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PUBLICATIONS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY 
 OF WISCONSIN 
 
 EDITED BY 
 
 MILO M. QUAIFE 
 
 SUPERINTENDENT OF THE SOCIETY 
 
WISCONSIN HISTORICAL PUBLICATIONS 
 
 COLLECTIONS, VOLUME XXIV 
 DRAPER SERIES, VOLUME V 
 

 W 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 '^v. 
 
 
 DANIEL BRODHEAD 
 
 From a Daguerreotype Presented to Dr. Draper by a member of Brodhead's 
 
 F'amily 
 
PUBLICATIONS OF THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY 
 OF WISCONSIN 
 
 COLLECTIONS, VOLUME XXIV 
 DRAPER SERIES, VOLUME V 
 
 FRONTIER RETREAT 
 
 ON THE 
 
 UPPER OHIO 
 
 1779-1781 
 
 i^-t-'i'rHI 
 
 EDITED WITH INTRODUCTION AND NOTES BY 
 
 LOUISE PHELPS KELLOGG 
 
 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL SOCIETY 
 
 PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY 
 MADISON, 1917 
 
 Mono<rr3nh 
 

 COPYRIGHT, 1917 
 
 BY THE 
 
 STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF WISCONSIN 
 
 1250 COPIES PRINTED 
 
 D. Of B. 
 
 JUL 23 1918 
 
 CANTWELL PRINTING COMPANY, MADISON, STATE PRINTER 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 
 Preface ........ 
 
 Page 
 9 
 
 Historical Introduction . . . . . 
 
 13 
 
 Documents ....... 
 
 39 
 
 Appendix . . , . . . . 
 
 425 
 
 Index ........ 
 
 499 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 Page 
 Portrait of Daniel Brodhead Frontispiece 
 
 Map of Western Pennsylvania 55 
 
 Portrait of Capt. Abraham Chapline 87 
 
 Contract for rescuing Indian captives 199 
 
 Portrait of Samuel Murphy 206 
 
 Portrait of Joseph Brant 287 
 
 Henry Baubee's drawing of Fort Lernoult at Detroit . 303 
 
 Portrait of Samuel Huntington 333 
 
 Map of Southwest Virginia 402 
 
PREFACE 
 
 To those who are familiar with the pubHcations of the State 
 Historical Society of Wisconsin no announcement need be made 
 at this late date of its publications of source material in the field 
 of the Revolution in the West under the general caption of the 
 Draper Series. Four volumes have been issued thus far, the 
 first three under the editorship of Reuben Gold Thwaites and 
 Louise Phelps Kellogg, the fouith under that of Miss Kellogg 
 alone. They cover, in general, the story of the Revolution in the 
 West from the outbreak of Lord Dunmore's War to July, 1779. 
 Drawn chiefly from the Society's rich store of material comprised 
 in the Draper Collection of manuscripts, the contents of the 
 volumes have been further enriched with the pertinent gleanings 
 from other collections, notably from the manuscript treasures 
 belonging to the Library of Congress. The volume now offered 
 to the scholarly world covers the two year period from July, 
 1779 to July, 178L Its title, Frontier Retreat On the Upper Ohio, 
 aptly suggests the contrast between the conditions prevalent 
 during these two years of revolution in the West and those dealt 
 with in the volume issued last year. Frontier Advance on the 
 Upper Ohio. 
 
 The privilege of indicating the character and historical signifi- 
 cance of the documents presented in this volume is reserved to 
 its edito/- in her historical introduction. Here it may properly 
 be observed that only those who are possessed of a considerable 
 degree of familiarity with the subject are likely properly to appre- 
 ciate the painstaking labor which Miss Kellogg has undergone in 
 order that a pathway might be blazed for students through this 
 comparatively obscure portion of our Revolutionary struggle. 
 
 Readers of the present volume who are unfamiliar with the 
 pressmark and editorial abbreviations are referred to the preface 
 of the preceding volume {Frontier Advance on the Upper Ohio) 
 for a convenient explanation. 
 
 9 
 
10 PREFACE 
 
 As with volume four of the Draper Series, the labor of preparing 
 the copy of the present volume for the printer and seeing it through 
 the press has been chiefly borne by Lydia M. Brauer, editorial 
 assistant, and Annie A. Nunns, assistant superintendent, of the 
 Society's staff. 
 
 M. M. QUAIFE 
 
 Madison, May 1, 1917 
 
HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION 
 
HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION 
 
 The documents presented in this volume cover the two years 
 from July, 1779 to July, 1781. Both in the East and in the West 
 these were the most critical years of the American Revolution. 
 After the Hush of early victories and the hope of speedy indepen- 
 dence had died away, the long strain of the struggle taxed the 
 economic resources of the American people, and the uncertainty 
 of the result wrought a change in their temper. Only the no- 
 blest and truest maintained their early ideals, while discontent, 
 disaffection, and dishonesty on the part of many undermined 
 the efforts of the colonial leaders. These tendencies, marked 
 in the eastern army, intensified upon approaching the border. 
 There were gathered the poorer sort of inhabitants upon whom 
 the economic pressure bore most severely. Thither many of 
 the disaffected fled from their Whig neighbors in the older 
 settlements, hoping to find an asylum or means to escape to the 
 western British posts. There dishonesty and peculation, freed 
 from constant supervision and the danger of detection, flourished. 
 There an inflated military authority exercised a petty tyranny 
 over civilians who, having revolted from one government for 
 the sake of liberty, complained of oppression from their whilom 
 deliverers. There jealousy and selfish arrogance made patriot- 
 ism a cloak for base actions, and the highest in rank connived 
 with the meanest of the people to exploit the situation for 
 personal advantage. In such an atmosphere, love of country 
 and sacrifice for the people's welfare languished and died, and 
 the problem of protecting and preserving the frontier grew ever 
 more doubtful and difficult. 
 
 At the beginning of the period we are considering, the Revolu- 
 tion in the West seemed on the flood tide of success. The ter- 
 ritory of the enemy had been repeatedly invaded, and posts 
 were maintained in the heart of the Indian country. The British 
 governor of Detroit had been captured, and both French inhabi- 
 
 13 
 
14 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 tants and Indian tribesmen rallied to the American standard. 
 The British officials were seriously alarmed. In January, 1780 
 Gen. Frederick Haldimand wrote from Quebec to Sir Henry 
 Clinton: 
 
 I am sorry to acquaint your Excellency that very little is to be expected 
 * * * from the Western Nations who resort to Detroit and that neighbor- 
 hood. Indefatigable pains have been taken, and immense sums lavished to 
 secure their affections, yet they are every day declining, particularly since the 
 American alliance with the French to whom they have an old and a very firm 
 attachment: Add to this, the misfortune of M'' Hamilton, the disappointment 
 of reinforcements promised to them from year to year; the unwearied pains of 
 the Spanish from the Mississippi to debauch them; and the advances of the 
 enemy on all sides into their country; which with all the pains that were taken 
 last year, they never could be brought vigorously to oppose, & it is plain that 
 nothing but the example and continual remonstrances of the Five Nations pre- 
 vent their abandoning us entirely.' 
 
 Col. Daniel Brodhead, commandant at Fort Pitt, who during 
 the summer of 1779 had scored a success in his dealings with the 
 western Indians, determined to invade the country of the Five 
 Nations, hoping by laying waste the homes of these British 
 allies to break their influence over the western tribesmen, and 
 to take revenge for their raids into Westmoreland County, 
 upon the borders of which Pittsburgh was situated. He se- 
 cured the services of a number of friendly Indians from the 
 Delaware tribe, who throughout the previous years of the 
 Revolution had remained true to the American alliance. Their 
 cooperation as spies and guides made possible an expedition to 
 the upper waters of the Allegheny where were gathered a large 
 number of the Seneca or Mingo, as the westernmost Iroquois 
 tribe was frequently called. 
 
 The plan had originally been for this expedition to support 
 an invasion of the Iroquois territory under the command of 
 Gen. John Sullivan, which was to proceed by way of the Sus- 
 quehanna River. The commander in chief was much interested 
 in the success of this latter movement and thought a simul- 
 taneous advance along the Allegheny would take the Iroquois 
 on the flank and prevent their escape from merited chastisement. 
 On further consideration, however, Washington decided that 
 the risk of joint action over so widely separated a field was too 
 great; he thereupon revoked his orders to Brodhead, at the 
 same time giving him permission to advance in whatever direc- 
 
 1 See post, 122. 
 
HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION 15 
 
 tion he thought best. When these messages reached Fort Pitt, 
 preparations for the Allegheny expedition were in such a state 
 of forwardness that Brodhead decided to carry out the original 
 plan, and sent messengers to Sullivan to notify him of his inten- 
 tion. Then, without awaiting their return, he concentrated his 
 regulars at Fort Pitt, called out volunteers from the neighboring 
 militia, and on August 11 set forth on his march to the head- 
 waters of the Allegheny River. 
 
 The little army thus collected, numbered about 600 men, 
 most of whom were inured to rough traveling over wilderness 
 trails. Provisions were transported by water to the head of 
 navigation, then transferred to pack horses for the remainder 
 of the way. The country through which they had to pass was 
 wild and forbidding, "almost impassible by reason of the stu- 
 pendous heights and frightful declivities, with a continued range 
 of craggy hills, overspread with fallen timber, thorns and under- 
 wood, here and there an intervening valley, whose dark impene- 
 trable gloom has always been impervious to the piercing rays of 
 the warmest sun."i The advance was slow through this rough 
 country where in the gloom of the frequent valleys and ravines 
 might lurk a treacherous ambush. Only once, however, was an 
 enemy encountered when, near the present site of Irvine, 
 Pennsylvania, the advance guard descried an unsuspecting 
 party of Indians dropping down stream in their canoes, and 
 after a brief engagement scattered them in all directions. These 
 fugitives warned the Indians on the upper river of the army's 
 approach, so that upon reaching the towns Brodhead's men 
 found that all the inhabitants had fled. They thereupon burned 
 the villages, put the torch to immense fields of standing corn, 
 and rendered the whole region uninhabitable to the tribesmen 
 who had been collecting there in force in order to raid the frontier. 
 It had been Brodhead's plan to press on and if possible secure a 
 junction with General Sullivan. But upon reaching the upper 
 towns, near the present boundary of New York, he could find 
 no one to guide his army through the farther wilderness. The 
 rough march had cut their shoes so that most of his men were 
 barefoot. Thereupon he reluctantly ordered a retreat. 
 
 The effect of this invasion upon the Iroquois was very great. 
 A horde of starving fugitives sought the British post of Niagara 
 and communicated their alarm to its British officers, who reported 
 
 • See post, 56-57. 
 
16 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 a possible attack upon that post.' Dread of American prowess 
 was enhanced, and the baleful influence of the Five Nations upon 
 the western tribesmen was severed. Upon his return to Pitts- 
 burgh, Brodhead reported that he had marched 400 miles in 
 thirty-three days, and brought back his troops without the loss 
 of a single man. This achievement marks the high tide of suc- 
 cess upon the Fort Pitt frontier; thereafter, the fortunes of the 
 American cause in that region began to ebb. 
 
 Upon his arrival Brodhead found a delegation of the most 
 powerful and influential tribe of the western Indians awaiting 
 his return. The Wyandot chiefs, having decided that the 
 Americans were in the ascendency, asked for their alliance and 
 for immunity during the anticipated advance from Fort Pitt to 
 Detroit, promising on their part neutrality and friendship. 
 With them came the Mequochoke branch of the Shawnee, who 
 had withdrawn from their own tribe and were living with the 
 Delawares. Brodhead gave reassuring answers to these pros- 
 pective allies, and formed with them provisional treaties. These, 
 together with the pacification of the Wabash tribes by Col. 
 George Rogers Clark, quieted the trans-Ohio Indians and 
 afforded an opportunity for an American advance against 
 Detroit. 
 
 Throughout the summer and autumn of 1779 Detroit was in 
 momentary expectation of an attack either from Vincennes or 
 Fort Pitt. Its new fort was rendered more secure, and re- 
 enforcements were hurried on from Niagara and the East. In 
 October, Major DePeyster, who had had much success in deal- 
 ing with the Indians at the post of Mackinac, was transferred 
 to the command of Detroit. He at once occupied a large island 
 at the mouth of thfe river for a provision magazine. This, with 
 the fleet commanding the surrounding waterways, rendered him 
 capable of withstanding a considerable siege. ^ Although thus 
 anticipated by the British officers, at no time during the latter 
 part of 1779 was an attack by American forces upon Detroit 
 really imminent. "Why do you conceive," wrote Brodhead to 
 Morgan in the latter part of September, "that 500 men are now 
 equal to the task of carrying that place which is rendered much 
 stronger by men and works than it was two years ago, when 
 1800 men were thought necessary?"^ Clark at the Falls of the 
 
 > See post, 78; also Michigan Pioneer & Historical Collections, XIX, 478. 
 
 2 Id., IX, 398; id., X, 370; id., XIX, 479; Pennsylvania Archives, XII, 198. 
 
 3 Ibid, 160. 
 
HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION 17 
 
 Ohio was chafing at his enforced inaction and at the nonarrival 
 of reenforcements. His council of ofTicers called to discuss the 
 practicability of an immediate advance against Detroit reported 
 that "not less than 1,000 troops would be requisite" for such an 
 expedition.^ It being impossible to procure such numbers the 
 autumn months wore away with the British in apprehension of 
 the attack that never seriously threatened. 
 
 In October, however, an episode occurred which, slight in 
 itself, encouraged the British and affected the decision of hun- 
 dreds of wavering tribesmen. Simon Girty had been sent to 
 Sandusky to attempt to arouse the frightened savages to deliver 
 another stroke against the American frontier. ^ Aided by his 
 brother George, Girty assembled about a hundred hostiles — 
 Seneca, Wyandot, Delaware, and Shawnee warriors — and set 
 forth upon an intended raid into Kentucky. Advancing lei- 
 surely down the valley of the Little Miami, this party of warriors 
 had arrived on October 4 where Cincinnati now stands, and 
 was preparing to cross the river, when to their surprise they 
 discovered a flotilla of boats ascending the Ohio, laden with a 
 rich store of supplies and ammunition. This was the expedition 
 of Col. David Rogers returning from New Orleans with a large 
 store of goods and specie which he had obtained through the 
 good offices of the Spanish officers at that place. 
 
 From the beginning of the Revolution the Spanish in the New 
 World had connived at the transport of supplies for the revolu- 
 tioaists, and these had been of especial value to the defenders of 
 the frontier. In 1777 Col. William Linn had brought from New 
 Orleans a cargo of gunpowder which had been used to defend 
 the border posts until the coming of Continental troops.^ The 
 success of this importation and the implication that more 
 supplies would be forthcoming induced Virginia in 1778 to send 
 David Rogers upon a similar mission to the Southwest. He 
 had been eminently successful in his undertaking, and his arrival 
 at the Falls of the Ohio in August, 1779 was greeted with much 
 satisfaction. For his further progress Clark detailed an escort 
 under the command of Lieut. Abraham Chapline, and the oppor- 
 tunity for an ascent of the dangerous Ohio under cover of such 
 
 ' Illinois Historical Collections, VIII, 376. 
 
 2 C. W. Butterfield, History of the Girtys (Cincinnati, 1893), 113. 
 
 3 R. G. Thwaites and Louise P. Kellogg, Revolution on the Upper Ohio (Madi- 
 son, 1908), 252-53. 
 
18 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 a guard was embraced by several civilians and retired officers 
 who wished to make their way from Louisville to Pittsburgh. 
 
 Upon this unsuspecting party Girty's warriors fell. When 
 the Americans, surprised at the attack, attempted to land, the 
 enemy boarded their boats and massacred their passengers 
 indiscriminately. One of the five boats escaped down the 
 river, the others were taken; most of their crews and escort, 
 including Colonel Rogers himself, were murdered. Chapline 
 and Col. John Campbell of Pittsburgh were made prisoners and 
 reserved for savage tortures. An immense amount of booty 
 fell into the victor's hands, including provisions and specie, and 
 a number of letters which revealed Clark's conditions at the 
 Falls, his lack of men and resources. The British at Detroit 
 were not slow to take advantage of this information. "During 
 the succeeding autumn and winter," writes Clark in his Memoir, 
 "Detroit had pretty well recovered itself the Shawanees, 
 Delawares and other prominent Indian tribes were so exceed- 
 ingly Troublesome that our hunters Had no suckcess numbers 
 being cut off and small skirmishes in Cuntrey so common that 
 but little notice was taken of them." ^ 
 
 The news of Rogers' defeat reached Fort Pitt through the 
 medium of the Moravian missionaries and was at first received 
 with incredulity. When confirmed, it revealed the hopelessness 
 of a march through the Indian country without a formidable 
 body of troops. Washington warned Brodhead not to under- 
 take another expedition unless he was certain of success. He 
 suggested, however, the possibility of a winter campaign, when 
 the Indian warriors would be hunting and the enemy's fleet use- 
 less. He thought swift transport might be possible along frozen 
 ways, and advised Brodhead to make careful but veiled inquiry 
 concerning the various possible routes. - 
 
 Pending the execution of a campaign against Detroit, by the 
 close of 1779 the American frontier was withdrawn to the Ohio, 
 where a series of posts was planned to make that stream an 
 effective protection for the western settlements. In this proc- 
 ess of withdrawal the most advanced post was abandoned first. 
 In August, Fort Laurens, which had been built in 1778 about 
 midway between Pittsburgh a.id Detroit, was divested of its 
 garrison in preparation for Brodhead's Allegheny expedition. 
 Upon the return from that incursion the regulars were posted at 
 
 • Draper Mss., 47.1122, printed in III. Hisl. Colls., VIII, 302. 
 - See post, 101. 
 
HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION 19 
 
 Fort Pitt and Fort Mcintosh, while the subsidiary forts from 
 Kittanning on the Allegheny to Wheeling on the Ohio were 
 maintained by militia and rangers enlisted in their immediate 
 vicinity. In the department of the Far West, during the latter 
 half of 1779 the troops were gradually withdrawn from the Illi- 
 nois and concentrated at the Falls of the Ohio. Vincennes 
 remained the only trans-Ohio village protected by any consider- 
 able force of Americans. Preparations were also made for a 
 strong fort at the mouth of the Ohio, which should cover the 
 Kentucky settlements from the west, and control the entire 
 system of western transportation. In addition to Fort Jef- 
 ferson, as the new station was called, Virginia planned to fill 
 the gap between the fort at the Falls and Fort Henry at Wheeling 
 with posts at the mouths of the Kanawha, Little Kanawha, 
 Guyandotte, Big Sandy, and Licking, with one in Powell's 
 Valley commanding the eastern end of the Wilderness Road.^ 
 
 This system of protective posts was never completed. While 
 its details were being considered, the British were planning for 
 the first time during the Revolution in the West a sweeping 
 offensive. Large detachments were to advance both from Mack- 
 inac and Florida, and after capturing the Spanish and the 
 American posts on the Mississippi, were to drive along the Ohio 
 River with such force as would crush the puny American posts, 
 and sweep the frontier across the Appalachian Mountains."^ 
 The commandants at Pensacola and Mackinac were ordered to 
 arrange for this movement. But the Spanish upon the lower 
 river were beforehand with their preparations. Word no sooner 
 reached New Orleans, in July, 1779, of Spain's declaration of war 
 against England than the energetic young governor, Bernardo 
 de Galvez, gathered his forces and quickly possessed himself of 
 all the British posts above him on the Mississippi. By the 
 spring of 1780, he had organized for a descent upon Mobile, and 
 the British at Pensacola were effectively hindered from per- 
 forming their part in the Mississippi-Ohio drive. 
 
 At Mackinac, however, arrangements were carried on unhin- 
 dered for an attack on the upper Mississippi posts. A large 
 concourse of Indians and fur- traders gathered in the spring of 
 1780 for a descent upon St. Louis, while to "amuse Clark" at 
 the Falls of the Ohio, Capt. Henry Bird was ordered from Detroit 
 with a force of regulars, a contingent of artillery, and a thousand 
 
 ^ See post, 51. 
 
 2 See post, 230; ///. Hist. Colls., Mil, pp. cxxiv-cxxvi. 
 
20 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 Indian warriors to divert attention from the Mississippi expe- 
 dition. St. Louis, the one Spanish post on the upper Mississippi, 
 was warned of the British approach in good season, and hastily 
 erected a series of barricades, so that when, on the morning of 
 May 26, 1780, the Mackinac forces arrived before that place 
 they met with a stout resistance, and retired after merely raid- 
 ing the outlying fields and gardens. It was said that the pres- 
 ence of Clark, who had been hastily summoned to its defense, 
 was sufficient to turn aside the contemplated attack by the 
 same Indian contingent on Cahokia and the other posts in 
 Illinois. 
 
 At the Falls of the Ohio news of Bird's approach was brought 
 by Lieut. Abraham Chapline, who in May made good his escape 
 from the Indians, and warned Kentucky of its danger. The 
 settlements were greatly alarmed. The protecting posts along 
 the Ohio had not yet been built. Messengers were dispatched 
 to summon Clark from Fort Jefferson, and to implore help from 
 Brodhead at Fort Pitt and from the militia officers of southwest 
 Virginia. 1 Again the terror of Clark's presence turned aside the 
 Indian horde. News of his arrival at the Falls having reached 
 Bird's Indian warriors, they refused to be led thither. There- 
 upon the formidable British contingent moved up the Licking 
 and after besieging -and capturing two small stations retired to 
 the Indian country with its captives and booty. With this 
 slight success the British were content to rest their attempt to 
 conquer the entire West. 
 
 During the spring of 1780 the neighborhood of Fort Pitt 
 suffered severely from Indian hostilities. All the treaties and 
 promises of the preceding year were deliberately broken, and the 
 British emissaries stirred up their now repentant allies to new 
 border raids. The winter of 1779-80 was the most severe ever 
 known to western annals, but before its protective immunity 
 had disappeared the severity and frequency of the attacking 
 parties caused cries of distress and appeals for help to pour into 
 Pittsburgh from many localities. As early as March a party 
 of Wyandot, led by the sons of the chief. Half King, who had 
 made the treaty at Fort Pitt the previous autumn, attacked a 
 sugar camp on Raccoon Creek, not more than thirty miles 
 below Fort Pitt, killed several young men, and carried six 
 children into captivity.- On April 17 Col. Archibald Lochry 
 
 1 See post, 184-87, 192-95. 
 
 2 See post, 150-54. 
 
HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION 21 
 
 wrote that the savages had struck Westmoreland County in 
 four places. "Our country is worse depopulated than ever it has 
 been, * * * j£ ^^le savages were acquainted with our week- 
 ness they might very easily drive the people over the Yougho- 
 gania."^ In May, Brodhead wrote urgently to the Pennsylvania 
 authorities: "For heavens sake hurry up the Companies voted 
 by the Honble Assembly or Westmoreland county will soon be 
 a wilderness."- By the first of June all the people north and 
 west of the Youghiogheny River had been driven into forts, the 
 county records had been removed, and petition after petition was 
 being hurried across the mountains for help.^ 
 
 In spite of these disconcerting conditions in the spring of 1780, 
 immigrants, lured by the favorable reports of Indian neutrality 
 the previous autumn, began to pour into the West in numbers 
 described as "incredible." In May, Brodhead wrote to a 
 correspondent in the Indian country: "The settlements at 
 Kentucky by next Fall will be able to turn out 15,000 men, and 
 the villainous Shawanese and their allies will soon find very 
 troublesome neighbours from that quarter as well as from this."* 
 Another estimate of the migrating populace states that no less 
 than 20,000 people removed to Kentucky in the latter part of 
 1779 and the year 1780.^ The western counties of Pennsylvania 
 shared in this increase of population. By 1781 there were 
 2,500 effective men in the recently erected county of Washington 
 alone. ^ Westmoreland County and the northwestern Virginia 
 counties filled up with newly arrived and eager immigrants. From 
 the standpoint of frontier defense, however, these new settlers 
 were a source of weakness rather than of strength. They knew 
 little of Indian warfare, and they were frequently the first to fall 
 victims to the scalping knife and tomahawk. Their helpless 
 families added to the fear and confusion of the situation. In 
 1781 John Floyd wrote from Kentucky: "Indigent Widows and 
 Orphans make up a great part of the Inhabitants of this County 
 who are bereaved of their Husbands and Fathers by Savages 
 and lef among strangers without the common necessaries of life."^ 
 
 ^ See post, 171. 
 
 '■ Pa. Archives, \ III, 2^Q. 
 
 3 Ibid., 283-84. 
 
 * Td., XII, 227. 
 
 5 Draper Mss., 4CC25. 
 
 ^ See post, 410. 
 
 ' III. Hist. Colls., VIII, 541-42. 
 
22 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 Unlike the earlier pioneers few of these recent immigrants were 
 Indian fighters. When Clark, in the summer of 1780, wanted 
 recruits for his Shawnee expedition he appealed in vain for vol- 
 unteers sufficient for the enterprise, and it was only upon his 
 summary- closing of the land office and ordering a draft of the 
 militia that the newcomers could be brought out for a raid on 
 the Indian towns. 
 
 It was strongly suspected, moreover, that many of the immi- 
 grants were Tories driven from the older settlements and seeking 
 an asylum upon the frontier. ^ This was so well understood 
 among the borderers that a visitor to Kentucky writes to Col. 
 George Morgan: "Should the English go there and offer them 
 Protection from the Indians the greatest part will join."^ It 
 was even strongly asserted that no efTort was made to defend 
 the Licking stations against Bird's expedition, because their 
 commanders and the greater part of the inhabitants desired to 
 remove to British protection. Brodhead, for his part, com- 
 plained that the more loyal portion of the population about Fort 
 Pitt was fast removing farther West which "has given oppor- 
 tunity to disaffected people from the interior part of the Country 
 to purchase and settle these lands. "^ The presence of these 
 Loyalists was a constant source of danger to the patriot defenders 
 of the frontier; they refused to volunteer for expeditions either 
 toward Detroit or the Indian villages, and strongly resisted any 
 attempts at a draft. "I am sensible," wrote Brodhead in the 
 latter part of 1780, "that there are a great number of disaffected 
 inhabitants on this side the mountain, that wish for nothing 
 more than a fair opportunity to submit to the British Govern- 
 ment, and, therefore, would be glad to have the regular troops 
 withdrawn."^ 
 
 The disputed jurisdiction of Pennsylvania and Virginia gave 
 to many of the disaffected a chance to shirk payment of taxes 
 as well as military service. Moreover, they paid slight heed to 
 the American attempt to maintain a boundary on the Ohio 
 River. Numbers of squatters insisted upon trespassing upon 
 the Indian side of the stream, and from the mouth of Beaver 
 Creek as far down as that of the Muskingum the ax of the settler 
 was heard in the timber, and improvement rights were made in 
 
 » Draper Mss., 26J30. 
 2 Ibid., 46J09. 
 » Pa. Archives, XII, 274. 
 * See Draper Mss., 3H26. 
 
HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION 23 
 
 defiance of American treaties with the allied Indians. Twice 
 during the troubled autumn of 1779 Brodhead was compelled 
 to detach a party of troops from Fort Mcintosh to clear away 
 the squatters' cabins, and forcibly eject their dwellers from the 
 land guaranteed to the Indians. "It is hard to determine," 
 wrote Brodhead to the president of Congress, "what efTect this 
 imprudent conduct may have on the minds of the Delaware 
 Chiefs and Warriors, but I hope for a favorable answer to the 
 speech I sent them."i The Delawares accepted Brodhead's 
 apologies in the given instance,- but no doubt the distrust im- 
 planted by this breaking of sacred treaties gave point to the 
 reiterated claim of the British that the American object was to 
 dispossess the aborigines, and drive them from their ancestral 
 homes. 
 
 Late in 1780 the Loyalists around Fort Pitt attempted to 
 establish communication with Detroit and induce another deser- 
 tion similar to that of 1778.^ Brodhead, however, more wary 
 than General Hand, arrested the British agents, retook the few 
 who succeeded in deserting, and put down what might have led 
 to a formidable Loyalist uprising. 
 
 Such a movement, during the period we are considering took 
 place upon the headwaters of the Kanawha in the border counties 
 of southwest Virginia. There the Loyalists had for their objec- 
 tive the capture of the lead mines of Montgomery County, 
 which were of great importance to the patriot cause. As early 
 as April, 1779, information reached the officers of Montgomery 
 and Washington counties that a number of nonjurors existed 
 in the several militia companies of the neighborhood of New 
 River, Walker's and Reed creeks. Two of these turned in- 
 formers, and reported that meetings had been held at the house 
 of Michael Price, and that a certain John Griffith from the 
 south fork of the Holston was administering an oath of allegiance 
 for the benefit of George III. "The people on all Quarters 
 Round him and from Carolina Says that the County is Sold to 
 the French, and that they may as well fight under the King of 
 Great Britain, as to be Subjects to France."* 
 
 1 Pa. Archives, XII, 176. 
 
 2 See post, 96-97, 106-7, 114-15. 
 
 ' R. G. Thwaites and L. P. Kellogg, Frontier Defense on the Upper Ohio (Madi- 
 son, 1912), 249-56. 
 
 < Draper Mss., 5QQ2; The John P. Branch Historical Papers of Randolph- 
 Macon College, IV, 302-7. 
 
24 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 Upon receipt of this information Colonel Preston, lieutenant 
 of Montgomery County, secured the persons of the ringleaders 
 and tried them at the May session of the county court. The 
 informants' characters appeared so untrustworthy that GrifTith 
 was released upon bail, while certain of the other nonjurors were 
 sent to Staunton jail.^ During the summer of the same year, 
 the disaffection broke forth afresh. The malcontents attempted 
 to burn houses, kill domestic animals, and even to murder the 
 most active of their prosecutors. The officers of Montgomery 
 County were terrorized and appealed to the neighboring counties 
 for assistance. Whereupon Col. William Campbell, a bold 
 Scotch-Irishman of Washington County, marched towards the 
 lead mines, and, being joined by Maj. Walter Crockett, their 
 combined force of 130 men broke up the nest of Loyalists, "Shot 
 one, Hanged one, and whipt S3veral," and ended with a sale of 
 their estates.^ The State approved of these high-handed meas- 
 ures and on Oct. 22, 1779 the House of Delegates "Resolved 
 That William Campbell, Walter Crockett, and others, concerned 
 in supressing a late conspiracy and insurrection on the frontiers 
 of this State, ought to be indemnified for any proceeding therein 
 not warranted by law."^ 
 
 The Loyalist conspiracy of 1780 was more extensive and 
 threatening than were these earlier sporadic outbursts of dis- 
 content. It was a part of the concerted movement to capture 
 all the southern states for the royal cause, and was sanctioned 
 and incited by the highest British officers. One of the organizers 
 of the conspiracy in western Virginia was said to have visited 
 British headquarters near Charleston, and to have been com- 
 missioned by Sir Henry Clinton in person. The danger for the 
 frontier was enhanced by the inclusion of Indian forces in the 
 plan of operation. Agents sent out from Florida stirred up the 
 Cherokee, and reports were rife that 1,500 warriors with twenty 
 horseloads of ammunition were preparing to time an attack 
 with the uprising of the Loyalists.^ 
 
 Among the British agents in western Virginia were many who 
 had been concerned in the plots of the year before. John Griffith 
 enrolled many of his Welsh neighbors. Michael Price, William 
 Ingles, and other prominent frontiersmen were suspected of com- 
 
 1 Ibid., 306-7. 
 
 2 Wisconsin Historical Collections, XXIII, 405. 
 
 ^Journal Virginia House of Delegates (Richmond, 1827), 21. 
 *John P. Branch Historical Papers, IV, 310-11. 
 
HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION 25 
 
 plicity. The common sort of citizens was attracted by large 
 promises of reward. Those who joined the associations were to 
 rec3ive during active service two shillings sixpence per day, and 
 upon its successful conclusion 450 acres of land free from quit 
 rents for twenty-one years. A roll of their names was to be 
 sent to England and laid before the King and Parliament.^ The 
 temptation these proposals offered to the poor and ignorant 
 among the border settlers was great. They were told that the 
 British army had overrun both North and South Carolina, and 
 would soon be in their midst. Then their loyalty would be 
 recognized and their future fortunes secured. The purpose of 
 the conspirators was to seize the lead mines and "burn and cut 
 their way" to the British army in the Carolinas, by whose ofTicers 
 they expected to be received with acclaim. 
 
 The details of the plot were known to the patriot ofTicers as 
 early as March, 1780. At the risk of their lives two of the bor- 
 derers turned informers, and brought to Colonel Preston news 
 of the dangerous character of the plans of the local malcontents. 
 At the same time he received warnings from the Whigs of North 
 Carolina showing the extent of the conspiracy and its connection 
 with similar operations along the entire range of the up-country 
 settlements from Virginia to Georgia. Preston acted promptly. 
 He seized three of the disaffected ringleaders, disarmed the 
 militia companies in which they were numerous, strengthened 
 the guard at the lead mines, and sent out spies toward the Cher- 
 okee country. The discovery of their plans, and the arrest of 
 their leaders disconcerted the plotters, and reports of Whig 
 successes in the upper portions of the Carolinas dampened their 
 ardor. The Cherokee, probably at the prompting of the Raven 
 chief who had been at Fort Pitt in 1779, refused to rise. For 
 the time being the danger was averted. Preston reported to 
 Governor Jefferson the suppression of "this daring and treason- 
 able Conspiracy" and received the latter's approval of the 
 measures he had taken. Jefferson considered that the dis- 
 content arose from "no grievance but what we all feel in common, 
 as being forced on us by those to whom they would now join 
 themselves." In case, however, of further danger from inva- 
 sion or insurrection, he authorized Preston to summon Clark 
 from Kentucky to his aid.- 
 
 1 See post, 145. 
 
 2 III. Hist. Colls., VIII, 402-4. 
 
26 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 Clark was, as we have seen himself sorely in need of assistance. 
 The danger call from Kentucky in anticipation of Bird's ap- 
 proach, reached the borders of Virginia about the middle of 
 June. Preparations were at once made to send several com- 
 panies of militia to assist in repelling the expected foe. Maj. 
 Thomas Quirk was ordered to march to Kentucky from Fort 
 Chiswell at the lead mines. All unwittingly the patriots were 
 exposing their most vulnerable point. The secret agents of the 
 Loyalists seized the opportunity. Concerting with the King's 
 men in North Carolina they gave orders for their henchmen to 
 embody in force. On June 24, the Whigs were surprised by 
 the news that more than 200 disaffected men had secured arms, 
 and were stationed in the Glades at the head of the Holston 
 River not five miles from the site of the lead mines. On their 
 way thither they had already slain nine patriots who had re- 
 sisted their march. ^ 
 
 Fortunately the company stationed at the mines had not yet 
 started for Kentucky. The whole neighborhood was aroused 
 and offers of aid poured in from every side. The killing of their 
 countrymen and the threatened massacre of the most respected 
 men upon the frontier, for whose lives large rewards were 
 offered in the Tory camp, struck a thrill of horror to the heart of 
 every patriot. Among the conspirators were many of the law- 
 less class, horse thieves, petty thieves, and the suspected crim- 
 inals of the border. The better element of the entire country- 
 side flocked to the support of the county officers. The neighbor- 
 ing counties also hastened to support Montgomery at this time 
 of trial. Col. Arthur Campbell, lieutenant of Washington 
 County, with part of the militia already embodied for the Ken- 
 tucky expedition marched to Fort Chiswell. Thence he pur- 
 sued the Loyalist force to the North Carolina border, where 
 the insurgents heard of the defeat of their confederates at 
 Ramsour's Mills in North Carolina. Fugitives from that battle 
 having crossed the mountains reported keen pursuit by the 
 Whig forces. The Virginia Loyalists scattered to the moun- 
 tains and wooded ravines. Colonel Preston sent out disarming 
 parties upon whom he impressed his desire for lenity and mercy. 
 By July 12 he wrote that the "late insurrection" was in a large 
 measure suppressed. 
 
 > See post, 195-98; John P. Branch Historical Papers, IV, 314-16. 
 
HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION 27 
 
 But the pacification was more apparent than real. En- 
 couraged by British success in overrunning all of South Carolina, 
 and in driving the revolutionists of North Carolina into the 
 foothills of the mountains, a new and even more serious attempt 
 to seize the mines and the government was timed for the latter 
 days of July. An ofTicer at Fort Chiswell, hearing a hint of 
 danger, persuaded a Whig refugee from Charleston to take a 
 friend and go among the malcontents in the disguise of British 
 officers. In this way all the plans of the conspirators were 
 learned, and their success was thus "providentially" forestalled. 
 Col. William Campbell, who had been excused from his seat in 
 the Virginia House of Delegates, and sent by the governor and 
 council to aid in protecting the frontier, arrived at this oppor- 
 tune moment. To his command was entrusted a body of 
 mounted riflemen who rode at once for the lead mines. Re- 
 enforced at this strategic point, Campbell turned south along 
 New River to its head streams. The approach of this noted 
 border warrior alarmed the insurgents, who scattered before 
 him in every direction. At the North Carolina line. Col. Ben- 
 jamin Cleveland, hard in pursuit of Tories fleeing from his own 
 state, was met. Together Campbell and he scoured the neigh- 
 borhood for lurking fugitives, hung one, whipped several, and 
 deprived large numbers of their horses and cattle lest they be 
 tempted "to join in the like designs again." 
 
 A reign of terror now ensued in the back counties of Virginia. 
 Everyone suspected his neighbor. Col. Charles Lynch, pur- 
 veyor of ammunition for the state, came over from Bedford 
 County, where he had just stamped out an incipient insur- 
 rection. Proceeding to the lead mines, his force arrested all 
 stragglers and suspected persons encountered en route and 
 brought them to that place for summary trial. Some were 
 whipped, the ringleaders were shot or hung. Col. William 
 Preston and other officers of moderation insisted upon more 
 orderly proceedings. They summoned courts-martial which 
 occupied the greater part of August. Most of the younger 
 offenders were pardoned on condition of enlisting in the Con- 
 tinental service. Some men of property concerned in the plot 
 were held under heavy bonds. By September the insurrection 
 had been put down, but with such a heavy hand that the Vir- 
 ginia Assembly found it necessary in October, 1782 to pass an 
 immunity act for the benefit of Preston, Lynch, and others who 
 
28 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 had participated in the trials and executions.^ A smouldering 
 spirit of revenge lurked among the backwoods people. The 
 life of Col. William Campbell was threatened more than once, 
 but far from avoiding danger, this intrepid officer sought new^ 
 opportunities for service and enlisted in the expedition which he 
 led to victory at the battle of King's Mountain. 
 
 While the officers of southwest Virginia were thus contend- 
 ing against the Loyalists and those of Kentucky were fending 
 off the western Indians, Brodhead at Pittsburgh was planning 
 means to repeat his invasion of the Indian country, and chafing 
 because he had "the mortification to remain on the defensive." 
 His first proposal in 1780 was for an expedition against the Scioto 
 towns of the hostile Shawnee. Early in April orders were sent 
 to draft 800 militia, and invitations were issued to the Delaware 
 Indians to participate in this campaign. To the latter Brod- 
 head wrote, "I am only waiting to receive a letter from our 
 great Warrior, but I am weary of sitting here & am now standing 
 with my Tomhawk in my hand."^ Washington had sent to the 
 Western Department a detachment of artillery, which was 
 detained so long by the deep snows in the mountains that it did 
 not arrive at Fort Pitt until June. For lack of this artillery 
 force, and because the constant distress of the frontier made the 
 militia loath to leave their homes, the expedition was postponed 
 from week to week, until finally on May 20 Brodhead with great 
 reluctance abandoned the campaign.^ 
 
 Meanwhile diplomacy was tried to accomplish what could 
 not be undertaken by an armed force. The devotion of the 
 Indian tribesmen to the French was utilized to minimize their 
 hostility to the allies of France. This loyalty to their former 
 friends was well expressed by the Delaware chiefs when in the 
 spring of 1779 they said to the French envoy at Philadelphia: 
 
 Father: it is now twenty Years since we saw your Face or heard your Voice. 
 When you left us you told us we should see you again, before we left our Town 
 we were informed that we should see you here, this made our Hearts glad, for 
 we longed to see our true father & to hear his Voice * * * We love our 
 Father — We love our Father and we desire to hear him speak from his Heart.* 
 
 1 William Walter Hening (ed). Statutes at Large; Being a Collection of alt the 
 Laws of Virginia * * * (Richmond, 1823), XI, 134-35. 
 
 2 See post, 166. 
 
 3 See post, 182. 
 
 * Wis. Hist. Colls., XXIII, 337-38. 
 
HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION 29 
 
 Brodhead on Nov. 10, 1779 wrote to Washington that "a 
 couple of French gentlemen of good address would be very 
 serviceable in this district," to which the commander in chief 
 replied that he would send "any Frenchman that answers your 
 description, as soon as one might be met willing to be so em- 
 ployed. "^ Just as Brodhead's hopes of a Shawnee expedition 
 began to wane a French-Canadian officer who had had much 
 experience in dealing with the Indians arrived at Fort Pitt, and 
 was immediately requested to undertake a mission to the western 
 tribes. Daniel Maurice Godefroy de Linctot had been Clark's 
 agent for the Mississippi tribesmen during the summer of 1779, 
 when he had shown much address in winning the red men to 
 the American cause. During the winter of 1779-80 he had visited 
 Williamsburg, and upon his return by way of Fort Pitt was 
 glad to accept the offer Brodhead made him. He set forth early 
 in May for the Delaware villages, whence he was to send formal 
 messages to the western tribes, inviting them in the name of 
 their French father to join the American alliance. By July, 
 Linctot with about thirty Indian chiefs returned to Fort Pitt, 
 where another French officer had lately arrived on his way to 
 the farther west. 
 
 Col. Augustin Mottin de la Balme was a comrade of Lafayette, 
 and had seen service as a cavalry officer in the Continental army. 
 The circumstances of his death, and the loss of all his papers 
 have obscured the purpose of his western mission, and the value 
 of his services in the preservation of the frontier. It is now 
 generally accepted that his object was to arouse the French 
 inhabitants of the West to cooperate in a movement to recover 
 Canada, a project Lafayette had much at heart.- Meanwhile 
 his advent at Pittsburgh was most opportune. Together with 
 Linctot he held a council with the friendly chiefs, assuring them 
 of French support and urging them to obey the behests of the 
 American commandant. La Balme was much incensed at the 
 conduct of the inhabitants of the frontier. "Aside from the 
 commandant of Fort Pitt," he wrote "all have a revolting be- 
 haviour towards the Indians. While the question of peace was 
 being treated at the fort, a band of eight men went to the nations 
 in order to massacre a few Indians; others went to steal four 
 
 > See post, 124. 
 
 ^III. Hist. Colls., II, p. Ixxxiv. 
 
30 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 horses near their camp."' Thus the frontiersmen were them- 
 selves to blame for the increasing Indian animosity, and the 
 French officers rendered a commendable service to the American 
 cause by postponing for several months the general Indian war. 
 
 La Balme with a few companions and a "Shawnee princess 
 some-svhat old," left Fort Pitt for the West in mid-July, while 
 Line tot went overland through the Injdian villages, bringing 
 everywhere the influence of French attachment to bear upon 
 the councils of the tribesmen. La Balme at the Illinois was 
 "received by the Inhabitants as the Hebrews would receive the 
 Messiah," and by his influence pacified the Indians of the Far 
 West.- But his disastrous expedition in October overthrew the 
 French influence with the tribesmen, and restored to the British 
 the prestige they had lost upon the capture of Governor Hamilton. 
 
 At Fort Pitt during all the summer of 1780, Brodhead con- 
 tinued to hope for the opportunity for another advance move- 
 ment. By June the long-awaited artillery had arrived and pros- 
 pects of an abundant harvest encouraged the expectation of 
 plentiful provisions. Brodhead thereupon planned an expedi- 
 tion against the Wyandot towns to cooperate with Clark's 
 campaign against those of the Shawnee.^ To the latter officer 
 Brodhead wrote: "I think it probable that before next Winter 
 I shall have the pleasure of taking you by the Hand somewhere 
 upon the Waters of Lake Erie."* In furtherance of this project 
 he summoned a contingent of mounted militia to rendezvous at 
 Fort Pitt in August, and taking fifteen days' provisions, to make 
 a cavalry dash for the Wyandot towns upon the Sandusky. 
 In order to secure information of their situation, Capt. Samuel 
 Brady was sent early in July on a scout towards these towns 
 with instructions to bring back a prisoner to be interrogated. 
 Brady and his men succeeded in their reconnoiter, and captured 
 two Wyandot squaws, but on the homeward route, both of these 
 prisoners made their escape — the second in the confusion inci- 
 dent to Brady's rescue from a marauding party of a prisoner, 
 Mrs. Jane Stoops. The chief killed upon this occasion was a 
 noted Wyandot brave, and another Wyandot defeat about this 
 time increased the prestige of the American soldiers with this 
 
 1 Id., V, 163-67. 
 
 2 Ibid., 196. 
 
 ^ Jartd Sparks, Correspondence of the American Revolution * * * (Boston, 
 1853), III, 33. 
 
 * ril. Hist. Colls., VIII, 408. 
 
HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION 31 
 
 perfidious tribe. Warnings were received in July from the Mora- 
 vian Indians that a large band of Wyandot warriors was ad- 
 vancing towards Wheeling. A party of regulars dispatched 
 from Fort Mcintosh discovered the canoes hidden by this party 
 when they crossed the Ohio. The soldiers prepared a skillful 
 ambush, and as the warriors returned after killing some har- 
 vesters and capturing a prisoner they were met by a volley of 
 musketry; most of their number were killed, and the prisoner 
 was rescued. The Wyandot towns were deeply stricken by 
 these disasters, and for the time being the tribe was effectively 
 chastened. 
 
 This unexpected turn of affairs gave the militia excuse for not 
 volunteering for Brodhead's August expedition, and he therefore 
 had again the mortification of countermanding his orders for a 
 campaign into the Indian territory. ^ In the meantime conditions 
 at Fort Pitt were growing ominous. Notwithstanding a plentiful 
 harvest, provisions for the daily needs of the troops were obtained 
 with more and more difficulty. The inhabitants of the neighbor- 
 ing country refused to accept the depreciated Continental paper 
 currency, and the commissaries went out and returned without 
 success. At Pittsburgh the troops marched in a body to the 
 commandant's house and made a respectful protest against their 
 lack of rations. The Pennsylvania authorities, feeling the 
 necessity of sustaining Fort Pitt, acquiesc'ed in the use of force 
 to secure the needed supplies. Thereupon several detachments 
 of soldiers under competent officers were sent from headquarters 
 to impress provisions. Recourse was also had to hunting parties 
 who brought in wild meat, and the Moravian Indians were im- 
 portuned to come to the garrison's aid with the products of 
 their chase. Even in the midst of such destitution Brodhead's 
 hopes did not desert him. Late in the autumn of 1780 he made 
 a third attempt to rendezvous for an expedition, but this effort 
 like the previous ones was destined to prove abortive. 
 
 Had the commandant's prudence and integrity been com- 
 mensurate with his ambition the story of his regime at Fort 
 Pitt might have ended in a different manner. It is impossible 
 to ignore the fact that Brodhead was guilty of gross impropriety 
 in his conduct of the affairs of the Western Department. 
 Whether or not he was guilty of all the crimes with which he 
 was charged by his numerous enemies, the conclusion is irresis- 
 
 1 See post, 234. 
 
32 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 tible that he took advantage of his official position to further 
 his private interests. Moreover he was surrounded by a circle 
 of favorites whom he allowed to imitate his example, and the 
 destitution of the troops and the distress of the frontier were in 
 a large measure due to their petty peculations. Brodhead was 
 a man of no mean military attainments, but his ideas of sub- 
 ordination, and martinet discipline alienated his own officers; 
 his pride and overbearing manner caused the militia officers to 
 rebel at his demanjds; and his oppression of the civil inhabitants 
 of Pittsburgh led to the proferring of charges against his methods, 
 which in the end caused his downfall and recall. 
 
 Brodhead's disposition was such that he could brook no rival, 
 nor could he maintain any effective cooperation with his equals 
 or his superiors in rank. His relations with Clark afford evidence 
 of this unfortunate habit of mind. Although both in 1779 and 
 in 1780 Brodhead had made overtures to the latter for a simul- 
 taneous advance against the foe, it is clear that he anticipated 
 claiming the greater share of the credit of a success, since as a 
 Continental officer he would outrank Clark, who only held a 
 state commission. So well was this understood by the Virginia 
 authorities that early in 1780 Jefferson, writing to Washington 
 of Clark's proposed movement against Detroit, thought it incum- 
 bent upon him to say, "It may be necessary, perhaps, to inform 
 you, that these two officers [Brodhead and Clark] cannot act 
 together, which excludes the hope of ensuring success by a 
 joint expedition. "1 It was thus with some misgivings that 
 Washington gave his consent and approval to the Virginia plan, 
 formulated in the last months of 1780, for an expedition against 
 Detroit wholly under the management of Clark, who had been 
 raised to a brigadier-generalship in the State's forces. The plan 
 contemplated only such cooperation from Brodhead as the lend- 
 ing of a large share of his infantry and his one artillery company 
 to unite with Clark's forces. It remanded the commandant of 
 Fort Pitt to the inglorious role of acting on the defensive, and 
 protecting a wide frontier with a greatly depleted force. Wash- 
 ington sent orders for these arrangements for Clark to deliver in 
 person, and upon their receipt Brodhead wrote to the Pennsyl- 
 vania authorities: "I shall not be surprized to see his Expedition 
 fall through for it is clear to me, that wise men at a great dis- 
 tance, view things in the w^estern Country very differently from 
 
 » See post, 134. 
 
HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION 33 
 
 those, who are more immediately acquainted with Circumstances 
 & situations."' That Brodhead's opposition, covert though it 
 was, had much to do with ruining Clark's project is clear from 
 the documents in the latter portion of this volume. Quibbling 
 about the wording of the peremptory commands, Brodhead 
 forced Clark to send messengers to Philadelphia in order to secure 
 the regulars which had been assigned to him, and to obtain per- 
 mission from the authorities of Pennsylvania to raise volunteers 
 within their territory. The dispute over the Pennsylvania- 
 Virginia jurisdiction, which had lain dormant after the compro- 
 mise agreed upon by commissioners from both commonwealths, 
 was revived and utilized against Clark's recruiting officers and 
 commissary. It was charged by contemporaries that Brodhead 
 timed his Coshocton expedition to interfere with Clark's securing 
 men for his Detroit enterprise. Col. John Gibson, who had been 
 detailed with his Virginia regiment to accompany Clark, was 
 detained at Fort Pitt by Brodhead's departure for Philadelphia 
 to combat the charges that his arbitrary conduct had brought 
 upon him. Before this, however, he had secured one slight 
 advantage and had made his final incursion into the Indian 
 territory. 
 
 The catastrophe which all the commandants of Fort Pitt had 
 struggled to avert had fallen upon the frontier by the spring of 
 1781. The Delawares of Coshocton after the departure of 
 Linctot yielded to the pressure they could no longer resist and 
 abandoned the American alliance. Early in April they sent a 
 delegation of chiefs to make their peace at Detroit, and beg its 
 commandant to take them into his favor and under his pro- 
 tection. The condition on which they were received was to 
 bring in "live meat" from among the Virginians. This defection 
 of the Delawares was especially serious to the American frontier 
 because of their proximity to, and their familiarity with its 
 inhabitants and garrisons. When the certainty of their hostility 
 was made known to Brodhead by the ever-loyal Moravians, he 
 determined to be the first to strike. With remarkable celerity 
 he gathered his militia auxiliaries, and dropping down with his 
 regulars to Wheeling, marched thence overland to the Delaware 
 towns on the Muskingum. A few of the tribe, who had been with 
 Brodhead at Fort Pitt, persisted in their former allegiance, and 
 guided the little army to their ancient homes, where the inhabi- 
 
 1 Pa. Archives, VIII, 767. 
 
 3 
 
34 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 tants were completely surprised, many taken prisoners, and the 
 remainder dispersed. The Moravian converts were profuse in 
 their hospitality to the invading army, and after but nineteen 
 days absence Brodhead returned to Wheeling laden with booty 
 and prisoners. 
 
 A characteristic episode of the expedition reveals the vin- 
 dictive temper of the frontier militia. During the stay near the 
 Moravian villages a chief of the hostiles was invited into camp 
 under the strictest promises of safe-conduct from the comman- 
 dant. As they were conferring together a noted hater of Indians 
 among the soldiers crept silently forward, and without excuse 
 or warning buried his tomahawk in the envoy's forehead. By 
 such savage deeds as this must the frontier spirit be judged. 
 The continuance of the conflict increased the vindictiveness of 
 both the white and the red races. La Balme, the French visitor 
 in 1780, had prophesied truly when he said: "From all these 
 dishonesties and perfidies there must result a great fund of 
 hatred which of necessity engenders war of which many families 
 are victims."' 
 
 After Brodhead's departure for the East the frontier looked 
 to General Clark as its only savior. Many were of opinion that 
 an offensive campaign was what "alone under Providence can 
 give us Ease in this Quarter,"^ and the one proposed by Clark 
 had the sanction of the chiefs of the army, the heads of the states, 
 and the prestige that his former successes had given the western 
 hero. Most of the prominent ofTicers and magistrates upon the 
 frontier gave the expedition their support, and notwithstanding 
 the factious opposition of a few newcomers many volunteers 
 from both Virginia and Pennsylvania offered themselves for 
 this service. But the demoralizing tendencies had gone too far 
 to save the frontier from its fate. With all the Indian nations 
 arrayed in complete hostility, with the army of defense honey- 
 combed with dishonesty and intrigue, with discord and dis- 
 content rife among the inhabitants, even the Herculean efforts 
 of Clark were insufficient to restore the morale of the frontier. 
 After the departure of his troops, the forces of disintegration 
 reigned supreme and the defeat which the British could not ac- 
 complish was nearly achieved by the lack of integrity and virtue 
 on the part of the officers stationed on the frontier. 
 
 1 ///. Hist. Colls., V, 166. 
 •^ Pa. Archives, IX, 241. 
 
HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION 35 
 
 The history of the recovery and support of the demoralized 
 border during the closing years of the Revolution will be that of 
 the succeeding volume of this series. After Brodhead was dis- 
 placed a new confidence sprang up, and although the seeds he 
 had sown continued to bring misfortunes to harvest, the disinte- 
 gration and confusion never again reached the point which marks 
 the close of the present volume of documents. 
 
 The sources for these are similar to those of the preceding 
 volumes of the series. The Draper Manuscripts in the Wisconsin 
 Historical Library supplemented by the Washington Papers in 
 the Library of Congress have supplied the body of the text. 
 Some of the Brodhead and Clark papers from the former col- 
 lection having been printed hitherto, summaries of such as are 
 essential to the history of the Upper Ohio frontier during the 
 critical years of 1779, 1780, and 1781 have been presented at 
 their appropriate place in the unfolding of the story contained 
 in the present volume. 
 
DOCUMENTS 
 
 July, 177^— July, 1780 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 
 
 PREPARATIONS FOR ALLEGHENY EXPEDITION 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Pittsburgh, July 29, 1779, to 
 Col. Archibald Lochry.^ Printed in Pennsylvania Archives, XII, 139-40.] 
 
 Regrets to hear that more mischief has been done in Lochry's 
 region by the savages; proposes to strike at the root of the evil 
 by an expedition to raid their villages. Lieut. Gabriel Petersons- 
 following the trail of the Indian war party that lately visited 
 the settlements, found only three canoes. If the Indians escape 
 Captain Jack's* pursuing party, they may find Captain Brady* 
 in their rear. The Westmoreland people must be convinced of 
 the necessity of destroying the towns upon the upper Allegheny 
 River. 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Pittsburgh, July 30, 1779, to 
 Col. Richard Campbell.^ Printed in ibid., 141.] 
 
 Has received Campbell's extraordinary letter, dated yester- 
 day, which must have come with unusual expedition unless 
 there was a mistake in ttie date. An experienced officer should 
 not misconceive the language of orders. "Sir, I mean as I said 
 
 1 For Col. Archibald Lochry, who was county lieutenant for Westmoreland 
 County, Pennsylvania, see Frontier Defense, 39, note 79. 
 
 2 For a sketch of Lieut. Gabriel Peterson see Wis. Hist. Colls., XXIII, 327, 
 note 2. 
 
 3 For Capt. Matthew Jack see ibid., 299, note 1. 
 
 * For a sketch of Capt. Samuel Brady, the noted border partisan, see ibid., 
 158, note 4. 
 
 ^ Lieut. Col. Richard Campbell, the second officer of the Virginia regiment on 
 the western frontier, was commandant at Fort Laurens. For a sketch of his 
 career, see ibid., 59, note 2. 
 
 39 
 
40 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 before, that Fort Laurens must be evacuated,' and as Captain 
 Harrison^ told you, he was sent to bring oiT the stores on the 
 Pack Horses, under his escort, and they are not to be slaugh- 
 tered." Grants Campbell's request for an investigation. 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Headquarters, Pittsburgh, 
 July 31, 1779, to Ensign Jacob Coleman.* Printed in ibid., 141.) 
 
 Upon receipt of letter, Coleman is ordered to evacuate his 
 post" immediately and bring off the stores. 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Fort Pitt, July 31, 1779, to 
 Gen. George Washington. Printed in ibid., 146-48.] 
 
 Has been honored with Washington's instructions of June 23 
 and July 13.^ Fort Armstrong has been built at Kittanning; 
 Fort Laurens is to be evacuated. Hopes to march for Seneca 
 country early in August, before the men's terms of service expire, 
 and before the Indian corn is ripe. Men will turn out between 
 seeding and harvest. Scouting parties have brought in one 
 scalp and some booty. Western Indians — Wyandot, Chippewa, 
 Ottawa, and Potawatomi — have not come as they promised to 
 make a lasting peace; suspects they and the Shawnee are trying 
 to deceive him. Encloses articles of treaty with Cherokee 
 chiefs.® If Seneca expedition is successful, requests permission 
 to reduce Detroit. Needs more artillery and an artillery 
 officer. Terms of most of the men of Rawlings' regi- 
 
 1 The British and their Indian allies rejoiced when the Americans evacuated 
 Fort Laurens. See Mich. Pion. & Hist. Colls., XIX, 468. 
 
 =* This was probably Capt. Benjamin Harrison of the Thirteenth Virginia, for 
 a sketch of whom see Wis. Hist. Colls., XXHI, 386, note 3. 
 
 ^ Jacob Coleman was commissioned ensign in the Ninth Virginia Regiment (for- 
 merly the Thirteenth), April 5, 1779. On December 20 of the same year he 
 was promoted to a lieutenancy. In 1781 he was transferred to the Seventh 
 Virginia, and retired April 2, 1782. 
 
 * Coleman was in command of lM)rt Crawford, for which sec \\7.s. ///.<;/. Colls., 
 XXHI, 164, note 1. 
 
 ' See ibid., 371, 388. 
 
 « Given in ibid., 392-100. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 41 
 
 ment^ have expired. Troops suffering for lack of shoes, some 
 of their clothing given to Indians. Captain Killbuck^ is there; 
 has sent for Delaware warriors to join the expedition. Desires 
 to cooperate with General Sullivan,^ but will be in Seneca towns 
 before a messenger can reach him. Has sixty boats ready for 
 the stores. 
 
 P. S. August 4. Has just heard that two soldiers have been 
 killed at Fort Laurens, two boys on Wheeling Creek, two cap- 
 tured on Raccoon Creek, a soldier killed and one wounded at 
 Fort Mcintosh, Inhabitants are so intent on removing to 
 Kentuckv, that there will be few volunteers. 
 
 INDIAN RAIDS NEAR FORT PITT 
 
 (Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Headquarters, Pittsburgh, 
 Aug. 1, 1779, to E^nsign John Beck.< Printed in ibid., 142.] 
 
 Has received Beck's letter of July 30, telling of capture of two 
 boys near Wheeling. Has also heard of wounding of Anderson 
 near "Dillars Fort" and capture of his two sons.^ Delawares 
 sent word that two war parties of twenty each were on their 
 way to the Tuscarawas; it is they, doubtless, who did the mis- 
 chief. Hopes the troops coming in from Fort Laurens will 
 meet and punish them. The inhabitants must be on their 
 
 ' This was a Maryland regiment ordered to P'ort Pitt in 1779. See ibid., 229, 
 350. 
 
 ^ For this Indian chief see Rev. Upper Ohio, ."^JS, note 64. 
 
 •'' Gen. John Sullivan was in command of an expedition preparing for an 
 invasion of the Iroquois country by way of the Susquehanna River. 
 
 * John Beck entered the service Feb. 4, 1777 as sergeant of the Thirteenth 
 Virginia Regiment. He received an ensign's commission Oct. 31, 1778, and was 
 promoted to a lieutenancy Dec. 15, 1779. He continued in active service until 
 retired, on Jan. 1, 1783. 
 
 ^ William Anderson, a settler on the upper waters of Raccoon Creek, was 
 surprised and wounded by Indians while at work in his field. His wife and one 
 child hid in the bushes and were not discovered by the assailants. An older son 
 and a stepson named Logan, four and seven years old respectively, were captured 
 and carried ofl'. Anderson succeeded in reaching the house of a neighbor, who 
 carried him almost two miles to the protection of the blockhouse of Matthew 
 Dillon, in Hanover Township, Washington County, Pa. The older boy was 
 returned from captivity after the Treaty of Fort Mcintosh (1785). The younger 
 child grew up among the Indians, married a half-breed, and had sons, named 
 Anderson, who became noted Indian warriors. 
 
42 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 i»uard, and Ihc garrison at Beck's post* in constant readiness; 
 advises that a spy be kept out if possible. Speedy retaliation 
 will be made on the villains who did this mischief. 
 
 CONGRATULATIONS FOR CLARK 
 
 [Summary of a loiter of C.ol. Daniel Hrodhead, Headquarters, Pittsburgh, 
 Auf?. 2, 1779, to Col. George Rogers Clark. -I'.UG.'?. A. L. S. Printed in Illinois 
 Historical Collections, VIII, IWI-r).].] 
 
 Although lie has not the honor of a personal acquaintance, 
 extends his congratulations on Clark's success. Hears that a 
 Shawnee expedition is contemplated; hopes to cooperate with 
 him in future military movements. Writer is now at liberty to 
 make an advance into the Seneca country. Orders Capt. Robert 
 George lately of Captain Willing's company to apprehend de- 
 serters and return to Fort IMtt.^ 
 
 PREPARATIONS FOR ALLEGHENY EXPEDITION 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Headquarters, Piltsl)urgh, 
 Aug. 2, 1770, to Gen. Nathaniel Greene. Printed in Pcnnsijhmnin Archives, 
 XII, 146.] 
 
 Under Mcintosh's command there was great waste of public 
 stores, for which Colonels Morgan and Steel'* are responsible. 
 The "Hobby Horse he [Mcintosh] built at Beaver Creek oc- 
 casioned a delay of military operations and consequently an 
 useless consumption of Stores." Has sixty boats finished and 
 in a few days will march toward Seneca towns. 
 
 > Bcek was stationed at Ilolliday's Cove I'"ort. Sec Frontier Defense, 4^, 
 note 89. 
 
 2 For a sketch of Captain George sec Wis. Hist. Colls., XXIII, 2!')9, note 2. 
 Brodhead's letter to this oflicer is in Pa. Archives, XII, 14.'^. 
 
 ' For Col. George Morgan, who was commissary for General Mcintosh's army, 
 see Rev. Upper Ohio, 31, note 59. Col. Archibald Steel, who was deputy quarter- 
 master-general at Fort Pitt, is sketched in Frontier Defense, 139, note 7. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 43 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Headquarters, Pittsburj^h, 
 Aug. 2, 1779, to Capt. Samuel Dawson.' Printed in ihid., W).\ 
 
 Volunteers may not join the expedition in sufTicienl number, 
 therefore all the garrison of Fort Mcintosh, except forty, must 
 come in. Bring all the boats except the flatboats, which are to 
 be secured and sunk. 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Headquarters, Pittsburgh, 
 Aug. 3, 1779, to Pres. Joseph Heed.^ Printed in ihid., LW-f)!.] 
 
 The Ottawa, Chippewa, Wyandot, Potawatomi, and Shawnee 
 tribes are apparently acting deceitfully; the Allegheny expedi- 
 tion may cause them to change their policy. As the terms of 
 200 of the men of his regiment soon expire, asks permission to 
 call out militia. Requests that Capt. John Finlcy"* may remain. 
 Officers and men are ragged and without blankets or stockings. 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Fort Pitt, Aug. 3, 1779, to 
 Timothy Pickering. Printed in ibid., 1-19- .50.] 
 
 The light swivels and Indian goods asked for are not yet 
 forwarded. The regiment needs clothing, l^^ncloses a copy of 
 the Cherokee treaty. Hopes to set out on the Seneca expedition 
 on August 7. 
 
 [Summary of letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Headquarters, Pittsburgh, 
 Aug. 6, 1779, to Clen. John Sullivan. Printed in ibid., 154-r).5.|'» 
 
 Has directions from the commander in chief to correspond on 
 subject of a Seneca expedition. Ready to start, waiting only 
 for garrison to come from Fort Laurens, when he will march for 
 
 ' For Capt. Samuel Dawson see Wis. Hist. Coll.s., XXIII, 28G, note 1. 
 
 2 Heed was the presiding executive of the state of Pennsylvania. See sketch 
 in ibid., 201, note 1. 
 
 ^ For a sketch of this officer sec ibid., 73, note 1 . 
 
 * This letter is also printed in Magazine of American Jlistorij, III, 6r)5-57, to- 
 gether with a good secondary account of Brodhead's Allegheny expedition. 
 
44 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 Conewago,! expects to be there about August 20, and to advance 
 from there. Has with him twelve Delaware warriors and the 
 promise of more. Scouting parties have scattered two Munsee 
 war parties. 2 The Munsee are now willing to make peace, 
 but it will not be granted them until they have been punished. 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Headquarters, Pittsburgh, 
 Aug. 7, 1779, to Col. Richard Campbell. Printed in ibid., 154.] 
 
 Provision return of commissary shows twelve days' flour. 
 "Your obstinacy has already delayed the expedition I informed 
 you of, & I expect, unless this meets you near at hand, to march 
 without your Garrison." 
 
 WYANDOT INDIAN WAR PARTIES 
 
 [Captain Johnny^ to Col. Daniel Brodhead and Captain Killbuck. 3H159-61. 
 Transcript.] 
 
 CoosHOCKUNG," Aug' y'' Q"" 1779. 
 
 M"^ Gerard to Maghingwe Geeschuch* and Galalemend (Capt° 
 John Killbock) 
 Brothers: 
 
 The reason why I am so late in meeting you is, because I 
 have had some troublesome matters to consider. But now you 
 may depend on seeing me with you in 5 days. You have men- 
 tioned 3 in particular whom you had desired to come, but as one 
 of these three (Mamawokunund) cannot come, there being nobody 
 
 ' For the location of this Indian town see Wis. Hist. Colls., XXIII, 27.i, 
 note 1. 
 
 ^ For a sketch of the Munsee Indians see Frontier Defense, 147, note 11. 
 
 ' The Delaware chief known to the whites as Captain Johnny was one of 
 the delegation that in 1779 visited Congress and had interviews with Washington 
 and the French envoy. Monsieur Gerard. Captain .Johnny assumed the name 
 of the latter as a title of distinction. He was the same chief whom the Moravians 
 called Israel. See sketch in Wis. Hist. Colls., XXIII, 22r>, note 2. 
 
 ■* For a sketch of this town see Rev. Upper Ohio, 46, note 7.3. 
 
 ^ For this title conferred upon Colonel Brodhead see Wis. Hist. Colls., XXIII, 
 282. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 45 
 
 besides him to speak to the Cherokees; we send another (Cold) 
 in his place. 
 
 Brothers: I can now inform you that our friends that left 
 us last fall, are daily coming in; many are round about us 
 already, the rest close by. 
 
 Brothers: A few days ago I had an opportunity of speaking 
 to 14 warriors of the Wyondott Nation. I explained to them 
 the good friendship between us & the United States, & by much 
 trouble turned them back from going against you. A few days 
 after there came six of the same nation to our town from war 
 against you. They say they had one prisoner, who after two 
 days journey made his escape. TJiose latter upon meeting some 
 of our hunters, made ready to fire upon them, but finding the 
 company to be too many for them, altered their design. These 
 two parties were both headed by the Half King's sons.^ 
 
 MORAVIAN INFORMATION 
 
 [Rev. John Heckewelder^ to Col. Daniel Brodhead. 3H161-62. Transcript.] 
 
 CoosHOCKiNG, Aug*' 9*^ 1779. 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 As I have understood by some of the Dellaware who came 
 from Phillad* that I had been represented as one who listens to 
 any story he may hear, & for that reason has sent such fearful 
 letters to several officers in the service of the United States. I 
 therefore think best to leave the communication of all news to 
 the Delawares themselves, & no further trouble myself about 
 such matters, as they are indeed not properly my business. I 
 thought to do some service to my country to which I am close 
 attached; and always have made it a rule to write nothing but 
 what I had from a trusty body; likewise to distinguish my news 
 by the words — facts ^ reports. And I think the most of what 
 I wrote has appeared to be true already, & the other part may 
 appear true yet.^ 
 
 » For this chief see Rev. Upper Ohio, 91, note 14. See also his visit to Fort 
 Pitt, post, 66. 
 
 ^ For a sketch of this Moravian missionary see Rev. Upper Ohio, 202, note 43. 
 
 ' Heckewelder had previously furnished information that had been extremely 
 serviceable to the ofTicers of the American posts. See Frontier Defense, and 
 Wis. Hist. Colls., XXIII, passim. 
 
46 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 I am, dear Sir, with every mark of esteem, Your most humble 
 Servant, 
 
 John Hackenwelder. 
 
 Brothers: By a Delia ware who comes from over the Lake w^e 
 hear that the Wyondotts have made out at Detroit to keep 
 constantly a good watch-out between two forts. We judge it 
 must be between Fort Mcintosh & Fort Pitt. These men will 
 be about 50. 
 
 Brothers: When I shall come to you myself, I shall acquaint 
 you of many matters. I only mean now to inform you that you 
 may depend on my being with you in the time I mentioned. 
 
 Gerard. 
 To Brother Maghingwee Geshuch, Col" Coman'^' West" Dep*, 
 Fort Pitt. By a messenger from Cooshocking 
 
 THE WYANDOT EMBASSY 
 
 [The Delaware chiefs at Coshocton to Col. Daniel Brodhead and Captain 
 Killbuck. 1H115-16. In handwriting of John Heckewelder.] 
 
 CoosHocKUNG Aug^' y* 11"' 1779 
 
 Israel & the Councill of Cooschockung to Brother Maghingwe 
 Geeshuch, and Gelelemend"^ 
 Brothers: 
 
 Hear what I have to say to You! My Oncles, who are Your 
 Brothers'- are now come to Cooshachking. 
 
 Brothers: I am at a loss what to do. I had sent to the Wyon- 
 dotts desiring them only to go as far as F'ort Mcintosh. 
 
 Brothers: I now desire You will take a Coal from Our Councill 
 fire at Fort Pitt, and kindle a Fire at Fort Mcintosh, and there I 
 will meet You with my Oncle; Your Brother and consult with 
 one another about Our good Friendship. 
 
 ' This is the Indian title of the Delaware chief, Capt. John Killbuck, who 
 at the date of this letter was with Colonel Brodhead at Fort Pitt. 
 
 - "Oncle" is the French word for uncle. The Delawares applied this term of 
 relationship to the Wyandot. The expression, "who are your Brothers," signi- 
 fied that the Wyandot had come seeking the American alliance. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 47 
 
 Brothers: The reason I desire this is because I heard You 
 speak of it first. I believe it will suit Us both best. 
 
 Brothers: In 5 Days from this I shall get up and go with my 
 Oncles the Wyondotts to You, and mean to be with You in 9 
 Days. 
 
 Brothers: My Oncle who is now come to my Town, is the 
 Man (Capt" Bawbee) who sent You a Letter some time ago." 
 
 Brothers: Capt" Pipe and Wingenund' will be here tomorrow, 
 to whom I intend to communicate all the good Words spoke to 
 me by Genr' Washington &. Congress, which is the reason that 
 I cannot meet You sooner. 
 
 Brothers: I now desire You to send imediately for our Brother 
 Taimenend (Geo: Morgan) as he desired me to inform him when 
 Our Oncles came, and he would come himself, and speak with 
 them. 
 
 Brothers: The same Day that those Men who are to join You, 
 were to set off from here the Wyondotts came, and now we intend 
 to go all together. 
 
 Israel 
 [Endorsed:] Indian Israel Aug* 11"' 1779 
 
 THE SIX NATIONS ALARMED 
 
 [Col. Mason Bolton^ to Gen. F'rederick Haldimand. 58J58-r)9. TionscriDt.l 
 
 1 enclose you copies of letters received from Major Butler,'- 
 which will inform your Excellency of the enemy's arrival at Tioga, 
 
 > F'or the message of this Wyandot chief in 1778 see Wis. Hist. Colls., XXIII, 
 128-29; a sketch of his life is in ibid., 128, note 2. 
 
 2 These were two Delaware chiefs who are sketched in Rev. Upper Ohio, 46, 
 note 75, and 80, note 6. 
 
 3 For this British ofTicer in command at Fort Niagara see Frontier Defense, 
 285, note 46. 
 
 " Maj. Walter Butler was the son of Col. .John Butler, a Tryon County Loy- 
 alist, who commanded a regiment of Canadian rangers. Walter Butler, before 
 the Revolution, was a law student at Albany, where he was known as a clever 
 and aristocratic youth. On the outbreak of the Revolution he went to Canada, 
 where he was commissioned ensign in the Eighth Canadian Infantry. In 1776 he 
 was sent to Niagara, and the succeeding year took part in St. Leger's campaign 
 in the Mohawk Valley. There he was captured and would have been executed 
 as a spy but for the intercession of some American officers who had known him 
 at Albany. He was kept in close confinement at that place until the spring of 
 
48 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 and the disagreeable situation the Six Nations are in. That the 
 Rebels are determined to oblige them to observe neutrality, I 
 have scarce a doubt of, and they appear to me in general ex- 
 tremely dissatisfied that the troops y"" ex*' promised them had not 
 taken post at Oswego. Several Chiefs came in lately, and in 
 Council requested to know the reason why th^ Great King their 
 Father did not assist them in the time of their distress, after the 
 many promises made by the General and the commanding ofTicer 
 here; that they could not resist the force the Rebels were now 
 bringing against them, and were even at a loss which way to go, 
 as the enemy were advancing from all quarters. They desired I 
 would send part of the Garrison to their relief, otherwise their 
 villages would be cut off, and they could no longer fight the 
 King's battles. They even in Council said I had not kept my 
 word, and that I talked of nothing but provisions, while they 
 were well convinced there was a great quantity at Quebec, there- 
 fore I could have no excuse for not assisting them. I informed 
 them of what Major Butler had wrote and notwithstanding I 
 attended their Councils three days, and gave them every thing 
 they wanted in clothing, provisions, &c., I could only prevail on 
 44 to set off out of 200 warriors. Kiasheeta desired an hundred 
 soldiers might be sent with him in order to attack 600 Rebels 
 and 100 Delawares, who have taken post in his neighbourhood,* 
 15 miles this side of Venango.- In short, to answer all their de- 
 mands, I must have given them every soldier in this garrison. 
 Their behaviour altogether was very different from what I had 
 ever seen before, and if Major Butler should be defeated, I am 
 convinced they will follow the example of their brethren at 
 Detroit. * * * 
 
 1778, when he succeeded in escaping, and in retaliation for his imprisonment 
 planned and carried out the raid against Cherry Valley. In 1779 he vainly 
 attempted to oppose Sullivan's invasion of New York, and was defeated in 
 the battle of Newtown. Thereafter he was in the border service until October, 
 1781, when he was killed while retreating from an unsuccessful raid. 
 
 ' Guyashusta (Kiasheeta) was a Seneca chief who lived upon the Allegheny. 
 See sketch in Rev. Upper Ohio, 38, note 65. The "rebels" here mentioned were 
 the men of Brodhead's expedition. 
 
 ^ For this site see ibid., 162, note 88. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 49 
 
 TROOPS RETURN FROM KENTUCKY 
 
 [Capt. Robert Beairs» passport for Capt. William Harrod.^ 4NN76. A. D. S.] 
 
 Fort M'' Intosh 23*' August 1779 
 Then Arived Captain Will™ Harrod on his way from the falls 
 of Ohio to Muddy Creek. ^ and Producing proper Athority from 
 the County Lieutanent of that place, is Noted for his Carceter 
 in Distinguishing himself in his Conterys service And has pro- 
 mition to pass with his Craft & Reepass 
 
 Robert Beall Cap* Comd* 
 
 To ALL CONCEARNED 
 
 [Endorsed by Draper:] Capt. W™ Harrod reaches F* M'lntosh 
 23'' Aug. 1779— from the Falls of Ohio. Passport 
 
 BRODHEAD'S MESSENGERS TO SULLIVAN 
 
 [Extract from the journal of Major James Norris.* 19 U141. — Transcript.] 
 
 [Aug.] 25*'' We find great difficulty in getting ready to march 
 for want of a sufficiently [sic] number of horses to carry our pro- 
 visions, ammunition, &c. However, we are to move tomorrow 
 without fail, with twenty-seven days flour and live beef. Our 
 whole force that will march from here is about five thousand 
 men, officers included, with nine pieces of artillery. And three 
 of the Oneida warriors arrived here this afternoon who are agoing 
 on with us as guides. Two runners arrived from Colonel Brod- 
 head at Fort Pitt, informing that Col. Brodhead is on his way 
 with about eight hundred men against the western Indians. 
 
 1 For a sketch of Capt. Robert Beall see Wis. Hist. Colls., XXIII, 326, note 1. 
 
 ^ Capt. William Harrod is sketched in R. G. Thwaites and Louise P. Kellogg, 
 Documentary History of Dunmore's War, 1774 (Madison, 1904), 68, note 14. At 
 the time this present document was written Harrod was returning from service 
 under Col. George Rogers Clark. 
 
 3 For this locality see ibid., 36, note 63. 
 
 * Maj. James Norris was a New Hampshire oflficer who accompanied Sullivan's 
 expedition. His manuscript journal of this campaign is owned by the Buffalo 
 Historical Society, whence Dr. Draper secured a transcript in 1879. 
 
50 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 UPPER BRITISH POSTS 
 
 [Extract from a letter of Gen. Frederick lialdimand to Gen. Henry Clinton. 
 58J38-39. Transcript-l 
 
 Quebec 29**" Aug. 1779: 
 
 * * * The demands from all the Posts in the Upper Coun- 
 try are enormous, owing to the necessity of feeding not only the 
 Indians collected in different places, but the old men, women & 
 children, of the Mohawks, Onondaga & Cayuga Nations (whose 
 villages have been destroyed) at Niagara; and those of the Shaw- 
 anese c^ Delaware Nations in the same predicament at Detroit. 
 
 * * * I have as much as possible, reinforced Detroit, and 
 the forwardness of a work now constructing there, will, I hope, 
 ensure the safety of that place, unless the Rebels should be able 
 to make their way to it in great force, which the growing slack- 
 ness of the western nations (from the impossibility of marching 
 into the field with them) may perhaps enable them to effect. 
 Every means in my power to encourage the Five Nations to 
 defend their country, and annoy the enemy, have been employed, 
 and I hope your Excellency's operations have been, in some 
 measure, facilitated by their vigilance and activity. They like- 
 wise heavily complain that the burthen of the war in that country 
 is left upon their shoulders, without provisions and men, partic- 
 ularly the former; it is impossible to assist them materially. 
 
 WESTERN GARRISONS FOR VIRGINIA 
 
 [Gen. Andrew Lewis and Col. William Fleming' to Gov. Thomas .JelTerson. 
 2ZZ82. A. L. S. of Fleming.] 
 
 Botetourt Aug' 3L 1779 
 Sir: 
 
 In compliance with the order of Councel- of July the 23'' direct- 
 ing Gen' Lewis William Fleming & Will"' Christian^ to meet for the 
 purpose of fixing the Stations proper for the Troops designed for 
 
 ' For these officers see ibid., 42()-'29. 
 
 2 For these orders see Wis. Hist. Colts., XXIII, 401-1. 
 
 ^ For a sketch of this officer see Diinmore\s War, 429-30. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 51 
 
 the Defence of the S" western Frontiers — Andrew Lewis & \V° 
 Fleming accordingly met; and on Maturely considering the order 
 of Councel, to Comply therewith, in forming as compleat a Chain 
 of defence as the number of men allotted for that service will 
 admit of It is our oppinion that at, or as near the following 
 places mentioned as a proper situation will suit — Fifty Men with 
 the usual OfTicers be stationed at or near the Mouth of Guayandot 
 and Fifty Rank & File with the proper Officers at or near the 
 Mouth of Big Sandy River, One hundered Rank & F'ile at or 
 near the Junction of Licking Creek with the Ohio. And Fifty at 
 or near Martins Cabbin in Powels Vally' — We imajine these posts 
 occupied on the Ohio, will be of more service for the protection 
 of the Frontier than stationing the Battaleon- nearer the Inhabi- 
 tants. The Station at Licking is not a great distance from some 
 Shawnese Towns and near the place they generally cross the 
 Ohio from these Towns, when they make inroads on our Southern 
 Frontiers, it may be a proper Station for the Command* of the 
 S° department, as he may at short notice command any detach- 
 ment from Sandy, or Guandot Stations and Joind with the 
 Inhabitants of Kentucky conveniently carry on any Offensive 
 Opperations against the Enimy on Meamee [Miami] or elsewhere 
 to the westw'' of Licking. The Station we mention to Your 
 HonbF Board in Powels Vally, will not only keep the communi- 
 cation open with Kentucky County but be a defence to the West- 
 ern Frontier of Washington,' by being near the path of the North- 
 ern Tribes in their way either to the Cherokees or Chuchamoga 
 [Chickamauga] Indians^ — We think it would forward the Service 
 for the Men raised in or near the Frontier Counties to be immed- 
 iatly employed in the defence thereof and might save unnecessary 
 marching. We therefor recommend it that the 50 Men we mention 
 to be Station'd at Guyandot & the 50 at Big Sandy River be raised 
 from Montgomery, Botetourt & Rockbridge Counties. The 100 
 at Licking from Kentucky, Pitsilvania cK: Henry Counties & the 
 50 in Powels Vally from Washington &. Bedford. And should 
 the Districts of the above mentioned Counties be insufficient for 
 
 1 For this locality see ibid., I, note (i. 
 
 - The battalion referred to was that under the command of Col. Joseph 
 Crockett, raised by the Virginia authorities for western defense. See Wis. 
 Hist. Colls., XX 1 11, 401-2. 
 
 3 Washington County in Southwest Virginia was then the state's frontier 
 county in that direction. See sketch, ibid., 120. note 1. 
 
 •* For the location of this tribe see ibid., 37. 
 
52 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 the Men requir[ed] the Honb'^ Board may please to make up the 
 deficiencies from Bu[ck]ingham, Amherst or other convenient 
 Counties. — We beg leave to mention we think 5 Doz falling Axes. 
 Eight broad Axes 1^ Doz Mattocks or Grubinghoes. \}/^ Doz 
 Agurs of different sizes. 1 D[oz] drawing knives Eight Tro's & 
 Four Cross cut saws with some Spikes Nails tenpenny D° & 
 Gimblets will be sufTicient for the South" Troops with one Camp 
 kettle that hold two Gallons, these articles can not be procured 
 here & ought to be provided below Riffles are the properest fire 
 Arms for Our Service we wish the board to give an encourage- 
 ment to the Volunteers to furnish themselves with Guns, Shot 
 pouches & Powder horns. You will perceive Sir we have only 
 turnd our Attention to the Southw^ of the Kanhaway, and make 
 no doubt the Commiss'" for the Northern District will establish 
 a post of Communication between Fort Randolph^ & Green Brier 
 County. 
 We are Sir Your most Ob* Humb[le] Servants 
 
 And" Lewis 
 Will" Fleming 
 [Endorsed by Draper:] Col. W° Fleming Commissioners — Aug '79 
 
 BRODHEAD ALARMS BRITISH INDIANS 
 
 [John Docksteder'^ to Col. Mason Bolton. 58J61. Transcript.] 
 
 Cataragaras, Sepf 1'* 1779. 
 Sir: 
 
 A runner is just arrived at this place from the Ohio, who informs 
 me that thirty of our Indians were attacked by a large body of 
 the Rebels about four miles below Canawago. From what I can 
 
 1 For a sketch of this post, see Rev. Upper Ohio, 185, note 7. 
 
 2 John Docksteder, who was an officer in the British Indian service, belonged 
 to a family of New York Loyalists. In the spring of the year in which this letter 
 was written he was wounded while leading an Indian raid. In 1781 Col. Marinus 
 Willett defeated Docksteder and his Loyalist party at Sharon Center, N. Y. After 
 the Revolution, Docksteder settled in Ontario where he received a military 
 grant on Grand River in the township of Canborough. There he died in the 
 latter part of 1804, his estate being entered for administration on December 1 
 of that year. His wife was a Mohawk Indian, and their children lived among 
 the Indians. The modern spelling of the name is Doxtater; several persons of 
 that name now live among the Oneida Indians in Wisconsin. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 53 
 
 learn we have had three Senecas killed, but the number of Dela- 
 wares are not known. It is expected that the Rebels have 
 destroyed ere this time the Delaware Town and Oanackadago. 
 
 I am now going, with about forty warriors, to meet the enemy, 
 but the Chiefs beg that you would send them some assistance, 
 and that soon, as their distressed condition requires it. 
 
 I am, Sir, Your most obed* servant, 
 
 John Docksteder, 
 Lieut. Col. Bolton. 
 
 [Col. John Butler' to Col. Mason Bolton. 58J62-63. Transcript.] 
 
 Canawagaras,2 S*** September, 1779. 
 
 I endeavoured, but to no purpose, to prevail upon the Indians 
 to make a stand at Canadasego;^ the Rebels took possession of 
 that Village the 7*'' instant in the evening. Joseph Brant* who 
 stayed to reconnoitre them, and was near the place when they 
 entered it says that to all appearance they cannot be less than 
 3000. The chiefs have now determined to collect all the force 
 they can and meet them before they reach this, and I send in 
 Captain Power^ to bring ofT with him such Indians as may be 
 about Niagara, in which I must beg you to give him all the 
 assistance you can, and also to send out with him every body 
 you can spare. 
 
 The 7*'' Instant in the evening a runner came in from the Ohio, 
 informing that the Rebels were come up the Alleghany, and had 
 penetrated as far as Canawaga, the village at which M' Dock- 
 
 1 For a sketch of this Loyalist see ibid., 152, note 67. 
 
 2 Canawaugus was the Indian town to which Butler and his troops withdrew 
 after their defeat at Newtown, Aug. 29, 1779, by the troops of Gen. John Sul- 
 livan. Canawaugus was near the site of the present town of Avon in Livingston 
 County, N. Y. 
 
 ' The site of this important Seneca town was a mile and a half northwest of 
 Geneva, N. Y., where Butler had a trading house. Canadasega was composed 
 of sixty large, well-built houses, and a stockade fort built during the French and 
 Indian War. Its inhabitants fled upon Sullivan's approach, and the town was 
 completely destroyed by his troops, who found there no human being but 
 a captive white child about three years of age. 
 
 ♦ For a sketch of this Indian chief see Wis. Hist. Colls., XXIII, 269, note 2. 
 
 5 Capt. Thomas Power was a New York Loyalist who after the Revolution 
 became a Spanish subject and engaged in attempts to separate the western 
 states from the Union. 
 
54 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 stead was stationed last winter; and another runner who came in 
 this morning says they have destroyed a village called Naradago,^ 
 a day's journey on this side Canawaga, but says they returned 
 from thence, and were building a Fort at a place which the In- 
 dians called Ningaracharie, and I believe the same as Le Beuff.^ 
 The Indians seem in better spirits and more determined than I 
 have seen them since they left Chucknut,-^ and if they get any 
 succours from Niagara, I am in hopes I shall be able to persuade 
 them to attack the Rebels on their march; at any rate I shall do 
 my endeavour to get them to make a stand. 
 
 Joseph and the Chiefs think that a few troops from Niagara 
 would be of the greatest service at this juncture, as they would 
 encourage and give them spirits, and they imagine this cannot 
 be of any bad consequences to your part, as you can always 
 be reinforced from Galeton [Carleton] Island.^ 
 
 I am, &c. 
 
 John Butler. 
 Lieut. Col. Bolton. 
 
 1 This is the same Indian town that John Montour named to Colonel Brodhead 
 as Yoghroonwago. See post 55. Its site was near the New York border on the 
 Allegheny River in Warren County, Pa. 
 
 2 French Creek was formerly known as Le Boeuf River. Brodhead's troops 
 camped at its mouth, where the town of Franklin, Pa., now stands. 
 
 ^ Choconut (Chucknut, Chugnutt) was an Iroquois town situated on the 
 southern bank of the Susquehanna, where Vestal, Broome County, now stands. 
 Sullivan's forces destroyed this Indian village on Aug. 19, 1779. 
 
 * Carleton Island lies at the foot of Lake Ontario. It was called by the French 
 Isle aux Chevreuils, variously translated Deer or Buck Island. In the month 
 of August, 1778, three companies of the Forty-seventh British Infantry built a 
 post on this island, and renamed it for their popular general. Carleton Island 
 was a naval and military supply station for the posts of the upper country. 
 After the close of the Revolution a fort was erected at Kingston, Ontario, 
 when the garrison from Carleton Island was transferred thither. A small guard 
 was thereafter maintained at the island post, which in July, 1812 was captured 
 by a patriot party from New York. Carleton Island is now part of Jefferson 
 County in that state. Until recent years ruins of the old British post might be 
 seen upon this site. 
 
. unw iiniJinjii M]'I | |MI)II[ 
 
 /: 
 
 > y i /■ 
 
 |{,-.ulm.;l|rnv<||.- 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 55 
 
 THE ALLEGHENY EXPEDITION 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Pittsburgh, Sept. 16, 1779, to 
 Gen. George Washington. Printed in Pa. Archives, Xll, 155-56.]' 
 
 Returned on September 14 from the expedition herewith re- 
 ported. Left there the eleventh of last month with 605 rank 
 and file, including militia and volunteers. One month's provision 
 sent by water (except the cattle) to Mahoning,' there loaded on 
 pack horses. Ten miles this side of Conewago, Lieut. John 
 Hardin^ and advance guard discovered thirty or forty of the 
 enemy descending the river in canoes. Immediate preparation 
 made for action in which five of the Indians were killed and 
 several wounded. Their party suffered only slight wounds. Next 
 morning Brodhead's army advanced to Buckaloons,^ threw up a 
 breastwork, and after finding they were not attacked marched 
 to Conewago. This town appeared to have been deserted for 
 eighteen months. As no guide could be found, they followed a 
 trail for twenty miles to some towns that were evacuated as the 
 army approached. These villages were seven in number and con- 
 tained 130 houses. Montour^ called the uppermost town Yogh- 
 roonwago.*^ Three days were occupied in destroying standing 
 corn and burning houses. Booty to the value of $30,000 was 
 taken. On the return, Conewago, Buckloons and Mahusquechi- 
 koken^ were burned. The army returned via the old Venango 
 
 1 This letter, in a somewhat abbreviated form, is also printed in Mag. of 
 Amer. Hist., Ill, 672-73; and John Almon, Remembrancer, IX, 673-75. 
 
 - Mahoning Creek is an eastern affluent of the Allegheny, in Armstrong 
 County. Its mouth is about fifteen miles above the site of Fort Armstrong, 
 and in Brodhead's time was the limit of navigation on the main stream. 
 
 3 For Lieut. John Hardin see Wis. Hist. Colls., XXIII, 326, note 2. 
 
 * This was an ancient Seneca town near the mouth of Broken Straw Creek. 
 In 1749 a French officer noted a recently built town just below this creek, 
 wherein he held a council. Apparently it was continuously occupied until its 
 destruction by Brodhead, after which it was not rebuilt. Traces of the breast- 
 works thrown up during Brodhead's advance were said to be visible as late as 
 1887. 
 
 * For John Montour see Rev. Upper Ohio, 28, note 57. 
 
 * This appears to have been a Seneca town, but the other seven villages were 
 those of the Munsee, and were never rebuilt. The whole region was part of the 
 reserve granted in 1785 to the Seneca chief, Cornplanter. 
 
 ' This town was on French Creek. See Jack's account, post, 61. 
 
WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 '»..--.^ f 
 
 " ^'-" nf ^:,m,„. 
 
 I I 
 
 P^vis in 1880 
 
56 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 road.^ It was the apparent intention of all the Seneca andMunsee 
 to congregate on the upper Allegheny. This object now defeated. 
 Men and ofTicers worthy of all praise, made no complaint although 
 their clothing was in tatters. Delawares, Wyandot, and Mequo- 
 choke-Shawnee were at Fort Pitt when he returned. The former 
 desire a fort among them. So many regulars had to be dis- 
 charged that he has no adequate force for a Detroit expedition. 
 Indian negotiations of Col. George Rogers Clark. 
 
 [Extract from an anonymous letter. Printed in Maryland Journal, Oct. 26, 
 1779. 2E109-13. Transcript.] 
 
 Pittsburgh, September 16*\ 1779: 
 "The many savage barbarities and horrid depredations com- 
 mitted by the Seneca and Muncy Nations upon the Western 
 frontiers, had determined Cor Brodhead, as the most effectual 
 way to prevent such hostilities in future, and revenge the past, 
 to carry the war into their own country, and strike a decisive 
 blow at their towns. 
 
 "On the 11"' of August, our little army, consisting of 605, rank 
 & file, marched from Pittsburgh with one month's provision; 
 at Mahoning, 15 miles above the old Kittanning, we were detained 
 four days by the excessive rains, from whence (leaving the river 
 which rolls in a thousand meanders) we proceeded by a blind path 
 leading to Cuscushing,^ thro' a country almost impassible, by 
 reason of the stupendous heights and frightful declivities, with 
 a continued range of craggy hills, overspread with fallen timber, 
 thorns and underwood, here and there an intervening valley, 
 
 1 The old Venango trail ran from the mouth of French Creek to Pittsburgh. 
 Its course was some distance east of the river, through Salem Township, Clarion 
 County, across Clarion River at Bullock's Ford near the present Callensburg. 
 Thence it ran southeast to Red Bank Creek at the mouth of Town Run, and 
 from there turned south, heading the branches of the Allegheny. 
 
 * This was an important Munsee town built about 1765 near the present 
 Tionesta, Forest County, Pa. Thomas Hutchins calls it Kushkushing, and on 
 his map of 1778 locates it on the northwest side of the river. See Wis. Hist. 
 Colls., XXIII, 321. John Heckewelder writes the name Goschgoschuenk, and 
 states that in English it means "place of hogs." Narrative of the Mission of the 
 United Brethren (Philadelphia, 1820), 106. The Moravians attempted to estab- 
 lish a mission at this place in 1768-69, but were forced to abandon it in the latter 
 year. At the time of Brodhead's march this village was unoccupied. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 57 
 
 whose deep impenetrable gloom has always been impervious to 
 the piercing rays of the warmest sun. At Cuscushing (which is 
 15 miles above Venango), we crossed the Alleghany, and continued 
 our route upon its banks. But here our march was rendered still 
 more difficult by the mountains which jutted close upon the river, 
 forming a continued narrow defile, allowing up [us] only the 
 breadth of an Indian path to march upon. In the midst of one 
 of these defiles, our advanced party, consisting of 15 white men 
 & 8 Delawares, discovered between 30 & 40 warriors landing 
 from their canoes, who having also seen part of our troops, im- 
 mediately stripped themselves and prepared for action. Lieu- 
 tenant Harding, who commanded our advance, disposed his men 
 in a semi-circular form, and began the attack with such irresist- 
 able fury, tomahawk in hand, that the savages could not long 
 sustain the charge, but fled with the utmost horror and precipita- 
 tion, some plunging themselves into the river, and others, favoured 
 by the thickness of the bushes, made their escape on the main, 
 leaving five dead on the field, without any loss on our side, except 
 three men slightly wounded. Upon the first alarm, supposing it 
 to be more serious, the army was arranged for fight, both officers 
 and men, enraged at their former cruelties, and animated by the 
 calmness, resolution and intrepidity of the commandant, showed 
 the utmost ardor to engage; and had the action been general, we 
 had every prospect of the most ample success from a brave com- 
 mander, at the head of brave men." 
 
 [The article] Then goes on to say, that they burned eight In- 
 dian towns, and cut down & piled into heaps near 600 acres of 
 corn: Says they arrived at Buckloons the same day as the 
 skirmish with Hardin's advance. 
 
 "After burning the old towns of Conauwago and Mahusguachia- 
 kocken, we arrived at Pittsburg the M*** instant with the scalps 
 we had taken, and 30,000 dollars worth of plunder, having in the 
 course of 33 days completed a march of near 400 miles, through a 
 country the Indians had hitherto thought impenetrable by us, 
 and considered as a sufficient barrier for the security of their 
 towns, and indeed nothing but the absolute necessity of such a 
 measure, and a noble spirit of enterprise, could be a sufficient 
 inducement to undertake so arduous a task, and encounter those 
 difficulties and obstacles which require the most consummate 
 fortitude to surmount." 
 
58 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 [Recollections of Capl. Jesse Ellis.' 2S319-22.] 
 
 Brodhead's campaign of '79, My informant was in the 
 militia — ^commanded by Col. John Gibson, Lt. Col. George 
 Verlandigham,'- & Maj. Samuel M^Ciilloch.^ The whole army 
 numbered 600 privates, beside the requisite officers — Tho^ Nichol- 
 son interpreter,* & John Montour pilot — the former c'' speak 7 
 Indian languages; the latter was a half breed. The army rendez- 
 voused at Pittsburg the T' of Aug. — marched up the Allegheny 
 by land; the baggage in canoes. Nicholson was ahead with 30 
 men — about a mile ahead of the main army; & espied 3 canoe loads 
 of Indians descending the river, 10 Indians in each: (Don't 
 recollect about Brady^ being with the advance) The men Squatted 
 in weeds &c. in a gut putting into the river; & Nicholson (not the 
 one out with Crawford) hallowed to the Indians & they came 
 ashore & landed taking their guns; & while Nicholson, at some 
 distance off was talking with them, some of the men peeping up 
 were discovered by the Indians who quickly fired at Nicholson & 
 then treed — [Nicholson] dodged behind a tree and was slightly 
 wounded across the top of the thigh — the fight lasted hotly & 
 severely about ten minutes (about 10 o'clock in the forenoon — & 
 
 ' For a sketch of Jesse Ellis see Wis. Hist. Colls., XXIII, 161, note 2. 
 
 - George Vallandigham was born about 1738 near Alexandria in Fairfax 
 County, Va., of Huguenot parents, who had emigrated to America at the close 
 of the seventeenth century. After a liberal education young Vallandigham 
 became a teacher and surveyor, and about 1772 visited the neighborhood of 
 Fort Pitt. There he and his brother-in-law, Henry Noble of Maryland, located 
 lands on Robinson's Run, twelve miles southwest of Pittsburgh, and there in 
 1775 they made their permanent homes. In the meantime Vallandigham served 
 as a lieutenant in Dunmore's army of 1774. After settling in the West, he was 
 chosen justice of the peace, and on Mar. 25, 1778, lieutenant-colonel of Yohogania 
 County militia. In that capacity he served with Brodhead on his expeditions 
 of 1779 and 1781. During the Whisky Rebellion Vallandigham supported the 
 government, and was recognized as a valuable and able citizen. His death, 
 which occurred Oct. 4, 1810, was widely deplored. His grandson, Clement L. 
 Vallandigham, afterwards notorious for his opposition to the government of 
 Lincoln, in 1848 sent Dr. Draper the account herein abridged. Draper Mss., 
 11E151-.56. 
 
 3 For Maj. Samuel McColloch see Rev. Upper Ohio, 234, note 77. 
 
 * Joseph, not Thomas, Nicholson, was Brodhead's pilot. See Pennsylvania 
 Colonial Records, XVI, 504-6. For a sketch of the two Nicholsons see Dunmore's 
 War, 13, note 26. 
 
 * Tradition in Pittsburgh claimed that Capt Samuel Brady commanded the 
 advance party that had the skirmish with the Indians; it was in fact, Lieut. John 
 Hardin. See ante, 55. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 59 
 
 about the 20th Aug.) — during which the Indians lost 15 killed, & 
 14 wounded, & only one got off uninjured — the whites lost none 
 killed, — & besides Nicholson, Sargent Askens was wounded, & 
 a pet Indian — the latter about 16 years — all slightly wounded: 
 The Indian was shot across the back of his hand, & Askens was 
 shot in the left thumb (ball of) while scalping an Indian. The 
 Indians scattered off, leaving trails of blood — & leaving their 
 dead (the wounded got off) their canoes, provisions, 7 war-clubs 
 in canoes, &c. — The Indian who got off unharmed, forded to an 
 island in the river, & thence through it unseen & reached the 
 opposite shore; where he gave three yells, as if to notify some 
 other Indian party if within hearing. This fight was over before 
 the main army got up — who hearing the firing hurried on — B rod- 
 head in the bottom, & the militia along the adjacent hills. Went 
 to the Muncy Towns — which they reached the 3'^ day after the 
 fight — a town on either side of the Allegheny, near its head, & 
 within some 8 or 10 "' of what is now the N. York line. Reach'^ 
 the towns near midday — it was deserted, apparently that very 
 morning; set about destroying all the cabins, some 500 acres of 
 corn in roasting ears, cattle were taken for beef; captured upwards 
 of 30 horses — 30 brass kettles were found sunk in the river. This 
 was Simon Girty's town' — the Indians at this time were mostly 
 absent opposing Gen. Sullivan: Some of Girty's papers were 
 found in the town. Then returned to Pittsburg. The Muncies 
 never re-settled their town; the place was given [in 1785] by Gov* 
 to Cornplanter- & his party, who were friendly — Provisions 
 plenty. 
 
 [Recollections of Daniel Higgins.* 3S 128-29.] 
 
 Was on Brodhead's campaign up the Allegheny against the 
 Muncy Towns, in Capt. John Clark's company — [Frederick] 
 
 * For Girty see Dunmore's War, 152, note 4. Ellis intends to say that this 
 was the town where Simon Girty lived when as a boy he was a captive among the 
 Seneca. 
 
 - For this chief see Rev. Upper Ohio, 160, note 84; his portrait appears opposite 
 162. 
 
 ^ Daniel Higgins was an Irishman who emigrated to Pittsburgh about the year 
 1778 and performed his first military service on the expedition of 1779. He was 
 out in 1782 under Crawford. After the war he removed to Ohio, and in 1846, 
 then in his eighty-eighth year, he was living near Warren, where Dr. Draper 
 visited him and secured this interview. 
 
60 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 Vernon, 1 maj"^ of the reg*. A major IvrCuIIoch was out on the 
 campaign. 
 
 Capt. Brady commanded the spies, — was in advance — with 
 some friendly Indians under com** of Capt. Wilson, a small man, 
 a Delaware.- The next day after passing Kittanning, Brady in 
 the advance met a party of Indians— about 60 — said to be Mun- 
 cys, & under Simon Girty, a little below the mouth of Sugar 
 Creek, & on the west side of the Allegheny: The Indians had 
 several canoes — going on an expedition against the settlements — & 
 had landed & just finished their repast when Brady came upon 
 them — a Skirmish ensued — both parties treed. Capt. Wilson, the 
 Delaware, got wounded across the back of the hand — none others 
 of Brady's party hurt: Soon drove the Indians into the river, 
 which they swam, leaving their canoes, some of their accoutre- 
 ments, Sc provisions. One fellow, a large, fat man, was left dead. 
 * * * One of the Indians in swimming the river dropped his 
 rifle; & one of Brady's Indians dove & brought it up. * * * 
 
 Burned two towns — & cut up a large quantity of corn both 
 sides of the river: Got a good deal of plunder, traps, furs & skins, 
 &c. The Indians had deserted the towns: The war party that 
 Brady defeated, went to the first town, & doubtless gave notice 
 of Brodhead's approach — & this body posted themselves on a 
 high hill a little distance above the town, & watched Brodhead's 
 movements — so Cornplanter subsequently told my informant — 
 but said he was not there, nor was he then in that part of the 
 country. 
 
 Jonathan [Joseph] Nicholson, who spoke several Indian lan- 
 guages, was pilot — & with Brady's attacking party. The army 
 lay only one night at the Indian town — then marched for Pitts- 
 burgh — after crossing French Creek at its mouth, took over the 
 hills direct to Pittsburgh. Took out beeves for use on out-march 
 — none on return, but some beef, & flour. 
 
 » For these officers see Wis. Hist. Colls., XXIII, 205, note 1, and 139, note 4. 
 
 * George Wilson, whose Indian name was Nanowland, was a friend of Samuel 
 Brady, and accompanied him on many scouts. In 1776 he brought messages 
 to Pittsburgh from the Delaware chiefs, and was frequently employed as a 
 messenger during the Revolution. See ibid., passim. In 1781 Wilson accom- 
 panied Brodhead's Coshocton expedition and returned with the troops to the 
 neighborhood of Pittsburgh. There, while encamped with others, on an island 
 in the Ohio, these friendly Indians were attacked by frontiersmen, and Wilson 
 was among those who were murdered. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 61 
 
 [Recollections of Capt. Matthew Jack. 6NN188.] 
 
 I again in the Spring of 1779 by order of Gen' M^'Intosh I 
 raised a Company of Six months men to Join Gen' Brodhead in 
 a Campaign against the Indians at the Monsey Towns high up 
 on the Allegheny river & I raised the Company and Joined Gen' 
 Brodhead in the Said expedition the[y] were about 1700 men 
 in all when we marched Composed of Pennsylvanians & Vir- 
 ginians and on our march up the Allegheny river about 16 miles 
 below the Muncy Towns we met a body of Indians Supposed 
 to be about 100 on their way to war — The Indians attacked our 
 advance guard & after returning their fire fell back and the 
 Indians followed them up and we met them, and they Stood but 
 one or two fires; we killed 12 of them and the rest ran; 4 or 5 of 
 our men was killed & wounded ; we went on to the Muncy Towns 
 but the Indians of Course knew of our Coming as those we met 
 I expect returned back there again — we found none at their 
 Town — all big & little had fled — we destroyed three Towns & 
 Cornfields and left. 
 
 We then on our return back down the river as far as the mouth 
 of French Creek where Franklin now Stands & remained there a 
 day or two and while there Gen' Brodhead ordered two Com- 
 panies to be Selected out of his Brigade under the Command of 
 Cap* Samuel Brady & myself to march up French Creek to the 
 Indian Towns where Meadville^ now Stands, we went there and 
 when we arrived the Indians old and young had all fled I expect 
 the[yl had heard of us Coming we burnt their Town and 
 distroyed their Cornfields 
 
 We got a quantity of Fur and Traps and returned with them 
 to the mouth of French Creek — and from there we returned with 
 Gen' Brodhead to Pittsburgh where I was discharged and went 
 home. 
 
 1 This was the town called "Mahusquechikoken," or "Mahusguachiakocken." 
 See ante, 55, 57. Dr. Draper thought (Draper Mss., 6NN209-10) that this was 
 the village usually termed "Kiskakoquille," and that it was not as far up French 
 Creek as the present Meadville, but seven miles lower down that stream in 
 Wayne Township, Crawford County. 
 
62 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 [Recollections of Ezekiel Caldwell. 3S 143-44.] 
 
 Brodhead's campaign, 1779. [John] Caldwell' was on this cam- 
 paign up the Allegheny: Several head of cattle had been taken 
 along for supplies for the troops — these ran off from the trail to 
 the water's edge of the Allegheny to slake their thirst — at this 
 moment two canoes filled with Indians descending the river, dis- 
 covered the cattle, c^ evidently curious to know the meaning of 
 this unusual sight in that region, landed cautiously some little 
 distance above, when they were attacked by a party in ambush, 
 & routed & some killed. — In the Indian tow^n were found poles 
 erected with scalps on them, as if left to taunt the whites. Cut up 
 a large quantity of corn — ^that convenient to the river was thrown 
 into the stream — the other was thrown in heaps to heat & de- 
 stroy. 
 
 [Recollections of Charles O'Bail.^ 4S122-24.] 
 
 Brodhead's Expedition, 1779. Na-tah-go-ah, or Capt. Crow 
 was the leader of the party who were defeated by Brodhead's 
 advance. Crow, Red-Eye & 4 others went down the river in a 
 canoe to hunt: They first went to an island 2 miles below Warren; 
 some were posted on the island at a crossing place, while the 
 others went upon the main Western Shore, & running yelping, 
 dog-like, through the woods, start the deer & drive them for the 
 crossing place, & as they would take the river for the island, 
 those on the island would shoot them. 
 
 Brodhead's friendly Indian spies heard the shooting, &. reported. 
 Crow's party now moved to the island below Broken Straw 3 
 miles, for another similar hunt. There they discovered the Ameri- 
 cans approaching pretty near. Crow's small party disagreed as 
 
 ' For John Caldwell see Frontier Defense, 61, note 18. Mis son, Ezekiel, 
 narrated to Dr. Draper in 1846 his father's adventures. 
 
 2 Charles O'Bail, son of the famous chief, Cornplanter, was born in 1778 at 
 the Seneca town of Conesus. He remembered that his mother and her children 
 were driven from their home by Sullivan's invasion in 1779 and spent the fol- 
 lowing winter at Fort Niagara. They then lived for five years at Tonawanda, 
 removing in 1785 to Cornplanter's reserve on the Allegheny. There on Feb. 
 21, 1850 Dr. Draper interviewed O'Bail, who gave him the Indian traditions of 
 Brodhead's expedition. The old chief died on Dec. 31, 1868 near the present 
 town of Cornplanter, Pa. 
 
FRONTI ER RETREAT 63 
 
 to the best mode of escape — all of them then being on the western 
 shore. Crow & two of the others took to the woods, who escaped: 
 Red-Eye & his two companions pushed off in the canoe, aiming 
 to reach the eastern bank of the river, thinking they would be 
 safest when there. Brodhead's succeeded in getting fair shots at 
 them, & killed two of them. Red-Eye jumped out of the canoe, 
 fmding himself too much exposed to the fire of the Americans, & 
 swam over just around the foot of the island — diving & swimming 
 till he got over — a great many balls striking near & around him. 
 And after he got over, & was climbing up the bank or hill, a ball 
 came so near him as to knock him down, yet without actually 
 touching him. 
 
 O'Bail thinks Brodhead did not go above Broken Straw — that 
 the Cornplanter towti^ had Indian sentinels out, & were momen- 
 tarily expecting the Americans: Hearing loud singing in the 
 woods — or a rude attempt to sing — below the town, they thought 
 surely the Americans were close upon them, — finally a few bolder 
 spirits than the rest, ventured carefully to reconnoitre & dis- 
 covered a lone white man, without a gun or any weapon of de- 
 fence, evidently deranged, who had probably wandered off from 
 Brodhead's army. He was kindly taken care of — not harmed — 
 thinks he was sent to the British at Fort Niagara. Indians never 
 harm an idiot or insane person. 
 
 Thus O'Bail heard Capt. Crow relate this affair. * * * 
 Capt. Crow died on the Alleghany Reservation, at Cold Spring,- 
 about 20 years ago: Red-Eye died at Cold Spring about the same 
 time, — he was only a common warrior when opposing Brodhead, 
 but an extra or unusually good one. 
 
 [Recollections of Blacksnake.^ 16F150-53] 
 
 Capt. Redeyes Escape from fifty 50 men By Crossing the 
 Allegany River 
 
 While we are gon to Wyoming and others places to war with 
 our own america whUes Brotherns Captain Redeyes and another 
 
 ' The narrator refers to the Munsee town on the site of the village later built 
 by Cornplanter. 
 
 2 Cold Spring is on the upper Allegheny in Cattaraugus County, N. Y. 
 
 ' For a sketch of the Seneca chief, Blacksnake, and for other excerpts from 
 his manuscript see Rev. Upper Ohio, 159, notes 82 and 83. 
 
64 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 Indians was with Redeye about ten of them together following 
 Down Stream on the Allegeny River with Bark canoes and hunt- 
 ing furs. Redeyes and his comrates was Down about five miles 
 below Brokenstraw now called warrent county Pennsylvania 
 they had been camp out on the Bank of the River, Captain Redeye 
 took his Rifle and walk it Down on the Bank the River, about 
 quarter of a mile from his camp there he Saw a company of 
 men of war, and count them, how many it was the company 
 they was about 500 men in the company and they Saw him and 
 he Run Back to his camp, they fire it at him But not toucth him 
 the Ball, But he Run as fast as he could, then they put after him 
 about 50 of them, But he Rather out Run them as soon as he 
 got into their camp he told his comrate that the whites company 
 are coming close to hand that they had Better Run soon as 
 possible. So they start it and Run for their lives, some Run up 
 the River, and Redeye and 3 others went with him and got into 
 their Bark canoe and put cross the River But before Reaching 
 crossing, the company come upon them and fire it and this 3 
 Indians was kill in the River while crossing and Redeye jump it 
 out the canoe into water and Dove in the water as far as he could 
 go under water But the company kept fire gun at him as far as 
 they see him. But he made out cross the River life [alive] as 
 soon as he got out the water and Run to the first tree and got 
 behind that — till water Drin from him and made out Escape from 
 them But the whites company kept pursued him up the River, 
 Captain Redeye Kept it going Day and Nights untill he came 
 up to now called Cornplanter Reservation at that time and at 
 that place was no Regular settlement only a few Indians family 
 Stop it there for to Rase some corn that year 1769i the Indians 
 and women and children made them prepared themselves for to 
 get out, away from Danger of their anemy that are coming up 
 the River, that Redeye aurge [urged] his people to get Ready as 
 soon as posible and also made all the Indians to march up the 
 River, and they took Backages with some provisions and vini- 
 sions, and the young one and get them a way as soon as posible, 
 for the Danger near at hand, of the 500 men are coming to 
 Destroyed them So they got away, and left all those unmove- 
 able Such [as] crops on the ground and come into state new york, 
 and made a stop at now Cold Spring and made retirement for a 
 few days, and send messnger over to Genesee River immidiatly 
 
 1 All of the dates in Blacksnake's narrative are incorrect. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 65 
 
 and to the head quarter, to let them know the disturbantes and 
 the persons that who was Kill at the time Redeye was first drove 
 from hunting &c &c. when Redeye first got up at Cold Spring 
 and his company Buried their corn and vensions under the 
 ground you have seen the hold frequently a long side the River 
 like potatoe holds when the Indians has been Buried up their 
 provisions and cooking utenstial those Indians wandering about 
 in the woods or in when is having forest &c till uncle Cornplanter 
 and Red Jacket^ and myself come over to protect them, when we 
 got down to Cornplanter now Reserved in P* where the Redeye 
 had it corn that season, the whites has been there, and cut all the 
 corn and throw [in] the River, so that we could not have any if 
 Redeye should come back and the whites were gone down again 
 and we persued them as far as warren Pennsylvania and see 
 nothing of them so we returnit again and called upon all the 
 Indians and we went long up stream and over to Genesee River 
 and down home at avon- about winter sit in. 
 
 [Recollections of Capt. John Decker.^ 4S99-100.] 
 
 1779 — Brodhead's Expedition. A party of between 30 & 
 40 warriors, mostly Senecas, some Delawares, were descending 
 the Alleghany in canoes, going on an expedition against the 
 American settlements. Deh-gus-way-gah-ent, or the Fallen- 
 Board, a Seneca; & Day-oos-ta, or It-is-light-to-be-lifted, a 
 Delaware, were the war-leaders of the party. 
 
 The friendly Delawares with Brodhead discovered the Seneca 
 war-party, & reported to Brodhead, who ordered some of his 
 
 1 For a sketch of Red Jacket see Rev. Upper Ohio, 160, note 84; his portrait 
 appears opposite p. 164. 
 
 2 For this town see ibid., 161, note 85. It is the same town as that noted 
 ante, 53. Blacksnake was mistaken about spending the winter of 1779-80 at 
 this place, since Sullivan's troops completely destroyed the village, and all its 
 inhabitants retired to Niagara. 
 
 3 Capt. John Decker was a Seneca Indian whose tribal name was Dah-gan- 
 non-do, or "He who patches." He claimed to be over one hundred years of age 
 when Dr. Draper interviewed him in February 1850. Decker was born on the 
 site of the modern Franklin, Pa. He remembered the events of Braddock's 
 Defeat in 1755, of the siege of Niagara in 1759, and the capture of Fort Venango 
 in 1763. He said he had visited Fort Duquesne while the French were in pos- 
 session, that is before 1758. The only campaign in which he took part was that 
 against Hannastown in 1782. He died in April, 1851. 
 
66 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 men to the East side of the river up the hills, while the main 
 body kept on up the road on the West side. As the Senecas got 
 into the Channel on the West side of the island, about 3 miles 
 below Da-gah-she-no-de-a-go or Broken Straw Creek — with a high 
 hill skirting the river on the western [as well as eastern] bank — 
 finding themselves between two fires, fled to the island: The 
 Seneca & Delaware leaders, & a Seneca warrior named Gen-ne- 
 hoon, or Double-Door, were killed; & a Delaware warrior was 
 wounded in his arm. The others escaped. Cornplanter was not 
 there. 
 
 Brodhead's men camped at Broken Straw, & there left several 
 bloody bandages — hence the Indians thought he had a good 
 many wounded. The Indian town known as the Burnt-Houses, 
 where Cornplanter afterwards settled, was burned by Brodhead. 
 The Delaware town or settlement destroyed was on Kenjua Flats, ^ 
 on the South side of the river — extending from Kenjua Creek 5 
 or 6 miles above— the extent of the flats. 
 
 THE WYANDOT EMBASSY 
 
 [Col. Daniel Brodhead's speech to the Wyandot chiefs. 1H117-18. In hand- 
 writing of Brodhead.] 
 
 Head Quarters Pitsburgh Sep"" 17*'' 1779 
 IMaghingwe Keeshuch to Doonyontat^ principal Chief of the 
 Hurons^ 
 Brother: 
 
 ^I rejoice to find that you are at last come to this great Council 
 fire and that I have the pleasure of seeing you here & to hear 
 from your own mouth that the heavy Clouds which have so long 
 hung over us are almost dispersed and that the Sun will soon 
 shine clear upon us 
 
 Brother: It is likewise very pleasing to me that your Heart is 
 inclined as your Nephews for good Works and that you have laid 
 hold of the same chain of Friendship with your Brothers of the 
 United States to secure your Women & Children & that you are 
 
 1 This place is now known as Kinzua, in Warren County, Pa. 
 ^ This is the Indian title of the Wyandot chief known as Half King. 
 * For a brief sketch of the Huron (Wyandot) Indians see Rev. Upper Ohio, 36, 
 note 62. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 67 
 
 fully convinced that so long as they the English kept you in 
 darkness they told you many lies to deceive you and engage you 
 to murder your best Friends 
 
 Brother: I have told you before that I can freely take you by 
 the Hand but the wicked every where must be punished. Your 
 Nephews have told you that the flesh & blood of the Americans 
 are on your Hands and that you must take care to cleanse them 
 by delivering up 
 
 Brother: I have much more to say to you Listen to me 
 
 The English & the Mingoes have by the Assistance of the bad 
 Spirit who put flattery & lies in to their Mouths excited you to do 
 much Mischief against your Brothers of this Island^ and for this 
 they must die because the great Spirit will not take into his Arms 
 bad Men And you ought to assist your Brothers of the United 
 States to destroy them so that each of our Children & Grand 
 Children may live under the tree of peace which God has planted 
 for his Children on this Island 
 
 Brother: When I have heard your answer I shall again speak to 
 you so that every [thing] may be fully settled for your Nation 
 before you return home and then I shall wish you a Good Journey 
 
 Brother: The Belts & Strings with the Scalp you delivered to 
 Capt Heth^ I do not well understand the meaning and shall be 
 glad you would explain it to me 
 [Endorsed:] Mahingweegeesuch to Noonyoondat, Sep'' 17*'' — 79 
 
 [The Wyandots' speech to Col. Daniel Brodhead. Reprinted from The Olden 
 Time (Pittsburgh, 1848), II, 311-14.] 
 
 September 17 th, 1779. 
 
 The Speech of Doonyontat, the Wyandot Chief, to Maghingive 
 Keeshuch, 
 
 Brother, listen to me. 
 
 Brother, It grieves me to see you with the tears in your eyes. 
 I know it is the fault of the English. 
 
 ^ "Island" was the term used in Indian councils for the continent of North 
 America. 
 
 2 For Capt. Henry Heath see Wis. Hist. Colls., XXIII, 164, note 2. He was 
 left in command at Fort Pitt during Brodhead's absence on the Allegheny 
 expedition. 
 
68 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 Brother, I wipe away all those tears, and smooth down your 
 hair, which the EngUsh and the folly of my young men has ruf- 
 fled. 
 
 Now my Brother, I have wiped away all the stains from your 
 clothes, and smoothed them where my young men had ruffled 
 them, so that you may now put on your hat, and sit with that 
 ease and composure which you would desire. 
 
 (Four strings of white wampum.) 
 
 Brother, Listen to the Huron Chiefs. 
 
 Brother, I see you all bloody by the English and my young men. 
 I now wipe away all those stains and make you clean. 
 
 Brother, I see your heart twisted, and neck and throat turned 
 to the one side, with the grief and vexation which my young men 
 have caused, all which disagreeable sensations I now remove, 
 and restore you to your former tranquility, so that now you may 
 breathe with ease, and enjoy the benefit of your food and nourish- 
 ment. 
 
 Brother, your ears appear to be stopped, so that you cannot 
 listen to your brothers when they talk of friendship. That deaf- 
 ness I now remove, and all stoppage from your ears, that you may 
 listen to the friendly speeches of your brothers, and that they 
 may sink deep into your heart. 
 
 (Seven strings of white wampum.) 
 
 Brother, Listen to me. 
 
 When I look around me, I see the bones of our nephews lie 
 scattered and unburied. 
 
 Brother, I gather up the bones of all our young men on both 
 sides, in this dispute, without any distinction of party. 
 
 Brother, I have now gathered up all the bones of our relations 
 on both sides, and will bury them in a large deep grave, and smooth 
 it over so, that there shall not be the least sign of bones, or any 
 thing to raise any grief or anger in our minds hereafter. 
 
 Brother, I have now buried the bones of all our and your rela- 
 tions very deep. You very well know that there are some of your 
 flesh and blood in our hands prisoners: I assure you that you 
 shall see them all safe and well. 
 
 (Eight strings of white wampum.) 
 
 Brother, I now look up to where our Maker is, and think there 
 is still some darkness over our heads, so that God can hardly 
 see us, on account of the evil doings of the King over the great 
 waters. All these thick clouds, which have [been] raised on ac- 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 69 
 
 count of that bad King, I now entirely remove, that God may 
 look and see in our treaty of friendship, and be a witness to the 
 truth and sincerity of our intentions. 
 
 {Four strings of white wampum.) 
 
 Brother, As God puts all our hearts right, I now give thanks to 
 God Almighty, to the chief men of the Americans, to my old 
 father the King of France, and to you, Brother, that we can now 
 talk together on friendly terms, and speak our sentiments with- 
 out interruption. 
 
 (Four strings of black and white wampum.) 
 
 Brother, You knew me before you saw me and that I had not 
 drawn away my hand from yours, as I sent word last year by 
 Captain White Eyes. 
 
 Brother, I look up to Heaven, and call God Almighty witness 
 to the truth of what I say, and that it really comes from my 
 heart. 
 
 Brother, I now tell you that I have for ever thrown off my 
 Father the English, and will never give him any assistance; and 
 there are some amongst all the nations that think the same things 
 that I do, and I wish they would all think so. 
 
 Brother, I cannot answer for all the nations, as I don't know all 
 their thoughts, and will speak only what I am sure of. 
 
 Brother, Listen to me. I love all the nations, and hate none, 
 and when I return home they shall all hear what you say, and 
 what is done between us. 
 
 Brother, I have just now told you, that I loved all the nations, 
 and I see you raising up the hatchet against my younger brothers 
 the Shawanese. I beg of you to stop a little while, as he has 
 never yet heard me; and when he has heard me, if he does not 
 choose to think as we do, I will tell you of it immediately. 
 
 Brother, I intend to speak roughly to my younger brother, and 
 tell him not to listen to the English, but throw them off, and listen 
 to me and then he may live as I do. 
 
 Brother, I thank you for leaving the fortress at Tuscarawas, 
 and am convinced by that you have taken pity on us, and want 
 to make us your friends. 
 
 Brother, I now take a firmer hold of your hand than before, and 
 beg that you will take pity upon other nations who are my friends, 
 and if any of them should incline to take hold of your hand, I 
 request that you would comply and receive them into friendship. 
 
 (A black belt of eleven rows.) 
 
70 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 Brother, Listen. I tell you to be cautious, as I think you intend 
 to strike the man near to where I sit,^ not to go the nighesL way to 
 where he is, lest you frighten the owners of the lands who are 
 living through the country between this and that place. 
 
 Brother, You now listen to me, and one favour I beg of you is, 
 that when you drive away your enemies you will allow me to 
 continue in possession of my property, which if you grant will 
 rejoice me. 
 
 Brother, I would advise you, when you strike the man near 
 where I sit, to go by water, as it will be the easiest and best way. 
 
 Brother, If you intend to strike, one way is to go up the Alle- 
 gheny and by Prisquille;^ another way is to go down this river 
 and up the Wabash. 
 
 Brother, The reason why I mentioned the road up the river is, 
 that there will be no danger of your being discovered until you 
 are close upon them, but on the road down the river you will be 
 spied. 
 
 Brother, Now I have told you the way by Prisquille, and that 
 it is the boundary between us and your enemies; if you go by 
 Wabash your friends will not be surprised. 
 
 Brother, You must not think that what I have said is only my 
 own thoughts, but the opinion of all the Huron Chiefs, and I 
 speak in behalf of them all. If you grant what favours I have 
 asked of you, all our friends and relations will be thankful and 
 glad as far as they can hear all round. 
 
 Brother, The reason why I have pointed out these two roads is, 
 that when we hear you are in one of them we will know your 
 intentions without further notice, and the Huron Chiefs desired 
 me particularly to mention it that they may meet you in your 
 walk, and tell you what they have done, who are your enemies 
 and who are your friends, and I in their name request a pair of 
 colors to shew we have joined in friendship. 
 
 (Fourteen strings of black wampum.) 
 
 Brother, The chiefs desired me to tell you that they had sent 
 Montour before to tell you their intentions, and they leave him 
 to go with you, that when you meet your brothers, you may 
 consult together, and understand one another by his means. 
 
 1 The chief refers to an anticipated attack upon Detroit by the American 
 forces. 
 
 2 For this site see Wis. Hist. Colls., XXIII, 207, note 1. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 71 
 
 [Col. Daniel Brodhead's speech to the Wyandot chiefs. 3H1 62-65. Letter 
 Book.] 
 
 Head Quarters, Pittsburgh, Sep"" 18*'' 1779. 
 
 Maghingwe Keeshuch to Dooyontat, principal chief of the 
 Wyondats. 
 Brother: 
 
 Yesterday I had the pleasure to hear you speak. But when 
 I had heard all, & you had taken no notice of what I mentioned to 
 you before, against the English, I could not tell what to think. 
 
 Brother: The Chiefs of the Wyondats have lived too long with 
 the English to see things as they ought to do. They must have 
 expected when they were councilling, that the Chief they sent to 
 this Council fire would fmd the Americans asleep. But the sun 
 which the Great Spirit has set to light this island, discovers to 
 me that they are much mistaken. 
 
 {Four strings of white <fc black wampum.) 
 
 Brother: I will tell you why they are mistaken ; they must have 
 thought that it was an easy matter to satisfy us, after doing all 
 the mischief they could. They must have heard that the English 
 were getting weaker & the Americans stronger, & that a few 
 flattering words would, with giving up our prisoners, secure to 
 them their lives, the lives of their women & children, & their 
 lands; and the wicked Shawnese who have so often embrued their 
 hands in the blood of the Americans And that in my military 
 operations they had a right to mark out the road I should march 
 on. 
 
 (Six strings white and black wampum.) 
 
 Brother: I, however, thank you for wiping away the blood & 
 burying the bones of our young men, & for casting off that bad 
 father the King of Britain over the great Lake. 
 
 (Three strings of white wampum.) 
 
 Brother: I left the fort at Tuscarawas because it gave uneasiness 
 to several of the Indian Natioas which I pitied & promised to 
 save, if they would do what was right before God, & I still intend 
 to do it. But I have said, they must do what is right, & they 
 must send some of their grsat men to me to remain as hostages 
 until they have complied with the terms. If this is not done, 
 all words will be considered as wind & no regard will be paid to 
 them: And though I love peace, & could wish to save the lives of 
 my countrymen of this Island, I am not afraid of war. 
 
 (Four strings of black wampum.) 
 
72 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 Brother: I will now tell you what I conceive to be right, & I 
 will leave it to all the world to judge it. I think the Nations you 
 mention & wish me to receive into friendship, ought to send hos- 
 tages to me. As I said before, until they have killed & taken as 
 many from the English & their allies as they have killed & taken 
 from the Americans, & return whatever they have stolen from 
 their brothers, together with their flesh & blood, & on every occa- 
 sion join us against our enemies — upon these terms, which are 
 just, they & their posterity may live in peace & enjoy their prop- 
 erty without disturbance from their brethren of this Island, so 
 long as the Sun shines or the waters run. 
 
 (A black belt — Rows.) 
 
 Brother: I have now spoke from my heart. I am a warrior as 
 well as a Councillor; my words are few, but what I say I will per- 
 form. And I must tell you that if the Nations will not do justice, 
 they will not be able, after the English are driven from this Island, 
 to enjoy peace or property. 
 
 {Four strings black wampum.) 
 
 Brother: When I go to war, I will take my choice of roads; if I 
 meet my friends I shall be glad to see them, & if I meet my enemies 
 I shall be ready to fight them. 
 
 Brother: You told you had not yet spoken to the Shawnese: 
 You likewise say that you had not yet let slip my hand; if so, 
 why did you not speak to them? They have heard their Grand 
 Fathers the Delawares, & they have heard me. I sent them a 
 good talk, but they threw it into the fire. 
 
 Now, brother, I must tell you that I cannot now prevent the 
 Shawnese being struck: CoF Clark, I hear, is gone against them 
 & will strike them before I can send to him to call him back; but 
 if the Shawnese do what is right, as I have told you, they shall 
 enjoy peace & property. This belt confirms my words. 
 
 (A white Sc black belt — Rows.) 
 
 COL° BrODHEAD to NOONYOONDAT. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 73 
 
 MEQUOCHOKE-SHAWNEE SEEK AMERICAN 
 
 ALLIANCE 
 
 [Captain Killbuck's speech to Col. Daniel Brodhead. Reprinted from The 
 Olden Time, II, 316-17.] 
 
 Kelleleman to Maghingive Keeshuch.^ 
 
 September 21, 1779. 
 Brother: 
 
 I told my grand-children, the Shawanese, when they came to 
 me yesterday, to remain with their grandfathers, until they had 
 spoken to their brothers, the Americans. They answered, they 
 would comply with the request of their grand-fathers. This 
 our grand-children spoke to us, and said, grand-fathers, we are 
 humble, and are now come unto you — Now I am come to you, I 
 take my hands and wipe your eyes, that you may clearly see the 
 light, and that these are your grand-children who now appear 
 before you, and likewise remove every obstruction from your 
 ears, that you may hear and understand me. I also compose your 
 heart, that you may be disposed to pity your poor grand-children, 
 as your ancient Chiefs used to pity their grand-children, the 
 Macquichees,^ when they were poor or humble before them. 
 Now my grand-fathers, I tell you to pity your grand-children, the 
 Macquichees, and whatever you direct them to do, will be done. 
 Now you have heard your grand-children speak, and you will 
 judge what to say to your brother Maghingive Keeshuch. 
 
 (Two strings of white wampum.) 
 
 Now grand-fathers, here is a little tobacco to fill your pipes, 
 that you may consider and pity your grand-children Macquichees. 
 Keeshmattsee, to his grand-fathers, the Delawares. 
 
 Grand-fathers, I now take my Chief and Councellor Nimwha,^ 
 and set him down on the ground before you that he may assist 
 you in considering the distressed situation of your grand-children. 
 
 Killbuck to Colonel Brodhead. 
 
 Brother Maginghive Keeshuch, listen to me. 
 You always told me, that when any nations came to treat of 
 peace, I should first speak to them, and tell you my sentiments of 
 
 1 These are the Indian titles of Captain Killbuck and Colonel Brodhead. 
 
 2 For this branch of the Shawnee see ibid., 280, note 1. 
 ' For this chief see Rev. Upper Ohio, 41, note 67. 
 
74 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 them, which I am now come to do, in regard to my grand-children, 
 the Macquichees, 
 
 I told them I was much obliged to them, for clearing my eyes, 
 my ears, and composing my heart, and that it was time, that many 
 bad things enter my ears. 
 
 I remember you told me to pity you, and it is true, I have pitied 
 you, my grand-children, the Shawanese. 
 
 Now, I tell you, my grand-children, it is very well you put 
 me in mind of my wise ancestors, who, out of pity to you, took 
 you up, and placed you before them. 
 
 My grand-children, the Maquichees, it is true, you have done 
 no harm, but I see some stains of blood upon you, which the mis- 
 chief and folly of your young men have occasioned. Now, my 
 grand-children, I will advise you how to be cleansed from your 
 bloody stains, deliver to our brother Maghingive Keeshuch, all 
 his flesh and blood which are prisoners in your hands, and the 
 horses you have stolen from the Americans. My grand-children, 
 when you have done this, you will then be clean, your flesh and 
 heart will be the same as mine, and I can again take you up, and 
 set you down before me, as our wise Chiefs formerly did. 
 
 Now, my grand-children, I tell you, for several years past you 
 have been fraught with lies, which I am tired of hearing, and in 
 future you must tell me nothing but truth. 
 
 Now listen to me, my grand-children, you see how dreadful the 
 day looks, and how thick the clouds appear; don't imagine this 
 day to be like that on which you first came to your grand-fathers. 
 I tell you that I have finished the chain of friendship. The thir- 
 teen United States and I are one. I have already assisted my 
 brother, in taking the flesh of the English and Mingoes. You 
 told me just now, that whatever I told you, you would do; now 
 I offer you the flesh of the English and Mingoes to eat, and that 
 is the only method I know of, by which your lives may be pre- 
 served, and you allowed to live in peace, (delivering them a string 
 of wampum and two scalps.) They received the string and scalps, 
 and said they were glad to know this, and as they had before said, 
 whatever their grand-fathers told them, they would do, so they 
 told them again on receiving the scalps. They said, now grand- 
 father, I am very glad to hear what you have said ; I have got in 
 my hand what you say will save my life, and immediately sung 
 his war-song. The speaker, having danced, delivered the scalps 
 to the King, who likewise rose and sung his war-song, and said. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 75 
 
 Now grand-fathers, although you have often sent good speeches 
 to the other tribes of the Shawanese nation, yet they would not 
 receive them, but still took up the tomahawk to strike your 
 brothers, I will now go and deliver them what I have in my 
 hands, which I suppose they will receive. 
 
 Delaware Chief to Maghingive Keeshuch. 
 
 Brother, We are come to let you know the result of our Council, 
 respecting the Maquichees. 
 
 Brother, Listen, This is the way I have considered the matter, 
 and if I am mistaken, I am very sorry for it. Brother, let us both 
 consider of it. I thought, when I looked in his eyes, that he was 
 sincere. 
 
 Brother, I think the Maquichees are honest. In former times 
 they were the best of the Shawanese nations. I think we may take 
 them by the hand; and you know, you told me, that any nation 
 I took by the hand, you would also receive. 
 
 DELAWARE NEGOTIATIONS 
 
 [The Delawares' speeches to Col. Daniel Brodhead. 1H119-20. Contempo- 
 rary Transcript.] 
 
 Delaware Chiefs Speech Sep' 23'^ 79 
 
 Listen to your Brothers: 
 
 The have all consulted upon what they before said & think it 
 right 
 
 Brother: you Remember what passed between us last fall & 
 it is true — Brother you told me that if I wanted a Fort you would 
 build it for me to keep my Women & Children safe when I should 
 be absent from them — you also told me that you would perform 
 whatever you promised. At Tuscarawas you repeated the same 
 promise which I told you to defer it But now I have occasion 
 for it^ Brother when that is done my Warriors can go where they 
 please — Remember exactly w' we have said to one another. 
 
 ^ Note on original manuscript: "In reference to the above request see P. S. to 
 Col. Brodhead's official Report of his expedition against the Senecas & Monseys, 
 Sept. 1779— L. C. D." 
 
76 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 Pittsburgh 24*^' Sep' 1779. 
 Brother: 
 
 listen to the chiefs of the Delawares Formerly when our An- 
 cestors when they first kindled the Council fire at Philad^ 
 
 After that we took a few coals & fire and kindled one at this 
 place 
 
 Brother: now with this string of wampum I now take a few Coals 
 of fire and kindle one at Beaver Creek Where we or any that are 
 desirous of treating of peace may meet, & consult together as 
 we are one & the same people let us join and both put our Hands 
 together to remove it to that place When this is agreed on I 
 shall inform all my People that the Council fire is removed to 
 Beaver Creek. 
 
 [Endorsed:] Removal of the Council fire to Beaver Creek Sep' 
 24*'' 79 
 
 THE ALLEGHENY EXPEDITION 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Pittsburgh, Sept. 23, 1779, to 
 Pres. Joseph Reed. Printed in Pa. Archives, VII, 710-11.] 
 
 Incloses the account of his successful expedition against the 
 Seneca and Munsee. The Delawaies, Wyandot, and Mequo- 
 choke-Shawnee seem disposed for peace, a few goods and trinkets 
 would engage them against the enemy. The Delawares seem 
 ready to follow him anywhere. The troops are ragged and there 
 is great need of clothing and of money. Lieut. John Hardin's 
 services; he is recommended for promotion. Unless Pennsylvania 
 allows a larger bounty for recruits, most of the men in his regi- 
 ment whose terms have expired will enlist in the Virginia corps. 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Pittsburgh, Sept. 23, 1779, to 
 Timothy Pickering. Printed in id., XII, 158-59. ]i 
 
 Thanks Pickering for having placed his letters before Congress. 
 Awaits its decision. Is equipping Captain Mclntire's- company 
 as light dragoons. Incloses copy of letter to General Washing- 
 ton on Allegheny expedition and the talks of Delawares, Wyan- 
 
 1 This letter is also printed in Almon, Remembrancer, IX, 152. 
 
 « For Capt. Thomas Mclntyre see Wis. Hist. Colls., XXIII, 400, note 2. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 77 
 
 dot, and Mequochoke-Shawnee. "Since my last, this Frontier has 
 enjoyed perfect tranquiUty, but the new settlement on the Ken- 
 tiicke has suffered greatly." Boat builders are returning to the 
 East, therefore there is need for more. 
 
 DETROIT REENFORCED 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Pittsburgh, Sept. 24, 1779, to 
 Col. George Morgan. Printed in ibid., 159-60.] 
 
 Desires Morgan's presence at Pittsburgh. Has applied for per- 
 mission to undertake an expedition against Detroit. For lack of 
 men and provisions, it must be postponed. How can 500 men 
 take a place stronger by men and works than two years ago 
 when 1,800 were then thought necessary? Secrecy impossible 
 because of Indian interests. 
 
 CLARK REPLIES TO BRODHEAD 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. George Rogers Clark, Headquarters, Falls of 
 Ohio, Sept. 24, 1779, to Col. Daniel Brodhead. Printed in ///. Hist. Colls., VIII, 
 366-67.] 
 
 Hopes for Brodhead's success against the savages. Captain 
 George has taken a commission under Virginia, which it appears 
 he was at liberty to do. Will endeavor to send back all troops 
 belonging to Continental regiments, but many deserters have 
 gone to Florida. Plans to prevent this evil. Desires to maintain 
 a correspondence. 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Capt. Robert George, Falls of Ohio, Sept. 25, 1779, to 
 Col. Daniel Brodhead. Printed in ibid., 367-68.] 
 
 Has received his favor of August 2. When he joined Captain 
 Willing he was in the marine service; had orders to return to 
 Colonel Clark in the Illinois, under whose orders he now considers 
 
78 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 himself. Has taken a few deserters, but Spanish territory is a 
 convenient refuge, and deserters cannot be taken there without 
 the consent of the Spanish. ^ 
 
 NIAGARA ENDANGERED 
 
 [Gen. Frederick Haldimand to Gen. Henry Clinton. 58J59-60. Summary 
 and transcript.] 
 
 Quebec, 28*'' Sept. 1779— 
 From the force of the enemy, & the great caution they observe 
 in advancing, and from their penetrating at the same time to 
 Venango and Le Boeuf, it would appear that they have more in 
 view than merely to awe the Six Nations. Niagara seems now 
 to be their object by a junction of those two bodies, which they 
 certainly may effect unless the appearance of the reenforcement 
 should reunite the Indians and determine them to fall vigorously 
 upon the enemy. I cannot say I apprehend much from any 
 attempt they can make upon that place, provided that no acci- 
 dent should happen to Sir John Johnson^ in the field that may pre- 
 vent his throwing himself into it. 
 
 * * * [Then speaks of "the usual supplies cannot be had 
 from Detroit, the crop there having so entirely failed that applica- 
 tions have been made to me for passes to carry grain & flour from 
 hence to that place."] 
 
 1 The letters of both Clark and George were sent by Col. David Rogers' expe- 
 dition, and were captured by the British. See post, 79-94. 
 
 2 Sir John Johnson, born in 1742, was the eldest son of Sir William Johnson, 
 to whose title and estate he succeeded in 1774. A prominent Loyalist, Sir John 
 commanded a body of rangers in St. Leger's expedition of 1777, and in the 
 succeeding years of the Revolution frequently raided the Mohawk Valley. After 
 the war he resided at Montreal, where he was superintendent of Indian affairs 
 for British North America until his death in 1837. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 79 
 
 ALLEGHENY POSTS REGARRISONED 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Headquarters, Pittsburgh, 
 Oct. 2, 1779, to Capt. Thomas Campbell. i Printed in Pa. Archives, XII, 160-61.] 
 
 Orders Campbell to Fort Crawford. Captain Irwin^ is to garri- 
 son Fort Armstrong. Scouts to go out daily between that post 
 and Kiskiminitas Creek, and from there to Fort Pitt. Hopes he 
 will find new post more agreeable than Fort Hand.^ 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Headquarters, Pittsburgh, 
 Oct. 2, 1779, to Francis Mcllwaine. Printed in ibid., 161.] 
 
 Has ordered Captain Irwin to relieve Mcllwaine at Fort 
 Armstrong, the latter to come in to Fort Pitt. 
 
 ROGERS' DEFEAT 
 
 [Narrative by Dr. Lyman C. Draper. 5D21-30, and 11E225. A. D.] 
 
 Rogers' Defeat, Remarkable Adventure of Basil Brown 
 and Robert Benham 
 
 When the mighty struggle for independence was forced upon 
 the American people in 1775, they were illy prepared for it. They 
 were poor; they had no accumulated wealth^ — no supply of arms 
 and munitions of war — no manufactories. It was the policy of 
 the mother country to blockade the ports of the rebellious Colo- 
 nies, and cut off all supplies from abroad. 
 
 Not unfrequently the patriot army was scantily provided with 
 arms and ammunition. At the battle of Han[g]ing Rock, Sumter's 
 men went into the fight with scarcely two rounds of powder per 
 
 ^ Thomas Campbell was an officer in the Pennsylvania Battalion, and was 
 captured Nov. 16, 1776 at Fort Washington on the Hudson. He suffered two 
 years' imprisonment before his exchange. Upon his release he returned to his 
 home in Westmoreland County, where in 1779 he was chosen captain of a 
 ranging company. 
 
 2 For a sketch of Capt. Joseph Irwin see Wis. Hist. Colls., XXIII, 391, note 1. 
 
 ' For a sketch of this post see Frontier Defense, 41, note 83. 
 
80 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 man, re-supplying themselves from their vanquished foes. During 
 the terrible winter of 1777-78 at Valley Forge — a winter of great 
 severity — Washington's army suffered greatly from hunger and 
 nakedness, and could be tracked by their bleeding feet. No less 
 than two thousand, eight hundred and ninety-eight men were in 
 camp unfit for duty, because they were barefoot or otherwise 
 naked; and, for want of blankets, many were obliged to sit up all 
 night by fires to keep themselves comfortable. For three days 
 successively, the troops were without bread, and two without 
 meat; and these were no uncommon occurrences. Washington 
 declared, that he could not enough admire the incomparable 
 patience and fidelity of his army.^ 
 
 Nor did the troops encamped on the Highlands of the Hudson 
 that winter suffer less terrible privations. "There is not one 
 blanket," wrote General Putnam, "in Colonel Dubois' regiment; 
 very few have either a shoe or a shirt; and most of them have 
 neither stockings, breeches, or overalls. "^ At a later period of 
 the war, it is related of Greene's Southern army, that all were in 
 clothes nearly worn out, many in tatters, many with but a rem- 
 nant of some garment pinned around their waists with the thorn 
 of the locust tree. The heavy musket bruised sorely the naked 
 shoulder. The cartouch-box pressed roughly upon the unpro- 
 tected loin. More than a thousand were so naked that they 
 could not be put on duty of any kind; three hundred were without 
 arms.^ 
 
 The people throughout the country resorted to every make-shift 
 to supply their own and the pressing wants of the army. Some 
 fabrics were woven in the rude looms of their own construction; 
 even the wild nettle, in some instances, was brought into requisi- 
 tion as a substitute for flax. But while these proved essential 
 aids, they did not lessen the necessity for resorting to additional 
 sources of supply, and especially for the more important muni- 
 tions of war. Ambassadors were dispatched to foreign countries, 
 to enlist their sympathies, and invoke their assistance. A million 
 of francs were given from the French treasury in 1776; while 
 cannon and military stores, to the value of a million of dollars, 
 were placed at our disposal. Spain, the same year, sent the 
 
 1 Note on original manuscript: "Sparks' Washington, V, 193, 199, 239. — L. G. 
 D." 
 
 2 Note on original manuscript: "Lossing's Field Book of the Revolution, I, 
 705— L. C. D." 
 
 3 Note on original manuscript: "Greene's Greene, III, 448, 449 — L. G. D." 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 81 
 
 revolted Colonies a free gift of a million of francs; and cargoes of 
 military stores from the port of Bilboa.^ 
 
 Important supplies came from an unexpected quarter. Oliver 
 Pollock migrated from his native Ireland several years before 
 the Revolutionary war, and settled in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, in 
 the humble capacity of bar-keeper to his brother James, who 
 kept a tavern there.- In 1769, he arrived in New Orleans, in a 
 brig from Baltimore, with a cargo of flour, at a time of great 
 scarcity when the price had risen to twenty dollars a barrel. He 
 sold the cargo to Governor O'Reilly, for military supplies, at 
 fifteen dollars a barrel, which so much pleased the Governor that 
 he promised the enterprising adventurer free trade to Louisiana 
 as long as he lived, and a favorable report to the King.^ 
 
 Establishing himself as a merchant in New Orleans, and marry- 
 ing a Spanish lady, a friend of the subsequent Governor Galvez, 
 he acquired wealth and influence. The Spanish Government 
 had not only sent to the American Colonies a present of money, 
 and military stores from Bilboa, but tendered a gentle hint that 
 there were three thousand barrels of powder stored at New Orleans 
 which should be at their service; and, as early as August, 1776, on 
 application of Patrick Henry, Governor of Virginia, through the 
 friendly intercessions of M"" Pollock, a cargo of this precious 
 article, consisting of ninety-eight barrels, aggregating about ten 
 thousand pounds, was despatched by Governor Unzaga, passing up 
 the Mississippi and Ohjo, under the charge of Lieutenant William 
 Linn, in safety, and proving of essential service to the country.* 
 
 ^ Note on original manuscript: "George Sumner's Boston Oration, 1859 p. 
 16, note— L. C. D." 
 
 "^ Note on original manuscript: "Ms. notes of conversations with the late 
 John B. Gibson, long Chief Justice of Pennsylvania — L. C. D." 
 
 ^ Note on original manuscript: "Martin's /f/s/oryo/'Lou/s/ana, II, 12 — L. C. D." 
 
 ^ Note on original manuscript: "Lieut. William Linn's letter to Oliver Pollock, 
 in Ms. Archives of Virginia, dated Arkansas, Nov. 30, 1776, gives the number 
 of barrels; a statement in Butler's Kentucky, on authority of one of Linn's party, 
 specifies one hundred and fifty-six kegs of powder as the number carried around 
 the Falls of Ohio — indicating that, for convenience of handling, the powder, 
 after reaching the Arkansas Post had been transferred from barrels to kegs. 
 Col. David Shepherd's Ms. letter, June 8, 1789, shows that the total weight of 
 powder delivered at Wheeling by Lieut. Linn was 'ten thousand pounds, or 
 thereabouts,' and Shepherd's certificate of Jan. 31, 1791, shows that nine thou- 
 sand pounds were sent forward to Col. Crawford, at Fort Pitt. Capt. George 
 Gibson, who headed this expedition to New Orleans, returned himself by sea 
 to Philadelphia, as Pollock's Memorial, of September, 1782, to Congress, states 
 — L. C. D." 
 
82 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 The sufferings of the troops at Valley Forge, and the extreme 
 difficulty of procuring military supplies, induced Governor Henry 
 again to look to New Orleans for succor in this time of sore 
 distress. Colonel David Rogers was selected as a proper person 
 for this delicate and important mission. A native of Ireland, 
 he had migrated to this country when quite young, settling him- 
 self as a merchant at Old Town, Maryland; and subsequently, in 
 1775, making a settlement five miles above Wheeling on the Ohio. ^ 
 In the fall of this year, he marched a company to Pittsburg; and, 
 in 1776, was chosen to represent the district of West Augusta in 
 the Senate of Virginia. ^ In December, 1776, while a Major of 
 militia, he was appointed a Captain in one of the six Virginia 
 regiments on Continental establishment, but did not qualify.^ 
 Retaining his position in the militia service, he was ordered, in 
 February, 1777, to station fifty men at the mouth of Wheeling, 
 and as many more at the mouth of the Little Kenawha, properly 
 officered, for the defence of those posts, and the protection of the 
 neighboring settlements.'* When Ohio County, Virginia, was 
 organized, he was appointed its County Lieutenant, March 4, 
 1777; and, the next month, was re-elected to the State Senate. 
 But shortly after, the incursions of the Indians broke up the 
 settlement where he resided.^ 
 
 Colonel Rogers sojourned awhile at Mount Braddock, half a 
 dozen miles north-east of Union Town, Fayette County, Penn- 
 sylvania; but returning to the Potomac region, he married the 
 widow of Captain Michael Cresap, and located on the Potomac, 
 in Hampshire County, Virginia, opposite to Old Town. Chang- 
 ing his residence from Ohio County, he resigned his commission 
 as County Lieutenant; and was succeeded, in June, 1777, by 
 Colonel David Shepherd.® 
 
 ^ Note on original manuscript: "Ms. notes of conversations with Michael 
 Cresap, 1845; and with Mrs. Lydia Cruger, 1846— L. C. D." 
 
 * Note on original manuscript: "Virginia Ms. Archives — L. C. D." 
 
 2 Note on original manuscript: "American Pioneer, II, 397 — L. C. D." 
 
 * Note on original manuscript: "Ms. letter of Patrick Henry to Major Rogers, 
 Feb. 13, 1777— L. C. D." Printed in Rev. Upper Ohio, 232-33. 
 
 5 Note on original manuscript: "Virginia Ms. Archives. Ms. petition of 
 Samuel McColloch, John Canon and J. P. Duval, Dec. 7, 1778, to the Vir- 
 ginia Senate, submitting whether Rogers had not vacated his seat in that body 
 — L. C. D." 
 
