t*4^. n mm- LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. ©§ap,l-4^i^u{ujri5^t 1^0 Shelf J^3.5.2 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. ^' ^^m"^ ^^ THE STORY OF SAINT PATRICK WITH A SKETCH OF IRELAND'S CONDITION BEFORE AND AFTER PATRICK'S TIME BY JOSEPH SANDEESON, D. D., LL. D. AUTHOR OF " JE8D8 ON TpE HOLT MOUNT," "MANUAL FOR FUNERALS" ETC., ETC., LATE EDITOR OF THE "TREASURY" MAGAZINE IRELAND AND THE IRISH THEIR CHRISTIANITY, INSTITUTIONS, MISSIONS MISSION FIELDS AND LEARNING FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES IKIlitb an HppenMj /BY JOHN BORLAND FINLAY, Ph. D., LL. D., D. C. L. Q. S., FELLOW OF THE IMPERIAL INSTITUTE ,,^v\>( Of c&^y^;:- BOSTON, MASS. W. L. RICHARDSON COMPANY, 73 Hanover Street' ^ ^ / NEW-YORK WILBUR B. KETCHAM, 2 Cooper Union 1895 Ifkjfai:?^'^ '^ ^\K Copyright, 1894, By Joseph Sajstderson. THE STORY OF SAINT PATRICK EMBRACING A SKETCH OF THE CONDITION OF IRELAND BEFORE THE TIME OF PATRICK, DURING HIS LIFE, AT HIS DEATH, AND IMMEDIATELY AFTER IT BY JOSEPH SANDERSON, D. D, LL. D. LATE EDITOR OF "THE TREASURY OF RELIGIOUS THOUGHT" AUTHOR OF "JESUS ON THE HOLY MOUNT," "FUNERAL SERVICES," ETC. K BOSTON, MASS. W. L. RICHARDSON COMPANY, 73 Hanover Street NEW-YORK WILBUR B. KETCHAM, 2 Cooper Union 1895 DEDICATED TO MY BELOVED CHILDREN WHOSE FILIAL AFFECTION IS AN UNCEASING JOY. There is no heroic poem in the world but is at bottom a biography, the life of a man ; and there is no life of a man faithfully recorded but is a heroic poem of its sort, rhymed or unrhymed.— Carlyle. PEEFACE. When Erin first rose from the dark, sweUing flood, God blessed the green island, and saw it was good ; The emerald of Europe, it sparkled and shone. In the ring of the world, the most precious stone. Drennan. The author of " The Story of St. Patrick " has aimed to produce a popular life of this notable missionary, based upon facts and upon his characteristics and teachings as revealed in his genuine wi-itings. The story is preceded by a brief sketch of Ireland in its early settlements, its social condition, its legal enactments, its religious beliefs, and its ancient language; and is followed by a careful description of the church-work Patrick performed in Ireland. The book closes with an account of a few of the miracles attributed to St. Patrick, a few of the legends with which some writers have associated his name, and with the " say- ings, proverbs, and visions," whose genuineness has not been admitted by the most judicious critics. The volume contains an account of every known and important trans- action of his life, as the latest research and best scholar- ship have brought to light the different phases of his 3 PREFACE. much discussed and disputed career. Facts are the same everywhere ; but for the setting forth of the facts as they are presented in this " Story," and for many of the lessons deduced therefrom, the author claims that these " apples of gold " are in his own " pictures of silver." He will wel- come criticism, whether adverse or favorable, for he would greatly prefer to know wherein he may be in error ; and where the views presented are just they may become more useful in being ventilated by discussion. Dear Shamrock of Erin ! so sacred and green. Though ages of sorrow thy past years have seen ; From childhood's bright morning to manhood's decline Thy leaflets we wear o'er our hearts ever thine. In sadness we loved thee, and earnest our prayer. Long years of rich blessing may yet be thy share, When strife o'er thy verdant soil ever shall cease. Thy three leaves the symbol of Love — Union — Peace. T. E. E. COI^TEKTS. PAGE CHAPTER I. The Early Settlers of Ireland 13 CHAPTER n. The Primitive Social Condition of Ireland 29 CHAPTER III. The Ancient Laws of Ireland 36 CHAPTER IV. The Druidical Religion of Ireland 42 CHAPTER V. The Original Language of the Celtic Irish 52 CHAPTER VI. The Progress of Christianity before the time of Patrick . 65 CHAPTER VII. Patrick's Birthplace and Birth 74 CHAPTER VIII. Patrick's Parentage 81 10 CONTENTS. PAGE CHAPTER IX. Official Positions of Patrick's Grandfather and Father . . 85 CHAPTER X. Patrick's Baptism and Early Life 89 CHAPTER XI. The Captivity op St. Patrick 93 CHAPTER XII. Patrick's Conversion in Bondage 98 CHAPTER XIII. Patrick's Escape from Slavery 102 CHAPTER XIV. Patrick at Home Again 105 CHAPTER XV. Patrick's Call to Mission Work 112 CHAPTER XVI. An Estimate of Patrick before entering upon his Mission . 117 CHAPTER XVII. Patrick Starting on his Mission in Ireland 121 CHAPTER XVIII. Patrick's Visit to Tara 128 CONTENTS. W PAGE CHAPTER XIX. Description of Taba and Tara Hall 132 CHAPTER XX. Patrick's Mission Work in the West and South 135 CHAPTER XXI. Patrick's Visit to Connaught, etc : 139 CHAPTER XXII. Patrick's Visit to the Northwest 144 CHAPTER XXIII. Patrick's Closing Missionary Tours 148 CHAPTER XXIV. Patrick's Death and Burial 155 CHAPTER XXV. A Memorial Tribute to Patrick 159 CHAPTER XXVI. Patrick's Chief Characteristics 162 CHAPTER XXVII. Patrick's Scriptural Knowledge 181 CHAPTER XXVIII. Patrick's Doctrines 186 12 CONTEyTS. PAGE CHAPTER XXIX. The Eise op Monasticism 196 CHAPTER XXX. The Church of St. Patrick 206 CHAPTER XXXI. Conclusion of " The Story of St. Patrick" 228 CHAPTER XXXII. The " Confession " of St. Patrick 239 CHAPTER XXXIII. The Hymn of St. Patrick 262 CHAPTER XXXIV. Patrick's Epistle to Coroticus 267 CHAPTER XXXV. Index op Biblical Texts Quoted by St. Patrick 276 CHAPTER XXXVI. The Doubtful Remains op Patrick 278 CHAPTER XXXVII. Miracles and Legends 284 THE STORY OF ST. PATRICK. CHAPTER I. THE EARLY SETTLERS OF IRELAND. Long, long ago, beyond the misty space Of twice a thousand years. In Erin old there dwelt a mighty race, Taller than Roman spears ; Like oaks and towers they had a giant grace, Were fleet as deers, With wind and waves they made their 'biding-place, These western shepherd seers. T. D. McGlEE. There are few more important and interesting person- ages in all history, and around whom so much mystery hangs, than that of Patrick, usually designated the Apostle of Ireland. Nor can the condition of the Irish country and people before Patrick landed upon its shores be seen in a more satisfactory historic light. Therefore, before we enter upon the story of Patrick, let us briefly scan the condi- tion of Ireland in those early days. There is a mistiness enwrapping the annals of that "Green Isle of the Ocean," which obscures in a great 13 1^ THE STORY OF ST. PATRICE. measure the facts both before and after the commence- ment of the Christian era. The prehistoric legends of Ireland are, however, of con- siderable importance in obtaining a pretty accurate view of its earliest settlements. The long continuance of tribal government, and the existence of a special class whose duty it was to preserve the genealogies of the ruling fami- lies, and to keep in memory the deeds of their ancestors, were favorable to the gi'owth and preservation of these legends. Long pedigrees and stories of forays and battles were preserved, but were altered more or less in being transmitted from father to son. But as there had been no great conquest for centuries by foreign races to destroy these traditions they were not eradicated by internal contests and displacements of tribes. When these Irish prehistoric legends are therefore di- vested of their extraneous additions, they express the broad facts of the peopling of Ireland, and are in a mea- sure in accordance with the results of archaeological inves- tigation. Keeping these things in view, these prehistoric legends inform us that several principal peoples were the earliest settlers of Ireland. We must, however, remember that no two histories of Ireland seem to agree as to the strifes, changes, and rules which characterized that unhappy country during its earliest centuries. It is simply impossible to recon- cile the historical accounts handed down by the sages or scribes of those primitive times, when Ireland was a battle- ground for fierce wars of petty kings and chieftains. THE EARLY SETTLERS OF IRELAND. 15 There is an early traditiou that Gomer, the eldest son of Japheth, one of the sons of Noah, was the progenitor of the early branches of the Celtic family, and of the modern people who are known as Gaels, or Scotch Highlanders, of Celtic origin. A curious compilation called " The Book of Invasions " tells us that the first people who arrived in Ireland were under the leadership of Parthelan, and came from Scythia, or middle Greece, in the fifteenth century before Christ, and settled at Kenmare, on the southwest coast of Ireland. Parthelan divided the coast into four parts, giving to each of his four sons a part, and having occupied Ireland for three hundred years, they all died of a plague. From the earliest period Ireland was well wooded and the interior full of marshes. It was occupied by a sparse population of forest tribes, who were doubtless of the ab- original race of western and southern Europe. There is no date given for the arrival of this race, and it is said that these people were in Ireland when Ireland itself was discovered, as people were in San Salvador when it was discovered by Columbus. The incoming of the first Celts with Parthelan, who were akin to the later people called Scots, who settled on the sea-coast and built fortresses on the principal high- lands, was a marked era in the earliest history of Ireland, for these people, with the " forest tribes," formed the ear- liest basis of the population. Different parts of Ireland seem to have been settled at different times by people varied in origin and traits of character. The north people were probably a branch of IQ THE STORY OF ST. PATRICE. the Celts ; the eastern and central people were an offshoot of the British and Belgic tribes ; and the people of Mnn- ster were of a southern or Gallic type. The Britons came from that part of France which lies between the river Seine and the English Channel, and which includes Nor- mandy as well as Brittany. Three other tribes, called the invading tribes, came from between the river Humber and the shore of the North Sea. While the people who in- habited the British Isles were of the same stock as those of Gaul, yet they flowed into these isles in two streams, one from the neighboring Gaul, and one from some coun- try east of Gaul, by way of the North Sea. Another instalment of Celts, consequent upon their displacement from other countries by conquests of the Romans, soon after arrived. These commenced a war upon the various tribes they found in Ireland, and having conquered many of them, reduced them to servitude. The foremost of the conquering tribes was called Scot- raige, and having acquired the leadership of the free clans, were then called Scoti. These Scots gave the name of Scotia to Ireland, a name which it retained till the eleventh century, when the old name Hibernia, given to it by the Latin writers, was revived — a name which, on the author- ity of a learned scholar, is the Latin form of the word Erin. As these Celts formed the basis of the population in Gaul, Thrace, Asia Minor, and Caledonia, as well as in Ireland, it will be interesting to look at their origin, trace them through the nations, and study their characteristics as given by credible historians. THE EARLY SETTLERS OF IRELAND. YJ The Aryans were a primitive people who lived in pre- historic times in Central Asia, east of the Caspian Sea and north of the Hindu Mountains ; and from