Class -iL Pff/ Book. >r¥h Copyright N?_ COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT DOGS: Management and Teeatment DISEASE. A STUDY OF THE THE OB Y AND PRACTICE OF CANINE MEDICINE. By ASHMONT. *' 1 J-yt&i 2-V PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR. 1885. PREFACE. The rapid advancement in science has wrought many changes in the principles and practice of medicine ; added new remedies to the resources of the physician; exploded many old theories, and dissi- pated countless fancies and prejudices. Well worn paths have been left, new fields traversed, and discoveries made, which aid not only in the cure, but in the prevention of disease. Important lessons have been taught, and the limits of knowledge extended, by trials of endurance which have developed unsuspected latent powers, both in man and animals. Further progress will yet be made, of which speculation is fruitless. To place before the reader a faithful exposition of medicine, as it exists at the present time, is the purpose of the author* No finished treatise is attempted, replete with scientific technicalities, calculated to confuse and mystify, but in simple, comprehensive language and expression, on these pages are described the promi- nent appearances in disease, and the manner of applying remedies, sustained largely by the results of personal observation. This book is submitted with the ardent hope it may be found a source of instruction, and aid in the care of man's true and faithful friend, the Dog. Ashmont. CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. GENERAL. MANAGEMENT. PAGE Introduction.— The Care of Puppies after Weaning.— Feeding.— Exercise- Washing.— Kennel Arrangements.— Grooming.— Vermin. ... 1 CHAPTER II. ANTIDOTES AND TREATMENT IN CASES OF POISONING, General Remarks.— Rules in using Medicine.— Arsenic— Strychnine and Nux Vomica.— Carbolic Acid.— Phosphorus.— Mercury.— Lead Salts.— Gen- eral Antidote 15 CHAPTER III. THE PRINCIPLES OF MEDICINE. Pathology.— Definition of Health.— Diagnosis.— Reasoning by way of Exclu- sion.— Prognosis.— Prognostics.— Causation.— Administering Medicine. . 19 CHAPTER IV. SPECIAL PATHOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS. Introduction.— Definition of terms Acute, Subacute, and Chronic— Self-limited Duration of Certain Diseases.— The Expectant Plan of Treatment.— ♦Rules for Estimating the Doses of Medicine.— Examination of a Dog.— Indications of the Pulse.— Importance of Hygienic Measures of Treat- ment 23 DISEASES AFFECTING THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. Acute Pleurisy.— Chronic Pleurisy.— Pneumonia.— Bronchitis.— Consumption. —Asthma.— Acute Laryngitis.— Chronic Laryngitis.— Acute Catarrh.— Nasal Polypus.— Ozsena.— Influenza 25 CHAPTER V. AFFECTIONS OF THE MOUTH AND TONGUE. Eruption of the Teeth.— Treatment of the Teeth.— Softening of the Gums.— Cancrum Oris.— Salivation. — Blain.— Inflammation of the Tongue.— Pharyngitis 49 IV. CONTENTS. CHAPTER VI. DISEASES AFFECTING THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. PAGE Indigestion. — Acute Gastritis. — Chronic Gastritis.— Vomiting. — Colic. — Diar- rhoea.— Dysentery.— Constipation.— Enteritis.— Intestinal Obstruction.— Peritonitis.— Piles.— Fistula in Ano. —Prolapsus Ani. . . . .55 CHAPTER VII. DISEASES AFFECTING THE SOLID ORGANS OF THE ABDOMEN. Acute Hepatitis. — Chronic Hepatitis. — Fatty Liver.— Jaundice. —Torpor of the Liver.— Passage of Gall Stones.— Cancer of the Liver.— Affections of the Spleen.— Diseases of the Pancreas.— Sugar in the Liver.— Digestion of Starch 83 CHAPTER VIII. DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. Nephritis.— Acute Cystitis.— Chronic Cystitis.— Cystic Calculi.— Renal Calculi. —Retention of Urine.— Hematuria. . 97 CHAPTER IX. DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. Balanitis. — Par aphymosis.— Inflammation of the Scrotum.— Morbid Growths. —Prolapse of the Vagina. — Polypi of the Vagina.— Acute Metritis.— Affections of the Vulva. 105 CHAPTER X. DISEASES OF THE EYE. Ophthalmia.— Iritis.— Cataract.— Amaurosis.— Protrusion of the Eyeball.— Lachrymal Apparatus.— Affections of the Haw. —Affections of the Eyelids. Ill CHAPTER XI. DISEASES OF THE EAR. Canker.— Otitis, Media or Interna.— Polypus.— Deafness. — Affections of the Flap of the Ear 119 CHAPTER XII. DISEASES OF THE SKIN. Eczema.— Sarcoptic Mange. — Follicular Mange.— Prurigo.— Pruritus.— Fa vus. —Ringworm. — Erythema.— Erysipelas. . . . . . . .127 CONTENTS. V. CHAPTER XIII. INTESTINAL PARASITES. PAGE General Remarks.— Giant Strongle.— Wrinkled Thread-worm.— Cruel Thread- worm.— Ascaris Marginata.— Taenia 143 CHAPTER XIV. DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. Hydrophobia.— Convulsions.— Yertigo.— Apoplexy.— Concussion of the Brain.— Hydrocephalus. — Compression of the Brain. — Acute Meningitis. — Chronic Meningitis.— Chorea.— Neuralgia. —Paralysis.— Tetanus 151 /» CHAPTER XV. GENERAL DISEASES. Distemper. — Diphtheria. — Rheumatism. — Lumbago. — Eruptive Fevers. — Dropsy. — Ansemia.— Plethora. — Obesity. — Rickets. — Scrofula. — Maras- mus 181 CHAPTER XVI. SURGICAL AFFECTIONS. Wounds.— Umbilical Hernia,— Sprains.— Burns and Scalds.— Fractures and Dislocations 199 DOGS: THEIR MANAGEMENT AND TREATMENT IN DISEASE. CH&PTEH I. ijvm ojd vctiow. As the object of this work is to treat of the dog in a state of disease, the author has deemed it expedient to confine himself to those essential con- siderations in keeping with his purpose, reserving for a future effort the subject of Breeding and attendant interests . The introduction of general management which might seem extraneous, is yet pursuant of this design, on the assumption that a knowledge of the prevention of disease, is intimately asssociated with the study of pathology f and holds a place scarcely inferior to that of a familiarity with the princi- ples and practice of medicine. Many diseases are preventable by removing or obviating their causes; reforms in ventilation, cleanliness and diet, there is reason to believe, accomplish much, and are among the most important modes by which diseases may be prevented. The care of puppies from the period of weaning , is treated of in a general way. In the management of dogs after maturity is reached, minor details are dwelt upon, it being assumed that, to some at least, their consideration may prove of value. The number of drugs capable of producing death, under certain condi- tions, is almost limitless, as medicines, possessing sufficient activity to be of much value, are always poisons in inordinate or excessive quantities. 2 INTR on UCTIOJST. In the chapter devoted to the subject, the action of dangerous agents, more generally encountered, are discussed. In the consideration of the different diseases, causes, symptoms, treatment and prognosis are each of recognized importance, and diagnosis if necessary to discriminate from one of several diseases with which it has more or less symptomatic phenomena in common. To dwell on pathological anatomy, or the appearances in a morbid or dis- eased state, must necessarily confuse the reader and reference excepting in rare instances is avoided. In the arrangement of diseases convenience is studied. Under general diseases are considered all unclassified. It is implied that operative surgery is "beyond the capacity of many, and as an exhaustive treatise on the subject would prove of but little value, only the simpler operations, and treatment in cases of emergency are con- sidered. The C&re Of Puppies &fte® Weaning. One of the greatest essentials in the rearing of puppies, especially the case in large "breeds, is sufficient exercise. Under no consideration, chain them, but allow almost absolute freedom of movement. If kept in a pen, have it large and so constructed that they can lie down or stand on all fours and look between the boards ; for