut pacis, jura : arma habemus, non 
 adversus earn aetatem, cui etiam captis urbibus parcitur, sed ad- 
 versus armatos, qui, nee laesi nee lacessiti a nobis, castra Romana 
 oppugnaverunt. Denudari deinde ludi magistrum jussit, ac manibus 
 
 10 post tergum alligatis in urbem reducendum pueris tradidit, virgasque 
 iis dedit, quibus euntem verberarent. Statim Falisci, beneficio m igis 
 quam armis \acti, portas Romanis aperuerunt. 
 
 Camillus post multa in patriam merita judicio populi damnatus 
 exsulatum abiit. Urbe egrediens ab Diis precatus esse dicitur, ut, 
 
 15 si innoxio sibi ea injuria fieret, desiderium sui facerent ingratae 
 patriae qnamprimum. Nee multo post Galli Senones Clusium 
 Etruriae oppidum obsederunt. Clusini novo bello exterriti ab 
 
FIRST LATIN READER. 149 
 
 Romania auxilium pctierunt. Missi sunt Roma tres legati, qui 
 Gallos monerent, ut ab oppugnatione desisterent. Ex his legatis 
 unus contra jus gentium in aciem processit, et ducem Senonum 20 
 interfecit. Qua re commoti Galli, petitis in deditionem legatis nee 
 impetratis, ad urbem venerunt, et exercitum Romanum apud Alliam 
 fluvium ceciderunt ante diem decimum quintum Calendas Sextiles ; 
 qui dies inter nefastos relatus Alliensis dictus est. 
 
 Galli victores paullo ante solis occasum ad urbem Romam per- 25 
 veniunt. Postquam hostes adesse nuntiatum est juventus Romana 
 duce Manlio in arcem confugit; seniores vero domos ingressi ad- 
 ventum Gallorum obstinato ad mortem animo exspectabant. Qui 
 eorum curules magistratus gesserant, ornati honorum insignibus in 
 vestibulis aedium eburneis sellis insederunt, ut, quum venisset hostis, 30 
 in sua dignitate morerentur. Interim Galli, domos patentes ingressi, 
 vident viros ornatu et vultus maj estate Diis simillimos. Quum Galli 
 ad eos, veluti ad simulacra, conversi starent, unus ex his senibus 
 dicitur Gallo barbam suam permulcenti scipionem eburneum in caput 
 incussisse. Iratus Gallus eum occidit ; ab eo caedis initio facto, ceteri 35 
 omnes in sedibus suis trucidati sunt. 
 
 Galli deinde impetum facere in arcem statuunt. Primo militem, 
 qui tentaret viam, praemiserunt. Turn nocte sublustri, sublevantes 
 invicem et trahentes alii alios, in summum saxum evaserunt, tanto 
 silentio, ut non solum custodes fallerent, sed ne canes quidem excita- 40 
 rent. A.nseres non fefellere, quibus in summa inopia Romani abstinu- 
 erant, quia aves erant Junoni sacrae ; quae res Romanis saluti fuit. 
 Namque clangore anserum alarumque crepitu excitus Manlius, vir 
 bello egregius, ceteros ad arma vocans Gallos ascendentes dejecit. 
 
 Tunc consensu omnium placuit ab exsilio Camillum acciri ; missi 45 
 igitur ad eum legati, ipseque dictator absens creatus est. Interim 
 fames utrumque exercitum urgebat ; sed ne Galli putarent, Romanos 
 ea necessitate ad deditionem cogi, multis locis de Capitolio panis 
 jactatus est in hostium stationes. Ad postremum, Galli quoque ob- 
 sidione fatigati pretio mille pondo auri adducti sunt, ut obsidionem 50 
 relinquerent. Eondum omni auro appenso, Camillus dictator, col- 
 lectis Romani exercitus reliquiis, intervenit ; auferri aurum de medio 
 jubet, dpnuntiatque Gallis, ut se ad proelium expediant. Instructa 
 deinde acie Gallos internecione occidit. Ne nuntius quidem cladis 
 relictus est. Dictator, recuperata ex hostibus patria, triumphans 55 
 urbem ingressus, et a militibus parens patriae conditorque alter 
 urbis appellatus est. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 BRIEF SYNOPSIS OF THE SYNTAX OF SIMPLE 
 SENTENCES. 
 
 I. SUBJECT AND PREDICATE. 
 AGREEMENT. 
 
 1. Rule. — An adjective (whether pronoun, participle, or adjective 
 proper) agrees with its own substantive in gender, number, and case: as, 
 Puer est sedulus; Pueri sunt sedwli; Puella est sedula; Templum erul 
 splendidum ; Sorores tuae. 
 
 Obs. 1. When an adjective applies to two or more singular substantives 
 connected by a co-ordinative conjunction (et, ac, atque, &c), it is 
 put in the plural number; as, Pater et filing sunt clari, Th? 
 father and son are famous. 
 
 Obs. 2. When an adjective applies to two or more substantives of dif- 
 ferent genders, it takes the gender of the masculine substantive 
 rather than that of the feminine, and of the feminine rather than 
 of the neuter : Pater et mater puellae sunt mortui. 
 Exception. — But when the substantives are names of inanimate 
 objects, the adjective is put in the neuter; as, Virtus et vitium 
 inter se contraria sunt, Virtue and vice are opposed to each other.* 
 
 Obs. 3. But an adjective often agrees with the substantive nearest 
 to it ; a3, Pater meus et mater abeunt ; or it is repeated before 
 each ; as, Pater meus et mater mm abeunt. 
 
 2. Rule. — A verb agrees with its subject in number and person : as, 
 A quita volat, aquilae volant ; Ego sum pastor, tu es latro; viri sunt clari. 
 
 Obs. 1. Since two singulars are equal to a plural, two or more singular 
 
 subjects connected by a co-ordinative conjunction {et, ac, atque, &c.), 
 
 have a verb in the plural ; as, Paler et filius ambulant in horto. 
 
 Exception. — But in a series of nominatives the verb often agrees with 
 
 the subject nearest to it; as, Amat te pater, et mater, et f rat res. 
 
 Obs. 2. If the subjects be of different persons, the verb is put in the first 
 person rather than in the second, and in the second rather than 
 in the third : as, Ego et tu sumus amici; Tu et ilia estis clari; 
 Si tu et Tullia valet is, ego et Cicero valemus, If you and Tullia 
 are well, Cicero and I are well. 
 
 * These principles apply to adjectives, whether used as simple attributes or as 
 predicates. 
 
THE CASES. l. r >] 
 
 Obs. 3. A collective noun, or a distributive pronoun, may have a verb 
 in the plural : as, Turba ruunt, The mob rush forward ; Uterque 
 eorum educunt capias ex castris, Each of them {i.e., both) leads 
 his forces out of the camp ; Decimus quisque ad supplicium led* 
 sunt, Every tenth man was selected for punishment. 
 
 APPOSITION. 
 
 3. Rule.— Substantives which stand in apposition* to one another 
 agree in case : as, Cicero, orator, jussu Anlonii occisus est, Cicero the 
 orator was put to death by the order of Antony ; Mummius delevit 
 Corinthum, urbem Graeciae nobilissimam, Mummius destroyed Corinth, a 
 very famous city of Greece. 
 
 Obs. 1. The same rule applies when the second substantive is used as a 
 predicate : as, Alexander erat rex Macedonum, Alexander was 
 king of the Macedonians ; Ilia incedit regina, She walks (as) a 
 queen. This kind of apposition occurs with (1) Substantivk 
 Verbs, (as, sum, existo); (2) Passive Verbs of naming and 
 choosing, (as, nominor, creor) ; (3) Verbs of seeming or 
 being thought, (as, videor, existimor) ; (4) Verbs of gesture, 
 (as, incedo.) 
 Obs. 2. A noun in apposition to two or more nouns is usually in the 
 plural : as, M. Antonius, C. Crassus, tribuni plebis, M. Antony 
 and C. Crassus, tribunes of the people ; Cneius et Publius 
 Scipiones, Cneius and Publius Scipio. 
 Obs. 3. If the substantive in apposition have two forms (masculine and 
 feminine), it generally assumes the gender of the noun explained : 
 as, Leo, rex bestiarum, The lion, king of beasts ; Aquila, regina 
 avium, The eagle, king of birds. 
 
 II. THE CASES. 
 nominative and vocative. 
 
 4. The nominative is used to express the subject of the sentence, or the 
 substantival predicate. (See Art. 2 and 3 above.) 
 
 5. The vocative is used in expressions of address; as, Fili, son ! but 
 the nominative often takes the place of the vocative, even in address. 
 
 accusative. 
 
 6. The accusative expresses the direct object of the action indicated by 
 a transitive verb. It answers to the questions, Whom ] What 1 To what 
 place 1 During what time ? &c. 
 
 7. Role. — Transitive verbs governf the accusative ; as, rater amat 
 filium suum, The father loves his son. [But many transitive verbs govern 
 the genitive, dative, or ablative. See Art. 16, (5); 17, (2), (a); 19, (2), (c); 
 19, (4.)] 
 
 * Two substantives arc said to be in apposition when one is appended to the other 
 to explain or limit it. t Sue notes * and t. p. '20. 
 
152 APPENDIX. 
 
 8. Any verb, whether it be transitive or intransitive, may govern iD 
 the accusative a substantive of kindred signification : as, Vivere beatam 
 vitam, To live a happy life ; Pugnare pugnam, To fight a battle. 
 
 9. The accusative is used after certain prepositions ; for which see 
 p. 101, 5. 
 
 10. Many intransitive verbs of motion, when compounded with the pre- 
 positions, trans, circum, per, super, praeter, ad, cum, in, subter, become 
 transitive, and thus take an accusative; as, Transire flumen, To cross a 
 river. [But some of these compounds, as supervenio and subeo, occasion- 
 ally take the dative.] 
 
 11. Many verbs are followed by two accusatives, the one expressing the 
 person, the other the thing. Such are verbs of asking,* entreating, teach- 
 ing, concealing, fcc. : a*. Filius patrem nihil celaxit, The son concealed 
 nothing from his father ; Hoc te rogo, I beg this of you. Also transitive 
 verbs compounded with trans; as, Transducere copiat flumen, To lead 
 forces over a river. But the preposition is often repeated before the 
 accusative. 
 
 12. An accusative is often put after intransitive verbs, passive forms, 
 and adjectives, to define them and limit their application. This is called 
 the accusative of reference or limitation ; it is very common in poetry, — 
 less so in prose, especially in the case of intransitive verbs and adjectives : 
 as, Rogor sententiam, I am asked my opinion'; Qui genus {&cc.)estis? Who 
 are you as to descent 1 Saucius pedes, Maimed in the feet. 
 
 13. After verbs expressing or implying motion, the names of towns and 
 small islands, with domus, rus, and such terms, are put in the accusative, 
 to indicate the point to which ; as, Contendit Romam, He hastens to Rome ; 
 Misit legatos Athenas, He sent ambassadors to Athens ; Rediit domum, 
 He returned home. [But with the names of countries and large islands a 
 preposition is used.] 
 
 14. The accusative expresses duration of time and extent of space: as, 
 Viginti annos mansit, He remained for twenty years ; Duxitfossam tru 
 ginta pedes altam, He ran a ditch of thirty feet deep. 
 
 15. The accusative is used in exclamations, either with or without an 
 interjection ; as, Me miserumi (or vie miser urn I) Wretched me ! Ecu 
 me infelicemf Ah, luckless me ! 
 
 THE GENITIVE. 
 
 16. The genitive case answers to the questions, Whose ? Of whom \ Of 
 what ? It is used to indicate, — 
 
 (1. ) The author or possessor : as, Ciceronis filius, Cicero's son ; Agricolac 
 hortus, The farmer's garden. 
 
 (2.) The part, duty, or characteristic, (with sum) : as, Est regis ad- 
 ministrare leges, It is the king's duty to execute the laws ; Stuff i 
 est irae servire, It is the mark of a fool to be a slave to passion. 
 But the possessive pronouns meum, tuum, &c, are used in the 
 nominative singular neuter ; as, Meum est, It is my duty. 
 
 * Peto, postulo, and quaero take the ablative with a preposition, (ab, <fr. ex.) 
 
THE CASES. 153 
 
 (3.) The whole of which anything is a part (partitive genitive) ; as, 
 Magna vis hominum, A great multitude of men ; Tria mittia 
 cquitum, Three thousand cavalry ; Multum pecuniae, Much 
 money ; Quis nostrum? Which (one) of us 1 Doctissimus Roman- 
 orum : Ubi terrarumf In what part of the earth 1 
 
 (i.) The quality, nature, extent, &c; hut in these cases it is accom- 
 panied by an adj. : as, Puer magni ingenii, A hoy of great talent ; 
 Classis ducentarum navium, A fleet of two hundred ships. 
 
 (5.) The object of mental affections, (a) after adjectives denoting know- 
 ledge, memory, certainty, inclination to, patience, and their oppo- 
 sites: as, Tgnarusmali, Ignorant of misfortune; Memorbeneficii, 
 Mindful of afavour; Avidus gloriae, Desirous of fame ; Amantior 
 virtutis, A greater lover of virtue : (b) after verbs signifying to 
 l-emember,* pity, forget, &c, and certain impersonal verbs, (see 
 p. 98, 9 :) as, Meminit malorum praeteritorum, He remembers 
 past misfortunes ; Miserere servorum, Have pity on the slaves ; 
 Taedet me vitae, I am weary of life. 
 
 (6.) The object after adjectives expressing plenty ,f power , participation, 
 likeness,^ and their opposites : as, Plenus sapientiae, Full of 
 wisdom ; Inops rationis, Devoid of reason ; SimUis patris, Like 
 his father (in nature, disposition, &c.) 
 
 (7.) The price or value (in a general way), in the case of such adjectives 
 as magnus, plurimus, plus, minor, &c. : as, A varus divitias 
 magni aestimat, The avaricious man sets a great value on riches ; 
 Pravum minimi habeo, I have the very lowest opinion of the 
 wicked man. [If a substantive is used to indicate the price, it 
 is put in the ablative ; and even with these adjectives the abla- 
 tive is often used. See Art. 19, (5.)] 
 
 (8.) The crime or ground of accusation : as, Puerum furti arguit, He 
 accused the boy of theft ; Judices civem proditionis damnaverunt, 
 The judges condemned the citizen of treason. 
 
 (9.) Place where, in nouns of the First or Second Declension, and 
 singular number ; as, Vivebat Romae, He lived at Rome. [For 
 the theory which regards this as the dative,, see Schmitz's Ad- 
 vanced Latin Grammar, § 268.] 
 
 THE DATIVE. 
 
 17. The dative case denotes, — 
 
 (1.) The individual (person or thing) to whom anything is given or 
 communicated : as, Dedit librum puero, He gav« a book to the 
 boy ; Legati nunciant Caesari, The lieutenants report to Caesar. 
 
 (2.) The individual who is benefited or injured in any way : as, Avarus 
 non sibi sed aliis divitias parat ; Pastor insidias lupo parat, 
 The shepherd lays snares for the wolf ; Vaco philosophiae, I have 
 leisure for (the study of) philosophy ; Monstravit viam agricolae. 
 He pointed out the road to the farmer. 
 
 * Verbs signifying to remember find forget also take the accusative. 
 
 t Adjectives of plenty and want also take the ablative. 
 
 t Adjectives of likeness and unlikeness also take the dative. See Art. 17, 2, (b.) 
 
154 APPENDDL 
 
 (a) N.B. — Tliis principle of "advantage or disadvantage" is a very 
 general one, and to it may be referred by far the greater number 
 of instances in which the dative occurs. It is more especially 
 manifest in verbs which signify (1) to study, consult for, help, 
 profit, favour, heal, spare, indulge: (2) to flatter, please, displease; 
 serve, obey, disobey ; envy, be angry with, upbraid ; resist; 
 obstruct, hurt : (3) to meet, congratulate, trust, marry (of the 
 female, nubere), persuade, command.* 
 
 (o) So adjectives such as (1) friendly, just, useful, profitable, suit- 
 able, + necessary, &c. ; (2) hostile, unprofitable, unnecessary, &c. ; 
 (3) near to, like, (in externals, — See Art. 16, 6,) equal, related 
 to, &c. , govern the dative. 
 
 (c) Most verbs compounded with the ten prepositions, ad, ante — in, 
 inter — post, prae — sub, super — con, (i.e., cum,) and ob, (and 
 many verbs compounded with other prepositions, as ab, circum, 
 de, ex, {re), &c.,) take the dative of the person or thing affected ; 
 as, Terrorem hostibus injecit, He caused a panic among the 
 enemy ; Antefert ignotos notis, He prefers the unknown to the 
 known. 
 
 {d) The dative sometimes expresses the possessor ; as, Est mini liler, 
 I have a book. 
 
 (e) Two datives are sometimes used after the verbs, To be, give, 
 come, send, impute, X &c. — the one expressing the person bene- 
 fited, and the other the object, end, or result of the action : as, 
 Est mihi voluptati, It is a source of pleasure to me ; Caesar tres 
 cohortes misit auxilio novissimis, Caesar sent three cohorts to 
 aid (literally, for aid to) the rear-guard. 
 (3.) The dative is often used after passive verbs to denote the principal 
 agent, instead of the ablative with a or abj as, Xon intelligitur 
 ulli, {= ab ullo.) 
 
 1UE ABLATIVE. 
 
 18. The ablative is used in Latin to express those relations which in 
 English we indicate by the prepositions, from, with, in, by, at, &c. 
 
 19. It denotes, — 
 
 (1.) The cause or reason ; as, Ardeo studio, I burn with zeal. 
 
 (2.) The instrument, means, or material : as, Necat hostem ense, He 
 
 slays the enemy with a sword ; Mundus sole Ulustratur, The 
 
 world is illuminated by the sun ; Vivunt lacte et came, They live 
 
 on milk and flesh, 
 (a) Under this head come the adjectives, contentus, natus, ortus, 
 
 fee. 
 
 * But juvo, laedo, delecto, offendo, rego, jubeo, and guberno, govern the accusative ; 
 and some of the above list take the accusative with the dative. 
 
 t But those denoting fitness or unfitness more frequently take the accusative, with 
 ad; as, Locus aptus ad insidias, A place fitted for an ambush. 
 
 J The verbs most commonly followed by a double dative are, sum, do, duco, trib-jo, 
 jcrto, aceipio, relinquo, deiigo, mitto, tenio, l^ateo. 
 
THE CASES. 155 
 
 (b) If the agent be a person, the preposition a or ab is used : as, 
 
 Mundus a Deo regitur, The world is ruled by God ; Caesar 
 certior f actus est ab exploratoribus, Caesar is certified by scouts. 
 Sometimes the accusative with per or propter ; as, Per te liber- 
 atus sum, I was freed by your means. 
 
 (c) The deponent verbs utor, abutor, fruor, fuvgor, potior * and 
 
 vescor, govern the ablative : as, Utitur fraude, He employs de- 
 ceit; Fungitur offi-ciis, He performs his duties. [These are 
 simply instances of the '* cause, manner, or instrument."] 
 
 (3.) The mode or manner: as, Fecit suo more, He did it in his own 
 way ; Hoc modo scripsi, I wrote in this way. 
 
 (4.) Supply, with verbs and adjectives signifying plenty, abundance, 
 filling, emptying, &c. : as, Oermania fluminibus abundat, Ger- 
 many abounds in rivers ; Caret omni culpa, He is free from every 
 fault ; Eget pecunia, He is in need of money ; Plenus ira, Full 
 of wrath ; Praeditus est virtute, He is endowed with virtue. 
 
 <5.) Price, with verbs of buying, selling, valuing, hiring, &c. ; also with 
 the adjectives, dignus, indignus: as, Patriam auro vendidit, 
 He sold his country for gold ; Dignus laude, Worthy of praise. 
 But see above, Art. 16, (7.) 
 
 (6.) Limitation, expressed in English by as to, in regard to, &c: as, 
 Aeger pedibus, Diseased in (as to) his feet ; Captus oculis, 
 Blind ; Qallus natione, A Gaul by birth ; Major natu, Older 
 (by birth); Pietate filius, In affection a son. 
 
 (7.) Separation, after verbs of removing, freeing, depriving, &c: as, 
 Caesar castra loco movit, Caesar shifted his camp from the place. 
 
 (8.) Quality, when conjoined with an adjective : as, Vir fuit summo in- 
 genio, He was a man of consummate talent; Staturafui. humili, 
 He was of low stature. [But see 16, (4.)] 
 
 (9.) Measure, with comparatives and superlatives to express excess or 
 defect ; as, Multo major, Much greater. 
 (10.) Superiority or inferiority, with comparatives to express the ob- 
 ject with which comparison is instituted : as, Major patre, 
 Greater than his father ; Filia pulchrior matre, A daughter more 
 beautiful than her mother. 
 (11.) Time when : as, Trecentesimo anno, In the three hundredth year; 
 
 Quinto die, On the fifth day. 
 (12.) (a) Place whence; as, Profectus est Corintho, He set out from 
 Corinth : (b) Place where, if the noun be of the Third Declen- 
 sion or plural number: as, Morttms est Carthagine, He died 
 at Carthage ; Vivebat Athenis, He lived at Athens. [But see 
 16, (9.)] 
 (13.) The ablative is used with certain prepositions; for which see 
 
 p. 101, 5, (2.) 
 (14. ) The ablative is used with certain verbs compounded with the prepo- 
 sitions, a, ab,de, e,kc; as, Abesse domo, To be away from home. 
 
 * Potior sometimes governs the genitive; as, Poiiri Galliae, To gain possession of 
 
 GatiL 
 
156 APPENDIX. 
 
 IIL— INFINITIVE MOOD, ETC. 
 
 20. The infinitive mood is a kind of verbal substantive, and is used us 
 Buch, — 
 
 (1.) As the subject of a sentence ; as, Humanum est errare, It is natural 
 
 to man to err, (= error. ) 
 (2.) As the object completing the imperfect ideas expressed by verbs 
 
 such as to wish, to be able, to be accustomed, to begin, cease ; to 
 
 teach, order, forbid ; to hasten, &c. : as, Cupio discere, I desire 
 
 to learn, (= learning.) 
 
 21. Observe that a purpose is not expressed in Latin by the infinitive, 
 but by the subjunctive with a conjunction, ut, quo, &c; as, Venit ut 
 discat, He comes to learn, {i.e., for the purpose of learning.) 
 
 22. The infinitive is often used in animated narrative as an indicative. 
 This is called the Historical Infinitive. 
 
 PARTICIPLE. 
 
 23. The participle is an adjective, and, like the adjective, agrees with its 
 substantive in gender, number, and case ; as, Puerum ludentem vidi, I 
 saw the boy playing. 
 
 24. The perfect participle passive is, by an inversion of syntax, often 
 equivalent to a substantive : as, Aburbe condita, From the foundation of 
 the city, {i.e., from the city being founded ;) Post Athenas captas, After 
 the capture of Athens. 
 
 25. The future participle passive, or gerundive, implies that an action 
 ought or must be done, or deserves to be done. "When the person is indicated, 
 it is expressed in the dative ; as, Moriendum est omnibus, All must die. 
 
 GERUND. 
 
 26. The gerund is a regular noun, and its cases are treated accordingly : 
 as, Ars scribendi est utilis, The art of writing is useful ; Charta uiilis 
 scribendo, Paper useful for writing. 
 
 m SUPINES. 
 
 27. The supine in -um is used with verbs implying motion, to express 
 the design of the motion ; as, Misit legatos rogatum auxilium, He sent 
 ambassadors to ask help. 
 
 28. The supine in -u is simply an ablative of limitation, (see Art. 19, 6, 
 above :) as, Mirabile dictu, Wonderful to tell, {i.e., as to telling ;) Dulu 
 gustatu, Pleasant in (as to) taste. 
 
 29. Participles, gerunds, and supines govern the same case as their 
 verbs: as, Amans virtutem, Loving virtue; Usus scribendi epistolas, 
 The practice of writing letters ; Rogatum auxilium, To ask aid. 
 
NOTES ON THE EXTRACTS. 
 
 FABLES OF PHAEDRUS. 
 
 N.B.— The lines giving the application or "moral" of the Fables had better ba 
 omitted in the first instance, and the substance of them imparted to the pupils by 
 the teacher, viva voce. They have therefore been enclosed in brackets in the text. 
 
 1. THE MULES AND THE ROBBERS. 
 
 Line 1. Ibant, "were journeying," imperf. indie, of eo, p. 82. § Sar- 
 cinis. See p. 154, 18 and 19, (1), (2). 
 
 2. Unus, soil, mulus. See p. 35. § Ferebat. See p. 84. 
 
 3. Alter. See p. 35, 8. § Tumentes, from tumens, pres. part, oiiumeo. 
 
 4. Hie, "the former" (mule). See p. 42. § Onere, abl. of onus. Se« 
 p. 154, 18 and 19, (1), (2). § Cervice, from cervix. See p. 155, (3). 
 
 5. Clarum, "clear-sounding." § CoUo. See p. 154, 18 and 19, (1), (2). 
 
 6. Comes, "fellow-traveller;" but socius, a "partner," as in business. 
 § Sequitur, from sequor, declined like loquor, p. 74. § Qradu. See 
 p. 155, (3). 
 
 8. Inter, "during," "in the midst of." 
 
 10. Spoliatus, scil. mulus, "the plundered mule." 
 
 11. Inquit. See p. 96, 4. 
 
 12. Amisi, perf. indie, act. of amitto. § Laesus, perf. part. pass, of 
 laedo. § Vulnere, from vulnus. 
 
 13. Hoc argumento, "by this fable," "analogy,'' "illustration." 
 § Hominum tenuitas, literally, "the littleness of men;" i.e., "humble 
 men," "men of low degree." 
 
 2. THE FROGS ASKING A KING. 
 
 Line 1. For the circumstances of Athens at the time to which this fable 
 ipplies, see Dr. Schmitz's "Ancient History," p. 186 and p. 191. 
 
 10. Vagantes, nom. plur. of vagans, pres. part, of vagor. See pp. 72 
 and 73. § Liberis paludibus, "marshes of freedom," i.e., marshes where 
 they enjoyed freedom ; as we say, "a free country." 
 
 11. Petiere, contracted for petivere, from peto. § Jove. See p. 34. 
 
 12. Qui. See p. 44, 14. § Mores, from mos. § Vi. See p. 34. 
 
 13. Risit, from rideo. § Dedit, from do. 
 
 14. Vadi, depends on motu and sono of next line, "by the motion and 
 sound of the shallow- water." 
 
158 .APPENDIX. 
 
 16. Hoc, scil. tigiUum. 
 
 17. Una, scil. rana. So Ulae, scil. ranae, in line 19. 
 
 21. Inquinassent, contracted for inquinavissent. 
 
 22. Rog antes, plur. of rogans, pres. part, of ro^o. § Misere, perf. indie, 
 of raifto. 
 
 23. Inutilis, scil. rac, <v he was a useless king, who had been given." 
 
 24. Misit, from mitto. § Dente, from dens. 
 
 27. Mandata ad Jovem, "a commission for Jupiter;" i.e., to prefer 
 their request to Jupiter. 
 30. Ait. See p. 96, 3. § Majus, of next line, from major. 
 
 3. THE JACKDAW AND THE PEACOCKS. 
 
 Line 4. Tumens, pres. part, of tumeo. 
 
 5. Pavoni. See p. 153, 17, (2). 
 
 6. Seque: the conjunction -que, "and," never stands alone, but is 
 always attached to another word. § Contemnens, pres. part, of contemno. 
 § Suos, scil. amicos, "his own friends," or "kind." 
 
 7. Gregi, from grex, is the dat. depending, along with se, on immiscuit. 
 See p. 151, 6, and 153, 17, (1). So also avi, in the next line, depends, 
 along with pennas, on eripiunt. 
 
 11. Tristem, &c, " sustained (or suffered) a sad mark-of- disgrace." 
 
 12. Quidam: supply dixit, "said." § Despexerat, from despicio. 
 
 13. Contentus, perf. part, of contineo. 
 
 14. Pa£i, pres. inf. oipatior. 
 
 15. iVec, "neither." § Expertus, from experior : " Neither would you 
 
 have experienced (as you have done) nor would you in your distress 
 
 be noiv feeling," — literally, "your calamity," or distress. See line 13, 
 Fable 1, (with note,) where tenuitas hominum is used for tenues homines. 
 
 4. THE WOLF AND THE LAMB. 
 
 Line 1. Eundem, from idem, p. 43. § Venerant. See p. 150, 2, 
 Obs. 1. 
 
 2. Siti. See p. 19, note *, 1. § Stabat, from sto. § Superior, "higher 
 up" the stream. So inferior, in next line, " further down." 
 
 3. ImprSba, literally, "not upright;" hence, "seeking more than one's 
 own;" and hence, "greedy," as here. 
 
 4. Intulit, from infero. 
 
 6. Laniger, "the wool-bearer;" i.e., the lamb. § Contra, said* "in 
 reply." 
 
 7. The order is, Quaeso (I pray), Lupe, qui (how) possum faccre quod 
 quereris ? 
 
 9. Viribus, abl. plur. of vis. See p. 34. 
 
 10. Ante hossex menses, i.e., "six months ago." § Male is separated 
 from dixisti : it may be in one word, maledixisti, from moled ico. 
 
 13. Correptum lacerat, " tears him when seized;" i.e., " seizes and tears 
 bim." 
 
NOTES ON THE EXTRACTS. ] 59 
 
 5. THE DOG AND THE PIECE OF FLESH. 
 
 Line 2. Per, "over," "across." § Carnem, from caro. 
 
 3. In speculo, &c, "in the mirror of the water." 
 
 4. Aliam. See p. 35, 8. 
 
 5. Aviditas, "his greediness;" i.e., "the greedy dog :" as in 3, 16, tua 
 mlamitas; and tenuitas, in 1, 13. 
 
 7. Potuit, from possum. See p. 80. 
 
 6. THE COW, THE SHE-GOAT, THE SHEEP, AND THE LION. 
 
 Ltne 3. Patiens injuriae, " endurant of wrong," " patient under injus- 
 tice." Patiens, pres. part, of patior. 
 4. Socii. See note 6, Fab. 1. 
 
 6. Locutus est, perf. indie, of loquor. 
 
 7. Primam, scil. partem, "the first share." 
 
 9. Tertia, " the third (part) will follow me;" i.e., will be assigned me. 
 
 10. Si quis, (see p. 44, 12, last part of paragraph,) "whoever shall have 
 touched the fourth, will be visited with evil." § Tetigerit, from tango. 
 
 11. Here again improbitas, an abstract subst., is used, where we should 
 expect improbus, a concrete. Instead of " the greedy lion," we have " his 
 greediness." § Sola, " alone," is used as equal to " for himself," or " for 
 itself." 
 
 7. THE FROGS AND THE SUN. 
 
 Line 1. Celebres, "crowded;" i.e., with visitors. 
 
 3. Uxorem ducere, "to marry;" i.e., to lead a bride to her new home. 
 § Quondam, " once upon a time." 
 
 4. Sustulere, from tollo. § Sidera, from sidus. So of anything high or 
 loud we say, "It reached the stars." 
 
 5. Convicio here means "the tumultuous noise of voices." 
 9. Crearit, contracted for creaverit, from creo. 
 
 8. THE ASS AND THE LION HUNTING. 
 
 Line 3. Comite: at first sight, we might expect socio here; but the ass 
 was hardly a socius in the chase, since he took no part in the actual 
 hunting. 
 
 4. Contexit, from contego. § Frutice, from frutex; equal to fruticeto. 
 
 6. Supply ut before exciperet. § Ipse refers to the lion. 
 
 7. Viribus, abl. plur. of vis. See p. 34. 
 
 9. Quae is equal to et eae: translate, "And when (dum) they seek." 
 
 11. Qui is equal to et is: translate, "And when {postquam) he was 
 wearied." 
 
 12. Premere vocem, "to still his voice;" i.e., to cease braying. § Znso- 
 tens, " in a conceited way." 
 
160 APPENDIX. 
 
 
 9. THE STAG AT THE FOUNTAIN. 
 
 Line 3. Restitit, from resisto. 
 
 6. Crurum, from crus. 
 
 7. Venantum, gen. plur. of pres. part, of venor. 
 9. Elusit, from eludo. 
 
 14. The order of the words is, Quam utilia {ea) fuerint mihi, quae 
 despexeram: et quantum luctus {ea) hdbuerint, quae lauddram. 
 
 10. THE FOX AND THE CROW. 
 
 Line 4. Comesse, inf. of comedo. § Celsa arbore, "on the top of a 
 tree;" literally, "a high tree." 
 
 6. Qui is equal to qualis, " how great ! " ** how remarkable !" 
 
 8. Nulla ales, "no winged creature." 
 
 12. Stupor corvi, "the stupidity of the crow;" i.e., "the stupid crow." 
 
 11. THE ASS AND THE OLD MAX. 
 
 Line 6. Suadebat asino. See p. 154, (a), (3). § Ne is equal to ut non. 
 
 7. Ille, i.e., the ass. § Lentus, "at his ease," "taking it easy." 
 § Binas, "two pair (one) at each side." He had one pair already. 
 
 9. Refert. See p. 98, 9, (1), with note. 
 
 10. Cui depends on serviam, " whom I serve." See p. 154, (a), (2). 
 
 12. THE UNGRATEFUL DOG. 
 
 Line 3. Parturiens, from parturio. Verbs ending in -urio signify the 
 desire to do what the verb indicates. So esurio, "to desire to eat;" i.e., 
 "to be hungry." They are called Desiderative Verbs. 
 
 5. Reposcenti, "to her demanding back." 
 
 8. Hoc, scil. tempore, "this time." 
 
 9. Mihi and turbae depend on par. See p. 154, (6), (3). 
 
 10. Loco. See p. 155, (12.) (a). 
 
 13. THE DOGS AND THE HIDE. 
 
 Line 4. Comesse. See comedo in Vocab. 
 
 8. Prius is to be joined to quam of next line, "before that," " ere." 
 
 14. THE AGED LION, THE BOAR, THE BULL, AND THE ASS. 
 
 Line 3. Annis depends on defectus. See p. 154, 19, (1), (2). § Yiribu*. 
 See p. 155, (4). Virihus, from vis. 
 4. Trahens, "dragging out;" i.e., drawing with difficulty. 
 
 6. Veterem, from retus. 
 
 8. Hostile corpus, "the body of his enemy." 
 
 9. Calcibus. See calx. § Extudit, from extundo. 
 
NOTES ON THE EXTRACTS. 1 6 1 
 
 10. Indigne tuli, " I have taken it ill (or amiss)." 
 
 11. Mihi depends on insultare. See p. 154, (a), (2). 
 
 12. The order is, Certe videor mori bis, quod cogor ferre te, dcdecus 
 naturae (a disgrace to nature). 
 
 15. THE WEASEL AND THE MAN. 
 
 Line 1. Begin with quum, which, properly speaking, ought to intro- 
 duce the clause. § Homine depends on ab. See p. 155, (6). 
 
 2. Mihi depends on parce. See p. 154, (a), (1). 
 
 3. On tibi in dat., after purgo, see p. 153, 17, (2); and on muribus, 
 p. 155, (4) and (7). 
 
 5. Gratum esset, "it would be a favour." %Suppliei, "to you a sup- 
 pliant;" i.e., "you entreating me." 
 
 6. Reliquiis depends on f maris. See p. 155, (c). 
 
 7. Rosuri, fut. part, of rodo. § After et supply ut, "and that you 
 may devour." § Ipsos, i.e., mures, " the mice themselves." 
 
 8. Noli imputare, " be unwilling to impute;" i.e., "don't for a moment 
 think of imputing." This is a very strong way of expressing a command. 
 
 9. Improbam, scil. mustelam, "the dishonest weasel." § Dedit leto, 
 "put to death." 
 
 16. THE FAITHFUL DOG. 
 
 Link 4. The order is, Tentans an posset capi cibo objecto. 
 
 6. Ne, equal to ut non: translate, "So that I may not b:irk for (in de- 
 fence of) my master's property." 
 
 7. Ista, "that of yours." Seep. 43, 6. 
 
 17. THE FROG AND THE OX. 
 
 2. Conspexit. See conspicio in Vocab. § Bovem. See p. 33, sect, 
 viii. 1. 
 
 6. Negarunt, "said No;" i.e., that she was not broader than the ox. 
 
 7. Quaesivit, from quaero. 
 
 8. Bovem, scil. esse majorem. 
 
 9. Vult. See p. 90. 
 
 18. THE DOG AND THE CROCODILE. 
 
 Line 3. Currentes bibere, "drink as they run;" i.e., while running. 
 The order is, Traditum est (it is reported) canes bibere currentes, &c. 
 
 7. Noli vereri. See Fab. 15, note 8. § Ille, scil. dixit. 
 
 8. Camis. See caro. 
 
 19. THE FOX AND THE STORK. 
 
 Line 5. Posuisse, "set before her," "served up." 
 
 6. Esuriens. See Fab. 12, note 3. 
 
 7. Cibo depends on plenam. See p. 155, (4). 
 (122) 11 
 
162 APPENDIX. 
 
 11. Peregrinam volucrem, "the foreign bird." The stork is a bird of 
 passage, migrating from a cold to a warm climate in winter, and vice versa. 
 
 12. The meaning is, Every person ought to submit contentedly to that 
 treatment of which he himself sets the example. 
 
 20. THE FOX AND THE EAGLE. 
 
 Line 4. Nido, "in her nest;" pullis. " for her young." 
 
 5. Mater, i.e., vulpes. 
 
 7. Contempsit, from contemno. § Quippe, &c., "as being safe by the 
 very (ipse) position;" i.e., by being high on the tree. 
 
 10. Miscens, &c, literally, " mixing sorrow to her enemy with the loss 
 of her blood" (i.e., her young); "causing sorrow to her enemy, and, at 
 the same time, the loss of her young" — at least, the threatened loss. 
 
 12. Supplex, " as a suppliant," becoming a suppliant in her turn. 
 
 21. THE MAN AND HIS TWO LOVERS. 
 
 Line 3. Non rudis, " not uncomely," "not without accomplishments," 
 (or attractions). 
 
 4. Tenebat, "held enslaved," "possessed the affection of." § Ele- 
 gantia means "the graces of the toilette." 
 
 5. Observe that juvenis is fem., "a young woman." § Ceperat, kc, 
 " had captivated the affections." 
 
 7. Homini depends, in the dat., on legere: "they began to pluck out 
 his hairs, for him." See p. 153, (2). 
 
 8. Fingi, " to be trimmed." 
 
 10. Canos, " the gray hairs;" nigros, "the black ones." 
 
 22. THE EAGLE, THE CAT, AND THE BOAR. 
 
 Line 1. Sublimi quercu, " in the top of an oak." 
 
 2. Pepererat, from pario. § In media, scil. quercu, " in the middle of 
 the oak." 
 
 3. Ad imam, scil. quercum, " at the base of the oak." 
 
 5. Sic, "in the following manner." 
 
 6. Scandit, "she (the cat) climbs." § Volucris, i.e., the eagle. 
 
 7. Tibi and mihi depend on paratur. See p. 153, 17, (2). § Forsan, 
 &c, "perhaps to me, too, wretched one" (that I am). 
 
 8. Quod "in that," "inasmuch as." 
 
 11. Terror e, &c, refers to the eagle, which was alarmed. 
 
 12. Derepit, "she (the cat) creeps down." 
 
 14. Exieris, from exeo. § Simvl, "as soon as." § Pastum, supine of 
 pasco. 
 
 15. On tibi in the dat., see Fab. 21, note 7. 
 18. Suspenso pede, "on tiptoe." 
 
 22. Rapinam, " the carrying off her young." 
 
 23. Quid mulla, "-why should I say many things;" i.e., "to make a 
 long story short." § Suis, " their own," viz., young ones. 
 
NOTES ON THE EXTRACTS. 163 
 
 23. THE STAG AND THE OXEN. 
 
 Line 3. Petit is contracted for petiit. 
 
 5. Supply dixit after bos. § Latenti, " to him (the stag) concealing 
 himself." 
 
 10. The order is, Vices noctis excipiunt spatium diei ; i.e., night suc- 
 ceeds to day. 
 18. Arrange thus, Sed si iUe ventrit, &c. 
 
 20. Inter Jiaec, " during this conversation;" in the meantime. 
 
 21. Corruptos, " deteriorating," "becoming more lean." 
 
 23. " How much labour is it to take away these spiders' webs V 
 26. Familia is here used in its original and proper sense, "a household 
 of slaves." 
 
 24. THE PANTHER AND THE SHEPHERDS. 
 
 Etne 5. Quippe periturae, "as being about to perish." Periturae de- 
 pends on miseriti. See p. 153, (5). 
 
 7. Insecuta, from insequor. § Domum. See p. 152, 13. 
 
 15. Sibi depends on timentes, "fearing for themselves;" i.e., for their 
 safety. See p. 153, 17, (2). § Ferae, dat., depending on peperceraut. 
 See p. 154, (o) N.B. 
 
 25. AESOP AND THE FORWARD FELLOW. 
 
 Line 2. Aesopo. See p. 153, 17, (2). § Impegerat, from impingo. 
 
 3. Tanto melior (es), "you are so much the better" (for that), says he, 
 (Aesop). § Assem : the as was equal to rather more than a halfpenny of 
 our money. 
 
 4. Prosecutus sic, "adding as follows." 
 
 26. THE FLY AND THE MULE. 
 
 Line 3. Vide, "see to it," " look out," " take care. " 
 5i Istum, "that (neighbour) of yours." 
 
 6. Jugum, "yoke," is used here for "speed," "gait." 
 
 7. Ora, from os, oris. 
 
 27. THE DOG AND THE WOLF. 
 
 Line 2. Cani is the dat., governed by occurrit. See p. 154, {c). § Mack 
 depends on confectus. See p. 154, 19, (1). 
 
 4. Restiterunt, from resisto, " to stop." 
 
 5. Quo cibo, &c: " By (the use of) what food have you gained (made) so 
 much flesh V See p. 153, (3). 
 
 9. Quod, scil. officium, "what duty 1 ?" 
 
 10. Et is placed far on in the clause ; it couples the verbs sis and 
 (uearis. 
 
 11. I fives, from nix. 
 
1 64 APPENDIX. 
 
 12. Trahens, pres. part, oftraho, " dragging out. " 
 
 16. A catena. This is an irregularity. The preposition is generally 
 expressed only before the names of persons. 
 
 17. Unde hoc, " whence comes this V " how is this 1 " 
 
 20. Qua visum est, " wherever I please;" literally, " wherever it has 
 seemed good to me." 
 
 21. Ultro, "spontaneously;" i.e., without my seeking it. 
 
 25. Si est animus, " if you wish," " if you kave-a-mind to go away." 
 
 28. THE BROTHER AND SISTER. 
 
 Line 2. Turpissimam, "very plain-looking." 
 5. Inspexerant, from inspicio. 
 
 8. Accipiens quippe, &c, "taking, forsooth, everything as an insult." 
 
 9. Laesura, " with the intention of injuring him." 
 
 11. "Because, though by birth a man, he approached the nature of 
 women." 
 
 12. On the gender of utrumque, see p. 150, 1, obs. 2. 
 
 14. Speculo depends on uti. See p. 155, (c). 
 
 15. Malis, abl. plur. n. of malus, -a, -um, " by the evil practices." 
 
 16. Vincas, " may get the better of." 
 
 29. THE BEES AND THE DRONES. 
 
 Link 2. Hos, " these (combs) the lazy drones alleged to be theirs." 
 
 3. Forum, i.e., the law-courts. 
 
 4. Quae : resolve quae into et ea, and arrange thus : Et quum ea (yespa) 
 nosset (novisset) utrumque pulcher rime, " And since she knew both kinds 
 {i.e., the nature of the bee and of the drone) most thoroughly, she laid 
 down the following terms to the two parties" — (at the bar). 
 
 8. Religio mea, "my oath;" i.e., lest I, who am bound by a sacred 
 obligation to act honestly, should err through want of knowledge (t'm- 
 prudem). 
 
 11. Auctor horum de quis (i.e., quibus), " the maker of these things 
 concerning which the dispute now is." 
 
 14. Apertum est, " it is plain who is not able (to make them), and who 
 has made them." 
 
 SO. AESOP AMUSING HIMSELF. 
 
 Link 2. The introductory word quum is thrown far forward into the 
 clause; arrange thus: Quum quidam Atticus vidisset Aesopum ludcntem 
 nucibus in turba puerorum. 
 
 3. Resolve quod into et hoc, and arrange : Et simul (as soon as) senex, 
 derisor potius quam deridendus, sensit hoc. 
 
 6. Sapiens, " philosopher ! "—said in irony. § Expedi, "explain what 
 I have done." 
 
NOTES ON THE EX TRACTS. 16o 
 
 7. Tovquei se, "tortures himself;" "racks his brain," as we say, 
 " puzzles himself." 
 
 9. Novissime succumbit, "at last he gives in;" i.e., gives it xx\>. 
 § Sophus, viz., Aesop. 
 
 81. THE TREES AND THEIR GUARDIAN DEITIES. 
 
 Line 1. Quas— i.e., arbores quas—' 1 the gods made choice of the trees 
 which they wished," &c. 
 
 7. Vendeve, "to sell;" i.e., put a price on. § Honorem, viz., the 
 honour of selecting them as special favourites. 
 
 8. JVavrabit, &c. : literally, " what each one may have wished he will 
 state;" i.e., " let every one say what he pleases," " let people say as they 
 please," "say what you like." 
 
 11. Dicere, second sing. fut. indie, pass, of dico, " thou wilt be called." 
 
 32. THE PEACOCK AND JUNO. 
 
 Line 1. Indigne f evens, "taking it amiss that she had not given to 
 him the nightingale's (power of) song." 
 
 3. lUum, " (saying that) he," viz., the nightingale. 
 
 9. Quo, 1 ' for what purpose (have you given) to me," &c. § Mi is con- 
 tracted for mihi. The accusative is often used thus in elliptical clauses, 
 without any governing verb expressed. The connection readily suggests 
 the appropriate word to be supplied. 
 
 10. Vobis, " to you;" i.e., to you birds. 
 
 12. The raven on the right hand was lucky, and the crow on the left. 
 
 33. THE FOX AND THE GRAPES. 
 
 Line 1. In alta vinea, "on the top of a vine." 
 
 3. Ut, " when." § Resolve quam into et hanc, and arrange, Et ut non 
 potuit tangeve hanc. 
 
 34. THE HORSE AND THE BOAR. 
 
 Line 1. The order is, Bum aper volutat se, turbavit vadum, qico equus 
 solitus fuerat sedave sitim. 
 
 6. The order is, Postquam eques intevfeeit hunc telisjactis. § Locutus, 
 scil. esse. 
 
 9. Coegit, from cogo. § Invitum, scil. equum, 
 
 35. THE BATTLE OF THE MICE AND WEASELS. 
 
 Line 2. In taJbevnis. The battle of the mice and weasels was a favourite 
 device on sign-boards of shops. 
 
 4. Evascrunt, from evado. 
 
 6. Ligdvant, contracted for ligaveravt. 
 
 7. Uabereni has as its subject militcs. 
 
 8. Haesere, from haeveo. 
 
 10. Mersit, from mergo. 
 
166 APPENDIX. 
 
 36. THE VIPER AND THE FDLE. 
 
 Line 4. Si qua. See si quis in Vocab. 
 
 5. Momordit, from mordeo. 
 
 7. Quae, " who," is subject to adsuevi, and relates to me. 
 
 37. THE FOX AND THE HE-GOAT. 
 
 Like 3. Insoia, " unawares;" " before she knew what she was about," 
 as we say. 
 4. Altiore, " too high" for her to leap up. 
 11. Nixa, from nitor, "leaning on," "resting on." 
 
 38. MEN'S FAULTS. 
 
 Line 2. Propriis vitiis, "with our own vices." § Repletam, scil. 
 peram, " the bag filled with," &c. 
 
 3. Alienis, soil, vitiis. § Oravem, S3il. peram. 
 
 39. THE SHE-GOATS AND THE HE-GOATS. 
 
 Line 2. Indignari, "to feel (or to express) their indignation." § Ob- 
 serve that the e of coepSrunt is made short here. 
 
 3. Aequassent is contracted for aequavissent. 
 
 4. Gloria. See p. 155, (c). 
 
 5. Ornatum, "the badge of your office," viz., the beard. 
 
 6. Fortitudini. See p. 154, b, (3). 
 
 40. THE MAN AND THE SNAKE. 
 
 Line 2. Gelu is the " abl. of cause." 
 
 3. Contra se, " to his own hurt. " 
 
 6. Improbis depends on prodesse. See p. 154, a, (1). 
 
 41. THE ANT AND THE FLY. 
 
 Line 2. Pluris, "of greater worth." See p. 153, (7). 
 
 4. Ubi immolatur, literally, " when it is sacrificed;" i.e., "when sac- 
 rifice is offered." § Exta deum; i.e., " the entrails presented as an offer- 
 ing to the gods." 
 
 6. Quum visum est mint, " when I think fit." 
 s. 9. Horum depends on simUe. See p. 153, (6). § Eustica, "thou 
 clod-hopper," — said with great contempt. 
 
 10. Convictus, &c, "fellowship with the gods is, in truth, a grand 
 thing — but to him who is bidden, not to him who is for-bidden (hated)." 
 Observe the intentional similarity in sound between invitatur and invisux. 
 These jokes on words are very common in both Latin and Greek, but it 
 is seldom possible to give exact equivalents in English. 
 
 
NOTES ON THE EXTRACTS. 167 
 
 13. Commcmoras, &c, "you talk of kings, and ladies' lips." 
 
 17. Stercore. See stercus in Vocab. 
 
 21. Retudi, from retundo : literally, "I have blunted;" i.e., "I have 
 taken the point off your uppishness," " I have knocked your conceit on 
 the head." 
 
 42. TIME. 
 
 Line 1. (A man) of swift pace, bending over a razor, bald, with a tuft 
 of hair on his brow, (but) with his body unclothed; (such a figure, I say,) 
 indicates (symbolizes) the brief opportunity of events ; i.e., that there is a 
 right moment to do things, and that it soon passes. 
 
 3. Quern si, " whom if you anticipate (literally, shall have seized in 
 time), hold him fast : Jupiter himself cannot seize him again when once 
 escaped." Our own proverb, " Take Time by the forelock," points to a 
 similar personification. 
 
16S APPENDIX. 
 
 GENDER OF NOUNS. 
 
 
 Note.— The following Rules will guide the pupil to the principal classes of words and 
 of terminations belonging to the different Genders. The more common Excep- 
 tions are also given; but the limits of the book forbid an exhaustive chapter on 
 this subject. For more complete listsconsulttheGrammarbelongingtothis Series. 
 
 I. GENERAL RULES.— GENDER DECIDED BY THE MEANING. 
 
 I. The names of male beings are masculine : as, — 
 
 Pater, father ; ViT,man; Caesar, Caesar; Taurus, b uU. 
 
 II. The names of rivers, winds, and months are masc (fluvius, 
 ventus, and mensis being masc.) : as, — 
 
 Tiberis, the Tiber; Aquilo, the north wind; Aprilis, April 
 Exc. — The following river-names are feminine : — 
 Allia, Albula, Matrona, Styx, and Lethe. 
 
 III. The names of many mountains are masc. (mons being masc): 
 as, — 
 
 Othrys, Mount Othrys. 
 