them sprang the Celtic, Teutonic, Slavonic, and other races. It was a divi- sion of mankind otherwise called Indo-European or Indo- Germanic. These people, moved either by the pressure of their increasing numbers or by the restlessness of their disposition, migrated in great hordes eastward. A side wave of this great flood of people poured over the Apen- nines, submerged Eome, and spread out in weaker waves over southern Italy. Many years afterward they swarmed into Thrace, and a part of them pushed into Asia Minor. We have no credible account of the separation of the Celts from the other Aryans or Indo-Germans. Invading eastern Europe, they were diiven westward and settled in France and Spain, spreading themselves into north Italy, Belgium, and the British Isles. This migration was doubt- less made long before the dawn of British history. More than six hundred years before the Christian era the coun- try of the Gauls was visited by the Phenicians and the Greeks. They found the people a race of warlike savages, who dressed in the skins of beasts, dyed or tattooed their limbs and bodies, made drinking-cups of the skulls of their enemies killed in battles, and strangled the unfortunate strangers wrecked upon their coasts. Their only religion was the worship of trees, fountains, thunder, and all things wild or strange in nature. The Phenicians and subsequently the Greeks carried on some trade with this wild people with the result of intro- ducing a few civilized arts among them. 18 THE STORY OF ST. PATRICK. The present town of Marseilles was founded 600 B.C. by Grecian traders. Six years later these barbarians, under their general, Belmus, captured and plundered Rome, but were driven out by the Roman leader Cornilleus. During the two hundred years following there were frequent wars between the Gauls and Romans. Those who settled in northern Italy, the cisalpine Gauls, were submerged by Rome about 220 b.c. Caesar subdued Gaul proper in eight campaigns between the years of 58 and 50 b.c. The loss of the Gauls in the last struggle was probably nearly a million of men. At the time of this conquest the Gauls, had a number of fortified towns, they had invented various implements for use in husbandry, and excelled in the arts of working in metals, in embroidery, and the manufacture of various kinds of cloth. But they were rude in manner and' rough in speech. They practised polygamy and worshiped many gods, to whom they offered in sacrifice the captives taken in war. They are described by Roman writers as a large, fair-skinned, and yellow-haired race, social, turbulent, en- thusiastic, imaginative, and vain. Because of their noisy and fluent speech, Cicero compared them to town-criers, and Cato remarks admiringly of their tact in turning an argument against their opponents. They wore their hair long and flowing, and delighted in showy garments. Their chiefs wore much jewelry, large head-pieces of fur and feathers, with gold and silver waist- belts, from which hung enormous sabers. They went into battle with all this finery on, but threw it off in the heat of the conflict. They fought fiercely, armed with barbed, iron-headed spears, heavy broadswords, and lances. THE EARLY SETTLERS OF IRELAND. 19 After their subjugation by Caesar the Gauls remained entirely quiet for more than two centuries, and the civili- zation of the country proceeded rapidly under the influ- ence of Roman rule. Many towns were built, new arts introduced, and commerce was stimulated. The national habits and religion retired by degrees to the northwest, and at last found their only refuge in the islands beyond it. Christianity was first introduced into Gaul about 160 a.d., by teachers sent out by the Apostles and their succes- sors. During the fourth and fifth centmies the country was taken from the Romans by the Franks, a German tribe which gave its name to the country. The French people to-day are of mixed ancestry, deriv- ing their characteristics from the Celts, Romans, and Franks. The Irish are the only people from Gallic or Celtic an- cestry who have been mixed so slightly with other nation- alities as to show, even to the present time, the survival of the physical and mental traits of the Gallic Celts. Historians seem unanimous in tracing the inhabitants of Thrace, in the centuries immediately preceding the Christian era, to the influx of the Celts from southern and eastern Europe. Of the inhabitants of Thrace in those days, we are informed by eminent historians of their habits and practices. Polygamy was general, and when the husband died his favorite wife was slain over his gi'ave. Before marriage the Thracian women enjoyed the utmost liberty, but after marriage they were guarded with Turkish rigor. Wars and robbery were the only honorable occupations of the men. They lived to steal either from one another 20 THE STORY OF ST. PATRICK. or from the neighboring people. When not fighting or plundering, they spent their days in savage idleness, or quarreling over their cups. They were courageous, or rather ferocious, after the fashion of barbarous people, yet they lacked the steady valor and endurance of disciphned troops. At all times their warfare displayed more fierce- ness and impetuosity than fortitude. Their treachery was probably no greater than that of other barbarians. When the Romans under Caesar invaded Britain fifty years before Christ they found the islands occupied by a tribe of the Cymric Celts, a people descended from the Belgic Gauls, who had crossed over to the island from the mainland opposite. These people were called Britons. A tribe of similar origin, the Caledonians, inhabited the northern half of the island, and still another tribe occupied the adjoining island of Ireland, then called Scotia, whence its inhabitants were known by the name of Scots ; but they called their island Eri, whence it is supposed that they were originally de- scended from wanderers from the land of the Spanish or Iberian Gauls. The Romans governed Britain for three centuries in justice and tranquillity, but the Caledonians made them- selves very troublesome by plundering incursions, and the Romans made a stone wall across the narrowest part to keep the northern barbarians off. These Caledonians were called Picts by the Romans, because they painted their bodies. Early in the third century the Saxons from north Germany made incursions into Britain, and these, with the Picts on the north and THE EARLY SETTLERS OF IRELAND. 21 the Scots on the west, harassed the Britons, who were protected, as far as possible, by the Romans, until the fall of their empire in the fifth century. The Celts in their dispersions through different coun- tries made themselves a " terror " wherever they went, and were so troublesome to the Romans in Asia Minor, where they had been di-iven because of their marauding and plundering, that they were hemmed in by the emperor to the province of Galatia, so called because these people were Gauls. Here the Apostle Paul visited them, preached to them the gospel, and founded several churches, the first Celtic churches of which we read in history. In writing an " Epistle " to them afterward he deplores their " fickleness," in backsliding so quickly after conver- sion, and with such little persuasion from the tempter. Paul had reached Galatia a broken-down traveler. He had halted on his journey because his strength had given out, and he must stay until regained. This in his letter to them he freely confessed. " Because of the weakness of the flesh I preached to you at first," is his language. He was physically unable to proceed, and, moreover, he was afflicted with some malady the nature of which tended to excite contempt and even repulsion in beholders. Yet in spite of all this the warm-hearted Galatians or Celts received him with enthusiasm. Paul testifies that had he been " an angel of God," or " Jesus Christ " himself, they could not have shown him greater hospitality. They thought themselves happy, indeed, that he had be- come their guest ; there was nothing they would not have 22 THE STORY OF ST. PATRICK. done for him, even " to the digging out of their eyes to give him," as they said, with a touch of genuine Celtic exaggeration, and yet with a true streak of kindness and hospitaUty, for which Celts are still distinguished. These Galatians, be it remembered, were of Celtic de- scent. GTalatian is synonymous with Gallic. They were the relics, as we have seen, of a Gallish or Celtic invasion that swept over southern Europe in the early part of the third century before Christ and poured into Asia Minor. Here the Celtic tribes maintained themselves in indepen- dence, under their native princes, until, a hundred years later, they were subdued by the Romans, and their coun- try formed a province of the empire. While they had retained much of the ancient language and manners, they had also readily acquired Greek culture, and were superior to their neighbors in intelligence. None of the New Testament churches possessed a more strongly marked character than did those in Galatia. They exhibited the well-known traits of the Celtic nature. They were generous, impulsive, vehement in feeling and lan- guage, but vain, fickle, and quarrelsome. Eight out of the fifteen works of the flesh enumerated in the twentieth and twenty-first verses of the fifth chapter of Paul's Epistle to the Galatians, works in which the Gala- tians indulged, were sins of strife. They could hardly be restrained from biting and devouring one another (chapter V. 1-5). They were prone to " revelings and drunkenness." They had probably, too, a nature bent toward a scenic and ritualistic type of religion, which made the spirituality of the gospel pall upon their taste, and gave to the teach- THE EARLY JSETTLEES OF IRELAND. 23 ing of the Judaizers who had come among them its fatal bewitchment. " The beggarly elements of the world " still bewitch. The Romans, di-eading the influence of these Celts, pushed them westward, and the Teutons, following up this pressure upon the Celts, drove them into Gaul and also into what is now known as the Three Kingdoms — England, Scotland, and Ireland. In these kingdoms they found a refuge, especially in Devon, Cornwall, Wales, the country from Mersey to the Clyde, and in Irene, or Ire- land. It must be remembered that while the Roman Empire was almost coextensive with the entire world, its legions, for whatever cause, never set foot on Ireland, nor could they ever penetrate into the great natiu'al fortresses of northern Caledonia. Other peoples struggled for the mastery of Ireland, as the Nemedians, the Ferbolgs, the Danaans, and the MeUs- ians, but the Celts, under a leader called Scotraige, finally gained the mastery and were afterward called, as we have already stated, Scots. The leader of these Scots was Tuathal, who founded a feudal system in Ireland, which existed when Patrick ap- peared upon the scene, and which ruled Ireland while the Scotia power endured. Hitherto the island had been divided into four prov- inces, each province ruled by its own king, but Tuathal took a portion from each of the other provinces and of these formed the province or kingdom of Meath, which by its rental supported the chief king, who had his capital at 24 THE STORY OF ST. PATRICK. Tara. Tuathal made himself chief king, and to him all the other kings were subject. He built in Munster the sacred place of the Druids, now called the Hill of Ward, near Athboy. He established also a similar religious center for each of the other prov- inces. The sacred place of Munster was then called Ti- achtga; that of Connaught was called Usnech; that of Ulster was Tailti, now Telltown ; and Temair, or Tara, was in Leinster. Each of these sacred places had its great religious druid- ical festival. The great festival at Tiachtga was called Samium, now Allhallow-tide. On this occasion all the hearths in Mun- ster must be rekindled from the sacred fire, for which a tax was due to the king. The great festival of Beltaine was celebrated at Usnech, now the hill of Usnagh, in Westmeath. This was observed jn the month of May. The horse and garments of every chief who came to the festival formed a part of the toll of the king of Connaught. At Tailti (Telltown) a great fair was held at certain inter- vals on the 1st of August, at which were celebrated games supposed to have been established by Lugaid of the Long Arm, one of the gods of Dia and Ana, in honor of his foster-mother, Tailti. It was here that Tuathal erected a royal sacred fort, called a dun, in which was placed the shrine of the Ulaid, and to the kings of which the rents of the fair belonged. These rents consisted chiefly in a fine due for each mar- riage celebrated there. THE EARLY SETTLERS OF IRELAND. 