standing on their hind legs to look over, would invite weak backs and cow-hocks. The sleeping quarters should be kept scrupulously clean, frequently whitewashed, and free from draughts. In the warmer weather, pine shavings or sawdust is the best bedding; in the winter, clean straw, changed frequently. In feeding puppies, their discharges should be watched, and the diet varied as the need manifests itself. Milk is one of the most important articles of food in the earlier weeks after weaning. It may be frequently given , some caution being used , however. It should be old or skimmed, never fed fresh from the cow. Three or four times a week, sour milk may be given, as it is an enemy to worms. It will be well to add limewater to sweet milk when used , in the proportion of nearly one-sixth part. Sometimes when feeding milk freely to very young puppies, diarrhoea manifests itself. A change must at once be made to beef tea and broths, into which may be broken crackers or bread. Too great importance cannot be given to the early administration of meat, which must be fresh and lean. Unsound food should never be used in any form. Meat may be given raw or cooked, small quantities of the former at first, and when the age of three or four months is reached, let it be scraped or finely cut, and given after other food has been eaten. Meat may be cooked alone or with vegetables, onions in small quantities being especially healthy and palatable, then removed, and in the liquor, oatmeal, indian meal, or wheat middlings, be well boiled and thoroughly cooked. Then the meat can be chopped up and added with the crushed vegetables. Rice and pearl-barley may be given occasionally. Liver, from its laxative action, must be given guardedly, if at all. Large bones may frequently be supplied, but beware of small bones that may possibly sliver, as many a valuable dog has been killed by them. Remem- 4 CAPE OF PUPPIES. ber always the great secrets in feeding are — wholesome food and a variety in diet. Where only a few dogs are kept, the " scraps " from the table, from their varied nature, cannot be improved upon. Mix potatoes and other vegetables with a little gravy and small pieces of meat. Until six months old , feed three times a day , then twice daily until maturity is reached. Remain with the pup while eating, and as soon as he turns from his food remove it at once. Never urge a dog to eat, if he shows from his manner a loss of appetite. Prepare something else and tempt him with it and if he still declines, wait until his next regular time of feeding and try again. As a rule, give as little medicine as possible to puppies. Probably the more common affection observed among them is indigestion in some form or other. As castor oil or syrup of buckthorn can do no harm, if an odor to the breath, a hot nose, sluggish manner, or disinclination to eat is noted, give either, and watch the discharges. If very offensive, or undigested matter appears in them, the cause is apparent. Stop all food for a time, and when next given, select only the simplest and most easily digested, milk and lime-water preferred. Vegetables have a tendency to purify the blood and keep the bowels in good condition. When these cannot be given, other means should be employed in the form of a mild physic. It is a good plan to give a dose of sulphur, either alone or with powdered magnesia, if a laxative is needed, mixed with the food once or twice a week in summer, and less often in colder weather. Ordinary dose, one-half a teaspoonful of each. Diarrhoea is usually the result of indigestion. Often nature's effort to throw off the disease, in many cases regulating the diet, will suffice ; giving porridge made of boiled milk, and flour baked until slightly brown. If the attack is severe, first imitate nature by giving a dose of castor oil, it being desirable that the contents of the intestines be effectually removed, in order to prevent their continued passage over the inflamed surface , and to secure, as far as may be, that important end in the treatment of all inflam- mations, viz., quietude of the inflamed parts. Paregoric, as the simplest form of opiate, may then be given in one or two teaspoonful doses. Worms are a common enemy to pups, and the giving of sour milk will do much to prevent their formation. Their presence may be suspected when bloating beyond the fulness that the food taken would be likely to produce. For worms in puppies three months old, give one or two grains of santonine in butter after having fasted twelve hours ; follow this dose three hours later with one of castor oil. Fleas are a constant source of annoyance. Washing young puppies is never admissible. Combing with a fine comb dipped in kerosene oil, or rubbing flea powder into the hair, are the means to be employed. IJY HEALTH. GEJVE&&L M&N&GEMENT. Feeding. Pages have been written on the origin and ancient history of the dog, theories advanced, speculations urged, and yet we still remain in complete ignorance on the subject. Some contend, in the anatomical structure of certain parts that he resembles the wolf. There are however, differences to reconcile, before this supposition can be accepted. Others have traced to the fox, and still others to the jackal, each party being satisfied in their own minds of the correctness of their theories, and yet the same differ- ences remain. A knowledge of the primitive state and habits of the animal might aid us much on this subject, but that being denied us, we are forced to turn to the anatomical mechanism for guidance. A study of the digestive organs of the dog proves him a carnivora, or flesh eater, and meat is unquestionably his natural food. The traditional prejudice, that its free use perverts the scent of sporting dogs, generates mange, and injures the dispositions of the animals, making them ugly and savage, is rapidly becoming " among the things that were." The instinctive desire of animals for certain substances is the surest in- dication that they are in reality required for the nutritive process ; on the other hand, the indifference or repugnance manifested for injurious and valueless substances is an equal evidence of their unfitness as arti- cles of food. Starch is very abundant in corn, wheat, rye, oats, and rice, and in almost all vegetable substances used as food, and during the process of digestion 6 GENERAL MANAGEMENT. is converted into sugar. That these articles alone are an unfit diet , is proven "by the experiments of Magendie, who found that dogs fed exclu- sively on starch or sugar, perished after a short time with symptoms of profound disturbance of the nutritive functions. On the other hand exper- iments have been made by Claude Bernard and others , proving that carnivorous animals can be kept for an indefinite time, exclusively on a diet of flesh , and yet the body be maintained in a perfectly healthy condition. Bogs have no desire for vegetables, no natural cravings for them. To be so fed, or on puddings, bread and starchy food continuously, only invites debilitated constitutions and attendant diseases. The proper food for a dog is Meat, varied in any way preferred, but it should be the principal article of diet. The question arises whether meat should be fed cooked or raw. Both have advantages. Certain constituents are lost in the process of cooking. The muscular fibres are almost always more or less hardened by boiling or roasting, but at the same time, the fibrous tissue by which they are held together is gelatinized and softened, so that the muscular fibres are more easily separated from each other, and more readily attacked by the digestive fluids. The organic substances contained in meat, which are insipid in the raw state, acquire by the action of heat and cooking, a peculiar and agreeable flavor. This flavor excites the appetite and stim- ulates the flow of the