 But they generally follow the gender of the termination: as,— 
 Atlas, masc; Ida, /em,; Soracte, newt. 
 
 IV. The names of female beings are fern.: as, — 
 
 Mater, mother; Soror, sister; Mulier, woman. 
 
 V. Most of the names of countries, islands, towns, trees, and precious 
 Btones are/em.; as, — 
 
 Aegyptus, Egypt; Salamis, Salamis; Rhodus, PJwdes; 
 Tyrus, Tyre; Querciis, an oak tree; Smaragdus, an 
 emerald. 
 
 Exc. 1. — Names of countries ending in -um,or -a {plur.) are ;, 
 as,— 
 
 Latium, Latin m; Bactra, Bactra. 
 Exc 2. — Names of towns in -I, -orum, are masc: as, — 
 
 Philipp-i, orum, Philippi. 
 
GENDER OF NOUNS. 1 09 
 
 Exc. 3.— Those in -urn, -e {gen. -is,) -ur, -on, and -a, -orum 
 (plur.), are neut. : as, — 
 
 Tarentum ; Caer-e, -is ; Tlbur ; Ilion ; Leuctr-a, -orum. 
 
 Exc. 4.— Several in -oare masc: as, — 
 
 Sulmo, Vesontio, Narbo, Croto, Friisino, and Hippo. 
 
 Exc. 5. — Names of trees and plants in -er and -ur of the Third 
 Decl. are neut. : as, — 
 
 Siler, an osier; Papaver, a poppy; Robur, an oak. 
 
 But those in -er of the Second Decl., and those in -us, are 
 usually masc. 
 
 VI. Indeclinable nouns, the names of the letters of the alphabet, and 
 other parts of speech (not masc. or fern, adjectives) when used as sub- 
 stantives, are neut.: as, — 
 
 Fas, right; Pondo, a pound; Illud nunc, that word 
 "now;" Errare, to err (i.e., error). 
 
 VII. Nouns which may denote either the male or the female are said to 
 be of common gender : as, — 
 
 Civis, a citizen; Parens, a parent; Conjux, a wife or hus 
 band; Dux, a leader. 
 
 II. SPECIAL RULES.- GENDER DECIDED BY THE TERMINATION. 
 FIRST DECLENSION. 
 I. Nouns in -a and -e are fern.; those in -as and -es masc: as, — 
 
 Mensa, a table; Epitome, an abridgment; Aeneas, Aeneas; 
 Ancbises, Anchises. 
 
 Exc. 1. — Names of men, and their designations, are masc: as, — 
 
 Cinna, Cinna; Foeta, a poet; Auriga, a coach driver; 
 Nauta, a sailor. 
 
 Exc. 2. — Names of rivers in -a are masc: as, — 
 Slquana, the Seine. 
 But see above, Rule II., with Exception, p. 168. 
 
 Exc. 3. — Hadria, the Adriatic Sea, is masc 
 
170 APPENDIX. 
 
 SECOND DECLENSION. 
 
 II. Nouns ending in -us, -er, and -Ir are masc: as, — 
 
 Hortiis, a garden; Ager, afield; Vir, a man. 
 
 Exc. 1. — Names of towns and of trees in -us are generally fern, (see 
 above, Rule V., p. 168): as,— 
 
 Corinthus, Corinth ; Popiilus, a poplar tree. 
 
 Exc. 2. — Tbe following words, which cannot be classified, are fern. , 
 viz.: — 
 
 Alvus, the belly ; Colus, a distaff (rarely masc.); Humus, 
 the ground; Vanniis, a corn fan. 
 
 Exc. 3. — Greek words in -us, which retain their Greek fem. gen- 
 der : as, — 
 
 Methodiis, a, method ; Carbasus (in the sing.), fine flax. 
 Exc. 4. — Three nouns in -us are neut., viz.: — 
 
 Virus, poison; Pelagiis, the sea; and Vulgus (also masc), 
 the common people. 
 
 III. Nouns ending in -um are neut.: as,— 
 
 Malum, an apple. 
 
 THIRD DECLENSION. 
 A.— Words Ending in a Vowel. 
 
 IV. Nouns in -a, -e, and -i are neut.: as, — 
 
 Poema, a poem; Mare, the sea; Sinapi, mustard. (There 
 is also a fem. form, Sinapis.) 
 
 V. Nouns ending in -o are masc: as, — 
 
 Sermo, conversation ; Ordo, order; Cardo, a hinge; Margo, 
 a margin ; Praedo, a robber ; Ligo, a spade. 
 
 Exc. 1. — Abstract nouns ending in -do and -io &refem.; also those 
 in -go : as, — 
 
 Magnitfido, greatness; Cupido, desire (also masc, as a 
 proper name); Largitio, bribery ; Virgo, a maiden. So 
 also, Ratio, reason; Oratio, speech; Legio, a legion; 
 Regio, a district; Caro, flesh. 
 
GENDER OF NOUNS. 1 7 1 
 
 Exc. 2. — Some nouns In -o, though names of towns, are masc. 
 (See p. 169, V., Exc. 4.) 
 
 VI. Nouns ending in y are neut.: as, — 
 
 Misy {gen. misyis, or mlsyos), vitriol, 
 
 B. — Words Ending in a Consonant. 
 
 I. MASCULINE TERMINATIONS. 
 
 VII. ER. — Nouns ending in -er are generally masc: as,— 
 
 Venter, the belli/; Career, a prison. 
 Exc. 1. — Many in -er are neut. : as, — 
 
 Cadaver, a corpse ; Papaver, poppy ; Ver, spring ; Iter, a 
 journey. 
 
 Exc. 2.— These are fern, (see Rule IV., p. 168):— 
 
 Linter, a boat; Miilier, a woman; Mater, a mother. 
 
 VIII. ES. — Nouns in -es, which have a syllable more in the gen. than 
 in the nom., {i.e., ''increasing nouns,") are masc: as, — 
 
 Pes, ped-is, a foot ; Parigs, parietis, a wall. 
 Exc. — The following are fern.: — 
 
 (Compes), compedis, a fetter; Seges, segetis, a crop; 
 Merces, mercedis, a reward; Quies, quietis, and re- 
 quires, requietis, rest; Inquies, inquietis, restlessness; 
 Merges, mergitis, a sheaf of corn; Teges, tegetis, a 
 mat. 
 
 IX. OR. — Nouns in -or are generally masc. : as,— 
 
 Honor, honotvr ; Labor, toil. 
 Exc. 1. — Several in -or, gen. -oris, are neut.: as, — 
 
 Ador, (-6ris,) spelt; Aequor, the sea-plain; Marmor, 
 marble; Cor, the heart. 
 
 Exc. 2.— These are fern, by Rules V. and IV., p. 168:— 
 Arbor, a tree ; Soror, sister ; Uxor, wife. 
 
 X. OS.— Nouns in -os are generally masc: as, — 
 
 Mos, gen. moris, custom; Flos, florls, a flower. 
 Exc. 1 . — T hese are fern. :—? 
 
 Cos, cotis, a whetstone; and Dos, dotis, a dowry. 
 
172 APPENDIX. 
 
 Exc. 2. — These are neut.: — 
 
 Os, oris, the mouth; and Os, ossis, a bone. 
 
 XI. ON.— Greek words in -on are masc, (but a few are /em,.) as,— 
 
 Babylon, Babylon-is. 
 
 II. FEMININE TERMINATIONS. 
 
 XII. AS. — Nouns in -as are fern. : as, — 
 
 Aetas, aetatis, age; Civitas, a state. 
 Exc. 1. — Some are masc: as,— 
 
 Adamas, diamond; As, assis, an as (a Roman coin'); 
 Elepbas, an elephant; Gigas, a giant; Mas, maris, a 
 male; Vas, vadis, a surety. 
 Anas, a duck, is common. 
 
 Exc. 2.— The following are neut. (see Rule VI., p. 169):— 
 Vas, vasis, a vessel; Fas, and Nefas. 
 
 XIII. AITS.— Nouns in -ans are fern. They are,— 
 
 Lans, landis, praise; and Fraus, fraudis, deceit. 
 
 XIV. ES. — Nouns in -es, which do not increase, are fern.: as,— 
 
 Caedes, caedis, slaughter ; Clades, cladis, defeat. 
 
 Exc. 1. — One word is common, viz.: — 
 Palumbes, a wood-pigeon. 
 
 Exc. 2. — The names of rivers in -es are masc. by Rule II., 
 p. 168 ; also,— 
 Verres, a boar. 
 
 XV. IS. — Nouns in -is are fern.: as, — 
 
 Navis, a ship; Vallis, a valley; Cnspls, cuspidis, a 
 point ; Lis, litis, a law-suit. 
 
 Exc. 1. — Many are masc: as, — 
 
 Amnis, a river; Axis, an axle; Canalis, a canal; Collis, 
 a hill; Crinis, hair ; Ensis, a sicord; Fascis, a bundle ; 
 Finis, an end, (also fern, in sing.;) Funis, o rope; 
 Fustis, a olub ; Ignis, fire; Lapis, lapidis, a stone; 
 Mensis, a month; Orbls, a circle; Fanis, bread; Piscis, 
 a fish; Pulvis, pulveris, dust; Postis, a post; Sanguis, 
 sanguinis, blood; Sentis, a thorn; Unguis, a nail. 
 Also a few others of rare occurrence. 
 
GENDER OF NOUNS. 173 
 
 Exc 2.— Some are common: as, — 
 
 CanXs, a dog; Anguis, a snake ; CorWs, a basket; Clunis, 
 a buttock. 
 
 XVI. X. — Nouns in -x are generally fern.: as, — 
 
 Pax, pacis, peace; Nex, necis, death; Radix, radicis. a 
 root; Nox, noctis, night ; Lex, legis, a law; Vox, vocis, 
 a voice; Arx, arcis, a citadel. 
 
 Exc. 1. — Most of those in -ex are masc: as, — 
 
 Grex, gregis, a flock. 
 Exc. 2. — The following, with a few others, are masc: — 
 
 Calix, a cup ; Fornix, an arch ; Tradux, a vine-branch. 
 
 XVII. Nouns ending in -s, preceded by a consonant, are generally 
 fern.: as,— 
 
 Urbs, a city ; Hiems, winter ; Daps, dapis, a feast; Gens, 
 a race; Mens, the mind; Frons, frontis, the forehead; 
 Frons, frondis, a leaf; Glans, glandis, an acorn ; Ars, 
 artis, art, skill. 
 
 Exc— The following, with a few others, are masc: — 
 
 Pons, pontis, a bridge ; Fons, fontis, a fountain ; Mons, 
 montis, a mountain; Dens, dentis, a tooth; Oriens. 
 orientis, the east ; Torrens, a torrent. 
 
 III. NEUTER TERMINATIONS. 
 
 XVIII. C. — Nouns ending in -C are neut.: as, — 
 
 Lac, lactis, milk ; Alec, alecis, pickle. 
 
 XIX. L. — Nouns ending in -1 are neut.: as, — 
 
 Mel, mellis, honey; Animal, an animal. 
 Exc. — The following are masc : — 
 
 Consul, a consul; S61, the sun; Sal, salt; Mugil, a muU 
 let; Pugil, a boxer. 
 
 XX. N. — Nouns in -n are neut.: as, — 
 
 Carmen, carminis, a poem. 
 Exc — These are masc: — 
 
 Pecten, pectinis, a comb; Ben, renis, the kidney; Splen, 
 
 splenis, the spleen; Flamen, a priest; TIbicen, a flute- 
 
 p'ayer; Cornicen, a horn-blower, &c. 
 
174 APPENDIX. 
 
 XXI. AR. — Nouns in -ar are neut.: as, — 
 
 Calcar, a spur. 
 Exc — One word is masc, viz.: — 
 Lar, a household god. 
 
 XXII. TIE. — Nouns in -ur are neut. : as,— 
 
 Fulgur, lightning; Eobur, roboris, strength. 
 Exc. — The following are masc: — 
 
 Fur, furis, a thief ; Vultur, a vulture; Astur, a hawk, 
 Turtur, a turtle-dove; and Furfur, bran. 
 
 XXIII. US. — Nouns in -us are neut. : as, — 
 
 Vulnus, vulneris, a wound; Corpus, corporis, a body; 
 Jus, juris, law. 
 Exc. 1. — Two are masc: — 
 
 Lepus, leporis, a hare ; and Mus, muris, a mouse. 
 Exc. 2. — These are common : — 
 
 Sus, a pig; and Grus, a crane. 
 Exc 3. — The following are/em.; — 
 
 Incus, incudis, an anvil; Juventus, juventutis, youth; 
 Palus, paludis, a marsh; Pecus, pecudis, cattle; Salus, 
 salutis, safety; Senectus, senectutis, old age; Servitus, 
 bondage; Tellus, telluris, the earth; and Virtus, 
 virtutis, virtue. 
 
 XXIV. T. — Nouns in -t are neut: as, — 
 
 Caput, capitis, the head. 
 
 FOURTH DECLENSION. 
 
 XXV. US. — Nouns in* -us are masc: as, — 
 
 Fructiis, fruit; Gradiis, a step. 
 Exc — The following are/<?m.; — 
 
 Acus, a needle; Anus, an old woman; Domus, a house; 
 Idus (pi.), the ides of a month; Mantis, the hand; 
 Porticiis, a porch; Tribus, a tribe; and (by Rule IV., 
 p. 163), Niirus, a daughter-in-law; and Socrus, a mother- 
 in-law. 
 
 XXVI. U. — Nouns in -u are neut.: as,— 
 
 Gelu, frost; Cornu, a horn. 
 
RULES OF SYNTAX. 175 
 
 FIFTH DECLENSION. 
 
 XXVII. ES— Nouns in -es are fern.: as,— 
 Res, a matter. 
 
 Exc. — The following are excepted, viz.: — 
 
 Dies (sing.), m. or/.; Dies (plur.), m.; Merldies, mid- 
 day, masc. 
 
 RULES OF SYNTAX. 
 
 I. An adjective agrees with its own substantive in gender, number, 
 and case : as, — 
 
 Fabulae longae, (pi.,) long stories; Amicus fidus, (masc.,) 
 a faithful friend ; Amicos fidos, (pi.,) faithful friends. 
 
 II. The prepositions in, cum, a or ab, e or ex, govern the ablative: 
 as,— 
 
 In silva, in the forest; Cum ancilla, along with the maid- 
 servant. 
 
 III. A verb agrees with its subject in number and person : as, — 
 
 Aquila est, the eagle is; Aquilae sunt, the eagles are. 
 
 IV. One substantive governs, in the genitive, another signifying a dif- 
 ferent thing : as, — 
 
 Fenna aquilae, the eagle's feather. 
 
 V. The prepositions ad and in {into) govern the accusative : as,— 
 
 Ad portam, towards the gate; In urbem, into the city. 
 
 VI. The conjunctions et, ac, atque, connect words and clauses co-ordi- 
 natively: as, — 
 
 Pater et mater, father and mother: Pater meus est bonus, 
 et mater tua est pulchra; my father is good, and your 
 mother is beautiful. 
 
 VII. Since two singulars are equal to a plural, two singular subjects 
 
176 APPENDIX. 
 
 connected by a co-ordinative conjunction (et, ac, atque, -que, &c.) have 
 a verb or adjective in the plural : as, — 
 
 Pater et filius sunt clari, the father and the son are 
 famous. 
 
 VIII. Transitive verbs govern the accusative : as, — 
 
 Aedificat inurum, he builds a wall. 
 
 IX. The word that expresses the instrument by which something is 
 done, is put in the ablative : as, — 
 
 Necat ense, he kills with a sword. 
 
 X. The word indicating the point of time at which anything occurs ia 
 put in the ablative : as, — 
 
 Venit postero die, he came the next day. 
 
 XI. Verbs and adjectives which signify advantage or disadvantage, 
 likeness or unlikeness, are followed by a dative : as, — 
 
 Inimicus malis, hostile to the wicked; Similis patri, like 
 his father. 
 
 XII. The comparative degree governs the ablative of the object with 
 which comparison is instituted : as, — 
 
 Dulcior melle, sweeter than honey; Filia pulehrior matre, 
 a daughter more beautiful than her mother. 
 
 XIII. The relative, qui, quae, quod, agrees with its antecedent in gen- 
 der, number, and person : as, — 
 
 Miles, quern laudas, est fortis; the soldier, whom you 
 praise, is brave: Mulieres, quas vides, graciles sunt; 
 the women, whom you see, are slender : Carmina, quae 
 canto, sunt nova ; the songs, which I sing, are new. 
 
 XIV. Verbs of giving, declaring, and taking away, govern the dative 
 with the accusative : as, — 
 
 Poeta dat carmina reginae, the poet gives verses to the 
 queen; Puer rem omnem patri indicavit, the boy de- 
 clared the whole matter to his father. 
 
 XV. The word expressing the agent is, after passive verbs, usually put 
 in the ablative with a or ab ; a3, — 
 
 Pueri laudantur a magistro, the boys are praised by tSu 
 master. 
 
RULES OF SYNTAX. 177 
 
 XVI. Substantives which stand in apposition to one another agree in 
 case : as, — 
 
 Romam, urbem Italiae ; Rome, a city of Italy. 
 
 XVII. The accusative is used to express duration of time and extension 
 of space : as, — 
 
 Dormiunt totam hiemem, they sleep the whole winter; 
 Cives murum sexaginta pedes altum exstruxerunt, the 
 citizens built a wall sixty feet high. 
 
 XVIII. The verbs utor, abutor, fruor, fungor, potior, vescor, &c, 
 usually govern the ablative : as, — 
 
 Ctebantur aere, they used brass; Fungitur officiis, he 
 performs his duties. 
 
 XIX. When motion towards is expressed, the names of towns and 
 islands are put in the accusative, without a preposition : asi, — 
 
 Romam accessit, he approached Rome; Reversus est 
 Rhodum, he returned to Rhodes. 
 
 XX. Verbs signifying to persuade, command, serve, resist, spare, 
 believe, envy, &c, are followed by a dative: as, — 
 
 Persuadet amico, he prevails on his friend; Servit irae, 
 he is a slave to passion. 
 
 XXI. The infinitive mood usually depends on another verb: as, — 
 
 Cupio discere, / am eager to learn. 
 
 XXII. The subject to a verb in the infinitive mood is put in the accus- 
 ative : as, — 
 
 Hostes parare bellum videt, he sees that the enemy are 
 preparing (for) war. 
 
 XXIII. The compounds of sum, except possum, govern the dative : 
 as,— 
 
 Interfuit praelio, he was present at the battle. 
 
 XXIV. An impersonal verb governs the dative : as, — 
 
 Expedit reipublicae, it is profitable for the slate. 
 
 (122) 12 
 
178 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 CONJUGATION* OF VERBS 
 
 MORE OR LESS IRREGULAR IN THE PERFECT AND SUPINE. 
 
 I. THE FIRST CONJUGATION. 
 
 The regular forms are -avi and -atum, like Amo. am-avi, amat-um, 
 am-are, to love. 
 
 Crepo, 
 
 crepui, 
 
 crepitum, 
 
 crepare, 
 
 to creak. 
 
 Cubo, 
 
 ciibui, 
 
 cubitum, 
 
 cubare, 
 
 to lie. 
 
 Do, 
 
 dedi, 
 
 datum, 
 
 dare, 
 
 to give. 
 
 Domo, 
 
 domui, 
 
 domitum, 
 
 domare, 
 
 to tame. 
 
 Juvo, 
 
 juvi, 
 
 jiitum, 
 /-lav atum, 
 
 jiivare, 
 1 
 
 to assist. 
 
 Lavo, 
 
 lavi, 
 
 < lautum, and 
 vlotum, 
 
 llavare, 
 
 to wask. 
 
 Mico, 
 
 micui, 
 
 
 
 micare, 
 
 to gHtter. 
 
 Praesto, 
 
 praestiti, 
 
 praestitum, 
 
 praestare, 
 
 to perform. 
 
 Seco, 
 
 secui, 
 
 sectum, 
 
 s e care, 
 
 to cut. 
 
 Sono, 
 
 sonui, 
 
 sonitum, 
 
 sonare, 
 
 to sound. 
 
 Sto, 
 
 steti, 
 
 statum, 
 
 stare, 
 
 to stand. 
 
 Tono, 
 
 tonui, 
 
 tonitum, 
 
 tonare, 
 
 to thu vder. 
 
 Veto, 
 
 vetui, 
 
 vetitum, 
 
 vetare, 
 
 to forbid. 
 
 II. THE SECOND CONJUGATION. 
 
 The regular forms are -evi and -e*um : as, — Fleo, flevi, fletum, flere, 
 to weep. Verbs of this formation are few. The following (one of which 
 has -ltum) are the most common : — 
 
 1. Perfect in -evi; Supine in -etum. 
 
 to abolish. 
 ( to blot out, de- 
 \ stroy. 
 
 to weep. 
 
 to spin. 
 
 to fill up. 
 
 Aboleo, 
 
 abolevi, 
 
 aboli turn, 
 
 abolere, 
 
 Deleo, 
 
 delevi, 
 
 deletum, 
 
 delere 
 
 Fleo, 
 
 flevi, 
 
 fletum, 
 
 flere, 
 
 Neo, 
 
 nevi, 
 
 netum, 
 
 nere, 
 
 Compleo, 
 
 complevi, 
 
 completum, 
 
 complere, 
 
 * A fuller list will be given in tlie Grammar belonging to this Series. 
 
IRREGULAR VERBS. 
 
 179 
 
 2. Perfect in -ui ; Supine in -turn. 
 
 Censeo, 
 
 consul, 
 
 censum, 
 
 censere, 
 
 to value, think. 
 
 Doceo, 
 
 docui, 
 
 doctum, 
 
 docere, 
 
 to teach. 
 
 Misceo, 
 
 miscui, 
 
 ( mixtum, 
 I mistum, 
 
 \ miscere, 
 
 to mix. 
 
 Teneo, 
 
 tenui, 
 
 tentum, 
 
 tenere, 
 
 to hold. 
 
 Torreo, 
 
 torrui, 
 
 tostum, 
 
 torrere, 
 
 to roast. 
 
 
 3. Perfect in -i (di) ; 
 
 Supine in -sum. 
 
 
 Prandeo, 
 
 prandi, 
 
 pransum, 
 
 prandere, 
 
 to breakfast. 
 
 Sedeo, 
 
 sedi, 
 
 sessum, 
 
 sedere, 
 
 to sit. 
 
 Strideo, 
 
 stridi, 
 
 
 
 stridere, 
 
 to creak, whistle. 
 
 Video, 
 
 vidi, 
 
 visum, 
 
 videre, 
 
 to see. 
 
 The four following reduplicate 
 
 * in the Perfect Tenses : — 
 
 Mordeo, 
 
 momordi, 
 
 morsum, 
 
 mordere, 
 
 to bite. 
 
 Pendeo, 
 
 pependi, 
 
 (pensum,) 
 
 pendere, 
 
 to hang. 
 
 Spondeo, 
 
 spopondi, 
 
 sponsum, 
 
 spondere, 
 
 to promise, 
 
 Tondeo, 
 
 totondi, 
 
 tonsum, 
 
 tondere, 
 
 to shear. 
 
 
 4. Perfect in -i (vi); 
 
 Supine in -turn. 
 
 
 Caveo, 
 
 cavi, 
 
 cautum, 
 
 cavere, 
 
 to take care, 
 
 Faveo, 
 
 favi, 
 
 fautum, 
 
 favere, 
 
 to favour. 
 
 Foveo, 
 
 f5vi, 
 
 fotum, 
 
 fovere, 
 
 to cherish. 
 
 Moveo, 
 
 movi, 
 
 mStum, 
 
 movere, 
 
 to move. 
 
 Voveo, 
 
 vovi, 
 
 votum, 
 No Sup 
 
 vovere, 
 
 ine. 
 
 to vow. 
 
 Conniveo, 
 
 ( connivi, 
 t connixi, 
 
 } - 
 
 connivere, 
 
 to wink. 
 
 Ferveo, 
 
 ( fervi, 
 I ferbui, 
 
 \ - 
 
 fervere, 
 
 to boil. 
 
 Paveo, 
 
 pavi, 
 
 
 
 pavere, 
 
 to fear. 
 
 
 5. Perfect 
 
 in -si ; Supine in -turn and -sum. 
 
 Ardeo, 
 
 arsi, 
 
 arsum, 
 
 ardere, 
 
 to blaze. 
 
 Augeo, 
 
 auxi, 
 
 auctum, 
 
 augere, 
 
 to increase. 
 
 Fulgeo, 
 
 fulsi, 
 
 
 
 fulgere, 
 
 to shine. 
 
 * A verb is said to reduplicate when it repeats in the perfect and derived tenses 
 the first consonant and first vowel of the stem before the simple stem. Thus, the 
 perf. of mordeo should be mord-i, but it is mo-mo-rdi. 
 
180 
 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 
 Haereo, 
 
 haesi, 
 
 haesum, 
 
 haerere, 
 
 to stick. 
 
 Indulgeo, 
 
 indulsi, 
 
 indultum, 
 
 indulgere, 
 
 to indulge. 
 
 Jubeo, 
 
 jussi, 
 
 jussum, 
 
 jiibere, 
 
 to order. 
 
 Luceo, 
 
 luxi, 
 
 
 
 lucere, 
 
 to shine. 
 
 Lugeo, 
 
 luxi, 
 
 
 
 lugere, 
 
 to grieve. 
 
 Maneo, 
 
 mansi, 
 
 mansum, 
 
 manere, 
 
 to remain. 
 
 Mulceo, 
 
 mulsi, 
 
 mulsum, 
 
 mulcere, 
 
 to stroke. 
 
 Mulgeo, 
 
 mulsi, 
 
 J" mulsum, or 
 Imulctum, 
 
 v mulgere, 
 
 to milk. 
 
 Kideo, 
 
 risi, 
 
 risum, 
 
 ridere, 
 
 to laugh. 
 
 Suadeo, 
 
 suasi, 
 
 suasum, 
 
 suadere, 
 
 to advise. 
 
 Torqueo, 
 
 torsi, 
 
 torttun, 
 
 torquere, 
 
 to twist. 
 
 Urgeo, 
 
 ursi, 
 
 
 
 urgere, 
 
 to press. 
 
 6. Semi-Deponents. 
 
 Audeo, ausus sum, audere, to venture. 
 
 Gaudeo, gavlsus sum, gaudere, to rejoice. 
 
 Soleo, solitus sum, solere, to be wont. 
 
 III. THE THIRD CONJUGATION. 
 
 The regular forms are -i, -turn, or -si, -turn: as, — Scribo, scrip3-i, 
 script-um, scrib-ere, to write. 
 
 A.— Labial Stems. 
 1. Perfect in -si; Supine in -turn. 
 Note.— B is changed into^p before s and /. 
 
 Carpo, 
 
 carpsi, 
 
 carptum, 
 
 carpere, 
 
 to pluck. 
 
 Nubo, 
 
 nupsi, 
 
 nuptum, 
 
 nubere, 
 
 to marry. 
 
 Repo, 
 
 repsi, 
 
 reptum, 
 
 repere, 
 
 to creep. 
 
 Scribo, 
 
 scripsi, 
 
 scriptum, 
 
 scribere, 
 
 to write. 
 
 Serpo, 
 
 serpsi, 
 
 serptum, 
 
 serpere, 
 
 to crawl. 
 
 2. Perfect in -ui ; Supine in -turn or -itum. 
 fCumbo, 
 
 llncumbo, incubui, incubitum, incumbere, to lie upon. 
 Strepo, strepui, strepitum, strepere, to make a noise. 
 
IRREGULAR VERBS. 
 
 181 
 
 3. Perfect in -i ; Supine in -turn, or wanting. 
 
 BIbo, bibi, (bibitum,) blbere, to drink. 
 
 Lambo, Iambi, lambere, to lick. 
 
 Rumpo, rupi, ruptum, rumpere, to burst. 
 
 B.— Guttural Stems. 
 
 1. Perfect in -si; Supine in -turn. 
 
 Note.— Cs and gs form x. G is changed into c before i. 
 
 Affllgo,* 
 
 afflixi, 
 
 afflictum, 
 
 affllgere, 
 
 to strike down. 
 
 (Jingo, 
 
 cinxi, 
 
 cinctum, 
 
 cingere, 
 
 to surround. 
 
 Coquo, 
 
 coxi, 
 
 coctum, 
 
 coquere, 
 
 to cook. 
 
 Dico, 
 
 dixi, 
 
 dictum, 
 
 dicere, 
 
 to say. 
 
 Duco, 
 
 duxi, 
 
 ductum, 
 
 diicere, 
 
 to lead. 
 
 Exstinguo, exstinxi, 
 
 exstinctumj 
 
 exstinguere, to extinguish. 
 
 Fingo, 
 
 finxi, 
 
 fictum, 
 
 fingere, 
 
 to invent. 
 
 Jungo, 
 
 junxi, 
 
 junctum, 
 
 jungere, 
 
 to join. 
 
 Pingo, 
 
 pinxi, 
 
 pictum, 
 
 pingere, 
 
 to paint. 
 
 Rego, 
 
 rexi, 
 
 rectum, 
 
 regere, 
 
 to direct, rule. 
 
 Stringo, 
 
 strinxi, 
 
 strictum, 
 
 stringere, 
 
 to grasp. 
 
 Tego, 
 
 texi, 
 
 tectum, 
 
 tegere, 
 
 to cover. 
 
 Tingo, 
 Tinguo 
 
 | tinxi, 
 
 tinctum, 
 
 ftingere, 
 \ tinguere, 
 
 >to dip. 
 
 Traho, , 
 
 traxi, 
 
 tractum, 
 
 trahere, 
 
 to drag. 
 
 TJngo, 
 Unguo, 
 
 j-unxi, 
 
 unctum, 
 
 Jungere, 
 I unguere. 
 
 >to anoint. 
 
 Veho, 
 
 vexi, 
 
 vectum, 
 
 vehere, 
 
 to carry. 
 
 2. Perfect in -si ; Supine in -sum or -xum. 
 
 Figo, 
 
 fixi, 
 
 nxum, 
 
 figere, 
 
 to fix. 
 
 Flecto, 
 
 flexi, 
 
 fiexum, 
 
 flectere, 
 
 to bend. 
 
 Mergo, 
 
 mersi, 
 
 mersum, 
 
 mergere, 
 
 to sink. 
 
 Necto, 
 
 nexi, 
 
 nexum, 
 
 nectere, 
 
 to bind. 
 
 Pecto, 
 
 pexi, 
 
 pexum, 
 
 pectere, 
 
 to comb. 
 
 Plecto, 
 
 plexi, 
 
 plexum, 
 
 plectere, 
 
 to plait. 
 
 Spargo, 
 
 sparsi, 
 
 sparsum, 
 
 spargere, 
 
 to scatter. 
 
 Tergo, 
 
 tersi, 
 
 tersum, 
 
 tergere, 
 
 to wipe. 
 
 Fligo, "to strike," is not used in the simple form. 
 
182 
 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 
 3. 
 
 Perfect in -i, 
 
 {reduplicated ;) Supine in -sum and -turn. 
 
 Disco, 
 
 didici, 
 
 
 
 discere, 
 
 to learn. 
 
 Pango, 
 
 pepigi, 
 
 pactum, 
 
 pangere, 
 
 to fix. 
 
 Parco, 
 
 peperci, 
 
 parsum, 
 
 parcere, 
 
 to spare. 
 
 Posco, 
 
 poposci, 
 
 
 
 poscere, 
 
 to demand. 
 
 Pungo, 
 
 pupiigi, 
 
 punctum, 
 
 pungere, 
 
 to prick. 
 
 Tango, 
 
 tetigi, 
 
 tactum, 
 
 tangere, 
 
 to touch. 
 
 4. Perfect in -i, {stem vowel lengthened;) Supine in -turn. 
 
 Ago, 
 
 egi, 
 
 actum, 
 
 agere, 
 
 to do. 
 
 Frango, 
 
 fregi, 
 
 fractum, 
 
 frangere, 
 
 to break. 
 
 Ico, 
 
 ici, 
 
 ictum, 
 
 icere, 
 
 (to strike {a 
 \ treaty). 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lego, 
 
 legi, 
 
 lectum, 
 
 legere, 
 
 to choose. 
 
 Linquo, 
 
 liqui, 
 
 dictum), 
 
 linquere, 
 
 to leave. 
 
 Vinco, 
 
 vici, 
 
 victum, 
 
 vincere, 
 
 to conquer. 
 
 Texo, 
 
 5. Perfect in -ui ; Supine in -turn, 
 texui, textum, texere, to weave. 
 
 
 
 6. Guttural Stem disguised. 
 
 
 Fluo, 
 
 fluxi, 
 
 ffluxum, or \ . 
 "1 fluctum, j ' 
 
 to flow. 
 
 Struo, 
 
 struxi, 
 
 structum, struere, 
 
 to pile up, 
 
 Vivo, 
 
 vixi, 
 
 victum, vivere, 
 
 to live. 
 
 C— Dental Stems. 
 
 1. Perfect t'?i -si; Supine in -sum. 
 
 Note.— D and t are either omitted before s, or are changed into s. 
 
 Cedo, 
 
 cessi, 
 
 cessum, 
 
 cedere, 
 
 to yield. 
 
 Claudo, 
 
 clausi, 
 
 clausum. 
 
 claudere, 
 
 to shut. 
 
 Divido, 
 
 divisi, 
 
 di visum, 
 
 dividere, 
 
 to divide. 
 
 Laedo, 
 
 laesi, 
 
 laesum, 
 
 laedere, 
 
 to injure. 
 
 Ludo, 
 
 lusi, 
 
 lusum, 
 
 ludere, 
 
 to play. 
 
 Mitto, 
 
 misi, 
 
 missum, 
 
 mittere, 
 
 to send. 
 
 Plaudo, 
 
 plausi, 
 
 plausum, 
 
 plaudSre, 
 
 toclapthchands. 
 
IRBEGULA.fi VERBS. 
 
 183 
 
 Rado, 
 
 rasi, 
 
 rasuni 
 
 radere, 
 
 to scrape. 
 
 Rodo, 
 
 rasi, 
 
 rdsum. 
 
 rodere, 
 
 to gnaw. 
 
 Trudo, 
 
 trusi, 
 
 trusum. 
 
 trudere, 
 
 to thrust. 
 
 CVado, 
 llnvado, 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 vadere, 
 
 to go. 
 
 mvasi, 
 
 invasum, 
 
 invadere, 
 
 to go against. 
 
 2. Perfect Reduplicated. 
 
 Cado, 
 
 cecidi, 
 
 Caedo, 
 
 cecidi, 
 
 Pendo, 
 
 pependi, 
 
 Tendo, 
 
 tetendi, 
 
 Tundo, 
 
 tutiidi, 
 
 casum, 
 caesum, 
 peusum, 
 r tensum, 
 t tentum, 
 j tunsum, 
 Itusum, 
 
 cadere, 
 caedere, 
 pendere, 
 
 \ tendere, 
 J- tundere, 
 
 to fall. 
 
 to strike, to cut. 
 
 to weigh. 
 
 to stretch, 
 to beat. 
 
 Do in composition, to put. 
 
 Abdo, 
 
 abdidi, 
 
 abditum, 
 
 abdere, 
 
 to hide. 
 
 Addo, 
 
 addidi, 
 
 additum, 
 
 addere, 
 
 to add. 
 
 Condo, 
 
 condidi, 
 
 condition, 
 
 condere, 
 
 to found. 
 
 Credo, 
 
 credidi, 
 
 creditum, 
 
 credere, 
 
 to believe. 
 
 Dedo, 
 
 dedidi, 
 
 deditum, 
 
 dedere, 
 
 to give up. 
 
 Edo, 
 
 edidi, 
 
 editum, 
 
 edere, 
 
 to give forth. 
 
 Indo, 
 
 indidi, 
 
 inditum, 
 
 indere, 
 
 to put on. 
 
 Perdo, 
 
 perdidi, 
 
 perditum, 
 
 perdere, 
 
 to ruin, to lose. 
 
 Prodo, 
 
 prodidi, 
 
 proditum, 
 
 prodere, 
 
 to betray. 
 
 Reddo, 
 
 reddidi, 
 
 redditum, 
 
 reddere, 
 
 to restore.' 
 
 Subdo, 
 
 subdidi, 
 
 subditum, 
 
 subdere, 
 
 to substitute. 
 
 Trado, 
 
 tradidi, 
 
 traditum, 
 
 tradere, 
 
 to hand over. 
 
 Vendo, 
 
 vendidi, 
 
 venditum, 
 
 vendere, 
 
 to sell. 
 
 So also — ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sisto, 
 
 stiti, 
 
 statum, 
 
 sistere, 
 
 to cause to stand. 
 
 3. Perfect in -i ; Supine in -sum. 
 
 Accendo, accendi, 
 
 accensum. 
 
 accendere, 
 
 to set on fire. 
 
 Cudo, ctidi, 
 
 cusum, 
 
 cudere, 
 
 to hammer. 
 
 Edo, edi, 
 
 esum, 
 
 edere, 
 
 to eat. 
 
 /(Fendo, not used, 
 
 
 
 to strike.) 
 
 < Defendo, defendi, 
 
 defensum, 
 
 defendere, 
 
 to defend. 
 
 Uffendo, offendi, 
 
 offensum, 
 
 offendere, 
 
 to assault. 
 
184 
 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 
 Findo, 
 
 fldi, 
 
 fissum, 
 
 findere, 
 
 to dean. 
 
 Fundo, 
 
 fudi, 
 
 fusum, 
 
 fundere, 
 
 to pour. 
 
 Incendo, 
 
 incendi, 
 
 incensam, 
 
 incendere/ 
 
 to bur n. 
 
 Mando, 
 
 mandi (rare), nianstim, 
 
 mandere, 
 
 to chew. 
 
 Pando, 
 
 pandi, 
 
 fpansum or 
 \ passum, 
 
 V pandere, 
 
 to spread 
 
 Prehendo, 
 
 prehendi, 
 
 prehensum, 
 
 prehendere, 
 
 io grasp. 
 
 Scando, 
 
 scandi, 
 
 scansum, 
 
 scandere, 
 
 to climb. 
 
 Scindo, 
 
 scidi, 
 
 scissum. 
 
 scindere, 
 
 to tear. 
 
 ( Strldo, 
 I Strideo, 
 
 strldi, 
 
 
 
 strldere, 
 
 to creak. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Verto, 
 
 verti, 
 
 versum, 
 
 vertere, 
 
 to turn. 
 
 4. Miscellaneous Forms. 
 
 Fido, 
 
 fisus sum, 
 
 fldere, 
 
 to trust. 
 
 Meto, 
 
 messui, messum, 
 
 metere, 
 
 to mow. 
 
 Peto, 
 
 petivi, petitum, 
 
 petere, 
 
 to seek. 
 
 Sido, 
 
 sedi, or 6idi, 
 
 sidere, 
 
 to sit doiau 
 
 D.— Stems Ending in L, M, H. 
 1. Perfect in -ui; Supine in -ltum or -turn. 
 
 Alo, 
 
 alui, 
 
 r alitum, or 
 X altum, 
 
 > alere, 
 
 to nourish. 
 
 Colo 
 
 colui. 
 
 cultum, 
 
 colere, 
 
 to til!. 
 
 COIlBUlO, 
 
 consului, 
 
 consultum, 
 
 consiilere, 
 
 to consult. 
 
 Fremo, 
 
 fremui, 
 
 fremitum, 
 
 fremere, 
 
 to roar. 
 
 Gemo, 
 
 gemui, 
 
 gemitum, 
 
 gemere, 
 
 to groan. 
 
 Gigno, 
 
 genui, 
 
 genitum, 
 
 gignere, 
 
 to produce. 
 
 Molo, 
 
 molui, 
 
 molitum, 
 
 molere, 
 
 to grind. 
 
 Occulo, 
 
 occiilui, 
 
 occultum, 
 
 occulere, 
 
 to conceal. 
 
 Tremo, 
 
 tremui, 
 
 
 
 tremere, 
 
 to tremble. 
 
 Volo, 
 
 volui, 
 
 
 
 velle, 
 
 to wish. 
 
 Vomo, 
 
 vomui, 
 
 vomitum, 
 
 vomer e, 
 
 to vomit. 
 
 2. Perfect Reduplicated. 
 
 Cano, 
 
 cecini, 
 
 cantum, 
 
 canere, 
 
 to sing. 
 
 Fallo, 
 
 fefelli, 
 
 (falsum.) 
 
 fallere, 
 
 to deceive. 
 
 Pello, 
 
 pepuli, 
 
 pulsum, 
 
 pellere, 
 
 to drive. 
 
IRREGULAR VERBS. 
 
 185 
 
 3. Perfect in -si; Supine in -turn. 
 
 compsi, 
 
 dempsi, 
 
 prompsi, 
 
 sumpsi, 
 
 tempsi, 
 
 comptum, 
 
 demptnm, 
 
 promptum, 
 
 sumptum, 
 
 temptum, 
 
 comere, 
 
 demere, 
 
 promere, 
 
 sumere, 
 
 temnere, 
 
 to adorn, 
 to take away, 
 to take forth, 
 to take up. 
 to despise. 
 
 4. Various Forms. 
 
 emi, 
 
 emptum, 
 
 emere, 
 
 to buy. 
 
 levi, 
 
 Htum, 
 
 linere, 
 
 to smear. 
 
 perculi, 
 
 perculsum, 
 
 percellere, 
 
 to strike down. 
 
 pressi, 
 
 pressum, 
 
 premere, 
 
 to press. 
 
 sivi, 
 
 situm, 
 
 sinere, 
 
 to permit. 
 
 sustuli, 
 
 suMatum, 
 
 tollere, 
 
 to raise up. 
 
 velli, 
 
 vulsum, 
 
 vellere, 
 
 to pluck. 
 
 E.— Stems Ending in K. 
 
 crevi, 
 
 cretum, 
 
 cernere, 
 
 to divide. 
 
 cucurri, 
 
 cursum, 
 
 currere, 
 
 to run. 
 
 tuli, 
 
 latum, 
 
 ferre, 
 
 to bear, carry. 
 
 gessi, 
 
 gestum, 
 
 gerere, 
 
 to carry. 
 
 quaesivi, 
 
 quaesitum, 
 
 quaerere, 
 
 to seek. 
 
 serui, 
 
 sertum, 
 
 serere, 
 
 to entwine. 
 
 sevi, 
 
 satum, 
 
 serere, 
 
 to sow. 
 
 sprevi, 
 
 spretum, 
 
 spernere, 
 
 to despise. 
 
 stravi, 
 
 stratum, 
 
 sternere, 
 
 to strew. 
 
 trivi, 
 
 tritum, 
 
 terere, 
 
 tc rub. 
 
 ussi, 
 
 ustum, 
 
 iirere, 
 
 to burn. 
 
 F.— Stems Ending in S, X. 
 
 Arcesso, 
 
 arcessivi, 
 
 arcessitum, 
 
 arcessere, 
 
 to send up. 
 
 capessivi, 
 
 capessltum, 
 
 capessere, 
 
 to lake in hand. 
 
 lacessivi, 
 
 lacessltum, 
 
 lacessere, 
 
 to provoke. 
 
 posui, 
 
 positum, 
 
 ponSre, 
 
 to place. 
 
 visi, 
 
 
 
 visere, 
 
 to visit. 
 
186 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 
 G 
 
 .—Stems Ending in U, V. 
 
 
 
 Perfect in -i ; Supine in -turn. 
 
 
 f Abnuo, 
 I Annuo, 
 
 abnui, 
 
 
 
 abnuere, 
 
 to refuse. 
 
 annui, 
 
 
 
 annuere, 
 
 to assent. 
 
 Acuo, 
 
 acui, 
 
 acutum, 
 
 acuere, 
 
 to sharpen, 
 
 Arguo, 
 
 argui, 
 
 argiitum, 
 
 arguere, 
 
 to prove. 
 
 Congruo, 
 
 congrui, 
 
 
 
 congruere, 
 
 to agree. 
 
 Exuo, 
 
 exui, 
 
 exutum, 
 
 exuere, 
 
 to put off. 
 
 Imbuo, 
 
 imbui, 
 
 imbutum, 
 
 imbuere, 
 
 to soak. 
 
 Induo, 
 
 indui, 
 
 indutum, 
 /lautum, 
 
 induere, 
 
 to put on. 
 
 lavo, 
 
 lavi, 
 
 < lotum, 
 Uavatum, 
 
 > lavere, 
 
 to wasli. 
 
 Luo, 
 
 lui, 
 
 
 
 luere, 
 
 to atone. 
 
 Metuo, 
 
 metui, 
 
 ■ ■ 
 
 metuere, 
 
 to fear. 
 
 Minuo, 
 
 minui, 
 
 minutum, 
 
 minuere, 
 
 to lessen. 
 
 Pluit, 
 
 rpluit, or 
 \ pluvit, 
 
 } - 
 
 pluere, 
 
 to rain. 
 
 Ruo, 
 
 rui, 
 
 r rui turn, or 
 I rutum, 
 
 > mere, 
 
 to rush. 
 
 Solvo, 
 
 solvi, 
 
 solutum, 
 
 solvere, 
 
 to loosen. 
 
 Statuo, 
 
 statui, 
 
 statutum, 
 
 statuere, 
 
 to set up. 
 
 Tribuo, 
 
 tribui, 
 
 tributum, 
 
 tribuere, 
 
 to distribu 
 
 Volvo, 
 
 volvi, 
 
 volutum, 
 
 volvere, 
 
 to roll. 
 
 H. — Verbs Ending in -SCO. 
 Verbs which end in -SCO are called inceptive or inchoative; that is, they 
 
 denote the beginning of an action. 
 
 Abolesco, abolevi, 
 Adolesco, adolevi, 
 Coalesco, coalui, 
 Conciipisco, concupivi, 
 Convalesco, convalui, 
 Cresco, crevi, 
 
 Exolesco, exolevi, 
 
 Nosco, 
 Pasco, 
 Quiesco, 
 
 Buesco, 
 
 novi, 
 pavi, 
 quievi, 
 
 suevi, 
 
 abolitum, 
 
 adultnm, 
 
 coalitum, 
 
 ct/ncupltum, 
 
 convalitum, 
 
 cretum, 
 
 exolitum, 
 
 notum, 
 
 pastum, 
 
 quietum, 
 
 stietum 
 
 abolescere, 
 
 adolescere, 
 
 coalescere, 
 
 conciipiscere, 
 
 convalescere, 
 
 crescere, 
 
 exolescere, 
 
 noscere, 
 
 pascere, 
 
 qoiescere, 
 
 suescere 
 
 to grow out of use 
 to grow up. 
 to grow together, 
 to desire, 
 to grow strong, 
 to grow, 
 to grow old. 
 to know, 
 to feed. 
 
 to become quid, 
 to grow accus- 
 tomed. 
 
IRREGULAR VERBS. 
 
 187 
 
 IV. THIRD AND FOURTH CONJUGATIONS COMBINED. 
 
 Capio, 
 
 cepi, 
 
 captum, 
 
 capere, 
 
 to take. 
 
 Cupio, 
 
 cupivi, 
 
 cupitum, 
 
 ciipere, 
 
 to desire. 
 
 Facio, 
 
 feci, 
 
 factum, 
 
 facere, 
 
 to make. 
 
 Fodio, 
 
 fddi, 
 
 fossum, 
 
 fodere, 
 
 to dig. 
 
 Fugio, 
 
 ffigi, 
 
 fugitum, 
 
 fugere, 
 
 to flee. 
 
 Jacio, 
 
 jeci, 
 
 j actum, 
 
 jacere, 
 
 to throw. 
 
 Pario, 
 
 peperi, 
 
 partum, 
 
 parere, 
 
 to bring forth 
 
 Quatio, 
 
 (quassi,) 
 
 quassum, 
 
 quatere, 
 
 to shake. 
 
 Rapio, 
 
 rapui, 
 
 raptum, 
 
 rapere, 
 
 to seize. 
 
 V. THE FOURTH CONJUGATION. 
 
 The regular forms are -ivi and -itum: as, audio, audivi, audltum, 
 audire. to hear. 
 
 Aperio, 
 
 Eo, 
 
 Fulcio, 
 
 Haurio, 
 
 Operio, 
 
 Saepio, 
 
 Salio, 
 
 Sancio, 
 
 Sentio, 
 Sepelio, 
 Venio, 
 Vincio, 
 
 aperui, 
 
 ivi, 
 
 fulsi, 
 
 hausi, 
 
 operui, 
 
 saepsi, 
 
 sal-ui, or ■ 
 
 sepelivi, 
 
 veni, 
 
 vinxi, 
 
 apertum, 
 itum, 
 fultum, 
 haustum, 
 opertum, 
 saeptum, 
 ii, saltum, 
 ( sancitum, or 
 \ sanctum, . 
 sensum, 
 sepultum, 
 ventum, 
 vinctum, 
 
 apenre, 
 
 ire, 
 
 fulcire, 
 
 haurire, 
 
 operire, 
 
 saepire, 
 
 salire, 
 
 sancire, 
 
 sentire, 
 sepelire, 
 venire, 
 vincire, 
 
 to open. 
 
 to go. 
 
 to prop. 
 
 to draw (water). 
 
 to cover. 
 
 to fence in. 
 
 to leap. 
 
 to ratify. 
 
 to feel, to think, 
 to bury, 
 to come, 
 to bind. 
 
 VI. DEPONENT VERBS. 
 
 First Conjugation. 
 
 Deponent Verbs of the First Conjugation are all regular, like the pas- 
 sive of Amo. It must be remembered that Deponents have the four par- 
 ticiples complete— viz., (1.) the pres. act., in -ns; (2.) the fut. act., in 
 -urus; (3.) the perf. pass., in -us; and (4.) the fut. pass., or gerundive, 
 in -ndus. They have also the gerund, and many of them the supine. 
 
188 
 
 ArPENDIX. 
 
 Second Conjugation. 
 
 Fateor, 
 
 fasstis sum, 
 
 fateri, 
 
 to confess. 
 
 Liceor, 
 
 licitus sum, 
 
 liceri, 
 
 to bid at a sale. 
 
 Mereor, 
 
 meritus sum, 
 
 mereri, 
 
 to earn, to deserve. 
 
 Misereor, 
 
 rmiseritus sum, 
 \ misertus sum, 
 
 or} - « _ . 
 > miseren, 
 
 to take pity on. 
 
 Polliceor, 
 
 pollicltus sum, 
 
 polliceri, 
 
 to promise. 
 
 Beor, 
 
 ratus sum, 
 
 reri, 
 
 to think. 
 
 Tueor, 
 
 tuitus sum, 
 
 tueri, 
 
 to protect. 
 
 Vereor, 
 
 veritus sum, 
 
 vereri, 
 
 to fear. 
 
 
 Third Conjugation. 
 
 
 Amplector, 
 
 amplexus sum, 
 
 amplecti, 
 
 to embrace. 
 
 ( Apiscor, 
 t Adipiscor, 
 
 aptus sum, 
 
 apisci, 
 
 to obtain. 
 
 adeptus sum, 
 
 adipisci, 
 
 to obtain. 
 
 Comminiscor, 
 
 commeutus sum, 
 
 commiuiscj 
 
 l, to devise. 
 
 Complector, 
 
 complezus sum, 
 
 complecti, 
 
 to embrace. 
 
 Defetiscor, 
 
 defes3us sum, 
 
 defetisci, 
 
 to grow weary. 
 
 Fruor, 
 
 rfruitus sum, or 
 X fructus sum, 
 
 }frui, 
 
 to enjoy. 
 