25 At Tara, the principal royal residence, he established the feast of Tara, which was a general assembly of the provin- cial kings and other sub-governors of Ireland who came to do homage to the Ardri, or over-king. The feast continued to be held from Tuathal's time to 554 A.D., when the last was held by Dairmait, son of Cer- ball. The establishment of the feast is also attributed to the preliistoric king Eochaid 011am Fotla, which implies that Tuathal merely reestablished it. As a reparation for the loss of his two daughters at the hands of the treacherous and wanton king Boroimhi, Tua- thal imposed a heavy tribute upon the province of Lein- ster, which was to be paid every season forever after. This tribute, which afterward caused so many wars, consisted of 6000 cows, 6000 hogs, 6000 wethers, 6000 copper cal- drons, 6000 ounces of silver, and 6000 mantles. After introducing several social reforms, one of which was the choosing of supervisors of the most expert work- men in the kingdom, Tuathal met his death at the hands of Mai, 109 A.D., who seized the throne. In the year 125 a.d., Cond, the hero of the hundred bat- tles, became king, and entered upon a career of warfare which continued with varying fortune until he was slain by Tiofraid Tirech, king of Ulster. About this time Mug Nuadat founded a dynasty that ruled Munster for many years. The career of Cormac the son of Art, who lived in the first half of the third century, was remarkable for its treacherous cruelty, and afterward for its justice and wis- dom. Having in his youth been banished from Ulster, he 26 THE STORY OF ST. PATRICK. aroused the sympathy of Thedy, a noble of considerable influence, and of Lughaigh, an invincible hero, who es- poused his cause and marched against the king of Ulster. After a hard-fought battle and a great display of hero- ism on the part of Lughaigh, the king of Ulster was slain and his army overwhelmed. Thedy in the contest received three wounds, which the ungrateful Cormac caused to be filled — one with an ear of barley, another with ^a black worm, and the third with a point of a rusty spear, hoping in this way to torture him to death ; but the wounds healed after a year of great suffering. In the meantime Cormac became established on the throne of his father, and after- ward ruled Ireland with great wisdom. He was converted to Christianity, but died seven years afterward, being choked with a salmon bone. During the latter part of the same century, Niall, a pow- erful and ambitious monarch of Ireland, invaded France and plundered the country. In this discursive sketch of the first settlers of Ireland we have seen that the Celts, wherever they have been, have demonstrated that they are a very important branch of the Indo-German family. If we look at them in Gaul, we see there that theii* in- cessant warfares bespeak at least activity of mind and body. If we look at them in Ireland, we see that the Irish missions have done a great deal for European civilization. If we look at them in Britain, we see that their traditions have deeply influenced medieval literature. One great defect of the Celts is incapacity for political THE EARLY SETTLERS OF IRELAND. 27 organization. Tiieir very enthusiasm, lively feeling, and vivid imagination have prevented them from taking coolly and deliberately those measures which lead to national unity; hence it is that they have given way before the more practical Roman and Teuton. The Teuton has quiet resolution, sturdy common sense, a talent for public life, state organization, and political dominion. The Celt has genuine refinement of manner and feeling and high poetic susceptibilities. We have also seen what a mixed race the inhabitants of Great Britain and Ireland are. At the invasion of Britain by the Romans the inhabitants included Phenician, Ro- man, and German elements, which had become incorpo- rated with the native Britons, who were of Celtic descent, and to these have since been added the Anglo-Saxons. The inhabitants of Ireland are no less composite and complex, since they have sprung, as we have seen, from peoples in the northern parts of Europe, Asia Minor, and Central Asia, with a large infusion of immigrations from Gaul and from ancient Germany and Scandinavia. Though the inhabitants of Ireland may have retained some of the bad qualities of the peoples from whom they have sprung, they are nevertheless distinguished for many of their best traits, and in several of these are not a whit behind some of the best peoples on the earth. 28 THE STORY OF ST. I'ATEICK Saltdation to the Celts. Hail to our Celtic brethren, wherever they may be, In the far woods of Oregon, or o'er the Atlantic sea — Whether they guard the banner of St. Greorge in Indian vales. Or spread beneath the nightless North experimental sails — One in name and in fame Are the sea-divided Gaels. A greeting and a promise unto them all we send ; Their charter oui* charter is, their glory is our end ; Their friend shall be our friend, our foe whoe'er assails The past or future honors of the far-dispersed Gaels. One in name and in fame Are the sea-divided Gaels. T. D. McGee. CHAPTER II. THE PRIMITI\^ SOCIAL CONDITION OF IRELAND. Oh, to have lived like an Irish chief when hearts were fresh and true, And a manly thought, like a pealing bell, would quicken them through and through, And the seed of a gen'rous hope right soon to a fiery action grew. And men would have scorned to talk and talk, and never a deed would do. C. a. Duffy. The constitution of the Irish social system was tribal. It divided the population into numerous tribes, which were again subdivided into smaller clans, composed of families and individuals descended from a common ancestor, from whom tribes and clans took their name. This division of the people into tribes or clans was a fundamental feature of primitive Irish society, and must be always kept in view by any one who would understand the constitution of the church founded by Patrick and his successors. Each tribe had its chief, and the chiefs of the tribes were subject to the king of the province, and these pro- vincial kings were subject to the chief king. The chief- tainship and the kingship were all elective, although the choice was limited to the relatives of the ruling chief. The 29 30 THE STOUT OF ST. PA THICK. successor of a chief was chosen in the lifetime of the latter. Though the choice was confined to relations, the eldest son was not necessarily elected, but generally the ablest man in the chiefs connections, and the person on whom the choice fell was called the Tanish. There were five kings in Ireland in those early times, the realms of four of them nearly corresponding to the present four provinces, except that by taking a portion from each of the four, in the year 130 a.d., Meath was formed into a separate central kingdom, its ruler being recognized as over-king, and having his residence at Tara in Meath, till the middle of the sixth century. When a strong man held the place of supreme ruler his controlling power was everywhere felt. But it often happened that the provincial king or chief was abler and more powerful than the over-king, in which case the cen- tral control was little more than nominal. A true Irish king of those days is beautifully described by Thomas Davis in the following lines : The CsBsar of Rome has a wider domain. And the great king of France has more clans in his train ; The scepter of Spain is more heavy with gems, And our crowns cannot vie with the Greeks' diadems ; But kinglier far, before heaven and man. Are the Emerald fields and the fiery- eyed clan, The scepter, and state, and the poets who sing. And the swords that encircle a true Irish king. For he must have come from a conquering race — The heir of their valor, their glory, their grace ; His fame must be stately, his step must be fleet ; His hand must be trained to each wamor feat ; THE PRIMITIVE SOCIAL CONDITION OF IRELAND. ^X His face as the harvest moon, steadfast and clear, A head to enlighten, a spirit to cheer ; While the foremost to rush where the battlebrands ring, And .the last to retreat is a true Irish king. But there were other grades in society than these. The people were not only divided into ranks and grades, as we have described, but these grades were also designated, by the number of colors they were permitted to wear. The lowest were only permitted to wear one color, and none but the royal family could wear seven. The rank next to royalty was composed of the learned order: these wore six colors. This is an indication of the high estimation in which learning was then held. This custom of wearing colors is the origin of the Scotch plaid, worn by the High- landers till this day. The dwellings of the primitive Irish deserve also a word. These houses were, in many places, such as might be expected of a race that feared attacks from neighbor- ing people. Many of them were circular inclosures called by various names, but were in reality forts, inside of which were the chief habitations of the people. They were erected for shelter and protection, and in the case of the better class of these forts, in which the chiefs resided, they were surrounded by two ramparts. The houses inside of these were usually constructed of wood and wattles. The early Christian churches were similarly constructed, and generally plastered over with clay. There were also numerous circular stone forts. A large portion of the country was then covered with dense forests, in which the oak predominated. In these 32 THE STORY OF ST. PATRICK. forests, boars, wolves, and other wild beasts roamed. So extensive were these forests that Ireland was at one time called " Island of the Woods." Hunting was common, but agriculture was also prac- tised. The wealth of the people consisted chiefly of cattle, pigs, sheep, and horses. The members of one tribe formed a number of com- munities; each community had a head, who had under him kinsmen, slaves, and retainers. Each of these com- munities occupied a certain part of the tribe land. The arable part was cultivated under a system of tillage ; the pasture-land was grazed by all, according to certain cus- toms ; and the wood, bog, and mountain formed the unre- stricted common land of the community. And what this village community was to the tribe the homestead was to the community. In that homestead dwelt the representative freeman, capable of acting as a witness, or going bail for his neighbors. So long as there was abundance of land each family grazed its cattle upon the tribe land without restriction. Unequal increase of wealth and growth of population naturally led to its limitation, each head of a household being entitled to giiaze an amount of stock in proportion to his wealth, the size of his household, and his acquired position. The arable land was annually applotted, but generally some of the richer families succeeded in evading the ex- change of the allotments, and of converting part of the common land into an estate. This course of conduct soon created an aristocracy. THE PlilMITIVE SOCIAL CONDITION OF lEELAND. 