digestive fluids, and renders in this way the process of digestion more easy and expeditious. In cooking meat, it is desirable that it be rendered palatable, and the flavor varied from time to time. This can be done by the addition of vegetables, which maj^ be well crushed after a thorough boiling. As the feeding of meat alone would prove an expensive diet in large kennels, different kinds of meal may be added to thicken the broths, but the quantity of starchy food must be very small. The writer is firm in his conviction, that its continued use does as much to propagate mange as any other abuse can. Sheep's heads and the feet of animals may be boiled to a jelly. They are highly nutritious, and dogs are very fond of them. Beef flour is a valuable substitute for flesh, is excellent for puppies and matured dogs alike ; it can be added to boiling water, a strong broth made, and then thickened with a little bread, crackers, or meal. Pork scraps, in pressed cakes, keep for an indefinite time, and may be fed once or twice a week; they should be soaked for some hours until soft, and then boiled. Milk, sweet or sour, can be given freely, and is valuable for a change. Dog biscuits, so called, have within a few years become very popular in FEEDING. 7 large kennels; when honestly prepared, they are an excellent diet. The manner of feeding them should be frequently changed; at times given dry, at others soaked in milk or broths, or crushed with vegetables. Bones, the dog's tooth brush, are an essential. By their use the muscles of the jaws are kept strong, and the pleasure they give the animals is very evident; their value may be lessened however, by too frequent feeding, as many a broken well worn tooth testifies. While the use of vegetables adds flavor to the food and excites the appetite of the animal, it has still another important action as a gentle laxative. Liver has the same property, and the conditions of the bowels should direct its use. Among the medicinal agents often administered with the food, sulphur may be properly referred to while on the subject of feeding. It is laxative and resolvent, and is supposed to be rendered soluble by the soda of the bile. It is thrown out of the system by the bowels and through the skin, and for that reason has an influence on cutaneous diseases. Its occasional use can do no harm, and unless a perfect condition of the animal contra- indicates, it may be given once or twice a week in summer, and once or twice a month in colder weather. The dose for a fifty pound dog is one teaspoonful, and may be mingled with the food or given in milk. Many authors have dwelt upon the dirt-eating propensity of dogs, and concluded therefrom, that the proper method of feeding is to throw the food on to the ground. The writer is of the opinion that if such a propen- sity exists, it is wiser to leave the dogs to nature's promptings and let them eat dirt when they choose, rather than insist upon its being eaten at every meal. He therefore prefers to feed his animals from clean dishes, and the cleaner the better. The greatest importance is attached to the quality of the food given. It should be of the very best, and no tainted meat, mouldy bread, or food changed in its integrity, should ever be used in any form. Many people consider decomposing meat better for a dog, and attempt to fortify their arguments, by illustrating with the fact, that the animal will occasionally bury a bone or part of his food, to be dug up and eaten later. The fact is true, but the inference an ancient absurdity. A dog never buries meat when he is hungry, but after a hearty meal will often do so, proving our supposition tjiat it is his natural food, an evidence of his great craving, Which he will eat in any form, no matter how badly decayed. Give him sufficient fresh meat and he will never seek carrion. Chloride of Sodium or common salt, some authors state, "is poison to a dog." In this the writer cannot agree, but on the contrary deems it essen- tial to perfect health. It is found throughout the tissues and fluids of the 8 GENERAL MANAGEMENT. "body, exerts an important influence on the solution of various other ingre- dients with which it is associated, and the blood globules are maintained "by it in a state of integrity. Since common salt is so universally present in all parts of the body, it is an important ingredient of food. It occurs in all animal and vegetable food as well, though in smaller amount in the latter, and acts in a favorable manner as a condiment, by exciting digestion, and assisting in this way the solution of the food. In connection with the subject of feeding, reference to the appetite is pertinent. Remember dogs will eat when hungry. For them to refuse a meal occasionally, means nothing. Evidence is not wanting where they have passed days and even weeks in confinement without food, and yet recovered without injury from their long fast. If food is placed before the animal and he turns from it, something else should be prepared to tempt him. If he still declines, it should be removed and another attempt be made at his next regular time of feeding. If a dog is in good health, simply dainty, this method repeated again and again, if needed, will prove effectual, and he will finally eat whatever may be offered him. Regularity in the hour of feeding should be observed. The number of times to feed is a disputed question, with the weight of authority on the side of once a day, at night, and all they can then eat. Owners must decide for themselves, influenced by what has been their custom, the condition of their animals, and the amount of work required of them. Where only one dog is kept, no doubt in many instances it is over fed, especially if allowed the freedom of the kitchen While the fact is apparent, that once a day is all a dog actually needs to be fed, the question arises : would it not be wiser to give him a little less at night, and a mere trifle in the morning? It would seem thereby that the dangers of indigestion would be lessened. It might be said that even of greater importance than good wholesome food, is a constant supply of good fresh water. The system suffers more rapidly when entirely deprived of fluids than when the solid food only is withdrawn. Magendie found in his experiments on dogs subjected to fasting, that if the animals were supplied with water alone, they lived six, eight, and even ten days longer than if they were deprived the same time of both solid and liquid food. To recapitulate : the essentials in feeding are meat, fresh and wholesome, varied from the raw by cooking, and the addition of other articles of food, to add to the flavor and tempt the appetite, together with a constant supply of fresh, pure, and clean water. GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 9 Exercise. Exercise develops the muscles of the body, increases their functional activity, hastens the digestion of food, and renders its assimilation easier. It improves nutrition by elevating the temperature, opens the pores of the skin, stimulating its functions, and through the lungs, "by the stronger movements excited, it favors the exhalation of impurities and excesses. Too much importance cannot be attached to this subject. Keeping a dog confined with insufficient exercise is cruelty itself, which no excuse can justify. Never chain a dog should be the rule, but unfortunately it cannot always be observed. Certain methods may, however, be resorted to, and a confined animal have greater freedom and still be restrained. A post can be set up as far from the kennel as the limits of the owner's premises will allow, a wire fastened to it and passed through a ring, the other end attached to the kennel and drawn taut. The dog can then be chained to the ring, which will slide freely the entire length of the wire, permitting greater latitude and the animal still be held in check. This means maybe employed in cities, and where it is impossible to allow them to run at large. When dogs are kept in yards, the plan adopted by the writer can be re- sorted to. Fences or hurdles can be built entirely across the inclosures. These must be placed low at first, simply high enough to force the animal to make an easy jump, then in three or four weeks raised a few inches, another interval allowed to pass, and raised again. The results from the employment of this means are admirable, especially in the case of dogs inclined to be weak in the loins, and needing development behind. In conditioning dogs, especially for exhibitions, no better exercise can be recommended than slow walking; the distance being from two to four miles daity. By this means they will eat more, digest it better, and accu- mulate flesh more rapidly. While exercise is imperative, extremes must be avoided and caution used. If a dog is habituated to following a team, there is less danger ot overexertion; if not so accustomed, care must be observed lest the sys- tem be disordered by too great effort. In winter, if a hard run is taken and he returns in a heated condition, he must not be shut into a cold ken- nel, but be allowed to cool gradually in a warm room. Violent exercise must never be allowed after a hearty meal. It is a wise plan to accustom dogs to climatic changes, yet they must be protected during the hotter days of summer, from the sun's intense heat, or the exposure will cause debility and often convulsions. 10 GENERAL MANAGEMENT. W&SHIJYG. Washing is admissible in summer, and undoubtedly has its benefits in colder weather when all influences are favorable, and proper precautions observed; unfortunately, neglect results too seriously, and it cannot be insisted upon, that bathing is an absolute necessity for dogs. Some breeds take to the water naturally and find pleasure in it, but the reluctance of others, and the disposition shown by them to conceal them- selves when the preparation to wash commences, is an indication that the process will prove a hardship. Where it is possible, it is better to allow them access to a tub or cistern of water, and leave them to follow their natural promptings. Very dirty coats, vermin, and cutaneous diseases sometimes make wash- ing imperative. If these needs are not evident, it is wiser to do little or none of it, for care in the kennel arrangements and thorough grooming will obviate the necessity. Washing in cold weather is extremely hazardous, and the animal is almost certain to take cold unless the greatest care is observed after the operation. He must be confined to the house until thoroughly dry, then judiciously exercised before returned to his kennel. In warm weather the dangers are much less, yet care should be observed. The method of washing naturally suggests itself, and need not be dwelt upon. The purpose for which the animal is washed will direct the nature of the soaps to be used. If mere cleanliness of the coat is the object, champooing is the better means to employ. Eggs broken and rubbed into the hair, then sponged off, leave it clean, soft, and glossy. The sea-foam champoo of barbers is also excellent as a stimulant and for cleanliness. Fleas demand the use of soaps which destroy them. Cutaneous diseases call for carbolic, sulphur, and the varieties of soaps mentioned elsewhere under shin diseases. If used properly there is little or no danger of absorption from the strong carbolic preparations ; the operation must be rapidly performed, and by a thorough rinsing every trace of the soaps removed. After washing, the animal should be thoroughly sponged, rubbed dry, and then properly cared for. GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 11 KEJYJVUL &RR&JYGEMENTS. In kennelling, the primary essentials are, good ventilation, perfect clean- liness, dryness, and freedom from draughts. Less sickness undoubtedly occurs when dogs are inured to climatic changes. Those animals accustomed to out-door kennels, are usually far healthier than those that are allowed the freedom of the house. Again when a disease like distemper attacks them, it runs a shorter and much less severe course; their natures, more elastic, seem to throw off the in- firmities quicker. . In winter dogs suffer as much, if not more, from artificial heat than they do from exposure to intense cold. Many are allowed in houses and around the stoves during the day, and are kennelled out at night, or shut into a cold stable, thus experiencing the greatest extreme in temperature; a fruitful source of disease. To kennel out and constantly keep in the open air, the coarser long- haired breeds, seem the wiser. Their houses should be carefully con- structed, raised several inches from the ground, and the space beneath carefully boarded. These should, in winter, face the rising sun, and be provided with a glass front. The door may be hung on hinges, so that it can be opened by the dog from within or without, or it may be dispensed with, in which case a projection should be built around the door-way on the outside, to prevent rain from entering. A room within a room in winter is the better. The inner or sleeping quarters can be easily constructed by partitioning off a part, leaving an opening as a passage for the animal, then laying a supplementary raised floor on which the bedding can be placed. This inner kennel can be ren- dered warm, snug, and free from all possible draughts, by covering the floor and sides with tarred paper. Where dogs are housed at night in stables, barns, or large rooms, these same sleeping boxes should always be used in the colder weather. The floors of the kennel should be covered with sawdust as it is the cheapest and cleanest. For bedding, straw in winter, and fine shavings in summer are preferred. Cleanliness is of paramount importance. In this connection, the meth- ods employed by the writer may be of interest. Every week in warm and cold weather alike, in his kennels, the sawdust and bedding are removed, the doors and windows closed, and the building purified by introducing a kerosene stove, and burning sulphur thereon. The walls, even the floors if necessary, are then thoroughly washed with lime, and if the weather is damp or very cold, the stove is again introduced and the white-wash dried. After all dampness is removed, the floors are covered with a disinfectant, 12 KENNEL ARRANGEMENTS. lime and carbolic acid more often used, tarred paper then laid down, on it sawdust, and then the bedding. It i3 important where several dogs are kept, that they he provided with separate kennels, at least no more than two he allowed to remain together, as infectious diseases are sometimes transmitted, in their earliest stages, and may become general before de- tection. This danger is especially great where the care of the animals is intrusted to servants. G DOOMING. In the stable, one often hears the old adage, " a good grooming is better for a horse than a feeding." The same holds true in the kennel. The ancient Averrhoes gave the sum of the directions by Galen and other authorities, in his reference to friction applied to the human body. Strong friction, he said, braces and hardens the body; weak, rarefies and softens ; moderate, in an intermediate degree. Besides, he added, hard friction diminishes obesity; moderate, on the other hand, tends to remove emaci- ation. Not only is the health of a dog improved by grooming, but his changed appearance well repays the owner for the effort. Again in the operation, commencing cutaneous diseases and vermin are detected, suggesting the prompt application of remedies and much trouble and annoyance thereby averted. In the use of a comb, care should be observed lest the skin be irritated and mange propagated. A clean, fairly stiff hair brush, a bathing hair-glove, or a pad of woollen yarns, and a chamois skin are all the essentials. Their use can be followed by hand rubbing, an admirable method of adding a fine finish and produc- ing a gloss. GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 13 Fleas, more especially in warm weather, are the "bane of a dog's existence, and only the most constant care and watchfulness can insure protection from this unmitigated nuisance. There are literally two species of this parasite; the common-flea (pulex irritans.) and the sand-flea (pulex penetrans.) The former bites, producing papules or wheals; the latter bores into the skin, causing inflammation. The sand-fleas, as the name implies, are common in sandy districts, and are very difficult to combat. Even when entirely removed, they are quite certain to return. Kennels infected, if situated in the sand, should "be moved to a foundation of black earth. If that is impossible, earth should be drawn and the floors and ground surrounding be covered with it, then insect powder be blown freely into every crack and crevice, and rubbed well into the dogs; this will drive them away for a time, but the method must be repeated or they will return, The common-flea needs much the same continued effort to suppress him. Grooming, combing, and washing will do much, but generally other means must be employed. Wliale oil is an effectual remedy but its use is an abomination ; it must be thoroughly rubbed into the hair of the animal, from tip to tip, and allowed to remain on, some hours at least, during which time he must be kept in a warm room, as there is great danger of taking cold; then eggs may be used as a champoo and washed off, or soap and water alone, followed by a persistent combing, and after all a hard run be given. Quassia chips boiled to a strong infusion, or in the form of tincture, when sponged on freely, will be found efficacious. Carbolic acid and soaps incorporated with the same are excellent, but must be used cautiously, or poison from absorption may result ; a mixture of carbolic acid, two drachms of the crystals to a pint of water, is sufficiently strong. The phenol sodique is preferable to carbolic acid, as there is little danger of poisonous ab- sorption, and may be used diluted with the same quantity of water. The sulphuret of lime used with such success in Belgium for the itch, acts quite well as a cure of vermin; a weak solution of it can be made by boil- ing together the flowers of sulphur two pounds, unslaked lime one pound, water two gallons ; slack the lime first then add the sulphur slowly, stir- ring well, and finally boil down to one gallon. Let the mixture cool and precipitate, then pour off the clear fluid and apply it freely to the hair of the dog, allowing it to dry on. Balsam peru is an agent which has been, in times passed, much valued in parasitic troubles. Its efficacy, is unquestioned, but it is rather too expen- sive for general use. 14 VERMIN. Kerosene and crude petroleum are used advantageously in many kennels, the method employed being, to dip a comb into the oils and pass it per- sistently through the hair, being careful that little or none reaches the skin, which is likely to become irritated thereby. Insect powder is an excellent remedy, and can be economically used, by laying the dog on a paper while being rubbed. Lice and wood-ticks demand much the same treatment that fleas do, the preference being given to petroleum oil. A strong infusion of the seeds of the stavesacre is a sure remedy, but they are not easy to procure. Many authors advise the use of mercury in some form, the white precipitate the more common. It should not be employed until all the simpler remedies have failed, and then be used with great caution, the dog being securely muzzled. Where vermin have become troublesome, the kennels should be thor- oughly cleaned, bedding destroyed, and sulphur burned, after which, all parts should be faithfully whitewashed. The continued scratching of animals causes eczema which must be treated, after the vermin is removed, with external applications of cod- liver oil, sulphur and lard, or phenol sodique, and possibly the employment of the usual mange remedies will be demanded. CH&PTEMIJYISTERIJYG ME®ICIJYjE. It is presumed that the owner, or at least one familiar with the dog to be treated, will administer the medicine. If kindness and patience is exhib- ited, little or no trouble will be experienced. An important object is to concentrate drugs as much as possible. If given in the form of small pills, they can be pressed into raw beef and thrown to the animal, after first tempting him with a few pieces. When medicine is to be given in a bolus or very large pill, this method should be employed. Grasp the muzzle of the dog firmly with the left hand, the thumb and fore-finger on either side, pressing in the upper lips covering the teeth, thus preventing his biting. His mouth being opened, and head elevated, carry the bolus back into the throat as far as possible and close his jaws. If he does not swallow immediately, closing his nos- trils, and stopping his breathing will be effectual. If the dog is very large or unruly, and liquid medicine of unpleasant taste is to be administered, an assistant will be needed. Liquids can best be given from a bottle, the assistant preventing the jaws closing and breaking it. A spoon is unfit, as much will be spilled in its use. Making a funnel of the cheek and pouring the medicine in slowly, is an admirable method, and can be employed if the dog is unconscious and cannot swallow; care must be observed, allowing but little at a time to trickle down the throat. Some medicines can be disguised in milk or strong broths. Ordinarily* drugs should be given upon an empty stomach, excepting tonics, which should enter with the food, and be incorporated with it. CHti — } = 42 Lowerjaw— „ 6; „ 1 — 1; „ 7—7 = 22) Occasionally supernumerary teeth appear and are irregularly placed. It has been supposed that by the teeth of the dog his age could be deter- mined ; a mistake in many instances as is very evident. Disease will cause them to decay, certain medicines promote their early destruction, the too frequent feeding of bones wear them away, and a young dog may have poor teeth, and those of an old one be well preserved. It will be observed by the arrangement of the teeth that their purpose is to bite, tear, and crush. Nature makes no provision for grinding or mastica- tion. In this the construction is identical with that of all carnivorous or flesh eating animals. The food is bolted, and passes into the stomach without meeting with either a mechanical change from the teeth, or a chemical influence from salivary secretions of the mouth. ) 60 AFFECTIONS OF THE MOUTH AND TONGUE. T Canker of the mouth is an individual affection induced directly by a decayed tooth, or a diseased state of the jaw bone. Symptoms . —Attention is usually first attracted by a swelling on the jaw over or beneath the part diseased. This swelling finally bursts, discharging matter and blood of a very offensive odor. The parts affected are very painful, and usually much difficulty will be experienced before a thorough examination is made. After the abscess has burst, a fistulous opening remains that will never permanently close until the diseased bone or tooth is removed. A dis- charge will persist having the same offensive character. Eventually, a fetid ulcer forms on the gums and cheek of a gangrenous character, bleed- ing easily at the slightest touch. The pain and difficulty in eating tend to exhaust the animal which becomes weakened and emaciated. Treatment, — Whatever the cause it must first be removed. If a decayed tooth and it is extracted, the trouble will probably disappear. If the bone of the jaw be diseased, then the dog should be etherized, the gum laid open and the affected portion removed. The bleeding growths and ulcerations may then be well burned with the nitrate of silver and afterwards be treated with the tincture of myrrh. The general health must not be OA^er- looked. The diet should be generous ; milk, broths, raw eggs, meat, and if need be, tonics must be administered; cod liver oil in tablespoonful doses, and if digestive disorders are present, the elixir bark pepsin and bismuth, one teaspoonful three times daily. $2 AFFECTIONS OF THE MOUTH AND TONGUE. jS£ZIV£TZOJY. Salivation or an increased now of saliva, may be caused by a too liberal nse of mercury, by a sudden check to the cutaneous secretion, by cold and damp, or by any influence that suddenly lowers the system. The disease may also arise from decayed teeth. It is commonly associated with can- crum oris and may be induced by some irritation of the salivary glands alone. Probably the more common cause of salivation is the improper use of mercury, either taken internally or used too freely externally. In prescribing the drug to dogs, it must be remembered that natures vary. Some are far more easily affected by its action than others, and a suscep- tibility of salivation and tendency to certain diseases often go together. Symptoms . — Swelling and inflammation of the salivary glands, tongue and throat, with a flow of peculiarly foetid saliva. Shallow ulcerations of the surface of the gums and of the inside of the cheeks. The gums are red, swollen and spongy. The teeth loosened and discolored. In the severest cases, the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines takes on much the same ulcerative action observed in the mouth, The failure of strength and loss of flesh depend upon the exciting agency of the affection as well as the severity of the symptoms. Treatment, — Decayed teeth should be extracted; the bowels kept open and a generous diet be allowed. For a local application the tincture of myrrh, a saturated solution of chlorate of potassa, or brandy and water is sufficient. If the cause of the salivation is mercury, the iodide of potassium in three grain doses, three times daily, should be administered. If no cause for the affection other than debility is apparent, tonics of iron, quinine, or cod liver oil should be persisted in, with the local applications. is a disease uncommon, among dogs. Probably the affection more commonly has its origin in traumatic inju- ries, such as blows, kicks, and crushes. Chemical irritants, among them cantharides and turpentine injudiciously used, may induce the disease. Among other influences may be numbered chills, calculi, and long retained urine which decomposing becomes exceedingly irritating. Dogs shipped long distances and not removed from their boxes for several days, are liable to contract cystitis. An acute inflammation of the mucous mem- brane of the kidney may be transmitted along the passage and the bladder be involved. The disease may occur spontaneously, no obvious cause being apparent. Symptoms . — Acute cystitis usually manifests itself suddenly. The gen- eral disturbances are in some cases marked; in others the local symptoms are the more prominent. Fever, thirst, pain, constipation, and often vom- iting are not unusual. The frequent efforts to void the urine are the first to attract attention. The quantity passed at each attempt is very small, often but a few drops, and at times the attempts are ineffectual and suppression is complete. The urine voided may be in appearance nearly normal, but more often it is thick, dark reddish in color, and blood is intermingled. The pain and distress is often great as shown by the outcries and restless movements. When standing the animal's back is arched, the abdomen somewhat hard, possibly swollen and tender over the region of the bladder. When the attack is due to cantharides, the external genitals may be affected by the spread of the irritation. ^Prognosis. — The disease usually runs a rapid course, and if uncompli- cated tends to recovery. Irritation by cantharides soon subsides. When the inflammation is due to calculi, the course will necessarily be protracted unless the cause is removed. Sometimes acute cystitis may eventuate in the chronic form of the disease. Treatment. — If the attack is of moderate severity, reducing the diet to milk, applying hot cloths to the loins, and keeping the animal in a warm room may suffice. If the pain is severe one teaspoonful of paregoric, or fifteen drops of laudanum should be given and repeated if needed. Warm injections thrown into the bowels afford some relief. Warm loin baths are advised if the symptoms are severe; they should be prolonged from one half an hour to two hours, their usefulness depend- ing upon their duration. Some authors have advised cold applications instead of warm; while the 100 DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. former might act well in some eases, they would he unwise in others and therefore should he cautiously used if at all. If no water is passed, and the position and actions of the animal indicate great distress, then a surgeon should he called in to pass the catheter. After its use, sweet spirits of nitre in half teaspoonful doses should he added to the opiate. Rectal suppositories of opium and "belladonna can be used instead of giving drugs by the mouth, if vomiting occurs. These may be made as follows. — R Pulv. Opii gr.xv Ext. Bellad. gr.ij Ol. Theobromsa q. s. Ft. Suppositories No. xij. Sig. Use one from three to six hours as needed to subdue pain. To introduce these properly the finger should be oiled, and by it the sup- pository should then be pushed well up into the rectum. Chronic Cystitis. Chronic inflammation of the bladder may follow the acute, and may be a consequence of irritation from calculi, from repeated excesses, and ex- posure to colds. Luxuriously treated house pets and old dogs are more prone to the disease. Any impediment to the flow of urine, owing to stricture of the external passage from enlarged prostate or other causes, may give rise to obstinate cystitis. In the same manner in paralysis the disorder may be developed. Symptoms. — The affection in the majority of cases comes on slowly. The increased frequency in passing the urine soon becomes noticeable, the quantity voided being small but nearly normal in appearance. As the dis- ease progresses the symptoms increase in severity, the efforts to pass the water are frequent, attended with pain, and but a few drops are expelled at each attempt. The urine now changes in its appearance ; at first it is cloudy, then a mixture of mucus and pus is added, frequently tinged with blood. As the disease advances the quantity of mucus becomes great, the irrine voided assumes a brownish hue, and a very offensive odor. The movements of the animal are stiff and the gait described by some as " straddling. " The digestive organs suffer materially in chronic cystitis, strength diminishes, emaciation is progressive and the animal slowly wears away. DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 101 Under proper treatment improvement might possibly result, the symp- toms gradually growing less severe, the strength returning, the urine becoming clearer and retained a longer period. Relapses will however more than likely be experienced, the mucous' membrane of the bladder ulcerating, disease of the kidneys ensue and death follow. Treatme?it. — As in all other morbid conditions the cause should first be removed if possible. Paralysis calls for especial treatment elsewhere advised. If calculi or other incurable conditions exist, the treatment should be directed to the palliation of symptoms. Pain is to be overcome by the same means as recommended in acute cystitis. The diet should be largely milk and lime water, equal parts ; the latter deserves especial mention as a curative agent. The preparations of iron advised by some authors, evidently under the impression they act as astringents on the mucous membrane of the blad- der, are not indicated for that purpose in chronic cystitis, for they are not absorbed as astringents, neither do they come in contact with the interior of the bladder. One of the most active agents to be depended upon is tannin, which is thrown off by the kidneys and reaches the bladder. It may at first be given in two grain doses and gradually increased to five grains three times daily. When the strength fails and a tonic is indicated, two grains of quinine or some form of cinchona three times a day, is advised for the peculiar and beneficial influence on the mucous membrane of the kidney and bladder. If milk seems insufficient to sustain the animal a more nourish- ing diet may be allowed, but it must be unstimulating. Cystic C&zcuzt. Stone in the bladder or cystic calculi, is occasionally met with in dogs, •more common in advanced age. Symptoms. —Irritability of the bladder, with frequent efforts to void the urine. Considerable pain exists and occasionally blood is passed; the external urinary organs are at times slightly inflamed. The symptoms may be present for a long time, not sufficiently evident to clearly indicate the exact cause which induces them. After a time a severe attack of pain comes on, the urine is retained or passes only in drops; a diagnosis then made suggests treatment, the result of which may relieve the animal somewhat, but only for a time and death finally conquers. Treatment. —The symptoms must indicate the line of treatment to be followed. A cure is out of the question. 102 DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. (REN&L C&LCULI. Stone in the kidney, to which the above name is given, is occasionally found in canine practice. This affection is exceedingly difficult to diagnose unless the symptoms assume an unusual prominence. The indications are to a certain extent those of inflammation of the kidneys ; the manner of movement, the straddling gait, the arched hack, and the tenderness over the loins are present as in that disease. Pain is a prominent symptom-, the urine is scanty, the efforts to void it are constant, and only a few drops result from each attempt. Hematuria is commonly associated. At times the suffering is intense. Fever may he present, the appetite becomes lessened, and emaciation follows. The affection is necessarily fatal when the stone is too large to pass into the bladder through the passage called the ureter. At times when an ani- mal has a stone in the kidney even of large size, he may suffer severely for days from the irritation it causes, then seemingly recover and be well for along time. But other attacks occur; the stone continues to increase in size filling up the kidney, causing that organ to waste away, or an abscess to result. The treatment is symptomatic ; during an attack of pain opiates are de- manded as in colic; warm baths and occasionally hot injections aid in lessening the suffering. The food should be milk as recommended in hematuria. (Retention of Urine. The term retention in this connection signifies a want of power to pass the urine from the bladder. It is to be understood there is urine to pass, and the condition must not be confounded with suppression in which none is passed because none is secreted. Causation. — Retention of the urine may arise from causes functional or organic. Among the former are included paralysis or want of power in the muscular coat of the bladder, and spasmodic stricture of the urethra or canal from the bladder by which the urine passes off. The organic causes include obstruction to the canal by contraction termed permanent stricture ; stoppage of the tube, the same being blocked up with small calculi coming out from the bladder ; obstruction of the tube by organic diseases as in enlarged prostate ; inflammation and swelling of the mucous membranes of urethra. Possibly blood-clots may form in hematuria and thereby obstruct the passage. Cases have been reported where worms have lodged in the canal and closed it. RETENTION OF URINE. 103 The loss of power in the muscular coat of the bladder may be due to paralysis proper, or may be induced by distention following the confine- ment of dogs excessively neat in their habits. Spasmodic stricture may be caused by exposure to cold and damp, by certain drugs taken into the stomach as cantharicles, or the same may be absorbed from blisters. Temporary stricture sometimes occurs in stud clogs the result of undue sexual excitement. Symptoms. —Restlessness and continuous pain, with constant and inef- fectual efforts to urinate are the prominent symptoms. The animal's movements are unceasing and his gait stiff and " straddling." In getting up and lying down his actions are restrained as though painful. The abdo- men is distended, and pressure over the bladder causes shrinking and distress. Unless relieved the pain grows more severe, vomiting occurs, the pulse runs high, becomes weak and feeble, and the general appear- ances indicate gravity. Convulsions often occur, followed by profound stupor and death. Treatment. —If the symptoms are not extreme, one grain of opium should be given and followed by a hot loin bath. The great object is to arrest the efforts of the animal to urinate, and when they are discontinued, often the bladder will empty itself. After the opium a dose of castor oil should be administered. If these measures are unsuccessfully employed, a surgeon should be called and the catheter used to evacuate the bladder. . Retention associated with paralysis demands the use of the catheter, and the employment of treatment elsewhere advised. If the prostate is enlarged the iodide of potassium is indicated in three grain doses, three times daily. The food should be unirritating in charac- ter, milk entering largely into the diet. 104 DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. Hematuria or bloody urine occurs at times in certain diseases of dogs. The seat of the disease giving rise to this affection may "be in the kidneys or bladder, and very rarely in the passage from the latter. Hemorrhage from the kidney may be caused by the irritation of calculi in that organ, or by blows or kicks over the loins; by congestion; and it might occur in certain general, serious, diseases of the system. Hemor- rhage from the bladder may be caused by an inflammation of the parts called cystitis, or by the presence of calculi. When the blood comes from the kidney it undergoes certain changes and gives to the urine a smoky appearance. It must be remembered that this appearance is not always due to hemorrhage, as certain articles taken into the stomach give rise to the same. Blood from the bladder has a brighter appearance and is often voided in small clots. When the urethra or external passage from the bladder is the seat of trouble, blood in small drops usually follows the discharge of urine. In hematuria there is associated more or less weakness about the loins ; possibly some fever may be present. Treatment. —As bloody urine is rarely more than a symptom of disease, it will demand no especial treatment, but the cause must be sought for and the infirmity removed. If a diagnosis cannot be made and the actual seat of the disorder be determined, certain general rules of treatment should be observed. The diet first should be simplified and only milk be allowed, and of that sufficient can be taken to sustain the strength. All medicines having a directly stimulating effect upon the kidneys should be avoided. If the manner of the animal while passing his urine is indicative of irritation or smarting, one teaspoonful of cream of tartar should be added to his milk three or four times a day, and a teaspoonful of paregoric be given occasionally. Warm applications over the loins will be grateful adjuncts. The animal should be confined in a warm room, his bowels kept active, and the case watched until a positive diagnosis is determined. CH&PTE& IX. DISEASES OF THE GENITtfL 0&G&NS. The principal organ of generation in the dog is subject to an inflamma- tion of the mucous membrane of its covering or sheath called "balanitis. This affection is manifested by a purulent discharge annoying to the ani- mals themselves and exceedingly offensive to their owners. Causation . —Local irritations such as the accumulation of certain secre- tions, and constitutional disorders are the more common causes. Symptoms . —The affection gives rise to considerable discomfort induc- ing the animal to frequently lick the parts. The discharge is thick and yellowish in color; the mucous membrane is reddened, slightly swollen and sensitive. Treatment, — Perfect cleanliness is the great essential. The sheath should be drawn back as far as possible and the organ bathed four or five times daily with the following. — R Acidi Carbolici Acidi Tannic i a a gr.xx Glycerinae % i Aqua3 Siij Ft. Mist. Sig. Lotion. As a rule this treatment will be sufficient; if not, a solution of the sulphate of zinc, twenty grains to one half a pint of water, may be frequently used for a few days, after which a weak solution of the acetate of lead, one drachm to a pint of water, may be substituted. Constitutional disturbances are to be overcome; if debility is associated tonics are indicated : if the animal is over fed, laxatives, restricted diet, and exercise are the measures to employ. 106 DISEASES OF THE GENITAL ORGANS. TEROPHOil are demanded in many cases. Tetanus. Tetanus is a disease manifested by continuous muscular spasm or rigid- ity. In the majority of cases this affection is caused by a wound or local injury of some kind. Exposure to cold and intestinal disturbances may induce it; in poisoning by nux vomica and strychnia the convulsions are tetanoid. The attack may be general or partial ; when partial it is mostly confined to the neck and jaws, and hence the affection is known as lock- jaw. The jaws are firmly shut by the rigid contraction of the muscles, and the mouth cannot be opened by any force it would be prudent to em- ploy. The angles are drawn and the lips are bathed in frothy saliva. Often swallowing is impossible, owing to the throat being involved. The muscles of the eyes and face are at times affected, giving rise to hideous distortions. "When tetanus is general the body and limbs are stiff and immovable, the abdominal walls shrunken and rigid; respiratory movements of the chest are restrained. The muscular spasm is persistent; but it occasionally subsides a little and then comes on again in fits of greater violence. Death may result from exhaustion, the nervous system being worn out by the violence of the spasm, or from suffocation, respiration being too long suspended during a violent convulsion. In very rare instances re- covery takes place on the removal of the cause. 180 DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. Treatment. — To remove the cause is the first axiom in the treatment of all diseases. Other measures to he employed are to relax the spasms and sustain the strength of the animal. Perfect quiet is to he enforced and the administration of remedies should he effected as gently as possi- ble. When difficulty in swallowing exists, nourishment and medicine should he given per rectum. A wound if apparently the cause of the disease, should be reopened and a free discharge of pus promoted; cauterization will be necessary if it is ragged and ill-conditioned, and afterward poultices ought to be applied. Among the many sedatives advised in the treatment of this disorder, chloral hydrate promises the best, and should be administered as is advised in strychnine poisoning. This drug may prove ineffectual; if so the tincture of the aconite root should be given by injection; three drops every two hours until relief is obtained. If the result from the use of aco- nite is discouraging, one eighth of a grain of morphine may be administered subcutaneously, and repeated every three or four hours. Of the utmost importance is abundant nourishment and stimulation. A cup of milk or beef tea with a raw egg and a tablespoonful of brandy should be given by the rectum every three or four hours, unless it can be taken by the mouth. It is to be remembered that after the spinal cord becomes affected it acts independently, and its irritation does not subside on the removal of the exciting cause. CH&SY. Dropsy, a morbid serous transudation into any of the cavities, vis never a primary affection but only a symptom, a sequel of many chronic diseases, particularly those of the liver. Dropsies are not to be con- founded with effusions; the former is not the result of inflammation, and the morbid condition on which it depends is situated elsewhere; the serous membrane in which it occurs being free from disease. Liquid effusions are exudations involving generally if not always inflammation. Dropsies receive different names according to their situations ; when located in serous cavities, they are designated by prefixing hydro to the name of the membrane, Dropsy within the head is called hydrocephalus ; hydrothorax, when within the chest; ascites, when within the abdominal cavity. The latter is the most frequent form seen in dogs, and deserves especial consideration; the others being of less practical importance. Symptoms. —The enlargement first directs attention to the abdomen, which becomes equably large and fluctuating, not filling at one part more than another; the accumulation of liquid taking place without pain or tenderness. The fluid usually forms rapidly, and the distension soon occa- sions disturbances of the internal organs by compression. The appetite becomes impaired, vomiting is an occasional symptom, the urine is scanty, respiration is embarassed, the pulse more rapid and feeble; constipation may alternate with diarrhoea, and pressure on the veins give rise to dropsy of the lower limbs. In the progress of the affection emaciation becomes marked, the lips, tongue, and gums palid, the pulse thin and thready, the breathing more hurried, threatening suffocation ; the animal can no longer lie down; death finally occurs from exhaustion or obstructed respiration. %)iagno s is . —The diagnose of ascites can generally be made without 194 GENERAL DISEASES. difficulty. Blaine says : " Dropsy of the belly may be distinguished from fat by the particular tumor that the belly forms, which in dropsy hangs down, while the backbone sticks up, and the hips appear prominent through the skin ; 'the hair stares also, and the 7. Prolapsus ani, 82. 208 INDEX. Protrusion of the eyeball, 116. Prurigo, 138. Pruritus, 139. Puppies, care after weaning, 3. Rabies, 151. Rachitis, 196. Renal calculi, 102. Respiratory organs, diseases of, 25. Retention of urine, 102. Rheumatism, 190. Rickets, 196. Ringworm, 140. Roundworm, 144. Salivation, 52. Salt, in food, 7. Sarcoptic mange, 134. Scalds, 202. Scrofula, 197. Scrotum, inflammation of, 106. Skin, diseases of, 127. Skull, fracture of, 170. Small-pox, 192. Spleen, affections of, 94. Sprains, 201. Stomach, inflammation of, 59. Stone in the bladder, 102. Strychnine, poisoning, 17. St. Vitus' dance, 176. Sugar in the liver, 96. Sulphur, 7. Tapeworm, 147. Teeth, treatment of, 50. Teething, 49. Tetanus, 179. Ticks, 14. Tongue, inflammation of, 53. Torpor of the liver, 92. Umbilical hernia, 201. Urinary organs, diseases of, 97. Urine, bloody, 104. retention of, 102. Uterus, inflammation of, 109. Vaccination in rabies, 161. Vagina, prolapse of, 107. Vaginal polypi, 108. Vermin, 13. Vertigo, 169. Vomiting, 62. Vulva, affections of, 110. Warts, 107. Washing, 10. Water, importance of, 8. Womb, inflammation of, 109. Wood- ticks, 14. Worms, round, 144. tape, 147. Wounds, 199. ¥:b-^