 Fungor, 
 
 functus sum, 
 
 fungi, 
 
 to perform. 
 
 Gradior, 
 
 gressus sum, 
 
 gradi, 
 
 to step. 
 
 Irascor, 
 
 
 
 Irasci, 
 
 to be angry. 
 
 Labor, 
 
 lapsus sum, 
 
 labi, 
 
 to slip. 
 
 Loquor, 
 
 locutus sum, 
 
 loqui, 
 
 to speak. 
 
 Morior, 
 
 mortuus sum, 
 
 mori, 
 
 to die. 
 
 Nanciscor, 
 
 uactus sum, 
 
 nancisci, 
 
 to obtain by chance. 
 
 Nascor, 
 
 natus sum, 
 
 nasci, 
 
 to be born. 
 
 Nitor, 
 
 rnixus sum, or 
 X uisus sum, 
 
 J-niti, 
 
 to strain. 
 
 Obliviscor, 
 
 oblitus sum, 
 
 oblivisci, 
 
 to for get. 
 
 Patior, 
 
 passus sum, 
 
 pati, 
 
 to suffer. 
 
 Proficiscor, 
 
 profectus sum, 
 
 proficisci, 
 
 to set out. 
 
 Queror, 
 
 questus sum, 
 
 queri, 
 
 to complain. 
 
 Benuniscor, 
 
 
 
 reminisci, 
 
 to remember. 
 
 Eevertor, 
 
 reversus sum, 
 
 reverti, 
 
 to return. 
 
 Sequor, 
 
 secutus sum, 
 
 sequi, 
 
 to follow. 
 
 Ulciscor, 
 
 ultus sum, 
 
 ulcisci, 
 
 to avenge. 
 
 tTtor, 
 
 usus sum, 
 
 uti, 
 
 to use. 
 
 Vescor, 
 
 
 
 vesci, 
 
 to cat. 
 
IRREGULAR VERBS. 
 
 189 
 
 Fourth Conjugation. 
 
 Assentior, 
 
 assensus sum, 
 
 assentiri, 
 
 to agree to. 
 
 Blandior, 
 
 blandltus sum, 
 
 blandlri, 
 
 to flatter. 
 
 Experior, 
 
 expertus sum, 
 
 experiri, 
 
 to try. 
 
 Largior, 
 
 largltus sum, 
 
 largiri, 
 
 to give bountifully. 
 
 Mentior, 
 
 mentltus sum, 
 
 mentiri, 
 
 to lie. 
 
 Metior, 
 
 mensus sum, 
 
 metiri, 
 
 to measure. 
 
 Molior, 
 
 mdlitus sum, 
 
 mollri, 
 
 to labour. 
 
 Opperior, 
 
 f oppertus sum, 
 X opperitus sum, 
 
 lopperiri, 
 
 to wait for. 
 
 Ordior, 
 
 orsus sum, 
 
 ordiri, 
 
 to begin. 
 
 Orior, 
 
 ortus sum, 
 
 oriri, 
 
 to rise. 
 
 Partior, 
 
 partitus sum, 
 
 partiri, 
 
 to divide. 
 
 Potior, 
 
 potitus sum, 
 
 potiri, 
 
 to obtain possession of 
 
 Bortior, 
 
 sortltus sum, 
 
 8ortiri, 
 
 to take by lot. 
 
LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 A., abbreviation for proper name, Aulus. 
 A, (or ab, or abs,) prep, with abl, from, 
 
 by; (of time) after. 
 Ab, same as a. It is used before h and 
 
 the vowels, but also before many 
 
 words beginning with consonants. In 
 
 some compound words it becomes au; 
 
 as, aufero for ab-fero. 
 AbdlCO, abdixi, abdictum, abdTc-gre, to 
 
 refuse approval; to deprive one of (by 
 
 law). (Ab, dlco.) 
 AbdlC-O, avi, atum, are, to retire from, 
 
 resign, abdicate. (Ab, dlco.) 
 Abdlt-US, a, um, perf. part, of abdo, 
 
 hidden, put away. 
 AbdO, abdtdi, abdltum, abd-gre, to put 
 
 aside, hide, remove. (Ab, do.) 
 Abduco, abduxi, abductum, abduc-gre, 
 
 to lead away, remove. (Ab, duco.) 
 Abeo, abii {for abivi), abltum, abl-re, to 
 
 go away, depart; escape. (Ab, eo.) 
 AblgO, abegi, abactum, abig-ere, to drive 
 
 off. (Ab, ago.) 
 Ablat-US, a, um, perf. part, of aufero, 
 
 {which see.) 
 Ablu-O, i, turn, gre, to wash off or away; 
 
 to atone for. (Ab, luo.) 
 Abs, prep., (see a.) It is used before the 
 
 consonants c and t, and sometimes be- 
 fore p and g. 
 Absens, gen. absent-is, (part, o/absum, 
 
 used as adj.,) absent. 
 AbsistO, abstlti, (no sup.,) absist-gre, to 
 
 give over, cease, desist: absistite tim- 
 
 ere, cease to fear. (Ab, sisto.) 
 Abstin-eo, ui, (en)tum, ere, to hold off 
 
 from, keep back from ; to abstain. (Ab, 
 
 teneo.) 
 Abstuli, perf. of aufero. 
 
 Abstrabo, abstraxi, abstractum, ab> 
 
 trah-gre, to drag off, tear away. (Ab, 
 
 traho.) 
 Absum, abfui (or afui), abesse, to be 
 
 absent (Ab, sum.) 
 Abutor, abusus sum, abut-i, (dep.) to 
 
 abuse, misuse. (Ab, utor.) 
 Ac, conj., and, and moreover. Usually 
 
 employed only before consonants. 
 Accede-, access-i, accessum, acced-gre, 
 
 to advance (towards), approach. (Ad, 
 
 cedo.) 
 Accend-O, i, accensum, accendere, to net 
 
 on fire, kindle, inflame, 
 Accens-US, a, um, perf. part, of ae- 
 
 cendo. 
 Accept-US, perf. part, of accipio. 
 AcCld-O, i. gre, to fall to, or to fall near: 
 
 accidit, (impers.) it happens. (Ad, 
 
 cado.) 
 ACC-IO, ivi, Itum, Ire, to summon, call. 
 
 (Ad, cieo, or cio, to call.) 
 Accipio, accepi, acceptum, accip-gre, to 
 
 receive, get; take, accept; hear. (Ad, 
 
 capio.) 
 Accipiter, accipitr-is. m., a hawk. 
 AccIt-US, a, um, perf. part of accio. 
 Acci-US, i, m. Accius, a proper name : 
 
 Accius Navius, a Roman augur. 
 ACCTHT-O, i. (seldom accucurri.) accurs- 
 
 um, accurr-ere, to rush towards, or up 
 
 to (Ad, curro.) 
 Accusator, is, m , an accuser, informer. 
 ACCUS-O, avi. arum, are, to lay to one's 
 
 charge^ accuse, blame, (Ad, causa.) 
 Acer, acr-is, acr-e, adj., sharp, piercing, 
 
 keen ; active, lively ; fierce. 
 Acerb-US, a. um, sour; bitter: disagree- 
 able, annoying. (Stem ac-, sharp.} 
 
LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 191 
 
 A.cerrim.e, (adv. in superl.) most keenly, 
 &c. (See Acer.) 
 
 Acid-US, a, um, sour; bitter; pungent; 
 harsh. (Aceo, to be sour, &c.) 
 
 Aci-es, Si, /, a point or edge; battle 
 array, line of battle. 
 
 Acriter, adv., (seep. 100,) keenly, sharply. 
 
 Act-US, a, um, per/, part, of ago. 
 
 Acu-S, us, /., a needle or pin. 
 
 Aciit-US, a, um, sharp, pointed; intelli- 
 gent; severe. (Acuo.) 
 
 Ad, prep, with ace, to, toicards ; at ; 
 by, near. In compound words ad is 
 often written ac, of, ap, at, &c, accord- 
 ing to first letter of second part of 
 compound. 
 
 Adam-O, avi, atum, are, to love exceed- 
 ingly. (Ad, amo.) 
 
 AddlCO, addixi, addictum, addic-gre, to 
 assent to ; to assign, award, make over 
 to. (Ad, dico.) 
 
 Ad-do, dldi, dltum, dgre, to put to, add, 
 annex. (Ad, do.) 
 
 Adduco, adduxi, adductum, adduc-gre, 
 to lead to; bring forward; persuade, 
 induce. (Ad, duco.) 
 
 AdeO, adii (for adivi), adttum, adl-re, to 
 go to, approach; visit. (Ad, eo.) 
 
 Adeo, adv., to such a degree; so much; 
 so far; so long. 
 
 Adept-US, a, um, perf. part, o/adipiscor. 
 
 Adfect-O, avi, atum, are, to aim at, 
 aspire to. (Frequentative,/rom afficio.) 
 
 Adfero, (or affero), adtuli, (or attuli), 
 allatum, adferre, (or afferre), to bring 
 to ; carry to ; bring about, cause. 
 
 AdflC'io, (or afficio,) adfgci, adfectum, 
 adfic-gre, to influence the mind; affect: 
 adficietur malo, he shall be visited with 
 misfortune ; i.e., be punished. (Ad, 
 facio.) 
 
 Adfirmo, (or affirm o,— which see.) 
 
 AdflictUS, a, um, perf part, o/adfligo. 
 
 AdfllgO, adflixi, adflictum, adflig-gre, to 
 dash down, strike down ; weaken. (Ad, 
 fligo.) 
 
 Adhlb-eo, ui, Itum, gre, to hold to; 
 apply to ; put in force ; use, employ. 
 (Ad, habeo.) 
 
 Adipiscor, adeptus sum, adipisc-i, (dep. 
 3,) to reach, overtake, gain, obtain. (Ad. 
 apiscor, to get.) 
 
 AdjungO, adjunxi, adjunctum, adjung- 
 Sre, to join to, bind, unite. (Ad, jungo.) 
 
 Admlnistr-O, avi, atum, fire, to man- 
 age, guide, direct. (Ad, ministro.) 
 
 Admirabll-is, is, e, worthy of being ad- 
 mired; wonderful. (Admiror.) 
 Admir-OT, atus sum, ari, (dep. 1,) to 
 
 wonder at ; admire. (Ad, miror.) 
 Adin6n-eO, ui, Itum, ere, to remind; 
 
 to warn, admonish. (Ad, moneo.) 
 Admoveo, admov-i, admotum, admBv- 
 
 ere, to move towards; bring on; apply 
 
 to. (Ad, moveo.) 
 Adna.t-0, avi, atum, are, to swim to. 
 
 (Ad, nato.) 
 Adolescens, adolescent-is, m. or /, a 
 
 young man or woman. (Adolesco.) 
 Adolesco, adol-evi (rarely -ui), adul- 
 
 tum, adolesc-8re, to grow up, increase. 
 Ad6r-0, avi, Stum, are, to pray to, icor* 
 
 ship, adore. (Ad, oro.) 
 Adpar-eo, (or appareo,) ui, Itum, eie, 
 
 to appear clearly, to be evident. 
 Adpet-O, (or appeto,) Ivi, itum, gre, 
 
 to seek to, try to get, aim at, aspire to ; 
 
 catch at; assail, attack. (Ad, peto.) 
 Adscribo, (or ascribo,) adscripsi, ad- 
 
 sci iptum, adscrib-gre, to ascribe, impute 
 
 to; apply to. (Ad, sciibo.) 
 Adspicio, (or aspicio,) adspexi, ad- 
 
 spectum, adspic-ere, to look at, behold, 
 
 observe. (Ad, spgcio, to look.) 
 Adsu-eSCO, (or assuesco,) evi, etum, 
 
 escgre, to be accustomed to. 
 Adsum, adfui, adesse, to be at hand; to 
 
 be present. (Ad, sum.) 
 AdtingO, (or attingo), attigi, attactum, 
 
 adting-ere, to touch, reach. (A<\, tango.) 
 Adult-US, a, um, perf. part, of adolesco. 
 Adveni-O, adven-i, turn, Ire, to come to, 
 
 approach, arrive at. (Ad, venio.) 
 Advent-US, us, m., an approach; ar- 
 rival. (Advenio.) 
 Advers-US, a, um, adverse, unfavourable 
 
 to: resadversae, adversity, exadverso, 
 
 opposite, (perf. part, of adverto.) 
 Adversus, prep, with accus., against. 
 AdV0C-0, avi, atum, are, to call to, sum- 
 mon. (Ad, voco.) 
 Advol-O, avi, atum, are, to fly to; dart 
 
 forward. (Ad, v51o.) 
 Aed-es, is, /., a temple: also in pi, a 
 
 house. 
 Aedlf 1C-0, avi, atum, are, to build, erect. 
 
 (Aedes, facio.) 
 Aedu-i, orum, m., the Aedui, a people of 
 
 Gaul. 
 Aeger, aegr-a, aegr-um, sick, diseased. 
 Aegre, adv., with difficulty : aegre ferre, 
 
 to take (something) amiss. (Aeger.) 
 
192 
 
 LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 A.egrftud-0, Inis, /, sickness ; sorrow. 
 (Aeger.) 
 
 Aequal-is, is, e, equal, similar; of the 
 same age. (Aequus.) 
 
 Aequltas, aequitat-is, /, fairness, jus- 
 tice, equity. (Aequus.) 
 
 Ae<JU-0, avi, atum, are, to make equal 
 {with), to equal; to level, put on a level 
 with. (Aequus.) 
 
 Aequ-US, a, um, equal; equable; smooth: 
 aequus animus, composure of mind, 
 equanimity; contentment. 
 
 Aes, aer-is, «., brass; copper. 
 
 Aes6p-US, i, m., Aesop. 
 
 Aestas, aestat-is, /., summer; heat. 
 
 Aetas, aetat-is, /., age; life; time (gene- 
 rally). 
 
 Aetern-US, a, um, everlasting, eternal 
 
 Affero, attuli, allatum, affere. (Seeadfero.) 
 
 Afficio. (See adficio.) 
 
 AfBjm-O, (or adfirmo,) avi, atum, are, to 
 allege, affirm, declare; confirm. (Ad, 
 firmo, to make strong.) 
 
 Afilict-US, perf. part, of affligo, or ad- 
 fligo, (which see.) 
 
 Age, aglte, imperat. o/ago, used as inter- 
 jections, — Come on! Now then! Well! 
 
 Ager, agr-i, m., a field ; a district ; the 
 country; land. 
 
 Agger, agger- is, m., a mound, heap of 
 earth, a rampart. (Ad, gero.) 
 
 Aglt-O, avi, atum, are, to debate (with 
 one's self), ponder. (Frequentative,/ro>r» 
 ago.)* 
 
 Ago, egi, actum, ag-Sre, to do, act, treat 
 with ; lead, drive : agere gratias, to 
 give thanks: agere augurium, to take 
 an augury: agere consulem, to play 
 the consul: agere de pace, to treat of 
 peace : agitur, it is debated 
 
 Agn-a, ae, /., a (she) lamb. 
 
 AgllOSCO, agnovi, agnltum, agnosc-Sre, 
 to acknowledge, recognise. (Ad, nosco.) 
 
 Agn-US, i, m., a lamb. 
 
 Agrest-is, is, e, belonging to the country, 
 rustic: as subst, a countryman. (Ager.) 
 
 AgriCOl-a, ae, m., a husbandman, far- 
 mer. (Ager, colo.) 
 
 Agripp-a, ae, m., prop, name of man. 
 Agrippa Menenius, (R. H. 12.) 
 
 Ai-O, J say. (Seep. 96.) 
 
 Al-a, ae,/, awing. 
 
 Alb-a, ae, /, Alba, a town in Latium, 
 
 Alban-US, a, um, belonging to Alba, Al- 
 ban: in pi., Albani, orum, the Albans. 
 
 Alb-US, a, um, white. 
 
 Ales, altt-is, m. or/., a winged creature^ 
 a bird. (Ala.) 
 
 Alexander, Alexandr-i, m., Alexander. 
 
 Alias, adv., at another lime, in another 
 way. (Alius.) 
 
 Alien-US, a, um, belonging to another, 
 strange: aes alienum, debt. (Alius) 
 
 Aliquando, adv., sometimes; once on a 
 time. 
 
 Aliquantum, adv., in a considerable 
 degree; somewhat. 
 
 Aliquis, aliqua, aliquod, or aliquid, some 
 (person or thing). 
 
 Aliquot, adv., several, some, sundry. 
 (Alias, quot) 
 
 Ali-US, a, ud, another, (of many). (See 
 alter.) Alii— alii, some — ot/ters. (See 
 p. 35, 8.) 
 
 Allat-US, perf. part, of sAfero, {which see.) 
 
 Alli-a, ae, /., Allia, a tributary of the 
 Tiber, on the banks of which the Gauls 
 defeated the Romans, b.c. 390. 
 
 Allicio, allexi, allectum, alllc-Sre, to en- 
 tice, allure, inveigle. (Ad, lacio, to coax.) 
 
 Alliens-is, is, e, belonging to the Allia. 
 
 Allig-O, avi, atum, are, to bind to, at- 
 tach. (Ad, llgo.) 
 
 Alloquor, allocutus sum, allbqui, (dep. 
 3,) to speak to, address. (Ad, loquor.) 
 
 Al-O, ui, Itum, ere, to nourish, support, 
 fatten. 
 
 Alp-es, ium, m., the Alps. 
 
 Altar-e, is, n., an altar. (Altus.) 
 
 Alter, altera, alterum, (gen. in ius), an- 
 other of two, tlie second. (Seep. 35, 8.) 
 
 Alt-US, a, um, high, tall : also deep: 
 alta voce, with a loud voice. (Ala) 
 
 Alve-US, i, m., a hollow; a hollowed log; 
 an ark; a hice; the c/iannel of a river. 
 
 Alv-US, i, /., the belly ; stomach; also a 
 bee- hive. 
 
 Ambag-es, um, /. pi (abl. sing., am- 
 bage), a roundabout way; obscuri 
 hints; quibbles; circumlocution. (Ambi. 
 ago.) 
 
 Ambo, ae, o, both, two together. 
 
 Ambul-O, avi, atum, are, to walk about. ' 
 
 Amiciti-a, ae, /., friendship. (Amicus) 
 
 AmiC-US, i, m., a friend (Amo.) 
 
 AmittO, amlsi, amissum, amitt-ere, to 
 throw away; lose; dismiss. (A, mitto ) 
 
 Anm-is, is, m,, a river. 
 
 Am-O, avi, atum, are, to love. 
 
 Amor, amor-is, m., love. 
 
 Amoveo, amovi, amotum, am5v-: 
 move away, remove. (A, mOveo .) 
 
LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 19: 
 
 A.mplector, amplexus sum, amplecti, 
 
 (dep. 3,) to embrace. 
 Ampl-US, a, um, spacious, large. 
 Amuli-US, i, to., Amulius, {proper 
 
 name.) 
 An, conj. or adv., if, whether or not. 
 Ancil-e, is, n., a sacred shield, (ichich was 
 
 supposed to have fallen from heaven in 
 
 the reign of Numa.) 
 - Ancill-a, ae, /., a maid-servant. 
 m Ancor-a, ae, /, an anchor. 
 
 Anc-us (Martius), i, m., fourth king of 
 
 Rome. 
 — AngUStl-ae, arum, /. pi, straits, a de- 
 file. (Augustus.) 
 — -AngUSt-US, a, um larroio, confined, 
 
 strait. 
 An.imadvert-0, i T animadversum, anim- 
 
 advertSre, to perceive, observe; punish. 
 
 (Animus, ad, verto.) 
 Animal, animal-is, «., a living creature, 
 
 an animal. (Anima, life.) 
 Anim-US, i, to., the mind, spirit, disposi- 
 tion. (Anima.) 
 Annul-US, i, m., a ring. 
 Ann-US, i, to., a year. 
 Anser, ansSr-is, m. or/, a goose. , 
 Ante, prep, governing accus., before, in 
 
 front of; adv., before, (of time and 
 
 place.) 
 Antecedo, antecessi, antecessum, ante- 
 
 ced-ere, to go before. (Ante, cedo.) 
 Antiqu-US, a, um, old, ancient; former. 
 Ant6ni-US, i, to., Antony. 
 Antr-um, i, «., a cave, grotto. 
 An-US, us,/, an old woman. 
 Aper, apr-i, m., a wild boar. 
 Aper-i.0, ui, turn, Ire, to open, uncover; 
 
 make known. 
 r """ Apert-US, a, um, perf part, of aperio, 
 
 and adj., open. 
 Ap-is, is,/., a bee. 
 Apollo, Apollin-is, to., Apollo, god of 
 
 music, dec. 
 Apparat-US, us, to., preparation. 
 Appar-eo, ui, Itum, ere, to appear, be 
 
 manifest. (See adpareo.) 
 Appell-O, avi, atum, are, to call to, call 
 
 on, name. 
 Append-O, i, appensum, append-gre, to 
 
 hang on, weigh. (Ad, pendo.) 
 Appens-US, a, um, perf. part, of ap- 
 
 pendo, weighed. 
 , Appeto. (See adpeto.) 
 ! Appius (Claudius), i'm., one of the De- 
 cemviri. 
 (122) 
 
 Apprehend-O, i, appreliensum, appre- 
 
 liend-Sre, to seize, lay hold of. (Ad, 
 
 prehendo. 
 Apprehens-us, a, um, perf. part, of 
 
 apprehendo. 
 Appropinqu-O, avi, atum, are, to ap- 
 proach. (Ad, propinquus.) 
 Apte, adv., fitly, properly, suitably. 
 Apud, prep, with accus., near; at; among. 
 Aqu-a, ae,/, water. 
 ■}- Aquil-a, ae, /., an eagle. 
 Ar-a, ae,/, an altar. 
 Arane-a, ae, /, (or araneum, i, «.,) a 
 
 spider ; a spider's web. 
 Arator, arator-is, to., a plougfiman. 
 Aratr-um, i, n., a plough. (Aro.) 
 Arbltri-um, i, n., judgment, decision, 
 
 pleasure (in the sense of will). (From 
 
 arbiter, an umpire.) , 
 
 Arbor, (or arbos), arbor-is, /, a tree. 
 Arc-eo, ui, ptum,] ere, to keep off', hinder 
 Arcess-O, Ivi, Itum, ere, to send for, 
 
 summon, call. 
 Arc-US, us, m., a boio, arch. 
 Arde-a, ae, /, Ardea, a town in Latium. 
 Ardeo, arsi, arsuin, ard-ere, to burn, 
 
 blaze, be dry (as with thirst or great heat). 
 Argent-um, i, n., silver. 
 Argument-urn, i, n., an argument; 
 
 lesson ; proof; fable. (Arguo.) 
 Arid-US, a, um, dry, parched. (Areo.) 
 Ariovist-US, i, to., Ariovistus, king of 
 
 the Germans. 
 Aristld-eS, is, to., Aristides, a celebrated 
 
 Athenian. 
 Arm-a, orum, n. pi, armour; arms, 
 
 weapons. 
 Armat-US, a, um, perf. part, o/armo. 
 Armill-a, ae, /., a bracelet, armlet. 
 
 (Armus.) 
 Arm-O, avi, atum, are, to arm, put on 
 
 armour. 
 Ar-O, avi, atum, are, to plough, cultivate, 
 
 till. 
 Arrept-US, a, um, perf. part, o/arriplo. 
 Arrip-io, ui, arreptum, arrip-gre, to 
 
 seize, lay hold of. (Ad, rapio.) 
 Arroganti-a, ae,/, arrogance, assump- 
 tion. (Arrogo, i.e. ad, rogo.) 
 Ars, artis,/, art; skill. 
 Art-US, a, um, (or arctus,) tiyht, close, 
 
 narrow. 
 Art-US, us, to., a joint. 
 ArunS (Tarquinius), Aruntis, m., Aruns 
 Arv-um, i, n., a field; properly, a 
 
 ploughed field. (Aro.) 
 
 13 
 
194 
 
 LATIN VOCABULAKY. 
 
 ATX, arc-is, /., a citadel, fortress. 
 
 As, assis, m., an as, a Roman coin ; also, 
 a pound weight. 
 
 Ascend-O, i, ascensum, aseeud-ere, to 
 climb up, mount, ascend. (Ad, scando.) 
 
 Asell-U3, i, »»-, (diminutive of asinns,) a 
 little ass ; a worthless ass. 
 
 Asi-a, ae,/., Asia. 
 
 Asm-US, i, m., an ass, donkey. 
 
 Aspect-O, avi, atura, are, to look at, re- 
 gard 
 
 Asper, a, urn, rough ; harsh, severe. 
 
 Asser-O, ui, turn, ere, to join to; take 
 hold of: asserere in servitutem, to 
 claim as a slave ; literally, to lay hold 
 of for slavery. 
 
 Assumo, assumpsi, assumptum, as- 
 sum-ere, to take to one; take up; re- 
 ceive. (Ad, sumo.) 
 
 Astr-um, f, n., a star. 
 
 Asyl-um, i, re., a place of shelter, an asy- 
 lum. 
 
 At, conj., but; but yet; at least 
 
 Athen-ae, arum, f pi., Athens. 
 
 Atque, conj., and. (See ac.) 
 
 Atqui, adv., but yet ; but nevertheless. 
 
 Atrox, gen. atroc-is, fierce, savage, cruel. 
 
 AttlC-i, oram, m., the people of Attica. 
 
 AttlC-US, a, um, belonging to Attica; 
 Athenian. 
 
 AttingO, attlgi, attactum, atting-€re, to 
 touch, reaclu (Ad, tango.) 
 
 Attoill t-US, a, um, perf. part, o/attono, 
 (to thunder at,) thunderstruck; amazed; 
 beicildercd. 
 
 Auctor, auctor-is, m., an author; found- 
 er ; first inventor. (Augeo ) 
 
 Auctdritas, auctoritat is, /, authority; 
 influence; dignity. (Auctor.) 
 
 Auct-US, a, um, perf. part, of augco. 
 
 Audaci-a, ae,/, boldness, daring. (Au- 
 tlax.) 
 
 Audax, gen., audac-is, adj., bold, daring, 
 foolhardy. (Audeo.) 
 
 Audeo, ausus sum, aud-ere, to be bold; 
 to dare. 
 
 Aud-10, ivi, Itum, Ire, to hear, listen. 
 Aufero, abstulL, ablatum, auferre, to 
 
 carry off, bear away. (Ab, fero.) 
 Aufug-io, i, itum, ere, to flee away 
 
 (Ab, fugio.) 
 Augeo, auxi, auctam, aug-ere, to in- 
 crease. 
 AugUT, augur-is, m., an augur, a seer ; 
 
 a priest who foretold future events by 
 
 observing bir-ds and other omens. (Ety- 
 mology doubtful.) 
 AugU.ri.-um, i, n., an augury, propfiecy. 
 
 (Augur.) 
 AugUSt-US, a, um, venerable; august 
 
 (Augeo.) 
 Aul-a, ae, /., a hall; court; palace. 
 Aul-US, i, m., Aulus, a proper name, 
 Aur-a, ae, /, a breeze. 
 Aure-US, a, um, golden, made of gold 
 •Aur-is, is,/, an ear. 
 Aurltul-US, i, m.. (dimin. o/auvlrus,// om 
 
 auris), a hale animal with long ears. 
 Aur-Um, i. n., gold 
 Auspici-um, i. ».. an omen (from birds): 
 
 an auspice. (Avis, specio.) 
 Aut, conj., either: aut — aut. either -or 
 Autem, adv., but; but on the contrary; 
 
 however. 
 AuXlli-um, i, n.. aid, help. (Augeo.) 
 Avar-US, a, um, covetous, greedy. (Avco, 
 
 to desire.) 
 Avert-O, i, aversum, avert-ere, to turn 
 
 away, avert (A, verto.) 
 Aventm-US, i, m., Aventine, one of (he 
 
 hills of Rome. 
 A Vide, adv., greedily; eagerly. (A vidua.) 
 Avidltas, aviditar-is, /, greediness; 
 
 eagerness. (Avidus.) 
 Avid-US, a. um, desirous, eager; greedy 
 
 (Aveo, to desire.) 
 Av-is, is, /, a bird. 
 Avol-O, avi, atum, are, to fly away. (A, 
 
 volo.) 
 Avuncul-US, i, m., an uncle, (mother's 
 
 brother.) (Avus.) 
 Av-US, i, m., a grandfather. 
 
 B. 
 
 Bacul-um, i, n., and bacul-us, i, m., a 
 
 staff, stick. 
 Barb-a, ae, /, a beard 
 
 Barbat-US, a, um. bearded: as a rabst, 
 the goat 
 -"Beat-US, a, um, blessed; happy. (Bet. > 
 
 Barbar-US, a, um, of strange speech r "'Belg-a, ae, m., a Belgian 
 
 foreign; uncivilized: as subst 
 barian: ^[.foreigners. 
 
 bar- 
 
 Bellicos-us, 
 
 war. 
 
 a, um, warlike; for.! 
 
LATTN VOCABULARY. 
 
 195 
 
 Bell-urn, i, »., «w 
 
 Beneflci-um, i, «., a kind service; fa- 
 vour; benefit. 
 
 Bene, adv., well. (Bonus.) 
 
 Benevolenti-a, ae, /, good-will; kind- 
 ness. (Bene, volo.) 
 
 Benigne, adv., kindly ; generously ; boun- 
 tifully. (Benignus.) 
 
 Benignitas, benignitiit-is, /., bounty; 
 generosity; kindness. (Benignus.) "» 
 
 Benign-US, a, um, bountiful; generous; 
 kind. (Ben [bene], and root o/gigno.) 
 
 Besti-a, ae,/., a beast. 
 
 Blb-O, i, (Itum,) eiv, to drink. 
 
 Bilingu-is, is, e, double-tongued; deceit- 
 ful. (Bi [two] lingua.) 
 
 Bin-i, ae, a, two each (time, individual, 
 Ac.) (See Distrib. Numerals, p. 39.) 
 
 BlS, adv., twice. (See p. 39.) 
 
 Blanditi-a, ae, /, (more usual in pi., 
 blanditi-ae, arum,) a caressing, fond- 
 ling; flattery. (Blandus.) 
 
 Bonitas, bonitat-is,/, goodness; worth. 
 (Bonus.) 
 
 B5n-um, i, n., a good thing; blessing; 
 
 advantage: in pi, bona, goods, pro- 
 perly. 
 B5n-US, a, um, good; moral; upright; 
 
 beautiful, <kc. 
 B6s, bov-is, m. or /., an ox or cow: in 
 
 pi., boves, cattle. (See p. 33.) 
 Brachi-um, i, n„ an arm, (properly, 
 
 from hand to elbow:) lacertus, from 
 
 elbow to shoulder. 
 •Brev-is, is, e, short, brief: brevi, abl, 
 
 in a short time, or briefly. 
 BrSviter, adv., shortly, briefly. 
 Britann-i, Drum, m., the Britons: sing. 
 
 Britannus. 
 Brum-a, ae,/., the winter solstice ; n inter, 
 
 (as if brevima, brevissima, i.e., the 
 
 shortest day.) 
 Brut-US (L. Junius), i, m., Brutus, (pro- 
 per name:) also, com. adj., heavy, 
 
 sluggish; stupid. 
 Bubll-e {or bSvile), is,rc., an ox stall. (Bos ) 
 BuDUlC-US, i, m., a herdsman, ox-herd. 
 Bull-a, ae,/., a knob; a boss, (usually of 
 
 gold, worn on neck of Roman children oj 
 
 upper classes.) 
 
 c. 
 
 C, an abbreviation for Caius. 
 
 Cadaver, cadaver-is, n., a dead body, 
 carcass. (Cado.) 
 
 Cado, cecldi, casum, cad-gre, to fall; 
 happen. 
 
 Caec-US, a, um, blind. 
 
 Caed-es, is, /, a cutting slaughter; 
 combat ; blood. (Caedo.) 
 
 Caedo, cecidi, caesum, caed-gre, to cut ; 
 kill, slay. 
 
 Caeli-US, i, m., Caelius, one of the hills 
 of Rome. 
 
 Caesar, Caesar-is, m , Caesar. 
 
 Caesari-es, ei,/, a head of hair. 
 
 Calamitas, calamitat-is, /, a disaster, 
 misfortune, calamity, defeat. (Etymo- 
 logy doubtful.) 
 
 Calcar, calcar-is, n., a spur. (Calx.) ..^ 
 
 Calend-ae, arum,/, the Calends, or first 
 day of the month. (From old verb calo, 
 to call, proclaim; as the priests an- 
 nounced the first day of each montfi.) 
 
 Cal-eo (and calesco), ui, ere, to b( 
 
 warm. 
 'Callld-US, a, um, knowing, cunning, 
 crafty. 
 
 Calor, calor-is, m., heat. (Caleo.) 
 
 Calv-US, a, um, bald. 
 
 Calx, calc-is, f., the heel. 
 
 Camill-US, i, m., Camillus, (M. Furius.) 
 
 Camp-US, i, m., a level plain, afield. 
 
 Candld-US, a, um, white; bright, shining. 
 (Candeo.) 
 
 Can-is, is, m. or/, a dog. 
 
 Cano, cecini, cantum, can-ere, to sing, 
 to play (music) ; to prophesy. 
 
 Cant-O, avi, atum, are, to sing. (Cano.) 
 
 Cant-US, us, m., song, musical perform- 
 ance. (Cano.) 
 
 Can-US, a, um, hoary, grey, white: in 
 pi, cani, grey hair. 
 
 Capax, gen., eapac-is, adj., capacious, 
 spacious, roomy. 
 — hCapell-a, ae, /., a she-goat. 
 - -Caper, capri, m., a he-goat. 
 
 Capess-O, ivi, Itum, ere, to catch at, seize; 
 take ; undertake ; take to : capessere 
 fugam, to take to flight. (Capio.) 
 
 Capill-US, i, m., a haw. 
 
 Capio, cepi, captum, cap-gre, to take, 
 catch, capture; captivate; delight, enjoy. 
 
 Capit61i-um, i, n., the Capitol, or citadel 
 of Rome. (Caput.) 
 
 Capr-a, ae, /.. Capra, (proper name.) 
 
19G 
 
 LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 CaptlV-a, ae,/., o < fe:nale captive, a slave. 
 
 (Capio.) 
 Capt-0,avi, atum, are, to catch at eagerly ; 
 
 to attempt, try. (Capio.) 
 Capt-US, a, urn, per/, part, of capio. 
 Caput, capTt-is, «., the itead; top; chief 
 
 part. 
 Career, career-is, m., a prison. 
 Car-eo, ui, (Itum), ere, to be without, to 
 
 be in want of. to need; to fail. 
 Caritas, caritat-is,/., deamess, affection, 
 
 love. 
 Carmen, carmln-is, n., a song, poem, 
 Caro, carn-is, /., flesh, a piece of flesh. 
 Carpent-Tim, i, n., a chariot, waggon. 
 Carp-O, si, turn, e"re, to cull, gather; 
 
 pluck; tear; revile, 
 Car-US, a, um, dear, affectionate, much 
 loved. 
 ~Cas-a, ae,/, a hut, cottage 
 Case-US, i, m., cheese. 
 Cassi-US, i, w., Cassias, (proper name.) 
 Castell-Um, i, n., a fort. (Castra.) 
 Castr-a, oruni, n, pi, a camp. 
 Cast-US, a, um, chaste, pure, 
 Cas-US, us, in., an accident; mishap, mis- 
 fortune, calamity. (Cado.) 
 Caten-a, ae, /., a chain. 
 Cathedr-a, ae, /., a seat, chair. 
 Catllln-a, ae, m., Catiline, 
 Catul-US, i, m.. a puppy, whelp, cub. 
 
 (Can is.) 
 Caud-a, ae,/, a tad. 
 Caus-a, ae,/, a cause, tvason: abl. causa, 
 for the sake of: mea causa, for my 
 sake: dicere causam, to plead (in a 
 court of law). 
 Caut-US, a, um, perf. part, of caveo, 
 
 cautious, wary. 
 Caveo, cavi, cautum, cav-ere, to be on 
 
 one's guard, take care. 
 Cavem-a, ae, /, a hale, hollow; cavern, 
 
 den, (Caais.) 
 Cav-O, avi, atum, are, to hallow out. 
 Cav-US, a, um, hollow: m. and n. (used 
 
 substantively), a hole, den, 
 Cedo, cessi, cessum, ced-ere, to go, go 
 
 away; to yield; retire from. 
 Celeber (or Celebris), celebr-is, celebr-e, 
 
 crowded; much frequented ; famous. 
 Celer, celgr-is, celer-e, swift, quick, active. 
 Celeriter, adv., quickly, speedily. 
 Cel-O, avi, atum. are, to conceal, hide. 
 Cels-US, a, um, high, lofty, tall. 
 Cens-eo, ni, um, ere, to be of opinion; to 
 (Mnk: believe; reckon. 
 
 Censor, censor-is, m., a censor, (an 
 officer at Rome who waichtd over iltt 
 morals of the people, and attended to (he 
 census-taking and other duties) ; a critic, 
 (Censeo.) 
 Cens-US, us, m., a census, or reckoning of 
 the people, their property. <tc. (Censeo.) 
 Centum, num. adj. (indeclinable), one 
 
 hundred, 
 Centuii-a, ae, /, a century, or body of 
 one hundred men ; one of the sections 
 into which Servius Tullius divided the 
 Roman people. (Centum.) 
 Cer-a, ae,/, wax. 
 Cerno,cr6\i,cretum,cern-ere, toseparate. 
 
 distinguish; to see, perceive; deter mint; 
 Certamen, certamln-is, n., a contest. 
 
 quarrel, struggle. (Ceito.) 
 Certatim, adv., emulously, with teat 
 
 (Ceito.) 
 Certe, adv., really, surely, in truth, (Cer- 
 
 tus.) 
 Cert-O, avi, atum, are, to strive, struggle, 
 
 contend, 
 Cert-US, a, um, sure, certain, fixed: fa- 
 cere aliquem certiurem, to certify one, to 
 assure him. 
 Cervix, cervlc-is, /., the neck; the nape of 
 
 the neck. 
 Cerv-US, i, m., a stag, deer. 
 Ceter-i, ae. a, Vie rest, tlie others, (rare 
 
 in the sing.) 
 Chabri-as, ae, m,, Chabrias, a famous 
 
 Athenian general, (about B.C. 380.) 
 Clb-US, i, m,fooa\ 
 Cicero, Ciceron-is, m., Cicero, a celebrated 
 
 Roman orator and statesman. 
 Cic6ni-a, ae,/, a stork. 
 Circa, prep., about, around, (governs 
 
 accus.) Sometimes used as adv. 
 Circiter, prep, and ade., about, near; 
 
 about, nearly (in the sense of almost.) 
 Circum, prep, and adv., around, abouf, -^ 
 
 (governs accus.) 
 Circumar-O, avi, atum, are, to plough 
 
 round. (Circum, aro.) 
 Circumdo, circumdedi, circumdatnm, 
 cirenmd-are, to put round, to surround, 
 (Circum, do.) 
 CircumstO, circumstlti, (see sto,) to 
 
 stand round, encompass. 
 Circ-US, i, m., a hoop, ring, a ctrctu. 
 Cltat-US, a, um, perf. part, of clto. 
 Cltius, adv., more quickly. . 
 CltO, adv.. quickly; compar., cltius: 
 citissime. 
 
LATTN VOCABULARY. 
 
 197 
 
 CIt-0, avi, atum, arc, to stir up; hasten; 
 
 call, summon. (Frequentative, from 
 
 cieo.) 
 Clt-US, a, um, per/, part, of cfSo, clvi, 
 
 eltum, ciere, to stir up; to call, summon. 
 Civ-is, is, m. or/., a citizen. 
 ClVltaS, civitat-is, /., citizenship ; the 
 
 state; city. (Civis.) 
 Clad-es, is, /., disaster, misfortune ; de- 
 feat; slaughter. 
 Clamit-O, avi, atum, are, to shout out 
 
 frequently, or with earnestness; to bawl. 
 
 (Clamo.) 
 Clam-O, avi, atum., are, to cry aloud, call, 
 
 shout; declare. 
 Clamor, clamor-is, m., a shout, cry. 
 
 (Clamo.) 
 Clandestin-US, a, um, secret, underhand, 
 
 clandestine. (Clam, secretly.) 
 Clangor, clangor-is, m., a noise, (like 
 
 the flapping of wings ; mixed sound of 
 
 musical instruments, <te.) 
 Clar-US, a, um, clear, bright; beautiful; 
 
 famous. 
 Class-is, is, /., a division of the people; 
 
 a feet. 
 Claudi-US, i, m., Claudius (Appius, one 
 
 of the Decemviri) : also, Marcus Claudius. 
 Claud-O, claus-i, claus-um, claud-ere, to 
 
 shut, close; conclude, finish. 
 Claus-US, a, um, perf. part, o/claudo. 
 Cliens, client-is, m. or /., a client; re- 
 tainer, dependant. (Clueo, to hear.) 
 Clltell-ae, arum, /. pi, a pack-saddle; 
 
 panniers. 
 Cloeli-a, ae,/, Cloelia. (See R. H., 10.) 
 Clusin-i, orum, m. pi, the people of 
 
 Clusium. 
 Clusi-um, i, n., Clusium, the city of Lars 
 
 Porsena, on the Clanis. 
 Coact-us, perf part, of cogo, forced, 
 
 compelled. 
 **" Codes, cocltt-is, m., one blind of an eye: 
 
 as proper name, Codes (Horatius.) 
 Coelest-is, is, e, heavenly, divine. (Coel- 
 
 um.) 
 Coel-um,i, n., heaven; the sky. (Old farm 
 
 of sing, is coelus, i, m., with pi. coeli.) 
 Coen-a, ae, /., dinner, supper: a coena, 
 
 after supper. 
 Coen-O, avi, atum, are, to dine, sup. 
 Coep-i, isse, (seep. 95,) to begin. 
 Coerc-eo, ui, Itum, ere, to restrain. 
 
 (Con, arceo.) 
 Cogitati.0, cogitation-is, f., a thought, 
 
 reflection, del ibt ration. 
 
 Coglt-O, avi, atum, ire, to think, ponder, 
 
 reflect. 
 Cognit-US, a, um, known, (perf. part, of 
 
 cognosco.) 
 Cogndmen, cognomtn-is, n., a surname. 
 
 (Con, nomen.) 
 CognOSCO, cognovi, cognttum, cognosc- 
 
 6re, to know thoroughly; perceive, un- 
 derstand, recognise. (Con, nosco.) 
 C6gO, coegi, coactum, cog-ere, to force. 
 
 compel; collect. (Con, ago.) 
 Collati-a, ae,/., Collatia, name of a town. 
 Collatln-US, i, m., Collatinus, (proper 
 
 name.) 
 Collat-US, a, um, collected, (perf. part. 
 
 of coufero.) 
 Collect-US, a, um, perf. part, o/colligo. 
 Colleg-a, ae, m. or/., a colleague. (Con, 
 
 lego, to choose.) 
 Colllg-O, colleg-i, collectum, colligere, to 
 
 collect, bring together; gain. (Con, lego.) 
 Coll-is, is, m., a hill. 
 Colloquor, collocutus sum, co!15qui, tc 
 
 converse with. (Con, loquor.) 
 Coll-um, i, «., the neck. 
 C61-0, ui, cultum, col-gre, to cultivate; 
 
 worship; practise: colere rem mili- 
 
 tarem, to practise the art of war. 
 Color, c616r-is, m., colour, aspect. 
 Coliibr-a, ae, /, a snake. 
 Columb-a, ae, /, a dove, pigeon. 
 Column-a, ae,/, a pillar, column. 
 Com-a, ae, /, hair ; a head of hair. 
 Comed-O, comed-i, comesum, or comes- 
 
 tum, comedere, or comesse, to eat up, 
 
 devour. (Con, edo.) 
 Comes, comlt-ts, m. or /., a companion. 
 
 (Con and stem o/eo, to go.) 
 Comiti-um, i, n., the Comitium, or place 
 
 where the assemblies of the Roman 
 
 people met. (Con and stem of eo.) 
 Comemmor-O, avi, atum, are, to call to 
 
 mind, remember; relate, mention. (Con, 
 
 memoro.) 
 Commigr-O, avi, atum, are, to remove 
 
 in a body, migrate. (Con, migro.) 
 Committ-O, commls-i, commissum, 
 
 committere, to join together, unite; 
 
 commit, intrust, cause: committere 
 
 praelium, to join battle. (Con, mitto.) 
 Commi-US,i, m., Commius (proper name.) 
 Commoveo, commovi, commotum, com- 
 
 m5v-ere, to move with violence; to shake. 
 
 (Con, moveo.) 
 Commun-is, is, e, common, public 
 
 (Con, munus, or munia.) 
 
108 
 
 LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 Communiter, adv., in common; com- 
 monly. (Communis.) 
 
 Commut-O, avi, atum, are, to change; 
 exchange; alter. (Con, muto.) 
 
 Conids-US, a, urn, hairy. (Coma.) 
 
 Compar, compar-is, adj., equal; a 
 match; like. (Con, par.) 
 
 Compar-O, avi, atum, are, to put to- 
 gether; compare; provide; procure. 
 (Con, paro.) 
 
 Compello, compuli, compulsum, com- 
 pell-gre, to drive together; compel; press. 
 (Con, pello.) 
 
 Compesc-O, ui, fire, to check, restrain, 
 control 
 
 Complector, complexus sum, cora- 
 plecti, (dep.,) to embrace, encompass. 
 (Con, and root plec-, to fold.) 
 
 Compl-eo, evi, etum, ere, to fill up; 
 finish. (Con, pleo.) 
 
 CompleX-US, a, am, per/, part, of com- 
 plector. 
 
 Complur-es, es, a, adj pi., several; very 
 many. (Con, plus.) 
 
 CompositO, adv., designedly: ex com- 
 posite, as agreed on. (Compositus.) 
 
 Compreh.end-0, i, (n)sum, ere, to maty 
 jatch ; apprehend. (Con, prehendo.) 
 
 Coinprens-US, a, urn, (for comprehens- 
 us,) pert part, o/comprehendo, to catcli. 
 
 Compuls-US, a, um, perf part, of com- 
 pello. 
 
 CompungO, compunxi, compunctum, 
 compung-Sre, to sting, prick. (Con, 
 pungo.) 
 
 Coil, used in compound words for cum. 
 
 Concieo, conclvi, concltum, conci-ere, 
 to urge, rouse, excUe, quicken. (Con, 
 cieo.) 
 
 Concili-O, avi, atum, are, to unite; con- 
 ciliate, reconcile; secure. (Concilium.) 
 
 Con.cinH.-0, avi, atum, are, to join to- 
 gether; adjust; devise, contrive. (Con- 
 cinnus.) 
 
 Concio, concion-is, /., an assembly. 
 
 Concipio, coucepi, conceptum, concip- 
 cre, to take up, conceive, think of; under- 
 stand. (Con, capio.) 
 
 C0HClt-O, avi, atum, are, to stir up. 
 excite, rouse, hasten on. (Con, cieo.) 
 
 ConcIt-US, a, um, perf. part, of con- 
 cieo. roused, quickened, tic 
 
 Coiiclam-O, avi, atum, are, to shout out 
 together; encourage; call on. (Con, 
 clamq.) 
 
 ConcoqttO, concoxi, concoctum, con- 
 
 cuqu-ere, to boil together; to digest 
 
 (Con, coquo.) 
 Concordi-a, ae, /, harmony, concord 
 
 (Con, and cor, the heart.) 
 Concurr-O, i, concur-sum, concurr-ere, 
 
 to run together ; to fight. (Con, curro.) 
 ConcUTS-US, us, m., a running together; 
 
 a concourse, assembly ; encounter. (Con- 
 
 curro.) 
 Condicio, (or con iltio,) condicion-is, /., 
 
 a condition, state, agreement; terms. 
 
 (Condo.) 
 Condltor, condlt5r-is, m., a founder, 
 
 builder. (Condo.) 
 Condlt-US, a, um, perf. part, of condo. 
 Cond-O, idi, itum, ere, to put together, 
 
 found, build; hide. (Con, do.) 
 Confect-US, a, um, perf. part, of con- 
 
 ficio. wailed, worn out, tic. 
 Conf er-O, cuntul-i. collat-um, confer-rc, 
 
 to bring together, collect; compare: con- 
 
 ferre se, to betake one's self. (Con, fero.) 
 Confert-US, a, um, part, and adj., 
 
 closely packed together, crowded. (Con- 
 
 fereio.) 
 Conflcio, confeci, confectum, conflc- 
 
 ere, to put an end to, finish; slay. 
 
 (Con, facio.) 
 ConflagT-O, avi, atum, are, to blaze up, 
 
 bum up; set fire to. (Con, flagro.) 
 Confllg-O, conflix-i, conflict-um, con- 
 
 flig-ere, to doth together; fight (Con, 
 
 fliga) _ 
 Confod-io, eonfod-i, confoss-um, con- 
 
 fod-ere, to dig into; stab, kill. (Con, 
 
 fodio.) 
 Conftig-io, confug-i, confugit-um, coit- 
 
 fug-ere, to fine for refuge ; have recourse 
 
 to. (Con, fugio.) 
 Congero, congess-i, congest-um, con- 
 
 ger-ere, to carry together, heap up, col- 
 lect, amass. (Ccn, gero.) 
 Conjici.0, eonjec-i, conject-um, conjic- 
 
 6re, to throw together; hurl, dash. 
 
 (Con, jacio.) 
 ConjURg-O, conjunx-i, con.iunct-um, 
 
 conjung-ere, to join together, untie. 
 
 (Con, jungo.) 
 Conjur-O, iivi, atum, are, to swear toge- 
 
 tlier, conspire, join by oath. (Con, juro.) 
 ConjUX, conjug-is, m. or/., spouse, yoke- 
 fellow; husband, wife. (Conjungo.) 
 Coiinubi-Uin, i, n., marriage. (Con. 
 
 nubo.) 
 Conor, conatus sum, cdnari, (dep. L.) to 
 
 try, endeavour. 
 
LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 199 
 
 Conqueror, conquestus sum, conquSr-i, 
 (dep. 3,) to complain of; lament. (Con, 
 queror.) 
 
 Conscisc-o, conscI\'-i, consclt-um, con- 
 scisc-6re, to vote together with; approve; 
 decree: hence the phrase, Conscivit 
 mortem sibi, he killed himself. (Con, 
 scisco, to vote.) 
 
 Consci-US, a, urn, conscious, privy to. 
 
 Conscrib-o, conscrlps-i, conscript-urn, 
 couscrib-ere, to enroll, levy; to compose. 
 (Con, scribo.) 
 
 Consecr-O, avi, atum, are, to consecrate, 
 devote. (Con, sacro.) 
 
 Consens-US, us, m., unanimity, agree- 
 ment. (Consentio.) 
 
 Consequor, conseciitus sum, consequ-i, 
 {dep. 3,) to come up with, overtake, gain. 
 (Con, sequor.) 
 
 Consero, conseru-i, consert-um, con- 
 ser-ere, to tie together, bind: conserere 
 manum. to fight hand to hand: con- 
 serere pugnam, to fight. 
 
 Con.Sld.eO, consedi, consessum, con- 
 sid-ere to sit together; sit down. (Con, 
 sideo.) 
 
 Consider-O, avi, atum, are, to consider; 
 examine. 
 
 Consili-uxn, i, »., counsel, advice. 
 