33 The head of the homestead who had held the same land for three generations was called a lord, of which rank there were several grades, according to their wealth in land and chattels. Several grades in society were simi- larly formed, and gradually sprang into existence. It should also be remembered that the man selected to be the head of the tribe, or the chief of the clan, must have certain specified qualifications, viz., he must be the most experienced, the most noble, the most wealthy, the wisest, the most learned, the most popular, the most pow- erful to oppose, and the most steadfast to sue for profits and to be sued for losses. In addition to these qualities, he should be free from personal blemishes and deformities, and of fit age to lead his tribe or clan, as the case might be, to battle. In order to support the dignity of the chief or chieftain a certain portion of tribe or clan land was attached as a perquisite (an apanage) to the ofiice. This land, with the fortified residence upon it, went to the successor of the chief, but a chiefs own property might be divided at his death, as an inheritance, among the members of his family. There was also another order, called entertainers. These were obliged by law to provide for strangers and travelers. They were dignitaries among their fellow-men, and were required to be the proprietors of seven town lands, to have seven herds of cows, each herd to contain one hundred and fifty. Their mansion was required to be accessible by four different avenues; and a hog, sheep, and beef were required to be in constant preparation, that whoever called should be fed without delay. 34 THE STORY OF ST. PATRICK. All this was gi'atuitous. Probably it was this social custom and provision which gave the Irishman an idea of his elysium in the next world, where, according to the description of it in the olden times, the pig is as conspic- uous as he is to-day in the cabin of the Irish peasant. Here is the description of an Irishman's elysium in those days: "There are three trees always bearing fruit; there is one pig there, always alive, and another pig ready cooked ; and there is a vessel full of excellent ale." The laws by which the people were governed, as we shall see, were singularly just and sympathetic, protecting the weak against the strong and the rich, and opening a door to wealth and high rank for ability and industry. It is recorded in an old manuscript that speaks of the age of Cormac, one of Ireland's earliest, wisest, and strong- est rulers, who lived in the middle of the third century, ■" that the world was full of all goodness in his time ; there w^ere fruit and fatness of the land, an abundant produce of the sea, with peace, ease, and happiness. There was no killing nor plundering in his time, but every one occupied Ms land in happiness." This description of those times may be rather rosily drawn, but Cormac had doubtless come under the influ- ence of Christianity, and sought to follow the Golden Rule. Be that as it may, the social primitive condition of Ireland, we can well imagine, was somewhat similar to the condition portrayed by the poet in his beautiful words, on THE PRIMITIVE SOCIAL CONDITION OF IRELAND. 35 The Brave Old World. There was once a world, and a brave old world, Away in the ancient time, When the men were brave and the women fau", And the world was in its prime ; And the priest he had his book, And the scholar had his gown. And the old knight stout, he walked about, With his broadsword hanging down. Ye may see this world was a brave old world, In the days long past and gone. And the sun he shone, and the rain it rained. And the world went merrily on ; The shepherd kept his sheep. And the milkmaid milked her kine. And the serving-man was a sturdy loon In a cap and doublet fine. CHAPTER III. THE ANCIENT LAWS OF IRELAND. When on Sinai's top I see God descend in majesty, To proclaim his holy law, All my spirit sinks with awe. When on Calvary I rest, God, in flesh made manifest. Shines in my Redeemer's face, Full of beauty, truth, and grace. Montgomery. The inhabitants of Ireland were governed, from a very early period, and for many centuries, by what were called the Brehon Laws. These laws obtained this name because they were made by the judges. These judges were hereditary, and each administered justice to the members of his tribe, while seated in the open air, on a few sods, on a hill or rising ground. The language in which these laws were written is a convincing proof of their antiquity, and also the subject-matter of many of them indicates the primitive nature of the society which then prevailed. Their style of composition differs from that of the vernacular Irish language of the present day; time has modified much of the spelling and many of the grammatical forms, also several of the legal terms. 36 THE A2(CIENT LAWS OF IRELAND. 37 Some phrases of constant occurrence in these Brehon Laws have become obsolete. Some of these statutory documents are ascribed to Cor- mac Mac Art, a wise and celebrated monarch of Ireland, in the middle of the third century; and allusions are made in them to a general revision of them in the fifth century, at the suggestion of St. Patrick, who, in conjunc- tion with certain kings and learned men, expunged from them many enactments which savored of paganism ; yet many traces of heathenism were not removed, especially their provisions respecting marriage, and its relations and obligations — provisions that demonstrate that Christian- ity had not yet exercised its full influence upon those who were either the enactors or revisers of these laws. By these laws a community or village comprised sepa- rate families and individuals, numerous enough to occupy what might be called a barony, or enough land to supply all their necessities by pasture and cultivation ; and with- in this barony a court and a complete system of social organization were established. In each of these communities lands were set apart per- manently for the support of the chief ; and means were arranged by which portions of the common land could within certain limits be acquired by individual owners. The grades of life were numerous, and regulated by the amount of wealth possessed in cattle, and in a prescribed assortment of agricultural implements and household goods. The houses were constructed of timber and wattle-work, surrounded by open spaces, of prescribed extent for each 38 THE STORY OF ST. PATRICK. class. The shortest limit for this space was the distance to which the owner, seated at his door, could throw a stone of a given weight. There were slaves and serfs and farmers and landlords, the relationship between which we need not specify in detail, except that they resembled very much the relation- ship between such classes in modern times. The use of coined money was practically unknown, and the standard of value was the cow. The succession to the territorial headships was, as we have stated, elective within certain hereditary limits, and the succession to the tribal rights, and rights of ownership in land, was hereditary. The law of marriage, as we have already hinted, allowed many irregular relations, but protected the property both of the irregular and of the lawful wife. The lawful wife could only protect herself from an unlawful one by the withdrawal of her separate property, and by fines which must be paid to her on such an occasion. The looseness of the connubial tie, evidenced by these laws, was one of the evils calling for reform, alleged by the Irish prelates in their letter, praying Pope Alexan- der III. to ratify the grant of Ireland made by Hadrian IV. to King Henry II. of England in the twelfth century. The upper classes put out their children to be nursed and educated by the poorer members of the community, who received a fee for their fostering care, and had a claim in their old age upon the child fostered and educated. This fostering care commenced with infancy, and in the case of girls terminated at thirteen years of age, and of THE ANCIENT LAWS OF IRELAND. 39 boys at seventeen years. Under this system of early training the Brehon Laws provided that girls of the less wealthy class must be taught to use the handmill and the sieve, to bake and to rear young cattle. Girls of the higher class must be taught to sew, cut out garments, and embroider. The poorer boys must be taught kiln-diying and wood- cutting. The boys of the upper class were taught chess- playing, the use of the missile, horsemanship, and swim- ming. The clothing, besides the nursing-cloths sui^plied by the parents, was to be regulated according to their sta- tion, from sober-colored stuffs for the children of the less wealthy to scarlet cloth and silks for the children of those of the rank of the king. Provision was made for the necessary correction of the pupil, and fines were to be imposed for the excess of cor- rection, with many other reasonable and necessary laws. Contributions were levied for the repair of the roads and bridges, etc., and each community had a public mill, a fishery, and a ferry-boat. Markets were held, and great fairs, at distant places and long intervals of time. Either party might rescind a con- tract within twenty-four hours. There was a law for " tramps " and " waifs " and " serfs," for caring for wrecks at sea, and for sustaining ship- wrecked sailors. All fines were graduated in the interest of the poorer classes, and crime and breach of contract reduced the guilty ones from a higher to a lower grade of society. Privileges were given to those attending the fairs, and a 40 THE STORY OF ST. PATRICE. violation of some of the necessary laws for securing peace and decorum at these fairs was in some instances punish- able with death, and in other cases was punished with a pecuniary fine. At these fairs new laws were proclaimed, and old laws were read over publicly to the people. Im- prisonment was unknown, but the culprit was fettered. There were laws for the regulation or settlement of cases out of court, and for bringing other cases to a higher juris- diction, for which professional advocates were appointed. These laws defined the respective rights both of the clergy and of the laity, and among the rights expressly guaranteed to the latter " was the recital of the Word of God to all who would listen to it and keep it." Thus this time-honored law, the right to God's most precious Word, was secured to the people of Ireland by this ancient Irish law. The boundaries of their land were preserved by laying a quantity of burned ashes on the gi'ound, and big stones on these, and to these places they carried boys, showed them the ashes and stones, and whipped them soundly, that they might remember the place, and tell it to their children. The main features of these laws were similar to those of the common law of England. Take them all in all, these were not hard laws by which Ireland was governed at the time when Patrick appeared upon the scene. God's law is perfect, and converts The soul in sin that lies ; God's testimony is most sure. And makes the simple wise ; THE ANCIENT LAWS OF IRELAND. 