 6 Note on original manuscript: "Col. James Paul's Ms. statement. Recol- 
 lections of Michael Cresap. McColloch, Canon and Duval's petition. Virginia 
 Ms. Archives — L. C. D." 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 83 
 
 Proving himself active and energetic in the pubhc service, Col. 
 Rogers was prevailed on by Governor Henry to convey, by the 
 way of the Ohio and Mississippi, a letter to Bernardo de Galvez, 
 the Spanish Governor of Louisiana. He was authorized to engage 
 a Lieutenant, Ensign, and twenty-eight men, with directions for 
 General Hand, at Pittsburgh, to assist in supplying boats for the 
 expedition. In addition to conveying despatches to Governor 
 Galvez, he was to act in the capacity of private ambassador in 
 behalf of Virginia, consulting with the Governor as to the most 
 suitable point on the Mississippi for the establishment of an 
 American garrison; making to him a full representation of the 
 resources, strength and condition of Virginia, the progress of the 
 war, together with any additional information he might desire. 
 Colonel Rogers was, on his return, to take into his care such sup- 
 plies as Governor Galvez, or M"" Pollock, the American commercial 
 agent, might have to transmit for the use of the State. He was, 
 furthermore, to be the bearer of despatches to Colonel G. R. 
 Clark, connected with his expedition against the Illinois country; 
 who, when Rogers should ascend the Ohio, was directed to fur- 
 nish him a proper escort for the safety of his vessels and cargo. 
 These instructions, which met the approval of the Council, were 
 given Januar>^ fourteenth, 1778; and, six days thereafter, the sum 
 of six hundred and twenty-five pounds, Virginia currency, was 
 advanced to Colonel Rogers to defray the expenses of the Ex- 
 pedition. ^ 
 
 He raised his little company of thirty men^ in the Red Stone 
 region. Isaac Collyer was appointed Lieutenant, Patrick M'^Elroy 
 Ensign, and Robert Ben ham Commissary.^ Two keel-boats 
 
 1 Note on original manuscript: "Virginia Ms. Archives. Ms. copy of Henry's 
 letter to Galvez, Jan. 14, 1778 — L. C. D." See also letter of Governor Henry to 
 Gen. Edward Hand, in Frontier Defense, 199. 
 
 2 When Clark raided the Shawnee towns in 1786, a roll of Col. David Rogers* 
 company was found among the Indians' effects. See Draper Mss., 5D211. 
 
 ^ Robert Benham was born at Monmouth, N. J., and there brought up by his 
 maternal grandfather, Robert James. In 1772 Benham emigrated to West- 
 moreland County and after marrying Elizabeth Miller, settled upon Ten Mile 
 Creek. Thence he volunteered on Rogers' expedition and thither he returned 
 after his escape. In 1789 he removed to Cincinnati, and is said to have owned 
 the land on which Rogers' defeat occurred. Benham later lived at Newport, 
 Ky., in 1791 he went out with St. Clair, and was severely wounded. In the 
 succeeding years he served under Harmar and Wayne. After the Indian wars 
 he settled at Lebanon, Ohio, whence he was sent to represent his county in the 
 first state assembly. He died in the month of February, 1809. 
 
84 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 were built at Pittsburgh, one of which was taken to Red Stone 
 Old Fort for the baggage and supplies of the party; and, in June, 
 1778, Colonel Rogers set out on his voyage down the Ohio and 
 Mississippi, encountering many hardships in descending those 
 rivers. With a plentiful stock of flour, the commissary had to 
 rely for wild meat upon the success of squads of hunters, who 
 took their turns, in following along the margin of the streams, 
 while the boats were being carried down by the current, aided 
 by the oarsmen of the party. 
 
 Arriving, at length, at the Arkansas Post,^ fifty miles up the 
 Arkansas River, where a Spanish garrison was established, 
 Rogers and his party were kindly received by the commandant, 
 and informed that the goods he sought had been sent up to 
 St. Louis; but that it would be necessary for him to go to New 
 Orleans to get the proper order for them. Selecting half a dozen 
 of his men, among whom were Robert Benham and Basil Brown,^ 
 Colonel Rogers descended the Arkansas and Mississippi in a 
 canoe, and narrowly escaped capture in passing the British post 
 of Manchac in the night. ^ 
 
 He at length reached New Orleans, about the twentieth of 
 September, where he met a very cordial reception by M^ Pollock 
 and Governor Galvez. Rogers had confirmed to him what he 
 had learned at Arkansas Post, that a very considerable quantity 
 of goods had been sent up the river by Pollock, for the use of 
 Congress or Virginia — having, apparently, like the Governor, no 
 very clear distinction between the States in their separate and 
 federal relations. As Governor Henry had been the m^edium of 
 former negotiations for supplies, and renewed despatches now 
 coming from him, there was no difficulty in securing an order for 
 the goods. As for the loan Governor Henry solicited in behalf of 
 Virginia, Gklvez had to defer that matter to his superiors at 
 
 ' For this post see Frontier Defense, 199, note 71. 
 
 ^ Two of the earliest settlers in the Redstone region of the Monongahela were 
 Thomas and Basil Brown, who claimed settlement rights as early as 1768. 
 Basil Brown Jr., who went with Rogers, was but sixteen years old when he 
 volunteered. After this adventure he returned to his home in Luzerne Town- 
 ship, Fayette County, and after 1786 drew a yearly pension of £12 for the 
 disabilities caused by his wounds received at Rogers' defeat. His later life 
 was spent at Brownsville, where he lived with an invalid sister. His death 
 occurred in 1837. 
 
 3 Note on original manuscript: "Ms. copy of letter of Col. Rogers to Patrick 
 Henry, New Orleans, Oct. 4, 1778. Basil Brown's deposition, Sept. 12, 1834, 
 in Virginia Archives. Butler's Kentucky, 103 — L. C. D." 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 85 
 
 Madrid — a request which, he was quite confident, would be 
 granted. 1 
 
 There was a British sloop of war in port, the Captain of which, 
 suspicious of the presence of Colonel Rogers and his American 
 party, watched their movements closely, ready to take any advan- 
 tage if any infringements were made on the treaty relations 
 existing between the courts of London and Madrid. While this 
 state of affairs was perhaps somewhat perplexing, yet the fact 
 that the goods and military supplies for which Rogers was in 
 quest, were out of the reach of British interference on the Missis- 
 sippi, rendered this espionage less harmful than it otherwise might 
 have been. As the Spanish Government, from motives of public 
 policy, was privately disposed to promote the interests of the 
 new Republic, Colonel Rogers found no difTiculty in holding such 
 interviews with Governor Galvez as he saw fit to solicit. Benham 
 was sent with despatches, it is conjectured, to Governor Henry, 
 and probably to Colonel Clark and General Hand, through the 
 long intervening wilderness; and, with the hardihood character- 
 istic of the times, subsisted principally on Indian corn boiled in 
 lye, to preserve it from the weevil. He went first to Kaskaskia, 
 and proceeded thence to the Falls of the Ohio.^ 
 
 It was near the close of the year before Colonel Rogers took 
 his departure from New Orleans, going about ninety miles by 
 water, to the point where Plaquemine village is now situated, 
 a little distance below Manchac; thence by land, to avoid the 
 English garrisons at Manchac and Natchez, where all passing 
 boats were rigidly overhauled; and the bare suspicion that any 
 party was friendly to the American cause, was very certain to 
 subject them to seizure and imprisonment, with the confiscation 
 of all their property. After leaving the river, their course lead 
 them about sixty miles to Opelousas, and thence about one 
 hundred and twenty miles to Natchitoches on Red River, where 
 [they] arrived on the first of February, 1779. Their journey had 
 been much impeded by almost continual rain, and consequent 
 high waters, which compelled them to tarry a couple of weeks 
 at Natchitoches. Resuming their toilsome travels Lhey passed 
 through the wilderness — partly by canoe, and partly by land — 
 in a north-eastern direction, over two hundred miles, and, at 
 length, after great hazard and fatigue reached their point of des- 
 
 1 Note on original manuscript: "Rogers to Henry, Oct. 4, 1778 — L. C. D." 
 - Note on original manuscript: "Butler's Kentucky, 103 — L. C. D." 
 
86 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 tination. Over this route some goods were conveyed, which 
 seem to have been brought from New Orleans.^ 
 
 From Arkansas Post, Rogers and party descended the Arkansas 
 River to the Mississippi, and thence, in the slow and tedious 
 manner of that day, they proceeded up the latter stream to St. 
 Louis, where the goods, for which they had orders, were obtained 
 from Mons. Eugene Pouree, alias Beausoliel, who had conveyed 
 them from New Orleans, under cover, doubtless, of his being a 
 well-known enterprising French trader of Upper Louisiana. ^ 
 Here Joseph Francis Perrault,^ a merchant of St. Louis, who had 
 furnished Colonel Clark, for the supply of his troops in the 
 Illinois country, goods to the amount of $11,814, for which he 
 had received drafts on the State of Virginia, now took passage 
 with Colonel Rogers, in order to collect these drafts, in tobacco 
 
 1 Note on original manuscript: "Rogers to Henry, Oct. 4, 1778. Rogers to 
 Oliver Pollock, 'Natchitash' Feb. 15, 1779. Brown's deposition already cited — 
 L. C. D." 
 
 ^ Note on original manuscript: "Ms. letters and statements of Oliver Pollock 
 — L. C. D." For a sketch of Eugene Pouree dit Beausoleil see Wis. Hist. Colls., 
 XVIII, 431, note 41. 
 
 ' Joseph Francois Perrault was born in 1753 in Canada, son of Louis Francois 
 Perrault and Marie-Josephe Baby. About the year 1769 his father emigrated 
 to New Orleans and soon thereafter established himself as a merchant at St. 
 Louis. In 1772 the children went from Canada to join their father, taking the 
 route via the Atlantic and the West Indies. They were twice shipwrecked, and 
 nearly a year elapsed before they joined their father at St. Louis. Joseph soon 
 became a fur trader, and made several voyages to New Orleans and return. 
 On one of these iJa 1778 he accepted in payment for his peltry drafts on the 
 Virginia government, which he was on his way to collect when captured by the 
 Indians with Rogers' unfortunate men. At the first Indian town Perrault was 
 compelled to run the gauntlet, and suffered many indignities, which he vividly 
 narrates in his autobiography. Upon reaching Detroit he was rescued from 
 captivity by his uncle, Jacques Duperon Baby of that place. Nevertheless, he 
 was sent as a prisoner to Canada in 1780, where he was pardoned by Haldimand, 
 and permitted to return to Detroit. There he spent the winter of 1780-81 in 
 the vain endeavor to return to St. Louis. In the following spring he went back 
 to Montreal, where he soon became a prosperous merchant. After having 
 studied law, he was chosen prothonotary of Quebec in 1795. Removing thither, 
 he became an honored and valued citizen. His efforts in founding schools gave 
 him the name of "Father of Canadian Education." In 1834 he presented his 
 autobiography to the governor of Canada. It has been published several times, 
 first in 1834. More recently it appeared as part of P. B. Casgrain, La Vie de 
 Joseph-Francois Perrault (Quebec, 1898). See also P. Bender, Old and New 
 Canada * * * or the life of Joseph Francois Perrault (Montreal, 1882). Per- 
 rault died at Quebec in 1844, ninety-one years of age. 
 
4?.: •'- 
 
 
 ''.'."^v^^^" 
 
 |^0^^ -^^ 
 
 ;-f;,..— ■ -S: r-- - 
 
 .^* 
 
 CAPT. ABRAHAM CHAPLINE 
 
 From an Etching Made by James R. Stuart from a miniature Owned by one 
 
 of the Chaphne Family 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 87 
 
 or flour, and ship them by sea to New Orleans. ^ Perrault's 
 papers show that Rogers was in St. Louis on the fifth of August; 
 and probably, not long thereafter, descended the river to the 
 mouth of the Ohio, and up that stream to the Falls — now Louis- 
 ville. 
 
 Benham was found at the Falls, and there rejoined the expedi- 
 tion.2 Colonel Clark, then making his head-quarters at that 
 place, assigned Lieutenant Abraham Chapline,^ and some twenty 
 three men of the Illinois regiment, together with an additional 
 boat, to escort Colonel Rogers, with his two boats laden with 
 supplies, to Pittsburgh. Colonel John Campbell, of Yohogania 
 County, Virginia,* and perhaps others, there took passage with 
 Rogers, as affording a supposed safe opportunity of returning to 
 the Pittsburgh country. There were also half a dozen British 
 prisoners, who had, in some way, come into Clark's possession, 
 and were now ordered up the river, where they could be used in 
 effecting exchanges. A riegro woman, and two negro boys, 
 probably employed as cooks, were attached to the expedition. 
 Thus, including all classes, Rogers' party must have numbered 
 about sixty-five persons. 
 
 With nothing unusual to interfere with the monotony of a 
 voyage up the Ohio at that early day, enjoying the romantic 
 
 1 Note on original manuscript: "Ms. memorial of J. F. Perrault to the Vir- 
 ginia legislature, May 17, 1784 — L. C. D." Transcribed in Draper Mss., 
 11S150-53. Perrault says in his autobiography that his claim on the state of 
 Virginia was never settled. 
 
 ^ Note on original manuscript: "Butler's Kentucky, 103 — L. C. D." 
 
 3 Abraham Chapline was born Dec. 17, 1754 in Frederick County, Va. Having 
 been orphaned while young, he began to care for himself at the age of fifteen, 
 and in 1773 went west and raised a crop of corn on Chartier's Creek in Wash- 
 ington County, Pa. In 1774 he joined James Harrod's party on a prospecting 
 tour to Kentucky, where Harrodfeburg was laid out. In the autumn of that 
 year Chapline participated in the battle of Point Pleasant. The next year he 
 returned to Kentucky, and in 1778 was a member of Clark's Kaskaskia expedi- 
 tion, first as ensign, later as lieutenant. In 1779 Clark detailed him to escort 
 Rogers' party to Fort Pitt. During the captivity that followed, Chapline was 
 taken to the headwaters of Great Miami River, forced to run the gauntlet, and 
 then adopted into an Indian family. For his escape in 1780 see post, 185. Chapline 
 served throughout the Revolution; in 1783 he was a captain at Fort Nelson. 
 After the war he settled in Mercer County, Ky. He commanded a company 
 on Clark's Wabash expedition of 1786. Later he was a member of the Kentucky 
 legislature and a practising physician. He died on his farm near Harrodsburg, 
 Jan. 19, 1824. 
 
 * For Col. John Campbell, see Rev. Upper Ohio, 231, note 74. 
 
88 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 scenery presented on either side of that noble river. Colonel 
 Rogers, on the morning of the fourth of October, reached the 
 mouth of the Licking, one hundred and thirty miles above the 
 Falls.i 
 
 [Basil Brown's deposition. 60J429-43. Transcript.] 
 
 State of Pennsylvania, 
 
 Fayette County, S. S. 
 
 Bet [sic] it remembered that on the day & date hereof, Basil 
 Brown of the said County of Fayette personally appeared before 
 the subscriber, a Justice of the Peace in & for the county afore- 
 said, & being duly sworn deposes & says, that from the best 
 information he has been able to obtain on the subject, he the 
 said affiant is now between seventy one & seventy two years of 
 age: That during the Revolutionary war he resided for the most 
 part at or near what was then called Red Stone Old Fort on the 
 Mon[on]gahela River in what was then claimed as Yohogania 
 County, Virginia. That whilst living at his father's near that 
 place in the year 1778, David Rogers, who was an officer in the 
 Virginia State line, was ordered by the executive of that State to 
 bring up the Mississippi & Ohio Rivers to Fort Pitt from New 
 Orleans, certain military stores, munitions of war, &c. which had 
 been previously purchased by that State from the Spanish 
 Government or people at that place — said Rogers, as well as 
 affiant recollects, had been a captain in the Virginia State Line 
 previous to undertaking the said expedition, but was promoted 
 at that time, as affiant always understood, & now believes, to the 
 office of Colonel in consequence of the great hazard that was 
 supposed would, & that did, attend the said expedition. The said 
 David Rogers was always after the undertaking of said expedition 
 called & recognized as a Colonel in the Virginia State Line. 
 Affiant further States, that the said Colonel Rogers built or pro- 
 cured to be built two boats for said expedition, at what was then 
 Fort Pitt, now the city of Pittsburgh, Penn. That after their 
 completion he brought one of said boats to Red Stone Old Fort 
 on the Monongahela, for the purpose of receiving at that point 
 the stores &c. necessary for the expedition, & the men who were 
 to compose & who did compose the party under his command; 
 
 1 At this point Dr. Draper's narrative ends. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 89 
 
 after which he returned with it to Fort Pitt & was there joined 
 by the other boat. The whole party consisted, as well as affiant 
 now recollects, of about forty men, & accompanied by one or 
 perhaps more family boats, embarked from Fort Pitt sometime 
 in the month of June, 1778. The party descended the Ohio & 
 Mississippi Rivers without meeting with any material obstruc- 
 tion, & at length landed at the mouth of what was then called the 
 Ozark, now the Arkansas, River, and ascended it a short distance 
 to a small fort or military post built & then occupied by the 
 Spaniards. Here Col. Rogers was informed, that the stores, 
 munitions, &c. for which he had been despatched had been 
 forwarded by the Spanish authorities at New Orleans to a post 
 then held by them at the point now occupied by the city of St. 
 Louis on the Mississippi, several hundred miles above the Ozark 
 or Arkansas. It here, however, became necessary to go on to 
 New Orleans in order to obtain from the authorities there some 
 order or direction to the persons having said stores, munitions &c. 
 in charge, to deliver to Col. Rogers & his party. For this pur- 
 pose Col. Rogers having left his boats at the post on Ozark pro- 
 cured a large perogue, & with some six or seven of his men, 
 amongst whom was affiant himself, he descended the Ozark & 
 Mississippi rivers to New Orleans. At this period the British 
 occupied the post of Natchez on the Mississippi, between Ozark 
 or Arkansas & New Orleans, which rendered a voyage from one 
 of those places to the other very dangerous. Having arrived at 
 the place of their destination & procured the necessary order to 
 the proper officer or authorities for said stores, munitions of war, 
 »&c. Col. Rogers & his party, owing to the danger of navigating 
 the Mississippi in consequence of the British post at Natchez, 
 were compelled to return to the Post on Ozark by an inland trip, 
 which was accomplished with great hazard & fatigue, the entire 
 country being a wilderness, & the journey several hundred miles 
 in length. Having reached Ozark they re-entered their boats & 
 ascended the Mississippi & procured said stores, &c. Col. Rogers 
 & his party returned to the mouth of the Ohio & ascended that 
 river a considerable distance above the Falls where Louisville 
 now stands, nearly to the mouth of Licking river, when a small 
 party of Indians were seen crossing the river a short distance 
 above them. By order of Col. Rogers the boats were landed in 
 the mouth of Licking river, & the most of his party, a few being 
 left in charge of the boats, ascended the bank of the river, when 
 
90 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 an engagement immediately ensued. Instead of the small party 
 before mentioned it was now discovered there was a very large 
 party of the Indians. Col. Rogers & his party were surrounded 
 almost immediately, & overpowered by numbers. Of the whole 
 party but thirteen, as well as affiant now recollects, escaped, 
 & two of those were severely wounded. Col. Rogers himself 
 was mortally wounded shortly after the commencement of the 
 engagement, but escaped at that time as affiant was afterwards 
 frequently informed by one John Knotts who belonged to the 
 party & who escaped at the same time. Knotts also informed 
 affiant that Col. Rogers & himself remained together in the woods 
 during the night after the battle — & described his wound as being 
 in the abdomen & mortal. That during the night & the suc- 
 ceeding morning when he left him he was in extreme pain & utterly 
 passed recovery as [he] thought, particularly in a wilderness 
 where no aid could be rendered. Left in this situation, Col. 
 Rogers was never afterwards seen or heard of by the survivors of 
 the party. Affiant was himself severely wounded in the right 
 arm & in the left shoulder in said engagement, by means whereof 
 he has always since been disabled, & from the nature of his wounds 
 must so continue through life. Affiant & another of the party 
 whose name was Robert Benham, & who acted as commissary 
 to the party, & who was also wounded, remained for some time 
 after the close of the battle & until the Indians had withdrawn. 
 They afterwards subsisted for nineteen days on the game that 
 chanced to pass by there [erased, but legible^ — "Benham, from 
 his wound, being unable to walk, but having the use of his hands 
 could shoot whatever came in reach, & affiant whose hands were 
 disabled, but who could walk & bring to" — ] when with much 
 difficulty they succeeded in getting on board of a boat which had 
 descended the Great Kenhawa & Ohio, & we were carried to the 
 post at the Falls. 
 
 Affiant further States that he then & always since that time 
 considered Colonel Rogers as acting throughout said expedition 
 in a military capacity. That affiant & the other men under his 
 command were soldiers, except so far as he now recollects, two 
 other officers in the party, to wit, Isaac Collier & Patrick IVfElroy 
 — ^the former a Lieutenant & the latter an Ensign to the com- 
 pany. Col. Rogers & the said last mentioned officers were 
 always respected & obeyed by affiant & the other soldiers compos- 
 ing the party according to their said ranks respectively. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 91 
 
 Affiant further states, that the wife & family of Col. Rogers at 
 the time he came to Red Stone Old Fort, resided on the Potomac 
 river near Old Town, Maryland. 
 
 Affiant always esteemed Col. Rogers, as all others who knew 
 him, & that he has heard speak on the subject declare they es- 
 teemed him, a worthy man & brave officer. Affiant further states 
 that the battle in which Col. Rogers was killed occurred, as well 
 as he now recollects, in the month of October, 1779. And 
 further affiant saith not. 
 
 Rasil Brown. 
 
 Sworn & subscribed before Nath' Islor, J. P. Sept. 12, 1834. 
 
 [Recollections of Basil Brown.i 10ZZ66-69.] 
 
 On the fourth of October in 1779 the boats reached the mouth 
 of Licking opposite the site [of] Cincinnati. A little befor the 
 landing of the boats some Indians were discovered crossing the 
 river from the Indian to the Kentucky shore As soon as the 
 boats were landed about forty men asenended the bank and went 
 up the bottom to try to kill them The indian canoe the only 
 one seen by our men contained only Seven Indians. As soon as 
 they landed on the beach of the river they were fired on but at 
 too great a distance for doing much excution The party were 
 instantly attacked by about one hundred and Seventy Indians 
 who in less than two minutes almost surrounded them Only 
 thirteen escaped two of whom were left wounded in the woods 
 Those who escaped unhurt made [the] best of way to the settle- 
 ments in Kentucky One of boats was taken by the Indians The 
 other having three or four men on board was rowed off during 
 the battle Two men were killed in the captured boat in attempt- 
 ing to push her off 
 
 IVly informant Basil Brown was one of the two wounded men 
 left in the woods He was wounded severely in the right arm 
 and left shoulder Robert Benham the other was wounded in 
 the hip These unfortunate men remained nineteen days in the 
 wood without the aid or even the sight of any human being. 
 * * * The captured boat furnished a rich booty to the half 
 
 1 The following account was obtained from Basil Brown by the Rev. Joseph 
 Doddridge, whose daughter sent the manuscript to Dr. Draper. 
 
92 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 naked Indian conquerers The other boat returned to Louisville 
 and furnished a seasonable supply of clothing and ammunition 
 to the destitute troops of Gen' Clark 
 
 The narrative of the sufferings of my informant Basil Brown 
 and his companion Benham was very affecting to me and perhaps 
 may be so to the reader. 
 
 Brown was wounded on his retreat He had pursued a buffaloe 
 path some distance and had descended a steep bank of a little 
 branch and thought himself pretty well out of danger when 
 two indians at the distance of about thirty yards sprang up and 
 shot at him nearly at the same time He attempted to return the 
 fire but both his arms refused to obey the command of his will 
 The indian[s] instead of dispatching him with their tomahocks 
 as he expected both ran off After running some distance he fell 
 and fainted from the loss of blood. After he came to himself he 
 heard the report of a gun on the opposite side of the river Licking 
 He hallooed and after some time was answered by Benham but 
 before he could reach his companion in misfortune he had to 
 travel three miles up the Licking before he could cross it When 
 they got together they were illy able to assist each other Benham 
 could not use his feet Brown was equally helpless as to his hands 
 but between [them] they made shift to live Benham had killed 
 a racoon before Brown reached him. The river bottom was full 
 of wild turkies of these Benham killed as many as they needed 
 Brown made shift to drag them to him and he having the use of 
 his hand[s] picked and dressed them after some fashion They 
 dressed their wounds with slippery elm bark 
 
 On the nineteenth day after the battle they heard the whooping 
 cough of some persons in a family boat Brown went to the shore 
 hailed the boat and was answered but the people in the boat 
 afraid of an ambuscade by the Indians declined coming to shore 
 A project was hit upon for the safety of both parties. Some 
 distance below them a bar'' put out a long distance into the river 
 The river being then quite low It was proposed to Brown that he 
 should go to the point of the bar and if thev found things as he 
 said they would take him in but if they discovered any signs of a 
 decoy they would shoot him and make their escape After they 
 had taken Brown into the boat it was with considerable hesita- 
 tion they sent out two men to bring his companion Benham 
 
 ^ This sand bar ran out into the river opposite the present town of Dayton, 
 Ky., about two miles above the mouth of Licking River. Draper Mss., 5D220. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 93 
 
 They were taken to Louisville and there for the first time received 
 surgical aid for the care of their wounds. 
 
 [Recollections of Joseph Jackson. ^ 11C62, p. 27.] 
 
 CampbelFs boats taken, 1779. In the month of October, 1779, 
 a party of Shawanoes captured two boats, called Campbell's 
 boats, loaded with Spanish goods, destined for Fort Pitt. Among 
 the articles on board were a large number of barrels of flour. 
 There were four boats in company — seeing Indians, all on board 
 went on shore at the mouth of Pond Creek, now Mill Creek,^ but 
 finding the Indians too strong, they retreated to their boats — 
 two of the boats got off; while the other two being unable to get 
 oil, were taken — a good many whites were killed, & Campbell 
 himself was taken prisoner. Girty was with this Indian party, 
 & he favoured Campbell by taking him around Chillicothe so as 
 to avoid his running the gauntlet. The flour was in tight barrels 
 — the boats were scuttled & sunk in the mouth of Mill Creek — 
 flour sunk with the boats, the Indians not liking it as well as their 
 pounded corn. Two years after, when their corn was destroyed, 
 they used to go & raise the sunken flour; it was wet only an inch 
 or two in from the staves, & was as good as ever. Jackson ate 
 of it. — Girty so told it. 
 
 [Extract of a letter of Col. George Rogers Clark, printed in Lloyd's London 
 Evening Post, Feb. 18, 1780, from a letter dated Williamsburg, Virginia, Nov. 
 27, 1779. 23J29. Transcript.] 
 
 Falls of Ohio, October 9, 1779. 
 By one of Col. David Rogers' boats just returned to this place, 
 I have the mortifying account, that, on the 4"' inst., near the 
 
 1 Joseph Jackson was born in the year 1755, in Bedford County, Va. In July, 
 1777 he enlisted in a militia company which was sent to the relief of Boones- 
 borough. There he remained during the succeeding winter, and in February he 
 was captured by Indians while boiling salt at Blue Licks under the direction of 
 Col. Daniel Boone. Jackson was adopted into a Shawnee family at New Chilli- 
 cothe on Little Miami. He voluntarily remained with the Indians until 1799, 
 then returned to Kentucky and settled in Bourbon County. There Dr. Draper 
 interviewed him in 1844. His memory was good, and he related the events of 
 the war as known in the Indian towns. 
 
 2 On the site of the city of Cincinnati. 
 
94 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 mouth of the Miami, a party of Indians was discovered ahead 
 crossing the Ohio. A proposal was made to land and attack 
 them, which was generally agreed to, and Col. Rogers with fifty 
 men landed, and began the attack. The first parties of the enemy 
 they met with retreated before them; but the Indians being 
 strongly re-inforced, our people were obliged to give way. The 
 Indians pressed hard on our men in their retreat, and boarded 
 two of their batteaus; the third, having about a dozen soldiers 
 on board as a guard, a brave fellow among them refused to 
 surrender her, and assuming the command, brought her off 
 through a heavy fire from the shore. ^ Our loss is Col. John Camp- 
 bell,^ of Yohiogany, Col. Rogers and supposed between 30 and 
 40 of his best officers and men, beside a considerable amount of 
 public and private property. 
 
 WESTERN EXPEDITION PROPOSED 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Pittsburgh, Oct. 9, 1779, to 
 Gen. George Washington. Printed in Pa. Archives, XII, 164-65.] 
 
 Has now enough provisions for 1,000 men for three months. 
 Recent Indian raids on Cheat River and in Kentucky. Would have 
 been glad to have destroyed western Mingo, Wyandot, and Shaw- 
 nee settlements had not his orders been to act on the defensive. If 
 an expedition against Detroit is not permitted, any number 
 of volunteers, especially from Virginia, will turn out against 
 the Indian towns. Encloses court-martial proceedings. The 
 independent companies: Heath's, useless and expensive; O'Hara's,^ 
 annexed to Ninth Virginia; Moorhead's,* to Eighth Pennsylvania. 
 
 1 Note on original manuscript: "Andrew Linn and nephew Dr. Andrew 
 Johnson Linn said their uncle William Linn commanded this boat which escaped 
 to the Falls, and Abraham Chapline's son said the same — L. C. D." For a 
 sketch of William Linn see Rev. Upper Ohio, 144, note 51. 
 
 * See letter from Col. John Campbell, dated "Shawney Town," Oct. 23, 1779, 
 to Captain Lernoult, commandant at Detroit, in Mich. Pion. &. Hist. Colls., IX, 
 368. 
 
 * For Capt. James O'Hara see Rev. Upper Ohio, 253, note 1. The muster roll 
 of his independent company is in Frontier Defense, 302-3. 
 
 * For Capt. Samuel Moorhead and his company see ibid., 3, note 6. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 95 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Pittsburgh, Oct. 9, 1779, to 
 John Jay. Printed in ibid., 163.] 
 
 Asks confirmation of the appointment of Capt. Thomas Fer- 
 rolP as deputy commissary of military stores. September 21, a 
 ten-year-old child was killed, and a girl of seventeen captured 
 near the forks of Cheat River.^ Western Indians are hostile to 
 Kentucky settlements. Would have marched against their towns 
 had he been at liberty to do so. 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Pittsburgh, Oct. 9, 1779, to 
 Pres. Joseph Reed. Printed in ibid., 163-64.] 
 
 Desires to know if ranging companies of Westmoreland County 
 commanded by Capt. Joseph Irwin and Capt. Thomas Campbell 
 are under his command or that of Colonel Lochry; they are 
 subsisted from public stores, and are in need of blankets. Mingo 
 and Munsee routed; excursion proposed against Western Indians 
 or Detroit, when frontier will enjoy tranquillity. Recent raids 
 have been destructive. Bounty money for recruits. 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Headquarters, Pittsburgh, 
 Oct. 10, 1779, to Gen. John Sullivan. Printed in ibid., 165-66.] 
 
 Sullivan's letter sent express from Catherine town^ received 
 soon after returning from Seneca expedition. Had 600 rank and 
 
 1 For a sketch of Capt. Thomas Ferroll see Wis. Hist. Colls., XXIII, 197, 
 note 2. 
 
 * This raid occurred on Cheat River, near Granville, Monongalia County, 
 W. Va. The two victims were Phebe and Fanny, daughters of David Scott. 
 One was killed outright, the other taken prisoner. Their father came to Fort 
 Pitt to attempt the rescue of the latter, but on his return home learned that 
 she also had been killed by her captors, and her body found by the wayside. 
 See R. G. Thwaites (ed.). Withers' Chronicles of Border Warfare (Cincinnati, 
 1895), 283. 
 
 ' The native name of Catherine's Town was Sheoquaga. It was situated in 
 Schuyler County, N. Y., on high ground just south of the head of Seneca Lake. 
 It was composed of about thirty houses under the Chieftess, Catherine Montour, 
 kinswoman of Andrew and John Montour. Her husband was the well-known 
 Seneca, Thomas Hudson or Telenenut, and her mother was a half-breed, known 
 
96 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 file, marched to upper town called Yahrungwago, said to be about 
 forty miles this side of Genesee, would have gone thence, but 
 for lack of shoes for the men. Met no opposition, except one 
 party of forty defeated by advance guard without loss to his men. 
 Destroyed 130 cabins, each large enough for three or four famihes. 
 Appearances indicated intention of Indians to collect in great 
 force. Congratulations on Sullivan's success. "Something still 
 remains to be done to the westward, which I expect leave to 
 execute, & then I conceive the wolves of the forest will have 
 sufficient cause to howl as they will be quite destitute of food." 
 
 TRESPASSERS ON INDIAN LANDS 
 
 [Col. Daniel Brodhead to Col. David Shepherd. 1SS173. A. L. S.] 
 
 Head Quarters Pitsburgh Oct' 10*'' 1779 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 I have received your oblidging favor of yesterdays Date. 
 
 The Contents give me the utmost pain because I fear the im- 
 prudence or design of the Trespassers will involve the innocent 
 in new Calamities. 
 
 I shall take the most prudent steps to prevent any ill con- 
 sequence arising from such folly or villainy and in the mean time 
 will endeavour to make an example of some to terrify the rest. 
 
 It would give me an additional uneasiness should the inhabi- 
 tants of your County forfeit my esteem by so rash an under- 
 taking as you represent against the laws of the State of which 
 they profess themselves Members and the repeated Gen' Orders 
 issued at Fort MTntosh for its prevention. 
 
 I hope however that every good Member of Soci[ety] will dis- 
 countenance a practice so base & impoli[tic] and the incorrigible 
 may depend on meeting the severest A4ilitary Punishment where 
 the civil magistrate fails to execute the Laws he is sworn to ad- 
 minister. I shall rely on your exertions to prevent a trespass so 
 big with Danger to the peaceable Inhabitants and request you 
 will call on the Magistrates of your County to put an immediate 
 Stop to the Evil by bringing to Justice the violators of the Laws 
 
 as French Margaret. SulUvan's army reached Catherine's Town on Sept. 1, 
 1779, and destroyed it the next day. The Indians fled to Niagara, and in that 
 vicinity Catharine spent the rest of her Ufe. She was still living as late as 1791. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 97 
 
 of your Country and the Laws of Nations And am with great 
 regard your most obed* Serv* 
 
 Daniel Brodhead, Col" command^ W. D. 
 Col'' David Shepherd 
 
 [Col. Daniel Brodhead to Capt. John Clark. 1NN68. Transcript.] 
 
 Oct. ll**" 1779 
 Col. Brodhead orders Capt. John Clark to proceed to the 
 Wheeling region, & dispossess all settlers on the Indian lands on 
 the Western side of the Ohio, & make prisoners of the violators 
 of the law, & send them to Head Quarters — Capt. Clark to 
 return to F* Mcintosh. 
 
 [Col. Daniel Brodhead to the Delaware chiefs. 2H45. Contemporary tran- 
 script.] 
 
 Head Quarters Pittsburgh Oct' 11''' 1779. 
 
 Mahingweegeesuch to the Delaware Council at Coochocking 
 Brothers: 
 
 I informed you by Caleylemont that I did not know whether 
 you had not changed your minds about the strong houses you 
 wanted me to build at your Towns because your young men who 
 were to have gone with mine went home — I am still ready to do 
 what you requested but want to hear from you again & to see the 
 Men that were to go with mine, & then perhaps I will go & see my 
 friends at Coochocking & have the work well done for them. 
 
 Brothers: I have heard that some foolish white men have gone 
 over the River near wheeling & cut trees & built little Cabbins on 
 your lands I dont know whether it is true but I send one hundred 
 men this day to see & if it is true they will pull down those Cab- 
 bins & bring the offenders to me & you may depend I will punish 
 them so severely that they will never venture to behave so again 
 
 Brothers: You may depend on my taking care that no injustice 
 shall happen to you & I desire you will not be uneasy on account 
 of what I have heard. 
 
 Brothers: I am sorry to [hear] that Pipe & Wingemundf's] 
 people are not yet come in to live at your towns & I desire you 
 will advise them to make haste so that my friends may live to- 
 gether & be strong against the bad nations 
 
98 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 Brothers: I will be glad to hear from you soon & know the news 
 that is brought from our enemies, 
 I am your friend & Brother 
 
 Mahingweegeesuch 
 
 WESTERN EXPEDITION PLANNED 
 
 [Col. Daniel Brodhead to Col. David Shepherd.i 1SS175. L. S.] 
 
 Head Quarters Pittsburgh Oct' 12*'' 1779 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 As I expect to be at liberty to make at least one more excursion 
 against the Savages before the close of the Champaign, And the 
 Terms of a great number of my non Commissioned Officers & 
 Privates being expired, the Regula[rs] alone may not compose a 
 Body sufficient for the undertaking. It may therefore be neces- 
 sary to draw forth a Body of Militia to aid them, should it be 
 approven by His Excellency the Commander in Chief agreeable 
 to my wish — 
 
 You are therefore on receipt hereof to order Sixty Men of the 
 Militia of your County and a proportion of Commissioned & non 
 Commissioned Officers to hold themselves in perfect readiness to 
 march at an hours warning 
 
 I have the honor to be with greatest regard yo[ur] most Obe*^* 
 Serv' 
 
 Daniel Brodhead, Col" command^ W. D. 
 Col"^ David Shepherd 
 
 BRODHEAD AND HIS OFFICERS 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Headquarters, Pittsburgh, 
 Oct. 13, 1779, to Capt. Joseph Irwin. Printed in Pa. Archives, XII, 169-70.] 
 
 Rebukes Irwin for recent letter; has disobeyed positive orders. 
 This conduct will be reported to authorities. Improper to send 
 an officer to Philadelphia without Brodhead's consent. Irwin's 
 company to be marched to Fort Armstrong and a detachment to 
 relieve Mcllwaine. "How you can take upon yourself to continue 
 with your company at Hannah's town, wasting their time at 
 the public expense" is unaccountable. 
 
 1 A similar letter was addressed to all the county lieutenants near Fort Pitt. 
 For that to Colonel Lochry of Westmoreland County see Pa. Archives, XII, 169. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 99 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Headquarters, Pittsburgh, 
 Oct. 13, 1779, to Francis Mcllwaine. Printed in ibid., 170.] 
 
 Captain Irwin's company will soon be at Fort Armstrong. 
 Cannot send regulars there; new Pennsylvania levies best for 
 that service. Firing heard near that fort was probably by hunters, 
 not Indians. 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Headquarters, Pittsburgh, 
 Oct. 13, 1779, to Col. John Gibson. Printed in ibid., 171.] 
 
 The will to comply with orders appears wanting; always dis- 
 posed to oblige, but not to dispense with authority. "It always 
 creates in my breast a great share of uneasiness when I find a 
 gentleman with whom I have contracted an intimacy under pre- 
 tensions of friendship, aiming to destroy my peace of mind. But 
 more particularly where an officer travails so far out of the line of 
 his duty as to disobey my orders." 
 
 GARRISONS FOR ALLEGHENY POSTS 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Headquarters, Pittsburgh, 
 Oct. 16, 1779, to Capt. Thomas Campbell. Printed in ibid., 171-72.] 
 
 Colonel Lochry reported that Campbell was at Fort Hand, 
 supposed whole company there also. Supplies forwarded were 
 taken to Fort Armstrong. If both garrisons are maintained, 
 cattle will be sent. Shoes and blankets not yet available. Camp- 
 belj summoned to headquarters where project for building bar- 
 racks for company will be discussed. 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Headquarters, Pittsburgh, 
 Oct. 18, 1779, to Lieutenant Glass or commanding ofTicer of Capt. Thomas 
 Irwin's company. Printed in ibid.. 171-72.] 
 
 Orders Lieutenant Glass to Fort Armstrong to relieve Mc- 
 llwaine. Douglass,^ is assistant commissary of issues. Scouts to 
 
 Ephriam Douglass entered the army in 1776 as quartermaster for the Eighth 
 Pennsylvania Regiment. The following year, while serving as aid-de-camp for 
 
100 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 be sent tt) Kiskiminitas and spies up the Allegheny. Orders for 
 conduct of earrison. 
 
 PLANS FOR DETROIT EXPEDITION 
 
 [Gen. George Washington to Col. Daniel Brodhead. Washington Papers. 
 Draft.] 
 
 Head Q«' West Point October the 18 1779 
 D^Sm: 
 
 I have on the 15 the pleasure by Capt° MTntire to receive 
 your Letter of the IG*** ult° continued to the 24*''. I am exceedingly 
 happy in your success in the expedition up the Alleghany against 
 the Senecca & Muncy nations — and transmit you the inclosed 
 Extract from General Orders which will convey to you the senti- 
 ments I entertain of your conduct and of that of the OfTicers and 
 Men employed in the expedition. This you will be pleased to 
 communicate to the Troops thro the Channel of your orders, I 
 trust from this stroke and the operations of Gen' Sullivan, who 
 I am happy to inform you is now on his return to join the Army, 
 after having laid waste the whole of the Senecca Towns their 
 Crops & their Country except in the Quarter where you were and 
 a Town or two higher up on the Alleghany and compelling the 
 whole of the Nation to flee to Niagara for refuge — the eyes of the 
 savages will be opened — and that they will be convinced, that it 
 will be their true interest & policy at least to hold themselves in 
 a state of neutrality. I approve the sale you directed of the 
 plunder & of the distribution of the profits among the Troops. 
 
 I have transmitted that part of your letter which relates to the 
 want of Cloathing — to James Wilkinson Esquire Cloath' General 
 at Philadelphia and directed him to take measures for supplying 
 it. I wish however that you had ascertained the number of those 
 to be supplied and their Regiments & Corps — as this is essential 
 to govern the Cloathier in his conduct. 
 
 Gen. Benjamin Lincoln, he was captured at Bound Brook, N. J. Released upon 
 parole he was made ensign in 1778 and lieutenant in 1779. While awaiting an 
 exchange, which did not occur until 1780, he served as commissary in the West- 
 ern Department. At the close of the war Douglass was sent to Niagara on a 
 mission connected with the terms of peace. His journal of this mission is pub- 
 lished in Buffalo Historical Society Publications, XIV. His later home was in 
 Fayette County, Pa., of which he was prothonotary, 1783-1808, and where he 
 died in 1833. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 101 
 
 I have also written to Colo Palfrey Pay master General who 
 is also at Philadelphia & inclosed the paragraph which respects 
 the pay of the Troops — and requested him to pursue measures for 
 having them paid. 
 
 With respect to an Expedition against Detroit — I can not at 
 this time direct it to be made, as the state of the force at present 
 with you is not sufficient to authorise the clearest hopes of suc- 
 cess and indeed to ensure it and because it is not in my power cir- 
 cumstanced as things are at this critical moment to say how far 
 it may be practicable to afford sufficient aid from hence. In any 
 other view than that of a certainty of success I would not under- 
 take the reduction of the post — as a miscarriage would be at- 
 tended with many disagreable consequences. However, as it is 
 of great importance to reduce it — and I shall willingly attempt 
 it, whenever circumstances will justify it, you will turn your 
 close[s]t attention to the subject and make such preparations & 
 obtain such necessary information as may be in your power with- 
 out exciti^ much alarm — as may facilitate the work whenever it 
 is undertaken either this winter when the lake is frozen which 
 appears to me to be the only season when an effectual blow can 
 be struck or next Campaign. — In the meanwhile the nature & 
 strength of the works should be ascertained — whether any & what 
 kind of Bomb proofs. — what aid can be drawn from the Country 
 of men, provisions Horses &c — what opposition, or assistance is 
 to be expected from the Indians &c^ &c^ &c^ — & prospect of 
 supplies. 
 
 I shall have no objection to your making occasional excursions 
 against any of the Indian Nations that may prove inimical & 
 hostile, when circumstances will permit you to do it with safety. 
 
 The powers of making peace or War are in general cases, which 
 affect the common interest, entirely with Congress as they ought 
 of right to be. And therefore — if overtures of peace are made by 
 the Seneccas & Muncies — You will communicate the same to 
 them who will act in consequence, either by appointing Commis- 
 sioners or otherwise as to them shall seem most proper. 
 
 Col° Clark is not an Officer in the Continental line — nor does he 
 act under my instructions. He is in the service of the State of 
 Virginia. I make no doubt however that the Instructions he has 
 received are calculated to promote the general good — and from 
 the character he seems justly to have acquired I should suppose 
 he will act with the caution and prudence — and do nothing that 
 will not be promotive of it. 
 
102 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 With respect to supplies & trinkets for the Indians — you 
 must try to keep them in the best humour you can — and I dare 
 say on your application to the Honble the Board of War — they 
 will direct such to be furnished as may be in their power to pro- 
 cure. 
 
 We are anxiously waiting for advices from the Southward. 
 His Excellency Count D'Estaing arrived at Savannah in Sepf 
 with His fleet & a considerable land force — with a design of strik- 
 ing a blow against the Enemy in that Quarter — which from his 
 vast superiority he was able easily to do, if they have not found 
 means of escaping. His arrival there of itself was very interesting 
 — and if it has been attended with all the expected success — He 
 will have crushed the Enemy and relieved Georgia & South 
 Carolina from the dangers which had already in great part over- 
 whelm'^ the one — and from which the Other was not entirely free. 
 
 I am &c 
 
 G W 
 CoL° Brodhead 
 
 p. S. I duly rec*^ your letter of the 31'^ of July. 
 
 P. S. You will let me know by the first opportunity what Mili- 
 tary Stores & Artillery will be necessary, in case an expedition 
 should be undertaken against Detroit — and whether they could 
 be supplied at Fort Pitt or what part of them. If from the in- 
 formation you gain in the points I have mentioned above, as 
 necessary to be inquired into, and your accounts of our Affairs 
 in this quarter — you should have reason to conclude the expedi- 
 tion will be undertaken, and the Mihtary Stores essential for it 
 cannot be furnished at Pittsburg — You will apply to the Board 
 of War in the first instance to prevent delay, to whom I have 
 written & requested that they may be supplied. You WUl however 
 take the earliest opportunity to furnish me with an Estimate as 
 above required, both of the Cannon &c & Stores— and of any de- 
 ficiency — And indeed I wish to have a Return of the military 
 stores of the Garrison & Cannon, particularly distinguishiBg 
 whether any of the latter & of what size are on travelling Car- 
 riages. 
 
 [Endorsed:] transmitted to Colo Mitchell — to be forwarded by 
 Express— 19 Oct 1779 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 103 
 
 GARRISON AT FORT McINTOSH 
 
 [Summary' of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Headquarters, Pittsburgh, 
 Oct. 22, 1779, to Capt. Simon Morgan.i Printed in Pa. Archives, XII, 173.] 
 
 Beef and salt pork for garrison. Regulations for armorers; 
 Koonty's work in repairing and cleaning arms. 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Headquarters, Pittsburgh, 
 Oct. 22, 1779, to Capt. John Qark. Printed in ibid., 174.] 
 
 Warnings to trespassers on Indian lands. Supplies for Fort 
 Mcintosh. Clark with all of Eighth Pennsylvania except the 
 armorer, Koonty, ordered to headquarters. Capt. Simon Morgan 
 and Ninth Virginia to remain at garrison. Craft to be brought 
 up; cautions for the march. 
 
 ROGERS' DEFEAT 
 
 [Col. George Rogers Qark to Col. William Fleming. 23J93. A. L. S.j 
 
 Louisville Octob' 22*^ 1779 
 D' Gen' 
 
 I Received your Let"" by the Express and Congratulate you on 
 your safe arrival in this part of the world^ I dont suppose that 
 you Injoy much satisfaction In a Country so much Harassed by 
 Savages as this is without being able to repell them which has 
 already occationed so much reflection in me that I was fixed in 
 
 1 Before the Revolution Simon Morgan resided in the West, serving in 1775 
 as a justice of the West Augusta District, Va. In December, 1775 he enlisted 
 as an ensign in the Eighth Virginia Regiment. He was promoted in the latter 
 part of 1776 to a lieutenancy in the Thirteenth Virginia, and on Mar. 15, 1778 
 he was commissioned captain. In 1781 Morgan was serving with the Seventh 
 Virginia in the southern states. In April he led a division at Hobkirk's Hill, and 
 in September was wounded at the battle of Eutaw Springs. 
 
 ^ Col. William Fleming was one of the commissioners sent to Kentucky by 
 the governor and council of Virginia to settle public accounts and investigate 
 the titles to land. 
 
104 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 my Resolutions Respecting the Shawoneese my greatest ambi- 
 tion has been to once get a body of Troops suffitient to Reverse 
 our General conduct in the Indian Department: untill some 
 person does it we shall have no peace from them, had it not been 
 for that little flight from their Towns last Spring/ we now should 
 be able to march against them but that has occationed all the 
 mischief that has been done Since and put them on their Guard, 
 Expecting a greater force against them, if they have not left 
 their Towns they are prepared for our Reception and less than 
 Six or Seven Hundred men would not be safe to march against 
 them which number we cannot possibly Raise at present but 
 by puting a stop to the people leaving the Countrey. I think 
 we might in a few weaks Raise a Body suffitient to put the matter 
 out of Doubt, the greatest sirvice we Could expect to Render 
 would be in the numbers that we might destroy in a pitched 
 Battle nothing else we may expect without they are so Foolish 
 as many Imagine them to be in fortifying their Towns which I 
 think Fallatious but in Case we attemp an Enterprise we ought 
 to prepare for that as well as a Suffitient body to defeat them in 
 the Field, which I think their is a probability of geting by the 
 Middle of next month except the Ohio is Intirely Block up in 
 some part or other, in mean time we ougt if possible to have spies 
 in their Cuntrey that might give valuable Inteligence. It is what 
 I have wished for and nothing shall be wanting in me to Facilitate 
 it whether we shall be able to execute it or not I think we ought 
 to make every preparatory stroke possible for the Expedition as 
 their is a probability of its being put in execution if to the Con- 
 trary the loss cant be great, if we meet with second defeat at 
 them Towns this County is lost a few Days ago several Gentle- 
 men arrive from the Illinois S* Vincent, & a Considerable number 
 of Sav [ages] have lately Concluded peace with us Espetialey the 
 Delaware, in that Cuntrey thought proper to Sue for peace which 
 was granted them a few weaks past by our Ageants my Min- 
 euevers this Summer has occation the English to Evacuate 
 Michilimackinic St Josephs and to abandon their Interest in that 
 Quarter by which the Savages in that Cuntrey have declared for 
 us the Capture of Co' Rogerses Boats is a very great loss, and will 
 Incourage the Savages much, the Savages on the Ouabash and 
 Wesward would to a man take up the Tomahawk against the 
 
 1 Clark refers to the Shawnee expedition of Col. John Bowman which took 
 place in May, 1779. See Wis. Hist. Colls., XXIII, 365, note 1. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 105 
 
 Showanees if we had a few goods only to present them with, three 
 French men and several Indians is gone from S* Vincents have 
 gone to the Shawne Nation with Speaches if they Return atall, 
 they will be at this place in fourteen Days by which we may 
 expect to Receive some Inteligence of Importance. 
 
 I shall be happy to see you at this place and Remain with 
 Respect Gen' your Very H Servant 
 
 G R Clark 
 Mess''^ Fleming, Barber & Lin^ Harrodsburgh 
 [Addressed:]GeneTa\ Clark To Col William Flemming S' Asaph' 
 Kentucky p*^ Express 
 
 [Captain Killbuck and Rev. John Heckewelder to Col. Daniel Brodhead. 
 1H121. A. L. S. In handwriting of Heckewelder.] 
 
 CooscHocKUNG Oct^' y' 23'^ 1779. 
 Brother Machingwe Geeschuch: 
 
 I will inform You in the first place that in 2 Days I shall set 
 off from here for Pittsburg. Capt" Pipe and others will be in 
 company with me. 
 
 We had a report some Days ago of a Battle somewhere on the 
 big River, of which I thought at first but little, but as a Man came 
 here last Night who had been himself in the engagement, I am 
 persuaded to believe it, and herewith imediately aquaint You 
 likewise of it. There had been 135 Indians, Shawnese, Mingoes, 
 Wyondotts and Dellawares at the big River in order to cross and 
 go to War; part of which had cross'd already, in order to recogniter 
 the banks if clear of White People. In the mean time those on 
 this side making ready to cross likewise, were fired upon out of 
 the thickets, when 2 Men of the Ind^ fell on the spot, upon 
 which the White People run off, but were followed by the Enemy 
 and many of them killed, likewise 14 taken Prissoners, namely: 
 3 Americans, 7 Englishmen, 1 French-man, 1 Negro Wench and 2 
 Negro boys. It is said that M"" John Campbell is among the 
 Prissoners. That the whole company was with him, and on his 
 own private buissness, they going with Boats up to Fort-Pitt. 
 What Number of Boats they had I cannot tell, but the Man says 
 
 ^ James Barbour and Edmund Lyne were the other members of the Virginia 
 commission in Kentucky. They held their first meeting at Harrodsburg, 
 Oct. 13, 1779. 
 
106 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 they got 2 of them with all what was in them. The Man says 
 that by the Prissoners they learn that the White People were 80 
 in Number, 30 of which only had Arms, and which were near all 
 killed or taken Prissoners. 
 
 When I shall come to you I hope I shall be able to inform You 
 more about this matter. 
 
 I am Your friend and Brother. 
 
 John Killbock 
 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 This is indeed an unhappy affair, I am exceeding sorry for the 
 whole of it, but in particular for the unfortunate M'' John Camp- 
 bell. I could not believe it to be him at first, but the Man says 
 most of the Indians know him, and call him by that Name. What 
 his fate further may be God knows alone, but I wish they might 
 spare him. 
 
 I am Your sincere friend and very hum^' Serv* 
 
 John Hackenwelder. 
 M" Daniel Brodhead CoP Command' ect. 
 
 TRESPASSERS ON INDIAN LANDS 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Pittsburgh, Oct. 26, 1779, to 
 Gen. George Washington. Printed in Pa. Archives, XXII, 176-77.] 
 
 After sending letter of 9th instant, heard from Colonel Shep- 
 herd of Ohio County about trespassers on Indian lands. Ordered 
 Capt. John Clark and sixty men to cross the river, apprehend 
 trespassers, and destroy their huts. Extent of trespassers' settle- 
 ments. Delawares to be propitiated. Blockhouse not built at 
 their towns. Influence of Wyandot uncertain. Colonel Clark's 
 success. Brodhead desires to visit East. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 107 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Pittsburgh, Oct. 26, 1779, to 
 Gen. Nathaniel Greene. Printed in ibid., 174-75.] 
 
 Quartermaster's department; purchase of horses, lack of forage. 
 No tents have arrived. Colonel Steel appears to be honest but 
 has poor judgment. Preparations for a winter expedition. 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Pittsburgh, Oct. 26, 1779, to 
 John Jay. Printed in ibid., 176.] 
 
 Trespassers on Indian lands extend from IMuskingum River to 
 Fort Mcintosh, and thirty miles up the branches of the Ohio. 
 Captain Clark found that the trespassers had returned. Excuses 
 offered to Delawares; uncertain of their attitude. Governor and 
 council of Virginia should be informed. 
 
 BRODHEAD AND HIS OFFICERS 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Headquarters, Pittsburgh, 
 Oct. 27, 1779. to Lieut. John Jameson.^ Printed in ibid., 177.] 
 
 Jameson's arrival at Fort Armstrong. Supplies for garrison; 
 whiskey expensive; to be issued only in rainy weather. Sentry 
 boxes for protection against weather. Forty-five in garrison. 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Headquarters, Pittsburgh, 
 Oct. 29, 1779, to Col. Thomas Gaddis.^ Printed in ibid., 178.] 
 
 Virginians cannot avail themselves of boundary dispute to 
 escape militia duty; both legislatures have passed laws establish- 
 ing jurisdiction.^ Deplores depredations in Monongalia County; 
 
 1 Jameson was an officer in the Westmoreland County rangers. 
 
 2 For Col. Thomas Gaddis see Rev. Upper Ohio, 234, note 78. 
 
 3 May 21, 1779 the Virginia Assembly passed a resolution appointing a com- 
 mission of three (Rev. James Madison, Rev. Robert Andrews, and Thomas 
 Lewis) to meet and confer with the Pennsylvania commissioners (George Bryan, 
 John Ewing, and David Rittenhouse) on the adjustment of the boundary 
 dispute between the two states. The joint board met on Aug. 27, 1779 at 
 
108 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 scouting between Wheeling and Fish Creek ;^ rangers will be sent 
 out. Defensive versus offensive operations, and advantages of 
 latter. Militia aid needed. 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Pres. Joseph Reed, In Council, Oct. 30, 1779, to Col. 
 Archibald Lochry. Printed in id., VII, 770-71.] 
 
 Officers of ranging companies are under control of county 
 lieutenant unless offensive operations are to be undertaken. 
 This arrangement, in the opinion of Council, affords best pro- 
 tection. Good understanding with Colonel Brodhead will pro- 
 mote the public service. Favorable reports from operations in the 
 East and South. 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Pres. Joseph Reed, In Council, Oct. 30, 1779, to Col. 
 Daniel Brodhead. Printed in ibid., 771-73.] 
 
 Differences concerning command of ranging companies, not 
 on continental establishment. They should be under the county 
 lieutenant. Colonel Lochry justified. Clothing and supplies for- 
 warded by Captain Mclntyre for twenty-four officers and 250 
 privates of Eighth Regiment. Difficulty of procuring these. 
 Bounty for recruits. War news from the South. 
 
 Baltimore, all being present except Thomas Lewis. On August 31 an agreement 
 was reached, compromising the claims of both parties to the dispute and ar- 
 ranging for a boundary line substantially as it now runs. This agreement was 
 ratified by Pennsylvania on November 19, but not until July 1, 1780 by Virginia, 
 which in the meantime had granted land certificates within the territory in dis- 
 pute. Pennsylvania vigorously protested, but later, to close the difficulty, 
 accepted the conditions Virginia imposed and ratified her titles. On Sept. 23, 
 1780 this final adjustment was reached. The boundary line, however, was not 
 run until 1784. 
 
 1 Fish Creek is about twenty-four miles below Wheeling, in Marshall County, 
 W. Va. A famous Indian war road ran along this stream. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 109 
 
 CONDITIONS AT FORT PITT 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Pittsburgh, Nov. 3, 1779, to 
 Timothy Pickering. Printed in id., XII, 179-80.] 
 
 Return of Continental troops; necessary winter clothing. 
 Wyandot of Sandusky, Mingo of Tankhonnetick,i Piqua and 
 Chillicothe tribes of Shawnee^ continue hostilities; they have 
 lately killed and taken some inhabitants. Other tribes are friendly. 
 Troops' pleasure in paymaster's arrival. 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Pittsburgh, Nov. 4, 1779, to 
 Pres. Joseph Reed. Printed in ibid., 180-82.] 
 
 Complains of lack of information in this distant and separate 
 command. Has orders to act entirely on defensive. Proportion 
 of officers to men. Recommendation for Capt. John Finley and for 
 Capt. Joseph Finley.^ Indian news. Boundary line needed as 
 Virginia laws are disregarded. 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Headquarters, Pittsburgh, 
 Nov. 4, 1779, to Capt. Thomas Campbell. Printed in ibid., 179.] 
 
 Approves of scouting parties up and down the river. Barracks 
 not to be built at present. Blankets and supplies for garrison. 
 
 1 For the site of this village, known to the whites as Pluggy's Town, see Wis. 
 Hist. Colls., XXIII, 266, note 1. 
 
 2 For these Shawnee tribes see Frontier Defense, 20, note 45. 
 
 ^ Joseph Lewis Finley was born in 1748 in Lancaster County, Pa. He studied 
 at Princeton College, and was preparing for the ministry when the Revolution 
 began. He immediately enlisted in the Pennsylvania Rifle Regiment, of which 
 he was commissioned lieutenant. In 1777 he became a captain, and on July 
 1, 1778 was transferred to the Eighth Regiment, in which he served to the 
 end of the war. At its close he was appointed United States surveyor for West- 
 moreland County, whither he removed and where he resided for many years. 
 In 1808 he was chosen president of a college in Kentucky, where he served for 
 four years. His final home was in West Union, Ohio, where he died May 9, 
 1839. The letters of his son to Dr. Draper are found in Draper Mss., 5E20-21. 
 
no WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 VIRGINIA MILITIA DRAFTED 
 
 [Order for returns. 5SS94. D. S.] 
 
 In pursuance of an Act of the General Assembly of this Com- 
 monwealth intitled An Act for Raising a Body of Troops for the 
 Defence of the Commonwealth Passed May Session 1779^ We the 
 Subscribers Having Met agreeable to appointment The Captains 
 failing to appear with Proper Muster Rolls of their Campanies 
 Rendered it out of our Power to proceed Agreeable to the Tenor 
 of the above Receited Act — 
 
 Order'd that the Said Captains be and They are hereby desired 
 to meet at the House of Robert Taylor^ on Monday the 27th of 
 December with a Just Return of all the Effective men in their 
 Companies or Districts 
 
 Given Under our hands in Ohio County this 8th day of Novem- 
 ber 1779. 
 
 James Caldwell^ David Shepherd 
 
 E. W. Robinson* Silas Hedges® 
 
 George McCulloch^ David McClure^ 
 
 1 This law required each county of the state to send out one twenty-fifth of 
 their militia, after the county lieutenant with a board of senior justices, and 
 the field officers of the county had laid off the militia into divisions, each of 
 which was required to furnish one able-bodied man. See Hening, Statutes of 
 Virginia, X, 32-34. 
 
 2 Robert Taylor's residence was on the site of the present Taylorstown, in 
 Buffalo Township, Washington County, Pa. This part of Washington County 
 was, at the period of this document, a portion of Ohio County, Va. 
 
 ' James Caldwell was commissioned a justice of the peace for Ohio County in 
 1777; his residence was in the region of Grave Creek. He was probably a 
 brother of John, for whom see ante, 62. 
 
 * E. W. Robinson probably resided on Robinson's Run in the present Wash- 
 ington and Allegheny counties. Pa. 
 
 * George McColloch was either uncle or older brother of Maj. Samuel McCol- 
 loch. The McColloch family emigrated in 1770 from the south branch of the 
 Potomac to the waters of Short Creek, not far above Wheeling. In 1787 George 
 McColloch was a trustee of the town of West Liberty. 
 
 6 A sketch of Silas Hedges is given in Wis. Hist. Colls., XXIII, 303, note 1. 
 ' For David McClure see Rev. Upper Ohio, 234, note 77. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 111 
 
 [Militia draft. 1SS178. D. S.] 
 
 We do hereby Certify that we have Carefully Classed and pro- 
 ceeded agreeable to an Act of the General Assembly of this Com- 
 monwealth passed May Session 1779 To draught one 25th man 
 of the Militia within Mentioned they having failed To produce 
 the Said man in the limited Time 
 
 Given under our Hands this 8th day of Nov^ 1779 
 
 [David Shepherd 
 Field ofTicers \ Silas Hedges 
 
 [David M'^Clure 
 
 f James Caldwell Jus' 
 Magistrates \ E. W. Robinson Jus'' 
 
 [George M^'Colloch 
 
 PLANS FOR DETROIT EXPEDITION 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Pittsburgh, Nov. 10, 1779, to 
 Gen. George Washington. Printed in Jared Sparks, Correspondence of the Ameri- 
 can Revolution (Boston, 1853), II, 349-52.]i 
 
 Honored with Washington's letter of October 18, and grateful 
 for his approval of the Allegheny expedition. Clothing and pay 
 for the troops; artillery estimates. An expedition against Detroit 
 would give command of Lake Erie. Winter campaigns usually 
 result in great loss of horses and cattle, but compensation would 
 be found if tlie garrison of Detroit was taken. Will endeavor to 
 have everything in perfect readiness for the advance; many 
 Indians will join him. Has heard that the enemy has built a 
 strong work, that his garrison is about 300 regulars and the same 
 number of militia. ^ Some of the latter will join the Americans. 
 Unless expedition is undertaken before February it will be too 
 late, because of floods. If Detroit expedition proves impracticable, 
 troops with volunteers might be employed against the Shawnee 
 and thence to Natchez, and return early enough in the spring to 
 march against Detroit. French gentlemen would be serviceable 
 
 1 This letter is likewise printed in Pa. Archives, XII, 184-85, but with several 
 omissions and errors. 
 
 2 On Nov. 15, 1779 the British reported that the Detroit garrison comprised 
 393 regulars. See Mich. Pion. <Sc Hist. Colls., XIX, 479. 
 
112 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 in case of an expedition. Has news from Sandusky that 2,000 In- 
 dians are in great distress at Niagara; are afraid to hunt, and 
 therefore live on the pittance afforded by the British, 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Pittsburgh, Nov. 11, 1779, to 
 Timothy Pickering. Printed in Pa. Archives, XII, 183.] 
 
 Commander in chief directs application for Indian goods and 
 trinkets; probability of a winter expedition against either Detroit 
 or Natchez. 
 
 GARRISON AT FORT McINTOSH 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Headquarters, Pittsburgh, 
 Nov. 11, 1779, to Maj. Richard Taylor.' Printed in ibid., 182-83.] 
 
 IVIatters of public concern delayed reply to letter of November 
 7. Armorer and masons for Fort Mcintosh; discomforts of post. 
 Mr. Eels, an Indian warrior, hunting for Brodhead. Delaware 
 delegates expected; expedite their journey here. Indians not 
 on public business must pay for provisions. Supplies, except 
 forage, considerable. Reenforcements expected. Remainder of 
 Ninth Virginia Regiment will be sent to Taylor soon. Captain 
 Vance's^ detail against trespassers. 
 
 RETURNS AND SUPPLIES 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Pittsburgh, Nov. 11, 1779, to 
 Col. Alexander Scammell.' Printed in ibid., 185.] 
 
 Returns were enclosed to commander in chief; copy now sent. 
 DifTiculty of transporting returns; express charges high. 
 
 1 For Maj. Richard Taylor see sketch in Wis. Hist. Colls., XXIII, 205, note 2. 
 
 "^ Robert Vance received a commission as lieutenant in the Thirteenth Vir- 
 ginia Regiment in December, 1776; on Aug. 19, 1778 he was promoted to a cap- 
 taincy; he resigned Dec. 31, 1780. 
 
 ' Col. Alexander Scammell was adjutant-general of the Continental army from 
 1778 to 1781. 
 
FRONTI ER RETREAT 1 1 3 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Pittsburgh, Nov. 12, 1779, to 
 Pres. Joseph Pxeed. Printed in ibid., 186.] 
 
 Capt. John Finley is sent for regimental clothing; an excellent 
 officer. "This frontier is in perfect tranquility at present." Indian 
 refugees at Niagara. Detroit inhabitants wish to see an American 
 army. "I hope to gratify them this next winter." 
 
 WESTERN BATTALION OF VIRGINIA 
 
 [Gov. Thomas Jefferson to county lieutenant of Ohio County. 1SS174. L. S.] 
 
 Wmsburg Nov' 13*'' 1779. 
 Sir: 
 
 I am to ask the favour of you to give notice to the Officer 
 recommended by you for the Western Battalions that as soon as 
 one half his quota of men is raised and delivered by you, he shall 
 be entitled to his commission and must march the men on to Fort 
 Pitt, the remaining half you must send on under a Serjeant to the 
 same rendezvous. Lieutenant Colo. Knox^ is appointed to take 
 command of the Battalion of which your men will be. But your 
 distance renders it impracticable to join them to their battalion 
 till the Spring. They will do duty under Colonel Gibson this 
 winter. The subsistence Account previous to their Delivery to 
 the Officer you will settle with the Auditors here. 
 
 I am sir Your very humble Serv' 
 
 Th : Jefferson 
 "The County Lieutenant of Ohio." 
 
 RANGERS REENLISTED 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Capt. Joseph Finley, Headquarters, Pittsburgh, Nov. 
 16, 1779, to Lieut. John Jameson, Fort Armstrong. Printed in Pa. Archives, 
 XII, 186-87.] 
 
 Sergeant John Parker, William Blake, John McCinney, and 
 John Miller of Capt. Joseph Irwin's ranging company under 
 
 * For a sketch of this officer see ibid., 402, note 2. 
 8 
 
114 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 Jameson's command were enlisted by Captain Brady in the Eighth 
 Pennsylvania. Ordered to headquarters for suitable clothing. 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Headquarters, Pittsburgh, 
 Nov. 20, 1779, to Capt. Thomas Campbell. Printed in ibid., 187.] 
 
 Pack horses unnecessary at this season; river transportation may 
 be relied upon. Sends cattle, flour, and liquor. Subaltern, ser- 
 geant, and fifteen rank and file, among whom any butchers, 
 coopers, or masons in company are to be included, ordered to 
 Pittsburgh to assist in laying in provisions. Any who have en- 
 listed in the Eighth Pennsylvania to be also included. 
 
 TRESPASSERS ON INDIAN LANDS 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Headquarters, Pittsburgh, 
 Nov. 21, 1779, to Maj. Richard Taylor. Printed in ibid., 188.[ 
 
 Captain Vance should have apprehended trespassers who 
 seem determined to provoke new calamities by encroachment on 
 Indians' hunting grounds. Order out another party for that 
 purpose. Colonel Gibson has leave to go to Carlisle. Flour sent. 
 
 PLANS FOR WESTERN EXPEDITION 
 
 [Gen. George Washington to Col. Daniel Brodhead. Washington Papers. 
 Draft.] 
 
 Hd. Qrs. West Point 21st NoV 1779 
 D'' Sir: 
 
 I have been favored with your letters of the 9th and 26th of 
 October with their enclosures. 
 
 You will find by my letter of the 10th [18] (a copy of which 
 I transmit) that you are at full liberty to act against the hostile 
 Indians, in such excursions as your circumstances will admit. I 
 make no doubt of your particular attention to the several objects 
 regarding Detroit; and that you will spare no pains to collect such 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 115 
 
 information as may enable us to judge precisely of its state and 
 force, that we may know how to regulate our measures. 
 
 With respect to Heaths and Ohara's companies, I find they 
 were raised by the State of Virginia for the particular purpose 
 of garrisoning some of the frontier posts. They were to be enlisted 
 for the war, and to be entitled to Continential commissions, but 
 whether this deprived the State of interfering with their subse- 
 quent arrangements I will not undertake to say. — If the incor- 
 poration proposed by the L* Governor will be for the good of the 
 service I think it had better be adopted. And I dare say the State 
 will have no objection to the company's being annexed to one of 
 its own regiments while it remains on the frontiers. 
 
 I herewith return you the proceedings of the court-martial on 
 Adjutant Gordon.^ The sentence of the Court on the second 
 charge is founded on a right which the States exercise of filling 
 up vacancies in their regiments. 
 
 The steps you have taken to obviate any impressions which the 
 trespass on the Indian lands may produce in their minds, are 
 judicious and I hope will answer a good purpose. While we blame 
 these people for cruelties, we should avoid giving them cause of 
 complaint. 
 
 I wish to oblige you with leave of absence from your command, 
 but as our eyes are turned towards Detroit, and in procuring 
 information from that quarter you will see the necessity of waiting 
 a more favorable opportunity. 
 
 I am &c G W 
 
 Col. Brodhead 
 
 CONDITIONS AT FORT PITT 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Pittsburgh, Nov. 22, 1779, to 
 Gen. George Washington. Printed in Pa. Archives, XII, 188-89.] 
 
 Visit from Delaware chiefs, who report that the new fort at 
 Detroit is very strong; garrison about 300. British have refused 
 supplies to Wyandot, because of treaty made at Pittsburgh. 
 Wyandot chiefs en route here; must be supplied by us or will be 
 obliged to submit to British. Wyandot can give better informa- 
 
 1 Arthur Gordon was commissioned first lieutenant of the Thirteenth Vir- 
 ginia Regiment on Dec. 19, 1776. For his court-martial, which occurred Feb. 
 9, 1780, see Appendix, post, 433. 
 
116 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 tion about Detroit than Delawares. Inquiries are veiled, ap- 
 parently directed toward Niagara. Delawares came to Fort Pitt 
 intending to visit Congress, prefer to join an expedition. Need of 
 money for commissaries. Report of defeat of supply boats under 
 a Virginia commander [Colonel Rogers] near the Little Miami. 
 Artillery estimates. 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Pittsburgh, Nov. 22, 1779, to 
 Timothy Pickering. Printed in ibid., 190.] 
 
 Delaware chiefs dissuaded from visiting Congress; must be 
 supplied by us. Encroachment by Pittsburgh inhabitants on 
 garrison's quarters. 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Pittsburgh, Nov. 22, 1779, to 
 Col. Archibald Steel. Printed in id., VIII, 21.] 
 
 House occupied by Edward Ward and Thomas Smallman^ 
 needed for defense in case of attack; Maryland corps to be quar- 
 tered therein. Offers his own rooms to present occupants. 
 
 GARRISONS FOR OHIO POSTS 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Capt. Joseph Finley, Headquarters, Nov. 24, 1779, to 
 Maj. Richard Taylor. Printed in id., XII, 192.] 
 
 Commissioned ofTicers and prisoners ordered to headquarters 
 for a general court-martial. All of Maryland corps at Fort Mc- 
 intosh, Wheeling, or Holliday's Cove to be relieved; there are 
 ten at one of the two latter stations. 
 
 1 For a sketch of Edward Ward see Rev. Upper Ohio, 171, note 97. For Thomas 
 Smallman see Frontier Defense, 73, note 39. 
 
FRONTI ER RETREAT 1 1 7 
 
 DELAWARE SPIES 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Headquarters, Pittsburgh, 
 Nov. 26, 1779, to Rev. David Zeisberger.i Printed in ibid., 192-93.] 
 
 Supplies for Indians — powder, lead, coffee, sugar, salt, and 
 clothing — at hand; blankets en route. Information wanted about 
 Detroit: the strength of the garrison and fort, the number and 
 size of cannon, the sympathies of the inhabitants. Will pay an 
 Indian spy eighty to one hundred bucks. Is sending a spy to 
 Niagara. 
 
 ALLEGHENY POSTS EVACUATED 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Capt. Joseph Finley, Headquarters, Pittsburgh, Nov. 
 27, 1779, to Lieut. John Jameson. Printed in ibid., 193.] 
 
 Brodhead orders immediate evacuation of Fort Armstrong, 
 with all stores; transport either by water or by pack horses. The 
 latter may be secured from Captain Carnahan^ at Bull Town at 
 mouth of Kiskiminitas. 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Headquarters, Pittsburgh, 
 Nov. 27, 1779, to Capt. James Carnahan.2 Printed in ibid., 193-94.] 
 
 Pack horses used improperly for hunting purposes; punishment 
 for those guilty of this practice. Lieutenant Jameson must be 
 granted use of pack horses to bring stores from Fort Armstrong. 
 Report requested. 
 
 1 Rev. David Zeisberger was a Moravian missionary at the Delaware towns. 
 See sketch in Rev. Upper Ohio, 45, 71. 
 
 2 For Capt. James Carnahan see Wis. Hist. Colls., XXIII, 286, note 2. 
 
118 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Headquarters, Nov. 27, 1779, 
 to Capt. Thomas Campbell. Printed in ibid., 194.] 
 
 Terms of men nearly expired. No danger threatens frontier, 
 therefore Fort Crawford ordered to be evacuated and all stores 
 brought off. 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Capt. Joseph Finley, Headquarters, Pittsburgh, Nov. 
 28, 1779, to Maj. Richard Taylor. Printed in ibid., 194-95.] 
 
 Brodhead orders the six-pound cannon from Fort Mcintosh, 
 with all its cartridges, to be sent to Fort Pitt. Detachment of 
 Maryland troops at Wheeling to be relieved. 
 
 CHARGES AGAINST BRODHEAD 
 
 [Maj. Frederick Vernon's charges. 2E106. Transcript.] 
 
 Pittsburg, Dec' 1779 
 States that he would not associate or dine with him. 
 1 — For preventing the artificers from making necessary furniture 
 
 for the officers rooms, while he suffers Nancy M'^Cauley (his 
 
 girl) to sell furniture made by the public officers. 
 
 2. For "sporting away" public money designed for recruiting his 
 regiment. 
 
 3. That Nancy M^Cauley has taken unbecoming liberties, in 
 the presence of Col. Brodhead, with some of his officers. 
 
 COMMANDANTS AT OHIO POSTS 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Headquarters, Pittsburgh, 
 Dec. 3, 1779, to Capt. Benjamin Biggs.^ 4JJ54. Printed in Pa. Archives, XH, 
 195.] 
 
 Biggs granted leave of fourteen days to appear before the 
 Virginia land commissioners^ to settle title to a tract of land 
 disputed by McCullough. 
 
 * For a sketch of Capt. Benjamin Biggs, who was at this time in command of 
 Fort Henry at Wheeling, see ibid., 256, note 1. 
 
 ^ According to the act of the May session of the legislature Francis Peyton, 
 Philip Pendleton, Joseph Holmes, and George Meriwether were appointed com- 
 
FRONTI ER RETREAT 1 1 9 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Headquarters, Pittsburgh, 
 Dec. 5, 1779, to Ensign Jacob Springer.' Printed in ibid., 195-96.] 
 
 Sends one month's allowance of flour for garrison. Apply for 
 Indian meal for winter's supply. Maryland troops at Springer's 
 post called in. 
 
 INFORMATION CONCERNING DETROIT 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Headquarters, Pittsburgh, 
 Dec. 12, 1779, to Rev. David Zeisberger. Printed in ibid., 196.] 
 
 Light dragoons arrived yesterday, bringing enclosures. Joshua^ 
 appears willing to go as spy to Detroit; his fitness referred to 
 missionary; spy will be suitably rewarded. 
 
 missioners to settle disputed land titles in the Northwest Virginia counties. 
 Meriwether did not serve. The other three commissioners held their first 
 session at Redstone in December, 1779, with James Chew as clerk of the board. 
 A number of the certificates granted by this commission are in Draper Mss., 
 1SS6-11. 
 
 1 Jacob Springer was commandant of the garrison of Holliday's Cove. He 
 was a descendant of the Springer family which emigrated from Sweden to 
 Delaware early in the seventeenth century. One branch of this family removed 
 to the Monongahela region, and there Jacob enlisted, and on Oct. 31, 1778 was 
 commissioned ensign of the Ninth Virginia. Later he became a lieutenant and 
 served throughout the war. He died June 16, 1823. 
 
 2 A Mahican Indian from the Connecticut River visited the Moravians at 
 Bethlehem, and in 1742 was baptized by Count Zinzendorf, under the name of 
 Joshua. Joshua was a faithful member of the Moravian church and emigrated 
 with Zeisberger to the villages on the Tuscarawas. The elder Joshua died in 
 1773. His son, also named Joshua, was born in Connecticut in 1741, brought 
 as a babe to live with the IVIoravians, and was one of their most valued mem- 
 bers. He was a remarkable linguist and for many years employed as chapel 
 interpreter. Two of his daughters perished in the Gnadenhiitten massacre of 
 1782. In 1801 Joshua went on a mission to the White River Delawares, and 
 remained among them as their preacher. In 1805 he was accused, by the 
 Prophet, Tecumseh's brother, of witchcraft and burned at the stake. See Hecke- 
 welder. Narrative, 408; Benjamin Drake, Life of Tecumseh (Cincinnati, 1841), 
 88-89. 
 
120 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Pittsburgh, Dec. 13, 1779, to 
 Gen. George Washington. Printed in ibid., 197-99.] 
 
 Washington's letter of November 21 received. Reliance for 
 Detroit information on Moravian missionaries and intelligent 
 Indians of their congregation. Enemy at Detroit expected our 
 troops last fall; their provision magazine is on an island. O'Hara's 
 company is merged in Ninth Virginia. Clothing for troops. 
 Ordnance and military stores; need of a competent engineer. 
 Tranquillity of frontier. Terms of Gibson's men expire in Febru- 
 ary; few new levies. Indian goods needed and also a superin- 
 tendent of trade. 
 
 CLOTHING FOR TROOPS 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Pittsburgh, Dec. 13, 1779, to 
 Gen. James Wilkinson. Printed in ibid., 199.] 
 
 Glad to learn ample supply of clothing for troops has been 
 forwarded. Need of hats and shoes. Three hundred cocked hats 
 wanted before spring. 
 
 WESTMORELAND RANGERS 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Archibald Lochry, Hannastown, Dec. 13, 1779, 
 to Col. Daniel Brodhead. 1NN48. Printed in id., VIII, 42.] 
 
 Command of Irwin's and Campbell's ranging companies vested 
 by state authorities in Lochry; will station them for protection of 
 frontier; requests their return from Fort Pitt, and also a supply of 
 provisions. Will support any offensive measures against the 
 savages. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 121 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Pittsburgh, Dec. 13, 1779, to 
 Pres. Joseph Reed. 1NN49. Printed in ibid., 38-40.] 
 
 Extraordinary that ranging companies should be subsisted 
 from public stores, while under command of county lieutenant. 
 These companies, stationed at Forts Armstrong and Crawford, 
 were ordered to Pittsburgh when closing of river with ice seemed 
 likely. No danger from Indians. Writer hopes to be either in 
 Detroit or Natchez before spring. 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Headquarters, Pittsburgh. 
 Dec. 18, 1779, to Col. Archibald Lochry. Printed in ibid., 50-51.] 
 
 Has received Lochry's letter of the 13th instant. Ranging 
 companies will not be prevented from marching for Hannastown. 
 County authorities must supply provisions. Troops destitute of 
 clothing. 
 
 CONDITIONS AT OHIO POSTS 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Headquarters, Pittsburgh, 
 Dec. 19, 1779, to Maj. Richara Taylor. Printed in id., XH, 200.] 
 
 Loss of boat containing flour is irreparable; negligence of 
 garrison, who deserve to suffer hunger. Searching party to be 
 sent out on each side of river if weather is favorable. Because of 
 illness of Col. Richard Campbell Taylor cannot be relieved. 
 Fresh supplies of provisions and forage being sent. 
 
 [Maj. Richard Taylor to Capt. Benjamin Biggs. 5NN6. Transcript.] 
 
 Fort M'Intosh, 26*'^ Dec' 1779. 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 I rec'^ y"" favor by the express, & am sorry to hear your men 
 are so sickly, as it is out of my power to send the Doctor down, 
 for a horse cannot cross the river, & there is no such thing as 
 travelling by water. As for sending men to supply the places of 
 
122 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 those discharged, I must wait for instructions from Head Quarters 
 for that purpose. I have wrote the Comd* for instructions how 
 to act in that matter. As the men's time expire, you will send them 
 to Pittsburgh for their discharges, as both CoF Gibson & Col° 
 Campbell are there, tho' they had best call here. You will be so 
 good as to take the names of all such men at your post as have 
 not received the six months gift, & send it to me by some of the 
 men who are coming up. &c. 
 
 W Taylor 
 To Capt. Ben. Biggs, at Fort Henry. 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Headquarters, Pittsburgh, 
 Dec. 30, 1779, to Maj. Richard Taylor. Printed in Pa. Archives, XII, 201.] 
 
 Supplies of beef and cattle in store. The sick at Wheeling need 
 a physician; surgeon's mate at Fort Mcintosh hospital. Soldiers' 
 discharges; Sullivan^ reports men of Ninth Virginia Regiment for 
 the most part enlisted for war. Fresh supplies of flour and forage. 
 Leave of absence is inadvisable. 
 
 BRITISH LOSE INDIAN SUPPORT 
 
 [Extract of a letter of Gen. Frederick Haldimand to Gen. Henry Clinton. 
 58J113-114. Transcript.] 
 
 Quebec, January, 1780. 
 
 I am sorry to acquaint your Excellency that very little is to 
 be expected, in co-opetation, from the Indians upon the frontiers 
 of Virginia, at least from those with whom we have any inter- 
 course — I mean the Western Nations who resort to Detroit and 
 that neighbourhood. Indefatigable pains have been taken, and 
 immense sums lavished to secure their affections, yet they are 
 every day declining, particularly since the American alliance with 
 the French, to whom they have an old and a very firm attachment: 
 Add to this, the misfortune of M"" Hamilton, the disappointment 
 of reinforcements promised to them from year to year; the un- 
 wearied pains of the Spanish from the Mississippi to debauch 
 them; and the advances of the enemy on all sides into their 
 
 ^ For Capt. James Sullivan see Frontier Defense, 174, note 40. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 123 
 
 country; which with all the pains that were taken last year, they 
 never could be brought vigorously to oppose, & it is too plain that 
 nothing but the example and continual remonstrances of the Five 
 Nations prevent their abandoning us entirely. 
 
 I have however, the pleasure to acquaint your Excellency, 
 that since my last letter, I have had accounts from thence, in- 
 forming me that a scout, conducted by white men, fell in with, 
 and totally defeated a party of the enemy on their way to Fort 
 Pitt from New Orleans, where they had been sent to treat with, 
 and to solicit supplies from the Spanish Governor. They suc- 
 ceeded, & were returning with three loaded batteaux up the 
 Ohio, when they were attacked. The party consisted of about 
 60 men, commanded by Colonel David Rogers, who, with about 
 40 mien, were killed upon the spot, and a Colonel Campbell, with 
 5 more, were taken prisoners: Some letters & papers were found 
 upon them; I transmit for your information copies of the most 
 interesting. 
 
 DETROIT EXPEDITION INEXPEDIENT 
 
 [Gen. George Washington to Col. Daniel Brodhead. 1H122. Transcript.]i 
 
 Head Quarters Morris Town Jany 4*'' 1780 
 Sir: 
 
 I have successively received your letters of the 10*''' 22*^ of 
 November & 13*^ of D3cem\ 
 
 Persuaded that a winter expedition against Detroit would 
 have great advantages over a summer one, and be much more 
 certain of success, I regret that the situation of affairs does not 
 permit us to undertake it. We cannot at present furnish either 
 the men or supplies necessary for it. From the estimate you 
 make of the enemy's force there, your Garrison with all the aid 
 you could derive from the militia would not be equal to the 
 attempt, especially as it must soon suffer so large a diminution, 
 by the departure of the men whose terms of service are expiring 
 and (even were it not too late in the season to march men such a 
 distance in time) the same circumstance and the detachment, we 
 are making to South Carolina, put it out of our power to supply 
 
 ^ The original of this letter was in the possession of Brodhead's descendants, 
 who made this transcript for Dr. Draper in 1846. 
 
124 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 the defect of your numbers from this quarter. We must there- 
 fore of necessity defer the prosecution of the enterprise to a more 
 favorable opportunity, but I would not wish you to discontinue 
 your inquiries and preparations as far as convenient, for it is an 
 object of too much importance to be lost sight of. 
 
 I fear also that you will not have force for the expedition you 
 propose to the Notches [Natchez], though this is much more 
 within the compass of our abilities. It would scarcely be prudent 
 to leave Fort Pitt without a proportion of Continental Troops 
 for its defence. Sufficient dependence cannot be placed in the 
 militia, and it is too valuable a Post to be exposed to an accident. 
 
 If you should leave only an hundred men here besides those 
 at the dependent posts you would not have above one hundred 
 and fifty for the expedition. Unless the num^ of the Volunteers 
 you expect exceed what I should imagine, there would be great 
 danger to the party. We are too little acquainted with the 
 situation of the Notches to count with assurance, upon success, 
 and if we should fail the party returning against stream so great 
 a distance after a disappointment might run no small risque of 
 being intercepted by the unfriendly Indians through whom it 
 would have to pass. I do not however mean to discourage the 
 undertaking altogether but to suggest the difficulties that occur 
 to me, that every circumstance may be well weighed previous to 
 entering upon it. As the business will be attended with little 
 additional expence, I should be glad you would make every neces- 
 sary preparation and let me know when you will be completely 
 ready giving me an exact state of the force you will be able to 
 employ on the expedition and to leave at the Garrison under 
 your command. Whatever you do should be under the veil of 
 the greatest secrecy, as on this your success will depend. I shall 
 be glad also after closely examining your means you will give me 
 your sentiments on the practicability of the enterprise. 
 
 If I can meet with any Frenchman that a:nswers your descrip- 
 tion willing to be so employed, I will send him to you, and you 
 shall have an Engineer if you go upon anything that requires one. 
 
 I shall write to the Board of War recommending you may be 
 supplied with a few pieces of Artillery & a proportion of stores to 
 be ready against there may be a call for them — 
 
 I am with great regard D' Sir Your most obet Serv* 
 
 G° Washington 
 Col Brodhead 
 [Endorsed:] His Excelly G' Washington Rec^ IS*"^ April 1780. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 125 
 
 WESTMORELAND RANGERS 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Headquarters, Pittsburgh, 
 Jan. 2, 1780, to Capt. John Clark. Printed in Pa. Archives, VIII, 68.] 
 
 Lochry ordered to arrest Capt. Thomas Campbell for an 
 insolent letter, and Capt, Joseph Irwin for disobedience of 
 orders. As Irwin is Lochry's father-in-law, the diiLy will devolve 
 upon Clark. Recruiting service; rangers to be enlisted. Numbers 
 of Irwin's company. 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Headquarters, Pittsburgh, 
 Jan. 2, 1780, to Capt. Joseph Irwin. Printed in ibid., 68-69.] 
 
 IVIen of Irwin's ranging company enlisted in Eighth Pennsyl- 
 vania ordered to join the regiment. 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Headquarters, Pittsburgh, 
 Jan. 2, 1780, to Col. Archibald Lochry. Printed in ibid., 69-70.] 
 
 President of state wrote that rangers were raised by order of 
 Congress; should be reenlisted in Continental troops. Supplies at 
 Hannastovvn. Support given to Westmoreland. Irwin's men 
 enlisted for war to be sent to Fort Pitt; if he refuses orders him 
 placed under arrest. Also order for arrest of Capt. Thomas 
 Campbell for an insolent letter, Brodhead does not consider it 
 his duty to supply troops not under his command. 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Archibald Lochry, Hannastown, Jan. 9, 1780, 
 to Pres. Joseph Reed. Printed in ibid., 77-79. ]i 
 
 Details of difference with Brodhead about command of ranging 
 companies ; arbitrary removal from Allegheny River posts. West- 
 
 ^ For the reply to this letter see Pa. Archives, VIII, 405. 
 
126 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 moreland people uneasy at exposed condition of frontier; antici- 
 pate early Indian attacks. Lochry cannot call out militia for 
 lack of provisions; Brodhead refuses a supply; rangers billeted by 
 fours and fives on inhabitants. Ranging companies should be 
 enlisted for another year. Brodhead's recruiting officers have 
 enlisted rangers before their time expired and he has ordered 
 these to Fort Pitt. Lochry has refused to send them or to arrest 
 officers as required. Moorhead's independent company removed 
 to Fort Pitt and annexed to Eighth Pennsylvania. If that 
 company and the rangers were in the field better support could 
 be given to offensive measures of Continental troops. 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Headquarters, Pittsburgh, 
 Jan. 20, 1780, to Col. Archibald Lochry. Printed in id., XII, 202-3.] 
 
 Powers of president of state with regard to rangers. "Who 
 has been the best Guardian to the frontiers will hereafter be 
 discovered." Lochry's confessed inability. Has no concern for 
 supplies for troops not under his own command. Capt. Thomas 
 Campbell sent to Philadelphia to avoid trial for insolence; he 
 shall not be excused. Lochry's military knowledge and the pro- 
 priety of his conduct sarcastically treated. 
 
 TROOPS EN ROUTE TO ILLINOIS 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Headquarters, Pittsburgh, 
 Jan. 20, 1780, to Col. Francis Peyton^ and Col. Philip Pendleton.^ Printed in 
 ibid., 201-2.] 
 
 The bearer, Capt. John Rogers, brought to Fort Pitt some 
 Virginia troops who were on their way to Illinois; no provision for 
 
 1 Francis, son of Valentine Peyton, was born in Prince William County, Va. 
 Sometime before the Revolution the younger Peyton removed to Loudoun 
 County, which he represented in the Virginia Constitutional Convention of 
 1776. He was also county lieutenant for several years, a member of the House 
 of Burgesses from 1777 to 1785, and state senator from 1798 to 1803. 
 
 2 Philip Pendleton, son of Nathaniel Pendleton of Culpeper County, Va., 
 removed to Berkeley County near Martinsburgh, where he was admitted to 
 the bar in 1772. From 1777 to 1781 he was an officer of the county militia, and 
 its representative in the State Assembly of 1779. 
 
 » John Rogers, a cousin of George Rogers Clark, was born in 1757. At the 
 age of nineteen he was commissioned lieutenant in the Fourth Virginia Regiment 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 127 
 
 their subsistence; have been subsisted on march from Winchester 
 from Continental magazines. Improper to open United States 
 magazine to troops of one state without authorization from 
 Congress or commander in chief. Advises employment of a 
 commissary on credit of state. Will afford a temporary supply. 
 
 THE BOUNDARY DISPUTE 
 
 [Gov. Thomas Jefferson to Col. David Shepherd. 1SS189. L. S.] 
 
 Wmsburg Jan^ 30th 1780 
 Sir: 
 
 I find that the execution of the Commission for determining 
 disputed titles to land, so far as the same has taken place in the 
 controverted territory, has given great alarm & uneasiness to the 
 State of Pennsylvania, who have applied to Congress on the 
 Occasion, and produced their interference. ^ I hope no other Act 
 has taken place subversive of the quiet of the Settlement. I must 
 entreat you to exert the whole of your influence & to call in that 
 of the Captains & subordinate officers under you, to keep the 
 inhabitants on both sides in good temper with each other, and to 
 induce ours rather to neglect little circumstances of irritation, 
 should any such happen, than by embroiling their two Countries 
 
 and during the early years of the Revolution embarked on a privateering venture. 
 In 1778 he became second lieutenant in Capt. Leonard Helm's company on 
 Clark's Kaskaskia expedition. In 1779 Rogers was given command of the war 
 galley against Vincennes, and after the capture of that place was sent to convey 
 the British prisoners to Williamsburg. In Virginia he received thanks and 
 honors from the Assembly and was commissioned captain of a troop of horse, 
 raised for the western service. With this reenforcement he arrived at Fort Pitt 
 in January, 1780. Upon reaching the Illinois, Rogers took part in Montgom- 
 ery's Rock River expedition and in the autumn of that year was appointed 
 commandant at Kaskaskia by Montgomery. Being young and inexperienced, 
 he became involved with the adventurers, John Dodge and Thomas Bentley, 
 and by harsh and arbitrary measures alienated the French-Canadian habitants. 
 See his letter of defense in III. Hist. Colls., VIII, 545-46. In August, 1781 Rogers 
 returned to Virginia, and resigned from the service in February, 1782. There- 
 after he resided at Richmond, where he died in 1794 from the effects of a fall. 
 See Dr. Draper's correspondence with Rogers' brother, Thomas, in Draper 
 Mss.. 10J113. 
 
 ^ See resolution alluded to in Journal of Continental Congress (Washing- 
 ton, 1909), XV, 1411. 
 
128 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 to Shipwreck the general cause & bring on events which will 
 destroy all our Rights. I put great confidence in your discretion 
 on the present occasion & the effect of your recommendations to 
 the people to be temperate in word & deed with their brethren of 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 I am with great respect Sir Your most humble serv* 
 
 Th : Jefferson 
 
 SPANISH SUCCESS ON THE MISSISSIPPI 
 
 [Col. William Christian to Col. William Fleming. 2U73. A. L. S.] • 
 
 Mahanaim February the 5^^ 1780. 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 A man who at present has his Family at the Lick on Roan Oak 
 has called, and tells me he is now on his Way to Kentuckey to 
 claim Land he has a Right to, which gives me an opportunity of 
 writing to you. I suppose my Sister has written you of Family 
 Affairs, so that I will not touch upon them. Our Assembly broke 
 up at Christmas, after passing 52 Acts, but I have seen none of 
 them but one, for laying some further Taxes. Three pounds per 
 Tithable and four pounds per poll is to be paid immediately, 
 the first upon white & the latter on black People. And next 
 summer 30'^ Tob° p' Tithable is to be collected for raising money 
 to pay to Congress. The sum designed to be paid is ten million 
 of Pounds, one half there of to be borrowed in Philadelphia the 
 other to be paid out of this Extra Tax. The Tob° was rated at 
 £30 per hundred, the present Current Price. The Assembly &c 
 except the Navy Board are to remove to Richmond, notwith- 
 standing repeated Efforts last session to prevent it. I dont know 
 any other Laws that immediately concerns the Frontiers. Money 
 is very scarce all over the back Country, although nothing falls 
 in the Price; Credit being introduced every where. Corn here- 
 abouts is £6. and in Botetourt £10, but I expect it will be ten 
 everywhere on this Side of the Mountains. If there is no Indian 
 War, nor no purchases made, next Summer on the Frontiers 
 there will be no Money amongst us, as we have no Commodities 
 to bring any. A good crop of Grain this Year will raise our 
 Currency four fold but a bad one will make it worse. Whiskey 
 is four Dollars the half pint at Sam Thompsons, and Rum eight 
 
. FRONTIER RETREAT 129 
 
 Dollars the half Pint at Col Ingles's. If the War slackens Money 
 will get better, or TrafTic must End here. At the first sales of 
 British Property Negroes sold generally from 1700 to 3000 Pounds. 
 The farmers had no money, but the Traders attended the Sales 
 with enough & furnished every Tobacco maker with what he 
 wanted. One Mitchell an Irishman at Richmond alone attended 
 with £80,000. A Gentleman who purchased Stoners Land in 
 Cumberland had hundreds of thousands; and Ross had Agents 
 with a great deal In short all the money in the State Centers 
 with the Traders. Salt a month ago in Botetourt was at £65, 
 but now there is none to be had on this side of Bedford. There 
 seems to be no Traffic among us now but for Grain, or Liquor. 
 The Assembly had no Intelligence from England but Reports 
 that America gains Ground in Europe. Nothing of Note has 
 happened between England & France. I have heard nothing 
 from Savannah since our Repulse there. Nor has any Thing 
 happened to the Northward this Winter. Gen' Sullivan de- 
 stroyed some Indian Towns, and drove Butler from some Breast 
 works; and returned. The Virg & Carolina Continental Troops 
 are on their Way for Charles Town, where the People dread 
 an Attack. About 6,000 of Clintons Army embarked for the 
 Southward, but for v/hat spot is unknown. We have had a 
 Report that the Spaniards have taken all West Florida; I have 
 conjectured that the English were going to the aid of that Col- 
 ony. A Man on Foot, came here this morning & says he left 
 Pensacola the 6^'' of December, & that it was certain that the 
 Natches & Mushack [Manchac] was taken,i with one Col Dickson 
 
 1 The Spanish capture of the British forts on the Mississippi in September, 
 1779 was one of the most brilliant operations of the Revolution in the West. 
 Bernardo de Galvez, governor of Louisiana (for a sketch of whom see Frontier 
 Defense, 289, note 53) received word late in August of Spain's declaration of war 
 against England. He immediately had the recognition of American inde- 
 pendence proclaimed at New Orleans, and made preparations for a movement 
 against Fort Bute at Manchac, on the Mississippi, 115 miles above New Orleans. 
 A terrific hurricane, that occasioned great loss of water craft, delayed his ad- 
 vance for a few days, but on September 7, his forces, consisting of about 500 
 regular troops and nearly 1,000 auxiliaries of militia, Indians, and negroes, 
 stormed the British fort and took it at the first assault. The garrison was small, 
 the British commandant having withdrawn to Baton Rouge, determined to 
 make his stand there. Galvez at once advanced upon that post, which sur- 
 rendered on September 21, after a four days' siege in which the Spanish cannon 
 played havoc with the British entrenchments. The capitulation included all 
 the British posts on the Mississippi; thus Natchez, under the command of 
 Capt. Anthony Forster with a garrison of nearly a hundred, fell to the Spanish 
 
130 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 & 700 men.i That one of the Places defended itself four Days 
 and then surrendered. And he says Gen' Campbell^ was pre- 
 paring to defend Pensacola where he looked for the Spaniards 
 before Christmas. This poor man says he was taken near New 
 England two Years ago & was carried to Pensacola from whence 
 he now run away. He says 500 of the Choctaws joined the 
 Spaniards; and that there were no Goods for the Indians at 
 Pensacola. 
 
 Webb, resigned his Treasurers Place & one Moore was app"^ 
 Jamey Madison, Jn^ Walker Cyrus Griffen, Joseph Jones, and 
 some other Person goes to Congress. And Col Fleming of Botet* 
 is app'^ of the council. I suppose you cant be in before some Time 
 
 without a blow. In a report written before Baton Rouge three days before its 
 capitulation Galvez claimed that the British forces were equal or superior to 
 his own. (Archives of Cuba, transcripts in Wisconsin Historical Library'.) Within 
 fifteen days he took three forts one by assault, one by capitulation, one by 
 evacuation; captured 550 British regulars including 28 officers, making with 
 voyageurs and camp followers 667 prisoners; secured more than fifty vessels 
 ranging in size from large transports to launches and canoes; and retired to 
 New Orleans with the loss of only one man. Oliver Pollock and eight other 
 American residents of New Orleans accompanied the expedition as volunteers. 
 For a recent account see Wilbur H. Siebert, "The Loyalists in West Florida 
 and the Natchez District" in Mississippi Valley Historical Association Pro- 
 ceedings, 1914-15, 108-22. 
 
 1 Lieut-Col. Alexander Dickson was a veteran British officer, having been 
 commissioned captain of the Sixteenth Infantry June 17, 1761. He served in 
 America during the French and Indian War, and as early as 1767 was stationed 
 at Pensacola, Fla. On May 20, 1771 Dickson became major, and on Jan. 11, 
 1776, lieutenant-colonel of his regiment. In 1776 the regiment was summoned 
 to New York, but because of its familiarity with Florida, it was the next year 
 recalled to that colony. In 1778, Colonel Dickson commanded the garrison 
 at Mobile; early in 1779 he was sent to the Mississippi. After his capture by 
 Galvez he was detained at New Orleans until exchanged. On Nov. 20, 1782 he 
 was promoted to a colonelcy. Apparently he died soon afterwards, as by 1783 
 his name disappears from the Army List. The garrison at Baton Rouge was 
 composed of large detachments from the sixteenth and sixtieth regiments and 
 a number of Waldeckers, who in the summer of 1779 had been sent to reenforce 
 the Mississippi posts. 
 
 2 Gen. John Campbell was a veteran officer, having been in the army before 
 1763. In 1773 he was major of the Sixtieth or American Regiment, and in 1777, 
 its colonel. On Feb. 19, 1779 he was commissioned major-general, and honorary 
 colonel of the Fifty-seventh Foot. He was sent to Pensacola early in 1779, 
 and entrusted with the defense of both the Floridas. While personally brave, 
 Campbell was careless and dilatory, failing to relieve Mobile in 1780, when it 
 was besieged by Galvez. In 1781 General Campbell surrendered Pensacola to 
 the Spanish, and was made prisoner of war, but was released the succeeding 
 year. In 1787 he became lieutenant-general, in 1797, general, and died in 1809. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 131 
 
 in May. I shant write Stephen [Trigg] now,^ but all is well with 
 him. If he can see opp^ he had better try to come in to rep- 
 resent Kentuckey. That country ought to be divided in three 
 or four Counties, & it will be done, if the People ask it. The 
 two Batt. are not going to Ohio this Winter Col Crocket is 
 ordered to command at Albamarle & Col Knox is Assembling the 
 Recruits at Lynch's Ferry. — 
 
 Perhaps one Batt. may be sent to Ohio; perhaps not. Every 
 Thing will be discharged next Spring that can be spared in order 
 to retrench our Expences, and make the Currency more precious. 
 Every Engine will be set to work for that End. People are 
 forbid settling ov^r Ohio, or on the Land reserved for the Army 
 on Cumberland &c in the strongest Stile. I have procured 
 Patents for the great bone & the Lick on Salt river, and shall 
 endeavour to do something at the latter next Summer; if public 
 affairs dont wheel about the wrong way before then. But the 
 war gives no concern, now. It is expected that the Spaniards 
 are to have both the Florida's as soon as they can take them, 
 for themselves. Tell Stephen not to depend on my selling any 
 of his mares before he comes in: although every Thing is held as 
 high as ever, and rather more so, there is no one has ready money 
 to give for any Thing that can be done without hereabouts. The 
 Rule with Tradesmen is now 30 for one, but many talk of forty. 
 Pork is held at £50. per hundred, & scarce at that. This River 
 has afforded a Bridge of Ice Six Weeks; we have hardly seen the 
 Earth for two mionths. Food for Cattle is nearly exhausted 
 every where, and many Families will soon have no Bread to eat. 
 People talk less of Kentuckey lately than hitherto. For my Part 
 I intend to begin to move next Fall and finish the next one. The 
 first will be to make a crop. I shall lay off a Town at the Salt 
 lick, and give Lotts to those who choose to settle there. As the 
 Falls are sickly this must be the next suitable Place on Acc° of 
 its interior Navigation I believe Land warrants sells but slowly 
 The sales are yet under a million of Acres, perhaps a good deal 
 under. 
 
 Mason^ Damns the back country Speculators for frightning 
 People from purchasing. 
 
 The comm^ have never met in this District as yet, nor do I 
 hear of them. They met lately at Greenbrier, but did nothing 
 
 1 For a sketch of this pioneer see Dunmore's War, 44, note 79. He was secre- 
 tary of the commission to settle Kentucky land titles. 
 ' George Mason, the prominent Virginia statesman. 
 
132 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 perhaps owing to the weather. I hear they meet next Week at 
 Jamey Barnets,^ I suppose it must be to do the Botet[ourt] Busi- 
 ness. 
 
 I believe I may as well conclude now, that I am Your affection- 
 ate Brother 
 
 W Christian 
 Col Fleming 
 
 CAPTAIN PIPE'S MESSAGE 
 
 [Captain Pipe to Col. Daniel Brodhead. 1H124. L. S.] 
 
 Fort M'Intosh 6''' FeF 1780 
 Whinguakeshoo"^ 
 
 Brother: I am Very Glad your Message Overtook me it gives 
 me pleasure almost Eaqual to that of Seeing & Speaking with you 
 
 Brother: myself Cap* Pekelen & all my men Sends our Sincer 
 Love & friendship to you in this my words, to you and are all 
 very Glad your Love has overtaken us. 
 
 Brother Whinguakeshoo: I am glad I have So Great, So Good, & 
 Strong a Man to make a Lasting peace with one that I Hope will 
 not forget me: for my part I Shall Ever hold fast the Chain, & 
 Should Be very Sory there Should be any Holes Broke therein 
 any thing that may Happen for my Part I Can wipe away & 
 think no more thereon. 
 
 Brother Whingua Keshoo: the words you told me in your 
 Letter I find to be very true, I am very Sorry any of my men 
 belonging to the Woolf Tribe Should behave in So Rediculous a 
 maner as to bring Scandle on the Whole Tribe, Cap* Pekelen 
 is also very Sorry & hopes you will not think worse of him for the 
 111 behaviour of a bad man. 
 
 Brother Whingua Keshoo: I now Send you the watch I hope 
 you will Look at it & See that I never tell you any Lies, according 
 to your Desire I have made him give the watch up: & now Brother 
 I hope you will Consider Capt° Pekelens Case in Reguard to the 
 Horses he Lost at Fort Pitt Last Sumer by some of your People 
 & try to make them give them up by Spring, & now Brother as 
 
 * For a sketch of James Barnett see Wis. Hist. Colls., XXIII, 52, note 6. 
 
 * This is a variant of Brodhead's Indian name, usually written "Mahing^Re 
 Keesuch." 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT ^WiMM 133 
 
 you may See I never intend to Deceive youf Ij^hope you will 
 not forget him 
 
 Brother Whingua Keshoo: I hope you will think no more of this 
 matter but Let it go with the wind, and wipe it all away & not 
 think that my Self or Gapt° Pekelen Encourages any of our 
 People in Such Measures — the young man was foolish & thought 
 he [would] get his Horses sooner by takeing the watch as he 
 thought it would Hurry them to fmd the Horses, and as we have 
 not Deceiv'd you Brother we hope you will not Deceive us but 
 Endevour to get our Horses by Spring if there is any thing more 
 Lost Perhaps you Can Let me Know by the first that Comes to 
 the Meravion Town, I Shall allways be Glad to hear of your 
 wellfair, I Can any time get your Letter from there — 
 
 from Your friend & Brother 
 
 Capt" Pipe 
 
 VIRGINIA PLANS DETROIT EXPEDITION 
 
 [Gov. Thomas Jefferson to Gen. George Washington. 27S58-59. Transcript.] 
 
 Williamsburg, February 10, 1780. 
 Sir: 
 
 It is possible you may have heard, that in the course of last 
 summer an expedition was meditated, by our Colonel Clarke, 
 against Detroit: that he had proceeded so far as to rendezvous 
 a considerable body of Indians, I believe four or five thousand, 
 at St. Vincennes; but, being disappointed in the number of whites 
 he expected, and not choosing to rely principally on the Indians, he 
 was obliged to decline it. We have a tolerable prospect of re- 
 inforcing him this Spring, to the number which he thinks suffi- 
 cient for the enterprise. We have informed him of this, and left 
 him to decide between this object, and that of giving vigorous 
 chastisement to those tribes of Indians, whose eternal hostilities 
 have proved them incapable of living on friendly terms with us. 
 It is our opinion, his inclination will lead him to determine on the 
 former. The reason of my laying before your Excellency this 
 matter, is, that it has been intimated to me that Colonel Broad- 
 head is meditating a similar expedition. I wished, therefore, 
 to make you acquainted with what we had in contemplation. 
 The enterprising and energetic genius of Clarke is not altogether 
 
134 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 unknown to you. You also know (what I am a stranger to) the 
 abilities of Broadhead, and the particular force with which you 
 will be able to arm him for such an expedition. We wish the 
 most hopeful means should be used for removing so uneasy a 
 thorn from our side. As yourself, alone, are acquainted with all 
 the circumstances necessary for well-informed decision, I am 
 to ask the favor of your Excellency, if you should think Broad- 
 head's undertaking it most likely to produce success, that you 
 will [be] so kind as to intimate to us to divert Clarke to the other 
 object, which is also important to this State. It will, of course, 
 have weight with you in forming your determination, that our 
 prospect of strengthening Clarke's hands, sufficiently, is not 
 absolutely certain. It may be necessary, perhaps, to inform 
 you, that these two officers cannot act together, which excludes 
 the hopes of ensuring success by a joint expedition. 
 
 I have the honor to be, with the most sincere esteem. Your 
 Excellency's most obedient and most humble servant, 
 
 Th: Jefferson 
 
 MESSAGES FOR DELAWARES 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Headquarters, Pittsburgh, 
 Feb. 10, 1780, to Rev. David Zeisberger. Printed in Pa. Archives, XII, 203-4.] 
 
 Proposal to remove Delawares to Big Beaver River; Moravians 
 invited to remove their congregation likewise; dangers and diffi- 
 culties of their present location; supplies could be more easily 
 furnished in new location. Requests information of decision. 
 Desires aid in procuring intelligence. Reports of general Ameri- 
 can success. 
 
 [Col. Daniel Brodhead to Captain Pipe. 2H48-50. Letter Book.] 
 
 Head Quarters Pittsburgh Feb^ 11*'' 1780 
 Brother Captain Pipe: 
 
 I am very glad to hear from you & that you have sent back the 
 watch I can freely forgive the man who took it, and I am very 
 sorry on my good friend Pekeeland's account that the watch 
 was taken 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 135 
 
 Brother: It would give me great pleasure to recover Pakeeland's 
 horses for him but I fear it will be out of my power; However I 
 will do all I can to get them & I hope you will likewise endeavour 
 to make your people return all the Horses they have stolen from 
 their Brethren the Americans, & if my people have stolen more 
 than yours I will give you as many horses as will pay for what 
 you may be looser & I hope you will do the same with me. 
 
 Brother: Many Horses have been stolen on both sides & perhaps 
 we shall do wisely not to say much about them but leave the 
 matter as it is & do all we can to hold fast of our good Chain of 
 Friendship; if I hear of any more goods that may have been 
 stolen I will inform you of it. 
 
 Brother: I likewise esteem you as a great good man & I hope 
 that so long as God lets us live we will do all the good we can 
 
 I am your Friend & Brother 
 
 Mahingweegeeshuch 
 To Cap* Pipe 
 
 HARD WINTER AT FORT PITT 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Fort Pitt, Feb. 11, 1780, to 
 Gen. George Washington. Printed in Sparks, Corr. Amer. Rev., II, 399-400.] 
 
 Has received no reply to letters of November 10 and 22 and 
 December 13; encloses report of court-martial of Lieut. Arthur 
 Gordon. Has not seen Col. George Morgan since coming to 
 this department. Need of provisions. Public craft carried away 
 by ice; such deep snow and such ice never known there before. 
 Prisoner, escaped from Wyandot towns, brings word of strength 
 of new fort at Detroit; garrison, 450 regulars; 1800 at Niagara 
 and many Indians. Danger of invasion; requests reenforcement. 
 Need of boat builders and armorers. Plans to drive off the 
 Shawnee. 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Pittsburgh, Feb. 11, 1780, to 
 Pres. Joseph Reed. Printed in Pa. Archives, VIII, 106-7.] 
 
 Defends action with regard to Westmoreland ranging com- 
 panies; poor opinion of Capt. Joseph Irwin. Severity of winter. 
 Danger of invasion from Niagara. Escaped prisoner's report of 
 
136 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 strong defenses at Detroit. If reenforcements arrive will chastise 
 hostile Indians and probably take Detroit. Delawares talk of 
 nearer settlement. Will regarrison Forts Armstrong and Craw- 
 ford when weather permits. 
 
 SUPPLIES FOR FORT PITT 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Pittsburgh, Feb. 11, 1780, to 
 Gen. Nathaniel Greene. Printed in id., XII, 204-5.] 
 
 Col. Archibald Steel's inattention to duties; not dishonest, 
 but weak in detecting frauds. Lack of tents, 200 needed; mar- 
 quee for holding Indian councils desireable. Davis as quarter- 
 master. Condition of the public horses. Danger of invasion 
 from Niagara. 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Fort Pitt, Feb. 12, 1780, to 
 Richard Peters.^ Printed in ibid., 207-8.] 
 
 Estimate of cannon and military stores needed. Reports from 
 Western Indians favorable. Large garrisons at Detroit and 
 Niagara; danger of invasion; need of cannon and artiller^-men in 
 early spring. Boat builders and armorers wanted. Provisions 
 supplied to Virginia state troops. 
 
 BRODHEAD REBUKED 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Pres. Joseph Reed, In Council, Philadelphia, Feb. 14, 
 1780, to Col. Daniel Brodhead. Printed in id., VIII, 109-10.] 
 
 Representations of Capt. Thomas Campbell and Col. Archi- 
 bald Lochry concerning dispute with Brodhead. State authorities 
 had hoped much from his appointment; regrets the breach with 
 
 ^ Richard Peters was elected, June 13, 1776, secretary of the Continental 
 Board of War, an office which he retained until December, 1781. Upon his 
 resignation he received the thanks of Congress "for his long and faithful serv- 
 ices." 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 137 
 
 Westmoreland County. Impropriety of enlisting men from 
 ranging companies before their time had expired. Powers of 
 state president called in question; regard for Brodhead's pre- 
 vious services lessens rebuke administered. 
 
 HARD WINTER IN SOUTHWEST VIRGINIA 
 
 [Rev. Caleb Wallace^ to Col. William Fleming. 2U74. A. L. S.] 
 
 15*^^ FeF 1780 
 D' Sir: 
 
 The Opportunity forbids me being so particular as I wish. We 
 have rec"* your Letters inclosing Two Certificates for Milatary 
 Warrants and one for a preemption, which we have sent to W°^- 
 burg agreeable to your Directions, and now expect a return every 
 Hour. When the Warrants come to hand they shall be for- 
 warded to you by the first safe opportunity. M" Fleming and 
 all your Family are in good health. I removed my effects from 
 Charlotte about the begining of the long spell of very hard 
 Weather which we have had. And Cap* Christian's sudden and 
 unexpected removal, the Humphries keeping possession of your 
 places this Winter with some other Circumstances, laid me under 
 the necessity of removing immediately to Green Spring. — The 
 Inclemency of the Weather, Getting the old Houses in a condi- 
 tion so that we could subsist in them, and riding almost contin- 
 ually on the hunt of Corn for my Family, made it impossible for 
 
 1 Caleb Wallace was born in 1742 in Charlotte County, Va. He was educated 
 at Princeton, graduating v/ith the class of 1770. Two years later he was licensed 
 to preach and was given charge of the Presbyterian church of Cub Creek in his 
 native county. In 1779 he removed to Botetourt County, where he married 
 Rosanna, sister of Col. William Christian, and of Mrs. William Fleming. In 
 1782 Wallace was one of the commissioners to settle land titles in Kentucky, 
 when he was elected to represent Lincoln County in the Virginia Assembly. 
 The next spring he removed his family to Kentucky, and settled on Elkhorn 
 Creek in what was then Fayette, later Woodford County. He gave up the min- 
 istry and entered the legal profession, and was one of the first judges of the 
 Kentucky District Court. He was a member of all the Kentucky conventions, 
 presidential elector in 1797, and in 1799 declined the honor of drafting the 
 Kentucky Resolutions. On the erection of the state he was chosen judge of 
 the Court of Appeals, a position which he retained until 1813. He died at his 
 Woodford County home in 1814. See William H. Whitsitt, "Caleb Wallace" 
 in Filson Club Publications (Louisville, 1888), No. 4. 
 
138 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 me to do all the Services for your Family which I anxiously 
 desired. Nothing however shall be neglected that is in my 
 power. Your Fodder and Straw is nearly gone. But D'' Smith 
 & myself have lately bought you 20 or 30 Bushels of Corn, and 
 as the most of your Stock are yet in pretty good Case and M" 
 Fleming has a good Supply of Salt, I hope your loss will not be 
 great if the Winter should end favourably. The Condition of 
 this Country is truely distressing. Corn has risen to 10, 12 & 15 
 pounds the Bushel, and it is to be feared that Multitudes will not 
 get it at any Price. 
 
 My Affairs have taken a different turn from what I expected, 
 I need only mention my being disappointed of the Grain which 
 I was encouraged to expect from the congregation, and which I 
 had made the Condition of my settlement with them, I do not 
 therefore think of spen[d]ing another Winter in this Quarter. I 
 have therefore wrote to our friend M'' Trigg to seek a settlement 
 for me at Kentucky, if he can make a valuable purchase and 
 obtain Credit until I can raise it and Transmit it to him. I have 
 directed him to advise with you, and as the Bearer is gone on his 
 Way and I must follow him cjuickly with my letters, I beg leave 
 to refer you to his Letter. If you fmd it in your power to serve 
 me in the Case, I shall thankfully acknowledge the favour, and 
 shall give you my thoughts more fully by the next medium of 
 Conveyance that offers. I expect land will rise in value very 
 fast as a great many are going out as soon as the winter Breaks to 
 purchase. If I could get a Convenient Tract of Land in a Good 
 Neighbourhood, I would not pay much regard to the Prospect of 
 a Congregation. Should however desire to officiate as a Clergy- 
 man among them, upon proper encouragement. But more of this 
 when I write again. If I do not remove to Kentucky next Fall, 
 I purpose to go as far as Houlston, for here I cannot, — I may 
 say, I will not stay. The truth in a Word is, I shall sink in one 
 year the Earuings of my Life among an ungrateful People, and 
 the greatest part through their Default. 
 
 I am D' Sir, Your's most Affectionately 
 
 Caleb Wallace 
 To Col. W" Fleming, Kentucky. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 139 
 
 INDIAN ALLIES NEED GOODS 
 
 [Delawares and Mequochoke-Shawnee to Col. Daniel Brodhead, with his reply. 
 1H126. Contemporary document.] 
 
 Pittsburgh FeF 17*^ 1780 
 Speech delivered by Cap* Killbuck sent to him from Cooshock- 
 
 ing 
 
 Brother: 
 
 All your Brothers at Coocking greet you by this speech & 
 request that after you hear it you will assist them in the execu- 
 tion of their designs 
 
 Brother: Listen: I formerly desired you at the Grand Council 
 fire at Philad^ to send some traders amongst us with goods as our 
 women & Children are poor & naked & in danger of perishing by 
 the severity of the winter, if you have got up any goods we wish 
 you would send them to us two horse loads of powder & lead 
 with eight horse load of other goods would help us very much 
 Maguchee-Shawanese to the Delawares 
 Grandfathers listen: My chief Nimwha is dead whom I used to 
 listen to & whom Kishinotsey set before you the king of the 
 Maguichees has sent for me & I am going to him as soon as I 
 see him I will know better where I shall live 
 
 Grandfather: Here is a pipe full of tobacco which when you 
 smoke you will see us rising up & going away but do not be un- 
 easy at it 
 
 Mahingweegeeshuch" Answer 
 Brothers: I am sorry to hear that you are in a bad situation for 
 want of Clothing. Your Brethren of this Isle in this contest have 
 suffered much forsake of their freedom but the worst is now 
 oyer— the deep snow has prevented our getting supplies over the 
 mountains for the Delawares. Some goods we have & such as 
 we have you shall have in welcome & perhaps it may be sufTicient 
 as the warm weather will soon come But the people who have 
 the Goods are unwilling to send them to Coochocking as your 
 people are not all of one mind about building some strong place 
 to secure the Goods which may be sent for your use. You de- 
 sired me last fall to build a Fort for you but afterwards you said 
 you did not want it this is the reason why Goods cannot be sent 
 to your Towns & you must blame yourselves for being under the 
 necessity of coming here to buy them. When yo,u are all collected 
 to one place Goods shall be sent you according to promise. 
 
140 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 MESSAGE FROM NIAGARA 
 
 [Col. Guy Johnson! to Alexander McKee. Printed in J. Watts De Peyster 
 (ed.). Miscellanies by an Officer (New York, 1888), app., p. xliv.^J 
 
 Niagara, 18th Feby., 1780. 
 S^r: 
 
 I arrived at this Place the 4th Octr. last after a variety of 
 Disappointments and Difficulties which I must defer entering 
 upon until we meet. A few days after I went to Oswego with a 
 body of Indians, on an Affair which was rendered impracticable 
 from the late arrival of the Troops, and the hasty Retreat of the 
 Rebels,^ and on my Return, the 18th Novr. I wrote you a few 
 Lines to notify my arrival and to acquaint you that the General 
 had sent your Letter to me, and that I should take the first Op- 
 portunity to arrange all matters, since which I heard that you 
 went to the Southward, and the other Day I read your Letter 
 from the Shawanese Town of Novem'r last to the Commanding 
 Officer of Detroit, by which I perceive you had no intelligence 
 respecting me. I hope this letter will come safe to your hands and 
 I wish it may do so at the Shawanese Village, as I would have 
 you acquaint them People that after my having been sent by the 
 King's Orders to attend a proposed Movement from New York 
 which at length was laid aside, I obtained Permission to come 
 this way, but was near lost in a Storm at Sea, and obliged to 
 winter in Nova Scotia, from which I set out as early as I could 
 procure conveyance, and have been here these Six Months, 
 furnished with His Majesty's Royal Commission and Authority 
 as Superintendent of the Six Nations and all Allies, &c., and 
 as their Colonel. That I am particularly pleased to hear of the 
 Fidelity of many among them, which I mean to reward, and that 
 they will always find me their True Friend, and a follower of 
 Sir William Johnson's Footsteps, and that I think it necessary 
 
 1 For a sketch of Col. Guy Johnson see Rev. Upper Ohio, 65, note 95. 
 
 2 Miscellanies by an Officer was the work of Col. Arent Schuyler De Peyster, 
 commandant at Mackinac, 1774-79, who replaced Hamilton at Detroit in 1779. 
 The first edition of his Miscellanies was published at Dumfries, Scotland, in 
 1813. In 1888 J. Watts De Peyster of New York issued a new edition to which 
 he added an Appendix, Explanatory Notes, etc., under a separate cover. In 
 this latter is contained a number of hitherto unpublished letters obtained from 
 the Johnson and the De Peyster family papers. 
 
 * This refers to Gen. John Sullivan's expedition in the autumn of 1779. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 141 
 
 in the present state of affairs to see some of their Chiefs, as early 
 as possible in the Season to Concert Matters for their Honor and 
 advantage. If you have left the Place you can forward this 
 with any Additions necessary accompanied with a Belt to them. 
 But as I have some Cash for you, and many important Points to 
 settle, I think it will be best that you accompany them, or if they 
 are tardy that you come yourself as soon as it is practicable. 
 Possibly I may be to the Westward of this; but as this must 
 depend upon the Posture of Affairs, I think it the best to direct 
 you to this Place, from whence you can proceed as the service 
 may require, so as to render the Indians of your District as use- 
 ful as I know they are capable of being. The General wrote to 
 me that you had been recommended as of much Use in Detroit, 
 which gave me much Pleasure, as I am always, with much Esteem, 
 Sir, Your Friend & Well- Wisher 
 
 G. Johnson 
 
 I have near 3000 Indians at this Place, all hearty in the cause, 
 and about 300 are Just gone out against the Enemy. 
 Alexr. McKee, Esqr. 
 
 HARD WINTER IN KENTUCKY 
 
 [Col. John Floyd to Col. William Preston.i 33S317-18. Transcript.] 
 
 Harrodsburg, 20*'' Feb. 1780. 
 D'' Sir: 
 
 I came up here a few days ago to adjust a little business. * * * 
 Notwithstanding the severest winter that ever was known, I 
 have only lost one cow, & she died since the warm weather: I 
 lost two horses, but they strayed away last December; but poor 
 Bob [whose foot was badly hurt by the first tree he cut on the 
 place, lodging & sliding off the stump.] died about three weeks 
 ago, after all I could do. He got frost bitten in camp before I 
 could get him a cabin, & was reduced to a mere skeleton. 
 
 I have no bread yet, but expect a small supply from my friend 
 Col. Henderson at Boonesborough, who has greatly befriended 
 
 [ For a sketch of John Floyd see Dunmore's War, 9, note 15. For Col. William 
 Preston see ibid., 430-31. 
 
142 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 me by sparing that which he may want himself, & only waits for 
 high water to send it down with his own, on the way to the mouth 
 of Green river where he is about to form a settlement.^ 
 
 I shall not be able to do much surveying this spring, as the 
 hard winter & the loss of my negro have prevented my getting 
 one acre cleared on my place. We have but ten families with us 
 yet, but I expect about fifteen in the whole, which I think will 
 make us tolerably safe. * * * 
 
 J'' Floyd. 
 
 HARD WINTER AT FORT PITT 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Headquarters, Pittsburgh, 
 Feb. 22, 1780, to Capt. Simon Morgan. Printed in Pa. Archives, XII, 208.] 
 
 Forage and provision sent by boat; safeguarding the craft. 
 Packhorses carried last supplies. Provisioning the Indians; 
 hopes for the breaking of winter, that they may go beaver hunt- 
 ing. 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Headquarters, Fort Pitt, Feb. 
 27, 1780, to James Wilkinson. Printed in ibid., 209.] 
 
 Great depth of snow prevented the transportation of clothing; 
 suffering of troops. Woolen garments to be kept for next winter; 
 supplies of linen requested. Ninth Virginia better supplied than 
 Eighth Pennsylvania. Requests scarlet cloth for himself. 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Headquarters, Pittsburgh, 
 Feb. 28, 1780, to Capt. Thomas Mclntyre. Printed in ibid., 209-10.] 
 
 Will send horses and kegs as soon as weather permits; convey- 
 ance too uncertain to send money. Need of full complement of 
 shoes for ensuing campaign. 
 
 1 Col. Richard Henderson, for whom see Rev. Upper Ohio, 1, note 3, had come 
 from a survey of the North Carolina-Virginia boundary line, which he aban- 
 doned in November, 1779. Henderson remained at Boonesborough until March, 
 1780, when he set out for the tract between the Green and Ohio rivers, which 
 had been granted by the Virginia Assembly on Oct. 5, 1778, to the Transylvania 
 Company as a recompense for its efforts in founding Kentucky. The town of 
 Henderson was later built within this land grant. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 143 
 
 LOYALISTS IN SOUTHWEST VIRGINIA 
 
 [Col. William Preston to Gov. Thomas Jefferson. 5QQ28. Autograph draft 
 signed.] 
 
 [March, 1780] 
 Sir: 
 
 I am sorry to acquaint your Excellency that three Days ago 
 an Information was made to a Magistrate in the County That a 
 Number of Men Dissafected to the present Government had 
 combined to disturb the Peace of this unhappy Frontier as soon 
 as the Season would Permit and the british Troops could gain 
 any Footing in S° Carolina & were making the Necessary Prepara- 
 tions for that Purpose. That 75 or thereabouts had taken the 
 Oath of Allegiance to the King of Great Britain in one Neighbour- 
 hood & carried on a constant Correspondence with all the other 
 Disaffected People not only in this & Washington County but on 
 the Frontiers of N° Carolina but that they had Persons employ'd 
 to carry Intelligence to & from our Enemies in Georgia & Else- 
 where on the Continent. That there is now fifteen British Com- 
 missions in this County and Washington, & that these People 
 intended to perpetrate the most horrid murders [on all] Indivi- 
 duals in Authority on this Quarter, with many other Things of 
 the like Nature that would be too tedious to Relate. The Infor- 
 mation being made at the Risque of the Informers Life & the Lives 
 of his Family he would not suffer his Name to be made known. 
 
 Another Information of the same kind had been made on a 
 Number of Inhabitants on another Frontier Settlement, where 
 a few had actually got under Arms & Were dispersed had been 
 made a Day or two before, tho' not so Circumstantial. 
 
 Upon hearing the first I gave Orders to four Captains to Dis- 
 arm all suspected Persons in their respective Companies; and on 
 the second Information ordered a trusty officer with a Party of 
 Men immediately to Sieze three of the Ringleaders & bring them 
 well tied before Justice to be dealt with as the Law directs; and 
 as soon as that can be done two Captains with 25 Men each are 
 to march privately into that settlement by different Routes & at 
 the same Instant to begin and Disarm the whole & the Arms 
 when taken I have ordered to be deposited at the Lead Mines^ 
 where a Guard of Men ought to be kept, & as I have not a doubt 
 
 1 For this location and the fort located there see Dunmore's War, 52, note 90. 
 
144 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 but the destruction of that Place will be attempted on the first 
 breaking out of the Tories. But as [we] have no Prison in this 
 County & but an Indifferent one in Botetourt nor have we any 
 Sherif here at present, our Sherif being deprived of his OfTice the 
 other Day for not giving security for the Collection I am really 
 at a loss to know what to do with any of these Ringleaders or 
 others that may be taken in the Course of this Conspiracy; and 
 the rather as our Informer will not for the above reasons suffer 
 his name to be used nor can he appear against the Prisoners. So 
 that I am doubtful the Magistrates will be obliged to send some 
 of those well known Villians to the Prison in Augusta without 
 further Evidence or Form, of Trial untill the impending storm 
 blows over or untill some other Evidence may providentially be 
 discovered which I hope may be the Case as I have ordered the 
 strictest search to be made for Papers & the attack to be made 
 with the greatest secrecy that they may be surprized be [fore] 
 the[y] Suspect any Danger or Discovery being made of their 
 infernal Schemes. 
 
 I thought is [sic] my Duty to give your Excellency this early 
 Information by Express to beg that you will be pleased to give 
 me such Instructions and Advice herein [as] may most effectually 
 bend to the suppression of this daring & treasonable Conspiracy; 
 as also what steps are to be taken for the Defence of the Frontiers 
 against the Savages should they Disturb us this spring & whether 
 it would not be necessary to order out some good Woodsmen in 
 the mean Time as Scouts. 
 
 I am your Excellency's most Obed* & very hble serv* 
 
 W. P. 
 [Endorsed:] U to the Gov^ Mar 1780 
 
 [Col. William Preston's account of Loyalist plot. 5QQ27. Autograph draft.] 
 
 The Reports against the Nonjurors or those who have not 
 taken the Oath of Allegience to the State in this County, and 
 some others, are, That a Plot or Conspiracy has been forming for 
 near a twelve month Past, in which John GrifTith has been very 
 active, to disarm the Friends to the Country & kill some. To 
 destroy the Lead Mines. — To Join the Indians & with them to 
 burn Destroy & cut their Way to the English Army and assist 
 them in reducing the Country. — That s^ GrifTith has administered 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 145 
 
 the Oath of allegience to King George, to a Number of People, 
 who also took an Oath of Secrecy not to discover the Plot. — That 
 it is beleived from many Circumstances and Information that 
 many People in this Neighbourhood, Sinking Creek^ & other 
 Places are Joined herein. — That said GrifTith was in the Neigh- 
 bourhood, about the 21^* or twenty eighth of Feb^ to administer 
 an Oath to those People, several of whom met him; & knowing 
 the Man & not finding him properly authorized for that Purpose 
 declined taking it at that Time, That Griffith assured them he 
 would return to them by the 28**^ or 29*'' of March with one Col 
 Robinson^from the British Army properly Authorized to Adminis- 
 ter the Oath, to enroll their Names, to promise each man 2/6 ster- 
 ling a Day from that Time and 450 acres of Land to clear of Quit 
 Rents 21 years & that the Roll of their Names should be sent to the 
 King and Parliament of England that it might be known what 
 Friends they had here. — That the People on Sinking Creek and 
 down the River had due notice hereof, many of whom came, on 
 various pretences & that some took the Oath, others refused as 
 Robison did not come in according to promise, and only Griffith 
 appeared; who being alarmed by a Report that men were raising 
 to take him made off & the People who had attended dispersed 
 for that Time. That frequent meetings and Consultations are 
 held privatly on this Subject. 
 
 These are the principal Reports or Informations that I have 
 had. I might mention names who were active herein; but as I 
 hope every one will endeavour to disprove the same generally: 
 and as I am desirous to have the Matter amicably Settled and 
 full assurance given of the Peacable intentions of the People I 
 do not incline to descend to further particulars. Should I do 
 so, many things might be added. 
 [Endorsed:] Charge vs. Nonjurors 
 
 1 For the location of this stream see Wis. Hist. Colls., XXIII, 75, note 1. 
 
 * This officer may have been the South Carolina Loyalist, Joseph Robinson, 
 who in 1775 was repulsed when attacking the Whig forces at Fort Ninety-six. 
 After the fall of Charleston in May, 1780 Robinson received a British commission 
 and served during the succeeding summer in Ferguson's brigade. 
 
 10 
 
146 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 ARTILLERY ORDERED TO FORT PITT 
 
 [Richard Peters to Gen. George Washington. Washington Papers. A. L. S.] 
 
 War Office March 4, 1780 
 Sir: 
 
 We beg to apologize for omitting the Acknowledgment of 
 your Excellency's Favour of the 8*** of Feb^ relative to the Ord- 
 nance & Stores to be lodged at Fort Pitt. Immediately on re- 
 ceipt of that Letter Orders were given for the provision of the 
 Articles which are now ready to proceed when the roads will 
 admitt 
 
 If any offensive Operations are intended in that Quarter we 
 wish to be favoured with the earliest Intelligence of them. We 
 have directed a retrenchment in the Quarter Master's Depart- 
 ment of a vast Number of hired Horses which have been kept at 
 a most enormous Expence in Berkley Virginia. It will therefore 
 be necessary to have the Information requested that if any Enter- 
 prize is intended Orders may be given for providing Horses as 
 well as other necessary Matters in due Season. From the In- 
 telligence received from Gen' Schuyler relative to Indian Affairs 
 it should seem that the Savages are disposed for Peace. But 
 it may notwithstanding be proper to prepare for War as they are 
 artftil & perfidious. 
 
 We have the Honour to be with the greatest Esteem & Respect 
 Your very obed* Servant 
 
 Richard Peters By Order 
 His Excellency Gen'' Washington 
 
 MONONGALIA MILITIA 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Headquarters, Pittsburgh, 
 Mar. 11, 1780, to Col. John Evans.i Printed in Pa. Archives, XII, 210.] 
 
 Men raised without Brodhead's consent must be paid and sub- 
 sisted by local authorities. Petty posts useless. No apparent 
 danger. 
 
 1 For Col. John Evans of Monongalia County see Rev. Upper Ohio, 234, 
 note 78. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 147 
 
 PERMISSION FOR OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS 
 
 [Gen. George Washington to Col. Daniel Brodhead. 3H166-69. Transcript.] 
 
 Head Quarters, Morris Town, 14^^ March, 1780. 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 I have rec** your favor of the ll*** ult°. You will, I imagine, 
 long before this time, have received mine of the 4'** January, which 
 acknowledges yours of the 10''' & 22"^ Novem' & IS*** December. 
 What I hinted in that letter, respecting an expedition against 
 the Natchez & the English settlements upon the Mississippi, is 
 now at an end, the Spaniards having already possessed those 
 posts. 
 
 From the accounts which you have received of the enemy's 
 force at Detroit, and my ideas of yours (having rec*^ no late returns) 
 it is evident that you can make no attempt at that place: But if 
 you think yourself competent to an excursion against any of the 
 hostile tribes of Indians, you are at liberty, as I have mentioned 
 in some of my former letters, to undertake it. 
 
 In your next return be pleased to let me know the different 
 terms of service of your own Regiment, & of the 9*'' Virginia — & 
 let the returns of the late Rawlin's & the independent companies, 
 not only specify the terms of service, but to what States the men, 
 who compose them, belong. This is necessary to enable me to 
 give the States credit for their men serving in detached corps. 
 
 I had, upon the 8^^ February, desired the Board of War to pre- 
 pare a certain quantity of ordinance & stores for Fort Pitt, & 
 recommended to them, to endeavor to send them up while the 
 snow was on the ground, if they should be of opinion that it 
 would be possible to pass the mountains at that season. I imag- 
 ine it was deemed impracticable, as they wrote me on the 4**" 
 instant, that the stores were ready, & would go off as soon as the 
 roads would permit. I have directed General Knox to detach 
 an officer of artillery with a proper number of men for the duty of 
 the Garrison of Fort Pitt. 
 
 I am under the necessity of disapproving the sentence against 
 Lt. Gordon on account of the irregular constitution of the Court. 
 A general Court Martial can only be held by order of the Com- 
 mander-in-Chief- or, of a General Officer commanding a separate 
 department, or in any one of the States. But that justice may 
 be duly administered, I enclose a power, by which M"^ Gordon 
 
148 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 may be brought to a new trial, as may any other prisoners, whose 
 cases may require a General Court. I return the former pro- 
 ceedings. 
 
 My apprehensions that the boats would be lost, if they were 
 suffered to be taken into employ, for common purposes, was the 
 reason of my directing them to be carefully laid up, until wanted. 
 And I perceive by your letter, that my fears were not groundless. 
 The expense of the materials for boat-building, & the wages of 
 proper workmen are at this time so enormous, that, as there is 
 little or no prospect of any offensive operations, I shall not give 
 orders for the number of carpenters you mention. The boats 
 that have been saved, are, I imagine, more than sufficient for the 
 purposes of transporting stores, &c. from post to post. I have 
 desired the Board of War to direct a few armourers to be sent up. 
 
 In one of your former letters you expressed a wish of coming 
 down the country to visit your family. Upon the prospect of 
 matters at that time, I did not think it expedient for you to leave 
 the post: But I think in the present situation of affairs to the 
 westward, you may take an opportunity of doing it. You will 
 be the best judge of the matter when this gets to your hands, & 
 will determine upon the propriety of the measure from circum- 
 stances. I take it for granted that CoF Gibson will remain at 
 the post should you come down, as I would not chuse that a 
 place of such consequence should be entrusted to an officer of 
 inferior rank. I am with great regard, dear Sir, your most 
 humb'^ Servt, 
 
 G° Washington. 
 
 A general Court Martial whereof Colonel John Gibson is Presi- 
 dent to sit at Fort Pitt on Monday the 5^^ day of June for the 
 trial of all persons who may be brought before them. 
 
 Given at Head Quarters at Morristown, this l?**" day of March, 
 1780. 
 
 G" Washington. 
 [Endorsed:] (Rec'^ 22*^ Ap' 1780.) 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 149 
 
 OFFICER REQUESTS TRANSFER 
 
 [Col. Richard Campbell to Gen. George Washington. Washington Papers. 
 A. L. S.] 
 
 Pittsburgh March the 16*'' 1780 
 May Please Your Excellency: 
 
 I take the Liberty to Inform you the Strength & Circumstance 
 Of the 9^^ Virg* Reig* in the Western Department as I now Com- 
 mand in the absence of Co' John Gibson. 
 
 The Strength of the Reigement at this Time is not more than 
 Two Hundred men for within this Fifteen days I have discharged 
 a Hundred men that was Entitled to their Discharges & Only 
 EnUsted for three years & their Times being Exp[i]red that they 
 Engaged for. 
 
 But the Remainder of the Reig* is for During the War, but I 
 Can assure your Excellency from the Depre[cia]ation Of the 
 money & the Encouriagement of Settelling the Kentucky Lands 
 that it is impossible to Recruit our Reigement In this Cuntery, 
 Therefore i Should wish to have the Reigem' from this quarter 
 if your Excellency Thought Proper, for Reasons if We are Con- 
 tinued in this Department it will not be in Our Powers to Recruit 
 any Part of our Reig* & there are Several Gentlemen in The 
 Reig' that would wish to have it in their Powers to make Them- 
 selves Acquainted with Millitary Decepline, & the Rules of the 
 Armey which is not in their Powers when they are Kept in The 
 Woods & Stationed at Dif![er]a[n]t Posts. 
 
 I Can Assure your Excellency that I think it would Be for the 
 Good of the Reig* & the Service to have them Removed from 
 here, for the Reig* have been Raised in this Countery & thus have 
 So many Acquaintances & the Opening for Setteling the New 
 Cuntery that they are Constantly Deserting. 
 
 But as Colon' John Gibson Command^ the Reig' and his Con- 
 nections in this Country i make no doubt but he would wish the 
 Reig* Continnued in this Department, But I Can assure your 
 Excellency it is the wish of the Officers to be Releave'd if it would 
 meet with Your Approbation. 
 
 If your Excellency thinks Proper to Con[t]inue the Reig* in 
 this Department, I will thank your Excellency for leave to Join 
 Some Other Coare for the Ensuing Campeign Or Some Other 
 Command as The Reig* is but Small & a Sufficient Number of 
 
150 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 Officers To the Reigiment & Two Field Officers Besides myself, 
 when I Slept forth in the Armey it was my determination to 
 Render my Cuntry Ever[y] Service, In my Power & wish to be 
 allways where i Could take an Active Part, & as there has Been 
 Officers Ordered from Differant Reig*^ To Command Troops to 
 the Southward I Should be Glad to meet with the Same Indul- 
 gance if Your Excellency Thought Proper I am Sensible your 
 Excellency is not Unacquainted with my Charrictor While with 
 the Meine Armey therefore I Will not Trouble you Any Further 
 & hope to Receive Your Excellencyes Answer. 
 
 I Have the Hon'^ to be Your Most Obedient & Hble Servant 
 Richard Campbell L* Colo' 9*^ Virg* Reigem* 
 On Publick Service His Excellency General Washington 
 
 Commander in Chief Of the Amarican Armey. 
 
 INDIAN RAIDS BEGIN 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Fort Pitt, Mar. 18, 1780, to 
 Gen. George Washington. Printed in Sparks, Corr. of Amer. Rev., II, 416-17.] 
 
 Savages have begun hostilities. Last Sunday killed five men 
 at a sugar camp on Raccoon Creek; three girls and three lads 
 taken prisoners. ^ Delawares thought to have done this; their 
 hostility would greatly distress the settlements. Return of 
 troops. Col. George Rogers Clark writes from the Illinois pro- 
 posing to cooperate in an expedition. More regulars needed. 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Headquarters, Mar. 18, 1780, 
 to Capt. Samuel Brady. Printed in Pa. Archives, XII, 213.] 
 
 Directs pack-horse train to bring stores; to return via the 
 Glade road as the old road may be dangerous. ^ Attack on Rac- 
 coon Creek, two men^ of his regiment killed. 
 
 ^ The captives were George and Elizabeth Foulks, Lewis and Mary Tucker' 
 and James and Elizabeth Turner. See the reminiscences, post, 151-54. The 
 captors were not Delawares, but Wyandot from Sandusky. 
 
 ^ The "old road" was the regular Pennsylvania thoroughfare through Ligonier 
 and Hannastown direct to Fort Pitt. It was built by Gen. John Forbes on his 
 expedition in 1758 to capture Fort Duquesne. The Glade road was the one from 
 the Turkey Foot, or three forks of Youghiogheny River, northwest to Fort Pitt. 
 See map in Frontier Defense, frontispiece. 
 
 ' The two men of the Eighth Pennsylvania Regiment who were killed were 
 named Deaver. See Draper Mss., 19S278. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 151 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Fort Pitt, Mar. 18, 1780, to 
 Richard Peters. Printed in ibid.. 211-12.]i 
 
 Raiders on Raccoon Creek supposed to be Delawares. Need 
 of cannon and military stores; no tents at hand; if not of good 
 material militia will cut them up for hunting shirts. Convoy 
 of cloth. Commissary of forage. Wishes Congress would 
 send commissions for some of the Delaware chiefs. 
 
 THE CAPTURED CHILDREN 
 
 [Reminiscences of Mrs. Cline, daughter of George Foulks.^ 16S289-90.] 
 
 George Foulk's father, John Foulks, dropped dead while plow- 
 ing in the fall of 1779, & then his widow shortly after married 
 one Tucker, father of Lewis Tucker.^ 
 
 At the sugar camp (perhaps some 5 miles off from their home, 
 & on Raccoon waters) Indians came in a moonlight night: Eliza- 
 beth Foulks asked her brother George to go & get some sugar 
 water to make some sassafras tea for supper — he went & said he 
 could fine [sic] none at the first tree — she wished him to go to 
 another, pointing to one, but he got some at a nearer tree, & the 
 Indians afterwards said if he had gone to the tree his sister had 
 directed him to go, some of the Indians were behind it, & would 
 have had to [have] tomahawked him. During the evening the 
 
 1 See also similar letters of the same date from Brodhead to Pres. Joseph 
 Reed and to Capt. Thomas Mclntyre, in Pa. Archives, VIII, 140; id., XII, 212- 
 13. 
 
 2 George Foulks was born in 1769 at Leesburgh, Va. His family removed to 
 the neighborhood of Pittsburgh two or three years before he was captured. 
 After being taken to the Indian towns George remained among them for about 
 twelve years. He escaped in the summer of 1791 or 1792, and reached the 
 Ohio alone, where he was ferried across by two young girls, one of whom, Cather- 
 ine Ullery, afterwards became his wife. Foulks joined the spy service and was 
 often out under Brady, his knowledge of Indian languages and customs making 
 him especially useful. After Wayne's treaty in 1795, Foulks revisited his Indian 
 captors upon the Sandusky. He was married Nov. 21, 1796, and settled the 
 next spring on Little Beaver Creek in Beaver County, Pa. There he died July 
 10, 1840. 
 
 5 Lewis Tucker returned from captivity in the same year as George Foulks. 
 About the year 1793 he married Mary Turner and began farming in Washing- 
 ton County, Pa., but soon thereafter died, leaving no children. 
 
152 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 dogs barked & made much fuss: John Foulks laid down in a 
 large sugar trough with his gun, & had a dog with him; & when 
 the Indians attacked, & rushed up, they tomahawked George on 
 the top of his head but did not enter the skull, & made him sense- 
 less, & when he recovered his senses, he found himself before the 
 fire with a hoppus string around his neck. Indians chased John 
 Foulks, & he made off towards the Run, & his alarmed dog ran 
 before & tripped him & threw him, so the Indians over took & 
 tomahawked him. It was about eleven o'clock at night-^four 
 were killed. There were seven Indians of the party; they had 
 brought some horses, & left them over the Ohio: when they 
 reached there, the girls had their gowns cut off, so as to travel 
 better, & their shoes were thrown into the Ohio, & moccasins 
 were given them, which the Indians had brought along. There 
 were horses enough for each of the girls to ride, & Elizabeth 
 Foulks would sometimes put her little wounded brother on in 
 her place, but the Indians would soon drag him off, & make him 
 walk — ^weak & feeble from the loss of blood. It was the second 
 or third day after being taken before his wound was dressed. 
 On the return trip to their towns, the Indians had but little to 
 eat — a very scanty supply of dried venison ; but when they reached 
 the nearest Indian settlement at Old Town, & Snip's Town,i 
 just south of Rome, Richland County, they there got plenty of 
 homony, venison, & wild turkey's boiled in sugar water. Here his 
 wound was dressed with slippery elm bark and bear's oil. As 
 they were children, they did not have to run the gauntlet. 
 
 [Reminiscences of George F. Whitaker, son of Elizabeth Foulks.^ 22595-97.] 
 
 Miss Foulks was captured within a few miles of Pittsburg, 
 with several other young people, in March [1780] while making 
 
 1 This village belonged to a Shawnee chief whom the whites called Captain 
 Snip. 
 
 2 Elizabeth Foulks was eleven years old the Christmas before her capture. 
 She never returned from among the Indians but married James Whitaker, a 
 fellow captive for whom see Frontier Defense, 254, note 9. After the death of 
 her husband in 1806, Elizabeth Foulks Whitaker lived on the west bank of San- 
 dusky River, below Fremont, Ohio. In the Indian treaty of 1817 she was granted 
 a reserve of 1,280 acres at this place, and there she died in May, 1831. These 
 facts were obtained from her son, George Foulks Whitaker, who in 1868 resided 
 at Hannibal, Mo. See Draper Mss., 22S95. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 153 
 
 maple sugar. She had a brother killed at the time — & another, 
 George, taken. Several families would join in sugar making, & 
 the young men would go of nights to guard them. 
 
 Among the other captives were Polly,^ John & Lewis Tucker — 
 the latter perhaps a dozen or fourteen years old. When they 
 reached the Tuscarawas it was high, & the Indians feared they 
 would not be able to get the children over safely, as they had no 
 canoe. So they obtained a dry sapling, & fastened the children, 
 boys & girls to it, & placed it in the stream to float over, with 
 their heads above the water's surface, & the Indians swimming & 
 pushing it over. 
 
 Lewis Tucker was bold & saucy to the Indians — so much so, 
 that the other prisoners were afraid the Indians would kill him. 
 But they seemed to admire his spirit & fearlessness. Don't know 
 when or how he got away — ^nor what became of him. 
 
 There were nineteen of the party of Wyandotts who captured 
 the sugar makers — & Half King was the leader; & it was in Half 
 King's family that Elizabeth Foulks lived, as her son believes. 
 
 [Reminiscences of John McCormick. son of Elizabeth Turner.^ 17S201-2.] 
 
 [His mother] was Elizabeth Turner, daughter of W™ Turner, 
 with Elizabeth Foulks & Nancy M^Keever' (don't know what 
 
 1 Mary (Polly) Tucker manied during her captivity an elderly Frenchman 
 named Wine. After Wayne's treaty in 1795 she and her husband returned to 
 her father's home in Pennsylvania. There her husband died in 1798. She sur- 
 vived him several years. See ibid., 16S277. 
 
 2 Elizabeth Turner was kept as a prisoner in Half King's family and in 1782 
 was obliged to witness the torture and death of Col. William Crawford. About 
 the year 1785 she married Alexander McCormick, for whom see Wis. Hist. Colls., 
 XXIII, 246, note 2. Soon after her marriage she visited her family in Pennsyl- 
 vania, where she found that her father had died, while her mother's death 
 occurred during her visit. Mrs. McCormick then returned to her home on 
 the Maumee Rapids where in 1790 her son, John, was born. After Wayne's 
 victory in 1794 the McCormick family withdrew from the Maumee and in 
 1796 settled at Colchester, Essex County, Ontario. There Mrs. McCormick 
 died on June 6, 1838. John served with the British in the War of 1812. He 
 personally knew Tecumseh and the famous chiefs of his day. In 1863 Dr. Draper 
 visited him at Colchester and secured this interview. 
 
 ' McCormick's memory is at fault in this instance, for the third of three 
 captured girls was Polly Tucker. 
 
154 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 became of her) — a young youth Foulks, & perhaps a young M"- 
 Keever also taken. George Turner, a young man grown, was 
 killed in camp, & his younger brother William also — perhaps five 
 killed altogether. 
 
 There were nine Indians of the party, who took them — had 
 been watching all the previous Saturday afternoon. When the 
 whites first went there to make sugar, took out Kettles &" with 
 teams, & some of the young colts strayed away from their dams, 
 & remained at camp, when the teams returned — colts were 
 caught & tied up; & the young men returned on Saturday for the 
 colts, intending to return home the next day — were playing, 
 jumping, & shooting at a mark, during Saturday afternoon, 
 which rather intimidated the Indians. The Indians took the 
 colts & horses. Three of the Old [Half] King's sons were along. 
 
 COUNTY OFFICERS CALLED TO COUNCIL 
 
 [Col. Daniel Brodhead to Col. David Shepherd. 1SS197. A. L. S.] 
 