 Consisto, constlti, constltum, consistere, 
 to halt, settle, stand still. (Con, sisto.) 
 
 Cons61-or, atus sum, ari, (dep. 1,) to 
 console, comfort. 
 
 Conspect-US, us, m.,. a sight, view. 
 (Conspicio.) 
 
 Conspicio, conspex-i, conspect-um, 
 conspic-ere, to behold, see. (Con, 
 specio.) 
 
 ConspiC-or, atus sum, ari, (dep. 1,) to 
 observe, behold. (Conspicio.) 
 
 ConspiCU-US, a, urn, evident, conspicu- 
 ous. (Conspicio.) 
 
 Conspir-O, avi, atum, are, to conspire. 
 (Con, spiro.) 
 
 Constanti-a, ae, /., firmness, endurance; 
 steadfastness (of purpose, dec.) (Con- 
 stans.) 
 
 Constem-O, avi, atum, are, to terrify. 
 
 Constiti, perf. of consisto. 
 
 Constltu-O, i, turn, 6re, to set up, estab- 
 lish, arrange. (Con, itatuo.) 
 
 Const-O, iti, atum (or Itum), are, to 
 stand firm, be established ; to last. (Con, 
 sto.) 
 
 Consuetudo, consuetudin-is, /, custom, 
 habit. (Consuesco ) 
 
 Consul, consul-is, m., a consul. 
 
 Consulat-US, us, m., the consulship. 
 
 Consul-O, ui, turn, ere, to advise or con- 
 sult (for the good of another), with dat. ; 
 to ask advice (of another), with the 
 accus. 
 
 ConsumOj consumpsi, consumptum, 
 consum-ere, to waste, consume, spend. 
 (Con, sumo.) 
 
 Consumpt-US, a, urn, perf. part, of 
 consum-a 
 
 Conteg-O, contex-i, contec-tum, conteg- 
 ere, to cover up, conceal. (Con, tego.) 
 
 Contemn-O, centemps-i, contempt-um, 
 contemn-£re, to despise, scorn. (Con, 
 temno.) 
 
 Contempt-US, a, um, perj '. part, o/con- 
 temno, despised. 
 
 Contend-O, i, content-um, contend-6rc, 
 to strive for, fight ; to hasten toward ; to 
 assert. (Con, tendo.) 
 
 Contentio, contention-is, /, exertion, 
 effort; strife. (Contends) 
 
 Content-US, a, um, perf. part, of con- 
 tend o, and ad}., strained, stretched. 
 
 Content-US, a, um, perf. part, of con- 
 tineo, held in, checked, restrained; satis- 
 fied. 
 
 Conterr-eo, tti, itum, ere, to terrify, 
 affright. (Con, terreo.) 
 
 Contin-eo, ait content-um, contin-ere, 
 to hold in, check, restrain. (Con, 
 teneo.) 
 
 Contingit, impers., (3d sing, of con- 
 tango,) it hap2)ens, falls to one' slot. 
 
 ContingO, contlg-i, contact-um, con- 
 ting-ere, to touch, reach; happen. (Con, 
 tango.) 
 
 Contlnuo, adv., immediately, forthwith. 
 
 Contra, prep, with accus., against ; over 
 against: adv., opposite,, on the other 
 hand ; in reply. 
 
 Contract-US, a, um, perf. part, of con- 
 traho. 
 
 Contrah-O, contrax-i, contrac-tum, 
 contrah-ere, to draw together, contract; 
 assemble. (Con, traho.) 
 
 Contuberni-um, i, n., residence to- 
 gether in a tent; companionship; so- 
 ciety; neighbourhood. (Con, taberna.) 
 
 Contumax, gen., contumac-is, adj., 
 puffed up; haughty, insolent. (Con, 
 tnmeo. 
 
 Contumeli-a, ae, /., an insult, haughty 
 treatment, an affront, disgrace. (Con, 
 tumeoj 
 
200 
 
 LATIN VOCABULARY 
 
 Convalesco, conval-ui, convalesc-eYe, 
 
 to regain strength, grow well. (Con, 
 
 valeo.) 
 Couven-io, i, turn, Ire, to come together, 
 
 assemble; agree; suit. (Con, venio.) 
 Coiivert-O, i, comers-urn, convert-ere, 
 
 to turn round, change, alter. (Con, 
 
 verto.) 
 Convlci-um, i, n., a brawling noise; 
 
 a reproach, abuse. 
 Convict-US, us, m., a living with, con- 
 sorting with ; intercourse. (Con, vivo.) , 
 Convivi-um, i, n., a feast, banquet. pCri 
 
 (Con, vivo.) 
 Conv6c-0, avi, atum, are, to call toge- 
 ther, convoke, assemble. (Con, voco.) 
 Coorior, coortus sum, cooriri, (dep.,) to 
 
 rise up, arise. (Con, orior.) 
 C6pi-a, ae, /., plenty, abundance: in pi., 
 
 copiae, forces, troops. 
 C5pi6s-US, a, uni, plentiful, abundant, 
 
 well supplied. (Copia.) 
 Cor, cord-is, n., the lieart. 
 Coram, prep, with abL, before, in presence 
 
 of. 
 Corinth-US, i, /, Corinth, (a city of 
 
 Greece.) 
 Cori-um, i, n., a hide, skin ; leather. 
 Comeli-a, ae, /, Cornelia, (a female 
 
 name.) 
 Comix, coiTiic-is, /, a crow. 
 Cornu, corn- us, n., a horn. 
 ■ C6r6n-a, ae, /, a crown, chaplet, wreath. 
 Corpus, corpor-is, n., a body, corpse: 
 
 vasti corporis, of huge size. 
 Corrept-US, a, am, perf. part, of cor- 
 
 ripio. 
 Corrip-io, ui, correptum, compere, to 
 
 seize hastily, lay hold, snatch, carry off. 
 
 (Con, rapio.) 
 Corrod-O, corros-i, conos-um, corrod- 
 
 ere, to gnaw in pieces, devour. (Con, 
 
 rodo.) 
 Corrump-O, corrup-i, coiTup-tum, cor- 
 
 rump-ere, to break up, spoil, d<t(roy. 
 
 (Con, rumpo.) 
 Corrupt-US, a, am, perf. part, of cor- 
 
 rumpo. 
 Corv-US, i, nu, a raven. 
 COS, cot-is,/., a whetstone. 
 Cras, adv., to-morrow ; in time to come. 
 Crass-US, i, m., Crassus, (a Human 
 
 name.) 
 Cred-O, Idi, Itum, Sre, to believe, trust to. 
 Credulltas, credulitat-is, /., readiness to 
 
 believe, credulity. (Credulus.) 
 
 Cre-O, avi, atum, are, to create; beget, 
 make; elect. 
 
 Crepit-US, us, m., a crash ; harsh noise 
 (Crepo.) 
 
 Crepuscul-um, i, n., evening twuight: 
 (One morning twilight, diluculirm.) 
 
 Cresco, crevi, cretum, cresc-ere, to grow, 
 increase. (Creo.) 
 
 Crimen, crimin-is, n., a criarge, accusa- 
 tion; fault. 
 
 Crimin-or, atus sum, an, (dep.,) to lay 
 charges against, accuse. (Crimen.) 
 !n-is, is, m., hair. 
 
 Cr6codil-US, i, m., a crocodile, (some- 
 times written corcodilus.) 
 
 Crudel-is, is, e, savage, cruel, hursli. 
 (Crudus.) 
 
 Cruor, cruor-is, m., blood, gore. 
 
 Crus, crur-is, n., a leg. 
 
 Crux, cruc-is,/., a cross. 
 
 CublCul-um, i, n., a bed-chamber. 
 (Cubo, to lie down.) 
 
 Cubll-e, is, n., a bed; den; kennel; stye. 
 (Cubo.) 
 
 Culp-a, ae,/., a fault, blame. 
 
 CUlter, cultr-i, m., a knife. 
 
 Cult-US, a, am, perf. part, of colo, culti- 
 vated, worshipped, dc. 
 
 Cult-US, us, in., culture, cultivation; 
 treatment; mode of life. (Colo.) 
 
 Cum, prep with abl., along with, with; 
 also as conj., when. (See quum.) 
 
 Ciim-ae, arum,/, pi., Cumae, a town in 
 Campania. Italy. 
 
 Cunct-or, atus, ari, (dep. 1,) to delay, 
 hesitate. 
 
 Cunct-US, a, am, all, whole: usually in 
 pi, all (Conjunctus.) 
 
 Cupidltas, cupldltat-is, /., desire, pas- 
 sion, eagerness; appetite; greed. (Cu- 
 pidus.) 
 
 Cupid-US, a, urn, eager, desirous, greedy. 
 (Cupio.) 
 
 Cup-io, ivi, itum, ere, to covet, desire, 
 wish. 
 
 Cur, adv., why. 
 
 Cur-a, ae,/, care, anxiety. 
 
 CUT-es, ium, /, Cures, a Sabine totrn. 
 
 Curi-a, ae, /., a curia (a division of Ro- 
 man people) ; senate house. 
 
 Curiati-US, i, nu, Curiatius, (proper 
 name.) 
 
 Cur-O, avi, atum, are, to care for, take 
 care of, see to, tend. (Cura.) 
 
 Curr-O, cucurr-i, curs-um, curr-: 
 not, hasten. 
 
LATIN VOCABULARY-. 
 
 201 
 
 Curr-US, us, m., a. carriage, vehicle, 
 waggon, car. (Curro.) 
 
 Curs-US, us, m., a running, race; course. 
 (Curro.) 
 
 Curul-is, is, e, curule : sella curulis, the 
 curule chair, on which chief magis- 
 trates at Rome sat ; hence curulis was 
 applied to the higher offices. (Currus, 
 or curvus.) 
 
 Curv-US, a, um, bent, crooked, curved. 
 
 CustOS, custOd-is, m. or /, a guardian, 
 
 keeper, guard. 
 Cut-is, is,/., the skin. 
 Cybeb-a, ae, /., Cybebe, a goddess, wifii 
 
 of Saturn. The name is also written, 
 
 Cybebe, or Cybela, or Cybele, or GybSle. 
 Cycn-US, i, m., a swan : also proper 
 
 name. 
 Cypri-US, a, um, Cyprian; (Cypriua 
 
 vicus, the Cyprian street, in Rome.) 
 
 D. 
 
 Damn-O, avi, atum, are, to condemn. 
 (Damnum.) 
 
 Damn-um, i, n., loss, damage. 
 
 Dap S, or dap-is, is, /., a banquet, feast. 
 Often in pi., dapes, (but genitive not 
 found.) 
 
 De, prep, with abl., down from; from; out 
 
 of; concerning. 
 . De-a, ae, /., a goddess. 
 
 Deb-eo, ui, Itum, ere, to owe, be under 
 an obligation. In the 3d pers. sing, it 
 is used impersonally, — debet, it ought, 
 must, &c. 
 
 D§bll-is, is, e, weak, feeble, exhausted. 
 
 Deced-O, decess-i, decess-um, deced-ere, 
 to go away, depart; die. (De, cedo.) 
 
 Decern, num. adj., {indeclinable,) ten. 
 
 Decept-US, a, um, deceived, outwitted; 
 (perf. part, of decipio;) 
 
 Dec-et, decehat, decuit, <fcc., impers. 
 verb, it becomes, it behoves, it is proper. 
 (See p. 97.) 
 
 DeCld-0, i, ere, to fall down, drop ; die. 
 (De, cado.) 
 
 Decim-US, a, um, tenth. 
 
 Decipi-O, decep-i, decept-um, decip-ere, 
 to deceive, outwit, over-reach. (De, 
 capio.) 
 
 Decor, decor-is, m., beauty, grace, ele- 
 gance. 
 
 Dec8r-0, avi, atum, are, to beautify, 
 adorn, set off. (Decus.) 
 
 Dec6r-US, a, um, seemly, beautiful, fit- 
 ting. (Decor.) 
 
 Decurr-O, i, (or decucurri,) decursurn, 
 decurr-ere, to run down; to have re- 
 course to, (i.e., to run to.) (De, curro.) 
 
 DeCUS, drc5r-is, n., beauty, grace, orna- 
 ment, glory. 
 
 DeCU.t-i.0, decuss-i, decuss-um, decut- 
 ere, to shake, down; strike. (De, qua- 
 tio.) 
 
 Dedecus, dedgc5r-is, n., a disgrace, stain. 
 
 Dedlti.0, dedition-is, /, a giving up, sur- 
 render. (Dedo.) 
 
 Ded-O, Idi, Itum, ere, to giveup, surrender, 
 abandon. (De, do.) 
 
 Dedu.C-0, dedux-i, deduct-um, deduc- 
 Sre, to lead down; conduct; bring; lead 
 off, withdraw. (De, duco.) 
 
 Defect-US, a, um, worn out, exhausted; 
 deprived of; deficient in; (perf. part. 
 o/deficio.) 
 
 Defend-O, i, defens-um, defend-gre, to 
 keep off, repel, defend; forbid. 
 
 Defer-O, detul-i, deliit-um, defer-re, to 
 carry down or off; conduct; report, 
 accuse ; intrust to. (De fero.) 
 
 Defess-US, a, um, wearied; worn out; 
 (perf. part, o/defetiscor.) 
 
 Defetiscor, (ordefatiscor), defessussum, 
 defetisci, to grow wearied, be exhausted. 
 (De, fatiscor.) 
 
 Defici-O, defec-i, defect- um, defic-ere, 
 to fail; forsake, leave; revolt. (Defacio.) 
 
 Deg-O, i, fire, to spend time ; live. (De, 
 ago.) 
 
 Dein, adv., then; next in order; after- 
 wards. 
 
 Deinceps, adv., then, in the next place, 
 ■ thereafter. 
 
 Deinde, adv., thereafter, next in order, 
 then. (De, inde.) 
 
 Dejici-O, dejec-i, deject-um, dejIc-Sre, 
 to throw down; cast out of. (Dejacio.) 
 
 Delect-O, avi, atum, are, to delight, give 
 pleasure: delectat, impers., it delights. 
 
 Delet-US, a, um, perf. part, of del-eo, 
 obliterated, annihilated, destroyed. 
 
 Del-eo, evi, etum, ere, to blot out, de- 
 stroy. 
 
 Dellb-O, avi, &c, to taste, enjoy. 
 
 Dellg-O, avi, atum, are, to bind down^ 
 make firm, fasten. (Oe, Hgo.) 
 
202 
 
 LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 Dellg-O, deleg-i, delcct-um, dellg-Sre, 
 
 to choose out. select. (De, lego.) 
 Delinqu-O, deliqu-i, delict- am, deliDqu- 
 
 ere, to fail, fall short; sin. (De, linquo.) 
 Delir-US, a, um, silly, doting, half-witted. 
 
 (Dellro, and that from de, lira.) 
 Delph-i, orum, m. pi., Delphi, a town of 
 
 Phocis in Greece, with famous temple 
 
 and oracle. 
 Delud-O, delus-i, delus-um, delfid-ere, 
 
 to mock, laugh to scorn ; disappoint. 
 
 (De, ludo.) 
 DeluS-US, a, um, perf. part, of deludo, 
 
 Demens, gen. dement-is, adj., mad, 
 
 frantic; foolish. (De, mens.) 
 Dernigr-O, avi, atum, are, to wander 
 
 away ; to migrate, emigrate. (De, 
 
 migro.) 
 Demiim, adv., at length, at lust. 
 Dens, dent-is, in., a tooth. 
 Dens-US, a, um, close, crowded, dense, 
 
 thick. 
 Denu.d-0, avi, atum, are, tolaybare, make 
 
 naked; expose; plunder. (De, nudo.) 
 Denunti-O, avi, atum, are, to denounce; 
 
 give fair warning ; declare. (De, nun- 
 
 tio.) 
 Dep5n-0, dep5su-i, deposlt-um, depon- 
 
 ere, to lay down; unburden one's self; 
 
 bring forth. (De, pono.) 
 Deprehend-O, (or deprendo), i, depre- 
 
 hens-um, deprehend-Sre, to catch in the 
 
 act; surprise, detect; arrest. (De, pre- 
 
 hendo.) 
 Depress-US, a, um, perf. part, of depri- 
 
 ino, sunk. 
 Deprimo, depress!, dcpressum, deprlm- 
 
 ere, to press down, lower, sink. (De, 
 
 premo.) 
 Derepo, derepsi, dereptum, derep-cre, 
 
 to creep down. (De, repo.) 
 Derideo, deris-i, deris-um, deiid-ere, 
 
 to laugh at, deride, tnock. (De, rideo.) 
 DeriSOr, devisor-is, m., a mocker, a scoffer. 
 
 (Derideo.) 
 D§ris-US, us, m., mockery, laugliier, 
 
 scoffing. (Derideo.) 
 Descend-O, i, descens-um, descend-ere, 
 
 to go down, descend. (De, scando.) 
 Bescrib-O, descrips-i, descript-um, de- 
 
 scribere, to writedown; assign; describe. 
 
 (De, scribo.) 
 D§ser-0, ui, torn, 5re, to desert, abandon. 
 Desert-US, a, um, perf. part, of desero, 
 
 abandoned. 
 
 Desldeo, desed-i, desid-ere, to sit down; 
 
 sit idly ; loiter, lounge. (De, sedeo.) 
 DeSlderi-Um, i, «.. a longing desire; 
 
 regret (for want of) ; need, (Desidero.) 
 Desll-io, ui, desult-u:n, desil-Ire, to leap 
 
 down. (De, salio.) 
 Desin-0, desivi (desii), desit-um, desin- 
 
 ere, to leave off, cease, desist. (De, 
 
 sino.) 
 DesistO, destlti, destttum, desist-e"re, 
 
 to stand off; leave off, desist. (De, 
 
 sisto.) 
 Despect-US, a, um, being despised, (perf. 
 
 part, o/despicio.) 
 Despici-0, despex-i, despect-um, de- 
 
 splc-6re, to look down on, despise. (De, 
 
 specie) 
 Desum, defui, deesse, to be away; to 
 
 be wanting, or deficient. (De, sum.) 
 Deter-0, detrlv-i, detrit-um, deter-ere, 
 
 to rub off, wear away. (De, tero.) 
 Deterr-eo, ui, Itum, ere, to frighten 
 
 away; deter; dishearten. (De, terreo.) 
 Detest-or, atussum, ari, (dep. 1,) to hate, 
 
 abominate. 
 Detrah-O, detr?.x-i, detract-um, detrah- 
 
 Sre, to drag or pull off; take away. 
 
 (De, tralio.) 
 Detrit-US, a, um, rubbed bare, (perf. 
 
 part of detero ) 
 De-US, i, m., a god. (Seep. 15, note.) 
 Deven-io, i, tuin, ire, to come down; 
 
 arrive; reach. (De, venio.) 
 DeV0C-0, avi, atum, are, to call down; 
 
 lead on, entice, (De, voco.) 
 D§v6r-0, avi, atum, are, to stcallow 
 
 greedily, devour, bolt. (De, voro.) 
 Dextr-a, ae, /., the right hand: fern, of 
 
 adj. dexter, era (-ra), erum (-rem). 
 Dian-a, ae, /., Diana, the goddess, sister 
 
 of Apollo. 
 DlC-0, dixi, dictum, dlc-ere, to say, 
 
 speak, tell, declare ; plead. 
 Dictator, dictatBr-is, m., dictator, (a 
 
 magistrate occasionally elected at Rome, 
 
 having supreme power.) (Dicto.) 
 Dictatur-a, ae, /., the office of dictator, 
 
 dictatorship. (Dictator.) 
 Dict-um, i, n., a saying, report, word, 
 
 command (Dico.) 
 Dict-US, a, um, perf. part, of dico. 
 Dldici, perf ind. act. of disco, to learn. 
 Dies, diei. m. or /., a day, time : in pi 
 
 masc, days, seasons. 
 DifflCll-is, is. e, difficult. (Foreompari 
 
 son, see p. 37.) 
 
LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 203 
 
 Dlger-0, digess-i, digest-urn, diggr-Bre, 
 to carry in different directions ; digest. 
 (Di, gero.) 
 
 Dlglt-US, i, TO., a finger. 
 
 Dignitas, dignltat-is,/., worth; dignity, 
 honour. (Dignus.) 
 
 Dign-US, a, um, worthy, deserved, meet. 
 
 Dlllgens, gen. diligent-is, loving {one's 
 work); diligent; careful. (Diligo, to 
 love.) 
 
 Dlllgenter, adv., carefully; with dili- 
 gence. (Diligens.) 
 
 Dimicatio, dimicati5n-is, /., a contest, 
 struggle, fight. (Dimico.) 
 
 DimiCO, avi, or ui, atum, are, to fight, 
 struggle, contend. (Di, mlco.) 
 
 DImitt-O, dimis-i, dimiss-um, dimitt- 
 ere, to xend away, dismiss; let go; drop. 
 (Di, mitto.) 
 
 Bionysi-US, i, m., Dionysius, (proper 
 name.) 
 
 DirlgO, direx-i, direct- um, dirlg-ere, to 
 set right ; make straight ; arrange ; di- 
 rect, guide. (Di, rego.) 
 
 Dirip-io, ui, dirept-um, dirip-ere, to 
 carry off, plunder, destroy. (Di, rap- 
 io.) 
 
 Diru-O, i, diru-tum, ere, to pull down, 
 destroy. (Di, ruo.) 
 
 Disced-O, discess-i, discess-um, disccd- 
 ere, to go away, depart; separate. 
 (Di, cedo.) 
 
 Discem-O, discrev-i, discretum, dis- 
 cern-ere, to separate between, distin- 
 guish, point out. (Di, cerno.) 
 
 Discipul-US, i, m., a learner, pupil, 
 disciple. (Disco.) 
 
 Disc-O, dtdic-i, disc-2re, to learn. 
 
 DiSCOrdi-a, ae, /., alienation of heart; 
 discord, disagreement. (Discordo.) 
 
 DisCOrd-O, avi, atum, are, to disagree. 
 (Di, cor.) 
 
 Dispar, gen. dispar- is, not a match, un- 
 equal, unlike. (Di, par.) 
 
 Dissimil-is, is, e, unlike, dissimilar. 
 (Di, similis.) 
 
 Dissimul-O, avi, atum, are, to conceal 
 the truth, dissemble. (Di, simulo.) 
 
 Dissolut-US, a, um, perf. part, of dis- 
 solvo: as adj., abandoned, dissolute, 
 licentious. 
 
 Dissolv-O, i, dissSlutum, dissolv-ere, to 
 break up, dissolve. (Di, solvo.) 
 
 Distrah-O, distrax-i, distract-um, dis- 
 trah-Sre, to tear asunder, separate ; dis- 
 tract, peiplex. (Di, traho.) 
 
 Distribu-O, i, turn, 5re, to divide, dis- 
 tribute. (Di, tribuo.) 
 Diu, adv., for a long lime. 
 Diu.ti.US, adv., (compar. of diu), longer; 
 
 (superl. diutissime.) 
 Dili tum-US, a, um, of long continuance, 
 
 protracted, lasting. (Diu.) 
 Divers-US, a, um, different, varied, 
 
 (perf. part, o/diverto.) 
 Dives, gen. dlvlt-is, adj., rich; compar. 
 
 divitior, or ditior; superl. divitissimus, 
 
 or ditissimus. 
 DlVld-O, divls-i, divis-um, dlvld-ere, to 
 
 divide, sepai-ate. (Di, video ) 
 DlVinit-US, adv., divinely, by divine di- 
 rection. (Divinus.) 
 DlVlU-US, a, um, belonging to a god; 
 
 divine, heavenly. (Divus.) 
 Divitiac-US, i, m., Divitiacus, a chief of 
 
 the /Edui, a Gallic tribe. 
 DlVlti-ae, arum, f. pi, riches, wealth, 
 
 resources. (Dives.) 
 DlV-US, i, m., a god, a deity. 
 Do, dedi, datum, dare, to give, bestow: 
 
 dare poenas, to suffer punishment: 
 
 dare leto, to put to death. 
 Doc-eo, ui, turn, ere, to teach, show, 
 
 inform, tell. 
 Docil-is, is, e, easily taught, quick in 
 
 perception, docile. (Doceo.) 
 Doct-US, a, um, taught, learned; (pmf. 
 
 part, of doceo.) 
 Document-um, i, n., lesson, example; 
 
 proof, illustration; warning. (Doceo.) 
 D61-eo, ui, Itum, ere, to feel pain ; to 
 
 grieve, lament. (Dolor.) 
 Dolo, or dolon, dol5n-is, m., a staff with 
 
 sharp iron point; a sting. 
 Dol-O, avi, atum, are, to hew; to bela- 
 bour, cudgel. 
 Dolor, dolor-is, m., pain, grief, sorrow. 
 Dolose, adv., craftily, slyly, deceitfully.* 
 
 (Dolosus.) 
 D8l6s-US, a, um, crafty. (Dolus.) 
 D61-US, i, m., adevice, trick; guile, fraud, 
 
 deceit. 
 Domi, gen. «/ domus, {used adverbially,) 
 
 at home. 
 Domicili-um, i, n., a house, abode, 
 
 lodging, domicile. (Domus.) 
 Domin-a, ae,/, a mistress, owner. 
 Domm-US, i, m., a master, owner, lord m 
 
 (Domus.) (See magister.) 
 Dom-O, ui, ltum, are, to subdue, conquer 
 
 tame. 
 D6m-US, us, /., a house, home. (Step. 26.1 
 
204 
 
 LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 D6neC, adv. or conj., until. 
 
 Don-O, 5vi, atum, are, to give a gift, ; to 
 
 bestow. (Doimrn.) 
 Don-um, i, n., a gift, present. 
 Dorm-io, Ivi, itum, Ire, to sleep. 
 Dors-Tim, i, n., a back; ridge (of a hill, 
 
 road, <Stc.) 
 DOS, dot-is, /, a gift, dowry ; a gift of 
 
 nature, an endowment. (Do.) 
 Dubit-0, avi, atum, are, to doubt, hesi- 
 tate. (Dubius.) 
 Diibi-US, a, nra, doubtful, not easily 
 
 settled; undecided. (Duo, two, and old 
 
 verb, bito, to go.) 
 Ducent-i, ae, a, two hundred. (Duo, 
 
 centum.) 
 
 Du.C-0, dux-i, duct-um, duc-ere, to lead, 
 guide; think, suppose: ducere uxorom, 
 to marry a wife. (Dux.) 
 
 Dulc-is, is, e, sweet, pleasant, agreeable. 
 
 Dum, conj. or adv., whilst. 
 
 Dunmorix, Dumnorlg-is, m., Dumnoiir, 
 an j£duan chief. 
 
 Duo, ae, o, (curd, num.,) two. (Set 
 
 p i 3d jK 
 Duodecim, (card, num.,) twelve. 
 
 Dupllc-O, avi, atum, are, to make two- 
 fold, double; enlarge. (Duplex.) 
 
 Dur-US, a, um, hard, harsh. 
 
 Dux, due-is, m, or /, a leader, guide, 
 commander. 
 
 E, or ex, prep, unth abl., out of, from. E is 
 
 used before consonants, and ex before 
 
 vowels. 
 Eblb-O, i, Ttum, ere, to drink up, drain. 
 
 (E, bibo.) 
 Ebur, 5b5r-is, «., ivory. 
 Eburne-US, a, um, made of ivoi «. 
 
 (Ebur.) 
 Ecce, interj., lo! behold! look here! 
 £d-0, edi, esum, edere, to eat, consume. 
 Ed-O, Idi, Itum, 6re, to give forth, utter, 
 
 publish, proclaim. (E, do.) 
 Educ-O, eduxi, educt-um, educ-ere, to 
 
 lead forth. (E, duco.) 
 Edu.C-0, avi, atum, are, to bring up, edu- 
 cate, train. 
 Effect-US, us, m,, result, cfect, issue; 
 
 success. (Efficio.) 
 Eff ero, extul-i, elatum, effere, to carry 
 
 forth; to bring out, publish; save. (E, 
 
 fero.) 
 Eff lgi-es, Ri, /., an image, likeness. (E, 
 
 fingoO 
 Effug-io, i. Itum, ere, to escape, avoid. 
 
 (E, fugio.) 
 Effugi-um, i, n., escape, rescue. (Effu- 
 
 gio.) 
 Effund-O, effudi, effusum, effundere, to 
 
 pour forth, gush out; lavish* (E, fundo.) 
 Effus-US, a, um, perf. part, of effundo, 
 
 spread abroad. 
 Egens, gen. egent-is, adj., poor, needy: 
 
 (part. pres. <f egto.) 
 Eg-eO, ui, ere, to be in need, to want, to 
 
 be poor. 
 
 EgO, mei, /, (first pers. pron., — on u-hich 
 see p. 41.) 
 
 Egredior, egressus sum, egrgdi, (dep. 
 3,) to go forth, depart. (E, giadior.) 
 
 Egregi-US, a, um, extraordinary; ex- 
 cellent; conspicuous. (E, grex.) 
 
 Ejici-O, ejec-i, eject-um, ejicere, to cast 
 out, throw forth, banish, (E, jaeio.) 
 
 Elabor, elapsus sum, elabi, (dep. 3,) to 
 glide forth, slip away, escape. (E. labor.) 
 
 Elaps-US, a, um, perf. part, of elabor. 
 
 Elat-US, a, um, perf. part, o/effero. 
 
 Eleganti-a, ae, /, neatness of drat, ele- 
 gance, grace. (Elegans.) 
 
 EleV-O, avi, atum, are. to lift up, raise; 
 make light; make light of, disparage. 
 (E, leva) 
 
 Ellg-O, elegi, electum, ellgSre, to choose, 
 select, elect (E, lego.) 
 
 Eloquens, gen- eloquent-is, part, o/elo- 
 quor ; also, adj., eloquent, speaking well 
 (out.) 
 
 Elud-O, elus-i. elusum, elud-ere, to es- 
 cape from; mock; elude, baffle. (E. 
 ludo.) 
 
 Emln-eo, ui, ere, to tower upward, be 
 raised high, be conspicuous. (E, mineo; 
 see immineo.) 
 
 Emitt-O, emls-i, emiss-um, emitt-ere, 
 to send forth ; letfaU, drop. (E, mitto. > 
 
 Emorior, emortuus sum, em5ri, (dep. 3j 
 to die outright, to die. (E, morioi.) 
 
 En, interjec., lo! behold! 
 
 Enim, conj., for, = and the reason a. 
 
 EnS-is, is, m., a strord. 
 
LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 201 
 
 Eo, Ivi, It am, Ire, to go. {See p. 82.) 
 
 Eo, adv., to that place, thither : also, 
 there. 
 
 Ephesi-us, a, um, of Ephesus; (applied 
 to Diana.) 
 
 Epist61-a, ae, /., a letter, epistle, de- 
 spatch. 
 
 Eques, eqult-is, m., a horseman; a knight. 
 (Equus.) 
 
 Equester, (or equestr-is,) is, e, equestrian, 
 belonging to a horseman, or to cavalry. 
 (Eqnes.) 
 
 Equidem, adv., indeed, I for my part. 
 (Ero, quidem.) 
 
 Equitat-US, fis, m., cavalry, horse sol- 
 diers.. (Equito.) 
 
 Equit-O, avi, atum, are, to ride. (Eques.) 
 
 Erect-US, a, um, raised up, erect : erecta 
 expectatione, expectation being on tip- 
 toe, (per/, part, of erlgo.) 
 
 Erga, prep, with accus., towards. 
 
 Ergo, ado., therefore, accordingly. 
 
 Erig-O, erex-i, erect-um, erlg-ere, to set 
 up, raise; encourage. (E, rego.) 
 
 Erip-io, ui, erept-um, erlp-gre, to snatch 
 away; drag from, rescue. (E, rapio.) 
 
 Eriid-io, Ivi, Itum, ire, to cultivate, pol- 
 ish; educate, instruct. (E, rudis.) 
 
 Erumpo, erupi, eruptum, erump-ere, 
 to burst forth, sally forth. (E, rumpo.) 
 
 Esc-a, ae, /., food; a bait. (Sdo, 
 es-um.) 
 
 Escend-O, i, escens-urn, escend-Sre, to 
 climb up, mount. (E, scando.) 
 
 Esquilin-US, i, m., the Esquiline hill at 
 Rome. 
 
 Esiir-io, Ivi, Itum, ire, to desire to eat; 
 be hungry. (Edo, es-um.) 
 
 Et, conj., and: et— efc, both— and: adv., 
 also. 
 
 Etiam, conj., also, and also ; adv., also, 
 even. 
 
 Etruri-a, ae,/., Etruria, part of Italy. 
 
 EtrilSC-i, orum, m., the Etrurians. 
 
 Evad-O, evas-i, evas-um, evad-Sre, to go 
 forth, escape. (E, vado.) 
 
 Evagat-US, perf. part. 0/ evador. 
 
 Evagor, evagatus sum, evagari, to wan- 
 der forth. (E, vagor.) 
 
 Evell-O, evelli {or evulsi), evuls-um, 
 evell-ere, to pluck out, pull out. (E, 
 vello.) 
 
 Event-US, us, m., an event, issue, result. 
 (Evenio.) 
 
 Evert-O, i, evers-um, evert-6re, to over- 
 turn. (E, verto.) | 
 
 EVOC-O, avi, atum, are, to call out, sum- 
 mon. (E, voco.) 
 
 Ex, prep, with abl., out of. (See E.) 
 
 Exactor, exactor-is, m,, an overseer, 
 collector. (Exlgo.) 
 
 Excell-O, ui, excels-um, excell-gre, to be 
 eminent; to surpass, exceed, excel. (Ex, 
 cello.) 
 
 Excio, exclvi (excii), excltum, exclre, 
 (part., excltus, or excltus), to call forth, 
 rouse, excite. (Ex, cio, or cieo.) 
 
 Excipi-O, excepi, except-um, excip-5re, 
 to take in succession, to follow, succeed ; 
 catch. (Ex, capio.) 
 
 Excitat-US, a, um, perf. part, of ex- 
 clto. 
 
 Excit-O, avi, atum, are, to rouse hastily ; 
 calljorth; excite. (Ex, cito.) 
 
 Excltus, (or excltus), perf. part, of 
 excio. 
 
 Exempl-um, i, n., an example, an illus- 
 tration, instance; fable. 
 
 Exeo, exii, exltum, exlre, to go forth, 
 depart. (Ex, eo.) 
 
 Exerc-eo, ui, Itum, ere, to exercise, prac- 
 tise, employ. (Ex, arceo.) 
 
 ExerClt-US, us, m., an army. (Ex- 
 erceo.) 
 
 Exhlb-eo, ui, ttutn, ere, to hold forth, 
 exhibit, show; make proof of. (Ex, 
 habeo.) 
 
 ExigO, exegi, exactum, exig-Sre, to 
 drive out; to spend; pass time. (Ex, 
 ago.) 
 
 Exili-um, (or exsilium), i, »., exile, 
 banishment. (Exul.) 
 
 Existim-O, avi, atum, are, to esteem, 
 value; consider. (Ex, aestimo.) 
 
 Exiti-um, i, n., destruction. (Exeo.) 
 
 Exit-US, us, m., departure; issue, end. 
 (Exeo.) 
 
 Exorior, exortus sum, exorlri, (dep. 3,) 
 to rise out of, to arise; begin. (Ex, 
 orior.) 
 
 Exorn-O, 5.vi, atum, are, to adorn, equip, 
 ornament. (Ex, orno.) 
 
 Ex6r-0, avi, atum, are, to obtain by en- 
 treaty ; to beg earnestly. (Ex, oro.) 
 
 Expectatio, (or exspectatio), expecta- 
 tion-is, /, expectation. (Expecto.) 
 
 Expect-O, avi, atum, are, to wait for, 
 expect. 
 
 Exped-io, Ivi, Itum, Ire, to set free, re- 
 move obstructions, extricate ; get ready • 
 explain: expSdit, impers., it is profit- 
 able. (Ex, owd pes, pedis.) 
 
:oc 
 
 LAI IX VOCABULARY. 
 
 Expello, expiili, expuls-um, expell-ere, 
 to drive out, expel, banish, (Ex, pello.) 
 
 Experimen-tum, i, n., a trial, test, ex- 
 periment. Experior.) 
 
 Experior, expertus sum, exper-iri, (dep. 
 4,) to try, experience. (From root peri-, 
 to try, as found in peri-tus, peri-culum, 
 dec.) 
 
 Expers, gen., expert-is, adj., iciihout 
 a share of, devoid of, destitute of. (Ex. 
 pars.) 
 
 Explic-O, avi or ui, atum, or ttnm, are. 
 to unravel, unfold; make plain; expand. 
 (Ex, plico.) 
 
 Expl6rat-US, a, um, perf part, of ex- 
 plore. 
 
 Explor-O, avi, atum, are, {to cry aloud.) 
 to search out, examine, reconnoitre, ex- 
 plore. (Ex, ploro.) 
 
 Expono, exposu-i, exposTt-um, expon- 
 Sre, to set forth, put forth, expose, make 
 known, display. (Ex, pono.) 
 
 Exposco, expoposci, exposc-ere, to de- 
 mand eagerly, implore, entreat. (Ex, 
 posco.) 
 
 Expos! t-US, a, um, perf. part: of ex- 
 port o. 
 
 Expugll-O, avi, atum, are, to take by 
 storm, storm, capture. (Ex, pngno.) 
 
 Expuls-US, a, um, perf part, of ex- 
 pello. 
 
 Exser-O, ui. turn, ere, to thrust forth ; set 
 forth plainly ; show; prove. (Ex, sero.) 
 
 Exsili-um. (See Exilium.) 
 
 Exspect-O, avi, atum, are, to look for, 
 expect, await. (Ex, specto.) 
 
 Exspir-O, avi, atnm, are, to breathe forth, 
 expire, die. (Ex, spiro.) 
 
 Exstinct-US, a. um, (or extinctus, )/><?//. 
 part, of exstinguo. 
 
 Exstinguo, (or extinguo,) exstinxi, ex- 
 stinctum, exstingu-gre, to blot out, put 
 out, extinguish, destroy: exstinctns mor- 
 bo, having died of disease. (Ex, tinguo.) 
 
 Exsul. (See Exul.) 
 
 Exsul-o. (See Exulo.) 
 
 Exsuit-O, avi, atum, are, to bound forth, 
 leap up; exult; rejoice, (Exsilio.) 
 
 Ext-a, orum, n. pi, the entrails, (heart, 
 lungs, liver.) 
 
 ExteiT-eO, ui, Itum, ere, to terrify, af- 
 fright. (Ex, terreo.) 
 
 Extra, adv., outside, beyond: prep, with 
 accus., beyond, without. 
 
 Extract-US, a, um, perf. part, of ex- 
 traho. 
 
 Extraho, extrax-i, extractum, extrah- 
 gre, to draw forth, pull out, extract. 
 (Ex, traho.) 
 
 Extrem-US, a, um, superl o/exte 
 exter, (seep. 37, 6), the last; highest. 
 
 Extund.0, extudi, extiisum, extund-ere, 
 to beat out, kick ouL (Ex, tundo.) 
 
 Exul, exul-is, m, or/., an exile. 
 
 Exulo, avi, atum, are, (or exsulo,) to be 
 an exile ; to go into exile, (Exul.) 
 
 Exii-O, i, (u)tum, Src, to strip off. plunder, 
 despoil, divest of: exuere patrem, to di- 
 vest {one's self) of a father's feelings. (Ec 
 [ex] duo.) 
 
 Exur-O, exuss-i, exust-um, exur-i-re, to 
 burn up, parch, dry. (Ex, uro.) 
 
 Fabell-a, ae, /.. a little fable, a fable, 
 story. (Fabula.) 
 
 Faber, fabri, m., a workman, mechanic. 
 
 Fabul-a, ae,/., a fable, (For, fa-tus.) 
 
 Faci-eS, ei, /., make, form, appearance ; 
 face, countenance. (Facio.) 
 
 Facile, adv., easily ; (rarely, facililer.) 
 
 Facll-is, is, e, easy ; affable. (For com- 
 parison, seep. 37.) (Faeio.) 
 
 Facilius, adv., more easily. 
 
 Faciaus, facinor-is, n., a deed; (gener- 
 ally) a bad action, a crime, (Facio.) 
 
 Facio, feci, factum, fac-ere, to do, make: 
 passive, fio, p. 82. 
 
 Factio, faction-is, /., a party, clique, 
 faction. (Facio.) 
 
 Fact-US, a, um, perf. part, of fio, p. S2. 
 (See Facio.) 
 
 FaCUUd-US, a, um, eloquent, fluent; i.e., 
 composing readily. (For, fa. 
 speak.) 
 
 Fallax, gen,, fallac-is, adj., c 
 treacherous. (Fallo.) 
 
 Fallo, fefelli, falsum, fall-ere. to deecire, 
 cheat; to escape notice: fallere fidem, 
 to break faith, 
 
 Faleri*i, orum, m,, FaJerii, a town of 
 Etruria, in Italy. 
 
 FallSC-i, orum, m,, the Falisci, inhabi- 
 tants of Fclerii. 
 
 Fals-US. a, um, false, deceitful, treacher- 
 ous. (Fallo.) 
 
LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 20 
 
 Fam-a, ae, /., report, rumour; the talk 
 of the country; fame. (For, ftl-tus.) 
 
 Fain-es, is,/, hunger ; famine ; poverty. 
 
 Famili-a, ae, /., a household (of slaves) ; 
 domestics; a family. (Famulus.) 
 
 Familiaritas, familiaritat-is, /., inti- 
 macy, friendship. (Familia.) 
 
 Fan-um, i, n., a shrine, temple. (For, 
 fa-tus.) 
 
 Fas, n., (indeclinable,) right, (according 
 to law of Heaven.) 
 
 Fastld-io, Ivi, Itum, Ire, to loathe, dis- 
 dain, scorn. (Fast us, haughtiness.) 
 
 Fast-US, a, um, lawful: fastus dies, a 
 day on which common business might be 
 done; (opposed to nefaslus.) (Fas.) 
 
 Fateor, fassus sum, fat-eri, to confess, 
 acknowledge. (For, fa-tus.) 
 
 Fatlg-atus, a, um, perf.part. o/fatlg-o, 
 avi, &c, to weary, tire; annoy, vex. 
 
 Fatisco, (more rarely fatiscor, dep.), 
 fatisc-ere, to go into clefts, to crack, 
 open ; be wearied. 
 
 Fat-um, i, n,fate, destiny. (For, fu-tus.) 
 
 Faustiil-US, i, m., Faustulus. 
 
 Fauc-es, ium, /. pi, the throat, gullet ; 
 mouth; a narrow pass, strait, defile. 
 (Fauce, abl. sing, of obsolete faux, some- 
 times used.) 
 
 (Faux.) See fauces. 
 
 FaV-US, i, m., a honey-comb. 
 
 Fax, fac-is,/, a torch, firebrand. 
 
 Fecial-is, (or fetialis,) is, m., a priest: 
 pi, fecial-es, ium, m., a brotherhood of 
 priests at Rome, under whose charge were 
 the demanding of satisfaction from ene- 
 mies who had injured the state, the declar- 
 ation of war, and the making of treaties. 
 
 Fel-es, (or fel-is,) is,/., a cat. 
 
 Felix, gen., fellc-is, adj., fruitful; favour- 
 able, lucky, fortunate, happy. (Fe, root 
 of old verb, fco, which is seen in fe-tus, 
 fe-cundus, fe-mina, <£c.) 
 
 Femin-a, ae, /, a female (of any ani- 
 mal) ; a woman, (See under Felix.) 
 
 Fenestr-a, ae,/, an opening in the wall 
 of a house (to admit light) ; a window. 
 
 Fer-a, ae, /, a wild beast. 
 
 Fere, adv., almost, commonly. 
 
 Fer-io, fer-Ire, to strike; kill 
 
 Fer-0, tuli, latum, ferre, to carry, bear; 
 say ; to suffer : aegre ferre, to lake 
 amiss, take to heart. 
 
 Ferox, ferSc-is, adj., self-confident, proud; 
 wild, fierce, savage, cruel; haughty. 
 (Ferus.) 
 
 Ferr-Uin, i, n,, iron ; a sword. 
 
 Fer-US, a, um, wild, savage, fierce. 
 
 Fer-US, i, m., a wild beast. 
 
 Fess-US, a, um, wearied, worn out, ex- 
 hausted. (Fatisco.) 
 
 Festin-O, avi, atum, are, to make haste, 
 hasten. 
 
 Fet-US, us, m., offspring, young, a brood. 
 (See Felix.) 
 
 Fict-US, a, um, perf. part, of fingo, 
 made-up, feigned, groundless. 
 
 Fldel-is, is, e, faithful, trustworthy, re- 
 liable. (Fides.) 
 
 Fld-es, Si,/, faith; truthfulness, sincerity; 
 honesty; credit; a vow; promise: ser- 
 vare fidem, to keep a promise : violate 
 fidem, to break a promise. 
 
 Flduci-a, ae, /., confidence; hence, pre- 
 sumption, assurance. (Fidus.) 
 
 Fld-US, a, um, trusty, faithful, to be re- 
 lied on. (Fido.) 
 
 Flgiir-a, ae, /., figure, shape; make. 
 (Fingo, root of which is fig-.) 
 
 Flli-a, ae, /, a daughter ; dat. and abl. 
 pi, filiis, or filiabus. 
 
 Flli-US, i, m., a son: voc. sing., fill, for 
 filie. 
 
 Fing-O, finx-i, fict-um, fing-ere, to make 
 up, fashion, form ; invent; devise; feign. 
 
 Fin-i.0, Ivi, Itum, Ire, to finish, put an 
 end to. (Finis.) 
 
 Fin-is, is, m. or /, an end, limit, fron- 
 tier : in pi, territory. 
 
 Finitim-US, a, um, bordering on, neigh- 
 bouring: as subst., a neighbour, inti- 
 matefriend. (Finis.) 
 
 FlO, factus sum, fieri, (pass, o/facio,) to 
 be made ; become ; happen. (See p. 82. ) 
 
 Firm-US, a, um,firm, strong, well-knit. 
 
 Fisc-US, i, m., a money bag, purse. 
 
 Flagell-um, i, n., a lash, whip ; (dimin. 
 o/flagrum, a whip.) 
 
 Flaglt-O, avi, atum, are, to demand 
 (imperiously), insist on. (Frequentative, 
 verb from root flag-, which occurs in 
 flagro, to burn, be in a passion.) 
 
 Flamen, flam!n-is, m., a priest (of some 
 particular deity). (Said to be from 
 filum, a fillet, which was worn on the 
 head. Old form of spelling, filamen.) 
 
 Flamm-a, ae, /, a flame, blaze, torch. 
 (From root flag-, (see Flagito,) as if 
 flagma.) 
 
 Flav-US, a, um, yellow, golden. 
 
 Flecto, flexi, flexuin, flect-ere, to lend; 
 change; turn. 
 
208 
 
 LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 Fl-eo, evi, Stum, 5re, to iceep, lament, 
 wail. 
 
 Flet-US, us, 77i., weeping, lamentation, 
 wailing. 
 
 F16r-eo, ui, ere, to flower, flourish ; be 
 prosperous; be famous. (Flos.) 
 
 Flos, fl5r-is, 771., a blossom, flower. 
 
 Fluct-US, us, 77i., a ware, billow. 
 (Fluo.) 
 
 Flumen, flumln-is, n., a stream, river; 
 flood. (Fluo.) 
 
 Fluvi-US, i, 7?j., a stream, river. (Fluo.) 
 
 F6cul-US, i, m., a little hearth, brazier, 
 chafing dish ; (dimin. from focus, a 
 hearth.) 
 
 Fod-io, f5di, fossum, fod-ere, to dig, 
 delve, penetrate. 
 
 Foed-US, a, um, foul; disgraceful. 
 
 FoeduS, foedgr-is, n., a league, treaty: 
 icere loedus, to make a treaty. 
 
 F81i-um, i, »?., a leaf. 
 
 FoUS, font-is, 7?j., a fountain, spring. 
 
 For, fatus sum, fari, (dep.,) to speak, de- 
 clare, <Lc. 
 
 Foras, adv., to the doors, outward, out of 
 doors; abroad. It is an old accus. 
 pi., whose dat. and abl. appear in the 
 adv./o7-ts, out of doors, abroad. 
 
 Fore, and fBrem, to be about to be; (de- 
 fective verb, for which see p. 7S, 
 note t-) 
 
 Form-a, ae, /., shape, form; beauty; 
 general appearance, carriage, bearing. 
 (Said to be derived from f&ro, or from 
 Gr. fj.op<j>rj, by transposition of letters.) 
 
 FormiC-a, ae,/, an ant. 
 
 FormdS-US, a, um, finely formed, beauti- 
 ful, (Forma.) 
 
 Forsan, (for fors sit an,) adt , perhaps, 
 ''chance so." (Fors, chance.) 
 
 Forte, adv., by chance, perhaps. (Fors.) 
 
 ~ort-is, is, e, strong; brave, 
 
 Fortissime, adv., (superl,) very bravely. 
 
 Fortltudo, fortitudln-is, /, brai\ry; 
 fortitude; endurance, (Fortls.) 
 
 Fortuit-US, a, um, accidental, chance, 
 casual. (Fors.) 
 
 Fortun-a, ae, /., fortune: os proper 
 name, the goddess Fortune. (Fors.) 
 
 F5r-um, i, t?., a market-place; Vie For- 
 um (at Rome.) 
 
 F8ve-a, &e.f.,apit: well 
 
 Foveo, fovi, fotum, fov-ere, to warm; 
 cherish; caress, fondle. 
 
 Fract-US, a, um. broken; (perf. part, of 
 trango.) 
 
 Fraen-um, (or frenum,) i, «., a oit; 
 bridle: pi. fraena, n., or fraeui, 7/i. 
 (See Frenum.) 
 Fragor, fragor-is, 77>., a crash, noise. 
 
 din, (Frango.) 
 Frang-O, freg-i, fract-um, frang-gre, to 
 
 break, shatter; overcome, subdue. 
 Frater, fratr-is, m., a brother. 
 Fraud-O, avi, atum, are, to cheat, de- 
 ceive, overreach, outwit. (Fraus.) 
 Fraus, fraud-is, /., deceit, guile, fraud. 
 
 trick. 
 Fren-tim, i, n. (See fraenum.) 
 Frequentius, 'adv., more thickly (peo- 
 pled), more crowded; more frequently. 
 (Frequens.) 
 Frequent-O, avi. atum, are, to visit fre- 
 quently; frequent. (Frequens.) 
 FrigUS, frigor-is, n., cold: in pi, coll 
 
 days, cold weather. 
 Friv61-tlS, a, um, silly; trifling, ptttj, 
 
 frivolous; worthless. 
 Frons, front-is, /., the forehead, brow; 
 
 front. 
 Frons, frond- is,/., a leaf; foliage. 
 Fmct-HS, us, m., enjoyment; fruit, 
 .produce; income; consequence, result 
 
 (Fruor.) 
 Frument-um, (ue , fi flgimentum,) i, n., 
 
 corn, grain. (Fruges.) 
 Fruor, fructus, or fruitns sum, frul, 
 
 (dep. 3,) to enjoy, delight in. 
 Fmstra, adv., in vain ; uselessly. 
 Frust-um, i, n., a bit, crumb, broken 
 
 piece, scrap. 
 FruteX, frutlc-is, m,, a shrub, bush ; 
 
 shrubbery. 
 Frux, frug -is, (usually in pi, Brig 
 
 ■am, f, fruits of the earth, produce, ykid. 
 FUC-HS, i, 771., a drone bee. 
 Fuffeti-US, i, 771., Fuffetius. 
 Fug-a, ae, /.. flight. 
 Fug-io, fuje-i, fugltum, fug-ere, to flee, 
 
 run away; try to escape; avoid. (Fuga.) 
 Fu.glt-0, avi, atum, are, to run away 
 
 hastily, scamper off. (Frequentative, 
 
 from fucio.) 
 Ftig-O, avi, atum, are, to put to flight, 
 
 hunt away, beat off. (Fuga.) 
 Fulg-eo, tuls-i, fulg-ere, to shine, 
 
 glitter. 
 FttlgttT, fulgur-is, n.. lightning. 
 
 Fulgeo.) 
 Fulmen, fulmln-is, n.. (i.e., fulgimeiO 
 
 a thunderbolt ; a calamity. (Fulgeo.) 
 Fulmine-US, a, am, belonging to light- 
 
LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 209 
 
 ning; lightning -like; thundering; de- 
 structive. (Fulmen.) 
 
 Pund-a, ae, /, a sling; casting net. 
 
 FundltUS, adv., from the very founda- 
 tion ; by the root ; entirely, completely. 
 (Fundus.) 
 
 Fund-O, avi, atum, are, to lay the base- 
 ment of, found; fasten, secure. (Fundus.) 
 
 Fundo, fudi, fusum, fund-gre, to pour 
 out ; shed ; produce abundantly ; put to 
 rout, defeat. 
 
 Fund-US, i, m., the bottom or lose or 
 
 anything; a farm, estate. 
 Fiinus, fungr-is, n., a burial, funeral; 
 
 death. 
 Fur, fur-is, m. or/., a thief. 
 Furi-US, i, m., Furius (M. Camillas). 
 Furtim, adv., by stealth ; secretly. 
 
 (Fur.) 
 Fust-is, is, m., a club, cudgel. 
 Futur-US, a, um, about to be; (fut. 
 
 part, of sum, p. 78.) 
 
 G. 
 
 Gabi-i, ornm, 777. pi., Gabii, a town of 
 
 Latium, in Italy. 
 Gabin-i, orum, m., the people of Gabii; 
 
 (77.0m. pi. masc. of following.) 
 Gabln-US, a, um, belonging to^ Gabii. 
 Gall-i, orum, m., the Gauls: sing., 
 
 Gallus, a Gaul. 
 Galli-a, ae, /., Gaul, {France.) 
 Gall-US, i, 77i., a Gaul: proper name, 
 
 Gallus : as common noun, a cock. 
 Gaudeo, gavisus sum, gaud-ere, to re- 
 joice, to be glad ; to delight in. 
 Gaudi-um, i, n.Joy, gladness. (Gaudeo.) 
 Gelu, gelus, ra., (also in norn., gelus, m., 
 
 and gelum, 7?.,) cold, frosty chill. 
 Gemin-O, avi, atum, are, to double. 
 Gemin-US, a, um, twin; twofold: gem- 
 in i, twins. 
 Gemme-US, a, um, set with gems, pearly; 
 
 spangled; variegated. (Gemma, a gem.) 
 Gen-a, &e,f.,acheek: usually in pi. genae. 
 Gener, gener-i, m., a son-in-law. 
 Genitor, gSnitOr-is, m., a father; parent. 
 
 (Gigno, ge«-ui.) 
 Gens, gent-is,/., a nation, tribe. 
 Genu, gen-us, w., the knee: pi. gSnua. 
 Genus, genSr-is, 7»., kind, race; origin. 
 
 (Gen-, root 0/ gigno.) 
 German-i, orum, m., the Germans. 
 Ger-O, gessi, gestum, ger-ere, to wear; 
 
 bear, carry : gerere se, to conduct one's 
 
 self, behave as. 
 Gign-O, gen-ui, genit-um, gign-ere, to 
 
 beget, bring forth. 
 Glaci-es, ei, /., ice. 
 Gladi-US, i, m., a sword. 
 Glans, gland-is, /, an acorn. 
 Gleb-a, ae, /., a clod, the soil. 
 Gloria, ae, /, glory, renown. 
 Gl6ri-or, at us sum, ari, (dep. I,) to glory, 
 
 boast. (Gloria.) 
 
 G16ri6s-US, a, um, glorious, famed; 
 
 boastful. (Gloria.) 
 Gracil-is, is, e, slender, delicate, thin; 
 
 graceful. (Seep. 37.) 
 GraCUl-US, i, m., a jackdaw, a jay. 
 Grad-US, us, m., a step, pace, degree. 
 Graeci-a, ae, /, Greece. 
 Graec-US, i, m., a Greek: pi, Graecf, 
 
 the Greeks. 
 Gramen, gramln-is, 7»., a blade of grass; 
 
 grass, pasture. 
 Gran-um, i, n., a pile, pickle, grain ; 
 
 corn. 
 Grass-OT, atus sum, ari, (dep. 1,) to ad- 
 vance; proceed against ; attack. (Grad- 
 
 ior.) 
 Grati-a, ae, /., favour, grace ; beauty ; 
 
 gratitude : agere gratias, to thank : 
 
 habere gratias, to be grateful: gratia, 
 
 abl., for the sake of: redire in gratiam, 
 
 to be reconciled. 
 Grati-ae, arum, / pi, thanks. (See 
 
 Gratia.) 
 Gratul-or, atus sum, ari, to wish joy, 
 
 congratulate. (Gratus.) 
 Grat-US, a, um, agreeable, pleasant ; 
 
 grateful. 
 Gravat-US, a, um, oppressed, weighed 
 
 doion, overburdened; (perf. part, of 
 
 gravo, to oppress.) 
 Grav-is, is, e, heavy, weighty; impor- 
 tant. 
 GraVlter, adv., (compar. gravius, superl. 
 
 gravissime,) heavily, severely, greatly; 
 
 sorely. (Gravis.) 
 Grav-O, avi, atum, are, to render heavy, 
 
 burden, load, oppress. (Gravis.) 
 Grex, greg-is, 777., a flock, herd. 
 Grus, or gruis, gruis, m. or/, a crane. 
 Gust-O, avi, atum, are, to taste. 
 Gutt-a, ae, /., a drop. 
 
 U-'*) 
 
 H 
 
210 
 
 LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 flab-eo, ui, Itum, ere, to have; hold; 
 consider. 
 
 Hablt-O, avi, Stum, are, to dwell in, in- 
 habit. (Habeo.) 
 
 Hablt-US, us, m., habit ; external dress 
 or appearance ; manner, way. (Habeo.) 
 
 Haer-eo, liaes-i, haes-um, haer-ere, to 
 stick to, stick fast, cling, adhere, 
 
 Hast-a, ae, /., a spear. 
 
 Haud, adv., not ; by no means. 
 
 Haust-US, us, 77i., a draught. (Haurio, 
 haust-um.) 
 
 Helvlti-i, orum, m., the Helvetii, (Swiss.) 
 
 Herciil-es, is, m., Hercules: Hercule, 
 adv., used as an oath,— By Hercules! 
 
 Heri, adv., yesterday. 
 
 HeuS, interj., ho ! hark ! holla ! 
 
 Hlbern-a, orum, n. pi., winter quarters: 
 (n. pi. of adj., hibein-us, a, um.) 
 (Hiems.) 
 
 Hie, haec, hoc, this, (see p. 42) : abl., hoc, 
 on this account. 
 
 HlC, adv., in this place, here; on this, 
 hereupon. (Hie.) 
 
 Hlem-O, avi. atum, are, to pass the win- 
 ter ; to winter. (Hiems.) 
 
 Hiem-S, hiem-is,/, winter. 
 
 HinC, adv., from this place (or time) 
 
 hence; hereafter; from this causes -Host-is, is, tt?. or/, an enemy. 
 
 (Hie) 
 
 Hirc-US, i, 771., a he-goat. 
 
 Hist6ri-a, ae, /, a history, story, record. 
 
 Homo, homln-is, m. or /., a human 
 being, a man or woman, a child ; man- 
 kind. 
 
 Honest-US, a, um, respected; honour- 
 able; honest, upright. (Honor.) 
 
 Honor, or honos, hSnor-is, m., honour, 
 
 glory; preferment; office (oftrusL) 
 Hon6r-0, avi, atum, are, to honour, 
 
 esteem, respect. (Honor.) 
 H5ra, ae,/., an hour; time. 
 Hdrati-i, orum, m., the (brothers) Hor- 
 
 atii. 
 HSrati-US, i, m., Horatiui, Horace. 
 
 Horatius Cocks. 
 Horde-um, i, n., barley. 
 Horrend-US, a, um, to be dreaded; 
 
 dreadful; (fut. part. pass, [gerundive] 
 
 of horreo.) 
 Horr-eo, ui, ere, to shudder ; be afraid 
 
 of, dread. (Horror.) 
 Horre-U.m, i, n., a bam, grain-store. 
 Horror, honor-is, m., horror, dread. 
 Hort-or, atus sum, aii, to exhort; en- 
 courage. 
 Hort-US, i, 777., an enclosed place ; garden. 
 HospSs, hosptt-is, 773,, a stranger, guest; 
 
 host. 
 Hosplti-um, i, n., hospitality ; a place oj 
 
 entertainment, lodging. (Hospes.) 
 Hostll-is, is, e, of or belonging to an 
 
 enemy; hostile, inimical (Hostis.) 
 Hostlli-US, i, 772., Hostilius : Tullus Hos- 
 
 tilius. 
 
 Human-US, a, um, belonging to ' man- 
 kind, human; kind. (H<5mo.) 
 
 Humer-US, i, rn,, the upper bone or part 
 of the arm ; the shoulder. 
 
 HumlMs, is, e, low-lying ; lowly, 
 humble. (Humus.) 
 
 Hum-US, i, /, the earth, the ground. 
 
 Hydr-US, i, m., a water-serpent. 
 
 Ibi, adv., there. 
 
 Ic-O, i, turn, 5ie, to strike: icere foedus, 
 
 to make a league. 
 Ict-US, us, 771,, a stroke, blow. (Ico.) 
 Ict-US, a, um, struck; (perf. part, of 
 
 ico.) 
 Idem, eadem, Idem, gen. ejusdem, the 
 
 same. (See p. 43.) 
 Ideo, adv., therefore, accordingly, on that 
 
 account, for that reason* 
 Igltur, adv , therefore, then. 
 
 Ignavi-a, ae, /., traTj* of acticity ; idle- 
 ness; cowardice. (Ignavus.) 
 
 IgnaV-US, a, um, inactive; idle, lazy; 
 cowardly. (In, gnavus.) 
 
 Ign-is, is. rn., fire. 
 
 Ign6r-0, avi, atum, are, to lx ignorant 
 of, not to know. (Ignarus.) [pardon. 
 
 Ig-nosCO, novi, notum, noscgre, to 
 
 Ign6t-US, a, um, unknown; unacquainted 
 with, strange. (In, notus.) 
 
 Hie, ilia, illud, that (Seep. 4?. Sl) 
 
LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 211 
 
 YmagO, imagtn-ls,/, an image, likeness. 
 
 Imbecill-us, a, um, weak, feeble. 
 
 Imbell-is, is, e, unwarlike ; cowardly. 
 (In, bellum.) 
 
 Imber, imbr-is, m., rain, a shower. 
 
 Imit-or, atus sum, ari, to imitate, 
 copy. 
 
 Immatur-US, a, um, unripe, premature. 
 (In [not], maturus.) 
 
 lmmin-eo, ui, ere, to overhang (in a 
 threatening way), impend, be imminent. 
 
 Immisc-eo, ui, immist-um (or immlxt- 
 um), immisc-5re, to mingle with, mix. 
 (In, misceo.) 
 
 Immitt-O, immls-i, immiss-um, immitt- 
 Sre, to send into; let loose. (In, mitto.) 
 
 Immol-O, avi, atum, are, to sacrifice, 
 immolate. (In, m51a.) 
 
 Impar, gen., impai-is, adj., unequal to, 
 not a match for. (In, not, and par.) 
 
 Impedlment-um, i, n., an obstruction, 
 hindrance: in pi., impSdlmenta, bag- 
 gage. (Impedio.) 
 
 Imped-io, Ivi, Itum, Ire, to obstruct, 
 entangle, hinder. (In, and pes, pedis.) 
 
 Impedlt-US, a, um, perf. part, of im- 
 pgdio. 
 
 Impend-eo, Ere, to overhang, impend, 
 threaten. (In, pendeo.) 
 
 Imperator, imp8rator-is, m., a military 
 commander, general. (Inrpeto.) 
 
 Imperi-um, i, n., military command; 
 power, authority; empire. (Impem) 
 
 Imper-O, avi, atum, are, to command, 
 govern, rule, give orders. (In, and paro ; 
 literally, to put upon: so compare-, to 
 put together ; separo, to put asunder.) 
 
 Impetr-O, avi, atum, are, to obtain, pro- 
 cure. (In, patro, to bring to pass.) 
 
 Impet-US, us, m., an attack, assault; 
 impetuosity; violent motion; impulse. 
 (Impeto.) 
 
 Impiger, impigr-n, impigr-um, not slow; 
 not idle; not lazy; active, energetic. (In, 
 piger.) 
 
 Imping-O, impeg-i, impact-um, imping- 
 Sre, to dash against; drive into ; fling. 
 (In, pango.) 
 
 Impi-US, a, um, undutiful; unholy; im- 
 pious, profane. (In, puts.) 
 
 Impl-eo, evi, etum, ere, to fill up, fill. 
 (In, pleo.) 
 
 Implic-O, avi (or ui), atum (or Icitum), 
 ai'e, to entwine, entangle: impttcatus 
 morbo, attacked with disease; i.e., en- 
 tangled in the meshes of disease. 
 
 Imp6n-0, imp5su-i, impBsTtum, imp5n- 
 Sre, to put upon, lay upon. (In, pono ) 
 
 Import-O, avi, atum, are, to carry into, 
 import, introduce ; bring upon, cause. 
 (In, porto.) 
 
 Imp6sit-US, a, um, perf. part, of im- 
 pono. 
 
 Improbitas, improbitat-is, /., want of 
 uprightness ; wickedness; violence. (lift- 
 probus.) 
 
 Impr6b-US, a, um, not upright; regard- 
 less ; wicked. (In, probus.) 
 
 Imprudens, gen., imprudent-is, adj., 
 not foreseeing; thoughtless, inconsiderate, 
 imprudent; unaware. (In, prudens.) 
 
 Impudens, gen. impiident-is, adj., 
 without shame, shameless, barefaced, 
 impudent. (In, pudens.) 
 
 Imp Hue, adv., without punishment, with 
 impunity, safely. (In poena. See Pu- 
 nio.) 
 
 Impiit-O, avi, atum, are, to attribute to, 
 impute, reckon against. (In, puto.) 
 
 Im-US, a, um, inmost, lowest: used as form 
 of superl. of inferus. (See p. 37.) (By 
 some said to be contracted for inimus 
 [superl. of in]; by others from infimus.) 
 
 In, prep, with abl., in, on, at, among, 
 near; with accus., into, toward, to, 
 against. Used as a prefix, in, into, &c; 
 as, importo, influo. (For change of final 
 letter, see next word.) 
 
 In, used as a prefix, = un, or '■not ' in Eng- 
 lish. Before b and p it becomes im; 
 before I, m, r, it is assimilated : as, il- 
 labor for inlabor, imbellis for inbellis, 
 irrideo for inrideo. 
 
 Inambiil-O, avi, atum, are, to walk up 
 and down. (In, ambulo.) 
 
 Inan-is, is, e, empty, void; useless; vain. 
 
 Incedo, incessi, incessum, inced-ere, to 
 go into; advance, march forward: 
 strut, stalk. (In, cedo.) 
 
 Incend-O, i, incens-um, incend-gre, to 
 set on fire, burn. (Root can-, as in 
 candeo.) 
 
 Incens-US, a, um, inflamed; enraged; 
 (perf. part, ofincendo.) 
 
 Incid-O, i, incas-um, incid-Sre, to fall 
 upon, attack ; fall in with ; occur, hap- 
 pen. (In cado.) 
 
 Incipi-O, incep i, incept-um, inclp-c're, 
 to begin; take up; undertake. (In, 
 capio.) 
 
 Incitat-US, a, um, urged on, stimulated, 
 prompted; (peif. part. 0/ Incite) 
 
212 
 
 LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 I ncit-O, avi, atum, are, to urge on, in- 
 cite, stimulate, (In cito.) 
 
 Inclam-O, avi, atum, are, to shout aloud; 
 shout to; call out against, reproach. 
 (In, clamo.) 
 
 Includ-O, inclus-i, inclus-um, includ- 
 §re, to shut in, include; confine; hin- 
 der. (In, claudo.) 
 
 Inclyt-US, (or inclltus, or inclutns,) a, 
 um, much heard of, famed, celebrated. 
 (In, elueo, to be esteemed.) 
 
 Incdl-a, ae, m. or/., an inhabitant. (In- 
 colo.) 
 
 Incolum-is, is, e, unhurt, safe; entire. 
 (Etymology doubtful.) 
 
 Inconveniens, gen. inconvenient-is, 
 adj., not agreeing with; not suitable; 
 dissimilar, incongruous. (In, con- 
 venio.) 
 
 Increp-O, ui, Ttum, are, to make a harsh 
 noise; to upbraid, reproach, revile. 
 (In, crepo.) 
 
 Incresc-O, increv-i, incresc-gre, to grow 
 on, increase. (In, cresco.) 
 
 Incursio, incursion-is,/., a running for- 
 ward; incursion, inroad, invasion. 
 (In, cur ro.) 
 
 Incuti-O, incuss-i, incuss-um, incut-6re, 
 to strike into or against; hurl; inspire 
 with. (In, quatio.) 
 
 Inde, adv., from that place, thence; there; 
 thereafter. 
 
 Index, indlc-is, m. or /, something that 
 points: hence, an informer; a mark, 
 sign; means of information. (In, and 
 die-, to point out. See Dico.) 
 
 IndlC-O, avi, atum, are, to point out, 
 indicate, show. (Index.) 
 
 IndlCO, indix-i, indict-um, iudlc-gre, to 
 say aloud, proclaim, declare, (In, dico.) 
 
 Indignat-US, a, urn, p. part, o/indignor. 
 
 Indigne, adv., in an unworthy manner, 
 unaorthily; shamefully. (Indignus.) 
 
 Indign-or, atus sum, ili, (dep. 1,) to 
 consider unworthy ; be angry at ; (o be 
 indignant. (Indignus.) 
 
 Industri-a, ae. /, diligence, actirUu. in- 
 dustry. (Industrius.) 
 
 Industri-US, a, um, diligent, act ire, in- 
 dustrious. 
 
 Inedi-a, ae, /., abstaining from food; 
 icunt, hunger; starvation. (In, edo.) 
 
 Inepti-a, ae, /., silly conduct, folly : in 
 pi., ineptiae, trifles; absurdities, fooler- 
 ies. (Ineptus.) 
 
 Iliers, gtn inert-is, adj., devoid of skill ; 
 
 wanting energy ; without resource, Mp~ 
 less; lazy, indolent. (In, ars.) 
 
 Infami-a, ae, /., bad report; ill repute ; 
 disgrace, (Infamis.) 
 
 Infans, gen. infant-is, adj., unable to 
 speak, mute; young: hence, as subsl., 
 an infant, child. (In, and for, fatus.) 
 
 Infelix, gen. infellc-is, adj., unfruitful; 
 unhappy; miserable. (In, felix.) 
 
 Inferior, m. and/, inferius, n., fartfter 
 down, lower; inferior: compar. of in- 
 ferus. (Seep. 37.) 
 
 Infer-O, intul-i, illatum, inferre, to bring 
 in, introduce; wage (war). (In, fero.) 
 
 Infest-O, avi, atum, are, to attack; art- 
 noy; injure. (Infestus.) 
 
 Infest-US, a, um, carried against, (old 
 part kip. of infero;) hostile; trouble- 
 some 
 
 Inflammat-US, a, um, set on fire; in- 
 fiamed; roused, enraged; (perf. part. 
 o/inflammo.) 
 
 Infl-O, avi, atum, are, to blow into; blow 
 up, puff up, inflate. (In, flo.) 
 
 Infund-O, infud-i, infus-um, infund-6re, 
 to pour into; to pour out for ; to iufu&e. 
 (In, fundo.) 
 
 Ingem-O, ui, ttum, 6re, to groan over ; 
 bewail, lament. (In, gemo.) 
 
 Ingeni-um, i, n., natural quality, tem- 
 per, disposition ; talent (In, and gen-, 
 stem ofgigno.) 
 
 Ingens, gen, ingent-is, adj., not natural, 
 monstrous; immense, huge. (In, not; 
 and gen-, stem of gigno.) 
 
 Ingenu-US, a, um, free-born, noble; 
 ingenuous. (In, and root of gigno.) 
 
 Ingrat-nS, a, um, disagreeable; un- 
 grateful. (In, gratus ) 
 
 IngrediOT, ingressus sum, ingrgd-i, 
 (dep. 3,) to go forward; enter; advance. 
 (In, gradior.) 
 
 InimiC-US, a, um, unfriendly; hostile: 
 as subst., an enemy. (In, amicus.) 
 
 Inlti-um, i, n., an entering upon ; a be- 
 ginning. (Into.) 
 
 Injicio, injeci, injectum, injic-eYe, to 
 throw or fling in; thrust; uispirc 
 (In, jacio.) 
 
 Injuri-a, ae, /., injustice; injury, wrong; 
 oppression; insult. (In. jus.) 
 
 Injliste, adc, unjustly, wrongfully; in- 
 juriously. (Injustus.) 
 
 Injust-ns, a, um, unjust, wrongfui. 
 (In, Justus.) 
 
 Innocens, gen. Innocent-is, adj.. n-rt 
 
LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 213 
 
 from guilt, innocent, unoffending; 
 harmless. (In, nocens.) 
 Innoxi-us, a, urn, free from hurt; not 
 hurtful, harmless ; innocent. (In, noxi- 
 us.) 
 Inopi-a, ae, /, scarcity, want, povei'ty. 
 (Inops.) 
 
 Inops, gen. in5p-is, adj , without re- 
 sources, poor, needy, helpless, destitute 
 of. (In, opis.) 
 
 InqtUim, I say. (Seep. 96.) 
 
 Inqum-O, avi, atum, are, to bedaub; 
 stain ; defili, pollute. 
 
 Inrit-US, (or irritus,) a, tim, vain, un- 
 availing, useless. (In, and ratus, estab- 
 lished.) 
 
 Insan-US, a, um, unsound in mind, in- 
 sane, mad. (In, sanus.) 
 
 Insci-US, a, um, not knowing, ignorant; 
 unconscious. (In, scio.) 
 
 Insequof , insecutus sum, insequ-i, to fol- 
 low after, pursue ; to ensue. (In, sequor.) 
 
 Insideo, insedi, insessum, insld-ere, to 
 sit upon. (In, sedeo.) 
 
 Insidi-ae, arum, / pi, an ambush, 
 snare; treachery. 
 
 Insidi6s-US, a, um, treacherous, deceit- 
 ful, crafty. (Insidiae.) 
 
 Insidi-or, atus sum, ari, (dep. 1.) to lay 
 snares for ; lie in ambush; plot against. 
 (Insidiae.) 
 
 Insigne, (n. o/insignis, used as subst.,) 
 a badge, mark, token. 
 
 Insign-is, is, e, remarkable, notable, 
 famous. (In, and signum.) 
 
 Insil-io, ui, (or ii,) insultum, insil-Ire, 
 to leap upon; attack. (In salio.) 
 
 Insolens. gen. insolent-is, adj., insolent, 
 overbearing, haughty; impudent. (In, 
 soleo.) 
 
 Insolenti-a, ae, /, insolence; haughti- 
 ness; impudence. (Insftlens.) 
 
 Inspicio, inspexi, inspectum, insplc- 
 ere, to look into, examine. (In, specio.) 
 
 Installs, gen. instant-is, adj., (also par- 
 ticip. of insto,) present; instant, imme- 
 diate; impending. * 
 
 InstltU-O, i, turn, gre, to set up, estab- 
 lish; resolve. (In, statuo.) 
 
 Inst-O, Iti, itum, or atum, are, to stand 
 upon, press on; to be near, close at 
 hand. (In, sto.) 
 
 Instru-O, xi, ctum, ere, to draw up in 
 order. (In, struo.) 
 
 Insuet-US, a, uuv, unaccustomed; inex- 
 perienced; unusual. (Insuesco.) 
 
 Insiil-a, ae, /, an island. 
 
 Insult-O, avi, atum, are, to trample on, 
 
 leap upon; insult. (Insilio.) 
 Intact-US, a, um, untouched; sound. 
 
 (In, tango.) 
 Integer, integr-a, integr-nm, un- 
 touched; undiminislied ; unscathed; 
 whole, entire. (In, tango.) 
 IntelllgO, intellexi, intellectum, intel- 
 lig-gre, to understand, comprehend. 
 (Inter, lego.) 
 Intend-O, i, inten-sum, or turn, intentl- 
 gre, to stretch, strain; strive; direct. 
 (In, tendo.) 
 Intent-US, a, um, bent on, earnest, eager 
 
 for; ( perf. part, of In ten do.) 
 Inter, prep, with accus., between, among; 
 
 during. 
 Inter-Cipio, cepi, ceptum, cipere, to 
 
 intercept, hinder; steal; anticipate. 
 InterdlU, adv., by day. 
 Interea, adv., in the meantime. 
 Interest, impe?-s.verb,it concerns; it is the 
 interest of. (Seep. 98, i), (1), and note.) 
 Interficio, interfeci, interfectum, in- 
 terfTc-ere, to finish, put an end to; slay, 
 kill. (Inter, facio.) 
 Interim, adv., in the meantime. 
 InterimO, interemi, interemptum, in- 
 terlm-gre, to take out of the midst of; 
 destroy; kill. (Inter, and gmo, to take.) 
 Interit-US, us, m., destruction, death. 
 
 (Intereo, to perish.) 
 Interject-US, a, um, (perf part, o/in- 
 
 terjlcio,) having intervened. 
 Interjlcio, interjeci, interjectum, inter- 
 jic-gre, to throw in between, insert. 
 (Inter, jacio.) 
 Intemecio, inteniecion-is, /., slaugh- 
 ter, massacre. (Inter, nex ) 
 Intero, intrivi, intritum, inter-gre, to 
 
 rub in; crumble; mince. (In, tero.) 
 InterponO, interposui, interpSsitum, 
 interpon-gre, to put in between, insert, 
 interpose. (Inter, pono.) 
 Interposit-US, a, um, (perf. part, of 
 interpono,) having intervened, or been 
 inserted, or alleged. 
 Interrogat-us, a, um, perf. part, of 
 
 interrogo. 
 Interrog-O, avi, atum, arc, to ask, in- 
 quire. (Inter, rogo.) 
 InterrumpO, interrupt interruptum, 
 interrump-ere, to burst in upon, inter- 
 rupt. (Inter, rumpo.) 
 Intersum, interful, interesse, to be 
 
214 
 
 LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 present at or among ; to be of impor- 
 tance. (Inter, sum.) 
 Interven-io, i, turn, ire, {see Venio,) to 
 
 come .in between, intervene, interrupt; 
 
 put an end to. (Inter, venio.) 
 Intrit-US, a, um, (per/, part, o/intero,) 
 
 crumbled; minced. 
 Intr-O, an, atum, are, to enter 
 IntromittO, intromisi, &c, {see Mitto.) 
 
 to send into; introduce. (Intro, mitto.) 
 Intulit, per/, ind. o/infero. 
 Inutll-is, is, e, useless; without advan- 
 tage. (In, utilis.) 
 Invad-O, invasi, invasum, invad-cre, to 
 
 go against; come on; attack; enter. 
 
 (In, vado.) 
 Inveh.0, invexi, invcctum, invch-gte, to 
 
 carry in or on: passive, to ride. (In, 
 
 veho.) 
 Inven-io, <fec., (see Venio,) to come upon, 
 
 find. (In, venio.) 
 Invid-eo, invldi, invlsum, invld-ere, to 
 
 look on {with malice); to envy; hate. 
 
 (In, video.) 
 Invidi-a, ae, /, envy; hatred; malice. 
 
 (Invideo.) 
 Invlcem, adv., in turn; lime about. 
 
 (In, vicis.) 
 Invigll-O, avi, atum, are, to lie awake; 
 
 to keep watch on; to be earnest on, (In, 
 
 vigilo.) 
 
 In VIS-US, a, um, {per/ part. 0/ invideo,) 
 hated; hateful. 
 
 Invit-O, avi, atum, are, to invite; sum- 
 mon. (Invitus.) 
 
 Invit-US, a, um, unwilling, reluctant. 
 
 InVOC-0, avi, atum, are, to call upon. 
 invoke. (In, vcco ) 
 
 Ips-e, a, um, self; very. {See p. 42.) 
 
 Ir-a, ae, /, anger, wrath. 
 
 Iracundi-a, ae, /, irascibility, rage; 
 /ret/ulness. (Iiacundus.) 
 
 IraCUnd-US, a, um, passionate, irascible. 
 (Ira) 
 
 IraSCOr, Iratus sum, irasc-i, {dtp. 3,) to 
 be angry. (Ira) 
 
 Irat-US, a, um, {per/, part. 0/ irascorj 
 enraged ; angry. 
 
 Irrevocabil-is, ia, e, that cannot be re- 
 called, irrevocable. (In, re, back, and 
 voco.) 
 
 Irrit-US, a, um, same as inrltus, (which 
 see) 
 
 Is, ea, id, this. {See p. 43.) 
 
 Ist-e, a, ud, that (0/ yours). (See ft 43, 
 7.) 
 
 Ita, adv., thtis, so, yes. 
 
 Itali-a, ae, /, Italy. 
 
 Itaque, oulv.. there/ore, accordingly. 
 
 Iter, Itingr-is, n, a journey; road; 
 march. 
 
 Jac-eo, ui, Ttum, ere, to lie. 
 Jaciojeci, jactum, jac-gre, to throw, cast. 
 Jact-O, avi, atum, are, to throw often, or 
 
 with vigour; to toss; boast. (Jacio.) 
 Jam, adv., already, now. 
 Janicul-um, i, n., Jankulum, one 0/ the 
 
 hills 0/ Rome. 
 Janu-a, ae,/., a gate, door. 
 Jail-US, i, m., Janus, one o/the Roman gods. 
 J6c-US, i, m., (pi. i, m,, or a, n.,) a joke, 
 
 jest; story; mirth. 
 Jubeo, jussi, jussum, jub-ere, to order, 
 
 ^id, command. 
 Judex, judlc-is, m. or /., a judge. (Jus, 
 
 dico.) 
 JudlCl-um, i, «., a judgment, decision. 
 
 (Judex.) 
 JudlC-O, avi, atum, are, to judge, decide; 
 
 conjecture. (Judex.) 
 Jug-um, i, n., a yoke; a ridge (0/ a hill, 
 
 Jkc) (Jungo.) 
 
 Juli-US, i, m., Julius, a Roman name ; 
 
 (Julius Proculus.) 
 Juni-US, i, m., Junius, a Roman name; 
 
 (L. Junius Brutus.) 
 Ju.no, Junon-is, /, the goddess Juno, wife 
 
 0/ Jupiter. 
 Jupiter, Jov-is, m, Jupiter. (Seep. 34.) 
 Jurgi-Um, i, n., a quarrel, strife. (Jur- 
 
 go.) 
 Juss-US, us, m., an order. (Jubeo.) 
 JUS, jiir-is, a, right, justice, law. 
 Justlti-a, &e,/.,"j ust ice. (Jus.) 
 Just-US, a, um, right, true, just, proper, 
 
 fair. (Jus.) 
 Juven-is, is, m. and /., adj., young: as 
 
 subst., a young man or woman. 
 Ju. vent-US, juventut-is, /., the season of 
 
 youth; youth; young people. (Juvenis.; 
 Juvo, juvi, jiitum, juv-are, to help, assist 
 Juxta, prep, with accus., and adv.. near 
 
 to, near; alike. 
 
LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 215 
 
 L. 
 
 L., an abbreviation for Lucius. 
 
 Labien-US, i, m., Labienus, one of Cae- 
 sar's lieutenants. 
 
 Labor, labor-is, m., labour, toil. 
 
 Lab6r-0, avi, atum, are, to labour, toil, 
 strive; be in difficulty; be oppressed. 
 (Labor.) 
 
 Lac, lact-is, n., milk. 
 
 Lacer-O, avi, atum, are, to tear, mangle, 
 mutilate. (Lacer, mangled.) 
 
 Lacess-O, Ivi, itum, ere, to irritate, pro- 
 voke; vex. (Lacio.) 
 
 Lacrim-a, ae, /., a tear. 
 
 Lacrimabund-US, a, um, tearful, sor- 
 rowful. (Lacrima.) 
 
 LaC-US, us, m., a lake. 
 
 Laed.0, laesi, laesum, laed-erc, to injure, 
 hurt. 
 
 Laesur-US, a, \xm,fut. part, act. o/laedo. 
 
 LaeS-US, a, um, perf.part. o/laedo. 
 
 Laet-or, atus sum, ari, to rejoice, be glad. 
 
 Laet-US, a, um, joyful, glad; fertile, rich. 
 
 Laev-US, a, um, left, on the left hand; 
 lucky : also ill-omened, unlucky. 
 
 Lagdn-a, ae,/., a flagon. 
 
 Lamb-O, i, ere, to lick, to lap. 
 
 Lan-a, ae, /, wool 
 
 Languid-US, a, um, languid, faint, weak. 
 (Langueo.) 
 
 Lanlf ici-um, i, «., the working of wool; 
 spinning, weaving. (Lana, facio.) 
 
 Lauiger, lanlger-a, lanlggr-um, wool- 
 bearing, woolly ; as subst., a sheep, 
 (Lana, gero.) 
 
 Lani-o, avi, atum, are, to tear. 
 
 Lanio, lanion-is (or lani-us, i), m., a 
 butcher. 
 
 Lapide-US, a, um, of or belonging to 
 stone, made of stone, stone. (Lapis.) 
 
 Lapis, lapld-is, m., a stone. 
 
 Late, adv., widely, extensively. (Latus.) 
 
 Lat-eo, ui, ere, to lie hid, be concealed; 
 to lurk ; to escape notice. 
 
 Latlbul-um, i, »., a lurking-place, den. 
 (Lateo.) 
 
 Latin-US, i, m., a Latin: pi, the Latins. 
 
 Lati-um, i, n., Latium, a division of Italy \ 
 
 Latro, latron-is, m., a robber. 
 
 Latr-O, avi, atum, are, to bark. 
 
 Lat-US, a, um, broad, wide, spacious. 
 
 Lat-US, a, um, (perf.part. o/fero,) car- 
 ried, brought, dec. 
 
 Latus, latgr-is, «., a side, flank. 
 
 Laudat-US, a, um, Raised; (perf.pari 
 o/laudo.) 
 
 Laud-O, avi, atum, are, to praise, com- 
 mend, express admiration of. (Laus.) 
 
 Laure-a, ae, /, a bay tree, laurel. 
 
 Laurenti-a, ae,/., Laurentia. 
 
 Laus, laud- is,/., praise, glory. 
 
 Lav-O, lavi (or lavavi), lautum, lOtum 
 (or lavatum), lavere (or lavare), to 
 bathe, wasJi, cleanse. 
 
 Lax-O, avi, atum, are, to make loose, 
 loosen; unbend; set free. (Laxus.) 
 
 Lax-us, a, um, loose; wide, open. 
 
 Legatio, legation-is, /, an embassy. 
 (Legatus.) 
 
 Legat-US, i, m., an ambassador ; a lieu- 
 tenant-general; a deputy. (Lego.) 
 
 Legio, legion- is, /, a legion, a division 
 of the Roman army, containing from 
 4000 to 6000 men. 
 
 Leg-O, avi, atum, are, to send as ambas- 
 sador ; intrust to ; bequeath. 
 
 Leg-O, legi, lectum, leg-gre, to lay in 
 order; choose; read. 
 
 Len-is, is, e, smooth, gentle. 
 
 Lent-US, a, um, lough ; pliant ; slow, 
 tardy. 
 
 Leo, leon-is, m., a lion. 
 
 Lepus, lep5r-is, m., a hare. 
 
 Letal-is, is, e, deadly, fatal. (Letum.) 
 
 Let-um, i, n., death. 
 lambr^Lev-is, is, e, light. 
 
 L§V-is, is, e, smooth, polished. 
 
 Lev-O, avi, atum, are, to lift up, raise ; 
 lighten. (LSvis.) 
 
 Lex, leg-is, /, law. 
 
 Libenter, adv., willingly. 
 
 Liber, libr-i, m., a book. 
 
 Liber, liber-a, liber-um, fret. 
 
 Liberal-is, is, e, noble, generous, liberal 
 (Liber.) 
 
 Liber-i, orum, m. pi, children. 
 
 Liber-O, avi, atum, arc, to set free, liber- 
 ate. (Liber.) 
 
 Libertas, llbertat-is,/., liberty. 
 
 Llbet, impers. verb, it pleases. (See p. 
 97, 5.) 
 
 Libido, (or liibido), llbldin-is, /, plea- 
 sure, desire, lust. (Libet.) 
 
 Licenti-a, ae,/, leave, permission; bold- 
 ness; licentiousness. (Licet.) 
 
216 
 
 LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 Licet, impers. verb, it is permitted; it i$ 
 lawful. {Seep. 97.) 
 
 Lictor, lictor-is, m., a lictor, an officer 
 who accompanied certain Roman magis- 
 trates. (LIgo, to bind.) 
 
 LigtL-um, i, «., vood, timber. 
 
 Llg-0, avi, atum, arc, to bind, tie. 
 
 LigO, llgon-is, m, a mattock, spade, hoe. 
 
 Lim-a, ae, /, a file. 
 
 Limen, limtn-is, n., a threshold, entranze. 
 
 Lim-llS, i, m., mud, slime. 
 
 LingU-a, ae, /., a tongue ; language. 
 
 Linquo, liqui, [lictum,] linqu ere. to 
 leave, abandon, desert. 
 
 Liquid-US, a, um, clear; bright, limpid. \ 
 
 Luci-US, i, m., Lucius, {proper name.) 
 Lucreti-a, ae, /, Lucretia, {proper 
 
 name.) 
 Lucr-Um, i, «., gain, profit. 
 LuCt-US, us, tn., grief, sorrow. (Lugeo.) 
 Luc-US, i, m., a grove, wood, 
 Ludlbri-um, i, n., a mockery; jest; 
 
 sport; scoff. (Lucius.) 
 Ludicer, v., ludicr-us, a, um, sportive: 
 
 pi., ludicra, games. (Ludus.) 
 Ludo, lusi, lusum, lud-ere, to play, sport. 
 
 (Ludus.) 
 Lizd-US, i, m., a play, sport, game; a 
 
 school: ludus literarum {or literarius), 
 
 an elementary school. 
 
 Liquor, liquor-is, m., Itquw ; uaitr, ; LugeO,luxi, Puctuiu,] lug- ere, tolament, 
 
 clear surface. bewail, mourn. 
 
 Lir-a, ae, /, a furrow: hence, deliro (de- . Lumen, lumln-is, n., light, 
 
 lirus), to be silly. -i-Lun-a, ae./, the moon. 
 
 Lis, litis,/, strife, a quarrel: law mat. Lup-a, ae,/, a she-wolf. 
 
 Liter-a, ae,/, a letter of alphabet, charac- 
 ter: in pi, letters ; literature; an epistle. 
 
 Lit-US, oris, ».. the shore. 
 
 Llvi-US, i, m., Livius, {proper name.) 
 
 LoC-O, avi, atum, are. to place, set in 
 position ; let out for hire. (Locus.) 
 
 LoC-US, i, a place, region: pi, loci (ml), 
 or loca (».) 
 
 Longe, adv., far, afar ; for a long time; 
 very much. (Longus.) 
 
 Long-US, a, um, long, tall; tedious. 
 
 Loquor, Ificutns sum, loqu-i, to speak, say. 
 
 Lubet, or libel, {which see.) 
 
 Lup-US, i, m., a wolf. 
 
 LusCini-US, i, m., {or lusclni-a, ae, /,) 
 a nightingale, 
 
 Lustr-O, avi, atum, are, to examine, sur- 
 vey, review; search; traverse. (Lust- 
 rum.) 
 
 Lux, luc-is,/, light: prima luce, at dawn. 
 
 Luxuri-a, ae,/. (luxuri-es, ei,/,) lux- 
 ury, voluptuousness. 
 
 Lux-US, us, m., extravagance {in mode 
 of life) ; luxury ; effeminacy ; splendour, 
 pomp. 
 
 Lymph-a, ae,/, clear waUr. 
 
 M. 
 
 M., abbreviation for Marcus. 
 
 Macedo, Mac6don-is, m., a Macedonian. 
 
 Maci-es, ei, /., wasting, consumption; 
 leanness. (Maceo, to be lean.) 
 
 Maer-eo, {or moereo,) ere, to be sorrow- 
 ful, to grieve, 
 
 Maest-US, a, um, sorrowful, mournful, 
 grieved; {per/, part, of maereo.) 
 
 Magis, adv., more, rather. 
 
 Magister, magistr-i, »?., « master; chief 
 man; an instructor. 
 
 Magis trat-US, us, m., a magistrate, 
 chief officer; also, magistracy. (Magis- 
 
 ter -K , 
 
 MagniflCe, adc, splendidly, magnifi- 
 cently. (Magnificus.) 
 
 MagnitUQO, magnltudln-is, /, great- 
 ness, magnitude, size. (Magnus.) — 
 
 Magn-US, a, um, great, large. 
 
 MajestaS, majestat-is, /, majesty, dig- 
 nity; grandeur. (Magnus.) 
 
 Major, major, majus, {compar. of mag- 
 nus.) greater. {See p. 37, 5.) 
 
 Male, adv., badly; severely. 
 
 Ma.ledic-0, maledixi, ifec, {see Dico,) to 
 speak ill of, slander, abuse, (Male, 
 dico.) 
 
 Mallti-a, ae, /, badness, wickedness: 
 ill-wiJl, malice. (Malus.) 
 
 Malo, malui, malle, {see p. 92,) to be 
 more willing; prefer. (Magis, volo.) 
 
 Mal-um, i, n., an evil, an ill, a misfor- 
 tune; plague: wickedness. 
 
 Mal-um, i, n., an apple. 
 
 Mai -US, a, um, bad, wicked; wretched. 
 
 Mal-US, i, /., an apple-tree. 
 
 Mal-US, i, m., the mast of a ship. 
 
 Mamili-US, i, m.. Mamilius {Tusculanv$\ 
 
LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 21 
 
 Mandat-um, i, »., a commission, com- 
 mand, order. (Mando, to intrust.) 
 Maneo, raansi, mansum, man-Sre, tore- 
 main, stay. 
 Manifest-US, a, um, evident, plain, 
 
 manifest. 
 Mailli-US, i, m., Manlius. 
 Mail-US, us, /., a hand; a band of sol- 
 diers. 
 
 Marci-US, 1, m., Marches (Ancus). 
 
 Marc-US, i, m., Marcus. 
 
 Mar-6, is, «., the sea.' 
 
 MargO, margin-is, m. or /., an edge, 
 margin, brink. 
 
 Maritim-US, a, um, belonging to the sea, 
 maritime. (.Mare.) 
 
 Marlt-US, i, m-., a married man, a hus- 
 band. (Mas.) 
 
 Mars, Mart-is, m., Mars, god of war. 
 
 Mas, mar-is, m., a male; male. 
 
 Mater, matr-is, /, a mother. 
 
 Materi-a, ae, /., or materi-es, Si, /, 
 matter, material ; source. 
 
 Matr6n-a, ae, /., a married woman, 
 matron, wife. (Mater.) 
 
 Matu.r-0, avi, atum, are, to hasten. 
 
 Matur-US, a, um, ripe, in season, mature. 
 
 Maxime, adv., most especially, chiefly; 
 very highly. (Maxim us.) 
 
 Maxim-US, a, um, (superl. of magnus,) 
 greatest, very great. 
 
 MedlCin-a, ae, /, the physician" s art ; 
 medicine ; surgery ; a remedy, or cure. 
 (Medicus.) 
 
 Medic-US, i, m., a physician, doctor. 
 (Medeor, to heal.) 
 
 Medi-US, a, um, middle; middling. 
 
 Meh.erCU.le, or Mehercules, By Hercules ! 
 
 Mel, mell-is, n., honey. 
 
 Mel-OS, i, «., a song. 
 
 Melior, melior, melius, better; (compar. 
 of bonus.) (Seep. 37, 5.) 
 
 Membr-um, i, «., a limb, member. 
 
 Memini, meminisse, preteritive verb, 
 (see p. 95,) /remember. 
 
 Memor-O, avi, atum, are, to call to mind; 
 relate, tell. (Memor.) 
 
 Meneni-us, i, m., Menenius (Agrippa.) 
 
 Mens,ment-is,/., the mind, the intellectual 
 faculty. 
 
 Mens-a, ae,/, a table. 
 
 MenS-is, is, m., a month. 
 
 Mentio, mention-is, /, a calling to mind; 
 mention, notice. 
 
 Mentior, mentltus sum, mentiri, to 
 prove one's self false ; deceive, lie. 
 
 Mercator, mercat5r-is, m, a merchant 
 
 (Mercor, to trade; from merx.) 
 Merces, merced-is, /., a reward; wages. 
 
 (Merx.) 
 Merciiri-US, i, m., Mercury, messenger 
 
 of the gods. 
 Mer-eo, ui, Itum, Ere, (or dep. mereor,) 
 
 to earn, gain, deserve. 
 Merg-O, mersi, mersum, merg-5re, to 
 
 plunge into, dip, sink, submerge; drown. 
 Meridi-es, ei, m., midday, noon. (Mer- 
 
 us, pure; dies.) 
 MeritO, adv., deservedly. (Meritus.) 
 Merit-um, i, n., a deserving action, good 
 
 deed, a benefit, service. (Mereo.) 
 Mers-US, a, um, sunk; drowned, &c; 
 
 (perf. part, of mergo.) 
 Merx, merc-is, /., merchandise, wares. 
 Metior, mensus sum, metlri, to measure, 
 
 mete. 
 Metu-O, i, (ii)tum, Sre, to fear, dread. 
 
 (Metus.) 
 Met-US, us, m.,fear. 
 Me-US, a, um, my, mine. - 
 
 Mi, contracted for mihi, dat. of ego. 
 Mi, voc. sing. masc. o/meus. 
 MlC-O, ui, are, to move quickly, dart; 
 
 quiver; flash, glitter. 
 Miles, millt-is, m., a soldier. 
 Militar-is, is, e, belonging to a soldier, 
 
 or to war; warlike, military. (Miles.) 
 Militi-a, ae, /, military service, war: 
 
 domi militiaeque, at peace and at war; 
 
 at home and abroad. (Miles.) 
 Mille, card, num., indecl. in sing., a thou- 
 sand: pZ.milli-a, (or milia,) um, bus, &c. 
 Mm-ae, arum,/, threats. 
 Minerv-a, ae, /, Minerva, goddess of 
 
 wisdom, <hc. 
 Minime, adv., the very least ; by no 
 
 means, not at all. (Minimus.) 
 Ministeri-um, i, n., attendance, service. 
 
 (Minister.) 
 Ministr-O, avi, atum, are, to serve, 
 
 attend, wait upon. (Minister.) 
 Min-or, atus sum, ari, to threaten. 
 
 (Minae.) 
 Minor, minor, minus, (compar. of parv- 
 us,) less, smaller. (Seep. 37.) 
 Minus, neut. of minor, and adv., less. 
 Mirabll-is, is, e, worthy of admiration ; 
 
 wonderful. (Miror.) 
 Miracul-um, i, n., a wonderful thing, 
 
 wonder; miracle. (Minis.) 
 Mir-or, atus sum, ari, to wonder at; ad- 
 mire. 
 
218 
 
 LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 Mlr-US, a, urn, wonderful, extraordinary. 
 Misceo, miscui, mistum, (or mixtura), 
 
 misc-ere, to mix, mingle; con/use. 
 Miser, miser-a, um, wretched, miserable; 
 
 pitiable; pitiful. 
 Miser-eo, ui, Itum, ere, (same as miser- 
 
 eor,) to pity, feel sorrow for. (Miser.) 
 Misereor, miserltus (or misertus) sum, 
 
 miser-eri, to pity. 
 Miseret, impers.verb, it pities. (Miser.) 
 
 (Seep. 97, 4.) 
 MisericorS, gen. misericord-is, adj., 
 
 tender-hearted, compassionate, merciful. 
 
 (Miser, cor.) 
 Miserit-US, a, um, having pitied, (perf. 
 
 part, of misereor.) 
 Miss-US, a, um, sent; (perf. part, of 
 
 mitto.) 
 Mltlg-O, avi, atum, are, to make mild, 
 
 mitigate, assuage. (Mitis, ago.) 
 Mlt-is, is, e, mild, mellow, gentle. 
 MittO, misi, missum, mitt-ere, to throw, 
 
 cast; send; utter. 
 Mod.0, adv., only ; just now; lately. 
 M6d-US, i, m., measure, limit; manner, 
 
 way, mode. 
 Moeni-a, um, n. pi., ramparts, fortifica- 
 tions, walls. (Munio.) 
 Moereo. {See Maereo.) 
 Moest-US. (See Maesrus.) 
 M61est-US, a, um, troublesome ; burden- 
 some, oppressive ; annoying. (Moles.) 
 Molior, molltus, mol-iri, to prepare 
 
 (with labour); strive; throw; build; 
 
 contrive. (Moles.) 
 Moll-io, Ivi, Itum, ire, to soften, miti- 
 gate; tame. (Mollis.) 
 Moll-is, is, e, adj., soft, tender; weak. 
 Mon-eo, ui, Itum, ere, to warn, advise; 
 
 instruct. 
 Monil-e, is, n., a necklace, collar. 
 Mons, mont-is, m., a mountain. 
 Monstr-O, avi, atum, are, to point out, 
 
 show. 
 M6r-a, ae, /, delay. 
 Morb-US, i, m., disease, sicktiess. 
 Mordax, gen. mordac-is, adj., biting, 
 
 cutting. (Mordeo.) 
 Mordeo, m<5mordi, morsum, mord-ere, 
 
 to bite, nip, sting; backbite; pain. 
 
 Morior, mortuns sum. mod, to die. 
 M8r-or, atus sum, ari, to delay, linger. 
 
 trifle. (Mora.) 
 Mors, mort-is,/, death. (Morior.) 
 Mors-US, us, m., a bite, sting, Sec 
 
 (Mordeo.) 
 Mortal-is^ is, e, subject to deatft, mortal: 
 
 as subst., man. (Mors.) 
 MortU-US, a, um, dead; (perf. part, oj 
 
 morior.) 
 M5s, mor-is, m., custom, habit, manner : 
 
 pi, mores, conduct, character. 
 Mdt-US, us, m., movement, motion. 
 