41 The statutes of the Lord are right, And do rejoice the heart ; The Lord's command is pure, and doth Light to the eyes impart ; Unspotted is the fear of God, And doth endure forever ; The judgments of the Lord are true, And righteous altogether ; They more than gold, yea, much fine gold. To be desired are ; Than honey from the honeycomb That droppeth, sweeter far. David, King of Iseael. CHAPTER IV. THE DEUIDICAL RELIGION OF IRELAND. Great were their deeds, their passions, and their sports ; With clay and stone They piled on strath and shore those mystic forts, Nor yet o'erthrown ; On cairn-crowned hills they held their council courts ; While youths alone, With giant dogs, explored the elk resorts, And brought them down. The Druids' altar and the Druids' creed We scarce can trace. There is not left an undisputed deed Of all that race, Save their majestic song, which hath their speed, And strength and grace ; In that sole song they live and love and bleed — It bears them on thro' space. T. D. McOee. There are no definite accounts of the religious rites practised by the pagan Irish, but there are several allu- sions which, though vague, plainly show that such rites existed, and that it was one of the functions of the Druids to perform them. These Druids were a class of priests corresponding to the Magi, or wise men, of the ancient Persians, and druid- 42 THE DRUIDICAL RELIGION OF IRELAND. 43 sim was the name usually given to the religious system of the ancient Gauls and Britons. The word Druid is thought to be derived from the Greek word drus, an oak. Groves of oak were their chosen retreat, and whatever grew on that tree was thought to be a gift from heaven, especially the «aistletoe, under which fair ones still enjoy a kiss at Christmas. Wherever the mistletoe was found growing on an oak in those ancient times, it was cut with a golden knife by a priest clad in a white robe, and two white bulls were sacrificed upon the spot. The Druids called it " all heal," and its virtues were considered to be very great. The mistletoe was only regarded with reverence when found growing on the sacred oak, the tree of one of the gods of the ancient Britons. These druidic rites were main- tained under the Eomans, Jutes, Saxons, and Angles. But how and when the mistletoe became ingrafted on the greatest festival of the Christian world is not yet apparent, and is evidently lost in the darkness of the dim and misty past. The mistletoe also appears in the Scan- dinavian mythology, in which an arrow formed from the mistletoe is represented as a sure weapon of success in a contest with an adversary. The custom of kissing under a suspended bough of the mistletoe has come down from the druidic days, and is likely to survive to the end of time, as it has survived the faith of the ancient Britons. Possibly the popularity of the rite has had much to do with its survival. In some parts of England, if a man 44 THE STORY OF ST. PATRICE. neglects to provide the evergreens for the Cliristmiis deco- ration he loses the privilege of kissing any maid or dame he catches under the mistletoe bough. This pleasant holiday custom has found expression in the following lively lines : On Christmas eve the bells were rung ; On Christmas eve the mass was sung ; That only night in all the year Saw the stoled priest the chalice rear ; The damsel donned her kirtle sheen, The hall was dressed with holly green ; Forth to the wood the merrymen go, To gather in the mistletoe. The Druids made the cutting of the mistletoe an occa- sion of solemn religious ceremonies, terminating often in extreme barbarity. If the readers of these pages could have been in Ireland about the time of Patrick's arrival there, and could have stood upon a hill with a village in front of them, and a thick, wild forest near by, they might have seen, according to an ancient writer, strange-looking men creeping out of cabins, walking about solemnly, and whispering mysteri- ously. These men have long beards, and in their hands magi- cians' wands, their coats are of many colors, and they have a string of serpents' eggs about their necks. Others have a white scarf thrown over their shoulders, bracelets on their arms, and long white rods in their hands. The moon is just six days old. They gaze at the stars and decide it is the proper time for their sacred rites. They gather in solemn conclave, and their chief leads them as they march THE DRVIDICAL RELIGION OF IRELAND. 45 into the dark, gloomy woods. They halt under an ancient oak, and engage in solemn mummery. One of the priests climbs the oak, and with the golden knife cuts away the wondrous mistletoe. He throws it carefully down upon a white cloth, and all around adore it. Every leaf is a trea- sure. Those around think it has power to charm away evil spirits, and to preserve its worshipers in health. Two white bullocks are on hand for a sacrifice ; a wreath of oak leaves is placed upon their horns, and solemn rites are begun ; a golden knife is plunged into the necks of the victims, and they fall quivering in death; fires are kin- dled, and skilful hands prepare a feast, around which all gather, and of which they partake in pagan joy. At other times these barbarous Druids enact a more horrid part still at the observance of these demoniac rites. A slave, or prisoner of war, or the child of some peasant, is led into the gloomy woods, and there offered as a sacri- fice upon the satanic altar, while the priests roar and howl and beat their drums, to drown the cries of the suffering martyr. The Druids of Gaul sometimes made huge baskets of osier in the shape of a man, and filled them with human beings, and set the vast living mass on fire. Probably the ancient Irish were not so barbarous. These horrid rites seem to have been derived by the Druids from the Phenicians, who worshiped Baal and Moloch, and often offered up their children to them in sacrifice. These Druids had their Baal, which means " sun," for they had their Beltine fires, or Baal-fire day, and in honor 46 THE STORY OF ST. PATRICK of the sun the fire was made. They held that to face the sun was to be right in the world ; to face the sun at noon is to face the south, and south means right, while the north means wrong. One must look toward the sun at the beginning of his work if he would prosper in it. A boat going to sea must turn sunwise; people must turn toward the sun as soon as they are married, and they must be borne to the grave in the same fashion. Some people still are influenced, unconsciously it may be, by these old Druid rites, and so front churches toward the sunrising, and turn toward sunrise when they say their prayers. God forbade his ancient people to be imitators of such people. These Druids adored the sun, but some deny that they made idols. They believed their God was omnipresent, and worshiped him in roofless temples, or within large circles of stone. In Latin the poet has described these Druids in the following lines : Through untold ages past there stood A deep, wild, sacred, awful wood ; Its interwoven boughs had made A cheerless, chilly, silent shade ; There, underneath the gloomy trees, Were oft performed the mysteries Of barbarous priests, who thought that God Loved to look down upon the sod Where every leaf was deeply stained With blood from human victims drained. LuciEN. They believed that God's eye was always upon them, that the soul was immortal, and that there was a state of future rewards and punishments — another world, where THE DRVIDICAL RELIGION OF IRELAND. 47 good souls preserved their identity and their habits, while the souls of the bad passed into the lower animals to be chastised. Letters were burned at funerals, that the dead might carry them in smoke to those who had before them crossed the borders of the spirit-land. Money was loaned to the departed, on condition that it should be repaid in the world to come ; but the priests always received this money, and never failed on such occasions to be the bank- ers, both of the dead and the living. The power of these Druid priests was very great. They directed in all sacred things, and offered all sacrifices. They were the teachers of the youth, and judges, both in public and private, of all disputes. Their chief priest was elected by the priests in conclave, and possessed power without check or control. They enforced their legal deci- sions by religious sanctions, and forbade the presence of any at the religious sacrifices who refused obedience to their decrees. The persons thus doomed were regarded as accursed, and shunned by all the people. These priests were exempt from war and from taxation, and were regarded with the deepest reverence. They did not commit their learning to writing, lest it should be read by the people ; but committed it to memory, and trans- mitted it orally from one to another. If at any time any of the priests wrote anything, it was in the Greek lan- guage, which the priests only understood. These Druid priests had also their fairies and their bushes, and their hills and groves, and places sacred to them. The king and great aristocratic families among these Druids had their bards, who became in time a privileged 48 THE STOBY OF ST. PATRICK. class, and exercised great influence. They were the chief historians, kept the family genealogies, cast into rude verse the deeds of their heroes, recited them on public occasions and at all great festivals, at which these bards were always present. On such times they excited the youth to the cultivation of oratory, swayed the multitudes by their fervid appeals, and filled all with the greatest enthusiasm. They would seize their harps, and play and sing their own national songs, in which the people joined, until the family, provincial, or national spirit was intensely excited, and all were ready to go forth to deeds of heroism or rapine. The names of some of these bards are retained and honored among the people of Ireland to the present day. The Druids invoked their divinities in favor of their friends, and for this purpose made incantations upon a mound or elevated ground near the field of battle. They determined by auguries from the heavenly bodies, clouds, wind, and smoke, the flight of birds, and other phenomena, the propitious and the unpropitious times for fighting a battle, or for any other important action. They announced the things it would be unlucky for a chief or a tribe to do, pretended to foretell future events, practised incantations of various kinds, kept events in remembrance, and were, in a word, the depositaries of such knowledge as was possessed in Ireland at the time. These Druids believed also in the unity of God, and as already stated, in the immortality of the soul, and in a future state of rewards and punishments. They studied THE DRCIIJICAL liELIGlON OF IRELAND. 