 Head Quarters Fort Pitt March 2V^ 1780 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 The savages having begun their Depredations earlier than 
 (considering the season) could reasonably have been expected, & 
 before a reinforcement of Regulars could possibly arrive from 
 the main Army. I find it indispensably necessary to take the 
 advice of the Lieutenants of Counties in this part of the Depart- 
 ment in order to establish either some general defensive plan, 
 or to consult & fix upon some well calculated offensive operations 
 against one or more of the hostile Tribes, which latter will in 
 my opinion prove the most eUgible, and therefore I request you 
 will meet the Lieutenants of the other Counties at my quarters 
 on the first day of next month without fail, as nothing but a 
 hearty concurrence of the Counties can at present enable me to 
 give any considerable protection to the Frontier. 
 
 I have the honor to be Dear sir with due respect your most 
 obed* serv* 
 
 Daniel Brodhead Col" command^ W. D. 
 CoL° David Shephard 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 155 
 
 LOYALISTS AND RAIDS IN VIRGINIA 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Gov. Thomas Jefferson, Williamsburg, Mar. 21, 1780, 
 to Col. William Preston. 5QQ24. Printed in ///. Hist. Colls., VIII, 402-4.] 
 
 DisaiTected persons have no more grievances than all feel in 
 common; are subject to pains of law, and should be brought to 
 trial; may be removed from county if absolutely necessary; 
 prefer militia guards to keep them safe. If evidence insufficient 
 to convict of treason, a capital crime, try for misprision of treason 
 punishable by a fine and imprisonment. Lead mines must be 
 protected at all hazards. No probability of Indian disturb- 
 ance. Cooperate with Colonel Clark in keeping peace with 
 them. 
 
 [Maj. John Taylor' to Col. William Preston. 5QQ26. A. L. S.] 
 
 Sir: 
 
 The 18th Instant the Indians was In this Neighbourhood and 
 Fell in at James Roark's^ where they Scalped seven of his Children 
 And his wife They are all Dead only one Girl They took 
 Seven Head of Horses Five of which was the property of W™ 
 Patterson. This part of y County is In a scene of Confusion 
 And I make no doubt but the Country will Break up without 
 they Can Get Some Assistance, I am as yet Living at home 
 but Cap* Maxwell's^ Comp'' are Chiefly Gathered together in 
 Small Parties, Corn is very Scarce Here but if a few men Could be 
 raised I think they Could be found. Sir if you have Resigned 
 y Commission Pray let the County Lieu* Have this Letter or 
 a few lines from y"" Self which I think will Answer a better End. 
 
 ' For a sketch of this officer see Dunmore's War, 45, note 80. 
 
 2 Roark's house was probably at or near Roark's Gap in Tazewell County, 
 Va., near what is now known as Gap Store. An Indian trail led across Indian 
 Ridge, up the Dry Fork of Big Sandy, and approached Clinch River at this 
 gap. The course of this trail indicates that the raiders were northern In- 
 dians. 
 
 ' Capt. James Maxwell lived near the modern Maxwell in Tazewell County. 
 In 1782 two of his daughters were killed and scalped. Within a month after- 
 wards Captain Maxwell, following another band of marauding Indians, was 
 shot and instantly killed at what is now known as Maxwell's Gap in Tug Ridge. 
 
156 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 I expected a few lines from you By Cap* Moor^ but Dont hear of 
 any My family is In Health As I hope yours are and I am Sir, 
 y Most Hum'" Srt. 
 
 Jn" Taylor 
 Head Cljnch 23 March 1780 
 
 C B the Murder was Commited In seven miles of here 
 
 DELAWARES SUSPECTED 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Headquarters, Pittsburgh, 
 Mar. 22, 1780, to Rev. David Zeisberger. Printed in Pa. Archives, XII, 214-15.] 
 
 Delawares strongly suspected of murder of five men, and cap- 
 ture of six children upon Raccoon Creek; no news from mission- 
 aries is ominous; has almost resolved on offensive operations. 
 Requests that he send word whether the tribe is hostile or not 
 merely by "yes" or "no." 
 
 RECRUIT FOR CLARK 
 
 [Col. Richard Campbell to Col. George Rogers Clark. 50J22. A. L. S.] 
 
 PiTTSBU^iGH March y' 29*^ 1780 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 This will be Handed you By Capt° Harrison who was Formerly 
 a Captain in my Reig* & For Reasons he has Resigned. But I 
 Can assure you he is a Gentleman of Charactor & has Allways 
 Supported The Charrector of a Good & Brave Officer & Wishes 
 to join you and any thing you Can Serve him in I would thank 
 
 1 This officer was probably Capt. James Moore. His father, James, was a 
 Scotch-Irish emigrant, who settled in Rockbridge County not far from Staunton. 
 There the younger James grew up, married Martha Poage, and in 1772 removed 
 to Abb's Valley in the present Tazewell County, Va. The neighborhood forted 
 at Captain Moore's during Dunmore's War, when Daniel Boone was militia 
 officer in charge. During the early years of the Revolution Moore was a captain 
 of militia. In 1781 he joined General Greene's army and took part in the 
 battle of Guilford Court House. In 1784 the valley in which he lived was 
 raided, and one of his sons was captured. In 1786, during another raid, the 
 Shawnee Indians killed Captain Moore and took his wife and children prisoners. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 157 
 
 you to Give him your Interest I am Sensible you Will find him 
 Worthy of your notice — 
 
 The News of this Place I Refer you to the Bearer — I Should 
 be happy to hear from you please to Except of my wishes for 
 your well fare — 
 
 Rich" Campbell Lieu' CoF 9 Virg" Reig* 
 Colonel George Rogers Clark in the Elyonie Country p' 
 Favour of Cap* Benjamin Harrison. 
 
 DELAWARES LOYAL 
 
 [Delawares to Col. Daniel Brodhead. 1H128. In handwriting of Hecke- 
 welder.] 
 
 CoosHocKUNG March y' 30*'' 1780. 
 
 Walawpachtschischen IVr Gerrard and the Council! of Coo- 
 shockung to Co' Brodhead and Col. John Henry^ as follows. 
 Brothers: 
 
 Listen now to what I shall say unto [you]. I can now inform 
 You as a fact who it was that Murdered Your Chilldren, (our 
 Brothren) at Raccoon Creeck. Some time ago I had heard that bad 
 People were gone past towards you, but knew not the truth. 
 Now I assure You that it was done by a party of Mingoes and 
 Monsys together, who first took a great numner of Skins scaffled 
 in the Woods belonging to Pakeelend and others of our People, 
 these Skins they first destroyed and took some of the best along, 
 I can assure You that neither Capt Pipe nor any of his Men has 
 had a hand in this Murder. 
 
 Brothers: While I am sitting in my House in peace, I am at 
 once surprised to see three Warriors at the head of a large party 
 carrying Your Flesh and Blood by here. It makes me indeed 
 sorry to see it for I always remember that I and You are one. 
 I and You have agreed together that We always will aquaint 
 one another of any such thing we hear, this I also am deter- 
 miined to do at all times. These three Warriors were first the 
 Mingo Hawtatscheek. Neeshawsh a Mohican. Washenaws. a 
 Monsy. These three carryed 20 Chilldren and 3 grown People 
 Prissonners past here Yesterday. 
 
 ^ This was the adopted name of Capt. John Killbuck, taken to honor a promi- 
 nent Pennsylvanian. See Pennsylvania Historical Society, Bulletin, I, No. 
 12, 151. 
 
158 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 Brother: I desire You to let me only know when You are ready 
 to march that I may send a few Men to You in time, who shall 
 go with You wherever you go. I also desire You to march as 
 quick as possible, let nothing hinder You from doing this. 
 
 2 branches of Wampum. 
 
 Brother: You told me to call my friends from Wabash here, I 
 accordingly have sent to them, and only wait to see them back 
 again, and this shall be the last time I speak to any of the bad 
 People. I lay this down and will have no more to say unto any 
 of those foolish Nations, or People, to whom I have spoke so 
 often in vain. 
 
 Brother: Again my Messengers are gone off to Gehnhenshecan 
 where Wingenund is to hurry those to Cooshachking as quick as 
 possible. This is all that I am waiting for yet. 
 
 Brother: Now I only wait for those I have sent for, and for 
 nobody else for then when they are here all which are Your friends 
 I shall let You know that You may not be at a loss when you 
 march for knowing Your friends from You Enemies 
 
 Brother: What You have always told me namely to gather all 
 our friends together here at Cooshacking, that now will soon be 
 done. We shall be together, and then You may look on all those 
 whom You see back towards the lake of this place as Your Ene- 
 mies be they who they will, and even if You meet with some of 
 my Nation You may remember that they belong no more to me. 
 
 Brother: I hear that Pemowagen the half King head of the 
 Wyondotts on this Side of the Lake, is gone himself out to War 
 against You. 
 
 Brother: I have before informed You how the back Nations 
 were, and that they were good inclined. I have not at present 
 heard any thing to the contrary, but such as is good. 
 
 Brother: This is all what I can tell You, I know of nobody 
 that is striking You but those who live on Unamy Sepu,i and 
 from that towards the Lakes, all those that live beyond Us here 
 to that River on this Side of the Lake or those who are striking 
 
 You. 
 
 6 branches of Wampum. 
 
 Brother: This what I have told You now is indeed the truth. 
 
 I had indeed heard a good while ago that the bad People intended 
 
 to strike You as soon as the ground would be bare. I also told 
 
 Geshahsee to inform You of it, but it seems he never told You of it. 
 
 1 This is the Indian name for the river now known as the Maumee. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 159 
 
 Welawpachtschiechen 
 Monsi Gerrard desires his Brother Col. Brodhead and Gelele- 
 mend also to look on all the above as the real truth, as he knows 
 it to be as it is mentioned herein. 
 
 I am Your friend and Brother 
 
 Gerrard 
 
 Addressed: To Col Daniel Brodhead Comandt W. Departm' at 
 Pittsburgh by Express from Cooshokung. 
 
 [Extract of a letter of Rev. John Heckewelder to Col. Daniel Brodhead. 
 Washington Papers. Contemporary transcript.] 
 
 CoocHOCKiNG March 30*^ 1780 
 
 We have heard nothing at all this whole winter what the 
 Enemy are about: The Snow being so deep & the weather so 
 continually cold has I suppose prevented this, but this day I 
 am informed that three young fellows, two Delawares & one 
 Wyandott have turned back from a body of warriors consisting 
 of Twenty six men. They inform that five or six Companies of 
 warriors are gone out, two parties of Wyandotts towards Beaver 
 Creek & the others down this River — ^The Half King it appears 
 is at the head of one of the parties & Neeshawsh (a Mohicon) 
 heads a party of Muncies & Delawares 
 
 It is also reported here this day that the Shawanese & others 
 are gone to fight with the Army at the Big Bone Lick, likewise 
 that the Wabash Indians are all gone to war. 
 
 We here intend to leave this place entirely in about two weeks 
 & move nearer to Gnadenhutten.^ 
 
 I am with sincere regard your most Obed* HbP Serv* 
 
 John Hackenwelder 
 An Extract^ 
 
 1 For this locality see Rev. Upper Ohio, 45, note 71. 
 
 2 The correct date of this letter is Mar. 30 ( not Mar. 20 ), 1780. See Calendar 
 of Correspondence of George Washington with his Officers (Washington, 1915), 
 1280. Brodhead enclosed this letter in his to Washington of April 24. 
 
160 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 EMIGRANTS ATTACKED 
 
 [Capt. William Harrod to Mrs. Amelia Harrod.^ 4NN79. A. L. S.] 
 
 Fort Henry March ye 30'^ [1780]2 
 LoviNX]t Wife: 
 
 I have the Disagreable News to Inform you off that on Monday 
 Morning th 2T^ I went a shore at Fishing Creek with Adam 
 Rowe^ and Isaac Perry in a Canoe for some Iron ware of Rows 
 the Boats Not stopping which was to overtake but after we had 
 Got Near Rows house Rowe & Perry was Fired upon By Five or 
 Six Indians and perry was killed as I was Some Distance from 
 them when they was fired on I made toward the the Firing and 
 met Rowe after he had made his Escape the Indians being 
 between us and our Canoe so that we Could [not] Get [to] the 
 Boats again we were Obliged to Retreat up to this place being 
 from Monday morning Till Tuesday in the after Noon before 
 we got here I Intend yet to pursue my Jorney as there has a 
 Number of Boats Arived here on their way to the Falls in which 
 I shal go so no more at present by my kind Love to you and 
 Remains Loving Husband Till Death 
 
 WiM Herrod 
 [To Mrs. Amelia Harrod, Muddy Creek] 
 
 1 Amelia Stephens married William Harrod, Oct. 1, 1765, in Cumberland 
 County, Pa. She died in April, 1793 at her home in Washington County, Pa. 
 
 =' Note on original manuscript: "This was in Spring of 1780 as W™. Harrod y. 
 thinks. See his manuscript statement. Mem" — By reference to Col. W™. Flem- 
 ing's journal for 1779 & '80, it appears that the 27''' of March '80, came on 
 Monday — hence that must have been the year — L. C. D." 
 
 3 For the location of Fishing Creek see Rev. Upper Ohio, 207, note 51. Adam 
 Rowe was in garrison at Grave Creek Fort in 1776, and that year lost two sons 
 by an Indian raid. Ibid., 220, 225. The son of Capt. William Harrod told Dr. 
 Draper many additional details of the skirmish herein narrated. See Draper 
 Mss.. 37J170-71. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 161 
 
 DELAWARES LOYAL 
 
 [Rev. David Zeisberger to Col. Daniel Brodhead. Washington Papers. Con- 
 temporary transcript.] 
 
 TuPAKiNGi April 2°^ 1780 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 I have been very much disappointed in sending an answer 
 to your several letters you wrote me. This place is quite out of 
 the way, no Indians which are going to the Fort pass by here & 
 though I wrote to M"^ Edwards^ at Gnadenhutten several times 
 to let me know of an opportunity but all in vain. In Feb'' some 
 of our people was on the way with them, I had also wrote, but 
 after travelling a day & half they turned back because of the deep 
 snow they met with. 
 
 In your letter of the 26*'' Nov"^ last you desired me to procure 
 you some intelligence from over the Lake,, but was not in my 
 power to do & much less now as I live such a distance from 
 Coochocking where I might perhaps bring it about one way or 
 other. Joshua intended to go but hard winter & deep snow 
 
 1 Tupaking was the Indian name for the Moravian village of Schonbrunn, 
 for whose location and history see Rev. Upper Ohio, 45, note 71. Zeisberger, 
 in 1779, removed his mission from Lichtenau, two miles below Coshocton, to 
 Schonbrunn, which was forty miles farther up the Tuscarawas. Later in the 
 same year he built New Schonbrunn on the west bank of the stream, which 
 was finished and occupied in December, 1779. This latter village was abandoned 
 in 1781. 
 
 2 William Edwards, a Moravian missionary, was sent in the fall of 1776, 
 from Bethlehem, Pa., to reenforce the mission on the Muskingum. G. H. Loskiel, 
 History of the Mission of the United Brethren (London, 1794), III, 115. Stationed 
 first at Lichtenau, in the summer of 1779 Edwards was placed in charge of 
 Gnadenhutten, where he remained until 1781, when the Moravians were carried 
 captive to Sandusky. With the other missionaries he visited Detroit early in 
 1782, and in July of that year settled the mission of New Gnadenhiitten in 
 St. Clair County, Mich. In 1785 Edwards visited Pittsburgh to arrange for a 
 removal of the mission to American territory. Having received assurances 
 of protection, the Moravians, in the summer of 1786, made a settlement on the 
 Cuyahoga River; later, because of Indian hostilities, they crossed to Canada 
 and settled at Fairfield on the Thames. Thence in 1798, Heckewelder and 
 Edwards brought their flock to their first location on the Tuscarawas, and built 
 the mission village of Goshen. At this time Edwards was seventy-four years 
 old, and soon afterwards he died, worn with years of faithful service for his In- 
 dian neophytes. His grave is still to be seen in the Indian cemetery at Goshen, 
 Ohio. Ohio Archaeological and Historical Publications, 1909, 159. 
 
162 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 coming on he dropped it — But hearing that a white man who was 
 a prisoner among the Wyandotts, & who was well acquainted as 
 I was told with all the particulars at Detroit went by Gnaden- 
 hutten for the Fort last winter I thought he could & would give 
 you more sufficient intelligence than any Indian could procure 
 because Indians have no knowledge about such matters; and I 
 think it would be of very little service to send an Indian on such 
 an errand who is a stranger to the place. In your 2°'^ letter of 
 Feb^ 10*^ you proposed that our Indians might move nearer to 
 the Fort; Sir, this indeed would not only be very hard & difficult, 
 but also impossible for us to undertake now except our people 
 would leave behind all what they have, for they are not like 
 the rest of the Indians who can take their whole estate on their 
 backs & go where they please & tho' they might go round by 
 water we would not be able to procure such a number of Canoes 
 as it would require — Our people have been travelling & moving 
 from one place to another till we at last came to this place where 
 we hoped to remain in possession of our settlements & enjoy the 
 fruit of our labour at least for a good many years. I dare not 
 think about moving nor even propose it to our people for it would 
 quite discourage them unless there was great necessity — therefore 
 pray Sir, let us remain in possession of our settlements; Have we 
 held it out so long? I hope with the help of God we shall get over 
 until peace is restored again. Neither warriors nor other In- 
 dians come to our towns now because it is out of their way & we 
 live very quiet. 
 
 Of the murder committed on Racoon Creek I heard nothing 
 before I received your letter About eight days before we heard 
 of a company of warriors having been tracked who came from 
 towards the Wyandott towns, but did not learn what Indians 
 they were, they must either be Mingoes, Muncies or of Wyan- 
 daughland'* Gang.^ I have not heard of any hostile thoughts from 
 the Coochocking Indians yet, & if I should perceive anything of 
 that kind I would give you intelligence by express. 
 
 But yesterday we heard that a party of warriors amongst 
 which was the well known Muncy Washnaws have attacked a 
 boat in the River, killed three men & have taken twenty one men, 
 women & children prisoners & likewise the whole Boat.^ No 
 
 1 For a sketch of this hostile chief, usually known as Wyondochella, see Wis. 
 Hist. Colls., XXIII, 214, note 1. 
 
 2 This was the boat in which the Malott family was emigrating. See suc- 
 ceeding document. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 163 
 
 doubt this action will encourage them to do more mischief. I 
 am much oblidged for sending me the three packets of letters, & 
 likewise for communicating the agreeable news contained in your 
 letter. Those of oiit people which lived yet nigh Coochocking 
 are all moving up this way & in a few days more they will be all 
 gone from thence 
 
 I am with great esteem D' Sir your most Hbl® Serv* 
 
 David Zeisberger 
 
 P. S. After I wrote the above I had more full intelligence — 
 the murder on Racoon Creek was committed by the Wyandotts 
 & the other on the Big River by the Muncies, which is a true 
 account. 
 
 MALOTT FAMILY CAPTURED 
 
 [Reminiscences of Mrs. Predeaux Girty.i 17S193-94.] 
 
 M"" Joseph Malott^ (father of M" Girty) had started from 
 Maryland with his family to migrate to Kentucky. On the 
 Monongahela united with a M' Reynolds & got two boats — M' 
 Malott (of French descent) had the cattle & horses placed in one, 
 & the families in the other, Reynolds having charge of this boat — 
 & M' Malott of the stock boat. They descended the river & 
 somewhere on the Ohio in March (ab* 1778 [1780]) while near 
 shore in a bend or elbow of the river, concealed Indians fired, 
 killed Reynolds, a small child, & captured the family boat & 
 about twenty prisoners altogether. There were Ralph Nailor 
 & one Dowler, young men, & a M*" Hardin^ & wife whose child 
 
 1 Predeaux, son of Simon Girty and his wife, Catherine Malott, was born 
 Oct. 20, 1797. He lived most of his life in Canada, where he was esteemed as a 
 man of probity and honor. He died at Dayton, Ohio, in January, 1853. His 
 wife, who was born in St. Louis, Jan 3, 1799, was residing in 1863 with her son, 
 Thomas Girty, at Gosfield, Can. There Dr. Draper visited her and secured these 
 reminiscences. 
 
 2 Joseph (other members of the Malott family speak of him as Peter or Theo- 
 dore) Malott escaped to Louisville in his boat. Supposing his family to be dead, 
 he returned to Maryland and there married again. His son, Peter, some time 
 afterwards visited his father. None of the other captive Malotts ever returned 
 to their former home. Draper Mss., 20S204-7. 
 
 3 John Hardin (not the same person as Lieut. John Hardin) was in the rear 
 boat and was not captured. His cousins, Thomas and William Hardin, were 
 in the leading boat, and also escaped. They afterwards settled in Kentucky. 
 See ibid., 13CC9-10; also post, 199-200. 
 
164 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 was killed. Nailor said before giving up, he would have one 
 shot, & shot & killed an Indian. "^ M"" Malott had his cue shot off, 
 & an eye of one of his horses shot out; but finally escaped with 
 his boat and stock. He & his wife had besides Catherine (after- 
 wards M" Simon Girty) Theodore, Keziah, & Peter. — Keziah 
 married Robert Forsyth, who died at St. Louis in Indian trade 
 & agency.2 Peter & Theodore settled in Canada, & left many 
 descendants. 
 
 M" Reynolds had a black woman, & the Indians, by some 
 freak, constrained the negro woman to put on the best of M'* 
 Reynolds' clothing, & made M'^ Reynolds act as her waiter. 
 
 Catherine Malott when taken was fourteen years old, & was 
 four years & four months in captivity. 
 
 ALLEGHENY POSTS REGARRISONED 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Headquarters, Pittsburgh, 
 April 2, 1780, to Col. Archibald Lochry. Printed in Pa. Archives, XII, 215.] 
 
 Draft sixty militia for two months, one third to be posted at 
 Fort Crawford, one third at Fort Armstrong, the remainder at 
 forks of Blacklegs Creek.' Regulars also ordered to Fort Arm- 
 strong; these arrangements should provide a suflTicient protection; 
 advise people to be on their guard. 
 
 1 Nailor was at first condemned to death for having shot an Indian; his sen- 
 tence was finally remitted in order to secure the large reward offered by the 
 British for prisoner^. Draper Mss., 20S205. 
 
 2 Thomas, son of William Forsyth (for whom see Wis. Hist. Colls., XXIII, 
 346, note 2), was born Dec. 5, 1771 at Detroit. While still young he entered 
 the Indian trade, wintering several years on Saginaw Bay, and in 1798 on an 
 island in the Mississippi near Quincy, 111. In 1802 he formed a partnership 
 with his half-brother, John Kinzie, for trade at Chicago and Peoria, and was 
 occupied therewith until the War of 1812. In 1804 Forsyth married Keziah 
 Malott. In April, 1812 he was appointed subagent of Indian affairs, and 
 throughout the war rendered valuable services to the borderers of Illinois. 
 In 1819 he was appointed agent for the Sauk and Fox Indians at Rock Island, 
 where he remained until 1830. His wife died the preceding year, and after 
 retiring from office Forsyth removed to St. Louis, where he died Oct. 29, 1833. 
 See Dr. Draper's interview in 1868 with his son, Robert, in Draper Mss., 22S99- 
 111. 
 
 3 For this location see Wis. Hist. Colls., XXIII, 210, note 1. The occupation 
 of this site was only temporary. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 165 
 
 COOPERATION WITH CLARK 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Fort Pitt, April 4, 1780, to 
 Col. George Rogers Clark. 50J24. A. L. S. Printed in ///. Hist. Colls., VIII, 
 408-9.] 
 
 Reply to Clark's of December 22 last. Proposals with regard 
 to Detroit pleasing; has written the commander in chief. "I 
 think it is probable that before next Winter I shall have the pleas- 
 ure of taking you by the Hand somewhere upon the Waters of 
 Lake Erie." Delawares still profess friendship, many villains 
 among them; expedition against the Shawnee desirable. Span- 
 ish have taken Natches and Manchac. Capt John Rogers 
 accompanied by Thomas Rentley^ who lately escaped from Can- 
 ada, takes this letter. Captain George's Returns. Deserters on 
 lower river. 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Headquarters, Pittsburgh, 
 April 4, 1780, to Capt. John Rogers. Printed in Pa. Archives, XII, 217.] 
 
 Orders all public craft in private hands on Ohio and Mississippi 
 to be seized. Deserters to be arrested; those who are penitent 
 may receive pardon on return. 
 
 ^ Thomas Bentley, a merchant at Kaskaskia for some years before the Revo- 
 lution, is thought to have suggested to Clark the invasion of Illinois. See III. 
 Hist. Colls., V, pp. xvl-xxv. Before Clark reached Kaskaskia, however, Bentley 
 had been suspected of sympathy with the Americans, and had been sent under 
 arrest to Canada. Thence he escaped during the winter of 1779-80. At the 
 time this letter was written Bentley was on his return to the West. At Vin- 
 cennes in July, 1780, he was attempting to safeguard his own position by giving 
 surreptitious information both to Clark and to the commandant of Detroit. 
 Ibid., 168-73; Illinois Historical Society, Transactions, 1909, 112, note 1. In 
 the summer of 1781 Bentley visited Virginia in order to collect money for the 
 script he had purchased from the Illinois inhabitants. Sometime about July, 
 1783 he died, probably at Richmond. 
 
166 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 DELAWARE COOPERATION 
 
 [Col. Daniel Brodhead to the Delawares. 2H51. Letter Book.] 
 
 Head Qr' Pittsburgh April 6"" 1780 
 
 Mahingweegeesuch to the Delaware Council at Coochocking 
 Brothers: 
 
 I have received your favor of the 30*'' of last month & I thank 
 you for the news contained in it — Your determination to send 
 some of your warriors to join me is a fresh proof of the sincerity 
 of your regard for yQu[r] american Brethren & it must convince 
 the whole world of the wisdom of your Council. I hear with 
 great pleasure that our friends will be collected together & that 
 I shall know them Because I wish to shew every mark of regard 
 to them & at the same time to destroy my Enemies — I cannot 
 inform you certainly in how many nights I shall set out to Des- 
 troy the Enemy But you may rely upon my word that the time 
 is near at hand & I desire you will immediately send as many of 
 your young men to join mine as you intend shall go along with 
 me. I have plenty of provisions & I want them to get well ac- 
 quainted with my people by seeing them every day. 
 
 Brothers: I am only waiting to receive a letter from our great 
 Warrior, but I am weary of sitting here & am now standing with 
 my Tomhawk in my hand wherefore I request you will send me 
 another letter immediately & inform me of the number of war- 
 riors you can furnish for an expedition. 
 
 Brothers: I have ordered some goods to be given to the mes- 
 sengers for their trouble 
 
 I remain your friend & Brother 
 
 Mahingweegeesuch 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 167 
 
 DANGER ON THE OHIO 
 
 [Gabriel Madison to William Madison.^ 5ZZ73. A. L. S.] 
 
 Monongalia April 10*^ 1780 
 Dear W"": 
 
 I have Started John^ of[f] to W°^ Burg for the Surveyors Com" 
 which I Could not get for him without his appearing there in 
 person (how y^ lad will make out I Cannot tell for he Drives on 
 partly in y^ Old Way). But let that be as it will it has taken all 
 the money I Could spare to fitt him out for the trip Besides 
 Given Richard^ Orders to Draw on you for £300 to help out with 
 his exspences which Ric*^ is to Borrow from some one and you 
 must by no means Refuse the Order in Case he should Draw one 
 on you — ^I shall leave this place in a day or two for the falls — 
 there is Certain Accounts Brought to pitt of the Indians taken 
 2 Boats and that they are very thick on the River the passage 
 without great Care will be Daingerous. 
 
 the people is in great Confusion heare on Account the of [sic] 
 Dissputed hne and is Determined to Declare them Selves a Sep- 
 erate State which will be Done before the Last of this Month* 
 George Roohs is at the head of it 
 
 I am y AW B' 
 
 Gab'' Madison 
 
 I shall rite to you by the first op'' from the falls if I g* th^ 
 [Addressed:] To M' William Madison, Botetourt 
 
 1 For William Madison see Wis. Hist. Colls., XXIII., 89, note 2. His brother 
 Gabriel, born in Augusta County, served during the early years of the Revolu- 
 tion as captain of militia. About 1782 he emigrated to Kentucky and in the 
 autumn of that year volunteered for Clark's expedition. In 1783 Gabriel 
 Madison was magistrate of Lincoln County; in 1786 he held a similar office in 
 Mercer County. In 1785 he married Miriam Lewis, and settled on a plantation 
 in Jessamine County, where he died in 1804. His wife survived until 1845. 
 They had seven children. 
 
 ^ For John Madison Jr. see Frontier Defense, 296, note 61. 
 
 ^ Richard Madison was commissioned lieutenant in the Augusta County 
 militia on May 19, 1778. In 1781, as ensign of cavalry he aided in the defense 
 of the state. When John Madison Sr. (for whom see Dunmore's War, 280, 
 note 98) resigned his office as county clerk on Nov. 21, 1778, Richard was 
 appointed in his father's stead, and he held the office until his death in February, 
 1781. 
 
 * This was the new state movement described by F. J. Turner in "Western 
 State Making during the Revolutionary Era," in American Historical Review, I, 
 
168 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 PREPARATIONS FOR AN EXPEDITION 
 
 [Summary vi a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Fort Pitt, April 10, 1780, to 
 Gen. Horatio Gates. Printed in Pa. Archives, XII, 218.] 
 
 Encloses letters from Delawares and Moravian missionaries. 
 Indians will harass frontier unless offensive operations are under- 
 taken. These will require some provisions from below the moun- 
 tains. Further purchases for this department forbidden. Last 
 campaign Brodhead avoided calling out militia and encouraged 
 industry; by August supplies can be drawn from this side of the 
 mountains; expense of transportation saved. "The prisoners 
 mentioned in the Indian's letter were taken out of some Craft 
 going to the new settlements upon Kentuck a few miles below 
 Capteening Creek.''^ 
 
 [Receipt of Capt. Benjamin Biggs. 1SS196. A. D. S.] 
 
 Fort Henry April ll**" 1780 
 Receivd of Coll David Shepherd sixteen pair of Shoes for the 
 use of this Garrison Giving under my hand this Day 
 
 Benj'' Biggs Capt 9 V Reg' 
 To CoLL° David Sheperd. 
 
 [Col. Daniel Brodhead to Col. David Shepherd." 1SS199. A. L. S.] 
 
 Head Quarters Pittsburgh April 13*'' 1780. 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 Inclosed I send you the Copy of a Letter just received from the 
 Delaware Council of Coochocking and Extracts of Letters from 
 
 85-86. See also James Veech, Monongahela of Old (Pittsburgh, 1858-92), 
 257; Boyd Crumrine, History of Washington County, Pennsybania (Philadelphia, 
 1882), 232; and document in the present volume, post, 410. 
 
 1 For this location see Frontier Defense, 106, note 66. 
 
 2 This was a circular letter to the neighboring county lieutenants. Those 
 to Colonels Evans and Lochry are printed in Pa. Archives, XII, 219-20. That 
 to Lochry includes a rebuke for the Westmoreland inhabitants who were tres- 
 passing on Indian lands. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 169 
 
 the Reverend Missionaries Mess""^ Zeisberger & Hackenwelder, 
 who hve in the Delaware Towns and by whom I have hitherto 
 been furnished with authentic Intelligance. 
 
 It remains to strike a home stroke against one of the hostile 
 Nations and I conceive that a lasting tranquility will ensue to 
 the Inhabitants of this Frontier. This I have in contemplation 
 and expect the hearty concurrence & aid of the Country. Let 
 industry be encouraged, let your Farmers have their spring 
 Crops in the ground by the tenth of next Month and do you have 
 seventy five Men with a proportionate number of officers ren- 
 devouzed at Fort Henry by the twenty second. Those with the 
 number I expect from the other Counties will enable us to strike 
 terror into the Hostile Western Nations. And as the Expedition 
 will be rapid & of short duration it will be attended with very 
 small inconvenience to the planters. — Encourage such as can 
 afford it to take eight or ten days Provisions with them, for which 
 they shall be paid out of the public funds. 
 
 Please to write me your opinion of this measure by the bearer. 
 
 I have the Honor to be very respectfully your most obed' Serv* 
 Daniel Brodhead Colo, commandg WD. 
 Colo. David Sheperd 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Headquarters, Pittsburgh, 
 April 14, 1780, to Rev. John Heckewelder. Printed in Pa. Archives, XII, 221.] 
 
 Thanks Heckewelder for intelligence; indifferent who are 
 enemies, if they can be distinguished from friends. Stroke up 
 Allegheny last fall successful; Six Nations have applied to Con- 
 gress for peace. Expedition soon to be undertaken against Wes- 
 tern tribes; one by sea and land against Quebec and Montreal 
 will end British influence with Indians. Moravian Indians will 
 be safer if gathered closer together. 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Headquarters, April 15, 1780, 
 to Rev. David Zeisberger. Printed in ibid., 221-22.] 
 
 Honored by his letter of April 2. Sorry Joshua was prevented 
 by cold weather from visiting Detroit; his reliability due to 
 
170 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 Christian education and good natural ability. Moravian In- 
 dians would do well to assemble; should watch the other Dela- 
 wares and send information. Plans for a western expedition. 
 
 LOYALIST PLOT IN THE SOUTHWEST 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Walter Crockett,^ April 15, 1780, to Col. William 
 Preston. Printed in John P. Branch Historical Papers of Randolph-Macon Col- 
 lege, IV, 310-11.] 
 
 Encloses letter of Col. Martin Armstrong^ of North Carolina, 
 dated Surry County, North Carolina, April 10, 1780, which 
 gives alarming intelligence concerning a proposed Tory insur- 
 rection. Has been requested to disarm three militia companies 
 on New River, but people so busy putting in crops it is impossible 
 to get men. 
 
 An insurrection threatened on the frontiers from Georgia to 
 Virginia; twenty horseloads of ammunition are to come from the 
 Cherokee who are to send 1,500 warriors. The date for embody- 
 ing is April 25. Similar reports come from H. Benjamin John- 
 ston^ of Virginia. Time is short; must suppress this attempt at 
 once; it is a deeply laid scheme. One Dolly on New River is one 
 of the chiefs of the conspiracy, and has lately visited General 
 Clinton. 
 
 WESTMORELAND RAIDED 
 
 [Extract of a letter of Col. Archibald Lochry to Pres. Joseph Reed. 1NN50. 
 Transcript.] 
 
 Westmoreland Co Ap' 17*'' 1780 
 The savages have begun their hostilities — have struck us in 
 four different places — taken & killed 13 persons, with a number 
 
 1 For Col. Walter Crockett, who at the date of this letter was lieutenant- 
 colonel of Montgomery County militia see Dunmore's War, 44, note 79. 
 
 '^ For Col. Martin Armstrong, county lieutenant for Surry County, N. Car., 
 see ibid., 221, note 53. 
 
 ' Possibly this is the Benjamin Johnston who succeeded Col. William Craw- 
 ford as surveyor of Yohogania County, and involved Virginia in difficulties 
 with Pennsylvania concerning the boundary line. Johnston, the surveyor, 
 lived after 1782 in North Strabane Township, Washington County, Pa. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 171 
 
 of horses & other effects of the inhabitants: Two of the unhappy 
 people were killed one mile from Hannastown. Our country is 
 worse depopulated than ever it has been, I have got a few militia 
 to support the frontiers, but am doubtful I cannot keep them long 
 on duty for want of provisions. Our situation at present seems 
 very deplorable, & if the savages were acquainted with our week- 
 ness they might very easily drive the people over the Yougho- 
 gania. There is no amunition in the country but what is public 
 property. 
 
 BRODHEAD UPHELD 
 
 [Summary of a resolution of Congress, April 18, 1780. Printed in Journal of 
 Continental Congress (Washington, 1908), XVI, 372-73.] 
 
 Brodhead's letter of February 27 received. Resolved that 
 Colonel Brodhead be supported in acts which the service at 
 Fort Pitt makes necessary for the commandant. 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Headquarters, Pittsburgh, 
 April 19, 1780, to Col. Archibald Steel. Printed in Pa. Archives, XII, 222.] 
 
 Instructions must be carried out; if ofTensive operations occur, 
 number of public horses is inadequate. Has requested infor- 
 mation of inspection committee. 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Headquarters, Pittsburgh, 
 April 20, 1780, to Pres. Joseph Reed. Printed in id., VIII, 197-99.] 
 
 Keenly sensitive to rebuke in letter of February 14 last. In- 
 structions from commander in chief permitted reenlistment of 
 rangers when terms had nearly expired; question of subsisting 
 ranging companies discussed. Personal regard for Colonel 
 Lochry, who is unduly influenced by Captains Irwin and Camp- 
 bell. Protection will be assured to the inhabitants of West- 
 moreland. 
 
172 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 DELAWARES LOYAL 
 
 [The Delaware chiefs to Col. Daniel Brodhead and Captain Killbuck. 1H131. 
 In handwriting of Heckewelder.] 
 
 New Town, Apr 23^ 1780. 
 
 Walawpachtschiechen and the Coimcellors to Machingwe 
 Geeshuch and Gelelemend as follows: 
 Brother: 
 
 You desired me to send some of my Young Men to You to join 
 Your Army. I therefore now send Six to join You there, but when 
 You once will be on Your March then two of my Capt°^ shall 
 join You with more Men. 
 
 Brother: I assure You all what I have promised You that I 
 would do, I also will do, but I see no ocasion of sending so many 
 Men to Pittsburgh, as the Enemy we are about to destroy live 
 quite an other Way, therefore I, when I shall know that You 
 certainly March, will soon send Men to meet and join You. 
 
 Brother: I do at present not know which way You intend to 
 March, wheither below Coschocking, thro it, or by Tuscorawas, 
 but if You only give me timely Notice, I shall in no way be back- 
 ward, to meet You at an appointed place. 
 
 Brother: I desire You to send two of these my Young Men to 
 me again as soon as You begin to March With these two Young 
 Men You will inform me of the place You may apoint for me 
 to meet You. 
 
 Brother: I am so much mocked at by the Enemy Ind' for speak- 
 ing so long to them for You. Now they laugh at me, and ask me 
 where that great Army of my Brothers, that was to come out 
 against them so long ago, and so often, stays so long. They say 
 to me, did We not tell that they had no Army and that we were 
 nearly done killing them all, and yet You would believe them? 
 They further desire me to tell You now to make haste and come 
 soon, the sooner, and the greater Your Number the better. 
 
 Brother: I desire You to comply with their wish, and make up 
 as great an Army against them as You possibly can. If you are 
 strong all will end well. 
 
 Brother: I desire Capt" Killbock to be with You when You 
 March, do not let him go to Phillad^ till this buissness is over, 
 for then I and many more intend to go with him. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 173 
 
 Brother: I must yet mention to You that the Enemy is continu- 
 ally threatening me, calling me big Knife and saying they will 
 serve me the same, therefore Brother I long to see You come, and 
 with as many Men as You possibly can get. 
 
 Brother: I desire You to send me with Nechnawalend 10 large 
 Caggs of Powder, with Lead in proportion and flints. He is to 
 fetsch it by Water to me. I am in want of these articles. 
 
 I am Your friend and Brother 
 
 Walapachtschiechen 
 
 M' Gerrard remembers his Compliments to CoP Brodhead and 
 Gelelemend, and desires them to comply with what is required 
 above, 
 
 CoL° Brodhead. Comd"" W. Depart* 
 
 [Addressed:] To CoF Brodhead Comand' West" Departm* at 
 Pittsburgh. 
 
 PREPARATIONS FOR AN EXPEDITION 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Fort Pitt, April 24, 1780, to 
 Gen. George Washington. Printed in Sparks, Corr. Amer. Rev., II, 437-39.] 
 
 Acknowledges receipt of his letters of January 4 and March 14, 
 the former not received until April 18. Since reenforcements are 
 not possible, an expedition against Detroit must be laid aside, 
 unless Colonel Clark's troops join Brodhead's. Has called out 
 825 militia from neighboring counties for a Shawnee expedition; 
 disputed jurisdiction will probably interfere with their coming. 
 As Shawnee have been joined by many Indian renegades, a de- 
 feat by them would be fatal. Artillery and an artillery officer 
 promised by Board of War. Water carriage and public boats. 
 Thanks Washington for leave of absence, but as Colonel Gibson 
 is absent and Indians remarkably hostile must remain at post. 
 Encloses letters from Delaware council and from Heckewelder. 
 Provisions and rations. "Since the 1st of March, the Indians 
 have killed and taken forty-three men, women, and children, in 
 the counties of Youghiogany, Monongalia, and Ohio, including 
 those killed and taken upon the river; and they have destroyed 
 a number of horses and cattle in Tiger Valley."^ 
 
 1 For this locality see Frontier Defense, 279, note 37. 
 
174 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 PROTECTION FOR WESTMORELAND 
 [Orders for Capt. Thomas Beall.i 1NN68. Summary and transcript.] 
 
 Ap' 23'* 1780, Capt. Tho" Beall is ordered with the party as- 
 signed him to take post at Fort Armstrong, & there receive under 
 his command the militia ordered there by the Lieut, of West- 
 moreland: To keep out spies "towards Mahoning up the river" 
 and "down to Kiskemonitas Creek." 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Headquarters, Pittsburgh, 
 April 25, 1780, to Col. Archibald Lochry. Printed in Pa. Archives, XII, 225-26.] 
 
 Lack of clothing has delayed detachment for Fort Armstrong. 
 Capt. Thomas Beall sets out tomorrow with party and provisions 
 for Forts Crawford and Armstrong; militia to be supplied thence. 
 Desires Lochry's opinion on proposed expedition and whether he 
 can furnish quota of militia; encouraging reports from Colonels 
 Shepherd and Evans. 
 
 NEEDS AT FORT PITT 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Fort Pitt, April 25, 1780, to 
 Richard Peters. Printed in ibid., 224-25.) 
 
 Employment of express for letters; hopes "to do something 
 clever in the course of this Campaign," so desires early advices. 
 Capt. A. TannehilP goes to procure clothing allowed ofTicers by 
 act of Congress.3 Bad condition of finances. Artillery reenforce- 
 ment. Many raids since March 1. 
 
 1 For a sketch of Capt. Thomas Beall see Wis. Hist. Colls., XXIII, 350, note 3. 
 
 2 Adamson Tannehill was a Marylahder, who enlisted on July 1, 1776 as second 
 lieutenant in Stephenson's rifle corps. In 1777 Tannehill became first lieutenant 
 of Col. Moses Rawlings' Continental Regiment, and was employed during 
 1779 in the recruiting service. His captaincy was secured July 20, 1779, and 
 thenceforward he served on the Pittsburgh frontier, until retired, Jan. 1, 1781. 
 In 1812 he was brigadier-general of Pennsylvania volunteers. He died July 
 7, 1817. 
 
 3 Congress passed a resolution, Nov. 25, 1779, denoting the amount and 
 price of the clothing to which officers of Continental rank were entitled. Jour, of 
 Cant. Cong., XV, 1304-1306. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 175 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhcad, Headquarters, Pittsburgh, 
 April 27, 1780, to Gen. James Wilkinson. Printed in ibid., 226.] 
 
 Captain Tannehill's mission for officers' clothing; pay will not 
 support them; need for summer clothing. Clothing for troops. 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Pittsburgh, April 27, 1780, to 
 Pres. Joseph Reed. Printed in id., VIII, 210-11.] 
 
 Acknowledges receipt of letters of March 30 and April 22. 
 Glad four companies are to be raised for frontier defense; need 
 great. Between forty and fifty people taken in Ohio counties, 
 no damage in Westmoreland yet. Recommendation of officers; 
 those from neighboring families use soldiers as servants on their 
 farms. Difficulties with Ward and Smallman. Drafting militia 
 for a Shawnee expedition; hopes to do something important at 
 Shawnee towns in course of six weeks. 
 
 ARTILLERY REENFORCEMENT 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Pres. Joseph Reed, Philadelphia, April 29, 1780, to 
 Col. Daniel Brodhead. Printed in ibid., 218.] 
 
 Has received letter of March 18; sorry Delawares are so un- 
 grateful and perfidious. Reenforcements cannot be sent, except 
 Captain Craig's artillery,^ which started two weeks ago. Penn- 
 
 1 Isaac Craig was born in 1742 in the north of Ireland; in 1767 he emigrated 
 to Philadelphia and was employed there as a master carpenter until the beginning 
 of the Revolution. His first commission was as lieutenant of marines, and he 
 served in 1775-76 in Hopkins' expedition to the West Indies in the ship Doria, 
 Capt. Nicholas Biddle commanding. In 1776 Craig entered the infantry. The 
 next year he was commissioned captain in Col. Thomas Proctor's artillery regi- 
 ment and was wounded at the battle of Brandywine. In April, 1779 Craig re- 
 ceived the thanks of the commander in chief for his gallant defense of Billings- 
 poi"t on the Delaware. In the summer of the same year he was detached for 
 Sullivan's expedition, and the next spring to Fort Pitt. In 1781 Craig and his 
 artillery company went with Clark to the Falls on the Ohio, returning Dec. 
 20, 1781. Upon his arrival at Pittsburgh, Craig heard of his promotion to a 
 majority. The next year he volunteered for a reconnoitering expedition to 
 Cuyahoga River. After the war Major Craig settled at Pittsburgh, and in 
 
176 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 sylvania Assembly voted four companies for frontier defense; de- 
 pleted treasury may prevent execution. Protection of Westmore- 
 land entrusted to Brodhead. Reward for scalps offered. Congress 
 has justified Brodhead against improper action of Virginia courts. 
 
 FRENCH AGENT SENT TO DELAWARES 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Fort Pitt, May 4, 1780, to 
 Rev. John Heckewelder. Printed in id.. XII, 227-28.] 
 
 Thanks Heckewelder for letter of April 22. Indian reports 
 discredited. Shawnee falsely report Americans defeated and flee- 
 ing. Kentucky will soon have 15,000 men; Shawnee will find 
 them troublesome neighbors. Promising aspect of American 
 affairs in general. Should Mingo attack Fort Pitt, will repent it. 
 Delawares' desire for an expedition will soon be granted ; awaiting 
 only artillery. Delawares must no longer act double part. Major 
 Linctot's^ mission to their council. 
 
 1785 married the only daughter of Col. John Neville. In partnership with 
 James O'Hara, he began the Pittsburgh glassworks. Craig also served as quar- 
 termaster-general during the Indian wars. He died in 1826 at his home on 
 Montour's Island. 
 
 1 Daniel Maurice Godefroy de Linctot (Lanctot) was one of two sons of a 
 French officer who in colonial times commanded posts on Lake Superior and 
 the Mississippi. Before the fall of New France, Daniel had attained the rank 
 of ensign in the French colonial troops. In 1761 he and his brother went to 
 France, but petitioned in 1762 to be allowed to return to the New World, 
 and in the beginning of the Revolution they were fur traders on the Mississippi. 
 The elder brother died in 1778 at Cahokia. ///. Hist. Colls., II, 8. Daniel en- 
 tered the American service in May, 1779 and raised at Cahokia a troop of horse 
 for an expedition against Detroit. With his new levies he crossed to Peoria and 
 Ouiatanon, causing great alarm among the British. Having been commissioned 
 by Clark captain in the Indian service Linctot exerted much influence for the 
 Americans over the Mississippi tribes as far north as Prairie du Chien. Later 
 in 1779 he went with a party of Indians to visit the governor of Virginia. During 
 that visit he met several French officers and had a conference with the Marquis 
 de Vaudreuil. Id., V, 177. The Virginia authorities commissioned Linctot 
 major of Indian affairs, and he set out for Fort Pitt, whence he went as agent 
 to the Ohio tribesmen. 
 
 He reached Vincennes in December, 1780, and in the spring of 1781 organized 
 relief for Fort Jefferson. In July of that year he was at St. Louis, and about a 
 year later removed to Natchez, where he died sometime before 1797. His son, 
 Bernard Lintot (so spelled), was on the Natchez Committee of Safety in the 
 latter year. One of his sisters married Estevan Minor, last Spanish governor of 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 177 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Headquarters, Fort Pitt, May 
 4, 1780, to Council at Coochocking. Printed in ibid., 228-29.] 
 
 Acknowledges receipt of letter of April 23. Delaware young 
 men are scouting with whites. Awaiting cannon before marching 
 into enemies' country; route unknown, may be devious. Orders 
 best warriors to be sent to accompany army. Enemies, who 
 wish to see Brodhead, shall soon be gratified. French flag being 
 sent to Delawares. Present of ammunition. 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Fort Pitt, May 8, 1780, to 
 Rev. David Zeisberger. Printed in ibid., 231.] 
 
 Colonel Gibson brings letters that are forwarded by a French 
 ofTicer who goes with messages to Delaware council; requests 
 honorable treatment for him. Will be glad of information when 
 he returns. 
 
 SUPPLIES FOR EXPEDITION 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Fort Pitt, May 5, 1780, to 
 Gen. Horatio Gates. Printed in ibid., 229.] 
 
 Expedition against hostile Indians is absolutely necessary. 
 Application for large supply of salt provisions; may be brought 
 up by horses in one trip. Propriety of application. 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Headquarters, Fort Pitt, May 
 6, 1780, to Col. Archibald Steel. Printed in ibid., 230.] 
 
 Orders for forwarding salt beef belonging to this district. Is 
 to wait on General Gates with reference to purchase of bacon. 
 
 Natchez, and the other married the well-known adventurer, Philip Nolan. 
 Linctot's descendants in the Minor family live in Terre Bonne Parish, La. 
 
178 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 ALARM IN WESTMORELAND 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Headquarters, Fort Pitt, May 
 6, 1780, to Capt. Thomas Beall. Printed in ibid., 230.] 
 
 Sergeant Clark arrived express, brings news of a party of 
 Indians discovered opposite Fort Crawford; singular that they 
 should steer that way; has sent Bill Brady ^ for information. Beall 
 has sent Guthrie^ for militia; hopes he will not cause great alarm. 
 Orders for Beall's movements. 
 
 EXPEDITION POSTPONED 
 
 [Col. Daniel Brodhead to Col. David Shepherd. 1SS201. L. S.]'' 
 
 Head Quarters Fort Pitt May 9*^ 1780 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 I find it will not be in my power to provide for the number of 
 men I have ordered to be called into service so soon as I expected ; 
 Besides I have heard that a number of Artillery & stores and two 
 Regiments of Infantry are now on their March to reinforce my 
 Command. The account of Artillery & Stores I have received 
 officially, & I believe the other may be credited. 
 
 It will be essentially necessary for the leading officers of your 
 County to excite the greatest Industry in planting & sowing the 
 Summer Crop & to have your Troops at Fort Henry by the fourth 
 day of next Month — The Militia should be drafted for two 
 Months, altho' the Expedition will probably end in one, and let 
 them be as well armed & accoutred as Circumstances will admit 
 — Encourage them to bring two weeks allowance of provisions 
 lest there should be a deficiency. 
 
 I have no doubt but you & all the good people of your County 
 are convinced of the necessity there is for prosecuting some offen- 
 
 1 See mention of William Brady in Frontier Defense, 217. 
 
 2 For references to Ensign John Guthrie see Wis. Hist. Colls., XXIII, passim. 
 
 3 For similar letters to Col. John Evans of Monongalia County, and Col. 
 Joseph Beeler of Yohogania County see Pa. Archives, XII, 231-32. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 179 
 
 sive operations against the Savages, and I trust that by a well 
 timed movement from the new Settlements down the River to 
 favor Our expedition we shall be enabled to strike a general panic 
 among the hostile Tribes — I am averse to putting too much to 
 hazard as a defeat would prove fatal to the Settlements & there- 
 fore I expect the full quota of men will be furnished which with 
 the blessing of Divine Providence will ensure Success. Indeed I 
 expe[ct] besides the Militia many will turn out volun[teers] to 
 secure to themselves the Blessings of peace 
 
 I have the honor to be with great respect Your most Obed* 
 serv' 
 
 Dan'' Brodhead Col" Command^ W. D. 
 CoL° Shepherd. 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Fort Pitt, May 10, 1780, to 
 Col. Archibald Lochry. Printed in Mary C. Darlington, Fort Pitt (Pittsburgh, 
 1892), 235-36.] 
 
 Expedition postponed for a short time. Stroke on Brush Run^ 
 unexpected; had hoped country east of here would enjoy quiet. 
 Militia should be drafted for two months. Must iiot run too 
 great a risk. 
 
 WESTMORELAND RAIDED 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Headquarters, Fort Pitt, May 
 11, 1780, to Maj. George Slaughter.^ Printed in Pa. Archives, XII, 232.] 
 
 "The County of Westmoreland is again infested with the cursed 
 Mingoes. The Inhabitants are flying from every quarter and it 
 
 1 For this location, just east of Pittsburgh, see Wis. Hist. Colls., XXIII, 292, 
 note 4. 
 
 2 George Slaughter, youngest son of Robert Slaughter, was born in 1739 in 
 Culpeper County, Va. George, with his elder brother, Thomas, visited Ken- 
 tucky in 1775. The next two years he was captain in the Continental service, 
 and in Oct. 4, 1777 was commissioned major of the Twelfth Virginia Regiment, 
 resigning two months later because of ill health. In the summer of 1779 he 
 paid a second visit to Kentucky, and on returning to Virginia raised reenforce- 
 ments for Clark's army. His troop, being detained by deep snows', wintered in 
 the mountains, and arrived in April, 1780 at Fort Pitt, en route for Louisville. 
 
180 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 will be necessary for you to keep a lookout where you are." 
 Asks for detachment of fifteen or twenty soldiers to pursue 
 raiders, Lieut. Col. Richard Campbell not yet returned from down 
 the Ohio. 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Fort Pitt, May 13, 1780, to 
 Gen. George Washington. Printed in ibid., 233-34, and in Sparks, Corr. Amer. 
 Rev., II., 448-50.] 
 
 Assembling of militia postponed until June 4, hoping to secure 
 provisions. General Gates has ordered commissaries to stop 
 purchases. Mingo raids in Westmoreland, several killed and 
 wounded; will probably prevent aid from their militia; they have 
 stationed sixty men on their frontier. A Delaware brings news 
 of two Indian parties crossing at Logstown and Chartier's Creek. 
 
 Artillery officer delayed en route. Enemy intend to attack 
 some post; garrisons at Fort Mcintosh, Holliday's Cove, Fort 
 Henry, and Fort Armstrong. Delaware professions of friendship 
 mistrusted. 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Fort Pitt, May 13, 1780, to 
 Pres. Joseph Reed. Printed in Pa. Archives, VIII, 246-47.] 
 
 Mingo, having received English goods, are again induced to 
 attack Westmoreland, tracks of four parties seen in last four 
 days; two more Indian parties crossed Ohio today. Have only 
 cullings of last years' men to prevent incursions. Delaware 
 friendship dubious because of lack of goods. "For heavens sake 
 hurry up the Companies voted by the Honble Assembly or West- 
 moreland county will soon be a wilderness." Prevail on com- 
 mander in chief to send 500 good regulars. 
 
 From the latter place they went out on the Shawnee expedition, and when 
 Clark returned soon afterwards to Virginia he left Major Slaughter in com- 
 mand of the Kentucky regulars. During Clark's absence Slaughter built Fort 
 Nelson. Soon thereafter he became lieutenant-colonel of all the Virginia forces 
 in Kentucky. In 1784 he was a member of the Virginia Assembly from Jefferson 
 County, Ky., whence he removed to Charleston, Ind., where on June 17, 1818 he 
 died. His nephews, Lawrence, Joseph, James and John Slaughter, were all in 
 Clark's Illinois battalion. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 181 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Fort Pitt, May 14, 1780, to 
 Richard Peters. Printed in id., XII, 234-35.] 
 
 Indian raiding parties; has provisioned the few men Westmore- 
 land has raised for protection. Alarm at orders to commissaries 
 to stop purchase of provisions. Poverty of Delawares may 
 endanger their loyalty; chiefs intend to visit Congress again and 
 take more children to be educated at college. A few goods would 
 work wonders. Captain Mclntyre's allowance while on command. 
 
 ARTILLERY REENFORCEMENT 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Headquarters, Fort Pitt, May 
 13, 1780, to Capt. Isaac Craig. Printed in ibid., 233.) 
 
 Some weeks since news was received that Craig was ordered 
 here with cannon and stores. Realizes diflficulties of transporta- 
 tion, but considering great need of counteracting enemy's designs 
 by offensive operations, urges him to try and arrive by first of 
 June. Pennsylvania road very hazardous; advises coming by 
 Virginia road. Requests a return of ordnance and stores. 
 
 SCOUT DOWN OHIO 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Fort Pitt, May 18, 1780, to 
 Timothy Pickering. Printed in ibid., 237.] 
 
 Thanks for the favor of Congress. Estimate of Indian stores. 
 Militia called out for an expedition; need of stores. Seventy- 
 eight tents unfit for service. Colonel Campbell returned from a 
 scout to mouth of Muskingum; made no discoveries. Good 
 behavior of Delawares who accompanied him. 
 
182 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 EXPEDITION ABANDONED 
 
 [Col. Daniel Brodhead to Col. David Shepherd. 1SS203. A. L. S.Y 
 
 Head Qu'' Fort Pitt May 20**^ 1780. 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 I find it impossible to procure a sufficient quantity of Pro- 
 visions to subsist the Troops which were intended to be em- 
 ployed on an Expedition against the Indians in alliance with 
 Great Britain; Wherefore you will be pleased to give immediate 
 notice to such as have been warned not to March untill you 
 receive further Notice from me. In the mean time I shall en- 
 deavour to give every possible protection to the Settlements and 
 amuse the Indians with Speeches. I am sorry for having given 
 you the trouble of Drafting the Militia. But the disappointment 
 with regard to the means of obtaining supplies are very em- 
 barassing, and must apologize for the alteration in our Measures. 
 I have the Honor to be with great respect Your most Obed* 
 Servt 
 
 Daniel Brodhead Cor command^ W D. 
 CoL° David Shepherd 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Headquarters, Fort Pitt, May 
 20, 1780, to Col. George Rogers Clark. 50J39. A. L. S. Printed in ///. Hist. 
 Colls., VIII, 419-20.] 
 
 Had planned an expedition, abandoned for lack of resources; 
 no reenforcement expected. Urges Clark to attack Shawnee who 
 are the most hostile of the tribes, and whose chastisement would 
 end the war. Major Slaughter with 100 men on his way to 
 Kentucky will join in expedition. Proposed junction of forces. 
 
 1 For similar letters to Colonels Evans, Beeler, and Lochry see Pa. Archives, 
 XII, 238. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 183 
 
 BOUNTY FOR SCALPS 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Fort Pitt, May 18, 1780, to 
 Pres. Joseph Reed. Printed in Pa. Archives, VIII, 249-50.] 
 
 Received letter of April 29. Glad to assure Reed that Dela- 
 wares were not concerned in murders as at first suspected; they 
 acted with the scouts; will join an expedition. Depletion of 
 treasury. Subsistence of troops. Fears bounty for scalps will 
 be used against friendly Delawares and occasion a general Indian 
 war. Delawares have been steady and serviceable; goods would 
 be useful; cannot be taught to consider paper money as a proper 
 reward. Congress' justification of Brodhead's actions. 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Headquarters, Fort Pitt, May 
 20, 1780, to Col. Archibald Lochry. Printed in id., XII. 239.1 
 
 Sends proclamation of Pennsylvania executive offering high 
 premium for scalps of Indians and Tories found in arms against 
 them, and for Indian prisoners. Danger of abuse; some are 
 malicious enough to employ it against friendly Delawares. Their 
 influence is considerable with twenty different tribes; due to 
 them that so few are against them. Notice wanted of designs 
 against friendly Indians. 
 
 [Col. Daniel Brodhead to the Delawares. 2H54. Letter Book.] 
 
 Fort Pitt. IVIay 27*'' 1780 
 Mahingweegeesuch to the Delaware Council at Coochocking 
 Brothers: 
 
 I sent you word by our friend Mon*' Gerard that, The wise 
 American Congress had sent up six Blank Commissions for me to 
 fill up with the names of such trusty men of the Delaware nation 
 as I thought best. But I am desirous first desirous [sic] to take the 
 opinion & recommendation of your Council, because you know 
 which of your own Captains can raise men to go with him against 
 the Enemy & I desire you will immediately send me their names, 
 I expect Capt° Wilson will be one 
 
184 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 Brothers: The GoV & Council of Pen^ have offered a high re- 
 ward for Prisoners & Indian scalps They have carefully avoided 
 offering a reward for white men^ scalps but a bad use might be 
 made of it by some & our Friends the French & Americans at 
 Detroit suffer by it. 
 
 Brothers: The reward offered for scalps & Prisoners will en- 
 courage many of your Brethren of this Island to form themselves 
 into parties to pursue or waylay the Enemy Indians, & as many 
 of them are unexperienced & may not know our Friends I must 
 advise you not to suffer your people to walk upon the warrior 
 paths nor any of the paths leading to the Ohio River all the way 
 from the mouth of Muskingum River to Fort MTntosh, but let 
 such of them as want to transact Business here, travel the old 
 Cuscusky path^ & proceed with great caution 
 
 Brothers: you have seen how careful I have always been to 
 advise you for the best, & you may rely on my friendship still, 
 But as I have said you must shew your friendship by your actions 
 & now you have an excellent opportunity, every thing turns in 
 our favor. The English must soon leave this Island & you will 
 be well rewarded for prisoners & scalps 
 
 Brothers: Be wise & strong for the good of your posterity & 
 believe me to be your Friend & Brother 
 
 Makingwegeesuch 
 
 P. S. When my Cannon & Soldiers arrive you will hear from 
 me again. 
 
 KENTUCKY ENDANGERED. 
 
 [Col. John Bowman^ to Col. Daniel Brodhead. 16S5-8. Transcript.] 
 
 Kentucky County May 27*'' 1780. 
 Col. Brodhead, Sir: 
 
 At this most alarming period, I think it necessary to inform 
 you of the designs of our cruel enemy, the British and Indians, 
 against this part of the western frontiers of Virginia. 
 
 1 This was the trail taken by Mcintosh's army when Fort Laurens was built. 
 See description of the route in Wis. Hist. Colls., XXIII, 183, note 1. For the 
 Indian town of Kuskuskies see Frontier Defense, 178, note 46. 
 
 2 For a sketch of Col. John Bowman, who at the time this letter was written 
 was county lieutenant of Kentucky, see Rev. Upper Ohio, 170, note 94. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 185 
 
 Lieutenant Abraham Chaplin, who was taken last November 
 at the time Col. Rogers was defeated by the Indians on the Ohio, 
 and George Hendricks who was likewise taken at the Salt Springs 
 on Licking in the year 1777 with Major Boone, ^ made their 
 escape from the Wyondott Nation of Indians, living on the 
 waters of Sandusky,^ the 2T^ or 28'^ ultimo, who bring intelli- 
 gence that a larger number of the different tribes of Indians in 
 conjunction with some of the troops belonging to the King of 
 Great Britian, to the Amount of two thousand in the whole, 
 six hundred of whom are green coat rangers from Canada, were 
 preparing to attack the garrison at the Falls of Ohio with cannon, ^ 
 &c. And after reducing the same, their next destination is to 
 Illinois, in order to take that post. Likewise that Capt" Matthew 
 Elliott* gave them information that the different tribes of In- 
 dians were gathering their horses in order to assist the enemy on 
 their expedition over the carrying place from Omey to Large 
 Miami, ^ and that they expect that the enemy will be at the Falls 
 of Ohio in about four weeks from this time. 
 
 Though I have not had the honor of being personally acquaint- 
 ed with you, but from character am well assured of your great 
 zeal for the welfare of the United States in general, and that you 
 have been always ready to render them your services on all 
 occasions — therefore I am induced to request of you all your 
 assistance of men, amunition, and provisions, together with 
 artillery, in order to relieve us from the approaching danger 
 which seems to threaten this part of the world, as far as is in 
 
 ^ For the capture of the salt makers under Daniel Boone see Frontier Defense, 
 252, note 7. For a sketch of George Hendricks see Wis. Hist. Colls., XXIII, 
 244, note 1. 
 
 2 See a British account of the escape of these men in Mich. Pion. & Hist. 
 Colls., XIX, 528. 
 
 ' The company known as the "green coat Rangers" was a detachment from 
 the Loyalist regiment called the King's Royal Regiment of New York. This 
 was enlisted in 1776 by Sir John Johnson, and served in St. Leger's campaign 
 of 1777 and in later border raids. The "Royal Greens" was disbanded in 1783, 
 and its members settled on the Ottawa and St. Lawrence rivers. The leader 
 of the expedition threatening Kentucky, was Capt. Henry Bird. See id., IX, 
 528, 584; id., X, 501-2; id., XIX, 519, 528, 533. 
 
 * For a sketch of Elliott see Frontier Defense, 249, note 5. 
 
 5 The portage from the Maumee (Omey) to the Great Miami might be made 
 either by ascending the Auglaize River to its source and portaging to Lorimier's 
 trading post on Laramie Creek; or by ascending the St. Mary's branch of the 
 Maumee and portaging to the same place. Bird's expedition took the former 
 route. 
 
186 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 your power, consistent with the line of your duty, which I am 
 in hopes you will not deny. I am certain you are sensible, that 
 should this country give way, the Illinois will fall of course, 
 which will enable our enemy the Britons, to call all the Indians at 
 the westward into their service, which would I am persuaded, 
 be of very bad consequence to the United States in general. 
 Pray pardon the freedom I have taken, as I assure you it is from 
 no other motive but the public good. 
 
 I am with esteem your Most Ob* & very humble Serv' 
 
 John Bowman, County Lieutenant of Kentucky County 
 To Colonel Brodhead. 
 
 [Col. John Floyd to Col. William Preston.i 33S318-19. Transcript.] 
 
 The savages have done no damage on this [Beargrass] Creek 
 for some weeks past, but have frequently visited other parts of 
 the county. CoP Slaughter has demanded 1400 militia from 
 this county to go against the Towns, & to rendezvous at the Big 
 Bone by the middle of July; but I doubt the men cannot be raised 
 by Cor Bowman, as such numbers are daily flocking to the in- 
 terior parts of the country. 
 
 The expedition of the enemy against the Falls, I hear nothing 
 more about, tho' this is about the time they were to have been 
 here. D"" Walker has not returned from the Mississippi ;2 & I 
 believe Col. Clark has gone with his troops to a village about 60 
 miles above Illinois called Coho, where was said a large number 
 of Indians were about to make an attack.^ We are in a very 
 defenceless situation in this country, & I hear of reinforcements 
 from you, but I fear if they come they can do us but little service. 
 They will be obliged to return for want of provisions as we have 
 none but bread. 
 
 People [in] this [country] seem generally to have lost their 
 health, but perhaps it is owing to' the disagreeable way in which 
 
 1 This letter is undated. On the manuscript Dr. Draper wrote: "Without 
 date — but doubtless written in June, 1780." 
 
 '^ For Dr. Thomas Walker, who was one of the commissioners for running the 
 Virginia-North Carolina boundary to the Mississippi, see Dunmore's War, 242, 
 note 70. 
 
 3 Floyd alludes to the joint attack on St. Louis and Cahokia (Coho) by a 
 large body of British and Indians sent out by the commandant at Mackinac. 
 See ante, 19-20. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 187 
 
 we are obliged to live crowded in forts, where the air seems to 
 have lost all its purity & sweetness. Our poor little Billyh has 
 been exceedingly ill for several weeks & is reduced to a mere 
 skeleton by a kind of flux which is common here & of which 
 numbers die: His mother is almost disconsolate, & I myself 
 am much afraid we shall lose the child; & if we do, I shall impute it 
 to nothing but living in dirt & filth. My uncle Davis & his 
 son, I am told, were both killed near Cumberland Mountain about 
 five weeks ago as they were going to the settlement. There 
 were four brothers of them who have been all murdered in the 
 course of 7 or 8 years. * * * 
 
 J" Floyd 
 
 [Capt. William Harrod to Mrs. Amelia Harrod. 4NN80. A. L. S.j 
 
 Herrods Farm May the 30 1780. 
 Loving Wife: 
 
 I Take this opertunity To Let you no that I am well at present 
 Hoping you are all in the same state Lutt° Chaplain has just 
 made his Escape from the indians and informs that thare is a 
 Large party of english and indians and Canaidins on tliier March 
 Toward this Contry 
 
 I Enteiid [goingl home as soon as poseble I can Setle my 
 Consarns here you Will have opertunity of hering the situation 
 of this Cuntry By the people that is gon home 
 
 From your Loving Husband 
 
 WiM Herrod 
 [To Amelia Harrod, Ten Mile.] 
 
 BRADY'S SANDUSKY EXPEDITION 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Fort Pitt, May 30, 1780, to 
 Gen. George Washington. Printed in Sparks, Corr. Amer. Rev., II, 458-60.] 
 
 Since last letter ten have been killed, wounded, or captured 
 in Westmoreland County. Widely differing accounts of Detroit 
 
 1 William Preston Floyd, eldest son of Col. John Floyd and Jane Buchanan, 
 died of smallpox shortly after his father's death in 1783. 
 
188 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 garrison. Is sending Captain Brady with five white men and 
 two Delawares to Sandusky to try to take a prisoner; has offered 
 Delawares $50 hard money for a British soldier. Expedition 
 against Indian towns abandoned. Deserters and provisions. 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, n. d., to Pres. Joseph Reed. 
 Printed in Pa. Archives, VIII, 300-301.] 
 
 No mischief done since last letter. Expecting salt provisions 
 from below mountains. French envoy in service of Virginia 
 sent to Indians; while means to chastise them, are lacking, it 
 is well to amuse them. Reward for scalps less useful than a few 
 goods would be. Captain Brady has been gone ten days to 
 Sandusky; expects his return in as many more days; he deserves 
 promotion. 
 
 WESTMORELAND RAIDED 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Archibald Lochry, Twelve Mile Run, June 1, 
 1780, to Pres. Joseph Reed. Printed in ibid., 282-84.] 
 
 Great distress in county; three parties of Indians have visited 
 them; killed five near Ligonier, two on Braddock's Road near 
 Brush Creek; two killed and one wounded near Brushy Run; 
 Laughlin's mill burned. All forted north of Youghiogheny. 
 Brodhead able to afford little assistance; Lochry is raising a 
 volunteer ranging company. Requests ammunition ; large amounts 
 issued to militia at forts. Reward for Indian scalps. Permission 
 for an expedition into enemies' country. Public records removed 
 from Hannastown to Lochry's home. Hannastown petition 
 against Lochry. 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Pres. Joseph Reed, June 2, 1780, to Col. Archibald 
 Lochry. Printed in ibid., 290.] 
 
 Sum of £10,000 forwarded for recruiting or other exigencies. 
 Blank commissions for officers. Commissary Amberson^ must 
 subsist rangers. 
 
 1 For a sketch of Maj. William Amberson, see Wis. Hist. Colls., XXIII, 140, 
 note 5. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 189 
 
 INDIAN INFORMATION 
 
 [Rev. David Zeisberger to Col. Daniel Brodhead. Washington Papers. Con- 
 temporary transcript.] 
 
 ScHOENBRUN JuDc the T' 1780. 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 I am much obliged for your favour of the 8*^ last month & 
 also the Inclosed letters from Lancaster, by these last I learned 
 that we have to expect some of our Brethern from Bethlehim 
 very soon — when they arive at Pittsburgh I desire the favour 
 to send an Messenger immediately here & give us notice of their 
 Arrival and I will send a party of our Indians to conduct them 
 hither. 
 
 Of Major Lanctots affair and what sucksess he had at Coo- 
 chocking I can mention nothing as I only had a little Intelligence 
 from here say, but I believe M'' Heckewelder who undoubtedly 
 knows more of it has wrote to you — Your last message to the 
 Chiefs at Coochocking I hear has given them much uneasiness & 
 they are comeing to speak with you concerning that matter. A 
 muncy Indian who was in the Company you had a skirmish 
 with at or near Conawaen [Conewago] last year came here some 
 days ago from Niagara, he says he tells no lie that all the Mingoe 
 & muncy towns were destroyed & not one left — That those 
 Munceys are on their way to come this way again & would be 
 here this Summer, that at Niagara three hundred Indians Men, 
 Women & Children Dyed of a distemper last year & at Conawaen 
 Eighty by the small Pox. Cayashooto [Guyashusta] with a 
 party of Mingoes is gone to the Wyandotts so as we hear to treat 
 of good matters We are and have been very quiet all this spring 
 but it seems by your last message [to] the Councill of Coochocking 
 as if the road betwen here and the Fort would be unsafe to Travel, 
 if it should be so you will be pleased to let me hear more of it, for 
 our people will be most in danger because we are on the Frontiers 
 & if our Indians go out hunting they might easily meet with some 
 of your parties. 
 
 I am dear sir your most obedient & humble servant 
 
 D. Zeisberger 
 To Danel Brodhead Co' 
 
190 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 [Rev. David Zeisberger to Col. Daniel Brodhead. Washington Papers. Con- 
 temporary transcript.] 
 
 TuPAKiNG June 7*'' 1780. 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 I wrote to you some days ago when Major Lanctot came here 
 from Cooshocking on his return to the Fort, but was afterwards 
 detained by Cap* Killbuck and the Councillors who turned back 
 again from this place to Cooshocking. 
 
 By these two Mesengers you will receive all the News from M' 
 Heckewelder in Writing which Cap* Killbuck brought to him 
 from Cooshocking, but Major Lanctot will not give Credit to it, 
 that Three Hundred English are marched, but perhaps only some 
 few along with the Shawneese. He is very much for going with 
 these Messengers, to the Fort but Cap* Killbuck sent Word to 
 him to wait yet four days when he and others would go with him 
 in a few days hence. He has sent Messages to the Wyandats and 
 Shawneese but the latter was gone to War before this Message 
 arrived there, and they are waiting yet for an Answer from the 
 Wyandats. 
 
 I am Dear Sir your most Humble Servant — 
 
 D. Zeisberger. 
 To Col. Brodhead 
 
 [Captain Killbuck to Col. Daniel Brodhead. 1H134. In handwriting of 
 Heckewelder.] 
 
 Salemi June y^ 7*'' 1780 
 Capt° John Killbuck, and the Councill of Cooshockung to 
 Mahingwee Geeshuch as follows: 
 Brother: 
 
 You told me when I came away from You, to let You know 
 what I might see or hear when at home. A few Days ago I was 
 on my Horse already to come to You, and would have told You 
 all I seen or heard, but again I was stop'd by Your Speech with 
 the French Man, in which I was desired to listen to what he had 
 to say. 
 
 1 Salem was a village for the Moravian Indians, established in the spring of 
 1780 by Heckewelder, who removed thither those of his mission who had not gone 
 to Gnadenhiitten and Schonbrunn with Edwards and Zeisberger. Salem was 
 situated on the Tuscarawas River, five miles below Gnadenhiitten, a little 
 southeast of the modern Port Washington, in Tuscarawas County, Ohio. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 191 
 
 Brother: Some of the News which we had hear'd before was not 
 so as reported, but now depend on what I tell You that it is truth. 
 Eight Nights ago 300 English (some French along with them) 
 with 4 pieces of Cannon; 500 Indians of diferent Nations, Wyon- 
 doughella with 50 Dellawares, 19 Dellawares from Keenhanshi- 
 canink went off to War against the Settlements at Kentuckee. 
 furthur Geijashuta (the Mingoe Chieff) is arived at Sandusky 
 with a great many Belts, from whence he sent for the half King, 
 Wyondoughella, Capt° Pipe and Wingeenund, and now it is 2 
 Nights past since they set off for Detroit, there to hear the 
 Speeches and have a Councill.^ I hear Geijashuta is on a good 
 arrant, but cannot know yet the truth. No Wyondotts are gone 
 with those Warriors, they spoke strong to all of their Nation and 
 told them that is was true they formerly were the greatest War- 
 riors of all Nations, but that now the Shawnese were eager to 
 gain that Name, that they were become the greatest Wariors of 
 all Nations, they therefore (the Wyondotts) would leave all 
 over unto them, and they might now try and do their best. 
 
 Brother now listen to me further: You told me that You had 
 received Orders to give Comisions to 6 of my Men, namely such 
 as could be recomended as true and faithfull. I have Considered 
 about this matter, and shall give You my Oppinion of it when 
 we will come together again. I am glad to hear You and shall 
 come soon to You, and when we shall see one another in the Face 
 we will know more about our good and great Friendship. 
 
 Brother: I desire You will open me imediately my old Road 
 by Beaver Creeck to Pittsburgh again for I do not like to take 
 such a round about way, when I come to see an speak with You. 
 This Brother I desire You to do and let me know imediately 
 by one of these my Young Men what you have determined on. In 
 4 Nights more I shall set off for Pittsburg, I now am only waiting 
 to hear the News the Big Cat^ will bring from the Wyondotts 
 and then will go, and wish to meet my Messenger half ways 
 between this and Beaver Creeck that I may hear there from him 
 Your determination. 
 
 1 For this embassy see Mich. Pion. & Hist. Colls., X, 404. Because of the 
 absence of the chiefs upon Capt. Henry Bird's expedition no formal council could 
 be held by Guyashusta. The messages, which were sent by the Six Nations 
 urging the western warriors to maintain the British alliance, he left with the 
 Wyandot. In August, 1780 the chiefs assembled at Detroit to consider this 
 matter. Id., XIX, 555. 
 
 2 For this chief see Wis. Hist. Colls., XXIII, passim. 
 
192 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 Brother: I must yet inform You that 3 Men from Wyondough- 
 ellas gang went by here towards You, it is likely they will do 
 some mischieiT. 
 
 Brother: Some Days ago one Man and an old Woman came 
 from Niagara, who aquaint me that last Winter 3 Hundred 
 Ind^ died at that place on the Flux. You shall hear furthur when 
 I come to You. 
 
 I am Your friend and Brother 
 
 John Killbuck. 
 Brother Maghingwe Geeshuch at Pittsburgh 
 [Addressed:] To M' Daniel Brodhead CoF Comand* W° Dep* at 
 Pittsburgh by 2 Dellaw^ from Cooshokung. 
 [Endorsed:] Col" Henry alias Jn° Killbuck 
 
 WESTERN GARRISONS FOR VIRGINIA 
 
 [Summary of proposals of Virginia Council, June 8, 1780. 50J42. Printed in 
 ///. Hist. Colls., VIII, 423-24.] 
 
 Posts to be garrisoned at mouth of Little and Great Kanawha, 
 Sandy, and Licking rivers, one at Kelly's on the Great Kanawha, 
 and one at Martin's cabin in Powell's Valley. Proportion of 
 militia to be raised by each of the several western counties. 
 
 KENTUCKY ENDANGERED 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Arthur Campbell,* Goodwood, June 7, 1780, to 
 Col. William Preston. Printed in John P. Branch Historical Papers, IV, 311.] 
 
 An express from Col. John Bowman brings word that Lieut. 
 Abraham Chapline, taken prisoner at Rogers' defeat, escaped 
 from Sandusky, April 28, and reached the Falls of Ohio, May 19. 
 He reports also that Col. John Butler with 600 regulars and 1,000 
 Indians is on his way from the lakes to attack the post at the 
 Falls and other forts. They have cannon and are coming up the 
 Maumee and down the Great Miami. Colonel Bowman sends 
 for aid. Plans for furnishing relief. The fate of Charleston, 
 S. C, will encourage the Tories. 
 
 1 For a sketch of Col. Arthur Campbell see Dunmores War, 39, note 70. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 193 
 
 [Rev. David Zeisberger to Col. Daniel Brodhead. Washington Papers. Con- 
 temporary transcript.] 
 
 TuPAKiNG June 12'*' 1780. 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 This is the third time I write to you sin[c]e the French Officer 
 is here in our Town waiting for the Chiefs to go with him to the 
 Fort. He has sent speeches to the Wyandats, and Shawnesse, 
 but it seems they are not attentive, for they are already at War. 
 He sees very well there is nothing to be done now. Fifty English 
 and Fifty French, with some Hundreds of Indians are Marched 
 to Kentucke, but most part of the French are Deserted, they 
 have with them some Canon, — At Detroit there Cayashoota 
 party of Mingoes is gone, and where a great Council is to be held 
 undoubtedly a new Indian War is preparing for — for that is I 
 think, not the place to treat for peace. We have no peace to 
 expect so long as that place remaineth in that situation, by the 
 Gentleman who was a prisoner among the Wyandats, you will 
 [receive] a good deal of Inteligence, concerning that place, Six- 
 teen Wyandats, in one, and Six Delawares from thence in another 
 Company, are gone by Tuscarawas towards Pittsburgh to War, 
 it is likely we shall have troublesome times this Summer. 
 
 I am Dear Sir Your most Obedient & Humble Servant 
 
 D. Zeisberger 
 
 [Col. Arthur Campbell to Maj. William Edmiston.i 9DD20. A. L. S.] 
 
 June 12*'' 1780. 
 Sir: 
 
 The requisition of the Commanding Officer of Kentuckey 
 County for Aid from this to enable him to oppose the Enemy that 
 are about to invade that Country, has made it my Duty to Order, 
 Three Companys of the Militia of this County which you are to 
 take Command of and to March with all possible dispatch to 
 Louisville (y® Falls of the Ohio), or such other Post in that 
 County, that from, the events of the Invasion, you may judge 
 most advisable for the public Good. 
 
 Your Corps are to be furnished with Provision for the Journey 
 by M"^ Baker^ CoF Clarks Commissary, and they are to escort 
 
 1 For a sketch of William Edmiston see ibid., 84, note 32. 
 
 2 Evan Baker was a namesake of Col. Evan Shelby. He and his father, Isaac 
 Baker, removed from Maryland with the Shelby family, where the Bakers settled 
 
194 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 such supplys of provision &c. as may be judged necessary to 
 send. M' Robert Irvine is instructed to provide Pack Horses 
 &c. for your use, to whom you are to apply from time to time, 
 and give him such necessary advice and instructions as the pro- 
 motion of the Service may require I have it from good authority 
 that the Assembly is about passing a Law to pay the Militia at 
 old rates, (or in other Words at Tobacco rates) this will enable 
 the frontier Counties more readily to send Men into the Service, 
 without hurting their Families. For Provisions, Horse Hire &c. 
 and the officers and Men in the Staff Department to be paid in 
 the same manner. In short I hope as our Rulers seems to be 
 departing from their late narrow System, we ought on our part 
 to display, the greater readiness and activity in the defence of 
 our Country, especially as our own security so immediately 
 depends on it. 
 
 I am Sir Your very Humble Servant 
 
 Arthur Campbell 
 Major Edmiston 
 
 [Addressed:] Major William Edmiston of Washington, Public 
 Service. 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Arthur Campbell, Goodwood, June 13, 1780, to 
 Col. William Preston. 5QQ33. A. L. S. Printed in III. Hist. Colls., VIII, 
 424-25.] 
 
 Indecision and consternation in Kentucky; Col. John Butler 
 coming in great wrath, boasts he will give no quarter. Three 
 companies of militia to go from this county; desires one or two 
 companies from Montgomery County. Aid in furnishing am- 
 munition requested. 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Arthur Campbell, Goodwood, June 23, 1780, to 
 Col. William Preston. Printed in John P. Branch Historical Papers, IV, 312-13.] 
 
 On receipt of Colonel Bowman's requisition, concluded to 
 send supplies directly overland to Colonel Clark at the Falls. 
 
 on the Holston River near the Virginia-Tennessee border line, at the modern 
 Goodson, Va. Evan Baker was commissary of Washington County, Va., during 
 the later years of the Revolution. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 195 
 
 Three companies are almost ready to march; cattle and pack 
 horses to accompany them. Captain May^ confirms the expec- 
 tation of a heavy blow to the westward, which explains recent 
 immunity. Beginning of the campaign is unfavorable; it would 
 be an additional humiliation to have a British government estab- 
 lished on the Ohio and Mississippi. The times call for the assis- 
 tance of every wise man. 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Capt. Thomas Quirk,^ June 23, 1780, to Col. William 
 Preston. Printed in ibid., 313.] 
 
 Acknowledges receipt of his letter of the 22°*^, would be willing 
 to march to the Ohio with his few men, were they in condition 
 for that service. All of them at the lead mines amount to no 
 more than two sergeants and twenty-nine privates and are with- 
 out arms or clothing. As it is almost impossible for those men 
 to march in time to the assistance of Kentucky would be glad to 
 have the conditions reported to the governor. 
 
 LOYALIST PLOT IN SOUTHWEST 
 [Col. Arthur Campbell to Maj. William Edmiston. 9DD21. A. L. S.] 
 
 Goodwood June 24, 1780 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 A Letter just received from the Commanding Officer at the 
 Lead-Mines, I am informed that the Tories have embodied them- 
 
 1 For Capt. John May see Dunmore's War, 21, note 34. 
 
 2 Thomas Quirk, an Irish emigrant, came to America sometime before the 
 Revolution and in 1775 prospected in Kentucky. The next year he was com- 
 missioned ensign in the Seventh Virginia Regiment, and on November 13 was 
 promoted to a lieutenancy. On Sept. 14, 1778 Lieutenant Quirk was transferred 
 to the Fifth Virginia. Having resigned, July 4, 1779, from the eastern army. 
 Quirk recruited during the succeeding summer for Clark, and took reenforce- 
 ments to the Illinois, where he was stationed at Cahokia. In 1780 Quirk was 
 in Virginia, in charge of a company of militia posted at Fort Chiswell to protect 
 the lead mines. It was from this place that this letter of June 23, 1780 was 
 written. After a summer's campaign against the Virginia Loyalists Quirk went 
 in 1781 to Kentucky, serving as major of the troops stationed at Louisville. He 
 died at that place on Sept. 6, 1803. By his demise was lost "a brave man and 
 an excellent officer." See his obituary in Draper Mss., 36J23, 28. 
 
196 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 selves up New River, and intend to take that place also that 
 they have killed nine Men, and are committing various outrages. 
 I am also call'd upon in a most pressing manner to send assistance 
 as the Mines is in great danger. 
 
 You are therefore desired to Order four full Divisions out of 
 the Companies commanded by the Captains Montgomery,^ 
 Beattie,2 Dysart,^ Edmondson,* Lewis,^ Neil,^ and John Campbell 
 R[oyal] Oak,' to go under the Command of the Captains Dysart, 
 
 ^ Capt. James Montgomery lived on the south fork of Holston River, eight 
 miles from the present Abingdon, Va. For a sketch of his career see Dunmore's 
 War, 65, note 9. 
 
 ^ David Beattie was born about the year 1752 on Carr's Creek, Rockbridge 
 County, Va. About the year 1772 his father, John Beattie, removed with his 
 family to Glade Spring in Washington County. There, on Feb. 26, 1777, 
 David was commissioned lieutenant in the county militia, and in April, 1780 
 was promoted to a captaincy. After the summer's campaign of 1780 against 
 the Loyalists, David Beattie and his younger brothers, William and John, 
 volunteered for the campaign of King's Mountain, where on October 7, the 
 latter of the three brothers was killed. David Beattie died in the spring of 
 1814 at his home in Washington County. See Draper Mss., 14DD72. 
 
 ' James Dysart was born in 1744 in Ireland, and in 1761 emigrated to America. 
 In 1770 he was one of the group known as the "Long Hunters," which explored 
 Kentucky and Tennessee. Later Dysart settled on Little Holston, where in 
 1775 he married Agnes, sister of David Beattie. Dysart was for many years a 
 magistrate and a militia officer of Washington County, serving also as its sheriff 
 from its organization until June 5, 1784. He was captain of volunteers on the 
 expedition to King's Mountain, and was wounded in the battle. The next 
 year he was commissioned major of militia, and later represented his county 
 in the Virginia Assembly. Late in life he removed to Rockcastle County, Ky., 
 where he died May 26, 1818. 
 
 * Capt. William Edmiston (Edmondson) was either nephew or cousin of the 
 officer to whom the above letter is addressed. After the campaign against the 
 Loyalists, Captain Edmondson volunteered for the King's Mountain campaign 
 and was killed in the battle that ensued. 
 
 ^ Aaron Lewis was from Albemarle County, and belonged to the same family 
 as the explorer, Meriwether Lewis. Aaron, after removing to Washington 
 County, was justice and coroner, major, and later lieutenant-colonel of militia. 
 In 1783 he was assistant county surveyor, and soon thereafter removed to Ken- 
 tucky. There in 1787 he was trustee of Boonesborough, and the next year mem- 
 ber of the Kentucky convention. In 1794 Col. Aaron Lewis represented Madi- 
 son County in the State Assembly. In 1804 he was official surveyor of Logan 
 County, when he made his home at Russellville. 
 
 8 William Neil (or Neal) was promoted in 1779 to a captaincy in the Wash- 
 ington County militia, wherein he had served as ensign since Feb. 26, 1777. 
 Captain Neil with his company went on the King's Mountain campaign. See 
 Lyman C. Draper, King^s Mountain and its Heroes (Cincinnati, 1881), 405. 
 
 ^ For a sketch of Capt. John Campbell of Royal Oak see Dunmore's War, 47, 
 note 83. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 197 
 
 and Beattie, and such Subalterns as you may think proper, and 
 the whole to be headed by yourself. Give caution to the Officers 
 not to Order any of the Men or OfTicers, already ordered for the 
 Kentucky Service, for altho. that trip is laid asside another is 
 ordered, from which you may be excused, but it will be proper 
 the others hold themselves in readiness. I think the Men ought 
 at farthest to set out Tuesday Morning, taking with them provi- 
 sion to Serve them some days, as they cannot be supply'd until 
 they get to the Mines. Such as chooses had better take Horses. 
 The Governor has ordered no assistance from the Counties this 
 way to Kentucky, but has ordered an Expedition against the 
 Chuckamoggas. The French have Landed a fine Army in 
 America. We have lately taken 700 of the Enemys Horse in one 
 Body in the South. The Tories on the Frontiers are deceived 
 once more, it may be for our good if they all thro' off the Mask, 
 but can they claim the same lenity as have on former occasions 
 been shown. Let both of the Companies rendezvous at Charles 
 Bowens^ one time where I will met them on giving me notice as 
 it may be proper to take difTerent routs from thence. I judge 
 it improper to leave home, therefore cannot see you as I intended. 
 Charlestown Surrendered the 11*'' of May after a close Seige of 
 30 days. — Cap* May from Kentucky says that he thinks the 
 Main Body of the Enemy are gone to the Illinois, however he 
 says 200 Indians was seen crossing the Ohio near the Falls a few 
 days before he left Kentucky. 
 
 I am Sir Your most Obedient Servant 
 
 Arthur Campbell 
 Major Edmondson 
 
 P. S. I have just heard that one of the heads of the Tories 
 from Carolina was on Reed Creek^ yesterday, — ^It may be proper 
 to caution the Companies your way to have their Arms all in 
 order and to be on their guard, indeed it may be dangerous for 
 so many Men to be assembled tomorrow unarmed, now seems to 
 be the time to try the sincerity of those who have professed 
 themselves Citizens of America. 
 
 A. C. 
 [Addressed:] To Major William Edmondson, Public Service. 
 
 1 Charles Bowen lived at Crab Orchard at the head of Holston River, probably 
 in the modern Bland County, Va. Bowen, who was born in 1747, was in Capt. 
 William Edmiston's company on the King's Mountain campaign. In 1832 he 
 was living in Blount County, Tenn. See Draper Mss., 2DD228. 
 
 2 For this location see Dunmore's War, 63, note 4. 
 
198 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 [Col. Arthur Campbell to Maj. William Edmiston. 9DD22. A. L. S.] 
 
 June 25 [1780] 3 OClock Afternoon 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 I have just received another Express from Col" Crockett and 
 Cap* Quirk the Tories are actually embodied in the Glades/ 
 to the Amount of Two Hundred, and some have certainly kill'd 
 nine Men. — Send Expresses to the different Captains to hurry 
 them along, let no time be lost either night or day, the Men had 
 better come this way to be supply'd with powder. Public Lead 
 I have none, but there is some of my own here, that such as 
 chooses may be supply'd with you had better desire, that 
 every one that can — should come along, the matter will be 
 decided in a few days. 
 
 I am Sir Your Obedient Ser''* 
 
 Arthur Campbell 
 [Addressed:] To Major William Edmiston, Public Service 
 
 [Summary of a letter of John Breckinridge,'^ Fort Chiswell, June 25, 1780, to 
 Col. William Preston. Printed in John P. Branch Historical Papers, IV, 314.] 
 
 News of the rising of the Tories on New River confirmed. Husk, 
 supposed to be a spy, came to the mines, was detained by Captain 
 Quirk. A gathering in the Glades, including nine light horsemen 
 refugees from Carolina. A captain of militia named Swift brings 
 the same accounts and adds that there were British ofTicers 
 among them. Preston's neighbors will no doubt be active on 
 this occasion. 
 
 * The "Glades" lay at the head of the south fork of Holston River in Wythe 
 County, Va., not far from the lead mines. 
 2 For a sketch of John Breckinridge see Wis. Hist. Colls., XXIII, 66, note I. 
 
CONTRACT FOR RESCUING INDIAN CAPTIVES 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 199 
 
 CONTRACTS FOR RESCUING CAPTIVES 
 
 [Agreements to recover captives.^ 1H137-38. D. S.] 
 
 Articles of Agreement made by and bettween Lewis (an In- 
 dian) of the One Part and Henry M° Bride^ of the Other Part — 
 Witnesseth 
 
 r* That the said Lewis doth hereby engage as far as lies in his 
 power to release & bring in from the Indians, the Undernamed 
 Persons now prisoners in their Custody, Viz* Mary Tucker, 
 Lewis Tucker, Elizabeth Turner, James Turner, Elizabeth Faulks 
 & George Faulks, taken off the Waters of Racoon, from a sugar 
 Camp. 
 
 2^ The said Henry M" Bride doth hereby engage to deliver 
 unto the afforsaid Lewis for his Services as afforementioned Two 
 Milch Cows or Cows with calf, for each & every of the above- 
 mentioned prisoners when they are delivered up. 
 
 3*^'^ And as each of the alToresaid prisoners will require a Horse 
 to ride home the said Henry M" Bride doth hereby engage to give 
 a Horse or Mare in Good Order for each of said Horses that may 
 be rendered Invalid by such services. 
 
 In Witness whereof the parties engaging have hereunto set 
 their Hands & Seals this 2T^ Day of June 1780 
 
 Henry M'^Bride 
 Witness Present his 
 
 W° Boniface Lewis + Lapandier 
 
 mark 
 [Endorsed:] Articles of Agreement between Indian Lewis & 
 M" Bride 
 
 Articles of Agreement made & concluded on between Lewis (an 
 Indian) of the One Part and John Harden of the Other Part — 
 Witnesseth 
 
 1^* That the Said Lewis hereby engageth to release & bring in 
 from the Indians the Undernamed persons now in their Custody, 
 Viz' Mary Harden wife of John Hardin & her Two Children One 
 
 1 This agreement and the succeeding one were made at Fort Pitt at the time 
 of the council held by the French officers. See ///. Hist. Colls., V, 163-67. 
 
 * James McBride, who lived on Little Raccoon Creek, in Robinson Township, 
 Washington County, Pa., was the father of ten sons, of whom Henry appears to 
 have been one. The McBrides were neighbors of the Tuckers and Turners, 
 whose children were in captivity. 
 
200 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 a Boy of Five Years old and the Other Four Years Old, taken on 
 the River Ohio about Forty Miles below Wheeling. 
 
 2^ The Ailoresaid John Hardin doth hereby promise to pay 
 unto the afforesaid Lewis for the abovementioned Senices, two 
 Milch Cows, or Cows with Calf, for each and even- of the Above 
 Mentioned prisoners at the time of Deliven-. 
 
 3'^^ And As the s*^ Lewis will require Horses to earn.- the said 
 prisoners into the American Lines, or be thereby Invalided bv 
 such services, then the Aiforesaid John Hardin doth hereby 
 engage to make good the Damages that said Horses may receive 
 on account of said Services. 
 
 In Witaess Whereof the parties have hereunto set their Hands 
 & Seals this 28" Day of June and in Year 1780 
 Witness Present 
 
 Jacob Coksl\xi John Hardix 
 
 Jacob Springer 
 [Endorsed:] Articles of Agreement betvseen Le\sis (an Indian; and 
 John Hardin 
 
 FRENCH AGEXT AT FORT PITT 
 
 [Summan.- of a letter of Col. Mottin de la Balme,- Fort Pitt, June 27, 1780, to 
 Chevalier de la Luzerne.* Printed in III. Hist. Colls., V, 163-68.] 
 
 Found on arrival here that the L'nited States was threatened 
 vriih a general Indian war. Linctot, who had wandered some 
 
 ^ According to reminiscences in Draper Mss., 13CC9, "Coonrod Coleman 
 and another man, went to Detroit to get these [the Hardin familvj exchanged. 
 Brought back Mrs. Hardin."' 
 
 ' Col. Augustin Mottin de la Balme came to the United States in 1778 and 
 offered his sersices to Congress, by whom he was appointed inspector-general 
 of cavalry-, an office for which his pre%"iovis mihtar\' training had prepared him. 
 Upon the appointment of Pulaski as head of the Continental cavalry- La Bal m e 
 resigned, and spent the winter of 1779-80 in Philadelphia. There he met the 
 French minister, and, apparently authorized by him, came West in June. 1780, 
 possibly in response to Brodhead's request for a French officer to treat ^"ith the 
 Indians. La Balme arrived at Vincennes sometime before July 30, thence he 
 proceeded to the Illinois, and raised a force of French-Canadians destined 
 to attack and capture Detroit. Late in October the expedition arrived at the 
 Miami ^•illage on the site of Fort WaN"ne. This they captured and plundered, 
 but the Indians and traders, rall\-ing a few da>-s later, defeated La Balme's 
 force at Aboite Creek, killed their leader, and entirely dispersed the expedition. 
 See brief account in M. M. Quaife, Chicago and the Old \orthwest ;, Chicago, 1913), 
 97-99. See also 111. Hist. Soc., Transactions, 1909, 104-34. 
 
 ' Anne Cesar, ChevaUer de la Luzerne, was bom in Paris ia 1741 of an illus- 
 trious family. His first career was that of arms, which he relinquished in 1776 
 
FRONTIER RETRE-AT 201 
 
 years among Indians because he refused to sen-e under English 
 flag, left here May 7, accompanied by thirty trusty Indians, to 
 go and ward ofT threatened attacks on the frontiers. His messages 
 received by several tribes; some chiefs came back here with him 
 for a council. Writer as a French chief spoke to them. They 
 promise entire obedience to the French, but ask for goods; say 
 that last year a thousand promises were made them at Phila- 
 delphia; now they are neglected and abandoned, and threatened 
 by the English. Writer told them the French king wished them 
 to be quiet and listen to Spanish and Americans. Bad treatment 
 by all whites here except commandant. \Miile treating for peace, 
 one band of men attempted to massacre them; another to steal 
 their horses. Writer descends the river \sith three Frenchmen 
 and an old Shawnee princess. ^ Linctot is to go overland and try 
 and attach Indians to cause of United States. Value of Linctot's 
 services. Relations between French and Indians advantageous. 
 One Pierre Thibau of Captain Craig's artillery is a French de- 
 serter, desires reenstatement. 
 
 A LOYALIST LETTER 
 
 [Jacob Peteson to Michael Price.- 5QQ35. A. L. S.j 
 
 HoLESTOx June the 29'^ 1780 
 Respective Friend : 
 
 I beg Leave to congratulate You my Dear Friend on a Subject 
 of no small importance concerning the Disturbances in your 
 County which I have heard of Late which is that the county is 
 like to be torn to pieces by the Whigs since they heard that 
 Charlestown was taken by the British but Dear Sir I have a 
 Lamentable Stor\' to Inform you off and indeed I would be glad 
 that you would keep it Secret which is that Charlesto\^Ti is re- 
 
 for diplomacy. In that year he was French minister to the Comt of Bavaria. 
 In 1779 he was appointed minister to the United States arri\ing in September, 
 but he was not formally presented to Congress until November. La Luzerne 
 was a prudent and gracious diplomat, on confidential terms ^^'ith Washington 
 and Lafayette. He sen.-ed throughout the Revolution, returning to France in 
 1783. In 1788 he was appointed ambassador to London where he died in 1791. 
 
 1 Probably this was the Grenadier Squaw, for whom see Frontier Defense, 26, 
 note 57. 
 
 ' As early as 1777 Michael Price was suspected of Loyalist tendencies. See 
 ibid., 169. ' 
 
202 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 taken by the French and likewise New York which is for certain 
 tho I beg to be excused for my short Epistole tho if you will be 
 pleased to meat me at Shells [Shulls] this 29**^ Day of June I 
 would inform you in a more inteligible manner. I have no more 
 to say at present but still remain your resp* Friend 
 
 Jacob Peteson [?] 
 To Mr Michael Price Montgomery County 
 
 BRADY RESCUES MRS. STOOPS 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Fort Pitt, June 29, 1780, to 
 Gen. George Washington. Printed in Sparks, Corr. Amer. Rev., Ill, 9-11, and 
 in Pa. Archives, XII, 243.] 
 
 Encloses letters from Colonel Bowman and Rev. David Zeis- 
 berger. Accounts alarming; Brodhead's messages to Indians may 
 prevent British expedition. Capt. Samuel Brady has just re- 
 turned from Sandusky; took two squaws, one escaped after six 
 days; he brought the other to Kuskuskies where he met seven 
 warriors with a woman and child captured on Chartier's Creek. 
 Brady killed the Indian captain, brought in white woman, squaw 
 escaped. Was without provisions six days, but brought in whole 
 party safe. His zeal and good conduct commended. ^ Artillery 
 safely arrived, with company of twenty-five men and three 
 ofTicers. 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Fort Pitt, June 30, 1780, to 
 Timothy Pickering. Printed in ibid., 244.] 
 
 Alarming accounts of British activity. Brady's return from 
 Sandusky; rescue of a white woman. Has provisions for only four 
 weeks; alarming message from Colonel Steel; forced supplies will 
 be necessary. 
 
 ' Brady's Sandusky expedition and his rescue of Mrs. Stoops on the return trip 
 are among the best-known events of his career, and many descriptions thereof 
 are contained in the Draper Mss. We choose for publication, in addition to 
 Brodhead's ofTicial reports, the account of Brady's brother, Hugh, who obtained 
 his knowledge from Brady himself; the recollections of the captive boy, related 
 to Dr. Draper by his widow; and those of one of Brady's scouts, related by his 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 203 
 
 [Reminiscences of Gen. Hugh Brady.' 7NN39, pp. 3-5, 8.] 
 
 Not long after this affair [rescue of the Henry children]- the 
 captain at the solicitation of his colonel visited the upper San- 
 dusky town^ with only eight men. on his near approach to the 
 village he discovered men, women, and children amusing them- 
 selves in horse raceing. From the position which he had taken 
 he witnessed the running of the Horses, which was continued 
 throughout that day and until late in the afternoon of the next, 
 when a gray horse which had proved the victor was beaten only 
 by over-weighting him with two riders — after which, the men 
 returned to the village, the women & children to picking berries. 
 As no chance of taking a warrior prisoner presented, he caught 
 two squaws and started for home. That night it commenced 
 raining very hard and continued throughout all the next day, 
 which destroyed their provisions and all the powder but a few 
 charges which the captain had in a priming horn — The weather 
 continued cloudy for several days after, and being without a 
 compass to stear by, their progress was slow, and not very direct 
 until the sun made its appearance, shortly after which they struck 
 an old Indian path — which the captain knew led to the mouth of 
 the Big Beaver. Having then been two days without provisions 
 — he informed his men he would go in advance and try to kill 
 something to eat — he had proceeded but a little way when he 
 met on the path a party of Indians — the man in advance was 
 riding, and accosted the Capt as a friend, who being disguised in 
 Indian costume he mistook as such — and turning his head to 
 announce him to his friends the Captain shot him, as he fell out 
 of his saddle — the capt gave the war whoop which being answered 
 by his friends in the rear (they supposing he had killed some- 
 thing for supper) induced the Indians to retreat — when the captain 
 got to the dead Indian, he found a white boy fastened to his back, 
 before he could extricate him he discovered the Indians re- 
 turning, and seizing the mother of the child dragged her off 
 much against her will, and escaped the Indians — His own men, 
 on seeing the Indians supposing the captain was killed and having 
 
 J For a sketch of Gen. Hugh Brady see Wis. Hist. Colls., XXHI, 375, note 2. 
 
 ^ General Brady's narrative of this incident is in ibid., 375-76. It directly pre- 
 cedes the account we here publish. 
 
 3 The Indian village of Upper Sandusky was located on the eastern bank of 
 Sandusky River three miles above the present town of that name in Wyandot 
 County, Ohio. 
 
204 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 no powder, let the squaws run and mad[e] their way to Fort 
 
 Mcintosh below the mouth of the Big Beaver — about 12 miles 
 
 from the Fort the captain was met by a detachment sent out 
 
 to bury him, his men having arrived and reported him killed — 
 
 (Here I think it not out of place to say that the boy remained with 
 
 the Indians until after Wayne's Treaty in 1795 — when agreeably 
 
 to its stipulations he was surrendered and brought to Pittsburgh. 
 
 And when the Land West of the Ohio was brought into market, he 
 
 purchased the sight on which the above affair took place, and 
 
 built a cabin as near the spot the Indian was killed as could 
 
 then be pointed out — and remained there till the fall of 1833 when 
 
 he was killed by the fall of a tree — This I learnt from his son in 
 
 1837, his name was Stoopes.) 
 ******** 
 
 Brady's Lake he named having discovered it as he went to 
 Sanduskey, he never met an enemy there, as I have seen it stated, 
 in some accounts of him. Brady's leap^ is I apprehend a fiction, 
 for I never heard him speak of it. 
 
 [Reminiscences of Mrs. Nancy Stoops. ^ 4S1 70-75.] 
 
 James Stoops & his wife Jane, probably came from Ireland 
 with Gen' Hand:^ They had 15 sons & one daughter — William 
 
 1 One of the most persistent traditions with regard to Brady was that when 
 pursued by Indians he leaped across Cuyahoga, just below Franklin Mills, where 
 the breadth of the stream is over forty feet. It has been assumed that this 
 event occurred on his first Sandusky expedition. His brother's refutation 
 would seem sufficient to disprove the tradition. 
 
 2 Mrs. Nancy Stoops, then nearly sixty-seven years of age, was interviewed 
 Mar. 1, 1850 by Dr. Draper at Pittsburgh. She stated that she was married in 
 1808 to William Stoops, who was captured in childhood, and that he died July 
 24, 1835. 
 
 3 James Stoops came to Fort Pitt before the Revolution as sergeant in the 
 Irish regiment that formed its garrison. Securing his discharge from the army, 
 he settled as a tenant on the land of Gen. Edward Hand, two miles above the 
 mouth of Chartier's Creek. There the capture of his wife and child occurred. 
 Mrs. Jane, or Jenny, Stoops became in after years a devoted champion of 
 Captain Brady. When he was arrested and tried in 1792 for the murder of an 
 Indian, she planned to rescue him from the officers of the law in case he should 
 be convicted and sentenced for the crime. Mrs. Stoops died about the year 
 1793 and was buried in the graveyard of the First Presbyterian Church of 
 Pittsburgh. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 205 
 
 was the youngest, — the four youngest residing with their parents 
 — the others in Ireland: WiUiam Stoops used pleasantly to say, 
 that there were fifteen brothers of them, & each had a sister. 
 
 Three of the children were at Pittsburgh attending school. 
 M" Stoops thought all day she had seen the shadows of Indians 
 on the hill in the woods near the house, but her husband hooted 
 at it. In the night they were awakened by Indians trying to 
 break into the front door. M' S. made several efforts to carry off 
 the child, but every time he would cry out lustily — finally M" S. 
 seeing the futility of an attempted escape with the little affrighted 
 boy, & not willing to abandon him herself, she urged her husband 
 to escape, that he might be a father to the children in town — 
 & perhaps he might be able to get help in time to rescue her 
 & the child. He went off through the back door, in his shirt- 
 tail, taking his gun; he soon shot at the Indians, & made off, they 
 following him some distance. 
 
 M" Stoops got into the potatoe-hole under the floor, leaving 
 little William (between 3 & 4 years old) in bed. The Indians 
 first set the house on fire, then broke in — going to the bed where 
 the child was — a mother's affection prevailed, & she called out 
 in agony, begging them to spare her child. One of the Indians 
 replied by asking in broken English, where she was? She told, & 
 directed which board to lift up, & let her out of her hiding place. 
 Both mother & child were saved. 
 
 After robbing the house, particularly of victuals — as also milk 
 from the milk-house — they departed with their prisoners, leaving 
 the house in flames. M"" Stoops would break twigs by the way, 
 to enable her husband to pursue — & discovering this, the Indians 
 beat her. They cut off her petticoats, squaw fashion, to enable her 
 to travel better. 
 
 On the northern bank of Mahoning Creek, 33 miles from Beaver, 
 & about a mile & a half below where the state line crosses the 
 Mahoning — & two miles below Lowell. ^ (M""' N. Stoops is certain 
 as to the spot where the Indian's remains were found by M"^ John 
 MTarland, about 1796, who married a sister of hers — she has 
 often been there) — was where M'^ Jane Stoops was rescued, & 
 the Indian killed. ^ 
 
 ^ This place is now called Lowellville in Mahoning County, Ohio. 
 
 2 "A brother-in-law of W"- Stoops, John McFarland, purchased the spot where 
 M""*- Stoops was rescued — & there died, his descendants yet residing there. When 
 McFarland cleared up the land, some years ago, he found the bones — & 
 for several years after they were yet lying there." Draper Mss., 4S169. 
 
206 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 Brady & 2 or 3 others were returning from Sandusky with one 
 Squaw prisoner. Brady was in advance, with (as M"'^ S. thinks) 
 his last load of powder but one, in his rifle— met the seven In- 
 dians — only the head one on horseback, with little William tied 
 behind him — M" Stoops near her son, & the other Indians fol- 
 lowing behind on foot. Brady shot the Indian dead, to whom 
 the little boy was tied — he fell off his horse: The other Indians 
 quickly treed. Don't recollect about Brady trying to get the 
 powder-horn — nor of an Indian snapping his gun at him. M" 
 Stoops seeing Brady in Indian dress, & painted, & not doubting 
 but he was a real Indian, enquired — "What did you kill your 
 brother for?" — "Brother, be d — d," replied Brady, "come with 
 me!" Neither Brady nor M" Stoops though well acquainted, 
 at first recognized each other — though soon discovered. They 
 made off. Near by, Brady & his party crossed the Mahoning — 
 & the squaw waded (or swam) over, carrying M'^ Stoops on her 
 back — & once over, she exclaimed to M'^ Stoops "Puck-e-she! 
 Puck-e-she!" — which meant' — "make your escape — clear your- 
 self!" — & then the squaw re-crossed the stream & disappeared. 
 Either Brady did not notice it, or if he did was indifferent about 
 her under the new circumstances of the case. 
 
 When the squaw arrived where the Indians were, they were 
 debating whether to kill the little white boy, since his mother 
 had escaped & their leader had been killed — & one of the Indians 
 had already struck him a tomahawk blow on the head, inflicting 
 a wound an inch & a half long. The squaw now coming up, 
 begged the boy's life — which was granted her, she becoming 
 nurse. At Detroit he was sold to the British, & sent to school.^ 
 
 That night Brady & his party lay under a shelving rock — & 
 the Indians in pursuit came so close by, that the whites held their 
 breath to avoid the least noise. Brady went to Fort Mcintosh. 
 M'" Stoops was badly scratched & lacerated with thorns & 
 bushes, & was lame a considerable time. After she reached 
 home, she became so much effected with reflections upon her 
 captivity, & the uncertain fate of her little boy, that her friends 
 thought she would go crazy. 
 
 William Stoops was detained in captivity 3 years. Recollects 
 something about an Indian giving information about the boy, 
 & being offered a reward to return him to his parents — he prob- 
 
 1 Samuel Murphy when prisoner at Detroit in 1781 saw William Stoops 
 among the other prisoners. Ibid., 3S61. 
 
SAMUEL MURPHY 
 
 From a Daguerreotype Presented by him to Dr. Draper 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 207 
 
 ably failed in his efforts to do so. lie was sent with other prison- 
 ers to the East & Sam' Stoops, his oldest brother, went & got him, 
 aided by Gen' Hand, & brought him home to Pittsburgh on a 
 salt pack-horse. His mother at the time of his arrival, was 3 
 miles distant attending a sick woman — & returned in haste, 
 not putting on her clothes: She knew her boy by a mark on his 
 body. 
 
 [Reminiscences of Samuel Sprott.' 19S274-75.] 
 
 Brady with a party — four or five altogether — went to Sandusky 
 to catch a prisoner & learn information about the Indian towns 
 and designs in that quarter. They were returning, had run out 
 of provisions, & had only one load [of powder] left, & that was 
 in Brady's gun — they came on the Mahoning, & Brady bleated 
 up a doe, he snapped, but his gun missed fire. He picked out 
 a few dry grains of powder from his horn & re-primed his gun, & 
 started after the retreating deer to try to bleat her up again; and 
 as he came round a large log, he discovered a party of Indians 
 approaching- one Indian on horseback with a small boy fastened 
 behind him — Mrs. Stoops, a prisoner, also mounted — the rest 
 all on foot. Brady said he happened to discover a little hand 
 around the Indian's breast — it instantly flashed upon his mind 
 that it was a prisoner child, & he aimed a little higher & shot — 
 the gun fired clear, and the Indian fell from his horse, with the 
 lad fastened to him— Brady ran up, & Lried to jerk loose the In- 
 dian's powder horn, as he had no powder to re-load with; one of the 
 Indians flashed his gun at Brady, the Indians having treed— & 
 Brady's men, having no loads nor amunition, could only halloo & 
 thus help to scare the enemy. Brady driven by the enemy's fire 
 and position from securing the coveted powder horn, now less 
 
 • Samuel Sprott was born in June, 1761 in County Down, Ireland. When he 
 was two years of age his father and family emigrated to Pennsylvania, settling 
 first at Cumberland, then in 1773 removing to Westmoreland, where they made 
 their home on Montour's Hun. Samuel was employed, in 1791, in the spy ser- 
 vice and later carried dispatches for Wayne; he was one of Brady's scouts, and 
 accompanied him on several expeditions. Sprott was in service for about four 
 years, and at one time acted as paymaster of the militia. He died at his home on 
 Little Beaver Creek, .Ian. 23, 1832. Dr. Draper interviewed Sprott's son, John, 
 in 1803, and obtained from him his recollections of what his father had heard 
 Captain Brady relate. 
 
208 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 exposed jerked M" Stoops from her horse, & ran taking her by 
 the hand. Brady's party now scattered, & the Indians did not 
 pursue. 
 
 LOYALIST PLOT IN SOUTHWEST 
 
 [Summary of a letter of James McGavock,i Fort Chiswell, June 30, 1780, to 
 Col. William Preston. Printed in John P. Branch Historical Papers, IV, 315-16. ] 
 
 Last night a man who was afraid to come in person lest it 
 should be discovered, sent his wife to inform me that John Griffith 
 has been rousing and encouraging the Tories on Walker's Creek 
 and rewards of many guineas are offered for the capture of the 
 principal men, particularly of Preston and McGavock. Griffith 
 has now gone promising to return in two weeks with a large 
 body of Tories. Colonel Campbell, who was here this morning, 
 says that the Tories are not removing their property; this makes 
 him fear they will soon be back in great force. His advice is 
 to secure assistance from neighboring counties. He promises 
 to raise a hundred men and keep them ready to march on the 
 shortest notice. 
 
 NO REENFORCEMENTS AVAILABLE 
 
 [Gen. George Washington to Col. Daniel Brodhead. 1H139. Transcript.] 
 
 Head Quarters Bergen County Jersey 4*^ July 1780. ' 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 I have duly rec'* your favors of the 18*'" March 24"^ April and 
 13*^ and 30"' of May. It is much to be regretted that the state 
 of our regular Troops will not admit of a detachment sufficient 
 to reduce the posts of the enemy to the Westward, or even to 
 undertake anything offensive against the hostile tribes of Indians. 
 Militia, besides being very expensive, are so exceedingly capri- 
 cious, that I should be loth to attempt anything with them which 
 depended upon more than a very short time to accomplish the 
 object. — 
 
 1 For a sketch of James McGavock see Wis. Hist. Colls., XXIII, 154, note 3. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 209 
 
 We are in hourly expectation of a considerable French land 
 and sea force, which is intended to cooperate with us against the 
 common enemy. We are, for this purpose, endeavoring to draw 
 out a competent reinforcement of Men and supplies to enable 
 us, in conjunction with our allies, to strike decisively at the 
 Enemy. I fear, we shall, notwithstanding the emergency of 
 the occasion, fall very far short of the number of men required. 
 I mention these matters to shew the impracticability of detaching 
 any troops at present to the Westward, altho' I look upon the 
 reduction of the post of Detroit as a measure most desirable; and 
 without which I believe the savages upon that quarter will never 
 be kept in proper order. 
 
 I do not conceive that I have a right to delegate a general 
 power to hold Courts Martial. There must be an application 
 for a Court whenever particular objects present themselves. 
 This may, it is true in some measure delay the course of justice, 
 but it cannot, from the necessity of the case, be avoided. 
 
 I am with great Regard Dear Sir Your most ob* Servant 
 
 G° Washington 
 CoL° Brodhead. 
 
 LOYALISTS DEFEATED IN SOUTHWEST 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Gov. Thomas Jefferson, Richmond, July 3, 1780, to 
 Col. William Preston. 5QQ38. L. S. Printed in ///. Hist. Colls., VIII, 434.] 
 
 Protection of lead mines by militia of Washington, Botetourt, 
 and Montgomery counties a wise measure. Col. Joseph Crockett's 
 battalion must aid in garrisoning western posts and in strength- 
 ening Colonel Clark. Distress of western frontier is general. 
 Five thousand militia have been sent to Carolina. Col. William 
 Campbell is to turn his force against internal enemies; offensive 
 operations are most effective. 
 
 1 For a sketch of Col. William Campbell see Dunmore's War, 43, note 58. In 
 1780 he was a member of the Virginia legislature, and in June was excused from 
 attendance in order to protect the frontier. 
 
210 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Arthur Campbell, Camp in Baker Settlement, 
 July 3, 1780, to Col. William Preston. Printed in John P. Branch Historical 
 Papers, IV, 316-17.] 
 
 Have proceeded this far up New River in pursuit of insurgents 
 under Roberts, who are several days' march in advance and it is 
 hopeless to try to overtake them. Their total defeat at Ramsour's 
 Mills June 22^ has given General Rutherford's^ militia leisure to 
 intercept Roberts, Have apprehended some runaways from the 
 battle. Have sent out several parties to disarm, distress, and 
 terrify the disloyal settlements. A letter from Rutherford to 
 Col. Benjamin Cleveland^ reports that the English have retreated 
 from Camden towards Charleston, which is besieged by a Spanish 
 and French fleet. The prisoners taken here are to be sent to 
 
 1 The battle of Ramsour's Mills between the Whigs and Loyalists of North 
 Carolina occurred June 20 (not 22) near the site of the present Lincolnton in 
 that state. The Loyalists were commanded by Col. John Moore and Nicholas 
 Welch, and brought on the action contrary to orders from Cornwallis. See full 
 account in Draper Mss., 22VV62. 
 
 * GrifTith Rutherford was a Scotch-Irishman, born in 1721, whose parents died 
 on the voyage when emigrating to America. Young Rutherford was brought up 
 by a relative in New Jersey. He first came West as a surveyor, and in 1753 
 settled on the frontier of North Carolina near Salisbury. He was a militiaman 
 in the French and Indian War, and later served against the Regulators. In 
 1775 Rutherford was chairman of the local Committee of Safety, and suppressed 
 a Loyalist movement in his district. In 1776 he was chosen brigadier-general 
 and commander of an expedition against the Cherokee. After the fall of Charles- 
 ton in 1780 General Rutherford embodied the Whig militia, and after defeating 
 the Loyalists at Ramsour's Mills, joined General Gates and was wounded and 
 captured at Camden. While a prisoner he was confined on a ship ofT St. Augus- 
 tine, Fla. Released in 1781, he was employed during the latter part of the year 
 in another campaign against the Loyalists. After the Revolution General 
 Rutherford served in the State Senate, and in the convention of 1788 for ratifying 
 the Federal Constitution. In 1792 he removed to Sumner County, Tenn., 
 where he was elected president of the territorial council. He died at his Ten- 
 nessee home, Aug. 10, 1805. 
 
 ' Benjamin Cleveland was born May 26, 1738 in Prince William County, 
 Va. In early life he removed to the frontier, where he became famous as a 
 hunter and woodsman. About the year 1769 he settled on the Yadkin River in 
 North Carolina. Thence, incited by Daniel Boone, Cleveland explored Ken- 
 tucky, and visited the Cherokee country. During the Revolution Cleveland was 
 a militia colonel for Wilkes County, and led its forces in the battle of King's 
 Mountain. Throughout the war he was active in the suppression of Loyalist 
 uprisings. In 1784 he removed to South Carolina, where he died in 1806. For 
 an extended sketch of his life see Lyman C. Draper, King's Mountain and Its 
 Heroes, 425-54. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 211 
 
 North Carolina, those in our state to be confined at the lead 
 mines. Property of insurgents sold for benefit of troops, but if 
 governor requires will refund money to state. At the battle of 
 Ramsour's Mills Colonel McDonald^ with 350 men totally de- 
 feated 1,500 Tories; they had 500 killed and taken on the spot, 
 many drowned in the mill pond. General Rutherford's horsemen, 
 500 in number, came up towards the end of the action and pur- 
 sued them several miles until they dispersed. This should put an 
 end to Toryism in this country. 
 
 [Col. William Preston to Capt. James Byrn.2 5QQ37. A. L. S.] 
 
 .July b'^ 1780 
 Cap^ Byrn: 
 
 The Insolence of the Tories and the Disturbance given by them 
 to the well affected Inhabitants of this and the Neighbouring 
 Counties demands every Exertion in our Power to suppress them 
 by every legal Means that God and the Government of the Com- 
 monwealth have put into our hands. And as many of our Friends 
 & Neighbours are at present engaged in this necessary Service, 
 to the great prejudice of their private Affairs, there is therefore 
 the greatest Reason and Justice that we in this part of the Country 
 should give them all the Assistance we can at this important 
 Juncture; and the rather, as it may be a Means of reducing those 
 unhappy People to reason and of bringing them to a Just Sense 
 of the Duty they owe their Country, in which the[y] Live, and 
 by which they have hitherto been protected in the peaceable 
 Enjoyment of their Lives Liberties & Property. 
 
 You will therefore be pleased to collect and embody any 
 Number of Men you can not exceeding fifty with the proper officers 
 out of the Companies commanded by Cap* W" Robinson of 
 
 1 Joseph McDowell, known as "Quaker Jo" from his home at Quaker Meadows 
 was born near Winchester, Va., in 1756. Having removed to Burke County, N. 
 C, he entered the service in 1776, and went out on Rutherford's Cherokee 
 campaign. In 1780 McDowell was in the battle of Ramsour's Mills, as subordi- 
 nate to Col. Francis Locke, the chief in command of the Whig forces. McDowell 
 commanded a detachment at King's Mountain, and in 1781 at the Cowpens. 
 Later he was prominent in social and political life, served in the state legislature, 
 and represented North Carolina in the Third and Fifth Congresses. He died 
 Aug. 11, 1801. 
 
 2 For a sketch of James Byrn see Wis. Hist. Colls., XXHL 75, note 3. 
 
212 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 Botetourt^ and Cap* Trigg- and yourself in this County, and pro- 
 ceed without loss of Time up the great Road to near Peek Creek^ 
 under Colour of going to Garrison the Fort at the Mines a few 
 Days. When you get to the fork of the proper place you are 
 to turn off & without loosing time to proceed immediately to 
 Walkers Creek* where a great many of those disafected People 
 reside which you are to Disarm with all imaginable Secrecy 
 and Dispatch beginning above Shannons^ and thence up the 
 several Branches of the creek where theie are Settlements as 
 well as on Wolf Creek^ if you can spare a Party for that Pur- 
 pose Those who make it appear to the Court or any two Mag- 
 istrates that they are & have been friends to american Liberty 
 are to have their Arms delivered back to th'^m, but in the mean 
 time I think there ought to be no distinction made except in 
 the Case of Cap* Thomas Ingles^ whose Arms are not to be dis- 
 turbed. You will also make a diligent Search at every Place 
 for Papers, and if you find any of a treasonable tendency to 
 Secure them & the Persons in whose Possession they are found 
 & bring them to Justice. If Britain,^ that Infamous Vilain and 
 traitor to his Country, can be found be sure to bring him in well 
 secured. The arms when taken are to be delivered to the Com- 
 mandant at the Lead Mines taking his receipt for the same and 
 distinguishing by proper marks who is the Owner of each Piece, 
 You are also to secure all the Ammunition that you find in Posses- 
 sion of those People. Such as obstinately persist in concealing 
 their Arms or refusing to deliver them are to be taken into Custody 
 & brought ofT; but no Violence is to be offered to Women or Chil- 
 dren, or the old & helpless, nor indeed to any either in their Persons 
 
 ^ For this officer see ibid., 76, note 2. 
 
 2 Daniel, brother of Col. Stephen Trigg, was an early settler on the western 
 waters. In 1773 he was chosen sheriff of Fincastle County, and the succeeding 
 year guarded the frontier during Col. William Christian's absence on the Point 
 Pleasant campaign. In 1777 Daniel Trigg was a captain in the Montgomery 
 County militia, and throughout the Revolution was active in protecting the 
 border. 
 
 * For this stream see ibid., 52, note 8. 
 
 * For Walker's Creek see Dunmore's War, 56, note 96. 
 
 * Shannon's was at the "big crossing" of New River near the mouth of Walker's 
 Creek. See Wis. Hist. Colls., XXIII, 274, 276. 
 
 « For Wolf Creek see ibid., 52, note 2. 
 
 ^ For a sketch of Col. Thomas Ingles see Dunmore's War, 179, note 24. 
 
 * Nathaniel Brittain was apprehended, tried, and sentenced in August, 1780. 
 See post, 263. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 213 
 
 or Property who will give up their Arms and Ammunition peace- 
 ably 
 
 As many Circumstances may Occur which will make it necessary 
 to vary from the above Instructions you are therefore in such Cases 
 to use your own discretion & to treat those People with all the 
 Lenity your Duty to your Country will admit & their Behaviour 
 on the Occasion Merit, On your Return you may disarm such 
 People beyond New River as you have Just cause to believe are 
 dissaffected to the present Government and Aiding or Assisting 
 by any Means, the Enemies thereof. 
 
 That the foregoing Instructions may be put into Execution 
 with Propriety and Dispatch the officers and soldiers must go on 
 horseback; & for such as have not Horses you are hereby Author- 
 ized to Impress Horses & Saddles from such as cannot go them- 
 selves, taking care to comply with the Law herein, as well as in 
 Impressing Provisions should you find such a step Necessary. 
 By this means you may perform this service and return to your 
 house by next Tuesday or Wednesday at furthest when this 
 Tour of Duty will be at an End and the Company are to be dis- 
 charged. Indeed nothing but the Importance of this Under- 
 taking could have induced me to call Men from home at this 
 critical Season; but I have hopes that if the Plan is properly 
 Executed it will be a means of humbling those People and of 
 course removing the Cause of so much disturbance for the future. 
 Should you meet the Botetourt Militia on their return, whether 
 they have succeeded or not, you are to proceed to perform the 
 above Service. 
 
 You will get Pilots Either in Cap* M^Corkles or Cap* Pattons^ 
 Company but you must be cations in the Choice of them. 
 
 I wish you Success and am Sir your hble Serv* 
 
 :*s I W Preston 
 
 To Capt. James Byrn I' "^ ^ ' I.;* 
 
 1 For a sketch of James McCorkle see Wis. Hist. Colls., XXIII, 135, note 8. 
 For Capt. Henry Patton see ibid., 51, note 5. 
 
214 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 FRENCH AGENT SENT TO DELA WARES 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Headquarters, Pittsburgh, 
 July 7, 1780, to Maj. Daniel Maurice Godefroy de Linctot. Printed in Pa. 
 Archives, XII, 246.] 
 
 Linctot requested to carry messages to Coshocton, to en- 
 courage the Delawares to maintain their allegiance and to bring 
 in British prisoners, to inform them of the proposed punitive 
 expedition, and persuade them to take the first steps toward 
 peace. Ordered to find out the disposition of each tribe, and 
 return to this place without loss of time. 
 
 PLANS FOR AN EXPEDITION 
 
 [Summary of a latter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Headquarters, Fort Pitt, July 
 9, 1780, to Col. Archibald Lochry. Printed in Darlington, Fort Pitt, 236-37.] 
 
 Men should be protected during harvest. The sixty rangers 
 proposed to be raised in Westmoreland County must be subsisted 
 by state. Strict economy necessary to subsist Continental 
 troops, "If I can possibly obtain supplies, I shall yet make an 
 excursion into the Indian country in time to destroy the corn, 
 etc. But I conceive the best method will be to march on horse 
 if they can be furnished." 
 
 [Summary of a circular letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Headquarters, Fort 
 Pitt, July 10, 1780, to the county lieutenants. Printed in Pa. Archives, XII, 
 246-47.] 
 
 Necessary to make a rapid excursion on horses to attack some 
 hostile Indian town when corn is ripe. Secrecy a condition of 
 success. Engage volunteers to furnish fifteen days' provisions 
 for themselves. Rendezvous at Fort Mcintosh August 12. Send 
 in returns of those engaged by August 4. Each volunteer to fur- 
 nish a cutlass. "A severe blow at the intended Season may send 
 our Enemies to a greater distance and prevent a greater Effusion 
 of blood in future." 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 215 
 
 LOYALISTS SUPPRESSED IN SOUTHWEST 
 
 [Col. William Preston to Capt. Isaac Taylor.^ 5QQ40. Autograph draft 
 signed.] 
 
 July 12*'' 1780 
 Sir: 
 
 The Insolence of the Tories, and the Disturbance given by 
 them to the well affected Inhabitants of this County demands all 
 the Exertions in our power to suppress them by every means 
 that Providence and the Government of the commonwealth have 
 put into our hands. And as the late Insurrection had been in a 
 great measure suppressed by the activity of our Militia & the 
 friendly & timely assistance of the Militia of the neighbouring 
 Counties, whose conduct on these Occasion's deserves great 
 applause, to prevent anything of the kind for the future it has 
 been Indeed absolutely neccessary for the safety and protection 
 of the well affected Inhabitants, as well as to overawe those that 
 are yet dissafected, to raise two small Troops of light Horse to 
 remain on Duty for two or three months should there be Occasion 
 to continue them so long. — Cap* Robert Sayers^ is to command 
 one of those Troops & You, Sir, are to take the Command of the 
 other. 
 
 You will therefore be pleased, with the Assistance of M"" W™ 
 Glavesthe L* & M"" John Ward the Cornet in s^ Troop immediately 
 to engage Thirty Men, each to find a good Horse fit for the Service. 
 When you[r] men are embodied You will proceed up New river 
 and disarm all the Tories that reside in the four Companies of 
 Militia there. And as I am informed that many of the Insur- 
 gents who Joined roberts their Commander have deserted from 
 him and returned, you will endeavour to take all such and bring 
 them to Justice. They may continue in Confinement at the Lead 
 
 ^ For Capt. Isaac Taylor see ibid., 76, note 1. 
 
 ^ Robert, son of Alexander Sayers, was born in 1752, probably on the family 
 estate of Beverly Manor, where his grandfather, Robert, died in 1746. Robert 
 Sayers Jr. was educated in Bedford County, and was attending school when his 
 father died in 1765. In 1767 Robert Breckinridge was appointed his guardian. 
 Young Sayers entered the army in 1776 as first lieutenant of the Seventh Virginia 
 Regiment; on April 4, 1777 he was promoted to a captaincy. He served in Mor- 
 gan's brigade, his regiment becoming in 1778 the Fifth Virginia. In May, 1779 
 Sayers was honorably discharged and returned to Montgomery County, where 
 his home was situated not far from that of Colonel Preston. In 1781 Sayers 
 represented his county in the Virginia Assembly. He was still living in 1805. 
 
216 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 mines until! the Court can meet to try them. You will also 
 proceed to disarm all the Tories above the Court House, a List 
 of whom you are to demand from each of the Cap*' in that dis- 
 trict. The Arms & Ammunition taken from these People are 
 to be Deposited at the lead mines. Any further Instructions 
 you may receive from Col Walter Crockett or myself from time 
 to time you will please to observe. 
 
 In conducting this Business I beg that you will proceed in the 
 most Orderly Manner & with the utmost Caution. That the 
 friends to american Liberty may be distinguished from its Ene- 
 mies; and even to the latter, I would hope that no cruelty or un- 
 necessary outrage be committed upon them or their Property 
 Especially on the Women & Children or the old & helpless. In 
 taking any property from the Tories, I would have it secured but 
 by no means Sold untill you have the Opinion of the Court thereon 
 that they may have an Opportunity to be heard in their own 
 Defence. — As true Bravery & humanity are inseparable; Your 
 Company Exercising the latter on every Occasion will convince 
 Mankind that they are possessed of the former. M'' Baker the 
 Commissary & Quarter Master for the Western Department will 
 Supply you with Provisions and Ammunition. You will please 
 to make a report to me when Opportunity Offers of your Pro- 
 ceedings; and should any thing extraordinary happen you will 
 inform me by Express. 
 
 Let me again entreat you to keep up good order and discipline 
 amongst your men, & always to hold them in readiness to assist 
 in repeUing or pursuing any Parties of Savages that may appear 
 in an hostile manner on our Frontiers. 
 
 W P 
 Cap'' Isaac Taylor 
 
 Cap* Sayers Instructions to be dated the iV^ 1780 
 [Endorsed:] Instructions to the Cap*' of Troops July ll*** & 12'*^ 
 1780 Ja' Mores L* R Simpson Cornet^ 
 
 ^ These men were probably the subordinate officers in Capt. Robert Sayers' 
 troop of horse. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 217 
 
 [Col. Arthur Campbell to Col. William Campbell. 8DD3. Transcript.] 
 
 Fort Chiswell, July 12th, sunrise [1780] 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 I received intelligence last night that the enemy then embodied 
 was about forty or fifty strong, the fort at the mines is prepared 
 for defence. They may do mischief outside as robbers, but I 
 hope strength enough will be collected today to chastise them. 
 The men I mentioned last night to come from our county, may 
 proceed without over-marching themselves, and act as future 
 intelligence may make necessary. They have plundered two 
 or three houses, and perhaps that is their real object. 
 
 I am Sir Your ob*^ Serv* 
 
 A. Campbell 
 
 I think by the intelligence, the insurgents yesterday had not 
 left the upper settlements of N. River, so I suppose can't be 
 down before tomorrow. 
 To Col. William Campbell. 
 
 INDIAN COUNCIL AT DETROIT 
 
 [Captain Killbuck and the Delaware Council to Col. Daniel Brodhead. 
 1H140. In handwriting of Heckewelder.] 
 
 Salem July y^ lO*'' 1780. 
 
 Capt° John Killbock & others the Councellors of Cooshocking 
 to Cor Brodhead as follows: 
 Brother Mahingwe Geeshuch: 
 
 I will aquaint You that Capt° Pipe & Wingeenund are come 
 back again from the Councill which was held at Detroit. Gey- 
 jachshuta was gone back already when they came there, but the 
 Speeches was shown unto them, namely: a large Belt of 36 rows 
 from the King of England with the Name of the Indian Agent 
 marked therin. Again another Belt with 12 rows and a Tom- 
 howk, likewise the Agents Name theron. Again another Belt 
 of 12 rows with 8 spot's — Again another black Belt which is 
 said to be a Speech from the Chibways — The contens of the large 
 Belt was not fully understood, on account the chieff Interpre- 
 ters not being present, but part iof the Speech was thus: That the 
 
218 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 King of England desires the 5 Nations to speak to all Nations, 
 & desire them to be strong in being one People, so as had been 
 concluded on from the beginning. That it was true, the 5 Nations 
 had divided themselves, the one half having gone over to the 
 Americans, but that no other Nation should follow their Example, 
 for those who had done so should never again come in favour with 
 him, he had thrown them away entirely. — With the 2*^ Belt the 
 English says to the Nations: That as the Tomhowk they had 
 used hitherto, had been but a small one, they therefore supposed 
 it was wore out by this time. Now they would give them a large 
 Ax which was strong made, very Sharp and well hardened, so 
 that it could not wear out so soon — The 3*^ Belt with the 8 spott's 
 is a Speech from the Mingoes, in which they tell all Nations that 
 now they were 8 Nations who were one, and had joined them- 
 selves to strike the Americans with all their might, and not to 
 give way to them on any Account. That as before they had 
 been of different minds, they had been backward, but now the 
 time was come, where they would do all that lay in their Power 
 in fighting the Americans — After this Speech was delivered the 
 Major [De Peyster] rose with the Belts in his hands making much 
 noise and great talk, then handing the Belts, fi[r]st to the Chib- 
 ways and from them to the Wyondott's the Ax was sharpened 
 over and over again. After this all was over (Capt° Pipe & 
 Wingeenund present at the time) they was breaking up, when the 
 half King's Brother rose, desired them to stay and hear a Speech 
 he had brought from the French, (Major Lenkto's [Linctot's] 
 Speech.) This Wyondott, delivered the Speech with great 
 courage, then laid it down in the middle of them, opposite to the 
 Wyondott Chieff, who taking it up very chearfully, put it under 
 his Arm, then after smoking a Pipe laid it on the ground before 
 him, but soon taking the Belt up again he put it in his Breeches 
 till h? had smoked an other Pipe being silent all the time but very 
 glad, when at last he put it on the ground again, on which im- 
 ediately the English Major arose took the Belt and threw it on 
 the Ground tramping thereoon, saing: *T do not know from 
 whence the Speech of such an ugly Bird comes." It is impossible 
 that this Bird whom I destroyed but of late, and mashed him 
 against the Ground, should have recovered again, and be so im- 
 pudent as to sing again ect.. The French present began to speak 
 boldly theron, and a Quarrell between them and the English arose 
 At last of all the Wyondott Chieff took the Belt up again, rose and 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 219 
 
 made a long Speech, then threw the Belt to the English Major, 
 who taking it spoke in the French Language to the French 
 present, and then threw it out of Doors again an other House 
 standing close by, where a Man seing it, took it away with him 
 so that nobody knows what is become of the Belt. 
 
 This Brother is all I can tell You of this Matter from over the 
 Lake. When Capt° Pipe and Wingenund had returned to San- 
 dusky the half King made a Speech to the former, desiring him 
 not to force his People to go to live at Cooshocking, saing that 
 they might go and see one another and return back here again. 
 Then he (the half King) spoke to the People of Cooshocking in 
 the following maner: 
 
 Cousin You that live at Cooshocking hearken unto me: 
 
 Cousin I tell You that as You told me what I desired of you, You would do; 
 I therefore now desire of You not to listen any more to the Virginian Devils — 
 The reson that I tell You this is because I find You are become to great with the 
 Virginians, by which I lost 2 of my Woomen.^ This Cousin what has been done 
 unto me I dont mind yet, but I desire You now to leav off, and do so no more. 
 I now furthur say unto You Cousin, that if You dont leave off soon to be so 
 great with the Virg^ You will find yourselves in a miserable Condition. I will 
 set up Bark between You and them. I also say unto You, make haste and fetch 
 all Your People away from among the Virginians, free yourselves from them, be 
 together at Cooshoking make great haste, for it will otherwise soon be to late 
 for You, Cousin at Cooshacking. "We are of Old Friends together, there is not 
 a scar to be seen on You, caused by me, neither is there a Scars on me made by 
 You. Cousin it is enough, I desire You now to leave off stealing my Horses, do 
 it no more. Likewise Cousin I desire You to fetch me my Friends back again. 
 Their Number is 4. two White Men, and to Woemen of my Collour. These my 
 friend I love equal, the White as much as the others. Cousin I will tell You 
 more: There came a party of Wyandotts (Warriors) over the Lake lately, 
 among which was the Oncle of one of them Woemen which was taken away; 
 the same was ready to go and watch the Road at Little Beaver Creeck, there to 
 kill any one of You my Cousms that he might meet with on the Way. I stop'd 
 him for the present, thinking to speak once more to You my Cousin first — 
 
 Capt° Pipe and Wingeenund saw when at Sandusky a party 
 of 60 Warriors several others of 10 marching for to watch the 
 Roads about little Beaver Creeck in Order to kill every Delia- 
 ware they came across. The half King made a Speech to them 
 to stay a little while yet, upon which they agreed to divide in 
 smaller party's about little Beaver Creeck and cross the big River 
 for to do mischieff about Fort Pitt. We also hear by a relation 
 of John Montures who went to War with the English & Shawnese 
 
 ^ This is a reference to the Indian women captured by Capt. Samuel Brady 
 at the Upper Sandusky town. See ante, 202. 
 
220 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 against the Settlements of Kentuck; that these have burnt 2 
 Forts. & taken 340 Prissoners, Men Woemen & Chilldren.^ 
 
 Now Brother Mdghingwe Geeshuch: This Is what I had to inform 
 You. I have heard a great deal more than what is Wrote down 
 here, but think part of it must be Lyes, yet my Boys will tell You 
 all what I know. 
 
 Brother: Believe me, that I am very buisy a Working here at 
 Cooshacking, but I begin now to be astonished. 
 
 Brother: I assure You that nobody shall break our Friend- 
 ship We are one Man Brother. In a very short time Brother 
 You shall hear me. As soon as these my 2 Boys return again 
 2 of my Captn^ shall go up to You, and then You will hear me — 
 Take care of these my 2 Boys that they return safe, guard them 
 to Fort Mcintosh — Send me a Flag wherby You may know me 
 when I come — My Boys are very Naked, I beg You may give 
 them a Shirt a piece. All our Capt°' remember their Compli- 
 ments to You. 
 
 I am Your friend & Brother 
 
 John Killbuck 
 CoL° Brodhead Comand' W° Departm* 
 
 VIRGINIA LOYALISTS WARNED 
 
 [Col. William Preston to Loyalist leaders. 5QQ41. L. S.] 
 
 Thursday Morning July 20 1780 
 Gentlemen : 
 
 Since the Troubles which began in this County in June last, 
 I am sorry to say that your Behaviour has been very distant. 
 You cannot be insensible that the resentment of the well afTected 
 in this, and the Neighbouring Counties runs very high against 
 you; & that you have enjoyed every Protection, that the best 
 Citizens enjoyed notwithstanding your Conduct This resent- 
 ment has been hitherto restrained, I may say without Vanity, by 
 
 1 This is the Indian report of the capture of Ruddell's and Martin's Stations 
 in Kentucky by Capt. Henry Bird's expedition. See a brief description in III. 
 Hist. Colls., VIII, p. cxxxvii; a more extended account is found in Withers' 
 Chronicles of Border Warfare, 294-99. For Major De Peyster's letter on the 
 arrival, Aug. 4, 1780, of a portion of the prisoners at Detroit, see Mich. Pion. 
 & Hist. Colls., XIX, 553. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 221 
 
 myself, though not without diff acuity & Censure; which I have 
 done, not from any love to your Political Sentiments but from 
 a Regard for you as Neighbours. 
 
 I much expected that your own Peace and Safety would have 
 induced you to fall on some publick method to secure both, by 
 giving, or at least proposing some farther Security to the State 
 of your peceable Intentions, in order to satisfy the Government 
 as well as the Enraged Multitude How far you have comphed 
 with that formerly given you must be able to Judge & to which 
 I am no Stranger — In short I must tell you plainly. That your 
 Conduct on this Occasion has been Dark Sul[len] Disgusful 
 Suspicious and Offensive to the Government of this state, & such 
 a[s] will draw down its highest resentment — This I have long 
 doubted & have laboured for Years past to convince you of your 
 folly & Danger but to no purpose — I now find the Storm gathering 
 against you from every Quarter which will surely burst upon you 
 without prudent & Speedy Measures be fallen upon to prevent 
 it. For which Reason I would request you all, and as many 
 more as you Judge Proper, to come to my House next Saturday 
 Morning, to consult in a Neighbourly way, the Proper steps for 
 you to take for your own Peace, safety & security; & at the same 
 time to to secure the Peace of the Community so far as relates 
 to You & others in the same situation in this Company — I hereby 
 Pawn my Veracity, that your Persons & Property shall be safe 
 during this Interview That only two or three unarmed friends 
 will attend to see & hear what passes & that I have no one thing 
 in View but your Benifit & to secure the internal Peace of the 
 State — Should you refuse to comply with this invitation to con- 
 fer on such an important Subject, I shall then take it for Granted 
 that you have farther Views which are distructive to the Peace of 
 the country — I request of M' Price to forward this to those to 
 whom it is directed. 
 
 I am your hbl Serv* 
 
 W Preston 
 
 To M" Michael Price, M'' John & Howard Heavin M" James 
 Beane M'' Jacob Shull, M" John Wall & M^ Harless & 
 Poopickhoover 
 
222 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 The mutual Agreement^ entered into last year, broke by M P 
 in the first Instance by sending Expresses &*'* Trying Guns & 
 preparations for War. 
 
 Our Property Divided by Garlick & Morgan & they Encour- 
 aged & Caressed. * 
 
 Trees Blazed & Marked as Insults to the Country. 
 
 The Bond given, forfeited by the refusal of complying with 
 the Law in giving in the Taxable Property as well as by Speeches. 
 Correspondance carried on & Letters rec*^ from hill & others, 
 
 The Express stop*^ made Drunk, Exam'd & King George 
 Huzzad for, on that, as well as at Walls & Banes RoUings & all 
 public Occasions. & an agreement entered into to begin after 
 harvest the work of murder. Did not Tom Hale threaten to 
 kill my other Express? for what Reason? 
 
 A new Riffle and a large Sum of Money offered to an Asassin 
 to Murder me in this Neighbourhood. — John McDonald threat- 
 ens my life if the Sherif does his Duty in Collecting. — My Sons 
 life threatened. 
 
 A Purse of Guineas offered for me on Walkers Creek & Else- 
 where. H Ogle & four others to come to my house under the 
 pretence of Buying a still & then to Murder me. — For what these 
 Threatnings? what have I done? 
 
 Although the Troubles were Extensive, no One came to con- 
 sult his own or his friends Safety, but listened to false reports 
 kept a Suspicious Distance & made Preparations for extending 
 the Trouble. 
 
 Col" Campbells appointment & Instructions proceeding im- 
 mediately from the Gov"" & Council, I cannot restrain him unless 
 a proper Compliance now. — What can you promise y^selves by 
 standing out? [The Tories are used by the British as draught 
 Horses or beasts of Burden] Can a few dispersed people without 
 a Leader fly in the face of Continent? — it is true some secret 
 Stabs may be given, & some murder committed, but will it not 
 end in the Destruction of the Perpetrators & their Adherents? 
 [Endorsed:] Copy of a Letter to the Nonjurors in Cap' Byrn's 
 Company July 20*^ 1780 
 
 1 This that follows is a list of subjects which Colonel Preston intended to dis- 
 cuss with his Loyalist neighbors. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 223 
 
 WYANDOT DEFEAT NEAR FORT McINTOSH 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Fort Pitt, July 21, 1780, to 
 Gen. George Washington. Printed in Sparks, Corr. Amer. Rev., Ill, 32-34.] 
 
 Party of more than thirty Wyandot^ crossed the Ohio five miles 
 below Fort Mcintosh, hid thirteen canoes, killed four reapers, 
 and captured the fifth. Captain Mclntyre ambushed Indians 
 on their return, sunk two canoes, killed a number of Indians, 
 took much plunder, and retook prisoner. Latter gave information 
 of fifteen Wyandot who had marched toward Hannastown. 
 Sent off another party to intercept them. Scarcity of provisions. 
 Fall campaign planned against the Wyandot towns. Colonel 
 Clark to visit Shawnee. 
 
 P. S. July 22. The fifteen Indians crossed the Ohio at Crow's 
 Island, four miles above Fort Mcintosh,^ killed one man and 
 returned; pursuing party sent out. 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Fort Pitt, July 21, 1780, to 
 Timothy Pickering. Printed in Pa. Archives, XII, 248-50.] 
 
 Mclntyre's attack on Wyandot party. Return of provisions. 
 David Duncan' employed to purchase supplies. If these can 
 be obtained intend to penetrate Indian country on or near Lake 
 Erie before corn is ripe. Col. George Morgan no longer acting; 
 recommends new commissaries. Crops best ever known; a public 
 mill would be a great advantage. 
 
 ^ See letter of Major De Peyster in id., X, 404, stating that on account of the 
 influence of Guyashusta over the Wyandot, their parties had gone toward Fort 
 Pitt on war raids. 
 
 ^ This island, in Beaver County, Pa., is still known as Crow's Island. 
 
 ' For a sketch of David Duncan see Rev. Upper Ohio, 61, note 89. 
 
224 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 [Alexander Fowler^ to Gen. Edward Hand. 3E1. A. L. S.] 
 
 Pittsburgh 21^ July 1780. 
 Dear Hand: 
 
 The last Letter I wrote you was dated the 27"" of April wherein 
 I related the transactions of this Quarter at that period. Since 
 that time a Second Attempt has been made on Che*ees [Chartiers] 
 Settlement with the Indians, and Stoopes has suffered; having 
 had his House Burnt and all that was in it. Seven Wyandots 
 and Delawars attacked him in the dead of the Night— which you 
 know is somewhat uncommon — he escaped, but his Wife and 
 youngest Child were taken Prisoners. After taking what they 
 could conveniently carry with them, they set fire to the poor 
 fellows House, and left him without a Shirt but the one that 
 covered him when he made his escape. Having traversed the 
 Woods most part of the Night to Alarm his Neighbours, and 
 seeing his House Consumed, and not knowing but his Wife and 
 Child perished in the Flames, he made a melancholy and shocking 
 appearance on his Arrival at Fort Pitt. I have rendered him 
 every service in my power; but I beleive the Poor Man knows not 
 well what to do, and he has entreated of me to inform you of his 
 situation. His Wife however was restored to him in the fol- 
 owing providential manner. 
 
 Capt° Bradey a young Gent'' of the 8'^ Pen' R* with a party 
 of Seven Men Attempted to surprise one of the Wyandot Towns, 
 and succeeded so far as to bring off two Squaws Prisoners: — One 
 of them made her escape Six days after she was taken, the other 
 he brought with him to Beaver Creek, within about Thirty Miles 
 of Fort Mcintosh. By this time he had but three Men in his 
 party besides himself; the other three being overcome w* Fatigue, 
 were obliged to Steer their Course by a different rout. Having 
 got to the Waters of Beaver Creek, he espyed a Party of War- 
 riours, on what I beleive they call the Warriours Path. He 
 
 ^ Alexander Fowler came to America in 1768 as lieutenant in the Eighteenth 
 British Infantry. About the year 1769-70 the regiment was stationed at Fort 
 Pitt, and in 1771-72 at Fort Chartres in Illinois. There Fowler was for a time 
 commandant of the post at Kaskaskia. Sometime before the Revolution Lieuten- 
 ant Fowler retired from the army and became a permanent resident of Pitts- 
 burgh. He embraced the patriot cause, acting as auditor of military accounts 
 and deputy judge-advocate for the Western Department. Fowler died toon 
 after the close of the war. One of his dauglvters became the wife of Samuel 
 Sample, the well-known inn-keeper of Pittsburgh. 
 
FRONTI ER RETREAT 225 
 
 accordingly tree'd himself and party and Waited untill the Leader 
 of the Indians, (who was Riding with Stoopes Son behind him) 
 was withing ten paces of the muzzle of his Riffle, when he saluted 
 him with a Brace of Balls which brought him from his Horse 
 dead. The other Ind^ being ignorant of Bradeys party, Tree'd 
 and soon Run, and left their Prisoner M" Stoopes, who informing 
 Capt" Bradey of the Strength of the Indians, he thought it 
 unadviseable to Pursue, as he must have fought two to one; — 
 besides his party was wore down with fatigue and want of Pro- 
 visions, and had but one Load of Powder p Man, which had 
 been carefully dryed the day before by the Sun. This was 
 occas"^ by the Crossing of Creeks and Rivers. Cap*° Bradey 
 brought Jenny Stoopes to Fort MTntosh with him; but in cross- 
 ing Beaver Creek, soon after he had the Skirmish with the Indians; 
 the other Squaw by some means or other left him and Joined the 
 Indians. Bradey was then convinced he wold be pursued, which 
 was the Case for Eight or Ten Miles, but without Success, for 
 Cap*° Bradey with his three Men got safe to Mcintosh with the 
 Prisoner he retook, when he immediately reinforcd his Party and 
 pursued the Indians in turn; but notwithstanding his Vigilance 
 they escaped: He took this opportunity of Scalping the Indian — 
 which he had not time to do when he Shot him — and brought his 
 Scalp and M'^ Stoopes to Fort Pitt in Triumph; and it appears 
 from what M''* Stoopes relates that he [the Indian] was undoubt- 
 edly the Leader of the Party. 
 
 This young ofTicer Cap*° Bradey, has great Merit as a Partisan 
 in the Woods. He has had the Address to surprise and beat the 
 Indians three different times since I came to this department. I 
 have formed a great opinion of him. He has and I am sure may 
 still be made more usefull; for he is Brave, Vigilant, and successfull. 
 
 A few days ago Thirty Wyandots made a Stroke, on the upper 
 parts of Raccoon Settlement. They killed and Scalped four 
 Men, and took one Prisoner. By great good Luck their Bark 
 Canoes were discovered concealed on the Banks of the Ohio the 
 very day they Crossed. An Ambuscade was Accordingly pre- 
 pared for them, by a formidable Party on the opposite side of 
 the River, and had it been well Conducted the whole of them must 
 have fallen into our Hands. Some of the Soldiers, it seems, see- 
 ing such a large party of Indians recrossing the River with such 
 a formidable Fleet of Canoes as Sixteen got timid and left their 
 Concealment, by which means the Indians discovered the Party. 
 
226 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 At this time the leading or Van Canoe of Kayashutas Fleet was 
 about two thirds a Cross, and about 40, or 50, yards from the 
 Party, when they immediately gave a Horrid yell, turned and 
 paddled back, and at the same time were Saluted w' a Volley, 
 which as there were several good Marksmen, it's imagined four 
 or five of them at least were killed and as many Wounded; How- 
 ever they immediately Sunk and no Scalps were got. They had 
 taken four Scalps on the Waters of Racoon, and one Prisoner,^ 
 who was retaken and restored to his Family, so that they cannot 
 boast of their Expedition; and 'tho the Stroke was not so effect- 
 ual! as it might have been, yet I think it will prove serviceable. 
 The Militia from Chertees were Vigilant on this Occassion, having 
 got to the Ohio where the Indians Attempted to Cross about two 
 Hours after they were dispersed. 
 
 We understand from the Prisoner that was retaken, who seems 
 to be an intelligent Man that 15 of the same Gang had Crossed 
 the Alleghaney to make a Stroke on some of the Westmoreland 
 Settlements; but as yet we have beared of nothing they have 
 done in that quarter, and I hope they may be disappointed and 
 meet with a drubbing, as the Country is effectually Apprised of 
 their intention and are on the look out for them. 
 
 The fall of Charles Town is much against us; yet I hope it will 
 Rouse America from that Stupor and Lethargey, which she seems 
 to have been in every since my Arrival on the Continent. I 
 wished to have been employed in the Line of the Army, where I 
 knew I could have been Serviceable, and I would have Accepted 
 of such Rank, as I think could not have given offence to the officers 
 of the American Army; But it was settled otherwise, and I know 
 not for what reason. I am sure that neither my Conduct, Prin- 
 ciples, nor experience, would have disgraced an Army contending 
 for the Rights of Mankind. But you know my Ambition — 'tho 
 a Soldier — is not Great; for my Greatest Ambition is to be free, 
 and my greatest happiness is to see America Independ* 
 
 1 Note on original manuscript: "W" Bailey. See Hazard's P^ . Reg' . vol. X***, 
 p. 199." This reference gives an obituary of the rescued prisoner, William 
 Bailey, who died Aug. 4, 1832 in Robinson Township, aged eighty-two. Bailey 
 was a native of Ireland, who when young was brought to Adams County, 
 Pa. He came to the West in the spring of 1780, and was captured on July 16 of 
 that year. On crossing the Ohio, he was tied to the canoe, and was nearly 
 drowned when the Indian who was propelling it was shot. One of Mclntyre's 
 men swam out with a knife between his teeth, cut Bailey's bonds, and rescued 
 him from death. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 227 
 
 Pray let me hear from you — favor me with the transactions 
 below. Is our Money to be d — d, or is their any Chance of its 
 appreciating ? 
 
 I am with great Affection and regard Dear Hand, Your Sincere 
 And obed* Servant 
 
 A: Fowler 
 Brig"" General Edward Hand. 
 
 [Endorsed by Hand:] Letter from Alex' Fowler Esq"" Dated Pitts- 
 burgh 22"^ July 1780. Private. 
 
 LOYALISTS PUNISHED IN SOUTHWEST 
 
 [John Heavin to Col. William Preston. 5QQ42. A. L. S.] 
 
 July 22°^ 1780 
 S": 
 
 M' Price brought me the Letter Concerning the Destroying 
 our Small Estates it is out of my power to tel for what I have 
 not giveen any offence Neighther has my Children (ivr Shells tels 
 me they are actually so — we have Concerned with Nothing of 
 what I Suppose you Judg us for — I have seen several of the 
 Neighbours that all say they are Clear and I Can say no farther 
 than what they tel me) they all say they only want pease My 
 Disappearing shall be no token of my Gilt and for to sattisfy 
 the Internal peas of this State I know not How to doe that, I 
 have no way to sattisfy you I Can fmd by your riteing unless it 
 is to sweare and that I Cannot doe for my part for I Never 
 meddleed with war from the first moment and Cant think of In- 
 tangleing my selfe with it now I hope that theire may be Cum- 
 passion Useed with our wives and Innocent Children and as to 
 the Distroying our Liveing that is in your own hands to my 
 knowledg no man means to Rais arms Against you I nor mine 
 Shall not I never useed any Dissate but am always for peas I 
 hope this may sattisfy you and those that are Disturbed 
 
 I am your Humble serv* John Heavin 
 
 To CoL° W Preston 
 
228 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 [Joseph Grey's^ warrant to Capt. James Barnett. 5QQ43. D. S.] 
 
 Montgomery Js 
 
 Complaint being this Day made to me that Jn° M'^Donald of 
 Said County (who having formerly taken the Oath of Allegiance 
 to the State) hath behaved himself Indecently by declaring that 
 he would pay no Taxes & that if they were Inforced Cor Preston 
 might take care of himself & if any harm followed he might 
 blame himself. That he would Support George Robison with 
 his Life. That he would loose his Life before he would give up 
 his Arms & that there would Soon he Supposed be a king in every 
 County. That he thought We had been fighting for Liberty 
 but Slavery was the Consequence, with many others Speeches 
 of the like Nature contrary to the Peace of the Commonwealth. 
 
 These are there in the Name of the Commonwealth to Com- 
 mand you to bring the S*^ John before me or some other Justice 
 for S*^ County to Answer to the above Complaint giving him 
 Notice to bring with him two Sufficent Securities for his Appear- 
 ance at next Court & his good Behaviour untill then. You are 
 to Summon Such Witnesses as the Plantiff in Behalf of the Com- 
 monwealth may direct, as also such as the Defendant may re- 
 quire in order to Exculpate himself of the Charge. Given under 
 my hand this 24'^ July 1780 
 
 Jos. Grey 
 To Cap'^ Barnet to order to be Executed as the Man made his 
 Escape from the Civil Officer 
 
 [Robert McGee's bond.^ 5QQ45. D. S.] 
 
 Know all Men by these Presents that We Robert Magee James 
 Magee & John Henderson are held and firmly Bound unto Thomas 
 Jefferson Esq'' Governor of Virginia or the Governor for the time 
 Being in the Just and full sum of five Thousand Pounds Current 
 Money of Virginia. To the Payment of which well and truly to 
 be made We Bind ourselves Jointly and Severall our Joint an 
 
 1 See sketch of Capt. Joseph Grey in Wis. Hist. Colls., XXIII, 137, note 4. 
 
 2 Bonds similar to the above, given by Jacob Seiler, James Bean (Bane) Jr., 
 Thomas Burke, John McDonald, Samuel Robinson, and Walter Stewart, are 
 preserved, and are in the Draper Mss., 5QQ44, 46-49, 51-52. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 229 
 
 severall Heir's Executors & Adm^ firmly by these Presents. Sealed 
 with our Seals and Dated this 26'*^ Day of July 1780. 
 
 The Condition of the above Obligation is Such that whereas 
 the above Bound Robert Magee formerly took the Oath of Al- 
 legience to the State of Virginia notwithstanding which he hath 
 since repeatedly refused to comply with the Laws of the State 
 by not giving in his Taxable Property on Oath when thereunto 
 demanded & by Separating from the Friends & Citizens of s*^ 
 State in a great Measure &. Associating with Nonjurors & other 
 Suspected Persons & making Speeches on many Occasions which 
 tended to subvert the present Government. Now if the Said 
 Robert Magee for the future do behave himself in a Manner 
 which becomes a good Citizen and Subject of S"^ State, by paying 
 a decent and due Obedience to the Laws thereof & not be Aiding, 
 Abbeting, Consulting or Comforting the Enemies thereof or any 
 of the Enemies of the United States of America by whatever 
 Names they may be termed denominated or Distinguished; but 
 on the Contrary that he will discover and make known all Trea- 
 sons, Combinations or traitourous Conspiracies that may come 
 within his knowledge entered into by the Enemies of S'* States; 
 & that he will be ready and willing to defend the S*^ State against 
 the Enemies thereof when legally thereunto called, as other good 
 subjects thereof ought to do then the Condition of the above 
 Obligation to be void otherwise to be and remain in full Force & 
 Virtue 
 
 Sealed & Delivered in presence of Robert M^Gee 
 
 W* Preston James McGee 
 
 John Preston John Henderson 
 
 [Endorsed:] Robert Magees Bond 1780 
 
230 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 PROPOSED CONQUEST OF OHIO VALLEY 
 [Capt. John Rogers to Lieut. William Clark.i IMl. A. L. S.] 
 
 Cahoes [Cahokia] July 28*^ 1780 
 Sir: 
 
 I have Just received the Distressing News from your Village 
 by fav' of your & M' Carnys^ Letters for which I am Much 
 obblidged to you both and In return send you what we have 
 with us which you will make out by Compareing the two Letters 
 which you will be so good as to Excuse as I have said more than 
 my paper would hold in the manner I write I shall ask no more 
 Excuses from you but say on Begining where I Left off the Man 
 I Last Mentioned in M' Carnys Letter Brings News in 21 Days 
 from Michelemcanaugh^ and says the Governor of that place was 
 then setting of to Detroytto fight A Great Man that Was Coming 
 there as he tells the Indians and Informs them at the same time 
 that he shall then Go to the falls of Ohio where he shall Fight a 
 second time from thence to Fort Pitt but shall have a third fight 
 on the way his forth Battle to be at Pitt and his Fifth and Last 
 Battle to be at Fort Cumberland & Garrison that and then 
 return and Go home to his King for a reward by this [time] 
 they may have word of the Col. [Clark] Marching that way 
 
 * Lieut. William Clark, born in Virginia in 1760, was the son of Benjamin, 
 and the cousin of George Rogers Clark. In 1780 the younger Clark was com- 
 missioned lieutenant and came to Kentucky, probably in the company of Capt. 
 John Rogers. Lieutenant Clark served until Feb. 15, 1784, in the earlier years 
 at Fort Jefferson, later at Louisville. In 1782 he took part in the Wabash 
 campaign, and two years later was chosen a commissioner and the surveyor 
 for the Indiana land grant to Clark's regiment. Thereafter Lieutenant Clark 
 resided in Clarksville, Ind., where he was appointed a magistrate, and whence, 
 in 1785, he carried an important message to the northern Indians. In 1790 he 
 returned to Louisville where in November, 1791, he died. He was never mar- 
 ried, and his will bequeathed his estate to his surviving brothers and sisters. 
 His papers are in the Draper Mss., series M. 
 
 2 Martin Carney of Botetourt County, Va., served as a private in the Point 
 Pleasant expedition of 1774. During the Revolution he was first quartermaster 
 of the Eighth Virginia Regiment, then ensign and lieutenant of the Fourth, 
 resigning from the latter position Jan. 1, 1780. Before that date he had been 
 with Clark in the Western Department; as early as 1779 he conveyed for him 
 a message from Vincennes to Detroit. During 1780-81 Carney was quarter- 
 master at Fort Jefferson. Upon its abandonment he returned to Louisville 
 where he was living in 1785. 
 
 ' The early name of Mackinac. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 231 
 
 Maj"" Wiliams^ who Comands here has sent for me to Go to his 
 Logings Imediately I must go 
 
 I am Sir your Hum' Servt 
 
 Jn° Rogers 
 
 My Com^ to Cap* George & Miss Nancy 
 [Addressed:] W" Clark Esq' F' Jefferson F fav L* Clark 
 
 DELAWARES LOYAL 
 
 [Rev. John Heckewelder to Col. Daniel Brodhead. Washington Papers. 
 Contemporary transcript.] 
 
 Salem July 26**' 1780 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 I wrote a long Letter for the Chiefs of Coochocking to You a 
 few days ago, but understood since that the Messengers out of 
 fear for a number of Warriors whom they tracked turned back 
 again, but as now others are sent, I suppose the Letter will come 
 safe to hand. At present I know of no other news concerning the 
 Enemy, than what is mentioned in the Letter. It seems to me 
 by conversation I and several of the head Men from Coochocking 
 had the other day, that the Delewares would willingly join you 
 in a Campaign against the Enemy for they think themselves in 
 great danger of other Nations who begin to threaten them again, 
 but I can hardly believe it to be so bad as they think. Out of 
 a Letter from from M'' Zeizberger I see that some of his Men who 
 had been out Hunting tracked a great number of Warriors who 
 were turned back and gone by Tuscarawas to Sandusky again. 
 Whether there be still any between this & Fort M'^intosh I cannot 
 tell. Not one Warrior has passed through our Town here this 
 Spring. The French Major, Captain & Company are gone to 
 Coochocking their Business I cannot tell. It is indeed my Duty 
 
 * John Williams served in Dunmore's War with the troops from the Holston. 
 In 1778 he was commissioned lieutenant in Clark's forces, and took part in the 
 Kaskaskia and Vincennes campaigns. Having become major, Williams in 1779 
 commanded Fort Clark at Kaskaskia, and the following year the post of Cahokia. 
 He married at the former town, and about the year 1783 removed to Natchez. 
 In 1791 he received a military land grant, and about 1798 was living thirty 
 miles below Natchez at Dead Man's Bend, where he died in 1808. His descend- 
 ants secured from Congress the full amount of his claim for services. See ibid., 
 36J37, 37J188-95. 
 
232 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 D' Sir to return you my most hearty thanks for your kind services 
 to the Rever'' M' Grube & Company^ when at Fort Pitt, & I 
 wish to have the pleasure of making a more fully acknowledgment 
 to You for this and all your kind services to Us. 
 
 I am indeed Sir with great regard Your sincere friend & most 
 Obed' humble Serv* 
 
 Jn° Hackenwelder 
 CoL° Brodhead Comm^ West" Dep* 
 
 [Col. Daniel Brodhead to Rev. John Heckewelder. 2H63. Letter Book.] 
 
 Fort Pitt Jully 31* 1780 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 I have received your kind favour of the 26"" Instant, togither 
 with that from the Delaware Council & am sorry to find that 
 the British have met such great sucess in the new settlement of 
 Kentucke The Party of warriours tracked by the Messingers & 
 M' Zeisbergers Men Paid dearly for Coming this Way & were 
 severely Chastised by a Party of white men which I sent to pur- 
 sue them, of which you will Probably be informed and I beg you 
 will write me a Particular account of their loss. 
 
 I am glad to hear of the good disposition of the Delaware 
 Council and will shortly Put it in their Power to take satisfection 
 of the scoundrels who threaten them 
 
 It is with Great satisfection I hear the Enemy have not Pass*^ 
 through your town this Campaign & I wish you to Discounte- 
 nance their coming that way to Prevent Jealous apprehensions 
 from these Inhabitants who allready Entertain an unfavourable 
 oppinion of the Delawares in General. 
 
 1 Rev. Bernard Adam Grube was born in 1715 near Erfurt, Germany. Edu- 
 cated at Jena, he became a missionary to America, arriving at Bethlehem, Pa., 
 in the year 1746. Later he established the Moravian mission in North Carolina, 
 and in 1755 barely escaped massacre at Gnadenhiitten on the Susquehanna. 
 Grube was finally made superintendent of the central missions and in that 
 capacity visited in 1780 the Tuscarawas towns. He conveyed thither from 
 Bethlehem the young woman to whom Heckewelder was married in July of that 
 year. On their outward journey from Fort Pitt they were pursued by white 
 ruffians, and narrowly escaped massacre. Heckewelder, Narrative, 2\\. Grube's 
 last years were spent peacefully at Bethlehem, where he passed away on 
 Mar. 20, 1808. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 233 
 
 Please to Prevent [sic] My respectfull Compliments to your 
 Rev*^ Brethren <^ the Ladies & belive me to be with great respect 
 & Esteen D"" Sir your most Obed' Serv' 
 
 Dan^ Brodhead Co' Comd^ W* Dep' 
 Rev" M'' Jn° Hackenweller 
 
 [Col. Daniel Brodhead to the Delaware chiefs. 2H57. Letter Book.] 
 
 Head Qr' Fort Pitt July 31* 80 
 
 Mahingwe Geeshuch to Cap' John KillBuck and the council at 
 Coochocking 
 
 I thank you for your Message by the two young men, but you 
 forgot to inform me of the Purport of the Chipoways speech, 
 wherefore I hope you will inform me in your next letter 
 Brothers: 
 
 the King of Britain and the five Nations, or a part of them, 
 will Doutless Continu to deceive the Indians as long as they can 
 by any means influence them, but I flatter myself there are In- 
 dians whose councils are too wise to be Deceived by them. We 
 shall hear what will be done with this large Ax which has been 
 given to the foolish Indians, likewise who is afriad of the loud 
 talk of the British King against his masters 
 
 Brothers: I intend to go to the Countrey of those fools who carry 
 the big Ax, it will not be long before they will see me and then 
 you will see what the big knife can do. 
 
 Brothers: as to the speech of the half King it is a Great discharge 
 of wind, he dare not hurt a hair of your head 
 
 Brothers: if what you heard from Montours Relation is true, 
 the British and their Indians have got many Prisoners, but Per- 
 haps it is not all true as the Intilligence comes from a bad man I 
 Desire you will find out the truth and write to me all about it. 
 Because I am Determined to make them Pay Dearly for all the 
 mischief they have Done 
 
 Brothers: What you have requested, shall be Done for your 
 boys, But they have nothing to fear, I have cleared the Road 
 Give my Compliments to your Father, I hope he is doing Good 
 for his Children likewise to all the Captains & all our friends 
 
 I am your friend & Brother 
 
 Mahingwe Geeshuch 
 
234 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 [Col. Daniel Brodhead to Maj. Daniel Maurice Godefroy de Linctot. 2H61. 
 Letter Book.] 
 
 Head Qr' Fort Pitt Jully 31* 1780 
 D" Major: 
 
 I am honord with your favour of the 27'^ Instant If the ac- 
 count you have Rec** from KaneTucke be true, the British sav- 
 ages have been too successful! 
 
 It is with Pleasure I hear of the good Disposition of the Dela- 
 ware Council & I hope your speeches and adress will have weight 
 with the other Nations, the Hurons have Lately been very 
 Hostile but one of their Parties has been severly chastised, by 
 a Party I Detachd to Pursue them 
 
 Every Posible Exertion is now making to Procure a suficient 
 suply of Provisions for carying an enterprize into the enemys 
 Country & I hope to be in Readiness in the month of September, 
 wherefore I request you will endeavour to Return by the midle 
 of that month if it should [not] be Convenient to return, sooner 
 there is not a Person here who can Properly Translate your 
 letters, wherefore I cannot be Particular in my answer, Yet I 
 must request you will write me by every oppertunity and give me 
 every Posible Intiligcnce Relative to the Disposition of the Indians, 
 & the Intention of the British 
 
 I hope the Captain is agreeably entertained by the Ladies of 
 the Wilderness 
 
 Please to Present my respectful] Compliments to him & belive 
 that I am with much respect & Esteem Your Most Obed* serv* 
 
 Dan'' Brodhead Col Commd" W D* 
 Maj" C Lanctot 
 
 EXPEDITION POSTPONED 
 
 [Summary of a circular letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Headquarters, Fort 
 Pitt, July 31, 1780, to Col. John Evans and other county lieutenants. Printed 
 in Pa. Archives, XII, 253-54.] 
 
 Colonel Beeleri and his officers have decided that volunteers 
 cannot furnish salt provisions for fifteen days and fresh ones 
 cannot be preserved for that time. Public magazines are empty. 
 
 1 For a notice of Col. Joseph Becler see Wis. Hist. Colls., XXIII, 162, note 1. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 235 
 
 It is therefore necessary to postpone rendezvous of troops. Coun- 
 cil called for sixteenth of next month. 
 
 ALLEGHENY POSTS EVACUATED 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Headquarters, Aug. 3, 1780, to 
 Capt. James Carnahan. Printed in ibid., 254.] 
 
 No rations to send to his garrison, is impressing sheep etc.; 
 no prospect of getting flour. Orders him to l)ring in garrison and 
 public stores, to direct Captain Lochry^ to do the same if he 
 cannot secure stores from the state commissary. 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Headquarters, Fort Pitt, Aug. 
 3, 1780, to Capt. Thomas Stokeley.^ Printed in ibid., 255.] 
 
 If Colonel Lochry cannot furnish stores through the state 
 commissary Fort Crawford must be evacuated until foraging 
 brings in sufficient supplies. Westmoreland is in no immediate 
 danger. Proposed expedition delayed for lack of means. 
 
 COMMISSARY APPOINTED 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Pres. Joseph Reed, Philadelphia, Aug. 5, 1780, to 
 Col. William Amberson. Printed in id., VHI, 487-88.] 
 
 Early in the summer appointed Amberson commissary of pur- 
 chases for Westmoreland and sent state money therefor. Alarm- 
 ing reports from Brodhead that he may be obliged to evacuate 
 Fort Pitt for lack of provision: importance of post to frontier. 
 Harvest plentiful, there should be no difficulty in securing sup- 
 plies. Impress them if necessary. Virginia has ratified the 
 boundary line. 
 
 * A sketch of Capt. William Lochry is given in Frontier Defense, 139, note 6. 
 2 For Capt. Thomas Stokeley see Wis. Hist. Colls., XXHI, 300, note 1. 
 
236 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 LOYALISTS REORGANIZE 
 
 [Col. Walter Crockett to Col. William Preston. 5QQ48. A. L. S.] 
 
 Fort Chiswill 9 OClock Aug* 6th 1780 
 Dear Col° 
 
 I have Collected about Two hundred and fifty men and shall 
 begin our March towards New River in about three hours and 
 continue it untill I hear from you by this Express, I have been 
 informed the Tories have murdered one Letcher in the Hollow 
 the other day, the Murderours were, Meeks and Nicholas: 
 Thursday last they Stole six horses from Col° Green, ^ within six 
 Miles of Herberts ferry,^ endeavourd to catch his Negro fellow 
 in the Wood, and threatned to rob him that Night, but were 
 prevented by a party from the Lead Mines. I should think, it 
 very necessary to send a party to Greesey Creek, and Towards 
 the flower Gap,^ and the rather so as it is Generally believed a 
 large body of those wretches are Collected in the Hollow, or the 
 head of Fishers River.* 
 
 Yours &' 
 Walter Crockett. 
 
 [Col. William Campbell to Col. Arthur Campbell. 8DD4. Transcript.] 
 
 [About July 25, 1780]^ 
 Sir: 
 
 Upon receiving your letter which you wrote from Fort Chis- 
 well, informing me that the insurgents were embodying up New 
 
 1 Probably this person was John Green, who was one of the Kentucky survey- 
 ors of 1774. See Dunmore's War, 172; Draper Mss., 3B109, 131. 
 
 2 Thomas Herbert operated a ferry above that of Ingles over New River, in 
 Pulaski or Wythe County. 
 
 ^ Greasy Creek is an eastern affluent of Reed Island Creek, which empties into 
 the New, not far below Reed Creek. Greasy Creek lies in Carroll and Floyd 
 counties. Flower Gap is through the Blue Ridge on the boundary line of Vir- 
 ginia and North Carolina, between Carroll and Surry counties. In 1751 Christo- 
 pher Gist returned from his western journey through this gap. 
 
 * Fisher Branch is a tributary of Cripple Creek, which flows into New River 
 just below the site of Fort Chiswell. 
 
 ^ Dr. Draper assigned this undated manuscript to the year 1780 and considered 
 that the letter of Col. Arthur Campbell (referred to at the beginning of this 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 237 
 
 River, and that their design was to destroy the works at the lead 
 mines, I immediately wrote to Captains Edmiston, Lewis and 
 Dysart, directing to order fifteen men out of each of their com- 
 panies, to assemble at my house early next day, equipped to march 
 with me to the lead mines. I also wrote to Captain Campbell of 
 R[oyal] Oak to order ten men out of his company who were 
 directed to join me on my way up. The men met as early as I 
 could expect, and we left this place about twelve or one o'clock. 
 That night we got about twelve miles from this place, the next 
 day we got to Radcliffs marsh where we halted for a small party 
 I had detached the day before to apprehend some persons that 
 were much suspected, and it being late before they joined us, 
 we were obliged to lie at that place all night. We got to the mines 
 next day soon in evening. There I was informed two men had 
 been sent up the river, to discover, if possible, the designs of the 
 insurgents, and that it was expected they would return that night. 
 About an hour and a half before day next morning they came to 
 the mines and informed me that they had been as far as Captain 
 Cox's,^ where they counted one hundred and five men assembled 
 and in arms, beside a considerable number without arms. They 
 also reported that they had been detained as prisoners about 
 twenty four hours, and that when they were suffered to come 
 away, the people that had assembled were dispersing, appar- 
 ently with a design to return home. They brought with them a 
 piece of writing signed Cox's and Osbornes Companies, directed 
 to Colonel Preston, of which the enclosed is a copy. I then 
 determined to go up New River with the men who went with me 
 from this county; but some of the Militia officers of Montgomery 
 County being there, they proposed to collect as many men that 
 day as they possibly could, and to be in readiness to march early 
 next day, which we did with about one hundred and forty men. 
 
 document) is his of July 12, 1780, ante, 217. It seems to the present editor that 
 there are good grounds for thinking that this manuscript may be one of 1779, 
 and that it describes Col. William Campbell's operations in that year. There 
 is, however, documentary proof that Campbell and Walter Crockett cooperated 
 against the Loyalists both in 1779 and in 1780. See H. J. Eckenrode, The 
 Revolution in Virginia (Boston, 1916), 237. It has thus seemed best to insert 
 this description of Campbell's New River campaign among the documents of 
 1780, where Dr. Draper placed it. 
 
 1 John Cox received in 1765 a grant from the Loyal Land Company of a tract 
 known as "Peach Bottom" in southeastern Grayson County, Va., where he 
 made his home. He served in 1774 as a captain of militia and was living on the 
 farm as late as 1805. 
 
238 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 That evening we got about sixteen miles above the lead mines 
 without getting any certain intelligence of the designs of the 
 insurgents. Next day we continued our route up the river, 
 through the most populous part of the settlement, and found no 
 people at home but the women and children, excepting a few very 
 old men. Upon our arrival at Captain Cox's, in the evening, we 
 were informed that about forty of the insurgents, about two 
 hours before, had crossed the river, and taken Captain Cox's 
 son a prisoner. They expected we would have gone up the south 
 side of the river, in which they would have met us, and designed 
 to give us battle. We then followed after them in the best order 
 we could, lest they should attempt to surprise us, until it became 
 so dark that we could no longer follow their track, and turned off 
 the path, about a quarter of a mile, and tied up our horses in the 
 most silent manner we could, conjecturing the enemy were not 
 far before us. There was a house about a mile from where we 
 lay, to which I sent a few men, to make what discovery they could, 
 who soon after returned without making any that was satisfac- 
 tory. I then concluded they were encamped in the woods, and 
 determined if possible to surprise them, and for that purpose set 
 out on foot about two or three hours before day, leaving all our 
 horses tied, where we halted in the evening. In this order we 
 marched about a mile, when we again made a halt, and sent off 
 four or five very trusty men, to find if possible where the enemy 
 lay. I also sent with them a man whom I the day before had 
 caused to come with me. Being informed he had a brother 
 among the insurgents, I imagined he knew something of their 
 schemes and designs, and told him if he did not discover where 
 the insurgents lay, I would put him to death. They returned in 
 about an hour and informed me they had been within twenty 
 yards of the enemy's camp, and was fired upon by one of their 
 sentries; that their encampment was in piece of woods in a large 
 glade and perfectly clear for at least a quarter of mile all around 
 where they lay. At this place (I then understood) they were 
 that day to be joined by a considerable number more, and con- 
 cluded that these would in such a place so secure themselves that 
 the lives of a great many good men must be lost in an attempt 
 to dislodge them, which I was unwilling should be the case in 
 subduing such worthless wretches. I then, with the advice of 
 the officers, went back to where we left our horses, it being then 
 about break of day. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 239 
 
 As soon as it became so light that we could see a small distance 
 around us, we set out a second time toward the enemy's camp on 
 horseback. We got to the side of the glade just as the sun was 
 rising. The morning was very foggy, which prevented our dis- 
 covering the flight of the enemy, nor did we know they had fled 
 until Captain Cox's son came to us, who in their hurry they had 
 suffered to escape. Upon going to their camp, we found they had 
 gone off with the greatest precipitation, having left everything 
 behind them excepting their arms. Before we followed them 
 we had to wait a few minutes to get a horse for Captain Cox's son, 
 who said he could conduct us the way they purposed to go. As 
 soon as he was ready we pursued with all the expedition we could 
 upon the trace; but upon their discovering that we [were] pursuing 
 them, they dispersed and hid themselves among the bushes and 
 weeds. We had not the fortune to find any but one of them, who 
 was immediately shot. The woods were searched upon the way 
 they fled for three or four miles. Some of them ran into the moun- 
 tains and laurel thickets where it was impossible to pursue them 
 on horseback. You cannot conceive my chargrin when I saw 
 the situation of the enemy's camp. I found that had I known it 
 myself, it was in my power to have destroyed nearly the whole of 
 them, though it may perhaps be better ordered, as I believe the 
 most of them are now well convinced of their folly, and may yet 
 become very good citizens. 
 
 After the pursuit was over we all assembled at the enemy's 
 camp and breakfasted upon the provision they left behind them, 
 having eaten very little from early in the morning the day before. 
 That night we went again to Captain Cox's. I then considered 
 that it was to no purpose to search for those people in that moun- 
 tainous country, and that there was a probability of their embody- 
 ing again, if they could not then be prevailed upon to surrender. 
 These considerations induced me to disperse among them copies 
 of the enclosed, signed by Major Crockett and myself. It has 
 had the wished for effect, only a few of the principals having re- 
 fused to come in. 
 
 That night we went again to Captain Cox's where we were 
 next morning met by a party of 130 men under the command of 
 Colonel Cleveland from Wilks County, North Carolina. They 
 had the day before apprehended a certain Zechariah Goss, a fellow 
 who belonged to a party under the command of Samuel Brown 
 and [James] Coyle, two noted murderers, horse-thieves and 
 
240 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 robbers.^ Goss was immediately hung, I believe with the joint 
 consent of near three hundred men, and two other villains were 
 very well whip'd. I then detached between sixty and seventy 
 men under the command of Captain Francis,^ with instructions 
 to collect all the stocks of horses and cattle belonging to the in- 
 surgents they possibly could, only leaving to each family one horse 
 creature and what milch cattle were necessary for its support, 
 having previously sent out by some of the inhabitants of the place 
 copies of the enclosed, signed by Major Crockett and myself. 
 This step I was induced to take from the consideration that it 
 was impossible to fmd those people in that mountainous country — 
 that there was a probability of their being stimulated to join in 
 the like designs again, and that if I could see them they might 
 be reasoned out of those mad schemes. That evening I went up 
 to Captain Osborne's, where I was informed above forty of the 
 insurgents had been embodied in that neighborhood, and that 
 they were dispersed by Colonel Cleveland's party who left Cap- 
 tain Cox's about two hours before me. There were very few of 
 the insurgents came in next day, they being afraid to venture 
 even to their own houses. Those that came in first I disarmed and 
 sent out in search of the others. I lay there two days in which 
 time the greatest^ 
 
 [Col. William Campbell to Col. William Preston and officers. 8DD6. Tran- 
 script.] 
 
 Gentlemen : 
 
 You will please to accept of my most hearty thanks for the 
 obliging and polite manner in which you have expressed your 
 approbation of my conduct in the excursion against the insur- 
 gents upon New River. As I thought I had done nothing but my 
 duty, I by no means expected such a reward for my services — a 
 reward which must stimulate every generous breast to the noblest 
 
 1 The bands of Brown and Coyle ravaged the upper Carolinas for several 
 months. Their leaders were apprehended and hung in November, 1780. 
 
 2 In 1779-80 Capt. Henry Francis was an officer in the Montgomery County 
 militia. 
 
 2 Note on manuscript: "The remainder of this document missing — It is in the 
 handwriting of Col. W™ Campbell. L. C. D." The original manuscript was 
 obtained from Campbell's grandson. Gen. John S. Preston of South Carolina. 
 After transcribing it, Dr. Draper returned it, Sept. 24, 1880, to its owner. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 241 
 
 exertions. I owe much to the salutary advice of the officers who 
 were with me, nor can I avoid taking the opportunity of testi- 
 fying the particular obligation I am under to the militia of Mont- 
 gomery county who did me the honor of accompanying me in that 
 service. The cheerfulness with which they submitted to my 
 command gave me the greatest satisfaction (pleasure), and I 
 shall always entertain the most lively sense of it. 
 
 May the Almighty Disposer of all events always provide 
 ample means for the preservation of our liberty and lives; and 
 may the breast of every American be inspired to render that 
 tribute of gratitude and praise which is justly due to Him who is 
 the source of all our blessings, and in whose hands we are but the 
 instruments of his will. 
 
 I am, Gentlemen, Your much obliged, and very humble servant, 
 
 W* Campbell. 
 Colonel William Preston & others, the militia officers of 
 Montgomery County. 
 
 [Col. William Preston to Gov. Thomas Jefferson. 5QQ50. Autograph draft.] 
 
 Montgomery Aug* 8^^ 1780 
 Sir: 
 
 A most horrid Conspiracy amongst the Tories in this Country 
 being providentialy discovered about ten days ago obliged me 
 not only to raise the militia of the County but to care for so a 
 large Number from the Counties of Washington and Botetourt 
 that there are upwards of four hundred men now on Duty ex- 
 clusive of a Party which I hear Col Lynch marched from Bed- 
 ford^ towards the Mines yesterday. CoP Hugh Crocket- had 
 sent two young men amongst the Tories as tory officers, with 
 whom they agreed to Embody to a very great Number near the 
 the Lead Mines the 25'^ Instant, and after securing that Place to 
 
 1 For Col. Charles Lynch see Rev. Upper Ohio, 174, note 4. The term "Lynch 
 law" is supposed to have arisen from this ofTicer's summary executions while sup- 
 pressing the Tory revolt. 
 
 2 Col. Hugh Crockett, a brother of Joseph and Walter Crockett, removed in 
 1749 to the Roanoke River. In 1767 Hugh was constable of Botetourt County, 
 and later a militia ofTicer in Montgomery County. In 1781 he joined Greene 
 in the Carolinas and served until the close of the Revolution. Col. Hugh 
 Crockett was living in Montgomery County as late as 1788. 
 
 16 
 
242 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 over run the Country with the assistance of the british Troops, 
 who they were made to believe would meet them, and to relieve 
 the Convention Prisoners^ These they were to Arm & then sub- 
 due the whole State. A List of a Number of OfTicers was given 
 to our Spies. — This Deception gave our Militia an Opportunity 
 of fixing on many of them who have been taken and I believe 
 there are near sixty now in confinement. — A number of Magis- 
 trates were called together from this County and Botetourt to 
 examine Witnesses and enquire fully into the Conduct of those 
 deluded Wretches In which we have been Engaged three Days; 
 & I am convinced the Enquiry will continue at least a fortnight, 
 as there are Prisoners brought in every hour and new Discoveries 
 making. One has been enlarged on giving Security in £100,000 
 to appear when called for, some have been whipped & others, 
 against whom little can be made appear, have enlisted to serve 
 in the Continental Army. There is yet another Class who comes 
 fully within the Treason Law, that we cannot Punish otherwise 
 than by sending to the best Prisons in the Neighbouring Counties, 
 untill they can be legally tried according to an Act of the last 
 Session of Assembly to which however we are strangers, as we 
 have not been able to procure a Copy of the Act & have only 
 heard of it. 
 
 Some of the Capital ofTenders have disappeared whose personal 
 Property has been removed by the soldiers & which they insist 
 on being sold & divided as Plunder to which the Officers have 
 submitted otherwise it would be almost impossible to get men 
 on those pressing Occasions. I would beg your Excellency's 
 Opinion on this head; as also what steps you Judge necessary to 
 be taken by the Officers & Magistrates with the Prisoners, other 
 than what I have mentioned. 
 
 I am your Excellency's most obed' Serv* 
 
 1 When Burgoyne surrendered in 1777 his soldiers were termed "Convention" 
 prisoners. In 1779 they were brought to Virginia and stationed in barracks 
 built for the purpose at Charlottesville. In May, 1780 there were about 1,500 
 "conventioners" in Virginia, most of whom were German mercenaries. They 
 remained at Charlottesville until released at the close of the war. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 243 
 
 WESTERN GARRISONS FOR VIRGINIA 
 
 [Gen. Andrew Lewis to Col. Joseph Crockett. 50J55. Contemporary tran- 
 script.] 
 
 Richmond Aug. 10. 1780 
 Sir: 
 
 As you will be soon in motion for your Station on the Ohio I 
 have taken the liberty of hinting to you the method I think 
 most adviseable for you to observe in making your Establish- 
 ments You will find in your Instructions from His Excellency 
 that a Fort is to be erected at Kelley's^ on the great Kanhaway 
 where you are to station 26. of your Command for the purpose 
 of keeping open the communication to Fort Randolph this fort 
 is to be a receptacle for your Provisions as they are carried over 
 the Mountains from thence it is supposed you will take down all 
 your stores (Powder excepted) by Water whilst you are erecting 
 this Your first Fort you will find it necessary to not only order 
 your Commissary to send back all your Horses for a further 
 Supply of Provisions but to have some kind of Craft constructed 
 as may best suit the navigation of the River — Give me leave to 
 further recommend it to you when you march from Kelleys to 
 take no more of your Beef Cattle with you than you may think 
 necessary for your support until you have constructed a Fort of 
 sufficient capacity where stood Fort Randolph, built your Bar- 
 racks and store Houses and prepared for salting your Winter 
 Beef. — Should you not use this precaution the Indians may have 
 it much in their power to destroy or drive off your Cattle. You 
 cannot be too much on your guard against surprize therefore 
 you will no doubt employ as scouts some of your most expert 
 Woodsmen well accustomed to the Indian method of making War. 
 
 It need not be recommended to you to give the Inhabitants 
 the most speedy notice in case you discover any body of the Enemy 
 directing their course against them As you are under the direc- 
 tion of CoF Clarke and he may find it necessary on many Occa- 
 sions to form a Junction of the greatest number of the Troops 
 under his Command & such Junction cannot be effected without 
 a sufficient number of Boats you will no doubt have them con- 
 structed as soon as your time and Circumstances will permit. 
 
 1 For this location see Dunmore's War, 112, note 62. 
 
244 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 Your Posts too below Fort Randolph must be supplied from that 
 Post & Fort Pitt by water 
 I am y most obed* Serv*' 
 
 Andrew Lewis 
 P. S. Should any thing I have hinted at prove in any way 
 contradictory to your Instructions I beg you may disregard my 
 Hints. 
 
 A. L. 
 
 LOYALISTS SUPPRESSED IN SOUTHWEST 
 
 [Capt. Patrick Lockharli to Col. William Preston. 5QQ53. A. L. S.] 
 
 Botetourt August 12*^ 1780 
 Sir: 
 
 The Officers from this County forgot to Consult you Relative 
 to giving Credit at the sale of the Tories Effects shall be Obliged 
 for your Advice in the Matter for I think whatever Measures is 
 Adopted in regard to the Effects sold in your County ought to 
 be here. We brought all the prisoners &c. safe as I came home 
 I took a Young Man Named Stewart on Suspicion of being Con- 
 nected with those Disaffected on the North Fork but nothing more 
 appeared against him than that Poison had been makeing some 
 proposals to him & he had failed to inform upon him but gladly 
 agreed to inhst. Cap*' May seems displeased because he was one 
 of his Company & demands him as a Recruit for his Division I 
 told him I would Submit it to the Officers &c appointed to lay 
 off the County in Divisions to say who was entitled 
 
 I am Sir your M° Ob' H^'*^ Serv' 
 CoL. Preston Pat. Lockart 
 
 [Col. Arthur Campbell to Col. William Campbell. 8DD5. Transcript.] 
 
 August 13, 1780 
 Sir: 
 
 I am just now creditably informed that an express is come from 
 Chota sent by the Raven^ chief, that a body of 700 tories and 
 
 1 For this officer see Rev. Upper Ohio, 155, note 75. Lockhart died about the 
 year 1802 at Fincastle Court House, Draper Mss., 25S239. 
 
 2 For the town of Chote see Wis. Hist. Colls., XXIII, 105, note 2; for Raven 
 the Cherokee, see ibid., 365, note 1. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 245 
 
 Indians had actually set out against the frontiers of this state 
 and Carolina, and that the men from Sullivan and Wattago^ 
 were to march this day to meet them. Our frontier in Powell's 
 Valley is much exposed, also Clinch and the North Fork [of 
 Holston] may suffer. You will therefore see the necessity speed- 
 ily to return with the men from this county. 
 
 Your humble servant, 
 
 Arthur Campbell. 
 P. S. The Sullivan and Wattago men are returned, after being 
 successful. 
 Colonel W" Campbell, [on New River.] 
 
 WYANDOT DEFEAT NEAR FORT McINTOSH 
 
 [Rev. John Heckewelder to Col. Daniel Brodhead. Washington Papers. Con- 
 temporary transcript. ]2 
 
 Salem Aug^' y^ W^ 1780 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 Your kind favor of July the 31'* I received by the Indian Mes- 
 senger, and wish it was in my power to give you a full account of 
 the loss of the Enemy, w^hen pursued by a party of your Men, 
 but I aprehend they will take as much care as they can to keep 
 it private. However, I was informed the day before yesterday 
 by a Man who came from the Wyondott Towns, that somewhere 
 about the mouth of Yellow Creek a party of Wyondotts Crossing 
 the River on Rafts were attacked by a party of White men, when 
 Eight of the Indians were killed on the Spot, and two besides 
 them mortally Wounded, one of witch had Died since, the other 
 being Carried over to Detroit. It has also been reported here 
 yesterday that Eight Hundred White men where marching 
 towards the Shawnee Towns, that the latter had fetched at two 
 Different times Scalps from them and one Prissoner, to the num- 
 
 1 The first settlement of western North Carolina (now a part of Tennessee) 
 was made in 1769 on the Watauga, an affluent of the north fork of Holston 
 River. For ten years this was thought to be included in Virginia. In 1779 the 
 boundary line was run, and on Feb. 7, 1780 Sullivan County, N. C, was or- 
 ganized and named for Gen. John Sullivan. Isaac Shelby was appointed colonel 
 of the county militia, and in this capacity commanded its forces at the battle 
 of King's Mountain. 
 
 2 This letter was enclosed in Brodhead's of Aug. 21, 1780, to Washington. 
 
246 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 ber of ten, but how much this report may be Depended on I know 
 not.i 
 
 As soon as I shall hear any particular News, you may Depend 
 on my favoring you with it. 
 
 Should the Re*^ Barnard Grube who is going on his Journey 
 back again Stand in need of any thing, You will greatly Oblige 
 Us all in lending him your assistance. 
 
 The Brethen and their Ladies return most humbly their thanks 
 for your good Wishes and Compliments, and desire me to re- 
 member them in the same respect to you again 
 
 I am D' Sir, your Sincere friend and obed* humb' Serv* 
 
 John Hackenvelder^ 
 Col'' Brodhead Comd* Wes'"" Depart"" 
 
 VIRGINIA LOYALISTS OFFERED PARDON 
 
 [Col. William Preston's proposal to Thomas Heavin and other Loyalists. 
 5QQ55. Autograph draft.) 
 
 Thomas Heavin, having withdrawn his Fidelity and Allegiance 
 from the Commonweath of Virginia, by accepting a Commission 
 in the british Service, by enlisting a Number of Men to serve the 
 King of great Britain and administering the Oath of Allegience 
 to such Persons to the S*^ King; by swearing others not to lift 
 Arms in the defence of American Liberty ; by Poisoning the Minds 
 of Other good Subjects to this State; & by holding private and 
 Treasonable meetings with the Enemies thereof, in order to 
 Subvert the Government and disturb the Internal Tranquility 
 of the same. 
 
 Being conscious to himself of these Facts and of his Treason- 
 able Practices, he has withdrawn himself from a public Enquiry 
 into his Conduct & from the Punishment which he might reason- 
 ably expect would follow such an Enquiry. — But the Govern- 
 
 ^ For Clark's official account of his campaign against the Shawnee see III- 
 Hist. Colls., VIII, 451-53. Several men of Capt. Hugh McGary's company, 
 who were hunting on the north side of the Ohio as they made their way from 
 Louisville to the rendezvous at the mouth of the Licking, were killed by the 
 Indians, ibid., 477-78. This was the incident noted in this document. 
 
 '^ Concerning the spelling of this name see Wis. Hist. Colls., XXIII, 247, 
 note 1. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 247 
 
 ment of Virginia being full of Mercy & ever willing to forgive her 
 rebel & Dissafected Sons would rather reclaim & Pardon a number 
 of them than Punish one. — Therefore We the Subscribers do 
 hereby Invite and Exhort the Said Thomas Heavin or any other 
 in the same situation with him to return to his or their Allegience 
 to the Commonwealth. And we do in the Name and Behalf of 
 the Government promise him or them so returning & his & their 
 Families and property future Protection. That the Punishment 
 for their past Offences shall not extend to their Persons nor 
 property on their future good Behaviour & that if he or they shall 
 not agree to the Proposals that may be made to them when they 
 surrender themselves, they will then be at full Liberty to with- 
 draw themselves forty eight hours before any Search or Enquiry 
 shall be made for him or them. And that he or they may have 
 the utmost Confidence in these Proposals & Promises We and each 
 of us for ourselve do hereby Engage our Veracity and Honour 
 that every thing we have promised or proposed in the above 
 Writing shall be Strictly and punctually [Ms. torn] Given u i[der 
 our] hands this M*"" Day of August 1780 
 Reuben Remember Peter Kinders Confession from 
 
 GrifTiths Report 
 Peter Poor & Son Joshua Jones an OfTicer 
 
 Jacob Waggoner & Sons Laurence Kittering D° 
 
 Nath'' Morgan & Son William Blevins D° 
 
 John Croom w*^ not go on duty Th Heavin's D° 
 
 Jn° Willey D" 
 
 L Huff D° 
 lodged at S. Thompsons & have a meeting at Peppers, Gresham 
 Piloted him over the River 
 
 Mich'' Roger an Officer perhaps 
 Briton piloted him 
 
 Bane & M^'Donald spoke of 
 Rich" Oweny 
 
248 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 CONDITIONS AT FORT PITT 
 
 [Gen. George Washington to Col. Daniel Brodhead. Washington Papers. 
 Draft.] 
 
 Head Quarters Orange Town 14*^ Aug* 1780. 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 I have rec*^ your favors of the 29*'' June and 2V^ July. Cor Bow- 
 mans apprehensions of the force expected from Canada is certainly 
 groundless, as what men can be spared from the Garrisons of 
 the upper Country — S* Johns Montreal and Quebec are now 
 acting in conjunction with the Indians upon the Mohawk River, 
 where they have lately done considerable mischief. ^ 
 
 The distress on the score of provision has not been confined 
 to you alone, but has been severely e[x]perienced in every quarter, 
 and I think you will be very happy if you can adopt any expedient 
 to supply yourself without depending wholly upon the Commis- 
 sary in a regular way. 
 
 I am pleased to hear of the success of the parties under Captains 
 Brady and M^Intire to whom you w^ill be pleased to express my 
 thanks for their conduct. These affairs tho' apparently small 
 have considerable influence upon Indians. 
 
 The first division of the French Fleet and Army consisting of 
 8 ships of the line and 5000 men are yet at Rhode Island waiting 
 the arrival of the 2^ division now hourly expected. We look for 
 very important news from the West Indies, the whole combined 
 force of France and Spain in those seas having gone down it is 
 said against Jamaca. 
 
 I am Dear Sir Yr 
 CoL° Brodhead. 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Fort Pitt, Aug. 18, 1780, to 
 Gen. George Washington. Printed in Sparks, Corr. Amer. Rev., Ill, 62-63.] 
 
 Ten men have been killed on forks of Cheat River. Troops 
 are suffering for lack of bread. Courts-martial and their findings. 
 
 1 The Mohawk Valley during the summer of 1780 was the scene of several 
 raids conducted by Sir John Johnson, Col. John Butler, and Joseph Brant. 
 For a good summary of these movements see Francis W. Halsey, The Old 
 New York Frontier (New York, 1901), 287-94. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 249 
 
 Enclosed letters from Delaware towns. Delawares might be 
 involved in war with Wyandot had we means to encourage 
 them. Forts and prisoners taken in Kentucky will probably en- 
 courage similar raids in future. 
 
 [Summan,- of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Fort Pitt, Aug. 18, 1780, to 
 Pres. Joseph Reed. Printed in Pa. Archives, VIII, 513-14.) 
 
 Ten men on Cheat River have been killed by a Wyandot 
 party. Troops begin to murmur for lack of bread; waters are 
 too low to manufacture meal or flour. Pack-horse men have 
 deserted. Forts captured on Licking Creek; British ma^' at- 
 tempt similar attack on this part of country-; notice would, 
 however, be given by friendly Indians. Temporary- evacuation 
 of Forts Armstrong and Cra^^iord. 
 
 [Summary- of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Headquarters, Fort Pitt, Aug. 
 19, 1780, to Col. Archibald Lochr\-. Printed in id., XII, 257.] 
 
 Mistake in dating circular letters August 1 instead of July 31 
 deprived him of pleasure of seeing Lochr\- on August 16. Hopes 
 to see him soon. Monongahela River rising; garrisons may soon 
 be returned to stations. No immediate apprehension of danger. 
 Ranging companies supplied. 
 
 CLARK'S SHAWNEE EXPEDITION 
 
 [Summary- of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Fort Pitt, Aug. 21, 1780, to 
 Gen. George Washington. Printed in Sparks, Corr. Amer. Rev., Ill, 63-64.1 
 
 Captain Duplantier,^ just arrived from Delaware toxsus, 
 brings word that Clark with about a thousand men has destroyed 
 
 1 Captain Duplantier would appear to have been a Frenchman who had 
 offered his services to the American cause. He had no commission in the Con- 
 tinental army, but may have been ser\-ing imder Virginia. See reference to him 
 in Calendar of Correspondence of George Washington with the Officers (Washing- 
 ton, 1915), 1247. 
 
25Q WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 Shawnee town of Chillicothe. French at Detroit, badly treated 
 by British, desire approach of our troops. Letters from Dela- 
 wares inclosed. "Had I provisions, I should be happy to march 
 against some of the hostile Indian towns." 
 
 [Captain Killbuck to Col. Daniel Brodhead. Washington Papers. Contem- 
 porary transcript.] 
 
 Cashaquin^ 
 Dear Brother: 
 
 the Occupation the Indiens gives me hinders me to Come 
 to Fort Pitt to Bring you the news our french father, is Come 
 to tell you, and in the Same time that what layes in our power 
 we do to make peace he will tell you the hearts of all our Broth- 
 ers. We desire that you will march with an Army as Sone as 
 posible the Sircumstances is Very good the Shawnes is De- 
 feated by an Army of our brothers, i Believe that you might 
 go where you pleas. I Expect our French-father will have a 
 Considerable party of our young Wariors to go with you. Send 
 Sum Salt and flower and Soap for me and Nancy white Eyes. 
 
 Sir I am your friend and Brother 
 
 Col'' Henry 
 
 DISAFFECTION SUPPRESSED IN SOUTHWEST 
 
 [Col. Charles Lynch to Col. William Preston. 5QQ57. A. L. S.] 
 
 M^ McGavocks August y' 17*'' 1780 
 D^'S": 
 
 I was Honour'd with yours a few days past, in which you Desire 
 Me to Desist in trying torys &c &c — What sort of tryals you have 
 been inform'd I have given them I know not, but I can assure 
 you I only Examine them strictly & such as I believe not Very 
 criminal I set at Liberty. Others I have for a proper tryal, some 
 I have kept for soldiers, some as witnesses, some perhaps Justice 
 to this Country May require they shou'd be Made Exampels of. 
 
 ^ This undated letter was enclosed in that of Brodhead to Washington, Aug. 
 21, 1780. "Cashaquin" may be a copyist's error for Coshocton, but see ibid., 
 1496. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 251 
 
 it may also appear Very Od to you at first View that I siiou'd be 
 in your county apprehending some of those you have had Before 
 you & nothing appear'd against them, all which Dificultys I hope 
 to reconcile to you Esspetially and to Every good Man, When 
 first I was inform'd about the Conspiracy, and March to the hed of 
 Little river, & soon Discover'd the Conspiracy to be so great as 
 well in Bedford as in your parts, I thought it best to have some- 
 thing Done in Bedford, without Delay, fully Determining to have 
 inform'd you by Expres of all the information I had got, about the 
 Matter in your Parts and at the same time offer'd you My Assist- 
 ance with 100 good Men to have apprehended those traytors to 
 their Country, if you Needed it, but T* so it happen'd I was ten 
 Days Latter than I Expect'd before I with Convenience cou'd 
 get along; from the upper part of Bedford I had the Express all 
 ready & in Less than one hour shou'd have sent it of. When I re- 
 ceiv'd Saertain information there was a body of Bottetourt 
 Militia had March'd to your assistance and you were a Doing the 
 Needfull. I then Determin'd to March by the head of Reed 
 Iseland^ Near the Mountains, where I was inform'd Several 
 Principal Villians Harber'd & Expecting I might fall in with some 
 from your parts Makeing their Escape, and so on to the Lead 
 Mines where my information also reach'd. I apprehended the 
 Welch Men, David Herbot, Roger Oats & John Jenkins Acknowl- 
 edges agreable to the information I had to have Swore into the 
 Secrets twelve Mo* past, and have Given Me a good Deal of in- 
 formation on Others, some of Which I Shall have apprehended 
 ready to Deliver before you I intended this Day to have Done 
 My Self the Pleasure to have Waited on you, but last Evening I 
 receiv'd information of some Men up the River Who were great 
 Offenders, it was some Carolinians who fram'd themselves torys 
 Comeing to the Mines to give up, brought me the intelligence. I 
 have sent out a party of Men to bring them in which I Expect will 
 be Done tomorrow, after which the whole will be ready to wait on 
 you at any Place you Please — I found Such Poor fare at the Mines 
 that I was Oblidg'd to Dismiss the Most of My small Detachment 
 the Second Day, and therefore Cou'd by No Means advise you 
 with the flying Camp that Way. Cap* M'^Corcle Will inform 
 you and as I said I will Wait on you I can get word from fort 
 Chiswell as you Pass, Let these Broken hints apologise for My 
 
 1 Reed Island Creek is an eastern tributary of New River in Carroll and 
 Pulaski counties, Va. 
 
252 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 Conduct untill I have the Pleasur of Seeing you I wou'd also 
 request the favour of you to Let Me have a sight of Letters 
 you receiv'd relative to my conduct &c &c 
 
 I am S'' With Esteem your Most Obedient Humble Serv*' &c 
 
 Cha^ Lynch 
 
 N. B. I sent your Express to CoF Armstrong C L 
 
 [Addressed:] Col" William Preston Montgomery favour' d by 
 Cap* M'Corcle 
 
 [Nancy Devereaux to Col. William Preston. 5QQ58. A. L. S.] 
 
 [August, 1780] 
 Dear Col°: 
 
 Cor Lynch, with a party of Militia have come from Bedford, 
 in quest of Tories, they are now at the Lead Mines, and have in 
 Custoday Several and my Husband among the rest. I am very 
 certain, nothing can be made appear against him, but as there is 
 a missunderstanding between CoP Lynch and the Welsh in Gen- 
 eral, I ahi very uneasy at present least my Husband should not 
 have the Strictest Justice, done him at the Trial, therefore re- 
 quest the favour of you to send for him, and the Witnesses against 
 him and have him Try'd, at Prices or where yourself and the rest 
 of the Gentlemen are conveined, and then if my Husband should 
 be convicted of any misconduct against the State, I only wish he 
 may get a punishment Suitable to his deserts. 
 
 I am Your Obedient Servant. 
 
 , Nancy Davereux 
 CoL° Preston 
 
 [Lower line of manuscript missing] 
 
 [John Jenkins's confession. 5QQ54. Contemporary transcript.] 
 
 John Jenkins confession Before Cha^ Lynch & Alexander Cum- 
 ings August y'' 17*'' 1780 acknowledges to have been swore into 
 the secret by David Harbert La[s]t Summer, and Before John 
 Griffith Was Brought as a prisoner to the Mines — that Roger 
 Oats in the hard Wether got some rum of M' Sanders as he said 
 to treat some of the Neigbours, Particularly some to be carried 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 253 
 
 to John Griflith, that the s'^ Oats & Herbert did go to Griffiths as 
 he heard them say together that he ask'd Herbert Whether 
 they carried any to Griffiths he said they Did — Herbert also 
 inform'd him that Griffith was going about in Many Places to 
 inlist and Warn all his Men to be ready at a short Notice &c. 
 Roger Oats told Jinkins Griffith inform'd him he had been ask'd 
 at the Brittish Camp' Who Work'd the Lead Mines, & that he 
 inform'd them it was carried on by Brittainers, they Answerd 
 they were surpris'd that they shou[l]d Do it — Roger Oats Also 
 said he was Glad Jinkins had Quitted it for he woud surely 
 been ruined if he had Not, When the English got the Day, but 
 as it was they Might be AVell of &c — 
 
 [David Herbert's confession. 5QQ54. Contemporary transcript.] 
 
 David Harbot confession. Says he was swore into the secret 
 by Old Whover, and that Roger Oats is Listed & swore in by 
 John Griffith and that about the time or soon after the Battle 
 in Georegee on Sevanah Last Sumer Roger Oats inform'd him he 
 had seen Griffith and he had inform'd him a great Deal that the 
 Country surely wou'd be Conquer'd &c and that Roger Oats 
 communicated it to John Jinkins, and that he the s'^ Herbert 
 then about Did Swore the s'^ Jinkins to Keep the Matter a secrett 
 and from time to time convers'd with Jinkins on the subject, and 
 that Roger Oats Purchas'd a Cag of Rum from M' Sanders in the 
 Hard weather that he went with Oats to Griffiths Carrying some 
 rum when they had a good Deal of conversation about the Griffith 
 telling them he intended so[o]n to turn out & try to get as many as 
 possible, And to be ready at a short Notice to turn Out, & Parti- 
 cularly said that he Was Ask'd at the Brittis Camp who workd 
 at the Lead Mines & carried them On, griffith inform'd them it 
 was carried on by Brittainers, & that they Anserd they were 
 surpris'd Brittainers wou'd assist in Makeing Lead to fight against 
 the King of Brittain &c 
 
254 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 [Summary of Peter Kinder's confession, Aug. 17, 1780. Printed in John P. 
 Branch Historical Papers, IV, 317-18.] 
 
 Enlisted under John Griffith twelve months ago; James Douglas 
 on Cripple Creek,i Brittain, Cox, and Martin on Walker's Creek, 
 Joseph McFarlan on Reedy [Reed] Creek likewise implicated. 
 Kinder piloted Griffith through Brushy Mountain to Walker's 
 Creek. Samuel Thompson, and young Greyson on New River, 
 Leonard Huff, and Griffith Lewis on south fork of Holston 
 concerned. Richard Oweny in Baptist Valley at head of Clinch- 
 raised a company for the king. David Ross and John Hook 
 messengers to British camp. Roger Oats told Kinder that George 
 Forbush, George Caggley, and Charles Detrick were enlisted, 
 and Tom Gillehan of Nolichucky.^ Nicholas Darter was at Ram- 
 sour's Mills. Implicates Andrew Vault on Cripple Creek, An- 
 drew Sidney on Wolf Creek, [Philip] Lambert, Richard Ward, 
 Joshua Jones of Walker's Creek, and William Clevings on Hol- 
 ston River. 
 
 [Confession of James Douglas. 5QQ59. Contemporary transcript.] 
 
 James Duggless Confession August 18'^'' 1780 
 
 That John Griffith listed him this last april was a twelve 
 months At his own house the Said Griffith sent for m.e time after 
 time before I would Go — also the said Griffith told me that the 
 Leading men of our Cuntry was at the foundation of it — also 
 Co' Inglish was at the head of it and all the beafe Cattle he 
 Drove to the northward went the write way And he ricevd hard 
 money for them. — The said Griffith further told him that David 
 Ross Employ'd one George Bell to take the Sheriff, Plase in this 
 county for the good of all the inhabitants that will Come in to be 
 Subjects to his magisty the Said Griffith further Saith that 
 James M'^Corkle & James M^Gaffick Had a warm side for the 
 Tory Party, the said Griffith further inform'd him one Cap* 
 William Austin had never taken the state Oath and fain would had 
 
 1 For this locality see Dunmore's War, 163, note 13. 
 
 2 The location of Baptist Valley is given in Wis. Hist. Colls., XXIII, 120, 
 note 2. 
 
 ^ The Nolichucky River was in eastern Tennessee. See Dunmore's War, 41, 
 note 73. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 255 
 
 persuaded all his men to not take the oth the said Griffith 
 further Saith to Dugglis that Old Vault and all his sons, and 
 John Newland & Andrew Bronstetter & Fredrick Slimp and like- 
 wise that Moses Wells is concernd and Richard Ward and like- 
 wise that James Romine had been at Nolechuckee and saw Grif- 
 fith And that Griffith wrote Some letter or nother and made 
 answer To Dugglis no matter what also the said Dugghs Saith 
 His Brother Tho' Dugglis had talked with him on the subject 
 and he thought he was Gilty and said Dugglis Further Saith that 
 George Vault told him David Bustard Told him that he new the 
 Carreyngs on of the torys and Some men had revealed the whole 
 secret to Him and thretneted him if he Devulged it he would kill 
 Him and the next time he Met Bustard he told him that He had 
 told it and Drew his knifes on him the said Dugglis further 
 Saith that Griffith met his o[w]n son in the woods and wanted 
 him to Join but there was no Book To Sweare him yet his son 
 George Gave his Consent and likewise that Joshua Jones pass'* for 
 Griffith & Enlisted men and Old Bronsteter likewise is Gilty 
 Dugglis further Saith that Griffith told him that Sam. Thompson 
 had conceald him at his House and told him that tompson was 
 good and George Pemberton on elk Creek was hal[f] and half 
 that is to signify every wind will turn him 
 
 [Confession of Thomas Douglas. 5QQ60. Contemporary transcript.] 
 
 Tho' Dugglis Confession August 19'^ 1780 
 
 that James Dugglis told him he was not in the write way the 
 said Duglis told the said Tho^ Duglis that ther was a man in the 
 parts that knew More than either of them That if I w^anted to 
 see this man he could tell Me where to go and at the Same time 
 that he would Leave it to my self to Do as I saw cans and not to 
 blaim him if he ever come to Trouble hereafter the same Dug- 
 glis told The sa[i]d Tho' Dugglis to Go to Philip Duttons the 
 same Tho' Dugghs went to Philip Duttons and saw John Griffith 
 and had some conversation with him in a private room by them- 
 selves In the first place asked him if he ever took the State 
 Oath I told him I had the Said Griffith replyd I am sorry for 
 that the said Griffith said to me if you can cleare your Conchance 
 of that Oath I will take me in: and he told me that He had been 
 
25G WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 acting for the king ever since these times begun the said Griffith 
 furthe[r] told him he should have six pence starling per day and 
 a suit of Good Close and Should have land and should be cleare 
 of taxes for one and twenty years and the said time I was to be 
 ready at a moments Call and he then took the oath to keep secret 
 the said word told the said Dugglis that he was for the british 
 side. 
 
 [Capt. William Preston's safe conduct for Philip Lambert. 5QQ61. A. L. S.] 
 
 Aug* 2r* 1780 
 If Philip Lambert returns to his Allegience to the State and 
 delivers himself up to a Magistrate or to the Court he will be 
 treated with Lenity & his Person shall be protected from In- 
 jury; & if he don't like the Proposals to be made by the Court 
 he will then be at Liberty to depart from the Place forty eight 
 hours without search or Enquiry. 
 
 By order of Court 
 
 ' W Preston 
 
 [Confession of Robert King. 5QQ71. A. D. S.] 
 
 To the Worshipfull Court of Montgomery County Humbly 
 Prayeth Jentlemen of the Court whereas I Understand that 
 Information has been Laid Before your worships Court that I 
 have been Guilty with many others of being a tory and as fare 
 as I understand it has been proved against Me that I had a 
 Cap* Commission to List Men But Jentlemen the Case is Bad 
 anough I confess and am hartly Sorry for Myself But Jentlemen 
 I am Not in so High Commission as that for I Do not positivly 
 [know] whither I am A Leu* or Ensign But I must Confess that 
 I Have Been Working in a Rong Cause and all through Bad 
 Advice and A Rong Aperehension of the Matter and Jentlemen 
 as it has been the first fault that Ever I have Commited in this 
 Respect or any Other since I have Come into the parts I Do Beg 
 that your worships would Look over it as Easey as you posablely 
 Can Not that I am any Better than another Man or that I 
 would Vindicate My own Cause But there is several of Your 
 worships Knows If you would pleas to speak what you know that 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 257 
 
 my Corrector has Ever been Good and Jentlemen I think it is 
 Very Hard to Give my self up and to Have my Estate taken 
 from me or my small and Helpless family to which it is well 
 Known they would be so were You to pleas to Do it and there is 
 nothing that I have But what I have worked hard for and got it 
 all in a Honest way for which I Defy the world to Say any thing 
 Els and I Likwise I Defy any Body iff the[y] would tell the 
 truth that Ever I Intinded to hurt any Either in Body or Estate 
 But only of my own Simple Notion and the Bad avice of Others 
 that this was the Best Way But Now I see that I was Ronng in 
 my opinion and am Now willing to Give up to your will and to 
 Come under any obligations that your worhsips pleases to Lay on 
 me in the Way of afme or giving Security for my Good behaver 
 for the time to Come and Now Jentlemen I Beg that Your Wor- 
 ships would Look over my fault as Easy as you Posablely Can 
 and I will for Ever be your Real friend 
 
 Rob"^ King 
 N B Dear Si'^ I Beg you will send me aline By the Bearer 
 to my wife that I may Know what You would avise Me to Do 
 If it is not two much against the Intrest of the Contrys and I 
 am si'^ as before 
 To Co'' William Preston 
 To Co^ William Preston in Mountgomery County 
 
 (Proceedings of the courts of Montgomery and Botetourt counties at the trial 
 of Loyalists. 5QQ73-79. A. D.] 
 
 At a meeting of the Justices of Montgomery County and Bote- 
 tourt for the Examination of CoF W™ Ingles of Montgomery 
 County, 1 who stands charged with being guilty of Treason against 
 the Commonwealth. 
 
 Present 
 
 Cor W^™ Preston Capt John Taylor- Patrick Lockart 
 
 Col° W"" Christian Capt Ja^ Thompson Andrew Boyd^ 
 
 ^ For Col. William Ingles see ibid., 101, note 46. 
 
 ^ For a sketch of Capt. John Taylor see ibid., 45, note 80; for Capt. James 
 Thompson see ibid., 43, note 78. 
 
 ' Andrew Boyd was an Augusta County pioneer who married Mary, daughter 
 of Col. John Buchanan, about the year 1769. In 1776 Boyd successfully under- 
 took a perilous mission to the hostile Cherokee. Soon thereafter he removed 
 
258 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 Cor James Capt Dan' Trigg Robert Sayers 
 
 Robertson^ Capt James Barnett William Campbell 
 & 
 George Rutlidge^ Capt Jo' Grey James Byrns 
 
 William Neeley^ 
 
 Whereupon the Witnesses were examined as well in Behalf of 
 the Commonwealth as for the Prisoner &. The charge not 
 being fully proven and information being made that further 
 evidence may appear. 
 
 The Court are unanimously of Opinion that the fmal deter- 
 mination of the matter be defer'd & that in the mean time CoF 
 Ingles, do enter into Bond with — suffcitent security, to appear 
 at any time when Call'd on, under the PenF of £100,000 
 
 Robert Grayson,* is allso charged for the same offense & Witness 
 being sworn & examined, as well for the Commonwealth as the 
 Prisoner The Court are of Opinion that the charge is not fully 
 proven, & he offering to enlist into the Continental Army till the 
 last of Dec' 1781. He is received & he took the oath accordingly. 
 & so long as he serves; his Familly & property is to be protected. 
 
 Joseph McDonald allso stands charged with the same offense 
 and Witnesses being examined, as well, in Behalf of the Common- 
 wealth as for the prisoner. The Court are of Opinion that the 
 charge is proven but he being 58 years of age, & a large Familly, 
 & his Two Sons Joseph and Edward offering to enUst into the 
 Continental Army untill the last day of Dec' 1781. to have their 
 
 to Montgomery County, where he became a county magistrate. His home 
 was in that portion of the county later laid off as Wythe County, and there he 
 was living as late as 1807. 
 
 1 For a sketch of James Robertson see ibid., 44, note 79. 
 
 2 George Rutledge, of the South Carolina family of that name, came to the 
 frontier at the opening of the Revolution and served in 1776 on Christian's 
 campaign against the Cherokee, and in 1779 on that of Shelby against the Chick- 
 amauga. In 1780 Rutledge was lieutenant in Capt. Gilbert Christian's company 
 at King's Mountain, where, tradition holds, he fired the shot that proved fatal 
 to Maj. Patrick Ferguson. Rutledge was later sheriff of Sullivan County, and 
 a member of the constitutional convention for Tennessee. He was the first 
 state senator for his district, and succeeded John Sevier as military commander 
 of East Tennessee. Rutledge died in July, 1813 on his farm near Blountville. 
 
 » William Neeley volunteered for the campaign of 1774, and on April 15, 
 1778 was commissioned ensign in the Botetourt militia. He was still living in 
 Botetourt County in 1787. 
 
 ^ Robert Grayson (Grissom) became a good citizen of the commonwealth, 
 and died shortly before the year 1795. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 259 
 
 Father excused. & of opinion that they be rec'^ as soldiers & their 
 Fathers Familly & Property protected during their Service — 
 (M"" Lockhart disents) 
 
 John M' Donald, is charged as above. & Witnesses being ex- 
 amined as well in Behalf of the Commonwealth as the prisoner, 
 The Court is of Opinion that the charge is proven & that He be 
 sent to Augusta Goal for a further Tryal 
 
 Joseph Poppecaughfer is charged as the rest & the Witnesses 
 sworn & examined as before. & The Court are of Opinion that the 
 charge is fully proven & that he be sent to Augusta Goal for 
 further Try all. 
 
 Jacob Shull Jun'^ is allso charged as the rest. & the Witnesses 
 sworn & exam^ as well in behalf of the Commonwealth as the 
 prisoner, The Court are of Opinion that the Charge is proven, & 
 that he be sent to Augusta Goal for further Tryal. 
 
 John Grayson, Gasper Reid & Jeremiah Patrick, stands charged 
 with being Guilty of Treason against the Commonwealth. Wit- 
 nesses being sworn & examined. The Court are of Opinion that 
 the charge is only [blank in Ms.] 
 
 Gasper Garlick is charged as the above, & the Witnesses being 
 sworn and examined, The Court are of opinion that the charge is 
 supported & He appears to be a Simple Fellow do acquit him on 
 his agreeing to take 39 Lashes 
 
 Henry Stafford being charged as the rest, & Witnesses being 
 examined. The Court are of opinion that the charge is not sup- 
 ported, & that he be Acquited. 
 
 Abraham Morgan, stands charged as the rest, & the Witnesses 
 being sworn & examined. The Court are of opinion that the charge 
 is supported, but it appearing that he is an Ignorant Poor Man 
 with a small Familly do order him to be acquited after getting 
 39 Lashes. 
 
 Swain Poison, stands charged as the rest, & Witnesses being 
 sworn and examined. The Court are of Opinion that the charge is 
 proven that he be sent to Augusta Goal for further Tryal 
 
 Robert M'^Gee, stands as the rest, charged for Treason, & 
 Witnesses being sworn & examined, The Court are of opinion 
 that he be sent to Goal for further Tryal 
 
 Jeremiah Stover, stands charged as the rest, & the Witnesses 
 being sworn & examined, the Court are of Opinion that the charge 
 is so far proven, as finding him with his Gun Hid in a Barn with 
 Several Tories, & has been known frequently and allways since 
 
260 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 in this part of the Country to live among them, therefore do 
 order him 39 Lashes. 
 
 Thomas Copeley is charged as the rest & witnesses being 
 sworn & examd The Court are of Opinion that the Charge is 
 [blank in Ms.] 
 
 Henry Lawer, stands charged as the rest, & being examined. 
 Acknowledged He was an enlisted Soldier under Howard Haven, 
 for the British Service. But it appearing to the Court that 
 he was a Youth & advis'd to do so by, Llaven, & on his agreeing 
 now to enlist into the Continental Service, for 18 Months, after 
 his arival in the C^ Camp The Court are of Opinion that he be 
 admited to do so — & he took the Oath 
 
 Andrew Lawer, stands charged as the rest & being examined, 
 acknowledged himself as an enlisted Soldier under Howard Haven 
 for the British Service, But it appearing to the Court that he 
 was a Youth & might have been perswaded, to enlist into that 
 service without properly understanding the matter & he now 
 recanting & offering to enlist into the Continental Service & 
 there to Serve for 18 Month after his Arival at the Grand Camp, 
 they are of Opinion that he be admitted to do so — and he took the 
 Oath. 
 
 George Walter, is charged with Treason as the rest, & Wit- 
 nesses being sworn & examined, The Court are of Opinion that 
 the Charge is fully proven He having been enlisted as a Soldier 
 for the British Service But he appearing to be a poor & ignorant 
 Man They agree to excuse him on his Volunt[arily] offering to 
 enlist into the Continental Army for 18 Months from the time of 
 his arival in Gen' Washingt[ons] Camp. & he took the Oath 
 accordingly 
 
 John Harrison is charged as the rest & Witnesses being sworn 
 & Examined The Court are of Opinion that the charge is not 
 proven & that he be acquited. 
 
 John Henderson is charged as the rest & Acknowledges him- 
 self sworn by Tho' Heaven, not to lift arms against the British 
 Army & to adhere to the King of England The Court are of 
 Opinion that he [blank in Ms] 
 
 William Grant is charged as the rest. But he Voluntarily 
 agreeing to enlist into the Continental Army, to serve for 18 
 Months from the time of his arival in the Grand Camp The Court 
 did not go into the Examination of Witnesses, But admited him 
 to the Oath of a Soldier. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 261 
 
 Walter Stewart is charged as the rest, & Witnesses being 
 sworn & exam'* The Court are of Opinion that the Charge is not 
 fully supported & that he be acquited on entering into Bond with 
 suffictient Security in the sum of £20000 for his Good Behaviour. 
 
 Samuel Robinson being charged as the rest, & Witnesses sworn 
 & exam*^ the court are of Opinion that the charge is not fully 
 supported, & that he be Acquited on entering into Bond with 
 Suffictient Sec'' in the sum of £20,000 for his Good Behaviour, 
 
 John Haven & his two Sons James & William being charged 
 as the rest, but nothing appearing to fix the Charge fully on them ; 
 & William Voluntarily offering to enlist into the Continental 
 Army, to serve as long as those troops order'd to be raised by 
 the last Assembly (for that service) & the said John & his Other 
 Son James offering to take the State Oath at the Table; The 
 Court are unanimously of Opinion that the s** William be received 
 as a Soldier, upon which he took the Oath for that purpose, & 
 that John & James be Acquited, & that they & their property be 
 protected during the service of the said William & for ever after 
 so long as they behave as becomes Good Citizens. 
 
 William Grant stands charged as the rest & Witnesses being 
 sworn, & examined, The Court are of Opinion that the charge is 
 [blank in Ms] 
 
 Adam Liveer being charged as the rest & he acknowledging 
 himself Guilty of the Charge, & Offering to enlist himself in the 
 Cotinental Army, to serve as long as the Troops ordered by the 
 last Assembly. The Court are of Opinion, that as he is a Youth 
 & it is probable he was inadvertedly drawn to the Wrong side of 
 the Dispute, he be admitted as a Soldier, & thereupon he took 
 the Oath of a Soldier 
 
 Jacob Francisco is charged as the rest & he Confesses that has 
 been Sworn & enlisted With Howard Haven for the British 
 service, [blank in Ms] 
 
 Hezekiah Phillips & Henry Laybrook being charged for as- 
 saulting & Beating Christian Snido, an Officer on duty, & Wit- 
 nesses being sworn & exam"* The Court are of Opinion the charge 
 is proven, 
 
 Jacob Shull, charged as the rest, and voluntarily enhsts a 
 Soldier in the Continental Army until the last Day of Dec' 1781. — 
 and also John Shull enlists on the same Terms. On which their 
 & their Fathers property is to be protected, whilst the said Jacob 
 & John & their said Father behaves well. 
 
262 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 David Price, charged as the rest; and the Court are of Opinion 
 that he be rec"^ as a Soldier in the Continental Army he having 
 voluntarily enlisted himself for that Purpose till last Dec"" 178L 
 Cap* Lockart Dissents. 
 
 Jacob Francisco, charged as the rest, and enlists as a Soldier 
 until the last Day of Dec' 1781. 
 
 Robert Magee charged as the rest. He stands a prisoner 
 upon Parole that he will appear at Dec'' Court next, then & there 
 to answer to all Charges heretofore laid, & that may be laid 
 against him in the mean Time under penalty of losing his Estate. 
 
 Samuel Ingram charged as the rest. And his Sons Jonathan 
 & James voluntarily enlisting themselves as Soldiers in the Con- 
 tinental Army untill the 31 of Dec'' 1781. upon which the said 
 Samuel Ingrams & his two Sons property is to be protected, 
 whilst he & them behaves well 
 
 W" Grayson charged as the rest. He voluntarily enlists him- 
 self as a Soldier in the Continental Army until the last Day of 
 Dec' 1781. upon which him & his property is to be protected, 
 while he behaves well 
 
 Abraham Beaver, charged as the rest. He voluntarily enlists 
 lists himself as a Soldier in the continental Army until the ST* of 
 Dec' 1781. upon which him & his property is to be protected, so 
 long as he behaves well. 
 
 Henry Laybrook charged for misbehaviour. Voluntarily en- 
 lists himself as a Soldier in the continental army until the 31 
 Dec' 1781. 
 
 Robert King charged for Treason. The Court waved giving 
 Judgment upon it upon his enlisting as a Soldier in the Conti- 
 nental Army until the last Day of Dec' 1781. and his pledging 
 his own Estate real & personal; also his Father in law Joseph 
 Reburn pledging his Estate, real & personal as Security that the 
 s** King will find another good and fit Soldier, for the Term as 
 above when Col Preston calls for him. 
 
 Frederick Smith being charged with Treason against the State 
 But the charge not being fully proven, & his Son offering to 
 enlist into the Continental Army during the Term for which 
 the Troops are to be raised, agreeable to an Act of Assembly, 
 lately passed, for Filling up the Virginia Quoto. The Court are 
 of Opinion that he be admited as a Soldier, & thereupon He took 
 the Oath of a Soldier & the prisoner is Acquited during the Service 
 of his Son. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 263 
 
 Robert Henderson is charged as the rest, & Witnesses being 
 sworn and examined, The [blank in Ms] 
 
 Thomas Downard being charged as the rest & the Witnesses 
 being sworn & examined. The Court are of Opinion [blank in Ms] 
 
 Nathaniel Britton being charged as the rest, & the charge 
 being examined into. The Court are of Opinion that he be sent 
 to Augusta Goal & there to be confined for a further Tryal 
 
 James Kerr being charged as the rest & the charge being 
 exam*^ into, The Court are of opinion that he be sent to Augusta 
 Goal & there to be Confined for a further Tryal 
 
 Jeremiah Patrick being charged, now singly, as the rest, & 
 Witnesses sworn & examined, the charge not being fully supported 
 & He ofTering to enlist himself a Soldier in the Continental Army 
 untill the last day of December 1781. The Court are of Opinion 
 that He be admitted as a Soldier, & that his Familly & property 
 be protected so long as he remains in the Service, & thereafter 
 so long as he behaves himself as becomes a Good Citizen (M' 
 Lockart desents to this order) 
 
 Gasper Reid being charged, now Singly, for Treason against 
 the Commonwealth. & the charge being examined into; & proven, 
 But he appearing to be Sixty Years old, & his son David appear- 
 ing & ofTering to Enlist into the Continental Army untill the last 
 day of December 1781. The Court are of Opinion He be rec** 
 as a soldier, & that during the Term of his Service, the old man 
 & his Familly & property is to be protected provided he himself 
 go to the Minds by the 25th of this month of August & there 
 serve as a Soldier Two & a half months from that time. 
 
 Samuel Pepper is charged as the rest. & [blank in Ms] 
 
 Abraham Beaver stands charged as the rest & Witnesses being 
 sworn & examined the Court are of Opinion [blank in Ms.l 
 
 James Bane Sen"" being charged as the rest. But his Son Edward 
 comeing into Court & agreeing to enlist into the Continental 
 Army untill the Last day of Dec' 1781. Whereupon the Court 
 received his Son as a Soldier, & let the old man go. & so long as 
 his Son Serves in the Army his Familly & property is to be pro- 
 tected and afterwards so long as behaves as becomes a Good 
 Citizen. 
 
 Samuel Sadler is charged as the rest, But he ofTering to enlist 
 into the Continental Army to serve to the last day of Dec' 1781. 
 Whereupon the Court did not proceed to the full Hearing of 
 the charge but received him as a Soldier & he took the Oath ac- 
 
264 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 cordingly. & so long as he serves as a Soldier, his Familly & prop- 
 erty is to is to be protected, & for ever after if he behaves well 
 
 James Bane Jun' stands charged as the rest. But he agreeing 
 to enlist into the Continental Army to the last day of Dec' 1781. 
 & his Father comeing into Court & Acknowledgeing that he will 
 forfiet his Estate if his son deserts & the s*^ James Agreeing to 
 forfiet his on the same Conditions The Court are of Opinion that 
 he be received. & he took the Oath accordingly & during his 
 Service his Familly & property is to be protected. & forever 
 after so long as he behaves well. 
 
 [Patrick Henry to Capt. Thomas Madison.^ 29J111. Transcript.] 
 
 Leatherwood,- Aug. 23*^ 1780 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 Yours with £800 I rec*^ by your messenger, and inclose your 
 Bond as you desire, and shall write my brother & inform him of 
 the contents of yours. We shall please ourselves with the expec- 
 tation of seeing you and sister, with sister Christian, & I hope 
 the Cor next month, & don't let any thing stop you. We shall 
 set out down with our family in October, when the Assembly sets. 
 The Torys have been plotting hereabouts as well as over the 
 Mountains, but I hope they are pretty well suppressed. We 
 have partys out in pursuit of them, and several have been de- 
 tected, but as yet none are confined for Tryal in this county, but 
 I guess some soon will. I hope the enemy you mention will be 
 stopped before they penetrate any distance. Six ships of the 
 Line, Sc 5000 men, land troops, composing the first division of the 
 French, are arrived to the Northward. The enemy have retreated 
 before Gen' Gates in Carolina. 
 
 With love to Sister & the children, I am. Dear Sir, V Aff'^ 
 
 P. Henry. 
 Capt Thomas Madison, Bottetourt Co. Virginia 
 
 ^ For Capt. Thomas Madison, whose wife was a sister of Patrick Henry, see 
 ibid., 59, note 99. 
 
 2 Patrick Henry in 1778 bought from Thomas Lomax the estate of "Leather- 
 wood" for a consideration of £5,000. It comprised nearly 10,000 acres and 
 was situated in Henry County, about eight miles from the courthouse, and 192 
 miles southwest of Richmond. This was then a pioneer region. Henry and his 
 family lived at "Leatherwood" for about five years. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 265 
 
 FRENCH AGENT IN INDIAN COUNTRY 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Headquarters, Fort Pitt, Aug. 
 23, 1780, to Maj. Daniel Maurice Godefroy de Linctot. Printed in Pa. Archives, 
 XII, 259.] 
 
 Supplies soon to be sent Linctot. Directed to inform Delaware 
 council that their desire to march against the common enemy 
 shall soon be gratified. Wyandot are determined for war. 
 Shawnee have been rewarded by Colonel Clark. Linctot ordered 
 to return unless he can influence some other hostile, or some 
 neutral, tribe. 
 
 WESTMORELAND PROTECTED 
 
 ^Summary of a letter of Col. Archibald Lochry, Twelve Mile Run, Aug. 24, 
 1780, to Pres. Joseph Reed. Printed in id., VIII, 518-19.] 
 
 Supplies received; expedition against some hostile Indian town 
 proposed, not yet accomplished for lack of provisions. Com- 
 missions for mihtia officers. Recruiting for ranging company. 
 Pennsylvania volunteers supplied from Continental stores until 
 7th instant, now quartered on inhabitants, have had no pay since 
 April 10. "We have had no dammage done by the savages since 
 aprile which in a great meashure must be ascribed to the cair & 
 Vigolence of our troops." 
 
 CONDITIONS IN KENTUCKY 
 
 [Col. John Floyd to Col. William Preston. 17CC130-31. Transcript.] 
 
 August 25th, 1780 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 On my return home from our little Expedition about ten days 
 ago, I received your kind letter of the 22nd. of June. I am sorry 
 to hear of the losses we have met with at Charlestown, but I 
 hope our Troops immediately under the direction of the great 
 General have made retaliation by retaking N. York. The occur- 
 
266 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 rencies in this Country in the course this Summer would far 
 exceed the bounds of a Letter and as Mr Madison is going in it 
 will be useless to enumerate them — The stroke the Enemy has 
 made at Licking has raised many doubts and fears in the minds 
 of the Inhabitants so that numbers are preparing to remove back 
 to the interior parts of the country. I am sensible of the fears 
 and anxieties you have had for the safety of this country, and the 
 Friendly part you have acted by raising men for our relief, and 
 indeed I am doubtful the storm is not over tho' perhaps it may[be] 
 for this season. CoF Crockett's Batallion Stationed in the man- 
 ner you mention will be of great service to this County, but we 
 have very small expectations from CoF Slaughter's Regiment as 
 it does not exceed forty effective men, who must suffer this winter 
 for clothing. And if the 600 men from the three upper counties 
 on the Ohio should come without any provisions as the others 
 who came down have done, they cannot subsist without distress- 
 ing the Inhabitants very much. From what I have seen of the 
 situation of the Enemy's Country, they can at any time they 
 please carry on a campaign against this part of the country with 
 equal success to that above without some considerable alteration 
 in our affairs for the better, or the immediate interposition of 
 Providence. We have no spies out, nor had we one on duty when 
 the attack was made on the Garrisons at Licking.^ And although 
 they were twelve days in going from the Ohio, and cleared a 
 waggon road great part of the way they were never discovered 
 till they marched in sight. 
 
 Poor Capt. Byrn^ lies at Falls in a most deplorable situation 
 with his wounds, and it is out of my power to do much for him. 
 I attempted to have him removed out here with Billey M'^Afee^ 
 who is also wounded; but Mr. Byrn could not bear to be removed 
 off the Bed to lay him on the Bier; and Dr. Smith informs me he 
 cannot live many days. M"^ Byrn press'd to write to his Brother 
 to come to him immediately, and it will be necessary for him to 
 
 1 Note on original manuscript: "Ruddell & Martin's Stations. L. C. D." 
 * This wounded man, who soon afterwards died, was a brother of Capt. James 
 Byrn of Montgomery County, Va. See Draper Mss., 17CC133. 
 
 « William was the youngest of the McAfee brothers, pioneer explorers of 
 Kentucky. He was born about the year 1755 in Botetourt County, Va., and 
 in 1779 removed and settled a station not far from Harrodsburg, Ky. He com- 
 manded a company in Col. Benjamin Logan's division of Clark's troops on the 
 Shawnee expedition, and was severely wounded at the Indian town of Piqua. 
 He died at Floyd's Station soon after this letter was written. Ibid., 4CC26, 
 56-58. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 267 
 
 come as his Brother has considerable property here, & he is 
 appointed one of the Executors. 
 
 If an Expedition is gone out against Chuckamogo I think 
 Charles^ might come out with the greatest safety & I expect by 
 this time he is surely on the way — You sent 1000 acre warrant 
 for Capt. Smith. Pray how is he ? No Surveying is to be done 
 till October. The little mare I bought from Mr. Gardner was 
 stolen from here last May and think she was taken back to the 
 settlem*. I wish he could find her out as I value her very much — 
 Billey Breckenridge- is here and I believe would have gone in but 
 his Horse is poor being just off the campaign and I have none 
 left but Pompey and cannot supply him with a horse but his own 
 will be in order by the middle of Sept. Jenny sends you her best 
 wishes & very hearty thanks for your Fatherly care and suppli- 
 cations for the preservation of herself and little Will who is now 
 a fine white Headed Chattering Boy — and please Dear Sir to 
 accept of the sincere & grateful acknowledgments of your ever 
 affectionate Friend & Serv* 
 
 Jno Floyd. 
 
 LOYALISTS REVENGEFUL 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. William Christian, Mahanaim, Aug. 30, 1780, to 
 Col. William Preston. Printed in John P. Branch Historical Papers, IV, 318-19.] 
 
 A young negro lad belonging to Col. William Campbell was 
 waylaid by four armed and one unarmed man at Sinking Spring, 
 said they would hang him as soon as they reached Peak Creek, 
 that his master had destroyed their property and they would 
 destroy his, and that they were on their way to kill Colonel Camp- 
 bell and wife. They opened the letters he carried, but finding 
 
 ^ Charles, younger brother of John Floyd, was born about the year 1752 in 
 Amherst County, Va., and in 1773 married Mary Stewart of Hanover County. 
 In 1778 he served in Clark's western army. In 1780 Floyd removed his family 
 to his brother's station on Beargrass Creek, and was with the latter when he 
 was killed. Thereafter he resided at Pond's Settlement, where his son, Charles 
 Floyd Jr., enlisted for the Lewis and Clark expedition, whence he was never to 
 return. Charles Floyd the elder died in 1828 while visiting a daughter in Todd 
 County. His widow survived until 1850, when she passed away in Bond County, 
 111. 
 
 2 For a sketch of William Breckinridge see Wis. Hist. Colls., XXIII, 275, 
 note 2. 
 
268 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 them of a private nature threw them down; were frightened off 
 by the approach of some wagons. Requests a guard for Camp- 
 bell's house. Letter forwarded to Fort Chiswell, where Preston 
 is said to be. News of French armament. Colonel Crockett to 
 march down this river soon with 400 or 500 men. 
 
 LOYALISTS ENLISTED 
 
 [Col. William Preston to Gen. John Peter Gabriel Muhlenberg. i 5QQ81. 
 Autograph draft.] 
 
 [September, 1780] 
 Sir: 
 
 Numbers of People in the County have been so stupid and lost 
 to their own Interest as to be dissaffected to the present Governm* 
 of the Commonwealth ever since it took Place. Their Confed- 
 eracy at length extended not only through this & some of the 
 neighbouring Counties but into the neighbouring Frontiers of 
 Carolina. Their Combinations were carried on with such amaz- 
 ing Secrecy that we were apprehensive they could not be fully 
 discovered untill some desperate Blow would be struck. In order 
 to Discover their designs we were obliged to employ two Men 
 last July to go amongst them in the Character of british ofTicers. 
 One of these young men called John Wyatt^ had been a Prisoner 
 at Charles Town but made his Escape & had by some Means 
 procured Protection from another Person & some of Clintons 
 Proclamations which enabled him to pass amongst these people 
 unsuspected & make many important Discoveries, & thereby 
 opened a Door to an enquiry into their Conduct which Cost the 
 Officers & magistrates of this County supported by the Militia 
 near five Weeks. I believe they are now suppressed & I have 
 enlisted near one hundred of them into the Continental Army as 
 Security for their own & friends future good Behaviour. But 
 Wyatt is called back to the Service, to which he is affraid to return 
 lest some of these People might Secretly revenge the discovery 
 
 ' For a sketch of this officer see Frontier Defense, 211, note 77. 
 
 - This was probably John Wyatt of North Carolina, who was born in 1759 of 
 the Virginia family of that name. At the close of the Revolution he removed 
 to Lincoln County, Ky., and thence in 1817 to Warren County, Mo. There 
 he was living when in 1832 he made a declaration of his services in order to 
 obtain a pension. His wife was Polly Pearl of Virginia. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 269 
 
 he has made. Therefore the Officers & Magistrates of this 
 County have desired me to make this Matter known to you. Sir, 
 & to beg the Favour of you to give Wyatt a Discharge, for this 
 Important Service; or if that cannot be granted to accept a Man 
 in his room untill the last of December 1781 & that he may not 
 be called on till then. His Behaviour here has gained him the 
 Esteem of all good Men & it is hoped will [be] looked upon in a 
 favourable light elsewhere A Line from you on this head will 
 be deemed a particular favour. 
 
 A Youth called Ballard Smith^ a Brother in law of mine has 
 been in the Continental Army Some Years. I understand he is 
 an old Lieutenant and expects to be promoted to the Command of 
 a Company this Campaign. Should this be the Case I would 
 take it as a singular Favour of You to give him the Command of 
 the Company of Recruits that I have raised in this County, & 
 who marches from hence for Richmond this Day. The Young 
 man seems extremely fond to get the Company, as they are very 
 likely & understands the use of Arms. — I beg Sir You will excuse 
 this Request in favour of a Relation that I have esteemed from 
 his Childhood, and who I have with pleasure heard is not desti- 
 tute of Military Merit. Were it otherwise I should not have 
 given you this Trouble. 
 
 I am with real Esteem, Sir Your most Obed* Serv* 
 A Copy of a Letter to Gen' Mulenberg Sep"^ 1780 
 
 EMIGRATION CHECKED 
 
 [Extract of a letter from Pittsburgh, sent from Philadelphia, Oct. 10, 1780, 
 published in Maryland Journal, Oct. 17, 1780. 29J20. Transcript.] 
 
 Pittsburgh, Sept. 1 [1780] 
 Since my last, the savages have killed and scalped ten men, 
 about 60 miles up the Monongahela;^ and Cap" Bird, with a 
 
 1 Ballard Smith, born in Hanover County, Va., was the son of Francis Smith, 
 whose daughter, Susannah, married Col. William Preston. Young Smith entered 
 the army in October, 1776 as ensign in the First Virginia Regiment; on Aug. 9, 
 1777 he was promoted to a lieutenancy; and on May 12, 1779 became captain- 
 lieutenant in his regiment. He served until the end of the war. In 1790 Smith 
 was commissioned captain of the First United States Infantry; the next year 
 he became major, and on Sept. 4, 1792 was assigned to the Fourth Sub-legion. 
 Major Smith died Mar. 20, 1794. 
 
 2 Probably this was the raid, narrated in Withers' Chronicles of Border Warfare, 
 282-83, that took place at Martin's Fort on Crooked Run, on the west side of the 
 
270 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 few regulars and Canadians, and, they report, 700 savages, hath 
 entirely broke up one of the Kentucky settlements, having made 
 prisoners 400 men, women and children. But this stroke may 
 prove serviceable to us, as it will, I hope, if not finally stopped, 
 give a check to the emigrations to the Ohio, which is prodigious, 
 and which must weaken the country below. The grasping hand 
 of the covetous and avaricious monopolizer, not only of American 
 money but of American lands, has in a manner put arms into the 
 hands of our enemies. The former practice is now, I hope, 
 effectually abolished, and I wish the latter was. 
 
 EXPEDITION PLANNED 
 
 [Col. Daniel Brodhead to Col. David Shepherd. 1SS209. A. L. S.]i 
 
 Head Qu"' Fort Pitt Sep' 4*'' 1780 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 The Service requires that fifty Men well mounted on Horse- 
 back, besides proper officers, and fifty spare Horses, be furnished 
 from your County and Rendevouz on the fifteenth Day of next 
 Month at George Croghan's place, upon alleghany River ;2 to 
 enable me to carry an Expedition into the Enemies Country & 
 Cover the Settlements — 
 
 Such Horses as are lost in actual Service will be paid by the 
 publick. 
 
 Encourage such as are of ability to bring with them Rations 
 for fifteen Days, for which they shall likewise be paid the common 
 price, if Demanded. 
 
 As the issue of the proposed Expedition will in all human prob- 
 ability be attended with salutary effects to the Settlements on 
 
 Monongahela River in what is now Monongalia County, W. Va. Withers assigns 
 this event to 1779, but his dates are mostly given from reminiscences, not docu- 
 ments. The locality and the number of persons captured, as related by Withers, 
 correspond with the account of the event described in this letter of 1780. 
 
 1 This letter was a circular to the several county lieutenants. See a similar 
 one to Col. Archibald Lochry, printed in Pa. Archives, XII, 260. 
 
 2 For a sketch of Col. George Croghan see Dunmore's War, 7, note 12. His 
 place, where Washington dined with him Oct. 19, 1770, was four miles above the 
 confluence of the Allegheny with the Monongahela, on the eastern bank of the 
 former stream in what was McCandlass Township. It is now within the city 
 limits of Pittsburgh, near the United States arsenal. 
 
FRONTI ER RETREAT 27 1 
 
 this side the Hills, I doubt not but every Man who has the cause 
 of his Country and Humanity at Heart, will readily contribute 
 to carry it into the fullest execution 
 
 I have the Honor to be with great regard and Esteem Dear 
 Sir your most obed* Hble Serv* 
 
 Daniel Brodhead Col" command^ W D. 
 CoL° David Shepherd. 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Coi. Daniel Brodhead, Fort Pitt, Sept. 5, 1780, to 
 Gen. George Washington. Printed in Sparks, Con. Amer. Rev., Ill, 77.] 
 
 Yesterday two inhabitants killed by Indians on Robinson's 
 Run^ in this county; two soldiers taking some provisions in a 
 canoe to Fort Henry were fired upon, one was wounded. No 
 provisions, therefore cannot send out a pursuing party. Clark 
 has destroyed two Shawnee towns, killed six men and one woman.^ 
 If provisions can be obtained, "I will yet visit the Wyandots 
 by the 1st of November; and I believe the country will be unani- 
 mous in joining me upon an expedition." 
 
 [Summary o a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Fort Pitt, Sept, 5, 1780, to 
 Timothy Pickering. Printed in Pa. Archives, XII, 263-64.]3 
 
 Orders misconstrued. Commissary Steel discharged a brigade 
 of pack horses at Old Town with flour for Fort Pitt. Troops 
 frequently without bread for two or three days at a time; meat 
 sometimes lacking. Virginia has appointed no commisssary for 
 West, and Westmoreland not purchasing beef for winter supplies. 
 Recent Indian attacks. Encloses Major Linctot's letter with 
 news of Clark's Shawnee success. 
 
 ^ Robinson's Run is a western affluent of Chartier's Creek in Allegheny and 
 Washington Counties, Pa. See map, Frontier Defense, frontispiece. 
 2 See the British account in Mich. Pion. & Hist. Colls., X, 419. 
 2 A similar letter to Pres. Joseph Reed is printed in Pa. Archives, VIII, 536-37. 
 
272 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Headquarters, Fort Pitt, Sept. 
 6, 1780, to Col. George Vallandigham. Printed in ibid., 261-62.] 
 
 Distressed to hear his neighbors have again felt the cruel hand 
 of the murdering savage. Moses Killbuck gave information of 
 a party of forty Wyandot, and another of six Munsee coming 
 against the settlements. As he is a notorious liar, did not alarm 
 the people. Why were these men without a guard? Indians' 
 leaving a Continental gun seems odd; directs that it be sent to 
 him as some one may recognize it as the gun of a soldier killed 
 by the savages. Pity and protection for the inhabitants. Val- 
 landigham has his consent to raise thirty or forty scouts to range 
 until fall crops are sown. Inhabitants must furnish provisions. 
 If best men volunteer for proposed expedition there will be little 
 to fear from the savages next year. British have evacuated New 
 York. 
 
 ALLEGHENY POSTS REGARRISONED 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Headquarters, Fort Pitt, Sept. 
 6, 1780, to Col. Archibald Lochry. Printed in ibid., 261.] 
 
 Lochry's letter of September 3 brought pleasing news and a 
 presage of final victory for America. Allegheny River raised 
 by rains. Garrisons should be restored to Fort Armstrong and 
 Fort Crawford to protect frontier against danger from Niagara. 
 Two men killed on Robinson's Run on Monday. 
 
 HOSTILE INDIAN PARTIES 
 
 [Big Cat to Col. Daniel Brodhead. 1H144. In handwriting of Heckewelder.] 
 
 Salem Sept''^ y^ 12"^ 1780. 
 
 M'hingwe Pushees (or the big Cat) to CoF Brodhead as fol- 
 lows: 
 Brother M'hingwe Gweesuch: 
 
 I am very glad that we can inform one another all matters so 
 freely. I now acquaint You that in 14 Days from to day I shall 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 273 
 
 meet You at Pittsburgh where we will speak with one another. 
 You must excuse my staying so long, as We had to consider 
 Worshiping, and this great Work is not quite finished yet, but as 
 soon as it is quite over, You may depend of seing all the ChiefTs, 
 Captains and their young Men with You. 
 
 Brother: All the Chieffs, Capf^ & Young Men remember their 
 Compliments to You. 
 
 Now Brother: I will inform You that Mechmewocunund whom 
 We sent to Keenhanschican, heard that Alex*^ M^Kee was building 
 a Fort on the Miami River, he had an 100 English there with 
 him. 
 
 Brother: I was not able to stop a party of 20 Young Men which 
 went by some Days ago to do Mischieff unto our American 
 Brothers; They were headed by Capt° Pipe Brothers & Relations. 
 Again a Son of Wyondoghella threatens to kill the French Major 
 & Capt° 
 
 Brother: I met 3 Monsy's to Day who as I understand had been 
 doing Mischief somewhere near Fort Pitt. They are Relations 
 to the Monsy Chieff & one is lately come from the Miami River. 
 
 I am Your friend & Brother 
 
 M'hingwee Pushees. 
 [Addressed:] To Daniel Brodhead Col° Comand* West" Departm' 
 at Pittsburgh, by 3 Messengers from Cooshocking 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Fort Pitt, Sept. 14, 1780, to 
 Gen. George Washington. Printed in Sparks, Corr. Amer. Rev., Ill, 84-85, and 
 in Pa. Archives, XII, 265-66.] 
 
 Your letter of July 4 received. Regret want of resources to 
 enable you to act offensively against enemy. French at Detroit 
 are in own interest; 1,200 men could carry that place. Fort 
 Pitt garrison recently represented that they had had no bread 
 for five days. Temporary supply obtained partly by compulsion. 
 Recent letter from Heckewelder reports that a Wyandot party of 
 thirty experienced warriors was almost entirely destroyed by a 
 pursuing party from Fort Mcintosh. 
 
274 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Fort Pitt, Sept. 16, 1780, to 
 Pres. Joseph Reed. Printed in id., V, 258-59.] 
 
 Garrison's request for bread; daily supplies procured with 
 much difficulty. Intelligence just received of seven killed and 
 captured on Ten Mile Creek ;i no provisions for a pursuing party. 
 Importance of Delaware friendship; must have goods to clothe 
 them. Has just received letter from Major Linctot, written in 
 French, translation enclosed. "Had I but Men & provisons,^ 
 I might do something to gain a Laurel, but in my present cir- 
 cumstances, it is probable I may loose my Reputation." 
 
 THREATENED INVASION FROM DETROIT 
 
 [Maj. Daniel Maurice Godefroy de Linctot to Col. Daniel Brodhead. Wash- 
 ington Papers. Contemporary translation.] 
 
 Sir: 
 
 I have Received the Letter that you did me the Honor to 
 write by M' Deplanteur, I am sorry to hear of the scarcity of 
 provisions with you. I hope that my wishes maybe accomplished, 
 that at present you may have sufficient to cary on an Expedition 
 which will be the only Method to stop the Nations, if they have 
 not Faith, I loose intirely their confidence, I have already lost a 
 party (here is something particular) they were twelve Days 
 coming from Coochoquin, and the Meravians went to meet M' 
 Deplanteur that was sick, a party paid by the English have 
 stop't me, and I dare not follow them, a great quantity of the 
 party were in search of me, and would have taken me to Detroit, 
 I hid myself till the party had separated. 
 
 I understand the English is a going to send One Hundred men 
 to the Shawnese to Build a Fort. They also say, that a party of a 
 
 1 Ten Mile Creek is a western affluent of the Monongahela, dividing Greene 
 County from Washington County. There seems to be no other record of the 
 raid here mentioned, unless it was the one that occurred near Jackson's Fort on 
 the south fork of the Ten Mile, in Franklin Township, Greene County, described 
 by Samuel P. Bates, History of Greene County, Pennsylvania (Chicago, 1888), 500. 
 
 2 See several letters on the subject of obtaining provisions, about this date, 
 in Brodhead's Letter Book, in Pa. Archives, XII, 264-69. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 275 
 
 Thousand men is a coming to Attack Fort M'^intosh, I imagine 
 they will come with the Savages. 
 
 I have the Honor to be with the most Respectful! attachment 
 Sir Your most Humble & Obedient Serv* 
 
 Godfrey Lanctot. 
 
 I have sent some Belts to the Shawnese^ & Mingoes & they 
 would not make peace 
 
 [Col. Daniel Brodhead to Col. David Shepherd. 1SS211. A. L. S.| 
 
 Head Qu"^ Fort Pitt Sep' I?''' 1780 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 Two Delaware Runners with Letters from Major Lanctot & 
 Capt° La'Luzerne,2 arrived last Evening from Coochocking. As 
 that from the Major is much the same in substance with the other 
 I have got it translated into our language, and enclose you a copy 
 for perusal. The Contents if true, in our present circumstances 
 is alarming; and I must therefore request you will immediately 
 upon receipt hereof, cause in the who[le] three-fourths of the Men 
 in your county, to be equipped with Arms & accoutrements and 
 as much provision as will last them fifteen Days and be in readi- 
 ness to March at an hours warning but this additional number 
 need not furnish Horses to ride as they are intended to act De- 
 fensively. 
 
 The messengers add that a party of twenty Muncies & Dela- 
 wares, were discovered about six days ago, near the new Morav- 
 ian Town, on their march towards our settlements, which it is 
 expected will cross the River near to the old Mingoe Town.^ 
 And that they have heard that the Seneca Indians intend to 
 come in a large body down the Alleghany River to attack our 
 Inhabitants. They likewise inform me that in the attack lately 
 made by Capt° M^Intyre's party, on the Wyondot warriors, 
 eighteen or nineteen were killed, & some are still missing. 
 
 ^ For the message sent by Linctot to the Shawnee, and a description of the 
 belt accompanying it see Mich. Pion. & Hist. Colls., X, 427-29. 
 
 2 In compliment to the Chevalier de la Luzerne, French minister to the United 
 States, one of the Delaware chiefs assumed his name. This chief was steadfast 
 in upholding the American alliance even after the defection of most of his 
 tribe in 1781. 
 
 ' For this locality see Frontier Defense, 4, note 8. 
 
276 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 Advise the Inhabitants to be unanimous and I will undertake 
 to give a good account of the Enemy. 
 
 The former orders tending to offensive operations we are not 
 to loose sight of, For should the Ene[my] fail of coming in force 
 against us, I will if possible visit them. 
 
 I have the Honor to be with much respect Dear Sir your most 
 obed* Serv* 
 
 Daniel Brodhead CoF command^ W [D] 
 CoL° David Shepherd 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Fort Pitt, Sept. 17, 1780, to 
 Gen. George Washington. Printed in Sparks, Corr. Amer. Rev., Ill, 90-91, and 
 in Pa. Archives, XII, 269.]i 
 
 News just received from Major Linctot of probable attack from 
 Detroit. Delaware scouts report twenty warriors on the march, 
 and a large party of Seneca soon to come down the Allegheny. 
 SuppHes for Delawares promised by treaty are lacking. With men 
 and provisions would meet the enemy en route. Will do all 
 possible to oppose their designs. Regulars few; inhabitants will 
 doubtless think of flight rather than resistance. 
 
 IMPRESSING PROVISIONS 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Headquarters, Fort Pitt, Sept. 
 21, 1780, to Capt. Samuel Brady. Printed in id., VIII, 565-66.]2 
 
 Money not yet sent to pay for provisions; permission from 
 Pennsylvania to impress; Brady as assistant commissary is 
 ordered to take such cattle and sheep as can be spared without 
 injury to inhabitants or to further increase; on no pretense to 
 take from the poorer people, or those who have suffered by the 
 enemy. The levy to be confined to Pennsylvania. 
 
 1 For a letter of the same date to Richard Peters, conveying substantially the 
 same information, see Pa. Archives, XII, 274. 
 
 2 Similar orders for the impressing of wheat, rye, and oats were issued about 
 this same date to Capt. Uriah Springer. Draper Mss., INN69. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 277 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Fort Pitt, Sept. 23, 1780, to 
 Col. Moses Rawlins. Printed in id., XII, 272-73.] 
 
 Requests that flour Rawlins has ofTered be forwarded by pack 
 horses. Drought continues to affect transportation. 
 
 DANGER FROM LOYALISTS NEAR FORT PITT 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Fort Pitt, Sept. 23, 1780, to 
 Gov. Thomas JefTerson. Printed in ibid., 273.] 
 
 Board of War has instructed writer to make appHcation for 
 provisions to the state commissioners; Virginia has appointed 
 none; impressment necessary to keep troops from starving. He 
 has received notice of the approach of 1,000 British regulars and 
 great numbers of Indians; officers of the Ninth Virginia Regiment 
 think if inhabitants received promises of protection, they would 
 join the invaders. 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Fort Pitt, Sept. 23, 1780, to 
 Richard Peters. Printed in ibid., 274.] 
 
 Has heard nothing more of approaching enemy; has sent out 
 spies to report. Officers of Ninth Virginia think if enemy ap- 
 proach and offer protection, half of inhabitants would join them. 
 Emigration to Kentucky and the Falls incredible; disaffected 
 from other parts come in and purchase lands of those leaving. 
 Last meat in store issued; commissary impressing. Many de- 
 serters are harbored by inhabitants. 
 
278 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 IMPRESSING PROVISIONS 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Headquarters, Fort Pitt, Oct. 
 1, 1780, to Capt. Uriah Springer.i Printed in ibid., 274-75.] 
 
 Glad to hear of his success; hopes good people will show zeal 
 in present emergency. Troops have been three days without 
 bread; nothing heard of pack-horses masters sent for flour. 
 Rivers are raised; should endeavor to send flour and forage by 
 boat. 
 
 EXPEDITION PLANNED 
 
 [Col. Daniel Brodhead to Col David Shepherd. 1SS213. L. S.]^ 
 
 Head Quarters Fort Pitt Oct' 7*'' 1780 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 As it is yet uncertain whether an adequate supply of provisions 
 can be obtained for the Regular Troops which it will be necessary 
 to employ upon the intended Expedition. Likewise whether a 
 suflficient number of Horses are engaged to carry them & their 
 provisions. You will be pleased to direct the Militia Drafts 
 & volunteers of your County not to march until you hear from 
 me again. But they are to hold themselves in readiness to march 
 at an hours warning; and in the mean time you will make me a 
 return by the bearer of the number of men & Horses & of the spare 
 
 ^ Uriah Springer was born about the year 1755 in New Jersey, whence his 
 family emigrated at an early day to the present North Union Township in 
 Fayette County, Pa., then considered a part of Virginia. In 1774 Lord Dun- 
 more commissioned young Springer ensign and placed him, during his campaign, 
 in command of the fort at Redstone. In 1776 Springer enlisted in the Thirteenth 
 Virginia, becoming lieutenant in that regiment Dec. 19, 1776 and captain Aug. 
 25, 1778. Almost all of his service was performed on the western frontier. 
 After the Revolution he retired to his home near Connellsville, Pa., where he 
 married Sarah, daughter of Col. William Crawford and widow of Capt. William 
 Harrison. Captain Springer reentered the regular army in 1791 as an ofTicer 
 in the Third Sub-legion, and served four years with distinction. During the 
 War of 1812 he was appointed brigade inspector and took part in one winter 
 campaign. He died early in the year 1826 at his Fayette County home. 
 
 '^ This was a circular letter; similar ones were sent to the other neighboring 
 county lieutenants. See the replies of Colonel Beeler and Colonel McCleary, 
 post, 279. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 279 
 
 horses I may depend on from your County and as soon as I find 
 it practicable to execute the proposed incursion, I will give you 
 immediate notice to order them to march to a place of rendezvous 
 that may then be most convenient for our Destination 
 
 I cannot but lament the repeated Disappointments we have met 
 with for want of Resources to enable us to retailate upon the 
 Hell-hounds of the Forest But I must console myself with a 
 conscientiousness that the blame lies not at my Door 
 
 I have the honor to be with great Respect Dear Sir Your most 
 obed* Serv* 
 
 Daniel Brodhead Col" command^ W D 
 CoL° David Shepherd 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Joseph Beeler, Oct. 10, 1780, to Col. Daniel Brod- 
 head. Printed in Pa. Archives, VIII, 583-84.] 
 
 Your letter of October 7 received. Gould not get volunteers; 
 have impressed horses and draughted men. Embarrassed by 
 lack of government and laws; those of Virginia not operative; 
 not yet under protection of Pennsylvania. Have risked my 
 private fortune for sake of an expedition. 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. William McCleary,i Monongalia County, Oct. 
 11, 1780, to Col. Daniel Brodhead. Printed in ibid., 584-85.] 
 
 In Colonel Evans' absence, replies to Brodhead's recent letter. 
 Officers at a general muster decided that since all hope of relief 
 from a campaign this fall is abortive, and since frontiers for 
 sixty to seventy miles are infested with savages, no men can be 
 spared. Were ready for an expedition twice this summer. State 
 of frontier deplorable; helpless women and children; "even while 
 part of us is engaged in burying of our Neighbours that have been 
 butchered by them, Others of us is falling a sacrifice to their 
 Hellish inventions." 
 
 1 This name is variously spelled McCleary, McCleery, and McClerry. For a 
 sketch of this officer see Rev. Upper Ohio, 235, note 79. 
 
280 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 IMPRESSING PROVISIONS 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Headquarters, Fort Pitt, Oct. 
 11, 1780, to Capt. Samuel Brady. Printed in id., XII, 276.] 
 
 Distressed at aversion of people to affording supplies; no alter- 
 native between using force and suffering. Colonel Lochry's 
 share of provisions for regulars. If force must be used directs 
 Brady to notify Captain Springer at Little Redstone to detach a 
 party to assist. Thanks of commander in chief for Brady's 
 services. 
 
 THE BOUNDARY AGREEMENT 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Gov. Thomas Jefferson, Richmond, Oct. 12, 1780, to 
 Col. Daniel Brodhead. Printed in id., VIII, 641-42.] 
 
 Supplies must be secured under laws of Pennsylvania since by 
 boundary agreement the vicinity of Fort Pitt will be in that state; 
 Mason and Dixon's line will be Pennsylvania's southern boun- 
 dary; other line will run a little east of Ohio. Ohio posts are 
 suffering for supplies. Our treasury is utterly empty. 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Fort Pitt, Oct. 14, 1780, to 
 Col. Ephraim Blaine.' Printed in id., XII, 278.] 
 
 By late instructions of Pennsylvania Council, Blaine's deputy 
 to receive supplies; he has no deputy here. Some supplies taken 
 by force, inadequate for daily use. Hopes he is securing pro- 
 vision; troops cannot subsist on wind. 
 
 ^ Ephraim Blaine, of Scotch-Irish ancestry, was born near Carlisle, Pa., in 
 1741. His first military service was in Bouquet's expedition of 1764. Later he 
 was appointed sheriff and lieutenant of Cumberland County. At the beginning 
 of the Revolution he embraced the patriot cause, and on Jan. 1, 1780, at Wash- 
 ington's request, accepted the office of commissary-general of purchases, which 
 he retained until July 24, 1782. By this service he seriously impaired his private 
 fortune. After the war Colonel Blaine lived at Carlisle, where he died on Feb. 
 16, 1804. He was the great-grandfather of the statesman, James G. Blaine. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 281 
 
 EXPEDITION POSTPONED 
 
 [Col. Daniel Brodhead to Col. David Shepherd. 1SS215. A. L. S.] 
 
 Head Qu"' Fort Pitt October 13*'' 1780 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 Finding that the fairest proposals to the people, and the faith 
 of the publick, will not procure a sufTicient quantity of provisions 
 to enable me to secure the Inhabitants, by acting offensively 
 against the Savages. I have determined to take provisions, agree- 
 able to recent Instructions, And in order to facilitate the Business, 
 have called for the Garrisons of Fort Henry and Hollidays Cove. 
 
 I do not mean to detain those Garrisons longer, than untill, 
 they have executed the Business they are to be sent upon. And 
 in the mean time You will be pleased to order a Capt° & about 
 twenty five Militia includ^ a Subaltern two Sergeants to take post 
 at Fort Henry and a Subaltern two Sergeants & fifteen Rank and 
 file to Hollidays. Let them be supplied as the Regulars were 
 and they shall be paid by the publick. 
 
 I have received discouraging acc*^ from Col"^ Beeler & M^Cleary, 
 but all these will not deter me from doing every thing I can for 
 the good Inhabitants. 
 
 I am very respectfully Your most obed* Serv* 
 
 Daniel Brodhead 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Headquarters, Pittsburgh, Oct. 
 13, 1780, to Capt. John Clark. Printed in Pa. Archives, XII, 277.] 
 
 Intended expedition postponed, provisions being taken by 
 parties of troops. Evacuate Fort Henry and Holliday's Cove, 
 and bring all stores to Fort Mcintosh. There leave under Capt. 
 Benjamin Biggs thirty-four of those least fit for active service 
 and march the remainder to this place. Colonel Shepherd is to 
 send militia to the posts. Assure inhabitants of protection; 
 desire them to be on guard until expedition secures their safety. 
 
282 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 SCARCITY OF PROVISIONS AT FORT PITT 
 
 [Gen. George Washington to Col. Daniel Brodhead. 1H146. Transcript.] 
 
 Head Quarters near Passaic Falls IS**" October 1780. 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 Your favors of the 18*^ and 2r* of August reached my hands a 
 few days before I sat out for Har[t]ford to meet the French 
 admiral and General. This has occasioned their remaining un- 
 answered to this time. I have approved the sentences of the 
 Court Martial against Cap- [Thomas] Beal, Peter Davis of the 
 9th Virginia and David Gamble of the 8**" Penn* Regiment — 
 Gamble appearing to me the most proper object for an example, 
 I have directed his execution. The time and place is left to your 
 option. The adjutant General transmits you the extract from 
 General Orders respecting the above. 
 
 I am sorry that I cannot, considering the former good conduct 
 of Cap* Beal, comply with the recommendation of the Court in 
 his favor. The circumstance of his receiving the Grain and Rifle 
 Gun for transferring M^Cloud to another Corps is so inconsistent 
 with the character of an officer, that I cannot, with any degree of 
 propriety, reinstate him. 
 
 I return you part of the proceedings of a court martial upon 
 John Gosset of the 9*'' Virginia Reg*: I imagine the remainder has 
 been left out when your packet was made up. 
 
 The want of provisions is a clog to our operations in every 
 quarter. We have several times, in the course of this campaign, 
 been without either Bread or meat, and have never had more than 
 four or five days beforehand. The smallness of your force will 
 not admit of an expedition of any consequence, had you Maga- 
 zines, You must therefore, of necessity, confine yourself to parti- 
 zan strokes, which I wish to be encouraged. 
 
 The State of Virginia are very desirous of an expedition against 
 Detroit, and would make great exertions to carry it into execution. 
 But while the enemy are so formidable to the Southward, and are 
 making such strides in that quarter, I fear it will require a greater 
 force of men and supplies to check them than we since the defeat 
 near Campden,^ shall be able shortly to draw together. 
 
 I am Dear Sir Your most ob* Serv* 
 
 G° Washington 
 
 1 The battle of Camden, S. C, was fought Aug. 16, 1780 when Gen. Horatio 
 Gates, in command of the Continental forces in the South, was defeated by 
 Lord Cornwallis. It was in this battle that Baron De Kalb was slain. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 283 
 
 Col" Brodhead, 
 
 P. S. Since writing the foregoing, I have received your favors 
 of the 5^^ U^^ and l?**" Septem'. Your distress for provision, 
 considering the distance you are from supplies and the approach 
 of winter is very alarming, and I shall therefore take the earliest 
 opportunity of laying before Congress the situation of the Garrison, 
 and the necessity which there seems to be of furnishing the de- 
 partment with more certain means of procuring provisions, than 
 a bare dependance upon the requisitions made from the States. 
 Necessity must in the mean time justify the measure of taking 
 by impress what the inhabitants can spare. 
 
 When the Court Martial have finished the business before 
 them, it may be dissolved. 
 
 N. B. The foregoing letter is enclosed in an envelop and en- 
 dorsed. "On public service To Colonel Brodhead Commanding 
 at Fort Pitt. Recommended to the particular care of the Board 
 of War by G° Washington See the P. S. of this respecting pro- 
 visions" 
 [Endorsed:] His ExcelF General Washington Oct 13"" 1780. 
 
 [Col. Daniel Brodhead to Gen. George Washington. ^ 3H1-3. Transcript of 
 Letter Book.]^ 
 
 Fort Pitt, October 17*'' 1780. 
 Dear General: 
 
 Your favor of the 14'^ of Aug* I had the honor to receive on 
 the 7th instant, and am very thankful for the contents. You 
 must be convinced ere now that Col° Bowman's apprehensions 
 were founded on certain intelligence of an expedition intended 
 against the forts on Kentucky. 
 
 1 See a letter of the same date and of similar character to Pres. Joseph Reed, 
 printed in Pa. Archives, VIII, 588. 
 
 * In 1846 a descendant of Colonel Brodhead, Col. Andrew J. Foulk of Kittan- 
 ning. Pa., lent Dr. Draper a letter book of his ancestor, comprising his corres- 
 pondence from October, 1780 to December, 1781. This letter book chrono- 
 logically follows the one printed in id., XII, 105-299, most of which has been 
 summarized in the preceding pages. Dr. Draper made a careful transcript of 
 the book sent him by Colonel Foulk and returned the original manuscript to 
 its owner. It is not known whether or not it is still extant. Part of its contents 
 was printed in Neville B. Craig, Olden Time (Pittsburgh, 1848), II. It is be- 
 lieved that many of these letters of Brodhead have not hitherto appeared in 
 print. 
 
284 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 I have sent out parties to take cattle and grain from the in- 
 habitants, & expect to obtain a considerable supply of flour as 
 the mills begin to have water sufficient to manufacture it; but 
 the inhabitants, disappoint us of getting beef by driving their 
 cattle into the mountains; and we have at present neither bread 
 nor meat, but expect a smajll supply immediately. 
 
 Capt" Brady is on command, & Capt" M'lntyre has leave of 
 absence to PhiP^"; as soon as they return I will express your 
 Excellency's thanks for their conduct. 
 
 In full confidence that a sufficient supply of provision would 
 sooner or later be furnished for the troops in this district, as well 
 as such number of militia as policy or the exigency of affairs might 
 render it necessary to call into action; I with a view to cut off the 
 Wyandotts & other Indian towns that were very troublesome to 
 our Settlements called for a draught from the militia three dif- 
 ferent times, & was as often disappointed in obtaining provisions, 
 which with the unsettled state of the boundary line between Pen* 
 & Virg*, has greatly discouraged the inhabitants, & I apprehend 
 had given a handle to the disaffected. I take the liberty to 
 enclose copies lately received from Colonel Beelor & M^'Clerry 
 purporting some of the above facts. 
 
 The Delaware Chiefs with upwards of thirty warriors come to 
 aid me upon an Expedition, but as I have neither bread nor meat 
 to give them they will soon discover that it is not in my power to 
 act offensively. They appear much dejected on account of the 
 total want of goods which they were promised in exchange for 
 their peltry. 
 
 Unless supplies of beef &c are procuring below the mountains 
 which I know nothing of, the troops here will be reduced to great 
 hardships before spring, and desertions will be very frequent. 
 
 I have frequently represented to the Honb'^ Board of War the 
 hardships of the troops, & am now informed by their Secretary that 
 compulsion is tolerated by the Supreme Executive Council of 
 Pen* for a temporary supply. 
 
 I continue my inquiries respecting the strength of Detroit, & 
 my intelligence is of a piece with that formerly communicated. 
 
 I have the honor to be, with the most exalted respect, &c 
 
 D. B. 
 His Excellency Gen'' Washington. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 285 
 
 [Col. Daniel Brodhead to Col. John Davis. ^ 3H4. Transcript of Letter 
 Book.] 
 
 Fort Pitt, Ocf IS*'" 1780. 
 Sir: 
 
 I am honored with your favor by Capt. Postlewait^ & am 
 glad to find this District is, by the new arrangement, under your 
 direction, as I expect it will be well attended to. 
 
 Agreeable to your wish M"" D. Duncan has accepted the appoint- 
 ment of A. Q. Master. Capt. Postlewaite & he have settled the 
 number of clerks & appointed a Forage Master, & I have reason 
 to believe that with a competent sum of money business will be 
 properly transacted. 
 
 Capt" Postlewaite takes with him an estimate of stores indes- 
 pensably necessary for the District, & I beg you will have them 
 provided as soon as circumstances & situation will admit. 
 
 I have the honor to be, &c. 
 
 D. B. 
 CoL° Jn° Davis.— 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Headquarters, Fort Pitt, Oct. 
 20, 1780, to Capt. Uriah Springer. Printed in Pa. Archives, XII, 278-79.] 
 
 Sorry to find people above Redstone intend to rise in arms 
 against impressing party. Many doubtless are disaffected. 
 Avoid harsh action if possible; if safety of party requires succor 
 it shall be given by infantry and artillery. 
 
 ^ Col. John Davis lived neighbor to Col. Ephraim Blaine, in Middleton Town- 
 ship, Cumberland County, near Carlisle. In 1777 Davis was colonel of the 
 Second Battalion of Cumberland County militia; after 1780 he was a deputy 
 commissary under Blaine. 
 
 * Capt. Samuel Postlethwaite was deputy quartermaster from Oct. 6, 1777 
 to December, 1782. His home was at Carlisle, where he died, Aug. 24, 1810, 
 in his seVenty-second year. 
 
286 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 [Gen. George Washington to President of Congress. Washington Papers. 
 Draft.] 
 
 Head Quarters near Passaic Falls 
 
 2V' Octob' 1780 
 Sir: 
 
 I have been honored with your Excellency's favors of the 10*'' 
 and 14*^ Instants. The advance of the British Army towards the 
 borders of North Carolina is an alarming circumstance, more 
 especially, as there is every reason to beleive that the force which 
 lately sailed from New York is intended to cooperate with them. 
 The enemy, by several accounts, received a reinforcement from 
 Europe in the last Fleet, it is said by some to consist of two 
 British Regiments — about 700 German Recruits and some from 
 Scotland. If so, this new accession is nearly equal to their late 
 detachment — but others again say the reinforcement consists 
 wholly of Recruits. I have heard nothing directly from the 
 Northward since my letter of the 16*^. There are reports that 
 the enemy retired after destroying Fort Ann Fort George and 
 burning some Houses. ^ It is thought, and perhaps not without 
 foundation, that this incursion was made upon a supposition that 
 Arnolds treachery had succeeded. 
 
 Cor Brodhead has in many of his late letters expressed his 
 apprehension of the consequences which may result from the 
 Want of provision should the enemy, agreeable to their threats, 
 invest the post of Fort Pitt this Winter. But, by a letter from 
 him of the 14**" of September, matters had proceeded to such ex- 
 tremities, that the Garrison, headed by the non Commissioned 
 officers, had waited upon him, and, he says, in a decent manner 
 remonstrated upon the hardship at having been without Bread 
 for five days. Upon being told that every thing would be done 
 to releive them they retired in good order. Col° Brodhead adds — 
 the Country is not deficient of Resources, but that pub)^"; credit 
 is exhausted, and will no longer procure supplies. Congress will 
 
 ^ Washington here refers to the expedition of Maj. Guy Carleton, nephew of 
 Lord Dorchester. In the autumn of 1780, with a force of a thousand Loyalists 
 and Indians, Carleton advanced via Lakes Champlain and George into northern 
 New York and laid siege to the protecting forts. On October 10 Fort Anne 
 was surrendered, its garrison captured, and its buildings burned; the next day 
 Fort George capitulated. Meanwhile Carleton had sent out a detachment as 
 far as Ballston in Saratoga County, which captured' Col. James Gordon and a 
 number of Whig inhabitants. After these successful raids, a rapid retreat was 
 made to Montreal. 
 
JL 
 

 .Bern /^-r^. -v}r^ /ro^. 
 
 JOSEPH BRANT 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 287 
 
 therefore see the necessity of either furnishing the Commissary 
 to the Westward with a competent sum of money, or of obtaining 
 from, the State of Pennsylvania an assurance that the part of the 
 quota of supplies demanded of her by the requisition of Congress 
 of February last and directed [to] be deposited in the Magazines 
 to the Westward, which was intended for the support of Fort 
 Pitt, shall be immediately laid in, if it has not been already done. 
 The importance of that post to the whole Western Frontier is so 
 great, as not to admit of its being left to any risque, if it can be 
 avoided. 
 
 I take the liberty of inclosing your Excellency, for the deter- 
 mination of Congress, the Copy of a letter of the IS*** [See Gen' 
 Knox letter of that date respecting the dismission of CoF Mason] 
 from Brig. Gen' Knox, representing the injury to the service, 
 should the Resolve for the dismission of L* Col" [David] Mason, 
 be immediately carried into execution. I am ignorant whether 
 the Resolve proceeded from a motive of Oconomy or any thing 
 improper in the conduct of CoF Mason. If only from the former, 
 I should hope that General Knox's request would be complied 
 with. If from the latter his services, however material, must be 
 dispensed with. 
 
 Since I began this letter I have received advices from Gov. 
 Clinton, at Albany who mentions that the party of the enemy 
 which came from the Northward had retired by the way of Lake 
 George, but that another party from the Westward had pene- 
 trated as far as Scoharie which valuable settlement they had des- 
 troyed.^ The Governor himself was going to Schenectady to 
 make a disposition of the force in that quarter. I have sent up 
 two Continental Regiments to his assistance which I hope will be 
 sufTicient to repel the Enemy, as they are not represented as very 
 numerous. Fort Schuyler^ is well garrisoned and has forty days 
 provision in it. I therefore hope no great danger is to be appre- 
 hended from the present incursion. 
 His Excellency President of Congress. 
 
 1 The destruction of the Schoharie settlement was accomplished by Sir John 
 Johnson and Joseph Brant with a force of Loyalists and Indians. Coming from 
 Canada via Oswego and Lake Oneida, they rendezvoused at Unadilla and por- 
 taged to the Schoharie, where they attacked a fort on the site of Middleburg. 
 There they were repulsed, but succeeded in devastating the valley and capturing 
 about a hundred prisoners. On October 19 the New York forces under Gen. 
 Robert Van Rensselaer defeated the invaders at Stone Arabia. See original 
 documents in Draper Mss., 10F56. 
 
 * Fort Schuyler, originally Fort Stanwix, stood on the site of Rome, N. Y. 
 
288 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 SUPPLIES FOR FORT PITT 
 
 [Col. Daniel Brodhead to Col. John Perry. 3H4. Transcript of Letter 
 Book.] 
 
 Head Qr^ Fort Pitt, October 2T^ 1780. 
 Sir: 
 
 I am instructed by the Honb"' Board of War that our State of 
 Pen^ is to furnish for the troops under my command a certain 
 quantity of hay, grain, flour & rum, I, therefore, wish to see 
 a copy of your latest instructions relative to supplies; and as the 
 season is at hand for laying in winter stores, you'l please to inform 
 me by M' Duncan what part of the articles mentioned in your 
 instructions are purchased bona fide, and what your future 
 expectations are. You & M"" Duncan by conversing together 
 may prevent any interference in purchasing. 
 
 Your deliveries in future must be to M' Duncan, he being 
 appointed a Deputy under Col° Blaine. I am &c. 
 
 D. B. 
 
 Col** Jn° Perry. 
 
 [Col. Daniel Brodhead to Maj. William Taylor.^ 1NN70. Summary and 
 transcript.] 
 
 Oct. 27, 1780 
 Maj. R. [William] Taylor ordered to Tyger's Valley to pur- 
 chase cattle, & impress such as cannot be purchased &c — Capt. 
 Springer near Red Stone to join him. 
 
 [Col. Daniel Brodhead to Maj. Frederick Vernon. 1NN70. Summary and 
 transcript.] 
 
 Oct. 28, 1780. 
 Maj. Vernon was ordered to proceed immediately to Westmore- 
 land county — relieve Capt. Brady, take his instructions relative 
 
 1 William Taylor, a native of Orange County, Va., and a cousin of Col. Richard 
 Taylor, enlisted in 1776 in the Second Virginia Regiment as lieutenant in the 
 company of his brother Francis. By the close of the year William was himself 
 a captain, and on Dec. 7, 1779 he was appointed major and transferred to the 
 Ninth Virginia. On the same date his cousin, Richard, was transferred from 
 the Ninth to the Second Virginia as its lieutenant-colonel. After the war Maj. 
 William Taylor removed to Oldham County, Ky., where he resided upon 
 Taylor's Creek and where he died April 14, 1830. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 289 
 
 to taking cattle &" — Col. B. understands that there are cattle 
 in the Forks of Yough which may be spared: "The season is so 
 far advanced, & our necessities so great, that I must leave it to 
 your discretion to get cattle & sheep where you find it most con- 
 venient until we are otherwise supplied." Capt. Rob' Beal to 
 go with Maj. Vernon. 
 
 COMMANDANT FOR FORT McINTOSH 
 
 [Col. John Gibson to Capt. Benjamin Biggs. 5NN7. Transcript.] 
 
 Fort Pitt, Nov. V 1780. 
 Sir: 
 
 I rec*^ your letter this morning by Express & immediately ap- 
 plied to Col. Brodhead to have you relieved; Capt" Tannehill is 
 ordered for that purpose, & will set out in a day or two. I am 
 in some hopes that the whole of the officers and men will soon be 
 relieved. No news from below. Please present my compli- 
 ments to the gentlemen of your garrison, & believe me to be 
 yours sincerely 
 
 Jn° Gibson, Col. 9*'' Vir. Reg' 
 To Capt. B. Biggs Com^ at Fort MTntosh. 
 
 [Receipt of Capt. Adamson Tannehill to Capt. Benjamin Biggs. 5NN5. 
 A. D. S.I 
 
 Rec*^ of Captain Benjamin Biggs of the 9th. V. Reg' one Brown 
 Horse the property of the U. States, — Six falling axes and two 
 Iron wedges for the use of the Garrison of Fort Mcintosh Nov*" 
 6th 1780 
 
 Tannehill Captain Command^ F. M'Intosh. 
 
290 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 REDUCTION OF ARMY 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Gen. Anthony Wayne, Camp at Totowa,^ Nov. 2, 
 1780, to Col. Daniel Brodhead. Printed in Pa. i4/-c/?ii;es, VIII, 595.] 
 
 New arrangement of the army. Pennsylvania line is reduced 
 to six regiments; provision for supernumerary officers. ^ This 
 arrangement to go into effect January 1, 178L Return of 
 Eighth Regiment desired, with dates of officers' commissions. 
 
 PLOT TO MURDER FRIENDLY INDIANS 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Fort Pitt, Nov. 2, 1780, to 
 Pres. Joseph Reed. 3H5-7. Printed in ibid., 596.] 
 
 Disappointed not to conduct an expedition against hostile 
 Indians; pirovisions scarcely sufficient for daily consumption. 
 Nearly forty friendly Delawares came to his aid against hostile 
 tribes; a band from Hannastown have attempted to destroy them, 
 women and children as well as men; this massacre prevented by 
 a guard of regulars posted for Indians' protection. Captains 
 Irwin and Jack, Lieutenant Brownlee,^ and Ensign Guthrie were 
 concerned in this base attempt. Thomas Smallman's secret 
 purchase from Delawares of McKee's Island* is illegal. 
 
 1 Wayne's headquarters were not far from the present city of Paterson in 
 Passaic County, N. J. 
 
 * Congress had at intervals during 1780 discussed the reduction of the army, 
 until October 3 an act was agreed upon reducing the number of Continental 
 regiments and assigning the quotas to the several states. The officers who 
 were retired were well rewarded for their past services. See Jour, of Cont. Cong., 
 XVIII, 893-97, 958. 
 
 3 Lieut. John Brownlee served in the early years of the war as a non-com- 
 missioned officer in the Eighth Pennsylvania Regiment. Having been honorably 
 discharged he returned to his Westmoreland County home, and was successively 
 lieutenant and captain of the militia and rangers. In 1782 during an attack 
 by the Indians on Hannastown, Brownlee, who had a profound hatred of them, 
 was captured and, his indentity having been learned, killed by a blow of his 
 captor's tomahawk. 
 
 * The first island below Pittsburgh, a mile in length and 300 acres in area, was 
 successively called McKee's, Hamilton's, and Brunot's, the latter name for 
 Dr. Felix Brunot, a French physician who resided there early in the nineteenth 
 century. See description in Fortescue Cuming, "Tour," in R. G. Thwaites (ed.). 
 Early Western Travels (Cleveland, 1904), IV, 93-95. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 291 
 
 SCARCITY OF PROVISIONS AT FORT PITT 
 
 [Col. Daniel Brodhead to Col. Ephraim Blaine. 3H8-9. Transcript of Letter 
 Book.] 
 
 Fort Pitt, Nov' 3*^ 1780. 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 I have received your favor of the 11^ of Sept", & am sorry to 
 hear of your inability to supply the troops under my command. 
 
 Hitherto by great exertions & the most plausible assurances of 
 money to defray the debts we contract, we have barely subsisted, 
 & it is clear to every body that a supply of meat cannot be had 
 even for ready money equal to half the present consumption, to 
 say nothing of what quantity ought to be laid in to enable me to 
 act vigorously the ensuing campaign. 
 
 Flour, I conceive, may be furnished on this side the mountains, 
 but too great a quantity of salt cannot be sent us as that article 
 will procure meat when money cannot. Pack-horses can be 
 furnished to transport it from Conogocheague. M' Duncan 
 does all in his power & is sure of every assistance in my power; 
 but pork is out of the question — everywhere the kidney worm & 
 vermin together having destroyed 9 /lO [nine tenths] of the swine 
 in this country, so that unless you can supply us with a quantity 
 of meat from below the mountain, I shall have the mortification 
 to remain on the defensive another campaign, which above all 
 things I detest & abhor. 
 
 You must be convinced of the necessity of supporting this new 
 country which is of great importance to the public, & that the 
 only sure way to defend the settlements is to act offensively; to 
 do which I expect to be reinforced next spring — & I trust your 
 utmost exertions will not be wanting to afford us ample supplies. 
 
 I have the honor to be, &c. 
 
 D. B. 
 
 CoL° Ephraim Blaine. 
 
292 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 [Col. Daniel Brodhead to Maj. Frederick Vernon. 3H9-11. Transcript of 
 Letter Book.] 
 
 Head Qr', Fort Pitt, Nov. 7* 1780 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 I am favored with yooirs of the 5"* instant, & am glad to find 
 your prospect of further supply is enlarged. I am informed that 
 several of the cattle you sent in, are unfit for consumption on 
 account of their poverty; if this is their case, it is losing time & 
 money to purchase or take such cattle — wherefore I have to 
 request you may not suffer lean cattle to be purchased or taken 
 whilst good cattle can be had for the troops. The commissaries 
 are not to promise salt to any but the suffering frontier inhabi- 
 tants who probably have no other method to obtain a supply. 
 I suppose that purchasing commissaries advertisements have by 
 this time been generally seen and understood, & as I am certain 
 that Col. Blaine would not pledge his honor to the people without 
 having a certainty of money to pay off the certificates in Jan- 
 uary next, apprehend such as have cattle, swine or sheep to spare 
 will not now hesitate to sell them to his assistants. Be this as it 
 may, we must at all events be supplied, & I hope & expect you 
 will exert yourself to that end at this crisis, for a few weeks more 
 will put it out of our power to procure supplies for the winter at 
 any rate, & then the posts must inevitably be evacuated to the 
 ruination of this country. 
 
 I am, &c. 
 
 D. B. 
 Major F. Vernon. 
 
 CONDITIONS IN KENTUCKY 
 
 [Col. John Toddi to Col. William Fleming. 2U75. A. L. S.] 
 
 Harrodsburg 14th Nov. 1780 
 HoNBLE Sir: 
 
 I arrived safely here a few days ago. My friends here seem 
 surprized that I venture to Lexington^ a place of supposed Danger 
 
 ' For a sketch of Col. John Todd see Dunmore's War, 343, note 64. 
 
 ^ A single log house, built in 1775 on the site of Lexington, Ky., gave a name 
 to the place which was permanently settled in April, 1779. There Col. Robert 
 Patterson went thither from Harrodsburg, and under the protection of the 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 293 
 
 but if I can be supplied with ammunition & a Good Magazine I 
 shall stand to the post with Alacrity. I hope your honble Board 
 will not neglect me in this Article I know not what Instructions 
 Quirk may have for delivering the powder & Lead but Suspect 
 that the necessary proportion will be denied me. 
 
 I expect a Warm attack next Spring from our Enemy Indians 
 & I pray the attention of the Executive to our dangerous Situa- 
 tion The Ohio Adventurers chagrined with their disappoint- 
 ments in the Land Way & the Sickliness of the pond Stations 
 have many of them deserted our Country & left us much weaker 
 than we were last Spring. We have no important News from 
 the West 
 
 I have the Honor to be with Respect Your mo. obed' & hble 
 Servant 
 
 Jn° Todd jr 
 
 IMPRESSING PROVISIONS 
 
 [Col. Daniel Brodhead to Maj. William Taylor. 3H11-12. Transcript of 
 Letter Book.] 
 
 Head Qr', Fort Pitt, Nov' 15th 1780. 
 Sir: 
 
 I have duly rec*^ your favor of the 12'*" instant, by M' Bradford, 
 and am really sorry to find that after so much time has been 
 spent, you have not procured either by purchase or compulsion 
 as much provisions as was necessary for the subsistence of your 
 own party. 
 
 Immediately after M' Carmichal's^ acceptance he was under 
 your command, & should not have delayed a moment. But 
 perhaps Capt° Berry [Perry] was not so expeditious as he might 
 have been — he left this about the first instant. Please to enquire 
 into the matter particularly & write me. 
 
 blockhouse that he built settlers came in rapidly. In the summer of 1780 John 
 and Levi Todd made Lexington their home. 
 
 1 John Carmichael was born in 1751 in Cumberland County, Pa. Before the 
 year 1775 he removed to what is now Fayette County, Pa., and on the waters 
 of Redstone Creek built a mill. In 1776 he was a member of the Pennsylvania 
 Constitutional Convention and in 1777 of the assembly. He died in 1796, leaving 
 two sons, James and Thomas. 
 
294 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 I do not know whether it may answer the best purpose for you 
 to go to the Glades, & then to Tygert's Valley, but expect you 
 will go to the latter before you return. 
 
 Should M' Carmichal refuse to attend you, any honest man 
 who is a judge of the value of cattle &c may be appointed & dis- 
 appointed by yourself. 
 
 When you wrote me before you could not have read your in- 
 structions with attention, otherwise you could not have been 
 mistaken in so clear a point. The Q. Master has not a single 
 horse at his command that I know of, but if upon enquiry one 
 can be had, he shall be sent you. But if all fail, upon this par- 
 ticular command you shall be at liberty to hire one reasonably, 
 & draw upon the Q.M. to pay the hire. 
 
 You will be pleased to make strict enquiry relative to swine, 
 noting down what numbers & in whose possession they are, 
 & give me the fullest information possible as to what number may 
 be had for the troops. — I wish you success, & am 
 
 B. B. 
 
 Major W Taylor. 
 
 [Col. Daniel Brodhead to Maj. Frederick Vernon. 3H13. Transcript of 
 Letter Book.] 
 
 Head Qr' Fort Pitt, NoV 28'^ 1780. 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 I am favored with yours of the 18th inst. & should have an- 
 swered it before now had not your messenger returned without 
 giving me the pleasure of seeing him. 
 
 I conceive your success will [not] answer the fatigue & expense 
 of collecting cattle in the present mode, & as ready money and 
 Salt are scarce articles we must endeavor to get cattle on the 
 advertisements of the Commissary, or learn to live without them. 
 
 The season is come for quartering the troops, & to that end it 
 is necessary to collect the whole, lest there may be a lapse of duty 
 for want of men. You will, therefore, on receipt hereof, march 
 your party to this place, bringing all the cattle you may have 
 collected. 
 
 I am, &c. D. B. 
 
 P.S. — Please present my compl*" to Capt" Beall: I hope his 
 horse will bring him in. 
 Major F. Vernom. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 295 
 
 [Col. Daniel Brodhead to Maj. William Taylor. 31114. Transcript of Letter 
 Book.] 
 
 Head Qh\ Fort Pitt, Nov. 28"' 1780. 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 The season being at hand that quarters must be assigned to 
 the different corps, you will upon receipt hereof, march your party 
 to this place, bringing with you all the cattle &c. you may have 
 collected in pursuiance of your instructions. 
 
 M' Duncan will deliver you this, & it is probable he will be 
 able to inform you where you may take a few cattle on your 
 return. 
 
 It appears to me, that we must depend much upon killing wild 
 cattle for our subsistance, & therefore the sooner we set out parties 
 for tiiat purpose the better. 
 
 D. H. 
 Maj. W" Taylor. 
 
 A WYANDOT SPY 
 
 [Col. Daniel Brodhead lo the Delaware chiefs. 21100-69. Letter Book.] 
 
 Fort Pitt Nov' 1 9'^ -80 
 
 Mahingweegeesuch to W" Pen & others the Council at Coo- 
 chocking 
 Brothers: 
 
 Henry Bawbee^ who lately came from Detroit says he belongs 
 to the English & is paid by them to observe the conduct of you 
 who live at Coocliocking Sc to let the Commanding Officer know 
 if any are friends to the Americans 
 
 Now Brothers: I believe that Bawbee intends to carry a bad 
 report about you to the Enemy & excite them to strike you for 
 he was very angry when he heard you liad declared war against 
 the Mingoes & he persuaded some of your warriors to turn back 
 after they had marched, wherefore to prevent his doing harm to 
 your people I have confined him 
 
 Now Brothers listen to me: You that are true Friends to America 
 will rejoice on account of this bad man's Confinement & none 
 but Tories will be sorry for it. His own bad Heart & words has 
 
 > This is probably the person referred to in Rev. Upper Ohio, 126, note 21. 
 
296 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 brought this trouble upon him & I shall keep him confined for 
 your sakes & not for my own until he can be tried agreeably to 
 the Articles of our Confederation. 
 
 Brothers: I tell you that had Bawbee been a white American, 
 a Frenchman, Spaniard or Englishman acting like a spy & carry- 
 ing letters to the Enemy, he should be hanged before now. But 
 because he is half an Indian and therefore to be tried as mentioned 
 in the articles of Treaty — He will be kept alive until I hear from 
 you & afterwards from Congress 
 
 Brothers: I hear great news but I will not tell you that all is 
 true altho every body here believes it as well as myself. Our 
 news is that Mons'' Bouganville has certainly taken Quebec & 
 all the English Troops therein, likewise that we have killed & 
 taken Gen' Cornwallis & all his Army in South Carolina And 
 that the French & Spaniards & Americans have taken near one 
 hundred ships from the British in which were several thousand 
 men 
 
 Brothers: All these accounts I believe to be true & I thank God 
 that our troubles are near an end & that the Americans and their 
 real Friends will be rich & happy whilst the British & their 
 Children are poor & miserable 
 
 Brothers: Now from all I have spoke to you you will see who are 
 the true Friends to the Indian Nations whether strangers or the 
 people whom God hath raised up with you may be best trusted 
 hereafter 
 
 I am your friend & Brother 
 
 [Delaware chiefs to Col. Daniel Brodhead. 1H149-50. In handwriting of 
 Heckewelder.] 
 
 Salem Nov''^ 30**^ 1780. 
 Wiir Penn & others the Councill of Cooshockung to CoP 
 Brodhead as follows: 
 
 Brother Maghingwe Geeshuch: I am very glad, & thank You 
 for the Intelligence You gave me. I rejoice that You remember 
 me, & aquaint me of all circumstances 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 297 
 
 Brother: You told me You was desirous of hearing from me. 
 
 Brother: What shall I say unto You ? All I can say is to men- 
 tion our great Friendship which we have made with one-another, 
 this We will keep firm and fast, and not suffer it to be broke by 
 one bad Man, nor even if there were ten of them or more, we 
 could not be in the least inclined to speak for them, but to let 
 them stand their chance for their bad Work, according to the 
 Articles of our Confederation. 
 
 Brother: We love one another alike, I love You as much as You 
 Love me, and I remember my Compliments to You. 
 
 Will"* Penn 
 
 Now Brother: I will also inform You of the News I have heard. 
 One of my Young Men, who just comes from Detroit, says, that 
 while he was there the Comander sent for all the Wyondotts to 
 come in, & when they were assembled together, he demanded all 
 the Prissoners from them, saying it was his Flesh and Blood, and 
 therefore they should fetch them all in quick. The Wyondotts 
 upon hearing this, hung their heads a while, but afterwards agreed 
 to what was demanded, & accordingly went home, and gathered 
 them altogether, & fetched them over to him at Detroit, so that 
 now the Wyondotts have not a single Prissoner among themselves 
 no more. 
 
 Also my Young Man says. That while he was at Detroit, there 
 came the ChiefT of the Potowatamen with some of his Men, with 
 the following News to the Comander viz. That an Army of 
 French, Spaniards and Americans had come already as far as 
 Chubhicking, and were marching on, in order to take Detroit, 
 upon which the Comander ordered them some Liquor, and after 
 they being Drunk, the Chibways fell upon them, and killed their 
 ChiefT one Capt° and one comon Man. The Potawattamen are 
 very Angry at this what has happened, and threaten to fall upon 
 the former, and destroy them. 
 
 Now Brother: This is the News which my Young Man has 
 brought, he saw both the former & the latter with his Eyes. 
 
 I am Your friend & Brother 
 
 Will"' Penn. 
 
 Now Kaylalemend: You spoke to me by 4 strings of Wampum, 
 desiring me to do my best for Your Cousin Henry Bawbee, that 
 he might be set at Liberty again. What shall I do ? How shall 
 I speak for him ? Listen to me! Remember on what Buissness 
 we were last Year with Congress, consider the Articles of our 
 
298 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 Confederation, and You will understand the Matter. This is 
 all I have to say to You. 
 
 2 Strings of Wampum 
 
 Will"" Penn 
 Col'' Brodhead Comand* ect. 
 
 DELAWARES URGED TO WAR 
 
 [Col. Daniel Brodhead to Wingenund. 2H70-71. Letter Book.] 
 
 Fort Pitt Dec' 2°"^ 1780 
 Brother Wyngeenund: 
 
 Listen to me It is not many nights since you came to see me 
 & when you came I did not keep my words from you; No they 
 entered your ears & you seemed to like them & then you told me 
 that you laid fast hold of my words & that your heart was the 
 same as mine 
 
 Now Brother listen to me: As you have been absent a long time 
 from your Brothers here & it is necessary you should shew your 
 friendship by your works — I do not tell you to strike people of 
 your own Colour that you are at peace with. But I tell you there 
 are some Englishmen at Sandusky & other places thereabouts who 
 are our Enemies & I desire you will get up & take them & their 
 Goods & bring them here to me. This Brother will shew your 
 friendship & serve your people 
 
 I am your Friend & Brother 
 
 Capt*^ Wyndgeenund 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 299 
 
 [Col. Daniel Brodhead to Indian Penn. 2H72-73. Letter Book.] 
 
 Fort Pitt Dec' 2°"^ 1780 
 Mahingweegeesuch to M"" W" Penn 
 Brother: 
 
 When you look at your Grand Children the Shawanese you 
 must remember they have done us much harm & that they must 
 pay for all the mischief they have done before long 
 
 Now Brother listen to me: It may be that the Shawanese would 
 not have been so foolish if it was not put into their heads by some 
 bad people who live with them & are paid by the English to tell 
 them lyes. 
 
 Brother: There is Alexd"" M'^Kee & some others who do great 
 harm to your Grand Children by the Lies they tell them, & now 
 I desire you will send four or five of your strong men to take 
 M^'Kee & more if they can & bring them to me so that I may 
 have a piece of meat. 
 
 Brother: I will pay sixty Bucks to your men that bring M'^Kee 
 & twenty Bucks for any of the Girty^^ 
 
 Brother: This is the way to strengthen our friendship. Capt° 
 Montour struck the Mingoes now let us both be strong 
 
 ^ The three Girty brothers were Simon, James, and George. A sketch of 
 James is given in Frontier Defense, 234, note 98. George, the youngest, was born 
 in 1745. He was captured in 1756 and lived for three years among the Delaware 
 Indians. After his release, he became an interpreter and trader, and in 1778 
 was a lieutenant on Capt. James Willing's Mississippi expedition. Returning 
 with Capt. Robert George to the Illinois, George Girty deserted in May, 1779 
 from Kaskaskia and brought a party of like-minded soldiers to Detroit. There 
 Girty was at once employed in the Indian department, and accompanied Bird's 
 expedition to Kentucky. George Girty was with the Shawnee in 1780 when 
 Clark raided their towns. Later he lived with Captain Pipe's band of Delawares, 
 and spent all the rest of his life with the Indians, among whom he married. He 
 is thought to have died shortly before the War of 1812 at his brother James' 
 post on the Maumee. 
 
300 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 MORAVIAN AID ASKED 
 
 [Col. Daniel Brodhead to Rev. David Zeisberger. 3H14-15. Transcript of 
 Letter Book.] 
 
 Fort Pitt, Dec' 2°^ 1780. 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 Being desirous of laying in a larger supply of salt provisions 
 than from the present appearances will be laid in by the commis- 
 saries for the supply of my troops, I take the liberty to propose 
 to you the sending fifteen or twenty of your best hunters to the 
 best & nearest place of hunting buffalo, bear & elk near the Ohio 
 River, & salting the same in canoes made for that purpose. If 
 you approve of this proposal, please send two or three of your 
 people with some horses to take out the salt that may be necessary 
 to preserve such quantity as they may lay in: And upon their 
 delivering the meat to a party of men I shall send to receive it, 
 they shall be paid the full value on my order at this place. — IVf 
 Irwin will write the process of curing the meat, but if M"" Bull^ 
 would go with the party I suppose he will stand in no need of 
 instructions. 
 
 Should your people exert themselves in laying in a large quan- 
 tity of meat, they will particularly recommend themselves to the 
 esteem of their countrymen. I shall be happy to have an im- 
 mediate answer, & am &c. 
 
 D. B. 
 Rev. D. Zeisberger. 
 
 1 John Bull, called by the Moravian Indians Schebosch or Shabosh, was a 
 white man who lived among the Mission Indians, having married one of their 
 number. He was favorable to the American cause, and aided Heckewelder in 
 keeping the Delaware chiefs loyal. In the autumn of 1781 Bull was taken pris- 
 oner by a scouting party, commanded by Capt. John Biggs. At Fort Pitt the 
 commandant released him, and he proceeded to Bethlehem, thus escaping the 
 massacre in 1782 at the Moravian towns, wherein his son Joseph was killed. 
 Bull rejoined the missionaries in July, 1783, bringing to their settlement near 
 Detroit news of the Peace of Paris. Thenceforward he remained with the 
 western missionaries, and died Sept. 5, 1788 at their settlement of New Salem, 
 in Erie County, Ohio. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 301 
 
 CONDITIONS ON PITTSBURGH FRONTIER 
 
 [Col. Daniel Brodhead to Richard Peters. 3H17-22. Transcript of Letter 
 Book.] 
 
 Fort Pitt, Dec' 7''^ 1780. 
 Sir: 
 
 I am honored with your favor of the 21'* Ocf & 3*^ ult — I am 
 thankful for the contents, & happy in the hope of receiving sup- 
 plies. 
 
 For a long time past I have had two parties commanded by 
 field officers in the country to impress cattle, but their success 
 has been so small that the troops have frequently been without 
 meat for several days together; & as those commands are very 
 expensive, I have now ordered them in. Indeed I am so well 
 convinced that the inhabitants on this side the mountains cannot 
 furnish half enough of meat to supply the troops, that I have 
 risked the sending a party of hunters to kill buffalo at Little 
 Kenhawa, & to lay in the meat until I can detach a party to 
 bring it in, which cannot be done before Spring. 
 
 I am exceedingly distressed on account of the want of blankets, 
 shirts, and many other articles of clothing, being very sensible 
 that the soldiers must suffer much for want of them, & appre- 
 hensive that many will follow the example of those who have 
 already deserted to a warm climate on that account. I shall not 
 again send an ofTicer for clothing, & I hope the Clothier General 
 will not forget to send them when they come to hand. 
 
 The Delaware Council of Coochocking have declared war 
 against the Senecas, & Capt. John Montour was in consequence 
 of this declaration immediately sent with two Delawares & one 
 whiteman to bring a prisoner from their towns; at French Creek 
 (Venango) he fell in with a party of eight Senecas, who a few 
 days before had taken a woman & two children from Westmore- 
 land County. He shot one of the Indians on a raft in the Creek, 
 & the rest ran away. But after a few minutes one of them re- 
 turned, under cover of some timber, and asked Montour who he 
 was ? He answered, he & his men were Delawares, that they 
 were sent by their chiefs, & that he might thank God the waters 
 prevented his getting at them; when the Seneca expressed some 
 mark of contempt, & followed his own party. This relation may 
 be depended on. Capt. Montour is now in pursuit of another 
 
302 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 party of Indians; his party is composed of Delawares, & the party 
 pursued are supposed to be either Tory Delawares or Muncies; 
 they were discovered by a Delaware runner on their way towards 
 these settlements. 
 
 I learn more and more of the disaffection of many the inhabi- 
 tants on this side the mountain. The King of Britain's health 
 is often drunk in companies; & I believe those wish to see the 
 Regular Troops removed from this department, & a favorable 
 opportunity to submit to British Government. 
 
 The Delaware Chiefs are very desirous to pay a visit to Congress 
 in the spring. I wish I knew the sentiments entertained by that 
 Honb'^ body respecting them. I have endeavored to preserve 
 inviolate the articles of Treaty entered into by the Commissioners, 
 & make them useful, which I conceive could be brought about if 
 aught was furnished to clothe them. Some of the Nation, parti- 
 cularly the Coochocking Council, is very much attached to our 
 interest, & I am persuaded try all they can to prevent others 
 coming against our inhabitants, & are desirous to go with our 
 troops when they are in force, but the want of goods is a great 
 impediment. I have never been particularly instructed with 
 respect to Indians in amity with us, & as there appears to be a 
 jealousy among the ignorant inhabitants & an attempt has been 
 made to murder some who [were under] our immediate protec- 
 tion I should be happy to receive full instructions for my future 
 government. 
 
 I am much obliged by the honorable notice taken of my recom- 
 mendation of M'' Ferrol; I am sensible he will acquit himself with 
 the greatest integrity. 
 
 In one of your former letters you did me honor to inform me 
 'hat his ExcelF the Commander-in-Chief, had demanded of our 
 State 7000 galls, of rum, & now the Commissioner of Western 
 lands informs me that he has verbal instructions from the Ex- 
 ecutive of our State to purchase that quantity of whiskey on this 
 side the mountain. I hope we shall be furnished with a few 
 hundred galF of liquor fit to be drank. 
 
 I have the honor to be, with sentiments of the utmost respect 
 & esteem. Sir, Your most obedient h**'^ servant, 
 
 D. B. 
 
 P. S. I take the liberty to enclose the copy of a letter I lately 
 rec"^ from Gov'' Jefferson relative to supplies. 
 Honb'-'^ Rich" Peters. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 303 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Fort Pitt, Dec. 7, 1780, to 
 Gen. George Washington. 3H22-26. Printed in Sparks, Corr. Amer Rev., Ill, 
 162-65.]! 
 
 Courts-martial and their proceedings. Two impressing parties; 
 party sent to kill buffalo around Little Kanawha. Delawares 
 have begun war on Seneca. Partisan strokes encouraged. In- 
 habitant's attempt to murder friendly Indians frustrated. Dis- 
 affection west of mountains. A half-Indian named Baubee 
 brought a draft of works at Detroit; sketch enclosed. Baubee 
 confined as a probable spy. 
 
 REDUCTION OF ARMY 
 
 [Col. Daniel Brodhead to Gen. Anthony Wayne. 3H29-30. Transcript of 
 Letter Book.] 
 
 Fort Pitt, Dec' 7'^ 1780. 
 Dear Gen^: 
 
 I am honored with your favor of the 2"^ ult, & the enclosure. 
 Enclosed is the return of the officers of my reg* The Gen' return 
 made in pursuance of his Excellency's orders will be herewith 
 transmitted to the Orderly office. My reg^ is very small indeed, 
 but expiring enlistments have, I presume, thinned others nearly 
 as much. 
 
 The honorable provision made for officers who choose to retire 
 is indeed a great inducement, & I have no doubt many will 
 accept it. I am sensible it would be greatly to my advantage 
 to retire, but I love the cause in which we are engaged, & wish 
 to entertain the pleasing reflection that I did not quit the field 
 until I had seen the Freedom of my country fully established, 
 and have entered the list for the war. 
 
 My situation is at present very remote which deprives me of 
 an opportunity to solicit a particular reg', but I expect from you 
 the most ample justice, according as my rank may entitle me. I 
 have only this favor to ask, which is, that the officers and men who 
 have so long been under my command, & are well acquainted with 
 
 ' See a letter from Col. Daniel Brodhead to Pres. Joseph Reed, dated Fort 
 Pitt, Dec. 8, 1780, in Pa. Archives, VIII, 640-41. 
 
304 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 my disposition, may be continued in the reg* which you may be 
 pleased to assign mc. 
 
 Please present my compliments to my adopted son Fishburne, 
 and believe me to be, &c, 
 
 D. B. 
 Brig. Gen' Wayne. 
 
 CONDITIONS IN KENTUCKY 
 
 [Col. .John Floyd to Col. William Preston. 17CC133-34. Transcript.] 
 
 Beargrass December 8th. 1780. 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 Capt. Lees' return to the settlement gives me an opport^ of 
 writing tho' I have little or no news. Our Spies returned a few 
 days ago from the Miamia but made no discovery of a number of 
 Indians who it was said were on their march to attack the Fort 
 at the Falls; so that it is probable we may be safe till spring. I 
 think this is the first week since March that we have been without 
 an alarm. 
 
 What can be gone with Crockett and his reg* ? do you expect 
 we shall have any reinforcements early in the spring ? if not I 
 shall dread the consequences, if the French don't do something 
 this Winter in Canady. I think provision will be laid up here to 
 support a great many men on duty next summer but if we have 
 no better regulations than has heretofore been I fear we shall fall 
 a prey to the Enemy. 
 
 I have never had a line from you since your letter of the 23** 
 of June. I let young Jouett^ have my fine mare last summer 
 
 1 I lenry Lee was horn in Vir^'inia in 17r)8, and came to Kentucky as a surveyor 
 in 1779; was a representative in the Virginia legislature and in the convention 
 which ratified the h'ederal Constitution in 1788. Lee was likewise a member of 
 the convention that planned statehood for Kentucky. In 1785 he settled in 
 Mason County where he served for many years as judge of the circuit court. 
 He died in 1846 at his home near Maysville. 
 
 " John Jouett, a native of Albemarle County, Va., was an early surveyor in 
 Kentucky. In 1780 and 1781 he was in Virginia, where in the latter year he 
 warned the legislature in time to prevent Tarleton's attempted capture of that 
 body; for this service he was given a fine sword logether with other marks 
 of public commendation. In 1782 .louett married Sailic Hobards, and the same 
 year emigrated to Kentucky, where he was a member of the legislature, and a 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 305 
 
 purely to get some Goods, and he was to send them to your care: 
 if you have an opport^ (which perhaps you may by Mr. Madison) 
 pray remember him of it. My Brother Charles is come out and 
 has had such bad fortune in getting us a few necessaries that I 
 am next Wednesday to set out for Illinoise to endeavour to 
 [blank in Ms.] a little Trade — I expected to have been able to do 
 a little Surveying this Winter, but the Divisions of the County 
 will I suppose prevent it till the Indians set to work in the Spring, 
 & -SO we Jog on — I want your opinion much about a certain affair 
 but I am afraid you will have no safe conveyance. It is this. 
 Whether you think patents could be obtained for Lands Entered 
 & Surveyed below the Tenisee on the Waters of the Ohio ? Is 
 it contrary to Law or no ? This [is] a matter which I have long 
 wished to consult you about, but as I believe no one else in the 
 country has thought of it, I cou'd wish to have the first chance if 
 it is practicable. If you write me about it, let it be by some one 
 who will deliver the Letter as I scarce ever received any but what 
 are broke open — If you think the plan will do I shall want all the 
 warrants you intend for your own use as soon as you can send them 
 out. I want another cut in an untouched country — 
 
 May the Heavens preserve & bless you my Dear Friend 
 
 Jno Floyd 
 Col. William Preston. 
 
 P.S. don't mention the above affair to any person unless to 
 some one who is interested & then in confidence. 
 
 FRENCH AGENT AMONG INDIANS 
 
 [Col. Daniel Brodhead to Maj. Daniel Maurice Godefroy de Linctot. 1NN70. 
 Summary and transcript.] 
 
 Dec. 10, 1780. 
 Maj. G. Linctot requested to proceed to St. Vincent the Illi- 
 nois &c to visit such other places as he may have influence with 
 the savages, to induce them to wage war against our British & 
 Indian enemies: As his commission is from V*, he is to consult 
 Col. Clark; if practicable to return to Fort Pitt by the 15"' 
 February. 
 
 publicist of importance. He died Mar. 1, 1822 in Bath County. See interview 
 with his son in Draper Mss., 25S243. 
 
 20 
 
306 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 SCARCITY OF PROVISIONS AT FORT PITT 
 
 [Col. Daniel Brodhead to Col. Ephraim Blaine. 3H30-31. Transcript of Letter 
 Book.] 
 
 Fort Pitt, Dec^ 10*^ 1780. 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 The troops have not tasted meat at this post for six days past, 
 & I hear of none that we can purchase or procure by our compul- 
 sory means; indeed there is very little meat to be had on this side 
 the mountains at any rate. I hope some means are devised for 
 supplying this Department, if not I shall be under the disagree- 
 able necessity of risking my men in most dangerous situations to 
 kill wild meat, or march them to the interior part of the country, 
 for it will scarcely be expected that they will be content to live 
 on bread and water only. 
 
 I am impatient to hear from you, & am &c 
 
 D. B. 
 
 Col" E. Blaine. 
 
 [Col. Daniel Brodhead to Dr. William Shippen.^ 3H31-32. Transcript of 
 Letter Book.] 
 
 Fort Pitt, Dec' lO"' 1780. 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 Doctor Martin'^ has my permission to proceed to Philadelphia 
 & lay before you the deficiencies of hospital stores, instruments & 
 
 1 The medical department of the Continental army was organized July 25, 
 1775, according to the precedent of the British service. On April 1, 1777 William 
 Shippen Jr., who in 1776 had been chief physician of the Flying Camp, was ap- 
 pointed director-general and chief physician of the army, a position he held 
 until Jan. 3, 1781. Dr. William Shippen was a native of Philadelphia, son of 
 one of its earliest physicians, Dr. William Shippen the elder. The younger man 
 was born in 1735. He graduated from Princeton in 1754 and studied with his 
 father until 1758, when he went to London and Edinburgh, graduating from 
 the College of Medicine at the latter place in 1761. After a year in Paris he 
 returned to Philadelphia and established a private medical course. It became 
 the nucleus of the first medical school in the colonies, in which he held for many 
 years the chair of anatomy. Among his pupils at this school was Dr. Benjamin 
 Rush. After the expiration of his service in the army Dr. Shippen returned to 
 private practice, which he maintained until his retirement in 1798. He died 
 July 11, 1808 at his home in Germantown. 
 
 ^ Hugh Martin was a Virginia physician who in 1778 was appointed surgeon's 
 mate of the Twelfth Virginia Regiment. In August of the same year he was 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 307 
 
 medicine. I have no doubt you will have this remote Depart- 
 ment well supplied, & appoint a hospital surgeon, or make one 
 of the regimental surgeons accountable for the stores. 
 
 D"^ Martin has been very attentive hitherto, & I believe has 
 given general satisfaction. 
 
 I have the honor to be, &c. 
 
 D. B. 
 D" Shippen. 
 
 REDUCTION OF ARMY 
 
 [Col. Daniel Brodhead to Gen. William Irvine.' 3H16-17. Transcript of 
 Letter Book.] 
 
 Fort Pitt, Dec' 14'^ 1780. 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 I am honored with your favor of the 19'^ ult. & am much obliged 
 with the contents. 
 
 transferred to the Eighth Virginia, and on Mar. 7, 1780 became surgeon of the 
 Eighth Pennsylvania. He retired from the army Jan. 1, 1781. 
 
 1 Gen. William Irvine was born of Scotch ancestry Nov. 3, 1741 in County 
 Fermanagh, Ireland. Irvine studied medicine at Trinity College, Dublin, after 
 which he was appointed surgeon in the British navy, wherein he served through- 
 out the Seven Years' War. At its close he emigrated to America and settled 
 at Carlisle, Pa., where he married Anne, daughter of the Indian trader, Robert 
 Callendar. In 1774 Dr. Irvine was elected a member of the first Provincial 
 Convention of Pennsylvania, and on Jan. 9, 1776 was commissioned colonel of 
 the Sixth Pennsylvania Battalion which was sent to reenforce the Continental 
 army in Canada. He arrived in time to participate in the defeat of the American 
 army, and, after wandering in the marshes near Three Rivers for many hours, 
 he surrendered to the British authorities, who treated him with distinguished 
 courtesy. At Quebec Irvine was released upon parole and soon thereafter 
 returned to Pennsylvania. He was very impatient at his enforced inaction, which 
 kept him from the army until he was exchanged, April 21, 1778. Meanwhile 
 he had been commissioned colonel of the Seventh Pennsylvania, and on May 
 12, 1778 Congress appointed him brigadier-general. He served under Wash- 
 ington at the battle of Monmouth and in the campaigns of 1779 and 1780. 
 In the latter year he was with General Wayne in an attack on Blockhouse Point, 
 which served as the occasion for Maj. John Andre's satirical poem "The Cow 
 Chase." In 1781 Washington detailed Irvine to the command at Fort Pitt, 
 where he arrived in November, and where he remained until the close of the 
 war. During the years 1783-85 General Irvine was a member of the Pennsyl- 
 vania Council of Censors; later he represented Carlisle in the Continental and 
 the Third Federal congresses. In 1785 he was surveyor for northwest Penn- 
 sylvania and in 1794 adjusted the agreement that made the triangle of Erie a 
 
308 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 The new arrangement I had anticipated, but did not expect 
 so great a reduction "would take place; however, the number of 
 regt^ may yet be sufficient, provided they be recruited to their 
 full complement. 
 
 When Capt° Finley arrived with the dispatches, the officers of 
 my reg* were chiefly on command, some upon hunting, & others 
 on foraging parties. I immediately ordered them in, & expect 
 they will be collected in a day or two — & so soon as I receive the 
 arrangement of the reg* it shall be forwarded to the War Office 
 at Philadelphia, unless you wish to receive it at Carlisle. — I hear 
 the Council & Assembly of our State have in contemplation the 
 sending Militia or other raw troops to garrison these posts; if 
 this is true I wish it may answer their expectations, but I confess 
 my apprehensions of an immediate breach of faith with the 
 friendly Indians, which must be productive of a general war with 
 the Savages; an event which I have been instructed & by every 
 address in my power have endeavored to prevent, & my exertions 
 have been the greater on account of the disaffection of a very con- 
 siderable number of the inhabitants on this side the mountain, 
 who I am well persuaded are more anxious for a favorable oppor- 
 tunity to submit to a British Government, than to repel the hell- 
 hounds of the forest. 
 
 I have the honor to be, &c, D. B. 
 
 Gen'' Irvine. 
 
 HUNTING FOR RATIONS 
 
 [Col. Daniel Brodhead to Capt. Samuel Brady. 3H32-33. Transcript of 
 Letter Book.] 
 
 Head QR^ Fort Pitt, Dec' 16*'' 1780. 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 I have your favor of this date '& had signed the order you sent 
 for liquor, but upon being informed that altho' the hunting party 
 
 part of the state's territory. Irvine commanded the Pennsylvania forces in the 
 Whisky Rebellion, was presidential elector in 1797, and on Mar. 13, 1800 
 was appointed superintendent of military stores. In order to fulfill the duties 
 of the latter office he removed to Philadelphia, where he died July 29, 1804. 
 The town of Irvine is named in his honor. He was an upright and competent 
 officer, and a personal friend of Washington. He served one term as president 
 of the Order of Cincinnati. Many of his papers are in the Draper Mss., and 
 will appear in the succeeding volume of this series. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 309 
 
 now out was intended to provide meat for the garrison, yet out 
 of the large quantity sent us only 400'**" weight reached the public 
 store. This being a subversion of my intentions, has determined 
 me to recall both the officers and soldiers. You will, therefore, 
 upon the return of the canoe & party get in as much venison as 
 you may have ready, & the whole of the officers & men now on 
 the hunting party are to proceed to this place without loss of 
 time.^ 
 
 I have the honor to be, &c. 
 
 D. B. 
 Capt" S. Brady. 
 
 COMMANDANT FOR FORT McINTOSH 
 
 [Col. Daniel Brodhead to Capt. John Clark. 1NN70. Summary and tran- 
 script.] 
 
 Dec. 16, 1780. 
 Capt. John Clark ordered to go to Fort M^'Intosh, & relieve 
 Lt. Tannehill, & take com*^ there, wh. place to be garrisoned by the 
 M** corps. Lt. Thomas^ to take the officers & men to F' Henry, 
 of the 9th Va. Reg* 
 
 1 Note on original manuscript: "It w*^ seem that Brady had command of this 
 hunting party — & within one day's reach of Pittsburg, sent for whiskey — 
 & Brodhead ordered the whole party to return with what venison they had 
 ready, upon the return to them of the boats sent for liquor: It does not appear 
 that Brady was to blame — he 'sent' the 'large quantity' of meat, but how it 
 happened that only 400 "'* reached the public store, does not appear. Perhaps 
 the hungry soldiery seized it nolens volens — but if so, why recall the hunters? 
 L. C. D." 
 
 2 Lewis Thomas was commissioned, Dec. 19, 1776, second lieutenant of the 
 Thirteenth Virginia, which became successively the Ninth and the Seventh 
 Virginia regiments. Thomas attained the rank of captain-lieutenant, and was 
 retired Jan. 1, 1783. 
 
310 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 RECRUITS FOR VIRGINIA REGIMENT 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. John Gibson, Fort Pitt, Dec. 17, 1780, to Col. 
 George Rogers Clark. 50.JC4. Printed in ///. Hist. Colls., VIII. 474.] 
 
 Letter received from Governor Jefferson to deliver surplus 
 clothini* to Captain Moore' for use of Clark's troops; those at 
 Fort Pitt to be supplied from Continental stores. No prospect 
 of getting a single stitch from the latter source; men of his regi- 
 ment quite naked, and over one hundred drafts now on their way 
 to join the regiment. Gibson going to Richmond, will endeavor 
 to secure clothing for Clark. Refers to Captain Moore for news 
 of this place. 
 
 HUNTING FOR RATIONS 
 
 [Col. Daniel Brodhead to Capt. .John Clark. 3H33-34. Transcript of Letter 
 Book.] 
 
 Head QR^ Fort Pitt, Dec' 2()''' 1780. 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 I am sorry to inform you that it is out of my power to supply 
 your garrison with meat until further means are afforded. 
 
 » James Francis Moore was born Aug. 12, 17r)l in Maryland, where in 1773 
 he married Ann Slandiford, and the same year removed to Turkey I-'oot in Bed- 
 ford County, ]*a. There he was commissioned Mar. 19, 177G, lieutenant in 
 Miles's Hide liattalion, which the next August took part in the battle of Long 
 Island. Soon thereafter Moore was appointed captain in the Twelfth Pennsyl- 
 vania, whence he was transferred, July 1, 1778, to the lughth Regiment, and in 
 1779 was honorably discharged. He then went to Kentucky and in April, 1780 
 was deputy commissary-general for Clark at the Falls of Ohio. Having visited 
 Virginia in the fall of 1780 Captain Moore at the time of this letter was returning 
 to Kentucky, where he arrived early in 1781. In April of that year he was 
 tried and acquitted of charges of neglect of duty. ///. Ilisi. Colls., VIII, 519, 
 524. Moore became in later life a salt manufacturer, and a surveyor of Jefferson 
 County. In 1789 he was apijoinled a trustee of llarrodsburg and Louisville. 
 He also served on the commission to allot the land granted to the soldiers and 
 oflicers of Clark. He was a Federalist member of the Kentucky legislature, 
 and in the political duel fought in January, 1809 between Henry Clay and 
 Humphrey Marshall, he served as the latter's second. Moore was in attendance 
 at the legislature at Frankfort when he suddenly died Dec. 9, 1809. The site 
 of his grave is not known. For many of the facts of this sketch obligation is 
 acknowledged to Colonel Moore's descendant, T. W. Chamberlin of St. Louis. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 311 
 
 Under these circumstances I must recommend the employing 
 two or three faithful Indians to hunt near the fort, & payiui* them 
 for their venison, Sec, at a reasonai)le rate with (lour, whiskey, 
 or salt. 
 
 As soon as a ciuantity of meat can be procured, a large ])r()por- 
 tion shall be sent you, but not more then half rations of that 
 article can be issued, at least for some time; & the deficiency shall 
 be made up in Indian meal or Hour. 
 
 With the comi)liments of the season, I am, dear Sir, Your most 
 obed' Serv' — 
 
 Dan'' Brodhhm), (^oI" (>)mm'^ W. I). 
 Capt. John Clakk. 
 
 VIRGINIA PLANS DETROIT EXPEDITION 
 
 [Gen. Georfje Washington lo Col. Daniel Brodhcad. Washington Pa|)ers. 
 Draft, partly autograph.]' 
 
 Head Quarters New Windsor 29"' Decern' 1780 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 The State of Virginia have determined to undertake an expedi- 
 tion, wliicli I have ever had in view, and which I wished to carry 
 into execution by a Continental force — but you are sufTiciently 
 acquainted with the situation of our affairs, both as to men and 
 supplies, to know that it has been impossible to attempt it. It 
 is the reduction of the Post of Detroit. I lis Excellency Governor 
 Jedcrson informs me that he thinks they shall be able, with the 
 Aid of some Artillery and Stores already at Fort Pitt, to accom- 
 plish this most desirable object, and that should they even fail 
 of carrying their |)oint, much good will result from creating a 
 diversion and giving tiie enemy employ in their own 0)untry. 
 The Artillery and Stores required by Governor .Jefferson are 
 
 4 field peires 
 
 !()()() Halls suited to them. 
 
 1 Howitzer. H Inch 
 
 .300 shells suited to it 
 
 ' This letter is printed also in .Tared Si)arks (ed.), l^if'' «^"/ Wri(inf/s of George 
 Wushinf/ton (Boston, ISf).')), VII, 34.3-4.'). The transcrii)t preserit(td here is 
 taken from the original draft in the Library of Congress. The last paragra[)h of 
 the letter is in Washington's handwriting. 
 
312 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 2 Royals. 
 
 Grape Shot 
 
 necessary implements and furniture for the above 
 
 500 Spades 
 
 200 pick Axes 
 
 1 travelling forge 
 
 some Boats, should the State not have enough prepared in time 
 
 some ship Carpenters tools 
 
 Cor Clarke who is to command the expedition will probably 
 be the Bearer of this himself/ and you will deliver to him or his 
 order at such time as he shall require them, all, or as many of the 
 foregoing Articles as you have it in your power to furnish. You 
 will likewise direct the Officers with Company of Artillery to be 
 ready to move when Col" Clark shall call for them, and as it is 
 my wish to give the enterprize every aid which our small force 
 can afford, you will be pleased to form such a detachment as 
 you can safely spare from your own and Gibson's Regiment and 
 put it under the command of Col° Clark also. I should suppose 
 that this detachment cannot be made more than a command for 
 a Cap* or Major at most. You know the necessity of confining 
 it to a Continental Officer of inferior Rank to Col" Clark. 
 
 Your good sense will, I am convinced, make you view this 
 matter in its true light. The inability of the Continent to under- 
 take the reduction of Detroit, which, while it continues in posses- 
 sion of the enemy, will be a constant source of trouble to the whole 
 Western frontier, has of necessity imposed the task upon the State 
 of Virginia, and of consequence makes it expedient to confer the 
 command upon an Officer of the State. This being the case, I 
 do not think the charge of the enterprise could have been commit- 
 ted to better hands than CoF Clarks. I have not the pleasure of 
 knowing the Gentleman, but, independant of the proofs which 
 he has given of his activity and address, the unbounded confidence 
 which I am told the Western people repose in him, is a matter of 
 vast importance, as I imagine a considerable part of his force 
 will consist of Volunteers and Militia, who are not to be governed 
 by military laws, but must be held by the ties of confidence and 
 affection to their leader. 
 
 I shall conclude with recommending to you, in general, to give 
 every countenance and assistance to this enterprise, should no 
 
 1 This letter was enclosed in one from Washington to Jefferson, dated Dec. 
 28, 1780 (ibid., 341-43), and was to be given to Clark at Richmond and to be 
 carried by him to Fort Pitt. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 313 
 
 circumstances intervene to prevent its execution. One thing you 
 may rest assured of, & that is, that while offensive operations 
 are going forwar*^ against Detroit & the Indians in alliance with 
 the British in that quarter that your Posts with small Garrisons 
 in them and proper vigilance, will be perfectly secure. — for this 
 reason & the expedition's depending upon the supplies here rec'^ 
 I shall expect a punctual compliance with this order and am with 
 great esteem & regard D' Sir Y'^ most ob*^ Serv* 
 
 G W 
 
 CoL° Brodhead. 
 
 OFFICERS FOR OHIO POSTS 
 
 [Col. Daniel Brodhead to Maj. William Taylor. 1NN71. Summary and 
 transcript.] 
 
 Jan. 2*^ 1781. 
 Orders Maj. William Taylor to march immediately the 9^^ V* 
 Reg* to Fort Henry — leaving an officer (Ens° Springer) serg*, 
 corporal & 12 rank & file to garrison Holliday's Cove — & detach 
 a subaltern officer, with a Serg*, corporal & ten rank & file to Col. 
 Shepherd's MilP for the protection of the same & the adjacent 
 settlements. 
 
 [Col. Daniel Brodhead to Capt. John Clark. 3H34-35. Transcript of Letter 
 Book.] 
 
 Head QR^ Fort Pitt, Jan^ 10*^ 1781. 
 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 I have rec^ your favor dated Pittsburg, Jan^ 7*^ 1780. [sic] 
 I see by the contents that you have taken upon yourself to 
 
 give leave of absence to Ensign (whom you call Lieut.) Connor^ 
 
 1 Col. David Shepherd in 1775 built a single-geared mill on his land at the 
 forks of Wheeling Creek, about six miles above Wheeling, near the present village 
 of Elm Grove. After the siege of Wheeling in 1777 Colonel Shepherd removed 
 his family to the settlement near Washington, Pa., when the Indians burned the 
 abandoned blockhouse and other buildings, but did no injury to the mill. Oc- 
 casionally in passing they would set it running. See Draper Mss., 2S182. 
 
 2 In January, 1777 William Connor entered the army as sergeant of the Thir- 
 teenth Virginia Regiment, which on Sept. 14, 1778 was designated as the Ninth. 
 On April 6, 1779 Connor received an ensign's commission, which he held until 
 his resignation from the service, Jan. 4, 1782. 
 
314 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 to go home for [?] weeks, because there is no doctor at your post. 
 This is a liberty I much disapprove, because it is unmilitary & 
 improper, and therefore shall not send another officer to supply 
 his place. If you will attend to the articles of war, you may read 
 in plain language that you have no authority to give leave of 
 absence to any officer without consulting me. You are upon no 
 pretence to give furloughs to non-commissioned officers or sol- 
 diers. Should any of the officers or men be so ill as to stand in 
 need of a doctor's attendance, you will give me the earliest notice 
 of it, & not send them to places where Doctors are not to be 
 found. I will immediately send a Doctor to visit M' Connor & 
 report his complaint. — 
 I have the honor to be, &c. 
 
 D. B. 
 Capt** Jn" Clarke. 
 
 DELA WARES NEED HELP 
 
 [Gen. George Washington to Col. Daniel Brodhead. Washington Papers. 
 Draft.] 
 
 Head Quarters New Windsor 10*'' January 1781. 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 I have rec"^ your favors of the 17*'' of October and 7*** of Decem". 
 It is to be wished that we had means of retaining the affections of 
 those Indians who appear friendly or of engaging those to take 
 part with us who are otherwise, but as that is not the case, it will 
 be a most desirable object to foment differences among themselves, 
 and as the Delawares have declared against the Senecas who 
 have been most troublesome to us they are certainly entitled to 
 our support and protection. 
 
 Major Gen' Baron Steuben is at Richmond in Virginia assist- 
 ing in compleating the new arrangement of the Virginia line. 
 He will write to you on the subject of CoP Gibson's Reg* and you 
 will be pleased to comply with his directions respecting throwing 
 the men into two Companies and calling down the surplus officers. 
 
 You will be pleased to attach the men of Rawlin's Corps and 
 the independent Companies to the Pennsylvania and Virginia 
 Regiments as they may respectively- belong, should there be 
 any Marylanders for the War or for any considerable time to 
 
FRONTI ER RETREAT 315 
 
 come, you will send them down to Richmond under the care of 
 an officers that they may join their line. The officers of those 
 Corps retire upon half pay agreeable to the Regulations of the 
 S"* and 2r* October You will transmit me a Return of the Names 
 and Ranks. 
 CoL° Brodhead. 
 
 [Delaware chiefs to Col. Daniel Brodhead. 1H151. In handwriting of 
 Heckewelder.] 
 
 Salem Jan^'' y^ 13**^ 1781 
 
 William Penn and the Councellors of Cooshockung to Colonell 
 Brodhead as follows — 
 Brother Maghingwe Geeshuch: 
 
 Listen to me. You spoke to me twice already, and desired that 
 we all who were Your Friends should live in one place together. 
 I told You that I would do so, & promised to move to Cushcush- 
 kee.^ I told You that what I said I also would do, and therefore 
 You might depend on my Word 
 
 Now Brother: When I look upon my circumstances I find this 
 matter almost impossible for me to perform. You know Yourself 
 that I am poor and not able to undertake such a great Work with- 
 out assistance, My Chilldren would suffer greatly, for it is Winter 
 now, & when I consider Spring being so near, I cannot compre- 
 hend how I should do all this Work in such a short time, for I 
 must always consider planting time as not to be neglected. As 
 this is now a matter of consequence, I am coming to You to 
 speak further about it. 
 
 Now Brother: All the Councellors have earnesly consulted one 
 another concerning what You told me two Years ago, namely: 
 That You would build a Fort at Cooshockung. A Year ago I 
 told You to come and build me strong Houses, but it was not done 
 on account of some of the Councellors being against it. Brother 
 Now We are all of one Mind, we have considered the Matter well, 
 and therefore desire You to get ready and build a Fort at Coo- 
 shockung, and we furthur desire You to send 300 Men along to 
 Live in that Fort. 
 
 Now Brother: If you will do this for me, I will send a good many 
 of my Men to You to Guard You out, Then You will be at Coo- 
 
 1 For this locality see Frontier Defense, 178, note 45. 
 
316 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 shockung, and have an Opportunity of knowing every one. You 
 have often told me, that there lives some with me who are not 
 good. All these I suppose will withdraw themselves on Your 
 appearance, and if any one should abide there, You will soon 
 know such a one. 
 
 Brother: If any thing should happen unto You, while You are 
 on the Way to Us. I mean if any of the Enemy should do 
 harm. My Men that I send with You shall pursue them untill 
 they get them. 
 
 Now Brother: You have heard me what I had to say to You, I 
 am ready. But Brother, You told me last Year when the Wyon- 
 dot Man was at Pittsburg, that I had no courage to speak to him, 
 but that I hung my Head and was afraid of him, who was but one 
 Man. 
 
 Brother: I assure You, that I am not afraid of any body, and I 
 tell You now, that I am resolved to get up and Fight. I have 
 considered this matter from my Heart. I am able to Fight any 
 one of my Colour. I am no coward that You know Yourself, and 
 You will find it so for the future. 
 
 My dear Brother: Now I and all the Councellors remember our 
 Love to You. 
 
 Will" Penn. 
 
 CoL° Brodhead. 
 
 [Captain Killbuck to Col. Daniel Brodhead. 1H153. In handwriting of 
 Heckewelder.] 
 
 Salem, Jan^^ y^ 15'^ 178L 
 Cor Henry to CoF Brodhead as follows. 
 Brother listen to me: 
 
 You will see the conclusion of Will™ Penn and the Councellors 
 of Cooshockung. When I left You I told You that in 30 or at 
 most 40 Days You should hear me. I told You that in that time 
 You should know in what place the Dellawares would assemble 
 together. When I came as far as the Brethren Settlements then 
 I was overtaken by those who deserted from You. Soon After 
 Your Wampum was handed to me, both white & black with Your 
 Words, namely: that I should do as I always had told You and 
 keep my Promise. It is true what You say Brother, I know what 
 I told You & that I said if that Man would desert. You should 
 take me in his stead and put chains on me. I am sorry that I 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 317 
 
 t 
 
 cannot do as I fain would. If it was in my Power I certainly 
 would bring him back to You again. My heart is full of trouble 
 on this account, but I tell You that You now can do as You please 
 with me. I shall not desert You, but am ready for punishment 
 as soon as You call me. 
 
 Brother: I do not blame any body but myself for what comes 
 over me. I blame myself and some foolish People for it. Because 
 I have broke myself now, I must desire You to chuse a better Man 
 than I am out of the Turtle Tribe in my stead 
 
 Brother Maghingwe Geeshuch: You are a Turtle Yourself, & there 
 are many Men in our Tribe, therefore You will not be at a loss 
 to find one good one, who will speak the truth. You know that 
 I told You last Fall, that I was weary of bearing the load of Lies 
 laid upon me. You know that I told You, I never would be at 
 ease untill I went & lived with the Brethren 
 
 I love You Brother and I know You also loved me untill this 
 misfortune came upon me. I know of nothing at all that should 
 hinder me from becoming a Christian, neither do I see You or the 
 Councill of Cooshockung at any loss about me. 
 
 I am Your friend and Brother 
 
 CoL° Henry 
 CoL° Brodhead. 
 [Endorsed:] Jn° Killbuck 
 
 SUPPLIES FOR CLARK'S TROOPS 
 
 [Col. Daniel Brodhead to Gov. Thomas Jefferson. 3H36-37. Transcript of 
 Letter Book.] 
 
 Fort Pitt, Jan'' 17th 1781. 
 Sir: 
 
 I am honored with your favor of the 12*'' Ocf , & am thankful 
 for the contents. 
 
 I have rec*^ information from Detroit that the Indians are in a 
 grand Council there, & it is expected that they are meditating 
 with the British to attack these frontier parts as soon as the season 
 will permit. 
 
 Your ExcelF' instructions to M' Jas. F. Moore to make so 
 large a purchase on this side the mountain as 200,000 rations, 
 if actually made, will effectually distress the troops under my 
 
318 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 command, & probably greatly disappoint his ExcelF the Com- 
 mander-in-Chief if he has not been consulted respecting the meas- 
 ure. It is with great sincerity that I profess to entertain the 
 greatest respect towards your ExcelF; but circumstanced as I 
 am, it appears to me that I can by no means be justified in suffer- 
 ing the provisions which are designed for the troops under my 
 command, to be transported down the river, ^ unless I am so 
 instructed to do by the Commander-in-Chief. 
 
 Col. Gibson takes down the arrangement and return of his 
 reg* & will have the honor of waiting on your ExcelF with this 
 letter; he can inform you particularly of the circumstances of 
 this District, wherefore I beg leave to refer to him. 
 
 I have the honor to be, &c. 
 
 D. B. 
 His Excell'^ Gov. Jefferson 
 
 DRAFTS FOR VIRGINIA REGIMENT 
 
 [Col. Daniel Brodhead to Baron Steuben. 3H37-38. Transcript of Letter 
 Book.] 
 
 Fort Pitt, Jan'' 17th, 1781. 
 Sir: 
 
 Your favor of the 24th of Nov' I had not the honor to receive 
 until yesterday. 
 
 Col. Gibson being desirous to transact some business at Rich- 
 mond, will proceed thither without loss of time, & he has a return 
 of his reg*, also a list of the names and rank of his ofTicers. 
 
 CoF Campbell informs me that the ofTicers who were sent from 
 hence to collect the drafts for the 9^^ Virg'' Reg' are by his Ex- 
 cellency's orders immediately under my command; unless he is 
 pleased to order otherwise I hope to see them join the reg' early 
 next spring. 
 
 I sincerely wish you great success, & have the honor to be, &c 
 
 D. B. 
 The Honb'^'' Baron De Steuben. 
 
 1 Note on original Mss. : "I presume these supplies were designed for Gen. 
 G. R. Clark's intended exp''" ag'* Detroit, L. C. D." 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 319 
 
 CONDITIONS IN KENTUCKY AND ILLINOIS 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Levin Powell,^ Harrodsburgh, Jan. 21, 1781, to 
 Col. Daniel Brodhead. 1NN51-53. Printed in Pa. Archives, VIII, 767-68.] 
 
 Since middle of December, when one man was killed at the 
 Falls, no mischief done by Indians until lately when seven with a 
 white prisoner came to steal horses. White man escaped to a 
 station,"^ says Shawnee are fifteen miles from Pickawee town 
 preparing for a vigorous attack. News from the Illinois of La 
 Balme's defeat. Cannon on Maumee en route for Kentucky. 
 Clark at Richmond, much expected of him. Accusations against 
 commissaries. Montgomery and Dodge^ in Illinois speculating 
 with public funds. 
 
 1 Levin Powell was born in 1738 in Loudoun County, Va., where in 1774 he 
 signed the remonstrance of that county against British exactions. See William 
 and Mary College Quarterly, XII, 234-36. In 1775 Powell was on the Committee 
 of Correspondence; on Jan. 11, 1777 he was commissioned lieutenant-colonel 
 of the Sixteenth Virginia Regiment, and served on the Trenton campaign after 
 the winter at Valley Forge. On Nov. 15, 1778 Colonel Powell resigned and 
 visited Kentucky where he was a trustee of the town of Boonesborough. He 
 did not remain permanently in Kentucky, but returned to Virginia where he 
 married Sarah, daughter of Burr Harrison. Powell was in the Virginia conven- 
 tion of 1778 which ratified the Federal Constitution, and served as Federalist 
 member of the Sixth Congress. He died at Bedford, Pa., Aug. 3, 1810. 
 
 2 This escaped prisoner was Martin Wetzel. See Draper Mss., 2S265, 11S36. 
 Martin, the eldest son of Capt. John Wetzel, was born in December, 1757 in 
 Rockingham County, Va. In 1769 he came West with his father's family, and 
 in 1774 served in Dunmore's War. In 1777 Martin Wetzel was at the siege of 
 Wheeling, and aided in burying the dead after Foreman's defeat. He was cap- 
 tured in April, 1779 and adopted into Cornstalk's Shawnee family. He escaped 
 from a band of Indians by pretending a desire to go to Kentucky to steal horses. 
 Sometime in 1781 Martin Wetzel returned over the Wilderness Road to his home 
 near Wheeling. There he married Mary Coflle. During the remainder of his 
 life he was much employed in scouting and claimed to have been in twenty- 
 two skirmishes without receiving a wound. See Dr. Draper's interviews with 
 Wetzel's sons, ibid., 2E8-10, 2S307. 
 
 ' For a sketch of Col. John Montgomery see Dunmore's War, 225, note 55; 
 for John Dodge, see Rev. Upper Ohio, 143, note 48. 
 
320 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 THE MORAVIAN MISSIONARIES 
 
 [Col. Daniel Brodhead to Rev. David Zeisberger. 3H39-41. Transcript of 
 Letter Book.] 
 
 Fort Pitt, Jan'' 2V^ 178L 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 I have your favor of the [blank in Ms.] '80, & am sorry to find 
 that the proposal I made to obtain a quantity of wild meat was 
 not accepted. It is probable that I said the Christian Indians 
 declined assisting in the war, but I expected as a testimony of 
 their attachment to American liberty they would not be averse 
 to serving their country in affording supplies for the troops by 
 every means in their power. But the reason you have assigned 
 against the measure proposed must suffice. As to the mockery 
 of the savages, it is common with them against persons living in 
 a religious way.— I have just rec"^ a letter from the Rev*^ M 
 Grube informing me that your packet which I sent by a son of 
 the late Rev*^ M' Bruce, ^ was lost by them upon the road — which 
 accident I am very sorry for, & if I can hear of it will immediately 
 forward it by another hand. 
 
 M' Connor^ informed me that you & your worthy colleagues 
 are without salt, wherefore I have ordered a half a bushel to be 
 sent you a present, & shall be glad to furnish you with a further 
 quantity or any other article in my power. 
 
 Our privateers have lately taken a few prizes near New York, 
 in which they took 19,000 Bis of beef, 6000 bbls of pork, 600 bbls 
 of raisins, 600 bbls of peas, & 500 firkins of butter, besides a con- 
 siderable quantity of other stores & merchandize. 
 
 ^ Rev. David Bruce came to America from Scotland in 1741 with the Moravian 
 missionary, Count Zinzendorf, and settled as pastor over an English mission in 
 Bucks County, Pa. There in 1742 Bruce married Judith, sister of the philan- 
 thropist, Anthony Benezet. In 1744 Bruce was sent on a mission to the Iroquois; 
 and in 1749 to the Mahican tribe, among whom a station was formed at Wech- 
 quadnach, in Dutchess County, N. Y., and there July 9, 1749 he died. One 
 hundred years after his death a monument was erected to all the Moravian 
 missionaries who had labored at Wechquadnach, on the border of the lake they 
 called Gnadensee, now known as Indian Pond. 
 
 2 For a sketch of Richard Conner see Wis. Hist. Colls., XXIII, 246, note 1. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 321 
 
 I send you a number of newspapers in which you will see how 
 improbable it is, that the British can hold out much longer. 
 
 I have the honor to be &ci. 
 
 D. B. 
 
 Postcript to M' Zeisberger's letter — I am informed that your 
 Indians have a great number of cattle & swine to spare. I must 
 request you will not suffer them to be sent to the enemy. I have 
 wrote for goods or specie to enable my Comm^ to purchase & pay 
 for them. 
 
 D. B. 
 Rev° D. Zeisberger. 
 
 [Col. Daniel Brodhead to Rev. John Heckewelder. 3H42-43. Transcript of 
 Letter Book.] 
 
 Fort Pitt, Jan'' 2r' 1781. 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 I am honored with your kind favor of the 4*^ instant, and am 
 particularly thankful for the acceptable presents from your good 
 lady. 
 
 Killbuck appears to have acted with duplicity in regard to 
 Bawbee; but I believe he has generally shewed as much attach- 
 ment as any of the Coochocking Council, & it is probable as he is 
 unsupported & much envied, that he conceived it too great a 
 risk to interfere ; however, his future conduct may determine how 
 far he is culpable. I conceive that much confidence ought never 
 to be placed in any of the colour, for I believe it is much easier 
 for the most civilized Indian to turn Savage than for any Indian 
 to be civilized. I am obliged to your people for the pains they 
 took to get the whiteman from Bawbee — I do not despair of get- 
 ting both him and Bawbee before long, for they will scarcely leave 
 the continent; as to the villain whole [who] stole the skiff he with 
 them will be remembered. 
 
 Bawbee being a notorious bar I do not believe what he has said 
 as to the disaffected of the soldiers. 
 
 I shall be happy to hear from you by every safe conveyance, 
 & hope you will be able to collect some interesting intelligence. 
 I have directed my house-keeper to put up a small quantity of 
 tea & coffee for your lady, & beg she will please to accept it as a 
 mark of my particular esteem for you both. 
 
 I have, &c, &c. D- B. 
 
322 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 P. S. — For a putall of clear bear's oil, & a peck of tossimonany, 
 I would cheerfully barter salt with any of your people who have 
 it to spare. 
 
 D. B. 
 Rev" Jn" Hackenwelder. 
 
 SUPPLIES FOR FORT PITT 
 
 [Col. Daniel Brodhead to Maj. William Taylor. 3H38-39. Transcript of 
 Letter Book.] 
 
 Head Qr^ Fort Pitt, Jan^ 22*^ 1781. 
 Sir: 
 
 I am favored with yours of the 15'^ instant, and am glad to 
 find that no damage has happened to Capt. Biggs and his party. 
 I conceive that if he is fortunate he will be able to furnish meat 
 for your garrison, & the dependent posts at Holliday's Cove & 
 Shepherd's Mill will probably be furnished by the inhabitants, 
 until it may be in my power to send them a small supply from 
 hence. 
 
 Our store of salt is nearly exhausted, & it will be necessary to 
 retain what we have on hand to salt the beef which M"" W"* Wilson^ 
 is about to purchase. 
 
 M^ Duncan will send some bags to Cap" Mitchel for which he 
 is to account, & I expect you will have a considerable quantity 
 of flour & meal laid in. 
 
 The Enemy at Niagara & Detroit are meditating on a descent 
 on our posts early in the spring. I wish we may be able to give 
 them a proper reception. 
 
 I am*'^ 
 
 D. B. 
 Major W" Taylor. 
 
 This is probably the person noted in Rev. Upper Ohio, 202, note 41. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 323 
 
 [Col. Daniel Brodhead to Col. Abraham Hite.^ 3H44. Transcript of Letter 
 Book.] 
 
 Fort Pitt, January 22*^ 1781. 
 Sir: 
 
 The bearer M"" Wilson informs me that his brother has pur- 
 chased some cattle for the use of the suffering troops in this Dis- 
 trict, & he is apprehensive a prohibitory law of Virginia will pre- 
 vent his driving them hither. I have enquired into characters & 
 have thought proper to address myself to you upon this occasion 
 not doubting but your influence will be used in favor of troops 
 who have already repeatedly suffered great want. 
 
 This frontier covering the settlements below the mountains 
 will I conceive, interest every person concerned in the support of 
 them. But was nothing said on this subject, I am satisfied your 
 own good sense would point out the necessity of their being amply 
 supplied. 
 
 I have the honor to be, &c, 
 
 D. B. 
 CoL° A. Hyte. 
 
 [Col. Daniel Brodhead to Col. Ephraim Blaine. 3H54-55. Transcript of 
 Letter Book.] 
 
 Fort Pitt, Jan^ 22^^ 1781. 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 The hostile intentions of the enemy against the posts under my 
 care & command, the present sufferings of my officers & men, 
 & the disappointment M"" Wilson has met with, has determined 
 me to send M" Duncan to Philad^ to apply for money to purchase 
 provisions. He can inform you particularly as to circumstances, 
 wherefore I must refer you to him. 
 
 I am informed that the Moravian Indians have a great number 
 of cattle & swine to dispose of, but these cannot be purchased for 
 anything except goods & specie, & if that is not furnished they 
 will be sold to the enemy. 
 
 I am very sensible that nothing in your pov/er will be lacking 
 to relieve us from further want. 
 
 ^ For Col. Abraham Hite, a prominent resident of the lower Shenandoah 
 Valley, see Dunmore's War, 31, note 53. 
 
324 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 I hope you are instructed to purchase some good spirit and 
 brandy for this District, & that no time will be lost in forwarding 
 it; at present we are destitute of every liquor, except vile whiskey 
 warm from the dirty stills. 
 
 Please to write me a letter of comfort, & believe me to be &c 
 
 D. B. 
 CoL° E. Blaine. 
 
 [Col. Daniel Brodhead to Richard Peters. 3H55-58. Transcript of Letter 
 Book.]i 
 
 Fort Pitt, Jan^ 22<^ 178L 
 Sir: 
 
 M' W™ Wilson a few days ago wrote me that he had undertaken 
 to furnish my troops with one hundred head of cattle upon pri- 
 vate contract & with private money. This account, as there was 
 no other prospect of obtaining meat, & the troops were suffering 
 for want of it, whilst we were scarcely supplied with flour, was 
 flattering & cheered the drooping spirits of both officers & men. 
 But as meat could not be purchased on account of the great 
 scarcity on this side the mountains, M"^ Wilson immediately 
 proceeded to the South Branch of Potowmack to perform the 
 contract, & now I have the mortification to be informed by his 
 brother who is just arrived from Old Town, that a prohibitory 
 law of the State of Virg* will prevent his getting the cattle he 
 mav have purchased for consumption here. 
 
 I sincerely wish there was no cause to trouble you with a 
 further tale of misfortunes; but as it is the interest of the United 
 States to retain in this district all the grain that has, under the 
 protection of their troops, been raised in it; it might appear crim- 
 inal in me was I to remain silent respecting certain instructions 
 lately sent by Gov' Jefferson for the purchase of 200,000 rations 
 on this side the mountains for the use of the troops under Col" 
 Clark, for which purpose he has already advanced 300000 pounds, 
 & promise to furnish upon the first notice any further sum that 
 may be necessary to complete the payment of that purchase: 
 because this contract together with the consumption of multi- 
 tudes of emigrants arrived & expected in this district, (chiefly to 
 avoid militia duty & taxes) will scarcely leave a pound of flour for 
 the regular or other troops which it may be necessary to employ 
 
 ' On the same date Brodhead wrote a letter, which contains similar informa- 
 tion, to Pres. Joseph Reed. See Pa. Archives, VIII, 706-10. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 325 
 
 offensively or defensively against the enemy for the defence of 
 this part of the frontier settlements. 
 
 A grand Council of British & other Indians is now holding at 
 Detroit, & I am informed they are premeditating a descent on 
 this post, & as I cannot rely on a private contract which may or 
 may not be made as shall best suit the contractors, & it is at most 
 insufficient; This & the other circumstances I have mentioned 
 have induced me to send M"" Duncan (Col" Blaine's Deputy) to 
 apply for money to purchase & lay in provision for the troops that 
 are or may be under my command, if possible before spring, so 
 that if I should be unfortunate enough not to be sufficiently 
 reinforced to enable me to pursue some hostile measure against 
 the enemy, I may not be under the disagreeable necessity of 
 shamefully abandoning posts of the first consequence committed 
 to my care, & suffering the already much distressed inhabitants 
 to be slaughtered by the merciless savages arid their abettors. 
 
 I am unwilling to trouble you on the score of clothing or goods 
 &c. for the Indians; I have hertofore wrote much on the subject. 
 
 The Moravian Indians have a considerable number of cattle 
 & swine which might be purchased cheap for goods or specie, 
 but without these they will be drove to market at Detroit. 
 
 I have wrote Gov"" Jefferson that I am not at liberty to permit 
 the transportation of provisions out of this district until I receive 
 instructions for that purpose. 
 
 I have the honor to be, &c. 
 
 D. B. 
 Rich" Peters, Esq"^ 
 
 [Col. Daniel Brodhead to Gen. George Washington. 3H58-61. Transcript 
 of Letter Book.] 
 
 Fort Pitt, Jan^ 23^ 1781. 
 Dear Gen'': 
 
 (Here follows the explanation, substantially as the preceeding 
 letter, about Wilson's failure to get cattle in Virginia, on account 
 of the prohibitory law — & the instructions of Gov. Jefferson to 
 raise supplies west of the mountains for CoF Clark's troops — & 
 that he (Brodhead) has written to Gov. Jefferson, &c)^ 
 
 ^ The summary in the preceding paragraph is that of the transcriber, not that 
 of the present editor. For the letter to Jefferson, written Jan. 17, 1781, see 
 ante, 317. 
 
326 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 A grand Council of British & other savages is now holding at 
 Detroit, & I am informed they are premeditating an attack on 
 this post early in the spring; without doubt the Indians will be 
 more hostile next spring than they have yet been. 
 
 As I have not been honored with a line from your ExcelF since 
 the new arrangement of the army was ordered, I am at a loss what 
 to do with the 9**" Virg^ Reg*, late Rawlin's corps & Capt. Heth's 
 company, & shall continue them here until I know your pleasure. 
 
 The whole of my present force very little exceeds 300 men, & 
 many of these are unfit for such active service as is necessary here; 
 I hope you ExcelF will be pleased to enable me to take Detroit 
 the ensuing campaign, for until that & Niagara fall into our hands, 
 there will be no rest for the innocent inhabitants whatever sums 
 may be expended on a defensive plan. 
 
 My soldiers will be naked by the first of March, & yet I can 
 obtain no clothing for them. If it is agreeable to your Excellency 
 to permit me to wait upon you & make personal applications at 
 Philadelphia for such articles as are necessary for the troops &c 
 before the opening of the ensuing campaign, it would oblige me 
 much, not account of any business of my own, but if possible to 
 promote the public good. 
 
 The Moravian Indians have a considerable .number of cattle 
 & swine which we might purchase cheap for goods or specie, but 
 without these we cannot obtain them, & they will probably be 
 drove to market at Detroit. 
 
 I have never been furnished with any article of goods for the 
 Indians, nor a shilling of money to enable me to transact business 
 with them, neither has any person been employed to take the 
 trouble of them off my hands. I take great pleasure in serving 
 my country, nor will I count it a troublesome service, but I am 
 sensible it will be agreed that it is necessary I should be supported, 
 or our interest with the western Indians must be lost. 
 
 It appears to me that two complete regt^ with the volunteers 
 that may be collected will be equal to any enterprise that may be 
 undertaken in this part of the country — especially if goods could 
 be furnished to pay some of the friendly Indians to act as spies, 
 guides &c to prevent a surprise; & that number will be as great 
 as can be well supplied without an immense expense of trans- 
 portation. 
 
 I have the honor to be, &c. 
 
 D. B. 
 His Excell^ Gen'' Washington. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 327 
 
 ALARM OF THE FRONTIER 
 
 [Col. Daniel Brodhead to Samuel Irwin. 3H61-65. Transcript of Letter 
 Book.] 
 
 Fort Pitt, Feb^ 2"^ 1781. 
 Sir: 
 
 I have rec'^ your kind favor of this date, & am much obUged by 
 the contents. It is to be lamented that there should be such a 
 seeming lapse of the administration of justice in the civil courts; 
 for my own part, I could wish to see every court exercising the 
 power of preserving the peace, enforcing the militia law, & pun- 
 ishing with rigor all persons guilty of treason, &c. But as to 
 actions touching real estates, as that must in the prosecution 
 involve a question as to the title, I conceive the Courts will act 
 prudently by discouraging them until the boundary between the 
 two states is fmally determined, which I expect will be done as 
 soon as the weather admits. 
 
 I am exceedingly distressed on account of the poor frontier 
 inhabitants; they are doubtless under great apprehensions of 
 danger, & I fear there is reason to apprehend it; wherefore I use 
 every possible address with the savages, & have renewed my repre- 
 sentations & requisitions to his ExcelF the Commander-in-chief, 
 both for men & resources to enable me to afford the settlements 
 ample protection at home, & if possible to avoid the inhabitants 
 being called from that industry which is so essential to future 
 operations, & their own happiness. As the Commanding officer 
 of this Department, I conceive it to be my right to be consulted 
 on every military plan which can be conceived, & that my assent 
 is necessary to the execution. You entertain proper ideas of 
 these matters, & I wish the inhabitants were made sensible of the 
 impropriety of arming a body of men in the manner you have 
 been informed without a proper concurrance; but their conduct 
 should be construed unfavorably by those they ought to revere. 
 
 Had these gentlemen been so forward last summer or fall in 
 affording supplies for the troops intended for an expedition against 
 the enemy, they would probably have had less apprehension of 
 danger, & I presume they might with greater propriety have 
 furnished it on public credit then, than they can at their own 
 expense hereafter, & that to answer a much less effectual protec- 
 tion to themselves and families. As I have rec'* no late letters 
 
328 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 from the Honb'^ Congress, Board of War, or his ExcelF the Com- 
 mander-in-chief, I cannot yet decide with precision how far it 
 will be in my power to protect the inhabitants you mention; but 
 I make no doubt there are several upon the communication to 
 this place which will inform me fully. 
 
 In the present unsettled state of the bounday line, I conceive 
 the inhabitants, waiving all prejudice, would act wisely by pre- 
 ferring a joint & respectful petition to the Honb'^ Congress of the 
 United States, setting forth their dangers & difficulties, & praying 
 a reinforcement of Regular troops for their protection. This 
 mode of application would doubtless procure men with certainty, 
 & enable them to remain at home in safety & raise supplies for 
 future operation, unless some unexpected event should intervene. 
 
 Give me leave to assure you that I have ever had the most 
 sincere inclination to serve this young & much distressed part of 
 the country, & that I only want the means to do it effectually. 
 
 I have the honor, &c. 
 
 D. B. 
 
 Sam*" Irwin, Esq' 
 
 DELA WARES EXHORTED 
 [Col. Daniel Brodhead to the Delaware chiefs. 2H78-82. Letter Book.] 
 
 Fort Pitt Feb^ 4*'' 1781 
 Mahingweegeesuch to W"" Penn & the Council at Coochocking 
 Brothers: 
 
 My Great Friend (Sam' Evans) has delivered me your letter, 
 also one from Caylelemend which is likewise answered by me 
 
 Brothers listen to me: I told you my reasons for desiring you 
 to live at Cuscusky & you still remember them, but I do not wish 
 you to do any thing that should prove injurious either to your- 
 selves or Children. You know your own Circumstances & that 
 I am desirous of doing the best service I can for your nation 
 
 Brothers: When I offered to build a fort for the protection of 
 your women & Children I was ready to do it & nothing should have 
 prevented me from building strong houses for you a year ago if 
 you had been willing to have it done But I have told the Head 
 warrior of the American Army that you were coming to live 
 at Cuscusky & he thinks it will be so wherefore I cannot now 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 329 
 
 comply with your request in building a Fort at Coochocking until 
 I have sent your speech to him & to the Great Council of this 
 Island & received directions from them & then you shall hear me, 
 & if you see me on the Road or any OfTicer I may send come & 
 take us by the Hand as you do at Fort Pitt for we are your true 
 Friends 
 
 Brothers: I thank you for all your good words & I will not forget 
 them because I believe they come from your hearts as mine do 
 
 Brothers: It is true I did observe that you did not speak so 
 bold to the Wyandott Chief as I thought Delaware Chiefs ought 
 to do. You must remem.ber you have made me a great Chief of 
 your nation & as such I cannot bear to see our nation who are 
 the first Indian warriors spoken to by a Chief of another nation 
 as if we were less than themselves, besides by our Confederation 
 we are to be above all other nations 
 
 Brothers: I know you are good warriors & you know I am not 
 the least amongst my Colour. I have promised to assist you 
 against the Enemy & now I am much rejoiced to find that you 
 are resolved to get up & fight. Be strong my Brothers & acquit 
 yourselves like men & you shall see me with a great many men 
 strike where you strike the Enemy 
 
 Brothers: As soon as I hear from the Great Council & the Chief 
 Warrior I will let you hear what they answer to your Speech & 
 in the meantime if any nation offer to strike you I can soon bring 
 fifteen hundred or 2,000 good warriors to help you, & for this 
 reason you may speak freely & with great Confidence to any nation 
 who dare to threaten or offer to strike you 
 
 I am my Dear Brothers your Friend 
 
 [Col. Daniel Brodhead to Captain Killbuck. 2H74-78. Letter Book.] 
 
 Fort Pitt Feb^ 4*" 1781 
 Mahingwee Geesuch to Caylaylamend viz 
 Brother listen to me: 
 
 I have rec*^ your letter of the 15**" Ult. informing me that you 
 rec*^ my speech with some white & Black wampum, now when you 
 
330 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 see this you must know that I sent no speech to you about the 
 Deserters, but I hear that Capt° Thompson^ who had likewise put 
 himself in the place of Bawbee did send the Speech you rec*^ by 
 Springer. 
 
 Brother: I am sorry to hear you are in trouble, but why did you 
 deceive yourself & me I spoke plain to you & desired you not to 
 trust Bawbee, but what you say is true you brought this trouble 
 on yourself & you must get out of it as well as you can — 
 
 Brother: I have not forgot that you promised to leave Bawbees 
 sister as a pledge for his good behaviour you know I told you 
 that I could not hurt the little Girl that was not my practice. 
 But you forgot that you had a son in my power that you loved, so 
 that I must now tell you that it is best always to act honestly & in 
 doing so we shall act wisely — 
 
 Brother: It is true that I am a Turtle & shall be glad to serve 
 my tribe by Chusing a very good man to represent them in Council 
 or by any other thing I can do to to make them a happy people 
 so long as they listen to good Council & act wisely. But until I 
 can see the Chiefs & know who is best entitled to it I must be 
 silent 
 
 Brother: I remember you talked to me of a desire you enter- 
 tained to join the Brethren but your desire seemed to arise from 
 Disappointment more than from a mere inclination to be a Chris- 
 tian, however if you know no reason that prevent you I have noth- 
 ing to object, except that you have not told the truth in regard 
 to Bawbee & have left your friends Thompson & Anderson in 
 the Lurch 
 
 Brother: listen to me: It is true that I loved you & this pro- 
 ceeded from an opinion of your honesty — but you have said it is 
 otherwise & what can I say to remove a suspicion of falsehood 
 which you have proved by your own Confession 
 
 Brother: You see I have made a long talk but I have a few words 
 to whisper in your ear. First then I tell you when I am a friend 
 to any man I do not easily cast him off without first giving him 
 an oppertunity to retrieve his good name & I am just going to 
 propose a method for you. You & Anderson are bound for 
 Bawbee & Charles helped him to run away; now Brother could 
 you & Anderson Bawbee & Charles take two or three English 
 men prisoners & bring them to your friends all might be well & 
 
 1 John Thompson's Indian name was Coolpeeconain. He was one of the 
 delegates who visited Congress in 1779. See Wis. Hist. Colls., XXIII, 321, 353. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 331 
 
 you might all be taken by the hand. Now if you are wise you 
 will join with a proposal that comes from your Friend & Brother 
 
 Mahingwee Geesuch 
 
 GIBSON'S REGIMENT TO JOIN CLARK 
 
 [Gov. Thomas Jefferson to Col. John Gibson. 10S43-44. Transcript.] 
 
 Richmond, Feb'^ 13''' 1781. 
 
 Sir: Having obtained leave from Maj' Gen' Baron Steuben 
 that you should concur in an expedition across the Ohio under 
 the command of Gen' Clark, I am to desire that you will in the 
 first place take Baltimore in your way, at which place I have 
 reason to believe four tons of powder^ have been furnished us by 
 the Continental Board of War which we mean for this expedition. 
 The obtaining this powder was to be negotiated by the Speaker 
 Harrison who has been desired to lodge a letter at M'' Goddard's, 
 the printer in Baltimore, enabling you to take it under your care, 
 yet it is possible it may have been furnished at Philadelphia in- 
 stead of Baltimore, and that you may be obliged to take that in 
 your route. In any event you will please to find it out, and see 
 it safely conveyed to Fort Pitt, and delivered to Gen' Clark, as 
 the event of the expedition depends on his receiving this supply. 
 
 I send by you a letter to Col. Brodhead, desiring that your 
 regiment may be joined in this expedition to Gen' Clark's force, 
 in which I hope to be gratified. You will take that or any other 
 command which Gen' Clark shall assign you. In the event of 
 Gen' Clark's death or captivity, your rank & our confidence in 
 you, substitute you as his successor in the command; in which 
 case you will prosecute the expedition under the instructions 
 given to Gen' Clark.^ 
 CoL° J° Gibson. 
 
 ^ As early as Jan. 29, 1781 Governor Jefferson gave orders that four tons of 
 powder should be sent to Fort Pitt by the first of March. Draper Mss., 10S43. 
 
 2 See letters of Feb. 13 and 19, 1781, from Gov. Thomas Jefferson to Gen. 
 George Rogers Clark, printed in ///. Hist. Colls., VIII, 505, 507-8. 
 
332 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Gov. Thomas Jefferson, Richmond, Feb. 13, 1781, to 
 Col. Daniel Brodhead. Printed in Pa. Archives, VIII, 768.] 
 
 Has received his favor by Colonel Gibson. Sorry for his dis- 
 tress for provisions; this must arise rather from lack of money 
 than from Virginia regulations. General Washington's letter 
 sent to Brodhead by Gen. George Rogers Clark; his earnest es- 
 pousal of the project for Clark's expedition to Detroit; reliance 
 on Brodhead's cordial execution of commander in chief's requests. 
 Colonel Gibson and his regiment ordered on the same service. 
 
 NEEDS OF FORT PITT 
 
 [Col. Daniel Brodhead to Gen. George Washington. 3H65-67. Transcript 
 of Letter Book.] 
 
 Fort Pitt, Feb'' 18'^ 1781. 
 Dear Gen'': 
 
 Since my last the half Indian Bawbee by concurrance of a 
 Serjeant belonging to late Cap* Heath's company, made his 
 escape, & persuaded a fifer^ of the ^'^^ Virg* Reg* to desert to the 
 enemy. The Delaware chiefs at Cooc hocking siezed the deserter 
 & sent him back, & he is confined in irons, but cannot be tried 
 until your ExcelF is pleased to order a Gen' Court Martial. 
 
 I have heard nothing of M"" Wilson since my last, indeed I am 
 apprehensive he has not made the contract for cattle upon account 
 of the opposition given him by the Commissioners. At present 
 we have a considerable supply of flour, but not an ounce of meat, 
 & unless M'' Wilson has purchased a supply which he may for- 
 ward, we must endeavor to live without it. 
 
 A report prevails amongst the inhabitants that the regular 
 troops are to be recalled from hence, & as I could not positively 
 say they were to continue, they are under the most dreadful appre- 
 hensions. 
 
 Should your ExcelF be pleased to grant me an order to draw 
 on the fixed magazines for such arms & amunition as may be 
 necessary for the troops in this District it will prevent my troub- 
 ling you with future applications on that score, & I will make a 
 present use of it. 
 
 ^ For the trial of this deserter, whose name was John Hinds, see post, 490. 
 
SAMUEL HUNTINGTON 
 
 From an Engraving in the State Historical Library 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 333 
 
 I take the liberty to enclose a copy of a letter lately received 
 from the Delaware Council. I have told them that their request 
 could not be complied with until your Excellency's pleasure was 
 known, & I beg you will be pleased to instruct me respecting their 
 message. 
 
 I have also taken the liberty to enclose an Indent of Ordinance 
 Stores, signed by the commanding officer of Artillery. Should 
 an expedition be carried against Detroit or Niagara from hence, 
 I conceive the contents will be necessary. 
 
 Col. Presly Neville^ will do himself the honor to hand you this 
 letter, & will be able to inform your ExcelF of many circumstances 
 which I may have omitted. 
 
 I have the honor, &c. 
 
 D. B. 
 
 His Excell^ Gen'" Washington. 
 
 [Col. Daniel Brodhead to Samuel Huntington." 3H67-69. Transcript of 
 Letter Book.] 
 
 Fort Pitt, FeF 18'*^ 1781 
 Sir: 
 
 It is about two years since I was honored with the command of 
 this District, & altho' I have taken upon myself to transact busi- 
 ness of great consequence with the natives, I have never been 
 properly authorized or instructed for that purpose, nor have I 
 been supplied with any goods or money to defray the expense of 
 rewards or negotiations; wherefore I have been compelled [to use] 
 a considerable sum of money out of my private fortune & to 
 
 1 Presley, son of Col. John Neville (for whom see Rev. Upper Ohio, 22, note 
 46), was born in 1756 in Virginia and educated at the College of Philadelphia. 
 On Nov. 9, 1776 he volunteered and was commissoned ensign in his father's 
 company of the Twelfth Virginia Regiment. In May, 1779 the younger Neville 
 became captain, later rising to the rank of major, then to that of lieutenant- 
 colonel, and serving for a time as aid-de-camp for Lafayette. Colonel Neville 
 was captured May 12, 1780 upon the surrender of Charleston, S. C, and while 
 upon parole visited his home on Chartier's Creek near Pittsburgh. Thither he 
 retired after the war and here he brought his bride, Anne, daughter of Col. 
 George Morgan. During the Whisky Rebellion of 1794 Col. Presley Neville 
 assisted his father, who as revenue collector was the especial object of the 
 insurgents' hatred. The death of the younger Neville occurred Dec. 1, 1818. 
 
 2 Samuel Huntington, Connecticut signer of the Declaration of Independence, 
 was president of the Continental Congress from Sept. 28, 1779 to July 6, 1781. 
 
334 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 borrow from others, which I am unable to re-place at present: 
 I therefore request the Honb'* Congress will be pleased either to 
 appoint an agent to transact public affairs with the Indians, or 
 give me such instructions as will be agreeable for the government 
 of my future conduct respecting them, and order such goods and 
 money as may be necessary to engage the savages in hostilities 
 against each other, & to defray the expenses already accrued. 
 
 I take the liberty to enclose the copy of a letter lately rec*^ from 
 the Delaware Council, & shall be happy to know your pleasure 
 respecting their request. I believe them to be sincere in their 
 present professions of friendship, but I am not in force, nor have 
 I any supplies to enable me to afford them any part of the protec- 
 tion they solicit. I presume a small quantity of goods, paint & 
 trinkets might effect a great division of the savage interest, & 
 direct the war from our frontiers. 
 
 I beg the favor of an answer, & have the honor, &c. 
 His Excell^ Sam'' Huntington, Esq. D. B. 
 
 ALARM OF THE FRONTIER 
 
 [Col. Daniel Brodhead to Yohogania County officers. 1NN71. Summary 
 and transcript.] 
 
 Feb. 20*'' 178L 
 It having been represented to Col. Brodhead, by Col. Vallan- 
 digham, Col. Cannon & Capt. Swearingen,i that the inhabitants 
 of Youghagania county are under great & immediate appre- 
 hensions of danger from the savages, & that they are about to 
 forsake their habitations & retire to a more interior place for safety 
 - — ^Col. B. recommends them to collect by subscription or other- 
 wise a sufficiency of salt or other meat to subsist four officers & 54 
 men two months — wh. provisions shall be p*^ for out of the public 
 funds: Likewise to provide a suitable quantity of flour or meal to 
 be delivered on public account — ^& he will send the detachment. 
 
 > For Col. John Canon see ibid., 221, note 63; for Capt. Van Swearingen see 
 Wis. Hist. Colls., XXIII, 360, note 1. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 335 
 
 REDUCTION OF ARMY 
 
 [Col. Daniel Brodhead to Maj. William Taylor. 3H69-71. Transcript of 
 Letter Book.] 
 
 Head Q''^ Fort Pitt, FeF 24'^ 1781. 
 Sir: 
 
 The Commander-in-Chief has been pleased to direct that the 
 9"» Virg^ Reg*" be reduced to two companies, each consisting of 
 one Captain, two subs, three Serjeants, two drum^ & fifers, & one 
 half the rank & file, which two companies are to be under your 
 command until further orders — all the surplus officers are to 
 repair to Richmond, Virg^ 
 
 The Maryland corps is likewise to march thither under the 
 command of an officer; wherefore you are, immediately after 
 arranging the companies, to detach a captain, two subs, & three 
 Serjeants, & 50 rank & file with a proportion of salt meat & craft 
 td Fort MTntosh to relieve the garrison there. I wish to retain 
 Capts. Biggs & Springer, Lieut^ John Harrison^ & Thomas, & 
 Ensigns Coleman & Winlock;^ the Doctor and mate remain of 
 course. If you have more than six Serjeants regularly appointed, 
 the surplus of them must march with the officers that are to pro- 
 ceed, & I would recommend it to the whole of them to march with 
 
 1 John Harrison, son of Lawrence, and brother or cousin of Col. Benjamin, 
 and Col. William Harrison, was born in 1754 in Westmoreland County, 
 Va. He removed in early life to the Youghiogheny River, and was in Dun- 
 more's division during the War of 1774. On the outbreak of the Revolution he 
 left his plow standing in the furrow, took his father's gun, and joined Capt. 
 John Stephenson's Rifle Regiment. On Dec. 16, 1776 Harrison was commis- 
 sioned ensign of the Thirteenth Virginia, becoming second lieutenant Jan. 1, 
 1777, and first lieutenant Oct. 1, 1778. He served in the battles of Brandywine, 
 Germantown, and Monmouth before being ordered West. He was promoted to 
 a captain-lieutenancy Jan. 1, 1781 and was at Fort Mcintosh at the time of 
 the Crawford expedition in 1782. In 1785 Harrison, then brevetted major, 
 removed to Kentucky and settled at Louisville, where he married Mary Ann 
 Johnston. He was present at Wayne's Treaty of 1795, and conversed with the 
 Delawares in their own language. He was a great hunter and many stories are 
 told of his prowess. See Draper Mss., 3S53-55. Maj. John Harrison was a 
 prominent citizen of early Louisville, and died there about 1821. Dr. Draper 
 interviewed two of his sons. Ibid., 25S 188-2 12. 
 
 2 Joseph Winlock began army life Jan. 25, 1777 as corporal in the Ninth Vir- 
 ginia; he was promoted to an ensigncy Aug. 6, 1779 and commissioned second 
 lieutenant May 26, 1781. He served until the close of the war. In 1812 Winlock 
 was brigadier-general of Virginia militia; his death occurred in 1831. 
 
336 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 the Maryland corps, as no soldier can be dispensed with to act as 
 a waiter from this Department. Should your officers choose to 
 go another rout, M"^ Beck will be ordered to take charge of the 
 Marylanders. 
 
 I am, &c. 
 
 D. B. 
 
 P. S. — Please present my complements to the gentlemen of 
 your post — The surgeon or mate must go M°Intosh. 
 Major W*' Taylor. 
 
 [Col. Daniel Brodhead to Capt. John Qark. 3H71-72. Transcript of Letter 
 Book.) 
 
 Head Qr' Fort Pitt, FeF 25^ 178L 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 His ExcelF the Commander-in-Chief has been pleased to order 
 the Maryland corps from this Department. In consequence of 
 which order, I have instructed Major Taylor to detach a part of 
 the 9*^ Virg* regt. to relieve your garrison, & to take with them a 
 proportion of salt meat from Fort Henry, wherefore your present 
 supply from hence will be small. 
 
 When you are relieved, you will take copies of the instructions 
 you have rec** from me, & deliver the original to the relieving 
 officer, taking his receipt, & inserting the date or dates. 
 
 You will bring under escort of your garrison such quantities of 
 amunition as the Dep^ Field Comm^ may require & your craft 
 can safely carry, & without loss of time proceed to this post. 
 
 I am, &c. 
 
 D. B. 
 Capt" Jno. Clarke. 
 
 BRODHEAD DISAPPOINTED 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Fort Pitt, Feb. 25, 1781, to 
 Gen. George Washington. 3H72-73. Printed in Sparks, Corr. Amer. Rev., 
 Ill, 243-44.] 
 
 Has received his letters of December 29 and January 10. Will 
 execute every instruction to the utmost of his capacity. Captain 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT ' 337 
 
 Heath's rank. Indians have killed one man on Ten Mile Creek; 
 inhabitants are in consternation; frontier settlements will be 
 deserted as he has no troops to protect them. Hopes Clark's 
 proposed expedition will answer expectations; will assist his opera- 
 tions.^ Requests leave of absence as force so much reduced. Con- 
 tinuance of garison at Fort Mcintosh. 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Fort Pitt, Feb. 25, 1781, to 
 Pres. Joseph Reed. 3H74-76. Printed in Pa. Archives, VIII, 743-44.] 
 
 Instructions received to detach artillery and part of his small 
 force for Clark's expedition, "who I am told is to drive all before 
 him, by a supposed unbounded influence he has amongst the In- 
 habitants of the Western country." Informs Reed in confidence 
 that he can afford little protection with such a dimished force. 
 Artillery will never return. Depredations of Indians have 
 already begun. Pennsylvania raising men for frontier, asks if 
 they are to be under his command. The boundary line should 
 be settled. Requests leave of absence. 
 
 DELAWARES BREAK ALLIANCE 
 
 [Rev. John Heckewelder to Col. Daniel Brodhead. 51J29. A. L. S.]* 
 
 Salem February 26*'' 1781 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 1 have received your kind favor of January 4*'' by which I saw 
 the small present from my Wife was accepted of. I have likewise 
 received the Almanack, & we all are greatly indebted to you for 
 your kindness but my Wife in particular returns you thanks for 
 what you sent to her. 
 
 In Killbucks letter you will find the true state of the People of 
 Coochockung, I could never learn what they were properly about, 
 for they kept theer matters very Secret — Now it is almost pub- 
 
 ^ See Col. Daniel Brodhead's letter to Gen. George Rogers Clark, dated Feb. 
 24, 1781, printed in ///. Hist. Colls., VIII, 509. 
 
 2 This letter and the following one are printed in Pa. Archives, VIII, 769-70. 
 The present printing is from the originals in the Draper Mss. 
 
 22 
 
338 ' WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 lickly known, that they are about no good business, & have been 
 very busy in trying to decieve you this long time they have, as 
 I am informed, also told lies of Us brethren, I must wonder at 
 their stupidity but let me see, I think Killbuck, acquaints you of 
 almost the same matter they Acuse'd Us as a chief arrant they 
 themselves are on, therefore I apprehend they will fmd themselves 
 in the trap at last 
 
 I indeed believe that the greatest part of them will be upon you 
 in a few days, they have already been stop'd once or twice, but 
 I daily hear they will go soon, they have ranged themselves into 
 three partys, & if I am right one party is gone of already but I 
 hope they will recieve what they deserve 
 
 As I understand the Councellors are to be here in a day or two, 
 to have some letters read, brought by Sam' Evans, I am deter- 
 mined to Unmask their faces and declare Unto them never to 
 write a single Syllable for them any more — 
 
 Since my last letter to you I found that it was an impossibility 
 for Killbuck to lay hold of bawbee in this part of the Country, for 
 had he offere'd to have touched him he probably would have lost 
 his life 
 
 Killbuck & Monture are those whom bawbee threatens to kill 
 on account of his being imprisoned. Almost every body that 
 comes here from Coochockung says that he utters the most horrid 
 threats against these two persons, & it is apprehended, that if he 
 cannot fmd an Opportunity to commit his design on the former, 
 some of his Friends will have to pay for it 
 
 The Councel of Coochockung, have also been very busy, as it 
 appears, to blacken the Character of Killbuck this proceeds 
 from different reasons, of which I believe one to be that Killbuck 
 is a Friend to the States, which they themselves are not, as it 
 really now appears by their own Actions 
 
 Jn° Monture has been no further than this place where he has 
 had aa opportunity of hearing what is passing, he will be able 
 to give you a full account of all what is mentioned in Killbucks 
 letter and more besides, I cannot think otherwise of either of 
 those two, than that they are true to states 
 
 As I understand, that you intend to go soon [down] the Country 
 I have wrote a letter to the Rev'' [Mr.] Mathews at Litiz, directed 
 to M' W" Henry Esq"" Lan [caster] which I beg the favor of you 
 to take to your Care Should it be concluded, on that a body of 
 Men Shall march to Coochockung to punish these wicked People 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 339 
 
 I trust that your honor will do all that lies in your power to pre- 
 vent mislesting any body belonging to our Towns, and you may 
 depend Sir, that in case any of your Men should have occasion 
 to come by any of our Towns, that they would meet with much 
 kindness from our People. 
 
 I am with great respect Dear Sir, Your most Obed*^ hu* Serv* 
 
 Jn° Hackenwelder 
 
 P. S. My best Compliments to all officers & Friends — 
 
 [Captain Killbuck to Col. Daniel Brodhead. 51J28. In handwriting of 
 Heckewelder.] 
 
 Salem February 26, 1781 
 Col. Henry to Mahingwo Geeshuch as follows 
 Brother Maghingwo Geeshuch listen to me: 
 
 I have received yours of the 4*^ Instant, by which I see that 
 some misunderstandings have rose between Us, which is partly 
 derived from a speech brought to me Under your name which I 
 now find to be a speech from Cap* Thomson 
 
 Brother: I am not w illing that our Friendship should be broke or 
 disturbed in the least neither do I think, that if Friendship is 
 settled on a good foundation it is to be easily overthrown, there- 
 fore have patience a few days longer, and I will be with you, when 
 We will settle all these matters again. — 
 
 Now Brother: I have some other matters to acquaint you of, 
 which I think needs your attention, more than the above men- 
 tioned. You know I told you when I cam away, that I should go 
 no further than the Brethren Towns, I have been here all this 
 time, The Council of Coochocking, have entirely stop'd my ears 
 so that I know nothing — But Brother, a bird has whispered 
 something in my Ear, & this I will acquaint you of, Viz, some days 
 ago a Mingoe came to Coochocking, & received a speech from 
 the Council there which made him go home laughing. The speech 
 was to this purpose. Viz. I am your Friends and on your Side, 
 and only wait to see what you are about, and then shall join you. 
 There is none of Us here who think of being Friends to the Vir- 
 ginians, there is one Man who is a Friend to them, namely Calay- 
 lemont further Tatepawkshe and Mawquot are gone with a speech 
 to the Wyondotts, to make up that matter which happene'd 
 
340 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 last spring, namely when one of our Men, went with several of 
 yours, & took two of their Weomen, at Saandusky Prisoners. 
 Again every body here now knows, that the Coochockung Men 
 are getting ready to go to fight you, & a party of five are gone off 
 already, the Course they took was towards Wheeling, Three of 
 these Warriors are W" Penns near relations & one a Friend to 
 White Eyes Cousin, & the Cap* of the party is Jn° Lewis's 
 Brother — ^Again a party of 5 of which Mouse Knife was Cap* are 
 come from War, and have brought with them the Scalp of one old 
 Man and one Child, Again I heard some days ago that a pretty 
 large party of Wyondotts was gone of towards fort — pitt, Again I 
 hear 3 partys of Wingemunds Men are gone to War, likewise other 
 small partys from the Shawnese Town but all Warriors are ordered 
 in, in a very short time, for immediately at the Change of this 
 Moon (that is the appearance of the next Moon) all Warriors 
 are to be in one body, with all the English that are at Detroit, 
 These are first to destroy all the Delawares that are Friends to 
 the states, & then to proceed further to Beaver, & Fort Pitt the 
 latter Account I communicate to you as I heard it, the former 
 accounts you may depend on to be true — 
 
 Now Brother: This letter I send you, by Monture as soon as I 
 see those Men here from Coochochung, which I have sent for, I 
 will set of with them for Pittsburgh — 
 
 I am your Friend & Brother 
 
 Col. Henry 
 Coll Brodhead Commandant — 
 
 CLARK'S EXPEDITION ENDORSED 
 
 [Gen. George Washington to Col. Daniel Brodhead. Washington Papers. 
 Draft.] 
 
 Head Quarters New Windsor 28*'^ FeF 1781 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 Your favor of the 23^^ ult° reached me the 23^* instant. I can- 
 not but regret that the irregular supply of provision still continues 
 in your quarter, and I am sorry that the prohibitory laws of par- 
 ticular States should add to the difficulties; but it is not for me to 
 interfere in cases of that kind. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 341 
 
 The provision purchasing for Col" Clarke is for a very essential 
 purpose— you have, I imagine been before this time informed of 
 the object, by the receipt of a letter from me of the 29*'' Decem' 
 sent under cover to the Governor of Virginia to be delivered to 
 you by Col" Clarke himself, or some person deputed by him. I 
 make no doubt but you complied as fully as was in your power 
 with the requisitions contained in that letter, as the least hesi- 
 tation may have frustrated an enteprize of the highest import- 
 ance to the peace and safety of the whole Western Frontier. I 
 should have been glad, had it been in my power to have fur- 
 nished you with a continental force sufTicient to have carried on 
 the expedition which CoF Clarke has in contemplation, with any 
 tolerable probability of success, but the southern War is such a 
 drain for our troops, that we shall with the greatest diflficulty be 
 enabled to spare bare Garrisons for our Frontier posts. If the 
 English at Detroit were planning an attack upon Fort Pitt — CoF 
 Clarke's expedition should be favoured and forwarded as much 
 as possible, as the most likely method of counteracting them and 
 obliging them to turn their view to the defensive. 
 
 I have no objection to your coming down the Country to rep- 
 resent the state of affairs to the Westward and to look after your 
 private affairs, provided you leave a good OfTicer in command. 
 Should my letter of the 29*'' Decern'' not have reached you, when 
 you come away, you will leave the most pointed orders with the 
 ofTicer in command to comply strictly with the terms of it. 
 
 I am &c 
 CoL° Brodhead. 
 
 MESSAGE OF CONGRESS TO DELAWARES 
 
 [Col. Daniel Brodhead to Delaware chiefs. 2H83-84. Letter Book.] 
 
 Fort Pitt March 1. 1781 
 Mahingweegeesuch to W^ Penn & others the Delaware Council 
 
 at Coochocking — 
 
 Brothers listen to me: 
 
 Sometime ago I wrote to the great Council of America & told 
 
 them that some of their Delaware Friends wanted to see them & 
 
 now you will hear what they say to the whole world about you, 
 
342 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 the Small paper you find enclosed in this letter contains what they 
 sayi 
 
 Brothers: I likewise told them that our Friends were poor & I 
 had nothing to give them; now it is enough the HonbP Congress 
 say that all those who join heartily against the Enemy shall not 
 want, this shews how much they love you, & how much you 
 should do for them as well 'as for yourselves 
 
 Brothers: Not only your American Brethren have heard that 
 you have declared war against the Senecas but also your fathers 
 the French & Spaniards likewise know it. Now Brothers be 
 strong & dont disappoint them nor dishonor your nation 
 
 Brothers: I desire you will let me know how soon you will be 
 ready & how many of you want to go down to Philad* you have 
 seen what pains hath been taken with your boys that are at school 
 & how well they are instructed. Now Brothers I recommend to 
 you to take two or three other Boys that belong to some of you & 
 have them likewise educated, this will make your nation wise & 
 happy 
 
 I am your Friend & Brother 
 
 PUNISHMENT FOR DELAWARES 
 
 [Col. Daniel Brodhead to Col. David Shepherd. 2SS1. L. S.]^ 
 
 Head Quarters, Fort Pitt March 8, 1781 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 I have just received letters, by Cap* Monture, which inform 
 me, that the Delawares of Coochockung, very few excepte'd, 
 
 1 On Jan. 8, 1781, the following resolutions were passed: "Resolved, That 
 Colonel Broadhead be informed, that it will be agreeable to Congress to receive 
 the visit proposed to be made to them by some of the friendly Delaware Indians 
 in the spring, as mentioned in his letter of the 7th of last month to the Board 
 of War: 
 
 That Colonel Broadhead be also informed, that Congress will support, as 
 far as their abilities will permit, such of the Indians of the Delaware tribe, as 
 shall voluntarily engage in the service of the United States against the common 
 enemy." Jour, of Cont. Cong., XIX. 33. This resolution was later revoked. 
 See post, 347-48. 
 
 2 There is a similar letter to Col. Joseph Beeler, dated Mar. 4, 1781, in Brod- 
 head's Letter Book. Draper Mss., 3H76-79. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 343 
 
 have declare'd in favor of the British, and that some of them are 
 already come against our Settlements. 
 
 I believe this intelligence to be Authentic, and that we shall 
 now experience, what I have long strove to avoid, a general war 
 with the Savages — 
 
 If We have any Friends amongst them besides the Moravian 
 Indians, I expect they will be with us in a few days, & that they 
 will be useful. 
 
 My force being much reduce'd, I cannot extend the protection 
 I could wish to every part of the Frontier, but so far as I am 
 enable'd, I am as Usual determine'd to give every Countenance to 
 the Inhabitants — 
 
 Although it is to be wished that our endeavours to raise Sup- 
 plies within this department, might not be interrupted, yet at 
 this Crisis, it is highly expedient, that those Inhabitants who live 
 in places of security should step forward, & lend immediate aid to 
 the Frontier — 
 
 I have in contemplation an enterprize, against the deceitful 
 Delawares, at and near Coochockung, but am much at a loss for 
 supplies, therefore have thought it advisable that the County 
 Lieutenants, & such commanding Officers of Battallions, as may 
 be desirous of giving their attendance, do assemble at my Quart- 
 ers on the IS*** Instant at ten OClock in the forenoon, in order to 
 deliberate upon ways and means to obtain supplies for an expedi- 
 tion, and to form some Suitable plan or plans, for the security of 
 the Inhabitants^ — 
 
 In the mean time encourage the Frontier Inhabitants to make 
 a stand by collecting, into Forts or strong Houses, & by ranging 
 in sufficient parties with great Vigilen[ce] & industry, & let all the 
 Militia in your County be in readiness to repel an invasion — 
 
 Capt Monture was chased by Eight Indian Warriors & with 
 difficulty, escaped to Fort M^'Intosh 
 
 I have the honor to be with great respect Dear Sir your most 
 Obed* Serv* 
 
 Daniel Brodhead Col" command^ W. D. 
 Colo David Shepherd Circular 
 
 1 A letter from Col. Daniel Brodhead, Mar. [5], 1781, to Gen. George Rogers 
 Clark, requesting the latter's presence at the officers' council on March 15 is 
 printed in III. Hist. Colls., VIII, 510. 
 
344 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 [George McCoUoch, receipt to Capt. Benjamin Biggs. 5NN8. A. D. S.] 
 
 Fort Henry, 8**^ March 178L 
 Rec'ed of Benjamin Biggs (Cap*) of the 9^^ Virginia Regiment 
 four Bushels and four Quarts of Salt which was lodged in the 
 Publick Store 
 
 George M^Colloch, D: C: P. 
 
 CONDITIONS AT FORT PITT 
 
 [Col. Daniel Brodhead to Gen. George Washington. 3H81-83. Transcript 
 of Letter Book.] 
 
 Fort Pitt, March 10*'' 178L 
 Dear General: 
 
 I beg your ExcelF'* pardon for not returning the rank of the 
 Maryland ofTicers in my last — I have this moment got Capt° 
 Heth's, & shall enclose them together. 
 
 By letters lately rec*^ from the Moravian Indian towns, it 
 appears that we have lost the interest of the Coochocking Indians, 
 & by what I have heard from Brig' Clark it is more than probable 
 we shall have a general war with the savages. I take the liberty 
 to enclose copies of the letters above mentioned. 
 
 M' Wilson has delivered 28 head of cattle at this post, which he 
 informs me is all he can procure. 
 
 The troops under my command have been at half allowance 
 of meat ever since the 26*^ of Dec', & frequently both before & 
 since without any for several days together. Should the enemy 
 be as active as is expected these out-posts cannot be maintained 
 without sufTicient magazines of salt provisions. I therefore 
 entreat your ExlF to order an immediate supply of that article to 
 be forwarded from the interior country, as it cannot be procured 
 on this side the mountains. 
 
 Brig' Clark was kind enough to make me a visit, & I am sorry 
 to inform your ExcelF that he is doubtful of receiving timely 
 support for his enterprize. He understands your instructions 
 to me in an unlimited sense, & has demanded considerable quan- 
 ties of Q. M. stores, which I have ordered to be delivered; but as I 
 conceive the same instructions to be limited to the articles therein 
 mentioned I shall be happy to know whether it is your intention 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 345 
 
 to permit a compliance with any order he may think proper to 
 draw on the store-keeper. 
 
 I am informed that sometime last fall Col" de La Balme under- 
 took an enterprize against one of the Miami Towns, aided by 
 some of the inhabitants from the Illinois; that he surprized the 
 town & took one hundred horse loads of plunder, but was soon 
 pursued by the savages, & himself & thirty odd of his party were 
 killed, & all his horses & plunder re-taken. 
 
 I have the honor to be, &c, 
 
 D. B. 
 His Excell^ Gen'' Washington. 
 
 [Col. Daniel Brodhead to Samuel Huntington. 3H83-85. Transcript of 
 Letter Book.] 
 
 Fort Pitt, March 10*^ 1781. 
 Sir: 
 
 On the 20*'' ult I had the honor to receive your favor of the 12"* 
 of Jan^ enclosing an act of the Honb'^ Congress respecting the 
 the friendly Delaware Indians. 
 
 I took the earliest opportunity to communicate their pleasure 
 to the Delaware Council as a means of securing their neutrality 
 if not their interest, but by letters I have just rec'' by Capt° 
 Montour I am apprehensive it is too late, & we may now expect 
 a general Indian war. I take the liberty to enclose copies of the 
 letters rec'^ by Capt° Montour, and a copy of my letter to the 
 Council. 
 
 I think it probable that a few of the Delawares may yet remain 
 in our interest, provided they are well supplied; & if a few of the 
 Oneida or Stockbridge Indians^ could be sent to this place, the 
 
 1 The one branch of the Iroquois or Six Nations which during the Revolution 
 maintained an alliance with the Americans was the Oneida tribe. This was due 
 in large measure to the influence of their missionary, Rev. Samuel Kirkland. 
 Surrounded by British Indians, the situation of the Oneida grew so dangerous 
 that they were removed to the neighborhood of Schenectady, where throughout 
 the war they furnished spies and scouts for the border service. After the Revo- 
 lution they returned to their early home in central New York whence in the 
 third decade of the nineteenth century the entire tribe removed to Wisconsin 
 where its members now live. The Stockbridges emigrated to this State about 
 the same time. They are the remnant of a Mahican band, whose early home was 
 in the Berkshire Hills of western Massachusetts. They, like the Oneida, aided 
 the Americans during the Revolution. 
 
346 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 address would make a material change in the councils of the west- 
 ern tribes; but they ought to come in good clothing. 
 
 The Indian Captains complain for want of clothing, & as they 
 may be influenced by their tribe to join against us, it would be 
 good policy to make it their interest to remain with [us] by afford- 
 ing them genteel clothing. 
 
 If it is possible to procure about one hundred match coats, 
 some Stroud for breech-clouts & leggins, & some paint, I should 
 be happy to have them, as those articles would enable me to 
 encourage partizan strokes, which with my present force is all 
 that can prudently be attempted. 
 
 I have the honor, &c. 
 
 D. B. 
 
 His Excell^ S. Huntinton, Esqr. 
 
 [Col. Daniel Brodhead to Richard Peters. 3H80-81. Transcript of Letter 
 Book.] 
 
 Fort Pitt, March 10*'' 178L 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 I have done myself the honor to address a few lines to his 
 ExcelF the President of Congress, & have inclosed to him copies 
 of two letters lately rec*^ from the Moravian Indian towns, the 
 contents of which will doubtless be communicated to you, & 
 you will thereby learn that the present temper of the Coochocking 
 Indians is very unfavorable towards us; indeed I have other 
 reasons to apprehend that we must now prepare for a gen' Indian 
 War. 
 
 My force is greatly reduced by detachments ordered to the 
 Southward, & under the command of Brigad' Clark to the west- 
 ward so that [not much] can be expected from me, until I receive 
 a re-inforcement from below; for in the present unsettled state 
 of jurisdiction the militia cannot be called to aid me, nor could 
 they be subsisted until we are better supplied. 
 
 I wish to annoy the enemy by encouraging partizan strokes, 
 but I have nothing to offer as a reward, nor have I a match-coat, 
 breech clout, leggin, or grain of paint, to equip the parties — & 
 without these they can not pass into the Indian country. 
 
 I have the honor, &c. 
 
 D. B. 
 
 Honb'^*' Rich" Peters, Esqr. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 347 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Fort Pitt, Mar. 10, 1781, to 
 Pres. Joseph Reed. 3H85-88. Printed in Pa. Archives, VIII, 766-67.] 
 
 Letters from Moravians convince him of the imminence of a 
 general Indian war. Has instructions to send Maryland corps to 
 Richmond, and to detach artillery and troops for General Clark. 
 Reenforcements necessary. Westmoreland remiss in furnishing 
 militia; requests authority over them if called out. Alarming 
 apprehensions in Kentucky. La Balme's party defeated. A few 
 Oneida or Stockbridge Indians might effect a change in councils of 
 Western Indians, if their message could be accompanied by some 
 match-coats, paint, and strouding, Clark and his plans; shall riot 
 be surprised to see them fail. "It is clear to me that wise men at a 
 great distance view things in the Western country very differently 
 from those who are more intimately acquainted with circum- 
 stances and situation." Leave of absence requested. 
 
 [Summary of Board of War's report to Congress, Mar. 15, 1781. Printed in 
 Jour, of Cont. Cong., XIX, 279-82.] 
 
 Brodhead's letter of February 18 referred by Congress to Board 
 or War "to report a state of the Western Department." Supplies 
 extremely deficient, garrison of Fort Pitt and dependencies sub- 
 sisted precariously for twelve months; distress so great there is 
 danger of posts being abandoned. Colonel Blaine's responsi- 
 bility. Brodhead has taken every measure to gain supplies, has 
 been reduced to the expedient of sending a party to kill buffaloes; 
 evidence of distress, rather than a hope of material aid. Offen- 
 sive operations prevented by scarcity of provisions. Garrison 
 consists of parts of two regiments, a detachment of artillery and 
 some independent companies; recommends that an entire regi- 
 ment be stationed at Fort Pitt, and these two disjointed commands 
 be ordered down. Ruinous condition of Fort Pitt; Fort Mcintosh 
 well constructed, could not resist an attack for lack of supplies. 
 Enemy Indians to the westward at first not more than 300, Dela- 
 wares and Shawnee being much divided; have now an accession 
 of strength from northern tribes, and unless some measures are 
 taken to supply the neutrals, necessity will cause all to join British. 
 Commandant should act as Indian agent. In present state of 
 finances, imprudent to make large promises. Coshocton Dela- 
 
348 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 wares always friendly; visit of chiefs to Congress in 1778 [1779]; 
 children now at Princeton. They proposed a new visit to which 
 Congress agreed; will be expensive and dangerous to Indians 
 because of frontier enmity. Strong escort needed on former 
 visit; best to send presents to Fort Pitt, and obviate need of 
 Indians coming to Philadelphia. Fort and garrison at Coshocton 
 impracticable. Resolutions proposed: executive of Pennsylvania 
 requested to place at Fort Pitt supplies for six months for a com- 
 plete regiment of 612 properly officered; commandant to be 
 directed to repair fortifications of Fort Pitt; commandant to act 
 as Indian agent; money to be appropriated for Indian goods; 
 expediency of visit of Coshocton Indians to be referred to Board 
 of War, notwithstanding resolution of January 4 [8], 1781; com- 
 mander in chief to draw the Western corps together as much as 
 possible; Colonel Brodhead to be informed it is inexpedient to 
 comply with the request of Indians in letter of January 13, 1781. 
 
 PREPARATIONS FOR EXPEDITION AGAINST 
 DELAWARES 
 
 [Col. Daniel Brodhead to Col. David Shepherd. 2SS3. L. S.Y 
 
 Head Quarters Fort Pitt March 16*^ 1781 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 You are requested to procure sixty — men including Officers 
 from the Militia, to go upon an Expedition, both Officers & men 
 must be furnished with at least Twenty Days provisions, each a 
 Good Horse, Saddle & Bridle, & they are to be well armed & 
 accoutred & to rendezvous at Fort Henry (Wheeling) on the 
 fifth Day of next month — 
 
 Thirty Horses, Saddles & Bridles will likewise be necessary 
 from your County to enable me to take out a part of the Regular 
 Troops. The provisions & any unavoidable loss of Horses & 
 Furniture will be paid by the publick — 
 
 You will be pleased to let me know by the first of next Month 
 whether this requisition can be complied with. I hope there cannot 
 be any Difficulty respecting it but our Force must be ascertained 
 
 1 Similar letters were sent to the other county lieutenants of the vicinity- 
 naming different quotas of mihtia. That to Col. Archibald Lochry requests a 
 levy of a hundred men from Westmoreland County. Draper Mss., 3H88-89. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 349 
 
 to prevent the Expedition falling thro' to the Discouragement of 
 the Inhabitants. 
 
 I am with great respect & esteem Dear Sir your most obed* 
 Serv* 
 
 Daniel Brodhead CoF command^ W. D. 
 CoL° D. Shepherd. 
 
 [Col. Daniel Brodhead to Col. David Shepherd. 2SS5. A. L. S.] 
 
 Head Qu''' Fort Pitt March 16'^ 1781. 
 Sir: 
 
 You are hereby requested to procure by subscription or other- 
 wise three thousand weight of Beef pork or bacon for the use of 
 the Regular Troops intended to be employed on an Expedition. 
 I am yours &c 
 
 Daniel Brodhead Col° command^ W. D. 
 CoL° D. Shepherd 
 
 WESTMORELAND TROOPS 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Pres. Joseph Reed, Mar. 17, 1781, to David Duncan. 
 Printed in Pa. Archives, IX, 17.] 
 
 Has appointed him commissioner of purchases for Westmore- 
 land. Limitation of amounts. Directs him to apply to late 
 commissary, Perry, for effects. 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Pres. Joseph Reed, Mar. 17, 1781, to Col. Archibald 
 Lochry. Printed in ibid., 18.] 
 
 Authorizes him to raise a corps of fifty volunteers for four 
 months; hopes ranging company already voted will be raised in 
 early summer. Lochry is to dispose these troops to best advan- 
 tage; new commissary will supply them. Accounts of expen- 
 ditures; troops must be kept in active service. 
 
350 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 TROOPS FOR CLARK 
 
 [Gen. George Rogers Clark to Col. David Shepherd. 2SS7. A. L. S.]' 
 
 Crossings March IS''' llSP 
 Si": 
 
 I have been in hopes of Seeing you before this and am appre- 
 hensive my last letters never Reached you it now begins to be 
 true that we should prepare our men for the Campaign, as I 
 Could wish to set out as soon as possible at least to know our 
 Strength Amediately the Shawonees Delawares and Sandusky 
 Towns is our object 
 
 I expect one fourth of your Militia its left to yourself as to 
 the mode of Raising them Either by Draft or Volunteers. Send 
 me a return of the whole in as Short a time as possible the men 
 are to serve during the Camp" and no longer to Receive the same 
 pay as other Troops the advantages of plunder & the fair 
 prospect of Routing the Savages must be so pleasing to Every 
 person that I have no doubt of a number of Volunteers Ingaging 
 the defitiency must be made up by Draft I dont propose the 
 men should Imbody untill we are Ready to set out except you 
 want some of them to defend your frontier They draw pay from 
 the time of their Ingagements be pleased to keep up a Constant 
 Correspondence with me M"^ Chaplin [Abraham Chapline] is in 
 my imploy and will assist you 
 
 I am D' Co' / HI SerV 
 
 G R Clark B G Co W. D. Virginia 
 Col. David Sheppard 
 
 OUTPOSTS WARNED 
 
 [Col. Daniel Brodhead to Capt. Uriah Springer. 3H91. Transcript of Letter 
 Book.] 
 
 Fort Pitt, March 19th, 1781. 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 I have rec*^ your favor, & you are at liberty to come to this post 
 after leaving proper instructions to Lieut. Thomas. 
 
 1 See other letters of General Clark, dated Mar. 18-21, 1781, printed in ///. 
 Hist. Colls., VIII, 511-15. 
 
 2 This letter was written at Stewart's Crossings on the Monongahela, the 
 site of the residence of Col. William Crawford. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 351 
 
 I have received intelligence that an attempt will be made on 
 your post by some Indians who will come under pretence of friend- 
 ship to deceive. For this reason none are to enter the fort until 
 it appears that they have no arms secreted under match-coats, 
 &c. — In coming consult your own safety, & believe me to be with 
 regard, &c. 
 
 D. B. 
 Capt'' U. Springer. 
 
 [Col. Daniel Brodhead to Capt. Benjamin Biggs. 3H92. Transcript of 
 Letter Book.] 
 
 Head Qr', Fort Pitt, March 20''' 1781. 
 Sir: 
 
 I have heard that the Indians intend to make an attempt on 
 your post, & I believe the report to be true. You will, therefore, 
 have the fort put in the best posture of defence, keep out a couple 
 of active spies near the river & have all your garrison ready for 
 action. 
 
 Any of the inhabitants who live near the post, & are willing to 
 move into it must be encouraged. — 
 
 I am **= 
 
 D. B. 
 Capt" Benj" Biggs. 
 
 TROOPS FOR CLARK 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Gen. George Rogers Clark, Crossings, Mar. 23, 1781, 
 to Capt. Isaac Craig. 27CC30. Printed in III. Hist. Colls., VIII, 515-16.] 
 
 Approves of Craig's going East to secure additional stores; 
 Washington will aid; additional artificers and artillerymen advis- 
 able. Brodhead's approval. Return by May 1. 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Gen. George Rogers Clark, Mar. 23, 1781, to Pres. 
 Joseph Reed. Printed in Pa. Archives, IX, 23-24.] 
 
 Doubtless Reed knows of his enterprise ; hopes to visit Shawnee, 
 Delaware, and Sandusky towns. Many western Pennsylvanians 
 
352 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 would join his forces but fear the disapproval of state authorities. 
 Requests permission to enlist 500 men. 
 
 COMMAND OF WESTMORELAND TROOPS. 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Pres. Joseph Reed, Mar. 26, 1781, to Col. Archibald 
 Lochry. Printed in ibid., 28.] 
 
 Troops raised for Westmoreland defense are to be placed under 
 Lochry's direction. Must not permit them to stay about Hannas- 
 town. During offensive operations Brodhead is to have com- 
 mand, not at other times. 
 
 LOYALISTS AND INDIANS NEAR FORT PITT 
 
 [Col. Daniel Brodhead to Gen. George Washington. 3H92-95. Transcript 
 of Letter Book.]i 
 
 Fort Pitt, March 27'^ 1781. 
 Dear General: 
 
 I am honored with your favor of the 28th ult. & am thankful 
 for the contents. 
 
 I have acknowledged the receipt of your letter of the 29*'' of 
 December, & shall give every encouragement to Gen' Clarke's 
 intended enterprize. I wish he may be in readiness before the 
 waters fail, & the Kentucke settlements are destroyed by the 
 enemy, but I am informed that little or nothing has been done as 
 yet at his boat-yards, & that the militia that he expected from 
 this side the mountain are availing themselves of the unsettled 
 jurisdiction. 
 
 Since my last a small paper was brought to me by some faithful 
 Indians who found it neatly rolled up in a powder horn which a 
 disaffected person had lost near the waters of Sandusky. I take 
 the liberty to enclose a copy of it.^ I have discovered the writer 
 & put him in irons, but as too probably some of the garrison are 
 concerned he may escape before he meets the reward of his de- 
 
 1 This letter is printed also in Sparks, Corr. Amer. Rev., Ill, 273-74. 
 
 2 See letter dated Pittsburgh, Jan. 21, 1781, signed "Thomas Girty," but 
 sent by Myndert Fisher, post, 491. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 353 
 
 merit. Indeed this place is infested with such a set of disaffected 
 inhabitants that I have been under the necessity of ordering some 
 away, and others must soon follow to prevent greater injury to 
 the service. 
 
 A number of Delaware Indians from Coochocking have been 
 here since my last, & appear to be as friendly as ever. I am per- 
 suaded that a few are well affected, but they are now put to the 
 trial by being ordered to remove hither without loss of time, & 
 remain under our protection where their daily transactions will be 
 seen & known. 
 
 I have called upon the County Lieuts. for a few of the militia, 
 & if I am not disappointed as usual intend to surprize the Indian 
 towns about Coochocking. Two Delaware Indians who in their 
 cups spoke contemptuously of our service, I have confined in 
 irons; but I am at a loss what farther to do with them until I see 
 what number joins us, & hear what their general conduct has been. 
 
 Immediately after the termination of the intended excursion 
 I will avail myself of your indulgence to represent the state of 
 things in the District. 
 
 I have the honor, &c 
 
 D. B. 
 
 P. S. — By the arrangement it appears that Capt° Brady is 
 arranged into the 3*^ Pen* Reg*, but as he cannot be more useful 
 than he is in this part of the country, I hope he will be permitted 
 to remain until the campaign is closed. 
 His Excell' Gen"^ Washington. 
 
 [Col. Daniel Brodhead to Richard Peters. 3H95. Transcript of Letter 
 Book.] 
 
 Fort Pitt, March 27*'' 1781. 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 I take the liberty to enclose an extract of a letter I have just 
 done myself the honor, to address to his ExcelF the Commander- 
 in-Chief; it contains all the intelligence I have worthy your notice 
 that I recollect. 
 
 Capt° Craig will have the honor, & he is capable of answering 
 most questions that may be put respecting this Department; 
 
354 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 wherefore I beg leave to refer you to him for any circumstances I 
 may have omitted. 
 
 D. B. 
 Hon. Rh" Peters, Esq. 
 
 GARRISONS FOR ALLEGHENY POSTS 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Fort Pitt, Mar, 27, 1781, to 
 Pres. Joseph Reed. 3H95-96. Printed in Pa. Archives, IX, 39.] 
 
 In present circumstances impossible to garrison Fort Armstrong 
 and Fort Crawford, until commander in chief gives directions to 
 evacuate Fort Mcintosh. Captain Brady is out on a scout; 
 expects he will fall in with some Indian parties. 
 
 GREENBRIER RAIDED 
 
 [Col. Andrew Donnallyi to Gov. Thomas Jefferson. 10S214. Transcript.] 
 
 GREENBmAR, 2T^ March, 178L 
 Sir: 
 
 On the 3"^ instant a party of Indians came to the house of Wil- 
 liam IVIeek, living at the mouth of Indian Creek, which empties 
 into New River, in this county, & took him and his family prison- 
 ers, & burnt his house and corn. A party of men belonging to 
 Capt. Wood's company happened to be rendezvoused in the 
 neighborhood, in order to march to join the troops who are to 
 serve under Gen. Clark; these with some of the neighbors pur- 
 sued the Indians, & after a continued march of near fifty miles 
 they came up with them, killed one Indian, & wounded several, 
 recovered all the prisoners and the plunder. By the prisoners we 
 learn that there were eight Indians & two Canadian French in 
 that party; & they told them (the prisoners) that another party 
 of twelve more was to join them at that place where our men 
 providentially defeated them. Lieut. Woods who commanded 
 
 1 For a sketch of Col. Andrew Donnally see Rev. Upper Ohio, 183, note 17. 
 See also Wis. Hist. Colls., XXIII, passim. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 355 
 
 our party deserves all praise for his spirited behavior & activity 
 on this occasion, & I cannot forbear remarking that had it not 
 been that these men happened to be so critically embodied at 
 that juncture, that in all probability those unhappy people would 
 have been carried into captivity by those merciless savages.* * * 
 
 Andrew Donnally. 
 
 [Reminiscences of Rev. James Haynes.^ 30S158-59.] 
 
 W"" Meek lived on Indian Creek about 4 miles from its mouth — 
 opposite to which was Culbertson's Bottom — with his wife & 
 children & mother, all taken prisoners by a party of eight Indians, 
 on the 3"^ of March, 1781. (M' Haynes recollects the date from an 
 old song about it) Capt. John Wood raised a party of some 10 
 men — among them James Elliston,- David Frazier — in the settle- 
 ment & went in pursuit. Two men were [to] meet the party at 
 the mouth of Big Blue Stone, with a canoe with which for the 
 party to cross. When the two men reached the mouth of Blue 
 Stone, they espied the Indians about making a raft— the men, un- 
 discovered, crept ashore & hid themselves — after a little the In- 
 dians happened to see the canoe, availed themselves of it & crossed 
 the river — New River there — the two men thought it imprudent 
 to fire upon the Indians & kept out of sight — soon Capt. Wood 
 came up with his party — constructed a raft & crossed — followed 
 on the trail, discovered over night that they were close upon them 
 — next morning very foggy, came upon the Indian camp, could 
 see the fires at a distance — fired upon the Indians, killed one — the 
 others fled — one, however, turned & in the act of firing at Capt. 
 Wood he dodged as the gun flashed & escaped. All the prisoners 
 were thus rescued. Where this rescue occurred, was near the 
 head of Paint Creek, in the now County of Fayette. 
 
 1 Rev. James Haynes was born Feb. 4, 1760, probably in Virginia. In the 
 autumn of 1779 he visited Kentucky, where he remained about one year, re- 
 turning in time to join the Virginia forces under Lafayette. Haynes made his 
 home in Greenbrier County until 1790 when he removed to Tennessee, where 
 near Paris in Henry County, about the year, 1843, he gave these recollections to 
 Dr. Draper. The accuracy of Haynes' memory is attested by the marked 
 correspondence of the details he narrated with those given in the contemporary 
 document. 
 
 2 James Ellison was captured in the autumn of 1781 near Blue Stone River by 
 a party of three Indians, but succeeded in escaping after a short captivity. 
 Draper Mss., 30S160. 
 
356 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 BRODHEAD ACCUSED 
 
 [Alexander Fowler to Pres. Joseph Reed. Washington Papers. Contem- 
 porary transcript.] 
 
 Pittsburgh 29 March 1781 
 Sir: 
 
 As a public servant and a citizen of the United States whose 
 greatest ambition is to see them prosper, I can no longer remain 
 silent. Indeed I think I should be undeserving of the trust re- 
 posed in me were I not to be explicit. For the indolence of public 
 servants and the enormity of public abuses becomes more and 
 more obvious 
 
 We are here Sir reduced to a contemptible situation and I am 
 afraid we shall soon appear in a disgraceful one. For discipline 
 is not only relaxed but totally neglected and private interest 
 shamefully predominates over public ceconomy. The Indians 
 and quarter masters who are equally objects of the people's 
 jealousy and aversion are equally indulged here from motives 
 mean and unwarrantable. An Indian trade is carried on in this 
 department on principles hitherto unknown to even our enemies 
 in their lost and corrupt state. Under the auspices of our Com- 
 mandant his harlot purchases furs and peltries from the savages 
 which are paid for with liquor, salt &c from the commissaries store 
 and sold for cash: and though this trade must be allowed to be 
 snug, safe and profitable yet it is degrading, is unworthy of 
 imitation and ought to be reprobated. 
 
 At the head of the quartermaster's department we have a 
 grovelhng ignorant man; but as he is servile and knowing and 
 an adept in taking advantages in jobbing & making bargains, he 
 appears to be principal confidant. While David can catch an 
 advantageous private bargain Daniel can smile at public calamity. 
 And while the people are complaining and almost ready to revolt, 
 both can fatten on their distresses. These gents Sir are largely 
 concerned in the land jobbing way. Their views and connections 
 extend far and near and however unbecoming such conduct may 
 be particularly by men who have public money to account for 
 nothing else seems attended to. Indians have not only been 
 countenanced but public criminals screened through base and 
 interested motives. Hence Congress have been misled. With 
 all due respect to that honorable body while they were bestowing 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 357 
 
 commissions on savages the state of Pensylvania judged right by 
 offering a bounty for their scalps. 
 
 Colonel Broadhead has not only rendered himself universally 
 obnoxious to the people but also to many of his officers, who have 
 refused for these twelve months past to dine or associate with 
 him on account of his conduct, and what was then deemed only 
 a suspicion is now rendered a fact. Nay some of his officers have 
 charged him with sporting with public money and tho' he has on 
 the one hand treated them with indignity they have on the other 
 applied for a court of enquiry but nothing is done The officers are 
 eager for a hearing and the commandant seems to sit silent under 
 the reproach. 
 
 To enumerate to your excellency all the abuses & grievances 
 here would be an endless task, I shall however endeavour to point 
 out a few of them and their causes 
 
 Respecting commanding officers their expences are at present 
 unlimited. By the single dash of a pen a commandant can make 
 all fly before him. Thus the public stores are made not only 
 subservient to his will, but caterers to his passions. By which 
 means the safety and happiness of a country depends on individ- 
 uals. False and destructive policy. In the british serv. Sir, 
 there are many abuses, yet nothing of this kind can arise. With 
 respect to the quarter masters department, it is a ruinous & des- 
 tructive one. For having neither check nor controul of any 
 kind they are enabled to ship the public at pleasure and make 
 just what sum of money they deem necessary. Our Assistant 
 D Q Master M"" Duncan tho' he can scarce write his name can 
 employ just as many teams, artificers, labourers and workmen 
 of all kinds as he thinks fit not for the benefit of the public, but 
 the benefit of he that employs them, for the benefit of the very 
 scum of America who seem to be destitute of all kind of knowledge 
 as well as principle but that of amassing wealth. The Assistant 
 Q*^ Master has his farms, his assistants have theirs and for aught 
 I know some of his waggoners, where their horses are employed 
 in the summer season; and in the winter when agriculture is at 
 an end and teams can do little from the shortness of the days and 
 the depth of the roads, they are whipped into the public service, 
 and while they are fattened and made sleek at public expence 
 the poor continental horses are left to gnaw their hoofs & die in 
 ditches. Public waggons, public geers and public artificers are 
 employed for the private emolument of these men. Here your 
 
358 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 excellency may behold a public carpenter employed in mending 
 & repairing the quarter masters waggons, for the use of which 
 waggons he charges the public a high price. And the public 
 blacksmith shoeing his horses making and repairing his plough 
 irons as well as all kind of husbandry utensils, while many of the 
 soldiery are employed in clearing his lands. Not only his land 
 is cleared but houses are repaired & built and he puts what price 
 he pleases on his timber. Even an artificer (a destructive bee 
 of the quarter master's hive) has built a dwelling house with other 
 conveniencies in the face of the garrison while he and his wasps 
 were receiving high pay from the public & I believe double rations. 
 And such hirelings as these shall even have their hirelings put on 
 pay and rations by an assistant to a D Q Master and employed on 
 their farms for weeks I believe I may say months together. So 
 that every species of abuse and low peculation is practised that 
 the art of man can invent. And while such public nuisances as 
 these can not only supply themselves but their creatures & con- 
 nections with every necessary and convenience, many who are 
 entitled to attention from those gentry by resolutions of Congress 
 are totally neglected. The abusers of public confidence, may it 
 please your Excellency, are linked together in a chain of iniquity. 
 One delinquent makes many until they are encreased without end. 
 And indeed, Sir, I have often observed in my Rubbs through life 
 that mean abilities are often attended with craft and he that 
 knows nothing else knows how to be cunning So that besides 
 An Auditor of Accounts an inspector of abuses is necessary in this 
 department. 
 
 Your excellency will readily ask how such barefaced abuses 
 can possibly arise without the knowledge of the Commandant ? 
 How can an assistant to a D Q Master and his assistants employ 
 their own teams in the face of a resolution of Congress ? Is it 
 not the duty of a commanding officer to be as careful of pubhc 
 property as his own ? For my own part. Sir, I have ever thought 
 so and that there cannot be a greater mark of virtue in a public 
 servant than public oeconomy. But when a commanding officer 
 & an assistant D Q M become conjoint & connected it answers 
 all these questions. It explains the whole & leaves nothing a 
 mystery. The interest of the one becomes the interest of the 
 other, and the interest of the public seems never to come under 
 the consideration of either. With such public servants a country 
 cannot prosper unless they are bitted [anjd bridled like untamed 
 colts. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 359 
 
 To remove the abuses enumerated and prevent them in future 
 I beg leave to offer to your excellency the following hints. 
 
 Relieve the commandant and discharge the quartermaster. 
 Indeed we can only act defensively in this quarter. And if a 
 proper defensive plan was adopted, which is the only plan that 
 can be adopted, that can either afford security or protection to 
 the people the whole hive of wasps might be discharged and the 
 public stores delivered to the care of capt Ferrel deputy field 
 commissary who is a gentleman and worthy of trust; and all 
 artificers that may be found absolutely necessary for the public 
 service to be employd by the said field commissary & to be under 
 his directions, by which means much treasure will be saved to the 
 public. 
 
 Officers who are entitled to horses to find their own horses as 
 well as forage & to be paid for the latter. This is very practicable 
 here & I make no doubt but the officers, those expected that are 
 connected with the quartermaster, would be better satisfied than 
 in the manner they are now supplied 
 
 The fire wood necessary for the department to be found by 
 contract which I am convinced I could have done here at one 
 fourth the present expense. 
 
 Public stores and public money to be held sacred and by all 
 means to fix an allowance for commanding officers 
 
 The above remedies on trial would I am convinced be found 
 specific ones. But if it may be thought necessary that an assis- 
 tant to a D Q Master and a swarm of his leeches are to be con- 
 tinued here I would beg leave to recommend such for that em- 
 ployment as have no farms in the neighbourhood and that his 
 accounts should be audited on the spot; and for the benefit of the 
 public I will with pleasure if agreeable take that trouble upon 
 myself & report to the respective auditors. I can assure your 
 excellency that these gentry are so accustomed to low cunning 
 that they are not at a loss in putting a gloss of Justice and au- 
 thenticity on the face of their accounts by well arranged vouchers, 
 solemn affidavits and I know not what else besides which must 
 naturally be admitted below and can only be detected here. I 
 have many things in my eye which I cannot communicate to 
 your excellency and which cannot be discovered by the most 
 discerning & circumspect without he is on the spot. As I conceive 
 it to be the duty of every honest public servant to detect abuses 
 as well as give information thereof to those who may have it in 
 their power to correct & prevent them I have thought it mine to 
 
360 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 trouble your excellency with this letter which exhibits an un- 
 exaggerated detail of the disorders in the west and in doing so I 
 hope I shall not be by the virtuous & patriotic deemed officious. 
 They are of a dangerous & infectious nature & I hope a specific 
 remedy will soon be employed 
 
 I beg leave to assure your excellency that the public good is all 
 that I have in view by the letter. I bear resentment nor malice 
 to no man. But I cannot see America in some measure conquer- 
 ing herself and strengthening the hands of our enemies by the 
 depravity of public servants, without indignation: and I should 
 ill deserve the opinion which I flatter myself your excellency 
 entertains of me were I either to be intimidated by power or re- 
 strained by any other motive from giving you this information. 
 For as a great author observes "The enjoyment of liberty and 
 even its support and preservation consists in every man being 
 allowed to speak his thoughts and lay open his sentiments" 
 Y"" Excellency's most obedient & most humble serv 
 
 A Fowler 
 His Excellency Joseph Reed Esq"' President of the state of 
 Pensylv* Philadelphia. 
 
 [Memorial of Pittsburgh inhabitants. Washington Papers. D. S.Y 
 
 To His Excellency the President and Supreme executive Council 
 of the State of Pennsylvania: 
 
 The representation and Memorial of the Inhabitants of the 
 Town of Pittsburgh, humbly Sheweth — 
 
 That we are greatly alarmed with the Claim of Colo Brodhead 
 Commanding officer at the Garrison of Fort Pitt, assuming author- 
 ity to Exercise militaiy power over this Town, which he con- 
 ceives he has a Right to do, within the round of his Patroles, In 
 many cases he has actually exercised this authority taking away 
 the property, confining the Persons of the Citizens, and ordering 
 them to be tryed by a Court Martial. We know well that the 
 laws and Constitutions of our Country have fixed a precise 
 boundary to the Military power. It is limited to those who are 
 enlisted for the Service and under the Articles of War; it Cannot 
 
 ^ This document and the following one are not dated. The context shows 
 that they were drawn up and forwarded sometime in April, 1781. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 361 
 
 extend in the least degree to a Citizen. Whether he happens to 
 be within the walls of a Garrison, within the Cover of the Cannon, 
 Within the sound of the Patroles, or at a Thousand miles distance. 
 The commanding Officer at this place derive no authority from 
 Congress to extend Military Law over the Inhabitants, The 
 Congress are circumscribed by the articles of the Confederation 
 and cannot interfere with the Laws and Internal police of a State; 
 it is not in their Power by any Resolve to take away from one 
 Citizen the right of being protected in his life, liberty and prop- 
 erty by the laws of his Country; The Congress not being Possessed 
 of this power cannot communicate it, and therefore no officer 
 acting under them can exercise it. The assembly of the State 
 could not surrender the people of this Spot to the authority of 
 Military law but by a manifest Violation of the Constitution and 
 bill of rights which have established that no Freeman shall lose 
 his liberty, but by the law of the land and the Judgment of his peers 
 The commanding Officer therefore Could not derive any authority 
 from the assembly, and we have not heard of any act by which he 
 can pretend to derive any authority to Exercise Military law over 
 the People of this County. It cannot be pleaded that by custom 
 or usage where a Garrison is placed in a Town, the Inhabitants of 
 that town fall under the Power of the Military, because no Such 
 usage or custom is known to our law, and we will Venture to 
 affirm, to no Municipal law of any Country in Europe. It cannot 
 be warranted by any law or Custom of Nations, because the 
 laws or Customs of Nations have nothing to do in the Case. 
 
 It cannot be intended, that because a British commanding 
 Officer before the Year 1768 possessing in Behalf of the Crown, 
 by a Cession from the Natives, an Exclusive Right to the Soil 
 within cannon shot. Exerted Military law over his own troops and 
 the Retainers in the Garrison, that therefore now when the Soil 
 is within y^ State of Pennsylvania, and civil authority is Estab- 
 lished, Military law should extend itself, and take place over Citi- 
 zens. 
 
 It cannot be said that because the Jurisdiction of the Spot is 
 contended by the State of Pennsylvania and that of Virginia, 
 that therefore Citizens shall be Subject to Military law. Writs 
 from the Courts of Both Commonwealths Run into this Town 
 and Every Individual is amenable to Two Jurisdictions to Answer 
 in cases of Debt, Trespass &c. or Criminal Offences. It would be 
 hard therefore, & at the same time absurd, that this should be a 
 
362 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 Reason, Why they should be made liable to a law issuing from a 
 third Source, the will of a Commanding Officer. 
 
 Some of us who make this Representation have been Inhabi- 
 tants of the Town of Pittsburgh many Years, have enjoyed th6 
 liberties and immunities of Citizens, have sufTered in our persons, 
 and fortunes for the Jurisdiction of Pennsylvania and all of us 
 have contended for the cause of America, and are Willing to lay 
 down our lives in the field but not to have our Liberty, our prop- 
 erty, our lives suspended on the will of a Commanding Officer and 
 a Court Martial. 
 
 Some of us have left our habitations to avoid y' Scalping 
 Knife, and Tomhack of the Merciless Savage, and have gaind a 
 Temporary Residence in this Town; We feel it peculiarly hard 
 that we should be Supposed to have lost our Rights to the law^s 
 of our Country, at the same Time With our Possessions, and 
 in removing to a different part of the County of Westmoreland to 
 hold our Lives at the discretion of Military Power. 
 
 Having Represented these things, it is our prayer that his 
 Excellency the President, and the Honourable the Council will 
 lay this matter Before Congress and induce them to direct his 
 Excellency Gen' Washington to Remove Colo Brodhead from 
 this Command, and give such Orders to the Succeeding officer 
 at this Post, Whoever he may be, as Will Restrain him from such 
 invasion' of the rights the Citizens. If it Should be said that 
 this Will be unnecessary as the laws of the Country and the 
 Courts of Justice will Support every Individual against the 
 Encrochments of Military power. We beg leave to Observe that 
 it is not easy, but gives infinite trouble, & is almost impossible 
 to obtain Redress by law against a Commanding Officer who 
 can confine in his Guardhouse, from which even the posse com- 
 mitatus cannot set at liberty, and who if he pleases to avoid an 
 arrest Can be secure within the Cannon of the Fort, and Surround- 
 ed by his Guards. 
 
 We are Gentlemen your most obedient and Very humble Serv- 
 ants 
 
 Tho. Smallman John Tewind 
 
 Daveraux Smith James Robinson 
 
 Robert Campbell John Hamilton 
 
 John Irwin W* Barr 
 
 A. Fowler James Fleming 
 
 Robert McKinley John Handlyn 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 363 
 
 Samuel Evalt Tho. Nichols 
 
 W" Christy Peter Rositor 
 
 Jn° Broadly W Amberson 
 
 John Ferry James M^Lelland 
 
 Geo. Walace And^ Robertson 
 
 WReddick D.Moor 
 
 David Tait Edw° Ward 
 
 [Petition of Pittsburgh inhabitants. Washington papers. D. S.] 
 
 To His Excellency Joseph Reed Esq'' and the Honorable the Ex- 
 ecutive Council of the State of Pennsylvania, 
 
 The Remonstrance and Petition of the Principal Inhabitants 
 of the County of Westmoreland and Town of Pittsburgh; Sheweth 
 
 That the uncommon Stretches of power uniformly pursued 
 and now adopted, by Colonel Brodhead Commanding in this 
 Department, added to a connection formed with M'' David Duncan 
 the Assistant to the Deputy quarter master of this State; is so 
 truly alarming, that we trust a bare recital of them will Justify 
 your Petitioners and mark the purity of their motives for this 
 address. 
 
 V^ That the Constitution and Laws, by which all ought to be 
 governed, seems to become inadequate to the governing of one. 
 
 2^ The rights of free Citizens are invaded and property 
 thereby rendered uncertain and precarious 
 
 3*^ That a monopoly in Trade is created 
 
 4'*' That a Jobbing quarter master is favoured and indulged; 
 and we have great reason to suspect that publick money is not 
 appropriated to the purposes intended 
 
 5**^ That publick delinquents have been sheltered from punish- 
 ment; while Innocence and Industry have been oppressed and 
 injured 
 
 6*^ That discipline is neglected and relaxed and no attention 
 whatever paid to the accommodation of the Officers and Soldiers, 
 nor to puting the Garrison into a State of defence; and tho a 
 number of artificers have been long employed by the Assistant 
 Deputy quarter master at high wages, and a large allowance of 
 provisions, nothing appears to have been done; and the Fort still 
 continues as well as the Barracks in a ruinous untenable, and 
 unmilitary State 
 
364 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 7''' That a great number of the Soldiers have been employed 
 in the Quarter masters Department and still more at Head 
 Quarters, while the protection of the frontiers have been totally 
 neglected. Hence, under the specious pretext of publick good 
 private pursuits are accomplished, some of which we have been 
 informed, your Excellency and the Honorable the Executive Coun 
 cil, are not altogether unacquainted with. Indeed so obvious 
 have these transactions appeared here, not only to the Citizen 
 but the Soldier, that the latter in Conformity to a Resolution 
 formed and unanimously adopted, when a Committee in 1779 
 treated Colonel Brodhead's invitation to dine; with marks of 
 Contempt, while the former was reprobating him in terms of 
 reproach. Thus with arms in our hands, defending our natural 
 rights, your Petitioners unhappily find themselves under a Tyr- 
 anny far more unsupportable, than that which they have suc- 
 cessfully resisted, as the annexed despotick mandates and authen- 
 tick documents will fully verify. But while many of your 
 Petitioners feel the effects of Colonel Brodheads oppressions, 
 and more are alarmed at the terrors suspended over them, we all 
 with concern anticipate the consequences; They excite emotions 
 in our Breasts, which tho we cannot describe, it would ill become 
 us to conceal. For corrupt and depraved as the country may be, 
 from whence we and our ancestors emigrated, military Tyranny 
 there; is not yet countenanced; and while such a line of conduct 
 cannot but distress and alarm your Excellency and Council; We 
 are convinced that it must be reprobated and meet with a hearty, 
 and determined opposition from every virtuous Citizen of the 
 United States, whose Custom it has been, and we hope will be; to 
 make those tremble who dare to attempt to make them miserable. 
 Feeling and thinking like Free men in the manner we do, silence 
 would become a crime; For History as well as observation evinces 
 the truth of this simple position, that to live by the will of one 
 entails misery on all. Therefore by giving you this faithfuU 
 information we humbly apprehend we are doing barely our duty 
 as good Citizens, by rendering your Excellency and the Honorable 
 the Executive Council all the assistance in our power, to promote 
 the great objects of your trust, the Tranquility of Government 
 and the welfare of the Governed. 
 
 Little did your Petitioners ever imagine that in the course of a 
 war undertaken in defence of their Common rights, the Charecter 
 of the Citizen should so soon become sunk in that of the Soldier. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 365 
 
 The language of Complaint is painfull to us. but as an Illustrious 
 Author observes; "Military Men belong to a profession which may 
 be usefull, but is often dangerous." The truth of this observation 
 is evident. The annals of every nation in Europe afford melan- 
 choly examples. — Even the American Revolution — Glorious and 
 beneficial to mankind as it is. — Has not terminated without being 
 shamefully tarnished with such proofs that we cannot even men- 
 tion without indignation and Horror. Therefore the real and 
 disinterested Friends of Freedom cannot be too tenacious of 
 their rights, — too watchfull of thier preveleges, or too Jealous of 
 the Ambitious and Interested who attempt to invade them. 
 
 Your Petitioners humbly apprehend that thier happiness and the 
 security of thier invaluable rights depends in a great measure on 
 thier own exertions and Spirit to protect and defend them. 
 For the Political liberty of the Subject says Montisquie, is a 
 Tranquility of mind arrising from the opinion each person has 
 of his safety. And it is with heart felt concern, that we fmd our- 
 selves bound by the strongest of Obligations to inform your Ex- 
 cellency and the Honorable the Executive Council, that instead 
 of that TranquiHty of mind; That safety mentioned by this 
 ornament of mankind, the author of the Spirit of Laws, There 
 has been unfortunately implanted in our Breasts, doubts, fears, 
 Suspicions and Jealoucies, the natural production of Tyranny 
 and Dispotism. your Petitioners are well aware of the disad- 
 vantagous light in which they may appear to your Excellency 
 and the Honorable the Executive Council, From the partial 
 Clamour raised here against the Generals, Hand, and Mcintosh, 
 and in which Colonel Brodhead himself (respecting the latter) 
 bore a principal share. But we cannot command success, and 
 there is a vast difference between doing our best to serve our 
 Country and doing all in our power to serve ourselves. And indeed 
 it is Generally admitted, that these General Officers had the public 
 Interest warmly at heart, while it is allowed by all that Colonel 
 Brodhead is actuated by motives, selfish and interested, and that 
 his views are totally confined to Land, Manors, and Millseats. 
 Duty to our Country our Constitution and our Rulers and a 
 regard for our rights Franchises and Immunities has Induced us 
 to address your Excellency and Council in Language which 
 cannot we hope be displeasing, to which we beg leave to implore 
 your attention, and Humbly Pray. That Colonel Brodhead 
 may be removed from the Command of this Department, and M"" 
 
366 
 
 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 David Duncan from the employment of assistant Quarter master 
 as well as every other employment wherein he may be intrusted 
 with Publick money and that for the benefit of the I^ublick his 
 accounts may be settled in this Department. That an OfTicer 
 may be aj)pointed to C.ommand here, who is more active and less 
 Arbitary, and whose ambition and Study would be to afford us 
 protection, promote the Good of this Country, and act in Unison 
 with its Inhabitants, and that a Quarter Master may be ap- 
 pointed — if one may be found absolutely necessary — that has 
 more pride and more principal than to descend to the mean and 
 unwarrantable Task of becoming a Tool in Depeculation by sacre- 
 liscing his time to create private Jobbs and promote advantageous 
 bargains. It is therefore with a pleasing Confidence that we 
 anticipate a ready attention to the Prayer of this Petition, and 
 we beg leave to declare that it is not the man, but his Conduct 
 that we arraign. And that had we an opportunity. Compliment 
 would be more agreeable to your Petitioners than Complaint. 
 And while we thus expose and are determined to oppose the 
 dispotick and designing, we are determined at the same time, to 
 support the virtuous and disinterested by every means in our 
 power. 
 
 Patriotism will here find Friends and publick Good may depend 
 on being Supported with our lives and fortunes. 
 
 N. B. The Inclosed List Contains the Names of the Sub- 
 scribers : 
 
 Names of the Petitioners 
 
 Edw'* Ward 
 Tho. Smallman 
 Deverux Smith 
 Andrew Robertson 
 John Gibson 
 James MT.elland 
 W" Hcddick 
 John Ferry 
 Jarr\es Fleming 
 Geo. Wallace 
 James Robinson 
 W'" Amberson 
 Hugh Gardner 
 David Tait 
 A. Fowler 
 John Irwin 
 
 John Ilandlyn 
 David Kenneday 
 William Evans 
 John Reed 
 James Agnew 
 William Reed 
 Jn"H. Reddick 
 T. Wiatt 
 
 Mathew M*Kennic 
 William Mooney 
 William Aulls 
 Barry Chea 
 Andrew Crowly 
 Alex. Mitchel 
 Joseph Hall 
 Richard Steel 
 
 Samuel Osburn 
 Hugh M" Daid 
 Samuel Robertson 
 John Hall 
 W" Robertson 
 John Baird 
 W" Collins 
 Jn° Brandon 
 Patrick Callen 
 Robert Hall 
 W™ Cooper 
 Peter Boyes 
 Gerret Homer 
 William Lyon 
 William Howey 
 Joshua Clark 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 
 
 367 
 
 W™ Christy 
 John Irwin Jun"" 
 Robert M"=KinIy 
 D'* Moor 
 William Barr 
 John Hamilton 
 Robert Campbell 
 Isaac Justice 
 Hugh OHara 
 John Bradly 
 Francis Dill 
 James Drain 
 James Deenan 
 Jacob Twebough 
 Thomas Young 
 Thomas Person 
 George Fubecker 
 Daniel Mathews 
 Alex. Maxwell 
 Mathias Hoyle 
 Daniel Hamilton 
 Abraham Scot 
 W" Johnston 
 W" Rigdon 
 W" Marshal 
 James Glenn 
 Josua Spiers 
 David Devose 
 Elisha Rizsly 
 James Kerr 
 Ezekiel Hickman 
 Jeremiah Meek 
 John Killen 
 Joshua Armstrong 
 Henry Mead 
 W" Pope 
 Josua Jenking 
 
 James Kuykendall 
 Abra. Kykendall 
 James Loagan 
 
 John Sumral 
 David M'^Kee 
 George Swan 
 John Beck 
 Thomas Harper 
 Philip Jones 
 James Clark 
 James Johnston 
 Joseph Hall 
 John M'^Connell 
 Charles Milon 
 Andrew Burnside 
 Edw*^ Branner 
 Peter Harshey 
 James Brooks 
 Joseph Ross 
 Joseph M^Cune 
 W" Nellerfield 
 Joseph Hill 
 Stephen Hill 
 Vincent Calvin 
 John Reed 
 James Davis 
 George Bruce 
 Ignatious Jones 
 James Bruce 
 Joseph Hopkins 
 John Tannyhill 
 Meniard Sturges 
 James M^Craken 
 John Anstrod 
 Benj. Raid 
 John Flick 
 Robert Spears 
 W" Gillmore 
 John Connolly 
 W™ Karey 
 
 Jn° Beckit 
 Mitch' Vanbush 
 David Parkison 
 
 Robert Smith 
 Thomas Maxwell 
 Alex. Young 
 Robert Young 
 Michael Graham 
 Robert Hall Jun' 
 Robert Watson 
 James Watterson 
 Robert Jamison 
 John Cungill 
 Daniel Brooks 
 John Reed 
 James Brekenridge 
 Philip Taber 
 Thomas Brown 
 Tho Carroll 
 Hans Hamilton 
 W" Colvin 
 Jn° Vervill 
 And'" Ree 
 Henry Talen 
 Samuel Evalt 
 W" Miller 
 John M-'Donald 
 Ben. Sweet 
 James Wallace 
 Oliver Miller 
 Jn° Fife 
 
 Oliver miller Jun' 
 Richard Waterson 
 James Parks 
 Thomas Miller 
 Samuel Glasgow 
 Jn° Miller 
 Abraham Beam 
 Jn" Stephenson 
 Samuel Hannah 
 Jn° Stephens 
 Elias Pigg 
 Joseph Tobin 
 Geo. Martain 
 
368 
 
 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 Thomas Comus 
 Arch*^ Ricords 
 Philip Delay 
 Jn° Wall 
 W™ Anderson 
 W" Taylor 
 Jn'' Anderson 
 Nathan Delay 
 Andrew Nye 
 W" Taylor 
 Henry Magnor 
 Hugh Brody 
 Jacob Pgly 
 Alex. Stewart 
 Nathan Tannyhill 
 John Barn 
 James Tannyhill 
 W"" Tannyhill 
 Jn° Baird 
 Nathan Casebard 
 W" M^Connell 
 Jn° Hutson 
 Luck Decker 
 
 James Kerr 
 Jn° Martain Jun' 
 Peter Triplet 
 Philip Walker 
 W" M-'Cue 
 Pat. Kelly 
 Jn° Dilrumple 
 
 Sol. Combs 
 James Hughs 
 Felix Hughs 
 Matthew Cain 
 Philip Walsh 
 Jn° Cain 
 Jn° M'Cann 
 Jn° Daugherty 
 Edward Davis 
 
 George M'Nabb 
 Jn° Ervin 
 And'' Roberson 
 Geo, Young 
 Joseph Rope 
 John Kinny 
 Jn" Dean 
 Samuel M'Kinly 
 Geo. Gillespy. (200) 
 Philip Hollyday 
 Abr. Hendrise 
 John Salcon 
 Ben. Goodwire 
 Philip Lewis 
 Charles Wicklife 
 Rob* Wicklife 
 Jo. Cox 
 
 Nicholass Blake 
 W" Owens 
 Thomas Clare 
 Ben Brook 
 Jn° Scott 
 Randolph Snyder 
 Andrew Lee 
 James Alison 
 W^Fry 
 Jacob Fry 
 Tobias Woods 
 Jn° Stenson 
 Geo. Sickman 
 Jn° Woods 
 Jn° Reed 
 Joseph [sic] 
 Jonathan [sic] 
 James Rutherford 
 Adam Curry 
 Adam Loagan 
 Jn° Frezer 
 Robert Henderson 
 Jacob Fifer 
 Philip Flin 
 
 John Lamme 
 W" Rorke 
 Thomas Ogle 
 Basil Cooper 
 John Curry 
 Jerves Thompson 
 Jacob Sprinkle 
 Jeremia Simpson 
 Daniel Colvin 
 Henry Oats 
 Thomas John 
 Lewis Calzor 
 John Ewing 
 Andrew Robertson 
 Garret Clawson 
 Levi Hand 
 George Teatrick 
 Joseph Stillwell 
 John Hughs 
 W" Bushby 
 John Armstrong 
 Daniel Martain 
 Jn° Robins 
 Isaac Teatrick 
 Jn° Martain 
 Arthur Burns 
 William Bruce 
 Jacob Bousman 
 W" Deal 
 James Cron 
 W" Bell 
 
 James Mitchel 
 John Menate 
 Robert M" Nab 
 Jn" M'Cune 
 Robert MTarren 
 Jn° Jamison 
 mar. Jamison 
 Jn° Jamison 
 Jn° Robertson 
 
fT^ontier retreat 
 
 369 
 
 Benjamin Collins 
 Abra. Tout 
 Joseph Harris 
 Corard Winbidle 
 William Lea 
 Jno° Rock 
 Geo. Lickenburgh 
 Alex. Still 
 Hugh Sterhng 
 Jn° Douglass 
 Thomas Bond 
 Mich' Teggart 
 John Evans 
 Rob* Bell 
 
 James M^Cormack 
 Paul Matthews 
 Joseph Forrester 
 Joseph Ker 
 Wiir Richardson 
 John Clark 
 Hugh Murray 
 Thomas Miles 
 James Stoops 
 John Connor 
 Cornelius Connor Jn' 
 Thomas Ramsey 
 Jos: McDowell 
 John Johnston 
 James Whitecker 
 Tho" Sprott 
 Rich*^ Carson 
 Dan' Kyser 
 Mich' Kyser 
 John Dunbar 
 John M'Kee 
 John Cunningham 
 John Glazier 
 W" Broomfield 
 W"' Beatty 
 James M^Kee 
 Tho^ Cottrill 
 
 James Colter 
 John Taylor 
 
 John Killan 
 Robert Boyd 
 James Watson 
 W" Tidball 
 Joseph Dermont 
 Edward Sharp 
 Adam Sharp 
 Charles Morgan 
 John Layson 
 John King 
 Tho^ Patterson 
 David M'Kee 
 John Niel 
 Gasper Reel 
 Charles M'kinear [?] 
 Isaac Lan 
 Tho^ Lapoley 
 PhiP Whitsel 
 PhilP Francis 
 W" Richmond 
 PhilP Ross 
 Peter Body 
 John Creal 
 Benj° Reno 
 Cornelius Connor S' 
 Christ" Lisnit 
 Francis Lisnit 
 Rich*^ Boyce 
 James Young 
 
 W° Ralston 
 Arch"^ Ralston 
 W" Murdock 
 John Fawcett 
 W"" Snodgrass Sen 
 George Sharp 
 W" Snodgrass J' 
 Ja' M'Lauchlin 
 
 Patrick Ohara 
 James Hamilton 
 Boston Frederick 
 John Small 
 William Woods 
 Sebastian Frederick 
 John Wolf 
 Tho^ M^Bride 
 Wiir Powell 
 Nehemiah Sharp 
 George Custard 
 Christ" Owen 
 W"" Donnally 
 St° Ritchards 
 Mordecai Ritchards 
 Mark Jordan 
 Jossias Gamble 
 Jos: Brown 
 Sam' Brown 
 Matthew Ritchie 
 Craig Ritchie 
 John Boyce 
 Abell Morgan 
 And" Munro 
 Hugh Bell 
 Charles Queen 
 Tho' Nicholas 
 Jonathan Martin 
 Rob' Miller 
 Tho' McQueen 
 John Alexander 
 John Hayes 
 
 Rob' Hayes 
 Dan' M'Cleod 
 Dan' Ross 
 And"' Gibson 
 James Hayes 
 W" Hayes 
 John M" Donald 
 James Little 
 
 24 
 
370 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 Ja* Stephenson David Stephenson John Robb 
 
 W" Robb Ja' Robb John Andrew 
 
 David Andrew W"" Glendy Arthur Campbel 
 
 George Berry 
 
 RENDEZVOUS POSTPONED 
 
 [Col. Daniel Brodhead, circular letter to county lieutenants. 3H96-97. Tran- 
 script of Letter Book.] 
 
 Head Qr', Fort Pitt, April T* 1781. 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 As I am informed that the court of Westmoreland county will 
 be held this week, & that many good men will on that account be 
 prevented from going on an expedition, I have postponed the 
 rendezvousing the troops until the 10"' instant; I expect they 
 will attend as required by my last. 
 
 I am with great esteem, &c, 
 
 Dan'' Brodhead, Col" Commanding W. D. 
 CoL° Jn** Evans, Circular. 
 
 ARTILLERY FOR CLARK 
 
 [Gen. George Rogers Clark to Board of War. 15S24. Transcript.] 
 
 YouGH, April 2^ 1781. 
 Gent": 
 
 I make no doubt but that you are fully acquainted with the 
 design of the enterprise I am ordered on to the North West, the 
 success of which greatly depends on the stores ordered by his 
 Excellency, Gen' Washington, to be furnished at Pittsburg. On 
 examination its found that many articles are wanting that cannot 
 be done without, as per the indent of Capt. Craig, who commands 
 the artillery on the campaign. As you must know the sentiments 
 of the Commander-in-Chief respecting those furnitures, and 
 confident from the nature of the enterprise you would wish to 
 give it every aid, I flatter myself the Captain will meet with 
 no diflficulty in procuring such articles as he may want to com- 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 371 
 
 plete him. The Captain's company at present is very weak. I 
 would take the Uberty to solicit a re-inforcement to it; also nine 
 or ten artillery artifficers, and a tin plate worker. These favors 
 I shall endeavor to acknowledge by doing all the service in my 
 power to my country, and beg leave to subscribe myself, Gent", 
 Your most obed' Serv*, 
 
 G. R. Clark, B. G. C. C. W. D. Virginia 
 
 WESTMORELAND RAIDED 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Archibald Lochry, Twelve Mile Run, April 2, 
 1781, to Col. Daniel Brodhead. Printed in Pa. Archives, IX, 51.] 
 
 Has received three letters from Brodhead since writer's return 
 from Philadelphia; bodily indisposition has prevented personal 
 call. Had the county officers meet, and requested Colonel Cook 
 to send an express to Brodhead to let him know what he may ex- 
 pect. "I am just returned from burying a man killed & scalped 
 by the Indians, at CoF Pomeroy's house, ^ one other man is miss- 
 ing & all Pomeroy's eifects carried off," Has been attempting 
 to get some mJlitia to protect frontier until relief comes. If the 
 Cumberland militia arrive in time for the expedition they shall 
 go and Lochry will go with them. 
 
 DELAWARES BREAK ALLIANCE 
 
 [Col. Daniel Brodhead to Col. David Shepherd. 2SS13. A. L. S.p 
 
 Fort Pitt April 3'*^ 1781. 
 Sir: 
 
 I have received your favor of the 28*'' ultimo by M*" Robeson, 
 am glad to hear of the spirited Conduct of the good Men of your 
 County and of your success in collecting provisions for the Ex- 
 pedition 
 
 1 This raid took place in the Derry settlement of northeastern Westmoreland 
 County, not far from Fort Wallace. For a sketch of Col. John Pomeroy see 
 Wis. Hist. Colls., XXIII, 46, note 4. 
 
 2 Both the original letter, and the letter-book transcript of this manuscript 
 are in the Draper Mss., the latter in 3H97-98. 
 
372 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 M' Duncan is hourly expected with a sum of Money sufficient 
 to discharge the ballances for Provisions purchased by my in- 
 structions and to procure some more, when the Inhabitants 
 know this circumstance the difficulty of obtaining a further 
 supply for the regular Troops will probably be in some degree 
 removed 
 
 I have inclosed to CoF Valendigham the Copy of a letter just 
 received from one of the Moravian Ministers which I have de- 
 sired the bearer, Lieut* Peterson, to take forward to you as soon 
 as Col° Valendigham had read it. 
 
 You will therein see how hostile the Indians in general are, & 
 how necessary it is for the Inhabitants to be upon their Guard 
 against them. 
 
 M'' Peterson takes a party as you have requested, to assist 
 in collecting the Horses & Provisions. And I have directed him 
 not to sufTer the quantity mentioned in your Letter to be used, 
 or any part of it, untill we march upon the Expedition, but in the 
 meantime I hope you will be able to obtain a larger supply 
 
 I am Dear Sir with respect & esteem your most obed* Serv* 
 Daniel Brodhead CoF command^ W D. 
 CoL° David Shepherd. 
 
 WESTMORELAND BLAMED 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Fort Pitt, April 3, 1871, to 
 Pres. Joseph Reed. 3H98-99. Printed in Pa. Archives, IX, 57.] 
 
 Rev. David Zeisberger goes to Philadelphia at Brodhead's 
 request; a faithful and reliable man.i Copies of letters enclosed 
 from Colonel Lochry and Colonel Perry prove how little support 
 the Westmoreland militia accord Brodhead's project, and how 
 necessary it is that the laws be enforced and taxes collected 
 
 ' At the time this letter was written Zeisberger was on his way to Bethlehem 
 to attend a synod of the Moravian church. On his return he visited Philadelphia, 
 where he received the thanks of the president and the executive council of 
 Pennsylvania "for his services among the Indians, particularly for his Christian 
 humanity in turning back so many war-parties that were on their way to rapine 
 and massacre." (Ibid., 5D98.) Zeisberger was married June 4, and immediately 
 thereafter set out for his mission station on the Tuscarawas, where he arrived 
 July 15, 1781. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 373 
 
 ASSEMBLING FOR DELAWARE EXPEDITION 
 
 [Col. Daniel Brodhead to Capt. William Crawford. ^ 3H99-100. Transcript 
 of Letter Book.] 
 
 Fort Pitt, April 5''' ITSL^ 
 Sir: 
 
 I have at this moment (at 11 o'clock P. M.) rec'^ a letter from 
 CoF Evans, informing me that the militia from Monongehela^ 
 had marched to Wheeling agreeable to former instructions. 
 
 Having rec*^ information that the Westmoreland militia or 
 volunteers, many of whom would be prevented from going upon 
 the expedition, I wrote to the several Lieutenants by express, 
 to put off the rendezvousing the troops until the 10*'' instant, 
 which it seems came to hand after some had marched, or before he 
 could give them notice that the day of general rendezvous was 
 put off. 
 
 It will not now be in my power to collect the different [divisions] 
 to the place assigned until the 10''*', wherefore I hope & expect the 
 troops under your command will wait with patience until then, & 
 they shall not be disappointed. 
 
 I have &c. 
 
 D. B. 
 Commanding Officer of Monongehela Militia, Wheeling.* 
 
 1 Capt. William Craw-ford was born about the year 1737 near Chambersburg, 
 Pa. Orphaned in childhood, he was bound to Samuel Combs of Loudoun County, 
 Va., with whom he served until of age. Crawford then enlisted in a militia 
 company raised for the French and Indian War on the Great Cacapon River. 
 In 1769 he visited the West, and made an improvement on the Monongahela 
 River near Redstone. The next year he brought his family and settled west 
 of the river in what is now Greene County, Pa., then thought to be a part of 
 Virginia. Crawford went out with Mcintosh in 1778, and with Brodhead in 
 1781. He also served in Hardin's division on Harmar's expedition of 1790. 
 He lived upon his Greene County farm until his death, Aug. 3, 1826. See nar- 
 rative of his son, and letters of his grandsons in ibid., 6NN62-102. Capt. 
 William Crawford was not related to the colonel of the same name who was 
 burned by the Indians in 1782. 
 
 2 On April 5, 1781 a British council with the Delawares and ShawTiee was held 
 at Detroit. See Mich. Pion. & Hist. Colls., X, 462-65; and De Peyster's letters 
 in id., XIX, 613-15. 
 
 ' For the muster roll of this company see post, 469. 
 
 * Note on original manuscript: "From the date of the last letter, April 5**^, 
 there are no letters entered in the Letter Book till the ensuing 19**" August, a 
 period of over four months. Most likely *** Col. Broadhead, immediately after the 
 
374 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 BRITISH HEARTEN INDIANS 
 
 [Col. Guy Johnson to Alexander McKee. Printed in De Peyster (ed.), Mis- 
 cellanies by an Officer, app., p. xlvii.] 
 
 Niagara, 7th April, 1781. 
 Sir: 
 
 The late letters from Detroit and from yourself, which have 
 been communicated to me, has induced me, with General Powell's^ 
 approbation to send a message to encourage and strengthen the 
 Hearts of the Indians in your quarter and particularly the Shaw- 
 anese, and those who are most exposed to an Invasion. The 
 great distance from hence, and the Uncertainty of affairs at pres- 
 ent render it difficult to say how far the Six Nations may be able 
 to help them; but I am sure they'll do so, as far as time and cir- 
 cumstance will permit. In the present state of things, from the 
 acco'ts we have of the Rebels, and of the success of our Troops in 
 Virginia, &c., as well as from the great distance and difficulty of 
 the Route to Detroit, it does not seem probable they can come 
 there in force within a short time; but the Vigilance of your 
 Scouts will enable us to Judge farther, by procuring intelligence 
 of their last motions. The person whom I have sent with the 
 Message is Capt. Brant of my department, who is accompanied by 
 17 Inds., and from his Vigilance I expect the Message committed 
 to him and the object of his Journey will be faithfully executed; 
 he will show you his Instructions, and meet with your Assistance, 
 and it will doubtless be pleasing to the Shawanese to see him and 
 those of the Six Nations with him. Kayashota left this long 
 
 expedition, went to Phil* , & possibly made only a verbal report of that affair. 
 And yet I cannot bring myself to think, that during all this period he wrote 
 no letters. There are no pages wanting in the letter book, at this point. The 
 following letters — commencing in August, &c., appear to have been copied by 
 another & better hand: L. C. D— 30*'' May, 1846." 
 
 1 Henry Watson Powell (1733-1814) came to America with his regiment 
 during the French and Indian War and after 1768 was stationed in Canada. In 
 1771 he was commissioned lieutenant-colonel of the Fifty-third Infantry; by 
 1777 he had attained the rank of brigadier-general. Powell commanded the 
 rear-guard of Burgoyne's army on its invasion of New York, and after the 
 defeat made good his retreat to St. John's, Can. In 1780 he was appointed to 
 succeed at Niagara Col. Mason Bolton, who was drowned in Lake Ontario on 
 his retirement from that post. Powell remained at Niagara until the close of 
 the war, when he was ordered to England, where in 1801 he became general of 
 the army. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 375 
 
 since with belts from the Eastern Indians, the Six Nations, and 
 myself, but got a hurt and lyes ill at Kadaragaras.^ I am with 
 regard. Sir, Your very humble Servant, 
 
 G. Johnson. 
 Alexr. McKee, Esqr. 
 
 [Col. Arent S. De Peyster to Delawares. Printed in ibid., pp. viii-ix.] 
 
 Major De Peyster, Commandant of Detroit and its dependencies, 
 to the Indians of Cooshawking — 12th April, 1781. 
 
 Indians of Cooshawking. I have received your speech, sent 
 me by the half king of Sandusky; it contains three strings, one 
 of them white, and the other two checkered. 
 
 You may say that you want traders to be sent to your village, 
 and that you are resolved no more to listen to the Virginians, 
 who have deceived you. 
 
 It would give me pleasure to receive you again as brothers, both 
 for your own good, and for the friendship I bear to the Indians 
 in general, being allied to them. But is it possible I can trust my 
 traders amongst you, whose ears are open to every little French 
 officer or trader who will tell you they come upon a mission from 
 the French king? They easily make lies, and you as easily be- 
 lieve them. One of these people the Miamies kined,^ and they 
 brought me his papers, which are the copies of letters he wrote to 
 Philadelphia, wherein he says he found you, the Cooshawking 
 Indians, in a council he held with some of you at Fort Pitt, such 
 believing fools, that he amused you with words, whilst the other 
 nations required great presents from the English. I do not want 
 to amuse you with words, I wish for an opportunity to serve you; 
 and it depends on yourselves to put it in my power to serve you. 
 
 Send me that little babbling Frenchman named Monsieur 
 Linctot, he who poisons your ears, one of them who says he can 
 amuse you with words only — send him to me, or be the means of 
 my getting him, and I then will put confidence in you. I then 
 will deal with you as with other Indians, whom I call my friends, 
 my brothers, and my children, and to whom I request of you to 
 give free passage, and kind entertainment. If you have not an 
 
 1 Probably this place was at the mouth of Cattaraugus Creek, which forms the 
 boundary between Chautauqua and Erie counties, N. Y. 
 
 2 A reference to the defeat and death of Colonel La Balme. 
 
376 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 opportunity to bring me the little Frenchman, you may bring me 
 some Virginia prisoner, — I am pleased when I see what you call 
 live meat, because I can 'speak to it, and get information. Scalps 
 serve to show you have seen the enemy, but they are of no use 
 to me, I cannot speak with them. I request of you to give free 
 passage to such Virginians as have a mind to speak with me — 
 that you will not offer to stop them, but make a straight and even 
 road for them to come to Detroit. 
 
 A. S. De Peyster 
 
 EXPEDITION AGAINST DELAWARES 
 
 [C. W. Butterfield's narrative of Brodhead's Coshocton expedition. 5D91-97. 
 A. D.]i 
 
 On the seventh of April, 1781, Brodhead left Fort Pitt with 
 over one hundred and fifty regulars, dropping down the Ohio 
 river to Wheeling, where Shepherd had collected one hundred and 
 thirty-four of the militia including ofTicers, into four companies. ^ 
 On the tenth, the united force made its way across the Ohio, 
 taking the nearest route for Coshocton. The savages had re- 
 ceived no warning of the approach of an enemy. They evidently 
 felt secure in their wilderness home. With Brodhead was a few 
 friendly Indians who evinced a keen desire for the scalps of the 
 hostile Delawares.3 As the army neared the objective point of 
 
 1 Butterfield used as his sources Brodhead's report to Reed, Heckewelder, 
 Narrative, and Rev. Joseph Doddridge, Notes on the Settlement and Indian Wars 
 of the Western Parts of Virginia and Pennsylvania (Wellsburgh, 1824), 291-93. 
 Doddridge lived in Ohio County, and knew personally many militiamen who 
 participated in the expedition. 
 
 2 The militia force was chiefly from Ohio County, Va., with one small com- 
 pany from Monongalia. It was organized into four companies, commanded 
 respectively by Capt. Joseph Ogle, Capt. William Crawford, Capt. Jacob Lefler, 
 and Capt. Benjamin Royse. See pay and muster rolls, post, 462-69. 
 
 ' There is a persistent tradition, unverified by documentary evidence, that one 
 of the friendly Indians by the name of Killbuck was slain at Wheeling by a group 
 of mihtia. See Draper Mss., 2S155,181,215,283, 6NN46. The victim was 
 not Captain Killbuck, but he may have been one of the Killbuck family. Ac- 
 cording to report Thompson the Indian and young Killbuck were asleep in the 
 guardhouse when a mob of men headed by Lewis Wetzel broke in and killed 
 Killbuck, but spared the old guide, Thompson. The assassins were severely 
 punished, but were permitted to go upon the expedition. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 377 
 
 the expedition an Indian was captured from whom was obtained 
 some valuable information. Soon afterward two others were 
 discovered and fired upon. One was wounded but both succeeded 
 in making their escape. Fearing lest these Indians should give 
 the alarm, Brodhead, although in the midst of a heavy fall of 
 rain, ordered a rapid march for the town, in hopes of surrounding 
 it before any of the savages had news of his coming. The troops 
 marched in three divisions. The right and left wings approached 
 the river a little above and below Coshocton, while the center 
 moved directly upon it. The Coshocton Indians were completely 
 surprised and their town laid waste; also Lichtenau, now occupied 
 by them, two and a half miles below, on the same side of the river. 
 Fifteen warriors were killed and over twenty prisoners — old men, 
 women and children— taken. Large quantities of peltry and 
 other stores were destroyed and about forty head of cattle killed. 
 
 About four miles above Coshocton, on the march down, Brod- 
 head had detached a party to cross the river and attack about 
 forty warriors who had just before crossed over with some pris- 
 oners and scalps and were then drunk, as he learned by the Indian 
 whom the advance guard had taken prisoner; but the excessive 
 hard rain having swelled the river bank high, it was found im- 
 practicable. Brodhead then marched up the stream about seven 
 miles with a view to send for some craft from the "Moravian" 
 towns with which to cross the river, so that he could pursue the 
 Indians; but when he proposed his plan to the militia, he found 
 they conceived they had accomplished enough and were deter- 
 mined to return; whereupon he marched to NewComer's town,^ 
 the home of Captain Killbuck and his followers. This chief and 
 another had no sooner heard that Brodhead was upon the river 
 than they pursued the fleeing Delawares, "killed one of their 
 greatest villains," and brought his scalp to the American com- 
 mander. 
 
 At the request of Brodhead, the missionaries and some of their 
 converts from the "Moravian" towns visited him before he left 
 the river. He renewed to them his proposition that they should 
 break up their establishments and move to the border — urging 
 them to accompany him to Pittsburgh. But this well-meant 
 overture they declined. They, together with Captain Killbuck's 
 band, supplied the army with corn and meat enough to subsist 
 both men and horses to the Ohio river. 
 
 1 For the site of this town see Rev. Upper Ohio, 45, note 72. 
 
378 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 The Moravian Indians had become objects of suspicion to 
 many of the frontiersmen, some of whom were of the militia in 
 Brodhead's army. Among the prisoners captured at Coshocton 
 were five of those Indians who, of course, were immediately 
 released by the American commander; as they were simply visit- 
 ors at their former home. As they were going up the river in a 
 canoe on their way to Salem, some of the militia, contrary to 
 express orders, followed them and in such a menacing manner as 
 to induce them to leave the stream and take to the hills. They 
 were in fact fired upon by those in pursuit and one of their number 
 wounded though they all succeeded in reaching their town. So, 
 also, while Brodhead was receiving the visits of the Moravian 
 missionaries and some of their converts, as just described, there 
 was manifested a strong desire upon the part of some of the 
 militia to march to their settlements for the purpose of destroying 
 them ; but the movement was quickly repressed by those in com- 
 mand. 
 
 A proposition made by Brodhead to Captain Killbuck and his 
 band to put themselves under the protection of the Americans 
 and march with the army upon its return to the border, was 
 gladly accepted; so, with this accession, and a large amount of 
 plunder captured from the "Coshocton" Indians, the troops 
 returned to Wheeling where the spoils were disposed of, netting 
 quite a considerable sum. Both regulars and militia, upon this 
 expedition, behaved with much spirit; and though there was con- 
 siderable firing between them and the Indians not one was killed 
 or wounded. Brodhead with his troops, accompanied by the 
 friendly Delawares, then made their way back to Fort Pitt; 
 while the militia were disbanded and returned to their several 
 places of abode. 
 
 A circumstance thought by some damaging to the reputation 
 of the enterprise was that all the warriors killed had been captured 
 in the assault upon the town. These were pointed out by Pekil- 
 lon, a friendly Delaware, who was with the army of Brodhead. 
 A council of war was called to determine their fate. The fact 
 that they had raided upon the border, killing indiscriminately the 
 old and young of either sex was clearly established ; and this, too, 
 at the very time when others of their clan were making protesta- 
 tions of friendship to the commander at Fort Pitt. Their crimes 
 were thought sufficient to justify a decree of death, by the council; 
 and, in ordering the carrying out of that decision, Brodhead, 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 379 
 
 himself a humane and chivalric officer, only acted upon the idea of 
 a complete justification according to the usages of war. The 
 warriors were bound, taken a little distance below the town, and 
 dispatched with tomahawks and spears, and then scalped. 
 
 Another transaction — one of those unfortunate ones that the 
 moralist must condemn, and which is too often seen in border 
 warfare — was the killing, by the militia, to whose care they had 
 been committed, of the residue of the prisoners, the women and 
 children excepted. It was done immediately after the return 
 march had commenced and without the knowledge of Brodhead 
 or his principal officers.^ The women and children were taken to 
 Fort Pitt. An incident occurred on the march to New Comer's 
 town which brings out in strong light the deep-seated hatred 
 lurking in the breast of some of the bordermen to the savages, 
 at that period — a frenzy of revenge, which only their extreme 
 and long-continued cruelties and ravages could have engendered. 
 An Indian presented himself on the opposite bank of the river 
 and asked for the "Big Captain." Brodhead responded with 
 the question as to what he wanted. To which he replied in 
 substance that his desire was for peace. "Send over some of 
 your chiefs," said the American commander. "May be you will 
 kill them," was the reponse. He was answered that they should 
 not be killed. One came across, a fine looking man, and entered 
 into conversation with Brodhead. But while thus engaged, 
 Lewis Wetzel, 2 one of the militiamen, came up behind the chief 
 
 1 For a more detailed account of this incident see Thomas H. Johnson, "The 
 Indian Village of 'Cush-og-wenk,' " in Ohio Arch. & Hist. Quarterly, XXI, 
 432-35. 
 
 2 Lewis Wetzel was born in August, 1763 on the south branch of the Potomac 
 River. About the year 1769 the family removed to the Monongahela, and 
 three years later settled on the upper waters of Wheeling Creek. In 1777 or 
 1778 Lewis and his younger brother, Jacob, were captured by a band of Wyandot, 
 and taken about twenty miles beyond the Ohio, where in the night they succeeded 
 in loosening the cords with which they were tied, and having eluded the subse- 
 quent pursuit reached the river and crossed it on pieces of driftwood. Lewis 
 thereafter was bitterly hostile to all the Indian race. In 1782 his brother, 
 George, was killed while hunting; the same summer Lewis saw his companion, 
 Joseph Mills, waylaid and shot and himself escaped a like fate only by his 
 fleetness, and his ability to load his rifle as he ran. That autumn he detected an 
 Indian lurking near Fort Henry imitating a turkey's call, and killed him without 
 warning. The next year Lewis Wetzel was with young John Madison when 
 the latter was waylaid and slain by Indians. Wetzel's vindictiveness towards 
 the red race increased with the years. In 1784 in a time of peace he killed an 
 
380 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 with a tomahawk concealed in the bosom of his hunting-shirt and 
 struck him on the back of his head with the weapon, causing 
 instant death. 
 
 A few days after the return of Brodhead from Coshocton, 
 eighty hostile Delawares came up the Tuscarawas in search of 
 Captain Killbuck and his band, breathing destruction to all of 
 them. It was not, by any means, that tliey wished only to take 
 them prisoners, especially Captain Killbuck and other chiefs and 
 counsellors that they could thus have them under their control 
 and prevent them governing the nation while the war lasted; it 
 was, that they thirsted for their blood. The scalps of Captain 
 Killbuck and his clan who had continued the allies of the Ameri- 
 cans would have been esteemed as delectable prizes as those of 
 any of their white enemies; for had not that chief already taken 
 up the hatchet against them? From that moment, he was 
 proscribed — he and all his followers. Not knowing of their 
 leaving the valley with Brodhead, they felt sure of finding them. 
 They finally reached Gnadenhiitten but, of course, the objects 
 of their search were not there. They were told by the Moravian 
 Indians that all had gone off with the Americans. The Delaware 
 band then endeavored to convince the "converts" that their 
 only safety was in seeking a refuge to the Westward farther away 
 from the border. Precisely the same advice had been given them 
 by Brodhead when upon the Coshocton expedition, only with this 
 difference, that they should go with him to Pittsburgh. It was 
 thus that the belligerants saw, that it needed no prophet to 
 forsee, the danger there was in the missionaries and their flock 
 remaining in the valley of the Tuscarawas — literally between two 
 fires; for, although they were to all intents and purposes the allies 
 of the Americans, they were too far away from the border for 
 any advantages of protection by them. 
 
 Indian known as "Old Crossfire" and rescued a captive girl At the Treaty of 
 Fort Mcintosh in 1785 Wetzel wounded a peaceful Indian, and after a similar 
 deed at Marietta in 1789 was arrested by the commandant, kept some time in 
 irons, and finally released because conviction could not be obtained from a 
 frontier jury for the murder of an Indian. Wetzel was credited with stalking 
 and hunting Indians as he would wild animals. Towards the close of the eigh- 
 teenth century he visited New Orleans and was arrested by the Spanish on a 
 charge of counterfeiting. This was never proved and Wetzel was released and 
 made a final visit to the neighborhood of Wheeling. Then he returned South, 
 where he died in 1808 not far from Natchez. Lewis Wetzel was a border hero 
 because of his courage, his feats of agility, and his superior woodcraft. His 
 attitude towards Indians was that of many of the lower class upon the frontier. 
 Dr. Draper collected much material for a biography of Wetzel, from which this 
 sketch is derived. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 381 
 
 The Delaware band was not entirely unsuccessful in their 
 endeavors to pursuade the "Moravians" to remove; as more than 
 a dozen of those living in Salem concluded to go with them, 
 "renouncing the gospel and falling back into heathenism." It was 
 thus that there was to be found among the hostile Delawares a 
 considerable element of what may be called "Moravianism;" 
 false, of course, but such as enabled these before-time "converts" 
 to appear, at least, to captives taken afterward, as veritable 
 Moravian Indians; the deception being helped on, frequently, 
 by their calling themselves such, and by their ability, in some 
 instances, to speak pretty good German. 
 
 The Delaware warriors, before leaving, made three several 
 attempts to take the life of Heckewelder, rightfully considering 
 him as a chief obstacle in the way of inducing the removal of the 
 "Moravians." It is probable they would have had still further 
 success in inducing the "converts" to have the valley had it not 
 been that a report reached their ears of an American army being 
 again on its way to the Tuscarawas. So the warriors departed, 
 leaving the "Moravian" villages again in peace — blit only for a 
 short time as small parties of Delawares continued to prowl 
 through the valley, stealing the horses of the "converts" and 
 whatever else they could find. One of these bands lay in ambush 
 near a field at Gnadenhiitten into which came the missionary 
 Edwards and Young and began to plant potatoes. "Instantly 
 seven of the savages cocked their rifles, took aim, and were upon 
 the point of shooting them down," when their captain, seized 
 by a sudden impulse of mercy, made a sign for them to desist. 
 "The band crept away, and the two missionaries continued working 
 in the field, ignorant of the death which had threatened them."^ 
 
 [Extract from reminiscences of William P. Brady. =* 7NN56.] 
 
 Does Gen' Broidhead mention anything in his letter book about 
 his Expedition to Muskingum. Brady was on The advance 
 
 ^ For the British report of Brodhead's expedition see Mich. Pion. & Hist. 
 Colls., X, 476. His approach greatly alarmed the Indians gathered in council 
 at Detroit. See report of Simon Girty, May 4, from Upper Sandusky, ibid., 478- 
 79. Other rumors of the "Virginians" at Coshocton are in ibid., 482-83, and id., 
 XIX, 634-36. 
 
 2 This younger brother of Capt. Samuel Brady was born Aug. 16, 1766 near 
 Shippensburg, Pa. William was with the family when his father and his brother 
 
382 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 when the[y] struck the Tuskoragus. at Newcomerstown about 
 ten miles above Coshoton old town opisite the mouth of White 
 Womans C he heard some shooting down the river and moved 
 on the firing Every now and Then Continued untill he arived 
 it Was an Indian shooting at a Squerell he wanted it for beat 
 [bait] to fish with Brady Waited untill The Indians G,un Was 
 Empty When the[y] sprung on him and took him prisoner but 
 unfortunately There ware two other Indians under the bank 
 fishing when the[y] heard the noise took to their heels one of 
 them though [t] to cross the branch but when he got to The opisite 
 shore he was shot The other made his Eskeap and Give notice 
 to the town when the[y] all fled when the troops came up the 
 Indians fired a cross the Muskingum & Kill*^ one man The Gen' 
 Then returned to Pittsburgh 
 
 ARTILLERY FOR CLARK 
 [Capt. Isaac Craig to Gen. George Washington. Washington Papers. A. L. S.] 
 
 Philadelphia IS**" April 1781 
 May it Please Your Excellency: 
 
 On Compearing the Indent of Ordnance Stores &c Requiered 
 for General Clarks Expedition, with the Articles on hand it was 
 found a Considerable Part was Wanting, it Appeared also that 
 My Company was Much too Weake for the Duty to be done by 
 it, and that nine or ten Artillery Artificers were also Necessary, 
 in Consequence of which I Rec*^ Orders to Prosceed to this Place, 
 and forward with all Possible Expedition the Military Stores & 
 Men Wanted to Fort Pitt.^ I have found no dificualty in Ob- 
 taining the Stores, and I hope Your Excellency will see it Necees- 
 sary to Order me A Reinforcement. I Prestime your Excellency 
 is well acquainted with the Number & Calibers of the Ordnance 
 
 John were killed in 1778, and many years later he spent a month with his brother 
 Samuel on a hunting excursion, when the latter related many of the thrilling 
 incidents of his career. These the younger brother wove into a series of sketches 
 which in 1832 he sent to R. B. McCabe of Blairsville, Pa., who about fifteen 
 years later gave the manuscripts to Dr. Draper. William Perry Brady died 
 sometime before 1845 at his home on Mahoning Creek in western Pennsylvania. 
 * For a list of the artillery stores that were ordered see ///. Hist. Colls., VIII, 
 535-37. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 383 
 
 to be made use of on this Enterprize, My Company Consists of 
 only thirteen Men, One Cap* & one Cap* Lieu* General Clarke 
 Assured me your Excellency was disposed to give every assis- 
 tence to the Expedition. Co' Procters^ Reg* to which I belong 
 is now within A few Miles of Philadelphia from which I wish to 
 have my Company filled up, the Artificers Can be had at Carlisle — 
 it is not necessary to observe that one full Company will still be 
 insufficient to Work Eight Peices of Artillery, and that I must 
 still have Recourse to Militi[a] for further assistance. I Expect 
 the Boats will be all finished and at Fort Pitt the 10*'' of next 
 month, I shall wait Here with Impatience for Your Excellencys 
 Instructions Respecting the Men 
 
 I have the Honour to be with Due Esteem Your Excellencys 
 Devoted Most Obe"^* Serv* 
 
 I Craig Cap* Artillery 
 His Excellency George Washington Esq^ 
 
 [Gen. George Washington to Col. Daniel Brodhead. Washington Papers. 
 Draft.] 
 
 Head Quarters New Windsor 16*'' Ap' 1781. 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 I have received your favors of the 18*'' and 25*'' FeF and 10*'' of 
 March. 
 
 Inclosed you will find a power for holding a General Court 
 Martial at Fort Pitt for the trial of all persons who shall be 
 brought before them. The proceedings, if any capital, or any 
 which affect Comm*^ officers, to be sent to me for approbation. 
 
 I shall write to the Board of War and desire them to send up 
 such of the Stores demanded by Cap* Craig as we have it in our 
 power to furnish. 
 
 ^ Col. Thomas Proctor was born in 1739 in Ireland, whence he emigrated at 
 an early age to Pennsylvania, and at the time of the Revolution was a master 
 carpenter at Philadelphia. He was a member of the city's Committee of Safety 
 in 1775 and in October of the same year raised a company of artillery. This 
 became, in August, 1776, a battalion, of which Proctor was major. Later as a 
 full regiment, Proctor's artillery served at Brandywine and Germantown, and 
 on most of the campaigns in the eastern states. Proctor resigned from the army 
 April 18, 1781, retiring with the rank of colonel. After the war he served as 
 sheriff and lieutenant of the city of Philadelphia, and as general of the Pennsyl- 
 vania militia. He died in the city of his adoption. Mar. 16, 1806. 
 
384 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 It was not my intention to give CoF Clarke an unlimited order 
 upon the Magasines at Fort Pitt, By referring to the latest 
 Returns from thence I found we could furnish the quantity of 
 the several Articles mentioned in my letter. If his wants should 
 be greater, and what he further requests can, in the opinion of 
 the Commandant, be spared, I wish he may be supplied, but not 
 otherwise. In short, it is my desire that every assistance, consis- 
 tent with the safety of the post may be given to that Expedition 
 if it should be prosecuted. 
 
 The keeping up the post of Fort ivrintosh must entirely 
 depend upon the utility of it, and the means you have of support- 
 ing it. Of this you, who are upon the spot, will be the best 
 able to judge. It would have been utterly out of our power to 
 have built and maintained a Fort at Cuskuskei for the Cooshock- 
 ing Indians even had they remained in Friendship with us, but 
 as you seem to think in your last we have lost their interest, 
 the matter falls of course. 
 
 I have never failed of transmitting your representations on 
 the score of provision to Congress. Immediately upon the 
 recipt of your last I wrote to them and informed them that the 
 post must be evacuated in case of an invasion, if supplies were 
 not immediately thrown in. When I was called upon last Fall 
 to fix upon the places of deposit for the specific supplies demanded 
 from each State, I directed Pennsylvania to form an ample Maga- 
 sine at Fort Pitt — Why it has not been done, the Executive of 
 that State can only answer ? 
 
 I am &c 
 CoL° Brodhead or Officer Commanding Fort Pitt. 
 
 [Enclosure in above.] 
 
 A General Court Martial whereof [blank in Ms.] is to be presi- 
 dent, is to sit at Fort Pitt at such time as the Commandant shall 
 direct for the trial of all such persons as shall be brought before 
 them. 
 
 Given under my hand and seal at Head Quarters at New 
 Windsor State of New York the 16*'' day April 178L 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 385 
 
 [Joseph Carleton to President of Congress. 15S24. Transcript.] 
 
 War Office, Ap' 16''' 1781. 
 Sir: 
 
 The Board have the honor to lay before Congress an estimate 
 of military stores wanted for an expedition into the Indian coun- 
 try, under the command Brig"" General Clark. — 
 
 I have the honor, &c. 
 
 Jos. Carleton, Sec^ 
 
 Estimate: For Eight Inch Howitzer: 202 eight inch shells; 
 220 eight inch fuzes filled — & other apparatus. 
 
 Also for six pounders; for three pounder; & for royal howitzer 
 
 Also 6000 musket flints; 6000 rifle flints— with many shot, 
 shells ^' 
 
 WESTMORELAND RAIDED 
 [Col. Archibald Lochry to Pres. Joseph Reed. 46J65. L. S.]i 
 
 Westmoreland County April 17'*' 1781 
 May it please your Excellency: 
 
 I have the honor (by the opportunity of Col" Proctor)^ to send 
 my accounts of Lieutenant of this County to the 20*'' Ul" I have 
 likewise transmitted the Accounts of CoF Hays and Col" Camp- 
 bell;' I have called on Colonels Cook & Perry^ for their Accounts 
 which they have omitted to render. 
 
 1 This letter is printed in Pa. Archives, IX, 79-80; we publish from the original 
 letter, signed by Lochry. 
 
 2 For Col. John Proctor see Rev. Upper Ohio, 200, note 37. 
 
 2 Col. Charles Campbell, who was captured by Indians in 1777, had been ex- 
 changed and was now serving as sub-lieutenant of Westmoreland County. See 
 sketch of his life in Frontier Defense, 70, note 34. 
 
 Christopher Hays of the Sewickly settlement was at this time a member of 
 the Supreme Executive Council of the state. He was also judge and sub-lieu- 
 tenant of the county. Hays remained in Westmoreland until 1787 when he was 
 induced by Col. George Morgan to embark on his Louisiana enterprise. On 
 Hubbell's Creek in the Ste. Genevieve District Hays obtained a large Spanish 
 concession on which he settled many families from Pennsylvania, and where 
 he himself spent the last years of his life. 
 
 * For a sketch of Col. Edward Cook see ibid., 110, note 75. 
 
 Col. James Perry settled at an early day at the mouth of Turtle Creek on 
 the Monongahela River. From there he was elected to the First Provincial 
 
 25 
 
386 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 I am doubtfull my Accounts are not in as good order as they 
 ought to be, but I am in hopes our unhappy and distressed situ- 
 ation will in some measure appologize for their Irregularity. 
 
 The Savages have begun their hostilities, — • since I came from 
 Philadelphia they have struck us in four different places, — have 
 taken and killed thirteen persons with a Number of horses and 
 other Effects of the Inhabitants; — two of the unhappy people 
 were killed one mile from Hannastown. 
 
 Our Country is worse depopulated than ever it has been:— I 
 have got a few Militia to support the Frontiers, but am doubtfull 
 I cannot keep them long on duty for want of Provisions; — our 
 situation at present seems very deplorable and if the Savages were 
 acquainted with our Weakness, they may very easily drive the 
 people over the Yohogania. 
 
 There is no amunition in the Country but what is public prop- 
 erty; — when the Hostilities commenced the people came to me 
 from all Quarters for amunition, and assured me that if I did 
 not supply them out of the public Magazine, they would not 
 attempt to stand. — Under these Circumstances I gave out a 
 large Quantity; and would be glad to have your Excellencies 
 Approbation, as I am certain this County would have been evac- 
 uated had I not have supplied them with that necessary Article. 
 
 I have built a Magazine for the State Stores (in the form of a 
 Block house) that will be defended with a very few men: — • I 
 have never kept men to guard it as yet, and will be happy to 
 have your Excellencys Orders to keep a Serjeants Guard at our 
 small Magazine; — the Consequence of moving to the interior 
 parts of the Country would discourage those people on the 
 Frontiers who have so long supported it. 
 
 I rest these Matters to your Excellencys Consideration and 
 Wisdom, and beg leave to subscribe myself Your Excellencys 
 Most obedient and very humble servant 
 
 A. LOCHRY 
 
 His Excellency Joseph Reed Esq"" President &c &c 
 [Addressed:] To His Excellency Joseph Reed Esq' President &c 
 &c &c of Pennsylvania On Public Service p' fav' Col" 
 Proctor. 
 
 Conference of Pennsylvania and its Constitutional Convention of July, 1776. 
 On Mar. 21, 1777 Perry was appointed sub-lieutenant of his county and served 
 as such to the close of the war. He then removed to Kentucky, where he was 
 still living June 19, 1802. Port Perry in Allegheny County, Pa., takes its name 
 from this officer. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 387 
 
 BRODHEAD ACCUSED 
 
 [Pres. Joseph Reed to Pres. Samuel Huntington. Washington Papers. Con- 
 temporary transcript.] 
 
 In Council Philadelphia April 18, 1781 
 Sir: 
 
 In answer to your excellency's favour of this morning enclosing 
 general Washington's letter respecting fort pitt, I beg leave to 
 inform you that proper measures were taken last fall to have 
 meat salted at fort pitt Cattle were purchased in the adjoining 
 counties of Virginia and salt sent up to that post, but some obstruc- 
 tion arose to the cattle going out of Virginia which was not got 
 over till this spring, when twenty eight head were sent, but in a 
 different condition than they should have been. Col Broadhead 
 made a representation to us about the same time and of the same 
 nature as that to the general upon which every step in our power 
 has been taken and we hope by this time M'' Duncan's exertions 
 and the money with which we supplied him have relieved not only 
 the wants but the apprehensions of the garrison. As to flour 
 and spirits there never has been any want. In this respect Col 
 Broadhead's representation is too unqualified I must also beg 
 leave to remark to your excellency that until the last requisition 
 of Congress, beef was not comprized in the articles required from 
 this state. Our whole exertion therefore was made on the other 
 articles and when we inform your excellency that in the course of 
 a few months six thousand and fifty four pounds fourteen shillings 
 and one penny state money, when the purchases could be made 
 with it nearly at a par with gold & silver, was sent to furnish the 
 supplies of the garrison, and one thousand pounds lately we 
 presume it will appear that this important post has not been 
 neglected. 
 
 Whether these supplies have been furnished or applied with due 
 oeconomy and care we cannot determine, but the council have 
 thought it proper to send the enclosed letter on this subject for 
 the information of Congress. The writer is an auditor of the 
 public accounts and deemed a man of character and intelligence.^ 
 We are sorry to add that the information of the inhabitants of 
 
 1 This refers to the charges of Alexander Fowler against Brodhead, for which 
 see ante, 356-70. 
 
388 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 that part of the country corresponds in some degree with several 
 particulars in the letter. 
 
 I am with much respect Your excellency's most obedient and 
 very humble Serv* 
 
 Jos: Reed President 
 His Excellency Samuel Huntington President of Congress. 
 
 [Summary of a letter of David Duncan, Pittsburgh, April 24, 1781, to Pres. 
 Joseph Reed. Printed in Pa. Archives, IX, 97-98.] 
 
 Has reached home after a long, hard ride, during which he 
 bought thirty beeves; difficult to pass the state money. Petition 
 being sent against himself and Colonel Brodhead wherein they 
 are charged with speculating with public money. He denies the 
 charge; it arises from his lack of money to pay public debts. His 
 character at stake; has resigned all his estate for two years for 
 support of public; every man has his enemies. Requests the 
 appointment of another commissary in his place. "Colo. Brod- 
 head is out on a Campaign against the Delaware Indians. I am 
 not Certain of the Number of Men he has with him, some say 
 when started from Wheeling he had about four Hundred, but no 
 Certainty. We have heard nothing of him since, but expect 
 him here in the Course of six or eight days." 
 
 BRITISH THREATEN FORT PITT 
 
 [Gen. George Washington to Col. Daniel Brodhead. Washington Papers. 
 Draft.] 
 
 Head Quarters New Windsor 25^'^ April 1781. 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 The information contained in yours of the 27*'' ult° corresponds 
 with intelligence I rece'd a few days ago, by a good channel, from 
 New York. It is that Col° Conolly (who you must very well 
 know) is to collect as many refugees as he can at New York and 
 proceed with them as soon as the season will permit to Quebec — 
 that upon his arrival in Canada he is to join Sir John Johnson 
 and that they are to proceed by the Route of Venango against 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 389 
 
 Fort Pitt and the Western Frontier. It is added that ConoUy is 
 to carry with him blank Commissions for persons already in the 
 Country and that he expects to be joined by several hundred dis- 
 aiTected in the Neighbourhood of Fort Pitt.^ Upon this infor- 
 mation and what you may have discovered, I think you should 
 without loss of time secure or remove every suspected character 
 from about you and to such a distance that they can not readily 
 join the Enemy should they come down. I have communicated 
 this intelligence to Congress as an additional motive to their 
 taking measures to have a competent supply of provision thrown 
 into the Garrison. 
 
 If Cap* Brady is materially useful to you, you may detain him 
 for the Campaign, giving the Commanding Officer of his Reg* 
 notice of the cause of detention. 
 
 I am &c 
 CoL° Brodhead or Officer Commanding Fort Pitt 
 
 [Gen. George Washington to President of Congress. Washington Papers. 
 Draft.] 
 
 Head Quarters New Windsor 25^ April 1781. 
 Sir: 
 
 Since my letter of the 14*'' to your Excellency on the subject of 
 an immediate supply of provision for Fort Pitt, I have received 
 the following intelligence, thro' a good Channel, which makes the 
 measures I then recommended more indispensably necessary — 
 "Colonel Conolly with his Corps to proceed to Quebec as soon as 
 possible, to be joined in Canada by Sir John Johnston with a 
 number of Tories and Indians said to amount to three thousand. 
 
 ^ For a sketch of Col. John Connolly see Dunmore's War, 42, note 77; see also 
 Rev. Upper Ohio, passim. For Connolly's own account see his pamphlet A 
 Narrative of the Transactions, Imprisonment and Sufferings of John Connolly an 
 American Loyalist and a Lieut. Col. in His Majesty's Service (London, 1783). 
 This is republished in Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, XII 
 and XIII, and also in a pamphlet printed in New York in 1889. In it Connolly 
 gives an outline of the plan Washington here mentions, but says that in October, 
 1780, when first proposed, it was too late in the year to carr>^ it into effect. In 
 April, 1781 Connolly was ill, and soon thereafter was ordered to Virginia. See 
 a recent study of Connolly's career by C. M. Burton in American Antiquarian 
 Society, Proceedings, October, 1909. Therein it is stated that he died at Mont- 
 real Jan. 30, 1813. 
 
390 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 (The number must be exagerated).^ His Route is to be by Buck 
 Island,^ Lake Ontario and Venango and his object is Fort Pitt 
 and all the adjacent posts. Conolly takes with him a number of 
 Commissions for persons now residing at Pittsburg and several 
 hundred men at that place have agreed to join to make prisoners 
 of Cor Brodhead and all friends to America. His (Conolly's) 
 great influence in that Country will, it is said, enable him to pre- 
 vail upon the Indians and inhabitants to assist the British in 
 any measure" The latter part of this intelligence agrees exactly 
 with a discovery which Col" Brodhead has lately made of a cor- 
 respondence between persons at Fort Pitt and the Commandant 
 of Detroit. Some of whom have been seized by him. I have 
 immediately transmitted the above to Col" Brodhead and have 
 directed him to secure or remove every suspected person in the 
 Vicinity of his post. The security of the Frontier of the State of 
 Pennsylvania so immediately depends upon the support of Fort 
 Pitt, that I think the Executive cannot fail, upon a representation 
 being made to them, of taking measure to afford the proper 
 succours, while the thing is practicable. Upon the first appear- 
 ance of an enemy, the communication between that post and the 
 settlements below will be intirely interrupted. 
 
 I have the honor to be &c 
 President of Congress. 
 
 ABTILLERY FOR CLARK 
 
 [Gen. George Washington to Capt. Isaac Craig. Washington Papers. Draft.] 
 
 Head Quarters New^ Windsor 25 April 1781 
 Sir: 
 
 1 have rec'^ your fav"' of the IS'*". The present State of CoF 
 Procters Reg* does not admit of your Company's being made up 
 to its full complement, but I have, by this conveyance desired 
 Gen' S* Clair to let you have as many Men as will put you on a 
 level with the others. This is all that can now be done. I have 
 already desired the Board of War to send six Artificers to Fort Pitt, 
 
 ^ The sentence enclosed in parentheses is in a different hand from that of the 
 rest of the letter. 
 
 2 Buck Island was later known as Carleton, for which see ante, 54, note 4. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 391 
 
 you may wait upon them with this letter and ask tJiree on four 
 more, if they can be spared.^ 
 
 I would wisli the enclosed for General Clarke and CoF Brod- 
 head to reach them as speedily as possible; you will be pleased to 
 take charge of them yourself, if you do not meet with a good 
 opportunity previous to the time you intend setting out. 
 
 I am &c 
 Cap" Craig 4''' Reg* Artillery care of Board of War Phila^ 
 
 RAID IN SOUTHWEST VIRGINIA 
 
 [Col. Arthur Campbell to Gov. Thomas Jefferson. 10S190-92. Transcript.] 
 
 Washington, April 25^ 1781. 
 Sir: 
 
 I enclose for your Excellency's information a letter just received 
 from Col. Martm^ and another from Major [Aaron] Lewis, whom 
 I had instructed to drive off the Indians from their haunts near 
 Cumberland Gap. I have no hopes now that the Cherokees will 
 sue for peace, ^ whilst Augusta, Georgia, is in the enemy's hands, 
 and they can receive supplies from thence — several hundred 
 of the Indian women and children being now subsisted in that 
 State by the British. 
 
 Col. Elijah Clarke^ has by meeting with Major Dunlop and his 
 corps of partisans on this side the Savannah river,^ failed giving 
 the blow that was intended. 
 
 1 For Washington's communication, April 20, 1781, to the Board of War, and 
 the list of artillery stores needed see ///. Hist. Colls., VIII, 535-37. See also 
 Craig's letter to Gen. George Rogers Clark, ibid., 547. 
 
 2 For a sketch of Col. Joseph Martin see Dunmore's War, 235, note 64. 
 
 ' Col. Arthur Campbell had returned about three months before the date of 
 this letter from a campaign against the Overhill Cherokee, wherein he had 
 inflicted much damage upon that tribe. See description in Theodore Roosevelt, 
 Winning of the West (New York, 1889), II, 298-305. Campbell's official report 
 is in Draper's Mss., 9DD24. 
 
 ^ Elijah Clarke was born about the year 1742 in Virginia; he removed to 
 North Carolina, and in 1774 to Georgia. Clarke was captain of militia in 1776; 
 he later became colonel, and in 1782 brigadier-general. He was much employed 
 against the Loyalists and the hostile Creek Indians. In 1794 Clarke embarked 
 in Genet's abortive plan for the capture of Florida. Afterwards he lived in 
 retirement until his death Dec. 15, 1799 at his home in Wilkes County, Ga. 
 
 * James Dunlap was a Loyalist, who on Nov. 27, 1776 was commissioned 
 captain in the Queen's Rangers. During the first years of the war he was in 
 
392 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 The Northward Indians have visited us three different times 
 this season, with small parties, in all killing one person, capturing 
 two, and wounding two or three. These different parties came 
 up Sandy river, and the last time penetrated into the settlement 
 on Holstein, making prisoner a son of Capt. Bledsoe's.^ 
 
 These troubles at home, and the apparent continuance of them, 
 induced a number of the officers of this county to apply to me, 
 to request that the Executive would countermand the order of the 
 29*^ of March last for sending two hundred militia out of the 
 county to join the Southern army; or, at least, that the number 
 might be lessened. The men in general at present are unable to 
 fit themselves for so distant a trip, having received no pay for 
 their different exertions last year. The Executive, I trust, will 
 direct some regular mode for supplying with stores the company 
 that ranges in Powell's Valley. 
 
 As to Lieut. Col. Martin's proposition, I am satisfied of the 
 good effects it would have, could it be put into execution; but I 
 suppose that the pressing calls from other quarters will prevent 
 it, a force of at least two hundred men being necessary, as a 
 defeat in the enemy's country might be the cause of our being 
 overwhelmed suddenly. 
 
 I am, with respect, Your Excellency's most obedient serv*, 
 
 Arthur Campbell. 
 To Gov. Jefferson. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA TROOPS PAID 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Pres. Joseph Reed, May 2, 1781, to Alexander Fowler 
 and William Amberson. Printed in Pa. Archives, IX, 114-15.] 
 
 Encloses their appointments as auditors to settle accounts of 
 Eighth Pennsylvania Regiment; gratuities for men enlisted for 
 war, bounties for new recruits. Certificates and acts of assembly 
 
 the North, participating in the battles of Brandywine and Monmouth. In 
 1780 Dunlap carried on partisan warfare in South Carolina, and on Mar. 24, 
 1781, while on a foraging expedition, his troop was attacked near Little River, 
 twenty-two miles from Ninety-six, and totally defeated by Clarke's Whig forces 
 from Georgia. The engagement is known as that of Beattie's Mills. Dunlap 
 surrendered to a Whig officer who in the heat of passion slew the defeated com- 
 mander. 
 
 1 For a sketch of Col. Anthony Bledsoe see Dunmore's War, 106, note 53. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 393 
 
 relative to these matters sent by Hoij. Christopher Hays. Captain 
 Craig has secured funds to pay the Artillery, attention to that 
 branch not to alarm other troops, who are equally deserving. 
 
 PROTECTION FOR WESTMORELAND 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Pres. Joseph Reed, Philadelphia, May 2, 1781, to 
 Col. Archibald Lochry. Printed in ibid., 115-16.] 
 
 Acknowledges receipt of Lochry 's letter of April 17; regrets 
 mournful accounts, other counties having like afflictions. Can 
 devise no new means of protection. Recommends that Cap- 
 tain Stokeley's company be raised. Cumberland militia ordered 
 to Westmoreland six weeks ago. Ammunition very scarce, not 
 1,000 pounds of lead in this city. Magazine for powder at 
 Lochry's not approved; more exposed to danger from the enemy 
 than if kept at sundry places. Money sent by Christopher Hays 
 for emergencies and for pay of Stokeley's company. Boundary 
 line to be run this spring. 
 
 BRODHEAD ACCUSED 
 
 [Gen. George Washington to Alexander Fowler. Washington Papers. Draft.] 
 
 Head Quarters New Windsor 5^^ May 1781. 
 Sir: 
 
 His Excellency the president of Congress has lately transmitted 
 to me the Copy of a letter from you to the president of Penn- 
 sylvania, in which, are a number of charges against Colonel 
 Brodhead and the Deputy Q' Master General at Fort Pitt for 
 mal conduct, and insinuations against others not named. Con- 
 gress have thereupon directed me to take measures to have the 
 matter investigated, and the delinquents brought to justice. You 
 must be sensible that it is as difficult to support as to defend a 
 general charge, and as yours are chiefly of the latter nature, I am 
 under the necessity of calling upon you to specify those against 
 the D^ Q'' Master General or any other persons in the Staff dipart- 
 
394 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 ment, and deliver them to the commanding officer who has my 
 orders to bring them to treat by Court Martial. 
 
 There is a necessity of proceeding in another Manner against 
 CoF Brodhead. It being impossible to hold a Court at Fort Pitt 
 proper for the trial of an officer of his Rank, it must be done at the 
 Army, and the proofs and defence must be supported principally 
 by depositions taken upon the spot, in presence of the parties, as 
 all the Witnesses cannot be brought down without infinite expence 
 and much inconvenience. The Judge Advocate General sends a 
 deputation to the person usually officiating as Judge Advocate 
 at the post authorising him to take these depositions. You will 
 therefore specify your Charges against CoP Brodhead, deliver 
 him a Copy of them and be ready when called upon to make the 
 requisite depositions. When the whole are finished. The Judge 
 Advocate at the post will transmit them to the Judge Advocate 
 General and Cof Brodhead will be ordered to attend for trial. 
 If you yourself or any other Witnesses can make it convenient to 
 attend it will be well, for depositions should not be made use of 
 but upon necessity. 
 
 I am &c 
 Alexander Fowler Esq: Auditor Western Department Fort Pitt. 
 
 [Gen. George Washington to Commandant at Fort Pitt. Washington Papers. 
 Draft.] 
 
 Head Quarters New Windsor b^^ May 178L 
 Sir: 
 
 M'' Fowler will put into your hands sundry Charges against 
 M'' Duncan D^ Q'' M. General at Fort Pitt, on which you will 
 have him arrested and brought to trial. The proceedings you 
 will transmit to me. Should M'' Fowler bring Charges against 
 any other person who may, from their Ranks or Stations, be 
 properly tried by the Court which shall be convened, you will 
 likewise arrest and bring them to trial. Inclosed you have a power 
 for holding a Court. 
 
 M' Fowler has charges also against Col" Brodhead, who, on 
 account of his Rank, cannot be tried at Fort Pitt. You will 
 therefore, after filling up the Blank for the name, deliver the in- 
 closed deputation to the Gentleman who usually officiates as 
 Judge Advocate, and he will take the depositions of the parties on 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 395 
 
 the spot, which will enable a Court Martial with the Army to 
 determine the matter. 
 
 I am Sir V most ob* Serv* 
 CoL° Brodhead or Officer commanding Fort Pitt. 
 
 [Gen. George Washington to Col. Daniel Brodhead. Washington Papers. 
 Draft.] 
 
 Head Quarters New Windsor 5'^ May 1781. 
 D'' Sir: 
 
 M"" Fowler having in a late letter to the president of Pennsyl- 
 vania made several charges against you for mal conduct in your 
 command. The president of the state communicated it to Con- 
 gress, who have been pleased, thereupon, to direct me to investi- 
 gate the matter and bring you to treat upon the matters alledged 
 against you. M"" Fowlers charges having been rather general, I 
 have desired him to specify them, and to furnish you with a 
 Copy of them. You must be sensible that no Court can be con- 
 stituted at Fort Pitt for the trial of an Officer of your Rank. 
 It must therefore be held at the Army; but as it will be impossible 
 to bring down all the necessary Witnesses, the Judge Advocate 
 General sends by this Conveyance a deputation to the Gentle- 
 man usually officiating in that capacity at the post, autherising 
 him to take depositions in the presence of the parties. These, by 
 a Resolve of Congress, are made admissible evidence in Court. 
 When the necessary depositions are finished, you will repair to 
 the Army and take your trial. 
 
 You will see the propriety of giving up the command to the 
 Officer next in Rank while this business is transacting. It will 
 take ofT every objection that can be made against the validity 
 of the depositions, as having been taken under your influence as 
 Commandant.^ 
 
 I am &c 
 CoL° Brodhead. 
 
 ^ On May 6, 1781 Brodhead turned over to Gibson the command of the West- 
 ern Department, and the next day left for Philadelphia. Draper Mss., INN71. 
 Gibson had been ordered to reenforce Clark, but his orders from Brodhead 
 conflicted with this plan. See Gibson's letters in ///. Hist. Colls., VIII, 547, 
 559. 
 
396 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 [Inhabitants of Pittsburgh to President of Congress. Washington Papers. 
 A. L. S. of Fowler.] 
 
 Pittsburgh 9*'' May 178L 
 Sir: 
 
 Aware that Colonel Brodhead may attempt to injure our repu- 
 tations, for thus doing our duty to ourselves and our Country, 
 by detecting Publick Abuses, and Praying for a redress of Greiv- 
 ances by the removal of a Man from this Command, whom we 
 cannot but consider as a Publick Nusance. We beg leave to 
 declare to your Excellency, that our motives are pure and Dis- 
 interested, and that we have no View but one in this Remonstrance 
 — The prosperity of this Country, and the Happiness of the 
 Community. Therefore should Colonel Brodhead attempt to 
 reflect on us for what we have done, or to throw any specious, or 
 flimsey veil, over his Conduct, and Connections here, as repre- 
 sented in our remonstrance; we hope and wish an opportunity 
 will be afforded us to confront him with such Evidence as will 
 fully prove to your Excellency, to Congress, and to the World, 
 that the Allegations we have set forth against him, are founded 
 on the most stubborn Facts. 
 
 We have the honor to be with the greatest veneration and 
 respect, Sir, Your Most Obed. Humble Servants 
 
 A. Fowler 
 Tho. Smallman 
 Edw. Ward 
 Robert Campbell 
 Devereux Smith 
 John Irwin 
 To His Excellency the Pret of Congress &" &" &" 
 
 The Original Depositions and other proofs which Accompanies 
 the Remonstrance to the President & Council of the State of 
 Penn* we make no doubt will come before your Excellency & 
 Congress. In the mean time we beg leave to trouble your Ex- 
 cellency with a Copy of one of them respecting the Conduct of 
 our Assistant Quarter Master. 
 
 A. Fowler 
 Edw. Ward 
 Robert Campbell 
 Devereux Smith 
 John IrWin 
 Tho: Smallman 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 397 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA TROOPS FOR CLARK 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Archibald Lochry, Twelve Mile Run, May 11, 
 1781, to Gen. George Rogers Clark. 51J48. Printed in ///. Hist. Colls., VIII, 
 549.] 
 
 Would gladly aid Clark in the intended expedition; entering 
 the enemy's country is most effective means of retaliation. 
 Frontier of Westmoreland is badly harassed; is raising companies 
 of rangers. Thinks an order might be obtained from executive 
 of the state for these troops. Volunteers will doubtless join. 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Pres. Joseph Reed, In Council, Philadelphia, May 15, 
 1781, to Gen. George Rogers Clark. 51J49. Printed in ibid., 550.] 
 
 Has received Clark's letter of March 23; considers a Detroit 
 expedition under Clark's care as important to Pennsylvania as 
 to Virginia; has much confidence in Clark's ability and good con- 
 duct. Will be much gratified if inhabitants volunteer; authorizes 
 the statement that Pennsylvania officials consider the service 
 highly meritorious; but are not in condition to grant financial 
 aid. Will correspond with Brodhead and Jefferson on the 
 subject. 
 
 DISCHARGE FOR A VOLUNTEER 
 
 [Certificate for John McCoUoch.i 4NN96. A. D. S.] 
 
 This is to Certify that John M'CuUough served as a Soldier in 
 my Company on the Expedition with Colonel Broadhead Nine- 
 
 1 John McCoUoch Jr. was born in 1752 on the south branch of the Potomac 
 in what is now Hardy County, W. Va. When twenty years of age he removed 
 with his father's family to the waters of Short Creek, Ohio County, Va. There the 
 McCoUochs became famous hunters and during the Revolution and the Indian 
 wars served as scouts and spies. John was out under Brodhead in 1781, and 
 under WiUiamson in 1782. In July of the latter year he and his elder brother, 
 Samuel, were scouting when they fell into an Indian ambush; the latter was 
 killed, and John made a hairbreadth escape from capture at the hands of the 
 enemy. In 1792 John McCoUoch was captain, and three years later major. 
 
398 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 teen Days furnish'^ his Own horse & Provision. Given under 
 my hand This 14 Day May 1781 
 
 Joseph Ogle Cap' 
 
 CLARK AT FORT PITT 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Gen. George Rogers Clark, Fort Pitt, May 20, 1781, 
 to Gen. George Washington. 16S38. Printed in ///. Hist. Colls., VIII, 551-53.] 
 
 Lack of men for his expedition due to British invasion of Vir- 
 ginia, Baron Steuben gave orders that Clark's forces were to be 
 enlarged by Col. John Gibson's regiment and Captain Heath's 
 company. Colonel Brodhead thought he was not at liberty 
 to order them on campaign. Appeals to Washiijgton for per- 
 mission to have them accompany him. Two hundred additional 
 men might ensure success. Forts may be garrisoned with militia 
 as no attacks will be made during his advance. Hopes to make 
 peace at Detroit. Troops will be ready to march at an hour's 
 notice. 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Gen. George Rogers Clark, Pittsburgh, May 21, 
 1781, to Gen. George Washington. Printed in ibid., 553-54.] 
 
 Has just received Washington's letter of April 25, not alarmed 
 at the intelligence, has heard similar rumors by way of the 
 Illinois. Thinks the plan is not to advance by the Allegheny, 
 but by a western route as a thousand Wabash Indians have again 
 declared for Americans. Is well acquainted with Colonel Con- 
 nelly and would be glad to meet him if he has no regulars with 
 him. Has written to Pennsylvania for consent to enlist men from 
 their frontier. Apprehends no danger by way of Venango. 
 
 of the county militia. In 1793 he commanded an important reconnoissance 
 into the trans-Ohio region. After the war McColloch and his wife, nee Mary 
 Bukey, lived on the paternal estate at Short Creek until the former's death, 
 April 6, 1821. See interview with one of his sons in Draper Mss., 2S273-75. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 399 
 
 EXPEDITION AGAINST DELAWARES 
 
 [Summary of letter of Col. Daniel Brodhead, Philadelphia, May 22, 1781, tO 
 Pres. Joseph Reed. Printed in Pa. Archives, IX, 161-62.] 
 
 Has pleasure to report the expedition carried on against the 
 revolted Delawares. With about 300 men, nearly half being vol- 
 unteers he surprised the towns of Coschocton and Indaochaie/ 
 killed fifteen warriors and took upwards of twenty odd men, 
 women, and children prisoners. About four miles above the 
 former tov/n he detached a party against forty drunken warriors 
 who had just crossed the river with prisoners and scalps; river 
 so swollen by rains that crossing was impracticable. Destroyed 
 the towns, took great quantities of peltry and other stores, and 
 killed forty head of cattle. Then marched seven miles up river 
 in order to send to Moravian towns for craft to cross and pursue 
 the enemy's party. Volunteers refused to go farther; determined 
 to return. Then marched to Newcomers town whither about 
 thirty Indians faithful to alliance had withdrawn. Killbuck and 
 La Luzerne pursued the party. Killed one of the greatest villains 
 and brought in his scalp. Were treated with great kindness 
 by these and by the Moravian Indians; provisions supplied. 
 Plunder sold at Fort Henry for £80,000. Montour, Wilson, and 
 three other faithful Indians accompanied expedition. Although 
 considerable firing occurred, no man was killed or injured, and 
 only one horse was lost. 
 
 CONDITIONS AT FORT PITT 
 
 [Extract of a letter from Col. John Gibson to Gov. Thomas Jefferson. 11S21. 
 Transcript. ]2 
 
 Fort Pitt, May 30*^^ 178L 
 General Clark will write your Excellency by this opportunity, 
 & I make no doubt give you every information relative to the 
 intended expedition. I am much afraid he will not be able to 
 
 ^ Indaochaie was the Indian name for the abandoned Moravian village of 
 Lichtenau. See ante, "511. 
 
 2 This letter is also printed in Sparks, Corr. of Am. Rev., Ill, 323-25, where it is 
 wrongly dated May 26, 1781. 
 
400 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 get many of the militia from this quarter, as I have just heard 
 that three hundred men from the counties of Monongehala & 
 Ohio, have crossed the river at Wheeling & are gone to cut off 
 the Moravian Indian towns; if so, they will hardly turn out on 
 their return. Indeed, it appears to me, they have done this in 
 order to evade going with Gen' Clark. The Moravians have al- 
 ways given us the most convincing proofs of their attachment to 
 the cause of America, by always giving us intelligence of every 
 party that came against the frontiers; & on the late expedition 
 they furnished CoF Brodhead & his party with a large quantity 
 of provisions when they were starving. 
 
 Speaks of his reg* not having rec'* a shilling for services for the 
 twenty months past; speaks of going, as ordered, from Richmond 
 to Philadelphia, for powder for Gen' Clark, & the expenses get- 
 ting it from Carlisle to Fort Pitt. 
 
 John Gibson 
 
 [Col. Daniel Brodhead to Samuel Huntington. 14S120-21. Transcript.] 
 
 Philad* May 30*\ 1781 
 The troops at Fort Pitt & the dependant posts have suffered 
 uncommon hardships from a great scarcity of provisions & cloth- 
 ing, which misfortune they have hitherto borne with uncommon 
 fortitude. But it cannot be expected, that under such sufferings 
 a proper subordination can much longer be preserved. 
 
 The British force which, it is said, is to attack Fort Pitt, will 
 proceed from Niagara down the Alleghany river; consequently 
 Gen' Clark's expedition to the westward will by no means cover 
 the principal settlements west of the Mountains; & the same force 
 with which we are threatened from Niagara may pursue him down 
 the Ohio River unless a sufTicient force can be raised to prevent 
 their success in the attempt. * * * The parties which I 
 have hitherto employed against the Indians are destitute of paint, 
 & cloth for leggings & breech clouts, & cannot act to advantage 
 until they are furnished with those articles The non-commis- 
 sioned officers & soldiers of the 8>^^ P^ Reg*, & the Maryland Inde- 
 pendent corps, are entirely destitute of shirts & other clothing, & 
 the shoes of all the troops are worn out. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 401 
 
 BRODHEAD ACCUSED 
 
 [Pres. Samuel Huntington to Gen. George Washington. Washington Papers. 
 
 L. S.] 
 
 Philadelphia June 2, 1781 
 Sir: 
 
 By the enclosed Order of Congress of the 29"" Ulto, I am directed 
 to lay before your Excellency the Letter of the 9"' Ulto signed A. 
 Fowler &c with the other Papers referred to, which are herewith 
 enclosed 
 
 Col. Broadhead is now in this City. The Complaints of the 
 Inhabitants in the Vicinity of Pittsburgh respecting his Conduct 
 are very great, and his with Respect to them are not small. It 
 seems necessary that due Enquiry be speedily made respecting 
 those Matters and in such Manner as that Justice may be done. 
 
 I have the Honor to be, with very great Regard Your Excel- 
 lency's Most obedient & most humble Servant 
 
 Sam. Huntington President 
 His Excellency General Washington 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA EXPEDITION PROPOSED 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Gen. George Rogers Clark, Crossings, June 3, 1781, 
 to Westmoreland County officers. Printed in Pa. Archives, IX, 189.] 
 
 Hearing that the ofTicers of Westmoreland are determined to 
 distress the savages during the summer Clark presents the fol- 
 lowing plan: His objective point is the Shawnee, Delaware, and 
 Sandusky towns. ^ The Delawares formerly on Muskingum have 
 removed west of the Scioto; those of the Allegheny to Sandusky. 
 Proposes that an expedition of drafted men from Westmoreland 
 attack the Sandusky towns and then form a junction with Clark's 
 army. If supplies cannot be obtained for such a long expedition, 
 it would be advisable to join Clark's army. If peace does not 
 take place this fall, it will be due to the inhabitants. 
 
 * Clark did not publicly announce that Detroit was the object of his expedi- 
 tion lest volunteers should be discouraged thereby. 
 
 26 
 
402 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 CONDITIONS IN SOUTHWEST VIRGINIA 
 
 [Col. Arthur Campbell to Gov. Thomas Jefferson. 10S192-94. Transcript.] 
 
 Washington, June 4*'' 178L 
 Sir: 
 
 This day your orders of the 28*^ of May came to hand, and I 
 am sorry our situation at present is such that I have but a small 
 prospect of forwarding the aid required. The murmuring and 
 distresses occasioned by the misconduct of Commissaries, and the 
 want of pay for militia services performed last year, together with 
 the dread a man commonly has to leave his family exposed to 
 the danger of being destroyed by the Indians before his return, 
 are objections not easily answered. If the militia were paid off, 
 I believe I should succeed well in complying with your Excellency's 
 orders of the 12*^ of April last; and to this I have hopes to add one 
 troop of horse. 
 
 Our frontier is now threatened with an invasion from the Creek 
 Indians, Cherokees, Tories, &c. By a letter from CoP Sevier 
 to Cor Isaac Shelby, of which he favored me with the perusal, 
 a certain Crawford just made his escape from the Cherokees, 
 says that the British Agent, some Tories, and a large body of 
 Indians were preparing to come in, in order to give a blow to 
 confound the project of a treaty. The account is so far believed 
 in Carolina, that part of their militia are embodied. To me, it 
 is doubtful, on account of the want of provisions, and information 
 I have from Georgia, that Govenor Galvez has succeeded against 
 Pensacola, treated with the Creek Indians in behalf of America 
 as well as the Spaniards, and that General Pickens at Ninety 
 Six, and Colonel Clarke at Augusta, were in a fair way to reduce 
 those posts. General Greene's Head Quarters at Orangeburg, 
 Sumter at Monk's Corner, and Marion carrying off a picquet 
 from the Quarter House. 
 
 I am, Sir, your most obedient humble servant, 
 
 Arthur Campbell. 
 
 P. S. — We are in want of amunition; none of that ordered 
 last fall are come to hand, neither has Col. Preston received it. 
 To His Excellency, the Governor. 
 
k 
 
SOITIIWEST VIRGINIA 
 
 ,„ ,„^. ,„,„e. ^,ssr.5C:l•.0,-P^ob.b.v .he Work of U.,„o, S,„U 
 Copied from ii ■"•M" "' 
 
i 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 403 
 
 THE BOUNDARY DISPUTE 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. James Marshel/ Washington County, June 5, 
 1781, to Pres. Joseph Reed. Printed in Pa. Archives, IX, 193-94.] 
 
 Opposition to organization of Washington County^ militia 
 created by Pentecost^ and the Virginia faction, who are resolved 
 to remain under Virginia jurisdiction until the line is actually 
 run. Pentecost is assumed on old commission as county lieu- 
 tenant of Yohogania County. John Canon and Daniel Leet,^ 
 the sub-lieutenants, refuse to do anything. Indians have done 
 no damage in this county so far because of Brodhead's recent, 
 and Clark's prospective, campaign. Requests some ammunition. 
 
 WESTMORELAND RAIDED 
 
 [Recollections of James Chambers.^ 3S100-101.] 
 
 A party of nine Indians under Capt. John Harris, captured 
 Joseph M'^Nulty on Youghyoughogany on the 6**^ of June, '81, 
 
 1 For a sketch of Col. James Marshel see Wis. Hist. Colls., XXIII, 258, 
 note 1. 
 
 2 On Mar. 28, 1781 the legislature of Pennsylvania erected a new county 
 from the territory formerly in dispute between their state and Virginia. The 
 projected county comprised all south of the Ohio and west of the Monongahela 
 and was named for the commander in chief of the American army. On April 2, 
 1781 James Marshel was appointed county-lieutenant with John Canon and 
 Daniel Leet as sub-lieutenants. 
 
 ' For Dorsey Pentecost see Dunmore's War, 101, note 47. 
 
 ^ Daniel, son of Isaac Leet, was born Nov. 6, 1748, on the New Jersey side of 
 the Delaware about thirty miles above Philadelphia. Having been educated for 
 a surveyor Daniel Leet secured a commission from Virginia as deputy under 
 Col. "William Crawford to survey lands on the Kanawha River for Washington, 
 and was thus occupied when the Revolution began. Leet enlisted in the Thir- 
 teenth Virginia and was appointed quartermaster and paymaster of the regi- 
 ment, and in 1778 served as adjutant under General Mcintosh. In 1782 he 
 was brigade-major of Crawford's unfortunate expedition, and after his return 
 settled on Chartier's Creek, three miles above the tract which his father had 
 purchased in 1779, Afterwards the younger Leet was a justice of the peace 
 and a member of the Pennsylvania legislature. He died June 18, 1830 at the 
 home of a daughter. See interview with his brother, Jonathan, in Draper 
 Mss., 2S4. 
 
 6 For James Chambers see Frontier Defense, 41 note 82. 
 
404 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 & plundered his house: Five of the party took M'^Nulty & started 
 with the prisoner for their towns; while Capt Harris & 3 others 
 remained, & next day captured my informant, James Chambers, 
 on Sewickley in Westmoreland, in the path near Capt. Tho^ 
 Stokeley's^ — wh. the Indians had waylaid. This party stole 8 
 horses & started off; & when trying to force the horses over from 
 the eastern to the western bank of the Allegheny, two or 3 miles 
 below Puckety creek,i Ensign Morrison- with 20 men, passing 
 down the opposite bank from Franklin to Pittsburgh, dis- 
 covered the Indians & horses. The horses w^ swim in a little 
 distance & return back. The Indians hastily fled, one giving 
 one of the horses a tomahawk cut in the rump, from wh. he re- 
 covered: They took their prisoner with them, & the young Indian 
 who had been wounded on Brodhead's campaign in '79 abused 
 Chambers,^ struck him &c; & Chambers appealed to Capt. Harris, 
 who lived much with John Harris of Harris' Ferry, now Harris- 
 burgh,^ & could talk good English — a tall Indian 6 feet 2 or 3 
 inches — was kind to Chambers; he s*^ the young Indian's sour- 
 ness arose from the death of his brother & himself being wounded 
 on Brodhead's campaign. 
 
 When ensign Morrison appeared, & the Indians decamped, they 
 left behind them a bell, tea-kettle, tea-pot, pair of shears, saddle, 
 bed quilt, &c., taken at M'Nulty's house, near Pendergrass' 
 
 ^ Pucketty Creek forms part of the boundary between Allegheny and West- 
 moreland counties. 
 
 ^ Dr. Draper thought that the officer here mentioned was probably the one 
 who later became Col. James Morrison of Lexington, Ky. The latter was, 
 however, of the Pennsylvania line, while this Lieutenant Morrison belonged 
 to a Virginia regiment. He had been sent to the heads of the Allegheny to 
 look for signs of Connolly's descent toward Fort Pitt. Morrison found no sign 
 of a warlike invasion. For his report see post, 406. 
 
 3 Gen. Robert Orr told Dr. Draper that his father married for his third wife 
 a sister of James Chambers, and "from her he learned, that when Chambers 
 was taken prisoner by the Indians, they compelled him to sit down upon a 
 hornet's nest — & when they pinioned & fastened him for the night, they had 
 the point of a knife so fastened & placed just behind him, that if he moved his 
 head back in the least, it would come in contact with the point of the knife- 
 blade." Draper Mss., 6NN150-5L 
 
 ^ Captain Harris the elder was a Delaware Indian of the Turtle tribe who 
 lived before 1728 near Nazareth, Pa. He was the father of the celebrated chief, 
 Teedyuscung, and had another son who inherited his name of Captain Harris. 
 Probably this son or a grandson was the captor of Chambers. 
 
 John Harris Jr., who in 1785 laid out the town of Harrisburgh, was born there 
 in 1726. He was the son of the elder John Harris, an early Indian trader. The 
 father emigrated from Yorkshire and died at his ferry in 1748. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 405 
 
 Station, at wh. station his family was when he was taken. Mor- 
 rison took the horses & plunder to Pittsburgh for their owners; 
 Capt. Brady was immediately despatched up Beaver to try & 
 head the party & were in great haste, & one of the Indians fol- 
 lowed to straighten up the grass, &c to prevent being trailed & 
 finally got off. At Sandusky the two fragments of Capt. Harris' 
 party met. There Chambers had to run the gauntlet. 
 
 BRODHEAD ACCUSED 
 
 [Gen. George Washington to Pres. Samuel Huntington. Washington Papers. 
 Draft.] 
 
 Head Quarters New Windsor T**" June 1781. 
 Sir: 
 
 I have been honored with your Excellency's favors of the 
 2** and 3'^ Instants. I had, upon the former complaints exhibited 
 against CoF Brodhead and M^ Duncan the D^ Q' M^ Gen' at 
 Fort Pitt, directed the proper measures to be taken for calling 
 them to an account, and as the Complainants in the present in- 
 stance are principally the same as in the first they will have an 
 opportunity of bringing and supporting their charges before the 
 Courts which have been already ordered. 
 
 I have written to the Governors of Pennsylvania Maryland 
 and Delaware and have desired them to send the Militia required 
 by the Resolution of the ST' May to Virginia or Maryland as cir- 
 cumstances may require. I must trouble your Excellency to 
 forward the inclosed to the Executives of those States. 
 
 Your Excellency's Circular Letter of the T* instant cannot, 
 I think, but have a happy effect, unless the States ar3 determined, 
 for want of proper energy at the moment when they ought most 
 to exert themselves, to lose those advantages which they have 
 it in their power to secure at the proposed Negociation. A Little 
 success on our part will overballance any exorbitant terms or 
 claims which the partizans of Great Britain may attempt to im- 
 pose or demand. 
 
 The intelligence from the West Indies which your Excellency 
 has been pleased to communicate is both interesting and agree- 
 able. Could our generous Allies but once obtain a compleat 
 
406 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 Naval superiority, the happiest consequences would undoubted- 
 ly insue. 
 
 I have the honor to be &" 
 
 P. S. Inclosed is a Return of all the Recruits who have joined 
 this Army from the 1^* of January to the 1'* of June amounting to 
 2574. A few have joined the York Regiments of Infantry and 
 perhaps about 60 the Jersey. Your Excellency will be pleased 
 for the information of Congress to call upon the Board of War for 
 the monthly return of May in which the above are included. 
 And by deducting from that return the detachment under the 
 command of the Marquis de la Fayette, The two Regiments of 
 New York and Hazens Reg* now upon the Northern Frontier, 
 you will be able to form a judgment of my efficient Strength at 
 this place and in Jersey. 
 
 His Excellency Sam'' Huntington Esq. 
 
 CONDITIONS AT FORT PITT 
 
 [Summary of a letter of David Duncan, Pittsburgh, June 9, 1781, to Pres. 
 Joseph Reed. Printed in Pa. Archives, IX, 200-1.] 
 
 Cannot make full returns since Perry has not delivered the 
 stores. Hopes to save fully one third on prices that Perry paid. 
 Hard to get people to take state money since exchange went to 
 175. Had men trying to purchase beef in the Glades, no one 
 would sell except for hard money. Hopes to be continued in 
 office. "L* Morrison, of the 9''' Virg^ Reg*, have been up French 
 Creek as far as the Carrying place, to see if they could make 
 any Discoveries of the Indians & English that was said to be 
 there & Coming against us; he and his men made no Discovery 
 of any kind, nor no signs at the Carrying place; so from that 
 we may hope the report we had of it was false, and no truth in it. 
 I am very much of the opinion Gen' Clark's Campaign will fall 
 through, as it seems he wont get any men worth while on this 
 side the Mountains; it's thought one Hundred is the most he 
 will get." 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 407 
 
 BRODHEAD ACCUSED 
 
 [Gen. George Washington to Alexander Fowler. Washington Papers. Draft.] 
 
 Head Quarters 12'^ June 1781 
 Sir: 
 
 I wrote you under the 5*^ of May last respecting a Number of 
 Charges & Accusations exhibited thro the President of Congress 
 against Colo Broadhead — since which I have received thro' the 
 same Channel which conveyed the former, a frish Number of 
 Exhibits, Depositions & Complaints, on the same Head, in which 
 your Name appears. As this matter seems to involve a Variety 
 of Crimination— & in its present State appears very diffuse — 
 in its Prosecution before a Court Martial must be attended with 
 great Trouble & Expence — I have to request that you will make 
 a particular Stating of all the matters of Charge & Accusation 
 against the CoF brot into one clear Point of View, with the 
 several Alligations & Supports properly arranged, that the 
 whole may be attended to under one comprehensive Prospect. 
 The particular mode for obtaining & forward^ the Evidences 
 which are to be taken in the Case has been already pointed out 
 in the abovementioned Letter of the S*** ulto. On Compliance 
 with the above Order a Court Martial will be instituted, when I 
 hope this troublesome Affair will have an Issue 
 
 I am &c 
 Alexander Fowler Esq. Auditor W Dep* Fort Pitt. 
 
 [Gen. George Washington to Pres. Samuel Huntington. Washington Papers. 
 Draft.] 
 
 Head Quarters, New Windsor IG**" June 1781 
 Sir: 
 
 I have the Honor of your Excellencys Fav'' of the 6*'' Instant 
 inclosing sundry Petitions, Complaints &c against Col" Broad- 
 head, having before this received a Number of other Papers 
 respect^ Col" Broadheads Conduct — & observing that these 
 Complaints have been exhibited in a very diffuse manner, & will 
 involve a Variety of matter, I have written to M' Fowler A[u]ditor 
 of the Public Accounts at Fort Pitt, who appears to be a Prin- 
 cipal in these Complaints to State them all in one general View, 
 
408 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 exhibiting the several Charges in distinct Heads, with their 
 several Supports & Evidences — when these are received a Court 
 will be instituted & CoF Broadhead will have a Trial upon the 
 Charges, And I hope the matter will be brot to a proper Issue. 
 
 Your Excellencys Fav"" of same Date with the above containing 
 Intelligence from the Souward — & inclosing a Resolution of 
 Congress of 2*^ Instant respecting the Bills of Credit issuing in 
 Pursuance of the Act of IS**" Mar. 1780 is also duely received. 
 
 By Letters from Gen' Greene of the 10^*^ & 16*'^ of May, our 
 Affairs seen to wear a promising Aspect. I most since[re]ly 
 congratulate your Excellency on this happy Event. 
 
 I have the honor to be with much Respect & Esteem Your 
 Excellencys most Ob* 
 His Excellency The Presd'^ of Congress. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA TROOPS FOR CLARK 
 
 [Summary of minutes of a meeting of Westmoreland County officers, June 18, 
 1781, at the house of Capt. John McClellan.i 51J60. Printed in ///. Hist. Colls., 
 VIII, 566-67.] 
 
 Meeting called by legislative member, Christopher Hays. 
 Adopted resolutions to furnish 300 men for Clark's expedition 
 from the battalions of Col. John Pomeroy, Col. Benjamin Davis, 
 and Col. George Beard. ^ Encouragement in money and grain for 
 volunteers. Colonel Lochry entrusted with raising the men. 
 A rendezvous appointed at home of Col. William Crawford. 
 
 1 Capt. John McClellan lived on Big Sewickly Creek in that part of West- 
 moreland County which was afterwards included in Fayette County. McClellan 
 served in 1778 as captain of militia and escort for provisions to Fort Hand. In 
 1782 he was chosen field-major on Crawford's expedition, was wounded during 
 the retreat, taken prisoner, and tortured to death by Indians. 
 
 2 Benjamin Davis was lieutenant-colonel of the second batallion of the county 
 militia. His home was near the site of Greensburg, of which in 1785 he was a 
 trustee. Davis was also a magistrate in his locality. 
 
 George Beard (or Baird) was lieutenant-colonel of the third battalion of West- 
 moreland militia. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 409 
 
 [Summary of minutes of meeting of ofTicers of several counties, at the Cross- 
 ings, June 23, 1781. 51J62. Printed in ibid., 569-70.] 
 
 Colonel Lochry, Colonel Shepherd, and officers of Pennsylvania 
 and Virginia present. Resolved that the troops join General 
 Clark at any time or place that he shall appoint; that one-fifth 
 of the militia of what was West Augusta district will equal the 
 300 Westmoreland men, that therefore one-fifth of the militia 
 of Monongalia, Yohogania, and Ohio counties be prepared for 
 the expedition; that emigrants be enrolled as militia, and that in 
 this time of emergency all factional disputes should be laid aside. 
 
 GARRISON AT FORT HENRY 
 
 [Col. John Gibson to Capt. Benjamin Biggs. 4JJ56. Transcript.] 
 
 Head Quarters, Fort Pitt, June 23'* 1781 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 I have at last been able to send L* Neily^ and a party of men 
 to relieve you & the garrison of Fort Henry. You will please to 
 deliver him all the orders you may have received from Col" 
 Brodhead or any other person respecting it. 
 
 You will repair with the officers & men under your command 
 with all possible despatch to this post, bringing with you every- 
 thing belonging to the reg', & as many boats as you can work. 
 
 As I hope to have the pleasure of seeing you soon, I shall defer 
 saying any more than to assure I am. Dear Sir, Your most obed* 
 humble serv', 
 
 Jn° Gibson, Co1° Comd' F. Pitt. 
 To Capt. Ben Biggs, Com*** Fort Henr>'. (Honored by Lt. 
 Neily.) 
 
 ^ Benjamin Neilly (Neely or Neily) was commissioned ensign in the Eighth 
 Pennsylvania Aug. 9, 1776; he was promoted to be second lieutenant July 
 13, 1777, and became first lieutenant Oct. 4 of the same year. On the reduction 
 of the army Neilly was retired, Jan. 17, 1781. 
 
410 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 NEW STATE PROJECT 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. James Marshel, Washington County, June 27, 
 1781, to Pres. Joseph Reed. Printed in Pa. Archives, IX, 233-34.] 
 
 Enemies of the Pennsylvania government are trying to prevent 
 County organization. On June 5 the Yohogania County militia 
 officers met and drafted one-fifth of the county militia for Clark's 
 expedition; the people deny their authority and refuse duty 
 under any government until the line is run. Fears involving 
 the county in civil war with new government party. Agitation 
 is kept up to drive people into the scheme for a new government. ^ 
 Those formerly elected to Virginia assembly have gone down to 
 promote this business and delay the running of the line. There 
 are 2,500 effective men in this county; unless commissioners come 
 soon, will be reduced by internal or external enemies. June 17, 
 twenty Indians attacked a frontier settlement, wounded one man, 
 and took a family prisoners; frontier being evacuated. 
 
 BRODHEAD ACCUSED 
 [Alexander Fowler to Gen. George Washington. Washington Papers. A. L. S.] 
 
 Pittsburgh 28*^ June 1781. 
 Sir: 
 
 I was Honored with your Excellencys Letter of the 5*'^ of May, 
 and shall agreeable thereto specify my Charges against M"" David 
 Duncan, the Assistent to the Deputy Quarter Master General, 
 as soon as the Necessary Accounts and Vouchers are returned 
 from Philadelphia, for which I have Wrote to the Quarter Master 
 General as well as the Board of Treasurey. I wish may it please 
 your Excellencey to bring home the proofs and Convict on such 
 Grounds as may create unanimity and leave the Court without 
 doubts. 
 
 1 Concerning the agitation for a new state west of the mountains see Boyd 
 Crumrine, History of Washington County Pennsylvania, 231-35; and F. J. Turner, 
 "Western State-Making in the Revolutionary Era," in American Historical 
 Review, I, 85-87. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 411 
 
 As to Colonel Brodhead, he had left this place before the arrival 
 of your Excellenceys Letter, therefore as Law, as well as Custom 
 require Colonel Brodheads presence at the taking of the deposi- 
 tions — so that he may have an opportunity of interrogating, and 
 Crossexaming the Deponents — nothing can be done respecting 
 that Gentleman untill his return, when Specifick Charges shall 
 be exhibited against him, and such Depositions taken and trans- 
 mitted to the Judge Advocate General in support of them, as I 
 make no doubt will be found tantamount to the Accusations, 
 and satisfactory to the Court. 
 
 I have hitherto officiated as Deputy Judge Advocate in this 
 Department, therefore the Deputation from the Judge Advocate 
 General came properly directed to me. However the Command- 
 ing Officer here Colonel Gibson, thinks it improper that I should 
 Act in the double capacity of Judge Advocate and Prosecutor. 
 For my own part, may it please your Excellencey, I should imagine 
 that — by officiating as Deputy Judge Advocate — I naturally be- 
 come the Prosecutor of a Publick Delinquent: But I wish that 
 Colonel Brodhead and Mr. Duncan may have every Indulgence, 
 and therefore humbly submit this point to your Excellency, and 
 the Judge Advocate General. 
 
 I have the Honor to be with the greatest Attachment & Re- 
 spect, Sir, Your Most Obed* Humble Serv 
 
 A. Fowler. A. W. D. 
 His Excellency G. Washington Esq' Generel and Commander 
 in Chief &c. &c. &c. North America, 
 
 [Col. John Gibson to Alexander Fowler. Washington Papers. Contemporary 
 transcript.] 
 
 Head Quarters Fort Pitt June 29 1781. 
 Sir: 
 
 A General Court Martial is now Sitting I would therefore 
 request if you have any Charges to Exhibit against M"" David 
 Duncan or any other person you would send them into me that 
 I may have them Arrested and bro* to Tryal and that I may Com- 
 ply with the orders I have received from his Excellency the 
 Commander in Chief 
 
 I have the Honour to be Y' most Ob' S* 
 
 Jn° Gibson Colo. Command^ F. Pitt. 
 Alex" Fowler Esq' Auditor 
 
412 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 [Alexander Fowler to Col. John Gibson. Washington Papers. A. L. S.] 
 
 Fort Pitt 30 June 1781 
 Sir: 
 
 From his Excellency the Commander in Chiefs Letter of the 
 5*'' May it appears that the deputation from the Judge Advocate 
 was directed to me, as hitherto officiating as Deputy Judge 
 Advocate at this post: I expect therefore to prosecute M"' David 
 Duncan, as Deputy Judge Advocate, But Sir, as you thought there 
 was an Impropriety in my Officiating in that Capacity, as Prose- 
 cutor, I have Submitted that point to his Excellency and the 
 Judge Advocate General. In the mean time as I already inform'd 
 you the necessary paper that I want and must have to Support 
 a principle charge which I propose Exhibiting against M' Duncan 
 are sent for, and must Arrive here before I shall Specify my 
 Charge ag* him dnd till then he ought not to be Arrested. At 
 y" same time I beg leave to Acquaint you that I shall Exhibit a 
 Charge ag* M' John Johnston (a Clerk) to M' Duncan I have 
 Transmitted you a Charge ag* L* Arch*^ Read^ Pay Master of the 
 8"" P. Reg* and when the Ace* is Ready for the Tryal of that Gent'' 
 Shall appear in Support of it. 
 
 I have the hon-" to be Y' mo. Obt hi S* 
 
 A Fowler A. W. D. 
 
 ARTILLERY FOR CLARK 
 
 [Capt. Isaac Craig to Gen. George Rogers Clark. 51J64. A. L. S.] 
 
 Fort Pitt,^ 30*'' June, 1781 
 Dear General: 
 
 By Serjant Blackwood of my Company I have Sent A Return 
 of my whole Detachment in order to obtain the Corse linnen you 
 
 ^ Archibald Read, formerly a noncommissioned officer, was commissioned 
 ensign in the Eighth Virginia Regiment June 2, 1778, and his appointment was 
 published at Fort Pitt Nov. 2, 1778. On December 13 of the same year Read was 
 promoted to a lieutenancy in the place of Joseph Brownlee, resigned. Read acted 
 as paymaster of the regiment until the arrival of General Irvine. For the 
 court-martial proceedings at which Read was acquitted, see post, 484-90. He 
 died in 1823 in Allegheny County. 
 
 2 Captain Craig returned from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh about June 25. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 413 
 
 Promist for Frocks to them, I am told it will Require three Yards 
 for Each, Consequently the whole will Amount to one Hundred 
 and thirty Yards; the Quanty of thread Necessary Can be Ex- 
 timated by one of the Taylors in Coll. Crockets Reg* — It is 
 Necessary that all the Articals Brought by me from Carlisle 
 Except the powder and flints be Sent here, in Order to have all 
 the Ammunition fixed and put in proper Order, the Quantity of 
 Duck and Cordage Necessary for the Boats I have not yet been 
 able to Estimate, but Wish A Parcell of it to be Sent Down of 
 Which proper Care shall be taken if Cap* L* Martin^ is left New 
 Store^ before this Reaches you, the Bearer is Capable of taken 
 Care of the Stores to be Sent here and will Attend at Head Quar- 
 ters for Orders Respecting them, I have the Honour Dear General 
 to be With Much Esteem, Your obediant Hum^' Servant, 
 
 I. Craig Cap* Artillery 
 Brig'' General Clark. 
 
 WESTMORELAND RAIDED 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Isaac Mason,^ July 1, 1781, to Pres. Joseph Reed. 
 46J63. Printed in Pa. Archives, IX, 238-39.]^ 
 
 All the settlement "between the Allegania and Youghagania 
 Rivers as high up as Sweakley" laid waste; a prisoner taken on 
 
 1 William Martin of Pennsylvania entered the Continental army April 1, 
 1777 as first lieutenant in the Fourth Artillery. On March 21 of the next year 
 he was surprised and captured in the skirmish at Hancock's Bridge, N. J. On 
 June 1, 1778 he was commissioned captain-lieutenant, and this was his rank 
 when released from imprisonment on Dec. 4, 1780. Martin came West with 
 Craig, and after this service was appointed (Jan. 1, 1782) captain in the artillery 
 regiment, being honorably retired the first of the following year. 
 
 2 New Store was located on the east side of the Monongahela at what is now 
 the town of Elizabeth. At this place was the rendezvous for Clark's expedition. 
 
 3 Isaac Mason (sometimes spelled Meason) was a Virginian who came as 
 early as 1770 to the region of the Youghiogheny. He first bought land on 
 Jacob's Creek and there built an iron furnace. He afterwards made great 
 investments in lands, bought the estates of Christopher Gist and Colonel Craw- 
 ford, and was credited in 1799 with owning 6,000 acres. In 1796 Mason laid 
 out the town of New Haven in Fayette County. He died in 1819 on the Mount 
 Braddock estate, formerly the home of Gist. His descendants still own part 
 of his lands. His wife was Catherine, sister of Benjamin and William Harrison. 
 
 * See reply of Reed, July 23, 1781, in Pa. Archives, IX, 303-4. 
 
414 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 Braddock's road; unless the Indian country is invaded, all the 
 inhabitants beyond the mountains will be driven back. Had 
 great hopes of Clark, but he has but 140 Virginia regulars; 
 Virginia militia refuse to enlist. Colonel Hays summoned a 
 council of Pennsylvanians which resolved to assist Clark by draft 
 or volunteers. Object of Clark's expedition is the towns of the 
 hostile Indians, especially Sandusky. 
 
 [Summary of a letter of James Perry, Westmoreland County, Sewickley, 
 July 2, 1781, to Pres. Joseph Reed. Printed in ibid., 240-41.] 
 
 Country in great confusion. James Chambers captured three 
 weeks ago; last Friday two young women killed in Ligonier 
 Valley; this morning a garrison of twenty or thirty at Philip 
 Clinglesmith's, four miles from Hannastown, was destroyed, only 
 three escaping.^ A party sent out to bury dead not yet returned. 
 Frontiers are in a deplorable condition; companies posted are 
 not able to discover enemy on such an extensive territory; they 
 come in small bodies. Only hope of deliverance is a campaign 
 into the Indian country. 
 
 CLARK'S TROOPS RENDEZVOUS 
 
 [Gen. George Rogers Clark to Col. David Shepherd. 2SS17. A. L. S.] 
 
 2'^ July 1781 
 D" Col: 
 
 This is to inform you that I have appointed the 15*^* Ins* for 
 the Gen' Rendevouse of all the troops we can raise in this Country 
 (Except yours) we shall endeavour to have every thing ready 
 to set out by that day let our numbers be many or few I have 
 sent Instructions to the different Ct^ Lieu*' desireing them with- 
 out fail to have their Quotas of Militia ready by that time, as 
 it's most convenient for yours to Rendevous at Weeling. I am 
 
 ^ Peter and Philip Klingelschmit located on Brush Creek in Penn township 
 of Westmoreland County prior to 1774. Their fort is thought to have been a 
 mile and a half northwest of the present Harrison City. After the raid here 
 described Philip, his wife and their four children were buried in one grave. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 415 
 
 in hopes that you will have the whole ready to meet at any hour 
 that shall be affix'd which I shall advertise you of I suppose it 
 will be a few days after y" IS*'' there is a Considerable Quantity 
 of flour at Wells & M"" Roberts Mills^ to be lodged at Coxes Fort^ 
 on the Ohio River it appears by report from the T. C. Gen' 
 that it will be out of his power to get it transported to the river 
 without a Guard for the waggon that he has employd, I hope sir 
 that you will immeadiately order a party of men for that pur- 
 pose I should not have made this request of you but the forces 
 we have already imbodied are so few that all hands are Constantly 
 employd in their Quarters to have every thing Compleat by the 
 day of Rendevoze & of course are much Fateagued — this is a 
 matter of Consequence, & I hope will not be neglected I have 
 not a sylable of news to inform you of worth notice 
 I am D". Col. yours with Esteem 
 
 G R Clark B G 
 [Addressed:] David Shepherd County L* Ohio P"" Express On 
 Publick Service 
 [Endorsed by Shepherd:] Came to Hand 3'' July 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA TROOPS FOR CLARK 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Archibald Lochry, Twelve Mile Run, Westmore- 
 land County, July 4, 1781, to Pres. Joseph Reed. Printed in Pa. Archives, IX, 
 246-47.] 
 
 Details concerning accounts. Four months' company raised; 
 Capt. Thomas Stokeley's ranging company is thirty-men strong. 
 "We have very distressing times Here this summer. The Enemy 
 are almost constantly in our County Killing and Captivating 
 
 ^ Wells's Mills were owned by Alexander Wells, who came West from Baltimore 
 about the year 1772 and bought a large tract of land on Cross Creek in what 
 is now Washington County, Pa. In 1775 he built mills at the junction of the 
 north and main branches of the creek in the present Cross Creek Township, 
 and operated them until 1796. He died in 1813, aged eighty-six years, leaving 
 a large family, for one of whom the town of Wellsburgh, W. Va., was named. 
 The site of Roberts' mill has not been identified. 
 
 2 Cox's Fort or Station was on the Ohio just above Wellsburgh. It was the 
 residence of Capt. Reuben Cox, who emigrated from Maryland about the 
 year 1772. His sons, Isaac, George, Gabriel, and Joseph, were prominent in 
 early western history. This Station was garrisoned in 1777; see Rev. Upper Ohio, 
 251, note 97. 
 
416 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 the Inhabitants. I see no way we can have of defending our- 
 selves other than by offensive operations." Meeting summoned 
 by Col. Christopher Hays concluded to aid Clark. After harvest 
 a considerable force can be secured. The object is to reduce the 
 Shawnee, Delaware, and Wyandot Indians. 
 
 OPPOSITION TO CLARK 
 
 [Gen. George Rogers Clark to Col. David Shepherd. 2SS19. A. L. S.] 
 
 YoHOGANiA Court House 8^^ July 1781 
 D" S": 
 
 I Recievd yours of 3*^ Ins* and am heartily sorry that any 
 Opposition should be likely to take place in your county when 
 we are at present flatterd from Every other Quarter, That all 
 Divisions are Subsiding and a general CompUance to orders, But I 
 hope those that you allude to will see their folly and Honour your 
 orders without any forcible Measures being taken — I would send 
 you an armd force Immediatly but wait a few days in hopes that 
 your business will go on more smooth. If not it shall be done. 
 Since I saw you last Red. a Letter from the Council of Pensyl- 
 vania giving greater Encouragement for men to turn out than 
 even the Government of Virg* and the party in opposition when 
 you were at the Xings is now faling into the plan, I shall be able 
 on the day of Rendezvous at this place to inform you of the time 
 that your troops should meet at Weelin I Expect a few days 
 after, we are geting all our stores to Pitt for fear of the water 
 
 I am S' with perfect Esteem your Obed* Serv* 
 
 G R Clark B G 
 [Addressed:] David Shepherd Esq' County L* of Ohio P"" 
 Express On publick Service 
 
 LOYALISTS NEAR FORT PITT 
 
 [Affidavit of William Johnson. 51J66. Unsigned.] 
 
 H. Q. July 10, 1781 
 The Information of William Johnson it apears That on the 
 9^^ Ins* he was at the House of Lawrence Crow where was a 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 417 
 
 number of persons assembled at a Reaping — amongst whom were 
 W™ Howe Lawrence Crow, John Crow and Phillip Magain whose 
 Conversation and Conduct during his Continuance, sufficiently 
 Convincd him of thier Inemical princepals in Every Instance — 
 That he at length have declard himself afriend to America was 
 orderd to Quit the house — which he did. Farther saith that 
 John Jackman W" [blank] son in Law of afor ment*^ How and 
 Alexand' Andrews were present whom seemed to be well pleased at 
 their behaviour These Circumstances happend accidently under 
 the Inform [ms. torn] as pasing by was Envited to stay 
 
 CLARK'S EXPEDITION STARTS 
 
 [Gen. George Rogers Clark to Col. David Shepherd. 2SS21. A. L. S.] 
 
 H. Quarters Yohogania Court House^ IS*"" July 1781 
 Sir: 
 
 The twentyith Ins* July is the day affix'd on for our Embarka- 
 tion from the new store, a few days will Enable us to load and 
 make our arrival at weelin, where you will please to Rendezvous 
 your troops on Wednesday next without fail, and wait my Coming 
 — providence has most apparently Interpos'd on our behalf at 
 present therefore let us avail ourselves of the opportunity of the 
 water as we have not the Smalist Reason to Expect a Similar 
 advantage this Season 
 
 I have the Honour to be D'^ CoF with Esteem your Devoted 
 Serv* 
 
 G R Clark B G 
 
 N. B. In one of my former letters I directed you to send a 
 guard for the flour should you for any Reasons not have Comply'd 
 therewith, will be pleasd to observe they are still wanting and the 
 Sooner despatchd the better 
 
 ^ Yohogania County courthouse was on the farm of Andrew Heath, not 
 far from the present West Ehzabeth in Allegheny County, Pa. As Clark's head- 
 quarters it was convenient to New Store, his point of departure. 
 
 For the excitement in the Indian country over news of Clark's approach, 
 and for the plans to repulse him see Mich. Pion. Sc Hist. Colls., XIX, 647-48. 
 
 27 
 
418 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA TROOPS FOR CLARK 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Pres. Joseph Reed, July 23, 1781, to Col. Archibald 
 Lochry, Printed in Pa. Archives, IX, 307-8. ]i 
 
 Reply to Lochry's letter of July 4. Settlement of accounts. 
 Council heard with much pleasure of the plans to cooperate with 
 Clark. Brodhead's insinuations with respect to Clark's intention 
 are disproved on high authority. Hopes Clark may receive 
 such aid and support as are necessary for his purpose; his expedi- 
 tion will afford the only effective relief for the distress of the 
 frontiers. County affairs appear to have been negUgently man- 
 aged; disputes and divisions weaken the county. Petitions in 
 Lochry's favor will be considered. 
 
 ARTILLERY FOR CLARK 
 
 [Capt. John Craig to Gen. George Rogers Clark. 51J74. A. L. S.] 
 
 Fort Pitt 25'^ July 1781 
 Sir: 
 
 As it is Necessary to open most of the Powder Casks in Order 
 to distinguish & Marke the Different Kinds on the Casks that 
 Containe it A Cooper will be Wanted for that Purpose I have 
 therefor to Request One to be Ordered from Co' Crockets' Reg* 
 or elsewhere as Soon as Possible — 
 
 I am Sir with much Esteem Your Hb'^ Serv* 
 
 I Craig 
 B General Clarke 
 
 N. B. I have sent by the Boy }4 Dozen Knives & forks 
 Please to accep' of them. 
 
 1 See letters of the same date and of the same tenor from Pres. Joseph Reed 
 to Christopher Hays, Col. James Marshel, and David Duncan in Pa. Archives, 
 IX, 300, 304-5. A copy of this letter from Reed to Lochry was captured at the 
 latter's defeat and sent to the Canadian authorities. It is printed in Mich. 
 Pion. &. Hist. Colls., XIX, 651-52. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 419 
 
 OPPOSITION TO CLARK 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Col. Dorsey Pentecost, Washington County, July 27, 
 1781, to Pres. Joseph Reed. Printed in Pa. Archives, IX, 315-19.) 
 
 Writer is in Clark's camp three miles below Fort Pitt, about to 
 go on the expedition. Has heard that his conduct has been mis- 
 represented. Presents explanations as follows: The country west 
 of the Monongahela has been administered by Virginia since 
 1774; is now included in Pennsylvania, but no line run; country 
 in utmost confusion, Indians very troublesome; gentlemen met 
 and chose a general committee for defense, planned to engage 
 100 men. James Marshel, a newcomer, went to Philadelphia, 
 had Washington County erected and himself commissioned 
 lieutenant, recorder, and register. While he was away General 
 Clark came, preparing an expedition against the savages; every 
 effort made to raise volunteers. The Yohogania County officers 
 requested Pentecost to take command and save the country. 
 Consulted with Clark, and he urged him to raise the militia which 
 he has now encamped. His acts misconstrued. Marshel and 
 friends represent him as opposing the authority of Pennsylvania. 
 Pentecost offered to retire in favor of Marshel, who did all possible 
 to perplex the people, advised them to refuse obedience to Clark's 
 draft, after he had promised the latter he would do what he could 
 to assist him. Animad\ersions against Marshel; it is not well 
 for one man to hold three positions. As Pentecost is leaving the 
 country offers his explanations and defends his motives, which 
 arose from great anxiety for the welfare of the country. 
 
 ATTACK ON BOGGS'S FAMILY 
 
 [Recollections of Mrs. Lydia Cruger. 2S1 55-56.] 
 
 On the 30*^ of July, 1781, Capt. John Boggs, then living on 
 Buffalo creek — Twelve Indians came & hid themselves among 
 the shocks of grain in the field, W™ Boggs, ^ then in his IS*'' year 
 
 1 "w™ Boggs, when taken in '81, was tied to stakes at night — rained on him; 
 & when reaching the Indians he run the gauntlet — took the ague, 2 times a 
 day, he was greatly afraid he would be recognized as aiding in killing Kill Buck 
 
420 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 (who the spring before with Lewis Wetzel, at Wheeling toma- 
 hawked Kill Buck, chief — ) went to the field to drive out the 
 calves, & was taken by 5 Indians; while the other seven (a foggy 
 morning) came towards the house, & Capt. Boggs siezed his gun 
 & kept the Indians at bay, several times shot at by the Indians, 
 until the family ran half a mile to James Newell's & then Capt. 
 B. escaped. Then all the families in that region commenced 
 forting at W^ Sparks^ (father doubtless of Rh*^ S. for Rh'^ was in 
 Capt. Ogle's company on Brodhead's campaign in spring of 
 '812— & Ogle lived on Short Creek) In this fight, the M" Cruger 
 had previously been badly snake bitten & with difficulty could 
 hobble around, ran to Newell's & was the first to reach there — 
 never once thinking of her disabled limb ! — 
 
 In August 1781, Capt. Boggs removed to Wheeling; & was 
 there when the Indian party appeared there as already stated, in 
 Sept.' 
 
 A few weeks after — the same party under Sam Gray, a half 
 breed, who had taken young Boggs — appeared & killed Capt. 
 Sam. Teter & another man on the head of Buffalo. 
 
 The party that took [William] Boggs, previous to reaching 
 Capt. [John] Boggs, [on the] Dutch fork of Buffalo, met Dan' 
 Harris [sic] & a negro, both on horseback, fired at, Harrison 
 w^ in the hip— both escaped — Harrison lay in a clump of willows 
 all night — chased the negro &^ 
 
 — He was finally, with young Presley Peek, & others sold to the British at 
 Detroit, & finally exchanged, & got home after 18 months captivity." Draper 
 Mss., 2S180-81. 
 
 1 William Sparks was captain of militia on Hand's expedition of 1778. 
 
 2 For Capt. Joseph Ogle see Frontier Defense, 36, note 69. The roll of his 
 militia company is printed post, 464-66. 
 
 » Documents concerning the attack on Wheeling in September, 1781 will 
 appear in the next volume of this series. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 421 
 
 OPPOSITION TO CLARK 
 
 [Summary of a letter of Thomas Scott, ^ Washington County, July 31, 1781, to 
 Pres. Joseph Reed.^ Printed in Pa. Archives, IX, 324-25.] 
 
 Elections for justices have just occurred; commissions for 
 several officers; Duncan's resignation requested; difficult to find 
 a person of integrity to recommend in his place. Money totally 
 fallen into disuse. Clark's preparations have been greatly 
 injurious to Pennsylvania interests and abusive to individuals. 
 Has used a commission to exercise an arbitrary jurisdiction over 
 those formerly subjects of Virginia, no matter where they live. 
 His proceedings have contributed to prevent the organization 
 of Washington County militia and the regulation of that of 
 Westmoreland. Instances of high treason against the state not 
 less than forty. 
 
 1 Thomas Scott was bom about the year 1739 in Chester County, Pa., passed 
 his early life in Lancaster County, and in 1770 removed to Dunlap Creek in 
 Westmoreland County. As a partisan of Pennsylvania in the boundary dispute 
 with Virginia Scott was arrested in 1774, tried before Lord Dunmore, and re- 
 leased on baU. In 1779 he protested against Virginia surveys in the disputed 
 region, and upon the erection of Washington County was chosen its first pro- 
 thonotary and clerk of court. Scott represented his county in the Continental 
 Congress and in the First and Third Federal congresses. He died Mar. 2, 1796. 
 
 * For Reed's response see Pa. Archives, IX, 374. 
 
Appendix 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 425 
 
 OHIO COUNTY COURTS-MARTIAL 
 
 [Court-martial Book for Ohio County, Virginia. 2SS39-49. D. S.] 
 
 At a Court Martial held at the House of Ezekiel Dewitt In And 
 for Ohio County On Fryday the 8th day of October in the Year 
 of Our lord one thousand Seven hundred & Seventy Nine 
 
 Present 
 Colonel David Shepherd President 
 CoF Silas Hedges |-Field OfTicers 
 
 Maj' Samuel M'Colloch 
 Joseph Ogle 
 Samuel Tetter 
 Jacob Leffler [^Captains 
 David English 
 John Boggs 
 
 Ordered that Derrick Hogland Shall Attend the Court as Provist 
 Martial during the Time of Sitting 
 
 Andrew Robinson being Appointed and having Taken the 
 Oath as Clark for the Court 
 
 Ordered that Henry Harvey of Cap*° Ogles Comp shall pay a 
 fine of Twelve pound for disobedience of Orders in not Going to 
 Serve his Tour of Duty when Ordered 
 
 And the Sheriff is hereby ordered to Collect the Same 
 
 John Braddock Rezin Pumphrey Nicholas Pumphrey Richard 
 Dickinson William Markland and Thomas Knox of Captain 
 John Boggses Company each fined in the Sum of Twelve pounds — 
 for disobedience of Orders when Ordred to the Station Except 
 William Markland and Thomas Knox who Shall pay only the 
 Sum of Two pounds Eight Shillings each and the Sherif ordred to 
 Collect the same 
 
 Also Brice Virgin of the Said Company for disobedience of 
 Orders fined Three pounds 
 
 The Court Having heard the Appeal of Brice Virgin Ezekiel 
 Dewitt Abraham Rodgers John Baker Samuel Willson Richard 
 Dickinson And William Leet Shall have their fines of the 13th 
 of April 1779 Remited 
 
 Present Captain Davi*^ Williamson A member of the Court 
 
 William Huston came into Court and Satisfied the Court that 
 He was of the Age of fifty years and obtaind an exemption from 
 Future Service according to law 
 
426 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 James Richardson came into Court and was Exempted from 
 future Service being Defective and lame in his Right Hand 
 
 James Armstrong exempt from future Service being lame in 
 one of his Ancles 
 
 Abraham Enlow Discharged or exempted from Future Duty in 
 This County being fifty Years of Age 
 
 Matthias Scarmahorn exempted from future Duty having made 
 it appear that he is Liable to falling fitz. 
 
 Isaac Miles Exempted from Future Service through Visable 
 Infirmities 
 
 Henry Moore exempted from future Service in this County he 
 having Satisfied the Court that a number of infirmities Render 
 him Unfit for Service 
 
 Robert Eagar Exempt from Duty having Satisfied the Court of 
 a Defect in one of his Knee Joints and the frequent Dislocations 
 thereof. 
 
 William Carrell and John M'^Kneight each ordered to pay 
 Fines for disobedience of Orders Viz* William Carrell Six pounds 
 And John M'Kneight Three Pounds and Sheriff Shall Collect the 
 Same. 
 
 James Gillespee Esq"" Jesse Martin Joseph Willson Isaac Cox 
 Fined by the Court for Disobedience of Orders each in the Sum of 
 Twelve pounds 
 
 Francis Reiley & Andrew Scott Also fined for Disobedience of 
 orders Each fined Twelve pounds 
 
 Jacob Millar Junior Fined by the Court Six pounds for Dis- 
 obedience of Orders and the Sherif ordred to Collect The Same 
 
 Absent Captain David English 
 
 Derrick Hogland is appointed a Recruiting Officer by the 
 Field officers of this County agreeable to an Act of May Session 
 1779 For Recruiting Soldiers Sailors and Mariens 
 
 The Same Burser as formerly appointed Shall act Untill A 
 future Court Disolve or Remove him 
 
 The Same Fees shall be paid to the Adjatant Provist Martial 
 And Clark as Allowed by a former Court Martial For their Serv- 
 ices. 
 
 David Shepherd C°^ Lieu* 
 Andrew Robinson Clark 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 427 
 
 At Court Martial held at the court house of Ohio County 
 November the 7*'' 1780 
 
 Present 
 Cor David Shepherd President 
 Coin Silas Hedges 
 Col° David M'Clure 
 Maj^ Sam' M^Colloch 
 
 Captains 
 Cap John Mitchel 
 Joseph Ogle 
 Sam' Mason 
 David Williamson 
 David English 
 Resolved that Isaac Taylor be appointed Clk. 
 Whereas it appears to this Courtmartial that the Draugh 
 alredy ordered to Fort Henery are not yet gone agreeable to Col 
 Broadheads Order 
 
 It is hereby ordred that Each Captain upon Receipt hereof 
 do forthwith Cause each draught from his Company to be Imadi- 
 atly sent to Fort Hennry under such a guard as he shall think 
 necessary to be deliverd to Cap* Boggs And that Return be 
 Imediatly made to the County Lieutenent how the[y] have Exe- 
 cuted these Orders as there is a necessity for a suply of Pro- 
 visions there Orderd that Cap Mitchel supply the statio[n] at 
 Fort Henry Accordingly 
 
 David Shepherd president 
 
 At a Courtmartial Held at the House of Ezekiel Dewitt on 
 Tuesday the 20th of March 1781 
 
 Present 
 CoF David Shepherd President 
 Col° Silas Hedges , 
 
 Cor David M-'Clure ^^^^^^ umcers 
 
 Maj' Samuel M'Colloch 
 
 John Mitchell 
 
 Joseph Ogle yr^Dtains 
 
 John Boggs ' 
 
 David Inglish 
 
 Andrew Robinson appointed Clark and Sworn Accordingly 
 Ordred that Three hundred Dollars Shall be Paid Captain 
 
 Joseph Ogle for a Drum for the Use of his Company 
 
428 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 Out of the fines of the Dehnquents 
 
 Ordred that Jacob Lefiler Strike John Best Juniors name of 
 his Roll or the list of his Company of Militia till he Comes of 
 the Age to do Duty as a Soldier 
 
 Whereas it appears to this Present Court Martial on the dis- 
 position of Stephen John Francis that Alexander Young a Militia 
 Soldier in Capt° Joseph Ogles Company being ordred to Serve a 
 tour of Duty at Fort Henry in October last he Contemptiously 
 Refusing to Obey the said orders — Ordred therefor that he Shall 
 be Delivered to a Continental Officer to Serve the Time Pro- 
 scribed by Law 
 
 Whereas it appears to this Present Court Martial on the Con- 
 fessions & depositions of Francis Reiley Serjant in Capt° Guille- 
 lands Company of Militia that said Francis Reily Joseph Scott 
 David Randies & John Ferguson of the Same Company Soldiers 
 Being Ordred to Serve a tour of duty At Fort Henry in October 
 last they Contemptiously Refused to Obey the Said Orders — 
 Ordered therefore that they shall be delivered to an Continental 
 Officer belonging to this Commonwealth to serve the time Pro- 
 scribed by law as a Soldier 
 
 Ordred that the Militia living on the West Side of the main 
 Branch of Brush Run Shall Serve and do Duty under the Captain 
 that Shall Command Capt° Ellises Company of Militia. 
 
 And all those living to the East of the Said Run in Cap*° David 
 Williamsons Company 
 
 Whereas it appears to Court Martial on the Deposition of 
 Capt° Isaac Phillips that William Huston & James Latimore 
 Soldiers in his Company of Militia that they Being Ordred To 
 Serve a Tour of Duty at Fort Henry in October last They Con- 
 temptiously Refusing to Obey the Said Orders Ordered therefore 
 that they Shall be Delivered to a Continental officer belonging to 
 this Commonwealth to Serve the Time Proscribed by law As 
 Soldiers 
 
 Whereas it appears to the Court Martial that Capt° David 
 Williamson Having Neglected to make a Return of his Company 
 & Delinquencys Ordered therefore that he Shall pay a fine of 
 fifty Pounds and the Sheriff ordred to Collect the Same 
 
 Ordred that the Delinquencys in Captain David Williamsons 
 Capt" Inglishes & Capt° Mitchles Companys Shall Have notice 
 given them by their Captains to appear on the first day of May 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 429 
 
 Court Martial to be held at the Courthouse to answer for their 
 disobedience of orders 
 
 Whereas it appears to this Court Martial on the Deposition of 
 Jacob Wolf that Henry Moore a Soldier in Capt° Isaac Phillipses 
 Company is fit for Duty 
 
 Ordred that he Shall be enrolled by Said Capt" & do duty in 
 his Tour as others 
 
 David Shepherd President 
 Andrew Robinson C. of the C. Martial 
 
 At a Court Martial held at the Courthouse of Ohio County on 
 Monday the 7*'' day of May 1781 
 
 Present 
 
 Col° David Shepherd President 
 
 Cor Silas Hedges 1^ Field Officers 
 
 Major Sam' M'Colloch 
 
 John Mitchell 
 
 Samuel Mason 
 
 David Williamson j-Cap*" 
 
 Jacob Lefler | 
 
 David Inglish J 
 
 David M'Clure appointed Clerk & Sworn Accordingly Alex"" 
 Young being called according to Law he not Appearing therefore 
 Ordered that his Former Judgment be Confirmed 
 
 Francis Ryley being Duly Called and appearing Ordered that 
 his Former Judgment be put in Execution 
 
 Whereas it Appears to this Court Martial that W" Huston & 
 James Latimore having sent men on this Late Expedition there- 
 fore Ordered that the[y] be Acquited 
 
 Likewise Ordered that Robert Henry & Isaac Cox be acquited 
 
 Ordered that this Court Martial adjourn Untill tomorrow 
 
 David Shepherd 
 
430 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 the Court Martial Met According to Adjournment 
 Present 
 Cor David Shepherd President 
 Cor Silas Hedges 
 Major Sam' M'CoUoch 
 
 John Mitchell 
 
 Joseph Ogle 
 
 David Williamson (>Cap*^ 
 
 Jacob Lefler 
 
 David Inglish 
 
 & David M'Clure Clerk 
 
 Whereas it appears to this present Court Martial that the 
 Cap** of this County has not acted upon the Order of the Law 
 therefore Ordered that the Severall Delinquents in this County be 
 Cleared from any Condemnation as Regular Soldiers 
 
 Ordered that the Court Martial be adjourned 
 
 David Shepherd 
 
 At a Court Martiel Held For the County of Ohio on Thursday 
 the 26**^ Day of July 1781 
 
 Field officers Cap* 
 
 Present 
 
 David Shepherd John Mitchel 
 
 Silas Hedges Joseph Ogle 
 
 Samuel M'^Colloch David English 
 
 Cap* Jacob Lefler Being arested for Resigning his Commition 
 when ordred to Draft his Company is aqutted of the Same. 
 Present Cap* Jacob Lefler 
 
 John MMonald a draft of Cap* Ogles Company Complains is 
 not able to Do proper Duty as a Soldier is acquitted of the present 
 Campaign 
 
 Joseph Wells S*^ Likewise acquited for the above Reason 
 Robert French to be Recommend to the General 
 WiUiam Milburn Being Subject to fits he is Excus[ed] 
 
 David Shepherd President 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 431 
 
 ORDERLY BOOK OF EIGHTH PENNSYLVANIA 
 REGIMENT 
 
 [Official orderly book.i 2NN109-178. Transcript.] 
 
 Head Quarters, Pittsburgh, Jan. 8*^ 1780.2 
 
 General Orders. 
 
 At a Court of Inquiry held at Pittsburgh Sept' 21'' 1779, whereof 
 Col. John Gibson was President — the court after hearing the 
 allegations of Lts. Hardin & Crawford relative to their seniority 
 of rank in the 8*'' P* Reg*, are of opinion that Lt. Crawford is 
 entitled to the seniority. 
 
 They also are of opinion that in the dispute between Lieuts. 
 Nielly & Peterson of the same reg* relative to seniority of rank, 
 that Lieut. Nielly is entitled to the seniority. 
 
 Head Quarters, Pittsburgh, Jan. 13*^ 1780. 
 
 The Commandant having received information that the troops 
 have had the presumption to pull down & carry away a part of 
 the frames erected for drying hides, by which means a great 
 number of them are exposed to ruin: He, therefore, positively 
 forbids such practices in future on pain of the severest punish- 
 ment: And he likewise offers twenty dollars reward to any person 
 who shall discover one or more of the offenders. 
 
 At a general court martial, whereof Lt. Col. Campbell is Presi- 
 dent, William Freehold, a Horse Master in the service of the 
 United States, was tried for neglect of duty pertaining to his 
 men's wages, & on suspicion of selling a continental horse — & was 
 found guilty of the charges exhibited against him, & sentenced 
 him to make good all damages which the public has sustained by 
 his neglect, to forfeit his pay & to be dismissed from the service, 
 & rendered hereafter incapable of holding any place or employ- 
 ment whatever in the service of the Untied States. 
 
 Serj* Samuel Porter, of the S^^ P* Reg*, was tried by the same 
 court for disobedience of orders & neglect of duty & sentenced to 
 receive one hundred lashes, to be reduced to the ranks & to ask 
 pardon of Serj* Maj' Wood at the head of the S*** Reg*. 
 
 1 For a description of this document see Wis. Hist. Colls., XXIII, 423, note 1. 
 
 2 The last preceding entry was dated July 29, 1779. 
 
432 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 The Commandant approves of the proceedings of the Court, 
 & directs that W" Freehold remain a prisoner at this post until 
 the judgment of the Court is fully complied with. The sentence 
 aganist Sam' Porter is to be executed to-morrow at 12 o'clock 
 
 Pittsburgh, Jan. 14''' 1780. 
 
 At a General Court Martial, whereof Lt. Col. Campbell is 
 President, John MTherson, a private soldier in y^ 8*'' P* Reg*, 
 & Hyatt Lazier a private soldier in the 9*'' V^ Reg*, were tried on 
 suspicion of theft & acquitted. 
 
 The Commandant approves of the proceedings of the Court — 
 & the said John MTherson & Hyatt Lazier are immediately to 
 be released from their confinement. 
 
 Head Quarters, Pittsburgh, Jan. IS*** 1780. 
 
 At a general court martial, whereof Lt. Col. Campbell was 
 President, Edw'' Wilkins, a private soldier in y^ 8*'' P* Reg* was 
 tried for being absent from his quarters without leave, & for at- 
 tempting to desert to the enemy — & was acquitted of the charge 
 of attempting to desert to the enemy, but found guilty of being 
 absent from his quarters without leave, in breach of the 2"^ article 
 of y® 18*'' section of the Articles of War, & sentenced to receive 
 one hundred lashes. 
 
 Patrick M'^Guire, a private soldier in y^ 9*'' V^ Reg*, was tried 
 by y^ said Court Martial on suspicion of stealing a surtout coat 
 out of the dwelling house of Jacob Bowsman, & by unanimous 
 voice of the court was acquitted of the charge. 
 
 The Commandant approves the proceedings of the court: 
 The sentence against Edw'' Wilkins is to be executed to morrow 
 morning at 12 o'clock — & Pat"" M^Guire is to be immediately 
 released. 
 
 Pittsburgh, Jan. 24*'' 1780. 
 Upon the representation of Col° Gibson, that Capt. Real of 
 his reg*, has declined to act as Paymaster — that his men are in 
 great want of money — that M"' Josiah Tannehill is desirous of 
 accepting an Ensigncy in his Reg* & act in the duty of Paymaster 
 in the same; — & that he has recommended him to the Gov' & 
 Council of the State of Virginia for their approbation — Where- 
 fore, the Command* directs that M' Josiah Tannehill be considered 
 as Ensign and Paymaster of the 7*'' V* Reg* by the approbation 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 433 
 
 of the officers of that corps until the pleasure of the Governor & 
 Council aforesaid & the Board of War is signified. 
 
 Each Colonel commanding a regiment is to be furnished with 
 ten quarts of rum — each other field officer with eight quarts — 
 each captain with six quarts, & each subaltern with four quarts — 
 & the civil staff of the army in proportion to the other officers of 
 the line. 
 
 Head Quarters, Pittsburgh, Jan. 31 — 1780. 
 Whereas, some doubts have arisen whether Capt. Beal & Lt. 
 Reid were released from their late arrests. The Commandant 
 hereby declares that it was his intention (which he conceives to 
 be implied by his remission of a sentence, & approbation of the 
 sentence of the General Court Martial at their trial — & they are 
 hereby released accordingly. 
 
 Head Quarters, Pittsburgh, Feb. 4^*" 1780. 
 
 An additional sum of money having been issued from the Board 
 of Treasury for the payment of the troops in this Department, 
 the pay abstracts are to be made out immediately for pay & 
 subsistence to the SO*** of September last past, agreeably to the 
 Muster Rolls. 
 
 M' John Hollaway is appointed Dep't/ Musf Master for this 
 department, & is to be respected accordingly. 
 
 Muster Rolls are immediately to be made out to the last day 
 of December last past 
 
 Head Quarters, Pittsburgh, Feb. 9^^ 1780. 
 
 At a General Court Martial, whereof Lt. Col. Campbell is 
 President, Lieut. Arthur Gordon, of the 9**" V^ Reg^ was tried — 
 V^ for behaving unbecoming the character of an officer & a gentle- 
 man by not returning two Continental horses & one pack-saddle 
 which he got at this post — & for taking a horse & pack-saddle 
 from the pack-horse men & not returning it, & keeping said horse 
 tied up near 24 hours in this town — ^2°'^ for ungentlemanly & 
 unsoldierly conduct by framing lies & pawning his honor for the 
 truth of them: 3^'^ — In an indirect & fraudulent manner obtaining 
 Continental stores from Capt. Simeon Morgan which he had in 
 charge, in the absence of the Regimental Clothier. 
 
 And, in the opinion of the court, both charges were duly sup- 
 ported — wherefore he falls under the 21"' article of the M*** Section 
 
 28 
 
434 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 of the Articles of War, & the court sentence him to be discharged 
 from the service as said article directs. 
 
 Lt. Gordon is to be continued under arrest until the pleasure 
 of his Excellency the Commander-in-Chief is known. 
 
 At the same court M' Matthew Vanleer, ass* Q. M, was tried 
 for insolence to the Commandant, & for repeated absence with- 
 out leave; &, in the opinion of the court, the charge of insolence 
 was not fully supported — wherefore he was acquitted of that 
 charge: But he was found guilty of being absent without leave 
 from the commandant, in violation of the 2*^ article of the IS*** 
 Section of the Articles of War — & sentenced to be severely repri- 
 manded in Gen' Orders — & to ask the Commandant's pardon in 
 the presence of the field officers of the Western Department. 
 
 The Commandant approves the proceedings of the Court. 
 He is sorry to say that M' Vanleer appears to be void of military 
 knowledge, & a competent degree of decency: He considers his 
 crime to be of the worst kind, & his defence to be a compound of 
 ignorance & insolence. He hopes, however, that M' Vanleer 
 will learn a proper submission to his superiors, & be convinced 
 that nothing but the lenity of the General Court Martial could 
 have prevented him from the mortifying affliction of having been 
 dismissed from the service with disgrace — & that he will, in 
 future, conduct himself with great propriety in the execution of 
 his duty. 
 
 The Commandant earnestly exhorts aU his officers when they 
 have leisure to employ a great part of their time in reading mili- 
 tary treatises, as well as the law by which, as military men, they 
 must be governed — which will instruct concerning the necessity 
 of discipline & subordination, without which the best concerted 
 plans, & the greatest force may be defeated, — besides the ad- 
 vantage that would accrue to the public whom they serve, they 
 would reap the advantage of rendering their duty familiar & easy 
 to them & their service more acceptable & honorable to their 
 country — & of course avoid much trouble to themselves, as their 
 would be little occasion for gentlemen properly instructed in 
 their duty either to appear before, or, from a principle of necessity, 
 be called to sit upon General Courtmartials, especially for the 
 trial of officers. 
 
 The Commandant sincerely laments that Court Martials are 
 so frequently called, but whatever his feelings may be upon such 
 occasions, yet as the officer commanding in this Department, he 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 435 
 
 is determined to support discipline against every attempt that 
 may be made to destroy it — & he will always entertain a proper 
 respect to such of his officers who, by a steady attention to the 
 duties of their respective stations, assist him in supporting it. 
 
 The second part of the sentence against M'' Vanleer is to be 
 put in execution at five o'clock this evening at Head Quarters, 
 when all the field officers are requested to attend to be witness 
 of his submission, agreeably to the intention of the Geaeral Court 
 Martial. 
 
 M' Vanleer will be released from his arrest when he has com- 
 plied with the sentence of tne court. 
 
 Head Quarters, Pittsburg, Feb. 10 — 1780. 
 
 M"" Matthew Vanleer, As' Q' Mast' having made his submission 
 agreeably to the sentence of the General Court Martial, is there- 
 fore released from his arrest. 
 
 Returns of the names & rank of the officers in the different 
 corps in this Department are to be immediately made out to 
 the auditor to enable him to make returns to the Board of Treas- 
 ury agreeably to a resolve of Congress. 
 
 The Commandant calls upon such commanding officers of 
 corps as have not made out returns of arrearages of clothing 
 due the troops for the year 1777, agreeably to the extracts of 
 General Orders, to make out the same immediately & lodge them 
 with the brigade-Major, in order that the same may be presented 
 to the commissioners appointed to settle the same, agreeably to 
 a Resolve of Congress of the 2*^ of March, 1779. 
 
 To-morrow being his Excellency the Commander-in-Chief's 
 birth day, thirteen cannon are to be fired from the fort upon the 
 occasion. 
 
 Each soldier is to be furnished with half a pint of whiskey, & 
 the same allowance of rum is to be issued to the officers of the line 
 & staff, as was issued in pursuance of the last General Order of 
 y' 3r* Dec' last past. 
 
 At a General Court-Martial, whereof Lt. Col. Campbell was 
 President, John Young, a private soldier in Capt. Heth's company, 
 was tried for leaving his post when centinel, & was sentenced to 
 receive 100 lashes on the bear back with a cat-o-nine tails, by 
 drummers of the Regiment. The Commandant approves the 
 sentence of the Court, & directs that it be put in execution this 
 evening at retreat beating. 
 
436 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 Head Quarters, Pittsburgh, Feb. 12 — '80. 
 
 At a Gen' Court Martial of the line, whereof Lt. Col. Campbell 
 is President— Capt° Tho' Ferrol, Dep't^ Commissi Gen' of Mili- 
 tary Stores, was tried for beating & abusing a soldier of Capt. 
 Heth's company, in a very unbecoming manner, and afterwards 
 threatening to put him to death. And was found guilty of the 
 charges, in violation of the fifth article of y^ 18*'' section of the 
 articles of war — & sentenced to be severely reprimanded in 
 Gen' orders, & to acknowledge his error to the soldier in the 
 presence of his Captain; & the Court recommend it to Capt. 
 Ferrol not to wear his sword in future while in the staff depart- 
 ment. 
 
 The Commandant approves the proceedings of the Court. 
 
 The Commandant is sorry to see a gentleman who has seen so 
 much service as Capt. Ferrol, & who has very reputable creden- 
 tials of having signalized himself in former wars, through petu- 
 lance or want of prudence, reduced to the necessity of making 
 acknowledgments to a private soldier, of a crime committed 
 against rules of discipline & good order, & that he at y® same time 
 must have the mortification to feel the justice of the sentence, 
 & the propriety of the injunction to lay by his sword until he can 
 put it on for a better purpose than threatening the lives of men 
 upon whose virtue & service the future happiness, & present safety 
 of our country in a great measure depend : He hopes that upon a 
 serious view of what has been said upon this occasion Capt. 
 Ferrol will reflect upon the folly of too sudden passion & will 
 avoid a consequence so big with danger to his reputation as well 
 as injurious to his peace of mind, & the tranquility of those with 
 whom he associates or transacts his business. Capt" Ferrol 
 will be released from his arrest immediately after he has fully 
 complied with the sentence of the court. 
 
 Soldiers are exhorted not to discover the least contempt to 
 their officers nor to persons in the staff. But, on the contrary, 
 they are to expect the severest punishment where they disobey 
 the orders of any gentleman who is regularly set over them. They 
 ought always, without murmuring, to pay an implicit obedience to 
 their orders; if they, conducting themselves with propriety, 
 are aggrieved, they will be heard by their officers, & their wrongs 
 will be redressed. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 437 
 
 Pittsburgh, Feb. 23<^ 1780. 
 
 At a General Court Martial, whereof Lt. Col. Campbell was 
 President, Joshua Still & Rob' Broad, private soldiers in y® 9'** 
 V^ Reg*, were tried for breaking open a store-house — from thence 
 stealing flour, & selling it to the Indians, & were found guilty 
 of the charge, in violation of the 5*^ art. of y® 8*^ Sec. of y^ Articles 
 of War — & sentenced to receive one hundred lashes each, on 
 their bare backs, with a cat-o-nine tails by the drummers of the 
 Reg* 
 
 Charles Bodkin, of the same reg\ was tried by the same court 
 for desertion and mutiny, and was acquitted of the crime of 
 desertion but found guilty of the charge of mutiny in viola- 
 tion of the S'* art. of the 2*^ Sec. of the Articles of War, & sen- 
 tenced to receive one hundred lashes, on his bare back, with a 
 cat-of-nine-tails by the drummers of the Regiment. 
 
 The Commandant approves the proceedings of the court, & 
 directs that the sentence be put in execution to-morrow at 12 
 o'clock. 
 
 Head Quarters, Pittsburgh, Feb^ 29'*' 1780. 
 
 At a general Court Martial, whereof Lt. Col. Campbell was 
 President, Heath Murray, a private soldeir in y^ 9*'' V^ Reg*, was 
 tried for refusing to join his regiment & obtaining his discharge 
 unjustly, & found guilty of the crime laid to his charge in violation 
 of the b^^ article of the 8"" Sec. of the articles of war. Wherefore 
 he is sentenced to receive 100 lashes on his bare back with a cat- 
 of-nine-tails by the drummers of the Regiment. 
 
 The Commandant approves of the proceedings of the court, 
 & directs that the sentence be put in execution at 3 o'clock this 
 afternoon. The court martial is dissolved. 
 
 Lt. Col. Campbell is requested to discharge such of the soldiers 
 of y® 9*^ Virginia Reg*, as appear to be entitled to their discharges 
 by the opinion of the different courts of Enquiry, unless he can 
 discover sufficient cause why any of them shall not be discharged. 
 
 Pittsburgh, March r* 1780. 
 Every officer in the line who lodges, or is quartered in the town 
 of Pittsburgh, is immediately to remove into the fort — such only 
 excepted who may obtain a special licence for the contrary. This 
 order is not to effect any who are particularly stationed. 
 
438 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 Head Quarters, Pittsburgh, March 4*'' 1780. 
 The Court of Enquiry, whereof Capt" Clark was President, 
 ordered to examine into the loss of the public flour by the brigade 
 under the direction of John Hamilton, horse-master, & to ascer- 
 tain the reason of such deficiency, are of opinion that the deficiency 
 of flour in M' Hamilton's invoice arose from unavoidable acci- 
 dents. M' Hamilton is to return to his duty as usual. 
 
 Head Quarters, Pittsburgh, March lO*"" '80. 
 A garrison Court-Martial, whereof Maj. Vernon is appointed 
 President, is to sit to-morrow morning at 10 o'clock for the trial 
 of such prisoners as are confined in the guard-house, to consist 
 of the President & four members. 
 
 Head-Quarters, Pittsburgh, March 14*'' '80. 
 
 At a garrison Court Martial, whereof Maj. Vernon was President 
 the following prisoners were tried — John Darraugh, soldier 8*'* 
 P* Reg\ & W™ Marlough, private of y^ Maryland corps, charged 
 with cutting up Continental tents. The Court are of opinion 
 the prisoners are not guilty of the charge, & do acquit them. 
 
 Joseph Atchinson, soldier 8*'' P* Reg*, charged with stealing 
 goods out of John Gibson's store. The Court after examining 
 thoroughly into the matter are of opinion that the prisoner is 
 not guilty of the charge, & do accordingly acquit him. 
 
 The Commandant approves the above sentences, & orders the 
 prisoners to be immediately released. 
 
 Head Quarters, Pittsburgh, March W^ '80. 
 Each field officer is to be supplied with 2 gallons of rum — each 
 Captain with 6 quarts & each subaltern with 4 quarts: Each non- 
 commissioned officer and soldier is to draw half a pint of whiskey 
 to-morrow morning, & none are to be upon fatigue, except the 
 standing fatigue for providing fuel. The civil staff are to draw 
 an allowance of rum in proportion to the officers of the line. 
 
 Head Quarters, Pittsburgh, March 23*^ '80. 
 It having [been] represented to the Commandant that several 
 officers have taken upon themselves to employ soldiers for their 
 own emolument, as well as for others, without leave: He, there- 
 fore, directs that all such soldiers be immediately call*^ into the 
 garrison, likewise all soldiers upon furlough. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 439 
 
 The Civil staff are immediately to make returns of all non-com- 
 missioned officers & privates employed in their departments re- 
 spectively, specifying the corps they belong to, & the service they 
 are now performing — to the Brigade Major, in order that the 
 Commandant may determine whether they are properly employed 
 or not. 
 
 The Commandant directs that no furloughs be granted, except 
 upon the most pressing occasions, & not then without his consent. 
 And he strictly enjoins all his officers not to presume to employ 
 soldiers at their discretion in future without leave first obtained 
 from him: Likewise that they attend to the orders issued here- 
 tofore against their strolling from the garrison, upon pain of arrest 
 & trial before a Gen' Court Martial. And as the garrison is 
 deficient of men, he requests that his officers will endeavor to 
 accommodate with one waiter to each two Capt' & Sub* whilst 
 they remain in Quarters. 
 
 Head Quarters, Pittsburgh, 29''' March '80. 
 
 A general Court Martial, whereof Lt. Col. Campbell is appointed 
 President, is to sit to-morrow morning at 9 o'clock at the Presi- 
 dent's Quarters, for the trial of such prisoners as shall be brought 
 before the Court: All witnesses & parties concerned are to be 
 punctual in attendance. 
 
 An orderly captain of the day is to be daily appointed to see 
 that all the artificers & fatigue parties employed about this 
 garrison, perform their duties respectively, — to confine all delin- 
 quents, & make reports to the Comm''* 
 
 An orderly sub, is likewise is likewise to be daily appointed 
 to visit the barracks & other quarters of the troops & see that 
 they be kept clean; he is likewise to see that the soldiers make use 
 of clean utensils & cook their provisions in the best manner 
 possible, to preserve their health; he is likewise to see that the 
 fort & its environs are kept clean — &>make report of occurrances 
 to the Commandant. 
 
 Head Quarters, Pittsburgh, April T* '80. 
 
 At a general Court Martial, whereof Col. Campbell was Presi- 
 dent, Nich' Creduser, a private soldier of y^ 9*'' Virginia Regiment, 
 was tried for desertion — found guilty, & sentenced to receive 
 50 lashes on his bare back. 
 
 At the same court was tried Dan' Murray, a private soldier in 
 ye gth ya Rgg*^ & John Gretsiugcr, of the Maryland corps, for 
 
440 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 theft, were found guilty — & Dan' Murray was sentenced to re- 
 ceive one hundred lashes on his bare back well laid on — & John 
 Gretsinger to receive twenty five lashes. 
 
 The Commandant approves the above sentences & orders them 
 to be put in execution to-morrow morning at troop-beating. The 
 court is dissolved. 
 
 Head Quarters, Pittsburgh, Ap' S**" '80. 
 A Court of Enquiry, whereof Capt. Tho' Beal is appointed 
 President, is to sit to-morrow morning at nine o'clock to enquire 
 into the terms of enlistment of Capt. Heth's Independent Com- 
 pany, & make report of y^ names of such as are enlisted for during 
 the war, & such as are enlisted for three years. 
 
 Head Quarters, Pittsburgh, Ap' 8 — 1780. 
 Whereas, it is essentially necessary that all the out-posts 
 should be supplied with salt provisions, & it appearing from the 
 returns that there is not a sufficient quantity in the magazines 
 at the present ration, the Commandant finds himself under the 
 disagreeable necessity of reducing the rations of meat one quarter 
 of a pound — & he directs that one half pound of bread, flour, or 
 Indian meal be issued in lieu thereof, until a supply of fresh 
 provisions can be furnished, when the usual rations will again 
 be issued to the troops. 
 
 Head Quarters, Pittsburgh, Ap' 13 — '80 
 A General Court Martial whereof Col. Campbell was President, 
 Christopher Wint, an artificer in the service of the United States, 
 was tried for abusing the Commandant & threatening to kill him — 
 for cursing & abusing all the officers in the Department, particu- 
 larly the officer of the day — & for threatening to cut Capt. 
 Tannehill's throat when reprimanding him for his conduct, & 
 afterwards threatening to kill him, & several others when released 
 from confinement — in violation of y^ 3^ art. of the 2'' section of 
 the articles of war — & sentenced to receive one hundred lashes 
 'on his bare back with a cat-of-nine tails by the drummers of the 
 regiment. 
 
 James Kelly, W° McDowell, Jos. Lane & Cha' M'^Caffey, 
 artificers in the service of the United States, were tried by the 
 same court for disobedience of orders, & refusing to do their 
 duty — & the Court upon a full consideration of facts did acquit 
 W" McDowell & Jos. Lane of the charge; but found Jas. Kelly & 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 441 
 
 Chs M^Caffey guilty of a breach of y^ 5 art. of y^ 2'^ section of the 
 articles of war — & sentenced them to receive 30 lashes each, on 
 their bare backs, with a cat-of-nine-tails, by the drummer's of 
 the Regiment. 
 
 The Commandant approves the proceedings of the Court, & 
 directs that the sentences be executed at 3 o'clock this afternoon. 
 W™ McDowell & Jos. Lane are released, & ttie General Court 
 Martial dissolved. 
 
 Head Quarters, Pittsburgh, April 16*'' 1780. 
 The Court of Enquiry whereof Capt Tho^ Beal is President, is 
 to sit to-morrow morning at 9 o'clock to hear & determine the 
 claims of not only Capt. Heth's soldiers respecting discharges, 
 but likewise of late Capt. O'Hara's company. — Each field officer 
 is to be furnished with 2 gallons of Rum — each captain with 6 
 quarts— each sub. with one gallon — the officers of the civil staff 
 in proportion. 
 
 Pittsburgh, April 23*^ 1780. 
 A garrison Court Martial, whereof Maj. Vernon is President, is 
 to sit this morning at 10 o'clock for the trial of the prisoners 
 in the Guard House — & the evidence & parties are to attend 
 punctually. 
 
 Pittsburgh, April 26''' 1780. 
 
 At a Court of Enquiry, whereof Capt. Tho' Beal was President, 
 constituted to enquire into the enlistments of Capt. Heath's 
 & late Capt. O'Hara's men & to make report — y* s*^ court report 
 as follows — ^viz: 
 
 That Andrew Glass, George Manes, Anth^ Glass, Rich'' Earls — 
 Ja' Ryan— Jac*" Whittaker — Tho' Finn — James King — Jacob 
 Bewling & Philip Conley, of Capt. Heath's company are entitled 
 to be discharged — & that Serj* George Such — Tho' Shoughney, 
 Alex' M'' Adams — & John Evans are enlisted to serve during the 
 war. 
 
 Likewise that John White— W™ Rankin— John M. Gushing 
 & John Whiteman, are entitled to be discharged; & that Benj° 
 Brooks, Laughlin M'Clean & George Whellps, of the same com- 
 pany are regularly enlisted to serve during the war. 
 
 And the Court do likewise report that Samuel Caswell, Corne- 
 lius Downey, & Alex' Chambers of Capt. O'Hara's company are 
 entitled to be discharged. And that Tho' Wynn of the same 
 company is enlisted during the war. 
 
442 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 The Commandant approves of the opinion of the court, 
 directs that such of the men as are entitled to discharges respec- 
 tively, are to be discharged without loss of time. 
 
 Head Quarters, Pittsburgh, Ap' 29*'' 1780. 
 
 At a garrison Court Martial whereof Major Vernon was Presi- 
 dent, the following prisoners were tried — viz: John Callahan, 
 private in y" S'*" Penn^ Reg\ charged with theft, found guilty, & 
 sentenced to receive one hundred lashes. 
 
 Jos. Shaw, pack-horse driver of the United States, charged with 
 buying a blanket from a soldier of y^ 9**" Virginia Reg*, being public 
 property, was found guilty of the charge, & sentenced to receive 
 fifty lashes on his bare back, & to return a blanket of as good 
 quality as the one he bought, to the officer of the company to 
 which said soldier belongs. 
 
 Patrick Gwinn, soldier in the Maryland corps, was tried for 
 stealing & selling public amunition — found guilty, & sentenced 
 to recieve fifty lashes on his bare back. 
 
 Ferrol O'Neal & James Beers were tried for desertion & found 
 guilty — & sentenced to receive each one hundred lashes on his 
 bare back — & James Beers is to be imprisoned until he refunds 
 to John Lane, soldier, the sum which he had advanced him to 
 serve in his place. 
 
 Peter Griffin, soldier in the 9*'' Virginia Regiment, tried for 
 drunkenness & neglect of duty — found guilty, & sentenced to 
 receive fifty lashes. 
 
 William Moore, soldier in ye 8'^ Penn'' Reg*, charged with sell- 
 ing or losing his accoutrements — the court acquit him of the 
 charge, & he is to be released accordingly. 
 
 Bradwin Ashby, soldier of y^ 9*"" Virginia Reg*, charged with 
 overstaying his furlough — the court find him guilty, & sentence 
 him to receive fifteen lashes on the bare back. 
 
 The Commandant approves all the above sentences, except 
 the last, & orders them to be put in execution to-morrow morning 
 at troop beating. The Commandant is pleased to remit the pun- 
 ishment to be inflicted Gladwin Ashby, & he is to be enlarged. 
 
 The articles of war are to be read to the troops at retreat 
 beating to-morrow evening on the grand parade, & regularly 
 once a month afterwards. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 443 
 
 Head Quarters, Pittsburgh, Ap' 30*^ 1780. 
 
 A garrison Court Martial, whereof Lt. Col. Campbell is ap- 
 pointed President, is to sit to-morrow morning at 10 o'clock for 
 the trial of such prisoners as are confined in the guard house — 
 & such as may be brought before them: The place of sitting to 
 be appointed by the Pres*. 
 
 Capt. Heath — 1 1 
 
 8thpaj^ggt_ 3 [Members. 
 
 gth V* Reg' 2 J 
 
 Head Quarters, Pittsburgh, May T' 1780. 
 Each non-commissioned officer & soldier is to be furnished 
 with half a pint of whiskey for the celebration of the first of May. 
 
 Pittsburgh, May b^^ 1780. 
 Whereas sundry persons have taken the liberty of erecting 
 houses & enclosing lands within the range of this garrison, with- 
 out leave — the Commandant thinks it expedient to provide 
 [prescribe] such practices in future — & to declare that he will 
 punish every person who shall presume to erect a house, or en- 
 close any part of the lands within cannon shot of this fort, until 
 his permission is had in writing for that purpose. 
 
 Head Quarters, Pittsburgh May &^^ 1780. 
 As it appears from the returns of fatigue whiskey, that several 
 draughts have been made for men who were ordered on trifling 
 fatigues, only. The Commandant thinks it expedient that no 
 fatigue whiskey be issued in future unless the returns are pre- 
 viously countersigned by Colonel Gibson or himself — & the Cap- 
 tain of the day is directed to make a return to him of the number 
 of men on fatigue. 
 
 Head Quarters, May 8'^ 1780. 
 Every inhabitant in the vicinity of this garrison capable of 
 bearing arms is to attend with his arms & accoutrements in the 
 orchard to-morrow morning at 10 o'clock — where Lt. Col. Bayard 
 will examine their condition & cause their names to be enrolled 
 by their officers or such persons as they may elect to command 
 them; & in future they are to parade every morning at troop beat- 
 ing on the green near Head Quarters, & have an alarm post 
 assigned them. The Commandant has hitherto been disposed 
 to avoid every trouble of this kind to the inhabitants; but as the 
 
444 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 Enemy have lately increased their hostilities, he conceives it to 
 be a duty that caa no longer be dispensed with, until the garrison 
 is reinforced, or the danger of an attack upon the town ceases. 
 
 Head Quarters, Pittsburgh May 16*^ 1780. 
 
 Expiring enlistments & other casualties having rendered the 
 garrison too weak to mount the necessary guards, & perform 
 the other duties required, the indulgencies extended to the civil 
 staff in allowing them waiters from the line, cannot be con- 
 tinued — & those gentlemen are requested immediately to send 
 all soldiers employed in that way to join their respective com- 
 panies. 
 
 Parole — Stottsberry — Countersign — Sutton. 
 
 Head Quarters, Pittsburgh, May 17'*' 1780. 
 The Honb'® the Congress having been pleased to pass the fol- 
 lowing resolve, all persons concerned are requested to take due 
 notice thereof: 
 
 In Congress, March 2" 1780. 
 Resolved — That the office of Commiss" of clothing Acct^ established by a re- 
 solve of Congress of y^ 2*^ March, 1779, be discontinued after six months from 
 the date hereof, & all persons having clothing accounts for the year 1777, & who 
 do not exhibit them to the s*^ commissioners within that period shall not receive 
 any compensation for any arrearages they may hereafter claim to be due to 
 them. 
 
 Head Quarters, Pittsburgh, May 19*^ 1780. 
 A Court of Enquiry is to sit to-morrow morning to enquire 
 into the cause of the great deficiency of the stores brought to 
 this place for the 9*** V* Reg*, & into the terms of enlistments of 
 such non-commissioned officers & soldiers as claim their dis- 
 charge. The court is to consist of a field officer & two captains, 
 & their determination with respect to discharges is to be final & 
 conclusive. All parties are to be punctual in their attendance. 
 Detail for the Court of Enquiry: 
 
 Major Taylor, of Virginia, Prest. 
 
 gth pa j^ggt ^ captain. 
 
 gth v^ Reg* 1 captain. 
 Returns are to be immediately made out & signed by the com- 
 manding officers of regiments & corps, & delivered to the clothier 
 for the number of shirts wanting to complete each serjeant with 
 two, upon the receipt of which the clothier is directed to issue 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 445 
 
 the amount to the respective corps, except the Maryland corps, 
 who are otherwise provided for. 
 
 Head Quarters, Pittsburgh, May 22*^ 1780. 
 
 A Court of Enquiry is to sit to-morrow morning at 9 o'clock to 
 inquire into the nature of a dispute & some charge betwixt John 
 Irwin, D. C. G. Issue, & M' David Duncan, D. Q. M' Gen^ & 
 make a report of its proceedings to the Commandant. Lieut. 
 Col. Bayard is appointed President of this court, Lt. Col. Camp- 
 bell & Maj. Vernon members. 
 
 The same court is to enquire into the nature of a charge against 
 Lieut. Lewis, of the 9*'' V^ Reg*, & report, &c. 
 
 Whereas it has been represented to the Commandant, that 
 soldiers are frequently found among the inhabitants of Pittsburgh 
 much disguised in liquor, even after tatoo beating; he therefore 
 directs that the officers of the day do take with them at least 
 two files of men from the fort guard, & at least twice a night 
 patrol the streets & make prisoners of the soldiers found absent 
 from their quarters after beating the tatoo — except where such 
 soldiers have permission in writing from a field officer command^ a 
 reg\ to remain at their quarters in town & are not found in abuse 
 of the indulgence. 
 
 The troops are to make use of the brush in the orchard for fuel 
 as the teams cannot be spared to haul firewood until that is 
 consumed. 
 
 The officers of the day are to seize all liquors in the possession 
 of persons vending them to the troops or others, agreeably to 
 form orders, & report their names in order that those tippling 
 houses may be pulled down & destroyed. 
 
 Pittsburgh, June 1'* 1780. 
 At a Court of Inquiry whereof Maj"" Taylor was President, to 
 examine into the claims of non-commissioned officers & soldiers 
 of several regiments & corps demanding their discharges. The 
 Court find that John Berry, John Finney, Baun^ Carter, Nich' 
 Carter, John Ross, Edw'^ Paul, John Guthrie, W" Capes, John 
 Kilgour, Thomas Johnes, W"" Smith, Michael Smith, & John 
 M'Kinney of the 9''' V^ Reg* And James Clarke, Patrick Mooney, 
 Martin Sheriden, John Cain, Arth' Evans, Rich'' Hockley, & 
 Dan' Carr, of the S'^ P" Re^' & David Miller, Nich' Hagerty, Benj° 
 Brooks, Jacob Adams, John Lapland & Chrisf Carpenter, of 
 Capt. Heath's company — are properly enhsted during the war; 
 
446 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 & that Tho' Brownlee & Jeremiah Simpson of y* 9'^ V* Reg' — 
 Tho' Flinn & Sam' Blair are entitled to their discharges — & that 
 Jeremiah McCartney will be entitled to his discharge the 18**" day 
 of Jan. 1781. 
 
 The Court of Enquiry, whereof Lieut. Col. Bayard was Presi- 
 dent, appointed to enquire into the conduct of Lieut. And'' 
 Lewis, of the 9^^ V^ Reg* on a charge exhibited against him for 
 being accessary to the death of Adam Dust, fifer, in the same 
 reg* — are of opinion that Lieut. Lewis was not, by any means the 
 occasion of the death of Adam Dust, but that he acted from liberal 
 & generous motives. 
 
 The same court having examined into a dispute between M' 
 John Irwin. D. C. Issues & M' David Duncan, A. D. Q' M' Gen' 
 are of opinion that M'' John Irwine did not injure M' Duncan 
 in any manner whatever previous to their quarrel as was alledged, 
 & that M' Duncan has acted rashly & altogether unbecoming the 
 character he ought to support. 
 
 A General Court Martial, whereof Col. John Gibson is appointed 
 President, is to sit at Fort Pitt on Monday y*' b^^ of June for the 
 trial of such persons as shall be brought before them. 
 
 Given at Head Quarters, at Morristown, this l?*** day of March, 
 1780. 
 
 (signed) Geo: Washington. 
 
 Head Quarters, Pittsburgh, June 16* 1780. 
 
 At a General Court Martial, whereof Col. Gibson is President, 
 James Bate, a serj* in y^ 9*** V^ Reg* was tried for desertion & 
 found guilty of y^ charge, in breach of y® 1'* article of y^ 6^^ section 
 of y" articles of war — & sentenced to receive one hundred lashes 
 on his bare back, with a cat-o'-nine-tails by the drummers of 
 the Reg\ 
 
 Edward Wilkie, a private in y^ 8^^ P* Reg' was tried by the same 
 court — r' for leaving his guard & going up to town — 2** for being 
 drunk on his post when placed on sentry — 3^ for abusing & at- 
 tempting to shoot Maj' Taylor: 4''' for abusing Capt. Heath: S"* 
 for persisting in saying he would kill any field officer, and abusing 
 Lt. Coleman — & found guilty of the five charges exhibited against 
 him— in breach of y' 5'*^ article of y" 2^ section of y' 5"* article, of 
 y* IS'** section of the articles of war — & sentenced to receive one 
 hundred lashes for each crime, on his bare back, with a cat-o-nine- 
 tails, by the drummers of the Reg', & to be drummed out of the 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 447 
 
 gth pa p^ggt ^g ^ vagabond unworthy of serving in the army of 
 the United States. 
 
 The Commandant approves the proceedings of the court, & 
 directs that the sentences be executed to-morrow morning at 
 troop-beating. 
 
 Edward Wilkey is to be secured in irons until he has received 
 his punishment — &, before he is drummed out, he is to receive a 
 discharge, after which he is not to appear at any post in this 
 Department upon pain of immediate death. 
 
 Head Quarters, Pittsburgh, June 17*^ 1780. 
 
 At a general Court Martial whereof Col. Gibson is President, 
 Gaverard Cavenaugh & John Marrick, private soldiers in y^ 9*** 
 V^ Reg\ were tried for desertion, & found guilty of the charge in 
 breach of y® V^ article of y^ Q^^ section of the articles of war & 
 sentenced to receive as follows — viz: Gavie'*^ Cavaghnagh three 
 hundred lashes, & John Merick one hundred lashes, with a cat- 
 o-nine-tails by the drummers of the Reg\ 
 
 Serj* Edward Petty was tried by the same court for neglect 
 of duty by suffering some of his guard to go up into town, & 
 found guilty of the charge — in breach of y*^ 5*^ arcticle of y^ IS*** 
 section of the articles of war, & sentenced to be reduced to the 
 ranks as a private sentinel. 
 
 John Burk, a private soldier in the Maryland corps, was tried 
 by the same court for drowning a Continental horse, & was 
 unanimously acquitted. 
 
 The Commandant approves the proceedings of the court & 
 directs that the sentences be executed tomorrow morning at 
 troop beating. But in consideration of the recommendation of 
 the court the punishment of John Merick is remitted on account 
 of his former good conduct, & he & John Burke are to be im- 
 mediately released from their confinement. 
 
 Head Quarters, Pittsburgh, June 22*^ 1780. 
 
 At a general Court Martial whereof Col. Gibson is President, 
 John Jordan, a private soldier in the Maryland corps, was tried 
 for desertion & found guilty of y^ charge, in violation of y* T' 
 article of y® 6"" section of the articles of war. & sentenced to 
 receive one hundred lashes on his bare back, with a cat-o-nine- 
 tails by the drummers of the reg'. 
 
 At the same court W" Batten, a serj' of the Maryland corps, 
 was tried — r* for desertion — 2"^^ for selling his arms — 3*^'^ for a 
 
448 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 breach of trust — & 4'"^ for forgery — Sc is found guilty of the 
 charges exhibited against him — in breach of y^ 1^* article of y* 
 6^*^ section— y*^ 3'^ art. of y' IS'** section— & y' 5*^ art. of y" IS*** 
 section of y® articles of war — ■& sentenced to receive four hundred 
 lashes, with a cat-of-nine-tails by the drummers of the regiment — 
 to be reduced to the ranks as a private sentinel, c^ put under 
 stoppages not exceeding half his pay until he makes good all 
 damages sustained by Capt" Tannehill & the public. 
 
 The Commandant approves the proceedings of the General 
 Court Martial, & directs that the sentences be executed this 
 evening at retreat beating. 
 
 The officers of this Department not having received regi- 
 mental supplies regularly as in other parts of the army, & not 
 having it in their power to purchase suitable liquors — the Com- 
 mandant directs that each field officer command" a Regimenf be 
 furnished out of the store-house with 3 gallons of rum each — 
 other field officers with two gallons each — ^Capt* — Regimental 
 surgeons — Adj** — Qr. Mas*''* c*s: Pay Masters with six quarts — & 
 each subaltern with one gallon. Each Deputy in the civil staff 
 Department with two gallons — each ass't. in service at this & 
 the difTerent posts, with one gallon — the Regimental surgeon's 
 mates are to draw equal to subalterns. 
 
 Capt. Tho* Beal having satisfied the Command* that it was 
 owing to some misconstruction of orders, & a dispute between 
 Col. Campbell cS: himself that orders were not complied with, & 
 that it was not owing to any intention in him — he is hereby 
 released from arrest. 
 
 At the same gen' Court Martial, whereof Col. Gibson is Presi- 
 dent, Benj° Brooks, a private soldier in Capt" Heath's company, 
 was tried for letting Indey, a prisoner, escape from the guard 
 house, & was acquitted — he is to be immediately released from 
 confinement. 
 
 Pittsburgh, June 23^ 1780. 
 
 At a general Court Martial, whereof Col. Gibson is President, 
 John Barnett, a serj* of Capt. Heth's Independent company 
 was tried for neglect of duty by letting Indey, a priosner, escape 
 from the guard-house, in breach of y^ b^^ article of y^ IS**" section 
 of the articles of war, & sentenced to be reduced to the ranks as 
 a private centinel. 
 
 David Smith Si Thomas Dunn, private soldiers in y® 9^^ V* 
 Reg*, were tried by the same court for desertion, ct were found 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 449 
 
 guilty of the charge — in breach of y^ T* article of y^ 6^^ section of 
 the articles of war, & sentenced them to receive each 200 lashes 
 with a cat-o-nine-tails on their bare backs by the drummers of 
 the Regiment. 
 
 The Commandant approves the proceedings of the court, & 
 directs that the sentences be executed this evening at beating the 
 retreat. 
 
 Head Quarters, Pittsburgh June SO**" 1780. 
 Each soldier who has received only one shirt for this campaign 
 is immediately to be furnished with another — & oflficers command- 
 ing corps are to sign returns for the same. 
 
 Head Quarters, Pittsburgh, July 2^ 1780. 
 
 The fourth of this month being the anniversary of the glorious 
 Independence of the freemen of America, & the beginning of the 
 fifth year of our declared opposition to the tyrrany of the British 
 King & his venal Parliament, in the support of the rights of man- 
 kind — all persons are to cease from fatigue, & each non-commis- 
 sioned officer & soldier is to be furnished with half a pint of 
 whiskey. The officers of the line & staff are requested to partake 
 of a Dinner to be provided for them in the orchard at 3 o'clock, 
 & Col. Bayard is requested to invite such of the inhabitants as 
 he thinks proper. Thirteen cannon are to be fired with blank 
 cartridges, & 13 rounds of blank ca,rtridges or loose powder are 
 to be fired by a party of fifty men to be paraded for that purpose 
 by Adj* Crawford. 
 
 The entertainment is to be conducted by Capt" M^Intire, D"" 
 Holmes, & M' Gardner. The Com**' hopes to see every part of 
 the rejoicing conducted with the greatest decorum as usual, & 
 the artillery & musketry will receive orders when to fire. 
 
 Head Quarters, Pittsburgh, July 9*'' 1780. 
 
 At a general Court Martial whereof Col. Gibson is President, 
 Thomas Kelly, a private soldier in y' S*^ P^ Reg\ was tried for 
 desertion & found guilty of the charge, in breach of the 1"' article 
 of y^ 6"" section of the articles of war, — & sentenced to receive 
 five hundred lashes on his bare back, with a cat-o-nine-tails, by 
 the drummers of the regiment. 
 
 Nich' Humler, a private soldier in the S^^ P* Reg*, was tried 
 by the same court for insolence to his superior, in breach of y^ 
 1'* article of y' 7''' section of the Articles of War — & sentenced to 
 
 29 
 
450 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 ask pardon of Capt. M'Intire in presence of his commanding 
 officer. 
 
 The Commandant approves the proceedings of the Court, & 
 directs that the sentences be executed to-morrow morning 
 troop beating, & that the regimental surgeon attend y' execution 
 of the sentence on Kelly. 
 
 Head Quarters, Pittsburgh, July 10*'' 1780. 
 Capt. M^Intire has permission to choose a party of men out 
 of such of the corps as he thinks proper to be in readiness for 
 command. 
 
 Head Quarters, Fort Pitt, July 11 1780. 
 
 At a general Court Martial, whereof Col. Gibson is President, 
 Hyatt Lazier, a private soldier in y' 9*'' Virginia Reg*, was tried 
 for stealing a canoe, the property of John Dousman — 2*"^ for steal- 
 ing a sheep, the property also of John Dousman: 3*^^ for quitting 
 his command when sent express from Fort Mcintosh to this 
 post — & was found guilty of the charges exhibited against him — 
 in violation of y^ 6*'' article of y' 18*'' section of y^ articles of War — 
 & sentenced to receive five hundred lashes, with a cat-o-nine-tails, 
 by the drummers of the reg*, on his bare back — & to pay to John 
 [Dousman] the value of the sheep he stole from him, as also the 
 value of the canoe, if not returned to said John Dousman in the 
 same condition as when he. Lazier the prisoner, stole it. 
 
 The Commandant approves the proceedings of y^ Gen' Court 
 Martial, & directs that the sentence be executed this eveing at 
 beating the retreat. 
 
 Head Quarters, Pittsburgh, July 29*'' 1780. 
 
 At a Gen' Court Martial, whereof Col Gibson is President, Jos. 
 Colman, a private soldier in y' 8*'' P" Reg*, was tried for sleeping 
 on his post, & was found guilty of y^ crime & sentenced to receive 
 one hundred lashes, but in consequence of his general good be- 
 havior, the court recommend him to the mercy & clemency of 
 the command*. The Command* is pleased with the recommen- 
 dation of the Court & does remit the sentence, in expectation 
 that the offender will avoid giving any further trouble to court 
 martials by a steady perseverance in his duty. 
 
 Hyatt Lazier a private in y* 9*'' V" Reg*, having received part 
 of the punishment awarded him, & undergone a tedious confine- 
 ment, & as the Commandant hopes & believes he has experienced 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 451 
 
 sufficient severity to excite him to better conduct in future, lie 
 is pleased to remit the remaining part of his sentence, & directs 
 that be forthwith released from confinement. 
 
 The Commandant is sorry to find that (although repeated orders 
 have been issued to prevent the wanton waste of amunition) 
 a party cannot be had upon the most pressing occasion, until 
 fresh quantities of amunition are drawn, he conceives that if 
 the orders of his Excellency the Commander-in-Chief, issued at 
 Middlebrook the 19*^ day of May, 1779, were attended to, & the 
 arms, amunition, &c. of the respective regf & corps carefully 
 inspected every morning at Roll Call, this abuse could not 
 happen — & he strictly enjoins the officers to a punctual observance 
 of that order. 
 
 The officers of the line & staff are to be furnished with a quan- 
 tity of rum, equal to that ordered for, on y^ 22'' of June last. 
 
 Pittsburgh, July 29*'' 1780. 
 Regimental Orders. 
 The officers commanding companies are to examine every 
 morning at Roll Calling the soldiers' arms & accoutrements & 
 see that they are in good firing order & clean — & that the soldiers 
 have not wasted their amunition. 
 
 A Regimental Court Martial to sit on Monday morning at 9 
 o'clock to try such prisoners as shall be brought before it. 
 
 S. Bayard. 
 
 Head Quarters, Pittsburgh, Aug. 2^ '80. 
 As beef & flour are equally plenty, the usual rations are to be 
 issued, but not more than one pound of mutton is to be issued 
 for a ration. 
 
 Head Quarters, Pittsburgh, Aug. 3'' — 1780. 
 At a general Court Martial, whereof Col. Gibson is President, 
 Serj* Maj' Wood, of the 9"^ V^ Reg*— Serj' Dennison of the 
 S^^ P^ Reg*, & Tho' Shoughey, private in Capt'' Heth's Independ- 
 ent company, were tried for using unfair means to enlist a man, 
 & defrauding him of his property. The court is of opinion that 
 Serj* Major Woods is not guilty of the charge exhibited against, 
 & do therefore acquit him, & he is to be immediately released. 
 Serj* Dennison, in part for connivance, & Tho^ Shoughney fully 
 were found guilty, & sentenced as follows — viz: Serj* Dennison 
 to be reduced to the ranks as a private centinel; & Tho^ Shoughney 
 
452 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 to receive five hundred lashes on his bare back by the drummers 
 of the reg^ & to refund to Conrad Ham the money he, Tho' 
 Shoughney, defrauded him of. 
 
 The Commandant approves the proceedings of the court, & 
 directs that the sentence be put in execution to-morrow morning 
 at troop beating. 
 
 Head Quarters, Pittsburgh, Aug. 11*^ 1780. 
 
 At a general Court Martial whereof Col. Gibson is President, 
 John Gosset, a private soldier in the 9**^ V* Reg*, was tried for 
 cowardice & found guilty of the charge, in breach of y* 13*'' article 
 of y^ 13*^ section of the articles of war, & sentenced to receive five 
 hundred lashes on his bare back by the drummers of the Reg*. 
 
 The Command* approves the proceedings of the court & directs 
 that the sentence be executed to-morrow morning at troop beating. 
 The surgeon of the reg* to attend. 
 
 The sentences of David Gamble & Peter Davis will be published 
 as soon as his Excellency's [wishes] the commander-in-chief, in 
 regard to them, are known. 
 
 Serj* Dennison, of the S*** P"" Reg*, having generally supported a 
 good character the Commandant is pleased to reinstate him in 
 his former rank, & he is to be obeyed accordingly. 
 
 Head Quarters, Pittsburgh, Aug. 16*** 1780. 
 Returns are to be immediately made for shoes & blankets for 
 the non-commissioned officers & soldiers who have not been 
 lately supplied^ — & Lieut. Neilly will d^istribute a proportion of 
 blankets to each corps. No non-commissioned officer or soldier 
 is to be furnished with more than one pair of shoes in pursuance 
 of this order. 
 
 !»- : ^fiijy^r Pittsburgh, Aug* 25*'' 1780. 
 Regimental Orders. 
 All officers, waiters, artificers, wood cutters, soldiers on standing 
 fatigue, waggoners, &c. belonging to the 8*'' Penn* Reg*, are to 
 attend Roll calls every Sunday, with their arms, accoutrements, 
 amunition in good order. The officers of the Reg* are requested 
 to see these orders punctually obeyed. 
 
 S. Bayard, Lt. Col. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 453 
 
 Head Quarters, Pittsburgh, Aug' 26*'' 1780. 
 
 At a general court martial, whereof Col. Gibson is President, 
 Lieut. Lewis Thomas, of the 9^^ V* Reg*, was tried for neglect of 
 duty, & suffering David Gamble, a prisoner under sentence of a 
 general court martial, to escape from the guard-house whilst 
 he was officer of the guard— & by the unanimous opinion of the 
 court was acquitted with honor — he is therefore released from 
 his arrest. 
 
 As a part of the lands taken for public use, is now enclosed, 
 no horses, cattle, sheep or swine (except such as are public prop- 
 erty, or belonging to officers entitled to keep them at public 
 expense) are to be suffered to remain within the enclosure, upon 
 pain of having such trespassing horses, cattle, sheep, or swine 
 impounded, & the trespass paid for in such manner & at such 
 rates as shall be directed by the Command* — Milch cows belonging 
 to the garrison are to be turned out every morning at troop- 
 beating, & drove in at beating the retreat. 
 
 The gates next the town are to be guarded by a sentinel from 
 beating the Revihe until beating the retreat, when the officer 
 of the day is to cause them to be locked — & they are not again 
 to be opened, except for the purpose of going the rounds until 
 break of day when the sentinel is to be posted. 
 
 Head Quarters, Fort Pitt, Aug. 27"' 1780. 
 All persons concerned who have not been made acquainted, or 
 have been inattentive to the orders of the 14*'' of June last, are 
 hereby enjoined to pay proper respect to them & govern them- 
 selves accordingly — the Commandant being determined to 
 enforce a proper obedience to his orders. 
 
 Head Quarters, Fort Pitt, Aug. 28*'' 1780. 
 
 At a general Court Martial, whereof Col. Gibson is President, 
 John Gordon a private in the Maryland corps, was tried for 
 neglect of duty, by suffering David Gamble, a prisoner under 
 sentence of general court martial, to escape while he was placed 
 over him as a sentry, & was acquitted — & is immediately to be 
 released from his confinement. 
 
 At the same court John Moore, a private in the 8*'' P* Reg*, was 
 tried for desertion & found guilty of the charge, in breach of y® 
 r* article of y® 6*'' section of y® articles of war — & sentenced to 
 receive three hundred lashes on his bare back by the drummers 
 of the Reg*. 
 
454 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 The Commandant approves the sentence of the court, & 
 directs it to be put in execution this evening at beating the re- 
 treat. 
 
 Head Quarters, Pittsburgh, Sept. V^ 1780. 
 
 At a general Court Martial, whereof Col. Gibson is President, 
 Cha' Parker & Conrod Ridnor, private soldiers in the 8"" P^ Reg*, 
 were tried for having an intention to desert in company with 
 John Maynard & some negroes: Ch^ Parker was found guilty, & 
 sentenced to recieve one hundred lashes on his bare back. Con- 
 rod Ridnor & John Maynard were acquitted, & are to be im- 
 mediately released. 
 
 The Command* approves the sentence of the court on Ch^ 
 Parker, & directs that it be executed to-morrow morning at beat- 
 ing the troop. 
 
 An allowance of Rum equal to that ordered on the 22^ of June 
 last, is to be issued to the officers of the line & staff. 
 
 Head Quarters, Fort Pitt, Sept. 3*^ 1780. 
 
 Capt, Tannehill, of the Maryland corps, having represented 
 that Capt° MTntire had beaten & injured one of his soldiers — & 
 therefore requested that a court of Inquiry might be ordered to 
 sit to enquire into the complaint & make report. 
 
 The Command' has thought proper to direct that a court of 
 Enquiry to consist of Capt. Craig, President & two members do 
 sit to-morrow morning at the President's tent to enquire into the 
 complaint & make report accordingly. 
 
 Capt. Brady, & [blank in Ms.], members. 
 
 Head Quarters, Fort Pitt, Sept. 5*^ 1780. 
 
 At a court of Enquiry constituted to enquire into the nature 
 of a complaint made by Capt. Tannehill against Capt. M'^Intire 
 for having beaten & injured one of his soldiers: The court reports 
 that the witnesses have been examined, & in their opinion, the 
 conduct of Capt. MTntire ought not to subject him to a trial by a 
 court martial. 
 
 At a general Court Martial, whereof Col. Gibson is President, 
 James Burns, a matross in the 4*'' Reg* of artillery, commanded 
 by Col. Proctor, was tried for sleeping on his post when posted 
 a sentry — & found guilty of the charge, in breach of the 6**" article 
 of y^ 13*^ Section of the Articles of War — & sentenced to recieve 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 455 
 
 two hundred lashes on his bare back, with a cat-o-nine-tails, by 
 the drummers of the garrison. 
 
 The Command^ approves the proceedings of the court, & 
 directs that the sentence be executed this evening at retreat beat- 
 ing. 
 
 A garrison Court Martial, to consist of Lt. Col. Bayard, Pres*, & 
 six members, is to sit to-morrow at such place as the President 
 shall appoint for the trial of the prisoners in the guard-house. 
 All witnesses & parties to be punctual in attendance. Lt. Ward 
 for guard to-morrow. 
 
 Head Quarters, Fort Pitt, Sept. T*"" '80. 
 
 A court of Enquiry to consist of Capt° Springer, Prest., Lt. 
 Peterson, & Lt. Bradford, members, is to sit immediately to 
 inquire into the enlistment of Ch"^ Carpenter & such other soldiers 
 as claim their discharges, & have not heretofore had the benefit 
 of a Court of Inquiry. The said court to make report of their 
 Inquiry to the Commandant. 
 
 At a garrison Court Martial, whereof Lt. Col. Bayard is Presi- 
 dent, Ch^ Crawford, a private soldier of y® Q'*" V^ Reg*, was tried 
 for drunkenness & neglect of duty, & by his own confession was 
 found guilty of y® crime, in violation of y® 5* article of the 18*'' 
 section of the articles of war, & sentenced to receive one hundred 
 lashes — but his solemn promise having induced the court to 
 recommend him for clemency — his punishment is remitted & he 
 is to be immediately released. 
 
 At the same court W" Cloyd & W"" Beaty, private soldiers, 
 were tried for robbing the gardens of Tho^ Chambers & Jn° 
 Bradley^& found guilty of the charge — ^& sentenced to recieve 
 each fifty lashes on their bare backs. 
 
 The Commandant approves the proceedings of the court, 
 but in consideration of late Col. Rawlins' recommendation of 
 W" Beaty, his punishment is remitted, & as W™ Cloyd has (by 
 the character given him by his Colonel) likewise supported a 
 fair reputation, his punishment is likewise remitted — ^& both are 
 to be immediately released. 
 
 The court is dissolved. 
 
 Head Quarters, Pittsburgh, Sept. 9^^ 1780. 
 The Court of Inquiry, whereof Capt. Springer is President, 
 report that Dan' Lancy & Charles Bodkins, of the 9*'' V" Reg*, 
 are entitled to a discharge, & that David Smith, of the same 
 
456 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 regt, & Chr^ Carpenter & Sam' M^Cord, of Capt. Heth's company, 
 are not entitled to be discharged. 
 
 Dan' Lancy & Ch' Bodkin are, therefore upon application to be 
 discharged from the service of the United States. 
 
 Head Quarters, Morristown, Ap' SO**" 1780. 
 The Hon^'® the Congress have been pleased to pass the follow- 
 ing resolutions: 
 
 In Congress April 10''' 1780. 
 Resolved, 
 
 That when Congress shall be furnished with proper documents 
 to Uquidate the depreciation of the Continental bills of credit, 
 they will as soon thereafter as the state of the pubHc finances will 
 admit, make good to the line of the army & the Independent 
 corps thereof, the deficiency of their original pay, occasioned by 
 such depreciation and the articles heretofore paid or furnished, 
 or hereafter to be paid or furnished by Congress, or the States, or 
 any of them, as for pay, subsistence, or the compensate for 
 deficiences, shall be deemed as advanced on accompt, until 
 such hquidation as aforesaid shall be adjusted, it being the 
 determination that all the troops serving in the continental 
 army shall be placed on an equal footing (provided that no 
 person shall have any benefit of this resolution, except such 
 as were engaged during the war, or for three years, & are now in 
 service, or shall hereafter engage during the war. 
 
 Resolved — That a committee of three be appointed to report 
 a proper compensation to the staff of the army in consequence 
 of the depreciation of the currency. 
 
 Extract from General Orders, 
 
 Alex** Scammell, Adj* General. 
 
 Head Quarters, Fort Pitt, Sepf IG"* 1780. 
 Commanding officers of Reg'" & corps are to make immediate 
 returns of the state of their arms, & accoutrements to the com- 
 manding officer of artillery, agreeably to a form he has prepared 
 for that purpose, in order for inspection, as directed in the late 
 arrangement of the ordinance department, & where it appears 
 that the arms in the hands of the men are not in the best firing 
 order, & cannot immediately be repaired: — such arms are to be 
 exchanged for good arms with the Commiss^ of military stores 
 present, in order that all arms, &c. in this Department unfit for 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 457 
 
 further service may be sent to the arsenal below the mountain 
 & exchanged for new ones. 
 
 Head Quarters, F' Pitt, Sept. 23^ 1780. 
 
 A subaltern officer & a fatigue are daily to be appointed to 
 catch fish with the public Seine — the officer is to see that the fish 
 caught by the party are weighed & delivered to the Commissary 
 of Issues, who is to pass his receipt for the same, which receipts 
 are to be lodged with the Brigade Major to be filed. Every 
 Evening the seine is to be spread, & left in charge of the officer of 
 the guard, who is not to deliver it to any person, except the officer 
 warned to superintend the fishing fatigue. 
 
 As provisions are at present scarce, the Commandant expects 
 that the officers appointed to the above service will exert them- 
 selves in having fish taken for the use of the troops. 
 
 Head Quarters, Fort Pitt, Sept' 29'*" 1780. 
 
 At a general Court Martial, whereof Col. Gibson is President, 
 Alex"" M. Adams, a private soldier of Capt. Heth's Independent 
 Company, was tried for neglect of duty by allowing Davis, a 
 prisoner, to make his escape whilst he was placed over him as 
 sentry — & was found guilty of the charge — in violation of y^ 5*^" 
 article of y® 18*'' section of the articles of war — & sentenced to 
 receive fifty lashes on his bare back, with a cat-o-nine-tails by the 
 drummers of the garrison. 
 
 Alex*^ Chambers was tried by the same court for obtaining his 
 discharge fraudulently, & by the unanimous opinion of the court 
 was found guilty of the charge, & sentenced to be compelled to 
 serve during the war. 
 
 John Phillips, Isaac Johnston & Stephen Winter, private sol- 
 diers in the 9^^ V^ Reg*, were tried before the same court for break- 
 ing open the Commissary's stores at F* M'^Intosh & stealing 
 liquor therefrom ; & John Phillips was found guilty of the charge, 
 in violation of y*" S*'' article of y® 18*'' Section of the articles of war, 
 & sentenced to receive one hundred lashes on his bare back with 
 a cat-o-nine-tails by the drummers of the Reg* And Johnston 
 & Winter are found guilty of drinking part of the rum (knowing 
 it to be stolen) & sentence the said Johnston (as corp') to do duty 
 in the ranks as a private sentinel, & Winter to receive fifty lashes 
 on his bare back by the drummers of the Reg*. 
 
 John Darraugh & Sam' Reed, private soldiers in the S*** Penn^ 
 Reg* were tried before the same court for desertion, & were found 
 
458 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 guilty of the charge, in violation of y® 1^' article of y® 6**" section 
 of the articles of war — & sentenced to recieve each three hundred 
 lashes on his bare back, with a cat-o-nine-tails, by the drummers 
 of the Regiment. 
 
 The Command' approves the proceedings of the court, but in 
 consideration of the age & infirmities of W™ M. Adams, is pleased 
 to remit his punishment — the rest of the sentences are to be put 
 in execution to-morrow morning at troop-beating. 
 
 Parole — Rochester — Countersign — Rhine. 
 
 Head Quarters, Fort Pitt, Oct'' 2^ '80. 
 
 At a General Court Martial, whereof Col. Gibson is President, 
 Ens'' Tho' Wyatt of the 8'*' P" Reg*, was tried for neglect of duty 
 in suffering Davis, a prisoner under sentence of a general court 
 martial for a capital crime, to make his escape out of the guard- 
 house during his guard — & was acquitted. 
 
 The Command* approves the proceedings of the court, & Ens. 
 Tho^ Wyatt is released from his arrest. 
 
 At the same court Ens" John Guthrie, of the same reg*, was 
 tried for disobedience of orders & behaving in a manner unbecom- 
 ing an officer & a gentleman, & was found guilty of disobedience 
 of orders, in violation of the S**" article of the 2^ section of the 
 articles of war — & sentenced to be reprimanded in General 
 Orders. 
 
 If Ensign Guthrie entertains proper ideas of the sacred character 
 of an officer and a gentleman, his sentence will be a sufficient 
 reprimand, & excite in him an attachment to that subordination 
 which is the life & strength of an army, & without which no man 
 is fit for an officer. 
 
 He is released from his arrest. The officers of the line & staff 
 are to draw an allowance of liquor equal to the last general order 
 for that purpose. 
 
 [Here ends the l*** vol., except the following entries on the closing fly-leaf:] 
 
 Capt. Clark 
 " Dawson 
 
 Guards 
 
 Court Martials Commands 
 Sept. 15 — 
 
 " Swearingen 
 " Carnahan 
 
 
 Aug. 8, '78. 
 
 
 Sept. 15 
 
 " Jack 
 
 
 Sept. 15 
 
 " Cook 
 
 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 
 
 Guards Court Martials 
 Sept. 15 — 
 
 Capt. Stokely 
 
 " Jo' Finley 
 
 " Prather Sept. 15 
 
 " Moor 
 
 " Jn° Finley Sept. 15. 
 
 Lt. Hughes 
 
 " Crawford 
 
 " Harden - • 
 
 " Peterson Sept. 15, '78 
 
 " Niely 
 
 " Mickey 
 
 " Finley 
 
 " Amberson 
 
 " Graham 
 
 Capt. Clark Peterson 
 
 " Carnahan Ward 
 
 " Jos. Finley Guthrie 
 
 " John Finley Wyatt 
 
 C. Lt. Sam^ Brady Morrison 
 
 Cooper 
 
 John Clark, Captain 8*^ P^ Regt. 
 
 459 
 Commands. 
 
 Crawford 
 Neilly 
 Reed 
 Stotsberry. 
 
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 GENERAL COURTS-MARTIAL 
 
 [Trial of Lieut. John Ward, Maj. Frederick Vernon, president of court. 
 Washington Papers. A. D. S.] 
 
 Proceedings of A General Court Martial held at Fort Pitt June 
 
 the 29*^ 1781 In pursuance of A warrant from his Excellency the 
 
 commander in chief, dated New Windsor the 16**" April 1781, 
 
 and by him transmited to the commandant at this Post. 
 
 Major Vernon President 
 
 Captain Craig 1 [Capt: Clark 
 
 Cap: Springer Capt" Biggs 
 
 Capt. Brady I a/t u J L* Crawford 
 
 T • t r> X } Members < t t c • 
 
 Lieu Peterson | L* Sprmger 
 
 L* J. Harrison En' Dawson 
 
 L'L: Harrison J [ En' Beck 
 
 Capt" John Finley D Judge ad : 
 
 The Court and Judge advocate being sworn Proceeded to the 
 Trial John Ward L* 8**^ Pen^ Reg*— 
 
 Lieu* John Ward came before the Court charged with Inso- 
 lence, Disobedience of orders, and Taking part with the Enemies 
 of the commanding officer of this District, and associating with 
 those below the character of Gentlemen — 
 
 L* Ward pleads not Guilty — 
 
 Colo Stephen Bayard being sworn, saith a day or two previous 
 to my arresting L' Ward or sending in the charges, I with a number 
 of the officers of the 8th Pen^ and 7^^ Virginia Regiments, were 
 standing near M' Fausits, that we had not been standing long 
 before we saw A Number of Men walking towards us, some of 
 the Gentlemen said there comes the combind associators, let us 
 not take any Notice of them nor shew them any Respect, nor 
 even move our hats to them on hearing high words pass between 
 Capt° Brady and V Ward, I Desired L* Ward to hold his tongue 
 (or words to that Effect) L* Ward Turned to me and said, he 
 had a right to take their parts I told him he had no right to 
 take their part there, or even to think about the Matter; he said 
 he had as good a right to think or speak his sentiments there as 
 I had; I told him to go about his business and Let me hear no 
 more of it: he still kept Talking to me in that Insulting way; I 
 desired him the second time to go away, his haughty imperious 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 471 
 
 way provocked me, I told him I would put him Under an arrest. 
 I asked him what Reg* he belonged to, he said the 2""^ Pen* Reg*. 
 I told him he belonged to the 8th Pen* Reg* and must obey the 
 orders of the commanding officer, after he was put under an 
 arest in walking to M' Duncans, he walked along side of me and 
 damn'd himself but he had as good a right to speak his senti- 
 ments as any man and would do it at any time. I told him I 
 imputed it to his Ignorance of Military duty, and told him he 
 was but a Boy in the service, or he would not have treated his 
 commanding officer in that manner. I have observed L* Ward 
 Frequently associating with David Tait hooking arms together 
 and riding out with each other — 
 
 Quest from V Ward to Colo Bayard — Did you not tell me 
 previous to your arresting me, I was a boy, an Infant, and did 
 not know my Duty — 
 
 Answer. I do not Recollect tho I might have said it 
 
 Quesf from V Ward to Colo Bayard When you arested me, 
 did I not tell you I would consider myself as such, and asked you 
 for what, and did you not tell me it was for mutiny — 
 
 Answer. It implied that in part of the arrest. 
 
 Capt° Sam^ Brady being sworn saith I was present with Colo 
 Bayard when the Dispute hapned between him & Lieu* Ward. I 
 was the first that obseved the people coming up the Street, and 
 I said there comes the combind Associators let us not treat them 
 with Respect, for my part I dont know that I shall move my hatt 
 to them. Lieu* Ward Then Steped up and said he did not know 
 that I had any Reason to treat some of them with Disrespect. 
 I then took A second look at them and said there was an Indi- 
 vidual there I would treat with common Respect. Col: Bayard 
 then steped up and told L* Ward he had no Right to take their 
 parts. L* Ward said he was not taking all their parts, but there 
 was some he had a right to take their part. I then steped between 
 Col: Bayard and L* Ward and tryed to hush the matter as some 
 of the Party had stoped near us to hear what was said Colo Bay- 
 ard told Lieu* Ward to hold his tongue (or words to that Effect) 
 that he had not aright to think. Lieu* Ward said he had a right 
 to think. Colo: Bayard told him he was a boy and an Infant & 
 did not know his duty, and desired him to go about his business. 
 I cant Recollect the answer L* Ward Returned, but that Colo. 
 Bayard steped up and gave him A Slap on the breast and said I 
 arest you for Mutiny. We then came to wards M"^ Duncans & 
 
472 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 I heard L* Ward say he had A Right to think and speak his 
 Sentiments as well as any other Gentleman Colo. Bayard told 
 him he was A boy and he imputed his Conduct to his Ignorance 
 of Military DisipHne. 
 
 Captain John Finley being sworn saith on the 30th of May I 
 with several other Gentlemen was present when a number of the 
 Inhabitants of Pittsburgh was coming towards us. Capt° Brady 
 said there comes the combind associators Let us not move our 
 hatts to them or take any Notice of them for my part I will not 
 move my Hatt or show them any Respect Lieu* John Ward 
 made answer and said he did not think Capt Brady had any 
 Right to show them any disrespect. Capt° Brady said he had. 
 L* Ward said it must be for some private Reasons. Capt° Brady 
 said I have my Reasons. Lieut Ward said for his part he Looked 
 on some of them to be be Gentlemen and would treat them as 
 such. Colo Bayard then told L* Ward he was very wrong and 
 acted out of the character of an OfTicer in taking the part of such 
 Rascals or Villains, that no officer should be seen associating with 
 or countenanceing such Damnd Scoundrals, that had been Mut- 
 inying against the commanding officer. L* Ward said there might 
 be some such among them, but there was some of them Gentle- 
 men, that was his Opinion and he thought he had a Right to enjoy 
 it. Colo. Bayard said he had no Right to think any such thing. 
 L* Ward said by god he had a Right to think and speak his 
 thoughts & he would do it. Colo Bayard said he had not and 
 it was his and Every other officers duty to suport the command- 
 ing officer and he had no Right to think. L*^ Ward said he had 
 a Right to think and speak his thoughts if he pleased. Colo. 
 Bayard said he was a boy an Infant and did not know his duty or 
 he Would not Talk so, and told him to go away and Repeated 
 the word Boy and Infant two or three times. L* Ward said he 
 did not pretend to know a great deal of duty as he never had an 
 opportunity of seeing much of it, but said he was an officer, and 
 had don his duty as well as he knew how, and never Refused 
 doing it; and would suport the commanding officer, in any thing 
 he thought was Right. Colo. Bayard asked him if he was not an 
 officer, he said he was. says the Col: in what Reg*. L* Ward 
 said the 2°*^ Pen^ Regt. Colo Bayard said he was not. L* 
 Ward said that from the Arangment he thought he was, and said 
 to Col. Bayard What Reg* do I belong to. Col. Bayard said the 
 8th and he Ought to be arested. L* Ward said if he had don 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 473 
 
 anything that was out of the character of an ofTicer he ought to 
 be arested and Tryd. Colo. Bayard Said he would arest him 
 for Mutiny, and desired him to consider himself under an arest L* 
 Ward said if it was his order he would. Col. Bayard said it was 
 his orders. 
 
 Lieut. John Ward being put on his defence Saith — Gentlemen, 
 I have been arested and araigned at your barr By L* Colo. Bay- 
 ard, for Insolence, Disobedience of Orders, and Taking part with 
 the Enemies of the Command'g officer of this District, and as- 
 sociating with those below the Character of Gentlemen. To these 
 Charges I have pleaded Not Guilty. In Support of the accusa- 
 tions, Colo Bayard who Exhibits them steps forth and deposeth 
 That A day or two previous to his aresting L* Ward, he with a 
 number of officers were standing near NT Fausits that they had 
 not stood Long before they saw a number of men Walking To- 
 wards them. Some of the Gentlemen said there comes the 
 associators Let us not Take any notice of them nor shew them 
 any Respect It is needless to follow Colo. Bayard through his 
 narative. However Towards the conclusion of it he says that 
 he has seen me in company with M"" Tait. am I the only officer 
 that has been seen in company with that Gentleman. I know 
 nothing against M' Taits Character. Nor do I keep company with 
 any now but such whose company I formerly Frequented From 
 the Evidence before the court it will I hope appear obvious that 
 I was neither Insolent to Colo Bayar nor did I in any Respect 
 Insult him or any other Gentleman. I admit that I told him 
 that I had A Right to think, and speak my sentiments. This 
 privilige is one of the greatest we hold and are contending for. 
 and Notwithstanding the caprice of some and the Tyrany of 
 Others I still hope we shall enjoy it. As an officer I have Ever 
 obeyed with pleasure the Commands of my superiours, as a man 
 I ever have and will enjoy my sentiments. Colo Bayard Im- 
 putes these Sentiments of mine to my Ignorance of military 
 duty, and then deposeth tiiat he told me I was but a boy in the 
 Service But upon my asking him if he did not tell me previous 
 to aresting me that I was a boy and did not know my duty He 
 answers, He dos not Recollect that he told me tho he might have 
 said it. How such Incoherancies and Contradictions can be 
 Reconciled I leave to the Determination of the Court. Besides 
 Gentlemen the Evidence of A prosecutor can have no Right did 
 it ever opperate against me (tho Colo Bayard is of A different 
 
474 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 kind) For the mere Epsedixet of an accuser can never convict 
 the accused. This is Repugnant to Law and Equity. There- 
 fore the Evidence of Colo Bayard can only be considered as an 
 Explanation, or Illustration of the Charge nor can it be taken up 
 by the Court on any other ground whatever. I shall now 
 proceed to the Evidence of Capt° Brady This Gentleman 
 Deposeth that he was the first that discovered The people coming 
 up the Street, and said there comes the Combind Associators. 
 Let us not treat them with Respect L* Ward said he did not 
 know that he had a Right to treat some of those Gentlemen with 
 disrespect. That Colo Bayard Then told me I had no Right to 
 take their part, M' Ward then RepUed he was not taking all their 
 parts, but he had a Right to take part with some of them "that 
 he Recollects that Colo Bayard told L*' Ward to hold his tongue" 
 and that he had not A Right to think" and that L* Ward an- 
 swered he had A Right to think. That Colo Bayard told L* 
 Ward that he was A boy, and an Infant, and did not know his 
 duty. And desired him to go about his business, that L* Ward 
 made some Reply which he dos not Recollect. When Colo 
 Bayard steped up to him and gave him a slap on The Breast and 
 told him he was arested for Mutiny. Capt° Brady is called 
 by the prosecutor Colo. Bayard and he proves The Substance of 
 all I Could Either hope or wish. I am peremtorly Told to hold 
 my Tongue and that I had no Right to think that I was A boy 
 and an Infant &c and thereby Capt° Brady clearly proves what 
 Colo Bayard Endeavours to evade. 
 
 But I am particularly obligd to the Testimony of Capt° John 
 Finley who is also called in suport of the Prosecution this 
 Gentleman is not only Candid but Explicit his memory is 
 Retentive and he not Only Speaks the Truth but the whole truth 
 and nothing but the Truth. I beg Gentlemen that you would 
 advert to the Charge and Compare that with the Evidence of 
 Capt° Brady & Capt° Finley. Hear I hope it will appear obvious 
 that in place of being Insolent I was Treated with Insolence that 
 I had Received ill Treatment and Unbecoming Language, but 
 Returned None. It therefore depends on you Gentlemen to 
 determine Whiether a commissioned officer bearing a Commission 
 from Congress and carrying arms in Defence of Liberty and the 
 Rights of mankind has the priviledge to think or not; and if the 
 Articles of War doth not Prohibit us from enjoying this privilige. 
 which it is impossible they can do I cannot be found Guilty of 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 475 
 
 Disobedience of Orders For Deposeth Capt° Finley upon Colo 
 Bayards saying it was his and Every other officers duty to suport 
 the commanding officer & That L* Ward had no Right to think, 
 L* Ward RepUes he had a Right to think and speak his thoughts 
 if he pleased. Can this be considered Disobedience of Orders I 
 hope not I'm sure it cannot, such, an Idea could only be En- 
 gendred by Violence Matured by Malevolence and pen'd by 
 Indiscretion, and as to the latter part of the charge, Taking part 
 with the Enemies of the commanding officer of this District, and 
 associating with them below the character of Gentlemen. After 
 being Repeatedly Insulted by telling me to be silent and that I 
 was an Infant & a boy; and did not know my duty. What says 
 Capt° Finley. L* Ward said he did not pretend to know a great 
 deal of duty as he never had an opportunity of seeing much of it. 
 but said he was an officer and had don his duty as well as he knew 
 how and never Refused doing it, and would support the Command- 
 ing officer in any thing he thought was Right. Is there any 
 thing like presumption or Insolence here, Is there any thing here 
 like disrespect to my Commanding officer, or the Commanding 
 officer of this district. Considering the Language I had Recieved 
 from Colo Bayard and the manner he Treated me, are not my 
 answers Mild Moderate and Respectfull. The Regard I have 
 for the dignity of the Service and the Respect I bear for Command- 
 ing officers makes me desirous of throwing A Viel over part of 
 the Evidence of Capt° Finley. "Rascals, Villains, damn'd 
 Scounderals" is a Language that never can do Honnour to any 
 man. and I have an Effictionate Father* Gentlemen that merits 
 no such appellation. He is A Citizen, and has associated with 
 his Fellow Citizens, to obtain a Redress of Grievances which they 
 have an Undoubted Right to do and which is fully Shewn by the 
 Sixteenth art. of the Constitution and Declaration of the Rights 
 of Inhabitants of the State of Pennsylvania which is as follows 
 Viz — "That the people have a Right to assemble together to 
 consult For their common good, to Instruct their Representa- 
 tives And to apply to the Legislator for Redress of Grievances 
 By Address, Petition or Remonstrances." Many of the associ- 
 ators as they are called are Gentlemen and all I believe are good 
 Cittizens and Honnest men. To hear my Father Called a 
 Scoundral without Rousing Resentment and Indignation would 
 
 *Col : Bayard observed L* Wards Father was none of Number that was walk- 
 ing up the street, that he spoke of. 
 
476 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS . 
 
 have argued that I was Destitute of Fihel affection, and that I 
 had Neither the Feelings of a Son, nor the spirit of A man. Indeed 
 to hear the cittizens of a free country, abused and Reprobated in 
 such terms for Detecting Abuses, and applying for Redress of 
 Grievances, was to me a Doctrine perfectly Novel. Congress, 
 recommends attention and Respect to Cittizens, by The Follow- 
 ing Resolves. Viz — 
 
 "That any Disrespectfull and Indecent Beheavour of any 
 ofTicer of any Rank under the appointment of Congress To the 
 Civil authority of any State in the Union, will be discounte- 
 nanced, and discouriged, and That a contrary beheavour will be 
 considered as one of the Surest means to Recommend any ofTicer 
 to The Favour and notice of Congress."— and our Illustrious 
 Commander in Chief sets daly Examples of This kind, even to the 
 peaseant he is Respectfull as well as Just. Let us Follow his 
 footsteps and Immitate his precepts. I shall conclude Gentle- 
 men, with observing that the Constitution and Laws of my Coun- 
 try secures me from the Envenomd shafts of party and the Resent- 
 ment of my Prosecutor. As an American while I stand a prisoner 
 before my Countrymen my Peers, and my Brother officers and 
 am conscious of my Innocence and Uprightness of having been 
 attentive to my duty and Respectfull to my Supriours I have 
 nothing to dread — ■ While Candour dictates Honour will Justify, 
 and what my Heart cannot Reprove, I hope my Brother officers 
 cannot condemn, I mean my beheavour and conduct as an 
 officer & A Gentleman on the thirtieth day of May last. My 
 Honour, my Character, and my Reputation Gentlemen are now 
 in Your possision. To A Soldier they are precious Gems, and to 
 you I chearfully Intrust them. Convinced that You have too 
 tender and nice a Regard for your own Reputation To Injure 
 mine, and that as Gentlemen and men of honour You will act the 
 part of Faithfull Guardians by Restoring That to me in its 
 pristine State and Lusture. 
 
 The Court after Hearing the Evidences are of oppinion that 
 L* John Ward is not Guilty of the several charges Exhibited 
 against him and therefore do acquit him. — and he is hereby 
 acquitted. 
 
 Fred^ Vernon Major & President — 
 John Finley D Judge ad' pro tern 
 [Endorsed:] Proceedings of Court Martial L* John Ward — 
 
 (acquitted) 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 477 
 
 [Trial of George Wallace, commissary. Maj. Frederick Vernon, president of 
 court. Washington Papers. A. D. S.] 
 
 July V 
 
 The Court met according to adjourment Lieutenant John 
 Mills being sworn in Room of L' Lawrence Harrison 
 
 George Wallace A. C of Issues came before the Court charged 
 with neglect of Duty, and Insolence to Colo Bayard 
 
 Pleads not Guilty. 
 
 Colo. John Gibson being sworn, saith that Colo. Bayard came 
 to him and told him that George Wallace A. C. of Issues had been 
 Guilty of neglect of duty and behaved in an Insolent maner to 
 him. that he (the deponent) desired Colo. Bayard to go to Adj* 
 Crawford and have M'' Wallace arested if he has behaved in 
 such A maner 
 
 Colo: S: Bayard being sworn saith that previous to my aresting 
 M"" Wallace I had immediate Occation for a Little salt. I made 
 out an order for half a peck and told Henry Simmons (my Bow- 
 man) to go and try to get it. simmons went and got the order 
 Signed by Samuel Sample A. D. Q. M. and waited to get it issued, 
 after waiting some time he was told by M"' Sample that M' 
 Wallace had the key of the Store and M'" Sample sent him for it. 
 M'' Wallace was with three or four Gentlemen, and said something 
 to Simmons which will be releated to the Court in his Evidence. 
 Simmons came and told me. I then had waited some time with 
 impatience for his return when he came he said M' Wallace 
 sent word that he would wait his own time for it on which I 
 sent Simmons Immediately to him and to tell M"' Wallace to let 
 him have the salt without delay as the order had been signed, 
 by his superior officer he had no right to say any thing in it. at the 
 same time Desiring Simmons to bring M"" W^allace's answer to 
 me. the answer I recieved was, go and tell Col: Bayard he would 
 go when it suited him which provocked me as I expected to have 
 Recieved civil answer from M' Wallace. I then ordered Simmons 
 to his duty. Some time after I was siting reading at my Window 
 M^ Wallace, and M"" John Irwin pased by as they passed I 
 called to M' Wallace and repeated to him the Message he had 
 sent me and asked him if he had sent it, he said he had — I then 
 told him he did not know his duty or he would not send me such 
 an impertinent mesage, he said he knew his duty as well as any 
 man, he seemed much in wrath. I then told him he was A Rascal 
 
478 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 and an impertinent fellow for treating me in such a maner. Some 
 short time after I came down to Col: Gibsons Quarters and told 
 him in what maner I had been treated by M' Wallace. Col: 
 Gibson then ordered me to arest him — 
 
 Question by the prisoner Was that order drawn on me 
 Answer — it was not. but you was doing the duty of M"" 
 Johnson, who was absent at that time — 
 
 Henry Simmons Soldier in the 8th Pen^ Reg' being sworn, 
 saith that I was sent by Col: Bayard with an order from him to 
 M"" Duncan, D. Q. M. and he not being at home I went to M' 
 Sample one of his assistants M' Sample after taking a Reciept 
 told me that he had not the key of the Salt store and desired 
 me to go to M' Wallace for it. I went to M' Wallace with M' 
 Sampels compliments to him to know if he had the key of the 
 Salt store. M' Wallace Replied I supose I have. I then told 
 him M' Sample will be obliged to you for it as he is waiting. M' 
 Wallace said he could not go down then as he had not time; that 
 he must wait his Leasure. I then went to Colo. Bayard and 
 told him what M' Wallace said, the Col: Desired me to go to 
 M' Wallace and Desire him to go Immediately, and told me to 
 bring M' Wallace's answer to him. I did so. and M' Wallace 
 Desired me to tell Colo. Bayard he would go when it suted him. 
 I asked M"^ Wallace if I would give that as his answer to Colo. 
 Bayard, and he told me to give it — 
 
 Question by the Court Did you know what the order was for 
 Answer — It was for half peck of salt & one Quire of paper 
 Question by W Wallace When You presented M"" Sampels 
 compliments to me did I not tell you I would be down immediately 
 An' You said M' Sample must wait your Leasure 
 Question by W Wallace did you tell me it was for to get salt 
 that Colo. Bayard ordered me to the Fort 
 
 Answer I told you that the Col: wanted the key of the Salt 
 store to get some salt — 
 
 John Irwin D. C. G. of Issues being sworn saith that he was at 
 M' Wallaces house with a design to call M' Wallace to the pro- 
 vision store on some business, when Simons came that he heard 
 the mesage Delivered, which was, that M' Sample sent him for 
 the key of the salt-store. M' Wallace Replied he had not the 
 key of the salt store there it was down in the Fort Locked up in 
 the provision store where it was usually nung and tnat ne was 
 going immediately down to the Fort and would Either give or 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 479 
 
 send the key to M' Sample, upon which the servant went away 
 and Returned seemingly in great heast and informed M' Wallace 
 that it was the Colo.s positive orders he should go Immediately 
 down to the Fort, upon which M' Wallace with some degree of 
 Surprise asked what Colo, it was that sent such A positive Order, 
 the Servant answered it was Col: Bayard, then says Wallace if 
 Colo Bayard takes upon him to send such positive orders to me 
 I will go to the Fort when it sutes me for I know my duty, 
 and instead of proceeding Directly to the Fort as he intended he 
 then sat down in his house for some short time after some 
 minuets had relapsed I then proposed to M'' Wallace to go down 
 to the Fort upon the busines's we intended upon which we pro- 
 ceeded together towards the Fort untill we came opposite Col: 
 Bayards Quarters when Col: Bayard came to the door and called 
 M' Wallace to him. I continued walking at a slow pace without 
 halting for some time and did not distinctly hear what pased 
 between them at First untill I halted at M' Smiths door and 
 distincktly heard Colo. Bayard call M' Wallace an impertinent 
 Rascal, upon which I turned round towards Colo. Bayard and 
 told him that M' Wallace was not a Rascal that I knew him to 
 be Qualified for all the duties of his publick station and that he 
 Colo. Bayard was not capable of proving him a Rascal or of 
 Treating him as such, upon which Col: Bayard again Repeated 
 that my assistant was a Rascal 
 
 Question by the Court do you Recollect what M'' Wallace said 
 to Col. Bayard previous to his calling him A Rascal 
 
 Answer I did not hear what was said before Col: Bayard 
 Called him a Rascal as I kept Walking, but when I was Talking 
 with Colo. Bayard M"^ Wallace said some things which was prety 
 warm but what they were I cant Recollect 
 
 Question by W Wallace did you hear simmons telling me it 
 was for salt that Colo Bayard was wanting me down 
 
 Answer I understood it was for the purpose of geting salt out 
 for Col: Bayard that the key of the salt store was wanting 
 
 The court adjourns till tomorow morning. 9 Clock 
 
 July 2"<^ 
 
 The court met according to adjournment 
 
 David Tait being sworn saith that I was present on the 13th 
 Ult° in the House of George Wallace A. Com'' of Issues when a 
 Soldier Waiter to Colo. Bayard came with M' Samples compt. 
 to M' Wallace for a key of the Salt store. M' Wallace told him 
 
480 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 it was in the provision store, and that he would be down in the 
 Fort Immediately, and send, or Give it to IVF Sample. The 
 Soldier asked M"" Wallace if he would not send the key of the 
 provision Store to M' Sample, to which M"" Wallace Answered 
 that he did not trust any person with that key but himself. 
 On this Conversation the Soldier went away but in A very short 
 time returned and as he came to the door, he extended his arm 
 toward M' Wallace in an insulting and threatening maner and 
 said, that it was the Colonels positive orders tuat he (M' Wallace) 
 should go to the Fort Immediately M' Wallace asked him what 
 Colo orders that was, the soldier said Col: Bayards. M' Wallace 
 asked him a second time if that was Colo. Bayards positive orders 
 the soldier said it was. after a short silence M"" Wallace Told 
 the soldier that he did not understand such orders and he kno 
 his duty and he would go to the Fort when it it suted him — the 
 soldier asked M' Wallace if he would tell the Col: that — he said 
 yes do — 
 
 IVF Wallace being put on his defense says as to the Charges of 
 neglect of duty and Insolence Exhibited against me by L* Colo 
 Bayard I have Pleaded not Guilty — The first subject that 
 calls for my Consideration is the proof which Colo Bayard hath 
 produced in suport of these charges — he begins with his Own 
 Evidence first and Consequently I must endeavour to trace him 
 through that Labyrinth of nonsence in which he appears to 
 Stray, he tells you that he made out an order for some salt and 
 that his servant Went and got the Order Signed by M' Sample 
 A. Q. M. — This is strange indeed that A Lt. Colo Commanding 
 a Regim' should send his order to be countersignd by an A Q. M. — 
 and it is still more strange that if the Issuing of this salt became 
 the duty of an Issuing Comm^ Why an assistant, D. M. should 
 have any thing to do in the matter, and send to me for the key 
 of the salt Store as hath been made appear by Every Evidence 
 adduced upon this Tryal — again he Informs you that he sent his 
 Order "to go immediatly and let him have the salt" that the 
 order was signed by my superior officer and I had no Right to 
 say any thing in it — Most certain — I acknowledge that I had 
 not the Least right to say a sylable upon the Occasion — and I 
 think I can easily make it appear to the intire satisfaction of 
 this Court that I had nothing Either to say or do in this Transac- 
 tion — Colo Bayard has neglected to Inform the Court that the 
 order he made out for the Salt was directed"To David Duncan 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT . 481 
 
 Esqr. D. Q. M. Gen' W Dep* but his servant (simmons) has clearly 
 proven what he seems to have Evaded and swears that the Order 
 was Directed to the said David Duncan, and he not being at 
 home he went to M' Sample his assistant" who took A Reciept 
 thereon — and only told simmons to go to me for the lone of the 
 key of the Salt Store — you see Gentlemen that this Transaction 
 was intirely confined to David Duncan and his Ass* whose duty 
 it certainly was as both the disposing and Issuing of that parcel 
 of Salt properly belongd to their Department of Business — There- 
 fore if Colo Bayard met with any unexpected delays he ought 
 to have confined his censures to those on whome he depended for 
 this duty — Is it posible that any Rational creature could con- 
 cieve that the Issuing of this salt became any part of my duty — 
 or that I was bound to obey a positive indiscreet command, from 
 a person who never had the least authority to give it. — Yet 
 you see Gent" that Col: Bayard is struck with this false Idea — 
 and is presuming Enough to send a Peremptory command for 
 me to go Immediately and let him have the Salt — and to compleat 
 the nonsensical Farce. I am arrested in his own name for Neglect 
 of duty, and Insolence — as I have already hinted at the Impro- 
 priety of Colo Bayard offering to command me upon this occasion 
 it now becoms necessary to have a full and perfect Explanation 
 of the subject. — I do asert that neither Colo. Bayard or any 
 officer What Ever belonging to the fine beneath the commander 
 at this post have any Right to Command me; and that I am sub- 
 ject only to the command of my superiour officers in my own 
 Departm'^ of Business or the commanding oflficer of the Post or 
 Detatchm* to which I am assigned the Regulations for the 
 Goverment of the Commissi Dep* are particularly Explicit in 
 every part of Our duty and Tenor of our Commission prepaired 
 and calculated for the nature of Our service clearly and Ex- 
 pressivly fixes the Limits of our subordination. — If Staff 
 Officers have neither Rank or Command in the line Consequently 
 they Cannot be commanded by the Line as they stand arranged 
 in a Department of Service Quite abstracted from the line of the 
 Army.— Wherefore I insist that any command given by L* 
 Colo Bayard or any other officer not fully authorised for the pur- 
 pose can only be dictated by Ignorance or ambition — I hope 
 Gentlemen I have made clearly appear that the duty of the Issu- 
 ing Comm^ at this post can be no ways concearned in Orders 
 addressed to A D^ Q. M. Gen' and that in the present Case Colo. 
 
482 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 Bayard attempted an Illegal Stretch of authority in commanding 
 me upon business not belonging to the duties of my Department — 
 Wherefore I flatter myself that with Gentlemen of Candour, di- 
 vested of Prejudice and disposed to do Justice I shall shortly Stand 
 acquited of this Immaginary crime — neglect of Duty — With 
 respect to the charge of Insolence it appears to be as ill grounded 
 as the Other — • Had he charg'^ me with disobedience of Orders 
 instead of Insolence he Would most Certainly have carried his 
 point — because he gave a positive Command and I acknowledge 
 that I as positively disobeyed it — If it can be deemd Insolence 
 to disobey an Illegal, Unjust and peremtory Command then I 
 acknowledge myself Guilty. — but it appears Very Evident to 
 me that Colo Bayard must have been consious that I had no Right 
 to Obey the Order he sent, Otherwise he would most Certainly 
 have Exhibited the charge of Disobedience also then it follows 
 that if there was no Right in giving the order, there can be no 
 wrong in Refusing it Consequently I must Stand acquited of 
 the Charge of Insolence — But Gentlemen, I beg your parti- 
 cular attention to the Evidence of M' Irwin and M"" Tait, which 
 fully proves my moderation and Ready attention when I was 
 called upon for the key of the Salt Store my Reply was that I 
 was going immediately down to the Fort and would Either send 
 or give the key to M' Sample Pray GentP dos this savor the 
 least of Insolence when Col: Bayard Stopd me in the publick 
 Street and accosted me with the Epethit of "Rascal and imper- 
 tinent fellow" you do not know your duty &. C. as already de- 
 clared on his own oath What was my Reply to him ? why nothing 
 more than telling him that I knew my duty that I was no Rascal 
 and that he was not capable of Treating me as such, pray where 
 was my Insolence uppn this Occation — But I should Rather 
 ask where was my Spirit and Resentment. — But he may be 
 assured that a day will come and I believe it is not very distant 
 when he must certainly attone for his conduct upon this occasion. 
 Gent" I have the Honour of being a Commissioned officer in the 
 Civil Staff of the army and I am consious that I have for the 
 space of four Years past most punctualy discharged all the duties 
 of A Faithfull Servant to the public wherefore I will say without 
 Vanity that I consider myself Justly Intitled to all the Respect- 
 full Treatment that is due to those two Characters — Here 
 Gent" you see in place of my being Insolent I have been Treated 
 with Insolence arrogance and disrespect. — You see how widely 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 483 
 
 Colo Bayard has Departed from the Character of A Gentleman 
 and instead of observing that decensy and good Deportment that 
 is customary among Gentlemen and due from one officer to 
 another You see him decending to the lowest degree of Scurility 
 and abuse — But Colo Bayard will find that there are articles 
 of war provided to correct his Errors as well as mine, — and as I 
 appear hear only in the Character of A defendant I shall desist 
 from any further accusation and leave that for the business of a 
 Future day 
 
 Gentlemen my Conduct in a public Capacity for several years 
 past must be well known to the most of the Gent: of this Court — 
 I therefore appeal to your own Experience Whether you ever 
 Discovered in me a Spirit of Insolence or Neglect of Duty — I 
 flatter myself that you will do me the Justice of Acknowledging 
 that you have ever Experienced a very DifTirent Deportment in 
 all the duties of my publick Station. — Gentlemen my Case is 
 now submited to your Consideration and with you I freely In- 
 trust it — But Before you determine thereon would beg leave 
 to try your feelings for a moment with an application of my case 
 to yourselves. — Suppose Yourselves only for this moment in 
 my situation and try how spirit and Resentment will Relish the 
 Unmerited treatment I have Received for shewing only a be- 
 coming Resentment to an Illegal Unjust and arbitary command 
 from a person not possesed of authority to give it I am not only 
 Insulted and abused, but charged with neglect of duty and 
 Insolince. — But Gentlemen it is Impartial Judgement that 
 trys the Charge and I assure You I am Perfectly satisfy'd that 
 your sentence Will be purely the dictates of Justice Honour and 
 Truth— 
 
 The Court after hearing and maturely considering the Evi- 
 dences for and against M' Wallace are of Oppinion that he is 
 not guilty of Neglect of duty and they do acquit him of that 
 charge. — but the Court are of oppinion he is Guilty of Insolence 
 to Colo Ba^^ard it being A breach of the 5th Art: of the 18th 
 Section of the Articles of War. and they do sentence him to be 
 Reprimanded in Gen' Orders — and he is hereby sentanced to be 
 Reprimanded in G' Orders — 
 
 Fred^ Vernon Major & President 
 John Finley D. Judge ad. pro tem 
 [Endorsed:] Proceedings of Court Martial George Wallace C 
 Issues reprimanded in Gen' Orders 
 
484 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 [Trial of Lieut. Archibald Read, Col. Stephen Bayard, president of the court. 
 Washington Papers. D. S.] 
 
 July 9th. 
 
 The court Met according to adjournment 
 
 Lieu* Colo: Stephen Bayard being sworn as presid' in place of 
 Maj'^ Vernon, who was sick. 
 Capt° Craig 
 
 Capt° Biggs 
 Capt° L* Martin 
 Lieu' Thomas 
 Lieu* Harrison 
 En* Morrison 
 
 > Members < 
 
 Capt° Clark 
 Capt° Brady 
 Capt" L* Lloyd 
 Lieu* Howel 
 Lieu* Ward 
 En' Dawson — 
 
 The court being sworn proceeded to the Tryal of Lieu* Archibald 
 Read Pay-Master to the 8th Pen^ Reg* who came before the court 
 charged (by Alex' Fowler Esq' Auditor of Accompts W District) 
 with Defrauding the Soldiers and Detaining From them their 
 pay in a manner Unbecoming the character of an officer and a 
 Gentleman. — 
 
 Pleads not Guilty to the charge. — 
 
 Alex' Fowler Esq' Auditor of ace*' W. D. produced to the court 
 in support of the charge the Ace*' of Money paid to the officers 
 & Soldiers of the 8th Pen* Regunent. With their Reciepts (for 
 Moneys paid to them) in the Following Words. Viz. "We the Sub- 
 scribers do Acknowledg to have Rec*^ the Sums anexed to our 
 names Respectively." And it appears that Serjeant WilHam 
 Lee & Serj* George Armstrongs that is set to their Reciepts is 
 not their Hand Writing, M' Read acknowledges to have wrote 
 their Names. — M' Fowler produced to the court the Ace* Stated 
 at Settlement with Lieu* Read, as Follows. Viz — 
 
 D' The United States 
 
 To Lieu* Archibald Read paymaster 
 
 Doll: 9ths 
 To the 8th Pennsylvania Reg' 
 
 To cash paid the officers and privates as p^ Receipts 22000 56 
 
 To do. Returned to the Dept^ pay master Gen" Due dead Di- 
 
 serted and Absentees 1072 50 
 
 Ditto C-^ 
 
 By cash ReC* for pay and Subsistance of Said Reg* on Warrant 
 
 N° 71 23073 16 
 
 M' Fowler likewise produced to the court the Oath taken by 
 L* Archibald Read at Settlement. Viz, 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 485 
 
 Lieu* Archibald Read Maketh Oath that the above Ace* at 
 this time Exhibited to the auditor for Settlement contains A full 
 Just & True State of all moneys Rec*^ and paid by him as pay 
 master to the 8th Pen^ Regiment, and that the Sum of One 
 thousand and Seventy-two Dollars and Fifty ninetieth parts of 
 A Dollar being the ballance stated in the same as due from him 
 is the whole of money at this time in his hands belonging To 
 the Said Regim* or any Individual Therein the United States or 
 any of them. — 
 
 Archibald Read pay master 8th Pen'' Reg* 
 
 Sworn before me this 25*'' day of July — 1780 
 
 Alex'' Fowler Aud' W: Dep* 
 
 M"" Fowler produced to the court Instructions for Regimental 
 pay Master. M"^ Read acknowledges to have Rec'' a coppy of 
 them Viz "You are to make out a particular list wherein shall be 
 contained the names of all prisoners Diserters and Dead men 
 belonging to the Regim*, the time of their Captivity, Disertion, 
 or death, the Companies to which they Respectivly belong, and 
 the Sums Remaining in your hands due each man particularly — 
 and Likewise of all Absentees." — 
 
 The court adjourns till the 11th 
 July ll*'' 
 
 The court met according to adjournment — 
 
 William Lee Serjeant 8th Pen* Reg* being sworn in suport of 
 the charge produced to the court a note (he Rec'' by Matthew 
 M'Affee Soldier in s*^ Reg*) from Arch*^ Read pay-master to s*^ 
 Reg* Viz. "I have sent you one Hundred and Forty five Doll: 
 it being not Twelve months pay which is all that I have drawn." 
 
 sign*^ 
 
 Arch"* Read. 
 
 Question by the court to Serjeant Lee. — did you ever call on M"" 
 Read for the Remainder of your pay that was in his hands 
 
 Answer. — Yes, I call'^ on him twice for the purpose of A 
 Settlement. — 
 
 Question From the court to Serjeant Lee. — What answer did you 
 Receive from M' Read when you call*^ on him for settlement 
 
 Ans'' — The First time I called on him he said I should wait 
 on him another time. — The second time he told me to wait 
 till M' Boreman came up and he would settle with me. — 
 
 Question from the court to Serf Lee. — How long since you 
 applied to M' Read for A Settlement. — 
 
486 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 Ans' Two or three months. — 
 
 Quest from the court to Serjeant Lee.— did you give M'^ 
 Afee (whom you sent by for your pay) Orders to sign your name 
 to the Reciept 
 
 Ans^ Yes if he Reed it. — 
 
 Question from the court to Serjeant Lee. — did you think IVf 
 had an Intention of Defrauding you out of your pay 
 
 Ans' No. — 
 
 Question from M' Fowler to Serjeant Lee — What was the 
 Reason you did not apply sooner than three month ago to M"" 
 Read for your pay. — 
 
 Answer. I applied in June or July 1780 — 
 
 Question from JVF Fowler to Serjeant Lee. — Did you apply to 
 M'' Read for a Settlement of your Due bills as well as your personal 
 pay. in June or July 1780 
 
 Answer: I Expected a Settlement of the whole. — 
 
 Question from AF Fowler to Serjeant Lee Did not M' Read 
 always tell you that you would be paid out of the money That 
 M' Boreman was to bring up now. — 
 
 Ans'' he said he would pay me when M' Boreman came up. — 
 
 Question from NF Fowler to Serjeant Lee. — What is your oppinion 
 now of M' Read Since I told you he had drawn your pay and sign*^ 
 your name to the Reciept. — 
 
 Ans"" — I thought he might have lent it and would Replace 
 it again to me. — 
 
 Question — From M' Read to Serjeant Lee. — When you calld on 
 me first did not I tell you I was not at Leasure & for you to call 
 on me another time. — 
 
 Answer. — you did and I said it would sute me as I was not in 
 a want of money. — 
 
 Question from AF Read to Serjeant Lee. — When you shewed me 
 the due bills and orders, did not I tell you the men that gave you 
 the orders were setled with, and that the money was not drawn 
 to pay those orders. — 
 
 i\nswer. — Yes and I said I would wait till the money came 
 up and they would be good at another payment. — 
 
 Question from AF Read to Serjeant Lee. — Did not you say it 
 would sute you to settle the due bills and orders at one time when 
 M"" Boreman came up. — 
 
 Answer. Yes. — 
 
 Question from M' Read to Serjeant Lee.— Did not Matthew M" 
 Afe tell you that I was going to Lay in my ace** and from the 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 487 
 
 manner of keeping the Books it was necessary to have your 
 Receipt, that I would Set your name down and for you to call on 
 me when you would come down and I would pay you the Re- 
 mainder of your pay. — 
 
 Answer. — When McAfee came up he gave me the money you 
 sent me and the note, and said you would pay me the Remainder 
 when I would go down. — 
 
 The court adjourns till the 17"". — 
 July 17th 
 
 The court met according to adjournment — 
 Lieu* Archibald Read being put on his Defence Saith 
 Gentlemen I now stand arraigned before this most Worthy 
 and Impartial Bench, Arested by Alexander Fowler. Esq'' Auditor 
 of acc*^ for the Western Dep*, Charged with Defrauding the Sol- 
 diers and Detaining from them their pay in a maner unbecoming 
 the Character of an officer and A Gentleman. — To Which charge 
 I plead not Guilty. — In support of the charge Alex' Fowler 
 Esq'" Adf of Acct, Produced to the court the accounts of monies 
 paid to them in the Following words Viz. "We the Subscribers 
 acknowledge having Rec*^ the sums annexed to our names Res- 
 pectivly" In which were Serjeants Lee. & Armstrongs names 
 not in their hand writing, Which I acknowledg I myself wrote. — 
 For so doing I give you my Reasons. — Near the time I was to 
 lay in my Ace" Serjeant Lee was in the countr3% He sent in 
 by one M'Afee Soldier in the 8th Pen^ Reg' to Recieve his pay. 
 I gave s^ M*"Afee only part, the Wliole change at that time I 
 could not make out at The Same time mentioned to him I was 
 to lay in my Acc'^ before the Auditor, that it was Necessary 
 his Reciept should be there in the form the Books were kept, 
 that it was Equally the same tho he had not the whole. I Dis- 
 remember Whiether I asked ATAfee to write his name, but 
 I wrote it in his presence Which I thought was the same thing, 
 and told him to acquaint Serj' Lee when he came in I would settle 
 the Remainder. When Serj' Lee came in 1 Recollect his calling on 
 me I hapned not Just to be at Leasure He said another time 
 would answer, which agrees with Serj^ Lees Affadavit — That 
 another time would sute him as he was not in a want of money. — 
 A Long time affter Serjeant Lee called on me and shewed me some 
 Due bills and orders, I Examined them, and told him the men 
 that gave the orders were setled with, that the money was not 
 drawn to pay those orders as it was for the Year 1780 — which 
 money is now arived but at that time was daily Expected, which 
 
488 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 made Ser' Lee Satisfied to wait and Settle the due bills and orders 
 under me. this also agrees with his affidavit. Serj* Lees Ans'^ to 
 Cap" Fowlers Question is he applyd in June or July 1780 which 
 you will observe was his first application. The Reason of no 
 settlement is pointed out. The last application is near Twelve 
 months after, the Reason of the time being so long I suppose is 
 because Serj' Lee had no occassion for Money or he would have 
 called sooner, & when he apphed his having the orders with the 
 Due Bills, and the paymaster daily Expected he was fully satisfied 
 to make but one settlement. It is plainly seen there was not the 
 least Intention or design to defraud said person or I should Dis- 
 puted his Right, but so far from that I did not Deny him a settle- 
 ment Respecting Armstrong when I charged him as paid I was 
 sensible I was doing wrong for long before it he had Rec*^ more 
 than the amount of his pay which I Borrowed for him before I 
 Rec"^ the pay of the Regiment, as he had a furlough to go down the 
 country, and I told him I would charge him with it. When Setling 
 with M"" Holaway an assistant to M' Fowler I mentioned these 
 things to him and asked him if I was not clear in doing it, he told 
 me he thought I was. — after this one of the men came and setled 
 for what, I answered Armstrong, had proper apphcation been 
 made the matter might been setled Armstrong himself cannot 
 say I even meant or did Defraud him it was A misunderstanding 
 — Gentlemen it is very evident in the manner their names were 
 wrote it was not Intended for forgery or the least Intention of 
 Fraud, had there been the least Imitation of their hand writing 
 and they been denied their due it would appear Intentionally, 
 Forgery is intended to decieve and blindfold, and your Judgement 
 will determine Wheither there was any deception in the matter 
 or not. — 
 
 I will now Inform you relative to the due bills, in august 1779 
 great part of the Regiment were discharged, all discharged I gave 
 Due bills which was the same as pay, and for which bills I was 
 answerable and accountable, numbers sold their Due bills 
 Immediately for pay as the money was daily Expected tho it 
 did not arive till the latter end of October During this interval 
 those that had not sold their bills came sundery tim[es] Expecting 
 the money was arived (which most of the Gentlemen officers are 
 sensible of & I believe some here present) after the money came 
 those that had purchased said Bills and laid them in Rec*^ the 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 489 
 
 amount & the name of the first Owner wrote in the Book, when I 
 was setUng my Acc^^ I was sensible there was bills that was not 
 come in which stood against me, and it appeared clear to me I 
 could not enter those bills in the Collum of absentees. I even men- 
 tioned these things to M"' Hollaway when Setling, I told him there 
 was Due bills not come in for which I was accountable, that they 
 were the same as pay, and could not be in the absentee collum. — 
 Had I have thought otherwise I should have Returned the sum 
 of the whole bills in the absentee collum. — Those who called 
 on Capt° Fowler was in my absence when sent to Fort M'^Intosh 
 Had I been present they need not have called on him, and would 
 been setled with — When I with M"" Hollaway went and laid 
 in my acc*^ before the Auditor had not the matter appeared 
 clear to me as well as to M' Hollaway they would have been 
 mentioned. — As to my Instructions I thought I was acting up 
 to them. If I have not and have deviated from them I most 
 candidly, & most solemnly Declare to you. it was far very Far 
 from having the least Intention or Design of Injury, or doing the 
 Unjustice to any person or persons Whatever. Gentlemen I 
 know the nature of an Oath and when I gave my affadavit had 
 I the most distant thought that I was not doing Right I could 
 not have don it; it is imposible, my nature would forbid it 
 
 I have nothing more to offer but I appeal to you and Every 
 Gentleman officer I am and Ever have been acquainted with, 
 Relative to my character and prinseples, I appeal to the Diffirent 
 parts of the world that are acquainted with me; I never did nor 
 never wish to sound my Character, but I flater myself I can with 
 safety say I ever bore a character that never brought the least 
 blush upon me or any of my Relations Friends or acquaintances, 
 & hope ever to bear the same, I will even appeal to the soldry 
 whom I have long been with, wheither they ever had or now have 
 the least thought of my having principles that would admit of 
 so black a crime — I am happy in having it to say I never heard 
 the Least murmuring or complaint with the Soldery Relative to 
 my conduct, nor even do I at this present time, was it the case it 
 would be known. — 
 
 Gentlemen I now rest the matter entirely with you and Submit 
 it to your most candid & impartial Judgement. — 
 
 The court after hearing the Evidence of Serjeant Lee are of 
 oppinion that Lieu* Archibald Read is not Guilty of the Charge 
 
490 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 Exhibited against him, and do acquit him accordingly, and he 
 is here by acquited. — 
 
 S. Bayard CoF 8*^ p. n President 
 
 John Finley Dep^ Judge ad. 
 [Endorsed:] Proceedings of Court Martial L* Archibald Read 
 P. M— (acquitted)— 
 
 [Trial of John Hinds. Col. Stephen Bayard, president of court. Washington 
 Papers. D. S.] 
 
 July 25th 
 
 John Hinds Fifer in the 7^^ Virginia Reg* was brought Before 
 the court, Charged with Diserting, and asisting a Disaffected 
 Indian to Make his Escape to the Enemy. 
 
 The prisoner pleads Guilty of Diserting But pleads not Guilty 
 of asisting a Disaffected Indian to make his Escape to the Enemy — 
 
 No Evidence appearing in support of the charges. 
 
 The prisoner being put on his Defence, says, that from the 
 nature of my Enhstment, I thought I had a Right to my Dis- 
 charge, and from the time the court of Enquiry gave Their op- 
 pinion I was to serve During the war I was Determined to Disert. 
 and my Intention in going away with the Indians was to stay at 
 one of the Indian towns till I could get going down the Ohio 
 River — 
 
 From the prisoners maner of Diserting and in waiting in a boat 
 with an Indian, till the one that was Confmd in the Guardhouse 
 for being Disaffected to the United States, came to them, and all 
 going away together, (as was confessed by the prisoner) From 
 these circumstances the court are of oppinion the prisoner (John 
 Hinds) is Guilty of the Charges Exhibited against him, and the 
 court do sentence him to be hanged by the neck till he is dead, 
 and he is hereby sentenced to be hanged by the neck till he is 
 dead. 
 
 S. Bayard CoF Comman^ 8''' P. r. Presid^ 
 John Finley D Judge ad. 
 [Endorsed:] Jn° Hinds — for Desertion Sentenced to Death re- 
 ferred to Gen' Irvine — 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 491 
 
 [Trial of Myndert Fisher. Col. Stephen Bayard, president of court. Wash- 
 ington Papers. D. S.] 
 
 July 26th. 
 
 Myndart Fisher A citizen Employd as a Guide, came before 
 the court charged with holding A Traiterous correspondence 
 with the Enemies of the United States. 
 
 the prisoner pleads not Guilty to the charge. 
 
 The Original Letter that the prisoner wrote to his Friends at 
 Detroit was produced to the court, the prisoner confessed to have 
 wrote it and sent it by one Graverod. it is as follows Viz 
 
 Pittsb« Jan>, 21^' 178[1] D-- Gentlemen, If M-" Graverod would succeed with 
 the help of You, the Errant he is going upon, would be of Infinite service both 
 to Me your Brother, and himself, and friends here present, that is only waiting 
 for his Return, and the Honorable Commanders answers from Detroit, which I 
 suppose, there will be no less than one Hundred that will accompany him to 
 said place, if the Commander will pleas to give him the least Encouragement 
 possibly he ca[nj Thomas Girty — 
 
 The prisoner in his Defence says that Thomas Girty knew 
 nothing of the letter being wrote, or of his name being sign"^ to it, 
 and says my Intention in writing that Letter, was to help IVF 
 Graverod to get a Quantity of goods to bring to this place, that 
 I had no ill meaning when I wrote the Letter. — and I submit my 
 self to the mercy of the court — 
 
 The court is of oppinion that the prisoner Myndart Fisher, is 
 Guilty of holding a Traiterous corrospondence with the Enemies 
 of the United States it being a breach of the 19th art: of the 13th 
 Section of the articles of war. they do sentence him to be hanged 
 by the neck till he is Dead and he is hereby sentenced to be hang 
 by the neck till he is Dead — 
 
 S. Bayard Col" Comman^ 8^*^ P. R. Presid^ 
 John Finley D Judge ad. 
 [Endorsed:] Myndert Fisher — sentenced to Death — Not approved 
 — ordered to be released from Confmem* 
 
492 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 PARTICIPANTS' 
 
 Adams, Capt.— (11C41) 
 
 Alexander, Joseph i^OZZOG") 
 
 Amberson, James (,31-:00,3SGO,4S7) 
 
 Amberson, William (,2DD345,SNN99) 
 
 Anderson, George U>l^-^2,19S238) 
 
 Anderson, Peter iOZZ103) 
 
 Ashby, Capt.— (GZZ48) 
 
 Askins. Serg. Thomas 02r)D353) 
 
 Ballard, Bland U^1J27) 
 
 Barr, Samuel i6ZZ09-70) 
 
 Barr, William ^4S177,183,6ZZ129) 
 
 Basye, Capt. Thomas ^30J89) 
 
 Beeler, Lieut. Joseph (7NN14) 
 
 Bendure, Thomas (3S1G31 
 
 Biggs, Lieut. Joseph (,0ZZ98) 
 
 Bonnet, Jacob (31J80) 
 
 Bonnet, Le\vis C2S208, 31J85) 
 
 Bonnet, Peter (,31J85,87) 
 
 Brown, James (2UG7) 
 
 Brown, Ralph (5D208) 
 
 Buskirk, Capt. Lawrence Lewis (,3E41) 
 
 Button, Joseph 029J1O9) 
 
 Byerly, Jacob (9E143) 
 
 Cackhill, Lieut. Isaac (2U54) 
 
 Caldwell, John (GZZ61) 
 
 Caldwell, Samuel a^ZZ98) 
 
 Carrel, David ^30J97) 
 
 Casber, Jonathan (6ZZ47) 
 
 Chaffin, Thomas (60J429) 
 
 Chambers, James (3SS4) 
 
 Chaphne, Moses (6ZZ98) 
 
 Chapman, Capt. John (29J109,30J76,31JS1) 
 
 Coburn, Capt. Jonathan (31J85-87) 
 
 ^ The following list contains the names found in Draper Mss. either among 
 pension statements, the recollections of pioneers, or original documents, of those 
 who served on the Fort Pitt frontier during the years 1779-81. The notations 
 in parentheses following the names are the pressmark references. 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 493 
 
 Coe, Lieut. Benjamin (31J41) 
 
 Day, Ezekiel (31J40) 
 
 Day, John (6ZZ49) 
 
 Dent, Lieut. .John (6ZZ48) 
 
 Dickerson, Thomas (6ZZ170) 
 
 Downing, Timothy (GZZ103) 
 
 Dunlevy, Francis (7NN14) 
 
 Duvall, Col. John P. (31J85-87) 
 
 Ellis, Jesse (2DD352) 
 
 Ellis, Capt. Nathan (2DD352,363,7NN14) 
 
 Farlan, Thomas f2U57) 
 
 Faukler, Jacob (2S 194-95) 
 
 Field, Capt. Benjamin ('31J92,104) 
 
 Fitzgibbon, David (4S180j 
 
 Fleming, Lieut. Lewis (2U54) 
 
 Fouts, Capt. Andrew (3E41,1SS145) 
 
 Gosset, John (5S34j 
 
 Hall, William (3S84) 
 
 Hardin,— (30J76) 
 
 Harrison, Lieut. John f3S53,5S2) 
 
 Harrison, Maj. John (25S191) 
 
 Hickerton, Michael (60.J429) 
 
 Hoagland, Derrick (lSS145j 
 
 Hughes, Elias (31J1-21) 
 
 Hupp, Philip (2S307, 7J1,1SS179) 
 
 Jackson, Capt. George (31J81,87) 
 
 Jolly, Henry (6ZZ116j 
 
 Karr, Andrew (lSS14.5j 
 
 Leech, Capt. James (31J41j 
 
 Leet, Ensign William (1SS145) 
 
 Lockwood, Benjamin (6ZZ98j 
 
 Lowther [Louder], Maj. William (30J76,78,31Jl-5,8) 
 
 McCarty, Capt. Edward (9S8) 
 
 McColloch, Abraham (GZZ67) 
 
 McColloch, Capt. John f6ZZ98) 
 
 McColloch, Capt. Samuel (2DD353) 
 
 McDermott, Joseph ('6ZZ47) 
 
 McGavock, Lieut.— (31J106) 
 
 McGuire, Capt. Francis (3E41,19S187) 
 
 Mclntyre, Thomas C3S56) 
 
 Mclntyre, Capt. WiUiam (2E79) 
 
494 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 
 
 McMahon, Maj. William (3E41) 
 
 Marchand, Capt. David (2E79) 
 
 Mason, Capt. Samuel (6ZZ61,92) 
 
 Martin, William (6ZZ48) 
 
 Means, Francis (4S179) 
 
 Means, Capt. Isaac (9S8) 
 
 Metcalf, Allen (2S48) 
 
 Mills, John (6ZZ65) 
 
 Mills, Thomas (6ZZ1) 
 
 Mitchell, Lieut. Charles (6ZZ69-70) 
 
 Mitchell, Capt. Hugh (6ZZ69-70) 
 
 Mitchell, Nathaniel (6ZZ122) 
 
 Moon, Lieut.— (31J106) 
 
 Moore, Capt. Peter (18S103) 
 
 Morgan, Zackwell [Zachariah] (30J76,78) 
 
 Mounts, Thomas (2U54) 
 
 Murphy, Patrick (7NN45) 
 
 Owens, Capt. George (3S258) 
 
 Parchment, Peter (3S116) 
 
 Parsons, Capt. Baldwin (3E41,17S253,19S186) 
 
 Patton, Capt. Henry (2U57) 
 
 Paul, Lieut. James (30J76,78) 
 
 Perrin,— (2S194) 
 
 Pitts, Lieut.— (31J106) 
 
 Poe, Andrew (8S115) 
 
 Powers, William (31J4) 
 
 Pursley, David (3E41) 
 
 Richardson, George (11C41) 
 
 Riley, John (6ZZ59) 
 
 Ross, Capt. Philip (30J97) 
 
 Roush, George (3S187) 
 
 Ryan, Lazarus (7J1) 
 
 Schermerhorn, Lucas (28 194) 
 
 Scott, Capt. William (6ZZ103) 
 
 Shane, Timothy (4S161) 
 
 Shearer, Capt. John (31J41) 
 
 Sherlock, Edward (2S67,3S48) 
 
 Sills, Ensign Benjamin (31J85,87) 
 
 Skaggs, Archibald (2U57) 
 
 Skaggs, Henry (2U57) 
 
 Smith, Jacob (9E143,8NN84) 
 
FRONTIER RETREAT 495 
 
 Spencer, Lieut. James (3E41) 
 
 Springer, Lieut. Jacob (6ZZ48,129) 
 
 Springer, Capt. Uriah (6ZZ48) 
 
 Sprott, John (19S265-66) 
 
 Stites, Capt. Benjamin (3S259) 
 
 Stokeley, Col. Jeremiah [Nehemiah] (6ZZ67-70) 
 
 Stokeley, Capt. Thomas (2DD353) 
 
 Stroup, Conrad (1SS145) 
 
 Thomas, Abraham (31 J 107) 
 
 Thompson, Thomas (31J41) 
 
 Tipton, Capt. Abraham (30J76,31J81) 
 
 Titus [Tilton], Samuel (6ZZ103) 
 
 Todd, Samuel (31J41) 
 
 Tomlinson, Lieut. Joseph (31J107) 
 
 Trigg, Capt.— (2U57) 
 
 Vallandigham, George (11E162,7NN14) 
 
 Waits, James (23J201) 
 
 Wallace, Capt. James (2U54) 
 
 Walls [Wales], Maj. George (30J76,185,31J81,106) 
 
 Ward, Lieut. John (5S17,7NN14) 
 
 Ward, Capt. Sylvester (31J87) 
 
 Watson, Ensign Thomas (2U54) 
 
 Weighley, Isaac (2E79) 
 
 Westfall, Capt. Jacob (31J81,87) 
 
 Whaley, Benjamin (30176,78,89) 
 
 White, Capt. Jacob (3S324,2U56) 
 
 Whittaker, Daniel (3S218) 
 
 Winlock, Joseph (30J89) 
 
 Wise, Ensign Bealez M. (2DD353) 
 
 Wright, Alexander (4S161) 
 
 Yoho, Henry (30J47) 
 
 Young, Capt. Thomas (30J76,89,31J106) 
 
 Zane, Jonathan (7NN14) 
 
 Zane, Capt. Silas (6ZZ1) 
 
 INDIANS 
 
 Served with Americans 
 Montour, John (7NN14) 
 Thompson, John (5S15) 
 Wilson,— (5S17) 
 
Index 
 
 32 
 
Index 
 
 Abb's Valley, settlement, 156. 
 
 Abingdon (Va.), 196. 
 
 Aboite Creek, La Balme's defeat at, 
 200. 
 
 Adams, Capt. , 492. 
 
 Adams, Alexander M. See Mc- 
 Adams, Alexander. 
 
 Adams, Jacob, private, 445. 
 
 Adams, William M. See McAdams, 
 Alexander. 
 
 Adams County (Pa.), 226. 
 
 Agnew, James, at Pittsburgh, 366. 
 
 Albany (N. Y.), 287. 
 
 Albemarle County (Va.), 131, 196, 
 304. 
 
 Alexander, John, at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 
 Alexander, Joseph, 492. 
 
 Alexandria (Va.), 58. 
 
 Allegheny County (Pa.), 110 271, 
 386, 412. 
 
 Allegheny River, route via, 70, 275, 
 398, 400; Brodhead's expedition 
 on, 14-15, 18, 39-44, 52-66, 76-77, 
 95-96, 100, 169; posts on, 19, 
 53-54, 117, 125, 164, 235, 272; 
 scouting on, 100; site on, 270; 
 Indian bands cross, 226, 404, 413; 
 Indians remove from, 401. 
 
 Allison, James, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 
 Almon, John, Remembrancer, 55, 76. 
 
 Amberson, James, 492. 
 
 Amberson, Lieut. WiUiam, com- 
 missary, 188, 235; at Fort Pitt, 
 459, 492; signs protest, 363, 366; 
 auditor, 392-93; sketch, 188. 
 
 American Antiquarian Society Pro- 
 ceedings, 389. 
 
 American Historical Review, 167, 
 
 410. 
 American Pioneer, 82. 
 Amherst County (Va.), 267; troops 
 
 from, 52. 
 Anderson, Delaware chief, 330. 
 Anderson, Indian chief, 41. 
 Anderson, George, 492. 
 Anderson, John, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 Anderson, Peter, 492. 
 Anderson, William, at Pittsburgh, 
 
 368. 
 Anderson, William, family attacked, 
 
 41. 
 Andre, Maj. John, "The Cow Chase," 
 
 307. 
 Andrew, David, at Pittsburgh, 370. 
 Andrew, John, at Pittsburgh, 370. 
 Andrews, Alexander, Loyalist, 417. 
 Andrews, Rev. Robert, boundary 
 
 commissioner, 107. 
 Anstrod, John, at Pittsburgh, 367. 
 Applegate, Garrett, sergeant, 464. 
 Applegate, Richard, private, 465. 
 Arkansas Post, Spanish fort, 81, 84; 
 
 Rogers visits, 86, 89; sketch, 84. 
 Arkansas River, Rogers on, 84, 86, 
 
 89. 
 Armstrong, George, sergeant, 484, 
 
 487-88. 
 Armstrong, James, exemption for, 
 
 426. 
 Armstrong, John, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 Armstrong, Joshua, at Pittsburgh, 
 
 367. 
 Armstrong, Col. Martin, suppresses 
 
 Loyalists, 170, 252; sketch, 170. 
 
 499 
 
500 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Armstroiii,' County (,Pa.), TiS. 
 
 Arnold. HiMiodicl. treachery, 2S(S. 
 
 Artillery, for the West, 28, 30, 10, 
 102, 110. 120, 121, 131), 146-47, 
 173-7(), 317, 382^S.'^, 390-91; en 
 route. 178. 180-81; arrives at Fort 
 Pill. 202: detailed for Clark's ex- 
 pedition. 32. 311-12, 337, 347, 351, 
 370-71, 412-13, 418; stores for, 
 333; pay for, 393; repairs arms. 
 450; at Fori Mclnlosh. 118; Brit- 
 ish, 118. 18.5. 192-93. 
 
 Ashby. Capl. , 492. 
 
 Ashby, Hradwin. eourl-niartialed. 
 442. 
 
 Askins. Serij. Thomas. 492; wounilcil. 
 59. 
 
 Alehinson, .loseph. tried and ac- 
 quit led, 438. 
 
 Auglaize River, portage to. 185. 
 
 Augusta (Ga.). held by British, 391; 
 attacked. 402. 
 
 Augusta County (,Va.), prison in. 
 144. 2.59. 203; residents. 107. 
 
 AuUs, William, at Pittsburgh. 300. 
 
 Austin, Capl. William, non-juror. 
 254. 
 
 Avon (N. Y.\ location, 53, 05. 
 
 B.vBY, .lacques Duperon. at Detroit. 
 
 80. 
 Baby, jSlarie-.losephc. son. 80. 
 Bailey, William, capture and release, 
 
 220. 
 Baird, George. See Beard. 
 Baird, .John, at Pittsburgh. 300, 308. 
 Baker, Evan, commissary. 193-94. 
 
 210. 
 Baker, Isaac, pioneer, 193. 
 Baker, John, fine remitted, 425. 
 Baker. M., private, 409. 
 Baker family, settlement, 193, 209. 
 Ballard, Bland, 492. 
 Ballston (N. Y.), 280. 
 Baltimore (Md.), port, 81; powder 
 
 from, 331; emigrants from, 415. 
 Banc, Edward, enlists, 203. 
 
 Banc (,ncauc\ .lames. Loyalist, 221- 
 22. 217; trial. 203; gives bonds, 
 201. 
 
 Bane .Jr., .lames, gives bonds. 228; 
 enlists. 204. 
 
 Bane, .loseidi, private, 407. 
 
 Bane, Nathan, private, 407. 
 
 Baptist Valley (,Va.), Loyalists in, 
 2;54; sketch! 254. 
 
 Barbour, James, \irginia commis- 
 sioner, 105. 
 
 Barn, John, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 
 Barnett. James, house, 132; magis- 
 trate. 228; at Loyalists' trials, 
 258; sketch, 132. 
 
 Barnett, John, court-martialed, 448. 
 
 Barr, Samuel. 492. 
 
 Barr, William, at Pittsburgh, 302, 
 367, 492. 
 
 Basye, Capt. Thomas, 492. 
 
 Bate, James, deserter, 446. 
 
 Bales. Samuel P.. Historij of Greene 
 CouiUii. l^enijsijlvania, 274. 
 
 Bath County (Ky.), 305. 
 
 Baton Houge (La.), captured by 
 Galvez, r29-30. 
 
 Batten, William, court-martialed, 
 447-4S. 
 
 Baubec (Bawbee), Wyandot chief, 
 message from, 47. 
 
 Baubee, Henry. Wyandot spy. 295- 
 97. 303; escape of, 310-17, 321, 
 330. 332; threatens Delawares, 
 338; sketch. 295. 
 
 Bavaria, envoy to, 201. 
 
 Bawbee, Wyandot chief. See Bau- 
 bee. 
 
 Bayard, Col. Stephen, at Fort 
 Pitt. 443, 445, 449; presides at 
 court, 446, 455, 484, 490-91; 
 order, 451; witness in Ward's trial, 
 470-71; accuser of Ward, 470-70; 
 accuser of Wallace. 477-83. 
 
 Beall. Capl. Robert, commandant at 
 Fort Mcintosh, 49; impressing 
 provisions, 289; message for, 294; 
 decUne5 to act as paymaster, 
 432; sketch, 49. 
 
 Beall, Capl. Thomas, orders for, 
 174, 178; court-martialed, 282; 
 
INDRX 
 
 501 
 
 r(t\(:!iM-A, 433, 448; presidf^ at 
 court, 44f>-41; »k(>tr;h, 174. 
 
 Beam, Abraham, at Pittsburgji, 367. 
 
 Beane, .Jumcji. See Bane. 
 
 Bear, hunter] for provisions, 30fJ. 
 
 Beard TBaird;, O^l. Gf^^r^e, militia 
 officer, 4<'>8. 
 
 Bear^ass Creek, in Kentucky, 186, 
 267, 304. 
 
 Beattie, A^nes, married, 1%. 
 
 Beattic, Capt. David, oppose^i fy^yal- 
 ists, 106-07; sket^;h, 106. 
 
 Beattie, .John, v^n, 106. 
 
 Beattie .Jr., .John, killed, 106. 
 
 Beattie, William, at King's Moun- 
 tain, 106. 
 
 Beattie's .Mills r.S. C.;, battle of, 3C/2. 
 
 Beatty, William, at Pittsburgh, 360; 
 court-martialed, 4.5.x 
 
 Beaver, Abraham, enlists, 262; ar> 
 cusation of, 263, 
 
 Beaver County rPa.), 151, 22.3. 
 
 Beaver Creek CBig Beaver IViva), 
 trespassers on, 22; fort, 42, 76, 
 204, 340; prop<>sal to remove 
 Indians to, 134; Indian raids on, 
 1,%; Indian trail on, 101, 405; 
 Brady rescues captives on, 203, 
 20.>-^i, 224-2.5. 
 
 Beck, Ensign .John, ,367; letter to, 
 41-42; on escort duty, .336; memr- 
 ber of cotirt, 470; sketch, 41. 
 
 Berrkit, .John, at Pittsburgh, .367. 
 
 Bedford <Pa-;, 319. 
 
 Bedford r>,unty rPa.;, 310. 
 
 Bedford County rVa.;, loyalists in, 
 27, 2.51; tro^>ps from, 51, 241, 
 2.52; native of, 03; prices in, 12^i; 
 school in, 21-5. 
 
 Bceler, Col. Joseph, militia officer, 
 178, 23^1, 278, 28 i, 284; letters to, 
 182, .'M2; letter, 270; sketch, 234. 
 
 Beeler Jr., Lieut. .Joseph, 402. 
 
 Beers, .James, deserter, 442. 
 
 Bell, George, sheriff, 254. 
 
 Bell, Hugh, at Pittsburgj-i, 360. 
 
 Bell, Bobert, at PittsburgJ-i, .369. 
 
 Ben, William, at Pittsburgh., .368. 
 
 Bender, P., OW onrf A'ero Canada, hC). 
 
 Beadure, Thomas, 402. 
 
 iicAic//j-A, Anthony, philanthropist, 
 
 320. 
 Benexet, .Judith, married, 32^). 
 Benham, Hobert, on Bogers' ex- 
 
 pe^Jition, 8.'J~84; dispat/;h bearer, 
 
 85, 87; wfmnflf/i, 'M\'/l; sket/';h, 
 
 83. 
 Bennett, William, private;, 467. 
 Bentley, 'fl-iomas, in Illinois, 127, 
 
 165; sketch, 165. 
 iif^fihn Omniy (N. J.;, headquarters, 
 
 2r)8. 
 Berkeley ^Va.), transport from, 146. 
 Berkeley County rVa.), 126. 
 Bfrrkshire Hills (MftfA.), .34.5. 
 Berry, ('jf.f)Tgc„ qijarl,enrjuister, 460; 
 
 at Pittsburgl-i, 370. 
 Berry, .John, private, 44.5. 
 Best .Jr., .John, rdenAcd from service, 
 
 428. 
 liethlehem CPa.;, Moravians at, 119, 
 
 161, 180, 2:j2, :}fX;, 372, 
 Beverly Manor ''Va->, 21.5. 
 Bewling, .Jacob, dis<';harged, 441, 
 Biddle, Capt. Nicholas, naval officer, 
 
 17.5. 
 Big Beaver Biver. • See Beaver 
 
 Creek, 
 Big Bone Lick CKy.), 131, 159, IM. 
 Big Cat ('.M'hingwe Pa»hee»>, Dela- 
 ware chief, 101; message from, 
 
 272-73. 
 Big Knife, Indian term, 173. 
 Big Sandy Biver, post for planned, 
 
 10, 51, 102; Indian trail on, 1.55, 
 
 302. 
 Biggs, Capt. Benjamin, at Fort 
 
 MrAnUAh, 281, 280; at Fort 
 
 Henry, .344, 3.50, 4^i0; on hunting 
 
 party, .332; retained in service, 
 
 .335; member of court, 470, 484; 
 
 letters to, 118, 121-22, 280, 351, 
 
 400; gives receipt, 168, .344; sketch, 
 
 118. 
 Biggs, Capt. .John, scouting, 300; 
 
 private on Coshocton expedition, 
 
 466. 
 Biggs, Lieut Joseph, 402, 
 Bilboa ^Spain;, 81. 
 Bilby, Richard, private, 467. 
 
502 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Billingsport, defense of, 175. 
 
 Bird, Capt. Henry, British officer, 
 expedition, 19-20, 22, 26, 185, 
 220, 299; news of, 190-93, 269-70. 
 
 Blacklegs Creek, post at, 164. 
 
 Blacksnake, Seneca chief, recollec- 
 tions, 63-65; sketch, 63. 
 
 Blackwood, Serg. , of the Ar- 
 tillery, 412. 
 
 Blaine, Col. Ephraim, quarter- 
 master, 285, 288, 292; letters to, 
 280, 291, 306, 323; deputy, 325; 
 responsibiUty, 347; sketch, 280. 
 
 Blaine, James G., ancestor, 280. 
 
 Blair, Samuel, discharged, 446. 
 
 Blairsville (Pa.), 382. 
 
 Blake, Nicholas, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 
 Blake, WiUiam, ranger, 113. 
 
 Bland County (Va.), 197. 
 
 Blane, John, private, 465. 
 
 Bledsoe, Col. Anthony, son cap- 
 tured, 392; sketch, 392. 
 
 Blevins, William, Loyalist officer, 
 247. 
 
 Blockhouse Point, attack on, 307. 
 
 Blount County (Tenn.), 197. 
 
 Blountville (Tenn.), 258. 
 
 Blue Licks (Ky.), salt makers cap- 
 tured at, 93, 185. 
 
 Blue Ridge Mountains, gap in, 236. 
 
 Blue Stone River (Va.), 355. 
 
 Boats, builders for, 77, 135-36, 312; 
 built at Pittsburgh, 83-84, 88; 
 escapes from Rogers' defeat, 91, 
 93-94; expense of building, 148; 
 for Kanawha River, 243; for 
 Clark's expedition, 312, 352, 383; 
 at Fort Henry, 409. 
 
 Bodkin, Charles, court-martialed, 
 437; discharged, 455-56. 
 
 .Body, Peter, at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 
 Boggs, Capt. John, defends family, 
 419-20; at courts-martial, 425-30; 
 militia company, 425, 427. 
 
 Boggs, Lydia. See Cruger, Mrs. 
 Lydia. 
 
 Boggs Sr., WiUiam, private, 465. 
 
 Boggs Jr., William, on Coshocton 
 expedition, 465; captured by In- 
 dians, 419-20. 
 
 Bolton, Col. Mason, British officer, 
 letters to, 52-54; letter, 47-48; 
 drowned, 374; sketch, 47. 
 
 Bond, Thomas, at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 
 Bond County (111.), 267. 
 
 Boniface, William, witness, 199. 
 
 Bonnett, Jacob, 492. 
 
 Bonnett, Lewis, 492. 
 
 Bonnett, Peter, 492. 
 
 Boone, Col. Daniel, captured, 93, 
 185; in Dunmore's War, 156; 
 explores Kentucky, 210. 
 
 Boonesborough (Ky.), relief for, 93; 
 trustee of, 196, 319; Henderson 
 visits, 141-42. 
 
 Boreman, John, agent, 485-86. 
 
 Botetourt (Va.), prices in, 129. 
 
 Botetourt County (Va.), sheriff, 241 
 protection for, 241; letters from 
 50, 244; officers, 212, 242, 258 
 troops from, 51, 213, 251; delegate 
 130; land commissioners in, 132 
 residents, 137, 230, 264, 266 
 prison in, 144; Loyalists in, 209 
 trials for, 257-64. 
 
 Bougainville, Louis Antoine, French 
 naval officer, 296. 
 
 Bound Brook (N. J.), 100. 
 
 Bouquet, Col. Henry, expedition, 
 280. 
 
 Bourbon County (Ky.), 93. 
 
 Bousman, Jacob, at Pittsburgh, 368, 
 432. 
 
 Bowen, Charles, home, 197; sketch, 
 197. 
 
 Bowman, Col. John, letters, 184-86, 
 202; requests aid, 184, 192, 194, 
 248, 283; orders, 186; Shawnee 
 expedition 1779, 104; sketch, 184. 
 
 Boyce, John, at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 
 Boyce, Richard, at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 
 Boyd, Robert, at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 
 Boyes, Peter, at Pittsburgh, 366. 
 
 Braddock, John, fined, 425. 
 
 Braddock's Defeat, 65. 
 
 Braddock's Road, raid on, 188, 414. 
 
 Bradford, Lieut. Charles, messenger, 
 293; member of court, 455. 
 
 Bradford, John, private, 469. 
 
INDEX 
 
 503 
 
 Bradley, John, at Pittsburgh, 367, 
 455. 
 
 Brady, Gen. Hugh, reminiscences, 
 202-4; sketch, 203. 
 
 Brady, John, killed by Indians, 381- 
 82. 
 
 Brady Jr., John, killed by Indians, 
 382. 
 
 Brady, Capt. -Lieut. Samuel, 459; 
 on Brodhead's expeditions, 58, 
 60-61, 381-82; orders for, 150; re- 
 connoitre to Sandusky, 30, 187-88, 
 219, 340; rescues Mrs. Stoops, 
 30, 202-8, 224-25; thanks for, 
 248, 280, 284; scouting, 39, 151, 
 354, 405; impressing provisions, 
 276, 280, 284, 288; enlisting, 114; 
 leap a fiction, 204; hunting party, 
 308-9, 382; retained in service, 352; 
 letters to, 276, 280, 308; dispute 
 with Ward, 470-76; member of 
 courts-martial, 454, 470, 484; 
 scouts who served with, 202, 207; 
 brothers, 203, 381; characterized, 
 225; sketch, 39. 
 
 Brady, William (Bill), scout, 178. 
 
 Brady, William P., reminiscences, 
 381-82; sketch, 381. 
 
 Brady's Lake, location, 204. 
 
 Branch Historical Papers. See John 
 P. Branch Historical Papers. 
 
 Brandon, John, at Pittsburgh, 366. 
 
 Brandy wine, battle of, 175, 335, 392. 
 
 Brannes, Edward, at Pittsburgh, 367. 
 
 Brant, Joseph, Mohawk chief, 53-54; 
 raids, 248, 287; messenger, 374; 
 sketch, 53. 
 
 Brauer, Lydia M., acknowledgments 
 to, 10. 
 
 Brazel, William, private, 465. 
 
 Breckenridge, James, at Pittsburgh, 
 367. 
 
 Breckinridge, John, pioneer, 215. 
 
 Breckinridge Jr., John, letter, 198; 
 sketch, 198. 
 
 Breckinridge, William, in Kentucky, 
 267; sketch, 267. 
 
 Brittain, Nathaniel, Loyalist, 212, 
 247, 254, 263; committed to 
 prison, ^63. 
 
 Broad, Robert, court-martialed, 437. 
 
 Broadley, John, at Pittsburgh, 363. 
 
 Brodhead, Col. Daniel, comman- 
 dant at Fort Pitt, 18, 20, 23, 
 427; Allegheny expedition, 14-16, 
 48, 52-66, 95-96, 100, 404; Co- 
 shocton expedition, 33-34, 343, 
 348-49, 353, 370, 372-73, 376-82, 
 388, 397, 420; report of, 399; rolls 
 for, 461-69; plans other expedi- 
 tions, 28-32, 133-34, 154, 168, 
 172-75, 177, 214, 231, 234, 250, 
 265; postpones expeditions, 178- 
 80, 234-35, 281, 284, 370, 373; 
 abandons expeditions, 182, 188; 
 Indian relations, 16, 44-47, 66-76, 
 97, 132-35, 139, 157-59, 166, 
 172-73, 182, 189-93, 217-20, 231- 
 33, 250, 275, 295-99, 305, 328-29, 
 341-42; Indian policy, 333-34, 
 378-79; Indian title, 44; friction 
 with officers, 98-99, 108, 120-21, 
 125-26, 136, 313, 352, 357, 364, 
 434-35, 440; relations with George 
 Rogers Clark, 30, 32-33, 42, 77, 
 134, 150, 165, 182, 270-72, 276, 
 278-79, 331-32, 337, 343-44, 346- 
 47, 352, 397-98, 418; disappoint- 
 ment, 327-28, 336-37; on furlough, 
 148, 337, 341, 347; rebuked, 136- 
 37, 171; supported, 171, 176; 
 declines to retire, 303; sends in- 
 formation, 285-87; charges against, 
 32-33, 118, 356-70, 387-88, 393- 
 96, 405-12; summoned to Phila- 
 delphia, 395, 399-401, 411; re- 
 placed, 34-35; characterized, 31- 
 32; Letter Books, described, 274, 
 283, 342, 373-74, 381. 
 
 Brody, Hugh, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 
 Broken Straw Creek (Da-gah-she- 
 no-de-a-go), Indian town on, 55, 
 63; island near, 62, 64, 66; camp 
 on, 66. 
 
 Bronstetter, Andrew, Loyalist, 255. 
 
 Brooks Benjamin, at Pittsburgh, 
 368; private, 441, 445; tried and 
 acquitted, 448. 
 
 Brooks, Daniel, at Pittsburgh, 367. 
 
 Brooks, James, at Pittsburgh, 367. 
 
504 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Broome County (N. Y.), 54. 
 Broomfield, William, at Pittsburgh, 
 
 369. 
 Brown, Basil, pioneer, 84, 88; on 
 
 Rogers' expedition, 84. 
 Brown Jr., Basil, on Rogers' expe- 
 dition, 84, 88-93; deposition, 88- 
 91; recollections, 91-93; sketch, 84. 
 Brown, James, 492. 
 Brown, Joseph, at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 Brown, Ralph, 492. 
 Brown, Samuel, at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 Brown, Samuel, Loyalist, 239-40. 
 Brown, Thomas, at Pittsburgh, 367. 
 Brownlee, Lieut. John, plots against 
 
 Indians, 290; sketch, 290. 
 Brownlee, Lieut. Joseph, resigns, 
 
 412. 
 Brownlee, Thomas, discharged, 446. 
 Brownsville (Pa.), 84. 
 Bruce, Rev. David, Moravian mis- 
 sionary, 320; sketch, 320. 
 Bruce, George, at Pittsburgh, 367. 
 Bruce, James, at Pittsburgh, 367. 
 Bruce, William, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 Brunot, Dr. Felix, near Pittsburgh, 
 
 290. 
 Brunot's (Hamilton's, McKee's) Is- 
 land, purchased, 290. 
 Brush Creek, raid on, 188, 414. 
 Brush Run, raid on, 179, 188; as a 
 
 boundary, 428; sketch, 179. 
 Brushy Mountain (Va.), 254. 
 Bryan, George, boundary commis- 
 sioner, 107. 
 Buchanan, Jane. See Floyd, Mrs. 
 
 John. 
 Buchanan, Col. John, Virginia pio- 
 neer, 257. 
 Buchanan, Mary, married, 257. 
 Buck Island. See Carleton Island. 
 Buckaloons, Indian town, 55, 57; 
 
 sketch, 55. 
 Buckingham County (Va.), troops 
 
 from, 52. 
 Bucks County (Pa.), 320. 
 Buffalo, hunted for provisions, 300-1, 
 
 303, 347. 
 Buffalo (N. Y.), Historical Society, 
 49; Publications, 100. 
 
 Buffalo Creek (Va.), 419-20;'Dutch 
 fork of, 420. 
 
 Buffalo Township (Pa.), 110. 
 
 Bukey, Mary, married, 398. 
 
 Bull, John (Schebosch, Shabosh), a 
 Moravian, 300. 
 
 Bull, Joseph, killed, 300. 
 
 Bull Town, Indian site, garrisoned, 
 117. 
 
 Bullock's Ford, on Clarion River, 56. 
 
 Burgoyne, Gen. John, surrender, 
 242, 374. 
 
 Burke, John, tried and acquitted, 
 447. 
 
 Burke County (N. C), 211. 
 
 Burnett, A., private, 467. 
 
 Burnett, Lewis, private, 469. 
 
 Burns, Arthur, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 
 Burns, John, mattross, court-mar- 
 tialed, 454-55. 
 
 Burnside, Andrew, at Pittsburgh, 
 367. 
 
 Burton, C. M. "John Connolly, 
 Loyalist," 389. 
 
 Bushby, William, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 
 Buskirk, John, private, 464. 
 
 Buskirk, Capt. Lawrence Lewis, 492. 
 
 Bustard, David, Loyalist, 255. 
 
 Butler, Col. John, Loyalist officer, 
 47, 129, 192, 194; letter, 53-54; 
 raiding, 248; sketch, 53. 
 
 Butler, Mann, History of Kentucky, 
 81, 84-85, 87. 
 
 Butler, Maj. Walter, British officer, 
 47-48, 53; sketch, 47. 
 
 Butterfield, C. W., narrative of 
 Brodhead's Coshocton expedition, 
 376-81; History of the Girtys, 17. 
 Button, Joseph, 492. 
 Byerly, Jacob, 492. 
 
 Byrn, Capt. , wounded, 266. 
 
 Byrn, James, letter to, 211-13; non- 
 jurors in company of, 222; at 
 Loyalists' trials, 258; brother, 
 266; sketch, 211. 
 
 Cackhill, Lieut. Isaac, 492. 
 Caggley, George, Loyalist, 254. 
 
INDEX 
 
 505 
 
 Cahokia (111.), 176; endangered, 20, 
 186; garrison, 195; letter from, 
 230; commandant, 231. 
 
 Cain, John, private, 445, 469; at 
 Pittsburgh, 368. 
 
 Cain, Matthew, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 
 Caldwell, Ezekiel, recollections, 62. 
 
 Caldwell, James, Ohio County magis- 
 trate, 110-11; sketch, 110. 
 
 Caldwell, John, on Brodhead's ex- 
 pedition, 62, 492; brother, 110; 
 sketch, 62. 
 
 Caldwell, Samuel, 492. 
 
 Caleylemont, Delaware chief. See 
 Killbuck. 
 
 Callahan, John, court-martialed, 442. 
 
 Callen, Patrick, at Pittsburgh, 366. 
 
 Callendar, Anne, married, 307. 
 
 Callendar, Robert, trader, 307. 
 
 Callensburg (Pa.), 56. 
 
 Calvin, Vincent, at Pittsburgh, 367. 
 
 Calzor, Lewis, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 
 Camden (S. C), battle at, 210, 282; 
 retreat from, 210. 
 
 Campbell, Arthur, at Pittsburgh, 370. 
 
 Campbell, Col. Arthur, suppresses 
 Loyalists, 26-27, 195-98, 210-11; 
 letter to, 236-40; letters, 192-98, 
 210, 217, 244-45, 391-92, 402; 
 sketch, 192. 
 
 Campbell, Col. Charles, sub-lieu- 
 tenant of Westmoreland, 385. 
 
 Campbell, Capt. John, Virginia 
 ofTicer, 196, 237; sketch, 196. 
 
 Campbell, Col. John, American, 
 captured, 18, 87, 93-94, 105-6, 
 123; letter, 94; sketch, 87. 
 
 Campbell, Col. John, British officer, 
 130; sketch, 130. 
 
 Campbell, Col. Richard, 448, 460; 
 commands Fort Laurens, 39; 
 orders for, 39, 44; illness, 121; 
 at Fort Pitt, 122, 318, 445; letters, 
 149-50, 156-57; scouting, 180-81; 
 presides at court-martial, 431-33, 
 435-37, 439-40, 443; sketch, 39. 
 
 Campbell, Robert, Pittsburgh in- 
 habitant, 362, 367, 396. 
 
 Campbell, Capt. Thomas, 171; orders 
 for, 79, 99, 109, 114, 118; com- 
 
 mands rangers, 95, 120, 136; 
 arrest ordered, 125-26; sketch, 79. 
 
 Campbell, Col. William, suppresses 
 Loyalists, 24, 27, 208-9, 217, 
 222, 236-40; attempted revenge, 
 27, 267-68; at trial, 258; letters 
 to, 217, 244-45; letters, 236, 240- 
 41; handwriting, 240; sketch, 209. 
 
 Canada, attempt to recover, 29, 
 304; forces from, 248; education 
 in, 86; Moravians in, 161; in- 
 vasion of, 307. 
 
 Canadasega, Seneca town, 53. 
 
 Canawago. See Conewago. 
 
 Canawaugus, Indian town, 53. 
 
 Canborough Township (Ont.), 52. 
 
 Canon. Col. John, sub-lieutenant 
 of Washington County, 403; warns 
 of danger, 334; petition of, 82; 
 sketch, 334. 
 
 Capes, William, private, 445. 
 
 Captina (Capteening) Creek, attack 
 near, 168. 
 
 Carleton, Sir Guy. See Dorchester. 
 
 Carleton, Maj. Guy, leads expedi- 
 tion, 286. 
 
 Carleton, Joseph, secretary, 385. 
 
 Carleton (Buck, Deer) Island, Brit- 
 ish post on, 54, 390; sketch, 54. 
 
 Cariisle (Pa.), 81, 114, 280, 285, 
 307-8, 383, 400, 413. 
 
 Carmichael, James, 293. 
 
 Carmichael, John, impressing pro- 
 visions, 293-94; sketch, 293. 
 
 Carmichael, Thomas, 293. 
 
 Carnahan, Capt. James, letters to, 
 117, 235; at Fort Pitt, 458-59; 
 sketch, 117. 
 
 Carney, Martin, at Fort Jefferson, 
 230. 
 
 Carolina. See North Carolina and 
 South Carolina. 
 
 Carpenter, Charles, claims dis- 
 charge, 455; refused, 456. 
 
 Carpenter, Christopher, private, 445. 
 
 Carr, Daniel, private, 445. 
 
 Carrel, David, 492. 
 
 Carrell, William, fined, 426. 
 
 Carroll, Thomas, at Pittsburgh, 367. 
 
 Carroll County (Va.), 236, 251. 
 
506 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Carr's Creek (Va.), 196. 
 
 Carson, Richard, at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 
 Carter, Bauning, private, 445. 
 
 Carter, Nicholas, private, 445. 
 
 Carter, Stephen, private, 467. 
 
 Casber, Jonathan, 492. 
 
 Casebard, Nathan, at Pittsburgh, 
 368. 
 
 Casgrain, P. B., La Vie de Joseph- 
 Frangois Penault, 86. 
 
 Cashaquin, Indian letter from, 250. 
 
 Caswell, Samuel, discharged, 441. 
 
 Catherine's Town. See Sheoquaga. 
 
 Catt, George, private, 469. 
 
 Catt, Michael, private, 469. 
 
 Cattaraugus (N. Y.), letter from, 52. 
 
 Cattaraugus County (N. Y.), 63. 
 
 Cattaraugus Creek, Indian site, 375. 
 
 Cavenaugh, Gaverard, deserter, 447. 
 
 Cayashooto, Seneca chief. See Guya- 
 shusta. 
 
 Cayuga Indians, at Niagara, 50. 
 
 Chaffin, Thomas, 492. 
 
 Chamberlin, T. W., acknowledg- 
 ments to, 310. 
 
 Chambers, Alexander, discharge for, 
 441; fraudulently obtained, 457. 
 
 Chambers, James, recollections, 403- 
 5; captured, 404, 414, 492. 
 
 Chambers, Thomas, at Pittsburgh, 
 455. 
 
 Chambersburg (Pa.), 373. 
 
 Chapline, Lieut. Abraham, cap- 
 tured, 17-18, 87; escapes, 20, 
 185, 187, 192; accompanies Rogers, 
 87; son, 94; employed by Clark, 
 350; sketch, 87. 
 
 Chapline, Moses, 492. 
 
 Chapman, Capt. John, 492. 
 
 Charles, Delaware Indian, 330. 
 
 Charleston (Ind.), 180. 
 
 Charleston (S. C), British at, 24, 
 129; refugees from, 27; captured 
 by British, 145, 192, 201, 210, 
 226, 265; besieged, 202, 210; 
 prisoners from, 268, 333. 
 
 Charlotte County (Va.), 137. 
 
 Charlottesville (Va.), 242. 
 
 Chartier's (Chertees) Creek (Pa.), 
 87, 180, 271, 333; captives from. 
 
 202, 204, 224; settlers on, 403; 
 militia, 226. 
 
 Chautauqua County (N. Y.), 375. 
 
 Chea, Barry, at Pittsburgh, 366. 
 
 Cheat River, raids on, 94-95, 248-49. 
 
 Cherokee Indians, aid British, 24- 
 25, 170; treaty with United States, 
 25, 40, 43; visit the Delawares, 
 45; intertribal relations, 51; ex- 
 pedition against, 210-11, 258; 
 unite with Loyalists, 244-45, 402; 
 mission to, 257; hostile, 391, 402. 
 
 Cherry Valley (N. Y.), raided, 48. 
 
 Chertees Creek. See Chartier's 
 Creek. 
 
 Chester County (Ky.), 421. 
 
 Chew, James, clerk of land com- 
 mission, 119. 
 
 Chicago (111.), fur-trade post, 164. 
 
 Chickamauga (Chuchamoga) In- 
 dians, location, 51; expedition 
 against, 197, 258, 267; sketch, 51. 
 
 Chillicothe Indians, branch of Shaw- 
 nee, 109; town of, 93. 
 
 Chippewa Indians, attitude toward 
 Americans, 40, 43, 233; at Detroit 
 council, 217-18; intertribal rela- 
 tions, 297. 
 
 Choconut (Chucknut, Chugnutt), 
 Indian town, 54. 
 
 Choctaw Indians, aid Spanish, 130. 
 
 Chote (Chota), Cherokee town, 244. 
 
 Christian, Capt. Gilbert, at King's 
 Mountain, 258. 
 
 Christian, Rosanna, married, 137. 
 
 Christian, Col. William, orders for, 
 50; on Cherokee campaign, 258; in 
 Dunmore's War, 212; letters, 128- 
 32, 267-68; removal to Kentucky, 
 131, 137; at trial of Loyalists, 
 257; sketch, 50. 
 
 Christian, Mrs. William, sister of 
 Patrick Henry, 264. 
 
 Christy, William, at Pittsburgh, 
 363, 367. 
 
 Chubhicking, Indian name for Vin- 
 cennes, 297. 
 
 Chucknut. See Choconut. 
 
 Chugnutt. See Choconut. 
 
 Cincinnati, Order of, president, 308. 
 
INDEX 
 
 507 
 
 Cincinnati (Ohio), Indian battle 
 near, 17-18, 83, 91-93. 
 
 Clare, Thomas, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 
 Clarion County (Pa.), 56. 
 
 Clarion River (Pa.), 56. 
 
 Clark, Serg. , 178. 
 
 Clark, Benjamin, son, 230. 
 
 Clark, Gen. George Rogers, in the 
 West, 18-19, 25-26, 186; Indian 
 policy, 16, 29, 56, 104-5, 155, 
 305; influence of presence, 20, 
 34, 417; aid for Da^•id Rogers, 17, 
 83, 85, 87; supplies for, 86, 92, 
 324, 382-85, 400, 413; reenforce- 
 ments, 179, 194, 209, 243, 354; 
 Illinois expedition, 87, 127, 267; 
 expedition of 1779, 72; expedition 
 of 1780, 22, 30, 223, 230, 245-46, 
 249-50, 265-66, 271; expedition 
 of 1782, 167; expedition of 1786, 
 83, 87; returns to Virginia, 180, 
 319; Detroit expedition planned, 
 32-34, 133-34, 165, 175, 312, 
 318, 331-32, 336-37, 341, 344, 
 346-47, 350-52, 370-71, 382-85, 
 397, 399-400, 406-9, 412-21; op- 
 position to, 403, 415, 419, 421; 
 rendezvous for, 413-15, 417, 419; 
 a Virginia officer, 101; relations 
 with Brodhead, 32-33, 42, 77, 
 106, 134, 150, 165, 173, 182, 337, 
 
 • 343-44, 418; officers with, 49, 
 180, 193, 195, 310; relatives, 
 126, 230; letters to, 42, 156-57, 
 182, 310. 337. 343, 391, 397; 
 letters, 77, 93, 103-5, 350-51, 
 370-71, 398, 401, 414, 416-18; 
 Memoir, 18. 
 
 Clark, James, 367; private, 465. 
 
 Clark, John, at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 
 Clark, Capt. John, of Eighth Pennsyl- 
 vania, 59, 313-14, 458-59; orders 
 for. 97. 103. 106-7, 125, 281, 
 309-11. 336; member of court, 
 438, 470, 484; sketch, 60. 
 
 Clark, Joshua, at Pittsburgh, 366. 
 
 Clark, Lieut. Richard, messenger, 
 
 ' 231. 
 
 Clark, Lieut. William, letter to, 
 230-81; sketch, 230. 
 
 Clarke, Maj. Elijah, in Georgia. 
 391, 402; sketch, 391. 
 
 Clarke, James, private, 445. 
 
 Clarksville (Ind.), 230. 
 
 Clawson, Garret, at Pittsburgh, 
 368. 
 
 Clay, Henr\', duehst, 310. 
 
 Clemens, Jeremiah, private, 466. 
 
 Cleveland, Col. Benjamin, suppresses 
 Loyalists, 27, 210, 239-40; sketch. 
 210. 
 
 Clevings, William, Loyalist, 254. 
 
 Clinch River, as a frontier, 245; 
 headwaters, 254; raids on, 155-56. 
 
 Cline, Mrs. , reminiscences, 
 
 151-52. 
 
 Clinglesmith. See Klingelschmit. 
 
 Clinton, Gov. George, of New York, 
 287. 
 
 Clinton, Sir Henr>', at Charleston, 
 24, 129, 170, 268; letters to, 14, 
 50, 78, 122-23. 
 
 Cloyd, William, court-martialed, 455. 
 
 Coburn, Capt. Jonathan, 492. 
 
 Coe, Lieut. Benjamin, 493. 
 
 Coffle, Mary', married, 319. 
 
 Coho. See Cahokia. 
 
 Colchester (Ont.), 153. 
 
 Cold, Delaware chief, 45. 
 
 Cold Spring (N. Y.), site, 63-65. 
 
 Coleman, Coonrod, rescues captives, 
 200. 
 
 Coleman, Ensign Jacob, orders for, 
 40; witness, 200; retained in 
 service, 335; abuse of, 446; ad- 
 jutant, 460; sketch, 40. 
 
 Collins, Benjamin, at Pittsburgh, 
 369. 
 
 Collis, William, quartermaster's ser- 
 geant, 460; at Pittsburgh, 366. 
 
 Collyer, Isaac, on Rogers' expedi- 
 tion, 83, 90. 
 
 Colman, Joseph, court-martialed, 
 450. 
 
 Colter, James, at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 
 Colvin, Daniel, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 
 Cohin, William, at Pittsburgh, 367. 
 
 Combs, Samuel, apprentice for, 373. 
 
 Combs, Sol., at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 
 Comus, Thomas, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 
508 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Conesus, Seneca town, 62. 
 
 Conewago, Indian village, 44, 55; 
 attack near, 52-54, 189; burned, 
 56; sketch, 44. 
 
 Congress, Continental, powers of, 
 101, 361; members, 421; issues 
 commissions, 151, 183, 357; me- 
 morial to, 81; information for, 
 283, 384, 406; supplies for, 84; 
 Indian visitors, 44, 47, 116, 181, 
 302, 330, 345, 348; Indian ne- 
 gotiations, 169, 341-42, 347-48; 
 orders investigation, 393; resolu- 
 tions of, 171, 174, 290, 342, 345, 
 395, 435, 444, 456, 476; president's 
 letters to, 286-87, 333, 345-46, 
 389, 396; report to, 347-48, 385; 
 Journal, 127, 171, 174, 290, 342, 
 347. 
 
 Conley, Philip, discharged, 441. 
 
 Connecticut, Indians of, 119. 
 
 Connecticut River, Indians from, 
 119. 
 
 Connellsville (Pa.), 278. 
 
 Connolly, John, at Pittsburgh, 367. 
 
 Connolly, Col. John, Loyalist, 
 threatened invasion by, 388-90, 
 398, 404; sketch, 389. 
 
 Connor, Cornelius, at Pittsburgh, 
 369. 
 
 Connor Jr., Cornelius, at Pitts- 
 burgh, 369. 
 
 Connor, John, at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 
 Connor, Richard, among the 
 Moravians, 320; sketch, 320. 
 
 Connor, Ensign William, leave of 
 absence, 313-14; sketch, 313. 
 
 Conococheague (Pa.), transporta- 
 tion from, 291. 
 
 Continental army, reduced, 290, 303, 
 307-8, 335-37, 409; medical de- 
 partment, 306-7, 314; recruits 
 for, 406. 
 
 Continental Congress. See Congress. 
 
 Continental currency, depreciation, 
 31, 128-29, 131, 227; disuse, 421; 
 to be refunded to soldiers, 456. 
 
 Convention prisoners, inVirginia,242. 
 
 Cook, Col. Edward, militia officer, 
 371, 385; sketch, 385. 
 
 Cook, Capt. Thomas T., at Fort 
 Pitt, 458. 
 
 Coolpeeconain (John Thompson), 
 Delaware chief, 330, 339, 495; 
 life threatened, 376. 
 
 Cooper, Basil, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 
 Cooper, Ensign William, at Fort 
 Pitt, 459; signs protest, 366. 
 
 Copeley, Thomas, trial for Loyalism, 
 260. 
 
 Cornplanter, Seneca chief, 65-66 
 reservation for, 55, 59, 62-66 
 information from, 60; son, 62 
 sketch, 59. 
 
 Cornplanter (Pa.), site, 62. 
 
 Cornstalk, Shawnee chief, 319. 
 
 Cornwallis, Charles, earl, orders, 
 210; at Camden, 282; capture 
 rumored, 296. 
 
 Coshocton (Coochocking, Coocho- 
 quin, Cooshawing, Cooshockung), 
 Indian village, 161-62, 214, 274; 
 council at, 97, 157-59, 168, 177, 
 189-90, 217-20, 233, 295-98, 301, 
 315-16, 321, 328, 332, 337-40, 
 342, 346, 348, 353, 375, 384; 
 Indians from, 60, 172, 398-99; 
 messages, 275; fort to be built at, 
 315, 329, 348; letters from, 44-46, 
 105, 157, 231, 273; letters to, 
 139, 177, 183; expedition against, 
 33, 343, 348-49, 353, 370, 372-73, 
 376-82, 388, 399; rolls of militia, 
 461-69; destruction of, 377; sketch, 
 44. 
 
 Cottrill, Thomas, at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 
 Courts-martial, proceedings, 94,' 
 
 115, 135, 248, 303; method of 
 procedure, 147, 283, 394-95; 
 orders for, 148, 332; power to 
 hold, 209, 383-84; at Pittsburgh, 
 
 116, 393-95, 411, 439-58, 470-91; 
 approved, 282; for Brodhead, 
 394-95, 407-8; for Ohio County, 
 425-30. 
 
 Cowpens (S. C), battle of, 211. 
 Cox, Gabriel, 415. 
 Cox, George, 415. 
 
 Cox, Isaac, Ohio County pioneer, 
 415; fined, 426; acquitted, 429. 
 
INDEX 
 
 509 
 
 Cox, Jacob, private, 465. 
 
 Cox, John, militia officer, 237, 
 239-40; son captured, 238-39; 
 accused of Loyalism, 234; sketch, 
 237. 
 
 Cox, Joseph, 415; at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 
 Cox, Capt. Reuben, pioneer, 415. 
 
 Coxon, William, fife major, 460. 
 
 Cox's Station (Va.), 415. 
 
 Coyle, James, Loyalist, 239-40. 
 
 Crab Orchard (Va.), 197. 
 
 Craig, Capt. Isaac, artillery officer, 
 170, 393; men, 201, 383; at 
 Fort Pitt, 202, 412; goes East, 
 353, 370-71; on courts-martial, 
 454, 470, 484; letters to, 181, 351, 
 390-91; letters, 382-83, 391, 412- 
 13, 418; sketch, 175. 
 
 Craig, Neville B., editor, 283. 
 
 Crawford, , escapes from Chero- 
 kee, 402. 
 
 Crawford, Charles, court-martialed, 
 455. 
 
 Crawford, Lieut. John, of Eighth 
 Pennsylvania Regiment, 431, 459; 
 adjutant, 449, 477; i member of 
 court, 470. 
 
 Crawford, Sarah, married, 278. 
 
 Crawford, Capt. William, letter to, 
 373; on Coshocton expedition, 
 
 • 376, 469; sketch, 373. 
 
 Crawford, Col. William, surveyor, 
 403; at Fort Pitt, 81; expedition of 
 1782, 58-59, 335, 408; residence, 
 350, 408; death, 153, 373; daughter, 
 278; estate, 413. 
 
 Crawford County (Pa.), 61. 
 
 Creal, John, at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 
 Creduser, Nicholas, deserts, 439. 
 
 Creek Indians, hostile, 391, 402; 
 treaty with Spaniards, 402. 
 
 Cresap, Michael, widow, 82. 
 
 Cresap Jr., Michael, interviewed, 
 82. 
 
 Cripple Creek (Va.), 236, 254; 
 sketch, 254. 
 
 Crockett, Col. Hugh, suppresses 
 Loyalists, 241, 268; sketch, 241. 
 
 Crockett, Col. Joseph, Western bat- 
 talion of, 51, 131, 209, 266, 304, 
 
 413, 418; brother of, 241 ; letter to, 
 
 243-44; sketch, 51. 
 Crockett, Maj. Walter, brother, 
 
 241; suppresses Loyalists, 24, 198, 
 
 216, 237; letters, 170, 236; am- 
 nesty for, 239-40; sketch, 170. 
 Croghan, Col. George, dwelling, 270; 
 
 sketch, 270. 
 Cron, James, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 Crooked Run (Va.), 269. 
 Croom, John, Loyalist, 247. 
 Cross Creek Township (W. Va.), 
 
 415. 
 Crossings. See Stewart's Crossings. 
 Crow, Captain, Seneca chief. See 
 
 Na-tah-go-ah. 
 Crow, John, Loyalist, 417. 
 Crow, Lawrence, Loyalist, 416-17. 
 Crowly, Andrew, at Pittsburgh, 366. 
 Crow's Island, in the Ohio, 223. 
 Cruger, Mrs. Lydia, interviewed, 
 
 82; recollections, 419-20. 
 Crumrine, Boyd, History of Wash- 
 ington County, Pennsylvania, 168, 
 
 410. 
 Cub Creek (Va.), church at, 137. 
 Cuba, Archives of, 130. 
 Culbertson's Bottom (Va.), 355. 
 Culpeper County (Va.), 126, 179. 
 Cumberland (Pa.), 207. 
 Cumberland (Tenn.), land in, 129, 
 
 131. 
 Cumberland County (Pa.), 160; 
 
 miUtia office, 285; sheriff, 280; 
 
 militia ordered West, 293, 393. 
 Cumberland Gap, war road in, 391. 
 Cumberland Mountains, Indian raids 
 
 in, 187. 
 Cuming, Fortescue, "Tour," 290. 
 Cummings, Alexander, magistrate, 
 
 252. 
 Cungill, John, at Pittsburgh, 367. 
 Cunningham, John, at Pittsburgh, 
 
 369. 
 Curry, Adam, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 Curry, John, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 Cuscushing (Goschgoschuenk, Kush- 
 
 kushing), Munsee town, 56-57. 
 Cuscusky and Cushcushkee. See 
 
 Kuskuskies. 
 
510 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Gushing, John M., discharged, 441. 
 Custard, George, at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 Guyahoga River, Moravians on, 
 
 161; scouting near, 175; leap 
 
 across, 204. 
 
 Da-gah-she-no-de-a-go. See Broken 
 Straw Greek. 
 
 Dah-gan-non-do, Seneca Indian. See 
 Decker, Gapt. John. 
 
 DarUngton, Mary G., Fort Pitt, 179, 
 214. 
 
 Darraugh, John, court-martialed, 
 438; deserter, 457-58. 
 
 Darter, Nicholas, Loyalist, 254. 
 
 Daugherty, John, at Pittsburgh, 
 368. 
 
 Davereux, Nancy. See Devereaux. 
 
 Davis, , killed, 187. 
 
 Davis, Gol. Benjamin, militia officer, 
 408; sketch, 408. 
 
 Davis, Edward, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 
 Davis, James, at Pittsburgh, 367. 
 
 Davis, Gol. John, quartermaster, 
 136; letter to, 285; sketch, 285. 
 
 Davis, Peter, court-martialed, 282, 
 452; escape of, 457-58. 
 
 Dawson, Ensign Henry, quarter- 
 master, 460; member of court, 
 470, 484. 
 
 Dawson, Gapt. Samuel, orders for, 
 43; at Fort Pitt, 458; sketch, 43. 
 
 Day, Ezekiel, 493. 
 
 Day, John, 493. 
 
 Day-oos-ta (It-is-light-to-be-lifted), 
 Delaware Indian, 65. 
 
 Dayton (Ky.), site, 92. 
 
 Dayton (Ohio), 163. 
 
 Dead Man's Bend, on the Missis- 
 sippi, 231. 
 
 Deal, William, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 
 Dean, John, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 
 Deaver brothers, killed, 150. 
 
 Decker, Gapt. John (Dah-gan-non- 
 do, "He who patches"), Seneca 
 Indian, recollections, 65-66. 
 
 Decker, Luke, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 
 Deenan, James, at Pittsburgh, 367. 
 
 Deer Island. See Garleton Island. 
 
 Deh-gus-way-gah-ent (Fallen Board), 
 Seneca Indian, 65. 
 
 De la Balme. See La Balme. 
 
 Delaware, immigrants to, 119; militia 
 ordered out, 405. 
 
 Delaware Indians, language, 335; 
 towns, 53; intertribal relations, 46, 
 72-75, 219, 231, 233, 249, 295, 301, 
 303, 314, 339-40; Indian allies, 
 16, 66-76; American alliance of, 
 14, 23, 28, 56, 75-76, 112, 151, 172, 
 180, 183, 220, 376; visit Gongress, 
 28, 302; children educated, 181, 
 342, 348; on Brodhead's expedi- 
 tions, 41, 44, 48, 53, 60, 65, 376-82; 
 French envoy among, 29-30, 176- 
 77, 214, 249, 265, 273-75, 375-76; 
 desire fort, 75-76, 315, 328, 384; 
 urged to remove, 134, 136, 315, 
 353; information from, 41, 45- 
 47, 116, 168-69, 250, 272-73, 
 276; messages, 157-59, 168, 172- 
 73, 217-20, 275, 296-97, 315-17, 
 333; excuse trespassers, 97, 106-7; 
 messages to, 28, 166, 177, 183, 
 295-96, 298-99, 328-29, 341-42; 
 suspected, 150-51, 156, 180-81, 
 353; exonerated, 157, 159, 161-63, 
 165, 183, 19 1, 231-34, 274, 300, 
 334; on scouting parties, 181, 183, 
 188; return deserter, 332; refugees 
 from, 50; western division of, 
 104, 119, 158; hostile bands of, 
 17-18, 65-66, 105, 191, 193, 224, 
 
 273, 275, 290, 297, 301, 340, 348, 
 350-51; lack of supplies for, 139, 
 
 274, 276, 284, 302, 314-17, 326; 
 break alliance, 33, 337-40, 342- 
 47, 372; at Detroit council, 373, 
 375-76; Brodhead's expedition 
 against, 33-34, 343, 353, 372-73, 
 376-82, 388, 399, 416; remove 
 westward, 401. 
 
 Delaware River, post on, 175; 
 settlers, 403. 
 
 Delay, Nathan, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 
 Delay, Philip, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 
 Dennison, Serg. — — , tried and sent- 
 enced, 451; reinstated, 452. 
 
 Dent, Lieut. John, 493. 
 
INDEX 
 
 511 
 
 De Peyster, Col. Arent Schuyler, 
 commandant at Detroit, 16, 140, 
 220; at Indian council, 218-19, 
 373, 375-76; letter cited, 223, 373; 
 desires prisoners, 376; Miscellanies 
 by an Officer, 140, 374-75; sketch, 
 140. 
 
 De Peyster, J. Watts, editor, 140, 
 374. 
 
 De Peyster family papers, 140. 
 
 Dermont, Joseph, at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 
 Derry settlement, in Pennsylvania, 
 371. 
 
 Detrick, Charles, Loyalist, 254. 
 
 Detroit, commandants, 13, 16, 94, 
 140, 297, 390; garrison. 111, 115, 
 188; reenforced, 50, 135-36; scarc- 
 ity at, 78; prisoners at, 86, 200, 
 206, 220, 297, 420; deserters, 299; 
 Loyalists, 491; Moravians, 161, 
 300; importance of, 209, 329; mes- 
 sage to, 230; Indians at, 14, 33, 
 46, 50, 122, 191, 193, 245; Indian 
 councils at, 217-20, 317, 325-26, 
 373, 381; raids from, 18, 276, 322, 
 325-26, 341; plans to capture, 16- 
 19, 40, 56, 70, 77, 94-95, 101, 111- 
 15, 123-24, 136, 147, 165, 173, 176, 
 273, 282, 311-13, 318, 333, 374; 
 information about, 117, 119-20, 
 162, 169, 254; spy from, 295; 
 sketch of fort at, 303; Clark's 
 expedition against, 32-34, 133-34, 
 165, 200, 331-32, 341, 397-98, 
 401-21. 
 
 Detroit River, island in, 16. 
 
 Devereaux, Charles, Loyalist, 252. 
 
 Devereaux, Nancy, letter, 252. 
 
 Devose, David, at Pittsburgh, 367. 
 
 Dewitt, Ezekiel, Ohio County pio- 
 neer, 425, 427; fine remitted, 425. 
 
 Dewitt, Zechariah, private, 466. 
 
 Dickerson, Thomas, 493. 
 
 Dickinson, Gideon, private, 467. 
 
 Dickinson, Richard, fined, 425. 
 
 Dickson, Col. Alexander, British 
 officer, 129; sketch, 130. 
 
 Dill, Francis, at Pittsburgh, 367. 
 
 Dillon, Matthew, frontiersman, 41. 
 
 Dilrumple, John, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 
 Ditts, Henry, private, 468. 
 
 Docksteder, John, Loyalist, 53-54; 
 letter, 52-53; sketch, 52. 
 
 Doddridge, Rev. Joseph, manu- 
 scripts, 91; Notes on the Settlement 
 and Indian Wars of the Western 
 Parts of Virginia and Pennsylvania, 
 376. 
 
 Doddridge, Narcissa, sends manu- 
 scripts, 91. 
 
 Dodge, John, in Illinois, 127, 319; 
 sketch, 319. 
 
 Dolly, , Virginia Loyalist, 170. 
 
 Donnally, Col. Andrew, letter, 354- 
 55; sketch, 354. 
 
 Donnally, William, at Pittsburgh, 
 369. 
 
 Doonyontat, Wyandot chief. See 
 Half King. 
 
 Dorchester, Guy Carleton, lord, 286. 
 
 "Doria," warship, 175. 
 
 Double-Door, Seneca Indian. See 
 Gen-ne-hoon. 
 
 Douglas, George, Loyalist, 255. 
 
 Douglas (Duggless), James, Loyalist, 
 confesses, 254-55. 
 
 Douglas, Thomas, Loyalist, 255; 
 confession, 255-56. 
 
 Douglass, Ephraim, commissary, 99; 
 sketch, 99-100. 
 
 Douglass, John, at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 
 Dousman, John, Pittsburgh resident, 
 450. 
 
 Dowler, , captured, 163. 
 
 Downard, Thomas, trial for Loyal- 
 ism, 263. 
 
 Downey, Cornehus, discharged, 441. 
 
 Downing, Timothy, 493. 
 
 Doxtater family, in Wisconsin, 52. 
 See also Docksteder. 
 
 Drain, James, at Pittsburgh, 367. 
 
 Drake, Benjamin, Life of Tecumseh, 
 119. 
 
 Draper, Lyman C, series named for, 
 9; prepares biography, 380; re- 
 turns manuscripts, 240, 283; in- 
 terviews, 59, 62, 65, 152-53, 160, 
 163-64, 202, 207, 319, 335, 355, 
 373, 398, 403; secures manuscripts, 
 58, 91, 125, 283, 382; conclusions, 
 
512 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Draper — Continued 
 
 61, 160, 186, 236, 404; narrative 
 of Rogers' defeat, 79-88; corres- 
 pondence, 109, 127; notes, 266, 
 309, 318, 373-74; King's Mountain 
 and its Heroes, 196, 210. 
 
 Dry Fork, of Big Sandy, 155. 
 
 Dublin, college at, 307. 
 
 Dubois, Col. Lewis, regiment, 80. 
 
 Duncan, David, quartermaster, 223, 
 288, 294, 322, 387, 445-46, 478, 
 480-81; praises for, 291; house of, 
 471; goes to Philadelphia, 323, 
 325, 372; charges against, 356-60, 
 363-66, 388, 393-94, 405-6, 410- 
 11; resignation asked for, 421; 
 letters to, 349, 418; letters, 388, 
 406; sketch, 223. 
 
 Duggless. See Douglas. 
 
 Dunbar, John, at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 
 Dunlap, Maj. John, Loyalist in 
 Georgia, 391; sketch, 391-92. 
 
 Dunlap Creek (Pa.), 421. 
 
 Dunlevy, Francis, 493. 
 
 Dunmore, John Murray, lord, con- 
 ducts trial. 421. 
 
 Dunmore's War, outbreak, 9, 156; 
 ofTicers in, 58, 212, 230-31, 258, 
 278, 319, 335. 
 
 Dunn, Thomas, deserter, 448. 
 
 Duplantier, Capt. , French 
 
 officer, among Indians, 231, 234, 
 249, 274; life threatened, 273; 
 sketch, 249. 
 
 Dust, Adam, fifer, 446. 
 
 Dutchess County (N. Y.), 320. 
 
 Dutton, Philip, Loyalist, 255. 
 
 Duvall, Col. John P., 493; petition 
 of, 82. 
 
 Dysart, Capt. James, opposes Lbyal- 
 ists, 196, 237; sketch, 196. 
 
 Eager, Robert, exemption for, 426. 
 Earls, Richard, discharge for, 441. 
 Eckenrode, H. J., The Revolution in 
 
 Virginia, 237. 
 Edinburgh, medical college in, 306. 
 
 Edmiston, Capt. William, company, 
 197; opposes Loyalists, 196, 237; 
 sketch, 196. 
 
 Edmiston, Maj. William, letters to, 
 193, 195, 198; sketch, 193. 
 
 Edwards, William, Moravian mis- 
 sionary, 161, 190; life threatened, 
 381; sketch, 161. 
 
 Eels, — — , Indian hunter, 112. 
 
 Eighteenth British Infantry, 224. 
 
 Eighth Canadian Infantry, 47. 
 
 Eighth Pennsylvania Regiment, at 
 Fort Pitt, 103, 150; augmented, 94, 
 114, 125-26; term of service, 147; 
 returns of, 290; officers, 99, 109, 
 224, 282, 310, 409, 412, 458-59, 
 470-76; paymaster, 484-89; sur- 
 geon, 307, 460; auditors, 392-93; 
 privates, 438, 442, 445-46, 449- 
 55, 457, 478; clothing for, 108, 
 142, 400; Orderly Book, 431-59. 
 
 Eighth Virginia Regiment, officers, 
 103, 230; surgeon, 307. 
 
 Elizabeth (Pa.), 413. 
 
 Elk, hunted for provisions, 300. 
 
 Elk Creek (Va.), 255. 
 
 Elkhorn Creek (Ky.), 137. 
 
 Elliott, Matthew, Loyalist, 185; 
 sketch, 185. 
 
 Ellis, Capt. , militia officer, 428. 
 
 Ellis, Jesse, 493; Recollections, 58-59; 
 sketch, 58. 
 
 Ellis, Capt. Nathan, 493. 
 
 Ellison, James, in rescuing party, 
 355; captured, 355. 
 
 Elm Grove (W. Va.), 313. 
 
 Emigration, to the West, 21-22, 
 41, 277; reasons for, 324; checked, 
 269-70, 293; militia from, 409. 
 
 English, David, Ohio County officer, 
 425-30; company, 428; private 
 on Coshocton expedition, 465. 
 
 Enlow, Abraham, exemption for, 
 426. 
 
 Erfurt (Germany), 232. 
 
 Erie (Pa.), added to state, 307-8. 
 
 Erie County (N. Y.), 375. 
 
 Erie County (Ohio), 300. 
 
 Ervin, John, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 
 Essex County (Ont.), 153. 
 
INDEX 
 
 513 
 
 Estaing, Charles Henri Theodar, 
 Count d', French admiral, 102. 
 
 Eutaw Springs, battle, 103. 
 
 Evalt, Samuel, at Pittsburgh, 363, 
 367. 
 
 Evans, Arthur, private, 445. 
 
 Evans, John, at Pittsburgh, 369; 
 private, 441. 
 
 Evans, Col. John, letters to, 146, 
 168, 178, 182, 234, 370; information 
 from, 174, 373; absence, 279; 
 sketch, 146. 
 
 Evans, Nathan, private, 467. 
 
 Evans, Samuel, messenger, 328, 338. 
 
 Evans, William, at Pittsburgh, 366. 
 
 Ewing, John, boundary commis- 
 sioner, 107. 
 
 Fairfield (Can.), 161. 
 
 Fallen Board, Seneca Indian, See 
 
 Deh-gus-way-gah-ent. 
 Falls of Ohio, 167, 277; Clark at, 
 16-19, 49, 77, 194, 310; Rogers' 
 expedition, 17, 85, 87, 89; en- 
 dangered, 20, 185-86, 192-94, 
 230, 304; powder transported 
 around, 81; news of Rogers' 
 defeat at, 94; unhealthy climate, 
 131; wounded at, 266, 319. See 
 also Louisville. 
 
 Farlan, Thomas, 493. 
 
 Faukler, Jacob, 493. 
 
 Faulks. See Foulks. 
 
 Fawcett (Fausit), John, at Pitts- 
 burgh, 369, 470, 473. 
 
 Fayette County (Ky.), 137. 
 
 Fayette County (Pa.), 82, 84, 88, 
 408, 413; part of Virginia, 278; 
 prothonotary, 100; mills in, 293. 
 
 Fayette County (Va.), 355. 
 
 Ferguson, John, court-martialed, 428. 
 
 Ferguson, Maj. Patrick, British 
 officer, 145; killed, 258. 
 
 Ferroll, Capt. Thomas, commissary, 
 95; commended, 302, 359; court- 
 martialed, 436; sketch, 95. 
 
 Ferry, John, at Pittsburgh, 363, 366. 
 
 Field, Capt. Benjamin, 493. 
 
 Fife, John, at Pittsburgh, 367. 
 
 Fifer, Jacob, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 Fifth Virginia Regiment, officers, 
 
 195, 215. 
 Fifty-third British Infantry, 374. 
 Fifty-seventh British Infantry, 130. 
 Filson Club Publications, 137. 
 Fincastle County (Va.), sheriff, 212. 
 Fincastle Court House (Va.), 244. 
 Finley, Lieut. Andrew, at Fort Pitt, 
 
 459. 
 Finley, Capt. John, 459; assignments, 
 43, 109, 113; commended, 113; 
 returns to Fort Pitt, 308; deputy 
 judge advocate, 470, 476, 483, 
 490-91; testimony in Ward trial, 
 472, 474-75; sketch, 43. 
 Finley, Capt. Joseph, 459; recom- 
 mended, 109; letters, 113, 116-18; 
 sketch, 109. 
 Finn, Thomas, discharged, 441. 
 Finney, John, private, 445. 
 First United States Infantry, 269. 
 First Virginia Regiment, officer, 269. 
 Fish Creek, scouting to, 108. 
 Fishburne, Capt. Benjamin, message 
 
 to, 304. 
 Fisher, Myndert, arrested, 352; trial, 
 
 491. 
 Fisher Branch (Va.), 236. 
 Fishing Creek, raid on, 160. 
 Fitzgibbon, David, 493. 
 Five Nations Indians. See Iro- 
 quois. 
 Fleming, James, at Pittsburgh, 362, 
 
 366. 
 Fleming, Lieut. Lewis, 493. 
 Fleming, Col. William, commissioner, 
 103; letters to, 103-4, 128-32, 
 137-38, 292; letter, 50-52; on 
 Virginia council, 130; Journal, 
 160: sketch, 50. 
 Fleming, Mrs. William, sister, 137; 
 
 care for, 138. 
 Flick, John, at Pittsburgh, 367. 
 Flin, Philip, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 Flinn, Thomas, discharged, 446. 
 Florida, British in, 19, 24, 130; 
 deserters seek, 77; Spanish secure, 
 131; attempted capture, 391., See 
 also West Florida. 
 
 33 
 
514 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Flower Gap, in the Blue Ridge, 236. 
 
 Floyd, Charles, message for, 267; 
 emigrates, 305; sketch, 267. 
 
 Floyd Jr., Charles, with Lewis 
 and Clark, 267. 
 
 Floyd, John, letters, 21, 141-42, 
 186-87, 265-67, 304-5; killed, 
 267; sketch, 141. 
 
 Floyd, Mrs. John, in Kentucky, 187; 
 message from, 267. 
 
 Floyd, William P., mentioned, 187, 
 267; sketch, 187. 
 
 Floyd County (Va.), 236. 
 
 Floyd's Station (Ky.), 266-67. 
 
 Forbes, Gen. John, expedition, 150. 
 
 Forbush, George, Loyalist, 254. 
 
 Foreman's Defeat, 319. 
 
 Forest County (Pa.), 56. 
 
 Forrester, Joseph, at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 
 Forster, Capt. Anthony, British 
 officer, 129. 
 
 Forsyth, Robert, interviewed, 164. 
 
 Forsyth, Thomas, fur trader, 164; 
 sketch, 164. 
 
 Forsyth, Mrs. Thomas. See Malott, 
 Keziah. 
 
 Forsyth, William, sketch, 164. 
 
 Fort Anne, captured, 286. 
 
 Fort Armstrong, built, 40; location, 
 55; garrison, 79, 98-99, 107, 113, 
 180; evacuated, 117, 121, 136, 
 249, 354; regarrisoned, 164, 174, 
 272. 
 
 Fort Bute, captured, 129. 
 
 Fort Chartres, garrison, 224. 
 
 Fort Chiswell, at Virginia lead 
 mines, 26-27, 198, 251, 268; 
 garrison, 195, 212, 217; letters 
 from, 208, 217, 236; sketch, 143. 
 
 Fort Clark, at Kaskaskia, 231. 
 
 Fort Crawford, garrison, 79; evacu- 
 ated, 118, 121, 136, 235, 249, 
 354; regarrisoned, 164, 174, 272; 
 Indians near, 178; sketch, 40. 
 
 Fort Cumberland, endangered, 230. 
 
 Fort Dillon (Dillars), attack near, 
 41. 
 
 Fort Duquesne, visit to, 65; cap- 
 tured, 150. 
 
 Fort George, captured, 286. 
 
 Fort Hand, garrison, 99; provisioned, 
 408; sketch, 79. 
 
 Fort Henry, at Wheeling, 19; gar- 
 rison, 116, 118, 180 ,281, 309, 409, 
 427; commandants, 118, 122, 309, 
 313, 409; letter from, 160; supplies 
 for, 168, 322, 336, 344; a rendez- 
 vous, 169, 178; attack near, 271, 
 379; warning for, 350-51; booty 
 sold at, 399; insubordination at, 
 428. See also Wheeling. 
 
 Fort Jefferson, planned, 19; Clark 
 at, 20; relief for, 176; officers at, 
 230-31. 
 
 Fort Laurens, built, 184; evacuated, 
 18, 39-40, 43, 69, 71; soldiers 
 killed at, 41; garrison, 41. 
 
 Fort Mcintosh, 204, 206, 224-25, 
 343, 489; utility of, 42, 347, 354, 
 384; commandants, 49, 121, 281, 
 289, 309; garrison, 19, 23, 43, 103, 
 112, 116, 180, 335-37; attacked, 
 41; watched, 46, 231; Indians 
 visit, 76, 132, 184, 220; trespassers 
 near, 96-97, 107; Indian defeat 
 near, 31, 223-26, 232, 245-46, 
 273; as a rendezvous, 214; supplies 
 for, 310-11; express from 450 
 artillery at, 118; hospital, 122 
 surgeon, 460; court-martial for, 
 457; threatened, 275, 340, 350-51 
 treaty at, 41, 381. 
 
 Fort Nelson (Ky.), garrison, 87 
 built, 180. 
 
 Fort Ninety-six, attacked, 145, 402 
 battle near, 392. 
 
 Fort Pitt, in Pennsylvania, 280 
 importance of, 124, 287, 384 
 390; inhabitants encroach on 
 443; commandants, 14, 67, 81 
 171, 307, 395; garrison, 19, 120, 
 347; size of, 326; reenforcements 
 for 113, 118, 126, 146-47, 208, 348 
 artillery for, 175-76, 202, 382 
 390-91; supplies for, 88, 93, 109 
 136, 174; scarcity at, 31-32, 202 
 235, 248-50, 271, 273-78, 282-88 
 291-95, 301, 306, 308-9, 322-26 
 347, 387, 400; fishing for food 
 457; hard winter at, 137; Indians 
 
INDEX 
 
 515 
 
 visit, 56, 191; French officers, 
 29-30, 142, 161, 305, 375; Loyal- 
 ists, 22-23, 277, 285, 302, 352-53, 
 389-90, 416-17, 491; expeditions 
 from, 14-16, 33, 376; scouting 
 parties, 79; watched, 46; raids 
 near, 20-21, 150-54, 273, 340; 
 endangered, 135, 176, 193, 230, 
 276, 286, 322-23, 340-41, 388-90, 
 400, 404; courts-martial at, 383, 
 431-58, 470-91; missionaries visit, 
 232, 400, 404; news of Rogers' 
 defeat reaches, 18. See also 
 Pittsburgh. 
 
 Fort Randolph, provisions for, 243- 
 44; sketch, 52. 
 
 Fort Schuyler (Stanwix), garrisoned, 
 287. 
 
 Fort Stanwix. See Schuyler. 
 
 Fort Venango, captured, 65. 
 
 Fort Wallace, raid near, 371. 
 
 Fort Washington, captured, 79. 
 
 Fort Wayne (Ind.), site, 200. 
 
 Forty-seventh British Infantry, build 
 post, 54. 
 
 Foulk, Andrew J., descendant of 
 Brodhead, 283. 
 
 Foulks (Faulks), Elizabeth, captured, 
 150-54; attempt to rescue, 199; 
 son, 152; sketch, 152. 
 
 Foulks, George, captured, 150-54; 
 attempt to rescue, 199; sketch, 
 151. 
 
 Foulks, John, death, 151. 
 
 Foulks Jr., John, killed, 151-52. 
 
 Fourth Artillery Regiment, 391, 
 413, 454. 
 
 Fourth of July, celebration, 449. 
 
 Fourth United States sub-legion, 
 269. 
 
 Fourth Virginia Regiment, 126; 
 officer, 230. 
 
 Fonts, Capt. Andrew, 493. 
 
 Fowler, Alexander, auditor, 392, 
 394, 407, 484-89; charges against 
 Brodhead, 356-60, 393-95, 401, 
 407, 410-12; charges against Read, 
 484, 486-89; signs protests, 362, 
 366, 396; letters to, 392-94, 407, 
 411; letters, 224-27, 356-60, 396, 
 
 410-12; characterized, 387-88 
 sketch, 224. 
 
 France, alliance with, 14, 23, 122 
 envoy from, 28; financial aid 
 80-81; army in America, 197 
 209, 248, 264; naval aid, 210, 248 
 264, 268, 282, 296, 405-6. See 
 also French. 
 
 Francis, Capt. Henry, militia officer, 
 240. 
 
 Francis, Philip, at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 
 Francis, Stephen John, deposition, 
 428. 
 
 Francisco, Jacob, trial for Loyalism, 
 261 ; enlists, 262. 
 
 Frankfort (Ky.), 310. 
 
 FrankUn (Pa.), site, 54, 61, 65, 404. 
 
 Franklin Mills (Ohio), 204. 
 
 FrankUn Township (Pa.), 274. 
 
 Frazier, David, in rescuing party, 
 355. 
 
 Frederick, Boston, at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 
 Frederick, Sebastian, at Pittsburgh, 
 369. 
 
 Frederick County (Va.), 87. 
 
 Freehold, William, horse master, 
 431; sentenced, 431-32. 
 
 Fremont (Ohio), 152. 
 
 French, Robert, militiaman, 430. 
 
 French, as envoys to Indians, 29-30, 
 111, 124, 176, 188, 200-1, 214, 
 231, 249, 265, 273-75, 305; in- 
 fluence on Indians, 218-19, 234, 
 274, 375. See also France. 
 
 French and Indian War, 53, 65, 130, 
 210, 307, 373-74. 
 
 French Canadians, at Detroit, 13-14; 
 attitude towards Americans, 29, 
 127, 218-19, 250, 273; follow La 
 Balme, 200; with raiding parties, 
 354. 
 
 French (Le Boeuf) Creek, Brodhead's 
 expedition on, 54-56, 60-61, 78; 
 Montour's raid on, 301; Morri- 
 son's scout to, 406. 
 
 French Margaret, chieftess, 96. 
 
 Frezer, John, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 
 Frontiersmen, attitude towards In- 
 dians, 29-30, 34, 60, 290, 302-3; 
 
516 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Frontiersmen — Continued 
 
 murder Indians, 376, 379-80; 
 
 forting at approach of Indians, 
 
 420. 
 Fry, Jacob, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 Fry, WilUam, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 Fubecker, George, at Pittsburgh, 
 
 367. 
 Fullerborn, John, private, 468. 
 FulUnwider, H., private, 468. 
 Fullinwider, Peter, private, 468. 
 Fur trade, in Louisiana, 86, 176; 
 
 hunting for, 142; at St. Louis, 
 
 164. 
 
 Gaddis, Col. Thomas, letter for 
 
 107-8. 
 Gaiter, Cornelius, private, 465. 
 Galalemend, Delaware chief. See 
 
 Killbuck. 
 Galvez, Bernardo de, at New Orleans, 
 
 81, 83-85; conquests, 19, 129-30; 
 
 captures Pensacola, 402; sketch, 
 
 129. 
 Gamble, David, court-martialed, 282, 
 
 452; escape of, 453. 
 Gamble, Josias, at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 Gap Store (Va.), 155. 
 
 Gardner, , at Fort Pitt, 449. 
 
 Gardner, , Kentucky pioneer, 
 
 267. 
 Gardner, Hugh, at Pittsburgh, 366. 
 GarHck, Gasper, Loyalist, 222; trial, 
 
 259. 
 Garritt. See Jarratt. 
 Gasten, William, private, 465. 
 Gates, Gen. Horatio, letters to, 
 
 168, 177; orders, 180; in battle of 
 
 Camden, 210, 282; in South 
 
 Carolina, 264. 
 Gehnhenshecan, Indian site, 158. 
 Geijashuta, Seneca chief. See Guy- 
 
 ashusta. 
 Genesee River, Indians on, 64-65, 96. 
 Genet, Edmond Charles, French 
 
 envoy, 391. 
 Geneva (N. Y.), site, 53. 
 Gen-ne-hoon (Double-Door), Seneca 
 
 Indian, killed, 66. 
 
 George, Capt. Robert, 299; orders for, 
 42, 77, 165; letter, 77-78; message 
 for, 231; sketch, 42. 
 
 Georgia, Loyalists in, 25, 143, 170, 
 253; British, 102, 391; information 
 from, 402. 
 
 Gerard, Conrad Alexandre, relations 
 with Indians, 44. 
 
 Gerard, Delaware chief. See Johnny, 
 Captain. 
 
 Germantown (Pa.), 306; battle of, 
 335. 
 
 Gibson, Andrew, at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 
 Gibson, Capt. George, New Orleans 
 expedition, 81. 
 
 Gibson, John, Pittsburgh merchant, 
 366, 438. 
 
 Gibson, Col. John, regiment, 120, 
 149, 314, 400; at Fort Pitt, 113, 
 122, 432, 443, 478; leave of ab- 
 sence, 114, 148-49, 173, 318, 
 460; returns, 177; relations with 
 Brodhead, 58, 99, 395; ordered to 
 join Clark, 33, 312, 331-32, 395, 
 398, 400; replaces Brodhead, 395, 
 411; as witness, 477; presides at 
 courts, 431, 446-54, 457-58; letters 
 to, 331, 412; letters, 289, 310, 
 395, 399-400, 409, 411-12. 
 
 Gibson, John B., interviewed, 81. 
 
 Gillehan, Thomas, Loyalist, 254. 
 
 Gillespee, James, fined, 426. 
 
 Gillespy, George, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 
 Gillmore, William, at Pittsburgh, 
 367. 
 
 Girty, George, in Indian raid, 17; 
 reward offered for capture, 299; 
 sketch, 299. 
 
 Girty, James, reward for capture of, 
 299; sketch, 299. 
 
 Girty, Predeaux, sketch, 163. 
 
 Girty, Mrs. Predeaux, recollections, 
 163-64. 
 
 Girty, Simon, 60; captured when a 
 boy, 59; marriage, 163-64; defeats 
 Rogers' party, 17-18, 93; reward 
 for capture of, 299; report, 381; 
 sketch, 59. 
 Girty, Mrs. Simon. See Malott, 
 Catherine. 
 
INDEX 
 
 517 
 
 Girty, Thomas, near Pittsburgh, 
 
 352; letter forged in name of, 
 
 491. 
 Girty Jr., Thomas, interviewed, 163. 
 Gist, Christopher, explorations, 236; 
 
 estate, 413. 
 Glade Road, route via, 150; advised, 
 
 181. 
 Glade Spring (Va.), 196. 
 Glades, of Holston River, 26, 198. 
 Glades, of Monongahela River, 294, 
 
 406. 
 Glasgow, Samuel, at Pittsburgh, 
 
 367. 
 
 Glass, Lieut. , orders for, 99-100. 
 
 Glass, Andrew, discharged, 441. 
 Glass, Anthony, discharged, 441. 
 Glass, Robert, private, 465. 
 Glaves, Lieut. William, militia officer, 
 
 215. 
 Glazier, John, at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 Glendy, William, at Pittsburgh, 
 
 370. 
 Glenn, James, at Pittsburgh, 367. 
 Gnadenhiitten, Moravian village, 159, 
 
 162, 190, 380; missionary at, 161; 
 
 ambush at, 381; massacre, 119, 
 
 232; sketch, 159. 
 Gnadensee. See Indian Pond. 
 Goddard, , Baltimore printer, 
 
 331. 
 Goodson (Va.), 194. 
 Goodwin, John, private, 467. 
 Goodwire, Ben, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 Goodwood, Campbell's estate, 192, 
 
 194-95. 
 Gordon, Lieut. Arthur, adjutant, 
 
 460; court-martialed, 115, 135, 
 
 147-48, 433-34. 
 Gordon, Col. James, captured, 286. 
 Gordon, John, tried and acquitted, 
 
 453. 
 Goschgoschuenk. See Cuscushing. 
 Gosfield (Can.), 163. 
 Goshen (Ohio), Moravian mission 
 
 village, 161. 
 Goss, Zechariah, Loyalist, 239; hung, 
 
 240. 
 Gosset, John, 493; court-martialed, 
 
 282, 452. 
 
 Graham, Lieut. Alexander, at Fort 
 
 Pitt, 459. 
 Graham, Michael, at Pittsburgh, 367. 
 Grand River (Can.), land grant on, 
 
 52. 
 Granville (W. Va.), Indian raid at, 
 
 95. 
 Grant, William, enlists, 260-61. 
 Grave Creek (Va.), residents, 110; 
 
 fort at, 160. 
 Graverod, Gerret, Loyalist, 491. 
 Gray, Sam, half-breed hostile, 420. 
 Grayson, John, trial for Loyalism, 
 
 259. 
 Grayson, Robert, Loyalist, 254; 
 
 trial of, 258; sketch, 258. 
 Grayson, William, enlists, 262. 
 Grayson County (Va.), 237. 
 Greasy Creek (Va.), Loyalists on, 
 
 236. 
 Great Cacapon River (Va.), 373. 
 Great Kanawha River. See Kanawha 
 
 River. 
 Great Miami River, mouth, 94; 
 
 portage to, 185; Indians on, 51, 
 
 87; expedition on, 185, 192; post 
 
 built on, 273; spies visit, 304. 
 Green, John, private, 466. 
 Green, Col. John, horses stolen, 
 
 236; sketch, 236. 
 Green Coat Rangers. See King's 
 
 Royal Regiment. 
 Green River (Ky.), settlement on, 
 
 142. 
 Greenbrier County (Va.), protec- 
 tion for, 52; inhabitant, 355; land 
 
 commissioners in, 131; raided, 
 
 354-55. 
 Greene, George W., Life of General 
 
 Nathaniel Greene, 80. 
 Greene, Gen. Nathaniel, in South, 
 
 80, 156, 241, 402; victory of, 
 
 408; letters to, 42, 107, 136; Life, 
 
 80. 
 Greene County (Pa.), 274, 373; 
 
 History, 274. 
 Greensburg (Pa.), trustee, 408. 
 Grenadier Squaw, accompanies La 
 
 Balme, 201. 
 Gresham, , aids Loyalists, 247. 
 
518 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Gretsinger, John, court-martialed, 
 439-40. 
 
 Grey, Capt. Joseph, issues warrant, 
 228; at Loyalists' trials, 258; 
 sketch, 228. 
 
 Griffin, Cyrus, Virginia Congress- 
 man, 130. 
 
 Griffin, Peter, court-martialed, 442. 
 
 Griffith, John, Loyalist leader, 23- 
 24, 144-45, 208, 252-56; report, 
 247. 
 
 Grimstaff, Lewis, private, 469. 
 
 Grube, Rev. Bernard Adam, visits 
 Ohio missions, 232; return journey, 
 246; letter mentioned, 320; sketch, 
 232. 
 
 GuITey, James, private, 467. 
 
 Guilford Court House, battle, 156. 
 
 Guilleland, Capt. , militia officer, 
 
 428. 
 
 Guthrie, John, private, 445. 
 
 Guthrie, Ensign John, orders for, 
 178; at Fort Pitt, 459; court- 
 martialed, 458; plots against In- 
 dians, 290; sketch, 178. 
 
 Guyandotte River, post for planned, 
 19, 51. 
 
 Guyashusta (Cayashooto, Geijashuta, 
 Kayashuta, Kiasheeta), Seneca 
 chief, 48, 226; visit to Wyandot, 
 189, 191, 193, 223; messages, 
 217; illness, 374-75; sketch, 48. 
 
 Gwinn, Patrick, court-martialed, 442. 
 
 Hackenwelder, John. See Hecke- 
 welder. 
 
 Hagerty, Nicholas, private, 445. 
 
 Haldimand, Gen. Frederick, cited, 
 14; releases prisoner, 86; letter to, 
 47; letters, 50, 78, 122-23. 
 
 Hale, Thomas, Loyalist, 222. 
 
 Half King (Doonyontat, Pemo- 
 wagen), Wyandot chief, 45, 153; 
 kinspeople, 20, 45, 154, 218; nego- 
 tiates with Americans, 66-72; hos- 
 tilities of, 153, 158-59; relation 
 to Delawares, 219, 233, 375; 
 speech, 219; sketch, 45. 
 
 Hall, John, at Pittsburgh, 366. 
 
 Hall, Joseph, at Pittsburgh, 366, 
 367. 
 
 Hall, Robert, at Pittsburgh, 366. 
 
 Hall Jr., Robert, at Pittsburgh, 366. 
 
 Hall, William, 493. 
 
 Halsey, Francis W., The Old New 
 York Frontier, 248. 
 
 Ham, Conrad, defrauded, 452. 
 
 Hamilton, Daniel, at Pittsburgh, 
 367. 
 
 Hamilton, Hans, at Pittsburgh, 367. 
 
 Hamilton, Henry, captured by Clark, 
 14, 30, 122; successor, 140. 
 
 Hamilton, James, at Pittsburgh, 
 369. 
 
 Hamilton, John, at Pittsburgh, 362, 
 367; horse master, 438. 
 
 Hamilton's Island. See Brunot's. 
 
 Hampshire County (Va.), 82. 
 
 Hancock's Bridge (N. J.), battle at, 
 413. 
 
 Hand, Gen. Edward, at Fort Pitt, 
 23, 83, 85, 204, 365; assistance, 
 207; letter to, 224. 
 
 Hand, Levi, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 
 Handlyn, John, at Pittsburgh, 362, 
 366. 
 
 Hanging Rock, battle, 79. 
 
 Hannah, Samuel, at Pittsburgh, 
 367. 
 
 Hannastown (Pa.), expedition 
 against, 65, 290; troops at, 98, 
 120-21, 125, 352; raids near, 
 171, 223, 414; public records at, 
 188; band to murder friendly In- 
 dians, 290. 
 
 Hannibal (Mo.), 152. 
 
 Hanover County (Va.), 267, 269. 
 
 Hanover Township (Pa.), 41. 
 
 Harbot, David. See Herbert. 
 
 Hardesty, Samuel, private, 467. 
 
 Hardin, Lieut. John, 459; on Brod- 
 head's expedition, 55, 57-58; com- 
 mended, 76; in Indian wars, 
 373; rank, 431; sketch, 55. 
 
 Hardin, John, 493; escapes from 
 Indians, 163; attempt to rescue 
 wife and children, 199-200. 
 
 Hardin, Mary, captured, 163; at- 
 tempt to rescue, 199-200. 
 
INDEX 
 
 519 
 
 Hardin, Thomas, escapes from In- 
 dians, 163. 
 
 Hardin, William, escapes from In- 
 dians, 163. 
 
 Hardy County (W. Va.), 397. 
 
 Harless, , Loyalist, 221. 
 
 Harmar, Gen. Josiah, in Indian 
 wars, 83, 373. 
 
 Harper, Thomas, at Pittsburgh, 
 367. 
 
 Harris, Captain, Delaware Indian, 
 403-5. 
 
 Harris, John, Indian trader, 404. 
 
 Harris Jr., John, builds town, 404; 
 sketch, 404. 
 
 Harris, Joseph, at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 
 Harris, William, private, 466. 
 
 Harrisburgh (Pa.), founder, 404. 
 
 Harris's Ferry (Pa.), 404. 
 
 Harrison, Benj amin, Virginia Speaker, 
 331. 
 
 Harrison, Capt. Benjamin, mes- 
 senger, 40; joins Clark, 156-57; 
 kinspeople, 335, 413; sketch, 40. 
 
 Harrison, Catherine, married, 413. 
 
 Harrison, Burr, daughter of, 319. 
 
 Harrison, Daniel, wounded by In- 
 dians, 420. 
 
 Harrison, John, trial for Loyalism, 
 260. 
 
 Harrison, Lieut. John, 493; retained 
 in service, 335; on courts-martial, 
 470, 484; sketch, 335. 
 
 Harrison, Maj. John, 493. 
 
 Harrison, Lawrence, sons, 335. 
 
 Harrison Jr., Lieut. Lawrence, on 
 courts-martial, 470; retires, 477. 
 
 Harrison, Sarah, married, 319. 
 
 Harrison, Capt. William, 278; kins- 
 folk, 335, 413. 
 
 Harrison City (Pa.), 414. 
 
 Harrod, Mrs. Amelia, letters for, 
 160, 187. 
 
 Harrod, James, Kentucky pioneer, 
 87. 
 
 Harrod, Capt. William, passport 
 for, 49; letters, 160, 187; son, 
 160. 
 
 Harrod Jr., WiUiam, interviewed, 
 160. 
 
 Harrodsburg (Ky.), settled, 87, 266; 
 commissioners at, 105; letters 
 from, 141, 292, 319; trustee of, 
 310. 
 
 Harshey, Peter, at Pittsburgh, 367. 
 
 Hartford (Conn.), Washington at, 
 282. 
 
 Harvey, Henry, fined, 425. 
 
 Harvey, William, private, 464. 
 
 Hathaway, Abraham, private, 467. 
 
 Haven. See Heavin. 
 
 Hawkins, William, private, 466. 
 
 Hawtatscheek, Mingo warrior, 157. 
 
 Hayes, James, at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 
 Hayes, John, at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 
 Hayes, Robert, at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 
 Hayes, William, at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 
 Haynes, Rev. James, reminiscences, 
 355; sketch, 355. 
 
 Hays, Christopher, of Westmore- 
 land County, 385, 393, 408; calls 
 out militia, 414, 416; letter to, 
 418; sketch, 385. 
 
 Hazards' Pennsylvania Register, 226. 
 
 Hazen, Gen. Moses, regiment, 406. 
 
 Heath, Andrew, farm, 417. 
 
 Heath (Heth), Capt. Henry, at Fort 
 Pitt, 67, 446; rank, 337, 344; com- 
 pany, 94, 115, 326, 332, 398, 435- 
 36, 448, 457; terms of enlistment, 
 440-41, 445, 456; on courts- 
 martial, 443; sketch, 67. 
 
 Heavin, Howard, Loyalist leader, 
 221, 260-61. 
 
 Heavin, James, takes oath, 261. 
 
 Heavin, John, Loyalist, 221; ac- 
 quitted of charge, 261; letter, 
 227. 
 
 Heavin, Thomas, Loyalist, 246-47. 
 
 Heavin, William, enlists, 261. 
 
 Heckewelder (Hackenwelder), Rev. 
 John, Moravian missionary, 161, 
 300; spelling of name, 246; mar- 
 riage of, 232; information from, 
 45-46, 105-6, 159, 169, 173, 
 189-90, 273, 337-39; life threat- 
 ened, 381; letters to, 169, 176, 232- 
 33, 321; letters, 231-32, 245-46, 
 337-39; handwriting, 46, 105, 157, 
 172, 190, 217, 272, 315-16, 339; 
 
520 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Heckewelder — Continued 
 
 Narrative, 56, 119, 232, 376; 
 sketch, 45. 
 
 Hedges, Silas, militia officer, 110-11, 
 425, 427. 429-30; private on 
 Coshocton expedition, 466; sketch, 
 110. 
 
 Helm, Capt. Leonard, Clark's officer, 
 127. 
 
 Henderson, John, gives bond, 228-29; 
 trial for Loyalism, 260. 
 
 Henderson, Col. Richard, in Ken- 
 tucky, 141-42. 
 
 Henderson, Robert, at Pittsburgh, 
 368. 
 
 Henderson, Robert, trial for Loyal- 
 ism, 263. 
 
 Henderson (Ky.), founded, 142. 
 
 Hendricks, George, escapes, 185; 
 sketch, 185. 
 
 Hendrise, Abraham, at Pittsburgh, 
 368. 
 
 Hening, William W., Statutes at 
 Large of Virginia, 28, 110. 
 
 Henry, Col. John, Delaware chief. 
 See Killbuck. 
 
 Henry, Patrick, governor of Vir- 
 ginia, 81-84; estate, 264; letter to, 
 84-86; letters, 82-83, 264. 
 
 Henry, Robert, acquitted, 429; on 
 Coshocton expedition, 465. 
 
 Henry, William, Pennsylvania mer- 
 chant, 338. 
 
 Henry children, rescued, 203. 
 
 Henry County (Tenn.), 355. 
 
 Henry County (Va.), troops from, 
 51; Loyalists in, 264. 
 
 Herbert (Harbot), David, Loyalist, 
 251-53; confession, 253. 
 
 Herbert, Thomas, ferry, 236. 
 
 Herrod. See Harrod. 
 
 Hessians, prisoners, 242; reenforce- 
 ments of, 286. 
 
 "He who Patches," Seneca Indian. 
 See Decker, Capt. John. 
 
 Hickerton, Michael, 493. 
 
 Hickman, Ezekiel, at Pittsburgh, 
 367. 
 
 Higgins, Daniel, recollections, 59-64; 
 sketch, 59. 
 
 -, Loyalist, 222. 
 
 Hill, 
 
 Hill, Joseph, at Pittsburgh, 367. 
 
 Hill, Stephen, at Pittsburgh, 367. 
 
 Hinds, John, fifer, deserts, 332; 
 trial, 490. 
 
 Hite, Col. Abraham, letter to, 323; 
 sketch, 323. 
 
 Hoagland, Derrick, 493; provost- 
 marshal, 425; recruiting officer, 
 426. 
 
 Hobkirk's Hill, battle, 103. 
 
 Hockley, Richard, private, 445. 
 
 Hogland. See Hoagland. 
 
 Hollaway, John, deputy muster- 
 master, 433; assistant auditor, 
 488-89. 
 
 Holliday's Cove (Va.), garrison at, 
 42, 116, 180, 281; commandant, 
 119, 3-13; supplies for, 322; sketch, 
 42. 
 
 Hollyday, Philip, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 
 Holmes, Dr. David, at Fort Pitt, 
 449; on furlough, 460. 
 
 Holmes, Joseph, land commissioner, 
 118. 
 
 Holston River, Loyalists on, 23, 
 26, 198, 201, 254; removal to, 138; 
 raid on, 392; settlers on, 194, 
 196-97; in Dunmore's War, 231; 
 north fork, 244-45; south fork, 254. 
 
 Homer, Gerret, at Pittsburgh, 366. 
 
 Hook, John, Loyalist, 254. 
 
 Hopkins, Admiral Esek, naval ex- 
 pedition, 175. 
 
 Hopkins, Joseph, at Pittsburgh, 367. 
 
 Howe, William, Loyalist, 417. 
 
 Howey, William, at Pittsburgh, 366. 
 
 Howell, Lieut. Ezekiel, member of 
 court at Fort Pitt, 484. 
 
 Hoyle, Mathias, at Pittsburgh, 367. 
 
 Hubbell's Creek (Mo.), 385. 
 
 Hudson, Thomas (Telenenut), Sen- 
 eca chief, 95. 
 
 Hudson River, 79; highlands of, 30. 
 
 Hull, John, private, 468. 
 
 Huff, Leonard, Loyalist officer, 247, 
 254. 
 
 Hughes, Elias, 493. 
 
 Hughes, Lieut. John, at Fort Pitt, 
 459. 
 
INDEX 
 
 521 
 
 Hughes, Felix, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 
 Hughes, James, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 
 Hughes, John, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 
 Hughston, James, private, 465. 
 
 Humler, Nicholas, court-martialed, 
 449-50. 
 
 Humphrey family, in southwest 
 Virginia, 137. 
 
 Huntington, Samuel, president of 
 Congress, letters to, 333-34, 345- 
 46, 387, 400, 405, 407; letter, 401; 
 portrait, 383. 
 
 Hupp, Philip, 493. 
 
 Huron Indians. See Wyandot In- 
 dians. 
 
 Husk, , informer, 198. 
 
 Husong, Jacob, private, 467. 
 
 Huston, William, exemption for, 
 425; court-martialed, 428; ac- 
 quitted, 429. 
 
 Hutchins, Thomas, map, 56. 
 
 Hutson, John, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 
 Illinois, in War of 1812, 164; troops 
 withdrawn from, 19; endangered, 
 
 20, 186; La Balme in, 30, 200, 
 319, 345; officers in, 77, 224, 
 299; expedition against, 83, 87, 
 165, 180; news from, 104; reen- 
 forcements for, 126, 195; Clark 
 in, 157; trade in, 305, 319; French 
 agetit sent to, 305. 
 
 Illinois Historical Collections, 17-19, 
 
 21, 25, 29-30, 34, 42, 77, 127, 
 155, 165, 176, 182, 192, 194, 199- 
 200, 209, 220, 246, 310, 331, 
 337, 343, 350-51, 391, 395, 397- 
 98, 408-9. 
 
 Illinois Historical Society Trans- 
 actions, 165, 200. 
 
 Illinois Regiment, land grant for 
 230, 310. 
 
 Impressment of provisions, ordered, 
 31, 235, 276, 278, 284, 288-89, 
 293-95; necessity for, 277, 280; 
 opposition to, 285; ill-success of, 
 301. 
 
 Indaochaie, Indian town. See Lich- 
 tenau. 
 
 Independence, of United States, 
 recognized, 129. 
 
 Indey, prisoner, escapes, 448. 
 
 Indian Creek (Va.), raid on, 354-55. 
 
 Indian Pond (Gnadensee), mission 
 site, 320. 
 
 Indiana, Clark's land grant in, 230, 
 310. 
 
 Indians, agriculture among, 15; 
 horse-racing, 203; living condi- 
 tions, 162; war trails, 108, 155; 
 superstitions, 63; treatment of 
 prisoners, 86; captives rescued, 
 199-200; attachment to French, 
 14, 28-30, 122, 176, 218-19; re- 
 lations to British, 48, 50, 169, 
 186, 218, 345; councils at Detroit, 
 217-20, 340, 374-76; American 
 negotiations with, 66-76, 334; in 
 American army, 345; hunt for 
 garrison, 112; trespassers on lands 
 of, 22-23, 96-97, 103, 106-7, 112, 
 114-15, 168; maltreatment by 
 frontiersmen, 29-30, 34, 60, 183, 
 290, 302-3, 376, 379-80; mission- 
 ary influence on, 345; speak 
 English, 404; illicit trade with, 
 356; superintendent of trade for, 
 120; British agents, 78, 140; 
 American agents, 164, 347-48; 
 untrustworthiness, 321. See also 
 the several tribes. 
 
 Ingles, Col. Thomas, protected, 212; 
 sketch, 212. 
 
 Ingles (Inglish), Col. Wilham, Loyal- 
 ist, 24, 129, 254; trial of, 257-58; 
 sketch, 257. 
 
 Ingles Ferry (Va.), site, 236. 
 
 Inglish. See Ingles. 
 
 Ingram, James, enlists, 262. 
 
 Ingram, Jonathan, enlists, 262. 
 
 Ingram, Samuel, trial for Loyalism, 
 262. 
 
 Irish, at Pittsburgh, 59; in Pennsyl- 
 vania, 81-82, 175, 207, 226; 
 regiment, 204; in Virginia, 195- 
 96. 
 
 Iroquois (Five Nations, Six Nations) 
 Indians, favor British, 14, 123, 191, 
 233; Americans invade country. 
 
522 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Iroquois — Continued 
 
 14-16, 41, 78; alarmed, 47-48, 50, 
 52-54; apply for peace, 169; inter- 
 tribal influence, 191, 374; divided 
 between British and Americans, 
 218; missionaries among, 320. 
 See also Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, 
 Onondaga, and Seneca. 
 
 Irvine, Robert, pack-horse master, 
 194. 
 
 Irvine, Gen. William, letter to, 307- 
 8; at Fort Pitt, 412, 490; sketch, 
 307. 
 
 Irvine (Pa.), site, 15; named, 308. 
 
 Irwin, John, Pittsburgh inhabitant, 
 362, 366, 396; commissary, 445-46, 
 477-82; witness, 478-79, 482. 
 
 Irwin Jr., John, at Pittsburgh, 367. V 
 
 Irwin, Capt. Joseph, militia officer, 
 171, 300; orders for, 79, 99; 
 commands ranging company, 95, 
 113, 120, 135; reprimanded, 98; 
 arrest ordered, 125; letter to, 
 125; plots against Indians, 290; 
 sketch, 79. 
 
 Irwin, Samuel, letter to, 327-28. 
 
 Isle aux Chevreuils. See Carleton 
 Island. 
 
 Islor, Nathaniel, justice of peace, 
 91. 
 
 Israel, Delaware chief. See Johnny, 
 Captain. 
 
 It-is-light-to-be-lifted, Delaware In- 
 dian. See Day-oos-ta. 
 
 Jack, Capt. Matthew, scouting, 39; 
 
 recollections, 61; plots against 
 
 Indians, 290; at Fort Pitt, 458; 
 
 sketch, 39. 
 Jackman, John, Loyalist, 417. 
 Jackson, Capt. George, 493. 
 Jackson, Joseph, recollections, 93; 
 
 sketch, 93. 
 Jackson's Fort (Pa.), raid on, 274. 
 Jacob's Creek (Pa.), iron works on, 
 
 413. 
 Jamaica, expedition against, 248. 
 James, Robert, grandson, 83. 
 James, Thomas, private, 469. 
 
 Jameson, Lieut. John, orders for, 
 107, 113, 117; sketch, 107. 
 
 Jamison, John, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 
 Jamison II, John, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 
 Jamison, Mar., at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 
 Jamison, Robert, at Pittsburgh, 367. 
 
 Jarratt (Garrett), William, sergeant, 
 469. 
 
 Jay, John, letters to, 95, 107. 
 
 Jefferson, Thomas, governor of Vir- 
 ginia, 25, 228, 302, 310-11, 325, 
 341, 397; purchases for Clark, 
 3,24, 331; letters to, 50-52, 143-44, 
 241-42, 277, 317-18, 354, 391-92, 
 399-400, 402; letters, 32, 113, 
 127-28, 133-34, 155, 209, 180, 
 331-32. 
 
 Jefferson County (Ky.), 180, 310. 
 
 Jefferson County (N. Y.), 54. 
 
 Jena (Germany), 232. 
 
 Jenking, Joshua, at Pittsburgh, 367. 
 
 Jenkins, John, Loyalist leader, 250, 
 253; confession, 252-53. 
 
 Jennings, Joseph, private, 467. 
 
 Jessamine County (Ky.), 167. 
 
 John, Thomas, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 
 John P. Branch Historical Papers, 
 23-24, 26, 170, 192, 194, 198, 
 208, 210, 254, 267. 
 
 Johnes, Thomas, private, 445. 
 
 Johnny, Captain (Gerard, Israel). 
 Delaware chief, messages, 44, 
 46-47, 157-59, 173; message by, 
 183; sketch, 44. 
 
 Johnson, Col. Guy, letters, 140-41, 
 374-75; sketch, 140. 
 
 Johnson, James, private, 467. 
 
 Johnson, Sir John, Loyalist, 78, 
 185; leads raids, 248, 287, 388-89; 
 sketch, 78. 
 
 Johnson, Thomas H., "The Indian 
 village of Cush-og-wenk," 379. 
 
 Johnson, William, affidavit, 416-17. 
 
 Johnson, Sir William, son, 78; ex- 
 ample, 140. 
 
 Johnson family, papers, 140. 
 
 Johnston, H. Benjamin, information . 
 from, 170. 
 
 Johnston, Isaac, court-martialed, 
 457. 
 
INDEX 
 
 523 
 
 Johnston, James, at Pittsburgh, 367. 
 Johnston, John, quartermaster's 
 
 clerk, 412, 478; at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 Johnston, Mary Ann, married, 335. 
 Johnston, William, at Pittsburgh, 
 
 367. 
 Jolly, Henry, 493. 
 
 Jones, Ignatius, at Pittsburgh, 367. 
 Jones, Joseph, Virginia congressman, 
 
 130. 
 Jones, Joshua, Loyalist, 247, 254-55. 
 Jones, Philip, at Pittsburgh, 367. 
 Jordan, John, deserter, 447. 
 Jordan, Mark, at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 Joshua, Moravian Indian, 119, 161, 
 
 169-70; sketch, 119. 
 Jouett, John, Kentuckian, 304; 
 
 sketch, 304-5. 
 Jouett Jr., John, interviewed, 305. 
 Justice, Isaac, at Pittsburgh, 367. 
 
 Kadaragarus. See Cattaraugus. 
 Kalb, Baron Johann de, killed, 282. 
 Kanawha River, headwaters, 23; 
 
 post for, 19, 42, 192, 243; route 
 
 via, 90; Washington's lands on 
 
 403. 
 Karey, William, at Pittsburgh, 367. 
 Karr, Andrew, 493. 
 Karr, Hamilton, private, 465. 
 Kaskaskia (111.), 85, 87, 127, 231; 
 
 merchant of, 165; commandant, 
 
 224; deserters from, 299. 
 Kayashuta, Seneca chief. See Guy- 
 ash ust a. 
 Kaylalemend, Delaware chief. See 
 
 Killbuck. 
 Keenhanshicanink, Delaware hostile, 
 
 191; visit to, 273. 
 Keeshmattsee, Shawnee chief, 73. 
 Kelleleman, Delaware chief. See 
 
 Killbuck. 
 Kelly, Elias, private, 467. 
 Kelly, James, court-martialed, 440. 
 Kelly, Pat., at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 Kelly, Thomas, deserter, 449. 
 Kelly's (Va.), post proposed at, 
 
 192, 243. 
 Kenjua Creek (Pa.), 66. 
 
 Kenjua Flats, Indian town on, 66. 
 
 Kennedy, David, at Pittsburgh, 366. 
 
 Kenser, John, private, 468. 
 
 Kentucky, explored, 196, 210, 266; 
 surveyors in, 236, 305; early 
 settlers, 142, 179; emigration to, 
 21-22, 41, 87, 128, 131, 138, 149, 
 163, 167-68, 176, 277, 283, 386; 
 mihtia of, 22; protection for, 19-20, 
 26, 51, 180, 184-87, 192-95, 197, 
 265-67, 292-93, 319, 347, 352; 
 troops for, 179, 182, 304; raids in, 
 17, 20, 28, 77, 94-95, 191, 220, 
 232, 234, 249, 270, 299; Loyalists 
 in, 22; commissioners for, 103, 
 105, 137; new counties in, 131; 
 college, 109; troops from, 49; 
 hard winter in, 141-42; conven- 
 tion in, 196, 304. 
 
 Kentucky County, officer, 184. 
 
 Kentucky Resolutions of 1799, 137. 
 
 Kerr, James, at Pittsburgh, 367-68. 
 
 Kerr, James, sentenced for Loyal- 
 ism, 263. 
 
 Kerr, Joseph, at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 
 Kiasheeta, Seneca chief. See Guya- 
 shusta. 
 
 Kilgour, John, private, 445. 
 
 Killbuck (Caleylemont, Col. John 
 Henry, Galalemend, Gelelemend, 
 Kaylalemend, Kelleleman), Dela- 
 ware chief, 41, 97; several names, 
 46, 73, 157, 339-40; assists Brod- 
 head, 339, 377-78, 399; speech, 
 73-75, 139; information from, 
 105-6, 190-92, 217-20, 250, 316- 
 17, 339-40; messages to, 44, 46, 
 157-59, 172-73, 233, 328-30; in- 
 tercedes for Baubee, 297; deceives 
 Brodhead, 316, 321, 330; life 
 threatened, 338, 380; village site, 
 377, 399; sketch, 41. 
 
 Killbuck, Moses, information from, 
 272. 
 
 Killbuck family, murder of mem- 
 ber of, 376, 420. 
 
 Killan, John, at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 
 Killen, John, at Pittsburgh, 367. 
 
 Kinders, Peter, confesses Loyalism, 
 247, 254. 
 
524 
 
 INDEX 
 
 King, James, discharged, 441. 
 King, John, at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 King, Robert, confession of LoyaHsm, 
 
 256-57; trial and sentence, 262. 
 King's Mountain, battle, 28, 196-97, 
 
 210-11, 258; commander at, 245. 
 King's Royal Regiment (Green Coat 
 
 Rangers, Royal Greens), sketch, 
 
 185. 
 Kingston (Ont.), fort at, 54. 
 Kinny, John, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 Kinzie, John, fur trader, 164. 
 Kinzua (Pa.), site, 66. 
 Kirkland, Rev. Samuel, influence 
 
 over Oneida, 345. 
 Kiskakoquille. See Mahusquechi- 
 
 koken. 
 Kishinotsey, Shawnee chief, 139. 
 Kiskiminitas Creek, scouting on, 
 
 79, 100, 174; garrison at mouth, 
 
 117. 
 Kittanning (Pa.), 56, 60, 283; post 
 
 at, 19, 40. 
 Kittering, Lawrence, Loyalist officer, 
 
 247. 
 Klingelschmit (Clinglesmith), Peter, 
 
 pioneer, 414. 
 Klingelschmit (Clinglesmith), Philip, 
 
 killed by Indians, 414. 
 Knight, Dr. John, surgeon's mate, 
 
 460. 
 Knotts, John, on Rogers' expedition, 
 
 90. 
 Knox, Gen. Henry, orders for, 147; 
 
 cited, 287. 
 Knox, Col. James, Virginia officer, 
 
 113, 131; sketch, 113. 
 Knox, Thomas, fined, 425. 
 
 Koonty, , armorer, 103. 
 
 Kushkushing. See Cuscushing. 
 Kuskuskies (Cuscusky), trail via, 
 
 184, 202; Delawares to remove to, 
 
 315, 328, 384. 
 Kuykendall, Abraham, at Pittsburgh, 
 
 367. 
 Kuykendall, James, at Pittsburgh, 
 
 367. 
 Kyser, Daniel, at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 Kyser, Michael, at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 
 La Balme, Col. Augustin Mot- 
 tin de. Western expedition, 29- 
 30, 319, 345, 347; at Fort Pitt, 
 200-1; killed, 345, 375; cited, 34; 
 papers captured, 375; sketch, 200. 
 
 Lafayette, Jean Paul Joseph Motier, 
 marquis de, in the Revolution, 
 29; aide-de-camp, 333; defends 
 Virginia, 355; troops, 406. 
 
 Lake Champlain, British on, 286. 
 
 Lake Erie, 30, 165. 
 
 Lake George, expeditions on, 286-87. 
 
 Lake Oneida (N. Y.), 287. 
 
 Lake Ontario, post on, 54; drown- 
 ing in, 374; route via, 390. 
 
 Lake Superior, French posts on, 176. 
 
 La Luzerne, Delaware chief, message 
 from, 275; faithful to Americans, 
 399; sketch, 275. 
 
 La Luzerne, Anne Cesar, chevalier 
 de, French minister, 200, 275; 
 sketch, 200-1. 
 
 Lambert, Philip, Loyalist, 254; safe 
 conduct for, 256. 
 
 Lamme, John, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 
 Lan, Isaac, at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 
 Lancaster (Pa.), 189, 338. 
 
 Lancaster County (Pa.), 109, 421. 
 
 Lanctot, Major. See Linctot. 
 
 Lancy, Daniel, discharged, 455-56. 
 
 Lands, speculators in, 131. 
 
 Lane, John, private, 442. 
 
 Lane, Joseph, tried and acquitted, 
 440-41. 
 
 Lapandier, Lewis, Indian rescuer, 
 199-200. 
 
 Lapland, John, private, 445. 
 
 Lapoley, Thomas, at Pittsburgh, 
 369. 
 
 Laramie Creek (Ohio), 185. 
 
 Latimore, James, court-martialed, 
 428; acquitted, 429. 
 
 Laughlin, , mill burned, 188. 
 
 Lawer, Andrew, trial for Loyalism, 
 260. 
 
 Lawer, Henry, trial for Loyalism, 
 260. 
 
 Lawrence, Jacob, private, 469. 
 
 Laybrook. See Lybrook. 
 
 Layson, John, at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 
INDEX 
 
 525 
 
 Lazier, Hyatt, court-martialed, 432, 
 450; part of sentence remitted, 
 450-51; acquitted, 432. 
 
 Lea, William, at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 
 Lead mines, in Virginia, 23-26, 143- 
 45, 155, 197, 251; garrison at, 
 
 195, 212, 217, 236; danger for, 
 
 196, 209, 237, 241, 253; prisoners 
 kept at, 211, 216, 252; trials at, 
 251-52. 
 
 Leatherwood, Henry's estate, 264. 
 Lebanon (Ohio), 83. 
 Le Bceuf River. See French Creek. 
 Lee, Andrew, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 Lee, Henry, Kentucky settler, 304; 
 
 sketch, 304. 
 Lee, William, sergeant, 484; testi- 
 mony, 485-89. 
 Leech, Capt. James, 493. 
 Leesburgh (Va.), 151. 
 Leet, Daniel, sub-lieutenant of Wash- 
 ington, 403; sketch, 403. 
 Leet, Isaac, son, 403. 
 Leet, Jonathan, interviewed, 403. 
 Leet, William, 493; fine remitted, 
 
 425. 
 Lefler, Capt. Jacob, on Coshocton 
 expedition, 376, 468; at courts- 
 martial, 425-30; company, 428; 
 roll of, 468; acquitted, 430. 
 Lemon, James, sergeant-major on 
 
 Coshocton expedition, 461-63. 
 Lernoult, Capt. Richard B., com- 
 mandant at Detroit, 94. 
 Letcher, , murdered by Loyal- 
 ists, 236. 
 Lewis, an Indian. See Lapandier, 
 
 Lewis. 
 Lewis, Capt. Aaron, opposes Loyal- 
 ists, 196, 237; information from, 
 391; sketch, 196. 
 Lewis, Gen. Andrew, letters, 50, 
 
 243-44; sketch, 50. 
 Lewis, Lieut. Andrew, charges 
 
 against, 445; acquitted, 446. 
 Lewis, Griffith, Loyalist, 254. 
 Lewis, John, Delaware chief, 340. 
 Lewis, Meriwether, explorer, 196. 
 Lewis, Miriam, married, 167. 
 Lewis, Philip, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 
 Lewis, Thomas, boundary commis- 
 sioner, 107-8. 
 Lewis and Clark expedition, 267. 
 Lexington (Ky.), danger at, 292-93; 
 
 sketch, 292. 
 Library of Congress, material from, 
 9, 35, 311. See also Washington 
 Papers. 
 Lichtenau, Moravian mission village, 
 161; Indian name for, 399; laid 
 waste, 377, 399. 
 Lickenburgh, George, at Pittsburgh, 
 
 369. 
 Licking River (Ky.), 185; post for 
 planned, 19, 51; Bird's expedition 
 on, 20, 22, 249, 266; Rogers at, 
 88-89, 91; rendezvous at mouth, 
 246. 
 Ligonier (Pa.), 150; raided, 188. 
 Ligonier Valley (Pa.), raids in, 414. 
 Linch, Anthony, private, 465. 
 Lincoln, Abraham, opposition to, 
 
 58. 
 Lincoln, Gen. Benjamin, 100. 
 Lincoln County (Ky.), 137, 167, 
 
 268. 
 Lincolnton (N. C), battle near, 210. 
 Linctot, the elder, death, 176. 
 Linctot, Daniel Maurice Godefroy 
 de, French agent, 29-30, 176-77, 
 189, 200, 231; council at Fort 
 Pitt, 201; negotiations, 190, 193, 
 218-19, 275; letter mentioned, 
 271, 275-76; life threatened, 273- 
 74; British demand, 375; letters 
 to, 214, 234, 265, 305; letter, 
 274-75; sketch, 176. 
 Linley, Caleb, private, 467. 
 Linley, Joseph, private, 467. 
 Linley, Zanes, private, 467. 
 Linn, Andrew, information from, 94. 
 Linn, Dr. Andrew Johnson, informa- 
 tion from, 94. 
 Linn, Col. William, New Orleans 
 expedition, 17, 81; at Rogers' 
 defeat, 94; sketch, 94. 
 Lintot, Bernard, at Natchez, 176. 
 Lisnit, Christain, at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 Lisnit, Francis, at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 Lititz (Pa.), 338. 
 
526 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Little, James, at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 
 Little Beaver Creek, 151, 207, 219. 
 
 Little Holston River, 196. 
 
 Little Kanawha River, post planned 
 for, 19, 82, 192; buffalo hunted 
 near, 301, 303. 
 
 Little Miami River, fight at mouth, 
 17-18, 116. 
 
 Little Redstone (Pa.), 280. 
 
 Little River (S. C), battle on, 392. 
 
 Little River (Va.), Loyalists on, 251. 
 
 Liveer, Adam, enlists, 261. 
 
 Livingston County (N. Y.), 53. 
 
 Lloyd, Capt. -Lieut. James, member 
 of court at Fort Pitt, 484. 
 
 Lloyd's London Evening Post, 93. 
 
 Locke, Col. Francis, defeats Loyal- 
 ists, 211. 
 
 Lockhart, Capt. Patrick, at Loyal- 
 ists' trials, 257, 259, 262-63; 
 letter, 244; sketch, 244. 
 
 Lochry, Col. Archibald, lieutenant 
 of Westmoreland County, 235, 
 280, 372; relations with Brod- 
 head, 95, 108, 125-26, 393, 418; 
 plans to go with Clark, 408-9 
 416, 418; defeat, 418; letters to, 
 39, 98, 108, 121, 125-26, 164, 
 168, 174, 179, 182-83, 188, 214, 
 249, 270, 272, 348-49, 352, 393, 
 418; letters, 20-21, 121, 125-26, 
 170, 188, 265, 371, 385, 397, 
 415-16; sketch, 39. 
 
 Lochry, Capt. William, militia officer, 
 235. 
 
 Lockwood, Benjamin, 493. 
 
 Logan, , captured, 41. 
 
 Logan, Adam, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 
 Logan, Capt. Benjamin, in Shawnee 
 expedition, 266. 
 
 Logan, James, at Pittsburgh, 367. 
 
 Logan County (Ky.), 196. 
 
 Logstown, an Indian site, 180. 
 
 Lomax, Thomas, 264. 
 
 London, medical college in, 306. 
 
 Long Hunters, explorations of, 196. 
 
 Long Island (N. Y.), battle of, 310. 
 
 Lorimier, Louis, trader, 185. 
 
 Loskiel, G. H., History of the Mission 
 of the United Brethren, 161. 
 
 Lossing, Benson, Field Book of the 
 Revolution, 80. 
 
 Louder. See Lowther. 
 
 Loudoun County (Va.), 126, 319, 373. 
 
 Louisiana, Spanish in, 81, 83; gov- 
 ernor of, 129-30; Morgan's colony 
 in, 385. 
 
 Louisville (Ky.), 18, 87-88, 92-93, 
 163, 179, 193, 246; letter from, 
 103; troops at, 195; officers, 230; 
 trustee of, 310; settlers, 335. See 
 also Falls of Ohio. 
 
 Lowellville (Ohio), 205. 
 
 Loyal Land Company, grants, 237. 
 
 Loyalists (Tories), on the frontier, 
 22-23, 303; near Fort Pitt, 277, 
 285, 302, 352-54, 389-90, 416-17, 
 491; in Georgia, 391; New York, 
 47, 52-54, 78, 286-87, 388; North 
 Carolina, 210-11; Southwest Vir- 
 ginia, 23-28, 143-45, 155, 170, 
 195-98, 208-13, 215-17,- 220-22, 
 227-29, 236-42, 244-45, 402; regi- 
 ment of, 185; encouraged, 192; 
 pardon offered to, 246-47; punish- 
 ment of, 242, 244, 268; trials, 250- 
 64; give bonds, 228-29; letter of, 
 201-2; attempt revenge, 27, 267- 
 68. 
 
 Lowther, Maj. William, 493. 
 
 Luzerne Township (Pa.), 84. 
 
 Lybrook (Laybrook), Henry, trial 
 of, 261 ; enlists, 262. 
 
 Lynch, Col. Charles, suppresses 
 Loyalists, 27, 241, 250-52; letter, 
 250-52; sketch, 241. 
 
 Lynch law, origin of term, 241. 
 
 Lynch's Ferry (Va.), 131. 
 
 Lyne, Edmund, Virginia commis- 
 sioner, 105. 
 
 Lyon, William, at Pittsburgh, 366. 
 
 McAdams, Alexander (William), 
 private, 441; court-martialed, 457; 
 reprieved, 458. 
 
 McAfee, Matthew, of Eighth Penn- 
 sylvania, 485-87. 
 
 McAfee, William (Billy), wounded, 
 266; sketch, 266. 
 
INDEX 
 
 527 
 
 McAfee Brothers, Kentucky pio- 
 neers, 266. 
 
 McBride, James, pioneer, 199. 
 
 McBride, Henry, contract for rescu- 
 ing captives, 199. 
 
 McBride, Thomas, at Pittsburgh, 
 369. 
 
 McCabe, R. B., collector, 382. 
 
 McCafTey, Charles, court-martialed, 
 440-41. 
 
 McCandlass Township (Pa.), 270. 
 
 McCann, John, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 
 McCartney, Jeremiah, discharged, 
 446. 
 
 McCarty, Capt. Edward, 493. 
 
 McCauley, Nancy, Brodhead's mis- 
 tress, 118; accusations against, 
 356. 
 
 McCinney, John, ranger, 113. 
 
 McClean, Laughlin, private, 441. 
 
 McCleary, Col. William, militia 
 ofRcer, 278, 281, 284; letter, 279; 
 sketch, 279. 
 
 McClellan, Capt. John, militia.ofTicer, 
 408; sketch, 408. 
 
 McCleod, Daniel, at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 
 McCloud, —, soldier, 282. 
 
 McClure, David, militia officer, 110- 
 11; at courts-martial, 427, 429-30; 
 clerk, 429-30; on Coshocton ex- 
 pedition, 466; sketch, 110. 
 
 McColloch, Abraham, 493. 
 
 McColloch, David, interviewed, 399. 
 
 McColloch, George, Ohio County 
 magistrate, 110-11; receipt, 344; 
 sketch, 110. 
 
 McColloch Jr., John, 493; discharged, 
 397-98; private on Coshocton 
 expedition, 465; sketch, 397-98. 
 
 McColloch, Maj. Samuel, 110, 493; 
 on Brodhead's expedition, 58, 60, 
 461-63; petition, 82; at courts- 
 martial, 425-30; killed by In- 
 dians, 397; sketch, 58. 
 
 McColloch family, residence, 110; 
 fame as scouts, 397. 
 
 McConnell, Ensign Hugh, militia 
 officer, 464. 
 
 McConnell, John, at Pittsburgh, 
 367. 
 
 McConnell, William, at Pittsburgh, 
 368. 
 
 McCord, Samuel, refused discharge, 
 456. 
 
 McCorkle, Capt. James, militia 
 officer, 213, 251-52; accused of 
 Loyalism, 254; sketch, 213. 
 
 McCormack, James, at Pittsburgh, 
 369. 
 
 McCormick, Alexander, sketch, 153. 
 
 McCormick, Mrs. Alexander. See 
 Turner, Elizabeth. 
 
 McCormick, John, private, 464. 
 
 McCormick, John, recollections, 153- 
 54. 
 
 McCracken, James, at Pittsburgh, 
 367. 
 
 McCue, William, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 
 McCullough, , land dispute, 118. 
 
 McCune, John, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 
 McCune, Joseph, at Pittsburgh, 367. 
 
 McDaid, Hugh, at Pittsburgh, 366. 
 
 McDermott, Joseph, 493. 
 
 McDonald, Edward, enlists, 258. 
 
 McDonald, John, at Pittsburgh, 
 367, 369. 
 
 McDonald, John, Loyalist, 222, 
 247; warrant for, 228; gives bond, 
 228; trial of, 259. 
 
 McDonald, John, Ohio County 
 militiaman, exempt, 430. 
 
 McDonald, Joseph, tried for Loyal- 
 ism, 258. 
 
 McDonald Jr., Joseph, enlists, 258. 
 
 McDowell, Joseph, at Pittsburgh, 
 369. 
 
 McDowell, Joseph (Quaker Jo), 
 defeats Loyalists, 211; sketch, 
 211. 
 
 McDowell, William, tried and ac- 
 quitted, 440-41. 
 
 McElroy, Patrick, on Rogers' ex- 
 pedition, 83, 90. 
 
 McFarlan, Joseph, Loyalist, 254. 
 
 McFarland, John, 205. 
 
 McFarlin, Daniel, private, 467. 
 
 McFarren, Robert, at Pittsburgh, 
 368. 
 
 McGary, Capt. Hugh, Kentucky 
 officer, 246. 
 
528 
 
 INDEX 
 
 McGavock, Lieut. , 493. 
 
 McGavock, James, letter, 208; house, 
 250; accused of Loyalism, 254; 
 sketch, 208. 
 
 McGee, Hartley, private, 465. 
 
 McGee, James, gives bond, 228-29. 
 
 McGee, Robert, gives bond, 228-29; 
 trial for Loyalism, 259; gives 
 parole, 262. 
 
 McGill, James, private, 465. 
 
 McGuire, Capt. Francis, 493; pri- 
 vate on Coshocton expedition, 
 465. 
 
 McGuire, Patrick, tried and ac- 
 quitted, 432. 
 
 Mcllwaine, Francis, orders for, 79, 
 99; reUeved, 98. 
 
 Machingwe Keesuch (Great Moon), 
 Brodhead's Indian title, 44, 46, 
 66-67, 71, 73, 75, 97, 105, 132, 
 135, 139, 166, 172, 183, 190, 192, 
 217, 220, 233, 272, 295, 315-17, 
 329, 331, 339, 341; signs for, 296, 
 298, 299, 329, 342. 
 
 McHingwe Pushees, Delaware chief. 
 See Big Cat. 
 
 Mclntire, Capt. Thomas. See 
 Mclntyre. 
 
 Mclntire, William, 493; quarter- 
 master on Coshocton expedition, 
 461-63. 
 
 Mcintosh, Gen. Lachlan, at Fort 
 Pitt, 42, 61, 365, 403; expedition, 
 184, 373. 
 
 Mclntyre, Capt. Thomas, 493; on 
 command, 181, 400; defeats In- 
 dians, 223-26, 275; thanks for, 
 248; company of, 76; on leave, 
 284; on entertainment committee, 
 449; reprimanded, 454; apology 
 for, 450; messenger, 100, 108; 
 letters to, 142, 151; sketch, 76. 
 
 McKee, Alexander, Loyalist, letters 
 to, 140, 374-75; building post, 
 273; reward for capture, 299. 
 
 McKee, David, at Pittsburgh, 367, 
 369. 
 
 McKee, James, at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 
 McKee, John, at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 
 McKee's Island. See Brunot's. 
 
 -, mentioned, 154. 
 
 McKeever, 
 
 McKeever, Nancy, mentioned, 153. 
 
 McKennie, Mathew, at Pittsburgh, 
 
 366. 
 Mackinac (Michelemcanaugh), news 
 
 from, 230; British post, 19, 104; 
 
 commandant, 16, 440; expedition 
 
 from, 19-20, 186. 
 McKinear, Charles, at Pittsburgh, 
 
 369. 
 McKinley, Robert, at Pittsburgh, 
 
 362, 367. 
 
 McKinley, Samuel, at Pittsburgh, 
 
 368. 
 McKinney, John, private, 445. 
 McKnight, John, fined, 426. 
 McLauchlin, James, at Pittsburgh, 
 
 369. 
 McLelland, James, at Pittsburgh, 
 
 363, 366. 
 
 McMahon, Maj. William, 494. 
 
 McNab, Robert, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 
 McNabb, George, at Pittsburgh, 
 368. 
 
 McNulty, Joseph, captured, 403-5. 
 
 McPherson, John, tried and ac- 
 quitted, 432. 
 
 McQueen, Thomas, at Pittsburgh, 
 369. 
 
 Macquichees Indians. See Mequo- 
 choke Indians. 
 
 McVaw, Edward, private, 467. 
 
 McVaw, Isaac, private, 467. 
 
 Madison, Gabriel, in Kentucky, 
 266; letter, 167; sketch, 167. 
 
 Madison, James, Virginia congress- 
 man, 130. 
 
 Madison, Rev. James, boundary 
 commissioner, 107. 
 
 Madison, John, sons, 167. 
 
 Madison Jr., John, surveyor, 167; 
 killed by Indians, 379; sketch, 
 167. 
 
 Madison, Richard, orders for, 167; 
 sketch, 167. 
 
 Madison, Capt. Thomas, merchant, 
 305; letter to, 264; sketch, 264. 
 
 Madison, William, letter to, 167; 
 sketch, 167. 
 
 Madison County (Ky.), 196. 
 
INDEX 
 
 529 
 
 Madrid, aid from, 85. 
 Magain, Philip, Loyalist, 417. 
 Magazine of American History, 43, 
 
 55. 
 Magnor, Henry, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 Mahanaim, Christian's estate, 128, 
 
 267. 
 Mahican Indians, converted, 119, 
 
 320; hostile, 157, 159. 
 Mahoning County (Ohio), 205. 
 Mahoning Creek, expedition on, 
 
 55-56; scouting on, 174; site on, 
 
 205-7; residents of, 382; sketch, 
 
 55. 
 Mahusquechikoken (Kiskakoquille), 
 
 Indian village, 55; burned, 57, 61. 
 Maitland, M., private, 465. 
 Malott, Catherine, married, 163-64. 
 Malott, Joseph (Peter, Theodore), 
 
 family captured, 163-64. 
 Malott, Keziah, married, 164. 
 Malott, Peter, captured, 163; settled 
 
 in Canada, 164. 
 Malott, Theodore, captured, 163; 
 
 later hfe, 164. 
 Malott family, attack on, 162-64. 
 Mamawokunund, Delaware chief, 44. 
 Manchac (La.), British post, 84-85; 
 
 captured by Spanish, 129-30, 165. 
 Manes, George, discharged, 441. 
 Marchand, Capt. David, 494. 
 Marietta (Ohio), Indian killed at, 
 
 380. 
 Marion, Gen. Francis, in South 
 
 Carolina, 402. 
 Markland, WiUiam, fined, 425. 
 Marlough, William, court-martialed, 
 
 438. 
 Marshall, Humphrey, duelist, 310. 
 Marshall, William, at Pittsburgh, 
 
 367. 
 Marshall County (W. Va.), 108. 
 Marshel, Col. James, magistrate, 
 
 strictures against, 419; letter to, 
 
 418; letter, 403; sketch, 403. 
 Martain, George, at Pittsburgh, 367. 
 Martin, Daniel, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 Martin, F. X., History of Louisiana, 
 
 81. 
 
 Martin, Dr. Hugh, at Pittsburgh, 
 
 306-7, 335; sketch, 306. 
 Martin, Jesse, fined, 426. 
 Martin, John, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 Martin Jr., John, at Pittsburgh, 
 
 368. 
 Martin, Jonathan, at Pittsburgh, 
 
 369. 
 Martin, Gen. Joseph, cabin, 51, 192; 
 
 information from, 391; proposal, 
 
 392; sketch, 391. 
 Martin, Capt. William, 494; artillery 
 
 officer, 413; member of court- 
 martial, 484; sketch, 413. 
 Martinsburgh (Va.), 126. 
 Martin's Fort (Va.), raided, 269. 
 Martin's Station (Ky.), captured, 
 
 20, 220, 266. 
 Maryland, pioneers from, 58, 193; 
 
 residents, 163, 174; militia re- 
 quisitioned, 405. 
 Maryland Journal, 56, 269. 
 Maryland Regiment, at Fort Pitt, 
 
 41, 116, 118-19, 174, 309, 314-15, 
 
 335-36, 344, 347, 400, 438-39, 
 
 442, 447, 453-54. 
 Mason, Col. David, case of, 287. 
 Mason, George, mentioned, 131. 
 Mason (Meason), Isaac, letter, 413; 
 
 sketch, 413. 
 Mason, Capt. Samuel, 494; at 
 
 courts-martial, 427, 429. 
 Mason and Dixon's line, authorized 
 
 boundary, 280. 
 Mason County (Ky.), 304. 
 Massachusetts, Indians of, 345. 
 
 Mathews, Rev. , letter to, 338. 
 
 Mathews, Daniel, at Pittsburgh, 
 
 367. 
 Matthews, Paul, at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 Maumee Rapids, trading post at, 
 
 153. 
 Maumee (Omey) River, Indian name, 
 
 158; portage from, 185; expedition 
 
 on, 185, 192, 319; trading post, 
 
 299. 
 Mawquot, Delaware envoy, 339. 
 Maxwell, Alexander, at Pittsburgh, 
 
 367. 
 Maxwell, Capt. James, killed, 155. 
 
 34 
 
530 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Maxwell, Thomas, at Pittsburgh, 
 367. 
 
 Maxwell (Va.), 155. 
 
 Maxwell's Gap (Va.), 155. 
 
 May, Capt. , militia officer, 244. 
 
 May, Capt. John, information from, 
 195; sketch, 195. 
 
 Maynard, John, tried and acquitted, 
 454. 
 
 Maysville (Ky.), 304. 
 
 Mead, Henry, at Pittsburgh, 367. 
 
 Meadville (Pa.), site, 61. 
 
 Means, Francis, 494. 
 
 Means, Capt. Isaac, 494. 
 
 Meason, Isaac. See Mason. 
 
 Mechmewocunund, Delaware In- 
 dian, 273. 
 
 Meek, Jeremiah, at Pittsburgh, 367. 
 
 Meek, William, captured by In- 
 dians, 354-55. 
 
 Meeks, , Loyalist, 236. 
 
 Meeks, Isaac, adjutant, on Co- 
 shocton expedition, 461-63. 
 
 Menate, John, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 
 Mequochoke Indians, Shawnee 
 branch, seek American alliance, 
 16, 56, 73-76; message, 139; 
 sketch, 73. 
 
 Mercer County (Ky.), 87, 167. 
 
 Meriwether, George, land commis- 
 sioner, 118-19. 
 
 Merrick, John, deserter, 447. 
 
 Metcalf, Allen, 494. 
 
 Miami Indians, village, 200; ex- 
 pedition against, 345; kill La 
 Balme, 375. 
 
 Michelemcanaugh. See Mackinac. 
 
 Michigan Pioneer and Historical 
 Collections, 16, 40, 94, 111, 185, 
 191, 220, 223, 271, 275, 373, 381, 
 417-18. 
 
 Mickey, Lieut. Daniel, at Fort 
 Pitt, 459. 
 
 Michilimackinac. See Mackinac. 
 
 Middlebrook (N. J.), headquarters, 
 451. 
 
 Middleburg (N. Y.), attacked, 287. 
 
 Middleton Township (Pa.), 285. 
 
 JVIilburn, William, exempt, 430; 
 on Coshocton expedition, 465. 
 
 Miles, Isaac, exemption for, 426. 
 
 Miles, Thomas, at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 
 Miles's Rifle Battalion, 310. 
 
 Mill (Pond) Creek, at Cincinnati, 93. 
 
 Miller, Cornelius, sergeant, 467. 
 
 Miller, David, private, 445. 
 
 Miller, Elizabeth, married, 83. 
 
 Miller, Francis, sergeant, 468. 
 
 Miller Jr., Jacob, fined, 426; private 
 on Coshocton expedition, 468. 
 
 Miller, James, private, 464. 
 
 Miller, John, at Pittsburgh, 367. 
 
 Miller, John, ranger, 113. 
 
 Miller, Lieut. John, on Coshocton 
 expedition, 467. 
 
 Miller, Oliver, at Pittsburgh, 367. 
 
 Miller Jr., Oliver, at Pittsburgh, 
 367. 
 
 Miller, Robert, at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 
 Miller, Thomas, at Pittsburgh, 367. 
 
 Miller, William, at Pittsburgh, 367. 
 
 Mills, John, 494. 
 
 Mills, Lieut. John, member of 
 court, 477. 
 
 Mills, Joseph, killed by Indians, 379. 
 
 Mills, Thomas, private, 466, 494. 
 
 Milon, Charles, at Pittsburgh, 367 
 
 Mingo Indians, territory invaded 
 14-16, 40-44, 55-66, 94-95, 110 
 hostile raids, 17, 56, 65, 105 
 109, 157, 162, 176, 179-81, 275-76 
 killed, 53, 74; towns, 55, 189 
 275; influence, 67, 218, 339 
 intertribal relations, 189, 193 
 218, 299, 301, 303, 314, 342 
 spurn message from Americans, 
 275. See also Seneca Indians. 
 
 Mingo Bottom (0.), 275. 
 
 Minor, Don Estevan, Spanish officer, 
 176. 
 
 Minor family, residence, 177. 
 
 Mississippi River, French posts on, 
 176; Spanish posts on, 15, 19-20, 
 123; British posts captured, 19, 
 129-30, 147; expeditions on, 17, 
 81, 83-86, 88-89, 195, 299; fur 
 traders, 164, 176; boundary 
 touches, 186. 
 
 Mississippi Valley Historical Associa- 
 tion Proceedings, 130. 
 
INDEX 
 
 531 
 
 Mitchell, , speculator, 129. 
 
 Mitchell, Alexander, at Pittsburgh, 
 
 366. 
 Mitchell, Lieut. Charles, 494. 
 Mitchell, Capt. Hugh, 494. 
 Mitchell, James, at Pittsburgh, 368; 
 
 private on Coshocton expedition, 
 
 465. 
 Mitchell, Capt. John, at Fort Henry, 
 
 322, 427; member of court-martial, 
 
 427-30; company, 428. 
 Mitchell, Col. John, 102. 
 Mitchell, Nathaniel, 494. 
 Mobile (Ala.), captured by Spanish, 
 
 19, 130. 
 Mohawk Indians, at Niagara, 50. 
 Mohawk Valley (N. Y.), expeditions 
 
 in, 47, 78, 248. 
 Mohican Indians. See Mahican 
 
 Indians. 
 Monks Corner (S. C), 402. 
 Monmouth (N. J.), battle of, 307, 
 
 335, 392. 
 Monongahela River, sites on, 84, 
 
 88, 350, 413; state of water, 249; 
 
 settlers on, 119, 373, 379, 385; 
 
 emigrant boats, 163; raid on, 
 
 269-70, 274; forks of, 270; militia 
 
 from, 373, 469. 
 Monongaha County (Va.), ofTicers, 
 
 178; militia from, 146, 168, 373, 
 
 376, 400; muster roll of, 373, 
 
 469; troops from for Clark, 409; 
 
 raids in, 95, 107, 173, 270, 279; 
 
 letter from, 167. 
 Monsy Indians. See Munsee Indians. 
 Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat, 
 
 baron de la Br^de et de, Spirit 
 
 of Laws, cited, 365. 
 Montgomery, Capt. James, opposes 
 
 Loyalists, 196; sketch, 196. 
 Montgomery, Capt. John, in Illinois, 
 
 127, 319; sketch, 319. 
 Montgomery County (Va.), resi- 
 dents, 217, 252; lead mines in, 
 
 23; troops from, 51, 194, 237, 
 
 240; troops commended, 241; 
 
 Loyalists in, 24-27, 143-45, 170, 
 
 195-98, 202, 209, 212-13, 215-17, 
 
 220-22, 236-42; ofRcial trials for, 
 254-64; letter from, 241. 
 
 Montour, Andrew, kinswoman, 95. 
 
 Montour, Catherine, chieftess, 95- 
 96. 
 
 Montour, John, Delaware chief, 
 54, 495; life threatened, 338, 
 343; on Brodhead's expeditions, 
 58, 399; messenger, 70, 340, 342, 
 345; kinspeople, 95, 219, 233; 
 hostile to Mingo, 299, 301 ; sketch, 
 55. 
 
 Montour's Island, in the Ohio, 176. 
 
 Montour's Run (Pa.), 207. 
 
 Montreal, Loyalists at, 78, 389; 
 merchants, 86; reported expedi- 
 tion from, 169, 286; garrison, 248. 
 
 Moon, Lieut. , 494. 
 
 Mooney, Patrick, private, 445. 
 
 Mooney, William, at Pittsburgh, 366. 
 
 Moore, , treasurer of Virginia, 
 
 130. 
 
 Moore, David, at Pittsburgh, 363, 
 367. 
 
 Moore, Henry, exemption for, 426; 
 revoked, 429. 
 
 Moore, James, emigrant, 156. 
 
 Moore Jr., Capt. James, frontiers- 
 man, 156; mihtia officer, 216. 
 
 Moore, Capt. James Francis, com- 
 missary, 310, 317; at Fort Pitt, 
 459; sketch, 310. 
 
 Moore, John, deserter, 453. 
 
 Moore, Col. John, North Carolina 
 Loyalist, 210. 
 
 Moore, Capt. Peter, 494. 
 
 Moore, Robert, private, 464. 
 
 Moore, William, tried and acquitted, 
 442. 
 
 Moorhead, Capt. Samuel, company, 
 94, 126; sketch, 94. 
 
 Moravian Indians, conditions among, 
 162; speak German, 381; protec- 
 tion of, 339, 378; information 
 from, 380; assist Brodhead, 34, 
 119-20, 231-32, 343, 377, 399-400; 
 hunt for provisions, 31, 300, 320; 
 provisions for sale, 321, 323, 
 325-26; massacre of, 300; relapse 
 into paganism, 381. 
 
532 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Moravian missionaries, 117, 119, 
 161, 232, 320; information from, 
 18, 31, 33, 120, 133, 168-69, 344, 
 346-47, 372, 400; mission villages, 
 56, 161, 190, 275; invited to re- 
 move, 134, 169, 377, 380; removal, 
 159, 161-62; aid French agents, 
 274; converts among, 300, 316-17, 
 330; church synod, 372; threatened, 
 380-81. 
 
 Mores, James. See Moore Jr., 
 James. 
 
 Morgan Jr., , Loyalist, 247. 
 
 Morgan, Abel, at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 
 Morgan, Abraham, Loyalist, 222; 
 trial of, 259. 
 
 Morgan, Anne, married, 333. 
 
 Morgan, Charles, at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 
 Morgan, Gen. Daniel, brigade, 215. 
 
 Morgan, Col. George, commissary, 
 42, 135; Indian name, 47; son-in- 
 law, 333; Louisiana enterprise, 
 385; letters to, 16, 22, 77; sketch, 
 42. 
 
 Morgan, Nathaniel, Loyalist, 347. 
 
 Morgan, Capt. Simon, commandant 
 at Fort Mcintosh, 103; store- 
 keeper, 433; letter to, 142; sketch, 
 103. 
 
 Morgan, Zackwell, 494. 
 
 Morris, William, private, 467. 
 
 Morrison, Ensign James, on scout- 
 ing expedition, 404, 406; member 
 of court, 484; at Fort Pitt, 459. 
 
 Morrison, Col. James, of Kentucky, 
 404. 
 
 Morrison, "William, sergeant, 464. 
 
 Morristown (N. J.), headquarters, 
 123, 147-48. 
 
 Mount Braddock (Pa.), 82, 413. 
 
 Mounts, Thomas, 494. 
 
 Mouse Knife, Delaware warrior, 340. 
 
 Muddy Creek (Pa.), residents, 49, 
 160; sketch, 49. 
 
 Muhlenberg, Gen. John Peter Gab- 
 riel, letter to, 268; sketch, 268. 
 
 Munro, Andrew, at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 
 Munsee (Monsey, Muncie) Indians, 
 wolf tribe, 132; war parties, 44, 
 56, 60-61, 157, 159, 162-63, 272- 
 
 73, 275; Allegheny villages, 55-56, 
 
 59-61, 63; routed, 95, 100; peace 
 
 overtures, 101; information from, 
 
 189; intertribal relations, 301; 
 
 sketch, 44. 
 Murdock, William, at Pittsburgh, 
 
 369. 
 Murphy, John, private, 464. 
 Murphy, Patrick, 494. 
 Murphy, Samuel, recollections, 206. 
 Murray, Daniel, court-martialed, 
 
 439-40. 
 Murray, Heath, court-martialed, 437. 
 Murray, Hugh, at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 Muskingum River, 184; trespassers 
 
 on, 22, 107; Indian towns, 33, 401; 
 
 mission villages, 161; scout to, 
 
 181; expedition to, 381. 
 
 Nailor, Ralph, captured, 163-64. 
 
 Nanowland (George Wilson), Dela- 
 ware Indian, on Brodhead's ex- 
 peditions, 60, 399, 495; commis- 
 sion for, 183; sketch, 60. 
 
 Naradago. See Yoghroonwago. 
 
 Na-tah-go-ah (Captain Crow), Sen- 
 eca chief, 62-63. 
 
 Natchez, British post, 85, 89; plans 
 to capture, 111-12, 121, 124, 147; 
 captured by Spanish, 129-30, 
 147, 165; residents, 176, 231, 380. 
 
 Natchitoches (La.), route via, 85-86. 
 
 Nazareth (Pa.), 404. 
 
 Neal, Capt. William. See Neil, 
 Capt. William. 
 
 Nechnawalend, Delaware messenger, 
 173. 
 
 Neeley, William, at Loyalists' trials, 
 258; sketch, 258. 
 
 Neely, Benjamin. See Neilly. 
 
 Neeshawsh, Mahican warrior, 157, 
 159. 
 
 Neil (Neal), Capt. WilUam, opposes 
 Loyalists, 196; sketch, 196. 
 
 Neilly (Neely), Lieut. Benjamin, 
 459; at Fort Henry, 409; seniority 
 of service, 431; distributes cloth- 
 ing, 452; sketch, 409. 
 
INDEX 
 
 533 
 
 Nellerfield, William, at Pittsburgh, 
 367. 
 
 Neville, Col. John, at Pittsburgh, 
 176; son, 333. 
 
 Neville, Presley, messenger, 333; 
 sketch, 333. 
 
 New Gnadenhiitten, Moravian mis- 
 sion village, 161. 
 
 New Haven (Pa.), founder, 413. 
 
 New Jersey, headquarters in, 208; 
 residents, 210, 278, 403; recruits 
 from, 406. 
 
 New Orleans, supplies from, 17, 81- 
 87, 123; expedition from, 19, 88, 
 129-30; Wetzel at, 380. 
 
 New River (Va.), Loyalists on, 23, 
 27, 170, 196, 198, 210, 212-13, 
 215, 217, 236-42, 251, 254; In- 
 dian raid on, 354-55. 
 
 New Salem (Ohio), Moravian vil- 
 lage, 300. 
 
 New Schonbrunn, Moravian mission 
 village, 161. 
 
 New Store (Pa.), as a rendezvous, 
 413, 417; sketch, 413. 
 
 New Windsor (N. Y.), Washington's 
 headquarters, 311, 314, 340, 383- 
 84, 388-90, 393-95, 405, 407, 470. 
 
 New York (city), rumored capture, 
 202, 265; evacuated by British, 
 272, 286; prize port, 320; Loyal- 
 ists at, 388. 
 
 New York (state), boundaiy, 15, 
 54, 59; movement from proposed, 
 140; LoyaUsts in, 47, 52-54, 78, 
 185; raids in, 248, 286-87; In- 
 dians migrate from, 52, 345; 
 Burgoyne in, 374; recruits from, 
 406. 
 
 Newcomer's town, Delaware village, 
 377, 379, 382, 399. 
 
 Newell, James, pioneer, 420. 
 
 Newland, John, Loyalist, 255. 
 
 Newport (Ky.), 83. 
 
 Newtown, battle of, 48, 53. 
 
 Niagara, British post at, 15-16, 
 63, 116-17; garrison, 135; siege of, 
 65; commandant, 47, 374; im- 
 portance of, 326; refugee Indians 
 at, 50. 62, 65, 96, 100. 112-13, 
 
 141, 189; endangered, 78; plan 
 to capture, 333; peace mission to, 
 100; invasion from, 135-36, 272, 
 322, 400; illness at, 189, 192; letters 
 from, 140-41, 374-75. 
 
 Nicholas, , Loyalist, 236. 
 
 Nicholas, Thomas, at Pittsburgh, 
 369. 
 
 Nichols, Thomas, at Pittsburgh, 363. 
 
 Nicholson, Joseph, with Brodhead, 
 58-60; sketch, 58. 
 
 Nicholson, Thomas, sketch, 58. 
 
 Niel, John, at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 
 Nigswonger, Peter, private, 465. 
 
 Nimwha, Shawnee chief, 73; death, 
 139; sketch, 73. 
 
 Ninety-six (S. C). See Fort Ninety- 
 six. 
 
 Ningaracharie, Indian site, 54. 
 
 Ninth Virginia Regiment, at Fort 
 Pitt, 277, 326; supersedes the 
 Thirteenth, 40, 309, 313; comman- 
 dant, 289; officers, 119, 157, 168, 
 282, 288, 335, 344, 406, 445, 455; 
 list of, 460; privates, 437, 439, 
 442, 445-48, 450-53, 455, 457; 
 terms of service, 120, 147, 149; 
 additions to, 94, 120, 310; changes 
 in, 314, 318, 326, 335; deserter 
 from, 332; enlistments for, 122; 
 supplies for, 142; garrisons posts, 
 103, 112, 313, 336. 
 
 Noble, Henry, pioneer, 58. 
 
 Nolan, Philip, wife, 177. 
 
 Nolichucky River, Loyalists on, 
 254-55. 
 
 Norris, Maj. James, journal, 49. 
 
 North Carolina, Loyahsts in, 23, 
 25-27, 143, 170, 197-98, 210-11, 
 239-40, 251, 268; British con- 
 quer, 25, 27, 286; boundary, 236; 
 surveyed, 142, 186, 245; forces in, 
 209; Moravians in, 232; Indians 
 threaten, 245, 402; ratifying con- 
 vention, 210. 
 
 North Strabane Township (Pa.), 
 170. 
 
 North Union Township (Pa.), 278. 
 Nova Scotia, 140. 
 
534 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Nunns, Annie A., acknowledgements 
 
 to, 10. 
 Nye, Andrew, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 
 Oanackadago, Indian site, 53. 
 
 Oar, Thomas, private, 465. 
 
 Oats, Henry, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 
 Oats, Roger, Loyalist leader, 250, 
 252-54. 
 
 O'Bail, Charles, recollections, 62-63. 
 
 Ogle, H., assassin, 222. 
 
 Ogle, Capt. Joseph, on Coschocton 
 expedition, 376, 398, 420, 464; 
 company, 425, 427-28, 430, 464- 
 66; at courts-martial, 425-30; 
 drum for, 427; sketch, 420. 
 
 Ogle, Thomas, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 
 O'Hara, Hugh, at Pittsburgh, 367. 
 
 O'Hara, Capt. James, company, 
 94, 115, 120, 441; glassworks, 
 176; sketch, 94. 
 
 O'Hara, Patrick, at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 
 Ohio Archaeological and Historical 
 Publications, 161; Quarterly, 379. 
 
 Ohio County (Va.), officers, 82, 106, 
 425-30; county lieutenant, 113; 
 militia called out, 98, 110-11, 169, 
 178, 182, 270, 275, 278, 281, 343, 
 348-49, 400, 427; troops for Clark, 
 350, 409, 414; raided, 173; mihtia 
 commended, 371; residents, 397; 
 courts-martial, 425-30 ;militia rolls, 
 461-68. 
 
 Ohio River, route via, 266, 270, 
 293; posts on, 280, 313, 415; 
 as a boundary, 403; frontier line, 
 18-19, 22, 51, 97, 104, 131, 184, 
 195, 243, 331; hunting on, 300; 
 lands on, 305; Indians cross, 
 152, 180, 219, 225-26; prisoners 
 cross, 151; emigrants attacked 
 on, 160, 162-64, 167-68, 175, 200; 
 expeditions on, 81, 83-84, 87-89, 
 376-77, 400; Rogers' defeat on, 
 17-18, 90-93, 105, 185; Wyandot 
 defeat on, 31, 223-26; scouting 
 on, 180, 246. 
 
 Ohio Valley, British propose to 
 conquer, 19, 230. 
 
 Old Crossfire, Indian, killed, 380. 
 Old Town (Md.), merchant, 82, 91; 
 
 provisions from, 271, 324. 
 Old Town (Ohio), Indian village, 152. 
 Oldham County (Ky.), 288. 
 Omey River. See Maumee River. 
 O'Neal, Ferrol, deserter, 442. 
 Oneida Indians, accompany Sullivan, 
 
 49; aid Americans, 345, 347; 
 
 remove to Wisconsin, 52, 345; 
 
 sketch, 345. 
 Onondaga Indians, at Niagara, 50. 
 Ontario (Can.), Loyalists in, 52. 
 Opelousas (La.), route via, 85. 
 Orange (N. J.), Washington's head- 
 quarters, 248. 
 Orange County (N. Y.), 288. 
 Orangeburg (S. C), 402. 
 O'Reilly, Alexandre, governor of 
 
 Louisiana, 81. 
 Orr, Gen. Robert, recollections, 404. 
 Osborne, Capt. , militia officer, 
 
 237, 240. 
 Osburn, Edward, private, 467. 
 Osburn, Samuel, at Pittsburgh, 366. 
 Oswego (N. Y.), British post, 48, 
 
 140, 287. 
 Ottawa Indians, attitude toward 
 
 Americans, 40, 43. 
 Ottawa River, Loyalists on, 185. 
 Ouitanon, fur-trade post, 176. 
 Overhill Cherokee, expedition a- 
 
 gainst, 391. 
 Owen, Christopher, at Pittsburgh, 
 
 369. 
 Owens, Capt. George, 494. 
 Owens, William, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 Oweny, Richard, Loyalist, 247, 254. 
 Ozark River. See Arkansas River. 
 
 Paint Creek (Va.), 355. 
 
 Pakeeland, Delaware chief. See 
 Pekelend. 
 
 Palfrey, Col. William, paymaster- 
 general, 101. 
 
 Parchment, Peter, 494. 
 
 Paris (Tenn.), 355. 
 
 Parker, Charles, court-martialed, 454. 
 
 Parker, John, ranger, 113. 
 
INDEX 
 
 535 
 
 Parkinson, David, at Pittsburgh, 367. 
 
 Parks, James, at Pittsburgh, 367. 
 
 Parsons, Capt. Baldwin, 494. 
 
 Passaic County (N. J.), 290. 
 
 Passaic Falls (N. J.), headquarters, 
 282, 286. 
 
 Paterson (N. J.), 290. 
 
 Patrick, Jeremiah, accused of Loyal- 
 ism, 259; enlists, 263. 
 
 Patterson, Col. Robert, founder of 
 Lexington (Ky.), 292. 
 
 Patterson, Thomas, at Pittsburgh, 
 369. 
 
 Patterson, William, horses stolen, 
 155. 
 
 Patton, Capt. Henry, 494; militia 
 oflficer, 213; sketch, 213. 
 
 Paul, Edward, private, 445. 
 
 Paul, Jacob, private, 466. 
 
 Paul, Lieut. James, 494; statement, 
 82. 
 
 Peach Bottom, Cox's estate, 237. 
 
 Peak (Peek) Creek, Loyalists on, 
 212, 267; sketch, 212. 
 
 Pearl, Polly, married, 268. 
 
 Peek, Presley, captured, 420. 
 
 Peek Creek. See Peak Creek. 
 
 Pekelend (Pakeeland), Delaware 
 chief, 132-35; robbed, 157; with 
 Brodhead's Coshocton expedi- 
 tion, 378. 
 
 Pemberton, George, accused of 
 Loyalism, 255. 
 
 Pemowagen, Wyandot chief. See 
 Half King. 
 
 Pendergrass' Station (Pa.), 404-5. 
 
 Pendleton, Nathaniel, son, 126. 
 
 Pendleton, Philip, land commis- 
 sioner, 118, 126; sketch, 126. 
 
 Penn, William, Delaware chief, 
 295-98; message to, 299, 328-29, 
 341; message from, 315-16; kins- 
 men, 340. 
 
 Penn Township (Pa.), 414. 
 
 Pennington, Isaac, private, 465. 
 
 Pennsylvania, boundary dispute, 22, 
 33. 107-8, 127-28, 167, 170, 235, 
 279-80, 284, 361, 403, 419, 421; 
 boundary line, 393, 403. 410, 419; 
 chief justice, 81; constitutional 
 
 convention, 293, 386; ofTicers, 
 174, 290, 307; executive council, 
 385; bill of rights, 361; defense of 
 frontier, 21, 176, 180, 390; troops, 
 109, 314, 337; bounties for, 76, 95, 
 108, 392; militia, 61, 405; scalp 
 bounties, 176, 183-84, 357; au- 
 thorizes impressment, 31, 235, 
 276, 284; requisitions for, 287-88, 
 
 348, 384, 387; aids Clark's expedi- 
 tion, 32-34, 351-52, 397-98, 408-10, 
 414-16, 418; commends Zeisberger, 
 372. 
 
 Pennsylvania Archives, 16, 21-23, 
 34, 39-44, 55, 76, 78, 94-95, 98-99, 
 103, 106-9, 111-22, 125-26, 134- 
 36, 142, 146, 150-51, 156, 164-65, 
 168-69, 171, 174-83, 188, 202, 
 214, 223, 234-35, 249, 265, 270- 
 74, 276-81, 285, 290, 303, 319, 
 324, 332, 337, 347, 349, 351-52, 
 354, 370, 372, 385, 388, 392, 399, 
 401, 406, 413-15, 418-19, 421. 
 
 Pennsylvania Colonial Records, 58. 
 
 Pennsylvania Historical Society 
 Bulletin, 157. 
 
 Pennsylvania Magazine of History 
 and Biography, 389. 
 
 Pennsylvania road, route described, 
 150; dangerous, 181. 
 
 Pensacola (Fla.), British post, 19, 
 129-30; captured by Spanish, 402. 
 
 Pentecost, Dorsey, opposes Marshel, 
 403, 419; letter, 419; sketch, 403. 
 
 Peoria (111.), fur-trade post, 164; 
 Linctot at, 176. 
 
 Pepper, Samuel, tried for Loyahsm, 
 263. 
 
 Pepper family, in Virginia, 247. 
 
 Perrault, Joseph Frangois, fur trader, 
 86-87; sketch, 86; memorial, 87. 
 
 Perrault, Louis Francois, son, 86. 
 
 Perrin, , 494. 
 
 Perrin, WilUam, private, 464. 
 
 Perry, Isaac, killed, 160. 
 
 Perry, Col. James, militia officer, 
 385; letter, 414; sketch, 385-86. 
 
 Perry, Col. John, commissary, 293, 
 
 349, 406; letter to, 288; informa- 
 tion from, 372. 
 
536 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Person, Thomas, at Pittsburgh, 367. 
 
 Peters, Richard, letters to, 136, 
 174, 181, 276-77, 301, 324, 346, 
 353; letter, 146; sketch, 136. 
 
 Peterson, Lieut. Gabriel, 459; scout- 
 ing, 39; express, 372; seniority 
 of service, 431; on court, 455, 
 470; sketch, 39. 
 
 Peteson, Jacob, Loyalist, letter of, 
 201-2. 
 
 Petty, Serg. Edward, reduced to 
 ranks, 447. 
 
 Peyton, Francis, land commissioner, 
 118, 126; sketch, 126. 
 
 Peyton, Valentine, son, 126. 
 
 Pgly, Jacob, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 
 Philadelphia, United States capital, 
 33, 81, 98, 101, 126, 128, 200, 308, 
 326, 371-72, 374-75, 395, 400, 419; 
 residents, 175, 306; Indians visit, 
 28, 45, 172, 201, 342, 348; Indian 
 council at, 76; Brodhead visits, 
 399-401; letters from, 136, 269, 
 382, 387, 393, 397, 400-1. 
 
 Phillerpurn, George. See Fullerhorn, 
 John. 
 
 Phillips, Hezekiah, trial of, 261. 
 
 Phillips, Capt. Isaac, deposition, 
 428; company, 429; private on 
 Coshocton expedition, 465. 
 
 Phillips, John, court-martialed, 457. 
 
 Pickawee, Indian town. See Piqua. 
 
 Pickens, Gen. Andrew, besieges post, 
 402. 
 
 Pickering, Timothy, letters to, 43, 
 76-77, 109, 112, 116, 181, 202, 
 223, 271. 
 
 Pierce, James, private, 465. 
 
 Pigg, Elias, at Pittsburgh, 367. 
 
 Pipe, Captain, Delaware chief, 47, 
 97, 105, 157, 273; message, 132-33; 
 message to, 134-35; at Detroit 
 council, 217-19; Loyalist with, 
 299; sketch 47. 
 
 Piqua (Pickawee), Indian town, 266, 
 319. 
 
 Piqua Indians, Shawnee branch, 109. 
 
 Pitts, Lieut, -7—, 494. 
 
 Pittyslvania County (Va.), troops 
 from, 51. 
 
 Plaquemine (La.), Rogers at, 85. 
 
 Pluggy's Town (Tankhonnetick), In- 
 dians from, 109. 
 
 Poe, Andrew, 494. 
 
 Point Pleasant, battle, 87, 212, 230. 
 
 Pollock, James, at Carlisle, 81. 
 
 Pollock, Oliver, agent at New Or- 
 leans, 81, 83-84; on Galvez' 
 expedition, 130; letters to, 86; 
 memorial, 81. 
 
 Poison, Swain, Loyalist, 244; trial 
 of, 259. 
 
 Pomeroy, Col. John, militia officer, 
 408; home raided, 371; sketch, 
 371. 
 
 Pond Creek. See Mill Creek. 
 
 Pond's Settlement (Ky.), 267, 293. 
 
 Poopickhoover, Joseph, Loyalist, 221. 
 
 Poor Jr., , Loyalist, 247. 
 
 Poor, Peter, Loyalist, 247. 
 
 Pope, William, at Pittsburgh, 367. 
 
 Poppecaughfer, Joseph, tried for 
 Loyalism, 259. 
 
 Port Perry (Pa.), 386. 
 
 Port Washington (Ohio), 190. 
 
 Porter, Serg. Samuel, court-mar- 
 tialed, 431-32. 
 
 Postlethwaite, Capt. Samuel, quar- 
 termaster, 285. 
 
 Potawatomi Indians, attitude toward 
 Americans, 40, 43; at Detroit, 297. 
 
 Potomac River, 82, 91, 110; south 
 branch, 324, 379, 397. 
 
 Pouree, Eugene, dit Beausoleil, mer- 
 chant, 86; sketch, 86. 
 
 Powell, Gen. Henry Watson, com- 
 mandant at Niagara, 374; sketch, 
 374. 
 
 Powell, Levin, letter, 319; sketch, 
 319. 
 
 Powell, William, at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 
 Powell's Valley (Va.), post for, 19, 51, 
 192; exposed, 245; rangers in, 
 392; sketch, 51. 
 
 Power, Capt. Thomas, British officer, 
 53; sketch, 53. 
 
 Powers, William, 494. 
 
 Prairie du Chien (Wis.), 176. 
 
 Prather, Capt. Basil, of Eighth Penn- 
 sylvania, 459. 
 
INDEX 
 
 537 
 
 Prater, Nathan, sergeant, 464. 
 Presbyterians, in Kentucky, 138; at 
 
 Pittsburgh, 204; in Virginia, 137. 
 Presqu'isle, route via, 70. 
 Preston, John, witness, 229. 
 
 Preston, Gen. John S., owns manu- 
 script, 240. 
 
 Preston, Col. Wilham, county lieu- 
 tenant, 255, 257, 262, 402; witness, 
 229; suppresses LoyaUsts, 24-27, 
 143-45, 227-29, 237, 242, 257-64; 
 message to Loyalists, 220-22, 246- 
 47, 256; reward for assassinating 
 offered, 208, 222; letters to, 141, 
 155, 170, 186, 192, 194-95, 198, 
 208-11, 227, 236, 240-41, 244, 250- 
 52, 265, 267, 304-5; letters, 143-44, 
 211-13, 215-16, 220-21, 241-42, 
 268; sketch, 141. 
 
 Price, David, enhsts, 262. 
 
 Price, Michael, Loyalist, 23-24, 221; 
 messenger, 227; Loyalists' trials at 
 house of, 252; letters to, 201-2, 
 220-22. 
 
 Prices, in Virginia, 128-29, 131, 138. 
 
 Prince William County (Va.), 126, 
 210. 
 
 Princeton College, students, 109, 137; 
 graduates, 306; Indians at, 348. 
 
 Prisquille. See Presqu'isle. 
 
 Proctor, Col. John, sketch, 385. 
 
 Proctor, Col. Thomas, artillery offi- 
 cer, 175, 383, 390, 454. 
 
 Prophet, Shawnee chief, 119. 
 
 Pucketty Creek (Pa.), 404. 
 
 Pulaski, Count Casmir, in Revolu- 
 tion, 200. 
 
 Pulaski County (Va.), 236, 251. 
 
 Pumphrey, Nicholas, fined, 425. 
 
 Pumphrey, Rezin, fined, 425. 
 
 Pursley, David, 494. 
 
 Putnam, Gen. Israel, cited, 80. 
 
 Pyatt, Benjamin, private, 466. 
 
 QuAiFE, M. M., Chicago and the Old 
 
 Northwest, 200. 
 Quaker Meadows (N. C), 211. 
 Quarter House (S. C), 402. 
 
 Quebec, British headquarters, 48; 
 garrison, 248; prothonotary, 86; 
 reported expedition from, 169, 388- 
 89; rumor of capture, 296; prison- 
 ers at, 307. 
 
 Queen, Charles, at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 
 Queen's Rangers, Loyalist regiment, 
 391. 
 
 Quincy (111.), 164. 
 
 Quirk, Maj. Thomas, at lead mines, 
 26, 198; in Kentucky, 293; letter, 
 195; sketch, 195. 
 
 Raccoon Creek, raids on, 20, 41, 150- 
 
 54, 156-57, 162-63, 199, 225-26. 
 Radchff's Marsh (Va.). 237. 
 Ragor, George, private, 465. 
 Raid, Benjamin, at Pittsburgh, 367. 
 Ralston, Archibald, at Pittsburgh, 
 
 369. 
 Ralston, William, at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 Ramsey, Lieut. Andrew, militia 
 
 officer, 464. 
 Ramsey, Thomas, at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 Ramsour's Mills, battle of, 26, 210- 
 
 11, 254; sketch, 210. 
 Randies, David, court-martialed, 
 
 428. 
 Rankin, William, discharged, 441. 
 Raven, Cherokee chief, 25, 244; 
 
 sketch, 244. 
 Rawhngs, Col. Moses, letter to, 277; 
 
 recommendation from, 455. 
 Rawlings' Regiment, at Fort Pitt, 
 
 40-41, 147, 174, 314; ordered East, 
 
 326, 335-36, 347. 
 Read, Lieut. Archibald, 459; charges 
 
 against, 412; court-martial, 484- 
 
 90; released, 433; sketch, 412. 
 Reburn, Joseph, surety, 262. 
 Red Bank Creek (Pa.), 56. 
 Reddick, John H., at Pittsburgh, 
 
 366. 
 Reddick, William, at Pittsburgh, 363, 
 
 366. 
 Red-Eye, Seneca Indian, 62-65. 
 Red Jacket, Seneca chief, sketch, 
 
 65. 
 Red River, route via, 85. 
 
538 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Red Stone, on the Monongahela, 83- 
 84, 88, 91, 285, 288, 373; in Dun- 
 more's War, 278. 
 
 Redstone Creek, mill on, 293. 
 
 Ree, Andrew, at Pittsburgh, 367. 
 
 Reed, John, at Pittsburgh, 366, 367. 
 
 Reed II, John, at Pittsburgh, 367, 
 368. 
 
 Reed, Joseph, president of Penn- 
 sylvania, memorials to, 360-70; 
 report, 376; orders investigation, 
 395; letters to, 43, 76, 95, 109, 113, 
 121, 125, 135, 151, 170-71, 175, 
 180, 183, 188, 249, 265, 271, 274, 
 290, 304, 324, 337, 347, 351, 354, 
 403, 406, 413, 415, 421; letters, 
 108, 136-37, 175, 188, 235, 349, 
 352, 387, 392-93, 397, 413, 418, 
 421; sketch, 43. 
 
 Reed, Samuel, deserter, 457-58. 
 
 Reed, WilUam, at Pittsburgh, 366. 
 
 Reed Creek (Va.), Loyalists on, 23, 
 197, 236, 254; sketch, 197. 
 
 Reed Island Creek (Va.), 236; Loyal- 
 ists on, 251; sketch, 251. 
 
 Reel, Gasper, at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 
 Regulator movement, in North Caro- 
 Hna, 210. 
 
 Reid, Lieut. Archibald. See Read. 
 
 Reid, David, enlists, 263. 
 
 Reid, Gasper, tried for Loyalism, 
 259; sentence remitted, 263. 
 
 Remember, Reuben, Loyalist, 247. 
 
 Reno, Benjamin, at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 
 Reynolds family, captured, 163-64. 
 
 Rice, Abraham, private, 468. 
 
 Rice, Daniel, private, 468. 
 
 Richards (Ritchards), Mordecai, at 
 Pittsburgh, 369. 
 
 Richards (Ritchards), Stephen, at 
 Pittsburgh, 369. 
 
 Richardson, George, 494. 
 
 Richardson, James, exemption for, 
 426. 
 
 Richardson, William, at Pittsburgh, 
 369. 
 
 Richland County (Ohio), 152. 
 
 Richmond, William, at Pittsburgh, 
 369. 
 
 Richmond (Va.), 127, 129, 165; 
 
 becomes capital of Virginia, 128; 
 
 officers at, 310, 312, 314-15, 318- 
 
 19, 335, 347, 400; letters from, 209, 
 
 243, 331. 
 Ricords, Archibald, at Pittsburgh, 
 
 368. 
 Ridnor, Conrad, tried and acquitted, 
 
 454. 
 Rifle (Riffle), Jacob, private, 469. 
 Rigdon, William, at Pittsburgh, 367. 
 Riley, Francis, fined, 426; court- 
 martialed, 428-29. 
 Riley, John, 494. 
 
 Rittenhouse, David, boundary com- 
 missioner, 107. 
 Ritchie, Craig, at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 Ritchie, Matthew, at Pittsburgh, 
 
 369. 
 Rizsly, Elisha, at Pittsburgh, 367. 
 Roanoke River (Va.), 128. 
 Roark, James, family killed, 155. 
 Roark's Gap (Va.), 155. 
 Robards, Sallie, married, 304. 
 Robb, James, at Pittsburgh, 370. 
 Robb, John, at Pittsburgh, 370. 
 Robb, William, at Pittsburgh, 370. 
 Roberson, Andrew, at Pittsburgh, 
 
 368. 
 Roberts, , Loyalist officer, 210, 
 
 215. 
 
 Roberts, , mills, 415. 
 
 Robertson, Andrew, at Pittsburgh, 
 
 363, 366. 
 Robertson II, Andrew, at Pittsburgh, 
 
 368. 
 Robertson, Col. James, at Loyalists, 
 
 trials, 258; sketch, 258. 
 Robertson, John, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 Robertson, Samuel, at Pittsburgh, 
 
 366. 
 Robertson, William, at Pittsburgh, 
 
 366. 
 
 Robeson, , messenger, 371. 
 
 Robins, John, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 Robinson, Andrew, clerk of Ohio 
 
 County court, 425-26, 429; sworn 
 
 in, 427. 
 Robinson, E. W., Ohio County 
 
 magistrate, 110-11. 
 
INDEX 
 
 539 
 
 Robinson, George, Loyalist, 228. 
 Robinson, James, at Pittsburgh, 362, 
 
 366. 
 Robinson, Col. Joseph, Loyalist, 145. 
 Robinson, Samuel, gives bond, 228, 
 
 261. 
 Robinson, Capt. William, militia 
 
 officer, 211-12; sketch, 212. 
 Robinson's Run (Pa.), 58, 110; raid 
 
 on, 271-72; sketch, 271. 
 Robinson Township (Pa.), 226. 
 Rock, John, at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 Rock Island (111.), agency at, 164. 
 Rock River (111.), campaign, 127. 
 Rockbridge County (Va.), troops 
 
 from, 51; settlers in, 156, 196. 
 Rockcastle County (Ky.), 196. 
 Rockingham County (Va.), 319. 
 Rodgers, Abraham, fine remitted, 
 
 425. 
 Roger, Michael, Loyalist officer, 247. 
 Rogers, Col. David, defeat, 17-18, 
 
 78-94, 104-6, 115, 123, 185, 192; 
 
 letters, 84-86; death, 90, 123. 
 Rogers, Capt. John, Clark's officer, 
 
 126, 165, 230; letters to, 165; letter, 
 
 230-31; sketch, 126-27. 
 Rogers, Thomas, correspondence, 
 
 127. 
 Rome (N. Y.), 287. 
 Rome (Ohio), site, 152. 
 Romine, James, Loyalist, 255. 
 Roosevelt, Theodore, Winning of the 
 
 West, 391. 
 Rope, Joseph, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 Rorke, William, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 
 Ross, , land speculator, 129. 
 
 Ross, Benjamin, private, 467. 
 Ross, Daniel, at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 Ross, David, Loyalist, 254. 
 Ross, John, private, 445. 
 Ross, Joseph, at Pittsburgh, 367. 
 Ross, Capt. Philip, 494; at Pitts- 
 burgh, 369. 
 Rossitor, Peter, at Pittsburgh, 363. 
 Roush, George, 494. 
 Rowe, Adam, attacked, 160; sketch, 
 
 160. 
 Royal Green. See King's Royal 
 
 Regiment. 
 
 Royal Oak, Campbell's estate, 196, 
 
 237. 
 Royse, Capt. Benjamin, on Coshoc- 
 ton expedition, 376; company roll, 
 
 467. 
 Ruddell's Station (Ky.), captured, 
 
 20, 220, 266. 
 Rude, Jacob, private, 467. 
 Rush, Dr. Benjamin, physician, 306. 
 Russellville (Ky.), 196. 
 Rutherford, Gen. Griffith, defeats 
 
 Loyalists, 210-11; sketch, 210. 
 Rutherford, James, at Pittsburgh, 
 
 368. 
 Rutledge, George, at Loyalists' trials, 
 
 258; sketch, 258. 
 Ryan, James, discharged, 441. 
 Ryan, Lazarus, 494. 
 Ryley, Francis. See Riley. 
 
 Sadler, Samuel, enlists, 263-64. 
 Saginaw Bay, fur trade on, 164. 
 St. Asaph, Kentucky station, 105. 
 St. Clair, Gen Arthur, defeat, 83; 
 
 orders for, 390. 
 St. Clair County (Mich.), 161. 
 Ste. Genevieve (Mo.), 385. 
 St. Johns (Can.), 374; garrison at, 
 
 248. 
 St. Joseph (Mich.), British post, 104. 
 St. Lawrence River, Loyalists on, 
 
 185. 
 St. Leger, Col. Barry, expedition, 47, 
 
 78, 185. 
 St. Louis (Mo.), British attack on, 
 
 19-20, 186; Spanish at, 84, 89; 
 
 Rogers' expedition, 86-87; fur 
 
 trade, 164; residents, 176. 
 St. Mary's River, portage from, 185. 
 St. Vincent. See Vincennes. 
 Salcon, John, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 Salem (Ohio), Moravian village, 190, 
 
 378, 381; letters from, 217, 231, 
 
 245, 296, 315-16, 337, 339; sketch, 
 
 190. 
 Salem Township (Pa.), 56. 
 Salisbury (N. C), 210. 
 Salt River (Ky.), lick on, 131. 
 
540 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Sample, Samuel, innkeeper, 224; 
 deputy quartermaster, 477-82. 
 
 Sanders, , in Southwest Virginia, 
 
 252-53. 
 
 Sandusky (Ohio), an Indian rendez- 
 vous, 17, 109, 112, 150-51, 185, 
 192, 219, 231, 298, 350-51, 375, 
 401, 405, 414; Moravians at, 161; 
 Brady's scout to, 188, 202-4, 206- 
 7, 340; Loyalists at, 352. 
 
 Sandusky River, Indians on, 30, 203; 
 reservation, 152. 
 
 Sandy River. See Big Sandy River. 
 
 Saratoga County (N. Y.), 286. 
 
 Sauk and Fox Indians, agent for, 164. 
 
 Savannah (Ga.), attack on, 102. 
 
 Savannah River (Ga.), battle on, 253. 
 
 Sayers, Robert, pioneer, 215. 
 
 Sayers, Alexander, son, 215. 
 
 Sayers Jr., Capt. Robert, miUtia 
 officer, 215; instructions for, 216; 
 at Loyalists' trials, 258; sketch, 
 215. 
 
 Scalps, bounties for, 176; effect of, 
 183-84, 188; British object to, 376. 
 
 Scammel, Col. Alexander, adjutant- 
 general, 112, 456. 
 
 Scarmahorn, John, private, 464. 
 
 Scarmahorn, Matthias, exemption 
 for, 426. 
 
 Schebosch. See Bull, John. 
 
 Schenectady (N. Y.), 287; Indians 
 near, 345. 
 
 Schermerhorn, Lucas, 494. 
 
 Schoharie (N. Y.), destroyed, 287. 
 
 Schonbrunn (Tupaking), Moravian 
 mission village, 161, 190; letters 
 from, 189-90, 193; sketch, 161. 
 
 Schuyler, Gen. Philip, gives Indian 
 information, 146. 
 
 Scioto River, Indians on, 28, 401. 
 
 Scot, Abraham, at Pittsburgh, 367. 
 
 Scotch, emigrate to America, 320. 
 
 Scotch-Irish emigrants, 156, 210, 280, 
 307. 
 
 Scott, Andrew, fined, 426; on Coshoc- 
 ton expedition, 466. 
 
 Scott, David, daughters captured, 95. 
 
 Scott, Fanny, killed, 95. 
 
 Scott, John, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 
 Scott, Joseph, court-martialed, 428. 
 
 Scott, Phebe, killed, 95. 
 
 Scott, Thomas, letter, 421; sketch, 
 421. 
 
 Scott, Capt. William, 494. 
 
 Scrichfield, William, private, 464. 
 
 Seaton, Richard, private, 469. 
 
 Second Pennsylvania Regiment, offi- 
 cer, 471-72. 
 
 Second Virginia Regiment, 288. 
 
 Seller, Jacob, gives bond, 228. 
 
 Seneca Indians, captives among, 59; 
 towns destroyed, 100; peace over- 
 tures, 101. See also Mingo Indians. 
 
 Seshahsee, Delaware Indian, 158. 
 
 Seven Year's War. See French and 
 Indian War. 
 
 Seventh Pennsylvania Regiment, offi- 
 cer, 307. 
 
 Seventh Virginia Regiment, super- 
 sedes the Ninth, 309, 470; officers, 
 40, 103, 195, 215, 470; paymaster, 
 432; fifer, 490. 
 
 Sevier, John, Tennessee pioneer, 258; 
 information from, 402. 
 
 Sewickly Creek, settlements on, 385, 
 408; capture on, 404; raids, 413; 
 letter from, 414. 
 
 Shabosh. See Bull, John. 
 
 Shane, Timothy, 494. 
 
 Shannon's, site of, 212. 
 
 Sharon Center (N. Y.), battle near, 
 52. 
 
 Sharp, Adam, at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 
 Sharp, Edward, at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 
 Sharp, George, at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 
 Sharp, Nehemiah, at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 
 Shaw, Joseph, pack horse man, court- 
 martialed, 442. 
 
 Shawnee Indians, branches of, 16, 73, 
 109; chief tess, 30, 201; towns, 94, 
 140, 152; characterized, 40, 43, 176, 
 294; refugees from, 50; intertribal 
 relations, 104-5; prisoner among, 
 319; in British interest, 273-74, 
 374; at Detroit council, 373; hostile 
 raids, 17-18, 21, 51, 71, 93, 105, 
 156, 159, 190, 193, 219-20, 319, 
 340; relations with Americans, 275, 
 347; immunity for, 69, 72, 75; ex- 
 
INDEX 
 
 541 
 
 peditions against proposed, 28-29, 
 42, 83, 94, 104, 111, 135, 165, 173, 
 175, 350-51, 401, 416; Clark's ex- 
 pedition of 1780 against, 22, 180, 
 182, 223, 245-46, 249-50, 265-66, 
 271, 299; of 1786, 83. See also 
 Mequochoke Indians. 
 
 Shearer, Capt. John, 494. 
 
 Shelby, Col. Evan, pioneer, 193. 
 
 Shelby, Col. Isaac, militia ofTicer, 245, 
 258, 402. 
 
 Shenandoah Valley, 322. 
 
 Sheoquaga (Catherine's Town), In- 
 dian village, 95-96. 
 
 Shepherd, Col. David, lieutenant of 
 Ohio County, 82, 110-11, 168; mill 
 garrisoned, 313, 322; gathers mil- 
 itia, 376; information from, 106, 
 174; on Coshocton expedition, 
 461-63; furnishes troops for Clark, 
 409, 414-17; presides at courts- 
 martial, 425-30; letters to, 96, 98, 
 127-28, 154, 168-69, 178-79, 182, 
 270, 275, 278, 281, 342-43, 348-49, 
 350, 371-72, 414-17; letter, 81. 
 
 Shepherd's Mill (Va.), garrison at, 
 313, 322. 
 
 Sheriden, Martin, private, 445. 
 
 Sherlock, Edward, 494. 
 
 Shippen, Dr. William, Philadelphia 
 resident, 306. 
 
 Shippen Jr., Dr. William, letter to, 
 306-7; sketch, 306. 
 
 Shippensburg (Pa.), 381. 
 
 Short Creek (Va.), 110, 397-98, 420. 
 
 Shoughney, Thomas, private, 441; 
 tried, 451-52. 
 
 ShuU (Shell), Jacob, LoyaUst, 202, 
 221, 227, 261. 
 
 ShuU Jr., Jacob, tried for LoyaUsm, 
 259; enlists, 261. 
 
 ShuU, John, enlists, 261. 
 
 Sickman, George, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 
 Sidney, Andrew, Loyalist, 254. 
 
 Siebert, Wilbur H., "The Loyalists of 
 West Florida and the Natchez 
 district," 130. 
 
 Sills, Ensign Benjamin, 494. 
 
 Simmons, Henr>', bowman, 477-82; 
 witness, 478. 
 
 Simpson, Jeremiah, at Pittsburgh, 
 368; discharge for, 446. 
 
 Simpson, Cornet R., mUitia officer, 
 216. 
 
 Sinking Creek (Va.), Loyalists on, 
 145, 267. 
 
 Sixteenth British Infantry, 130. 
 
 Sixteenth Virginia Regiment, officer, 
 319. 
 
 Sixth Pennsylvania Battalion, 307. 
 
 Sixtieth British Infantry, 130. 
 
 Skaggs, Archibald, 494. 
 
 Skaggs, Henry, 494. 
 
 Slaughter, Maj. George, letter to, 
 179; en route to Kentucky, 180, 
 182; calls out militia, 186; regi- 
 ment, 266; sketch, 179. 
 
 Slaughter, James, with Clark, 180. 
 
 Slaughter, John, on Coshocton ex- 
 pedition, 465. 
 
 Slaughter, John, with Clark, 180. 
 
 Slaughter, Joseph, with Clark, 180. 
 
 Slaughter, Lawrence, with Clark, 
 180. 
 
 Slaughter, Robert, sons, 179. 
 
 Slaughter, Thomas, in Kentucky, 
 179. 
 
 Slimp, Frederick, Loyalist, 255. 
 
 Small, John, at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 
 Smallman, Thomas, Pittsburgh in- 
 habitant, 116, 175, 362, 366, 396; 
 purchase from Indians, 290; sketch, 
 116. 
 
 Smith, Dr. , aids Fleming, 138. 
 
 Smith, Ballard, Continental ofTicer, 
 269; sketch, 269. 
 
 Smith, David, deserter, 448; retained 
 in service, 455-56. 
 
 Smith, Devereux, Pittsburgh in- 
 habitant, 362, 366, 396; house, 479. 
 
 Smith, Francis, children of, 269. 
 
 Smith, Frederick, trial for Loyalism, 
 262. 
 
 Smith, Hairy, private, 465. 
 
 Smith, Jacob, 494. 
 
 Smith, John, drum major, 460. 
 
 Smith, Michael, private, 445. 
 
 Smith, Robert, at Pittsburgh, 367. 
 
 Smith, Susannah, married, 269. 
 
 Smith, WiUiam, private, 445. 
 
542 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Smith, Capt. William Bailey, land 
 warrant, 267. 
 
 Snido, Christian, ofTicer, 261. 
 
 Snip, Captain, Shawnee chief, 152. 
 
 Snodgrass, William, at Pittsburgh, 
 369. 
 
 Snodgrass Jr., William, at Pitts- 
 burgh. 369. 
 
 Snyder, Randolph, at Pittsburgh, 
 368. 
 
 South Carolina, during Revolution, 
 210, 264, 296, 392; British conquer, 
 24-25, 27, 102, 143; reenforced, 
 123 ; Loyalists in, 145. 
 
 Spain, declares war on Great Britain, 
 19, 129-30; acquisitions in America, 
 131; fleet aids United States, 210, 
 248. 
 
 Spanish, influence on Indians, 14, 
 123, 201; furnish supplies to 
 Americans, 17, 80, 83-86, 88-89, 
 93; conquest in Southwest, 19, 129- 
 30, 147, 165, 402; post attacked, 
 20; protect deserters, 78; at New 
 Orleans, 380; intrigues of, 53. 
 
 Sparks, Jared, Correspondence of the 
 American Revolution, 30, 111, 135, 
 150, 173, 180, 187, 202, 223, 248-49, 
 271, 273, 276, 303, 336, 352, 399; 
 Life and Writings of George Wash- 
 ington, 80, 311. 
 
 Sparks, Richard, militiaman, 420, 
 465. 
 
 Sparks, William, pioneer, 420. 
 
 Spears, Robert, at Pittsburgh, 367. 
 
 Spencer, Lieut. James, 495. 
 
 Spiers, Joshua, at Pittsburgh, 367. 
 
 Spriggs, Zachariah, private, 465. 
 
 Springer, Ensign Jacob, 495; letter 
 to, 119; witness, 200; orders for, 
 313; message from, 330; sketch, 
 119. 
 
 Springer, Capt. Uriah, 495; impress- 
 ing provisions, 276, 280, 285, 288; 
 retained in service, 335; president 
 of court, 455; on court, 470; letters 
 to, 276, 278, 285, 350-51 ; sketch, 
 278. 
 
 Springer family, 119, 278. 
 
 Sprinkle, Jacob, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 
 Sprott, John, 495; interviewed, 207. 
 Sprott, Samuel, recollections, 207-8; 
 
 sketch, 207. 
 Sprott, Thomas, at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 StafTord, Henry, acquitted of Loyal- 
 ism, 259. 
 Standiford, Ann, married, 310. 
 Staunton (Va.), Loyalists confined 
 
 at, 24; settlers near, 156. 
 Steel, Col. Archibald, quartermaster, 
 
 42, 271; characterized, 107, 136; 
 
 letters to, 116, 171, 177; message 
 
 from, 202; sketch, 42. 
 Steel, Richard, at Pittsburgh, 366. 
 Stenson, John, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 Stephens, AmeUa. See Harrod, Mrs. 
 
 Amelia. 
 Stephens, John, at Pittsburgh, 367. 
 Stephenson, David, at Pittsburgh, 
 
 370. 
 Stephenson, James, at Pittsburgh, 
 
 370. 
 Stephenson, John, at Pittsburgh, 367. 
 Stephenson, Col. John, rifle corps, 
 
 174, 335. 
 Sterling, Hugh, at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 Steuben, Gen. Friedrich W. A. H. F. 
 
 von, at Richmond, 314; letter to, 
 
 318; consents to Gibson's joining 
 
 Clark, 331, 398. 
 Stewart, Alexander, at Pittsburgh, 
 
 368. 
 Stewart, Mary, married, 267. 
 Stewart, Walter, Loyalist, 244; gives 
 
 bond, 228, 261. 
 Stewart's Crossings (Pa.), Clark at, 
 
 ^50-51, 401 ; officers' meetings, 408- 
 
 9, 416; sketch, 350. 
 Stiles, Capt. Benjamin, 495. 
 Still, Alexander, at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 Still, Joshua, court-martialed, 437. 
 Stillwell, Joseph, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 Stockb ridge Indians, aid Americans, 
 
 345, 347; sketch, 345. 
 Stokeley, Col. Jeremiah (Nehemiah), 
 
 495. 
 Stokeley, Capt. Thomas, at Fort 
 
 Pitt, 459, 495; home raided, 404; 
 
 company of, 393, 415; sketch, 235. 
 Stone Arabia (N. Y.), battle of, 287. 
 
INDEX 
 
 543 
 
 Stoner, , land sold, 129. 
 
 Stoops, James, family captured, 204, 
 224; signs protest, 369. 
 
 Stoops, Mrs, Jane, rescued, 30, 202-8, 
 224-25. 
 
 Stoops, Mrs. Nancy, recollections, 
 204-6; sketch, 204. 
 
 Stoops, Samuel, rescues captive, 
 207. 
 
 Stoops, William, captured, 204-6; 
 later life, 204, 206-7. 
 
 Stotesbury, Lieut. John, of Eighth 
 Pennsylvania, 459. 
 
 Stover, Jeremiah, trial for Loyalism, 
 259. 
 
 Stricklin, Alexander, private, 466. 
 
 Stroup, Lieut, Conrad, militia officer, 
 464, 495. 
 
 Sturges, Meniard, at Pittsburgh, 367. 
 
 Such, George, sergeant, 44L 
 
 Sugar Creek (Pa.), 60. 
 
 Sullivan, Capt. James, 122; sketch, 
 122. 
 
 Sullivan, Gen. John, Iroquois ex- 
 pedition, 14-15, 41, 48, 54, 59, 62, 
 65, 96, 100, 129, 140, 175; Brod- 
 head's messages to, 43, 49, 95-96; 
 defeats Indians and Loyalists, 53, 
 96, 129; county named for, 245. 
 
 Sullivan County (N. C), troops 
 from, 245; sheriff, 258; sketch, 
 245. 
 
 Sumner, George, Boston Oration, 81. 
 
 Sumner County (Tenn.), 210. 
 
 Sumral, John, at Pittsburgh, 367. 
 
 Sumter, Gen. Thomas, battle, 79; 
 headquarters, 402. 
 
 Surry County (N. C), 236; infor- 
 mation from, 170. 
 
 Susquehanna River, expedition on, 
 14, 41; Indian town, 54; mission, 
 232. 
 
 Swan, George, at Pittsburgh, 367. 
 
 Swearingen, Capt. Van, warns of 
 danger, 334; at Fort Pitt, 458; 
 sketch, 334. 
 
 Sweden, emigrants from, 119. 
 
 Sweet, Ben., at Pittsburgh, 367. 
 
 Swift, Capt. , brings informa- 
 tion, 198. 
 
 Taber, Philip, at Pittsburgh, 367. 
 
 Taimenend, Morgan's Indian title, 
 47. 
 
 Tait, David, at Pittsburgh, 363, 366, 
 471, 473; witness, 479-80, 482. 
 
 Talen, Henry, at Pittsburgh, 367. 
 
 Tankhonnetick. Indian town. See 
 Pluggy's town. 
 
 Tannehill, Capt. Adamson, 440, 448; 
 messenger, 174-75; report, 454; 
 commandant at Fort Mcintosh, 
 289; relieved, 309; sketch, 174. 
 
 Tannehill, James, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 
 Tannehill, John, at Pittsburgh, 367. 
 
 Tannehill, Josiah, ensign and pay- 
 master, 432, 460. 
 
 Tannehill, Nathan, at Pittsburgh, 
 368. 
 
 Tannehill, William, at Pittsburgh, 
 368. 
 
 Tarleton, Sir Banastre, raids Vir- 
 ginia, 304. 
 
 Tate, George, sergeant, 464. 
 
 Tatepawkshe, Delaware envoy, 339. 
 
 Taylor, Capt. Francis, 288. 
 
 Taylor, Capt. Issac, letter to, 215-16; 
 at court-martial, 427; sketch, 215. 
 
 Taylor, John, at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 
 Taylor, Capt. John, at Loyalists' 
 trials, 257; sketch, 257. 
 
 Taylor, Maj. John, letter, 155-56; 
 sketch, 155. 
 
 Taylor, Maj. Richard, at Pittsburgh, 
 112; promoted, 288; on furlough, 
 460; cousin of, 288; letters to, 112, 
 114, 116, 118, 121-22; letter, 121; 
 sketch, 112. 
 
 Taylor, Robert, Ohio County resi- 
 dent, 110. 
 
 Taylor, William, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 
 Taylor II, William, at Pittsburgh, 
 368. 
 
 Taylor, Maj. WiUiam, Continental 
 officer, 295; commandant at Fort 
 Henry, 313, 366; presides at court, 
 444-45; insolence toward, 446; 
 letters to, 288, 293-95, 313, 322, 
 335-36; sketch, 288. 
 
 Taylor's Creek (Ky.), 288. 
 
 Taylorstown (Pa.), 110. 
 
544 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Tazewell County (Va.), 155-56. 
 
 Teatrick, George, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 
 Teatrick, Isaac, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 
 Tecumseh, Shawnee chief, 119, 153. 
 
 Teeduscung, Delaware chief, 404. 
 
 Teggert, Michael, at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 
 Telenenut, Seneca chief. See Hud- 
 son, Thomas. 
 
 Ten Mile Creek (Pa.), 83, 187; raid 
 on, 274, 337. 
 
 Tennessee, explored, 196; pioneers of, 
 194, 355; troops from, 245; Loyal- 
 ists in, 254; constitutional conven- 
 tion, 258. 
 
 Tennessee River, as a boundary, 305. 
 
 Teter, Capt. Samuel, killed by 
 Indians, 420; at courts-martial, 
 425-30. 
 
 Terre Bonne Parish (La.), 177. 
 
 Tewind, John, at Pittsburgh, 362. 
 
 Thames River (Can.), 161. 
 
 The Olden Time, 67, 73, 283. 
 
 Thibau, Pierre, artillerist, 201. 
 
 Third Pennsylvania Regiment, ofTi- 
 cer, 353. 
 
 Third United States Sublegion, 278. 
 
 Thirteenth Virginia Regiment, offi- 
 cers, 40-41, 103, 112, 278, 335, 
 403; changes of name, 309, 313. 
 
 Thomas, Abraham, 495. 
 
 Thomas, Lieut. Lewis, orders for, 
 309, 350; retained in service, 335; 
 tried and acquitted, 453; member 
 of court, 484; sketch, 309. 
 
 Thompson, Capt. James, at Loyal- 
 ists' trials, 257; sketch, 257. 
 
 Thompson, Jerves, at Pittsburgh, 
 368. 
 
 Thompson, John, Delaware chief. 
 See Coolpeeconain. 
 
 Thompson, Samuel, 128; home, 247; 
 accused of Loyalism, 254-55. 
 
 Thompson, Thomas, 495. 
 
 Three Rivers (Can.), 307. 
 
 Thwaites, Reuben Gold, editor, 9, 95, 
 290. 
 
 Tidball, Wilham, at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 
 Tiger Valley. See Tygart's Valley. 
 
 Tioga (N. Y.), Sullivan at, 47. 
 
 Tilton, Samuel. See Titus. 
 
 Tionesta (Pa.), site, 56. 
 Tipton, Capt. Abraham, 495. 
 Titus (Tilton), Samuel, 495. 
 Tobacco, price, 128; payment in, 194, 
 Tobin, Joseph, at Pittsburgh, 367. 
 Todd Jr., Col. John, letter, 292-93; 
 
 residence, 293; sketch, 292. 
 Todd, Levi, residence, 293. 
 Todd, Samuel, 495. 
 Todd County (Ky.), 267. 
 Tomlinson, Lieut. Joseph, 495. 
 Tonawanda (N. Y.), Indians at, 62. 
 Tories. See Loyalists. 
 Totowa (N. J.), headquarters, 290. 
 Tout, Abraham, at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 Town Run (Pa.), 56. 
 Transylvania Company, services, 
 
 142. 
 Treaty of Pittsburgh (1779), 66-72, 
 
 115. 
 Treaty of Paris (1783), 300. 
 Treaty of Fort Mcintosh (1785), 41, 
 
 380. 
 Treaty of Greenville (1795), 151, 153, 
 
 204, 335. 
 Treaty of 1817, 152. 
 Trenton (N. J.), during the Revolu- 
 tion, 319. 
 Trespassers, on Indian lands, 22-23, 
 
 96-97, 103, 106-7, 112, 114-15, 
 
 168. 
 
 Trigg, Capt. , 495. 
 
 Trigg, Capt. Daniel, militia officer, 
 
 212; at Loyalists' trials, 258; 
 
 sketch, 212. 
 Trigg, Stephen, in Kentucky, 131, 
 
 138; brother, 212; sketch, 131. 
 Trinity College, Dublin, 307. 
 Triplet, Peter, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 Troup, William, sergeant, 467. 
 Tryon County (N. Y.), 47. 
 
 Tucker, , married, 151. 
 
 Tucker, Lewis, captured, 150-54; 
 
 attempt to rescue, 199; sketch, 151. 
 Tucker, Mary (Polly), captured, 
 
 150-54; attempt to rescue, 199; 
 
 sketch, 153. 
 Tug Ridge (Va.), 155. 
 Tupaking, Moravian village. See 
 
 Schonbrunn. 
 
INDEX 
 
 545 
 
 Turkey Foot (Pa.), 310; road from, 
 150. 
 
 Turner, Elizabeth, captured, 150-54; 
 attempt to rescue, 199; sketch, 153. 
 
 Turner, F. J., "Western State Mak- 
 ing during the Revolutionary 
 Era," 167, 410. 
 
 Turner, George, killed, 154. 
 
 Turner, James, captxired, 150-54; 
 attempt to rescue, 199. 
 
 Turner, Mary, married, 151. 
 
 Turner, William, children captured, 
 153. 
 
 Turner Jr., William, killed, 154. 
 
 Turtle, Delaware tribe, 317, 330, 404. 
 
 Turtle Creek (Pa.), settler on, 385. 
 
 Tuscarawas County (Ohio), 190. 
 
 Tuscarawas River, Indian villages on, 
 119, 161, 190; mission villages, 232, 
 372; war parties, 41, 153, 172, 193, 
 231, 380; negotiations at, 75; fort 
 on abandoned, 69, 71; expedition 
 to, 376-82. 
 
 Twebough, Jacob, at Pittsburgh, 367. 
 
 Twelfth Pennsylvania Regiment, 
 officer, 310. 
 
 Twelfth Virginia Regiment, 179; 
 surgeon of, 306; officers, 333. 
 
 Twelve Mile Run, Lochry's home on, 
 265,370,397,415. 
 
 Tygart's (Tiger) Valley, raided, 173; 
 purchases in, 288, 294. 
 
 Ullery, Catherine, married, 151. 
 
 Unadilla (N. Y.), 287. 
 
 Unamy Sepu. See Maumee River. 
 
 Uniontown (Pa.), 82. 
 
 Unzaga, Luis de, governor of Louisi- 
 ana, 81. 
 
 Upper Louisiana, traders, 86. 
 
 Upper Sandusky, Indian town, 203, 
 219; sketch, 203. 
 
 Vallandigham, Clement L., letter, 
 
 58. 
 Vallandigham, Col. George, on Brod- 
 ^ head's expedition, 58, 495; warns of 
 
 86 
 
 danger, 334; letter to, 272, 372; 
 sketch, 58. 
 
 Valley Forge, suffering at, 80, 82; 
 officers, 319. 
 
 Vanbush, Mitchell, at Pittsburgh, 
 367. 
 
 Vance, Capt. Robert, orders for, 112, 
 114; sketch, 112. 
 
 Van Leer, Matthew, court-martialed, 
 434-35. 
 
 Vanmetre, Jesse, private, 469. 
 
 Van Rensselaer, Gen. Robert, defeats 
 invaders, 287. 
 
 Vaudreuil, Louis Philippe, marquis 
 de, in Virginia, 176. 
 
 Vault, Andrew, Loyalist, 254-55. 
 
 Vault, George, LoyaUst, 255. 
 
 Veatch, Jeremiah, private, 469. 
 
 Veech, James, Monongahela of Old, 
 168. 
 
 Venango, Indian site, 48, 57, 78, 301; 
 route via, 388, 390, 398; sketch, 
 48. 
 
 Venango Trail, described, 56, 60. 
 
 Vernon, Maj. Frederick, 445; on 
 Brodhead's expedition, 60; charges 
 against Brodhead, 118; presides at 
 courts-martial, 438, 441-42, 470, 
 476-77, 483; illness, 484; letters to, 
 288-89, 292, 294; sketch, 60. 
 
 Vervill, John, at Pittsburgh, 367. 
 
 Vestal (N. Y.), site, 54. 
 
 Vincennes (Ind.), an American post, 
 16, 19, 133, 165, 176, 200; news 
 from, 104-5, 297; captured by 
 Clark, 127, 231 ; message from, 230; 
 French agent sent to, 305. 
 
 Virgin, Brice, fined, 425. 
 
 Virginia, boundary line, 194, 236; 
 jurisdiction, 109, 352, 361, 403, 
 419, 421; boundary surveyed, 142, 
 186; boundary dispute, 22, 33, 107- 
 8, 127-28, 167, 170, 235, 279-80, 
 284, 361, 403, 410; constitutional 
 convention, 126, 304, 319; com- 
 mittee of correspondence, 319; 
 commissioners to adjust land titles, 
 103, 105, 118-19, 126-27, 131, 137; 
 troops, 115, 129, 136, 314; volun- 
 teers, 94; militia, 61, 110-11, 194. 
 
546 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Virginia — Continued 
 
 414; officers, 77, 82, 188, 249, 305; 
 bounties, 76; Western defenses, 19, 
 50-52, 113, 192, 243; aid for Ken- 
 tucky, 20, 26; convention prisoners 
 in, 242; prohibits exports of pro- 
 visions, 323-25, 332; drafts on, 86; 
 supplies for, 17, 83-84; information 
 for, 107; Indians visit, 176; Indians 
 threaten, 245; Indian raids in, 155- 
 56, 391-92, 401; British invasion 
 of, 355, 374, 398; Tarleton's raid in, 
 304; Loyalists in, 23-28, 143-45, 
 155, 170, 195-98, 208-13, 215-17, 
 220-22, 227-29, 236-42, 244-47, 
 250-64, 267-69, 402; Detroit ex- 
 pedition planned by, 32-34, 131, 
 133-34, 282, 311-13, 397, 414; 
 reenforcements for, 405; assembly, 
 128-29, 180, 304; Journal of House 
 of Delegates, 24. 
 
 Virginia Archives, 81-84. 
 
 Virginia road. See Glade road. 
 
 Wabash River, Indians on, 16, 104, 
 158-59, 398; route via, 70; ex- 
 pedition on, 87, 230. 
 
 Waggoner Jr., , Loyalist, 247. 
 
 Waggoner, Jacob, Loyalist, 247. 
 
 Waits, James, 495. 
 
 Walawpachtschischen, Delaware 
 chief, 157, 159, 172-73. 
 
 Waldeckers, at Baton Rouge, 130. 
 
 Wales. See Walls. 
 
 Walker, John, Virginia congressman, 
 130. 
 
 Walker, Philip, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 
 Walker, Dr. Thomas, boundary com- 
 missioner, 186. 
 
 Walker's Creek (Va.), Loyalists on, 
 23, 208, 212, 222, 254; sketch, 212. 
 
 Wall, John, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 
 Wall, John, Virginia Loyalist, 221-22. 
 
 Wallace, Rev. Caleb, letter, 137-38; 
 sketch, 137. 
 
 Wallace, George, at Pittsburgh, 363, 
 366; trial of, 477-83; verdict, 483. 
 
 Wallace, Capt. James, 495; signs 
 protest, 367. 
 
 Walls (Wales), Maj. George, 495. 
 
 Walsh, Philip, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 
 Walter, George, trial for Loyalism, 
 260. 
 
 Wampum, used at Council, 217. 
 
 War of 1812, participants, 153, 164, 
 278, 335. 
 
 Ward, Edward, Pittsburgh inhabi- 
 tant, 116, 175; signs protest, 363, 
 366, 396; officer's father, 475-76; 
 sketch, 116. 
 
 Ward, Cornet John, in Montgomery 
 County, 215. 
 
 Ward, Lieut. John, 495; on guard, 
 455; at Fort Pitt, 459; trial of, 470- 
 76; acquitted, 476; member of 
 court, 484. 
 
 Ward, Richard, Loyalist, 254-55. 
 
 Ward, Capt. Sylvester, 495. 
 
 Warren (Ohio), 59. 
 
 Warren (Pa.), site, 62, 65. 
 
 Warren County (Mo.), 268. 
 
 Warren County (Pa.), sites in, 54, 64, 
 66. 
 
 Washenaws, Munsee warrior, 157; 
 attacks Malott family, 162-63. 
 
 Washington, Gen. George, command- 
 er-in-chief, 307, 318, 362, 370; 
 camps, 80, 260; plans, 14, 28, 32, 
 340-41, 351; instructions, 18, 332, 
 387, 451, 470; Indians visit, 47; 
 birthday celebrated, 435; visits the 
 West, 270, 403; county named for, 
 403; letters to, 32, 40, 55, 94, 106, 
 111, 115, 120, 133, 135, 146, 149-50, 
 173, 180, 187, 202, 223, 245, 248- 
 49, 271, 273, 276. 283, 303, 325, 
 332-33, 336, 344, 352, 382, 398, 
 401, 410, 412-13; letters, 100-2, 
 114-15, 123-24, 147, 208, 248, 282- 
 83, 286, 311, 314, 340, 383, 388-90, 
 393-95, 405, 407; handwriting, 310; 
 Calendar of Correspondence, 159, 
 249; Papers, in Library of Con- 
 gress, 100-2, 114, 146, 149, 161, 
 189-90, 193, 231, 245, 250, 286, 
 311, 314, 340, 356, 360, 382-83, 
 387-90, 393-96, 401, 403, 405, 
 407, 410-12, 470, 477, 490-91. 
 
 Washington (Pa.), 313. 
 
INDEX 
 
 547 
 
 Washington County (Pa.). 271 ; erect- 
 ed, 403, 410, 421; emigration to, 
 21, 87; residents, 110, 151, 160; 
 elections in, 421; raids in, 41, 274; 
 letters from, 403, 410, 421; History, 
 168; sketch, 403. 
 
 Washington County (Va.), Loyalists 
 in, 23-24, 143, 195-98, 209; aid 
 from, 26, 193-94, 217; protection 
 for, 51, 241, 402; settlers, 196; 
 militia, 392; letters from, 391, 402; 
 sketch, 51. 
 
 Watauga River, troops from, 245. 
 
 Watson, James, at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 
 Watson, Robert, at Pittsburgh, 367. 
 
 Watson, Ensign Thomas, 495. 
 
 Watterson, James, at Pittsburgh, 367. 
 
 Watterson, Richard, at Pittsburgh, 
 367. 
 
 Wayne, Gen. Anthony, in Indian 
 wars, 83, 207; in the Revolution, 
 307; makes Indian treaty, 151, 153, 
 204, 335; letter to, 303; letter, 290. 
 
 Wayne Township (Pa.), 61. 
 
 Webb, George, treasurer of Virginia, 
 130. 
 
 Wechquadnach, Moravian mission, 
 320. 
 
 Weighley, Issac, 495. 
 
 Welawpachtschiechen, Delaware 
 chief. See Walawpachtschischen. 
 
 Welch, Nicholas, North Carolina 
 Loyalist, 210. 
 
 Wells, Alexander, mills of, 415; 
 sketch, 415. 
 
 Wells Sr., Joseph, exemption for, 430; 
 on Coschocton expedition, 464. 
 
 Wells, Moses, Loyalist, 255. 
 
 Wellsburgh (W. Va.), 415. 
 
 Welsh, as Loyalists, 24, 251-52. 
 
 West Augusta (Va.), officials, 82, 103; 
 troops, 409. 
 
 West Elizabeth (Pa.), 417. 
 
 West Florida, captured by Spanish, 
 129-30. See also Florida. 
 
 West Indies, route via, 86; operations 
 in, 248, 405. 
 
 West Uberty (W. Va.), 110. 
 
 West Point (N. Y.), headquarters, 
 100, 114. 
 
 West Union (Ohio), 109. 
 
 West Virginia, raids in, 95. 
 
 Western state movements, 167, 410. 
 
 Westfall, Capt. Jacob, 495. 
 
 Westmoreland County (Pa.), 290; 
 surveyor, 109; lieutenant, 39, 352; 
 emigration to, 21, 207; trespassers 
 from, 168; militia, 98, 164, 168, 
 174, 179, 347-48, 373; battalions of, 
 408; ranging companies, 79, 95, 
 107-8, 113, 120-21, 125-26, 135. 
 137, 171, 188, 214, 265, 349, 397, 
 415; raids in, 14, 20-21, 39, 150-51, 
 170-71, 179-81, 187-88, 226, 301, 
 362, 371, 385-86, 397, 403-5, 413- 
 14; protection for, 174-76, 178, 
 235, 249, 265, 272, 393; supplies, 
 271, 349; petition from, 267-70; 
 reproached for inactivity, 372; 
 meeting of court, 370; raises men 
 for Clark, 408-9, 415-16; Clark's 
 proposed side expedition from, 401. 
 
 Westmoreland County (Va.), 335. 
 
 Wetzel, George, on Coshocton ex- 
 pedition, 465; killed by Indians, 
 379. 
 
 Wetzel, Jacob, captured, 379. 
 
 Wetzel, Capt. John, pioneer, 319. 
 
 Wetzel Jr., John, private, 465. 
 
 Wetzel, Lewis, murders Indian, 376, 
 379-80, 420; on Coshocton ex- 
 pedition, 465; sketch, 379. 
 
 Wetzel, Martin, escapes from cap- 
 tivity, 319; sketch, 319. 
 
 Whaley, Benjamin, 495. 
 
 Wheeling (Va.), 110, 200, 376, 380, 
 420; post at, 19, 116, 118, 122; 
 threatened, 31, 340; a rendezvous, 
 33-34, 348, 373, 376, 378, 388, 414, 
 416; powder at, 81; trespassers 
 near, 97; scouting from, 108; be- 
 sieged, 313, 319, 420. See also 
 Fort Henry. 
 
 Wheeling Creek, raid on, 41 ; post on, 
 82, 313; settlers on, 379. 
 
 Whelps, George, private, 441. 
 
 Whinguakeshoo. See Machingwe 
 Keesuch 
 
 Whisky Rebellion, 58; officer in, 308; 
 revenue collector, 333. 
 
548 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Whitaker, George F., recollections, 
 152-53. 
 
 Whitaker, James, sketch, 152. 
 
 Whitaker, Mrs. James. See Foulks, 
 Elizabeth. 
 
 White, Andrew, private, 465. 
 
 White, Conrad, private, 465. 
 
 White, Capt. Jacob, 495. 
 
 White, John, discharged, 441. 
 
 White Eyes, Delaware chief, 69; kins- 
 men, 340. 
 
 White Eyes, Nancy, present for, 250. 
 
 White River (Ind.), Indians on, 119. 
 
 White Woman's Creek (Ohio), 382. 
 
 Whitecker, James, at Pittsburgh, 
 369. 
 
 Whiteman, John, discharged, 441. 
 
 Whitesale. See Wetzel. 
 
 Whiting, John, private, 467. 
 
 Whitsel, Philip, at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 
 Whitsitt, William H., "Caleb Wal- 
 lace," 137. 
 
 Whittaker, Daniel, 495. 
 
 Whittaker, Jacob, discharged, 441. 
 
 Whover, , Loyalist leader, 253. 
 
 Wiatt, T., at Pittsburgh, 366. 
 
 Wicklife, Charles, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 
 Wicklife, Robert, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 
 Wilderness Road (Ky.), protection 
 for, 19; passage of, 319. 
 
 Wilkes County (Ga.), 391. 
 
 Wilkes County (N. C), 210, 239. 
 
 Wilkie, Edward, court-martialed, 
 446-47. 
 
 Wilkins, Edward, court-martialed, 
 432. 
 
 Wilkinson, Gen. James, clothier gen- 
 eral, 100, 120; letters to, 120, 142, 
 174. 
 
 Willett, Col. Marinus, victory, 52. 
 
 Willey, John, Loyalist officer, 247. 
 
 William and Mary College Quarterly, 
 319. 
 
 WilUams, Maj. John, at Cahokia, 
 230; sketch, 230. 
 
 Williams, Joseph, private, 465. 
 
 Williamsburg (Va.), capital of Vir- 
 ginia, 127; French officer at, 29; 
 letters from, 93, 127, 133, 155; 
 surveyor's office, 167. 
 
 Williamson, Col David, expedition 
 of 1782, 397; at courts-martial, 
 425, 427, 429-30; company, 428; 
 fined, 428. 
 
 WiUing, Capt. James, officers, 42, 77, 
 299. 
 
 Wilson, , information from, 323. 
 
 Wilson, George, Delaware chief. See 
 Nanowland. 
 
 Wilson, Joseph, fined, 426. 
 
 Wilson, Samuel, fine remitted, 425; 
 on Coshocton expedition, 465. 
 
 Wilson, William, commissary, 322- 
 25, 332, 344. 
 
 Winbidle, Corard, at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 
 Winchester (Va.), 127, 211. 
 
 Wine, , married, 153. 
 
 Wine, Mary Tucker. See Tucker, 
 Mary. 
 
 Wingenund (Wyngeenund), Dela- 
 ware chief, 47, 97, 158; at Detroit 
 council, 217-19; Brodhead's mes- 
 sage to, 298; on war path, 340; 
 sketch, 47. 
 
 Winlock, Ensign Joseph, 495; re- 
 tained in service, 335; sketch, 335. 
 
 Wint, Christopher, court-martialed, 
 440. 
 
 Winter, Stephen, court-martialed, 
 457. 
 
 Wisconsin, New York Indians in, 52, 
 345. 
 
 Wise, Ensign Bealez M., 495. 
 
 Witchcraft delusion, among Indians, 
 119. 
 
 Withers, Alexander, Chronicles of 
 Border Warfare, 95, 220, 269-70. 
 
 Wolf, Jacob, deposition, 429. 
 
 Wolf, John, at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 
 Wolf Creek (Va.), Loyalists on, 212, 
 254; sketch, 212. 
 
 Wolf tribe of Delawares. See Munsee 
 Indians. 
 
 Wood, Capt. John, militia officer, 
 354-55. 
 
 Wood, Thomas, sergeant-major, 431; 
 on furlough, 460; tried and ac- 
 quitted, 451. 
 
 Woodford County (Ky.), 137. 
 
 Woods, John, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 
INDEX 
 
 549 
 
 Woods, Tobias, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 
 Woods, William, at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 
 Worley, Samuel, private, 466. 
 
 Wright, Alexander, 495. 
 
 Wyandaughland, Delaware chief. See 
 Wyondochella. 
 
 Wyandot County (Ohio), 203. 
 
 Wyandot (Huron) Indians, inter- 
 tribal relations, 189, 191, 218-19, 
 249, 295-98, 316, 329, 339-40; at 
 Detroit, 46; seek American alli- 
 ance, 16, 40, 46-47, 56, 66-72, 76, 
 115, 296; deceive Americans, 43, 
 45, 106, 190, 193, 265; spy from, 
 295-97; hostile raids, 17, 20, 44-45, 
 105, 109, 150, 153-54, 158-59, 162- 
 63, 219, 224, 234, 245-46, 249, 272, 
 340; prisoners among, 135, 162, 
 219, 297, 379; defeated, 30-31, 223- 
 26, 273, 275; expeditions against 
 planned, 30, 94, 223, 271, 284, 416; 
 sketch, 66. 
 
 Wyatt, John, discovers Loyalist plot, 
 268-69; sketch, 268. 
 
 Wyatt, Ensign Thomas, court-mar- 
 tialed and acquitted, 458; at Fort 
 Pitt, 459. 
 
 Wyngeenund, Delaware chief. See 
 Wingenund. 
 
 Wynn, Thomas, private, 441. 
 
 Wyoming (Pa.), 63. 
 
 Wyondochella (Wyandaughland), 
 Delaware hostile, 162, 191-92, 273; 
 son, 273; sketch, 162. 
 
 Wythe County (Va.), 198, 236, 258. 
 
 Yadkin River (N. C), 210. 
 Yahrungwago, Indian town. See 
 
 Yoghroonwago. 
 Yellow Creek, Indian defeat near, 
 
 245. 
 
 Yoghroonwago (Naradago, Yahrung- 
 wago), Indian village, 54-55, 96; 
 sketch, 55. 
 
 Yoho, Henry, 495. 
 
 Yohogania County (Va.), 88; militia 
 officers, 58, 87, 94, 178, 419; letter 
 to, 334; surveyor, 170; raided, 173, 
 271-72, 413; endangered, 334, 419; 
 militia for Clark from, 409-10. 
 
 Yohogania Court House, letters 
 from, 416-17; sketch, 417. 
 
 Youghiogheny River, as a frontier, 
 21, 171, 188; three forks of, 150, 
 289; settlers on, 335, 413; raid on, 
 403-5. 
 
 Young, , Moravian missionary, 
 
 381. 
 
 Young, Alexander, at Pittsburgh, 
 367; court-martialed, 428-29. 
 
 Young, George, at Pittsburgh, 368. 
 
 Young, James, at Pittsburgh, 369. 
 
 Young, John, court-martialed, 435. 
 
 Young, Robert, at Pittsburgh, 367. 
 
 Young, Capt. Thomas, 495; signs 
 protest, 367. 
 
 Zane, Ebenezer, on Coshocton ex- 
 pedition, 466. 
 
 Zane, Jonathan, 495; scout on Co- 
 shocton expedition, 461-63. 
 
 Zane, Capt. Silas, 495. 
 
 Zeisberger, Rev. David, Moravian 
 missionary, 190; visits East, 372; 
 information from, 169, 189-90, 
 202, 231-32; services commended, 
 372; letters to, 117, 119, 134, 156, 
 169, 177, 300, 320-21; letters, 161, 
 189-90, 193; sketch, 117. 
 
 Zinzendorf, Nicholas Lewis, count, 
 Moravian leader, 119, 320. 
 
BD -136. 
 
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