 (Moveo) 
 Moveo, movi, motum, mov-ere, to put 
 
 in motion, move ; excite, stir up. 
 MOX, adv., by-and-by, soon; immediately; 
 
 at an after-lime. 
 Muci-US, i, m., Mucius (Scaevola). 
 Mul-a, ae, /, a she-mule, 
 Mulcat-US, a, um, maltreated, mauled , 
 
 (perf. part, o/mulco.) 
 Mulc-O, (or mulcto, or multo), avi, 
 
 atum, are, to punish, fine; maul, mal- 
 treat (Multa, or mulcta, a fine.) 
 Mulier, mulier-is, /., a woman, wife. 
 Multitudo, multitudln-is, /., a multi- 
 tude, a great number, a mob, crowd. 
 
 (Multus.) 
 Mult-O, (or mulct-o,) see Mulco. 
 MultO, adv., by much; much, far; long 
 
 (of time.) (Multus.) 
 Mult-um, adv., much, greatly. 
 Mult-US, a, um, much, great: in pl^ 
 
 many. 
 Mul-US, i, m., a mule. 
 Mund-US, i, "»., the world. 
 Mun-io, Ivi, itum, Ire, to fortify, defend\ 
 
 strengthen, 
 Munit-US, a, um, perf. part, of munio. 
 Munus, muner-is, n., an office, dignity 
 
 duty; favour; gift. 
 Mur-US, i, m.. a wall. 
 Mils, mur-is, m., a mouse. 
 Musc-a, ae,/., a fly. 
 Mustel-a, ae, /., a weasel 
 Mut-O, avi, atum, are, to change, alter. 
 Mut-US, a, um, dumb, speechless. 
 Myrt-US, i, /., a myrtle. 
 
LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 219 
 
 N. 
 
 Nact-US, a, um, having procured; (per/, 
 part, o/nanciscor.) 
 
 Nam, con;., for. 
 
 Namque, conj., for. 
 
 Nanciscor, nactus sum, nancisci, to get, 
 
 procure, obtain. 
 Nar-is, is,/., a nostril: pi, nares, the 
 
 nostrils ; the nose. 
 Narratio, narratiOn-is, /., a narrative, 
 
 story, tale. (Narro.) 
 Narr-O, avi, atum, are, to tell, relate. 
 
 (From g-narus, knowing.) 
 Nascor, ntitus sum, nascl, (dep. 3,) to 
 
 spring from ; to be born. 
 Nat-a, ae, /., a daughter ; (fern, ofpar- 
 
 ticip. natus, a, um.) 
 Nat-O, avi, atum, are, to swim. (No ) 
 NatU, abl. of nat-us, us, m,, by birth ; 
 
 (vsed in the phrases, major or ninor 
 
 natu, Sec, older, younger.) 
 Natur-a, ae, /., nature ; disposition. 
 
 (Nascor.) 
 Nat-US, i, m., a son; (masc. of nat-us, a, 
 
 um.) 
 Nat-US, a, um, born; (perf. part, of 
 
 nascor.) 
 Naut-a, ae, to., a sailor; (contracted for 
 
 navita, from navis.) 
 Navig-O, avi, atum, are, to manage a 
 
 ship ; sail, navigate. (Navis, ago.) 
 Nav-is, is, /., (accus., em or im ; abl, e 
 
 or i), a ship. 
 Navi-US, (Acci-us), i, m., Navius. (See 
 
 Accius.) 
 Ne, conj., (= ut, non), that not, lest. 
 Ne, adv., not. In prohibitions, with im- 
 perative or subjunctive. 
 Ne, interrog. adv., whether or no? It is 
 
 always attached to some word, as, 
 
 Amasne, do you love? Nonne, is it 
 
 not? ■* 
 
 Nec, (or neque,) = et non, and not, nei- 
 ther ; nec— nec, neither— nor. 
 Necessltas, necessitat-is, /., necessity, 
 
 need. 
 Nec-O, avi (or ui), atum, are, to put to 
 
 a violent death, kill, slay. (Nex.) 
 Nefast-US, a, um, not holy; profane; 
 
 wicked; unlucky. (See Fastus.) 
 NegllgO, neglexi, neglectum, negllg- 
 
 ere, to disregard; neglect. (Nec, 
 
 lego.) 
 
 Neg-O, avi, atum, arc, to say no, deny 
 
 (Ne, aio.) 
 Neg6ti-um, i, »», business, employment, 
 
 labour; an affair; thing. (Nec, oti- 
 
 um.) 
 Nemo, (nemln-is), m. or/, no one. (Ne, 
 
 homo.) 
 Nemoricultrix, nemoricultric-is, /, 
 
 an inhabitant of the woods. (Nemus, 
 
 colo.) 
 Nemoros-us, a, um, full of woods or 
 
 thickets, woody. (Nemus.) 
 Nempe, adv., forsooth; certainly, truly. 
 Nemus, nem(5r-is, n., a grove, wood. 
 Nepos, nepot-is, to., a grandson. 
 Neptun-US, i, m., Neptune, god of live 
 
 sea. 
 Nequam, adj. (indeclinable), good for no- 
 thing, worthless ; dissolute. 
 Neque, and— not, neither. (See Nec.) 
 Nequ-eo, Ivi, itum, ire, to be unable. 
 
 (Ne, queo.) 
 Nequidquam, or nequiequam, adv., in 
 
 vain, fruitlessly. 
 Nequis, nequa, nequod, or nequid, lest 
 
 any. 
 Nequiti-a, ae, /., badness; worthless- 
 
 ness ; profligacy. (Nequam.) 
 NesC-io, ivi, itum, ire, not to know, be 
 
 ignorant. (Ne, scio.) 
 Nesci-US, a, um, not knowing, ignorant. 
 
 (Ne, scio.) 
 Neu, adv. and conj., = et, ut, non, and 
 
 that not, and lest. (Same as Neve.) 
 Neuter, neutr-a, neutr-um, neither (of 
 
 two.) See p. 35, 8. (Ne, uter.) 
 Neve. (See Neu.) 
 Nex, ngc-is. /, violent death; death 
 NJ, conj., if not, unless. 
 Nld-US, i, to., a nest. 
 Niger, nigr-a, nigr-um, black, swarthij. 
 Nihil, or nil, indecl. subst., n., nothing. 
 
 Full form, nihilum. 
 Nil, or nihil (See Nihil.) 
 Nil-US, i, m., the Nile. 
 Nimi-us, a, um, too much, excessive. 
 
 (Nimis.) 
 Nisi, conj., if not, unless, except. (Ni, 
 
 si.) 
 NlS-US, us, to., an exertion, effort, at- 
 tempt. (Nitor.) 
 Nlt-eo, ui, ere, to shine, glitter; be neat. 
 
220 
 
 LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 Nitld-US, a, um, shiny, bright, glossy, 
 
 sleek. (Niteo.) 
 Nltor, nltor-is, m., brightness, splendour, 
 
 glossiness. (Niteo.) 
 NllOT, nisus, (or nixus sum,) iriti, to lean 
 
 upon, press upon ; strive, exert one's self. 
 Nix, nlv-is, /., snow. 
 Nix-US, a, um, per/, part. 0/ nltor. 
 No, navi, natum, nare, to swim. 
 N6bil-is, is, e, well-known, (no-tus,) fa- 
 mous; of high birth, noble. 
 Nobllltas, nobllltat-is,/, celebrity, fame; 
 
 high birth, nobility; the nobles (as a body); 
 
 generosity. (Nobilis.) 
 N5c-eO, ui, ltum, ere, to hurt, injure, 
 
 damage ; (governs dative.) 
 Noctum-US, a, um, belonging to the 
 
 night, nightly, nocturnal. (Nox.) 
 Nocttl, all. (of old subst. noctus,) used as 
 
 an adverb, by night. 
 N61-0, ui, nolle, to be unwilling. The 
 
 imper. noli is used with inf. of another 
 
 verb, to express a strong prohibition ; 
 
 as, Noli putare, don't (for a moment) 
 
 imagine. (Non, volo.) 
 Nomen, nomln-is, n.. a name. 
 Nomin-O, avi, atum, are, to name, call; 
 
 appoint. (Nomen.) 
 N6n, adv., not. 
 
 Nondum, adv., not yet. (Non, dum.) 
 Nonne, adv., Is. it not T (the answer 
 
 " Yes" is expected.) (Non, ne.) 
 NOSCO, novi, nOtum, nose- ere, to know. 
 Noster, nostr-a, nostr-um, our, ours. 
 
 JNos.) 
 N8t-a, ae, /., a mark (by which to know 
 
 something), sign. (Nosco.) 
 N6t-US, a, um, well-known; (perf. part. 
 
 of nosco.) 
 N5vacul-a, ae,/, a razor. 
 N6vi, / know; (perf. of nosco, used as 
 
 Pres.) p 
 Novissime, adv., most recently, very re- 
 cently, lastly, last of all, at last. (No vis- . 
 
 simus, superL of novus.) 
 
 NoV-US, a, um, new, recent, fresh, 
 NOX, noct-is, /., night. 
 Nub-§S, is,/, a cloud; covering. 
 Nubo,nupsi, nuptum, nub-Sre, to marry; 
 
 to be married to; (said of the female-) 
 
 Governs dative. 
 Nud-O, avi, atum, are, to make naked; 
 
 strip; expose, 
 N fid-US, a, um, naked, bare; exposed. 
 Null-US, a, um, (gen., nullius,) not any, 
 
 none. Seep. 35. (Ne, ullus.) 
 Num, adv. interrog., whether or no ? (the 
 
 answer "No" expected.) 
 Num-a, ae, m., Numa, second king of 
 
 Rome, 
 Numen, numln-is, n., divinity, godhead; 
 
 a deitff. (Nuo.) 
 Numer-US, i, m., number. 
 Numitor, Numltor-is, m., yumitor, 
 
 grandfather of Romulus. 
 Numm-US, i, m,, (or numus, i), money; 
 
 a coin. 
 Nunc, adv., now, already; as it is. 
 Nunquam, adv., never: non-nunquam. 
 
 sometimes. 
 Nunti-O, (or nunci-o,) avi, arum, are, to 
 
 tell, report. (Nuntius.) 
 Nunti-US, i, m., a messenger; a messagf; 
 
 news. (Said to be contracted for novi- 
 
 ventius, newly come.) 
 Nuper, adv., lately; (contracted for novi- 
 
 per, from novus.) 
 Nupti-ae, arum, /., a marriage, wed- 
 ding, nuptials. (Nubo.) 
 Nur-US, us,/, a daughter-in-law. 
 Nusquam, adv., nowhere, (Ne, us- 
 
 quam.) 
 Nut-O, avi, atum. are, to nod, waver. 
 
 (Nuo, to nod, as in abnuo, renuo.) 
 Nutlix, nurric-is, /., a nurse^ wet-nurse. 
 
 (Said to be contracted from nutri-trix, 
 
 from nutrio, to nourish.) 
 NUX, nuc-is, /, a nut 
 Nympb-a, ae,/, a nymph. 
 
 0, interjection, .' oh .' 
 
 Ob, prep, with accus., towards, against; 
 
 on account of, for. 
 Obed-io, Ivi, (or ii,) Itnm, Tie, to obey ; 
 
 serve, (Ob, audio.) 
 Ob-60, ii, ltum, Ire, to go loicarxls, meet ; 
 
 oppose; to die. (Ob, ec.) 
 
 Object-US, a, um, opposed to; (perf. part, 
 of objicio.) 
 
 Objicio, objeci, objectum, objic-ere, to 
 throw to or before ; expose. (Ob, jscio.) 
 
 Obnoxi-US, a, um, liable to (punish- 
 ment) ; exposed to, subject to ; prone to. 
 (Ob, noxius.) 
 
LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 221 
 
 Obru-O, I, (B)tum, fere, to cover over, 
 bury; overwhelm. (Ob, ruo.) 
 
 Obsecr-O, avi, atum, are, to beseech, 
 entreat. (Ob, sacro.) 
 
 Obsequor, obsecutns sum, obsSqui, to 
 follow after; attend on; comply with, 
 yield to, be obedient. (Ob, sequor.) 
 Governs dative. 
 
 Obses, obsld-is, m. or/., a hostage. 
 
 Obsideo, obsSdl, obsessum, obstd-ere, to 
 invest, blockade, besiege. (Ob, sedeo.) 
 
 Obstlnat-US, a, um, stubborn, obstinate; 
 unflinching, determined; (perf part, of 
 obstino.) 
 
 Obstrep-O, ui, ttum, Bre, to make a 
 noise against, drown with noise. (Ob, 
 strepo.) 
 
 Obstupefaci.0, (see Facio), to bewilder, 
 astonish, amaze. (Ob, stupeo.) 
 
 Qbtem.per-0, avi, Stum, are, to comply 
 with, obey. (Ob, tempero.) 
 
 Obtlll-eo, ui, obtentum, obtin-gre, to 
 hold, possess ; get, obtain. (Ob, teneo.) 
 
 Obviam, adv., agaimt; in the way of. 
 (Ob, via.) 
 
 Occasio, occasi5n-is, /, opportunity, oc- 
 casion; crisis. (Occldo.) 
 
 OccaS-US, us, m., a falling down; setting 
 (of sun, Jkc.) ; the west ; death. (Oc- 
 cido, to fall, set.) 
 
 Occid-O, i, occlsum, occid-6re» to kill, 
 slay. (Ob, caedo.) 
 
 Occupat-US, a, um, perf. part, of oc- 
 eiipo. 
 
 Occup-O, avi, atum, are, to anticipate; 
 seize, take possession of, occupy. (Ob, 
 capio.) 
 
 0(5CUrr-0, i, occursum, occurr-ere, to run 
 towards, to meet. (Ob, curro.) 
 
 Ocior, ocior, ocius, swifter, quicker. 
 
 Octavi-a, ae,/, Octavia. 
 
 Octavian-US, i, m., Octavianus (Au- 
 gustus.) 
 
 Ocul-US, i, m., an eye. 
 
 Odi, odisse, (preteritive verb,) to hate. 
 (Seep. 95.) 
 i — OdidS-US, a, um, hateful, odious. (Odi- 
 um.) 
 
 Odi-um, i, n., hatred, grudge. (Odi.) 
 
 Offero, obtuli, oblatum, offerre, to pre- 
 sent, offer. (Ob, fero.) 
 
 OfflClH-a, ae, /, a workshop. 
 
 Offici-um, i, «., duty, service. (Said to 
 be contracted from opiftaum, from 
 opifex, a workman.) 
 
 Offundo, offudi, offusum, offund-gre, to 
 
 pour upon; spread over; overwhelm. 
 
 (Ob, fundo.) 
 Off us-us, a, urn, perf. part, of offundo. 
 Olim, adv., at some time, (past or future ;) 
 
 formerly, once upon a time ; hereafter. 
 OllV-a, ae,/., an olive. 
 Omeil, 5mln-is, 7i., a token, sign, indica- 
 tion, omen. 
 Omn-is, is, e, adj., every, all. 
 Oner-O, avi, atum, are, to load. 
 Onus, oner-is, n., a load, burden. 
 Opes, opum, /. pi., resources; wealth. 
 
 (See Opis.) 
 Oper-a, ae, /, work, labour, service: dare 
 
 operam, to exert one's self. 
 Opis, gen. ; dat., 5pi, (very rare ;) accus., 
 
 opem; abl., ope;— power, might; 
 
 wealth; help. 
 Oportet, impers. verb, it is necessary, it 
 
 behoves, must, ought. Seep. 97. (Opus, 
 
 necessity.) 
 Oppidan-US, i, m., a townsman. (Op- 
 
 pidum.) 
 
 Oppid-um, i, n., a town. . 
 
 Opportun-US, a, um, convenient, suit- 
 able, opportune. (Ob, opposite ; portus, 
 
 the haven.) 
 Opprfmo, oppressi, oppressum, opprlm- 
 
 gre, to overpower; crush; kill; catch, 
 
 surprise. (Ob, premo.) 
 Oppugnatio, oppugnation-is, /, an as- 
 sault, siege, storming (of a town.) (Op- 
 
 pugno.) 
 Oppugn-O, avi, atum, are, to fight 
 
 against, assault, storm. (Ob, pugno.) 
 Optlm-US, a, um, best, (superl. of bonus ) 
 
 (Seep. 37.) 
 Optio, option-is, /, choice: dare option - 
 
 em, to give a choice. (Opto.) 
 Opus, op6r-is, »., a work, labour. 
 Opus, indecl., n., need: opus est, it is ne- 
 cessary. 
 Oratio, orati5n-is, f., speech; power oj 
 
 speech ; an oration. (Oro.) 
 Orator, orator-is, m., a pleader, a public 
 
 speaker, orator. (Oro.) 
 Ordin-O, avi, atum, are, to put in order, 
 
 arrange. (Ordo.) 
 Ordior, orsus sum, ord-Iri, (dep..) to 
 
 begin, undertake. 
 OrgetOriX, OrggtSrlg-U, m., Orge- 
 
 torix. 
 OriOr, ortus sum, 6r-Iri, (dep.,) to a7-ise, 
 
 begin; spring from. 
 Ornat-US, us, m., ornament: a badge; 
 
 equipment. (Orno.) 
 
222 
 
 LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 0rn-O, avi, arum, are. to adtyrn, deck, 
 ornament ; equip. 
 
 Or-O, avi, atum, are, to beg, pray, en- 
 treat 
 
 Ort-US, a, um, per/, part, of orior. 
 
 Ort-US, us, m., the rising {of the sun); 
 east. (Orior.) 
 
 Os, or-is, n., the mouth; a bill, beak; the 
 face. 
 
 Os, oss-is, n., a bom. 
 
 Os-culor, atus sum, an, (dep. 1,) to kiss. 
 (Osculum.) 
 
 Oscul-um, i, n., a kiss. (Os.) 
 
 Osteild-0, i, ostensum, (or ostentum,) os- 
 
 tend-6ie, to stretch forth ; show, exhibit. 
 
 (Ob, tendo.) 
 Osti-a, ae,/, Ostia, the sea-port of Rome. 
 
 at the rru>uth of the Tiber. , 
 
 0ti6s-US, a, um, having abundance oj 
 
 leisure; quiet; idle. (Otium.) 
 Oti-um, i, n., ease; leisure; idleness; 
 
 peace. 
 Ovil-e, is, n., a sheep-fold. (Ovis.) 
 Ov-is, is, /., a sheep. 
 Ov-O, avi, atum, are, to triumph. (OvU.) 
 Ov-um, i, «., an egg. 
 
 P. 
 
 Pabul-um, i, n., fodder. (Pasco, pa- vi.) 
 Pacat-US, a, um, per/, part, of paco, 
 
 and adj., pacified, subdued. 
 Pa.C-0, avi, atum, are, to render peaceful, 
 
 pacify; subdue. (Pax.) 
 Pact-US, a, um, having agreed; {perf. 
 
 part, of paciscor, to agree.) 
 Paene, adv., almost, nearly. 
 Pallid-US, a, um, pale, wan. (Palleo.) 
 PaliiS, paliid-is,/., a marsh, fen. 
 Pal-US, i, m., a stake, pole, pale. 
 Pan, Pan-is, or Pan os, m., Pan, god of 
 
 shepherds; (accus., Pana.) 
 Pand-O, i, pansum, and passum, pand- 
 
 eie, to lay open, expose to view. 
 Pang-O, pepigi, pactum, pang-ere, to 
 
 establish, fix ; to bargain ; agree. 
 Pan-is, is, m., bread, a loaf. 
 Panther-a, ae, /., a panther. 
 Papaver, papaver-is, n., a poppy. 
 Par, gen. paris, adj., (see p. 31,) equal to, 
 
 on an equulity with; alike; a match for. 
 Parco, pepeici, (or parsi,) parsnm, (and 
 
 parcitum,) parc-ere, to spare ; refrain 
 
 from, forbear ; (governs dat.) (Parcus.) 
 Parens, parent-is, m. or /, a parent, 
 
 (father or mother.) (Pario.) 
 Par-eo, ui, Itum, ere, to appear; attend 
 
 on; obey. 
 Pario, pfiperi, partum, par-ere, to bring 
 
 forth, produce ; get, procure. 
 Parnass-US, i, m., Parnassus, a moun- 
 tain in Greece, 
 Par-O, avi, atum, are, to prepare, get 
 
 ready; provide. 
 Pars, part-is,/, apart, share, portion. 
 Partior, partitas sum, part-Iri, to divide, 
 
 apportion. (Pars ) 
 Partiir-io, Ivi, Itum, ire, to be about to 
 
 bring forth ; to desire to bring forth. 
 
 (Partus.) 
 Part-US, us, m., a bringing forth; a 
 
 birth, offspring. (Pario.) 
 Part-US, a, um, obtained, procured; 
 
 (perf. part, of pario.) 
 Parum, adv., too little; little; not 
 Parvul-US, a, um, very little; (dimin. of 
 
 parvus.) 
 Parv-US, a, um, small, little. ~~~~~ 
 Pasco, pavi, pastum, pasc-ere, to feed, 
 
 pasture; nourish. 
 Passer, passer-is, m., a sparrow. 
 Pass-US, a, um, dishevdled; scattered; 
 
 (perf. part, o/pando.) 
 Pastor, pastSr-is, m., a shepherd, herds- 
 man. (Pasco.) 
 Past-um, supine o/pasco. 
 Paten-a, (or patina,) ae, /., a flat dish, 
 
 plate. (Pateo.) 
 Pat-eo, ui, ere, to lie open ; be exposed to; 
 
 extend. 
 Pater, patr-is, nu, a father, ancestor- 
 
 patres, senators, or ancestors. 
 Patem-US, a, um, belonging to a father. 
 Patiens, patient-is, (pres. part of 
 
 patior, and adj.,) suffering; patient, en- 
 
 duranL 
 Patior, passus sum, pat-i, (dep. 3.) to 
 
 suffer, allow; endure, submit to. 
 Patri-a, ae,/, native country. (Pater.) 
 ?atr-0, avi. atum, are, to perform, ac- 
 complish, finisli. 
 Patui-US, a, um, wide- spreading, broad. 
 
 (Pateo.) 
 PauC-i, ae, a, few; a few: s ing., paucus, 
 
 (rare,) few; little. 
 Pauper, gen. pauper-is, a-fj., poor, 
 
 needy. 
 
LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 223 
 
 Paupertas, paupertat-is, /., poverty. 
 
 (Pauper.) 
 PavenS, pavent-is, adj., (and pres. part. 
 
 of paveo,) fearful, timid. 
 Paveo, pavi, pav-ere, to be afraid, to fear, 
 
 to dread. 
 Pa,VO, pavOn-is, m., a peacock. 
 Pavor, pavor-is, m.,fear. (Paveo.) 
 Pax, pac-is,/, peace. 
 Peccat-um, i, n., an error, fault; sin. 
 
 (Pecco.) 
 PeCC-0, avi, atum, are, to err; sin; 
 
 commit a fault. 
 Pecten, pectin-is, m., a comb. (Pecto, 
 
 to comb.) 
 Pectus, pectSr-is, n., the breast ; heart. 
 Pecuni-a, ae, /., money, (Pecus.) 
 PeCUS, pee5r-is, n., a flock ; cattle. 
 Pec-US, udis, /., a head of cattle; a beast. 
 Pellicio, pellexi, pellectum, pellic-eYe, 
 
 to entice, allure, coax. (Per, lacio.) 
 Pell-is, is, /., a skin, hide. 
 Pello, pgpuli, pulsurn, pell-ere, to drive ; 
 
 push; expel; rout. 
 Pendeo, pependi, pensum, pend-ere, to 
 
 hang, be suspended; be imminent. 
 
 (Pendo.) 
 Pendo, pSpendi, pensum, pend-ere, to 
 
 hang up ; weigh ; pay. 
 Penitus, adv., inwardly; thoroughly, 
 
 entirely. 
 Penn-a, ae, /., a feather. 
 Peperci, perf. ind. act. of parco. 
 Peperi, perf. ind. act. of pario. 
 Per, prep, with accus., through; dining; 
 
 by, by means of; on account of. 
 Per-a, ae, /., a bag, wallet. 
 PeragO, peregi, peractum, perag-cre, to 
 
 go through with; traverse; perform, 
 
 execute. (Per, ago.) 
 Peragr-O, avi, atum, are, to wander 
 
 through, roam through, traverse. (Ter, 
 
 ager.) 
 Percont-Or, (or percunctor,) atus sum, 
 
 ari, (dep. 1,) to search or probe tho- 
 roughly; to examine; inquire into. 
 Percuti.0, percussi, percussum, perciit- 
 
 ere, to strike through ; slay, kill. (Per, 
 
 quatio.) 
 Perd-O, Idi, ltum, 6re, to destroy, ruin; 
 
 lose. 
 PerdiiCO, perduxi, perductum, perdue- 
 fire, to lead through, conduct. (Per, 
 
 duco.) 
 Per8grin-US, a, urn, foreign, strange, 
 
 aliin. (Per, ager.) 
 
 Per-eo, ii, (IvI,) ltum, Ire, to go through; 
 
 perish, die; be ruined. (Per, eo.) 
 Perfero, pertfili, perlatum, perferre, 
 
 to carry through, convey; endure, suffer. 
 
 (Per, fero.) 
 Perfldi-a, ae, /., violation of faith; per- 
 fidy, falsehood. (Perfidus.) 
 Perf ld-US, a, urn, faithless, treacherous. 
 
 (Per, fides.) 
 Perfug-a, ae, m., a runaway, a de- 
 serter. (Perfugio.) 
 PergO, perrexi, perrectum, perg-ere, to 
 
 go right on, proceed, advance. (Per, 
 
 rego.) 
 Perlcllt-or, atus sum, ari, to incur dan- 
 ger. (Periculum.) 
 Periclum, syncopated for periculum. 
 Pericul-um, i, n., a trial; risk, danger. 
 Peritur-US, a, urn, fut. part, o/pereo. 
 Perlt-US, a, urn, experienced, skilled; 
 
 clever. 
 Perlustr-O, avi, atum, are, to range 
 
 through, traverse; examine, survey. 
 PermittO, permisi, permissum, per- 
 
 mitt-ere, to send on ; let go ; surrender ; 
 
 allow. (Per, mitto.) 
 Permot-US, a, urn, alarmed; (perf. 
 
 part, o/permoveo.) 
 Permoveo, permovi, permotum, per- 
 
 m5v-ere, to move to the centre ; excite, 
 
 arouse, alarm. (Per, moveo.) 
 Permulceo, permulsi, permulsum, pcr- 
 
 mulc-ere, to stroke gently; soothe; 
 
 please. (Per, mulceo.) 
 Pemici-es, ei, /., destruction; death; 
 
 calamity. (Perneco.) 
 Perpast-US, a, urn, thoroughly fed; fut. 
 
 (Per, pastus.) 
 Perpauc-i, ae, a, very few. (Per, 
 
 pauci.) 
 Perpetuo, adv., continually, constantly. 
 
 (Perpetuus, from per and peto.) 
 Pers-a, ae, m., a Persian. 
 Perscribo, perscripsi, perscriptum, per- 
 
 scrlb-5re, to write fully; to write outt 
 
 write at length, detail. (Per, scrlbo.) 
 Persequor, persecutus sum, persgqui, 
 
 (dep. 3,) to follow after; pursue. (Per, 
 
 sequor.) 
 Persi-a, ae, (or Perse, Perses,) /, Persia, 
 Persolv-O, i, persolutum, persolv-ere, 
 
 to free entirely ; pay to the last farthing ; 
 
 explain. (Per, solvo.) 
 PerstringO, perstrinxi, perstrictum, 
 
 perstring-5re, to seize tightly ; check ; 
 
 reprove. (Per, stringo.) 
 
224 
 
 LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 Persuadeo, persuasi, persuasum, per- 
 suad-Sre, to convince; persuade. (Per, 
 stiadeo.) 
 
 Pertaesum est, {see p. 97, 4 ; per/, of 
 pertaedet,) it is disgusting; it dis- 
 gusts. 
 
 Pertrah.0, pertraxi, pertractum, per- 
 trah-ere, to drag through; protract, 
 prolong. (Per, traho.) 
 
 Pertnrbat-US, a, um, dismayed, terri- 
 fied; (perf. part, o/perturbo.) 
 
 Perturb-O, 5vi, atum, are, to disturb 
 greatly ; confuse ; confound. (Per, 
 turbo.) 
 
 Perven-io, i, turn, ire, to come all the 
 way; arrive, reach. (Per, venio.) 
 
 Pes, p6d-is, m., afoot. 
 
 Pessim-US, a, um, the worst; superl. of 
 malus. (Seep. 37.) 
 
 Pestllenti-a, ae, /., a plague ; destruc- 
 tion, 
 
 Pet-O, ivi, Itum, ere, to make for; attack; 
 seek, ask; covet. 
 
 Petulans, gen. pgtulant-is, adj., for- 
 ward ; petulant ; insolent, saucy. (Peto.) 
 
 Ph.aeth.on, Phaethont-is, m., Phaethon, 
 son of Apollo. 
 
 Philipp-i, orum, ;?;., Philippi, a town 
 of Macedonia, 
 
 Philosophi-a, ae, /., philosophy ; learn- 
 ing. 
 
 Phoeb-US, i, m., Phoebus, the sun god. 
 
 Pict-US, a, um, painted; variegated; 
 (perf. part, o/pingo.) 
 
 Pietas, pietat-is, /., filial affection ; duty; 
 piety. (Pius.) 
 
 Piget, impers. verb, it grieves (me); I 
 regret. (See p. 97, 4.) 
 
 Pignus, pign6r-is, n., a pledge; wager. 
 
 Plla, ae, /., a ball. 
 
 Pile-US, i, m., a cap, hat. (Pilus.) 
 
 Pll-US, i, m., a hair. 
 
 PingO, pinxi, pictum, ping-Sre, to 
 paint ; embroider. 
 
 Pin-US, i, /., (2d Bed.,) or us, (4//; 
 Bed.,) a pine-tree. 
 
 PisC-is, is, »!., a fish, 
 
 Pisistrat-US, i, m., Pisistratus. 
 
 Pla,C-eo, ui, itum, ere, to please. 
 
 Placet, impers., it pleases; it is resolved. 
 
 Placid-US, a, um, calm, peaceful, gentle.-' 
 (Placeo.) 
 
 Plac-O, avi, atum, are, to make calm, 
 soothe, appease. 
 
 Plane, adv., plainly, clearly, evidently. 
 manifestly. (Planus.,) 
 
 Planet-a, ae, m., a wandering star ; a 
 
 planet. 
 Plan-US, a, um,.7?a*; plain; level 
 Pl§bei-US, a, um, belonging to the plebs, 
 
 plebeian; common, (Plebs.) 
 Pleb-es, is, or ei, or i, /, the plebs, com- 
 mon people. 
 Plebs, plebis, /., same as plebes. 
 Plen-US, a, um, full. 
 Plum-a, ae, /., down; a small feaUier; 
 
 plumage. 
 Plures,plures, plura, more: (pi. o/prus: 
 
 compar. o/multus.) 
 Plurimum, adv., very much: videre 
 
 plurimum,*osee most keenly. (Plurimus.) 
 Plurim-US, a, um, t/ie most; very much; 
 
 very many; (superl. o/multus.) 
 Plus, gen. plfir-is, more ; newt, of coin- 
 par, of multus. (See p. 37, 5.) Also 
 
 adv , more. 
 P6cul-um, i, «., a drinking vessel, cup, 
 
 bowl. (Root, po, to drink.) 
 Poem-a, poemat-is, n., a poem. 
 Poen-a, ae, /, satisfaction (for an in- 
 jury ;) punishment ; fine : dare poenas. 
 
 to suffer punishment : sumere poenas, 
 
 to inflict punishment. 
 Poenitenti-a, ae,/., repentance. (Poen- 
 
 itere.) 
 Poenitet, impers. verb, it repents. Set 
 
 p. 97, 4; also p. 93, 9, (2.) 
 Poet-a, ae, 7ii., a poet. 
 Polliceor, pollicitus sum, pollic 5ri. 
 
 (dep. 2.) to promise, 
 Pompili-US, i, m., Pompilius (Numa.) 
 P6m-um, i, n., fruit; i.e., small fruit of 
 
 any kind, as apples, berries, rigs, &c. 
 Pondo, an indeclinable subst., a pound; 
 
 (used in pi. :) also an adv., (really old 
 
 abL,) by weight. 
 P6no, pSsui, posltum, p5n-Cre, to pkaee, 
 
 set, lay ; lay aside. 
 Pons, pont-is, m., a bridge. 
 Popul-US, i, m., a people, nation; com- 
 munity. 
 P6pul-US, i,/, a poplar- tree. 
 Porcell-US, i, m., (Am of porcus,) a 
 
 little pig. 
 Porsen-a, ae, m., Porsena (Lars), king vj 
 
 Clusium. 
 Port-a, ae, /, a gate, door. 
 Portend-0, i, portentum, povtend-£re. 
 
 to point out ; show beforehand, foretell. 
 
 (= protendo.) 
 Port-O, avi. arum, are, to carry, bear; 
 
 bring. 
 
LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 225 
 
 Port-US, us, m., an entrance ; a harbour, 
 
 haven. 
 Posco, pSposci, posc-Sre, to demand. 
 Posit-US, a, um, placed, settled; laid 
 
 aside; (per/, part, of pono.) 
 Possum, potui, posse, to be able. (See 
 
 p. SO.) 
 Post, prep, with accus., (and adv.,) after; 
 
 since; behind. 
 Postea, adv., afterwards, hereafter. 
 Poster-i, orum, m. pi., posterity, descend- 
 ants. (See poster us.) 
 Poster-US, a, um, next after, following: 
 
 pi., posted. (See p. 37, 6.) 
 Postquam, conj., after that, since; 
 
 when. 
 Postrem-US, a, um, the last, (superl. of 
 
 posterus:) ad postvemum, at last. 
 
 (Seep. 37, 6.) 
 Postridie, adv., the day after, the next 
 
 day. (Posterus, dies.) 
 Postulat-um, i, n., a demand. (Post- 
 
 uio.) 
 Postul-O, avi, atum, are, to demand, ask. 
 Postumi-US, i, m., Postumius, (Aulus.) 
 Potens, gen. potent-is, adj., (and part. 
 
 of possum, ) able; powerful. 
 Potestas, potestat-is, /., power, autho- 
 rity; influence; opportunity. (Poss- 
 um.) 
 Poti-or, potitus sum, pot-iri, (dep. 4,) 
 
 to take possession of; get; possess. 
 
 (Governs gen. or abL) 
 Potior, potior, potius, (compar. of potis, 
 
 able,) more able, more powerful ; better, 
 
 preferable. 
 Potlt-US, a, um, perf. part, of potior. 
 Potius, neut. of potior, also ado., 
 
 rather. 
 Praeb-eo, ui, Itum, ere, to hold out; 
 
 give, afford, supply. (Prae-hibeo, i.e., 
 
 prae, babeo.) 
 Praeced.0, praecessi, praecessum, prae- 
 
 ced-ere, to go before; surpass, excel. 
 
 (Prae, cedo.) 
 Praecept-um, i, n., a command, order ; 
 
 advice, precept. (Praecipio.) 
 Praecipio, praecepi, praeceptum, prae- 
 
 etp-8re, to take beforehand; anticipate; 
 
 to lay down rules for ; to command. 
 
 (Prae, capio.) 
 Praecludo, praeclusi, praecliisum, 
 
 praeclud-ere, to shut in front, close; 
 
 stop short; put a stop to; shut up. 
 
 (Prae, claudo.) 
 Praed-a, ae, /., booty, plunder. 
 
 a22j 15 
 
 Praedo, praed5n-is, m., a robber, plun- 
 derer. (Praeda.) 
 
 Praefect-US, i, m., an overseer; a com- 
 mander, governor. (Praeficio.) 
 
 Praefulgeo, praefulsi, praefulg-Sre. to 
 shine brightly. (Prae, fulgeo.) 
 
 PraegUSt-O, avi, atum, are, to taste be- 
 fore; taste first. (Prae, gusto.) 
 
 Praeli-um, i, »., a battle, fight. 
 
 Praemitto, praemisi, praemissum, 
 praemitt-ere, to send before, send for- 
 ward; despatch. (Prae, mitto.) 
 
 Praemi-um, i, n., a reward, prize. 
 
 Praerept-US, a, um, snatched away; 
 carried off prematurely. (Praeripio.) 
 
 Praerip-io, ui, praereptum, praerlp- 
 Sre, to seize before, or prematurely. 
 
 Praesep-e, is, n., a stall; fold, pen; 
 manger. (Prae, sepes.) 
 
 Praesidi-um, i, n., a protection, guard, 
 defence; garrison. (Praeses, a pro- 
 tector.) 
 
 Praest-ans, gen. praestant-is, adj., 
 (part, o/praesto,) surpassing, excellent; 
 distinguished. 
 
 Praest-0, tti, Ttum, or atum, are, to 
 stand before, surpass ; to stand in front 
 of, defend; make good, fulfil, perform, 
 pay; supply, afford. (Prae, sto.) 
 
 Praesum, praefui, praeesse, to be over, 
 to have in charge, command. (Prae, 
 sum.) 
 
 Praeter, prep, with accus., besides, ex- 
 cept ; beyond, over and above. (Prae, 
 and comparative termination -ter.) 
 
 Praeterea, adv., besides. (Praeter.) 
 
 Praeter-eo, ii, (for Ivi,) Itum, Ire, to 
 pass by, omit, neglect, forget. (Praeter, 
 eo.) 
 
 Praetext-a, ae, /, a Roman tunic (with 
 a broad purple border.) (Praetexo.) 
 
 Prat-um, i, n., a meadow. 
 
 Prav-US, a, um, crooked, distorted; 
 perverse, wicked, depraved. 
 
 PreC-es, um,/. pi., entreaties; a prayer; 
 request. (From obsolete prex, wbich is 
 sometimes used in dat., accus., and 
 abL sing.) 
 
 Prec-or, atus sum, ari, (dep.,) to pray, 
 entreat. (Preces.) 
 
 Prehend-0, (shortened into prendo,) i, 
 prehensum, prehend-Sre, to catch, 
 seize, apprehend. 
 
 Premo, pressi, pressum, pr3m-gre, to 
 press upon ; crush ; check ; press hard ; 
 pursue. 
 
226 
 
 LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 Prens-US,a, urn, (for prehens-us; per/. 
 part, o/prehendo,) caught. 
 
 Preti-um, i, «., price, value ; reward. 
 
 Prldie, adv., the day before, (Pr-, root 
 of prae, pro, <fec ; and dies.) 
 
 PrimO, adv., at first; in the first place. 
 
 Prim6r-es, um, m. pi., chief men, nobles: 
 pi. of adj., piimor-is, is, e, (Primus.) 
 
 Prim-um, adv., first of all. 
 
 Prim-US, a, um, ord. num., first; 
 (superl. o/pris or prae. Seep. 38, 7.) 
 
 Priliceps, gen. princlp-is, adj., fore- 
 most, chief: as subst., a chief man, 
 prince. (Primus, capio.) 
 
 Principat-US, us, m,, chief power; 
 sovereignty. 
 
 Prior, prior, prius, (see p. 38, 7,) former, 
 first of two ; (compar. of pris or prae.) 
 
 Prisc-US, i, m., Priscus, ( proper name :) 
 as common adj., old, ancient. 
 
 Pristin-US, a, um, former; primitive; 
 old, ancient. (Prae, or priscus.) 
 
 Prius, adv., before, formerly; (neut. of 
 prior.) 
 
 Priusquam, conj. or adv., before that. 
 Sometimes written separately, with 
 one or more words intervening. 
 
 PriVat-US, a, um, (perf.part. o/privo,) 
 deprived of; deprived of a public office ; 
 hence, in private station, private; indi- 
 vidual, personal, one's own. 
 
 PriV-O, avi, atum, are, to deprive of, 
 bereave. (Privus.) 
 
 Prd, prep, with abl, in front of, before, 
 instead of; as; for the benefit of. 
 
 Pr6b-US, a, um, approved of; upright, 
 honest. 
 
 Proc-as, ae, 77*., Procas, one of the kings 
 of Alba. 
 
 Procax, gen. procac-is, adj.,foncard, in- 
 solent; petulant. (Proco, to sue, beg.) 
 
 Proced.0, process!, processum, proced- 
 ure, to go forward, advance. (Pro, 
 cedo.) 
 
 Procul, adv., at a distance, far off. 
 
 Pr6cul-US, i, 771., Proculus, (proper 
 name.) 
 
 Pr6d-eo, H. flvi,) Itum, Ire, to go forth; 
 come out, appear. (Pro, eo.) 
 
 Pr6digi-um, i, n., an omen; prodigy; 
 portent. (I'ro, and dig-, or die-, root 
 of OAco, &c) 
 
 Prodltio, prodltion-is, /., a giving up; 
 betrayal, treachery. (Prodo.) 
 
 Proditor, prodTtor-is, 77*. a traitor, be- 
 trayer. (Prodo.) 
 
 Prod-O, tdi, Itum, Sre, to give up, deliver 
 
 over, betray; abandon; to hand down, 
 
 publish, declare. (Pro, do.) 
 ProdliCO, produxi, productum, produc- 
 
 6re, to lead forth, bring out, produce ; 
 
 prolong. (Pro, duco.) 
 Profectd, adv., in reality, truly, cer- 
 tainly. 
 Pr6fect-US, a, um, perf. part, o/proficis- 
 
 cor. 
 ProferO, protuli, prolatum, profeiTe, to 
 
 bring out, produce, discover, put forth, 
 
 exhibit. (Pro, fero.) 
 Proficiscor, prBfectus sum, proficisci, 
 
 (dep. 3,) to set out, depart; advance. 
 Profug-io, i, Itum, gre, to flee forward, 
 
 or away ; escape. (Pro, fugio.) 
 Progeni-es, ei, /, an offspring, progeny, 
 
 brood. (Pro, and gen, root o/gigno.) 
 Progredior, progressus sum, progredi, 
 
 to go forward, advance, proceed. (Pro, 
 
 gradior.) 
 Problb-eo, ui, Itum, 5re, to keep off, 
 
 prevent, restrain ; forbid. (Pro, habeo.) 
 Projicio, projeci, projecttim, projic-gre, 
 
 to throw forward; prostrate, (Pro, 
 
 jacio.) 
 Prolabor, prolapsus sum, prolabi, (dep. 
 
 3,) to slide forward, slip; sink; fall. 
 
 (Pro, labor.) 
 Pr516quor, prolociitus sum, pr515qui, 
 
 to speak out, say openly, declare, (Pro, 
 
 loquor.) 
 PromisS-US, a, um, perf part, of pro- 
 
 mitto : barba promissa, a long (Le., a 
 
 hanging down) beard. 
 PromittO, promlsi, promissum, pro- 
 
 mitt-6re, to send forward; let hang 
 
 down ; to promise. (Pro, mitto.) 
 Prope, adv., near: also prep, with accus., 
 
 near to. (Comp. propius, nearer.) 
 Pr6per-0, avi, atum, are, to hasten, be 
 
 quick. (Properus.) 
 Pr6p6no, propSsui, propSsitum, propon- 
 
 fire, to set before ; propose ; intend ; de- 
 clare. (Pro, pono.) 
 Proposit-tun, i, n., a purpose, project, 
 
 intention ; opinion ; proposition, (Pro- 
 
 pono.) 
 Pr6pri-US, a, um, peculiar; own; s/*- 
 
 cial. 
 Propter, prep, with accus., on account of. 
 Prorip-io, ui, proreptum, prorip-5re, 
 
 to hurry forth, or onward ; to drag out. 
 
 (Pro, rapio.) 
 Prosequor, prosecutus sum, prosequi, 
 
LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 227 
 
 to follow onward ; accompany; convey; 
 follow up (a subject.) (Pro, sequor.) 
 
 Prosplci.0, prospexl, prospectum, pro- 
 splc-Sre, to look forward; watch; pro- 
 vide for ; foresee. (Pro, spScio.) 
 
 Prosum, profui, prodesse, to be of ser- 
 vice to, to benefit. Governs dative. (Pro, 
 sum.) 
 
 ProtinuS, adv., straightforward; forth- 
 with, immediately. 
 
 Pr6videnti-a, ae, /, forethought, pro- 
 vidence. (Piovidens.) 
 
 Pr5vol-0, avi, atum, are, to fty out, or 
 forward; hasten on. (Pro, volo.) 
 
 Proxim-US, a, um, nearest, next; 
 (superl. of prope,— see p. 38, 7:) in 
 proximo, at the nearest point. 
 
 Prudenti-a, ae, /, (providentia,) fore- 
 sight, forethought, prudence, wisdom. 
 (Prudens, Le., piovidens.) 
 
 Publice, adv., publicly ; at the public ex- 
 pense. (Publicus.) 
 
 Public-US, a, um, belonging to the people ; 
 public (PSpuius.) 
 
 Piidet, puduit, Ac., it ashames. See p. 
 j)7, 4, and 98, 9, (2.) 
 
 Pudor, pudor-is, m., shame; modesty. 
 
 (Pudeo.) 
 •Puell-a, ae, /., a girl. (From puellus, 
 dimin. of puer.) 
 
 Puer, puer-i, m., a boy; slave: in pi, 
 children. 
 
 Pueril-is, is, e, boyish, childish. (Pner.) 
 
 Puerlliter, adv., childishly; foolishly. 
 (Puerilis.) 
 
 Pugn-a, ae, /., a battle, fight. (Png-, 
 
 root o/pungo, pu-pug-i.) 
 Pugn-O, avi, atum, are, to fight. (Pug- 
 
 na.) 
 Pulcer, pulcra, pulcrnm, fair, beautiful. 
 Pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum, (or pulcer, • 
 
 pulcra, &c.,)fair, beautiful 
 Pulcherrime, adv., (superl. of yxdchrb,) 
 
 most beautifully ; most nobly. 
 Pull-US, i, m., a young animal; a chicl- 
 
 en; one of a brood. (Puellus, from 
 
 puer.) 
 Pulmentari-um, i, n., anything eaten 
 
 with bread; relish; a dainty. (Pul- 
 
 mentum, from puis, pultis, pap, or 
 
 pottage.) 
 Puls-O, avi, atum, are, to beat frequently ; 
 
 knock at; beat, batter. (Frequentative 
 
 from pello.) 
 Puls-US, a, um, perf. part, of pello. 
 Pulvis, pnlver-is, m., dust. 
 PuniC-US, a, um, Punic, (i.e., Cartlut- 
 
 ginian, or Phoenician.) 
 Piln-io, ivi, Itum, Ire, to punish. (Poe- 
 na.) 
 Punior, punitus sum, punlri, (pass, of 
 
 punio,) to be punished: (also dep.,) to 
 
 punish. 
 Punct-um, i, «., a prick, sting; punc- 
 ture. (Pungo.) 
 Furg-O, avi, atum, are, to cleanse, clear; 
 
 excuse ; purge. (Purum, ago.) 
 Pur-US , a, um, clear, pure, unadulterated. 
 Piite-US, i, m., a well, pit. 
 Piit-O, avi, atum, are, to think, suppose. 
 
 Q., an abbreviation for Quintus, (P. name.) 
 Qua, adv., where, whither. 
 Quadraginta, card, num., forty. Indecl. 
 Quadrans, quadrant-is, m., a fourth 
 
 part, quarter ; a farthing ; a quadrans 
 
 (fourth part of an as.) 
 Quadrig-a, ae,/, and quadrlg-ae, arum, 
 
 /. pi., a four-horse chariot. (Quadri- 
 
 jngae, from quatuor, jugum.) 
 Quaero, qnaesivi, quaesitum, quaer-ere, 
 
 to seek, ask. 
 Quaeso, quaesiimus, (defective verb), I 
 
 pray, we pray. 
 Quaestio, quaestion-is, /., an inquiry, 
 
 examination, inquest. (Quaero.) 
 Quaestor, quaestor-is, m., a quaestor; 
 
 paymaster. (Quaesitor, from quaero.) 
 
 Qual-is, is, e, of what kind, such as. 
 
 (Quis.) 
 Quam, adv., in what way, in what degree ; 
 
 how : as conj., as, than. 
 Quamllbet, adv., as you please, at plea- 
 sure; how much soever. (Quam, lib- 
 
 et.) 
 Quamprimum, adv., as soon as possible. 
 Quam vis, adv., in what way, or as much 
 
 as you will ; however much ; although. 
 
 (Quam, and vis from volo.) 
 Quandoquidem, adv., since indeed; 
 
 seeing that. (Quando, qultlein.) 
 Quantum, adv., (neuter of quanlus), 
 
 how much ; as much as ; as far as. 
 Quant-U-S, a, um, how much, how great; 
 
 as much or as great as. 
 
228 
 
 LA.TIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 Quapropter, adv., on which account, 
 
 wherefore, why. (Quam, rem, propter.) 
 Quare, adv., from what circumstance, 
 
 wherefore, why. (Qua, re, abl o/res.) 
 Quart-US, a, um, ord. num., the fourth. 
 
 (Quatuor.) 
 Quasi, adv., as if , as though ; just as. 
 Quatuor, card, num., four. (Sometimes 
 
 written quattuor.) 
 Queo,quIvi, qultum, qu-Ire, to be able. 
 Querc-US, us, /., an oak tree. (See p. 
 
 26, 2.) 
 Querel-a, ae, /., a complaint. (QuEror.) 
 Queror, questus sum, qneri, (dep. 3,) to 
 
 complain, bewail. 
 Qui, quae, quod, ret pron., who, which. 
 
 that. (See p. 43, 9.) 
 Qui, quae, quod, indef. pron., what, 
 
 which. Also intcrrog., who ? what ? 
 
 which* 
 Qui, adv., (old abL of qui,) how, in what 
 
 manner. 
 Quia, conj., because. 
 Quicunque, quaecunque, quodcunque, 
 
 whoever, whichever. (See p. 43, 9.) 
 Quldam, quaedam, quoddam, indef. 
 
 pron., a certain one; some (person or 
 
 thing.) 
 Quldem, adv., indeed: ne— quidem, not 
 
 even. 
 Quidui, adv., why not t 
 Quies, quiet-is,/, rest, quiet, sleep. 
 Quiesco, quievi, quietum, quiesc-Sre, to 
 
 rest, be quiet. (Quies.) 
 Quiet-US, a, um, quiet, peaceful; com- 
 posed. (Quies.) 
 Quin, adv., in what manner not* why 
 
 not * how not * that not ; but that ; tliat. 
 
 See note, p. 88. (Qui, ne, or non.) 
 Quinam, quaenam, quodnam, interrog. 
 
 pron., who * which ? what, pray t who 
 
 at all* 
 Quingent-i, ae, a, card, num., five hun- 
 dred. (Quinque, centum.) 
 
 Quillt-US, a, um, ord. nitm., firth 
 (Quinque.) 
 
 Quippe, adv. and conj., certainly, in- 
 deed; as being; since, inasmuch as. 
 (Quia, pe; or, as others prefer, qui, 
 pote.) 
 
 Quirinal-is, is, e, belonging to Qui- 
 rinus ; the Quirinal Hill 
 
 Quirln-US, i, m., Quirinus, (le., Romu- 
 lus.) 
 
 Quis, quae, quid, or quod, interrog. 
 pron., who * which * what * Also, in- 
 def, any one, some one. 
 
 Quisuam, quaenam, quidnam, who, 
 pray* what, pray ? what at all? 
 
 Quisquam, quaequam, (quidquam,) 
 quicquam, any one, any thing. 
 
 Quisque, quaeque, quodque, or quidque, 
 every, each. 
 
 Quivis, quaevis, quodvis, or quidvia, 
 any (person or thing) you please ; what 
 you please. (Qui, vis, from vo'.o.) 
 
 QUO, adv., in what place; where, where- 
 ever, anywhere: quo — eo, by how much, 
 by so much; in proportion as. 
 
 QUO, adv., to what purpose; of what r:se ; 
 whither. 
 
 Quo, conj., in order that, that. 
 
 Qudd., conj., because; that; since. 
 
 Quodvis. (See Quivis.) 
 
 QuominuS, adv., so that not. 
 
 Quondam, adv., formerly ; once upon a 
 lime. 
 
 Quoniam, conj., because; seeing that; 
 since. 
 
 Quoque, adv., also, too. 
 
 Quot, indecl. adv., how many; as many as. 
 
 Quotaunis, adv., every year. (Quot, 
 annus.) 
 
 Quotldie, adv., daily, every day. (Quot, 
 dies.) 
 
 Quoties, adv., how often ; as often as. 
 
 Quum, (or cum,) conj., when, since, be- 
 
 R. 
 
 Radi-US, i, m., a staff, rod; ray; spoke 
 (of a wheel). 
 
 Radix, radlc-is, /, a root ; base (of a 
 mountain). 
 
 Ram6s-US, a, um, abounding in branch- 
 es, branchy. (Ramus.) 
 
 Ram-US, i, m., a branch, bough. 
 
 Ran-a, ae. /, a frog. 
 
 Rapid-US, a, um, hurrying on; rapid, 
 
 swift. (Rapio.) 
 Rapin-a, ae, /., plunder, rapine, robbery 
 
 (Rapio.) 
 Rap-io, ui, turn, gre, to seize hastily, 
 
 snatch; drag; steal; hurry on. 
 Rapt-US, a, um, (perf. part, of rapioj 
 
 seized, carried off, <Lx. 
 
LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 229 
 
 - Ear-US, a, am, scarce, rare ; (of nets,) 
 
 wide-meshed ; few; here and there. 
 Ratio, ration- is,/., a calculation, account; 
 
 reasoning; reason; thought; manner. . 
 Raurac-i, orum, m. pi., the Rauraci. 
 Re-, or red-, a prefix used in compound 
 
 words, meaning 'back;' as, reduco, to 
 
 lead back: hence it signifies (1) 'again;' 
 
 as, resumo, to take again: (2) ' against;' 
 
 as, resisto, to set one's self against: 
 
 (3) 4 «n-,' i.e., not; retendo, to unstretch, 
 
 unbind ; recludo, to open. 
 Recedo, recessi, recessum, recSd-gre, to 
 
 go back, retire ; give up. (Re, cedo.) 
 Recens, gen. recent-is, adj., fresh, new; 
 
 recent. 
 Recept-US, a, um, per/, part, o/recipio. 
 ReCld-O, i, recasum, recld-ere, to fall 
 
 back again; recoil. (Re, cado.) 
 Recipio, recepi, receptum, reclp-gre, to 
 
 take back; receive; recover, regain. 
 
 (Re, capio.) 
 Recte, adv., rightly, correctly. (Rectus.) 
 Rect-um, i, «., right ; rectitude ; (neut. 
 
 of rectus, per/, part, o/rego.) 
 Rect-US, a, um, (per/, part, o/ rego, and 
 
 adj., made straight;) right; upright; 
 
 proper ; just ; good ; wise. 
 Reciiper-O, avi, atum, are, to get back, 
 
 recover. 
 RecUS-O, avi, atum, are, to give reasons 
 
 against; re/use, reject, renounce. (Re, 
 
 causa.) 
 Redd-O, idi, ifcum, ere, to give back, re- 
 store; repeat; repay; render; cause. 
 
 (Re, do.) 
 Red-eo, ii, (ivi,) ttum, Ire, to go back, re- 
 turn. (Re, or red, eo.) 
 RedigO, redegi, redactum, redtg-ere, to 
 
 drive back; bring back; reduce. (Re, 
 
 ago.) 
 RedintegT-O, avi, atum, are, to make 
 
 whole again, renew ; re/resh. (Re ; 
 
 integro, from integer.) 
 RedilCO, reduxi, reductum, reduc-gre, to 
 
 lead back, bring back, restore. (Re, duco.) 
 Refect-US, a, um, per/, part, o/ reficio. 
 Refero, rgtuli, relatum, referre, to carry 
 
 or bring back ; report : referre pedem, 
 
 to retreat. (Re, fero.) 
 Refert, impers. verb, it concerns. (Seep. 
 
 98, 9, (1,) with note.) 
 Reficio, refeci, refectum, refic-ere, to 
 
 make again, renew; refit. (Re, facio.) 
 Refiig-io, i, Itum, gre, to fiee back; 
 
 escape; shun. (Re, fugio.) 
 
 Regi-a, ae, /, a royal fiouse, (doinus 
 
 understood;) palace; court. (Rex.) 
 Regill-US, i, m., Regillus, a lake. 
 •Regin-a, ae,/, a queen. (Rex.) 
 Regi-US, a, um, kingly, royal; noble. 
 
 (Rex.) 
 Regn-O, avi, atum, are, to act the king; 
 
 reign, rule. (Reg num.) 
 Regn-um, i, n., a kingdom; royal 
 
 power, sovereignty. (Rex.) 
 RegO, rexi, rectum, rgg-ere, to make 
 
 straight; direct; rule. 
 Regredior, regressus sum, rggrgd-i, to 
 
 go back, return; retreat. (Re, gradior.) 
 Relabor, relapsus sum, relabi, (dep. 3,) 
 
 to slide back; /all back ; retire; retreat. 
 
 (Re, labor.) 
 Relat-US, a, um, re/erred to ; reckoned 
 
 among; (per/, part, of refero.) 
 Relict-US, a, um, le/t behind; remaining; 
 
 (per/, part, o/relinquo.) 
 Rellgio, (or relligio,) religi5n-is, /, re- 
 verence /or the gods ; piety, religion ; 
 
 superstition; scruples o/ conscience; 
 
 sacred or moral obligation. (From 
 
 relego, to ponder carefully; or religo, 
 
 to bind down.) 
 Rellg-O, avi, atum, are, to bind /ast, tie. 
 
 (Re, ligo.) 
 Relinquo, reliqui, relictum, relinqu-gre, 
 
 to leave behind, abandon, give up. (Re, 
 
 linquo.) 
 Reliqui-ae, arum, / pi, the leavings, 
 
 remnants, remains. (Relinquo.) 
 Reliqu-US, a, um, le/t over, remaining ; 
 
 the rest. (Relinquo.) 
 Rem.U.ner-0, avi, atum, are, to repay ; 
 
 reward. (Re, munero, from muu us.) 
 Rem-US, i, m., an oar. 
 Rem-US, i, m., Remus, brother of Romu- 
 lus. 
 Repello, repuli, repulsum, repell-gre, to 
 
 drive back, repel, repulse ; confute. 
 JRe, pello.) 
 Repente, adv., suddenly, all at once. 
 
 (Repens.) 
 Reper-io, i, turn, ire, to get back again; 
 
 to find; invent. (Re, pario.) 
 Repet-O, Ivi, Itum, ere, to seek again ; 
 
 go back for ; demand ; demand restitu- 
 tion for ; repeat. (Re, peto.) 
 Repl-eo, evi, etum, ere, to fill up ; fill 
 
 again, replenish. (Re, pleo, as in im- 
 
 pleo, compleo, ple-nis, <fcc.) 
 Replet-US, a, um, filled with; (perf. 
 
 part, of replco ) 
 
230 
 
 LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 Repon.0, repfisui, repSsltum, repon-ere, 
 to replace, restore ; lay up, keep safely. 
 (Re, pono.) 
 
 Rep0SC-O, rep5posc-i, rgposc-ere, to de- 
 trtand back, demand restitution of; ask 
 for, require, (Re, posco.) 
 
 Repreh.end-0, i, reprehensum, repre- 
 hend-ere, to seize again, regain ; to hold 
 back; reprove, censure. (Re, prehendo.) 
 
 Repromitto, repromlsi, &c, (see Mitto,) 
 to promise in return. (Re, promitto.) 
 
 Repuls-a, ae, /, a defeat, repulse, rejec- 
 tion, rebuff; loss (of an election.) (lie- 
 pello.) 
 
 Repuls-US, a, um, beaten off, baffled; 
 (perf. part, o/repello.) 
 
 Res, rel, /., a thing, matter, affair ; pro- 
 perty; interest of; domestic affairs: res 
 gestae, exploits, great deeds. 
 
 Rescindo, rescldi, rescissum, rescind- 
 ere, to tear or cut off; to break down, 
 or up; repeal; destroy. (Re, scindo.) 
 
 Resideo, rgsedi, resld-ere, to sit down; 
 perch upon. (Re, sedeo.) 
 
 ResistO, restlti, restltum, resistere, to 
 come to a stop, stand still, halt ; with- 
 stand, oppose. (Re, sisto.) 
 
 RespergO, respersi, respersum, reperjr- 
 ere, to sprinkle all over, bespatter. (Re, 
 spargo.) 
 
 Respers-US, a, am, bespattered; (perf. 
 part, o/respergo.) 
 
 Respicio, respexi, respectum, respic- 
 6re, to look back; regard, respect. (Re, 
 specio.) 
 
 Respond-eo, i. responsum, respond ere, 
 to promise in return ; to reply, answer. 
 (Re, spondee) 
 
 Respons-um, i, n., an answer, reply; 
 utterance of an oracle. (Respondeo.) 
 
 Respublica, reipublicae, /, a common- 
 wealth, state, (See p. 34, •->.) 
 
 RestitU-O, i, turn, gre, to establish again, 
 rtnem; restore, rebuild, replace, (Re, 
 statuo.) 
 
 R§t-e, is, n., a net ; (abl., rete, or retL) 
 
 Retend-O, i, retensum, (or retentuin,) 
 retend-gre, to unbend, relax, slacken. 
 (Re, tendo. See Re.) 
 
 ReteHS-US, a, um, unbent, unstrung; 
 (perf. part, o/retendo.) 
 
 Retent-US, a, um, held back, detained; 
 ( perf. part, of retineo.) 
 
 RetlH-eo, ui, retentum, retin-gre, to 
 hold back, detain. (Re, teneo.) 
 
 RetundO, retudi, retusum, retuud ere, 
 
 to hammer lack, to beat back; taki tht 
 point off, blunt; weaken; restrain; 
 humble ; refute. (He, tundo.) 
 
 Revert-O, i, reversum, revert-ere, to 
 turn back, return. (Re, verto.) 
 
 Revertor, reversus sum, reverti, (dep.,) 
 to return, turn back. (Reverto.) 
 
 ReV0C-0, avi, alum, are, to call back; 
 invite in return; recall. (Re, voco.) 
 
 Rex, reg-is, m., a king, prince, chief. 
 (Rego.) 
 
 Rhe-a, ae, /., Rhea, (Silvia,) mother of 
 Romulus and Remus. 
 
 Rh.en.-TLS, i, m., the river Rhine, 
 
 Rld-eo, rtsi, risum, rid-ere, to laugh, 
 laugh at ; mock. 
 
 Rlg-eo, ui, ere, to be stiff; to be numb. 
 
 Rip-a, ae, /, a bank (of a river) ; mar- 
 gin, edge (of ttie sea, <tc.) 
 
 Rite, adv., duly, according to proper 
 ceremony. 
 
 Rlt-US, us, m., a religious ceremony; 
 usage, etiquette. 
 
 RlV-US, i, m,, a river, stream. 
 
 Rix-a, ae, /., a brawl, quarrel, squabble. 
 
 R6do, rosi, rosum, rod-ere, to gnaw, tat 
 atcay : backbite. 
 
 R6g-0, avi, atum, are, to ask, beg, entreat 
 
 R6m-a, ae, /., Rome. 
 
 R6maH-US, i, m., a Roman ; or adj., 
 Roman. 
 
 Romul-US, i, ML, Romulus. 
 
 Rostr-um, i, n., a bill, beak; the beak 
 (of a ship.) (Rodo.) 
 
 Rdt-a, ae, /., a wheel. 
 
 R6tu\nd-US, a, um, round, circular. 
 (Rota.) 
 
 Rud-is, is, e, unwrought, unfilled, un- 
 polished, untaught, uncivilized; raw; 
 unskilled ; uncomt ly. 
 
 RtlgOS-US, a, um, full of wrinkles, 
 wrinkled. (Ruga, a wrinkle.) 
 
 Ruin-a, ae,/., a downfall; ruin, destruc- 
 tion. (Ruo.) 
 
 Rumpo, rupi, niptum, rump-ere, to 
 burst, break ; destroy. 
 
 Rao, rui, rutum, (ruitum,) ru-€re, to 
 fall down, tumble. 
 
 RtLp-es, is,/., a rock. 
 
 Rupt-US, a, um, perf. part of rumpo. 
 
 RuTSUS, and rursum, adv., again. 
 
 Rus, rur-is, «., the country; a farm: rura, 
 fields. 
 
 Rustic-US, a, um, belonging to the coun- 
 try, rustic, rural : as subst, a 
 man. (Rus.) 
 
LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 231 
 
 s. 
 
 Sabin-US, 1, m., a Sabine : pi., Sabini, 
 
 the Sabines. 
 Sacc-US, 1, m., a sack, bag. 
 Sacer, sacr-a, sacr-um, sacred, holy ; de- 
 voted; accursed: sacra, n. pi, sacred 
 
 rites. 
 Sacer dos, sacerd5t-is, m. or /, a priest, 
 
 priestess. (Sacer.) 
 Sacriflci-um, i, n., a sacrifice. (Sacri- 
 
 fico.) 
 Saepe, adv., often; compar., saepius; 
 
 superl., saepissime. 
 Saev-io, ii, (ivi,) Itnm, ire, to exercise 
 
 cruelty ; to rage, be savage, be furious. 
 
 (Saevus.) 
 Saeviti-a, ae, (and saeviti-es, ei,) /, 
 
 cruelty; harshness, severity; rage. 
 
 (Saevus.) 
 Saev-US, a, um, raging; cruel; harsh; 
 
 fierce. 
 Sagax, gen. sagac-is, adj., wise, knowing. 
 Sal, sill-is, m. or n., salt: in jjL, sales, 
 
 wit. 
 Sali-i, orum, m., the Salii, priests of Mars. 
 Sal-io, ui, or ivi, (ii,) saltum, sal-ire, to 
 
 dance, leap, bound. 
 Salt-O, avi, atum, are, to dance. (Salio.) 
 Salt-US, us, m., a leap: also, amountain; 
 
 a glade ; glen ; mountain pass ; forest. 
 
 (Salio.) 
 Saluber, and salubr-is, is, e, healthy, 
 
 wholesome. (Salus.) 
 Salus, salut-is, /, health, safety. 
 Salut-O, avi, atum, are, to ask after the 
 
 health of; salute, greet. (Salus.) 
 Salv-US, a, um, safe, well, strong; un- 
 hurt. 
 SamMce-US, a, um, of or belonging to 
 
 the elder-tree. (Sambucus.) 
 SailCt-US, a, um, sacred, holy. (Sancio, 
 
 to make sacred.) 
 Sane, adv., truly, indeed. 
 Sanguis, sanguln-is, m., blood; family, 
 
 race. 
 Sapiens, gen. sapient-is, adj., wise, pru- 
 dent; (pres. part, o/sapio, to be wise.) 
 Sapienti-a, ae, /, wisdom. (Sapiens.) 
 Sapor, sapor-is, m., taste, relish. (Sapio, 
 
 to taste.) 
 Sarcin-a, ae, /, a burden, load, bundle. 
 Sati-O, avi, atum, arc, to satiate, satisfy. 
 
 (Satis.) 
 
 Satis, adv., enough, sufficiently. 
 
 Sator, sat6r-is, m., a father; creator 
 (Sero; supine, satum.) 
 
 Sauci-O, avi, atum, are, to wound, hurt, 
 maim. (Saucius.) 
 
 Sax-um, i, n., a stone, rock. 
 
 Scal-a, ae, (usually in pi., scalae,) /., a 
 ladder, stair, flight of steps. (Scando.) 
 
 Scand-O, i, scansum, scana-ere, to climb, 
 mount, ascend. 
 
 Scelerat-US, a, um, polluted by crime, 
 criminal, wicked, abandoned; accursed: 
 as subst, a wretch, miscreant. (Scelero.) 
 
 Scelest-US, a, um, villainous; regard- 
 less; accursed; wicked. (Seel us.) 
 
 Scel-US, 5ris, n., a wicked action ; crime; 
 heinous sin, enormity. 
 
 Scilicet, adv., it is evident, it is plain ; 
 of course, certainly ; forsooth ; namely, 
 to wit. (Sci, imperative of scire, to 
 know; and licet.) 
 
 Sc-io, ivi, (ii,) Itum, lie, to know. 
 
 Scipio, scipion-is, m , a staff. 
 
 Scipio, Scipion-is, m., Scipio, (proper 
 name.) 
 
 Sciscit-O, avi, atum, are, or more usu- 
 ally (dep.) sciscitor, to inquire, ex- 
 amine. (Scisco.) 
 
 Scrlb-a, ae, m., a writer, scribe, clerk. 
 (Scribo.) 
 
 Scribo, scripsi, scriptum, SCTib-gre, to 
 write, enroll ; levy; compose. 
 
 Scrut-Or, atus sum, Sri, to search into, 
 examine. 
 
 Scut-um, i, n., a shield (of oblong shape,) 
 buckler. 
 
 Scyth-a, ae, m., a Scythian. 
 
 Secedo, secessi, secessum, seced-ere, to 
 go apart, withdraw, revolt. (Se, apart; 
 cedo.) 
 
 Sec-O, ui, turn, are, to cut, wound; lop off. 
 
 Secum, (i.e., cum se,) with himself, her- 
 self, themselves, &c. (See note §, p. 45.) 
 
 Secundum, prep, with accus., next to, 
 after, in the next place; according to. 
 (Secundus.) 
 
 SeCUnd-US, a, um, following after, se- 
 cond; prosperous. (Sequor.) 
 
 Secur-is, is, /., an axe, hatchet. (Seco.) 
 
 Secur-US, a, um, free from care, w»- 
 anxious ; considering one's self safe. (Se, 
 cura.) 
 
232 
 
 LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 Secus, cuiv., otherwise. 
 
 Sed, conj., but. 
 
 Sed-eo, sedi, session, s6d-ere, to sit, 
 settle. 
 
 , is, /., a seat, settlement; abode, re- 
 (Sedeo.) 
 
 Sedll-e, is, n., a seat, bench. (Sedeo.) 
 
 Sedltio, sedition-is, /, a putting apart, 
 separation: hence, an insurrection, mu- 
 tiny, civil broil, sedition. (Se, apart; 
 and do.) 
 
 Sed-O, avi, atum, are, to cause to sit 
 down; settle; appease, check. (Sedeo.) 
 
 Seduco, seduxi, <fec., (see Duco,) to lead 
 aside, or apart; to draw away, separ- 
 ate. (Se, duco.) 
 
 Sedul-US, a, um, (fond of silting ;) in- 
 dustrious, diligent, sedulous. (Sedeo.) 
 
 SegTl-is, is, e, slow; indolent, slothful, 
 lazy. 
 
 Segreg-O, avi, atum are, to separate 
 from the flock ; to separate, divide ; re- 
 move, (Se, apart, grex.) 
 
 Sell-a, ae, /, a seat, stool, chair, sedan. 
 (Contr.for sedula, ./row s€deo.) 
 
 Semel, adv., once, once for all. {Root 
 sem-, as in sem-per, sira-ul, sim-plex, 
 <fcc.) 
 
 Semper, adv., always, at all times, ever. 
 (See Semel.) 
 
 Senator, s5nator-is, m., a senator, — mem- 
 ber of the Roman Senate, (Same root 
 as sSn-ex.) 
 
 Senat-US, us, (or i,) m., the Senate, or 
 supreme council of the Romans. (Same 
 root as s6n-ex.) 
 
 Senex, gen, sen-is, adj., old, aged: as 
 subst., an old man or woman. (For 
 comparison see p. 37, 5.) 
 
 Senior, m., senior, /., gen. senior-is, 
 older. (See p. 37, 5.) 
 
 Seni-um, i, «., old age; feebleness of age, 
 debility, dotage; decay. (Seneo, to be old.) 
 
 Sen6n-es, (Galli,) um, m., the Senones, a 
 Gallic tribe, 
 
 Sensi, perf. ind. act. of sentio. 
 
 Sens-US, us, m., the potcer of feeling ; 
 feeling, sensation, sense. (Sentio.) 
 
 Senteuti-a, ae, /., mode of thinking; 
 opinion, judgment, sentiment. (Sent-io.) 
 
 Sentio, sensi, sensuni, sent-Ire, to feel, Sllenti-um 
 hear, see, think, be of opinion. (Sileo.) 
 
 Sepel-io, ivi, (ii,) sepultum, sepel-ire, 
 to bury, inter; obliterate. 
 
 Sep-io, si, turn, ire, to surround with a 
 hedge; enclcsc, protect. (Sepes, a hedge.) 
 
 Septem, card, num., seven. 
 
 Septim-US, a, um, ord. num., seventh. 
 
 Sepulchr-um, (or sepulcrum,) L, n., a 
 place of interment, a sepulcfae, tomb. 
 (Sepelio.) 
 
 Sepnlt-US, a, um, perf. part of sepelio. 
 
 Seqn§,n-i, orum, m. pi, the Sequani, a 
 Gallic tribe, 
 
 Sequor, sgcutus sum, sequi, (dep.,) to 
 foUow, attend; pursue, 
 
 Senno, sermon-is, m., conversation, 
 speech, discourse. (Sero.) 
 
 Ser-US, a, um, late, too late : sera nocte, 
 late at night. 
 
 Serv-a, ae, /, a (female) slave. 
 
 Serv-io, ivi or ii, itum, Ire, to be a slave; 
 to serve, (Le., be subject to) ; to serve, 
 (Le., to benefit), with dat. (Servus.) 
 
 Servltus, servitut-Is, /., servitude, bond- 
 age, slavery. (Servio.) 
 
 Servi-US, i, nt, Servius (Tullius), proper 
 
 are, to save, keep, 
 observe; keep 
 
 Serv-O, avi, arum, 
 
 preserve; retain; 
 
 close to. 
 Serv-US, i, m., a slave; servant. 
 Sese, accus. andabl of suL (Se repeated.) 
 Set0S-ns, a, um, bristly, covered with 
 
 rough hair. (Seta.) 
 Sen, conj. (=sive), or if, if: seu— sen, 
 
 whether — or. 
 Sex, card, num., six. 
 Sextil-is, is, e, belonging to the sixth 
 
 month (Le., August) As subst, August 
 
 (Sex.) 
 Sext-«LS, &, um, ord. num., sixth. 
 SeXt-US, i, m., Sextus, (Tarquinius.) 
 Si, conj., if, since, 
 SlC, adv., in litis manner, thus, so. 
 Sicc-US, a, um, without moisture, dry, 
 
 parched: in sicco, in a dry place. 
 Sicili-a, ae, /., Sicily. 
 SlCUt, (sicuti), adv., so as, just as, as it 
 
 were, (Sic, ut) 
 Sidus, slder-is, n,, a star; constellation. 
 Signlfic-O, avi, atum, are, to make a 
 
 sign, indicate (by signs); show, point out; 
 
 denote, mean, signify. (Signum, facio.) 
 Sign-um, i, u.. a mark, sign, signal ; 
 
 statue, 
 
 n., silence, 
 
 Sil-eo, ui, ere, to be still, to keep silence. 
 ' ""Silv-a, ae, /., a wood, forest 
 
 Silvi-a, ae,/, Silvia, (proper name.) 
 Simil-is, is, e, like, similar. For com- 
 
LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 233 
 
 parative, see p. 37, (2.) (Root sim-. 
 
 See Semel.) 
 Similiter, adv., in like manner, simi- 
 larly. 
 Slmllltudo, similitudln-ls, /., like?iess, 
 
 resemblance. (Similis.) 
 SImi-a, ae, /., an ape. 
 Simi-us, i, m., (see Slmia), an ape. 
 
 (Simus, fiat-nosed.) 
 SimpllClter, adv., one by one, singly; 
 
 simply, plainly ; directly ; sincerely. 
 
 (Simplex.) 
 Simul, adv., at the same time, together. 
 
 (See Semel.) 
 Simulacr-um, i, n., an image, likeness; 
 
 shadow, reflection ; ghost. (Simulo.) 
 Simiil-O, (or similo), avi, atum, are, to 
 
 make like, to imitate, copy; pretend, 
 
 fiign. (Similis.) 
 Sine, prep, with abl., without. 
 Singul-i, ae, a, distrib. num., one by one, 
 
 one each, individually. (Root sin-, or 
 
 sim-. See Semel.) 
 Sinister, sinistr-a, sinistr-um, left, on 
 
 the left ; unlucky. 
 Sino, slvi, sltum, sln-ere, to let alone, 
 
 allow, permit, suffer. 
 Slll-US, us, m., a fold (of a robe) ; bosom; 
 
 bay (of the sea.) 
 Si quis, si qua, si quid, or siquod, if 
 
 any, whoever. 
 Sit-io, Ivi, Itum, lie, to feel thirst, thirst 
 
 for. (Sitis.) 
 Slt-is, is, /., thirst. 
 Sive. (See Seu.) 
 S5bol-es, (or suboles), is, /., an offspring, 
 
 progeny. 
 Socer, socgr-i, to., a father-in-law. 
 Societas, societat-is, /, companionship, 
 
 society, intercourse. (Socius.) 
 Soci-US, i, to., a partner, companion. 
 S5crat-es, is, to., Socrates. 
 Socr-US, us,/., a motlier-in-law. 
 Sodal-is, is, to. or/, a companion, mate, 
 
 associate. 
 S61, sol-is, to., the sun. 
 Soleo, solitus sum, s51-ere, to be accus- 
 tomed, to be wont. 
 S51erti-a, ae,/, (or sollertia), skill, dex- 
 terity; shrewdness, cunning. (Solers.) 
 Solld-US, a, urn, firm, compact, dense, 
 
 solid; whole, entire. 
 Solltfldo, solitudm-is, /, being alone; 
 
 solitude, loneliness; desert. (Solus.) 
 S6lit-TlS, a, um, accustomed; (perf. part. 
 
 of soleo.) 
 
 Sdlum, adv., alone, only. (Solus.) 
 S61-US, a, um, alone, solitary, lonely. 
 Solflt-US, a, um, free, unrestrained; (perf. 
 
 part, of solvo.) 
 Solv-O, i, sfilutum, solv-gre, to untie, 
 
 loosen, let go; break up, dissolve; to 
 
 pay. 
 Somni-um, i, n., a dream, (Somnus.) 
 Somn-us, i, »»., sleep. 
 Sonipes, gen. sonip6d-is, adj., with sound- 
 ing feet; noisy-footed: as subst., (poet.) 
 
 a horse. (Sonus, pes.) 
 Son-O, ui, Itum, are, to sound, echo. 
 
 (Sonus.) 
 Son-US, i, m., sound. 
 S6ph-us, i, to., a wise man, philosopher. 
 Sorbltio, sorbition-is, /., broth, soup ; a 
 
 drink. (Sorbeo.) 
 Sordid-US, a, um, dirty, foul; base, mean. 
 
 (Sordeo, to be dirty.) 
 Soror, s5ror-is, /, a sister. ■ 
 
 Sors, sort-is, /., lot, chance, fate, destiny. 
 SpargO, sparsi, sparsum, sparg-6re, to 
 
 scatter, spread, diffuse. 
 Spati-um, i, «., space, room, extent, 
 
 distance; space (of time.) 
 Speci-es, ei, /, a seeing, sight, view ; an 
 
 appearance, likeness, image; kind. (Spec- 
 
 io.) 
 Spectacul-um, i, «,, a show, sight, spec- 
 tacle, exhibition, public game. (Specto.) 
 Spectator, spectator-is, to., a looker on, 
 
 spectator. (Specto.) 
 Spect-O, avi, atum, are, to look at, gaze 
 
 at, observe, examine; have an eye to, 
 
 watch, guard; to look toward, i.e., lie 
 
 toward. (Specie) 
 Specul-um, i,»., amirror, looking-glass, 
 
 (specio): in speculo lympharum, in 
 * the glassy surface of the water. 
 Spec-US, us, (or i,) to., (sometimes f. and 
 
 n.,) a cave, cavity, den, 
 Sper-O, avi, atum, are, to look- for; hope 
 
 for; expect. 
 Sp-es, ei, /, a looking for, expectation ; 
 
 hope. 
 Spirit-US, us, to., a breath of air, breeze; 
 
 breath; spirit, soul (Spiro.) 
 Spir-O, avi, atum, are, to blow; breathe; 
 
 live. 
 Splendld-US, a, um, bright, shining; 
 
 magnificent, splendid. (Splendco.) 
 Spoliat-US, a, um, stripped (of armour, 
 
 tkc.,) plundered; (perf. part, o/spolio.) 
 Sp61i-0, avi, atum, are, to strip, plunder, 
 
 spoil. (Spolium.) 
 
234 
 
 LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 Spoli-um, 1. n., booty, spoil, prey: pi, 
 spolia. 
 
 Spum-O, avi, at ura, are, to foam, froth. 
 (Spuma, foam.) 
 
 Stabul-um, i, n., a standing place; stall, 
 stable. (Sto.) 
 
 Stagn-um, i, n., standing water ; apool, 
 pond; fen, marsh. (Sto.) 
 
 Statim, adv., immediately, forthwith. 
 (Sto.) 
 
 Statio, statiOn-is, /., a standing place, 
 post, station. (Sto.) 
 
 StatU-a, ae, /., a statue, image. (Statuo.) 
 
 Statii-O, i, (a) turn, ere, to set up, erect; 
 establish; resolve. (Status, from sto.) 
 
 SterCUS, stercor-is, n., dung ; filth. 
 
 Sterll-is, is, e, unfruitful, barren; waste; 
 unprofitable. 
 
 Stipendi-um, i, n., a tax, tribute, pay. 
 (For stipipendium, from [stips] stipis, 
 a gift; andpendo, to pay.) 
 
 Sto, stSti, statum, st-are, to stand. 
 
 Strament-um, i, n., straw, litter ; a 
 covering. (Sterno, stra-vi.) 
 
 Strenu-US, a, um, active, vigorous, ener- 
 getic; bold. 
 
 Strig-O, avi, Stum, are, to halt (in the 
 furrow), rest; delay, take leisure. (Stiix, 
 a furrow.) 
 
 Stlidiose, adv., zealously, eagerly ; care- 
 fully. (Studiosus.) 
 
 Studi6s-US, a, um, zealous; careful; in- 
 dustrious, diligent. (Studium.) 
 
 Stiidi-um, i, n., zeal, eagerness; study. 
 (Studeo.) 
 
 Stultlti-a, ae, /, folly, silliness. (Stult- 
 us.) 
 
 Stult-US, a, um, foolish, silly. 
 
 Stupeus, gen. stupent-is, pres. part, of 
 stup-eo, ui, ere, to be stunned, sense- 
 less, betcildered. 
 
 Stupor, stupor-is, m., numbness, insensi- 
 bility; stupidity; astonishment (Stup- 
 eo.) 
 
 SuadeO, suasi, suasum, suad-ere, to ad- 
 vise, exhort, urge. 
 
 Sub, prep, with ail., under, beneath; 
 close to : (of time,) in, during, at : with 
 accus., (indicating motion,) to, be- 
 neath, under ; near to ; close to. 
 
 Subdol-US, a, um, somewhat crafty, de- 
 ceitful, <frc (Sub, dolus.) 
 
 SubdiiCO, subduxi, subductum. subduc- 
 5 re, to draw or lead up; draw off, 
 carry away, remove. (Sub, duco.) 
 SubigO, subcgi, subactum, subig-ere, 
 
 to bring under or up; subdue. (Sub, 
 ago) 
 
 Subiude, adv., from time to time; now 
 and then. (Sub, inde.) 
 
 Sublto, adv., suddenly. (Subitus.) 
 
 Sublt-US, a, um, sudden, unexpected. 
 (Subeo, to come up.) 
 
 Subject-US, a, um, (perf. part, of sub- 
 jicio,) lying beneath ; lying near, bor- 
 dering on, subjoined ; subject to. 
 
 Subjicio, subjeci, subjectum, subjlc-ere, 
 to put under, make subject to; throw 
 from under (upward;) bring up to 
 mind; to substitute. (Sub, jacio.) 
 
 Sublev-O, avi, atum, are, to lift up; sup- 
 port; assuage. (Sub, levo.) 
 
 Sublld-US, a, um, resting on piles: 
 Pons Sublicius, a wooden bridge over 
 the Tiber, resting on piles. (Sublica, a 
 pile.) 
 
 Sublim-is, is, e, uplifted, lofty, high, 
 elevated 
 
 Sublustr-is, is, e, slightly luminous, 
 glimmering ; darkish. (Sub, lux.) 
 
 Succed-O, successi, successum, succed- 
 ere, to go under, or after ; to follow, 
 succeed; to go up, march up, ascend; 
 succeed, i.e., prosper. (Sub, cedo.) 
 
 Success-US, us, m., success, good-speed 
 (Succedo.) 
 
 Succumb-O, succubui, succubltum, 
 succumb-ere, to put one's self under; 
 fall down; yield to. (Sub, cumbo.) 
 
 Succurr-O, i, succursum, succurr-ere, 
 to run under; run up to; help, succour; 
 to occur to. (Sub curro.) 
 
 Sui, of himself, &c. (Seep. 41.) 
 
 Sum, fui, esse, to be, to happen. (See p. 
 78.) 
 
 Summ-a, ae, /, (res being understood,) 
 the main thing ; summit; chief power; 
 the whole amount, total sum. (Fern, of 
 summus.) 
 
 Summ-US, a, um, (superl of superus, 
 p. 37,) the highest, greatest, utmost, 
 supreme, 
 
 Sum-O, psi, or si, ptum, or turn, 6re, to 
 take, lay hold of, receive ; choose, select 
 
 Super, prep, with abl, above, over; on, 
 about, concerning : with accus., (indicat- 
 ing motion,) on to, upon, over, above, 
 as adv., above, over and above, more- 
 over. 
 
 Superbe, adv., proudly, haughtily. (Su- 
 perbus.) 
 
 Superbi-a, ae, /., uppithncsi, pride; 
 
LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 235 
 
 haughtiness ; tyrannical dealing. (Su- 
 perbus.) 
 
 Superb-US, a, um, uppish, proud; 
 haughty; tyrannical (Super.) 
 
 Superincidens, superinddent-is, part., 
 falling on from above. 
 
 Siiper-ior, ior, ius, gen. superior-is, 
 (compar. of super us,) higher, greater, 
 superior to ; former, &c. 
 
 Supersum, superfui, superesse, to be 
 over; to be left, remain, survive; to 
 abound. (Super, sura.) 
 
 Super-US, a, um, being above, high, up- 
 lifted: in pi., superi, the gods above. 
 For compar., see p. 37. (Super.) 
 
 Supplex, gen. supplic-is, adj., begging 
 humbly; suppliant, submissive, humble: 
 as subst., a suppliant. (Sub, plico.) 
 
 Supplici-um, i, n,, apublic prayer; wor- 
 ship; satisfaction; punishment. (Supplico.) 
 
 Supra, prep, with accus., above. 
 SUS, su-is, m. or/, a pig, boar, sow. 
 Suscept-US, a, um, undertaken, begun; 
 
 (perf. part, of suscipio.) 
 Suscipio, suscepi, susceptum, susclp- 
 
 6re, to take up, undertake, begin. (Sub, 
 
 capio.) 
 Suspend-O, i, suspensum, suspend-ere, 
 
 to hang up, suspend; put to death. 
 
 (Sub, pendo.) 
 Suspens-US, a, um, perf. part, of sus- 
 
 pendo : suspenso pede, on tiptoe. 
 Sustin-eO, ui, sustentum, sustln-ere, to 
 
 hold up, sustain, support; endure. 
 
 (Sub, teneo.) 
 Sustulijiw/. ind. act. o/tollo, orsuffero; 
 
 which see. 
 Su-US, a, um, possessive pron., his own, 
 
 her own, its own, their own. 
 
 Tabern-a, ae, /., a hut, booth ; shop, inn, 
 
 tavern. 
 Tab-es, is, /., a wasting away, consump- 
 tion ; plague. (Tabeo, to waste.) 
 Tabul-a, ae, /., a plank, board, tablet : 
 
 (picta) tabula, a painting: xii Tabulae, 
 
 the Twelve Tables of Laws. 
 TaClte, adv., silently, quietly; secretly. 
 
 (Tacitus.) 
 Tacit-US, a, um, (perf. part, of taceo, 
 
 to be silent,) silent, still, noiseless, peace- 
 ful. (Taceo.) 
 Tact-US, us, m., touch. (Tango.) 
 Tact-US, a, um, perf. part, of tango. 
 Taedet, impers. verb, it disgusts; it 
 
 wearies. (Seep. 97, 4.) 
 Tal-is, is, e, such as, of such kind: talis 
 
 — qualis, such— as. 
 Tal-US, i, rn., an ankle, ankle-bone: a 
 
 die ; pi., dice. 
 Tam, adv., so, so much. 
 Tamen, adv. and conjn, yet, however, 
 
 nevertheless. 
 Tanaquil, Tanaqull-is, /., Tanaquil. 
 Tandem, adv., at length. 
 Tango, tgttgi, tactum, tang-8re, to 
 
 touch; influence, affect. 
 Tanquam, adv., as much as, as if, as it 
 
 were. 
 Tantum, adv.. only. 
 Tant-US, a, um, so great, so large, such. 
 Tard-US, a, um, slow, lardy; lazy. 
 
 Tarpei-a, ae,/., Tarpeia. 
 
 Tarquini-i, orum, m. pi., Tarquinii, an 
 Etrurian town, 
 
 Tarquini-US, i, m., Tarquinius. 
 
 Tartare-US, a, um, belonging to Tar- 
 tarus; hellish, infernal. (Tartarus.) 
 
 Tati-US, i, m., Tatius. (Titus.) 
 
 Taur-us, i, m., a bull. 
 
 Tect-um, i, k., a covering, roof; house. 
 (Tego.) 
 
 TegO, texi, tectum, tgg-gre, to cover, 
 hide ; protect, defend. 
 
 Tellus, tellur-is, /, the earth. 
 
 Tel-UlU, i, «., a missile, weapon ; a dart. 
 
 Tem.0, temon-is, m., a pole (of a waggon.) 
 
 Temper-O, avi, atum, are, to moderate ; 
 govern; guide, direct. (Tempus.) 
 
 Tempestas, tempestat-is, /, time, sea- 
 son; weather; storm. (Tempus.) 
 
 Templ-um, i, «., a temple. 
 
 Tempus, temp5r-is, n., time, season,. 
 
 Tendo, tetendi, ten-sum, (and -turn,) 
 tend-gre, to stretch, reach. 
 
 Ten-eO, ui, turn, ere, to hold, keep, re- 
 tain; recollect. 
 
 Tener, a, um, tender, soft, delicate; 
 
 Tens-US, a, um, stretched; (perf. part, oj 
 
 tendo.) 
 Tent-O, avi, atum, are, to touch, feel; 
 
 try, attempt. (Tendo.) 
 Tenu-is, is, c, (stretched out;) thin, fine, 
 
236 
 
 LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 slender ; gentle ; small ; narrow. (Ten-, 
 root of tendo.) 
 
 Tenuitas, tgnuitat-ls, /., thinness, slen- 
 derness, slimness; insignificance. (Ten- 
 uis.) 
 
 Terg-um,i, «., a back; a ridge: atergo, 
 in or on the rear. 
 
 Tern-i, ae, a, three each; (distrib. num.) 
 
 Terr-a, ae,/, the earth. 
 
 Terr-e-O, ui, ltum, ere, to terrify, af- 
 fright. 
 
 Territ-US, a, um, affrighted; (perf. part. 
 o/terreo.) 
 
 Terror, terror-is, m., fright, terror. 
 (Terreo.) 
 
 Terti-US, a, um, (ord. num.,) third. 
 (Tres.) 
 
 T8St-6r, situs sum, Sri, to bear witness; to 
 call to witness; implore. (Testis, a wit- 
 ness.) 
 
 Tetlgi, perf. ind. act. of tango. 
 
 Tiber-is, is, m., the (river) Tiber. 
 
 Tlgill-um, i, n., a small beam, or log. 
 (Tignum.) 
 
 Tim-eo, ui, ere, to fear. (Timor.) 
 
 Timid-US, a, um, fearful, timid. (Tim- 
 eo.) 
 
 Timor,, timOr-is, m,, fear. 
 
 Tinct-US, a, um, dipped (into); dyed, 
 stained. (Tin go.) 
 
 TingO, (or tinguo,) tinxi, tinctum, ting- 
 gre, to dip ; dye, stain. 
 
 Tintinnabiil-um, i, n,, a bell (Tin- 
 tin no, to jingle.) 
 
 TltUS, i, m,, Titus. (Tatius.) 
 
 T61er-0, avi, atum, are, to endure, bear, 
 suffer. 
 
 Tollo, sustuli, sublatum, toll-grc, to lift 
 up, raise ; take away ; kill 
 
 T5nitr-US, us, nx, (or tonitru-um, i, n.,) 
 thunder. (Tono.) 
 
 T6n-0, ui, Ttum, are, to thunder ; roar. 
 
 Tonsor, tonsor-is, m,, a barber. (Ton- 
 deo.) 
 
 Torqueo, torsi, tortum, torqu-ere, to 
 twist, turn about, whirl round; fling, 
 hurl; thrust. 
 
 Torv-US, a, um, stern, fierce, wild-look- 
 ing, savage. (Torqueo.) 
 
 T6t-US, a, um, the whole, all 
 
 Trad-O, Idi, ltum, gre, to give or hand 
 over, deliver; hand down, tell, report. 
 (Trans, do.) 
 
 Tra.du.CO, traduxi, traductum, traduc- 
 gre, to lead across, transfer, transport. 
 (Transduce) 
 
 Traho, traxi, tractum, triLh-gre, to drag, 
 draw ; to spend, pass. 
 
 TrajiciO, trajeci, trajectum, trnjic-gre. 
 to throw across, transport; to cross; 
 to pierce. (Trans, jacio.) 
 
 Tranquilliter, adv., peacefully. (Tran- 
 quillns.) 
 
 Trans, prep, witlt accus., on the fartlier 
 side, beyond, across. 
 
 Transduco, transduxi, transductum. 
 transduc-ere, to lead across, Jtc (See 
 Traduco.) 
 
 Trans-eo, ivi, (or ii,) ltum, ire, to go 
 across; pass over, by, or through. 
 (Trans, eo.) 
 
 TransflgO, transfixi, transfictum, trans- 
 fig-gre, to pierce through, slab. (Trans, 
 figo.) ^ 
 
 Transfug-io, i, ltum, gre, to flee over to 
 the other side; to desert. (Trans, fugin.) 
 
 TransU-io, ivi, (or ui,) Ire, to bound 
 over, leap over; pass over hastily. 
 (Trans, salio.) 
 
 Transn-O, avi, atum, are, (or trano,) to 
 swim over, or across. (Trans, no.) 
 
 Trecentesim-us, a, um, ord. num., 
 the three hundredth, (Trecenti.) 
 
 Trecent-i, ae, a, card, num., three hun- 
 dred. (Tres, centum.) 
 
 Tredecim, card, num., thirteen, (Ties, 
 decern.) 
 
 Trepid-O, avi, atum, are, to be in confu- 
 sion, or in fear; to bustle about; to 
 tremble ; to run about in fear. (Ti e- 
 pidus.) 
 
 Tres, tres, tria, (see p. 39,) card, num., 
 three. 
 
 Tribunal, tribunal-is, n., a judgment- 
 seat; platform, (Tribunus.) 
 
 Tribun-US, i, m-, chief of a tribe; a tri- 
 bune, (Tribus.) 
 
 Tribu-O, i, (u)tum, gre, to give, appor- 
 tion, assign, (Tribus.) 
 
 Tribut-um, i, n,, tribute; a tax; con- 
 tribution, (Tribuo.) 
 
 Trigemin-US, a, um, of triple birth: 
 three born at a birth. (1 res, gemlnus.) 
 
 Trigint-a, card, num., thirty. 
 
 Trist-is, is, e, sorroufui, sad, melan- 
 choly. 
 
 Triumph-O, avi, atum, are, to triumph, 
 rejoice, (Tiinmpbus.) 
 
 Tr6j-a, ae,/, Troy. 
 
 Tru.Cid-0, avi, atum, are, to kUl in a 
 savage way, to massacre, butcher, slay. 
 (Trux, harsh ; and caedo.) 
 
LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 237 
 
 Tu, tul, 2d pen. pron., thou. 
 
 Tub-a, ae, /., a trumpet. 
 
 Tu-eor, itus sum, (tutus,) Sri, to watch, 
 observe; guard, protect. 
 
 Tugufi-um, i, »., a hut, coltago, 
 
 TuUi-a, ae,/., Tullia. 
 
 Tulli-US, i, m., Tullius. 
 
 Tull-US, i, m., Tullus. 
 
 Turn, adv.. then, at that time. 
 
 Tum-eo, ui, ere, to swell, to be puffed 
 up. 
 
 Tumultu-OT, atus sum, ari, to raise 
 a tumult; be in confusion. (Tumult- 
 us.) 
 
 Tiimult-US, us, {or i,) m., a sudden up- 
 rising, an insurrection, uproar, tumult, 
 disturbance. (Tumeo.) 
 
 TuilC, adv., then, at that very time. 
 (Turn, -ce.) 
 
 Turb-a, ae, /, disorder ; a crowd, rabble ; 
 commotion. 
 
 Turb-O, avi, atum, are, to throw into con- 
 fusion ; to disturb. (Turba.) 
 
 Turbulent-US, a, um, disordered, agi- 
 tated, confused; muddy. (Turba.) 
 
 Turgld-US, a, um, swollen ; boisterous, 
 (of the sea) ; distended, puffed up. (Tur.. 
 geo, to swell.) 
 
 Turp-is, is, e, filthy ; base, low, mean, dis- 
 graceful; ugly. 
 
 TurpitSr, adv., basely, shamefully. (Tur- 
 pis.) 
 
 Turpitiido, turpltudln-is,/,.#rt; base- 
 ness, disgrace. (Turpis.) 
 
 Tusculan-us, a, um, of or belonging to 
 Tusculum, (a town in Latium.) 
 
 TUtel-a, ae, /., safe-keeping, protection, 
 guardianship. (Tutor.) 
 
 Tutor, tut5r-is, m., a protector, guardian. 
 
 Tiit-or, atus, ari, to prottct, defend. 
 
 Tiit-US, a, um, safe, guarded, secure. 
 (Tueor.) 
 
 Tu-US, a, um, possessive pron., thy or 
 thine. (Tu.) 
 
 Tyrann-US, i, m., a ruler; sovereign; 
 tyrant. 
 
 u. 
 
 Uber, ubSr-is, «., a teat, udder; also 
 
 as adj., fertile, rich. 
 TJbi, adv., where, when. 
 Ubique, adv., wherever, everywhere. 
 Ubique, (ie., ubi que,) and when. 
 XJ11-US, a, um, any, any person. (Said 
 
 to be for unulus, from unus.) 
 Ultimum, adv., for the last time. 
 Ultim-US, a, um, {superl. of obsolete ulter,) 
 
 the farthest away; earliest; latest; first. 
 TJltro, adv., on the farther side, beyond: 
 
 hence, beyond one's expectation ; of one's 
 
 own accord; vehemently. 
 Umbr-a, ae, /, a shade, shadow. 
 TJnd-a, ae, /, water, a wave. 
 Unde, adv., from which place or circum- 
 stance, whence. 
 Ungu-is, is, m., a nail, claw; a hoof. 
 Unie-US, a, um, sole, only; unparalleled, 
 
 unique. (Unus.) 
 Unquam, adv., at any time; ever. 
 Un-US, a, um, one. {Seep. 35.) 
 Unusquisque, unaquaeqne, unum- 
 
 quodque, each {by himsetf), every. 
 
 (Unus, quisque.) 
 
 Urb-S, urb-is,/, a city, town. 
 
 Urge-O, (or urgueo,) ursi, urg-5re, to 
 press hard, force, drive, urge. 
 
 Usquam, adv., anywhere. 
 
 Usurp-O, avi, atum, are, to use (without 
 a proper right to) ; apply ; practise ; 
 usurp. (Usu, rapio.) 
 
 Ut, (or uti,) con}., that, in order that, so 
 as, so that ; how ; when. 
 
 Utcunque, adv., howsoever. 
 
 Uter, utr-a, utr-um, (see p 35, 8), which 
 of two, whether. 
 
 Uterque, utraque, utrumque, each of 
 two, both. 
 
 Uti, conj., that, &c. (See Ut.) 
 
 Utll-is, is, e, useful, advantageous, pro- 
 fitable. (Utor.) 
 
 Utllitas, utilitat-is,/., usefulness, advan- 
 tage. (Utilis.) 
 
 TJtor, usus sum, uti, (dep. 3,) to use, cm> 
 ploy, exercise. 
 
 Utrinque, adv., on both sides. 
 
 Uv-a, ae, /., a grape. 
 
 »TJxor, uxor-is, /,, a w\p\ 
 
238 
 
 LA.TIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 Vacc-a, ae, /., a cow. 
 
 Vacu-US, a, um, empty, free from, having 
 
 nothing. (Vaco.) 
 Vad-um, i, n., a shallow place (in water), 
 
 a ford. 
 Vaglt-US, us, m., crying, squalling (of 
 
 children.) (Vagio, to squall.) 
 Vag-or, at us sum, ari, (dep. 1.) to roam 
 
 about at will, ramble, wander. 
 Val-eo, ui, Itum, ere, to be in goodhealth; 
 
 to be strong. 
 Valldius, adv., more forcibly, more vehe- 
 mently, more importunately. (Valid- 
 
 us.) 
 Valld-US, a, um, in good Tiealth; strong, 
 
 powerful, sturdy. (Valeo.) 
 Van-US, a, um, empty; vain; useless. 
 Vari-US, a, um, spotted; variegated; of 
 
 many kinds, various ; changing. 
 Vari-US, i, m., Varius, (proper name.) 
 Vast-O, avi, atum, are, to lay waste, de- 
 vastate. (Vastus.) 
 Vast-US, a, um, empty, desert, waste ; 
 
 immense, vast. 
 _Vat-es, is, m. or/., aprophet, soothsayer; 
 
 a poet. 
 Veient-es, ium, to. pi, the Veienles, 
 
 people of Veii. 
 Vel, conj., or, even, only : vel— vel, 
 
 either— or. (Volo.) 
 Velat-US, a, um, covered over, veiled; 
 
 (perf.part. o/velo.) 
 VeloX, gen. vel5c-is, adj., swift, rapid, 
 
 nimble. 
 Velut, (veluti,) even as, as if , as it, were. 
 
 (Vel, ut) 
 Venator, venatSr-is, to., a hunter. (Ve- 
 
 nor.) 
 Vend-O, Idi, Itnm, 6re, to sell; (contr.for 
 
 venum do.) 
 Veni-a, ae,/, leave; favour; indulgence; 
 
 pardon. 
 Venio, veni, ventum. ven-Ire, to come. 
 Ven-or, atus sum, ari, to hunt. 
 Venter, ventr-is, m., the belly. 
 Vent-US, i, to., the wind. 
 Venus, Vengr-is, /., Venus, goddess of 
 
 love. 
 Ver, vgr-ls, n,, spring. 
 Verber-O, avi, atum, are, to las/i, whip. 
 
 (Verbera, n. pi., whips.) 
 Verb-um, i, n., a word. 
 
 Verecund-US, a, um, modest, bashful, 
 shy. (V ereor.) 
 
 Vereor, verltus sum, ver-eri, (dep. 2,) to 
 feel awe, to fear, 
 
 Veritas, veiitat-is, /, truthfulness, truth, 
 sincerity. (Verus.) 
 
 Vero, adv., in truth, in reality ; but, how- 
 ever. 
 
 Vers-O, avi, atum, are, to turn, twist, 
 turn over ; plough, till. (Verto.) 
 
 Vers-US, us, m., a furrow, line, row ; a 
 verse, line of poetry. (Verto.) 
 
 Vertex, vei tlc-is, to., a turn, whirl; top 
 of the head; turning point ; summit. 
 
 Vert-O, i, versum, vert-ere, to turn, turn 
 round, twist; change. 
 
 Verum, adv., truly; but, however. 
 
 Ver-US, a, um, true, real, sincere. 
 
 Vesp-a, ae, /., a wasp. 
 
 Vest-a, ae, /, (the goddess) Vesta, 
 
 Vestal-is, is, /, a vestal virgin, pritshss 
 of Vesta. 
 
 Ves-ter, tra, trum, possess, pron., your. 
 
 Vestlbul-Uttl, i, n., a front court, court, 
 vestibule. 
 
 Vest-io, ivi, (ii,) Itum, Ire, to clothe, 
 cover. (Vestis.) 
 
 Vest-is, is,/, a garment, robe. 
 
 VetUS, gen. vetgris, adj., old, ancient 
 
 Yi-Sk, ae, /., a way, road, street; jour- 
 ney. 
 
 Viator, viator-is, to., a traveller, way- 
 farer. (Via.) 
 
 ViCin-US, a, um, near, neighbouring : as 
 subst., a neighbour. (Vicus.) 
 
 Vicis, gen, — vicem, accus.— vice, abl : pi. 
 vices, &c, change, fate, vicissitude. 
 
 Victor, victor-is, to., a conqueror: as 
 adj., victorious. (Vinco.) 
 
 Vict6ri-a, ae, /, victory, success. (Vic- 
 tor.) 
 
 Vict-US, a, um, perf.part. of vinco. 
 
 VlC-US, i, to., a street, a village. 
 
 Videlicet, adv., it is evident, plainly; 
 nameh . (Vide, imperaL of video, and 
 licet)* 
 Video, vld-i, vls-um. vld-ere, to see, per- 
 ceive, loot at; consider, thini. 
 Videor, visus sum, vid-eri, to be seen ; 
 
 seem; appear. (Video.) 
 Vigil-O, avi, atum, are, to leep watch^ 
 be vigilant (Vigil, watchful) 
 
LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 239 
 
 Vll-is, is, e, valueless, worthless ; cheap ; 
 
 mean, base. 
 Vill-a, ae, /., a country house; farm; 
 
 villa. 
 VilllC-US, a, um, belonging to a country 
 
 house: as subst., a land-steward, over- 
 seer, grieve. (Villa.) 
 Vlminal-is, is, e, Viminal, {one of the 
 
 hills of Rome) : as com. adj., belonging 
 
 to osiers. (Vimen.) 
 Vinco, vici, victum, vinc-6re, to conquer, 
 
 subdue. 
 Vincul-um, i, a, a band, rope, cord; 
 
 fetters; prison. (Vincio.) 
 VindlC-O, avi, atum, are, to lay claim to, 
 
 to appropriate, secure; avenge; revenge. 
 
 (Vindex.) 
 Vindict-a, ae, /, vengeance; revenge. 
 
 (Vindico.) 
 Vlne-a, ae,/., a vineyard; a vine. (Vin- 
 
 um.) 
 Vin-um, i, n., wine. 
 Viol-O, avi, atum, are, to do violence to, 
 
 injure ; dishonour, violate : violare fid- 
 em, to break one's word. 
 Vlper-a, ae, /., a viper. 
 -Vir, vlr-i, m., a man; husband. 
 Vires, virium, /, pi. of vis, strength, 
 
 power; forces. (See p. 34.) 
 Virg-a, ae, /., a rod, twig. 
 Virgini-US, i, m., Virginius. 
 VirgO, virgln-is, /, a virgin, maiden. 
 
 (Vir.) 
 Virid-is, is, e, green, fresh. (Vireo.) 
 Virtus, virtut-is, /., manliness; worth, 
 
 merit; virtue; valour, courage. (Vir.) 
 Vis, accus. vim, abl. vi, /, (See p. 34,) 
 
 strength, force, power, might. 
 Vis-O, i, urn, 5re, to look at, view, survey; 
 
 go tojvisit. (Video.) 
 VlSU, 2d supine of video. 
 Vis-US, a, vim,, perf. part, of video. 
 Vit-a, ae,/, life. 
 
 Viti-um, i, n., a fault; defect; crime; vice. 
 Vlt-O, avi, atum, are, to avoid, shun. 
 Vltiil-US, \,m.,a calf. 
 VXtuper-O, avi, atum, are, to find fault 
 
 with, censure, blame. (Vitium, paro.) 
 
 VlV-O, vixi, victum, viv-Sre, to live; enjoy 
 
 life. 
 VlV-US, a, um, alive; fresh, (Vivo.) 
 Vix, adv., with difficulty. 
 Vobiscum, (i.e., cum vobis,) with you. 
 
 (See note §, p. 45.) 
 V6cifer-or, atus sum, ari, (dep. 1,) to 
 
 shout, cry aloud. (Vox, fero.) 
 Voc-O, avi, atum, are, to use the voice, 
 
 call, shout; invite; name. (Vox.) 
 Vollt-O, avi, atum, are, to fly to and fro, 
 
 flutter. (Volo, to fly.) 
 Vol-O, avi, atum, are, to fly ; make haste. 
 V51-0, ui, velle, (see p. 90,) to wish; be 
 
 Voliicer, and volucr-is, is, c, winged, 
 flying; swift. (Volo, to fly.) 
 
 V61ucr-is, is, /, a winged creature; a 
 bird. (Volo.) 
 
 Voluntas, voluntat-is, /., willingness; 
 wish, desire; accord. (Volo.) 
 
 VoluptaS, voluptat-is,/.,j3feas«?"e, enjoy- 
 ment. (Volo, to wish.) 
 
 V61ut-0, avi, atum, are, to roll about, 
 wallow. (Volvo.) 
 
 Vomer, v3mgr-is, m., a ploughshare. 
 
 V6t-um, i, ft., « vow; wish; promise. 
 (Voveo.) 
 
 V6ve-0, v<5vi, votum, v5v-ere, to dedi- 
 cate; vow; promise; wish. 
 
 VOX, voc-is, /., a voice, cry, sound; ex- 
 pression. 
 
 Vulcan-US, i, m., Vulcan, god of fire. 
 
 Vxi\g6,adv., commonly, usually ; publicly. 
 (Vulgus.) 
 
 Vulnerat-US, a, um, wounded; (perf. 
 part, of vulnero.) 
 
 Vulner-O, avi, atum, are, to wound. 
 (Vulnus.) 
 
 Vulnus, vuln6r-is, n., a wound. 
 
 Vulpecul-a, ae,/., a little fox; a young 
 fox. (Vulpes.) 
 — • JTulp-eS, is, /, a fox. 
 
 Vulpin-US, a, um, belonging to a fox. 
 (Vulpes.) 
 
 Vultur, vultur-is, m., a vulture. 
 
 Vult-US, us, m., the face, countenance. 
 
 Zmaragd-us, I, m. or/, an emerald. ] Z5n-a, ae, /, a belt, girdle. 
 
ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 A., article, usually untranslated; some- 
 times expressed by quidam. — 
 Abandon, v. relinquo, reliqui, relictum, 
 
 relinqueie. 
 Able, (to be,) v., possum, potui, posse. 
 Abont, (round about,) circum, with accus. 
 About, (concerning,) de, with all. 
 About, (nearly,) circiter. 
 Above, super, prep, with accus. or abl. 
 Across, trans, prep, with accus. 
 Active, (fun of energy,) acer, acris, 
 
 acre; implger; sedulus. 
 Admire, v., admlr-or, atus, art : express 
 
 admiration, laudo. 
 Adorn, v., orn-o, are : exomo. 
 JEneas, ^Ene-as, ae, m. 
 Afar, (from afar,) longe; procul. 
 Afraid, (don't be afraid,) noli timere. 
 After, post, prep, with accus. 
 Against, in, with accus.; contra, with 
 
 accus. 'Against' is sometimes merely 
 
 the ' sign ' of dative case. 
 Agreeable, grat-us, a, urn ; jiieund-us, 
 
 a, um. 
 Aim at, (seel;) pgto, petere 
 All, (every,) omn-is, is, e: the whole, 
 
 tot-us, a, um: all together, cunct-us, 
 
 a, um. 
 Along with., cum, prep, with abl 
 Alps, Alp-es, ium, nu 
 Also, etiam, adv.: not only — but also,' 
 
 non solum— sed etiam. 
 Am, sum, fui, esse. — 
 
 Ambassador, legatus, i, m. 
 
 Among, inter, prep, with accu*. 
 
 And, et, ac, atque, -que. 
 
 Anger, Ir-a, ae,/. 
 
 Animal, animal, animal-is, n. 
 
 Another, (of two,) alter, altera, alter- 
 
 um ; (of many,) alius, alia, aliud. 
 Anxious, (to be anxious,) v61o, vSkii, 
 
 velle. 
 Apple, mal-um, i, n. 
 Apple tree, mai-us, i. /. 
 Are, (we,) sumus; (you,) estis; (they,) 
 
 sunt. 
 Aristides, Aristld-es, is, m. 
 AliovistUS, Ariovist-us, i, m. 
 Army, exercU-us, us, m. 
 Around, circum, prep, with accus. 
 Arrival, advent-us, us, m. 
 Arrow, sagitt-a, ae, / 
 Ask, rog-o, avi, atum, are. 
 ASS, asin-us, i, in. ; diminutive, asellus. 
 Assemble, conven-io, 1, turn, ire. 
 Associate, comes, comltis, nu or / ; 
 
 socius, m. 
 Athens, Athen-ae, arum,/ pi 
 At, in, prep, with abl. ; ad, prep, with 
 
 accus. ; apud, prep, with accus. 
 Attack, oppugn-o, avi, atum, are ; ador- 
 
 ior, adortus sum, adoriri; facere im- 
 
 petum in. 
 Auburn, flav-us, a, um. 
 Avoid, vit-o, avi, atum, are. 
 Axe, secflr-is, is,/ 
 
 Jaggi 
 
 Ball, pll-a, ae,/ 
 Bank, rip-a, ae, / 
 Bam, horre-um, i n. 
 
 B. 
 
 Battle, pugn-a, ae,/; praeli-um. i, a 
 Be (to), sum, fui, esse. 
 Beak, rostr-um, L, n. 
 Bear, fero, tuli, latum, ferre. 
 
ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 241 
 
 Beat, {knock at,) puls-o, avi, atum, are. 
 Beat off, (put to flight,) fiig-o, avi, <fec. 
 Beautiful, pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum ; 
 
 formos-us, a, um. 
 Because, covj., quia; quod; quSniam. 
 Beg, pgt-o, ivi, Itum, gre; or-o, avi, &c 
 Beg the life of, deprecari vitam. 
 Begin, coep-i, isse; inclpio, incepi, in-, 
 
 ceptum, indp-gre. 
 Believe, cred-o, Idi, Itum, 6re. 
 Belgian, A, Belg-a, ae, m. or/ 
 Beloved, car-us, a, um ; amat-us, a, um. 
 Beside, apud, prep, with accus. ; (besides, 
 
 except,) praeter, prep, with accus. 
 Billow, fluct-us, us, m. 
 Bitter, - amar-us, a, um; acerb-us, a, 
 
 um. 
 Black, nlger, nigra, nigrum ; ater, atra, 
 
 atrum. 
 Body, corpus, corp5r-i8 % n. 
 BOOK, liber, libri, m. 
 Bowl, pocul-um, \, n. 
 
 Boy, puer, pu6r-i, m. 
 
 Branch, ram -us, i, m. 
 
 Brave, fort-is, is, e. 
 
 Bravely, fortiter, adv. 
 
 Bread, panis, is, m. 
 
 Breeze, aur-a, ae,/. 
 
 Bridge, pons, pont-is, m. 
 
 Bright, clar-us, a, um ; splendid-us, a, 
 
 um. 
 Bring, fgro, tuli, latum, ferre. . 
 Bring together, confero, contull, col- 
 
 latum, conferre. 
 Britain, Britanni-a, ae,/. 
 Britons, Britann-i, orum, m. pi. 
 Broad, lat-us, a, um. 
 Brother, fiater, fratr-is, m. 
 Build, aedlflc-o^ avi, atum, are. 
 Bull, taur-us, i,.n». 
 
 Bury, s6pgl-io, Ivi, sepultum, sSpelira 
 But, sed : but that, quln, with subj. 
 By, ' sign ' of abl. : (through, or by, rnecm 
 
 of,) per ; (with agent,) a, or ab. 
 
 Caesar, Caesar, Caes5r-ls, ra. 
 
 Calf, vitul-us, i, m. 
 
 Call on, clam-o, avi, atum, are ; v5c-o, 
 
 avi, atum, are. 
 Call Out, ev5c-o, avi, atum, are. 
 Calm (to), plac-o, avi, atum, are. 
 Camp, castr-a, orum, n. pi. ,— 
 
 Can, possum, potui, posse. 
 Cannot, non-possum ; nequeo. 
 Care, cur-a, ae,/. 
 Care, (take care of, or for,) ciir-o, avi, 
 
 atum, are. 
 Carefully, dlllgenter, adv.; studiose, 
 
 adv. 
 Carriage, curr-us, us, m. 
 Carry, port-o, avi, &c. ; f6ro, tuli, &c 
 Castle, castell-um, i, n. ; arx, arc-is, / 
 Cat, fel-es, is,/ 
 
 Catch, capio, cepi, captum, capgre. 
 Cause, caus-a, ae,/ 
 Cavalry, equltat-us, us, m.; Squit-es, 
 
 um, pi. m. 
 Cave, cav-um, i, n.; antr-um, 1, ». 
 Certain, (a certain one,) quidam, quae- 
 
 dam, quoddam, (or quiddam.) 
 Chamber, cuMcul-um, i, n. ; conciav-e, 
 
 is, n. 
 Charge, (be in charge of) praesum, 
 
 praefui, praeesse, (with dat.) 
 Chariot, curr-us, us, m. 
 
 (122) 1 
 
 Cheek, gSn-a, ae,/ 
 
 Chief man, princeps, princlp-is, m. 
 
 Children, liber-i, orum, m. 
 
 Christian, Christian-us, i, m. 
 
 Citadel, arx, arc-is, / 
 
 Citizen, civ-is, is, m, or/ 
 
 City, urbs, urb-is, /. 
 
 Clear, clar-us, a, um : clear water, 
 
 lympha: speculum lympharum, the 
 
 mirror of the waters, (i.e., the glassy 
 
 surface of the water.) 
 Clothe, vest-io, Ivi, Itum, Ire, 
 Command, (lead in battle,) praesum, 
 
 with dat. : duco, duxi, &c. 
 Command, (order,) jubeo; impgro; prae- 
 
 cipio. 
 Commander, dux, due-is, m.; imperator. 
 Come, v6n-io, i, turn, Ire. 
 Companion, cSmgs, comit-is, m. or / ,• 
 
 soci-us, i, m. 
 Comrade, cSmSs, comtt-is, m. or/ 
 Concerning, de, prep, with abl. 
 Conduct, (war,) gero (bellum,) gessi, 
 
 gestum, gergre. 
 Conquer, vinco, vici, victum, vine-gre; 
 
 super-o, avi, <fec. 
 Conqueror, victor, vict5r-is, m. 
 Consort, conjux, conjug-is, m. or/ 
 Consul, consul, consul-is, m. 
 Contented (mind), aequus animus, m. 
 
242 
 
 ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 Cool, gSM-us, a, um ; frlgld-us, a, am. 
 
 Corn, frument-um, i, n. 
 
 Cornelia, Corneli-a, ae, / 
 
 Cottage, cas- a, ae,/ 
 
 Country, rus, rur-is, n. ; ager, agri, m. : 
 
 native country, patri-a, ae, /. 
 Covetous, avar-us, a, nm; avId-us, a, um. 
 Cow, vacc-a, ae,/. 
 Crane, grus, or gru-is, is, m. or / 
 
 Crassus, Crass-us, i, m. 
 
 CrOW, comix, coralc-is, /; a rat 
 
 corv-ue, i, m. 
 Crowd, turb-a, ae, /. 
 Cry, clamor, clamor-is, m.: cry of 
 
 /ant, vaglt-us, as, m. 
 Cultivate, c61-o, ui, cultum, col-ere. 
 -4 Cunning, callld-us, a, urn. 
 Cup, pocul-am, i, n. 
 
 Dance, salt-o, avi, at am, are. 
 Danger, perieul-um, i, n. 
 Daring, audax, gen. audac-is, adj. 
 Daughter, fili-a, ae,/.; aat-a, ae,/. 
 Daughter-in-law, nur-us, us, /. 
 Day, di-es, ei, m. or/; in pi, m. 
 Day before, pridie, adv. 
 Dear, car-us, a, um. 
 Death, mors, mort-is, / ; nex, nSc-is, /. 
 Deep, alt-us, a, um ; pr5fund-us, a, um. 
 Defile, foed-o, avi, atum, are. 
 Defiled, adj., sordld-us, a, am. 
 Delight, delect-o, avi, atum, are: de- 
 light in, gaudeo. 
 Dense, dens-us, a, um. 
 Deserter, perfug-a, ae, m. 
 
 Deservedly, merito, adv. 
 
 Difficult, difflcll-is, is, e. 
 
 Diligent, sedul-us, a, um. 
 
 Disease, morb-us, i, m. 
 
 Dispatch, mitto, mlsi, missum, mltt-gre. 
 
 Dog, can- is, is, m. or / 
 
 Donkey, asin-us, i, m. ; asell-us, i, m- 
 
 Door, janu-a, ae,/ ; port-a, ae,/ 
 
 Doubt, there is no doubt but (hat, non 
 
 eat dubium quin,— (followed by subj.) 
 -Dove, columb-a, ae,/ 
 Down, de, prep, with abl 
 Dowry, dos, dQt-is,/ 
 Dread, tlm-eo, ui, ere. 
 During, per, prep, with accus. ; or acaa. 
 
 alone. 
 
 E. 
 
 Eagle, aquTl-a, ae, / 
 
 Earth, terr-a, ae, /.; tellus, tellQr-is, 
 / 
 
 Easy, facll-is, is, e. 
 
 Egg, ov-um, 1, n. 
 
 Embrace, amplector, amplexus sum. 
 amplecti, (dep.) 
 
 Endeavour, con-or, atussum, art Some- 
 times expressed by imperf. hid. of verb ; 
 as, He endeavoured to escape from, fugit- 
 abat 
 
 Enemy, host-is, is, tn. or / ; also in- 
 Imic-us, i, tn. 
 
 Enjoy, fruor, fructus (fruitus) sum, frui 
 
 Enroll, (army,) scrlb-o, scrips- i, script- 
 urn, scrib-5rc. 
 
 Enter, intr-o, avi, atum, are. 
 
 Envy, invld-eo, i, invlsum, invld-gre. 
 
 Equal, (on an equality with), par, gen. 
 par-is. 
 
 Escape, profug-io, i, itum, ere; endt& 
 tour to escape, fugit-o, avi, Stum, are. 
 
 Every, omn-is, is, e. 
 
 Evil, mal-um, i, n. 
 
 Exhort, hort-or, atus sum, ari. 
 
 Exile, exsili-um, i, n. 
 
 Exposed, (open,) apert-us, a, nra. 
 
 Eye, ocul-us, i, m. 
 
 F. 
 
 Face, facl-es, ci,/; rnlt-us, us, 771. 
 Faithful, fid-us, a, um ; fidel-is, is, c. 
 Fame, (report,) fam-a, ae, /; (glory), 
 
 gloria, ae,/ 
 Farmer, agrlc51-a, ae, tn. 
 Father, pater, patr-is, ro. 
 
 Father-in-law, socer, soc5r-i, m. 
 Fault, culp-a, ae,/ 
 Favouring, secund-us, a, um. 
 Fear, tlmor, timor-is, m. ; m6t-us, us, tn. 
 Fear, tim-eo, ui, ere; metu-o, i, tun;, 
 ere. 
 
ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 243 
 
 Feather, plQm-a, ae,/. 
 Feel, sent-io, scns-i, sens-um, sent-Ire. 
 Fellow-citizen, civ-is, is, to. or/ 
 Field, figer, agi i, m. ; arv-um, i, n. ; rus, 
 . rur-is, n. 
 Fierce, acer, or ncr-is, is, e; fgr-us, a, 
 
 um; fgrox, gen. ferocis. 
 Fight, pugn-o, avi, atum, are. 
 Fill, impl-eo, evi, etum, ere ; compleo. 
 Finish, fln-io, Ivi, itum, Ire. 
 Fire, (set on fire,) incend-o, i, incensum, 
 
 incend-gre. 
 First, prlm-us, a, um. 
 Fish, pisc-is, is, to. 
 Flank, latus, later- is, n. 
 Fleet, class-is, is, / 
 Flesh, caro, carn-is, / 
 Flight, fug-a, ae, /. 
 Float, nat-o, avi, atum, are. 
 Flock, grex, grgg-is, to. — 
 
 Flower, flos, flor-is, to. 
 Fly, (subst.,) musc-a, ae,/. 
 Fly, (verb,) v51-o, avi, atum, are. 
 Fodder, pabul-um, i, n. 
 Fold (of a robe, &c), sln-us, us, m. 
 Fold (for sheep), ovll-e, is, n. 
 
 Follow, sSquor, secutus sum, sSqut. 
 
 (dep. 3.) 
 Following, (next,) poster-us, a, um. 
 Fool, stult-us, i, m. 
 Foolish, stult-us, a, um. — — ' 
 Foot, p5s, p6d-is, m. 
 For, (i.e., during), per, with accus.; or 
 
 accus. only. 
 For, (signofdat.) No separate word. 
 Force, vis, vim, vi, /. : pi, vires. (See 
 
 p. 34.) 
 Force, (to force a passage,) iter facere 
 
 per vim. 
 Forces, cOpi-ae, arum,/ pi. 
 Forest, silv-a, ae,/ 
 Form, slmulachr-um, 1, n. ; effigi-es, ci, 
 
 / ; flgur-a, ae, / 
 Fortify, mun-io, Ivi, Itum, Ire. 
 Fortunate, felix, gen. fellc-is, adj. 
 Fox, vulp-es, is,/ 
 Free, (verb,) liber-o, avi, atum, are. 
 Friend, amlc-us, i, m. 
 Frog, ran-a, ae,/ 
 From, (away from,) ab, or a, with abl. ; 
 
 (out of,) ex, with abl.; (from all part*,) 
 
 undique, adv. 
 
 Gander, anser, ansgr-is, m. 
 
 Garden, hort-us, i, m. 
 
 Gate, port-a, ae, / ; janu-a, ae, / 
 
 Gauls, Gall-i, orum, m. 
 
 General, (i.e., military commander,) (lux, 
 
 due- is, m. ; imperator, imperatOr-is, m. 
 Germans, German-i, orum, m. pi. 
 Giant, gigas, gigant-is, m. 
 Gift, d6n-um, i, n. 
 .Girl, puell-a, ae,/ 
 Give, do, dedi, datum, dare. 
 Glory, glori-a, ae,/ 
 Go, eo, Ivi, Itum, Ire. 
 Go-a-hunting, ven-or, atus sum, ari, 
 
 (dep. 1.) 
 
 G. 
 
 God, De-us, i, m. 
 Goddess, de-a, ae, / 
 Good, b5n-us, a, um. 
 --Goose, anser, ansgr-is, to. or/ 
 Govern, impgr-o, avi, atum, are ; (governs 
 
 dat.) 
 Grass, gramen, gramTn-is, n. TfiM^- 
 Grateful, grat-us, a, um : to .mFgrate- 
 
 ful, habere gratias. 
 Grave, sgpulchr-um, i, n. 
 Great, magn-us, a, um. 
 Grove, ngmus, nemor-is, n. ; luc-us, i, 
 
 TO. 
 
 Guide, dux, due-is, m. or/ 
 
 *& 
 
 Hair, c5m-a, ae, /; capill-us, i, to. r 
 
 head of hair, caesari-es, ei,/ 
 Happy, felix, gen. felicis; beat-us, a, 
 
 um. 
 Harbour, port- us, us, m. 
 Hare, lepus, lepOr-i«--, to. 
 Harvest, mess-is,is, / 
 
 Hasten, festln-o, avi, atum, are. 
 Hateful, Sdios-us, a, um. 
 Hatred, 5di-um, i, n. 
 Have, hab-eo, ui, Itum, ere. 
 Head, caput, captt-is, n. 
 Hear, aud-io, ivi, itum, ire. 
 Heat, caior, calor-is, to. 
 
244 
 
 ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 Heavy, gr£v-is, is, e. 
 
 Help, auxili-um, 1, s. 
 
 Helpless, iners, gen, inert-is, adj. 
 
 Helvetii, Helvgti-i, orum, n. pL 
 
 Her (own), su-us, a, urn. 
 
 High, alt-us, a, um. 
 
 Hill, coll-is, is, m. 
 
 His (own), su-us, a, am. 
 
 Hold, ten-eo, ui, turn, ere. 
 
 Holy, sancUus, a, um; sacer, sacra, 
 
 sacrum. 
 Home, d5m-us, us, /., (see p. 26 ;) at 
 
 home, domL 
 Honour, hSnor, or honos, honor-is, m. 
 Hope, spes, spgi, /. 
 
 Horn, corn-u, us, n. 
 Horse, equ-ua, i, m. 
 Horseman, equgs, eqult-is, m. 
 Hostage, obses, obsld-is, m. or/. 
 Hostile, inimlc-us, a, um; hostll-is, is, a 
 House, d6m-us, us,/. 
 Huge, ingens, gen. ingent-is, adj. 
 Hunt, ven-or, atus sum, ari, (dep.) 
 Huntsman, venator, venator-is, m. 
 Hurl, torqueo, torsi, tortum, torqu-ere ; 
 
 jacio. 
 Hurt, n&c-eo, ui, Itum, ere; (goverm 
 
 dat.) 
 Husbandman, agricol-a, ae, m. 
 Hut, cas-a, ae, /. 
 
 I, ego, meL (Seep. 41.) 
 
 Ice, glaci-es, ei,/. ; gel-o, us, n. 
 
 Idle, ignav-us, a, um ; iners, gen. inert- 
 
 is. 
 If, si, conj. 
 
 Illustrious, clar-us, a, um. 
 Immense, ingens, gen. ingent-is, adj. 
 Impartial, aequ-us, a, um. 
 In, in, prep, wttfi all 
 
 Infant, infans, infant-is, m. or/ 
 Inhabitant, inc51-a, ae, m. or/. 
 Injure, n5c-eo, ui, itum, ere. 
 Injury, injuri-a, ae,/. 
 Into, in, prep, with ace us. 
 Invoke, inv6c-o, avi, atum, are. 
 Is, est, (3d sing, of sum.) 
 Island, insul-a, ae, /. 
 Italy, Itali-a, ae, /. 
 
 Jackdaw, gracul-us, i, m. 
 Javelin, hast-a, ae, /. 
 Judge, judex, judic-is, m. 
 Juno, Juno, Junon-is,/. 
 
 Jupiter, Jupiter, J5v-is, m, 
 — Just, aequ-us, a, um ; just-us, a, um. 
 Justice, justlti-a, ae, /. 
 
 Keep, serv-o, ari, atum, Sre; (one's pro? 
 
 mise,) servare fldem. 
 Kill, nec-o, avi, atum, are; interfieio; 
 
 occido. 
 Kind, bland-us, a, um ; kind-hearted, 
 
 benign- us, a, um. 
 
 King, rex. rf g-is, m. 
 Kiss, oscul-um, i, n. 
 Knock (at), puls-o, avi, atum, are. 
 Know, nosco, novi, nOtum, nosc-gre 
 scio. 
 
 Labour, labor, labCr-ls, m. 
 Labour, labor-o, avi, atum, are. 
 Lamb, agn-us, i, m.; agn-a, ae,/. 
 Lament, fl-eo, evi, etum, ere ; maer-eo. 
 Land, terr-a, ae, /. ,• native land, patri-a, 
 
 ae,/. 
 Language, lingu-a, ae,/. 
 
 Large, magn-us, a, um. 
 Late-at-night, sera nocte, abL 
 Lately, nuper, adv. 
 
 Law, lex, leg-is,/. 
 
 Lay (Le, prepare) snares, pfirare in- 
 
 sldias. 
 Lead, duc-o, dux-i, duct-um, duc-ere. 
 
ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 245 
 
 Leaf, fou-trai, i, n. 
 
 Leap upon, Insll-io, ui, or Ivi, insult- 
 
 nm, insil-ire. 
 Leam, disco, dldlci, disc-gre. 
 Leave, relinquo, rellqui, relictum, re- 
 
 linqu-8re. 
 Legion, legio, lcgion-is,/. 
 Let, sign of imperat. or sub. used as im- 
 
 perat. 
 Letter, epist51-a, ae,/;liter-ae, arum,/ 
 Level, aequ-us, a, um ; plan-us, a, am, 
 Liar, mendax, mendac-is, m. or/. 
 Lie, jac-eo, ui, Itum, ere. 
 
 Lieutenant (-General), legat-us, i, m. 
 
 Life, vit-a, ae, /. 
 
 Lion, leo, leon-is, m. 
 
 Livelong, tot-us, a, um. 
 
 Log, tigill-um, i, n. 
 
 Long, long-us, a, um. 
 
 Long-time, diu, adv. 
 
 Loose, lax-us, a, um. 
 
 Loud voice, (with a,) magna v5ce, (abl.) 
 
 Love, amor, amor-is, m. 
 
 Love, am-o, avi, atum, are. 
 
 Luxury, luxuri-a, ae, /.; luxuri-es, el,/ 
 
 M. 
 
 Macedonian, MacSdo, Macgd5n-is, m. 
 • Magnificent, splendld-us, a, um. 
 Maid-servant, ancill-a, ae, /. 
 Make, fac-io, fec-i, fact-um, fac-gre. 
 Make (one's self master of), pStior, potitu? 
 
 sum, potiri, with abl. or gen. 
 Make war, inferre (or facere) bellum. 
 Man, vir, viri, m. ; mankind, h5mo, hom- 
 
 lnis, m. or/. — 
 
 Many, pi., mult-1, ae, a; (mult-us, a, 
 
 um, much.) 
 Marry, ducere uxorem (said of the 
 
 man) ; nubgre, with dat., (said of the 
 
 woman.) 
 Master, magister, magistr-1, m., (a mas- 
 ter who teaches or guides) ; dSm!n-us,.i, 
 
 m., (a master who owns.) 
 Master, (to make one's self master of) 
 
 potior, potltus sum, potiri, with gen. or 
 
 abl. 
 Mate, (yoke-fellow,) mas, mar-is, m. 
 Medicine, mgdTcin-a, ae,/. 
 Message, nunti-us, i, m. ; commission, 
 
 mandat-um, i, n. 
 
 Messenger, nuntl-u9, i, m 
 
 Military, militar-is, is, e. 
 
 Milk, lac, lact-is, n. 
 
 Mind, anim-us, i, m. 
 
 Misfortune, cas-us, us, m. ; clad-es, 
 
 is,/. 
 Mix, misc-eo, ui, mistum, or mixtum, 
 
 misc-ere. 
 Month, mens-is, is, m. 
 Moon, lun-a, ae,/ 
 More, plus, adv. ; magis, adv. : also sign 
 
 of comparative. 
 Most, maxime, adv.: also sign ofsupei'l. 
 Mother, mater, matr-is, /. 
 Mother-in-law, socr-us, ut, /. 
 Motion, mot-us, us, m. 
 -^HVIound, agger, agggr-is, m. 
 Mountain, mons, mont-is, m. 
 Mouse, mils, mfti'-is, m. 
 Mouth, os, or-is, n. 
 Move, mov-eo, i, motum, mov-Sre. 
 Much-loved, car-us, a, um. 
 Mud, Hm-us, i, m. 
 My, me-us, a, um. 
 
 N. 
 
 Name, nomen, nomtn-is, n. 
 Native-country, patri-a, ae, / 
 Nature, natur-a, ae,/. 
 Naughty, mal-us, a, um ; nequam, 
 
 (indecl.) 
 j i — Near, apud, (or ad,) prep, with accus. ; 
 
 prope. 
 Nearer, propius 
 
 I Neck, coU-um, i, n. 
 
 L , Necklace, mgnil-e, is, n. 
 
 \ Neighbouring, proxim-us, a. um ; 
 finltlm-us, a, um. 
 
 Neptune, Neptun-us, i, m. 
 
 •Net, ret-e, is, n. 
 
 Never-ending, aetern-us, a, um. 
 
 New, nov-us, a, um ; rgcens, gen. re- 
 cent-is. 
 
 Night, nox, noct-is, /. 
 
 Nobody, nemo, nemln-is, m. 
 
 No one, nemo, nemln-is, m. 
 
 Not, non; not— only, but— also, non sol- 
 um, sed etiam. 
 
 Not, with imperatives, ne. 
 
 Nut, mix, nuc-ia, /. 
 
246 
 
 ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 Oak, querc-us, us, /. 
 
 Obey, par-eo, ui, Itum, ere; obcd-io, Tvi, 
 
 Itum, ire. 
 Obtain, impetr-o, avi, atum, are; ob- 
 
 tln-eo, ui, ere. 
 Occupy, obtln-eo, ui, 5re; occup-o, avi, 
 
 atum, are: {take possession of) potior. 
 Often, saepe, adv. 
 Old, antiqu-us, a, um ; vgtus, gtn. veter- 
 
 is ; senex, gen. sdnis. 
 Old man, senex, sen-is, m. 
 Oldest, natu maxim-us, a, um. 
 On, in, prep, with abl. 
 On an equality, par, gen. par-is. 
 One, un-us, a, um : one of two, alter, 
 
 altgr-a, um : one of many, ali-us, a, ud. 
 Only, adj., unlc-us, a, um ; sol-us, a, um. 
 
 Only, adv., solum, m5do. 
 
 Open, apgr-io, ui, turn, Ire. 
 
 Order, juss-us, us, m: by the orU>\ 
 
 jussu. 
 Order, jubeo, jussi, jussum, jub-ere. 
 Ornament, cecus, decSr-is, n. 
 Ornament, orn-o, avi, atum, aic; 
 
 decSr-o, avi. 
 Other, alter, alter-a, um. 
 Our, noster, nostra, nostrum. 
 Over, (as, over the Alps, sea, <£<;.,) per, 
 
 prep, with accus. 
 Overcome, vinco, vici, victum, vinc-erc 
 
 supero. 
 Own. {See His, Her, Its, «fcc ) 
 Ox, bos, bor-is, m. 
 
 Pain, dolor, dolor-is, m. 
 
 Palace, aul-a, ae, /. ; regi-a, ae, /. 
 
 Pale, pallld-us, a, um. 
 
 Parent, parens, parent-is, m. or /. 
 
 Part, pars, part-is, /. 
 
 Parthians, Farth-i, oram, m. pi. 
 
 Passion, {desire,) cupiditaa, cupldltatis./. 
 
 Partner, s5ci-us, i, m. 
 
 Peace, pax, pac-is, /. 
 
 Peacock, pavo, pavon is, m. 
 
 People, pSpfil-us, i, 7?i. 
 
 Perish, per-eo, ii, Itum, Ire. 
 
 Persuade, persuadeo, persuasi, per- 
 
 suasum, persuad-ere. 
 Pillar, column-a, ae, /. 
 Place, lOc-us, i, m. ; pi, loci, m., or 
 
 loca, n. 
 Plain, camp-us, i, n. 
 Please, piac-co, ui. Ttum, ere. 
 Plentiful, (eg., harvest,) copios-us, a, 
 
 um ; larg-us, a, um. 
 
 Plenty, cSpi-a, ae,/ 
 
 Plough, aratr-um, i, n. 
 
 Plough, ar-o, avi, atum, are. 
 
 Poet, poet- a, ae, m. 
 
 Point Out, monstr-o. avi, atum, are. 
 
 Poor, inops, gen. inop-is; pauper, gen. 
 
 pauper-is. 
 Poplar tree, popui-us, i,/. 
 
 Powerful, valid-us, a, um ; potciis, 
 gen. potent-is: to be very powerful, 
 plurimum posse. 
 
 Praise, laus, laud-is, /. 
 
 Praise, laud-o, avi, atum. are. 
 
 Prepare, par-o, avi, arum, are. 
 
 Priest, sacerdos, sacerdot-is, m. or/ 
 
 Promise, promiss-um, i, n. ; fid-cs, ei,/ 
 
 Proviuce, provinci-a, ae,/ 
 
 Punishment, poen-a, ae, / 
 
 Pupil, discipul-us, i, nj. 
 
 Pure, rur-us. a, um. 
 
 Put to flight, fug-o. avi, atum, a; e. 
 
 Q 
 
 — Queen, regln-a, ae,/ 
 
 Quickly, celeiiter; clto. 
 
 R. 
 
 Race, {kind,) ggnus, genSr-is, n. 
 Rampart, agger, agger-is, m. ,• vall-um, 
 
 i, n. 
 Reach, attingo, attigi, attactum, atting- 
 
 6re : reach the island, facere insulam. 
 
 Reason, ratio, ratiOu-is./ 
 Republic, respublica, reipublicae,/ 
 Repulse, repello, repuli, repulsum, re> 
 
 pell-gre. 
 Rest, {ease,) oti-um, i, %. 
 
ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 217 
 
 Rest, (remainder,) rgllqu-us, a, uni 
 the remains, rellqui-ae, arum, /. pi. 
 
 Retreat, (to retire,) rcferre pgdem. 
 
 Return, reverter, reversus sum, reverti^- 
 
 Rhine, Rhen-us, i, m. 
 
 Rhodes, Rh5d-us, i,/. 
 
 Rich, dives, gen. divlt-is, adj. 0* 
 
 Ride, eqult-o, avi, atum, are. 
 
 Ripe, matur-us, a, um. 
 
 River, amn-is, is, m. ; rlvus, i, m. ; 
 fiumen, fiumln-is, n.; fluvi-us, i, m. 
 
 Road, vi-a, ae, /. : Iter, itinSr-is, n., (a 
 
 journey.) 
 Robher, latro, latr5n-is, m. 
 Roman, Roman-us, a, um. 
 Rome, Rom-a, ae,/. 
 Rough, asper, asp<5r-a, um. 
 Round, adj., rQtund-us, a, um. 
 Round, prep., (= around,) circum, with 
 
 accus. 
 Rout, ftig-o, avi, atum, are. 
 Run, curio, cucurri, cursum, currere. 
 
 310US, sagax, gen. sagac-is, adj. 
 
 Sail, navig-o, avi, atum, are. 
 'Sailor, naut-a, ae, m. 
 
 Same, idem, eadem, Idem. 
 
 Savage, saev-us, a, um; ferox, gen. 
 feroc-is. 
 
 Say, dlco, dixi; aio; inquam ; fero. 
 
 Scipio, Sclpio, Scipion-is, m. 
 
 Sea, mar-e, is, n. 
 
 See, video, vldi, visum, vid-ere : see that, 
 fac or faclte ut, with subj. 
 
 Senate, senat-us, us, (or i,) m. 
 
 Senate-house, curi-a, ae, /. 
 
 Send, mitto, mlsi, missum, mitt-ere. 
 
 Serious, (in the sense of 'great,' 'dan- 
 gerous,' as of a war,) grav-is, is, e. 
 
 Servant, serv-us, i, m. ; minister, min- 
 istri, m. 
 
 Service, (to be of service,) prosum, pro- 
 mi, prodesse: to be of great service, 
 multum prodesse. 
 
 Set On fire, incend-o, i. incensum, in- 
 cend-ere. 
 
 Set out, prdTIciscor, profectus sum, pio- 
 ficisci. 
 
 Shade, umbr-a, ae, /. 
 
 Shadow, umbr-a, ae, /. 
 
 Shallow-water, vad-um, i, w. 
 
 Share, pars, part-is, /. 
 Sharp, acut-us, a, um. 
 Sheep, 5v-is, is, /. 
 Sheep-fold, 5vll-e, is, n. 
 Shepherd, pastor, pastor-is, m. 
 Shift, moveo, movi, motum, m6v-ere. 
 Ship, nav-is, is, /. 
 Shore, litus, liter-is, ». 
 Short, breVis, is, e. 
 
 Show, (potM*oM*,)monstro: show off, os- 
 tend-o, i, osten-sum, w-tum, ostendere. 
 Sicily, SIcIli-a, ae,/. 
 Side, latus, lat6r-is, n. 
 Sight, conspect-us, us, m. 
 
 Sing, cant-o, fivi, atum, are; cano, 
 
 cgclui, cantum, canere. 
 Sister, soror, sor5r-is,/. 
 Size, magnitudo, magnitudln-is, /. ; 
 
 body, corpus, corpfir-is, n. 
 Skin, pell-is, is,/; cut-is, is,/. 
 Slave, serv-us, i, m. 
 Slave, (be slave to,) serv-io, ii, Itum, 
 
 Ire. 
 Slaughter, caed-es, is, /. 
 Slay, nSc-o, avi, <fec. ; interficio, inter- 
 
 feci, <fec; occldo, occldi, &c. 
 Sleep, dorm-io, Ivi, Itum, Ire. 
 Slender, gracil-is, is, e ; tenu-is, is, e. 
 Sling, fund-a, ae/. 
 Small, parv-us, a, um. 
 Smooth, lev-is, is, e. 
 Snares, insldi-ae, arum,/, pi. 
 Snow, nix, nlv-is,/. 
 Socrates, Socrat-es, is, m. 
 Soil, sol-um, i, n. 
 Soldier, mllgs, milit-is, in. 
 Some, (certain,) quldam, quaedam, quod- 
 
 dain. 
 Son, flli-us, i, m. 
 Sorrowing, trist-is, is, e; flens, gen. 
 
 flent-is. 
 Sound, sSn-us, i, m. 
 Sour, acid-us, a, um. 
 Source, materi-es, ei, /. 
 Spacious, ampl-us, a, um. 
 Spade, Hgo, ligon-is, m. 
 Spare, parco, pgperci, (or parsi,) pars- 
 urn, (or pareltum,) parcere. 
 Speak, loquor, locutus sum, loqui; 
 
 dico. 
 Speech, oratio, oration-is,/.; sermo, 
 
 sermon-is, m. 
 Speedily, celSrlter : (soon,) statim. 
 Splash, s5n-us, i, m. 
 Splendid, splendld-us, a, um ; magnl- 
 
 fie us, a, um. 
 
248 
 
 ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 Spring, ver, ver-is, n. 
 
 Spur, calcar, calcar-is, n. 
 
 Stag, cerv-us, i, m. 
 
 Stall, stabul-um, i, n. 
 
 State, civitas, civitat-is, /. ,- respublica, /. 
 
 Statue, sig-n-um, i, n. ; statu-a, ae, /. 
 
 Step, grad-us, us, in. 
 
 Stick, fust-is, is, m. 
 
 Strength, vis, vim, vi. /; pi, vires, 
 
 virium. (Seep. 34.) 
 Strong, Talid-us, a, um; fort-is, is, e. 
 Strongly fortified, b6ne (or egregie) 
 
 munlt-us, a, um. 
 Sturdy, valld-us, a, um. 
 Subject, (fellow-citizen,) civ-is, is, m.or/. 
 Successfully, feiiclter, adv. ; bene, 
 
 Sue for, pet-o, Ivi, Itum, ere ; or-o. avi, 
 
 &C. 
 
 Summer, aestas, aestat-is, /. 
 
 Summit Of, vertex, vertlc-is, m. : 
 summ-us, (a, nm,) with subst.; as, 
 Summus mons, the top of the moun- 
 tain. 
 
 Sun, sol, sOl-is, m. 
 
 Sunset, occas-us (us, m.) solis. 
 
 Suppliant, supplex, supplic-is, m, or/. 
 
 Supply, praeb-eo, ui, ere; mlnistr-o, 
 avi, (Kc. ; do, dgdi, &c. 
 
 Swan, eyen-us, i, m. 
 
 Sweet, dulc-is, is, e. 
 
 Swell, tum-eo, ui, ere. 
 
 Swim, no, navi ; nat-o, a\i, <fec 
 
 Sword, ens-is, is, m. ; gladi-us, i, m. 
 
 Table, mens-a, ae,/. 
 
 Tail, caud-a, ae,/. 
 
 Take, capio, cepi, caprum, cap-ere : take 
 care, (be cautious,) caveo : take care, 
 (see to it,) cut-o, -avi, &c. : take a walk. 
 ambul-o, -avi, <fcc. 
 
 Tall, alr-us, a, um ; procer-us, a, um. 
 
 Teach, d5c-eo, ui, turn, ere. 
 
 Tear, lacrlm-a, ae,/ 
 
 Temper, anlm-us, i, tn. 
 
 Temple, templ-um, i, n. ; aed-es, is,/. 
 
 Tend, cur-o, avi, atum, are. 
 
 Throughout, per, prep, trith accus. 
 Throw open, aper-io, ui, turn, ire. 
 Thunderbolt, fulmen, fulmln-is, n. 
 Thy, tu-us, a, um. 
 Timid, tlmid-us. a, um 
 — -To, (motion towards, against, <tc.,) ad, 
 
 with accus. : also sign of dat. 
 To-morrow, eras, adv. 
 Tongue, lingu-a, ae,/. 
 Tooth, dens, dent-is, m. 
 Top, vertex, vertic-is, m. ; summus, with 
 
 subst. (See Summit.) 
 
 Tender, timer, tengr-a, nm. 
 
 Tent, (Le., general's tent,) praetori-um, 
 
 i,n. 
 Terrify, teir-eo, ui, Itum, ere. 
 Territory, fin-es, ium, m. 
 Terror, terror, terror-is, m. ; in terror, 
 
 pavid-us, a, um. 
 Than, quam, adv. 
 That, ille, Ula, iilud. (See p. 42.) 
 That (of yours,) ist-e, a, ud. (See p. 43, 
 
 7.) 
 Their, su-us, a, um. (See p. 42.) 
 Thief, fur, fur-is, m. or/. 
 This, hie, haec, hoc; is, ea, id. (See p. 42.) 
 Through, per, prep, with accus. 
 
 — 4-To Wards, ad, prep, with accus. ; in, with 
 
 accus. 
 Town, oppld-um, i, n. 
 Train, ei ud-io, ivi, itum, Ire. 
 Transgress, (an oath, promise, <Lx.,) 
 
 viol-o, avi, atum, are. 
 Treat (about, negotiate,) ago. cci, <fcc ; 
 
 as, to treat of peace, agere de pace. 
 Tree, arbor, (or arbos,) arb6r-is,/ 
 Trumpet, tub-a, ae, / 
 Truth, ver-um, i, a.; Veritas, veritat- 
 
 is,/ 
 Turn up, (as, to plough, <frc.,) Ters-o, avi, 
 
 atum, are. 
 TWO, du-o, ae, o. (Seep. 39.) 
 
 u. 
 
 Unwilling, invit-us, a, um. 
 Us, nos, pL of ego. (See p. 41.) 
 Useful, utU-is, is, e. 
 Useful, (to be useful to,) prosum, profui, 
 prodesse. 
 
 Used to, imperf. of verb; as, used to 
 ride, equitabat : also expressed by sole«, 
 solitus sum, solere. 
 
 Useless, inutil-is, is, e. 
 
ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 249 
 
 V. 
 
 Vain, adj., {useless,) v&n-us, a, um. 
 Vain, adv., (in vain,) frustra, nequi< 
 
 quiim, or ncquidquam. 
 Vainly, frustra, nequicquam. 
 
 Very, sign ofsuperl, as, very brave, fortl»< 
 
 simus ; very much, valde. 
 Victorious, victor, gen. vict5r-ia. 
 Virtue, virtus, virtutis,/. 
 Voice, vox, voc-is, /. 
 
 w. 
 
 Wage war, inferre bellum. m 
 
 Walk about, ambul-o, avi, &c 
 ' Wall, mur-us, i, m. 
 
 Want, (be wanting,) dgsum, defui, de-- 
 esse. 
 
 War, bell-um, i, ra. 
 
 Warn, m5n-eo, ui, Ttum, gre. 
 
 Wash, l&vo, lavi, &c. 
 
 Water, aqu-a, ae, /. 
 
 Wave, und-a, ae, /. ; fiuct-us, us, m. 
 
 Way, vi-a, ae, /. ; Iter, itlnens, n. 
 
 Weak, (not strong,) debtl-is, is, e; (deli- 
 cate, tender,) tener, tenSr-a, urn. 
 
 Weary, fess-us, a, um. 
 
 What, quis, quae, quod, or quid. (See 
 p. 44.) 
 
 When, quum, or cum, conj. 
 
 Which, qui, quae, quod. (See p. 44.) 
 
 White, alb-us, a, um ; candld-us, a, um. 
 
 Who, (relative,) qui, quae, quod ; (in- 
 terrog.,) qui, or quis. (See p. 44.) 
 
 Whole, tot-us, a, um ; omn-is, is, e. 
 
 Why, cur, adv. ; quid. 
 
 Wicked, mal-us, a, um ; prav-us, a, um ; 
 imprSb-us, a, um. 
 
 Wide, lat-us, a, um. 
 
 Wide-meshed, rar-us, a, um. 
 
 Wife, uxor, uxor-is, /. ; conjux, con- 
 jfig-is, /. 
 
 Wild-boar, aper, apr-i, ra. 
 
 Willingly, JTbenter, adv. 
 
 Wine, vin-um, i, «. 
 
 Wing, al-a, ae, /. 
 
 Winter, hiem-s, is,/. 
 
 Wisdom, sapienti-a, ae,/. 
 
 Wise, sapiens, gen. sapient-is. 
 
 With, (i.e., along with,) cum, prep, with 
 abl: also sign of abl. 
 
 Without, sine, prep, with abl. 
 
 Wolf, lup-us, i, ra. ; lup-a, ae, /, she- 
 wolf. 
 
 Woman, femln-a, ae,/. ; mulier, mulier- 
 is,/. 
 
 Wood, silv-a, ae, /. 
 
 Work, 5pus, op5r-is, n. ; opSr-a, ae,/. 
 
 Wom-OUt, defess-us, a, um. 
 
 Worthless, nequam, indecl. (Seep. 37, 
 5.) 
 
 Wound, vulnus, vulnSr-is, n. 
 
 Wounded, *ulnerat-us, a, um. 
 
 Wretched, mtser, misgr-a, um. 
 
 Write, scribo, scripsi, scriptum, scribgre. 
 
 Year, ann-us, i, m. 
 
 Yesterday, h8ri, adv. 
 
 YOU, tu, tui ; pi, vos. (See p. 41.) 
 
 "" *\ Young-man, or woman, juven-is, is, ra. 
 or/. 
 Your, sing., tu-us, a, um ; pi, vester, 
 ' vestra, vestrom. 
 
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