49 botany, astronomy, medicine, and attained to great skill in mechanics ; but notwithstanding their boasted civilization, their rites were barbarous in the extreme, even to the offer- ing up, as we have seen, of human beings as sacrifices as an atonement to the Deity for the sins of men. They taught the people to worship supernatural beings, such as fairies, who were supposed to dwell in the earth, the sea, rivers, valleys, hills, fountains, wells, and trees. These supposed supernatural beings had to be conciliated by the incantations of the Druids, for which they received a fee. The superstition about the Banshee, a female fairy, so much talked about in Ireland, is a remnant of this druid- ism. The Banshee had a most mournful cry, almost like that of a baby in great distress, and when heard after dusk made many a young Irish heart tremble. The cry of that which the Irish imagined was the Banshee is heard still in this land after nightfall, at some distance from dwell- ings in the country, and in the rear yards of houses in the city. A Druid was the most jealous of beings, and woe to the individual who excited his jealousy. A single word from the Druid, and the man was cut down like grass. A Druid had always the king's ear, and at his whisper the order went forth to slay the hated man. On his lip was war or peace. In his hand was the golden knife for the throat of the condemned. At the sound of his rude lyre the people rose to the work of vengeance. The religion of the land, as can be easily seen, was a religion of wonder and fear, and to dispute with a Druid was a crime against the state. Woe to any one who kept 50 THE STORY OF ST. PATRICK. back the tax claimed by a Druid. The chief Druid of every district required all families, rich and poor, to pay him certain annual dues. On an evening in autumn the people were required to extinguish every fire in their houses. Then every man must appear and pay his tax ; if he failed he was the ob- ject of terrible vengeance. To be at that time with a fire in the house or without money in the hand was a crime. The next morning the Druid priest allowed every man to take some of his sacred fire and rekindle the flame on the man's own hearth. No man must lend a living coal to his neighbor; if he did he was reduced to poverty, and declared an outlaw. If he changed his religion it was at the peril of his Hf e. If he saw the " fiery cross " borne on the hills he must rush to the rallying-place of the clans. The chieftain tested the loyalty of his people in this way : he would slay a goat, dip in its blood the end of a wooden cross, set it on fire, give it to the clansman, and tell him to run and wave it on the hilltops. When this first clans- man became breathless, another would take up the fiery 3 03 62 ^ Continent of Europe . . . 8,146 752,901 3,236 11,503 353,676 United Kingdom 21,595 1,436,152 7,994 92,308 995,754 Asia 8 20,344 90 216 5,115 Africa 1,453 134,931 206 680 18,600 North America 33,810 1,708,543 12,966 151,729 1,556,985 South America 7 3,425 West Indies 10,869 62 829 5,210 AustraUa 3,155 39,590 773 6,135 55,685 New Zealand 1,608 19,149 361 2,585 29,750 Total 69,782 4,125,904 25,688 265,985 3,020,775 XIII. — RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES. Bodies. Churches. Adventists 1,757 Armenians 6 Baptists 42,909 Brethren (River) Ill Brethren (Plymouth) 314 Catholic Apostolic 10 Chinese temples 47 Christadelphians 63 Christians 1,424 Christian Mission Association. . 13 Christian Scientists 921 Christian Union 294 Church of God (Winebrenne- rian) 479 Chm'ch Triumphant (Schwein- f urth) 12 Church of New Jerusalem 154 Communionisties 32 Congregationalists 4,868 Members. Church Prop- erty. 60,491 $ 1,236,345 335 3,712,468 82,398,123 3,427 81,350 6,661 1,485 1,394 66,050 62,000 1,277 2,700 103,722 1,775,202 754 3,000 8,724 40,686 18,214 934,450 22,511 &43,185 384 15,000 7,095 1,386,455 4,049 106,800 512,771 43,335,437 APPENDIX. 239 Bodies. Churches. Members. Church Prop- erty. Disciples of Christ 7,246 641,081 $12,206,038 Dunkards 989 73,795 1,362,631 EvangeHcal Association 2,310 133,312 4,785,680 Friends 1,056 107,208 4,541,334 Friends of the Temple 4 345 15,300 German Evangelical Protes- tants 52 36,050 1,187,450 German EvangeHcal Synod.... 870 187,439 4,614,400 Jewish synagogues 533 130,490 9,754,275 Latter-Day Saints 856 166,125 1,051,791 Lutherans 8,595 1,231,072 35,060,354 Mennonites 550 41,541 643,800 Methodists (aU bodies) 51,489 4,589,284 132,140,179 Moravians 94 11,781 681,250 Old Catholics 4 665 13,320 Old Greek CathoUcs 14 10,850 63,300 Orthodox Greek Catholics 1 100 5,000 Presbyterians (all bodies, in- cluding the Eeformed) 15,657 1,587,790 113,613,339 Protestant Episcopalians 5,019 532,054 81,220,217 Reformed Episcopalians 83 8,455 1,615,101 Reformed CathoUcs 8 1,000 Roman Catholics 10,231 6,231,417 118,069,746 Russian Greek CathoUcs 12 13,504 220,000 United Brethren 4,526 225,281 4,937,583 Universalists, Unitarians, etc.. 1,533 131,069 19,875,433 Total 165,146 20,567,085 $679,765,989 Note: TIMES change. " The world does move ! " exclaimed Gralileo. He was right. Progress is the order of our day and generation. Times change. Circumstances are different. A sugges- tive fact which illustrates this is mentioned in the monthly report of the American Bible Society. It states that, a quarter of a century ago, if a traveler entered Rome he was subjected to a thorough search to see if he had a 240 IBELAND: ITS CHRISTIANITY AND LEARNING. Bible or New Testament in his possession : if so it was taken from him. On the other hand, the Methodist Mis- sion Society announces that it has purchased a lot in the heart of Rome, 95x155 feet, and proposes to erect a $100,000 structure to be the headquarters for the Metho- dist missions in Italy. Three hundred and fifty islands of the sea have been converted to Christianity by Protestant missionaries. XIV. — CHEONOLOGY. The Creation. The Deluge. Alleged Chaldean astronomical observations. Dynasty of China, of Egypt, and of the Hittites. Cuneiform writing. Call of Abraham. Oldest papyri extant. The Israelites pass over the Red Sea. Law delivered at Mount Sinai. -1:51, Battles of the Egyptians and Hittites. Death of Moses. Joshua leads the Israelites across Jordan. Rise of the Assyrian empire. David king of Israel. Temple at Jerusalem being erected. Capture of Jerusalem by Shishak of Egypt. Pul of Assyria invades Palestine. Rome founded. Babylon under Nabonassar. B.C. 4004, (( 2348, u 2234, It 2200, u 2080, u 1921, u 1500, u 1492, li 1491, u 1490- u 1451, li 1451, ii 1273, u 1055, ii 1012, ii 989, it 770, il 753, u 747, APPENDIX. 241 B.C. 721, Sargon captures Samaria; captivity of the Israelites. " 711, Sennacherib invades Judah. " 659, Byzantium founded. " 632, Scythians invade Assyria. " 625, Nineveh captured. " 606, Nebuchadnezzar overthrew the Assyrian em- pire, captured Tyre, Egypt, Arabia, and Jerusalem, and carried Daniel and others to Babylon. " 598, Nebuchadnezzar besieged, captured, and de- stroyed Jerusalem and the temple, and car- ried the Jews to Babylon as slaves. Babylon captured by Cyrus. The Jews liberated and allowed to return under Zerubbabel. Death of Cyrus. Decree of Darius for rebuilding the temple. Darius conquered Thrace, Paconia, and Mace- donia. Sardis burned by the lonians and Athenians. First Persian expedition against Greece under Mardonius. Second Persian, under Dates and Artaphernes. Xerxes becomes king of Persia. Persiansr reconquer Egypt. Battles of Thermopylae and Salamis. Battles of Plataea and Mycale. Persians defeated at Eurymedon. Expedition of Cyrus the Younger; battle of 538, 536, 529, 520, 506, 500, 492, 490, 485, 484, 480, u 479, u 470, u 401, 242 IRELAND: ITS CHRISTIANITY AND LEARNING. Cimaxa; death of Cyrus; retreat of the 10,000 Greeks. B.C. 387, Persians capture the Greek cities in Asia. " 35G, Birth of Alexander the Great. " 336, Accession of Alexander to be king of Mace- don. " 334, Alexander crosses the Hellespont and wins the battle of Granicus against the Persians. " 333, Alexander wins the battle Issus. " 332, Alexander captures Tyre, conquers Egypt, and founds Alexandria. " 331, Alexander wins at Arbela, and all Persia sub- mits to him. " 327-325, Alexander's campaigns in India. " 323, Alexander dies at Babylon. Alexander's successors fight among themselves. Alexander's dominions divided. The Romans conquer and annex the same subsequently to their empire. John the Baptist's ministry. Jesus Christ baptized by John. Calling of the disciples. The teachings and miracles of Christ. The Lord's Supper instituted. The crucifixion, death, burial, and resurrection of Christ. 33, The Apostles commissioned, and the ascension of Christ to glory. 33, By divine agency the Apostles become the propagators of the gospel and the founders of churches. u 321, ii 301, L.D. 29, (( 30, u 30, u 30, a 33, u 33, APPEKDIX. 243 A.D. 33, Baptism and tlie Lord's Supper according to Christ's appointment observed. " 33, Divine worship was accordingly conducted by prayers, psalmody, preaching, and breaking of bread. " 33, The first church was organized at Jerusalem, and during the year increased to 5000 mem- bers of Jewish converts. Peter's sermon; Jews from all parts of the then known world present. " 34, Seven deacons chosen and ordained. " 34, Stephen martyred. " 35, The disciples persecuted and scattered abroad. " 35, Peter's journeys through Judaea, Samaria, and Galilee. " 37, Cornelius, the Roman centurion, converted. " 37, Saul's conversion at Damascus. " 37, The Gospel according to Matthew in Aramaic. " 40, Jewish Christians startled about Gentile con- verts. " 41, Barnabas sent to Antioch to investigate and report the questions and conditions there. '' 42, Saul at Antioch. " 42, Disciples first called Christians at Antioch. " 43, James the Elder martyred; Peter imprisoned and miraculously released. " 43, Saul and Barnabas visit Jerusalem. " 45, The church at Antioch the first to send mis- sionaries to the Gentiles. Saul and Barna- bas the first missionaries sent out by that 244 IRELAND: ITS CHBISTIANITY AND LEABNING. cliurcli. They visit Cyprus ; Sergius Paulus the first convert, and Saul afterward as- sumes the name of his convert and is known as Paul. A.D. 46, Paul and Barnabas visit several cities of Asia Minor and return to Antioch. " 46, Jewish converts from Jerusalem come to Anti- och and urge the Gentile converts to become circumcised and keep the law of Moses ; to which they obj ected. Paul opposes their ideas. " 51, The apostles, elders, and brethren at Jerusalem decide in favor of Paul. " 53, Barnabas and Mark go to Cyprus. " 53, Paul and Silas revisit the churches in Asia. " 53, Timotliy and Titus con-verted. " 53, Luke joins Paul at Troas. " 53, Paul and companions pass over to Macedonia and visit Philippi, Thessalonica, Berea, Athens, and Corinth. " 56, Paul's First Epistle to the Corinthians. " 58, Paul's Second Ej^istle to the Corinthians. " 58, Paul's Epistle to the Romans. " 58, Paul arrested in the temple; imprisoned at Cfesarea. " 60, Paul appeals to Csesar and is sent to Rome. " 61, Matthew's Gospel translated into Greek. '' 61, Mark founds a church in Alexandria. " 62, James the Just martyred at Jerusalem. " 63, Paul's epistles to the Colossians, Philippians, Philemon, and Hebrews. APPENDIX. 245 A.D. 64, Paul released and left Eome. " 64, Luke's Gospel and Acts of the Apostles is- sued. " 64, Peter's First Epistle, from Babylon. " 64, Rome burned ; the Christians accused. " 64, The^rs^ persecution, said to have lasted for the ensuing four years. " 64, Paul's First Epistle to Timothy ; also his Epis- tle to Titus. " 65, Paul's Epistle to Jude. " 65, Peter's Second Epistle. " 65, Paul said to have, in addition to other parts, visited Spain and Britain after his first re- lease and before his second imprisonment and death — doubtful. Paul again imprisoned at Rome. Paul's Second Epistle to Timothy. Jews throughout the East create, especially in Palestine, a rebellion against the Roman authorities. Christians retu-e from Jerusalem to Pella. Paul beheaded. John comes from Jerusalem to Ephesus. Jerusalem environed by the Roman army. Five hundred Jews crucified before its walls. Jerusalem captured, destroyed, its temple de- stroyed, and its people carried into slavery. Second persecution. Death of Timothy. John banished to Patmos. u 66, u 66, u 66, a 67, a 67, u 68, u 69, u 70, u 72, u 94, a 97, a 97, 246 IRELAND: ITS CHBISTIANITY AND LEARNING. A.D. 98, John returns to Ephesus and writes his Eeve- lation, Grospel, and Epistles. " 100, John dies at Ephesus. (He is said to have intro- duced the observance of the Paschal Easter.) 107, Third 2)ersecution. 107, Simeon martyred at Jerusalem. 107, Ignatius martyred at Rome. 111, Pliny's letter to Trajan. 118, Fourth persecution. 119, Jerusalem rebuilt and called Aelia Capitolina, and peopled with Gentiles, Jews not being admitted within the walls, while Christians were privileged, and a church was soon es- tablished there. 120, Holy water introduced and used. 123, Alexander mixed water in wine at the com- munion. 132, Jews again revolt, under Barchobas, and are dispersed. 135, Sixtus of Rome called the Lord's table an altar. 136, Jews' last dispersion, while on the other hand the Christians increased daily. 112, The festival of Lent appointed by Telesiphorus, Bishop of Rome. 158, Polycarp visits Rome; difference between Polycarp and Anicetus respecting the time of celebrating Easter, the one advocating the practice of Jewish and Asiatic Christians, the other that of Roman Christians. (The Asiatics celebrated the Passover on the APPENDIX. 247 night of the 14th of Nisan, and commemo- rated the crucifixion the next day, and on the third day the resurrection, while the Romans did not celebrate the Passover, but on the next Lord's Day after the full moon in Nisan they celebrated the resurrection, and the pre- vious Friday the crucifixion.) A.D. 169, The tonsure adopted. About this time Christians from Asia Minor emigrated to Gaul, and thence proceeded the Asiatic customs in Gaul and Britain as to Easter and the tonsure. " 190, Pentecost and Christmas appointed as festivals. " 197, Victor, Bishop of Rome, anathematized the Eastern churches because they would not observe the festival of Easter on the day that the Church of Rome had appointed for it ; such was the Quartodeciman controversy. " 254, Cornelius, Bishop of Rome, martyred. (The churches in Rome were served by 46 presby- ters, 7 deacons, 7 subdeacons, 42 assistants, 52 exorcists, also readers and porters.) " 254, Cyprian, Bishop of Carthage, says that the Bishop of Rome is the successor of St. Peter, and that the Church of Rome is entitled to precedence from the importance of the city ; but he refuses to acknowledge the superior- ity of the Bishop of Rome over other bishops in point of jurisdiction or authority, such as Stephen (Bishop of Rome) claims. 248 IRELAND : ITS CHRISTIANITY AND LEARNING. A.D. 255, Firmilian, Bishop of Cappadocia, speaks of Stephen as a schismatic, and asserts that many things are done at Rome contrary to apostolical authority. " 256, Cyprian asserts the right of every bishop to make laws for his own church. " 256, The Council of Carthage enjoins infant bap- tism. " 256, The Lord's Supper administered to infants. " 260, St. Peter and St. Paul martyred at Rome. " 284, Caius invented eight orders of clergy : 1. Osti- arius ; 2. Lector ; 3. Exorcist ; 4. Acoluthus ; 5. Subdiaconus; 6. Diaconus; 7. Presbyter; 8. Episcopus. " 286, The so-called "Apostolical Constitutions and Canons " forged at Rome. " 297, Marcellinus, Bishop of Rome, sacrifices to idols. " 298, Diocletian, emperor, commands all in his army and at his court to sacrifice to idols, and began his persecution of the Christians throughout the Roman empire. " 308, Marcellus, Bishop of Rome, during a severe plague, appointed fifteen persons to bury the dead; they were subsequently called cardinals — hence the origin of the College of Cardinals. " 313, Constantine, Caesar of Spain, Gaul, and Britain, and Licinius, Caesar of Italy, conjointly is- sued an edict, at Milan, of toleration of the Christians. APPENDIX. 249 A.D. 316, " 321, " 324, " 325, 326, 330, 331, 337, 347, 358, 361„ 362, 363, 364, Constantine, as the Pontifex Maximns, by vir- tue of his imperial authority, assumes also to be Head of the Christian Church. Constantine ordered that Sunday should be kept as a day of rest by all except farmers. Constantine having divided the Roman empire into four prefectures, remodeled the church accordingly, and thus the imjperial church was established, under the name of the CatJio- lic Church, by the emperor. Council of Nice convened by Constantine, whereby the creed, new ceremonies of wor- ship, and other ordinances were appointed. Constantine put his wife and son to death. Constantinople becomes the capital of the em- pire. Eusebius completed his "Ecclesiastical His- tory." Constantine baptized and dies. (Was he not a bright head of the Catholic Church ?) Council of Sardica, at which three British bishops attended. Liberius, Bishop of Rome, an Arian. The Emperor Julian abjured Christianity. The Virgin Mary first worshiped by the Colly- ridian heretics. Athanasius praises the orthodoxy of the Brit- ish churches. The Roman empire divided into two parts, called the East and the West; Valens was ..D. 368, u 374, a 379, li 381, 250 IRELAND: ITS CHRISTIANITT AND LEARXIXG. emperor of the East and Valentiuian of the West. The ancient religionists were now called pagans. Ambrose of Milan became the gi'eat defender of orthodoxy. Theodoras, emperor of the East, removes all the Arian bishops from their churches. The second General Council convened at Con- stantinople, and the Patriarch of Constanti- nople decreed equal honors with the Patri- arch of Eome. 384, Capital punishmei^t upon heretics. 394, Mass introduced by the Bishop of Eome. 410, Rome captured by the Vandals. 431, Third General Council at Ephesus. 432, Patrick, missionary to the Scots of Ireland. 433, Advent, Palm Sunday, and Ash Wednesday adopted at Rome. 433, The Athanasian Creed adopted by the Gallic churches. 439, Histories of Socrates and Sozomen. 440, Leo I., Bishop of Rome, introduced the Litany and Rogations. 445, Valentin ian III., emperor of the West, decreed that all the bishops of the Western empire should obey the Bishop of Rome; but they all declined such obedience. The Anglo-Saxons enter Britain. The fourth General Council at Chalcedon. Hilary, Bishop of Rome, claimed jurisdiction u 449, it 451, u 461, APPENDIX. 251 over the bishops of Gaul, and subsequently over the bishops of Spain ; but by both was pubHcly decUned. A.D. 468, The British Christians massacred and enslaved, and their churches burned, by the Anglo- Saxons; pagan temples rebuilt, and bloody sacrifices offered on their altars, in what was called England, while in Wales, Cornwall, and along the west the old British Christians lived and had their own churches. " 472, Acacius, Patriarch of Constantinople, contended vehemently for equal rights, powers, and privileges, against Simplicius of Rome, as established by Canon XXVIII. of the Greneral Council of Chalcedon. " 476, End of the Western Empire ; Odoacer became king of Italy and Noricum. " 486, Clovis founded the kingdom of the Franks in Gaul. " 493, Theodoric conquered Odoacer, and became king of Italy, Sicily, Provence, South Germany, Hungary, and Dalmatia; his capital was Ravenna ; he was an Arian. " 494, Gelasius, in a council at Rome, asserted that the primacy of the Roman church was not founded upon councils, but upon the divine authority of Christ to Peter, and .declared Alexandria to be the second, and Antioch the third church in dignity. " 496, Clovis and his Franks baptized. 252 IRELAND: ITS CHRISTIANITY AND LEARNING. A.D. 521, The title of Pope exclusively given to the Bishop of Rome by his followers. " 527, Felix, Bishop of Rome, instituted "extreme unction." " 533, First mention of the forged writings of Dionys- ius the Areopagite. " 536, Belisarius captures Rome and recovers the sacred vessels of the Jews from the Vandals. " 538, The Emperor Justinian confirmed the election of the Roman patriarch. " 540, Chosroes persecuted the Christians of Persia. " 548, Vigilius, Bishop, opposed "The Three Chap- ters." " 553, The fifth General Council decreed the "one person " of Christ. " 558, Clotaire sole monarch of the Franks. " 558, The Sueves of Spain renounce Arianism and adopt Romanism. " 561, Columbcille and monks founded Zona. " 568, The Lombards erected a new kingdom at Tici- num (Pavia), in Northern Italy. " 570, Mahomet born at Mecca, in Arabia. " 584, The Visigoths conquered Spain. " 589, The Council of Toledo inserted the word " Fili- oque " in the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed, which was subsequently adopted by the Roman church, and occasioned a bitter con- troversy between the Greek and Roman churches, and led finally to their division. " 596, The monks of lona, from 570, preached the APPENDIX. 253 gospel and converted the northern and mid- dle kingdoms of the Anglo-Saxons. A.D. 597, Pope Gregory sent Augustine and forty monks to convert the Anglo-Saxons; they arrived in Kent and after numerous mishaps and diffi- culties succeeded in establishing themselves at Canterbury and London. '^" 602, Augustine tried to persuade the British bishops to submit to him. " 606, Columbanus and Gallus and their followers were found in Germany, France, Switzerland, and Italy. " 606, Phocas, the mui-derer of the Eastern emperor and the usurper of his throne, created the Bishop of Rome, Boniface III., Head of the Church and Universal Bishop. " 607, The pope erected a monument in the Campus Martins in commemoration of the event, which still exists there. " 607, Columbanus wrote a memorable letter to the pope. " 613, Twelve hundred monks of Bangor slaughtered through the alleged influence of Augustine, because they would not submit to him. " 615, Death of Columbanus at Bobbio, in Italy. " 620, Westminster Abbey founded. " 628, British bishops declined submission to Pope Honorius. " 637, Christianity spread in Northumbria by the monks of lona and Lindisfarne. 254 IRELAND: ITS CHRISTIANITY AND LEARNING. A.D. 637, Jerusalem conquered by the Caliphs. " 638, Antioch captui'ed; all Syria likewise con- quered. " 639, Mesopotamia also conquered. " 640, Alexandria and all Egypt and Cyrene in like manner conquered. " 651, Organs first introduced into churches. " 660, Persia also conquered. " 664-680, The Roman clerical influences drove the monks of lona, Lindisfarne, Melrose, and Whitby from their churches and other prop- erties among the Saxons. " 668, Theodore, a native of Tarsus, was made Roman Catholic Archbishop of Canterbury; he in- troduced the full Latin services into all the churches adhering to Rome among the Saxons. " 680, The sixth General Council decreed that there were two wills in Christ, and excommunicated Pope Honorius as a heretic. " 692, The Quinni-Sextum, or Trullan Council, at Constantinople, decreed that married bishops shall separate from their wives, but allowed all other orders of the clergy to marry as heretofore. " 695, Adamnus, Abbot of lona, conforms to the Roman Easter and is expelled from Zona by the monks. " 697, Carthage captured by the Saracens. " 697, The Christians of China persecuted. " 706, Armenia conquered by the Saracens. APPENDIX. 255 A.D. 707, The whole of North Africa under the Saracens. " 710, Naithan, king of the Picts, • conforms to the Koman Easter. " 714, Image-worship introduced into the Roman Catholic churches of Britain. " 716, Bede, an ecclesiastical writer. " 721, A council at Rome decreed canons against the marriage of the clergy. " 726, Leo, emperor of the East, issued an edict against images in churches. " 734, Bede translated the Gospel of John into Saxon. " 755, Bishop of Rome made a temporal prince. " 795, The Danes invade Ireland. " 796, Ferghill, an Irishman, at Metz, lectured on the rotundity of the earth and was denounced by the archbishop and the pope for his alleged heresy. " 800, Image-worship opposed by Charlemagne. " 804, " Book of Armagh " written. " 809, Charlemagne causes the Council of Aix-la- Chapelle to confirm the "Filioque" in the creed. " 950, The Danes invade England. " 968, Pope John XXIII. instituted the baptism of beUs. " 1014, Danes conquered at the battle of Clontarf and afterward in England. " 1066, William of Normandy conquered England. " 1073, Pope Hildebrand instituted purgatory from an old pagan belief as set forth in Virgil. 256 IRELAND: ITS CHRISTIANITY AND LEARNING. A.D. 1074, Patrick, first Roman Catholic Bishop of Dublin. " 1100, The Walclenses presented their confession, called the Golden Lesson, to the Duke of Savoy. " 1105, Malchus of Waterford, Haingley of Dublin, and Gillebert of Limerick, the three Danish towns, first introduced the Roman liturgy into their churches; the native Irish churches used their vernacular in all services. " 1110, A synod was convened at Rathbresnil by King Murtough O'Brien, which attempted to change the polity of the church from 700 bishops, who then were the pastors of the churches, to only 2 archbishops and 23 bishops; but the rest of the bishops would not agree to the new change. " 1152, Cardinal Paparo arrived from Rome ; another synod was secretly convened at Kells, over which he presided and presented four palls for four archbishops — one for Armagh, an- other for Tuam, another for Cashel, and the fourth for Dublin ; twenty-four bishops were also appointed ; the rest of the bishops were to be reduced to deans, archdeacons, rectors, as they could be induced to submit, which took a long time to accomplish. " 1155, Pope Adrian TV. issued a bull granting Ireland to Henry II., king of England. " 1167, Peter Waldo commenced his reformation at Lyons. APPENDIX. 257 A.D. 1171, Council of Cashel swears allegiance to king of England. " 1172, Pope Alexander III. confirmed the bull of Adrian IV., and King Henry II. arrived in Ireland, to whom the pope's bishops swore allegiance; there was neither then nor for four hundred years subsequently any con- quest of Ireland by England; a small ter- ritory called the Pale was all that England owned until the reign of James I. " 1204, Kneeling in churches on the elevation of the host introduced. " 1215, Fourth Lateran Council; transubstantiation, auricular confession, and the burning of heretics decreed. " 1229, Council of Toulouse decreed that laymen should not possess copies of the Scriptures. " 1231, No layman shall dispute, either publicly or in his house, concerning the Catholic faith, under penalty of excommunication. " 1232, Inquisition established. " 1234, Raymond de Pennaforte compiles a system of canon law. " 1244, Pope orders the cardinals to wear red hats. " 1249, Edmund of Canterbmy canonized. " 1250, Blood said to have flowed from Christ on the cross carried with great pomp to Westminster Abbey . " 1250, College of the Sorbonne at Paris founded. " 1253, Bonaventura promoted the worship of the Vir- gin Mary. 258 IRELAND: ITS CHRISTIANITY AND LEARNING. A.D. 1264, Feast of Corpus Christi instituted. " 1300, The first jubilee. " 1302, The Unam Sanctam, declaring the doctrine of the unlimited power of the pope to be a nec- essary article of faith. " 1308, Clement removed the popedom to Avignon, in France. Festival of Holy Trinity appointed. Universities of Pisa and Grenoble founded. Greek began to be studied in Western uni- versities. University of Prague founded. Council of Beziers enjoined the bowing of the head at the mention of the name of Jesus. John Wickliffe's " Last Age of the Church." John Wickliffe against mendicants. John Milicz, of Prague, preaches repentance and faith. 1367, Pope Urban V. and a few cardinals return to Rome. 1368, Urban VI. elected pope of Rome. 1368, Clement VII. elected pope of Avignon ; he was supported by France, Spain, Scotland, Savoy, and Lotharingia, while the Roman pontiif was supported by Italy, Germany, Denmark, Sweden, England, Poland, and Prussia. 1373, John Huss born at Hussinetz. 1379, Lollards, itinerant preachers. 1380, Wickliffe translates the Scriptures. 1381, Wickliffe opposes transubstantiation. u 1320, u 1339, u 1340, ii 1348, 11 1351, a 1356, ii 1360, (I 1360, APPENDIX. 259 A.D. 1396, Wickliffe condemned by the Council of London. " 1400, Statute against the Lollards by Henry IV. " 1401, William Sawtre burned. " 1402, Jerome of Prague propagates Wickliffe's doc- trines. " 1406, Gregory XII. elected pope of Rome. " 1408, Cardinals of Rome and Avignon convoke a General Council at Pisa, which deposes both popes and appoints Alexander V. a third ; hence there were three popes at the same time. " 1410, Pope Alexander V. poisoned by Balthasur, who was chosen his successor under the title of John XXIII. " 1410, Archbishop of Prague burns Huss's books. " 1413, Pope's bull against Huss. " 1414, John Huss burned July 6 by Council of Con- stance. " 1414, Council of Constance decreed that the cup should not be given to the laity. " 1415, General Council of Constance decreed "that the Council of Constance, as representing the church militant, derives its authority immediately from Christ, and that every one, not excepting the pope, is bound to submit in matters relating to faith, to the removal of the schism, and to the reformation of the church in its head and members." " 1415, The three popes were deposed and Martin V. elected in their stead. A.D, , 1416, a 1418, a 1429, u 1431, a 1434, u 1437, u 1437, 260 IRELAND: ITS CHBISTIAXITY AND LEARNING. Jerome of Prague burned May 30. Sir John Oldcastle burned for Lollardism. Martin V., sole pope; thus the great schism ended. Council of Basel convened. Council of Basel passed several decrees to limit the pope's power. The pope issued his bull to dissolve council, but the council continued to sit. Pope convened a council at Ferrara; both councils excommunicated each other; as a result the gi^eat schism weakened the power of the popes ; the actions of these two coun- cils had a corresponding effect on all general councils. 1438, By the Council of Florence purgatory was de- clared to be an article of faith. 1448, Council of Basel removed to Lausanne. 1450, University of G-lasgow founded. 1453, Constantinople taken by the Turks and the Greek empire dissolved. 1479, John Burchard opposed indulgences. 1484, Zwinglius born. 1487, Pope Innocent YIII. issued a bull to extirpate the Waldenses. 1492, Columbus discovered America. 1497, Vasco di Gama doubled the Cape of Good Hope. 1498, John Savonarola burned at Florence. 1512, Council of the Vatican decreed the extirpation of heretics and the freedom of the press. APPENDIX. 261 Erasmus published the Greek Testament. Sale of indulgences authorized, and Luther nailed his ninety-five theses to the door of the church at Wittenberg. Luther anathematized by the pope. Patrick Hamilton burned at St. Andrews. League of Schmalkalden. King Henry VIII. created head on earth of the Church of England and also of the Church of Ireland. John Calvin founded Seminary of Stras- bourg. Loyola founded the Jesuits. Council of Trent assembled. Cranmer burned. John Knox in Scotland. Massacre of the Waldenses by bull of Pope Pius IV. Council of Trent closed. Pope Pius IV. issued his new creed. Pope Pius IV. excommunicated Queen Eliza- beth. 1572, Massacre of St. Bartholomew and medal of Pope Pius IV. 1605, Gunpowder Plot. 1641, Massacre of the Irish Protestants. 1666, Persecution of the Covenanters. 1685, Revocation of the Edict of Nantes. 1689, Siege of Londonderry. 1690, Battle of the Boyne. A.D. 1516, u 1517, u 1520, u 1528, 11 1531, 11 1535, 11 1538, il 1540, li 1545, ii 1556, a 1560, u 1560, il 1563, il 1564, 11 1569, 262 IRELAND: ITS CHRISTIANITY AND LEARNING. A.D. 1715, Pope Clement issued a bull allowing the Chinese heathen ceremonies in Christian worship. " 1798, Irish Eebellion. " 1801, Union of Ireland and Great Britain. " 1828, Protestant dissenters allowed to enter Parlia- ment. " 1829, Roman Catholics also allowed to enter Parlia- ment. " 1844, Pope Gregory XXI. issued his bull against Bible societies. " 1854, Pope Pius IX. decreed that the immaculate con- ception of the Virgin Mary be received as an article of faith, and that all doubting the same or speaking against it are heretics. " 1869, The Church of IrelaAd disestablished. " 1870, The Vatican Council decreed that the pope is infallible in issuing any opinion on faith and morals. " 1870, Rome captured and the temporal power of the pope abolished. APPENDIX. 263 The Shamrock. The spreading rose is fair to view, And rich the modest violet's hue, Or queenly tulip filled with dew. And sweet the lily's fragrance ; But there's a flower more dear to me. That grows not on a branch or tree. But in the grass plays merrily, And of its leaves there are but three : 'Tis Ireland's native shamrock. My country's flower, I love it well. For every leaf a tale can tell, And teach the minstrel's heart to swell In praise of Ireland's shamrock. The emblem of our faith divine, Which blest St. Patrick made to shine. To teach eternal truth sublime, And which shall last as long as time. And long as blooms the shamrock. Oh, twine a wreath of shamrock leaves ! They decked the banners of our chiefs And calmed the Irish exile's griefs. Our country's cherished shamrock ; The muse inspired with words of praise The poets of our early days To write in many a glowing phrase. And sing in powerful, thrilling lays. The virtues of the shamrock. He who has left his island home Beneath a foreign sky to roam, And in a foreign clime unknown, How dear he loves the shamrock ! When on the feast of Patrick's Day He kneels within the church to pray 264 IRELAND: ITS CHRISTIANITY AND LEARNING. For holy Ireland far away, He feels again youth's genial ray While gazing on the shamrock. The brightest gem of rarest flower That ever bloomed in Eastern bower Possesses for him not half the power That dwells within the shamrock ; Sweet memories, like refreshing dew, The past with all its charms renew. The church, the spot where wild flowers gi'ew, The faithful friends, the cherished few, He left to cull the shamrock. Land of the West, my native isle. May Heaven's love upon you smile, And banish foes that may beguile The lovers of the shamrock ; May God forever cherish thee In peace and love and harmony. And rank thee proud mid nations free : Thus pray thy children fervently For Ireland and the shamrock. Oscar Wilde. M^MM^mm^ ^K;-^t^^-&: / .-•fV-,- <*"..-, -w^ ■mm ^S^"^ _%.% wwmi^ ^^^^PJ- .V^^vi >^: