^ A^. ^^-n^. ' * * '. 4o^ [■'- \^^' :'M£ \^^' ' .0 \; ^^•n^. ■;•: %/ :M#. "-.^^ :•«•, %/ -i 0^ .''..••^. '^o ..^'^ 0* '"V^'^^f. ^o> .iW^^- ^0* Sergeant W. P. Gault, Company F, 78th 0. V. I. (Secretary of the committee.) r» x^ t E Z. Hays, Captain, Company K, 32d 0. V. I. Major Chas. Hipp, 37th O. V. I. Josiah B. Allen, Late Sergeant, Company C, 30th O. V. I. (President of the committee.) General Wm. H. Raynor, Late Colonel, Colonel James Kilbourne, Brevet 56th 0. V. I. Colonel, 95th O. V. 1. OHIO AT VICKSBURG REPORT OF THE OHIO VICKSBURG BATTLEFIELD COMMISSION BY W. p. GAULT LATE SERGT. CO. F, 78th O. V. \. SECRETARY TO THE COMMISSION J 5 LIBRARY of CONGRESS Two Copies Received NOV 17 1906 •-, Copyritrht Entry CLASS A >^Xc-i No. COPY B. COPYRIGHT 1906 BY W. p. GAULT TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Letter transmitting report of the Ohio Vicksburg Battlefield Commission to the Governor 1 Condensed history of the capture of Vicksburg, Mississippi, from November 28, 1862, until July 4, 1863 3 General summary of casualties in the Union Army from March 29 until July 4, 1863 29 General summary of casualties in the Confederate Army from March 29 to July 4, 1863.' 30 Union troops by States participating in campaign and siege 30 Confederate troops by States participating in campaign and siege 32 Historical records of Ohio troops participating in campaign and siege by regiments and batteries 34-297 Vicksburg National Military Park 298 Appointment of Ohio Vicksburg Battlefield Commission 302 Preliminary work of the Commission, including purchase of monuments 310 Dedication of Ohio monuments on Vicksburg National Military Park 319 Financial statement of the Commission 329 Columbus, Ohio, May 22, 1906 To the Governor of Ohio: — Sir: The Ohio Vicksburg Battlefield Commission, appointed by the late Governor George K. Nash, under and by authority of an act as passed April 16, 1900, by the General Assembly of Ohio, and a supplementary act passed April 15, 1902, to locate the positions occupied by the several Ohio commands on or near the investment line during the siege of Vicksburg, and to mark such locations with suitable monuments and assault markers, has the honor to file this, their fifth and final report. Respectfully submitted, J. B. Allen, President, W. P. Gault, Secretary, Charles Hipp, E. Z. Hays, James Kilbourne, William H. Raynor, Co mmissioners The Vicksburg Campaign F The Vicksburg Campaign* ROM the inception of the rebelHon the unobstructed navigation of the Mississippi river was considered of the first importance. With the army and navy of the Union con- trolHng that great natural highway, the Confederacy would be cut in two, its forces divided, its vast storehouse to the west practically closed, Louisiana, Texas, and Arkansas rendered almost valueless as recruiting grounds, all of which would be a serious blow to the Confederacy, while the advantages crained for the cause of the Union would be of inestimable value. At a great number of points along its banks, bases could be established, supplied and maintained at a minimum hazard, from which, as well as by its many navigable, con- fluent streams, the very heart of the rebellious territory could be brought under control. On the banks of the Mississippi were a number of strategic points, which, when fortified and well defended, effectually closed the navigation of that stream. By the winter of 1862 and 1863, all such points had fallen into our hands excepting Vicksburg, Port Hudson, and Grand Gulf. Of these, for several reasons, Vicksburg was the most important and the most difficult of approach. The abrupt and broken bluffs upon which it stands, the low bottoms of the Yazoo river on the north, with its chain of lakelets, bayous and swamps, its almost impenetrable growth of forests, reinforced with cane brakes, brush and vines, and the several roads and pathways that led up to the bluffs and high ground which were heavily fortified against any and all attacks, rendered an assault from the north or front exceedingly hazardous. Such being the conditions north of the city. Grand Gulf and Port Hudson defended it equally as well from the south. Just how free and safe navigation on the Mississippi river could be established from Vicksburg south, was a problem that had commanded the most careful thought of our greatest generals. During the fall and winter of 1862, General Grant thought it possible to capture Vicksburg by advancing from 4 ' Ohio at Vicksburg Tennessee and northern Mississippi on Jackson, its Capital, which move, if successful, would cut oft communication with Vicksburg, and compel its evacuation, or the possible capture of its defenders. Apparently with the intention of carrying out this plan of campaign. General Grant, November 24, 1862, advanced south from Grand Junction, Tennessee, along the line of the Mississippi Central Railroad. The Confederate General, J. C. Pemberton, was at that time holding Holly Springs, and the Tallahatchie river. Meeting with but little opposition from the enemy. General Grant continued to move south by easy stages until December 5, at which date the advance of his army had reached Oxford, Mississippi, about 54 miles south from Grand Junction. General Sherman, with three divisions from Memphis, joined Grant's forces at this point, thereby increasing the numerical strength of General Grant's army to about 45,000 effectives. Pemberton confronted him with an army of perhaps 30,000 or 35,000. When Grant reached Oxford he estab- lished his immediate base of supplies at Holly Springs, with his primary base at Columbus, Ky., about 180 miles north. Realizing his inability to guard so long a line of coni- munication, and in view of his intended advance to Grenada, and possibly beyond. General Grant saw the importance of establishing a new base either at Grenada or Memphis, and abandoning his old base at Columbus, Ky. After considerable correspondence with General Halleck, General-in-chief of the armies, with reference to the management of the campaign. Grant received a dispatch from that officer, dated December 12, authorizing him to move his troops as he (Grant) might deem best to accomplish the great object in view. Immediately on the receipt of this dispatch General Grant sent a communication to General Sherman at College Hill, about 10 miles north from Oxford, to report at his head- quarters the same evening for a conference on the existing conditions of the army, and to devise the best plan looking to the capture of Vicksburg. General Sherman immediately responded. During that conference two plans had chief con- sideration. One was to continue advancing in full force as far south as Jackson, Mississippi, and threaten Vicksburg from that point. The other, and the plan adopted, was for The Vicksburg Campaign 5 General Sherman to return to Memphis, taking with him one division of his command, hastily organize all the troops in and around that city, and move down the Mississippi river to the vicinity of Vicksburg, and proceed to the reduction of that city in such manner as circumstances and his best judgment might dictate. While General Sherman was making that move, General Grant was to hold General Pemberton on the Yallabusha river, north of Grenada, to prevent him reinforcing the defenses at Vicksburg. But in case he should get away. General Grant was to follow him to Vicksburg, and there unite his forces with General Sherman's, and proceed to capture, not only that city, but Pemberton's army as well. In pursuance of this plan of campaign, General Sherman immediately returned to Memphis, hastily organized his forces, and on December 20, weighed anchor, and started with a fleet of 20,000 officers and men for the vicinity of Vicksburg. On the way down the river he was reinforced with 12,000 officers and men, under command of General Frederick Steele, at Helena, Arkansas, which in- creased General Sherman's numerical strength in officers and men to about 32,000. Accompanying this magnificent army, under command of General Sherman, was the entire gunboat fleet of Admiral Porter. The combined fleet of transports and gunboats, after weighing anchor at Memphis, made a most impressive display. Unfortunately for the success of the prearranged cam- paign as agreed upon at Oxford, December 8, the Confederate General, Van Dorn, with a cavalry force appeared at Holly Springs, General Grant's secondary base of supplies, and demanded its surrender. The Commandant of the garrison, Colonel Robert C. Murphy, of the 8th Wisconsin Infantry, with scarcely any show of resistance, acceded to the demand by making a disgraceful and cowardly surrender of the garrison, consisting of 1,500 officers and men, all of General Grant's munitions of war, food and forage valued at ;$ 1,500, 000. True, Colonel Murphy was dismissed from the service, but the damage was done, all General Grant's plans frustrated, his communications cut, and a retreat of 80 miles to Grand Junc- tion was deemed necessary. General Sherman, uninformed of the disaster at Holly Springs, "having left Memphis with his fleet the same day that the surrender of Holly Springs took place," continued down 6 Ohio at Vicksburg the Mississippi river to the mouth of the Yazoo and up that stream a few miles, landing his forces at Johnston's plantation, in front of Walnut Hills, which was held and strongly fortified by the enemy. December 27 and 28 were spent in reconnoiter- ing, with some slight skirmishes. The outlook from Sherman's standpoint was unpromising, owing to the impassable and unbridged bayous and precipitous bluflFs on which the enemy was well fortified- But believing that Pemberton was yet on the Yallabusha river in northern Mississippi with all his forces, or, if he had come to the defense of Vicksburg, that General Grant was in close pursuit, ready to cooperate with General Sherman in accordance with the prearranged plan of campaign. General Sherman on the morning of December 29 moved to the attack against Walnut Hills with all the force that could be brought into action, which was not more than one-fourth of his command. General Sherman estimated the enemies' forces between Vicksburg and Haines' Bluff at 15,000, commanded by the Confederate Generals, Martin Luther Smith and Stephen D. Lee. The battle continued during the entire day until darkness put a stop to the slaughter. General Sherman intended to again attack early on the morn- ing of the 30th, but satisfying himself that a renewal of the attack would only result in useless loss of life, he decided to withdraw to his transports on the Yazoo, which he succeeded in doing during the night of January i, 1863, and on the morning of January 2, the entire fleet steamed down the Yazoo and up the Mississippi river to Milliken's Bend. The result of the battle was disastrous to General Sherman's forces, despite the most determined and persistent fighting, but no blame could be attached to General Sherman, from the fact that he only performed his part of the Oxford agreement made December 8, 1862, between him and General Grant. On General Sherman's arrival at the mouth of the Yazoo he was met by General John A. McClernand (who was sent to assume command of the forces operating against Vicksburg), who informed him of the Holly Springs disaster and General Grant's withdrawal to Lagrange and Memphis. Had that information reached Sherman prior to the attack on December 29, the battle of Chickasaw Bayou, or Walnut Hills, would never have been fought, and many valuable lives been saved. With the close of this battle, and General Sherman's with- The Vicksburg Campaign 7 drawal to Milliken's Bend, the first or initial campaign under General Grant against Vicksburg closed. General Sherman, on turning over the command to General McClernand, suggested an attack on Arkansas Post, located on the Arkansas river, about 40 miles above the mouth. After considerable talking, and a conference with Admiral Porter, McClernand acceded to the request of General Sherman, and issued orders to the commanders of the 13th and 15th Corps, not to disembark at Milliken's Bend, but to move against Fort Hindman (Arkansas Post), reaching the fort the evening of the 9th. Early the next morning, January 10, the two corps disembarked, and, forming line, advanced to the attack, dislodging the enemy from their advanced line and forcing them back to the fort. Early on the morning of the nth, the attack was renewed, assisted by three gunboats under command of Admiral Porter. After some severe fight- ing by the Union troops, the fort was forced to an unconditional surrender, when 4,691 Confederates stacked arms and became prisoners of war. December 22, 1862, General Grant reorganized his com- mand, and divided it into four army corps, commanded, respectively, 13th Corps, Major-General John A. McClernand, commanding; 15th Corps, Major-General William T. Sherman, commanding; i6th Corps, Major-General Stephen A. Hurl- burt, commanding; and 17th Corps, Major-General James B. McPherson, commanding. On January 10, the work on the road from Holly Springs to Grand Junction, and thence to Memphis, being completed. General Grant moved his headquarters to the latter place. About this same date the distrust by the more prominent oflicers of the army in the ability of General McClernand to successfully command the forces operating against Vicksburg induced General Grant to take immediate and personal com- mand of the Union forces operating against that city. By General Order No. 13, dated January 30, 1863, he assumed command of the expeditionary forces then operating against the city of Vicksburg, and ordered the 13th Corps, General McClernand commanding, to garrison the post at Helena, Arkansas, and any other point along the west bank of the Mississippi river he might deem necessary, with part ot his command, and the remainder of his corps was ordered to 8 Ohio at Vicksburg Young's Point. The 15th Corps, General Sherman com- manding, he ordered to rendezvous at, or near, Young's Point, La.; the 17th Corps, General McPherson commanding, was ordered to rendezvous at .Memphis, and the i6th Corps, General Hurlburt commanding, veas stationed at various points in v^est Tennessee and northern Mississippi. Remembering that Vicksburg v^as vulnerable from the east only, the problem General Grant had to consider w^as how to get his army across the river, and in rear of the city. The next two months (February and March) of 1863 will never be forgotten by the army under command of General Grant, by reason of the untold exposures to the inclement weather, and fatiguing work on the various bayou and canal schemes which Grant resorted to in the effort to land his army on high ground east of the city of Vicksburg. About January 20, 1863, the first attempt was made to land the army below the batteries defending Vicksburg by digging what was generally known as Grant's Canal. It was located some distance below the city, and was to be dug across a peninsula, so that the transports coming from the north could pass through it to the river below, thus avoiding the fire of the enemy's river batteries defending the city. Soon after the work on the canal was commenced, the 17th Corps, General McPherson commanding, was ordered from Memphis to Lake Providence, and put to work cleaning out Bayous Baxter and Macon, to a sufl&cient depth to enable transports to pass through them into the Tensas, Washita, and Red rivers to the Mississippi river below the city. The Yazoo pass expedition, as well as the Deer Creek, Rolling Fork, and the Sunflower to the Yazoo, about 10 miles above Haines' Bluff, and likewise Grant's canal, having failed in accomplishing the object desired, was abandoned about March 27. General Grant determined to try another bayou route. At Milliken's Bend, and also at Young's Point, bayous rise, which, connecting with other bayous passing Richmond, La., empty into the Mississippi river at New Carthage, some 25 miles above Grand Gulf. General Grant determined to open those bayous if possible, which, if successful, would provide a safe route for his transports and enable him to move his army and supplies to high ground east of the city. This maneuver having also proved unsuccessful. General Grant now deter- mined to attempt to put into execution his long-cherished and The Vicksburg Campaign 9 bold move, which if successful would place his army on high ground to the south and east of the city. The success of this move required the active cooperation of the navy. Accord- ingly, he sent for Admiral Porter, commandant of the navy, to come to his headquarters, and to him he unfolded his master- ly, and bold move. The Admiral was enthused by the bold, novel, and masterly strategy presented for his consideration, and unhesitatingly promised all the assistance in his power to insure success. For 14 miles heavy guns on the works defending Vicks- burg commanded the river that washed the base of her bluffs! These, the Confederates believed, effectually precluded the passage of any unarmored vessel. While General Grant was not pubHshing his plans to the world, yet he was quietly concentrating his forces at MiUiken's Bend, preparatory to striking a fatal blow that would not only place Vicksburg in his possession, but also would completely annihilate the Confederate Army, commanded by General Pemberton. In brief, General Grant's plan of campaign, as decided upon, was, first, to run the blockade, 14 miles in length, with the navy and several transports, having lashed to both sides of them, barges loaded with coal, ammunition, and supplies. As soon as the gunboats and transports were safely past the Vicksburg batteries, he was to march his army down the west bank of the river to the most convenient place of cross- ing, and there the transports would be in waiting to transfer his army across the river from Louisiana to the Mississippi side, and on high ground east of Vicksburg. On the night of April 16 Admiral Porter was ready to start on his perilous trip of 14 miles past the Vicksburg batteries. The flagship Benton, Admiral Porter commanding, leading the squadron, started at 10 o'clock in the evening, followed at intervals by the Lafayette with the Price lashed to her side; then came the naval vessels Louisville, Mound City, Pitts- burg, and Carondelet, and following closely in their wake were the transports Forest Queen, Silver Wave, and Henry Clay, each loaded with coal for the use of the fleet when below the city, and last came the gunboat Tuscumbia. The only serious loss was to the Henry Clay; she was disabled, and her crew was forced to abandon her. All in all, this very hazardous enterprise proved so eminently satisfactory, that General 10 Ohio at Vicksburg Grant says in his Memoirs: "As these boats succeeded in getting by so well, I ordered six more to be prepared in Hke manner and loaded with supplies." On the night of April 22 these vessels made the attempt to run by the Vicksburg batteries, and five of them succeeded, but one, the Tigress, was sunk on the Louisiana shore after passing the last battery. Each of these transports had in tow two barges, also loaded with supplies and subsistence for the army when below the city. Two of this last fleet were commanded by their own officers, and one of them manned by its regular crew. The places of the other officers and crews were supplied by volunteers from Logan's Division, 17th Corps. Again quoting from Grant's Memoirs, that distinguished officer writes: "When it was first proposed to run the blockade at Vicksburg with river steamers there were but two captains or masters who were willing to accompany their vessels, and but one crew. Volun- teers were called for from the army, men who had experience in any capacity in navigating the western rivers. Captains, pilots, mates, engineers, and deckhands enough presented themselves to take five times the number of vessels. I proposed to move through this very dangerous ordeal. All but two of the steamers were commanded by volunteers from the army, and all but one was so manned. In this instance, as in all others during the war, I found that volunteers could be found in the ranks and among the commissioned officers to meet every call for aid whether mechanical or professional." General Grant, having the utmost confidence in Admiral Porter's ability to successfully run the blockade defending the city with his gunboats and transports, had begun at an earlier date to put his army in motion to march them down the west bank of the river to some suitable place of crossing. Under Order No. 13, dated March 29, 1863, the advance of General McClernand's 13th Corps started from Milliken's Bend, La., by way of Richmond, La., to New Carthage, hoping that he might continue his advance as far south as Grand Gulf, and capture that place before the balance of the troops could get there. April 6 Osterhaus' division, 13th Corps, occupied New Carthage, where Carr's and Smith's divisions of the same corps came up, and camped on the 17th. The remaining division, 13th Corps, "Hovey" commanding, was ordered to continue their advance farther south to Per- The Vicksburg Campaign ii kins. Soon after the arrival of Osterhaus' division at New Carthage, orders were issued to the corps for a farther advance south to Hard Times Landing, located some three miles above the Gulf. General McPherson's 17th Corps remained at Lake Providence until April 18, when, by orders from General Grant, the corps embarked and moved to Milliken's Bend, with orders to follow closely the rear of the 13th Corps to Hard Times Landing. And now Grant's army was on the road which later proved to be the march to one of the greatest victories of the Civil War. By evening of April 27 General McClernand's Corps had reached Hard Times Landing across the river from Grand Gulf, and General McPherson was following closely. General Grant having determined to effect a landing on the east, or Mississippi side of the river as soon as possible, decided to make the attempt to dislodge the enemy occupying Grand Gulf, and land his army at that point. Accordingly, on the morning of the 29th General McClernand was ordered to embark all the troops from his corps that the transports and barges could carry, and if the navy under command of Admiral Porter succeeded in silencing the batteries defending Grand Gulf, to have as many men as possible ready to debark under cover of the guns of the navy and carry the works by storm. In anticipation of Admiral Porter being able to silence the enemy's batteries defending the Gulf, and General McClernand landing his troops for the assault. General Grant, on the morning of April 27, sent an order to General Sherman at Young's Point to send one division up to Haines' Bluff, and make a strong diversion by threatening an attack at that point. The object of this diversion was to compel General Pemberton to keep his forces at Vicksburg instead of sending them to reinforce General Bowen at Grand Gulf. General Sherman selected Blair's Division to make the diversion, and they did it successfully, and, as was later learned, the diversion created great confusion about Vicksburg. Notwithstanding the suc- cessful diversion, the navy failed to silence the batteries at the Gulf, and the troops of the 13th Corps again disembarked the evening of the same day, and took up their line of march, stopping at DeShroon's, Louisiana, six miles above Bruinsburg, where the 13th Corps, and one division of the 17th Corps 12 Ohio at'Vicksburg embarked and were transferred down and across the river to Bruinsburg, Miss., where they were landed by noon of April 30. The march from Milliken's Bend to this point, which had consumed just one month, had been unusually toilsome; a continual drag through (not over) tenacious mud roads or rather paths, swollen streams and bayous bank full, w^as the task allotted the officers and men each day of the arduous march. After landing at Bruinsburg, General Mc- Clernand's Corps halted only long enough to draw two days' rations and ammunition when they started inland for Port Gibson. Before sunset their advance had gained the bluffs, closely followed by the First and Third Brigades of Logan's Division, 17th Corps. This force continued to advance until the pickets of the enemy were encountered near Thompson's Hill, about five miles from Port Gibson. General Bowen, on learning that General Grant had effected a landing at Bruins- burg, immediately evacuated Grand Gulf, marching in the direction of Port Gibson, with the hope of intercepting and holding in check General Grant's forces until reinforcements from Vicksburg under General Loring could reach him. As soon as General McCiernand encountered General Bowen's pickets he formed line of battle, and indulged in some slight skirmishing during the night, but at no time did it rise to the dignity of battle. Early next morning, May i. General Mc- Clernand's four divisions advanced and were soon hotly engaged. Hovey's Division on the right was successful in forcing the enemy back. On the left Osterhaus' Division was not so successful, having met repulse with some loss. About noon General Grant arrived on the field and seeing the situation he at once ordered up the two brigades of Logan's Division. Logan's First Brigade he sent to the left of Osterhaus, with instructions to assist Osterhaus in turning the enemy's right flank, and Logan's Third Brigade he sent to reinforce McCler- nand's right. As soon as the First Brigade was in position, Oster- haus successfully renewed his attack, and soon the enemy's right was in full retreat, followed before sunset by General Bowen's left. General Grant's forces pursued the retreating enemy to within about two miles of Port Gibson, when, darkness coming on, they went into bivouac. General Bowen, realizing his defeat, retreated across Bayou Pierre and burned the bridge. At an early hour the next morning the command was put The Vicksburg Campaign ' 13 in motion. The First and Second Brigades of Logan's Division entering Port Gibson about 9 a. m. The town had been evacuated by the enemy during the night, and the suspension bridge across the south fork of Bayou Pierre burned. While waiting for the bridge to be rebuilt the First and Second Bri- gades of Logan's Division marched up the west side of Bayou Pierre about four miles to a ford which they crossed and marched down the east side until they reached the main Vicks- burg road. Here they rejoined their division, and with Crocker's Division, 17th Corps, in advance marched eight miles to the north fork of Bayou Pierre, where they found the fine sus- pension bridge partially destroyed. The bridge was repaired during the night. At daylight the next morning Logan's Division in advance crossed the bridge, and when near Willow Springs found the enemy advantageously posted on a command- ing ridge, and opened fire on our advancing column with ar- tillery. The two divisions of General Crocker and General Logan were formed in line, and soon the enemy fell back towards Hankinson's Ferry. At this point Logan's Division was directed to advance on the Grand Gulf road, and General Crocker to pursue the enemy. The latter division had pro- ceeded but a short distance before they became engaged with the enemy's skirmishers. The skirmishing was kept up with more or less activity until about 4 p. m., when the appearance of Logan's Division on the enemy's right flank caused them to beat a hasty retreat to the ferry, followed closely by the Second Brigade of Logan's Division, who reached the ferry just in time to save the bridge, and capture some tools. On the morning of the 4th the enemy opened an artillery fire on the Second Brigade of Logan's Division, but soon was silenced by a few well directed shots from the batteries of DeGolyer, Rogers and Williams, which dismounted one gun and killed two men. In the meantime, the 13th Corps had advanced on the 3rd to Willow Springs, on the 6th to Rocky Springs, on the 8th to Little Sandy, and on the 9th to Big Sandy. The 17th Corps remained at Hankinson's Ferry on the Big Black river from the 4th until the morning of the 7th, when they marched to Rocky Springs, remaining there during the 8th, and on the 9th marched toward Raymond, via Utica, and encamped at Utica Crossroads. While the 13th and 17th Corps were on the march, the 15th Corps, General Sherman commanding, was 14 Ohio at Vicksburg not idle. The morning of May i, Steele's Division and Tuttle's Division started for Grand Gulf. The former starting from Milliken's Bend, and the latter from Duckport. General Blair's Division remained at Milliken's Bend until troops from Memphis arrived to relieve them. Steele's and Tuttle's Divi- sions reached Grand Gulf about noon of May 6, marching 63 miles in five days over roads almost impassable. On May 8, General Sherman advanced with his two divisions to Hankin- son's Ferry, and on the loth marched to Big Sandy. May 6, General Blair's Division, 15th Corps, being relieved by troops from Memphis, left Milliken's Bend (except Ewing's Brigade) for Grand Gulf, reaching that place about noon of May 10. Early the morning of May 10, General McPherson's Corps marched for Utica. May II, General McPherson advanced about five miles on the road to Raymond, General McClernand to Five Mile Creek, and General Sherman marched to Auburn. May 12, General McClernand marched to Fourteen Mile Creek, at which place his advance encountered the enemy, and after a sharp skirmish drove them from their position, suffering a loss of 4 men wounded. General Sherman also marched to Fourteen Mile Creek, where he also met with some resistance from Confederate cavalry which was holding the crossing. However, a few well-directed shots from Landgraeber's Battery soon drove the Confederates to the hills beyond the creek and General Sherman held the crossing, with a loss of I man killed. During the same day (May 12) General Mc- Pherson's 17th Corps, with Logan's Division having the advance, continued on the march toward Raymond. The advance met with but little opposition until within two miles of Raymond, they came upon the enemy under command of the Confederate General, Gregg; about five thousand strong, well posted, and with two batteries of artillery so placed as to sweep the road and a bridge over which it was necessary to pass. General Logan immediately formed his division in line of battle, with the First Brigade, General Smith commanding, on the right, and his Second Brigade, General Leggett commanding, across the road to the left of General Smith, and his Third Brigade, General Stevenson commanding, was thrown to the right of General Smith, with directions to advance his right as much as possible. DeGolyer's Battery was placed on the road near the M a o rt The Vicksburg Campaign 15 bridge. With this formation of the division the whole Hne advanced when the battle opened with great fury on the front of the First and Second Brigade. The battle lasted about four hours when the enemy gave way, and soon was on the retreat through Raymond, and General McPherson camped at that place the night of the I2th. If the reader will consult his map, he will notice that General Grant's lines are now almost due east and west, and within five miles of the Jackson and Vicksburg railroad. The 17th Corps, General Mc- Pherson commanding, was at Raymond on the right, the 15th Corps, General Sherman commanding, holding the centre on Fourteen Mile Creek, and the 13th Corps, General McClernand commanding, was on the left of the line, also on Fourteen Mile Creek, with his left resting on the Big Black river, his advance across the creek, and his pickets within about two miles of Edward's Station. The Confederate General, Joseph E. Johnston, having arrived at Jackson on the 13th, and being the ranking officer, assumed command of all the Confederate forces opposing General Grant's advance. He had with him at Jackson a force estimated at ,11,000 which was daily being augmented. General Pemberton's forces, estimated at 40,000, held his advance at Edward's Depot, and was deployed from that point back to Vicksburg. General Grant's forces at the same date were a very little over .33,000. Since crossing the Mississippi river, the enemy had been unable to satisfy their minds as to General Grant's intentions. Now he must uncover to the foe not only his intentions, but his base of supplies as well. The time had come when in defiance of all principles inculcated by his teachings at West Point, he would leave the way open for the enemy to fall upon what they would think his permanent base. Accordingly, the night of May 12, General Grant issued orders to the three corps commanders as follows: General McPherson was directed to march his 17th Corps early in the morning for Jackson, via Clinton; General Sherman to march the 15th Corps to Ray- mond; and the 13th Corps, General McClernand command- ing, was ordered to quietly withdraw from his position near Edward's Depot, and march to Raymond with all his corps, except General Smith's Division, which was ordered back to old Auburn to guard and bring forward to Raymond the supply train. May 14, the 17th Corps, General McPherson command- i6 Ohio at Vicksburg ing, was ordered to advance on Jackson by the Vicksburg and Jackson road, and engage the enemy at Jackson if they made a stand. General Sherman was given practically the same order, but was to move by the direct road from Raymond to Jackson, which is south of the road General McPherson was advancing on and entered Jackson through the Confederate lines about two miles to the right of General McPherson. General Mc- Clernand was ordered to send one of his divisions to Forest Hill church within supporting distance of General Sherman's position at Jackson, and one division to Clinton to support General McPherson, and his remaining division to remain at Raymond. General McClernand's other division, General Smith commanding, was yet at Auburn. About 9 a. m., General McPherson's advance came upon the enemy's pickets some two and a half or three miles from Jackson and soon drove them in on their main line, and General Sherman came on them about the same time. General McPherson immediate- ly deployed Crocker's Division for the assault, with Logan's Division in support. General Sherman made similar dis- position of his command. 'By 11 a.m. both General Sherman and General McPherson were ready for the assault. General Crocker advanced with his division preceded by a strong skirmish line, until within a short distance of their first line when the skirmishers were recalled, and the division charged, taking their first line of works. General McPherson followed up with Crocker's Division until near the enemy's main line of intrenchments, when he halted the command to bring the troops into line, and reconnoitre his front, and determine the next move. While General McPherson was pressing forward. General Sherman was confronting a Con- federate battery which enfilated the road he was advancing on. The gallant charge of Crocker's Division, led General John- ston to order a retreat, and when General Crocker advanced to their main line, found the enemy in full retreat, and in such great haste that they did not have time to move their guns or destroy them. General Johnston's forces beat a hasty retreat across Pearl river, and soon the American flag could be seen waving over the capital of Mississippi, and Jackson was ours. But time was precious, and other battles were to be fought and won before General Grant's army could rest on their laurels inside the fortifications of Vicksburg. The Vicksburg Campaign 17 By reason of General Grant's movement with the 15th and 17th Corps against Jackson on the 13th and 14th, his base at Grand Gulf on the river was necessarily uncovered and exposed his rear to the attack of General Pemberton's army of 40,000. General Johnston seeing General Grant's exposed rear, sent orders to General Pemberton, dated May 13, to advance with his entire force and attack General Grant at Clinton. But General Pemberton discovering General Grant had blunderingly, as he believed, uncovered his line of communication, deter- mined to disobey his superior's orders and instead cut that line; and really put his army in motion for that purpose, but was forced back on account of high waters. General Pember- ton had not yet realized that General Grant had some four days before abandoned his base and was then subsisting his army off the country. That move on the part of General Pemberton gave General Grant time to march east, capture Jackson, disperse General Johnston's army there, about face, march west and be in position to repel any attack General Pemberton might wish to make on him at any point west oi Clinton. On General Pemberton's return to the Jackson road, he received early on the morning of the i6th a repetition of his order to join General Johnston at Clinton, which order he decided to obey, sending a dispatch to General Johnston to that effect, and immediately placed his army in motion to obey the order. General Johnston's dispatch to General Pemberton, under date of May 13, was sent in triplicate, one of the bearers proved to be a Union man, and instead of delivering it to General Pemberton, he came inside our lines and delivered it to General McPherson, who in turn forwarded it to General Grant. Immediately on receipt of this dispatch, General Grant issued his orders to his three corps commanders for their movements on the 15th. To General McPherson his orders were to about face and march his 17th Corps west as far as Bolton, which point is about 20 miles west of Jackson on the Vicksburg road. General McClernand was ordered to concentrate his 13th Corps at or near Bolton in the shortest possible time. General Sherman to remain with his 15th Corps at Jackson on the 15th for the purpose of destroying all Confederate property in or about that place. Two brigades of Blair's Division, 15th Corps, had reached Auburn from Grand Gulf, and by orders i8 Ohio at Vicksburg from General Grant were temporarily attached to General A. J. Smith's Division, 13th Corps. In obedience to General Grant's orders of May 14, Mc- Clernand's cavalry, by 9 a. m. of the 15th, had seized Bolton, driving out the enemy, and by noon had three divisions at or near that point well posted. The positions occupied by Grant's army the evening of May 15 were as follows: two divisions of Sherman's 15th Corps at Jackson, McPherson's 17th Corps, and three divi- sions of McClernand's 13th Corps were at or near Bolton, facing west, and in position to give battle should the Confed- erate General, Pemberton, determine to take the offensive. General A. J. Smith's Division, 13th Corps, was north of Ray- mond, with two brigades of Blair's Division, 15th Corps, in his rear. The morning of May 16 McClernand had the advance, and under orders to move his command towards Edward's Depot by three roads, all converging at that place. General Hovey's Division held the advance on the Clinton road, with General Logan's Division, 17th Corps, close on his rear as support. General Osterhaus and General Carr's Divisions, 13th Corps, were advancing on the middle road, while General Smith's Division, 13th Corps, and two brigades of General Blair's Division, 15th Corps (temporarily under command of McClernand), were advancing on the south road. The orders to all corps and division commanders were to move cautiously, with skirmishers well to the front, and avoid a general engagement unless they were certain of success. General Smith's Division on the extreme left was the first to encounter the enemy's pickets. Osterhaus, having the ad- vance on the middle road, hearing the fire of Smith's artillery and skirmishers, pushed his skirmishers forward, and soon struck the enemy's pickets well posted. About the same time Hovey also came up to the enemy's pickets, strongly posted near the base of Champion's Hill, on the north road leading from Jackson into Vicksburg. He immediately formed his division in line, with General McGinnis' Brigade on the right, and Colonel Slack's Brigade on the left. His skirmishers were at once deployed, and sent forward covering the entire front of his division, and advanced within sight of the enemy's battery. While General Hovey was forming his division as above described, the advance division of the The Vicksburg Campaign 19 17th Corps, General Logan commanding, had reached the field and was quickly formed on the right of General Hovey. The left of Logan's Second Brigade, General Leggett command- ing, forming on General Hovey's right, and the First Brigade, General Smith commanding, formed on the right of General Leggett, with the Third Brigade, General Stevenson commanding, a short distance in the rear as support. The 8th Michigan Battery, Captain DeGolyer commanding, was placed in position about two hundred yards to the rear of the Second Brigade, and Rogers' Battery of 24-pound Howitzers supported by Smith's Brigade. The 3rd Ohio Battery, Cap- tain Williams commanding, was placed in position on a ridge to the rear of the division, as reserve. After some sharp skirmishing along General Hovey's front, at about 10.30 a. m., the battle opened, when General Hovey advanced about 600 yards, driving the enemy before him, capturing 11 guns and about 300 prisoners. At this point, the enemy being reinforced rallied and began pouring down the road in great numbers upon the position occupied and held by General Hovey, driving him back, yet contesting with death every inch of the field they had so recently won. Seeing from the character of the ground that his division was likely to be hard pressed, and possibly outflanked, he called for reinforcements from Crocker's Division, 17th Corps, which had just come up, but had not as yet been engaged. About a half hour later, by order of General Grant, General Crocker sent Colonel Boomer's Brigade, and the loth Missouri and the 17th Iowa to his support. The reinforcements num- bered about 2,000 men. But the enemy having massed on his front. General Hovey, with his reinforcements, con- tinued to be slowly forced back until his lines reached a point near the brow of the hill. Here a stubborn stand was made, which position the division succeeded in holding after more than two hours of most terrific fighting. Almost simultaneous with General Hovey's advance at 10.30 a. m., General Leggett, and General Smith's Brigades of Logan's Division advanced, and encountered the enemy strongly posted in the outskirts of timber directly on his front. After a spirited resistance they were compelled to retire. The engagement was now general along the entire fronts of both Hovey's and Logan's Divisions, with the enemy contesting 20 Ohio at Vicksburg with sreat determination the forward movements of either General Hovey or General Logan. General Logan's lines were now in such a position that the enemy's batteries confronting his right could enfilade the line of his First and Second Brigades. General Logan, seeing the situation, ordered a charge against the enemy by his First and Second Brigades, commanded respectively by General Leggett and General Smith. After a fearful slaughter the line of the enemy was broken, and the enemy was forced to abandon his chosen position, and retire under cover of a second ridge. During this assault, Logan's Third Brigade, General Stevenson commanding, moved up and formed on the right of General Smith's First Brigade to prevent any flank movement by the enemy. The formation of General Stevenson's brigade on General Smith's right caused the enemy to plant a battery of six guns in a com- manding position on his front for the purpose of checking the advance of General Stevenson, and at the same time enfilade the brigades of both General Smith and General Leggett. To thwart the evident designs of the enemy, General Stevenson was ordered to advance his right, and charge the enemy. Crossing an almost impassable hollow, the brigade with the 8 1st Illinois Infantry, and the 32d Ohio Infantry forming the advanced line, moved up in good order, made a bayonet charge as directed, driving the enemy from their guns, cap- turing the entire battery of 6 guns, and cutting General Pem- berton off from his direct line of retreat to Edwards Depot, and Black River Bridge. This brilliant charge by General Stevenson's Brigade turned the left flank of the enemy, hurled them back on the front of the First and Second Brigade, where they were so warmly received that they were again forced to retire, leaving as trophies to the brigades six pieces of artillery, and a large number of prisoners. The enemy discovering that General Logan had turned their left flank, now made a desperate effort to turn our left by concentrating all their available forces, and advancing against Hovey's Division that had then been fighting for more than three and a half hours, and very much fatigued, yet retaining a most determined spirit. At this instance, the tide of battle seemingly was turning against the Union forces, when General Hovey, equal to the occasion, hurriedly placed in commanding positions the ist Missouri Battery, Captain The Vicksburg Campaign 2I Dillon's Wisconsin Battery, Captain Scofield's Battery, and two sections of the i6th Ohio Battery; opened an enfilading fire on the advancing foe, with such a terrific shower of shot and shell that caused them to stagger. Taking advantage of the halt in their advance, General Hovey, assisted by the brigades of Boomer and Holmes of Crocker's Division, 17th Corps, made a brilliant charge, hurling the enemy back, re- gaining the ground they had lost some four hours before, recapturing five of the eleven guns they had captured durmg the first assault, and sending the enemy panic-stricken toward Black river, and the battle of Champion's Hill was won for the Union forces. The following paragraph is by authority of Grant's Memoirs, pages 512-521: This battle was fought under General Grant's immediate supervision, he having reached the field shortly after General Hovey and Logan had formed their lines. As soon as he had taken in the situation, he sent a staff" officer to General Mc- Clernand, directing him to push his command forward as rapidly as possible and attack General Pemberton's right. This order was disregarded by General McClernand, who at the time had two divisions w4thin some two and a half miles of General Pemberton's centre, and two divisions (Smith and Blair) confronting the Confederate right. Gen- eral Grant sent repeated orders to General McClernand to advance and press General Pemberton's center and right, but excepting Hovey's Division, none of General McClernand's command got upon the field until the enemy was in full retreat. Had these important orders of General Grant to General Mc- Clernand been obeyed, it is not improbable that General Pemberton's army would have been destroyed, and the siege of Vicksburg would not be, as it is, a matter of history. The battle of Champion's Hill was fought largely by Hovey's Division, 13th Corps, and Logan's Division, 17th Corps, assisted, during the last half of the battle, by Crocker's Division, 17th Corps. When General Pemberton began his retreat, he was pursued, as soon as the cartridge boxes could be refiUed, by General Stevenson's Brigade, Logan's Division, 17th Corps, and Captain DeGolyer's Battery in advance, followed by Carr's Division, and Osterhaus' Division, 13th Corps. 22 Ohio at Vicksburg The pursuit was kept up until darkness and fatigue compelled the pursuers to go into camp, but not until they had captured over 1,300 prisoners. General Grant had in this battle about 15,000 men actually engaged. This excludes that part of his army that did not get up, and all of McClernand's Corps excepting the Division of General Hovey. Daylight of the morning of the 17th saw the 13th Corps, Carr's Division, in advance, well on the way toward Big Black River Bridge. On the east side of the river. General Lawler's Brigade of Carr's Division, came upon the enemy strongly posted behind two lines of earthworks, each forming a seg- ment of an irregular circle, both ends resting on the river, and a swamp protecting the front. General Carr formed his division on the right, with Lawler's Brigade occupying the extreme right with his right resting on the river above. Next came General Osterhaus in the center, and Burbridge's Bri- gade, of Smith's Division, on the left. After a few well-directed shots from the Peoria Battery, General Lawler brought his Brigade to attention with orders to fix bayonets, and the command forward was given, when, with a cheer they charged the enemy's line and soon were inside their works. Simul- taneous with the charge of General Lawler, one brigade of General Osterhaus and one from General A. J. Smith's Divi- sion (Burbridge) made a similar charge, and soon the enemy was fleeing across Big Black River Bridge, burning the bridge after them. In this battle General Lawler won dis- tinguished mention by the corps commander for the success- ful execution of his brilliant charge across an open field. This grand success w^as decisive, and all the troops pressed forward, driving the enemy across the river or compelling them to surrender. About 1,500 prisoners, and 18 pieces of artillery, many small arms, and a large quantity of ammunition fell into our hands. By II a. m.. May 18, the bridge over Big Black River, which the enemy burned on his retreat, was repaired and General McClernand's Corps commenced crossing, advancing against Vicksburg by Mt. Albans and the Baldwin's Ferry road. General Sherman's 15th Corps crossed at Bridgeport, and advanced by the Bridgeport and Vicksburg road. At this point General Frank P. Blair's Division of the 15th Corps rejoined its corps, after being temporarily attached to General The Vicksburg Campaign 23 McClernand's 13th Corps for the last three days. McPher- son's 17th Corps at an early hour crossed between Bridgeport and the railroad bridge, and advanced in a northwest direction until the Bridgeport and Vicksburg road was reached, where they halted until Sherman's Corps had passed, when they took up their line of march direct for Vicksburg. By 3 p. m. the head of column of Sherman's 15th Corps had reached Walnut Hills, and General Sherman could be seen, proudly standing on the Confederate entrenchments that he tried so hard to capture on December 29, 1862. Ewing's Brigade, of Blair's Division, 15th Corps, that had been, until May 15, doing guard and fatigue duty between Milliken's Bend and Grand Gulf, rejoined its division in front of Vicksburg the night of May 18, having marched 85 miles in three days, and captured 203 prisoners on the march. General Grant immediately formed his lines around the Vicks- burg defenses with Sherman's 15th Corps on the right, his right resting on the Mississippi river about two miles above Vicksburg, his left joining General McPherson's right. Mc- Pherson's 17th Corps took position on the center, to the right and left of the main Jackson and Vicksburg road, and ex- tending south to a point near the Vicksburg and Jackson railroad, where he joined to the right of McClernand's 13th Corps. McClernand's right rested near the railroad, and extended south towards Warrenton as far as his line would admit, thus shutting in and practically dooming to capture the remainder of Pemberton's heroic army, which grimly awaited the certain onslaught of the Union forces. Flushed with successive victories, the officers and men of Grant's army thought that all they had to do the morning of May 19 was to assault the Confederate line, and the campaign would be over and Vicksburg would be ours. But in that instance they reckoned without their hosts. The Confederate army, no doubt, was disheartened from their successive defeats within the last few days, but when the assault of May 19 was made, they were found ready to defend the city of Vicksburg with their lives. General Grant's entire available force moved against the enemy's works along their entire line at 2 o'clock p. m. of May 19, but the assault, although pushed with con- fidence and energy, proved unsuccessful, excepting that the Union forces were enabled to get better positions, and closer 24 Ohio at Vicksburg to the Confederate lines, where they could be fully covered from the lire of the enemy. The 20th and 2ist were spent in fortifying and strengthen- ing the positions gained by the assault of May 19, and in making roads from the Yazoo river. The army had not drawn any rations for the past three weeks, and they were becoming very hungry for a tin cup of good black coffee and hard tack. By the night of the 21st, the entire army were fully supplied with full rations of coffee and hard bread, and they were corre- spondingly happy, and ready for any orders that would be issued from General Grant's headquarters. The failure of the assault of May 19 was disappointing, not only to Grant, but to his entire army, as time was thought an important factor in the success of the campaign, and Grant had none to spare. The Confederate General, Joseph E. Johnston, was at Canton, and daily receiving reinforcements, and might soon feel himself strong enough to attack Grant's rear, and raise the siege. Accordingly a second assault was planned, this time more deliberately, and on May 22, the third day after the first failure, a second assault was made, of which General Grant says: "Promptly at the hour designated (10 a. m.) the three army corps advanced to the assault A portion of the commands succeeded in planting their flags on the outward slopes of the enemy's bastions, and maintained them until night The assault failed, I re- gret to say, with much loss on our side in killed and wounded." The assaults of May 19 and 22 convinced Grant's army, both officers and men, that the defenses of Vicksburg could not be taken by assault without the sacrifice of too many valuable lives, and General Grant determined on a siege. As soon as siege operations were determined upon, saps were begun zigzagging from our front to the principal forts of the foe, with the view of undermining and blowing them up, whereby General Grant hoped to break the enemy's line at some point and end the campaign. General Johnston was now exerting himself to the utmost to collect at Canton an army with which to fall on General Grant's rear and, with General Pemberton's assistance, crush him. It being reported to General Grant that some of John- ston's command had advanced, and was occupying Mechanics- burg, located some 45 miles northeast from Vicksburg, he The Vicksburg Campaign 25 placed General Blair in command of an expeditionary force with orders to march out and disperse them. General Blair successfully performed this duty, and returned to the invest- ment line June 4. General Grant now bent his energies to pushing siege operations, and to defending his position against any possible maneuvers of the sagacious Johnston, and to prevent him from crossing Big Black river, and to defeat him should he succeed in doing so. The campaign from Milliken's Bend to Vicksburg had been eminently successful, and equally brilliant in its con- ception and execution. But the time had now come when the three army corps that composed General Grant's army during the campaign from Milliken's Bend to the Confederate defenses around Vicksburg, was inadequate to successfully cope with their adversaries. General Johnston with an army of perhaps 30,000 east of Big Black river, and General Pemberton with about an equal number inside the Vicksburg defenses, rendered reinforcements to defend General Grant's exterior line against General Johnston necessary. May 19 General Lauman reached Young's Point with one division, and was assigned a position on the investment line to the left of the 13th Corps. June 3 General Kimball arrived with 12 regiments, and was assigned position at Haines' Bluff, and June 11 General Sooy Smith reached Young's Point with a strong division, and w^as also sent up the Yazoo to Haines' Bluff. On the same date (June 11) General Herron came with a full division and was assigned a position on the investment line to the left of General Lauman, with his left resting near the Mississippi river below the city, thus completing the investment with a line of bayonets and batteries, from the river above to the river below the city. June 15 General Park arrived with two divisions of Burnsides Corps, and was immediately dispatched to Haines' Bluff. General Grant now had about 71,000 men, and more than half of them (about 40,000) stationed across the peninsula from Haines' Bluff by way of Oak Ridge to Big Black river, where General Osterhaus took up the line defend- ing Grant's rear, and extended south from the Jackson road. On June 8 General C. C. Washburn was assigned command of the forces at Haines' Bluff, and on June 22, General Sherman was assigned to the command of the exterior line extending from Haines' Bluff on the Yazoo river on the north, to Hall's 26 Ohio at Vicksburg Ferry on the south, fully prepared to resist any attack that Johnston should make. General Grant, with his 40,000 troops on the exterior line under command of Sherman, was now free to prosecute the work of the siege with more vigor. Saps had been started on the front of almost, if not all, the divisions on the investment line, and were being pushed with the utmost dispatch. The siege progressed in a quiet way, the men working diligently in the several saps until June 25, when Logan, having his sap completed to and under the 3d Louisiana redan (known by the Union force as Fort Hill) on the Jackson road, and having placed 2,200 pounds of powder under the fort, it was ready for the match. At 3:30 p. m. the match was applied and shortly a geyser-like cone of dirt arose from the fort to probably 100 feet, the dust from which filled the air, when the Union troops of Logan's Division rushed into the crater made by the explo- sion, but the breach was not large enough to permit the passage of any considerable force, and was of little practical utility. The Union forces were able to hold the crater, whilst the enemy retired to an inner line. Another mine was immediately started on General Logan's front, which was sprung July i, but the lesson of June 25 was remembered, and no assault followed. By this explosion the redan was practically de- stroyed. With the exception of the attempt of breaking the enemy's line by the explosion of the 3d Louisiana redan on Logan's front, and his effort to effect a lodgment therein with his division, there was no fighting worthy of mention after the assault of May 22. The Union sharpshooters kept the enemy down, so that sap digging went on with little danger or interruption. Shells were continually thrown into the city by the mortar boats on the river, and by General Grant's siege guns on the investment line. To escape this perpetual storm of shot and shell, the inhabitants of the city dug caves and subterranean passages in the bluffs on which the city stands. In these they lived almost continuously during the siege. Only one of those caves remains a relic of those strenuous days. Food was growing scarce and the besieged army was suffering from hunger. Flour and side meat were selling at almost prohibitory prices, while mule meat was in great de- mand and was said to be eaten with a relish. Conditions grew worse until the privates in the Confederate army The Vicksburg Campaign 27 demanded to be fed or surrendered. June 28 General Pember- ton received a letter signed by several private soldiers of his command, which read in part: "If you cannot feed us you had better surrender us, horrible as the idea is. We tell you plainly, men are not going to lie here and perish, if they do love their country. Self-preservation is the first law of nature, and hunger will compel a man to do almost anything. You had better heed a warning voice if it does come from a private soldier. This army is ripe for mutiny unless it can be fed." This letter evidently put Pemberton to thinking, and on July 2, seeing no hope of relief from Johnston, he addressed a letter to each of his four division commanders askino- them to inform him with as little delay as possible as to the condition of their troops, and their ability to make the marches, and undergo the fatigue necessary to accomplish a successful evacuation of the city. Two of his generals in reply suggested surrender, and the other two practically did the same thing. On receipt of these replies, Pemberton seemed to have abandoned all hope, and about 10 a. m. the next morning (July 3) General Bowan and Colonel Montgomery appeared with a white flag on General A.J.Smith's Division front bearing a letter from Pem- berton to General Grant, proposing an armistice with the view of arranging terms of surrender. A meeting between General Grant and General Pemberton was arranged for, and at 3 o'clock p. m. of the same day, the commanding gen- erals met in front of Stevenson's Brigade, Logan's Division, 17th Corps. General Pemberton inquired as to the terms General Grant would make, and was informed that the surren- der would be "unconditional." General Pemberton replied snappingly, "The conference may as well end," to which Grant made answer in his usual calm and courteous tone, "Very well," and turned away. Here the negotiations might have been terminated but that the Confederate General Bowen, who was anxious to end the fruitless struggle, interposed with the proposition that the Confederate army be permitted to march out with their small arms and light artillery. This suggestion was not considered for a moment. The con- ference closed with General Grant promising to send his terms in writing to General Pemberton, which he did, and late that night received an acceptance, excepting that General Pemberton made a few minor suggestions, a part of which 28 Ohio at Vicksburg General Grant conceded and a part rejected in a communica- tion that closed the negotiations. At 10 a. m., July 4, 1863, white flags appeared along the entire line of the Confederate defenses, and immediately after, the Confederate army marched outside their intrenchments, with their colors flying, formed line, stacked arms, laid their colors on the stacks, about faced and marched back within their intrenchments as prisoners of w^ar. Logan's Division, 17th Corps, being given the post of honor, marched into the city, placed the flag of the Union on the courthouse and took possession. An abstract of the capture shows 31,600 prisoners, 172 cannon, 60,000 muskets, and a large quantity of ammuni- tion. Five days after the surrender of Vicksburg, Port Hudson fell, and the Army of the Tennessee joined hands with the Army of the Gulf. The navigation of the Mississippi was reasonably secure, the Southern Confederacy was cut in twain, the hopes of the Union-loving people of the North were revived, and the spirits of the Confederacy proportionately depressed. Whilst this campaign stands in history as the most original in strategy, the most successful in execution of any military operations in modern warfare, vet the crown of glory had its thorns, the laurels of victory w^ere tinged with the blood of patriots. What had it cost the Union army to win that great and memorable success } Here are a few figures showing the Union losses. The Vicksburg Campaign 29 The following tabulations furnished by courtesy of Captain W. T. Rigby, Chairman V. N. M. P. Commission. General Summary of Casualties^ March 29^uly 4. UNION. Killed Wounded Missing Total Dunbar's Plantation, La., April 15 Port Gibson, May i 131 South Fork Bayou Pierre, May 2 North Fork Bayou Pierre, May 3. . . . i Pinhook, Louisiana, May 10 2 Raymond, May 12 66 Fourteen Mile Creek, May 12-13. ... 6 Jackson, May 14 42 Champion's Hill, May 16 410 1,844 Big Black River Bridge, May 17 39 Skirmishes about Vicksburg, May 18 20 and 21 . . . . 13 Assault on Confederate Line of De- fense, May 19 157 Assault on Confederate Line of De- fense, May 22 502 2,550 Mechanicsburg, June 4 i Milliken's Bend, Louisiana, June 7. . loi Bayou Baxter, Louisiana, June 9 Birdsong Ferr}', June 12 Richmond, Louisiana, June 15 i Hill's Plantation, June 22. . 8 Elisville, June 25 Near Lake Providence, La., June 29. i On Peninsula opposite Vicksburg, June 29 Edwards Station, July i On Gunboats, in Detached Lifantry Regiments 6 Siege Operations, May 23-July 4. . . . 94 2 . 2 719 25 875 I I 6 7 8 3 13 339 37 442 10 . 16 251 7 300 .^44 187 2,441 237 3 279 41 2 56 771 8 942 '550 147 .3.199 5 • 6 280 265 646 I . I I . I 8 . 9 16 23 47 37 37 3 144 148 I . I 3 • 3 26 . 32 425 119 638 Total 1,581 7,554 1,007 10,142 30 Ohio at Vicksburg CONFEDERATE. Killed Wounded Missing Total Acting of River Batteries, April 22. . . i 2 3 Grand Gulf, April 29 3 18 21 Haynes' BlufF (Snyder's Mill) Apr.30. . . . ". 3 3 Port Gibson, May i 56 328 341 725 Raymond, May 12 Ji, 251 190 514 Jackson, May 14 17 64 118 199 Champion's Hill, May 16 380 1,018 2,453 S'^S^ Big Black River Bridge, May 17 3 9 539 551 Hill's Plantation, June 22 5 16 i 22 Defense Operations, May 1 8-July 4.. 875 2,169 158 3,202 Total i>4i3 3*878 3,800 9,091 The operations thus outlined were participated in by organizations (regiments or parts of regiments and batteries) representing states as follows: UNION TROOPS PARTICIPATING. iLLiNOis^Infantry (8th, nth, 13th, 14th, 15th, 17th, i8th, 20th, 26th, 28th, 29th, 30th, 31st, 32d, 33d, 37th, 40th, 41st, 43d, 45th, 46th, 47th, 48th, 53d, 54th, 55th, 56th, 6ist, 63d, 72d, 76th, 77th, 8 1st, 87th, 90th, 93d, 94th, 95th 97th, 99th, loist, 103d, io6th, io8th, 109th, 113th, 114th, ii6th, ii8th, I20th, 124th, 126th 127th, 130th, 131st) 55; Cavalry (Thiele- mann's Battalion, Kane County Independent Company, 2d, 3d, 4th, 5th, 7th, loth, nth, 15th) 10; Artillery (Cogwell's Battery, Chicago Mercantile Battery, Batteries A, B, D, E, F, H and I, 1st Light and Batteries A, E, F, G, K and L, 2d Light) 15; total 80. Indiana — Infantry (8th, nth, 12th, i6th, i8th, 23d, 24th, 26th, 34th, 46th, 47th, 48th, 49th, 53d, 54th, 59th, 6oth, 67th, 69th, 83d, 93d, 97th, 99th, looth) 24; Cavalry (ist, 4th) 2; Artillery (ist, 6th) 2; total 28. lowA — Infantry (3d, 4th, 5th, 6th, 8th, 9th, loth, nth, I2th, 13th, 15th, i6th, 17th, 19th, 20th, 2ist, 22d, 23d, 24th, 25th, 26th, 28th, 30th, 31st, 34th, 35th, 38th, 40th) 28; Cavalry (3d, 4th) 2; Artillery (ist, 2d) 2; total 32. Kansas — Infantry (ist) i. The Vicksburg Campaign 31 Kentucky — Infantry (Independent Company of Pioneers, 7th, 19th, 22d) 4. Massachusetts— Infantry (29th, 35th, 36th) 3. Michigan— Infantry (2d, 8th, 12th, 15th, 17th, 20th, 27th) 7; Artillery (7th, 8th) 2; total 9. Minnesota— Infantry (3d, 4th, 5th) 3; Artillery (ist); total 4. Missouri— Infantry (3d, 6th, 7th, 8th, loth, nth, 12th, 17th. 24th, 26th, 27th, 29th, 30th, 31st, 32d, 35th, Engineer Regiment of the West) 17; Cavalry (4th, 6th, loth) 3; Artillery (Batteries A, B, C, E, F, and M, ist Light, and Battery F (Landgraeber's, 2d Light) 7; total 27. New Hampshire— Infantry (6th, 9th, nth) 3. New York— Infantry (46th, 51st, 79th) 3; Artillery (Battery L, 2d Light) i ; total 4. Ohio— Infantry (i6th, 20th, 22d, 30th, 32d, 37th, 42d, 46th, 47th, 48th, 53d, 54th, 56th, 57th, 58th, 68th, 70th, 72d, 76th, 78th, 80th, 83d, 95th, 96th, 114th, I20th) 26; Cavalry (4th) i; Artillery (2d, 3d, 4th, 5th, 7th, 8th, loth, nth, 15th, i6th, 17th, Yost's captured Battery, afterward known as the 26th Ohio Battery) 12; total 39. Pennsylvania— Infantry (45th, 50th, 51st, looth) 4; Artillery (Durell's Battery) i; total 5. Rhode Island — Infantry (7th) i. United States Army— Infantry (ist, 13th) 2; Artillery (E, Second) i; total 3. West Virginia — Infantry (4th) i. Wisconsin— Infantry (8th, nth, 12th, 14th, i6th, 17th, i8th, 20th, 23d, 25th, 27th, 29th, 33d) 13; Cavalry (2d) i; Artillery (ist, 6th, I2th) 3; total 17. Aggregate: Infantry, 195; Cavalry, 19; Artillery, 47; total 261— not including eight regiments of negroes in process of enlistment. 32 Ohio at Vicksburg Confederate Troops Participating, Including the Army of Vicksburg and Johnston^s Army, Alabama — Infantry (20th, 23d, 27th, 30th, 31st, 263 35th, 37th, 40th, 41st, 42d, 46th, 54th, 55th, Stone's Battalion of Sharpshooters) 15: Artillery (Company C, 2d Battalion; Waddell's Battery; Sengstak's Battery; Charpentier's Battery) 4; total 19. Arkansas — Infantry (4th, 9th, 15th, 19th, 20th, 21st, 25th, 31st) 8; Cavalry (ist Battalion, dismounted;i 12th. Battal- ion, Sharpshooters; ist Mounted Rifles; 2d Mounted Rifles) 4; Artillery (Appeal Battery, McNally's Battery) 2; total 14. Florida — Infantry (ist, 3rd, 4th) 3. Georgia— Infantry (25th, 29th, 30th, 34th, 36th, 39th, 40th, 41st, 42d, 43d, 46th, 47th, 52d, 56th, 57th, 1st Battalion of Sharpshooters, 8th Battalion) 17; Cavalry (Nelson's Independ- ent Company) i ; Artillery (Cherokee Battery, Martin's Battery, Columbus Battery) 3; total 21. Kentucky — Infantry (2d, 3d, 4th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th) 7; Artillery (Cobb's Battery) i; total 8. Louisiana — ^Infantry (3d, 4th, 12th, 13th, i6th, 17th, 19th, 20th, 2 1 St, 25th, 26th, 27th, 28th (sometimes known as 29th), 30th, 31st, 4th Battalion, 14th Battalion of Sharp- shooters, Fleitas' Zouave Battalion) 18; Cavalry (Martin's Independent Company) i; Artillery (Bond's, Bruce's, Butler's, Capers', Gravson's, Haynes', Lamon's, and Robertson's companies of the ist Heavy; Barrow's, Grandpre's, Hart's, and McCrory's companies of the 8th Heavy Battalion; Com- panies A, B and C of Pointe Coupee; 5th company, Washing- ton-Fenner's Battery; Durrive's Battery; Gomez's, Marks', Morlot's, and Theard's companies of the 22d Regiment — Gomez's and Theard's companies served as infantry during the defense) 22; total 41. North Carolina — Infantry (29th, 39th, 60th) 3. Missouri — Infantry (ist, 2d, 3d, 4th, 5th, 6th) 6; Cavalry (ist — dismounted, 3d — dismounted) 2; Artillery (3d Battery, Guibor's Battery, Landis' Battery, Wade's Battery, Lowe's Battery, Bledsoe's Battery, Clark's Battery) 7; total 15. Maryland — Artillery (3d Battery) i. Mississippi — Infantry (ist, 3d, 4th, 6th, 14th, 15th, 20th, The Vicksburg Campaign 33 22d, 23d, 26th, 28th, 31st, 33d, 35th, 36th, 37th, 38th, 40th, 43d, 46th, 1st Battalion ot Sharpshooters, Pound's BattaHon of Sharpshooters, 3d BattaHon of State Troops, 5th Regiment of State Troops, 7th BattaHon) 25; Cavalry (Adam's Regiment, Ballentine's Regiment, 17th Battalion) 3; Artillery (Companies A, C, D, E, G and I of the ist Light; Companies A, B, and C of the i'4th Light Battalion; Hudson's Battery; Vaiden Battery) II; total 39. South Carolina — ^Infantry (i6th, 17th, i8th, 22d, 23d, 24th, 26th, Holcombe Legion) 8; Artillery (Culpeper's Battery, Ferguson's Battery, Waties' Battery, McBeth Battery) 4; total 12. Tennessee — Infantry (loth, 30th, 39th, 41st, 42d, 43d, 46th, 48th, 49th, 50th, 53d, 55th, 59th, 60th, 6ist, 62d, 1st Battalion, 3d Provisional Regiment, 3d Volunteer Regiment) 19; Cavalry (ist, 7th) 2; Artillery (Dismukes', Neyland's, Nor- man's and Park's companies of the ist Heavy; Caruthers' Battery, Johnston's Battery, Lynch's Battery, Mebane's Battery, Tobin's Battery) 9; total 30. Texas — Infantry (2d, 7th, 9th, ist Battalion, 2d Batta- lion, 1st Battalion of Sharpshooters) 6; Cavalry (3d, 6th, 9th, loth — dismounted, 14th — dismounted, 32d — dismounted, ist Legion, Cleveland's Battalion, Bridges' Battalion) 9; Artillery (Wall's Battery) i ; total 16. Virginia — Artillery (Botetourt Battery) i. Confederate States Army — Infantry (ist Battalion) i. Miscellaneous — Davidson's Signal Corps, King's Signal Corps, Barrot's Signal Corps, City Guards, Partisan Rangers — ^total 5. Aggregate: Infantry 141, Cavalry 26, Artillery 62; total 229. 34 Ohio at Vicksburg Historical Records* THE following pages will give the reader a condensed record of the services of each Ohio regimental and battery com- mand that served in the campaign and siege of Vicksburg. The photo-engravings give a reproduction of the face of each Ohio monument, as it stands in V'cksburg National Military Park. Ohio regimental and battery organizations, not havmg furnished the Secretary with a revised record of their respective commands, the same has been supplied by the author from "Reid's Ohio in the War," assuming those records to be correct. Where two or more officers' names appear on the face of any monument bearing the same rank, or filling the same position, it indicates that all had served in that capacity at some time during the campaign or siege. The historical inscription, as it appears on the back of each monument, is reproduced at the close of each historical record of the regiment or battery. SURRENDER MONUMENT. Site of interview between Generals Grant and Pemberton, July 3, 1863. "a O O c .2 w [A &| 'c' CO ^ CI flpL, » (IH I 6th Ohio Infantry 35 1 6th REGIMENT OHIO VOLUNTEER INFANTRY THIS regiment was organized under Colonel John F. De- Courcey, at Camp Tiffin, near Wooster, Ohio, on the 2d day of October, 1861, and was mustered into the service on the same day by Captain Belknap, of the i8th United States Regulars. It reached Camp Dennison November 28 and remained there until the 19th of December, when, receiving its arms, it moved to Lexington, Kentucky. On January 12, 1862, orders were received to report to General S. P. Carter, at Somerset, Kentucky. At this point the regiment was engaged in repairing and building military roads to facilitate the transportation of supplies to General Thomas' forces at Mill Springs. The battle of Mill Springs was fought and won by General Thomas on the 19th of January. The regiment was ordered up during the fight, but being retarded by a flood in Fishing Creek, did not reach the ground until after the enemy had been routed. On January 31, 1862, the regiment left Somerset, Ky., and marched across the country to London. After a short rest at this point it continued its march to Cumberland Ford, arriving there on the I2th of February. Nothing of interest transpired during its stay. On March 12 a reconnoissance in force was made toward Cumberland Gap, but with the exception of a slight skirmish with the enemy nothing was accomplished. Another recon- noissance was made on the 22d of March. About this time the regiment was brigaded with the 42d Ohio and 22d Ken- tucky, forming the 26th Brigade, 7th Division, Army of the Ohio, under command of Brigadier-General George W. Morgan. On April 28 another reconnoissance was made to the top of the Cumberland Mountains in the vicinity of Cumberlanp Gap. The mountain was climbed in the midst of a heavy fog. Arriving at the top at 8 a. m. they met the enemy 36 Ohio at Vicksburg and a brisk fight ensued, which lasted till the middle of the afternoon. The regiment lost i man killed and 2 wounded. The month of May was occupied in preparing for the assault on Cumberland Gap. On June 10 the march was resumed toward the Gap. On the morning of the 17th of June the regiment marched up Powell's Valley to the rear of Cumberland Gap, where it was discovered that the enemy had abandoned that stronghold and retreated toward Knox- ville, Tennessee. The i6th was the first regiment to enter the enemy's abandoned intrenchments and raise the National colors. From this time until the 3d of August the troops were engaged in strengthening the position, drilling, and foraging, with frequent skirmishing. On August 6 the i6th was ordered to relieve the 14th Kentucky at Tagewell. About 10 a. m. of that day two companies (B and E) of the regiment were sent forward as advance pickets. Companies F and D were ordered to the right of the Main Hill Road on the same duty. Companies C and G were held in reserve. At 11 a. m. heavy skir- mishing commenced at the front and continued until the enemy appeared on the front and right in force. Companies D and F were compelled to fall back. Companies B and E were cut off from the main force by a Rebel brigade, and most of them captured. Companies C and G were ordered up as a support, but were also overwhelmed and compelled to fall back to a position on the left of the road. They were now reenforced by stragglers from other companies and held the enemy in check for two hours, when the ammunition was exhausted. They then fell back to the main line, where the National forces were massed. Toward night the National army re- treated into the intrenchments, the enemy following to within three miles of the Gap. On September 8 the i6th Ohio and its brigade were ordered to Manchester, Ky., for supplies. On the 19th this force was joined by the remainder of the National troops from the Gap. The supplies having been almost completely exhausted. Gen- eral Morgan ordered a retreat toward the Ohio river. This retreat was opposed by the enemy, who harassed the National forces by frequent attacks, and by placing obstructions in the roads, up to Grayson, Ky., within 25 miles of the Ohio river. The sufferings of the men on this march were very severe, having nothing to eat for several days excepting ears of corn i6th Ohio Infantry 37 gathered from the fields as they passed. To quench their thirst the men were compelled to drink the water collected in stagnant pools. On the 3d of October the command arrived at Greenupsburg, Ky., on the Ohio river, utterly worn out, ragged, shoeless, and covered with the accumulated dust of sixteen days' march. Their appearance was forlorn in the extreme. Resting until the 21st of October at Portland, Ohio, the regiment then moved to Charleston, Va., on the Kanawha river. On November 10 it marched, under orders, to Point Pleasant, Va., and there embarked on steamers for Memphis, Tenn., arriving at that place on the 27th of the same month. On December 20 it moved with Sherman's command on transports to the rear of Vicksburg, Miss., and participated, on the 29th, in the disastrous assault on Chickasaw Bayou. In this affair the i6th suffered terribly, losing 311 officers and men killed, wounded and prisoners. After the assault the command of the regiment devolved on Captain E. W. Botsford. The next service performed by the regiment was in the expedition against Arkansas, Post. That post being captured, the 1 6th Ohio, with other troops composing the expedition, were taken back to Young's Point, La. The regiment remained here until the 8th of March, and then moved to Milliken's Bend. On April 6, 1863, the regiment joined General Grant's expedition to the rear of Vicksburg. It was engaged at Thomp- son's Hill on the ist of May, and lost 9 men killed and wounded. It was also engaged at Champion's Hill, or Baker's Creek, on the 1 6th of May, and on the 17th at Black river bridge. On May 19 it took a prominent part in the disastrous assault on the Rebel works in the rear of Vicksburg. In these several affairs the regiment lost severely in killed and wounded. On the 22d of May it was again engaged in an assault on the Rebel works, losing several men killed and wounded. It remained in the rear of Vicksburg until its fall, July 4, 1863. On the 6th of July it was ordered to Jackson, Mississippi, where it participated in the siege and capture of that place. The regiment now marched back to Vicksburg, where it was placed on transports with orders to report to the com- manding officer at New Orleans, La. It arrived at Carrollton, six miles above the city, on the 15th of August. ^S Ohio at Vicksburg General Bank's expedition to the Teche country was then forming at New Orleans, and the i6th was made a part of it. About the 7th of September the expedition left New Orleans. Starting from Algiers, opposite the city, the regi- ment moved by railroad to Brashear City, and from thence marched across the country to Opelousas. Returning to New Orleans it joined the expedition under General Washburne to Texas, landing at DeCrow's Point, on Matagorda Peninsula. From thence it went by steamer to Indianola, and from there to Fort Esperanza, opposite DeCrow's Point, on Matagorda Island. From this place it sailed to New Orleans, arriving at that city on the 2ist of April, 1864. The regiment remained in New Orleans only two days, and was then sent up the river to Alexandria to reenforce General Banks' army, jusf returned from his disastrous expedition into the Red river country. It arrived at Alexandria April 26, and was immediately sent to the front, where the enemy was met and engaged in several skirmishes. In these the regiment lost some men. Returning to Alexandria five companies were detailed to assist in building a dam across Red river to enable the gunboats to reach the Mississippi river. About the 15th of May the 1 6th Ohio, with the rest of the forces under General Banks, commenced to retreat to Morganza, La., on the Mississippi. Morganza was reached without loss and the regiment went into camp. In this camp it remained, performing garrison duty, until the 6th of October, when orders were received to proceed to Columbus, Ohio, for final discharge from the service. This ended the service of the i6th Ohio as an organized regiment, it having failed to reenlist for the war from the fact that it was feared by the men that the regimental organiza- tion would not be preserved. The regiment reached Columbus, Ohio, on the 14th of October, and was paid and discharged from the service on the 31st of October, 1863. During its service the i6th traveled by railroad 1,285 miles; by steamboat 3,619 miles; by steamship 1,200 miles, and on foot 1,621 miles. No accident occurred to any one while traveling on the water or by cars. While on the Gulf of Mexico, in November, 1863, off the coast of Texas, in lati- r*^-W^<** TWEKTiaHlKF/.NTRV; zkPx.wMmMumi. 2t8RIC^3S»lV,4TI]!CDRRS I 6th Ohio Infantry 39 tude 27 degrees, several of the men of the regiment had their feet frozen during the prevalence of a severe "Norther." The total number of deaths, from all causes, in the regi- ment was 251. There were killed in battle and died of their wounds 2 officers and 60 men. There was one death from suicide, and one from accidental shooting. Two men were drowned, one while bathing in the Mississippi river, at Vicks- burg; the other while returning from general hospital at New Orleans, to rejoin his regiment at Morganza. There were 185 deaths from disease, of which 47 occurred with the regiment. The others were in general hospital, or in hospital or other transports, at home on furlough, or in Rebel prisons. The number of wounded who recovered was 188. The largest per cent sick at any one time occurred while the regiment was in barracks at Camp Dennison in 1861. The most fatal disease was typhomalarial, or camp fever. The most prevalent disease was diarrhea. There were two cases of small-pox and 59 of varioloid, but no deaths. Of measles there were 52 cases and 2 deaths. There w^ere three cases of typhoidpneumonia, all of which proved fatal. Two died from diphtheria. The greatest mortality in any one month was in April, 1862, at Cumberland Ford, Ky., where there were 8 deaths — 4 from typho-malarial fever, 2 from typhoid-pneumonia, one from congestive measles, and one from hospital gangrene. On Surgeon's certificate of disability 186 were discharged, and 38 were transferred to the Veteran Reserve Corps, 15 of whom were directly from the regiment. Before leaving Morganza the recruits, 90 in number, were transferred to the 114th Ohio to serve out the unexpired term of their enlistment. The number of officers and men mustered out at the expiration of its term of service was 477, all that was left of 1,191, the total of original organization and recruits. During its term of service the regiment bore an honorable part in the following battles: Cumberland Gap, Tenn April 28, 1862 Tazewell, Tenn August 6, 1862 Chickasaw Bayou, Miss December 28,29, 1862 Ft. Hindman, Ark. (Arkansas Post) January 11, 1863 Port Gibson, Miss May i, 1863 Champion's Hill, Miss May 16, 1863 40 Ohio at Vicksburg Big Black river, Miss May 17, 1863 Vicksburg, Miss. .(First assault) May 19, 1863 Vicksburg, Miss May 22, 1863 Siege of Vicksburg, Miss May 19 to July 4, 1863 Jackson, Miss July 9-16, 1863 Alexandria, La April 26, 1864 Mansura, La. (Red river expedition) May 14-16, 1864 The following inscription appears on the Monument of the i6th Regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry, in Vicksburg National Military Park, Vicksburg, Miss. : CASUALTIES. "In the battle of Port Gibson, May i, 1863, killed i, wounded 8, total 9. In the battle of Champion's Hill, May 16, killed I, wounded 4, total 5. In the engagement at Big Black river bridge. May 17, killed 3, wounded 6, total 9. In the assault, May 19, killed i, wounded 9, total 10. In skir- mishes about Vicksburg, May 20-21, killed i, wounded 4, total 5. In the assault. May 22, killed 4, wounded 5, total 9. In skirmishes about Vicksburg, May 23, wounded 3, and during the siege not reported: "Aggregate reported casualties in regiment during the campaign and siege, killed 11, wounded 39, total 50." 20th REGIMENT OHIO VOLUNTEER INFANTRY. THE Twentieth Ohio was organized for the three months' service in May, 1861, but beyond its roster, which is given in the proper place, little or nothing of its history or movements need be said in this connection. First-Lieutenant John C. Fry was soon promoted to captain, and continued in the service, entering the three years' organization with his company and was made colonel of the regiment in January, 1864. The reorganization took place at Camp King, near Covington, Ky., on the 21st of October, 1861. Its commander. Colonel Charles Whittlesey, a citizen of northern Ohio, grad- uated at West Point, and for some years preceding the war was an eminent engineer and geologist, residing much of the 20TH Ohio Infantry 41 time in the region of Lake Superior. He supervised and carried toward completion the defenses of Cincinnati, which were commenced back of Covington by General O. M. Mitchell. While there, and mainly under the supervision of Lieutenant- Colonel M. F. Force, the members of this regiment were im- bued with that thoroughly soldierly spirit which adhered to them through all the vicissitudes of their field service. During the winter of 1861 and 1862 the regiment was employed in guarding several batteries in the rear of Covington and Newport. Four companies were sent during the winter into an insurrectionary district near Warsaw, Ky., and on the nth of February, 1862, the entire regiment, with the exception of Company K, embarked on the steamers Emma Duncan and Doctor Kane for the Cumberland river. The 20th arrived at Fort Donelson on the evening of the 14th of February, and was under fire to some extent, during the 15th. It marched to the extreme right of the army, was placed in reserve, and was compelled to stand a severe test in seeing crowds of stragglers falling back from the front, and in being forced to hear their wild reports of disaster and defeat; but, notwithstanding these discouragements, the regiment passed through its first battle with no little credit to every man. After the surrender of the Fort the 20th was sent North in charge of prisoners, and became scattered all over the land. By the middle of March seven companies had been brought together, and they proceeded up the Tennessee river, on the expedition to Yellow Creek, on the steamer Continental, which General Sherman occupied as headquarters. On the 6th of April, while on inspection in camp at Adams- ville, the 20th heard the booming of the guns at Pittsburg Landing, and at 3 p. m. marched to the field, went into position on the right of the army, and spent a comfortless night stand- ing in the rain. The regiment participated in the next day's battle with considerable loss, and is fully entitled to a share in the glory of the victory. It was commanded during the engagement by Lieutenant-Colonel Force, Colonel Whittlesey being in conmiand of the brigade. During the advance on Corinth the 20th remained on duty at Pittsburg Landing. Death and sickness held a perfect carnival in its camp, and it was accustomed to appear on parade with scarcely 100 men. After the fall of Corinth, the regiment moved to Purdy, and 42 Ohio at Vicksburg there joining its division, marched to Bolivar, where it was left as a part of the garrison on the 6th of June, 1862. Here the health of the regiment improved greatly, and it was princi- pally employed in expeditions for information or for forage. On the 30th of August, 1862, the Rebel General Arm- strong, with 15 regiments marching to destroy railroad com- munications northward, was held in check the entire day by the 20th Ohio, a portion of the 78th Ohio, and two companies of the Second Illinois Cavalry. The steady lire of the skir- mishers from the 20th Ohio did much toward restraining the enemy from any attack in line. Late in the afternoon two companies, G and K of the 2Cth, were captured by a cavalry charge, but not until they had emptied many a saddle in re- pulsing two previous charges. This affair was considered of so much importance that Colonel M. M. Crocker, commanding the post of Bolivar, was promoted to Brigadier-General, to date from the day of the engagement. Colonel Force, Major Fry, Captain Kaga, Adjutant Owen, Lieutenants Ayres, Hills and Mellick, of the 20th, were specially and honorably mentioned in the official report of Colonel Leggett, who com- manded the brigade in this battle. The regiment assisted in driving Price from luka, on the 20th of September, and in the engagement between Hurlburt and Price at the crossing of the Hatchie near Metamora, Tenn., it arrived on the field at 4 p. m., with a wagon train loaded with supplies, having marched 28 miles since 10 o'clock a. m. The supplies were immediately turned over and the regiment marched in pursuit of the Rebels that same night. On the 28th of November the regiment marched south- ward from Lagrange in the 2nd Brigade of Logan's Division, and on the 4th of December entered Oxford, Miss. The regiment advanced as far as Water Valley, Miss., and on the capture of Holly Springs returned northward, halting a few days at Abbeville, where, on Christmas and New Year's days, the men regaled themselves on dinners of parched corn. About this time the 17th Army Corps was organized, and Logan's Division became the 3d Division in the corps. By slow marches the 20th reached Memphis on the 28th of January, 1863, and there received an addition of 200 recruits and drafted men. On the 22d of February the regiment moved down the Mississippi river on the steamer Louisiana, landed 20TH Ohio Infantry 43 at Lake Providence, and a few weeks later marched to the reHef of Porter's fleet, blockaded in Steele's Bayou, and after spending three -days in the Louisiana swamps returned to its camp. The regiment arrived at Milliken's Bend on the 1 8th of April, and marched to Hard Times Landing on the Missis- sippi. It crossed the river, moved through Port Gibson, and pursued the retreating Rebels to Hankinson's ferry on the Big Black. On the 1 2th of May the 20th deployed in advance of the 17th Corps as it approached Raymond, Miss., and while resting with arms stacked, was fired upon from a dense thicket beyond a small stream. The regiment immediately formed and advanced across the creek, using the bank on the opposite side as a breastwork. For an hour the struggle was severe, and especially so to the 20th, as the regiments on the right withdrew their lines a little distance to the rear, and the flank of the 20th was exposed to a raking crossfire. Every man stood firm until the line again advanced, and the Rebels gave way. The regiment lost in this engagement 12 killed and 52 wounded. Private Canavan, of Company E, was promoted to a sergeantcy on the field for skillfully managing his company when all the officers and sergeants were struck down. Captain Wilson was decorated with the 17th Corps Medal of Honor, in silver, for gallantry in assembling his skirmishers under the very muzzles of the enemy's guns in the first charge. Lieu- tenant Weatherby, of Company A, being on the extreme right of the skirmish line with his company, and being cut off from his regiment, assembled his company and reported to the colonel of the nearest regiment, the 8ist Illinois, and fought as a part of that regiment till the end of the battle; when, as the company marched to join its regiment, the 81st showed their appreciation of its services by giving three hearty cheers for the "20th Ohio Boys." The regiment moved on through Clinton, Jackson, Bottom Depot, to Champion's Hill, when the regiment was early pushed forward to a strong position in a ravine, under such a fire that it was dangerous for a staff officer to approach with orders. Though the adjoining regiments on each flank w^ere pushed back as the enemy moved up in mass, the 20th held its ground without wavering till its ammunition was exhausted; it then fixed bayonets and prepared to maintain its position, 44 Ohio at Vicksburg but the 68th Ohio came to its assistance from the reserve and the enemy was driven back. Crossing Big Black the regiment reached the rear of Vicksburg, and acted as support to the assaulting party on the 19th and 22d of May. The regiment did its proportion of vvork in the saps, and mines and trenches, until the 26th of May, when, with the brigade, it withdrew from the line and accompanied an expedition to the Yazoo Valley. It returned again to Vicks- burg on the 4th of June, and was placed in reserve. On the day of its return Colonel Force was ordered to assume command of the 2d Brigade, and was afterward promoted to brigadier- general. Lieutenant Walker, acting adjutant of the 20th, was made captain and assistant adjutant-general on General Force's staff, and Lieutenant H. O. Dwight was appointed adjutant, and held the position to the close of the war, declin- ing a captaincy when it was offered to him. It was about this time that several of the 20th, who had been transferred to the 5th United States Heavy Artillery (colored), passed through a severe hand-to-hand action at Mil- liken's Bend, in which the attacking Rebels were thoroughly defeated by the raw negro troops. On the 26th of June the regiment, marching with the 2d Brigade, withdrew to Tiffin, near Black river, in order to observe the movements of Johnston. After the fall of Vicks- burg the regiment camped at Bovina Station on the Mississippi Southern Railroad, but was shortly ordered to join Sherman's army besieging Jackson. It finally returned to Vicksburg, July 30, and encamped in the outskirts of the city. In the latter part of August, the 20th was a part of an expedition to Monroe, on the Ouachita river, and returned to its camp at Vicksburg, September i. On the 7th of October the regi- ment crossed Big Black at Messenger's ferry, skirmished slightly at Boquechitto Creek, advanced toward Canton as far as Livingston, thence to Clinton, and then over the old Champion's Hill battleground to Big Black and Vicksburg. In January, 1864, two-thirds of the men present reenlisted and on the 3d of February the regiment crossed Big Black and joined the celebrated Meridian expedition. In crossing Baker's Creek one of the enemy's batteries opened upon the column. The 20th rapidly formed in line, and the battery retired. The regiment was compelled to march in line until 20TH Ohio Infantry 45 late in the afternoon, as the Rebels placed their battery on every hilltop and skirmished briskly along the road. In spite of this the head of the column passed over 18 miles, and camped at Jackson that night. Passing through Brandon, the troops reached Morton, and from this point to Meridian the 20th acted as rear guard to the whole army the greater portion of the distance. After arriving at Meridian the regiment assisted in destroying 10 or 15 miles of railroad, and then marched to the wagon corral on Chunkey Creek; and, being misdirected by a Rebel, it marched eight miles to advance three. The next day the Rebel's house was burned, in order that he might remember the time he enjoyed the pleasure of misdirecting the Yankees. On the 20th of February the regiment marched on its return as a part of the convoy for 700 wagons. It marched by way of Hillsboro' and Canton, and reached Vicksburg on the 4th of March. The regiment went North on veteran furlough, and, after spending 30 days at their homes, rendezvoused at Camp Dennison on the ist of May, and proceeded to Cairo, 111., and from there by steamer to Clifton, Tenn. From this point it marched, via Pulaski, Huntsville, Decatur and Rome, to Acworth, where it joined General Sherman on the 9th of June, after a march of 250 miles from Clifton. In the advance from Acworth the 20th formed the escort to the wagon train, but finally joined its brigade, on the 23d, at Bushy Ridge, near Kenesaw Mountain. On the night of the 26th the 20th, with its division, marched to the left of the line, and at 8 o'clock next morning moved vigorously and with great noise upon the enemy, the object being to divert the enemy's attention from the general assault made by the other portions of the National line. The division advanced to within easy range of the Rebel works, near Ma- rietta, and was exposed to the concentrated fire of the four batteries. Having succeeded to a certain extent in accomplish- ing their object, the regiment engaged in another demonstra- tion on the Rebel works in front of its camp at 3 p. m., and advancing up a thickly wooded hill till within 100 yards of the enemy's works, sustained a brisk musketry fire till dark. On the 2d of July the regiment marched with its corps to the mouth of the Nickajack Creek, where the enemy was found 46 Ohio at Vicksburg intrenched. After the evacuation of the works at Nickajack, the regiment was employed in picketing the river, which was lively business, as the Rebels kept up a constant and accurate fire during the day. On the i6th of July the regiment crossed the Chattahoochie at Rossville, and on the 20th reached the Rebel works before Atlanta. The regiment took position in the advanced line on the 2 1st, and on the 22d firing was heard in its rear. The regi- ment formed in the works; but, as the Rebels advanced, the men leaped the parapet and faced toward the enemy. The Rebels pressed up to and around the regiment, and the bullets came from front, flank and rear; and, according as the fire was hottest in front or rear, the men of the 20th leaped the works and delivered their fire in that direction. Cartridges be- came scarce, but portions of Companies A, F and D risked their lives and obtained, in the very face of the enemy, five cases of ammunition, which were piled up near the regimental headquarters; but even this supply was insufiicient, and the ammunition of the wounded and dead was distributed, and charges were made to capture Rebels for their cartridges. At 4 o'clock p. m. many of the men had only two or three cartridges left. The batteries in Atlanta threw shell upon the rear of the brigade, the enemy redoubled their fire in front, and, placing a captured gun within fifty paces of the flank of the 20th, raked the regiment with canister. Orders came to withdraw from the works and form a new line, and the 20th slowly retired, the men turning now and then to fire the last cartridge at the enemy. In the new line the 20th was placed in reserve, with the exception of a detachment of about 100 men, who were posted in the works on Leggett's Hill, and fought desperately until the close of the battle. In this engagement the 20th lost 44 killed, 56 wounded, and 54 missing. Instances of personal daring were numberless, but Lieutenants Nutt, of Company F, and Skillen, of Company G, and the following named enlisted men: Crabbe and Casey, of Company C; Elder, of Company G, and Specker and Stevenson, of Com- pany F, especially distinguished themselves. The regiment was engaged in changing position and building works until the 24th of August, when it received orders to march as guard to the supply trains of the Army of the Tennessee. Four days later the regiment joined its brigade 20TH Ohio Infantry 47 at Fairburn, and assisted in destroying railroads. In the battle of Jonesboro', on the 31st, the 20th was on the left of the 15th Corps, at right angle to the main line, as "refused flank," and in this position was greatly annoyed by a heavy artillery fire. On the 2d of September the regiment took position on a hill near Lovejoy's Station, where it remained several days, exposed to some annoyance from the enemy's sharpshooters, and finally settled down in camp near Atlanta, on the East Point Road. On the 5th of October the regiment joined the pursuit of Hood, and, after following as far as Galesville, Alabama, returned and camped at Smyrna Church, about 20 miles from Atlanta, November 5. The regiment left Atlanta with Sherman's army on the 15th of November, for Savannah. It participated in the destruction of the town of Millin, Georgia, and, on reaching Savannah, took position on the right of the 17th Corps. On the 19th of December it was detached from the brigade and sent to the Ogeechee, near King's bridge, where it was engaged in building wharves on which to land supplies for the army. This work was cut short by the surrender of Savannah, and the regiment rejoined the brigade, December 24, in camp at the outskirts of the city. The 20th embarked on the steamer Fanny, on the 5th of January, 1865, proceeded to Beaufort, South Carolina, crossed Port Royal ferry, and advanced until the enemy was found intrenched beyond a rice swamp. The 20th deployed as skirmishers, charged the enemy's works in fine style, and the regimental colors were soon waving from the parapet. At dark the troops encamped before the fortifications of Pocota- ligo, and, on the morning of the 13th of January, the 20th was assigned camping ground beyond the railroad station of Poco- taligo, and remained there until the 30th of January, when it started on the Carolina campaign. The head of the column struck the enemy, February 13, near the bridge across the North Edista at Orangeburg. Two companies of the 20th were deployed as skirmishers, and soon the regiment advanced on the double-quick and drove the enemy back to their fortifications, which were concealed by a turn in the road, and from which the Rebels opened fire. The regiment deployed as skirmishers, advanced through the swamp in water icy cold and waist deep, opened fire on the 48 Ohio at Vicksburg enemy on the opposite side, stood until late in the afternoon, and was relieved. Next day crossed the river and engaged in destroying the railroad. In this the National loss was less than the enemy's missing, wounded or killed. Reached Columbia the night the town was destroyed; the next morning marched through its smoking ruins and up the railroad, destroy- ing it as far as Winnsboro'. On the 24th of February was left in rear of the entire army to guard the pontoon train; and, after a wearisome march, entered Cheraw March 3, and Ben- nettsville the 6th. The regiment moved on over miserable roads, being frequently compelled to lift the wagons out of the mud, hub deep, until March 19, then moved toward Benton- ville, where it arrived at 5 p. m. next day. On the 21st fortified rapidly, expecting an attack, but the enemy withdrew, and on the 24th the regiment entered Goldsboro'. After two week's rest the regiment pushed on to Raleigh, and on the 15th of April moved towards Johnston's army. It became known that Johnston had asked terms for a surrender; the men seemed crazy with joy; they shouted, laughed, flung their hats in the air, threw their knapsacks at each other, hugged each other, stood on their heads in the mud, and were fairly mad w^ith delight. Leaving Raleigh, May i, the regiment marched via Richmond to Washington; was in the grand review May 24; thence was sent to Louisville, Ky., and July 18, back to Colum- bus, where it was mustered out of service. During its term of service, the regiment bore an honorable part in the following battles: Fort Donelson, Tenn February 14-16, 1862 Shiloh, Tenn April 7, 1862 Bolivar, Tenn August 30, 1862 luka, Miss September 19,20, 1862 Hankinson's ferry May 3, 1863 Raymond, Miss May 12, 1863 Champion's Hill May 16, 1863 Vicksburg, Miss May 19, 1863 Vicksburg, Miss May 22, 1863 Jackson, Miss July 9-16, 1863 Bakers Creek, Miss (Meridian Raid) Feb. 4, 1864 Kenesaw Mountain, Ga June 27, 1864 Nickajack Creek, Ga July 2-5, 1864 22D Ohio Infantry 49 Atlanta, Ga July 22, 1864 Jonesboro, Ga Aug. 31-Sept. i, 1864 Lovejoy Station, Ga Sept. 2-6, 1864. Savannah, Ga. (siege of) Dec. 10-16, 1864 Pocotaligo, S. C Jan. 14, 1865 Orangeburg, S. C Feb. I2, 1865 Cheraw, S. C March 2, 1865 Bentonville March 19, 1865 Surrender at Raleigh of Johnston to Sherman April 26, 1865 The following inscription appears on the monument of the 20th Regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry in Vicksburg National Military Park, Vicksburg, Miss. CASUALTIES. "In the battle of Port Gibson, May i, 1863, sustained no casualties. In the engagement at Raymond, May 12, killed 10, wounded 58, total 68. In the engagement at Jackson, May 14, sustained no casualties. In the battle of Champion's Hill, May 16, killed 2, wounded 28, total 30. Lieut. Presley Mc- Cafferty killed. In the assault, May 19, sustained no casual- ties. In the assault. May 22, sustained no casualties and during the siege not reported. "Aggregate reported casualties in regiment during the campaign and siege, killed 12, wounded 86, total 98." 22d REGIMENT OHIO VOLUNTEER INFANTRY THE 22d Ohio Volunteer Infantry was one of the offshoots of the appointment of Major-General John C. Fremont to the command of the Western Department. Its place of organi- zation w^as Benton Barracks, near St. Louis, Missouri. Al- though officered by Ohio men, and its ranks filled mainly from the counties of the "Buckeye State," it was organized originally under the name of the 13th Missouri Volunteer Infantry, and mustered into the service November 5, 1861. It started to the field as a Missouri regiment, on the 26th of January, 1862, with the colonel, three of the other field officers, and eight of the captains from Ohio. 50 Ohio at Vicksburg On the 26th of January, 1862, the regiment received orders to proceed by rail and transports to Cairo, 111., and there report to Brigadier-General Grant, then commanding that district. On its arrival at Cairo it was met by orders to pro- ceed to Smithland, Ky., reporting to Colonel Lanman, com- manding that post. On its arrival at Smithland, the men had barely time to get camp and garrison equipage to the place selected for their camp, when orders came to prepare three days' rations and march in light order to support a cavalry reconnoissance then in progress toward Fort Henry. This movement was made on the 31st of January. After marching nearly two days the cavalry force was met on its return, and the next morning the regiment started back to Smithland, having carried out the intent of their instructions. This march was the first experience of the regiment in field service, and, owing to a sudden change of weather from summer to winter, its initiation was quite severe. Orders were found awaiting the regiment at Smithland to proceed by transports up the Tennessee river, as a part of the investing force against Fort Henry. It was found, however, on its arrival at Fort Henry that General Grant was already in possession of that fort, and was busily engaged in organizing the army for an attack on Fort Donelson. In the organization of this force the 13th Missouri was brigaded in General C. F. Smith's Division. In the first attack the position of the regi- ment was near the left of the line, and as the heavy fighting took place on the right they were not exposed to much danger. On the 15th, when General Smith assaulted the enemy's works on the right, the regiment was in position near the center, two miles from the point of assault. Receiving orders to report at once to the left the men dropped their knapsacks, blankets, overcoats, in fact everything but their arms and ammunition, and reported on the "double-quick" to the general. Lan- man's Brigade had charged, and were now holding the outer works under a storm of grape and canister from the enemy's heavy batteries. Night found the regiment in a position to support Lanman. During the night orders came directing the regiment to prepare for storming the batteries at daybreak of the ensuing morning. The dawn found the regiment in front of Lanman's advanced position. Everything was in readiness, and all ears anxiously 22D Ohio Infantry 51 waiting to hear the signal to charge given. But the Rebel batteries were silent, eliciting many surmises as to the reason. Presently a sound from the interior of the fort attracted all eyes in that direction — the white flag of surrender was dis- covered floating from the principal w^ork. After occupying the fort for a few days orders were received to proceed to Clarksville, thence to Nashville, thence back to Clarksville. From Clarksville the next move was to Pittsburg Landing, where the regiment arrived on the 20th of March. It lay in camp until the morning of the 6th of April, the day of the commencement of the battle of Shiloh, when it was ordered into line of battle. The numerical force of the regiment at this time was 450 ofiicers and men. During the two days of that well-contested battle the regiment was warmly engaged, and lost in killed and wounded 89 ofiicers and men. Early in the first day's fight the gallant Lieutenant-Colonel St. James fell mortally wounded. (About this time several changes occurred in the stafi^. Major C. W. Anderson resigned, and Captains Wright and Wood were promoted, the first to the position of lieutenant-colonel, the latter to that of major. Surgeon Bell had resigned, and his place filled by Dr. Henry E. Foote, of Cincinnati.) In the slow and tedious advance on Corinth, succeeding the battle of Shiloh, the regiment was continually in the front, and on the evacuation of Corinth by the enemy marched with the army to Booneville, Miss., in pursuit and then returned to Corinth. On the 7th of July, 1862, the Secretary of War, recognizing the absurdity of designating the regiment by an erroneous title, issued an order transferring the 13th Missouri Volunteers to the State of Ohio, to be named the 22d Ohio Volunteer Infantry. The long sojourn of our troops at Corinth was terminated about the 17th of September, 1862. At that time the 22d Ohio moved with the army upon luka. Miss., where the Rebel General, Price, was in force. Nothing of interest, however, occurred on this expedition, that is, so far as the regiment was concerned. On the i6th of September, 1862, Colonel Crafts J. Wright and Lieutenant-Colonel Wright tendered their resignations, which were accepted. This left the regiment under the com- mand of Major Wood. 52 Ohio at Vicksbujig October 3 came before the calm was broken at Corinth. On that memorable day the Rebel Generals, Price and Van Dorn, appeared before the place, eager to secure the post of Corinth and the vast supplies collected there. The Rebels were confident of an easy victory and the capture of the place. Major-General Rosecrans, commanding the National forces, was perfect master of the situation. He allowed the over- confident Rebels to precipitate themselves completely within the trap he had so ingeniously prepared for them, and although the enemy at one time threatened to "carry off the trap," they were soundly thrashed, and sent reeling into the swamps and bayous of Mississippi. The 22d did not participate in this sanguinary struggle, having been detailed for post duty. The regiment joined in the pursuit of the Rebels, but, like the whole army engaged in that fruitless race, gained no laurels. Two months passed away without action. In December 1862, the Rebel General, Forrest, made a raid upon the Mobile and Ohio Railroad, one of the channels of communications of luka with the outer world. By mistake the 22d was sent to look after Forrest, supposing the regiment belonged to the Ohio brigade. The error was not rectified before reaching Trenton, at which place it was left as garrison and railroad guard. Again occurred a quiet of two or three months, nothing more exciting occurring than an occasional scout for guerrillas, from which the detachments sent out generally returned successful. Whilst at Trenton a detachment of the 22d captured the notorious guerrilla chief. Colonel Dawson, who afterwards died in the Alton (111.) penitentiary. March II, 1863, brought orders for the regiment to evacuate the Mobile and Ohio Railroad, and report at Jackson, Tenn. It was ordered back to Corinth April 29, and returned to Jackson, Tenn., May 3, 1863. May 29 it was ordered to move by rail to Memphis, and on arrival there found prepara- tions being made to move to the vicinity of Vicksburg. On the 1st of June the regiment embarked on transports for Haines' Bluff, on the Yazoo river. It arrived there on the 3d of June, and was engaged in throwing up earthworks until July 16, when orders were received to report at Helena, Arkansas. General Steele was engaged at this point in organizing the Army of the Arkansas. The 22d Ohio was made part of this organization, and on the 13th of August, 1863, left Helena 22D Ohio Infantry 53 with the army for Little Rock. After marching 29 days the National forces entered the capital of Arkansas with but slight difficulty, the cavalry arm of the expedition bearing the brunt of all opposition. The occupation of Little Rock occurred on September 10, 1863, and from that time to October 28 the 22d remained there, w^hen orders were issued for the regiment to proceed to Browns- ville, Arkansas, to aid in guarding the railroad connecting Little Rock and Duvall's Bluff. Nearly one year was consumed in this duty, remaining at Brownsville from October 30, 1863, until October 26, 1864. During the whole of this time nothing of importance occurred, with the exception of a few dashes after guerrillas. These outlaws were peculiarly brutal in Arkansas — veritable murderers — real Cain-marked scoundrels, who scrupled at nothing in the way of cruelty and outrage. The 22d, as a general thing, did not bring in any prisoners when returning from such expeditions. A portion of the time the regiment was on this duty 160 of the men were mounted. In February, 1864, 105 officers and men reenlisted as veterans. Captains Craighan and Miner, with Lieutenants Whitehead, Pollock and Buxton, making up the list of officers remainino; with the detachment. Beside the veterans there were 89 recruits. On the 26th of October, 1864, the regiment received orders to report at Camp Dennison, Ohio, to com- plete their record, and be mustered out of the service. The same locomotive which drew the regiment from its first camp of rendezvous at St. Louis, also drew it from Little Rock to Duvall's Bluff, and when the regiment reached the mouth of White river they embarked on the steamer Continental, the same boat that carried them into service. The regiment arrived in Cincinnati November 7, 1864, and proceeded at once to Camp Dennison, where, on the 1 8th of November, it was mustered out of service, completing its term of three years and a few days over. This regiment sustained its casualties at Shiloh, April 6, 7, 1862. In that engagement it lost 10 killed, 70 wounded and I missing, total 81. 54 Ohio at Vicksburg list of battles. Fort Donelson, Tenn Feb. 14-16, 1862 Shiloh, Tenn April 6, 7, 1862 Corinth, Miss, (siege of) April 30-May 30, 1862 Corinth, Miss, (battle of) October 3, 4, 1862 Little Rock, Ark. (occupation of). .September 10, 1863 Vicksburg (siege ojf) .June 4 to July 4, 1863 The following inscription appears on the monument of the 22d Regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry, in Vicksburg National Military Park, Vicksburg, Miss.: "This regiment served on the exterior line, at or near Haynes' Bluff, from June 4, 1863, until the end of the siege, July 4, without reported casualties." 30th REGIMENT OHIO VETERAN VOLUNTEER INFANTRY. Record by Sergeant Joseph B. Allen. THE 30th Ohio Volunteer Infantry was organized at Camp Chase. Ohio, on the 28th day of August, 1861, and im- mediately armed and equipped, and on the 30th ordered to the field. The next day found the regiment at Benwood, Va., and on the 2d of September it reached Clarksburg. On the 6th of September the regiment joined Rosecrans' army at Sutton, Va. Here Companies D, F, G, and I were ordered to remain and the other companies marched toward Summersville. Two companies, C and E, were left at Big Birch Bottoms, the remainder of the regiment moved to Carnifex ferry, where a sharp engagement took place; during the night the enemy withdrew to Sewell Mountain. A con- siderable amount of arms fell into the hands of the regiment. A stand of colors, on which was inscribed "Floyd's Brigade; the price of liberty is the blood of the brave," was secured by the 30th. After a rest of ten days, the regiment moved to Sewell Mountain, but further advance was rendered im- practicable by the condition of the roads, and the army fell back to the Falls of Gauley; this position was called Camp 30TH Ohio Infantry 55 Ewing; the enemy took position on Cotton Mountain, and annoyed the troops with artillery. The brigade to which the 30th was attached crossed the river, advanced upon the enemy, and drove him from his position, and pursued him 12 miles beyond Fayette Court House; the regiment entered Fayette- ville on the 14th of November, and quartered in deserted houses. The detachment at Sutton frequently engaged in expedi- tions against bushwhackers; in various skirmishes two men of the 30th were killed and quite a number wounded. On the 23d of December the detachment at Sutton joined the regiment at Fayetteville, and on the 25th the regiment held its first dress parade. The regiment spent the time during the winter working upon fortifications; several of the companies were sent to different outposts. On March 10, 1862, these companies returned to Fayette- ville, at which time the 30th and 2 sections of McMuUen's Battery comprised the entire force at this point. On the 17th of April, the regiment removed to Raleigh, and from there to Princeton, and on the loth resumed march to Giles Court House; at noon information was received that the troops at the latter place had been attacked, and were falling back; the men unslung knapsacks and pushed rapidly forward, joining the 23d Ohio at the Narrows of New river. They had marched twenty miles in five hours, but arrived too late, as the gate leading to the country beyond had been closed by the enemy; here for eight days the allowance for rations was one cracker with a small allowance of sugar and coffee to each man. Early on the morning of May 17, the regiment fell back to Princeton, and on the following day encamped on summit of Great Flat Top Mountain; being without tents, the men stripped the bark from large chestnut trees, from which huts were constructed that furnished shelter. On the i6th of August the regiment started to join Pope's army in eastern Virginia, and reached Brownstown on the Big Kanawha river, on the 19th, having carried knapsacks and marched 95 miles in three and one half days, and were glad to leave the moun- tains, and when the band played "Get Out of the Wilderness," as it came down Cotton Mountain to the river, deafening cheers showed the hit was duly appreciated. The regiment was transported to Parkersburg, where it took cars for the East, passing through Washington City on 56 Ohio at Vicksburg the 23d of August, and went into camp that night at Warrenton Junction, Va. Three days later, the right wing reported for guard duty at General Pope's headquarters, the left wing to follow as soon as relieved from picket. General Pope's headquarters were moved to Centerville, and the left wing followed in Robertson's Brigade. The left wing participated in the 2d Battle of Bull Run, and was ex- posed to a heavy artillery fire. General Robertson, in his ofiicial report, says: "It moved forward under a heavy fire from the enemy's batteries in good order, as upon parade." The left wing joined the right at General Pope's headquarters on August 31. The regiment joined the brigade at Upton Hills on the 3d of September. It broke camp on the 6th, marching through Washington City, and on the I2th came in view of Fredrick City, Maryland. The 30th deployed, moved by the flank above the city, waded the Monocacy, and, converging into the line of battle, entered the city. The regiment arrived at South Mountain on the 14th of September, and engaged the enemies' skirmishes at 9 o'clock a. m. The enemy opened fire upon the regiment from a battery behind a stone fence, killing and wounding several men. The regiment lay under a heavy artillery fire several hours, and advanced against the enemy behind a stone fence at 4 o'clock p. m. The line of the enemy advanced at the same time, and a severe engagement followed, lasting three-quarters of an hour. The regiment bravely stood its ground, losing 18 killed and 48 wounded. The regiment moved from South Mountain, and went into camp below Keedysville, remained there during the 1 6th, exposed to a heavy artillery fire, moved in the evening, camped at night in sight of Burnside bridge. The next morning, the 17th, the regiment moved to the left front, forded Antietam Creek waist deep, and moved up toward Burnside's bridge, which was then in our possession; was then ordered forward on the double-quick to a stone wall, about a third of a mile in advance. It was necessary to pass through a 20 acre cornfield, in order to reach the wall. When the line had advanced as far as the field of corn, the men were almost exhausted, and, for want of proper support the left 30TH Ohio Infantry 57 wing of the regiment was unprotected. General A. P. Hill's Rebel Division came down with crushing force on the exposed flank; the regiment was thrown into some confusion in en- deavoring to execute a movement by the right flank in order to avoid the blow. This regiment was engaged here about 5 p. m. The National colors were torn in fourteen places by shot and shell. Both color bearers were killed. Sergeant White defiantly waved the flag in the face of the enemy until he was killed. Sergeant Carter, in his death agony, held the flagstaff^ so firmly that it could with difficulty be taken from his hand. Our loss was 3 oflficers and 10 men killed, and i oflftcer and 48 men wounded, 2 oflScers and 16 men taken prisoners; total 80 men. On the 8th of October the regiment was ordered back to West Virginia. Crossed the Potomac at Hancock, Mary- land, in pursuit of General Stewart's Cavalry, into Pennsyl- vania. On the I2th the regiment returned to Hancock and continued the western journey. On the 13th of November arrived at Cannelton, on the Kanawha, where we erected winter quarters, during which time it did some scouting in and about Logan Court House, capturing many horses and quite a number of prisoners. Late in December the regiment was ordered to join General Grant's fleet for Vicksburg, em- barking on steamers, reaching Louisville, Ky., on the 3d of January, 1863, and there encamped several days, after which it embarked for Memphis and Vicksburg, and upon arrival was assigned to General Sherman's 15th Army Corps. Remained in camp at Young's Point, La., several weeks. Many move- ments were made by the regiment, both on the Mississippi and Yazoo rivers. On April 17, Lieutenants O'Neill and Cham- berlain, with a crew from the regiment, took full charge of the steamer Silver Wave, and successfully ran the blockade, only one shot from the enemy's guns striking the vessel, and that without efi^ect. On the 29th of April the regiment was ordered to Haines' Bluffs to make a diversion against that point. Re- turned to camp on the 8th of May. Was ordered to Grand Gulf, below Vicksburg, on the Mississippi river, on the loth of May, and took up the march to Vicksburg northward, by way of Rocky Springs, Raymond and Champion's Hill. On the 1 8th of May, near midnight, the regiment arrived in the rear of Vicksburg, in front of Fort Defiance, on the old 58 Ohio at Vicksburg Graveyard road, one of the principal roads leading to Vicks- burg. On the 19th of May the regiment participated in the first grand assault upon the works around Vicksburg. The charge being unsuccessful, the regiment was compelled to fall back. On the morning of the 22d the regiment led the second assault on General Sherman's front against the stockade redan on the Graveyard road. The flag was placed on the enemy's parapet and guarded there until night enabled the troops to retire. A forlorn hope made up of volunteers from the division led by Captains Groce and O'Neill, preceded the regiment in the charge upon the fort, and were compelled to remain in the ditches of the fort, exposed to hand grenades, thrown by the enemy, during the day. From the beginning and during the forty-seven days' siege, the regiment lost 61 officers and men killed and wounded. Immediately after the surrender the National Army, under command of General Sherman, moved at once upon the enemy under Joseph E. Johnston, and drove him eastward to Jackson and beyond, after which the regiment went into camp on Black river, July 23d. The regiment left camp September 26, and embarked at Vicksburg, and moved up the river to Memphis. Regiment left Memphis October 4, and encamped at Brown's ferry, ten miles from Chattanooga on the 20th of November. On the 25th it assisted in an assault, which carried outer line of the enemy's works. Later in the day the 30th made two assaults on the enemy's works on Tunnel Hill, but were compelled to fall back on account of strong fortifications in front. Its loss was 40 men killed and wounded. On the 26th of December the regiment was ordered to Bellefonte, Ala., and arrived there on the 29th. A few days afterward they were ordered to Larkinsville, Ala., where they went into winter quarters. The regiment here reenlisted as veterans and were furloughed 30 days. After the expiration of furlough the regiment joined Sherman's army for the Atlantic campaign. During this campaign the regiment was con- tinually under fire and engaged in all the principal battles between Chattanooga and Atlanta. The regiment started on the 15th of November on Sher- man's march through Georgia to the sea, and on the 13th of December was in front of Fort McAllister, on the Ogeechee 30TH Ohio Infantry 59 river, and the same day the fort was taken by assault in a hand to hand conflict. The 30th was specially mentioned in General Hazen's official report. On the 17th of January the regiment embarked on the steamer Cosmopolitan and went into camp at Beaufort, South Carolina, on January 18, 1865. The regiment moved northward on January 26, on the campaign of the Carolinas, wading swamps and streams, one of the former being a mile wide and waist deep, at North Edisto river; passed through Columbia, S. C, and went into camp on the west side of the Congaree river. After a severe engagement north of Columbia on February 17, halted near Bentonville, N. C. At this place there raged a severe battle of two days, in which the 30th lost quite a number of men. The regiment marched through Goldsboro to Raleigh, N. C, where it remained until the 29th of April, and then took up the march northward, by way of Richmond to Washington, and on May 21 the regiment reached the south end of Long bridge at Washington. On May 24 it participated in the Grand Review down Pennsylvania avenue. On June 2, 1865, the regiment was ordered to Louisville, Ky. On June 25 it embarked at Louisville for Little Rock, Ark., where it remained until August 13, when it was ordered home, and immediately embarked, arriving at Columbus on the 2 1st of August, 1865. The regiment was paid and discharged on the 22d of August, 1865. This regiment traveled as such, during its term of service, a distance of 13,200 miles. Total officers and men, including all recruits, during the war were 1,036. Killed and died from wounds received in battle: Officers 9; enlisted men 132; total 141. Died from disease: Enlisted men, 153; total deaths 294. During its term of service, the regiment bore an honorable part in the following battles: Carnifax ferry, W. Va Sept. 10, 1861 South Mountain, Md Sept. 14, 1862 Antietam, Md Sept. 17, 1862' Vicksburg, Miss, (siege of and assaults) May 18 to July 4, 1863 Jackson, Miss July 9-16, 1863 6o Ohio at Vicksburg Mission Ridge, Tenn November 25, 1863 Dallas, Ga May 25 to June 4, 1862 Kenesaw Mountain, Ga June 9-30, 1864 Kenesaw Mountain, Ga. (general assault) June 27, 1864 Nickajack Creek, Ga July 2-5, 1864 Atlanta, Ga. (Hood's first sortie). ...July 22, 1864 Atlanta, Ga.(Ezra Chapel, or sec- ond sortie) July 28, 1864 Atlanta, Ga. (siege of) July 28 to Sept. 2, 1864 Jonesboro, Ga Aug. 31, and Sept. 2, 1864 Fort McAllister, Ga December 13, 1864 Bentonville, N. C March 19-21, 1865 The following inscription appears on the monument of the 30th Ohio Veteran Volunteer Infantry in Vicksburg Military Park, Vicksburg, Miss.: CASUALTIES. "In the assault. May 19, wounded 19. In the assault. May 22, killed 6, wounded 42, missing 2; total 51. Captain Thomas Hayes killed; Lieut. Hiram J. Davis mortally wounded. And during the siege not reported. "Aggregate reported casualties in regiment during the campaign and siege : killed 6, wounded 52, missing 2, total 60. " 32d REGIMENT OHIO VETERAN VOLUNTEER INFANTRY. By E. Z. Hays, K Co. WHEN recruiting began for the formation of a regiment that became the 32d O. V. I., the excitement incident to the outbreaking of a war had had time to subside. The men who responded to the first call for 300,000 volunteers were not swayed by excitement nor by any consideration but that of true patriotism. Armed rebellion had shown its ugly head and they did not pause to ask why. They realized the magnitude of the enterprise upon which they were about to embark; they were conscious of the dangers that awaited them. Of this 32D Ohio Infantry 6i first 300,000 the 32d was a part, how important a part let her services show, and let the same standard measure the patriotism of its individual parts. The organizing of the regiment began about August 20, 1861, at Camp Bartley, near Mansfield, Ohio, and was com- pleted at Camp Dennison, Ohio, by September 7, next following. Our first field officers were: Colonel, Thos. H. Ford; Lieutenant-Colonel, Ebenezer H. Sweeny; Major, Sylvester M. Hewitt; Surgeon, John W. Mowry; Assistant Surgeon, Silas E. Sheldon; Chaplain, Wm. H. Nickerson; Adjutant, Robert F. Jackson; Quartermaster, Robert H. Bentley. Company A was recruited from Carroll, Columbiana, Stark and Mahoning Counties, but principally from the first- named, and was mustered in at Camp Bartley, near Mans- field, Ohio, August 27, 1861. Company B was recruited chiefly in Union and Cham- paign Counties, and was mustered into the service August 20, 1 86 1, at Camp Dennison, Ohio, from where it was sent to Camp Bartley. Company C-w^as recruited principally in Knox County, Ohio, although about 20 men came from Allen County. Mus- tered in at Camp Bartley, August 31. Company D came chiefly from Richland, Huron and Stark Counties. Mustered in at Camp Bartley, August 27, 1861. Company E was recruited at Mansfield, Ohio, its members being largely of Richland County, though there were a few from Crawford and Wayne. Mustered in at Camp Bartley August 27, 1 86 1. Company F. There were two companies in the regiment that were known as F. This, the first of those, was recruited chiefly in Carroll County and mustered into the service August 30, 1861, at Camp Bartley. It constituted a part of the regi- ment until December 22, 1863, when it was permanently detached and became the 26th Independent Battery, Ohio Light Artillery. At the battle of Champion's Hill, Miss., a battery (the ist Mississippi) was captured by this regiment and manned by this (F) company. During the siege it was known as "Captain Yost's captured battery" and did most excellent service, one section occupied the most advanced, as well as one of the most hazardous positions on the investment line. See History 26 Independent Battery O. L. A. 62 Ohio at Vicksburg Company F the second. When the first company F was regularly detached, a detail consisting of two lieutenants and one sergeant was sent North to recruit a company to fill the vacancy caused by this detachment. These recruits came from divers counties. The new company was organized at Cairo, 111., and mustered in at that place in April, 1864. Company G rendezvoused in the Fair grounds at Zanes- ville, Ohio, which they designated as Camp Goddard, and consisted in the main of Muskingum County citizens, although a few were drawn from Licking and Perry Counties. Its first Captain, William D. Hamilton, was transferred to the 9th O. V. C. as its colonel, and ultimately reached the rank of brigadier-general. Company H was organized in the country round about Lima, Ohio, and it is probable the greater part of its men were from that locality, but at this writing there is no official data upon that point accessible to the writer. It was mustered in at Camp Dennison, Ohio, September 5, 1861. Company I was recruited from Richland, Van Wert, Paulding, Ashland and Delaware Counties, was mustered in at Camp Dennison, Ohio, September 7. Company K was organized almost entirely from Coshoc- ton County citizens, possibly half a dozen were from beyond the lines of that county. It rendezvoused at Coshocton, August 20, and went from there on the 29th, to Camp Bartley, where it was mustered in August 31. Of the first line officers of these several companies, a number quit the service after an experience of a few months, some of those from inability to withstand the rigors of camp life, others, probably, because they realized it was going to be a life of trials and dangers, whilst others were assured that their resignations would be accepted without any regrets. As a rule the best officers of the regiment were in the ranks at the time of its organization. From Camp Bartley the companies mustered were, about the 2d of September, i86i,transferredto Camp Dennison, where the complement of ten companies was made up. We lay at this camp learning the "art of war," until the 15th of September when because General R. E. Lee had made an attack on Cheat Mountain Summit, we were put aboard cars and started for the mountains of Virginia. At Benwood, Va. (now W. Va.), 32D Ohio Infantry 63 we received our first guns, old Harper's Ferry flint locks changed to percussion cap, an arm that could always be relied on to do vigorous "kicking" and little damage at the muzzle end. It was our good luck that we were not called on for any hard fighting with this weapon — if it could be dignified by that appellation — yet the enemy evinced as wholesome fear of the old fusee as of a better arm, possibly because there was no telling where its lead might strike, no matter at what it was pointed. The regiment went by rail to Webster, W. Va., from where it began its first march, passing through Phillippi to Beverly, where a couple of days were spent, there being no necessity for haste, as Lee's attack on Cheat Mountain Summit had failed and his force had been withdrawn. The regimental comrades will always vividly recall our first night alarm which came one of the nights we spent at Beverly, the county seat of Randolph County. Whether some one really believed an armed force was coming to wipe us off the face of the earth, or the call to arms was made to test the temper of the boys, the privates never knew, but how- ever it may have been brought about, we fell in with com- mendable promptitude, in a fairly straight line, and although doubtless many hearts struggled upward, yet no one ran away. On September 25 we reached Cheat Mountain Summit and went into camp outside the fortifications, in the most advanced position of any troops defending the pass. At this time, the first of the war, it was deemed important that this pass should be held at " all hazards," a theory exploded later on, but not in time to save the 32d and several other regiments from the severe weather of the winter of 186 1-2, on the top of that wind-swept mountain, where men and mules froze to death, and where our pickets dug holes in the ground, burned wood in them during the day, then stood astride of them wrapped in their blankets whilst doing their tricks of guard duty at night. A saw mill was finally sent to the mountain and men detailed to carry saw logs to it, whilst fifteen twohorse teams luxuriated on good succulent oats and fine hay, in comfortable stables at the western foot of the mountain. The ideas some officers had of how to care for soldiers, promote their health, comfort and efficiency were, in those days, truly marvelous. The sudden and frequent changes of temperature from 64 Ohio at Vicksburg moderate spring weather to several degrees below zero, the humidity of the atmosphere when not intensely cold, severe duty in all kinds of weather, living and sleeping in Bell tents, in squads so large that when one bunky turned in the one bunk, all the squad was involved, necessarily resulted in much sick- ness, and many a young patriot passed over that river from the banks of which no traveler returns. Finally, about the time good barracks had been completed, the regiment was removed to Beverly where we were much more comfortable. All in all, the winter of 1861-2 was the hardest of all our serv- ice. General Reynolds commanded the district of which Camp Cheat Mountain was a part. General Milroy, a brave but eccentric officer, whose greatest delight was in leading a dash at the enemy's pickets, was second in command. A Rebel force was, in the fall of 1861, at "Camp Green- briar,'' about 15 miles southeast of Cheat Mountain pass. Milroy determined on an attack, and assembled his force for this purpose at Cheat Mountain. The movement began the night of October 2, and was intended to be a surprise, the 32d in advance as far as the Gum road, where we were left to guard against any force coming in on Milroy's rear. No 32d veteran ever forgot that night march along the pine-clad mountain side, where the giants of the forest with interlocking branches shut out every twinkle of every star and arrested every moonbeam, making the darkness jet black. As we moved through this almost palpable darkness there came down from the mountain side the hoo ! hoo ! hoo- hoo- hoo- of a mountain owl. Its call was taken up and repeated by others, and as we nervously plodded on, by yet others, until the voices were swallowed up in the distance where the blood- thirsty foe awaited in grim silence (in our minds) to welcome us with bloody hand to inhospitable graves. It made cold chills run up our backs. The foe at Camp Greenbriar was not surprised, a little fighting was done at a fairly safe distance; Milroy's force returned in the afternoon to their camps, the rear protected by the 32d Ohio. The enemy left "Camp Greenbriar" and fixed himself in Camp Baldwin on the crest of Allegheny Mountain. December 5 the 32d went back to Beverly with a long list 32D Ohio Infantry 65 of sick. A few days after, Milroy assembled his forces for an attack on the enemy in his new position. Captain Hamilton, of Company G, a brave and able officer, was permitted by Colonel Ford to take on this expedition such of the regiment as would volunteer. He marched for the rendezvous with about 200 men, many of whom feared the war would end and we would never hear the whistle of an enemy's bullet. The captain reported to General Milroy at Cheat Mountain pass, from where the force moved December 13. By reason of the flanking wing being misguided, and not reaching the field, the expedition failed but the 32d contin- gent got to hear the whistle of vengeful bullets and had several men wounded. Reid's "Ohio in the War" says, "In his report General Milroy complimented the regiment very highly on its gallantry and good conduct in its charge into the camp of the enemy." Returning, the remainder of the winter was passed at Beverly from where some unimportant scouting was done. During the time a number of our line officers left us. We returned to Cheat Mountain on March 15 (excepting Company G, which was left for guard duty at Beverly), got good Austrian rifles for our old altered muskets and started with Milroy on the spring campaign, April 5, the 32d in advance. Reaching McDowell w^e halted until May 5, when the 32d was thrown beyond the mountain to a point about 10 miles west of Staunton. Here, on the morning of the 8th, we were almost surrounded by Stonewall Jackson's Division, but, by a rapid unincumbered march, we beat him to the mountain summit over which we passed as the foe was coming out of the brush half a mile to our right. Milroy's entire command returned to McDowell, Jackson following. The morning of May 8, Schenck united with Milroy, and being the ranking officer took chief command. Jackson was in a commanding position of his own selection, and there Schenck attacked him with an inferior force. The 32d fought on the extreme right, where, unsupported, it charged Jackson's entire division in trenches on the crest of the high hill he occupied. The 32d remained on the field until it was so dark we fired at the flashlight of the enemy's guns. At about one o'clock of the morning of the 9th Schenck marched for Franklin, followed in the morning by a light 66 Ohio at Vicksburg force of cavalry, whilst General Jackson faced about, jumped on to Banks and drove him out of the Shenandoah Valley. At Franklin, Schenck's command met Fremont with about 12,000 men. May 25 this force moved for Strausburg, by way of Moorefield, to intercept Jackson, which would have been accomplished had not Fremont made a day's unnecessary halt, so that his advance, the 32d, struck the pike at Straus- burg when Jackson's rear guard was yet in sight. Fremont chased Jackson, skirmishing frequently as far as Cross Keys, where he was forced to turn and fight and though the engagement was quite severe, it was not decisive. In the night Jackson stole across the Shenandoah at Port Republic, and the next morning we saw him, with his very superior forces pounding the life out of one of Shield's Brigades, and we powerless to render any assistance, Jackson having very discreetly burned the bridge that carried him safely over the swollen swirling river by which we were halted. We returned down the valley, going first to Middletown, Va., where Company G rejoined the regiment, thence to Win- chester, thence to Harper's Ferry, where we were traitorously surrendered by General Miles, Our loss in the defense of that ill-fated post was 150 oflScers and men killed and wounded. With judgment and a loyal disposition thereto, the place could have been easily held, or we could have marched out with the cavalry when they escaped the night before the surrender. There was no 32d Ohio flag among the trophies of war acquired by the Confederacy at Harper's Ferry. Our flag the color bearer wrapped about his body and in this way passed through the enemy's lines. When a few miles on our way to Annapolis, Md., it was brought out, fastened to a stout pole, and again given to be kissed by the free winds, untarnished by surrender. The ringing shout that welcomed it, told how well its followers loved it. The 32d was sent to parole camp at Chicago. "The boys" were incensed at being rushed through Ohio, put in camp and not permitted to visit their friends and almost to a man they took "french leave." Being exchanged, the men with a very few exceptions reported to Camp Taylor, Cleveland, Ohio, where the regi- ment was reorganized. There now took place many changes in the field and line officers. Captain B. F. Potts of 32D Ohio Infantry 67 F Company became colonel; R. H. Bently was promoted from quartermaster . to lieutenant-colonel, and Captain A. M. Crumbecker of A Company was made major. Only Company C had the same- company commander as before the reorganiza- tion. January 20, 1863, we started for Memphis, Tenn., arriving on the 28th, and became a part of the 3d Brigade, 3d Division, 17th Army Corps commanded respectively by Generals J. D. Stevenson, J. A. Logan and J. B. McPherson. We reached the front at Lake Providence, La., with our division, February 28. March 21, because of the overflow from the Mississippi being let into the lake, we removed ten miles north. On the 26th, with other troops, we attempted to move inland, but high waters forced us back. April 26 we- went down to Milliken's Bend. Whilst lying here, fully three-fourths of the regiment volunteered to run the Vicks- burg batteries on the transports, but only nine were accepted. Believing the names of these men are particularly worthy of commemoration in a history of the campaign and siege of Vicksburg, they are here given, to wit: John Brobst and William Hudnut of Company E; Nels Croft, George W. Kel- dow, Frank Keys and George W. Bentley of Company G; Adam Carnes, Thomas C. Seward and George W. Seward of Company K. These men remained with their several vessels and ran the Grand Gulf batteries on the night of April 29. All these adventurous men passed the two blockades unscathed, but Thomas C. Seward went down at his post when the trans- port Horizon collided with the Moderator, when transporting troops to the eastern side of the river. April 25 we started with our corps on the Vicksburg campaign. Our (3d) brigade crossed the Mississippi im- mediately after the 13th Corps, April 30. The next day we took part in the Port Gibson fight, the flanking movement of our brigade hastening the enemy's withdrawal. We took part in the battle at Raymond but suffered no loss being partici- pants in a flank movement that did not reach its destination until the foe had fled. At Jackson on the 14th, Logan's Division supported Crocker, excepting our brigade, which was moved toward the left front, threatening the enemy's line of retreat over Pearl river, of which he soon availed himself. 68 Ohio at Vicksburg The next morning we retraced our steps and that night camped on the right of Hovey's position, our front well picketed to guard against any flank movement, as the enemy was known to be in force not far in front. The morning of May i6 Logan's Division followed closely after Hovey and went into line of battle on his right. After some hard fighting by the ist and 2d Brigades, 3d Division, the 3d Brigade charged across a very difficult ravine and up Champion's Hill, the 32d capturing entire the ist Mississippi Battery of six guns, which Logan, on the field, turned over to Company F. This brilliant achievement turned the enemy's left and the ist and 2d Brigades doing some grand fighting at this time, soon sent the foe in hasty retreat through woods and fields in the general direction of Black River bridge; the 3d Brigade following until dark, capturing in the charge and pursuit, over 1,300 prisoners. Our next fighting was on May 19 between the Shirley House and the 3d Louisiana redan, then known to us as "Fort Hill, ' ' where we lost one man killed and several wounded. In the assault of May 22 we were in support of the 8th Illinois, but when we reached our most advanced position there were no troops in our front to support. We lay down a hundred yards from the works and remained there until dark. Our loss was 24 wounded. The 32d shared the fortunes of the division during the siege. July 3, the 32d was on the firing line near where the Confederate officers, General Bowen and Colonel Montgomery, came through their lines bearing a white flag. Captain Morris of D Company being officer of the day, met them and dispatched to General Grant the letter they bore. The meet- ing of Generals Grant and Pemberton took place so near our front that we could distinguish the features of the assembled officers. When Vicksburg fell we marched into the city with the division and camped in or near until we went north on veteran furlough. Shortly after the surrender we were trans- ferred to the 2d Brigade, which then became an Ohio brigade consisting of the 20th, 32d, 68th and 78th Ohio regiments, Colonel Potts, 32d Ohio, commanding. We liked this ar- rangement; our associates were all grand organizations. In August about 250 of the regiment, with others, took 32D Ohio Infantry 69 part in an expedition, under Colonel Potts, that marched west about 50 miles into Louisiana, and back, nothing done. On October 14 we, with Logan's entire division made a 3 days' campaign towards Canton, Miss. Returning, we were closely pressed by a greatly superior force until we recrossed Black river. November 15, 1863, General Logan surrendered the command of the 3d Division to General M. D. Leggett, and went to take command of the 15th Army Corps. We much regretted the loss of General Logan. Recruiting for the veteran service began December 7, and by January 18, 1864, about 75 per cent had reenlisted and the 32d was mustered as a veteran regiment. The Meridian, Miss., campaign of the 17th Army Corps opened February 3, 1863. The "Ohio Brigade" (the 2d of the 3d Division) constituted a part of the force. On the morning of the 4th the 2d Brigade being in advance struck the enemy, Wirt Adams' Cavalry, well posted on the old battlefield of Champion's Hill. The brigade hastened over Baker's Creek and formed line. Companies A, B, and K were deployed as skirmishers. Captain W. A. McAllister of A commanding the line. A spirited skirmish ensued. Captain McAllister was soon severely wounded. Lieutenant John Wiley of B had been wounded shortly before. The command of the line now^ devolved on Lieutenant E. Z. Hays. Soon the enemy was dislodged, the 32d skirmishers following closely, charging whenever the foe made a stand, driving them through Clinton and Jackson so nearly on their heels that they had no time to destroy the bridge over Pearl river, which they attempted. Our loss was 22 killed and wounded. The day we returned to Vicksburg, March 3, we started north on veteran furlough, after which, with many recruits, we joined Sherman at Rome, Ga., and first went into line of battle in the Atlanta campaign at Big Shanty, Ga., and there- after participated in every important movement and battle until the fall of Atlanta. July 22 the enemy attacked us front and rear. We jumped our little line of works four times and as often drove them back, then as thev came down on our left flank, we changed front under a severe fire, and again defeated them, when darkness put an end to the struggle. When Hood got behind Sherman, we were a part of the force that followed him. 70 Ohio at Vicksburg We went with "Sherman to the Sea." On December 10, being in advance, we assisted in driving the enemy inside his works at Savannah, and entered the city on December 21. We went from Savannah to PocotaHgo, S. C. February I, 1865 we moved north, and with the 13th Iowa were the first commands to enter Columbia, the capital of South CaroHna. A detachment of the 32d, under Colonel Hibbits, captured Fayetteville, N. C, March 10, after a hot fight with Hampton's Cavalry. We fought at Bentonville, N. C, March 20 and 21, visited Raleigh and Goldsborough, N. C, and were present at the surrender of Johnston; marched by way of Richmond, Va., to Washington D. C; participated in the Grand Review through that city, started for Louisville, Ky., June 8, 1865; lay there until we were mustered out. Went thence to Columbus, Ohio, and on July 27, 1865, received final discharge, and pay; our work done, the Union saved after four years of active service at the front. The 32d went to the front September 15, 1861, 950 strong, recruited 1,650 men, making a total mustered during its service of 2,610. Of that large number, three fairly good sized regi- ments, but 565 remained at muster out. We lost in the Vicksburg campaign and siege alone, 250 men, killed and wounded (counting only such wounded as were discharged therefor) and died of disease. Reid's "Ohio in the War" says, page 216: "It is believed that the regiment (32d Ohio) lost and recruited more men than any other from Ohio." During its term of service this organization, as a whole, took part in the following battles, to wit: Greenbrier, W. Va October 3, 1861 Camp Allegheny, W. Va December 13, 1861 McDowell, Va May 8, 1862 Cross Keys, Va June 8, 1862 Port Republic, Va June 9, 1862 Harper's Ferry, Va September 12-15, 1862 Port Gibson, Miss May i, 1863 Raymond, Miss May 12, 1863 Jackson, Miss May 14, 1863 Champion's Hill May 16, 1863 Vicksburg, Miss, (siege of) May 18 to July 4, 1863 Bakers Creek, Miss February 4, 1864 S3v .-:w»p«^:. -*«*-«fc^~ VS^- / ^/v,;- ■ 37TH Ohio Infantry 71 Clinton, Miss February 5, 1864 Kenesaw Mountain, Ga June 9-30, 1864 Kenesaw Mountain, Ga. (general assault) June 27, 1864 Nickajack Creek, Ga July 6-10, 1864 Peachtree Creek, Ga July 20, 1864 Atlanta, Ga. (Hood's sortie) July 22, 1864 Atlanta, Ga. (seige of) • • . . . .July 22 to Sept. 4, 1864 Savannah, Ga. (siege of) Dec. 10-21, 1864 Near Beaufort, S. C January 14, 1865 Fayetteville, N. C March 13, 1865 Bentonville, N. C March 19-21, 1865 In estimating the service of this regiment, account must be taken of the many miles traversed in scouting and guerrilla hunting in the mountains of Virginia, which was as arduous duty as we performed, in almost four years of active service at the front. The following inscription appears on the monument of the 32d Ohio Volunteer Veteran Infantry in Vicksburg National Military Park, Vicksburg, Miss.: CASUALTIES. "Port Gibson, May i, no reported casualties. Raymond, May 12, no casualties reported. Jackson, May 14, no casualties reported. In the battle of Champion's Hill, May 16, 1863, killed 2, wounded 18, total 20. In the assault. May 19, no reported casualties. In the assault. May 22, wounded 23; and during the siege, not reported. "Aggregate reported casualties in regiment during the campaign and siege, killed 2, wounded 41, total 43." 37th REGIMENT OHIO VOLUNTEER INFANTRY Record by John S. Kountz THE 37th Ohio Infantry was enlisted during August and September, 1861, under the first call of President Lincoln for 300,000 men, and assembled at Camp Brown, near Cleve- land. It was a German organization, recruited principally in the cities of Cleveland and Toledo. The counties of Au- glaize, Franklin, Mahoning, Tuscarawas, Erie, Mercer and 72 Ohio at Vicksburg Wyandot, furnished a number of men. Company C came from Auglaize. By the ist of October 800 men were enrolled, when the regiment broke camp, proceeded to Camp Dennison, where it remained ten days, was mustered into the service and armed and equipped. An accomplished German officer, Edward Siber, was selected as colonel; Louis Von Blessingh, of Toledo, lieuten- ant-colonel; and Charles Ankele, of Cleveland, major. Its line officers were selected mostly from those who had seen serv- ice in some of the three months' regiments. The first regimental colors were presented by a number of patriotic German ladies of Toledo, headed by Mrs. Peter Lenk. From Camp Dennison the regiment moved to Cincinnati and embarked on steamers tor Camp Piatt, on the Kanawha river, in West Virginia, arriving there and reporting to General Rosecrans a few days later. At this time the country south of the Kanawha was over- run with squads of Confederate cavalry of Jenkins' command, who occasionally fired upon passing steamers and then fled to the mountains. Colonel Siber, determining, if possible, to break up these raids, crossed the river with a part of the regi- ment and occupied Brownstown, from which place scouting parties from the regiment were sent into the surrounding country. One had started out under Captain Charles Hipp, with three days' rations, but was soon after recalled by General Rosecrans, who considered the expedition too hazardous. Upon its return the regiment proceeded to Cannelton, where the Union forces were organizing to drive the Confederates, under General Floyd, out of the valley. The enemy was driven from his position on Cotton Hill and pursued to within seven miles of Raleigh C. H. On account of the heavy and continued rains it was impossible to move the wagons, while the troops waded, sometimes knee deep, through mud and water; consequently the further pursuit of Floyd was abandoned. Hardships and privations attended this short campaign. Soon after the return to Cannelton from this expedition the 37th went into winter quarters at Clifton, where drill, discipline, guard duty and occasional scouting occupied the time. In January, 1862, a portion of the regiment w^ent on an expedition to Logan C. H., east of Guyandotte river, where, after a brisk skirmish with Confederate cavalry, the place was captured and 37TH Ohio Infantry 73 the war material destroyed. In this engagement Captain H. Goeka (Company B) and Corporal Behm (Company C) were killed. The energetic measures of Colonel Siber resulted in the suppression of bands of bushwhackers, many of w^hom came into Charleston and took the oath of allegiance. The troops later returned to their camp at Clifton. In March, 1862, the 37th w^as assigned to the 3d Provisional Brigade, Kanawha Division, and ordered to accompany the division on a raid to the southeastern part of West Virginia, with a view of reaching and destroying, if possible, the Virginia and East Tennessee Railroad, near Wytheville, Va. May i, 1862, the regiment broke camp at Clifton and marched to Loup Creek, where it bivouacked for the night. The next morning the march was continued to Fayetteville and the following day to Princeton, thence to French Mills, arriving at the latter place May 14, 1862. Meantime, General J. D. Cox, commanding the expe- dition, established his headquarters at Princeton, where a small garrison, composed of Company K, 37th, under the command of Major Ankele, was placed. During the after- noon of May 15 the Confederates, under General Humphrey Marshall, advanced on Princeton and attacked the garrison, which had taken position behind the walls of the burned court house. The small force held the Confederates at bay until dark, when it was driven from its position, some of the men being captured and others scattering to the woods. In this engagement Major Ankele was seriously wounded. About this time General Cox and staff hastened to join his command at French Mills, eleven miles south, which place he reached about 9 o'clock p. m. The troops were immediately ordered back to Princeton, where, much fatigued, they arrived early the following morning. The Confederates had destroyed their stores and retired about an hour before the return of General Cox's command. The previous day four companies of the 37th Ohio, five of the 28th and two of the 34th, under command of Lieutenant Colonel* Von Blessingh, were sent up the East river and Wytheville road to ascertain the Con- federate force at Rocky Gap, and return the following day, but on learning that the enemy had attacked and driven the Union forces from Princeton, Colonel Von Blessingh was ordered to march direct to that place. About 10 o'clock a. m. on the i6th, his command came upon the Confederates, 74 Ohio at Vicksburg under General Humphrey Marshall, and after severe fighting, in which the four companies of the 37th lost i officer and 13 men killed, 2 officers and 46 men wounded and 14 missing, the command was compelled to retreat. The six companies of the 37th which were in Princeton, heard the heavy musketry firing, and the troops were eager to go to Von Blessingh's assistance. They were not permitted to do so. At 3 o'clock the morning of the 17th, the Kanawha Division commenced the retrograde movement, and reached Flat Top Mountain the 19th. What remained of Von Blessingh's command joined the division at Blue Stone river. The regiment continued in camp on Flat Top Mountain until August I, when it was ordered to Raleigh C. H., where it remained for three weeks, devoting much of the time to scouting in the surrounding country. During the stay at Raleigh, a number of the men made an expedition to Wyom- ing C. H., where a detachment of the regiment fell into am- buscade and was surrounded, but cut its way out, with a loss of 2 killed and 7 captured. The last of August the regiment moved to Fayetteville, where, in conjunction with the 34th Ohio, it garrisoned that important outpost. September 10, 1862, learning that the enemy was moving on the Fayetteville road. Colonel Siber, who commanded the Union force, ordered two companies of the 37th out on that road, where the Con- federates were soon encountered in heavy force. At noon Colonel Siber's entire command (six companies of the 34th and the 37th Ohio) were engaged with the Confederates, who were commanded by General W. W. Loring. The fight lasted until dark, but as most of the 37th occupied the earthworks, which had been constructed the previous year, the casualties of the regiment were light. During the night Colonel Siber, learning that the enemy was threatening his rear, ordered the burning of the Government stores, and at 2 o'clock a. m. the nth, moved back on the Gauley road. At daybreak the regiment reached Cotton Hill, where a short stand was made and some shot thrown into the ranks of the Confederates compelling them to seek cover. The brigade continued down the Kanawha, with the enemy in close pursuit. On the I2th it crossed the river at Brownstown, and the fol- lowing morning marched to Charleston, the enemy appearing on the opposite side of the Kanawha at the same time. The 37TH Ohio Infantry 75 Confederates were kept at bay until dark to enable the train of 700 wagons, loaded with army supplies, to get away, when the retreat was continued to Ravenswood on the Ohio river. Crossing the Ohio, the 37th, with the remainder of the brigade, marched to Pomeroy, where the troops were royally treated by the citizens of that loyal city. Leaving Pomeroy the regi- ment proceeded to a point on the Ohio river four miles from Gallipolis, where it remained a few days and recrossed the river, going into camp at Point Pleasant, West Va. The losses of the 37th at Fayetteville and in the retreat were 2 killed, 3 wounded and 62 missing. During the stay at Point Pleasant the regiment received some 70 recruits, mostly young men — a valuable acquisition. The middle of October the 37th, under command of Lieuten- ant-Colonel Von Blessingh, advanced up the Kanawha to Charleston. On this march the regiment, for the first time since its assignment to another brigade, met the 34th Ohio, who greeted the 37th with cheers as it passed, a greeting which was heartily returned by the men of the 37th, who had not forgotten the conduct of the gallant 34th at Fayetteville. The regiment remained a few days at Charleston and then proceeded up the river arriving at Gauley Bridge the 20th of November, where it expected to remain for the winter. Here stockades were built within which to place the tents, and all sorts of heating apparatus provided. While encamped at Gauley Bridge the men of the 37th presented Colonel Siber with a beautiful sword and belt in recognition of the soldierly qualities displayed by him at Fayetteville. December 30, 1862, the 37th was ordered to Charleston, where it embarked on steamers for Louisville, Ky., leaving the picturesque and mountainous region of West Virginia, where the regiment had seen some severe service. On reaching Cincinnati Colonel Siber, who had for some time commanded the brigade, again assumed command. At Cincinnati new Enfield rifles were furnished the regiment in exchange for the old Springfield muskets, and it continued to Louisville where the regiment disembarked and marched through the principal streets of the city, presenting a fine appearance and eliciting favorable comment from citizens. The regiment, with the Kanawha Brigade, remained in camp at Louisville one week, when it agam embarked on steamers and proceeded down the 76 Ohio at Vicksburg Ohio and Mississippi rivers, reaching Napoleon, Arkansas, the middle of January, 1863, where it was joined with the 30th and 47th Ohio and 4th West Virginia in constituting the 3d Brigade, 2d Division, 15th Army Corps. January 21 the regiment, as part of the division, moved down the river to Young's Point, nearly opposite Vicksburg, where it put in some time digging the canal. About the 20th of March the 37th took part in an expedition in connection with Commodore Porter, up Steele's Bayou and through Black Bayou to Deer Creek and Sunflower river, for the pur- pose of getting into the Yazoo river, above Haines' Bluff, which would have secured an advantageous position for operations against Vicksburg. When General Porter, with ironclads, mortarboats and tugs, was within a few miles of Rolling Fork, Confederate sharpshooters so swarmed in the woods that the situation became critical. The enemy had erected a battery at the junction of the Sunflower and Rolling Fork, supported by infantry ordered up from Haines' Bluff. The 37th and other troops were hurried forward and arrived in time to rescue the fleet, which Porter intended to destroy to prevent its falling into the hands of the enemy. The regi- ment returned to its camp at Young's Point the 27th, where the men witnessed the passing of the Confederate batteries at Vicksburg April 16 and 22, by portions of Porter's fleet. The last of April General Frank P. Blair's Division (which included the 37th) was ordered up the Yazoo to threaten Haines' Bluff, while General Grant was attacking Grand Gulf. Upon its return from the Yazoo, the regiment with the Kanawha Brigade, marched to Richmond, crossed the Mississippi, and hurried forward, overtaking the division at Black river bridge May 18, and arriving in the rear of Vicks- burg late that night, having made the distance from Grand Gulf, 85 miles, in three days. In the assault. May 19, the 37th formed the right of the brigade line and its losses were 2 officers (Lieutenant Gustav A. Wintzer and Lieutenant Se- baldus Hassler) and 12 enlisted men killed, and i ofiicer (Lieutenant Joseph Langenderfer) and 34 enlisted men wound- ed. The regiment furnished 13 men to the volunteer storming party May 22. Li the assault of that day it moved by the left flank along the Graveyard Road until brought to a halt by the severity of the enemy's fire. It then took position on the 37TH Ohio Infantry ^'j crest of the ridge nearest the Confederate works. Its loss was 10 enHsted men killed, and i officer (Lieutenant-Colonel Von Blessingh) and 30 enlisted men wounded; and during the siege 4 men were killed and 3 wounded, total 97. After the wounding of Lieutenant-Colonel Von Blessingh, Major Charles Hipp commanded the regiment until June 18, when Colonel Siber, who had been absent on leave resumed command. After the surrender of Vicksburg the 37th (Ewing's Brigade) marched to near Jackson, Mississippi, which place it entered, with Sherman's army, the morning of July 17, the Confederates having withdrawn the previous night. On July 23, 1863, the regiment proceeded with the division to the Big Black river and bivouacked at Camp Sherman for rest and reorganiza- tion, where it remained during midsummer. After the battle of Chickamauga, the Army of the Tennessee was ordered to Chattanooga and the 37th marched to Vicksburg, embarked on the steamer Nashville for Memphis, Tenn., arriving there October i. It remained in Memphis about one week when it began the long march with Sherman's army to Chattanooga. On the 20th of October the regiment reached Cherokee Station, Ala., and remained in bivouac there until the 26th. About this time Confederate cavalry, under Forrest, appeared, but the 37th, with other troops, succeeded in driving them off. The regiment then pushed forward through Florence, Ala., Pulaski and Fayetteville, Tenn., reaching Chattanooga on the 2 1st and going into a concealed camp on the west side' of the river. On the night of November 23 upwards of 100 flat boats had been floated into North Chickamauga Creek, about four miles above Chattanooga, designed for a pontoon bridge. Major Hipp was directed to take a number of these boats and a detail of men, cross the Tennessee river, secure a landing and then turn the boats over to the pioneer corps. About mid- night Major Hipp and his men crossed the river, surprised and captured the Confederate picket, when the major returned and reported to General Sherman, who was so elated that he took off his hat and cheered. At the dawn of day a pontoon bridge was built over the Tennessee, General Sherman himself personally superintending the work. On the 24th, the 37th, with its brigade, advanced to a position near the railroad tunnel, and held a hill in front of the enemy during the night. On the morning of the 25th Lightburn's Brigade (30th, 37th 78 Ohio at Vicksburg and 47th Ohio and 4th West Virginia) assaulted the enemy's fortified position on the extreme right of his line, held by General Claibourne's Division, Hardee's Corps. The assault lasted but a few minutes, but the firing of the Confederates was so murderous that it fairly made the very ground seem alive. Twice the Union forces charged upon the Confederate works, and twice they were compelled to fall back. In this assault the 37th, then about 200 strong, sustained a loss of 41 killed and wounded. The assault was not successful, but other points of the Confederate line were broken, the battle of Mis- sionary Ridge was won and the enemy pursued as far as Ringgold. November 29 the regiment moved with Sherman's army to east Tennessee to drive the Confederates from their position in front of Knoxville. Two days before General Sherman reached that place General Longstreet attacked Burnside and was repulsed, after which the Confederates raised the siege and retreated to Virginia. The 37th returned to Bridgeport, Ala., thence to Larkinsville December 26, where it went into camp. On the 15th of February, 1864, it moved to Cleveland, Tennessee, and formed part of an expedition to the vicinity of Dalton, Ga., returning to Cleveland where, on the 8th of March, three-fourths of the men reenlisted for three years more and were granted the usual 30 days leave. When the furlough expired the men returned to the front. En route, a disastrous railroad accident occurred near Munfordsville, Ky., in which one man from the regiment was killed and 30 injured. The regiment received new arms and equipment on its arrival at Chattanooga and then proceeded to the front where it participated in the battle of Resaca, May 13, 1864, losing 2 officers (Captain Frederick Schoening, Company G, and Lieutenant William Weiss, Company K) and i enlisted man killed and 10 enlisted men wounded. After the engagement at Resaca, the 37th marched to Kingston, Ga., which place it reached May 19; the regiment at this time was commanded by Major Charles Hipp, Lieutenant-Colonel Von Blessingh being absent on sick leave. The regiment then proceeded to Dallas, Ga., where on May 23, a strong body of the enemy well fortified was met, but the 37th was not actively engaged at this place. At the battle of New Hope Church, the 28th and 29th of May, the 37th sustained a loss of 4 men wounded. From 37TH Ohio Infantry 79 this time until June 27 the regiment was chiefly engaged in picket duty in the vicinity of Acworth. On the latter date it took part in the assault on Kenesaw Mountain. Between June II and July 2 the loss of the regiment was 4 killed and 19 wounded. Moving toward the Chattahoochie river, the 37th and other troops of the 15th Army Corps, supported the 23d Corps in the engagement near that place and on Nicka- jack Creek. Marching through Marietta, the Chattahoochie river was crossed and earthworks constructed on the south side of the river, after which the regiment, with other troops, de- stroyed the Atlanta and Western Railroad. July 20 found it within two miles of Atlanta. On the 22d of July the 37th occupied breastworks which the enemy had abandoned the preceding night. It was soon driven out, however, the Con- federates having returned strongly reenforced; but shortly after the position was retaken. The regiment's loss here w^as 4 killed, 10 wounded and 38 captured. The battle of Ezra Chapel, in which the 37th participated, occurred the 28th. Major Charles Hipp, who commanded the regiment,- was severely wounded in that engagement, sufi^ering the loss of his left arm, and the command devolved upon Captain Carl Moritz. The loss at Ezra Chapel was i killed and 5 wounded. During the ensuing month the regiment, with the corps, gradually advanced toward the fortifications in front of the city. Between July 29 and August 26, the 37th lost 5 killed and 8 wounded. August 30 the regiment led its brigade in the advance on jonesboro, and by evening succeeded in reach- ing a point a mile from the enemy's lines. Entrenchments were thrown up during the night and the assault was renew^ed on the 31st, resulting in the complete repulse ot the enemy. During the two days the loss of the regiment was 2 killed and 7 wounded. On the evening of September i, the 37th, with its brigade, entered Atlanta. The pursuit of the enemy continued to Lovejoy Station, from which place the regiment returned to East Point where it bivouacked until October 4, October 4 the regiment joined in pursuit of Hood's com- mand, marching over northern Georgia and Alabama. Near Gadsden a body of Confederate cavalry was met and quickly dispersed. Returning to Ruffin's Station, the regiment re- mained there until November 13, when it marched into Atlanta to make preparations for "Sherman's March to the Sea," 8o Ohio at Vicksburg which began November 15. The regiment, as a part of the 15th Corps, marched over McDonough's Indian Springs, crossed the Ocmulgee river and passed through Hillsboro and Clinton. After performing guard duty near the latter place, it marched over the Georgia Central Railroad, joined the divi- sion at Griswold, crossed the Oconee river November 26, and reached Summertown the 30th. Following the Ogeechee river, it advanced to the Savannah and Gulf Railroad, part of which, in conjunction with other troops, it destroyed, and then proceeded to within 9 miles of Savannah. December 13 the regiment assisted in the successful assault on Fort McAllister. For several days the division rested and then returned to the Savannah and Gulf Railroad, 30 miles of which it demolished. When the enemy evacuated Savannah, the 37th encamped near the city. January 19, 1865, it proceeded to Fort Thunderbolt, on the Savannah river, and embarked for Beaufort, S. C, where it arrived the 22d. Remaining there until the 30th it escorted the division train to Pocotalico, and then moved to McPhersonville. Here it joined the division and accompanied it through the Carolinas. Resistance w^as met at the South Edisto river, where the enemy was strongly entrenched, but this was soon overcome and the regiment marched toward Columbia, the capital of South Carolina, and entered the city with the troops February 16. The i8th and 19th were em- ployed in the destruction of the Columbia and Charleston Railroad. The march was then continued until the 26th, when the Wateree river and Lynch Creek were crossed w'here the regiment halted to permit the remainder of the division to come up. The 37th entered Chearaw on March 7, crossed the Great Pedee river and entered the State of North Carolina. After crossing the Little Pedee, Lumber and Little rivers, the regiment escorted General Howard's headquarters train to Fayetteville, N. C. March 19-21 the 37th took part in the last engagement of the war (Bentonsville), losing i killed (Corporal Joseph Baselgia, Company G) and 2 w^ounded. The regiment then proceeded to Goldsboro, arriving there the 24th of March and encamping two miles east of town, on the Newbern Road, where it remained until April 10. Upon the surrender of Lee and Johnston the regiment with Sherman's army, moved by way of Richmond, Va. to Washington, D. C, where it participated in the Grand Review before President Johnston and Cabinet. 37TH Ohio Infantry 8i From Washington the 37th proceeded to Louisville, Ky., where it remained until June 4, when it embarked on steam- boats tor Little Rock, Ark., arriving there July 4^ and serving as part of the "Army of Occupation" until August 12, when it returned to Ohio and w^as mustered out at Cleveland August 21, 1865, the same city in which it was organized in August, 1 86 1, just 4 years before. During its four years' service the 37th set foot on every southern state except Florida and Texas, and its entire loss during the war, as shown by the official records and by the roster of Ohio soldiers, was as follows: killed 60, mortally wounded 34, wounded 189, drowned 6, perished in the explosion of steamer Sultana, near Memphis, Tenn., April 27, 1865, 6; died in Confederate prisons 7; died of disease 67; captured or missing 121; total 4Q0. During its term of service this regiment bore an honorable part in the following battles: Princeton, W. Va May 15-18, 1862 Wyoming C. H., W. Va August 5, 1862 Fayetteville, W. Va Sept. 11, 1862 Cotton Hill, W. Va Sept. 11, 1862 Vicksburg, Miss. (siege of and assaults) May 18 to July 4,^1863 Jackson, Miss July 9-16, 1863 Missionary Ridge, Tenn November 25, 1863 Resaca, Ga May 13-16, 1864 Dallas, Ga May 25 to June 4, 1 864 Kenesaw Mountain, Ga June 9-30, 1864 Kenesaw Mountain, Ga. (general assault) June 27, 1864 Atlanta, Ga. (Hood's first sortie) -July 22, 1864 Atlanta, Ga. (Ezra Chapel, or second sortie) July 28, 1864 Atlanta, Ga July 28 to Sept. 2, 1864 Jonesboro, Ga August 31 and Sept. 1,1864 Bentonville, N. C March 19-21, 1865 The following inscription appears on the monument of the 37th Ohio Volunteer Infantry in Vicksburg National Military Park, Vicksburg, Miss.: 82 Ohio at Vicksburg casualties. "In the assault, May 19, 1863, killed 14, wounded 35. Lieutenants Gustav A. Wintzer and Sebaldus Hassler killed. In the assault, May 22, killed 10, wounded 31, total 41; and during the siege, not reported. "Aggregate reported casualties in regiment during the campaign and seige, killed 24, wounded 66, total 90." 42d REGIMENT OHIO VOLUNTEER INFANTRY THE 42d Ohio was organized at Camp Chase, near Colum- bus, Ohio. Companies A, B, C and D were mustered into the service September 25, 1861; Company E, October 30; Company F, November 12; and Companies G, H, I and K, November 26, at which time the organization was completed. On the 14th of December orders were received to take the field, and on the following day it moved by railroad to Cincin- nati, and thence by steamer up the Ohio river to Catlettsburg, Ky., where it arrived the morning of December 17. The regi- ment, together with the 14th Kentucky Infantry and McLaugh- lin's squadron of Ohio cavalry, proceeded to Louisa, Ky., and moved forward to Green Creek. The whole command advanced December 31, and by the night of January 7, 1862, encamped within three miles of Painsville, and the next morn- ing five companies, under command of Lieutenant-Colonel Sheldon, took possession of the village. On the evening of the same day Garfield took the 42d and two companies of the 14th Kentucky, and advanced against Marshall's fortified position, about three miles south of the village of Paintville. The infantry reached the works about 9 o'clock p. m., found them evacuated, and everything valuable either carried away or destroyed; and, after an all-night march, returned to Paintville a little after daylight. About noon on the 9th Colonel Garfield, with 1,100 in- fantry from the 42d Ohio and other regiments, and about 600 cavalry, started in pursuit of Marshall, and about 9 o'clock in the evening the advance was fired upon by Marshall's pickets, on the summit of Abbott's Hill. Garfield took pos- session of the hill, bivouacked for the night, and the next 42D Ohio Infantry 83 morning continued the pursuit, overtaking the enemy at the forks of Middle Creek, three miles southwest of Prestonburg. Marshall's force consisted of about 3,500 men, infantry and cavalry, with three pieces of artillery. Major Pardee, with 400 men, was sent across Middle Creek to attack Marshall directly in front, and Lieutenant-Colonel Monroe (22d Ken- tucky) was directed to attack on Marshall's right flank. The fight at once opened with considerable spirit, and Pardee and Monroe became hotly engaged with a force four times as large as their own. They held their ground with great obstinacy and bravery until reenforcements reached the field, when the enemy commenced to fall back. The National forces slept upon their arms, and at early dawn a reconnoissance disclosed the fact that Marshall had burned his stores and had fled, leaving a portion of his dead upon the field. On the nth the command took possession of Prestonburg, Ky., and on the 12th returned to Paintville, and went into camp until the first of February, when the force moved by boats up the Big Sandy to Pikeville. On the 14th of March the regiment, with other troops, took possession of Pound Gap and destroyed the enemy's camp and stores. The regi- ment was engaged in several other expeditions against the guerrillas. The arduous nature of the campaign, the exceed- ingly disagreeable weather, and the want of supplies, were disastrous to the health of the troops, and some 85 of the 42d died of disease. On the 1 8th of March the regiment received orders to proceed to Louisville, where it arrived and went into camp on the 29th. The 42d was attached to Brigadier-General George W. Morgan's command, and moved by rail to Lexington, Ky., and from -there marched to Cumberland Ford, with 314 men for duty. At Cumberland Ford the regiment was brigaded with the 1 6th Ohio, the 14th and 22d Kentucky; Colonel John F. DeCourcey (i6th Ohio), commanding. On the 15th of May the brigade crossed the Cumberland river and encamped at the junction of the roads leading to Cumberland Gap and Roger's Gap. On the 5th of June Morgan's entire command took up the line of march to cross the mountains into the rear of Cumberland Gap. Moving by way of Roger's Gap into Powell's Valley, the advance was unopposed until it reached Roger's Gap, when a series of skirmishes ensued, nearly all 84 Ohio at Vicksburg of them between the 42d and the enemy. At i o'clock a. m., June 18, Morgan moved against a force at Big Spring, the 42d leading, but the enemy fled, and Morgan moved to- ward Cumberland Gap, reaching it at 5 p. m., and found it had been evacuated a few hours before. The 42d at once* moved into the Gap, and was the first regiment to plant its flag on this stronghold. The regiment camped on the extreme right, near Yellow Creek, performing heavy picket duty, and being frequently on expeditions. It skirmished at Baptist's Gap, at Tazewell, and on the 5th of August engaged and .held back the advance of the army with which Kirby Smith invaded Kentucky. On the morning of the 6th a heavy force attacked the brigade two miles beyond Tazewell, and it fell back leisurely to Cumberland Gap. Company E, ot the 42d, escorted a forage train, and was nearly surrounded, but by shrewdness and gallantry it saved the train and escaped without loss. The Gap was finally evacuated, and the forces tell back through Manchester, crossed the Kentucky river at Proctor, and crossed the Ohio at Greenupsburg. The regiment acted as rear guard during the march. When the 42d left the .Gap it numbered 750 men, and while on the march there were issued to it 275 pounds of flour, 400 pounds of bacon, and 2 rations of fresh pork; the rest of the food consisted of corn, grated down on tin plates and cooked upon them. • The distance marched was 250 miles, the weather was very dry, and the men suff'ered for water. They were without shoes, and their clothing was ragged and filthy. The 42d lost but I man on the retreat from all causes, and it was the only regiment that brought through its knapsacks and blankets. These proved of great service, as the men were compelled to camp at Portland, Jackson County, Ohio, two weeks be- fore clothing, camp and garrison equipage could be furnished them. On the 2 1st of October the regiment proceeded to Galli- polis, and thence up the Kanawha to Charlestown, Va. It returned to the Ohio November 10, and embarked for Cincin- nati, and moved from there down to Memphis, encamping near the city on the 28th. While at Portland, Ohio, the regiment received 103 recruits, and at Memphis it received 65 more. It had from time to time obtained a few, so that 42D Ohio Infantry ' 85 the whole number reached 200 or more, and the regiment could turn out on parade nearly 900 men. General Morgan's Division was reorganized, and was denominated the 9th Division, 13th Army Corps. On the 20th of December the 42d, with other troops, under General W. T. Sherman, embarked at Memphis, and, proceeding down the river, landed at Johnston's plantation, on the Yazoo. The 42d led the advance against the defenses of Vicksburg on the 27th of December, and skirmished with the enemy until dark. The next morning the regiment re- sumed the attack against the enemy thrown out beyond their works, and protected in front by timber and lagoon. The regiment continued to advance, without driving the enemy, until Colonel Pardee ordered a charge, which was made with great spirit, and resulted in gaining possession of the woods and driving the Rebels into their works. About 9 o'clock a. m. on the 29th a charge was made, the 42d being on the extreme right of the assaulting column. The storm of shot and shell was terrific, but the regiment maintained its organ- ization, and came off the field in good order. During the remainder of the engagement the regiment held its position in line. The army finally retired, reembarked, and moved to Milliken's Bend. On the 4th of January, 1863, the fleet steamed up the river to White river, and up it through a "cut-off" into the Arkansas, and up it to Arkansas Post, where the troops dis- embarked and invested Fort Hindman, De Courcey's Brigade being held in reserve. After four hours of severe cannonad- ing, the infantry advanced, and, several unsuccessful charges having been made, De Courcey's Brigade was ordered to join Sheldon's Brigade in assaulting Fort Hindman. The 42d led the advance, and, soon after getting fairly under fire, the enemy surrendered. 7,000 prisoners, all the guns and small arms, and a large quantity of stores were captured. In a few days the troops reembarked, and on the 24th of January landed at Young's Point. Here the 42d was al- lotted its proportion of the work on the canal, and was allowed four days to perform it; but, so vigorous was the regiment in the discharge of its duties, that it accomplished its work in seventeen hours. On the loth of March, the division moved to Milliken's Bend, where it was soon joined by the remainder 86 Ohio at Vicksburg of the corps. Here supplies were received, and four weeks were spent in drilling and fitting for the coming campaign. The 9th Division took the advance in the movement toward the rear of Vicksburg. The troops moved to Rich- mond, Madison Parish, La., and embarked about thirty miles below Vicksburg, on transports which had run the batteries, and moved down to Grand Gulf. Here they debarked, crossed the point, again took transports, moved down to Bruinsburg, and debarked on the Mississippi side of the river. The division advanced against Port Gibson, and, at 12 o'clock at night, had a slight engagement with the enemy. The whole corps moved up and bivouacked near Magnolia Church. At daybreak the troops were under arms and ad- vancing. The 9th Division, taking the left of the line, speed- ily engaged the enemy, and continued in action until 4 o'clock p. m. The 42d was placed under a heavy fire of artillery at 7 o'clock a. m., and continued there until 9 o'clock a. m., when it was advanced to the center of the divi- sion line and ordered to charge. The order was obeyed with spirit and courage, but, meeting with unexpected ob- stacles, the division commander ordered it to retire. It con- tinued skirmishing until 12 o'clock, when it joined the i6th Ohio and 22d Kentucky, and charged a strong position held by the Rebels, but, after a brave effort, failed to dislodge them, and was again ordered to retire. It was moved to the right, and about 3 o'clock p. m., made a third charge, and, in conjunction with the 49th Indiana and 114th Ohio, carried the enemy's position. In this engagement the regi- ment sustained a heavier loss than any other one in the corps. On the 2d of May, the corps advanced and took posses- sion of Port Gibson, and moved on by way of Champion's Hill and Big Black bridge to the rear of Vicksburg. The regi- ment was engaged both at Champion's Hill and Big Black, but the loss was comparatively slight. It participated in the charges on the works at Vicksburg on the 19th and 22d of May, the 9th Division holding an advanced position in the 13th Corps. In these assaults the regiment lost heavily, especially on the 22d. On the loth of June the 42d was moved toward the right in support of some batteries, where it remained until June 27, when it moved to Big Black bridge. After the surrender of Vicksburg the regiment marched to Jack- 42D Ohio Infantry 87 son and participated in the reduction of that place, and then returned to Vicksburg, where it remained until ordered to the Department of the Gulf. The regiment arrived at Carrollton, near New Orleans, August 15, and, on the 6th of September, started on the west- ern Louisiana campaign. At Brashear City the 9th and 12th Divisions of the 13th Corps were consolidated, and Brigadier- General Lawler was assigned to the command of the brigade. The brigade moved up to Vermillion Bayou, and from there to Opelousas, where it remained a few days, and returned with the corps to Berwick Bay. On the i8th of November, the brigade crossed to Brashear City, with the intention of going into Texas, but the follow^ing night it was ordered to Thibodeaux, and proceeded thence by way of Donaldson- ville to Plaquemine, arriving November 21. The regiment remained here during the winter, and on the 24th of March, 1864, moved to Baton Rouge, and was detailed as provost guard for the city. On the ist of May the 42d, with other troops, marched on an expedition toward Clinton, La., engaged an equal force of the enemy for seven hours, and at last drove the Rebels five miles through canebrakes and over the Comite river. On this expedition the infantry marched 54 miles in eighteen hours. The regiment embarked on boats. May 1 6th, and reported to General Canby at the mouth of Red river, and moved up to Simmsport, on the Atchafalaya river, where a provisional brigade was formed, comprising the 7th Kentucky, 22d and 23d Iowa, 37th Illinois, and 42d Ohio Colonel Sheldon commanding. Meeting General Bank's army here, the regiment marched to Morganza, La., with it. The regiment was on several expeditions and in one slight skirmish. Here the 42d was attached to the 1st Brigade, 3d Division, 19th Corps. Here, also, a test-drill was held in the 19th Corps, and Company E, of the 42d Ohio, won the first prize. The brigade moved up the Mississippi, July 15, and landed at the mouth of White river. While lying here a de- tachment of the regiment crossed into Mississippi, marched 15 miles, captured two small parties of Rebels, and returned within ten hours. The brigade moved up to St. Charles, on White river, and, after working ten days on the fortifica- tions, made an expedition of some 60 miles into the country. 88 Ohio at Vicksburg On the 6th of August the brigade returned to Morganza, and on the 6th of September moved to the mouth of White river again. Companies A, B, C, and D were ordered to Camp Chase, Ohio, September 15, and v^ere mustered out Septem- ber 30. The remaining six companies w^ere ordered to Duvall's BlufF, Arkansas. Companies E and F were mustered out November 25, and the other four companies were mustered out December 2, 1864. 10 1 men remained, whose term of service had not expired, and they were organized into a com- pany and assigned to the 96th Ohio. The regiment bears upon its banners the names of eleven battles, in which it lost i officer and 20 men killed, and 18 officers and 325 men wounded. During its term of service, this regiment bore an honor- able part in the following battles: Middle Creek, Ky January 10, 1862 Chickasaw Bayou, Miss December 28, 29, 1862 Arkansas Post, Ark. (Ft. Hindman) January 11, 1863 Thompson's Hill, Miss. (Pt. Gibson)May i, 1863 Champion's Hill, Miss May 16, 1863 Big Black river. Miss May 17, 1863 Vicksburg, Miss, (first assault) May 19, 1863 Vicksburg, Miss, (siege of) May 18 to July 4, 1863 Jackson, Miss July 9-16, 1863 Opelousas, La October 21, 1863 The following inscription appears on the monument of the 42d Ohio Volunteer Infantry, as found in Vicksburg Military Park, Vicksburg, Miss.: CASUALTIES. "In the battle of Port Gibson, May i, 1863, killed 12, wounded 47, total 59. In the battle of Champion's Hill, May 16, 1863, killed 5, wounded 22, missing 13, total 40. In the engagement at Big Black river bridge. May 17, 1863, killed 2, wounded 3, missing i, total 6. In the assault. May 19, wounded 13, total 13. In skirmish about Vicksburg, May 20, wounded 3, total 3. In assault, May 22, killed i, wounded 21, missing i, total 23. In skirmish about Vicks- burg, May 23, wounded i, total i; and during the siege not reported. 46th Ohio Infantry 89 "Aggregate reported casualties in regiment during the campaign and siege killed 20, wounded no, missing 15, total 145." 46th REGIMENT OHIO VOLUNTEER INFANTRY THE 46th Ohio was recruited at Worthington, Franklin County, Ohio, in the month of September, and w^as organized on the i6th of October, 1861. It was sent to the field from Camp Chase on the i8th of February, 1862, with an aggregate of 975 men, and on the 22d it reported at Padu- cah, Ky. It was brigaded with the 6th Iowa and the 40th Illinois, and was attached to General Sherman's Division. The regiment, with four companies of the 40th Illinois, embarked for the Upper Tennessee on the 6th of March, and landed at Savannah on the 8th. Here it remained, within eight miles of the enemy's camp at Pittsburg Landing, for four days, when the grand army arrived, and on the morning of the 14th the fleet reached Pittsburg Landing, which the Rebels had evacuated. A detail from the 46th w^as the first organized body of troops to disembark. The regiment w^as posted a short distance to the right of Shiloh Church, and there it remained in comparative quiet until the battle. On Saturday, April 5, Companies B and K were on picket. During the night the enemy was feeling the lines constantly, and at daylight his columns could be seen deploying in the distance. At sunrise a Rebel cavalry ofiicer emerged from the woods within thirty yards of the picket line, and, checking his horse, he stood for a moment in seeming composure, and then in- quired: "Are these Union pickets .?" He was told they were, and was ordered to come up. He attempted to turn his horse again into the woods, and in an instant the unerring rifle of Sergeant Glenn emptied its deadly contents into his brain; but before the sun had set, the sergeant, too, lay stark and stiffs on the bloody field. The regiment was engaged during the entire battle, with a loss of 280 killed and wounded, and 15 captured. The dead were conveyed to a spot a little to the south of the summit of the ridge overlooking Owl Creek, immediately in front of the first line of battle, and near the 90 Ohio at Vicksburg Purdy Road, and there they were interred in single graves with the honors of war. The regiment remained upon the battlefield until the 27th of April, when it moved with the army upon Corinth. 1 he summer and part of the autumn of 1862 were spent in garri- soning the line of the Memphis and Charleston Railroad, and in performing provost duty in Memphis. In November the regiment started on a campaign through the interior of Mississippi, under General Grant; but, after marching about 100 miles, the troops were compelled to return to Holly Springs, in consequence of the line of communication having been cut. The regiment was again stationed along the Memphis and Charleston road; and, being mounted, it was employed principally in raiding and scouting in northern Mississippi. Early in June, 1863, the regiment was transported to Vicks- burg, and it participated in the siege of that place. On the evening of the 4th of July, after the surrender, the regiment took up the line of march in the direction ot Jackson, Miss., and at 11 o'clock p. m. it halted in the vicinity of Big Black river. Companies E and K were ordered forward to the ford at Birdsong's ferry, which, after a long search in the darkness, they found; but they had not been there long until unmistakable signs of the enemy were discovered in their immediate front on the opposite bank. It proved to be General Joe Johnston, who, with his army, had reached that point on his way to the relief of Vicksburg. At day- break the enemy opened fire upon the two companies, and, though they were in a sharp bend of the river, and to a great extent surrounded, they held their position gallantly, but sustained considerable loss. It required several days' severe skirmishing to effect a crossing; and, after gaining the eastern side of the river, the troops moved on upon Jackson, to which point Johnston retreated. After several days' fighting the enemy was forced to evacuate the city, and the regiment returned to Big Black and went into camp. In this cam- paign the men suffered greatly from heat and the scarcity of water. On the return march the sick and wounded were carried on the shoulders of fatigue details, on stretchers, ex- posed to the burning sun, for a distance of thirty miles. On the loth of October the regiment, with the 15th Corps, under General Sherman, embarked for Memphis, 46th Ohio Infantry 91 and from there it marched to the reHef of Chattanooga, arriv- ing on the 20th of November. At the battle of Mission Ridge the regiment was engaged severely, and it sustained a heavy loss in killed and wounded. Immediately after this battle the regiment moved on the Knoxville campaign, and having, raised the siege of that place, it marched to Scottsboro', Ala., for winter quarters. It arrived on the 31st of December, 1863, having marched over 500 miles in about two months, exposed to inclement weather, without tents and almost without food and clothing. Here the regiment was armed with Spencer's repeating rifled musket and here, too, it re- enlisted as veterans. It was furloughed on the 30th of March 1864, and, after an absence of 38 days, it returned to its camp at Scottsboro'. On the 1st of May the regiment moved in the direction of Chattanooga, and thence, by way of Snake Creek Gap, to Resaca, where it was actively engaged on the 13th, 14th, and 15th of May, but with small loss. The regiment moved on through Kingston and Van Wert to Dallas, arriving on the 26th. After severe skirmishing, it took position on the Villa Rica Road, on the extreme right of the army, and within 500 yards of the enemy. On the 27th the Rebels made a bold dash to capture a battery of Parrott guns, but they were re- pulsed by the brigade of which the regiment was a part. The next day the Rebels made a general attack, but were again repulsed. In these two engagements the Spencer rifles caused such havoc in the charging columns, that ever after the 46th was known and dreaded throughout the opposing army. On the 1st of June the regiment, with its division, moved to the left, and relieved the 2d and 3d Brigades of General Geary's Division, 20th Corps. Here the regiment partici- pated in the battle of New Hope Church. The command gained a position within 100 yards of the enemy, and, after severe skirmishing, and by aid of a system of works, the line was advanced to within 80 yards. The enemy's fire harassed the brigade greatly, and Colonel Walcutt, commanding the brigade, determined to gain the Rebel line without loss to his command. His plan succeeded admirably. He arranged the brigade as though a charge was to be made, with flags flying and all the buglers on the line; and he directed his men, who were well covered with works, to stand with their pieces gz Ohio at Vicksburg directed along the enemy's parapet. When the bugles sounded the forward, the enemy raised, as had been expected, to repel the anticipated assault, but he received, instead, a very severe fire. The result v^as, that the enemy abandoned his works in confusion, and during the night withdrew from the front of the brigade. On the 6th of June the brigade passed through Acworth, and went into bivouac until the 9th, when it accompanied General Garrard's Cavalry on a reconnoissance to the vicinity of Kenesaw, and there rejoined its division. During the movements of Kenesaw the brigade was in reserve until the 15th of June, when, with the division, it was moved to the extreme left of the army. The 46th, with its brigade, supported by the other two brigades of the division, was ordered to charge a line on a ridge a half a mile distant. This was done in gallant style. 22 officers, 400 men, and 600 stand of small arms were captured, and many of the enemy were killed and wounded. The division was again placed in reserve until the 25th, when it took position at the base of Kenesaw, and engaged in skirmishing. On the evening of the 26th, Walcutt's Brigade and two brigades from General Morgan L. Smith's Division were detailed as a storming party. The movement took place the next day. Walcutt's Brigade led the column, with the 46th in advance as skirmishers. The troops moved forward with determination, but it was impossible for them to force their way through the heavy abattis to the enemy's main works, and they were obliged to withdraw. In this assault the 46th captured 60 prisoners, but its own loss in killed and wounded was severe. After the evacuation of Kenesaw the regiment moved through Marietta to the junc- tion of the Nickajack with the Chattahoochie. Here it en- gaged in skirmishing for several days, and then marched to Roswell's factory, where a crossing of the Chattahoochie was forced on the 15th of July. The regiment remained in bivouac at this point until the 19th, when it moved for Atlanta, and on the evening of the 20th went into line in front of the city. The regimeht was engaged in skirmishing until the 22d, when it assisted in repelling an attack on the 17th Corps. Walcutt's Brigade was posted on the left of the 15th Corps, joining the right of the 17th Corps. | When the engagement 46th Ohio Infantry 93 opened the brigade was faced from west to south, partially closing the gap between the two corps. The troops on the right of the brigade gave way, and the enemy gained its rear, while another column was making a direct assault. The column in front was repulsed, and the column in rear was captured. The 46th, with its Spencers, did gallant service, and had the honor of retaking a battery of Parrott guns cap- tured by the Rebels during the day. At Ezra Church the regiment was called upon to support the 3d Brigade of its divi- sion, and it moved into action. While the battle was going on, a captured Rebel informed the commanding officer of the regiment that he was of the 30th Louisiana, and that the 46th was the regiment that had confronted his at Pittsburg Land- ing. This was made known to the men, and, remembering their disastrous beginning there, they worked their pieces with redoubled energy. The colors of the 30th Louisiana were captured, and the colonel, with ten of his officers and fully one-half of his men, were killed. The flag, which was a present from the ladies of New Orleans to the regiment, was presented by General Logan to its immediate captor, Harry Davis, and was contributed by him to the trophies of the State of Ohio, and it can now be seen in the State House at Colum- bus. On the 3d of August the brigade took up an advanced position, and the 46th, with details from other regiments, was ordered to drive in or to capture the enemy's outposts. The contest was severe, but it resulted in the capture of about 100 prisoners. From this time the regiment was constantly engaged in skirmishing until the 26th, when it participated in Sherman's flank movement to Jonesboro'. On the even- ing of the 28th the division crossed Flint river and went into position near Jonesboro'. On the afternoon of the next day the Rebels made their attack. Three companies of the 46th were on the skirmish line, and the remainder of the regiment was in reserve. The three companies held their ground until the enemy passed their flank, when they retired to the reserve. The regiment received instructions to charge the Rebel line as soon as it wavered. This order was executed, and four officers and 50 men were captured. On the 2d of September the regiment was again engaged, and it succeeded in capturing the enemy's fortified skirmish line. The regiment followed 94 Ohio at Vicksburg Hardee's retreating army, and, when near Lovejoy's Station, a halt was made, and the 46th was deployed in front of the 4th Division, 15th Corps, while in front of General Corse's Division of the 17th Corps, the 66th Illinois was deployed, and preparations were made for an advance. The men of the two regiments challenged each other as to which should first occupy the enemy's line, nearly a mile distant. When the bugles sounded the "forward," they advanced, and for some distance neither seemed to have the advantage. As they neared the line the conflict became hand-to-hand. The enemy was forced to retire, and the 46th first occupied its part of the line, capturing about 50 prisoners. After this the army withdrew, and went into camp at East Point, near Atlanta. The regiment participated in the campaign against Hood in northern Georgia and Alabama, and returned to the vicinity of Atlanta on the 5th of November. On the 15th of November the regiment left Atlanta for Savannah. Nothing extraordinary transpired until in the vicinity of Griswoldsville, when the brigade was ordered to make a reconnoissance in the direction of Macon. The advance soon came upon General Kirkpatrick, who was en- gaging Wheeler's Cavalry. An infantry skirmish line soon dispersed the cavalry, and the brigade pushed on. Wheeler's force was met again soon after, and was again dispersed. The brigade was now withdrawn about a mile, and rude works of logs and stumps were constructed. While the men were preparing their meal the skirmishers became engaged, and it was discovered that the enemy, about 8,000 strong, was de- ployed for an assault. The Rebels advanced in three lines, either of which was twice the front of the brigade. The men held their fire until the advancing lines were within 125 yards, and then they opened with fearful effect. The enemy was broken, but he soon rallied, and again advanced, and was again broken. This was repeated five times. The engage- ment lasted until near sundown, when the Rebels were forced to retire. In this action the brigade consisted of 1,300 muskets and 2 pieces of artillery, and its loss was less than 40 killed and wounded. The regiment shared in the skirmishing around Savannah; and, after the surrender of the city, it embarked, January 10, 1865, on a steamer for Beaufort, S. C. On the 27th it started on the march, and moved on without serious 46th Ohio Infantry 95 interruption until it reached Bentonville. In the battle at that place the 46th charged the enemy in his intrenchments, captured and held the works, and was specially complimented for gallantry. The regiment moved on through Goldsboro' to Raleigh, where the news of the surrender of Lee's army was received, and soon after, at the same point, General Johnston surrendered to General Sherman. The regiment moved by way of Petersburg and Richmond to Washington City. It arrived at Alexandria on the 20th of May, and on the 24th it participated in the Grand Review, and soon after proceeded to Louisville, Ky., where it was mustered out on the 22d of July, 1865. During its term of service the regiment lost 20 men captured, and 705 men killed, wounded, and died of disease. During its term of service this regiment bore an honor- able part in the following battles: Shiloh, Tenn April 6, 7, 1862 Corinth, Miss, (siege of ) . . April 30, 1862 Vicksburg, Miss, (siege of) May 18 to July 4, 1863 Jackson, Miss July 9-16, 1863 Knoxville, Tenn. (seige of) November 17 to Dec. 4,'63 Resaca, Ga May 13-16, 1864 Dallas, Ga May 25 to June 4, 1864 Kenesaw Mountain, Ga June 9-30, 1864 Noonday Creek, Ga June 15, 1864 Kenesaw Mountain, Ga. (general assault) June 27, 1864 Atlanta, Ga. (Hood's first sortie) .. .July 22, 1864 Atlanta, Ga. (siege of) July 28 to Sept. 2, 1864 Jonesboro, Ga August 31 to Sept. 2, 1864 Lovejoy Station, Ga September 2-6, 1864 Griswoldville, Ga November 22, 1864 Savannah, Ga December 10-21, 1864 Bentonville, N. C March 19-21, 1865 The following inscription appears on the monument of the 46th Ohio Volunteer Infantry in Vicksburg National Military Park, Vicksburg, Miss.: "This regiment served on the exterior line, at Haynes' Bluff and Oak Ridge, from about June 12, 1863, until the end of the siege, July 4, without reported casualties." g6 . Ohio at Vicksburg 47th REGIMENT OHIO VOLUNTEER INFANTRY. THIS was one of the earlier regiments raised in Ohio, at a period when system in recruiting had not been attained. The old rule of the regular army was understood to be in force, requiring a full company to be assembled before a legal muster could be made. This was embarrassing, as it involved delay, tired out the men, and caused 'many to go home in disgust and remain there. In spite of these grave disabilities the regiment, through the perseverance of the Honorable Charles F. Wilstach, later Mayor of Cincinnati, was brought up to the required strength, and thenceforward was known as the "Wilstach Regiment." Its first rendezvous was at Camp Clay, Pendleton, on the eastern suburbs of Cincinnati, where the men began to assemble on the 15th of June, 1861. July 29th, the rule of muster having been adjusted. Companies A and B were mustered into the United States service, and the regiment moved to Camp Dennison, where its organization was com- pleted August 13. Thirteen nationalities were represented. Six companies were composed chiefly of Americans and four of Germans. Frederick Poschner, Jr., a native of Hungary, one of the heroes of the Revolution of "Forty-Eight," formerly an officer in the Prussian army, was elected colonel; Lyman S. Elliott, of Michigan, lieutenant-colonel, and Augustus C. Parry, of Cincinnati, major. On August 27 orders were received to move to Clarks- burg, W. Va., and report to General W. S. Rosecrans. Arms were issued to the men, and the same day the first dress parade of the regiment with arms occurred. The day following the regiment left on the cars for Benwood, western Virginia. Here the first ammunition was distributed, thus impressing the men with the fact that they had reached an enemy's soil, and that they were to commence dealing out war's horrors and punishments to rebellious traitors. This was August 29. Upon arriving at Clarksburg the regiment was reported to and reviewed by Brigadier-General Wm. S. Rosecrans. 47TH Ohio Infantry 97 At 12 o'clock m. the order to march was given, and that evening the regiment went into camp at a little place called Jam Loo, after making its first march with knapsacks, a distance of 18 miles. To say that the men were tired would not express the fact — they were literally exhausted by this first experience of the soldier's life. Reaching the town of Weston, the regiment camped on the West Fork of the Monongahela river. Two days after, Companies A, B, C, D, H, and K, under the colonel and major, were ordered to join the main army, leaving Companies E, F, G, and I, under Lieutenant-Colonel Elliott, to garrison the village. Colonel Poschner joined the main force of the National army with his regiment at BuUtown, on the Little Kanawha, and was brigaded with the 9th and 28th Ohio, under command of Colonel Robert L. McCook, whose com- mand was familiarly known, even at that early date, as the "Bully Dutch Brigade." Arrived at Sutton, Company B was left as a reenforce- ment to the garrison, w^hile the remainder moved forw^ard and took part in the battle of Carnifex ferry. Colonel Posch- ner, with his regiment, was detailed as the storming party, and was aw^aiting orders to advance, when night put an end to the conflict. Major Parry, in obedience to orders, brought the artillery from the field. September 24 the brigade crossed Gauley river and advanced on Big Sewell Mountain, encamping on an opposite peak to the Rebel fortifications. While on this mountain the regiment suff^ered almost beyond description. The heavy and incessant rains inundated the lowlands, swxpt away the bridges, and converted the roads into a continuous quagmire. It became next to impossible to transport supplies, so that the army was put upon quarter rations. The men had worn out their clothes, were without overcoats or tents, and during this most inclement season of the year were compelled to prosecute a vigorous campaign upon the mountain ranges of Virginia. The troops were at last compelled to retire to Gauley Bridge and vicinity. Colonel McCook's Brigade was assigned a camp on the Hamilton farm, about six miles east. While lying here the 47th Ohio, in company with the 9th Ohio, crossed New^ river to Fayette C. H., and destroyed some Rebel property and placed obstructions in the roads. 98 Ohio at Vicksburg The Rebel General, Floyd, making his way through and around the obstructions, made his appearance on the banks of New river, opposite the encampment of the 47th, and commenced a cannonade, lasting four days, and rendering the National camp almost uninhabitable. A few shots from Captain Mack's ten-pounder Parrotts silenced the Rebel batteries. While General Floyd remained the 47th was al- most constantly engaged in skirmishing with the Rebels on the river bank opposite the mountain. Upon his retreat, the regiment went into winter quarters on the Tompkins farm, Gauley Mountain. On the 19th of September Lieutenant-Colonel Elliott, with the three companies of the 47th, left as a garrison at Weston, marched to Cross Lanes to relieve the 13th Ohio and Schneider's Battery. That officer took measures to rid the country of the numerous guerrilla bands which infested it. His small force was almost continually engaged on expeditions, generally at night, avoiding roads, and marching with great celerity, surprising the enemy often when in fancied security at home or visiting families scarcely beyond the range of their picket fires. The country freed of guerrillas, the loyal inhabitants had a chance to organize for their own defense. The regiment was united at Gauley Mountain, December 5, and began a line of fortifications covering Gauley Bridge and the Kanawha Valley from an advance on the Lewisburg road. This occupied the time up to April 23, 1862, except- ing the month of January, when, in obedience to orders from General J. D. Cox, Major A. C. Parry led an expedition to Little Sewell Mountain, drove the Rebels from their quarters, destroyed their works, and captured prisoners. On the 23d of April, Captain John Wallace, with three companies, was sent on an expedition to Lewisburg, and was alone until the loth of May, when he was reenforced by one company of the 44th and one from the 47th, and the 2d Battalion of the 2d .Virginia Cavalry, commanded by Major Hoffman. Lieutenant-Colonel Elliott took command of this force and advanced upon Lewisburg the same night. This expedition proved a complete success. The enemy was completely routed and scattered, and his camp equipage, horses, and many prisoners, fell into the hands of the Nationals. In their flight, the Rebels threw away their arms, clothing, and, in 47TH Ohio Infantry 99 some cases, even their saddles. The cavalry returned to Gauley Bridge, leaving the place in possession of the infantry, under Lieutenant-Colonel Elliott, whose regiment had marched to Meadow Bluffs, where the 47th was joined by the 36th and 44th Ohio, and with them made up the 3d Provisional Brigade of the Kanawha Division, under command of Colonel George Crook, of the 36th. On June 22d the brigade, on an expedi- tion through Monroe County, Va., compelled General Loring to retreat to Salt Pond Mountain, and captured a large num- ber of beef-cattle and considerable stores. This march was over 90 miles, occupied three days, and was severe on the men, who suffered from sunstroke and exhaustion. After a short rest, July 10, Major Parry commanding, the regiment marched to the relief of two companies of the 44th, and to ascertain the enemy's position, and rescue the family of Captain Harris. Crossing Greenbrier river in two columns, he moved upon a camp of the enemy, which was abandoned without a struggle. Making suitable provisions to protect his rear, Major Parry penetrated to Loring's camp, and then fell back to the inter- section of the Union and Centerville roads; but the enemy declined an encounter. On August 6 Major Parry was dispatched with four companies to reconnoiter the country in the northern part of the counties of Greenbrier and Poca- hontas, and drive the Moccasin Rangers therefrom. This was successfully done, by many miles of hard marching over the rugged hills of that region. The guerrillas were driven across Greenbrier river to White Sulphur Springs. Similar expeditions were sent out with like success. Reenforcements being ordered to General Pope in eastern Virginia, the regiment retired to the vicinity of Gauley Bridge. Upon arriving within seven miles of that place, two regiments of the brigade, the 44th and 47th Ohio, were ordered into camp. From this point four companies of the 47th, under Lieutenant-Colonel Parry, were sent to hold the country in and around Point Lookout and Locust Lanes. On the 3d of September the remaining six companies, under command of Colonel Elliott, were ordered to Summerville, then threatened by Jenkms. Colonel Elliott assumed command of the garrison and began preparations to receive the attack of the enemy, by throwing up breastworks; but September 10 it was resolved to retreat to Gauley Bridge. The retreat proved disastrous, 100 Ohio at Vicksburg but was continued almost to Gallipolis, Ohio. The 47th, under Lieutenant-Colonel Parry, was largely instrumental in saving the National army from capture. After maneuvering in the Kanawha Valley for some weeks, the 47th, on the 30th of December, 1862, embarked on steamers for Louisville, Ky., and Memphis, Tenn. Here the regiment joined the expedition against Vicksburg, in the 3d Brigade, 2d Division, of the 13th Army Corps. Lieuten- ant-Colonel Parry was promoted to colonel, and arrived at Vicksburg and began work on the canal late in Januar), 1863. The regiment participated in the advance to the rear of Vicksburg, and reached Walnut Hills, behind Vicksburg. May 18, 1863. In this march many prisoners were captured from General Loring's forces. On May 19 Colonel Parry led an impetuous assault on Cemetery Hill, gaining a footing close under the works,' which was held until nightfall; becoming too hot, it was abandoned. The loss was very severe. Again, on the 22d, Colonel Parry led the charge, with the same result. Until the surrender, the regiment was in the front line, and occupied Cemetery Hill Fort. During most of the siege its camp was but 300 yards from the enemy's main line, and the pickets were in such close proximity that they could bayonet each other by little exertion. The next day after the city was occupied, the 47th was dispatched towards Jackson, Miss., after Johnston's Rebel forces. It participated in the attack and capture of Jackson. Colonel A. C. Parry was made Provost-Marshal, and his regi- ment destroyed the Rebel fortifications and the railroad track about the city. September 27, 1863, the corps returned to Big Black river, and thence to Vicksburg, where it took trans- ports for Memphis, where the 47th, with its brigade and divi- sion, received orders to march to Germantown. On October 9 the regiment was sent to Corinth, Miss., as guard to the corps train. Corinth was reached October 15. On the 17th the march was resumed for luka; thence to Cher- okee Station, Ala., and, after a halt of five days, to Tuscumbia. While here. Colonel Parry successfully forwarded important dispatches to General Sherman at Florence, Ala., Sergeant Madison Richardson and Corporal William Weber, of Company F, 47th Ohio, carried them down a portion of the Tennessee river where a LTnionist had not sailed for a year. 47TH Ohio Infantry - loi On October 21, 1863, the 47th arrived opposite Chat- tanooga, and October 23 moved to the mouth of South Chat- tanooga Creek, and constructed, on the south side of the Ten- nessee river, rifle-pits for the regiment. By daybreak the pits were finished. At noon, Lieutenant-Colonel Wallace in command of the skirmish line, the whole army advanced and opened the battle of Chicamauga. Colonel Parry was ordered to cover Wood's Battery, and hold his regiment in reserve. When the summit of Mis- sion Ridge was gained the 47th Ohio occupied a point on Mission Ridge adjacent to Tunnel Hill. Without halting the line was advanced to the southern slope, and met a brigade of the enemy ascending. The Rebels were checked, but again and again advanced, covered by their artillery, and as often driven back. The Rebels then made a demonstration on the left, and w-ere again promptly hurled back. A dense fog now settled over the Ridge and prevented further move- ments. October 25 the 47th was in full pursuit of the enemy. On the 28th it entered Graysville and destroyed a machine- shop, storehouse, and mills, which had been used for manu- facturing arms. The 47th marched with the rest of the forces to the re- lief of General Burnside, at Knoxville, and was within four miles of Maryville, November 6, where information of the retreat of Longstreet's Rebel force was received, causing a return to Chattanooga. This was severe; the men were with- out shoes, scantily clothed, and almost without rations, and marching left their footprints in blood on the frozen ground. Bellefonte was reached early in January. On January 5 the regiment, under Major Taylor, marched to Larkin's Landing for the purpose of surprising a force, but through some chance the Rebels were apprised, and escaped. On January 30. the 47th joined a diversion against Rome, Georgia. It crossed the river and marched through the "Narrows," via the Sand Mountain road to Lebanon, Ala. On February 3 the Rebels appeared in force and a spirited skirmish continued until noon. At i p. m. the regiment marched for Larkin's Landing, arriving February 6. While here, by request of Colonel Parry, then in command of the 2d Division of the 15th Army Corps, Major Taylor and 102 Ohio at Vicksburg his officers persuaded one-half of the men to reenlist as veterans, and at a subsequent meeting, when Colonel Parry was present, the required three-fourths reenlisted. Thus the 47th became a veteran regiment, but was not permitted to enjoy its furlough, so that the men became somewhat soured. Through the officers of the regiment. General Thomas promised that it should, after a certain date, enjoy its thirty days' furlough. This calmed the men, and again, March 6, three-fourths reenlisted, were mustered, and on the i8th took cars at Bridge- port for Cincinnati, arriving Tuesday, March 22, 1864. On April 25, its furlough having expired, the 47th re- assembled, to a man, at Camp Dennison, Ohio, and May 3 resumed its proper place in the army, at Stevenson, Ala. The Atlanta campaign had been initiated, and the first duty was to march from Chattanooga to Sugar Valley, near Rossville, where it threw up log breastworks. May ii these were evacuated, and the campaign commenced. Space will not permit a statement of daily marches and encounters with the enemy, the gallant fighting, etc. The enemy was met at Snake Creek Gap, Resaca, Kingston, Dallas, New Hope Church, Big Shanty, Kenesaw, and Ezra Church. At Ken- esaw Colonel Parry was severely wounded, and the command devolved upon Lieutenant-Colonel Wallace, who led it until made prisoner in the action before Atlanta. He was succeeded in command by Major Taylor. Colonel Parry recovered from his wound, and resumed command on September 30. At Hood's dash to the rear of Sherman's forces, the 47th participated up to and beyond Rome, Ga., almost constantly skirmishing. On the march the regiment was reenforced by 400 conscripts and substitutes, who were quickly drilled and disciplined. On November 15, the 47th, with Sherman's army, com- menced its "march to the sea." This resembled some gala excursion, so free was it from annoyance. Wild flowers were blooming by the wayside, and in lawns and gardens, with the freshness and fragrance of spring. December 10 the regiment went into camp twelve miles from Savannah, with flooded rice-fields and the enemy in front. On Monday, December 13, at 7 o'clock a. m., the assault on Fort McAllister commenced, the 47th occupying the advance. The ground between the command and the 47TH Ohio Infantry 103 fort was level and open, and about half-way between the line and the fort was a strong plank fence. The order of battle was: the 47th Ohio on the extreme left, its flank resting on the river, in the center the 54th Ohio, and on the right the 1 1 ith Illinois. In the center was the 3d, and on the right the 1st Brigade. The fort numbered twenty guns, which, with the exception of those on the river front, were en barbette. Thir- teen of them could be brought to bear on the 2d Brigade. At ten minutes to five p. m. the charge was sounded. The enemy opened rapidly with his inland guns; but so eff^ec- tive was the fire of Captain Brackmann's skirmish fire that, although the regiment was compelled to pass over such a space of cleared ground and climb the fence, very little damage was done. As the regiment approached, it was discovered that the enemy had neglected to construct his line of abattis to low-water mark, and it being ebb-tide, there was an unob- structed passage on the beach. Colonel Parry immediately swung the wings of his regiment together and scaled the parapet from that front, taking the land batteries in flank and reverse. It required two volleys from the regiment before the enemy abandoned his guns and retreated to the bomb-proofs. In pursuing them into a bomb-proof. Major Taylor was severely wounded in the right hand. A contest arose between the 47th and 70th Ohio, as to whose colors were first planted on the fort. The witnesses of the assault, while at the fort, inquired into the matter. Several of General Hazen's staff, who were overlooking the entire movement, decided that the colors came up first from the river front, and, as the 47th alone assaulted from that front, it was its colors that first reached the fort. On Christmas Day Savannah was occupied. The troops, after resting a few days, started on the campaign to Raleigh, N. C, where the news of Lee's and Johnston's surrender was received. Shortly after, the 47th marched through the Rebel capital to Washington City, and there participated in the Grand Review. When the 47th entered the field, it numbered 830 men; at the termination of the Atlanta campaign, it numbered only 120 men, but was subsequently reenforced by 400 drafted men and substitutes. On the surrender of the Confederate forces. Lieutenant- i'o4 Ohio at Vicksburg Colonel Wallace was paroled, and, under orders from the War Department, May 15, 1865, was mustered out of service. In a short time he died from the effects of starvation while a prisoner of war. Both Colonel Parry and Colonel Taylor were promoted to the rank of Brigadier-General by brevet, toward the close of their services. From Washington the regiment was carried to Cincinnati, and thence to Little Rock, Arkansas, where it served as a part of the "Army of Occupation" until August 11, when it was mustered out and ordered to Camp Dennison, Ohio, where it arrived August 22, and on the 24th, was paid off and dis- charged, having served a period of four years, two months, and nine days, and campaigned through all the slave states excfept Texas, Florida, and Missouri. Of its field officers, Brigadier-General A. C. Parry, Lieu- tenant-Colonel L. S. Elliott, and Lieutenant-Colonel John Wallace have died. During its term of service, this regiment bore an honor- able part in the following battles: Carnifex ferry, W. Va Sept. 10, 1861 Lewisburg, W. Va May 23, 1862 Jackson, Miss May 14, 1863 Vicksburg, Miss, (assaults) May 19-22, 1863 Vicksburg, Miss, (siege) May 18 to July 4, 1863 Resaca, Ga May 13-16, 1864 Dallas, Ga May 25 to June 4, 1864 Kenesaw Mountain, Ga. (general assault) June 27, 1864 Atlanta, Ga. (Hood's first sortie). . .July 22, 1864 Atlanta, Ga. (siege of) July 28 to Sept. 2, 1864 Jonesboro, Ga August 31 to Sept. 2, 1864 Statesboro, Ga December 4, 1864 Fort McAllister, Ga December 13, 1864 Bentonville, N. C March 19-21, 1865 The following inscription appears on the monument of the 47th Ohio Volunteer Infantry in Vicksburg National Military Park, Vicksburg, Miss.: I^f^-^ 48th Ohio Infantry 105 CASUALTIES. "In the assault May 19, 1863, killed 13, wounded 40, missing 6, total 59. In the assault May 22, 1863, killed 6, wounded 26, missing i, total 33. And during the siege not reported. "Aggregate reported casualties in regiment during the campaign and siege: killed 19, wounded 66, missing 7, total 92." 48th REGIMENT OHIO VOLUNTEER INFANTRY. THIS regiment was organized at Camp Dennison on the 17th of February, 1862, and soon after reported to General W. T. Sherman, at Paducah, Ky. After a short rest at Padu- cah it moved up the Tennessee river, on the steamer Express, and on the 19th of March disembarked at Pittsburg Landing. On the 4th of April, while the regiment was on drill, firing was heard, and the 48th at once moved in the direction of the sound; but the enemy fell back, and at nightfall the regiment returned to its quarters. About 7 o'clock on the morning of the 6th the regiment advanced upon the enemy, and was soon warmly engaged. Charge after charge was repulsed, and though the Rebel fire was making fearful gaps in the line, the men stood firm. A battery was sent to the regiment's aid, but, after firing four shots, it retired. The Rebels then advanced, confidently expecting to capture the regiment, but they were driven back, and the 48th withdrew to its supports, having been ordered three times by General Sherman to fall back. It is claimed that General Johnston, of the Rebel army, was killed in this portion of the battle by some member of the 48th. The regiment was actively engaged "during the remainder of the day; and, late in the afternoon, in connection with the 24th Ohio and 36th Indiana, it partici- pated in a decisive attack on the Rebel lines. It acted through- out in Buckland's Brigade of Sherman's Division — a brigade which had no share in the early rout of a part of that division. On the second day of the battle, about 10 o'clock a. m., the regiment went into action across an open field, under a io6 Ohio at Vicksburg galling fire, and continued constantly exposed until the close of the engagement. The 48th lost about one-third of its members in this battle. From this time until after the close of the rebellion, the regiment engaged continually in active duty. In the attack upon Corinth, the 48th was among the first organized troops to enter the Rebel works. In General Sherman's first expedi- tion to Vicksburg, it occupied, with credit, a position on the right in the assault; and it was in Sherman's expedition up the Arkansas river, and distinguished itself in the battle of Arkan- sas Post. It was with Grant during his Vicksburg campaign; fought at MagnoHa Hills and Champion's Hill; and partici- pated in a general assault on the Rebel works in the rear of Vicksburg, May 23, 1863. On the 25th of June following, another general assault was made upon the same works, and the 48th was ordered to cross an open field, exposed to two enfilading batteries, to take position in the advanced line of rifle-pits, and to pick off the enemy's gunners. This order was successfully executed. It took a prominent part in the battle of Jackson, Miss., and soon after engaged in the fight at Bayou Teche. At Sabine Cross Roads the 48th, then a mere remnant of its former self, severely punished the "Cres- cent Regiment;" but, in turn, it was overpowered and captured. It was not exchanged until October, 1864. The majority of the men in the regiment reenlisted, but, on account of the capture, they never received their veteran furlough. After its exchange the regiment shared in the capture of Mobile. After the surrender of the Rebel armies, the remaining 165 men of this regiment were ordered to Texas. The regi- ment was at last mustered out of the service in May, 1866. During its term of service, this regiment bore an honor- able part in the following battles: Shiloh, Tenn April 6, 7, 1862 Corinth, Miss October 3, 4, 1862 Chickasaw Bayou, Miss December 28, 29, 1 862 Arkansas Post, Ark. (Ft. Hindman) January 11, 1863 Port Gibson, Miss May i, 1863 Champion's Hill, Miss May 16, 1863 Big Black river bridge. Miss May 17, 1863 Vicksburg, Miss, (siege of) May 18 to July 4, 1863 Vicksburg, Miss, (assaults) May 19 and May 22, 1863. 53D Ohio Infantry 107 Jackson, Miss, (siege of) July 9-16, 1863. Sabine Cross Roads, La April 8, 1864 Fort Blakely, Ala April 9, 1865 The following inscription appears on the monument of the 48th Ohio Volunteer Infantry in Vicksburg National Military Park, Vicksburg, Miss.: CASUALTIES. * * ^^^S Transport "City Belle" (near Snaggy Point), Red river. La.. May 3, 1864 The following inscription appears on the monument of the 1 20th Regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry, in Vicksburg National Military Park, Vicksburg, Miss.: CASUALTIES. "In the battle of Port Gibson, May I, 1863, killed 2, wounded 18, missing 2, total 22. In the assault. May 19, wounded 3. In the assault, May 22, wounded i, and durmg the siege not reported. "Aggregate reported casualties in regiment durmg the campaign and siege, killed 2, wounded 22, missing 2, total 26." T 2d OHIO INDEPENDENT BATTERY LIGHT ARTILLERY. HE 2d Ohio Independent Battery was organized and mustered into the service at Camp Chase, Ohio, on the 6th of August, 1 86 1. It started on the 15th, under orders, to report to Major-General Fremont at St. Louis, Mo. On the 1 8th it was dispatched by rail for the relief of Colonel Mulligan, at Lexington, Mo., but was disembarked at Jefferson City, Mulligan having surrendered. While at Jefferson City it received orders (October 4) to march toward Springfield. After four days' march through the most terrific roads, the battery was halted at Tipton, and rested about one week. While lying at Tipton the Secre- tary of War, Simon Cameron, and Adjutant-General L. Thomas visited and reviewed Fremont's forces. The battery fired a salute in honor of these dignitaries. The march to Springfield was resumed and contmued until Warsaw, on the Osage river, was reached, where, by 248 Ohio at Vicksburg reason of a burned bridge, the whole army was delayed. While awaiting the repair of the bridge Captain Carlin took 20 of his men, mounted them, crossed the river, and struck out into the country for a scout. Seeing some corn standing in the shock he halted his men for the purpose of feeding the horses. An old dilapidated log cabin stood near, which, on examination, was found to be filled with corn-fodder. This feed was preferred for the horses, and, in throwing it out, the men discovered, secreted under the floor of the cabin, 22 kegs of powder. A wagon was procured and the powder taken to headquarters. Captain Carlin received from General Fremont a note of thanks for this exploit. Springfield was reached on the 1st of November, but only to find that Price's army had fled. The campaign was ended for the winter. The battery returned to Rolla and remained there until the 24th of February, 1862. On that day it marched once more against Price's Rebel army, and followed him up to Pea Ridge, where a battle was fought on the 6th and 7th of March. The battery was closely engaged in this battle, and lost I man killed and 12 wounded. Lieutenant W. B. Chapman was badly wounded in this afi^air. It also lost 7 horses killed, and a caisson, but in turn captured a caisson from the enemy; and, though closely pressed, drew from oflF the field all of its pieces in safety. The battery thereafter marched, with General Curtis' column, through Arkansas to Helena, on the Mississippi river. It lay at Helena until January 23, 1863, and then accom- panied an expedition up White river to Duvall's Blufi^. Not finding the enemy it returned to Helena. March 20 the battery left Helena, and was taken by trans- ports to the mouth of the Yazoo river, where it joined Grant's army, then operating in the rear of Vicksburg. It took part in the battles of Black river bridge, Raymond, and Champion's Hill, and was on duty until the surrender of Vicksburg. The battery was then ordered to report to General Banks, commanding the Department of the Gulf, at New Orleans, and accompanied the disastrous expedition up Red river. Returning, it was stationed at Plaquemine, La., on the Mis- sissippi river, where it remained, guarding that point, up to February, 1864. SECOND BATTERY, ^ LIEUT. AUGUSTUS BEACH. ™ iZI«DIY.,13!«CaRPS. i -V 3D Ohio Battery 249 February 23 the battery reenlisted and was thoroughly reorganized. It was then ordered to Ship Island, Miss., to guard Rebel prisoners, and remained there on that duty until July, 1865, when it was ordered to Columbus, Ohio, where it was mustered out of the United States service on the 21st of July, 1865. During its term of service this battery bore an honorable part in the following battles: Pea Ridge, Ark March 5-8, 1862 Port Gibson, Miss May i, 1863 Raymond, Miss May 12, 1863 Champion's Hill May 16, 1863 Red River Expedition March, April and early part of May, 1864 Vicksburg, Miss, (siege of) May 18 to July 4, 1863 The following inscription appears on the monument of the 2d Ohio Independent Battery Light Artillery in Vicksburg National Military Park, Vicksburg, Miss.: "This battery served with its division until May 24, 1863, when it was ordered with the ist Brigade, 9th Division, 13th Corps, to Big Black river bridge, and was on duty in and near that position until the end of the siege, July 4. CASUALTIES. "In the battle of Port Gibson, May i, 1863, wounded 3. In the assault, May 22, sustained no casualties, and during the siege not reported. "Aggregate reported casualties in battery during the campaign and siege, wounded 3." 3d OHIO INDEPENDENT BATTERY LIGHT ARTILLERY. THE 3d Ohio (otherwise known as Williams') Battery, was recruited and organized by Captain W. S. Williams, of Canton, Stark County. It left that place in February, 1862. The nucleus of this battery consisted of but one gun, which was taken to the field in the spring of 1861 by Captain Williams, and attached to General J. D. Cox's Division, operating in 250 Ohio at Vicksburg western Virginia. At Charleston, after the fight at Scarey Creek, it added another gun by capture from the Rebels, and thereafter served throughout the three-months' service. The exigencies of the service required it to serve an additional three months, and until it could be relieved by other batteries. In February, 1862, Captain Williams recruited his battery up to 6 guns and 161 men, and again entered the service in time to participate in the second day's fighting at Pittsburg Landing. Following with the army, it took part in the siege and capture of Corinth, where it remained and participated in the battles of Corinth and luka, under General Rosecrans. In the battle of Corinth it lost i man (private Nicholas Mouse) killed and a number wounded. In the fall of 1862 it moved with Grant's column on the Tallahatchie, toward Jackson, and in the return to Memphis. In this campaign the men of the battery suffered from want of rations, and were compelled to subsist for some days on parched corn and hominy. The battery moved with Grant's army to the rear of Vicksburg. In this campaign it was a part of Logan's Division, and operated with it throughout the siege. On the march to Vicksburg it took part in the battles of Raymond, Jackson and Champion's Hill, and was in position in the rear of Vicks- burg for 46 days, where it lost a number of men from wounds and exposure. The battery remained at Vicksburg until the movement on Meridian was made. It accompanied General Sherman on that expedition, and had a heavy artillery fight at Clinton, Miss. In this fight it lost 2 men killed and several wounded. At Meridian it lost 2 men captured, who subsequently died in the prison-pen at Andersonville. Returning to Vicksburg the battery performed duty in that place until the spring of 1864. In April, 1864, the battery went on transports to Cairo, under orders to join General Sherman's army, then preparing for the Atlanta campaign. Passing up the Ohio and Tennes- see rivers, it landed at a point on the last-named river, and marched across the country to Huntsville, Ala. Thence it went to Rome, Ga., and joined Sherman's army at Big Shanty. At this time it was in the 17th Corps, then commanded by General Frank P. Blair, and operated with it at Kenesaw Mountain and Nickajack Creek. On the 22d of July, at 3D Ohio Battery 251 Leggett's Bald Knob, it was engaged from 1 1 o'clock in the morning until sundown. In this affair it lost i man killed, 2 wounded, and 2 captured. One of its guns was captured by the Rebels, but was recaptured in 15 minutes. The next fight in which the battery was engaged was at Jonesboro'. The Rebels were driven from that point and pursued to Lovejoy's Station. Atlanta having fallen they re- turned to that place, and remained there until the dash of Hood's army to the rear of the National lines. The battery followed Hood's forces up to Nashville and aided in its defense. From Nashville it was transferred to Fort Donelson. After remaining there some months it w^as ordered to Camp Taylor, near Cleveland, for muster out, which was effected August i, 1865. During its service the battery lost the following named men: Sergeant Chalmer Peterson, killed at Vicksburg, March 30, 1864; Corporal Jas. M. Whittaker, Clinton, Miss., March 26, 1864; Corporal Henry Wendling, Nashville, Tenn., Nov- ember 28, 1864; John Aker, July 22, 1864, at Atlanta, Ga.; Charles Allen, at New Garden, April 21, 1864; Abraham Best, August 4, 1864; Charles L. Davis, Mound City, May 17, 1864; Henry Gorby, Rome, Ga., August 31, 1864; William Junkins, at Andersonville prison, Ga., September 12, 1864; Joseph Keckley, Marietta, Ga., August 25, 1864; Alex. Mcintosh, Atlanta, Ga., September 22, 1864; Adam Miller, Vicksburg, Miss., April 4, 1864; Joseph Neeley, Rome, Ga., August 19, 1864; Samuel Ness, on board steamer Emperor, December i, 1864; Jacob Rea, Huntsville, Ala.; Gilmore Rae, Jefferson Barracks, Mo., March 20, 1864; Austin Vanderhoef, Rome. Ga., August 20, 1864; Samuel Black, Vicksburg, Miss., April 4, 1864; Corporal Robinson Supernick, Bolivar, Tenn., August 31, 1862; Peter Leigh, January 17, 1863, at Moscow, Tenn.; John Stevens, Newton J. Burnet, Jacob Barnett, Samuel Butz, September 5, 1863; Marcus Burnet, April 2, 1863; Levi Brandebury, August 25, 1863; Nathan Dawson, Corinth, Miss., July 16, 1862; George Evans, October 31, 1862; Michael Fitzpatrick, August 17, 1863; Solomon Foutz, October 16, 1863; Oliver Hunt, Corinth, Miss., May 10, 1862; Joseph Hooser, June 22, 1862; Benjamin Hackthorn, September i, 1863; Lester Kern, April 10, 1862; Wm. Koonse, January 17, 1863; Alfred Loutzenheiser, October 8, 1863; John May, 252 Ohio at Vicksburg August 15, 1863; Nicholas Mouse, at Corinth; George Morse, October 10, 1863; John McDougall, September 26, 1863; Gustavus Pepin, June 27, 1862; Joseph Rhoads, December 15, 1863; Fred Reinhart; Benj. Riggle, June 14, 1862; John Siege, August 29, 1863; Wm. Speakman, September 17, 1863; William Troxell, June 6, 1862; John Troxell, Reuben Thomas, June 2, 1862; Wm.Wickard, October 8, 1863; George Zollars, October 26, 1863. Captain Williams left the service November 11, 1864, at the expiration of his commission. The men of his command presented him a fine gold-mounted saber, belt and sash. During its term of service this battery bore an honorable part in the following battles: Shiloh, Tenn April 6, 7, 1862 Corinth, Miss, (siege of) April 30 to May 30, 1862 Corinth, Miss October 3, 4, 1862 luka, Miss September 19, 20, 1862 Raymond, Miss May 12, 1863 Champion's Hill, Miss May 16, 1863 Vicksburg, Miss, (siege of) May 18 to July 4, 1863 Clinton, Miss February 5, 1864 Meridian, Miss February 14, 1864 Kenesaw Mountain, Ga June 9-30, 1864 Nickajack Creek, Ga July 2-5, 1864 Atlanta, Ga. (siege of) July 21 to Sept. 2, 1864 Jonesboro', Ga Aug. 31 and Sept. i, 1864 The following inscription appears on the monument of the 3d Ohio Independent Battery Light Artillery, in Vicks- burg National Military Park, Vicksburg, Miss.: "This battery was present and served with its division in the engagements at Raymond, May 12, 1863. In the battle of Champion's Hill, May 16. In the assault. May 19. In the assault, May 22, and during the siege with no reported casualties. "It fired 3,521 rounds of ammunition during the siege.'* 4TH Ohio Battery 253 4th OHIO INDEPENDENT BATTERY LIGHT ARTILLERY. THE 4th Ohio Independent Battery was organized at Cincinnati, August 2, 186 1, by Captain Lewis Hoffman, and mustered into the United States service August 17, 1861. Under orders it left Cincinnati on the 18th, and reported at St. Louis, Mo., on the 2ist of August. While in camp near the city the battery was supplied with a complete equipment of James' rifled guns, caissons, horses, etc. September 30 it went by railroad to Jefferson City; thence to Sedalia; and on the 13th of October marched with General Sigel's Division, and was with that division in all its wanderings up to Springfield, passing through Warsaw and over the Osage river. Springfield was occupied on the morning of the 13th of February, 1862, Price's forces having evacuated the place during the night. The battery joined in the pursuit of the enemy, and continued it until the 20th of February, having repeated engagements with the Rebel rear guard. The Rebels having escaped over the Boston Mountains, near Bentonville, Ark., the pursuit was abandoned, and the battery commenced its return march. While passing through Benton- ville the rear guard of the National forces was attacked. The battery was ordered to take position in an open field, so as to control the main road, over which the troops were passing. This duty was so efiiciently performed as to compel the enemy to abandon his design and uncover the road. The column then marched in good order to Sugar Creek. March 7 the battery was ordered to advance with Colonel Osterhaus' Division on the Leetown Road, the enemy having, during the night, formed a strong line across the Telegraph Road, cutting off the line of retreat; and being brought into position, opened vigorously on the enemy. The battle raged from 10 o'clock a. m. until nearly dark, when the enemy fell back and con- centrated his entire force against the right wing of the National forces. Again the battle commenced, but the enemy, being placed under a crossfire of all the batteries of the division, he was compelled to give up the contest and retreat. The 4th 254 Ohio at Vicksburg Ohio Battery, during this terrible fight, was in an exposed position, and received the fiire of all the enemy's batteries. It lost 4 men and i caisson by capture, 3 men wounded, and i horse killed. Thus was fought the battle of Pea Ridge, one of the fiercest engagements of the war. The National forces, under General Curtis, including the 4th Ohio Battery, took up the line of march for Helena, Ark., on the Mississippi river. This march was a most arduous one, made, as it was, over the most wretched roads, obstructed by the enemy in every possible W3.y. The march vv^as com- menced on the I2th of March, and ended at Helena, July 14, 1862. The weather was excessively hot, and water so scarce as not to be found, sometimes for an entire day. On August 16 the battery accompanied an expedition down the Mississippi river on transports, under command of Colonel C. R. Woods. It landed at Milliken's Bend and captured the Rebel steamer Fair Play, filled with arms and ammunition, and bound for Little Rock, Ark., as supplies for Price's army. August 21 at the same place the camp of the 31st Louisiana Rebel Infantry was surprised and its entire equipment captured. Pursuing the flying Rebels a short distance inland, a railroad depot and several cars, filled with supplies, were destroyed. The battery returned to Helena on the 27th of August, and remained in camp during all of September, October 7 it was brought up the river to St. Genevieve, Mo., was at Pilot Knob on the 17th, where it remained in camp until November II. It then returned to St. Genevieve and embarked on steamers for Helena. Landing opposite that place, Novem- ber 23, it was taken to Camp Steele, Miss., and remained there until December 19, when it joined General Sherman's expedi- tion against Vicksburg, and took a prominent part in the assault on the enemy's works at Chickasaw Bayou. The battery was also engaged in the attack and capture of Arkansas Post, January 11, 1863. It was in a very exposed position, and had one of its guns disabled by a solid shot from one of the enemy's siege guns. On January 29 the battery was in position at Perkins' plan- tation. La., guarding the Mississippi river against transports passing up to Vicksburg. The high water drove it further down (to Ballard's farm), where it remained performing duty up to April 2. It was then taken to Greenville, where it took 4TH Ohio Battery 255 care of the enemy until April 26. On that day it embarked on steamers, and arrived at Milliken's Bend the next day. May 2 the battery, under Leiutenant George Froehlich, left the Bend, marched to a point opposite Grand Gulf, and, crossing the river, bivouacked in that place for the night. On May 8 the battery left Grand Gulf with the National army, and took part in all the engagements of the march to the rear of Vicksburg. It was also very efficient in the siege of Vicksburg, and remained in its position until the surrender of that place to General Grant, July 4, 1863. On July 5 the battery was sent, with other troops, to look after General Johnston's Rebel forces at Jackson, Miss. It took position before that place, 850 yards from the enemy's rifle-pits, and fired 451 rounds at the doomed place. Jack- son was evacuated on the night of July 16. September 22 found the battery again in Vicksburg. September 28 it was at Memphis, Tenn. While marching up the levee a caisson exploded, killing privates Henry Eggemayer, George Schaub, and Nicholas Markowitz. On October i the battery left Memphis for Corinth, arriving there the same night. October 9 it went to luka, and on the 20th was in the engagement at that place. It was also in several other sharp fights about this date. October 30 it marched to Chickasaw, on the Tennessee river, arriving there on the night of the 31st. It crossed the river November 2, and, passing through Florence, Pulaski, Fayetteville, New Market, Maysville, Woodville, Larkinsville, and Bellefonte, reached Bridgeport, November 20. It marched to Shellmound on the 2 1st, and to Whitesides on the 22d. Chattanooga was reached on the afternoon of the 23d, where it joined the balance of the 15th Army Corps. On November 24 the division to which the battery be- longed (General Osterhaus') was ordered to join General Hooker in his operations against Lookout Mountain. In this affair the battery performed efficient service. Immediately after the battle it crossed Lookout Mountain, and advanced toward Mission Ridge, which was occupied during the day, and camped there until December 3. While here, by order of General Grant, two of the six-pound James rifled guns were exchanged for four 12-pound field guns of the celebrated "Ferguson Battery," captured from the enemy at Mission Ridee. 256 Ohio at Vicksburg After marching to and fro during the month of December the battery went into camp at Larkinsville, Ala., and remained there during the rest of the year. The battery was moved from Larkinsville to Woodville, Ala., the latter part of December, 1863, and arrived at Wood- ville January i, 1864. It remained in camp at this place until April 30, 1864. It is proper to remark here that Captain Lewis Hoffman had been in command of the battery since May 2, 1863, the date of the resignation of Captain George Froelich. On May i, 1864, the battery, in company with the ist Division of the 15th Army Corps, left Woodville for Atlanta, and by the 13th was before Resaca. All of its guns were placed in position and used on the enemy's works. In this affair 2 men (Jacobs and Nagel) were wounded, the latter mortally. The enemy having evacuated Resaca, the battery marched to Dallas, arriving at that place May 25. On that day the enemy made a desperate charge, coming within 50 yards of the battery and within 15 yards of the National rifle- pits. The battery repulsed the Rebels with heavy loss. Colo- nel Taylor, chief of artillery, was wounded in this affair. On June 4 the battery was at New Hope Church, where, during the night, it fired 136 rounds. Passing through Ac- worth, and over Lost Mountain, it was, on the ■12th of June, in position before Kenesaw Mountain, and for some days bombarded the enemy's position. June 27 General Sherman ordered a charge on the enemy's works, which resulted in heavy loss to both parties, and caused the Rebels to evacuate the mountain. The battery then marched to Marietta, Ga., and went into camp. July 4 it was ordered to take position on the right flank of the army, and by the night of July 8 was behind intrenchments near Atlanta. During the night of the 9th the enemy left this position and crossed the Chattahoochie river. The battery was then taken back to Marietta, arriving there July 12, and by the 14th was at Rossville, on the bank of the Chattahoochie river, where it rebuilt a bridge burnt by the Rebels. On July 22, near Decatur, the enemy made a determined charge on the 15th Army Corps. 2 men of the battery (Burk- hard and Helwig) were wounded, and 4 twenty-pound Parrott y/ 4TH Ohio Battery 257 guns, of DeGniy's Illinois Battery, fell into the hands of the enemy. The 4th Ohio Battery immediately changed position, killed the horses of the battery captured by the Rebels, and compelled them to abandon the guns of the Illinois Battery and fall back in disorder, leaving many of their number dead upon the field. On July 24 the battery destroyed five miles of railroad from Decatur to Atlanta, and on the 27th was in position at the outposts on the right flank of the National army. During the memorable battle on the 28th of July, near Atlanta in v^hich the Rebel army made a charge in mass, the battery was for some time in a critical position, but, by determined fighting, was extricated without loss. Fighting was continued up to August 12, 1864, the battery being under fire for the most part of the time. The three years' term of service for which the battery enlisted having expired, it was relieved on the battleground, August 14, by infantry, and by the 23d of August had reached Cincinnati, where (on the 29th) it was mustered out of the service, and the remaining recruits, whose term of service had not expired, consolidated with the loth Ohio Battery. During its term of service this battery bore an honorable part in the following battles: Bentonville, Ark March 6, 1862 Leetown, Ark March 7, 1862 Pea Ridge, Ark March 8, 1862 Chickasaw Bayou, Miss December 28, 29, 1862 Arkansas Post (Ft. Hindman) January 11, 1863 Vicksburg, Miss, (siege of) May 18 to July 4, 1863 Jackson, Miss July 9 to 16, 1863 Cherokee, Ala October 21, 1863 Tuscumbia,^Ala October 26, 1863 Lookout Mountain, Tenn November 24, 1863 Resaca, Ga May 13-16, 1864 Dallas, Ga May 25, 1864 New Hope Church, Ga June 4, 1864 Kenesaw^ Mountain, Ga June 9-30, 1864 Decatur, Ga July 22, 1864 Atlanta, Ga. (siege of) July 28 to August 12, 1864 Jonesboro, Ga September i, 1864 258 Ohio at Vicksburg The following inscription appears on the monument of the 4th Ohio Independent Battery Light Artillery in Vicksburg National Military Park, Vicksburg, Miss.: "This battery was present with its division, and took part in the assaults May 19 and May 22, and served during the siege with no reported casualties." 5th OHIO INDEPENDENT BATTERY LIGHT ARTILLERY. THIS battery of light artillery, which afterward became the 5th Ohio, was recruited by authority of Major-General Fremont, then in command in Missouri. Three weeks of active recruiting, principally in Hamilton, Wayne, Mercer and Jackson Counties filled the battery to a maximum of 170 men, who had been forwarded to St. Louis as fast as enlisted. Some delay occurring in the receipt of commissions from General Fremont, whose authority to issue them was somewhat doubt- ful, the officers were at length commissioned by the Governor of Ohio; and on the 22d of September, 1861, the battery was organized as the 5th Independent Ohio Battery of Volunteer Light Artillery. Before armament, clothing, or other essentials could be procured General Fremont and his forces had started on the march, which terminated at Springfield with the removal of the general from command; and on the nth of October the com- pany was ordered to Jefferson City. A period of three months now elapsed, passed by the men in doing garrison duty, work- ing on fortifications, and drilling with some old iron guns found at the post, and by the captain in vain efforts to procure guns and equipments. At last, upon his personal application to the Governor of Ohio, a full battery, with all necessary adjuncts, was furnished. It arrived January 17, 1862. The six pieces consisted of four six-pounder James rifles and two six-pounder smooth-bores. On March 7, 1862, the battery shipped on a steamer at Jefferson City and proceeded direct to Savannah, Tenn., and thence to Pittsburg Landing, disem- barking at the latter point on the 19th. On the 5th of April it joined the command of General Prentiss (6th Division, 5TH Ohio Battery 259 Army of the Tennessee), camped about two and a half miles from the river, and not far from Shilqh Church. On the fol- lowing morning, while the men were at breakfast, a section (two pieces) was ordered out by General Prentiss, and as soon as possible was placed in position, by the general in person, a few hundred yards in advance of the camp. The captain, anticipating an order to that effect, had the rest of the battery prepared, and in a few minutes joined the first section. The infantry support had scarcely been placed in position when the enemy appeared in force. To the right of the battery their line was in advance of the rest, and General Prentiss ordered the battery to change front to the right. This was done, but it exposed the left flank to a close fire of the enemy, which killed many horses and rendered it difficult to manage the rest. The infantry support melted swiftly away, and two pieces were unavoidably left in the hands of the enemy. The others retired through the woods slowly, firing as they fell back, and fighting for some time almost literally without , any support. The battery was then ordered further back, and was for a short time out of the line of battle. Soon after noon it took a position further to the right, under General Sherman, and was actively engaged through the remainder of that hard- fought day. The next day, not being in condition to pursue the enemy, from lack of horses to replace those killed, etc., it was not engaged. The battery lost in this, its first battle, I man killed and 20 wounded (including Lieutenant Burton), 2 pieces, 4 caissons, 65 horses, and all camp and garrison equipage. On the 14th of April Captain Hickenlooper was appointed chief of artillery on the staff of Brigadier-General McKean. Subsequently filling different positions of enlarged usefulness, he was never again in command of the battery. About the middle of September the battery, with its divi- sion, marched to luka, but was not in position to take part in the action. Having returned to Corinth, the division moved out a short distance, on the 3d of October, to meet the advance of the Rebel forces, then approaching under Van Dorn and Price, and the same night returned to the line of works around Corinth, when the battery took up position immediately on the left of the earthwork known as Fort Phillips. The next day the battery was actively engaged. It suffered no loss, however. 26o Ohio at Vicksburg from the fact that the main attack of the enemy on that part of the line was directed against Forts Phillips and Robinett, on its right, which they assaulted repeatedly with great fury. The next morning the battery moved, with the rest of General Rosecrans' army, in pursuit, as far as Ripley, when, Corinth being threatened by Rebel forces from the east side, the army returned there. General Grant now organized a force to move down into Mississippi by land, to operate against Vicksburg; and in a few. days the entire army at Corinth, except sufficient to garrison the place, moved westward, the 6th Division stopping for the time at Grand Junction, Tenn. In the meantime Lieutenant Burton, having partially recovered from the wound received at Pittsburg Landing, had recruited 40 men for the battery at Cincinnati, and was about to start with them for the command, when the advance of Kirby Smith began to threaten the city. The lieutenant tendered the services of himself and men to General Lew. Wallace, commanding, and was assigned to the service of the guns at Fort Mitchell, an earthwork, two and a half miles south of Covington, Ky. The heavy guns in the fort were soon mounted and a short supply of ammunition procured for them, after some search, in Cincinnati. On the 24th of September Lieutenant Burton was ordered to organize a light battery with his own recruits and 65 of the 9th Ohio Battery, under Lieutenant Rundell, who were ordered to report to him. Four light twelve-pounder guns, with every- thing necessary, were drawn, and the battery, when complete, was assigned to the division of General G. Clay Smith. Shortly afterward all available troops started from Covington toward Lexington, under command of General A. J. Smith, too late, however, to take part in any of the fighting in central Kentucky, or to come up with Humphrey Marshall, then retreating west- ward. The march to Lexington was made by a wide circuit to the west, and was very fatiguing. At Lexington Lieutenant Burton was ordered to turn the guns and all other property of the temporary battery (the emergency having passed which caused its organization) over to the 9th Ohio, which had arrived there, and to proceed with his men to his own battery in Mississippi. On the i ith of November he joined and took command of the 5th at Grand Junction, Tenn. 5TH Ohio Battery 261 Two twelve-pounder howitzers were now added to the battery, making six pieces in all once more; and soon after it was transferred from McArthur's 6th to McKean's 4th Division, Army of the Tennessee, part of the command of General Mc- Pherson, then at La Grange, Tenn. On the next day it started on the march, with the rest of General Grant's army, south- ward into Mississippi, and reached Holly Springs on the 29th. From there slow progress was made, owing to so large a body of troops moving on one narrow road, and to the fact that the cavalry was constantly skirmishing with the enemy in the advance.' On the I2th of December the battery went into camp on Yocana Creek, eleven miles south of Oxford, which was the turning point of its march, though the cavalry went some distance further. The surrender of Holly Springs, and the loss of an immense quantity of commissary and other stores there, compelled the army to fall back, and the men were at once put on three-quarter, and soon on half rations. Christmas found the battery camped a short distance above the Tallahatchie river, the men entirely out of regular rations, and dependmg on the country for meat, and on the few mills of the neighbor- hood, which were being operated by our troops, for a scanty supply of corn meal. On the 5th of January, 1863, the division marched to Holly Springs, and remained until the loth, forming the rear guard of the army. During the entire march, both going south and returning, the destruction of property by fire was immense. Everything that would burn was consumed — houses, barns, cotton-presses, negro-quarters, and fences were all destroyed, excepting dwellings that were occupied. Occasion- ally the battery was obliged to turn off into fields to avoid the burning fences, which fell in the road, and rendered it un- advisable to drive over them with chests of ammunition; but the climax was reached at Holly Springs the night before the last troops left it on the return. Notwithstanding the efforts of officers and of the provost guard, the largest portion of the town was destroyed, and it must have been a night of terror to the women and children in the place. From Holly Springs the division, commanded by General J. G. Lauman, marched to Moscow, Tenn., and the battery remained at that place, assisting in guarding the Memphis and Charleston Railroad, until March 8, when it proceeded to 262 Ohio at Vicksburg Memphis. Two months of inaction occurred here, which were used to good advantage in drilling; and when orders were received, on the 17th of May, to embark for Vicksburg, the battery was in the best possible condition, the men in excellent health, and thoroughly drilled; horses looking well, and appointments complete. On the passage down the river the fleet of transports was fired into at Friar's Point by guerrillas, with artillery, on the Mississippi shore, and a number of soldiers were killed and wounded. In retaliation, the troops landed and burned the village of Greenville. The division disembarked at Haines' BlufF, on Yazoo river, and took position on the heights to meet an expected attack from General Jos. Johnston's forces, which, however, was not made. After remaining here for some days the divi- sion was ordered to the extreme left of the forces besieging Vicksburg, and was assigned to the 13th Army Corps, General McClernand commanding. On the 1st of June the battery took position in the siege proper, and was not again off duty till the end of the siege. After some days a forty-two-pounder rifle and an eight-inch smooth-bore gun, captured from the Rebels at Warrenton, were brought up and put into position, and were worked by the batter}^ throughout the siege, in addition to its own guns. The position it held was on a prom- inent hill rather in advance of the general line, and the view was uninterrupted for several miles to the right. About 3,000 rounds of ammunition were fired by the battery during the siege. A number of the men were wounded, more or less severely, as the siege progressed, but none were killed outright. On the morning of July 4 white flags were put up on the Rebel works in token of surrender, and in two hours afterward the battery was under orders to march in pursuit of General Johnston. Leaving the works in which it had been so long and actively engaged, preparations were at once made for the march. The first day's march from Vicksburg was the most intense- ly hot, dusty, and exhausting the battery had probably ever experienced, though the distance traveled was only ten miles. The expedition was under command of General Sherman, and consisted of the 13th (now Ord's), 15th and 9th Army Corps. Jackson was reached on the nth, and the lines were formed around it, the flanks resting on Pearl river, above and below 5TH Ohio Battery . 263 the town. The 4th Division was placed on the extreme right. On the next morning a demonstration by the whole line was made on the enemy's works, but no assault was ordered. The battery was posted on an eminence, and kept up a steady fire for some time, when two pieces were ordered to an advanced position; and subsequently the other four were ordered up, the whole supported by the 3d Iowa and the 41st and 53d Illinois Infantry. The little brigade was exposed to a tremendous fire at short range from the enemy's works, but the infantry pressed forward and attempted an assault. No other troops but those named were within supporting distance; and, having lost half their number killed and wounded in a few minutes, they were compelled to fall back. The battery lost i killed and 8 wounded. Of the 800 infantry engaged, 404 were killed and wounded, including a large proportion of the officers. General Lauman was at once placed under arrest by General Ord for disobedience of orders in making the assault; but it is probable that the infantry advanced impetuously without direct orders. The morning of Friday, July 17, found Jackson evacuated by the Rebels, and it was at once occupied by our troops, who did not pursue General Johnston any further. Nearly all the large buildings in the place had been burned at its former occupation, previous to the siege of Vicksburg, and the work was now completed. The capitol, penitentiary, and two or three other large buildings were, however, spared, through the watchfulness of the provost guard, which was at once established. Four days afterward the march back to Vicksburg was com- menced, and concluded on the 24th, without incident. The battery was now ordered to report at Helena, Ark., and, embarking on a steamer, it reached that place July 29 and disembarked. The troops with which it was thence- forward associated were then styled the Army of Arkansas, and were subsequently recognized as the 7th Army Corps, Major-General F. Steele commanding. On the 13th of Sep- tember an expedition, composed of all the troops which had been concentrated at Helena, started into the interior with the intention of capturing and occupying Little Rock. There was much sickness among the troops, and the battery suffered very severely. Fourteen men had died before Little Rock was reached, and at one time, at Duvall's Bluff, there were 264 Ohio at Yicksburg but two well men in the command. The Rebels attempted to make a stand at Little Rock, and a slight engagement took place there. The 5th Ohio and other batteries took position on the north bank of the Arkansas river, opposite the city, and engaged the attention of the enemy by a fire of shell, while a force of cavalry crossed some distance below and advanced rapidly upon the town. Thus flanked, the enemy retreated in great haste, and General Steele's headquarters were soon established in the place. A period of much-needed rest now occurred, during which the number of the battery was brought up to its proper standard by the arrival of recruits from Ohio. It formed a part of the Army of Occupation of Arkansas, and of the garrison of Little Rock, for the remainder of its term of service, the quiet of which was broken only by a march in April to Pine Bluff and some distance south of that place to reenforce General Steele's expedition, then returning from Camden, and two other marches in August, 1864, in pursuit of a force of Rebels under Shelby. One or two pieces were also frequently sent as guard on trans- ports going to Fort Smith. On the 20th of September those of the original members of the battery who were left, with the exception of 15 who had reenlisted as veterans, were mustered out and returned home. The battery was then remustered into service for a new term, and the arrival of more recruits shortly afterward restored it to nearly its original strength. Lieutenant T. Kates having been commissioned captain, went on duty as such, but was subse- quently mustered out by special order of the War Department, his appointment being deemed irregular, and Captain Hicken- looper's name was again taken up on the rolls. Nothing further of note occurred until the 31st of July, 1865, when, the war being over, and its services no longer required, the entire battery was mustered out and ceased to exist. During its term of service this battery bore an honorable part in the following battles: Shiloh, Tenn April 6, 1862 Corinth, Miss, (siege of) April 30 to May 30, 1862 luka, Miss Sept. 19, 20, 1862 Corinth, Miss October 3, 4, 1862 Vicksburg, Miss, (siege of) May 18 to July 4, 1863 7TH Ohio Battery 265 Jackson, Miss July 9-i6, 1863 Little Rock, Ark Sept. 10, 1863 The following inscription appears on the monument ot the 5th Ohio Independent Battery Light Artillery in Vicksburg National Military Park, Vicksburg, Miss.: *'This battery served with its division on the mvestment line from May 25, 1863, until the end of the siege, July 4, with no reported casualties." 7th OHIO INDEPENDENT BATTERY LIGHT ARTILLERY. THIS battery was recruited in the county of Meigs, Ohio, by Captain S. A. Burnap. It was organized at Camp Dennison, and was mustered into the United States service January i, 1862. On March 13, 1862, it received its arms and equipments, and on the i8th of the same month it marched to Cincinnati. It was there placed in cars and taken to St. Louis, with orders to report to General Halleck. On April 6 it received orders to report to General Grant at Pittsburg Landing, and on the same day went on board the steamer Edward Walsh, bound for that place. On April 11 it disembarked at Pittsburg Landing and reported to General Grant. , On April 20 the battery was assigned to General bherman s 5th Division, of General Grant's army. On April 26 20 men of the 13th Ohio Battery were transferred to the 7th, the first- named battery being disbanded by order of General Hurlbut. On April 28 the advance on Corinth, Miss., was com- menced, and the 7th moved with the army until the evacuation of that place. t^- • • Having been transferred to Hurlbut's 4th Division, the battery marched with it to Grand Junction, by the way of Big Hatchie. It was quartered at Lagrange, Tenn., for about one week, and then marched to Coldwater, where it had a skirmish with the enemy. It then returned to Lagrange, and thereafter marched to Memphis, Tenn., arriving at the last-named place on July 21, 1862. While at Memphis it made several reconnoissances, and remained up to September 6. It then marched to Bolivar, 266 Ohio at Vicksburg Tenn., where it arrived on the i6th of September. On a reconnoissance to Lagrange it came in contact with a large force of the Rebels, under Van Dorn and Price, and but for its rapid marching would have been overwhelmed. On October 4 the battery marched with its division to the relief of Corinth, then heavily pressed by the enemy. On this march the Rebels, in superior force, were met at the Big Hatchie and routed. In this affair a Rebel battery was cap- tured; and, in consideration of the gallantry of the 7th Ohio Battery, it was presented by General Hurlbut with two of the captured guns. On December 12 the battery was at Yocona, Miss., below Coldwater and Holly Springs, having marched with General Grant's column to that place. The Rebels having captured Holly Springs, the troops were compelled to fall back to Mem- phis. On May 13, 1863, the battery was taken on transports to Young's Point, opposite Vicksburg, and thence it sailed up the Yazoo river and encamped at Haines' Bluff. From this point it marched to a position in the rear of Vicksburg, on the Warrenton Road, where it was relieved by General Herron's forces. It was then placed on the Hall's Ferry Road, and remained until the surrender of the city. On the evening of July 4 the battery marched with Sher- man's command to Jackson, Miss., arriving there on the 7th. It took position in Lauman's Division, on the extreme right, and held it until the evacuation of the place. On July 24 the battery returned to Vicksburg and on August 12 was taken on transports to Natchez, Miss. Several reconnoissances were made from this place, and there were some skirmishes with the enemy. It remained at Natchez until November 11, and then returned to Vicksburg. On the 1st of December the battery was at Camp Heborn, near Black river bridge, in the rear of Vicksburg. In the latter part of January, 1864, it accompanied General Sherman on his raid to Meridian. On this expedition the battery had several sharp encounters with the enemy — at Baker's Creek, February 3, and at Ricker's Run. It returned to its old camp at Heborn, and shortly afterward was moved into Vicksburg. 22 men of the battery had reenlisted on the ist of January, and had been home on furlough. 7TH Ohio Battery 267 On May 7, 1864, the battery had a fight with the enemy at Benton, Miss., losing Phersilius Austin, killed. In this fight the battery dismounted two of the enemy's guns and disabled a third. Several of the enemy were killed. On May 22 it reached Vicksburg, and from that tmie until January 3, 1865, was attached to the post and defenses of Vicksburg. On January 6, 1865, Captain S. A. Burnap and 51 men were mustered out of the service by reason ot expiration of term of enlistment. On January 3, 1865, the guns of the battery and equip- ments were turned over, the men provided with muskets, and placed on duty as infantry at Jackson. On January 16 a sergeant with a detail often men, went out on a scout to a point 36 miles from Jackson, and captured a piece of artillery which had been hid in the woods by the Rebels. The men of the battery also did infantry service at Hazelhurst, on the Jackson and New Orleans Railroad. This duty was continued until July, 1865. The battery then returned to Jackson, Miss., thence to Vicksburg, and home to Camp Dennison, where it was mustered out, paid off and discharged. During its term of service this battery bore an honorable part in the following battles: Cornith, Miss, (siege of) April 30 to May 30, 1862 Big Hatchie river, Miss October 5, 1862 Vicksburg, Miss, (siege of) May 18 to July 4, 1863 Jackson, Miss July Q-i^, 1^63 Baker's Creek, Miss February 3-5, 1864 Benton, Miss May 7, 1864 The following inscription appears on the monument ot the 7th Ohio Independent Battery Light Artillery in Vicksburg National Military Park, Vicksburg, Miss.: "This battery served with its division on the investment line from May 25, 1863, until the end of the siege, July 4, with no reported casualties." Ohio at Vicksburg 8th OHIO INDEPENDENT BATTERY LIGHT ARTILLERY. THE 8th Ohio Independent Battery was recruited in the counties of Montgomery, Darke and Miami, and organ- ized at Camp Dennison, Ohio, March lo, 1862. March 22 it moved, under orders, to Benton Barracks, near St. Louis, Mo., and on its arrival there reported to General Halleck, commanding at that post. Without going into quarters the battery was placed on transports and ordered to report to General Grant, at Savannah, on the Tennessee river. On March 28 it arrived at Savannah, and, without land- ing, proceeded on up the river, and reported to General W. T. Sherman, at Pittsburg Landing. It went into camp a short distance from the landing, where it remained until the com- mencement of the battle, on the 6th of April. In both days of the battle the battery fought with General Sherman's Division, and was, on several occasions, in close contest with the enemy, and in the charge made by the Rebels in mass, on Sunday evening, was within a few paces of their advanced skirmish line. The loss of the battery in this battle was one killed. Sergeant Leonard Ullery, of Greenville, and three wounded. In the advance on Corinth the battery moved with Lew. Wallace's Brigade, of the 2d Division, occupying the extreme right of the division. Marching by day, and erecting fortifica- tions at night, it reached a point within two miles of Corinth. Discovering that the town was evacuated it entered that place with Halleck's forces. Resting on its arms it remained in Corinth about three hours, and was then ordered to march with General Grant's column to Memphis, Tenn., which place was reached June 17, 1862. The battery remained in Memphis, engaged in fre- quent scouts and skirmishes, until December 20, 1862. On that day it started with General Sherman's command for Vicksburg, Miss., and on the 27th of December took part in the disastrous repulse of the National forces, under General Sherman, at Chickasaw Bayou. It remained in this critical 8th Ohio Battery 269 position from Saturday until Thursday, exposed to the enemy's fire during all of that time. January i, 1863, it retreated with the army to the transports, and made its way to the Mississippi river. On January 6, 1863, the battery joined the expedition against Arkansas Post, and took a prominent part in that successful affair. Young's Point was its next rendezvous, where it went into camp, and remained until the opening of General Grant's campaign against, and in the rear of, Vicksburg. In that campaign it participated in the battles of Grand Gulf, Black river bridge, Raymond, Champion's Hill and in the rear of Vicksburg. For this service the battery received the special thanks of Generals Grant and Sherman. It operated on the extreme right of the National line in General Steele's Division of the I'^th Army Corps, and used thirty-pound Parrott guns, the heaviest pieces on the line. After the surrender of Vicksburg the battery was sent to Jackson, Miss., to help look after the Rebel forces under General Johnston. That matter settled, it returned to Vicks- burg, where it went into barracks, and remained until Decem- ber, 1863. It then accompanied General Sherman on his Meridian expedition. Returning to Vicksburg the battery was placed on duty in the city, where it remained, with occasion- al expeditions to the interior, until December, 1864. December 22, 1864, it accompanied an expedition to the central part of Mississippi, to destroy the Central Mississippi Railroad, and prevent reenforcerrtents from reaching General Hood, who was then on his retreat from Nashville. 40 miles of track, 3 locomotives, and 40 cars, loaded with Confederate cotton and corn, were destroyed. A battle was also fought at the bridge over Black river. The enemy was driven out of strong stockades and the bridge burned. The battery made its way back to Yazoo City and Vicks- burg. At Yazoo City it was surrounded by the enemy, but, crossing the river, it escaped down the opposite bank, under fire for some four miles. The battery remained at Vicksburg until May 20, 1865, and was then ordered to Natchez, where it performed garrison duty until the last of June. It was then ordered to Vicksburg, and was kept on provost duty in that city up to the last of July, 270 Ohio at Vicksburg 1865. It was then ordered to Camp Dennison, Ohio, and mustered out of service at that camp, August 9, 1865. During its term of service this hattery bore an honorable part in the following battles: Shiloh, Tenn April 6, 7, 1862 Corinth, Miss, (advance on and siege) April 30 to May 30, 1862 Chickasaw Bayou, Miss December 28, 29, 1862 Arkansas Post (Ft. Hindman), Miss. January 11, 1863 Raymond, Miss May 12, 1863 Champion's Hill, Miss May 17, 1863 Vicksburg, Miss May 18 to July 4, 1863 Jackson, Miss .July 9-16, 1863 The following inscription appears on the monument of the 8th Ohio Independent Battery Light Artillery in Vicksburg National Military Park, Vicksburg, Miss.: "This battery served with its division during the siege with no reported casualties." loth OHIO INDEPENDENT BATTERY LIGHT ARTILLERY. THIS battery was organized at Xenia on the 9th of January, 1862, and was mustered into the service at Camp Den- nison on the 3d of March. It was rapidly armed and equipped, and was ordered to St. Louis, Mo. On the 4th of April it moved up the Tennessee river to Pittsburg Landing, where it arrived on the 9th. On the 13th it received some 20 men from the 13th Ohio Battery, whose officers had been discharged because, in attempting to obey orders, they had lost their guns. The men w^ere distributed among several Ohio batteries, and were brave and faithful soldiers. The battery moved upon • Corinth with the army; but, during the siege, it was held in reserve and took no active part in operations. From the 25th of June to the middle of September the battery remained at Corinth. It then moved to luka, and remained at that post on garrison duty. While there the supply of forage ran short, and orders were given to procure it from the adjacent country. A portion of the men, under command of Lieutenant Grosse- koff, w^hile in the performance of this duty, were attacked by lOTH Ohio Battery 271 Roddy's Rebel cavalry at a point five miles belovvr luka, and lost, by capture, privates Wm. F. Nixon, Richard Sparrow, John W. Shoemaker, Abe Hulsizer and William Leslie. These men were taken to Southern prisons, and were afterward exchanged. On October i the battery moved toward Corinth. On the 2d it passed through Corinth and stopped for the night at a fort southwest of the town. On the morning of the 3d it was ordered to take position near where the Chewalla Road crosses the Memphis Railroad. From this place the battery was order- ed into position just north of Corinth. About 11 o'clock on the morning of the 4th the Rebel lines advanced. The battery opened with shell, and one piece was disabled after the first fire by a shell getting fast half way down. Two shells w^ere fired by each of the other three pieces, and then canister (doubled) was used to the direct front. The ground was favor- able tor canister practice; and at each fire gaps of twenty, thirty and forty feet wide were cut in the advancing columns. The battery stopped three columns of Rebels, and each piece was pouring out from eighteen to twenty rounds of canister per minute, when the order was given to retire. The Rebels had advanced on the right, and the battery was without the support of a single musket, right or left. The pintle-key of the third piece had to be tied in its place; and the corporal, while tying it, discovered that the sponge-bucket was left. He called out: "Get the bucket. Number Two." George S. Wright, a boy of eighteen, acting as Number One, ran back toward the Rebels, picked up the bucket when they were not more than 25 yards from him, and returned with it to the gun. As fast as the pieces were limbered they went off at a 'gallop. They were unlimbered east of town and south of the Decatur Railroad, but only for a moment, when they were returned to a point about 100 yards in rear of the former position. In a short time the enemy retired. The battery lost only 3 men wounded. A number of horses were also wounded, including those belonging to Captain H. B. White and bugler Wm. H. Bretney. It pursued the enemy as far as Ripley, and then returned to Corinth. In the latter part of October the battery received 40 men from an Iowa brigade, but about 20 of them were returned. In November it moved to Grand Junction, and marched 272 Ohio at Vicksburg with the army into Mississippi along the Mississippi Central Railroad. After the surrender of Holly Springs the battery returned to that point and formed part of the garrison. New- Year's Day, 1863, found the battery at Lafayette, and from this piont it moved to Memphis. On the 21st of January it moved down the river to Milliken's Bend, and after staying a week or so, proceeded to Lake Providence. In April it returned to Milliken's Bend, and moved from there to Grand Gulf. On May 15, 1863, while at Grand Gulf, General Dwight, of General Banks' army, arrived on a gunboat on his way to General Grant's headquarters, then near Black river. There being no cavalry at the post. Captain White was detailed, with 30 men of the battery, to act as an escort to the general. They left Grand Gulf May 16, at 9 p. m., and rode all night. The battle of Champion's Hill being in progress they were unable to reach General Grant's headquarters, and were compelled to remain on the road in their saddles until 2 o'clock a. m. of the i8th, without rations for themselves or forage for the horses. At 6 o'clock in the morning, when General Mc- Pherson's headquarters were reached, the men were completely exhausted and the horses unfit for further travel. Later in the day the escort commenced its return to Grand Gulf, having supplied themselves with horses and mules taken from citizens. On its march through the woods the escort ran into a brigade of Pemberton's Rebel army, that had been cut off from the main force. Captain White so maneuvered his men as to make the Rebels believe he had a large force of cavalry, and actually succeeded in capturing 34 Rebels. On returning to camp some of the men of the escort were asleep in their saddles. On the 13th of June it reached Vicksburg, and on the i8th it was posted in Fort Ransom. On the next day one of the guns broke its axle and another its stock, leaving but two serviceable pieces. On the night of the 19th Quartermaster McPherson, with the wagonmaster and artificer Cline, procured another carriage from near the Rebel lines, "cutting it out," as it were, under the fire of Rebel guns. On the morning of the 20th, artificers Cline and Wheeler, while under fire from the enemy's sharpshooters, repaired the disabled guns. The battery remained in the fort until the latter part of June. In the latter part of June the battery moved to Big Black, and immediately after the surrender of Vicksburg it marched lOTH Ohio Battery 273 to Jackson. As soon as it arrived it was ordered back to Champion's Hill to guard the communications. Champion's Hill was reached on the next day, and on the 28th of July the battery entered Vicksburg and camped just above the cemetery. In August, of 72 men present, only 17 were reported for duty. The men were worn out with sickness and service. The well men did guard duty, took care of 70 horses and mules, went for forage and rations, hauled water, fixed shades, and at night cared for their sick comrades. The garrison went into winter quarters on the bluffs south of Vicksburg. One section was sent to Red Bone Church, 12 miles south of Vicksburg; the other on duty at Hall's Ferry Road. During the winter the battery received about 90 recruits. 32 men, out of 54 who were eligible, reenlisted, and on the 8th of April, 1864, the battery (with 150 men for duty) left Vicksburg for Cairo. The battery was attacked on its way up the river by a portion of Forrest's force, but it used its guns effectually and drove off the Rebels. Fort Pillow was held by the enemy. The battery returned to Memphis, and remained on duty there until the latter part of April, when it moved to Cairo. The veterans proceeded to Ohio and were furloughed. The Morgan raid through Kentucky prevented the veterans from joining the battery until the 23d of June. They were retained at Louisville, Ky. At Cairo the battery received a new outfit. On the 9th of May it moved to Paducah, and on the 13th it started up the Tennessee. On the morning of the 14th it disembarked at Clifton, and on the i6th began the march to Acworth, Ga. The distance was about 500 miles; the march occupied 24 days, and the route lay through Pulaski, Huntsville, Decatur, Rome and Kingston. The weather was exceedingly warm, but the battery did not lose a man. At Acworth it was placed in the 4th Division of the 17th Army Corps. On the loth of June it took position at the front, and, with the exception of the 4th of July, was engaged every day for a month, most of the time in front of Kenesaw Mountain, but most severely at Nickajack Creek. On the 12th of July it returned to Kenesaw and after remaining a few days took position at Marietta, where it formed a part of the garrison until November. During Hood's march in October the battery was ordered out fre- 274 Ohio at Vicksburg quently, but it was engaged only once. About the last of Octo- ber the horses and mules were turned over and the battery was ordered to Nashville. About the same time 7 recruits were received from Ohio. On the 2d of November the battery left Marietta, and, after more than a week's detention at Chattanooga, it procured transportation, and arrived at Nash- ville on the 14th. It was posted at Camp Barry. About the middle of November the majority of the men in the battery were sent about thirty miles up the Cumberland to get timber for winter quarters. They did not return until the ist of December. When Hood threatened Nashville the battery was posted in Fort Gillen, but it was not called into action. About the last of December the battery moved to Camp Barry and erected comfortable winter quarters. The men were armed with muskets, and for two months acted as infantry. On the 13th of March, 1865, the 4th and loth Batteries were consolidated. 64 men were thus added to the loth, which retained its name and organization. The men from the 4th were mostly Germans. About the ist of April the battery was ordered to east Tennessee, and, after guarding the post of Sweetwater for two weeks, it was ordered to Loudon, where it remained until orders to muster out were received. The battery was mustered out at Camp Dennison on the 17th of July, 1865, and paid off and discharged on the 21st. During its term of service this battery bore an honorable part in the following battles: Corinth, Miss October 3, 4, 1862 Kenesaw Mountain, Ga June 9-30, 1864 Nickajack Creek, Ga July 2-5, 1864 Atlanta, Ga. (siege of) July 28 to Sept. 2, 1864 The following inscription appears on the monument of the loth Ohio Independent Battery Light Artillery in Vicks- burg National Military Park, Vicksburg, Miss.: "This battery served on the investment line with the 2d Brigade of its division from about May 25, 1863, until June 22, when it was ordered to the exterior line, and took position near Messinger's Ford, where it remained until the end of the siege, July 4, with no reported casualties. :^^-_.^(^-M^^_ •♦"•jfeawA ^-'^^^^^■^ 1>«*^v., SigELk. iiTH Ohio Battery 275 nth OHIO INDEPENDENT BATTERY LIGHT ARTILLERY. THE men who composed this battery were enlisted at Cincinnati, from Athens, Butler, Hamilton, Vinton, and Wyandott Counties, between the 20th of August and the 17th of September, 1861, and rendezvoused at St. Louis Arsenal, Mo., where they were mustered into the service on the 27th of October, 1861, with 151 men, rank and file. The battery consisted of two six-pound rifled guns, caliber 3.67; two six-pound smooth-bore guns, caliber 3.67, and two twelve-pound field howitzers, caliber 4.62, with gun carriages and caissons complete, and battery wagon and blacksmith shop. In addition to the regular equipments the battery had two water tanks, capable of holding several hundred gallons each, which on several occasions proved of great benefit in supplying men and horses with water, but were finally turned over for lack of transportation. The uniforms for the men were made to order, from actual measurement, of the best material, and each man was furnished a pair of superior buck gauntlets in addition to the regular uniform. The noncommissioned officers, in addition to their regulation saber, were armed with Beal's patent revol- ver, and the privates with saber bayonets. The organization having been completed, on the 26th of October the battery marched from the arsenal to department headquarters, and was reviewed by Major-General Fremont, then commanding the Western Department, and was there presented by Mrs. Fremont with a magnificent silk guidon. The battery was ordered, on the 28th of October, to embark on board of transports for Boonville, Mo. Owing to a low stage of water in the Missouri river, the battery disembarked at South Point, Mo., and proceeded from there by rail to Tipton, where it encamped, and a rigid course of instruction in the field evolutions of the battery was practiced. The battery marched to Syracuse, Mo., on the 27th of November, and returned, on the 29th, with the command of General Hovey, to Tipton, where it remained until the 15th of 276 Ohio at Vicksburg December, when it marched to Otterville, Mo., remaining there in winter quarters until February 2, 1862. Marching from Otterville, in conjunction with the 47th Illinois, the battery reached Boonville on the 4th of February, where it joined the brigade of Colonel Worthington (5th Iowa Infantry), and marched with it to St. Charles, where the command arrived on the 17th. This march, for speed, considering the muddy state of the roads and the severity of the weather, was remark- able, the column moving 31 miles the last day. From there the troop proceeded on board transports to Commerce, Mo., where they disembarked, and formed a part of the New Madrid expedition under General Pope. The expedition arrived before New Madrid on the 3d of March, and immediately commenced operations for the reduction of the enemy's forts. The battery participated in several recon- noissances, and was repeatedly under tire of the Rebel gun- boats and land batteries. A few days later General Pope's forces crossed the Mississippi river at New Madrid, which compelled the evacuation of Island No. 10, and resulted in the capture of about 5,000 prisoners. The battery, participating in this expedition, brought in two Rebel six-pound guns as trophies of its success, and returned to New Madrid, where it remained in camp until the 12th of April, improving the time by drilling in field maneuvers. From here the battery proceed- ed, with the division to which it was attached, on board of transports to Fort Pillow for operations against that place; but in the meantime the battle of Pittsburg Landing had been fought, and General Pope's forces were ordered to reenforce General Grant. Proceeding from Pittsburg to Hamburg Landing, the army commanded by General Pope disembarked and advanced toward Corinth, forming the left wing of Halleck's army. During the siege, and in the battles and skirmishes resulting in the evacuation of Corinth, the battery bore its full share. The battery participated in the pursuit of the retreating Rebels as far as Boonville, Miss., returning afterward to Corinth, near which place it remained until the latter part of June. It participated in the Ripley expedition, under General Rosecrans, during the last of June and first of July, again returning to Corinth, where it remained until the beginning of August. iiTH Ohio Battery 277 About the 1st of August the battery, with the division of General C. S. Hamilton, moved to Jacinto, Miss., where it remained until the morning of the i8th of September, when it moved with the forces of General Rosecrans for the purpose of cooperating with General Grant in the movement against General Price at luka. The battery went into action 102 strong (3 officers and 99 men), under the command of Lieu- tenant Sears. During the engagement it was charged on three different times, suffering a loss of 2 officers and 55 men killed or wounded, 18 being killed on the field and others dying afterward. Not a man flinched, and numbers were killed or wounded after the Rebels had passed the muzzles of the guns, some of them nobly dying in the attempt to spike their pieces. Upward of 60 horses were killed or disabled during the action, with the entire loss of harness and equipments. The assaulting Rebel column suffered terribly, having received over 100 rounds of canister and other shot while traversing less than 100 yards. Night closed the contest just as reenforcements for Rosecrans reached the scene of action, enabling him to hold his position, both sides picketing the field of battle; but morning found the Rebels in full retreat. Severely as the battery suffered in this engagement in the loss of men and equipments, it was, in a short time, again ready for the field, and took a prominent part in the battle of Corinth, on the 3d and 4th of October following, nobly main- taining its reputation for efficiency and gallantry. Coming into action on the second day's engagement, after the first line in the center had given way, and when the Rebels, flushed with temporary success, were pressing the second line with exultant shouts, the battery poured a destructive and continuous fire upon the advancing Rebels, who, although coming within 50 yards, could not longer withstand the murderous discharge of canister, but broke and fled. The battery participated in the pursuit as far as Ripley, returning again to Corinth, having suffered a loss of 5 men wounded during the action. The battery participated in the movement to cooperate (via Holly Springs) with General Sherman in his attack on Vicksburg, and fell back to the vicinity of Memphis after the capture of Holly Springs by the Rebel General Van Dorn. From December, 1862, until January, 1863, the battery was stationed at Germantown, Tenn., a few miles from Memphis, 2/8 Ohio at Vicksburg when it moved to the last-named city, where the 17th Corps, to which it was attached, commanded by Major-General James B. McPherson, rendezvoused, preparatory to participa- tion in the Vicksburg campaign. Leaving Memphis in March the battery proceeded, on board transports, to Lake Providence, forming part of the command whose endeavor it was to get below Vicksburg by that route. Failing in that, it returned with its division to Helena, Ark., from which point it partici- pated in the attempt to reach Vicksburg via the Yazoo Pass. The expedition met its first serious obstructions at Fort Greenwood, whose massive and well-garrisoned fortifications offered a determined resistance to further progress. A series of engagements and reconnoissances by the gunboats and troops demonstrated the impracticability of the expedition, and the command withdrew to Helena. Resting for a few days, the division steamed down the Mississippi river to Milliken's Bend, La., where it remained for a short time, when it started with the army, under General Grant, on the Vicksburg campaign. On the 1st of May the battery crossed the river below Grand Gulf and moved rapidly forward to "Thompson's Hill." Arriving too late to participate in the engagement, the battery, with its division, pushed forward early next morn- ing in pursuit of the retreating Rebels. In the constant skir- mishing that took place from day to day, and in the battles of Raymond, Clinton, Jackson, and Champion's Hill, the battery bore a prominent part. Crossing Black river on a bridge of cotton, the battery pushed forward to Vicksburg, arriving before that stronghold on the 19th of May, its corps (the 17th) occupying the center of the line. At 12 o'clock m. the battery was ordered into position by Captain Sands, chief of artillery, on a hill imme- diately in front, and within point-hlank range of the three main forts of the Rebel defenses, including Fort Hill. To reach the position assigned, it was necessary for the battery to pass along the crest and down the side of a hill directly in rear of the one designated for it to occupy; and while doing so was exposed to the concentrated fire of the three Rebel forts, but on reaching the ravine it was for a time in comparative safety. So precipitous was the hill before it that 12 horses, with the men at the wheels, were required to take a single gun iiTH Ohio Battery 279 up it. After severe exertions the guns were placed a few yards in rear, and under cover of the crest of the hill. At 2 p. m. the order was received to open fire, and every gun was promptly moved forward. The moment that the heads of the leading horses became visible a storm of shot and shell burst forth from the Rebel guns that caused the bravest momentarily to hold his breath. The men behaved with steadiness, and the battery delivered its fire as rapidly as was consistent with precision; and while engaged expended over 500 rounds of ammunition, losing I man killed and 2 w^ounded. At 10 p. m. the battery was relieved. Duringthe remainder of the siege it w^as held in reserve, and participated in several expeditions to the rear, fighting as occasion required; and on the day of the capitulation it was camped at Snyder's Bluff, on the Yazoo river. During the month of July the battery was much reduced in numbers from sickness, its camp being located in one of the low, swampy bottoms of the Yazoo river. In the many changes consequent upon the reorganization of the army after the capture of Vicksburg, the battery was transferred from its old command (7th Division, 17th Army Corps) to a provisional division, and soon after moved with its new^ command to Helena, Ark., destined to form part of the Arkansas expedition. Marching with the Army of the Arkansas (Major-General Steele commanding) from Helena, about the m'iddle of August, destined for Little Rock, Ark., the battery passed through all the vicissitudes of a Jong and tedious campaign. Arriving before Little Rock on the 9th of September, 1863, it immediately became engaged with the enemy and drove them from the river. In this short but decisive engagement the battery expended about 100 rounds of ammunition, and both officers and men received the commendations of the commanding general for the ability with which the battery was handled, and for accurate firing at both long and short range. With this battle the active campaigning of the battery may be said to have ceased. It remained at Little Rock until the spring of 1864, taking part in one or two unimportant expeditions. About the ist of April the battery, with the division to which it was attached left Little Rock for Pine Bluff, Ark., for the purpose of escort- ing a supply train to and reenforcing General Steele at Cam- 28o Ohio at Vicksburg den, on his way to cooperate with General Banks in the Red river expedition. Arriving at Pine BlufF, the news was received that General Steele, on account of the disaster to General Banks, was falling back on Little Rock; and, soon after, the battery was assigned to duty with the forces garrisoning Pine BlufF, where it remained until its departure for Ohio to be mustered out. Arriving at Columbus about the ist of Novem- ber, 1864, the battery was mustered out on the 5th, having served its time faithfully to the end. During its term of service this battery bore an honorable part in the following battles: New Madrid, Mo March 13, 1862 Corinth, Miss, (advance on and siege) April 30 to May 30, 1862 luka, Miss Sept. 19, 20, 1862 Corinth Miss October 3, 4, 1862 Vicksburg, Miss, (siege of) May 18 to July 4, 1863 Mark's Mills, Ark April 25, 1864 The following inscription appears on the monument of the nth Ohio Independent Battery in Vicksburg National Military Park, Vicksburg, Miss.: "This battery served with its division in the engagement at Jackson, May 14, in the battle of Champion's Hill May 16, and during the siege until May 26, when it was ordered with the 1st Brigade of its division on the expedition to Mechanics- burg. It did not return to the investment line, but was tem- porarily assigned to Kimball's Division, i6th Corps, June 6. "No reported casualties during the campaign and siege." 15th OHIO INDEPENDENT BATTERY LIGHT ARTILLERY. THE 15th Battery of Light Artillery was recruited in the counties of Trumbull, Ashtabula, Cuyahoga, and Lorain, by Captain J. B. Burrowes and ist Lieutenant Edward Spear, Jr., of the 14th Battery, in the months of December, 1861, and January, 1862, rendezvousing at Camp Dennison. On the 1st of January, 1862, Lieutenant Edward Spear, Jr., of the 14th Battery, was transferred and promoted to the 15TH Ohio Battery 281 captaincy of the 15th Battery, and on the 1st of February the battery was mustered into the services by Captain A. B. Dod, of the 15th United States Infantry. It was immediately ordered to Cincinnati, where, on the i6th of February, it embarked under orders for Fort Leavenworth, Kan.; but on reaching Paducah, Ky., disembarked at that place, in obedience to an order from General W. T. Sherman. Horses were drawn at this point, and on the i6th of April the battery embarked on a steamer with orders to report to General Grant, at Pittsburg Landing, Tenn. While proceed- ing up the Tennessee, and near Whitehall Landing, the boat was fired into by guerrillas from the shore. The fire was returned with shell, under cover of which the men of the battery landed, drove the guerrillas from their cover, and captured some prisoners and horses. The town from whence the Rebel force marched was burned, and several thousand bushels of corn destroyed. In this expedition the battery lost I man wounded. It reported to General Grant on the 20th, and was assigned to the 4th Division of the Army of the Tennessee, Brigadier-General S. A. Hurlbut commanding, and went through the slow approach to and siege of Corinth. During this siege Burnap's 7th Ohio Battery and the 5th Ohio Cavalry were attached to the same division. After the evacuation of Corinth the battery was ordered across the country to the Mississippi river, and arrived at Memphis on the 21st of July. On the 6th of September it marched with its division to Bolivar, Tenn., reaching that place on the 13th of September, at which point the Rebels, regular and guerrilla, were very troublesome. On the 20th of September the battery, in conjunction with other forces, started on an expedition for observation toward Grand Junction, the combined force being under the command of Brigadier-General Lauman. On the 2ist a large force under the Rebel Generals, Price and Van Dorn, was discovered making an effort to get in the rear of the National forces, by means of a parallel road. To defeat this design the National column was reversed and a force started on the double-quick to the rear, to reach the junction of the roads in advance of the Rebel column. After some pretty heavy skirmishing for five or six miles the designs of the enemy were frustrated. In this running fight the battery performed effective service, 282 Ohio at Vicksburg taking positions at points favorable to artillery practice, doing the enemy considerable damage, and killing an aid to General Van Dorn. The battery lost i man (John Pope) mortally wounded and i taken prisoner. On the loth of October the division commander was changed, General Hurlbut retiring on account of promotion, and General Lauman succeeding. On the 5th of October, in company with the 5th Ohio Cavalry and Burnap's 7th Ohio Battery, it took part in the battle of Metamora. The 68th Ohio was also engaged and acted as a support to the 15th Battery. In this affair there was some very hard fighting, at close range, though the battery lost but 2 men wounded. It returned to Bolivar on the 7th of October, where they were kept in motion most of the time scouting and skirmishing with the enemy. On the 15th of November the battery was ordered south toward La Grange, and on the 28th started with the army under General Grant for Jackson and Vicksburg, Miss. This movement being defeated by the capture and destruction by the enemy of all the National stores at Holly Springs, their force was ordered back, after having advanced as far as Tocubes Creek. Calersville, on the Memphis and Charleston Railroad, was reached on the i8th of January, where the houses of the town were appropriated for barracks. The battery remained at Calersville until the 9th of March, when it again marched for Memphis. While at Bolivar the men of the battery built a fort near the depot, which the year following was probably the means of saving General Sherman and his escort, they having retired to this fort when entirely surrounded by a heavy force of Rebel cavalry. The 15th Battery participated in the engagement of the 19th of April on Coldwater Creek, Miss., and was present when the gallant Major Hanes, of the 5th Cavalry, received his mortal wound. In this engagement, which lasted for five hours, the battery lost i man killed instantly (private George Gesner), i mortally wounded (private John Maddox), and 2 wounded slightly; also 7 horses killed and wounded. It returned to Memphis on the 23d, and remained in that city until the i ith of May, when it embarked for Vicksburg. The battery was on the front line during the siege of Vicks- burg, having position on the Hall's Ferry Road, to the south- 15TH Ohio Battery 283 east of the city, and temporarily assigned to Ord's 13th Army Corps. Its last position was within 200 yards of the enemy's works, and enfilading several hundred yards of their line, from which they were compelled to retire. In this, as in all the engagements in which the battery figured, most excellent service was performed, eliciting on every occasion the com- mendations of the commanding officers. It lost a number of men disabled during the siege, but none were killed. It expended 2,301 rounds of ammunition in the siege. With the rest of the forces under Sherman, immediately after the surrender of Vicksburg, the 15th Ohio Battery started on an expedition against General J. E. Johnston toward Jackson, Miss. Much hard skirmishing and some heavy fighting occurred. In the battle of the 12th of July, when the fortifications of Jackson were attacked, the battery was stationed on the extreme right of the National line, south of Jackson, and had 2 men wounded, and expended 223 rounds of arhmunition. Immediately after this it was assigned to the 17th Army Corps, under General McPherson, and General Lauman was superseded in the command of the division by Brigadier-General M. M. Crocker. The battery returned to Vicksburg, and on the 15th of August embarked for Natchez, Miss., from which point several exepeditions were sent out, the principal one being to Harri- sonburg, La. It occupied 10 days and resulted in complete success. The battery again embarked for Vicksburg (December i) and reaching there went into camp on Clear Creek, about eight miles in the rear of the city. On the 3d of February it started on an expedition, under General Sherman, against Meridian, Miss. It operated at Meridian, Enterprise, and Quitman, and destroyed all public property and railroads from Quitman to the Pearl river, as also everything that could be used by the enemy, excepting those articles that could be appropriated to the use and comfort of the National forces. The battery arrived at its old camp near Vicksburg on the 4th of March, having marched upward of 350 miles without a day's rest. While at the last-named camp 23 men (three-fourths of all that remained) reenlisted for another term of three years' service. The veterans being entitled to thirty days' furlough, started for Ohio, under charge of Lieutenant Reeve. 284 Ohio at Vicksburg On the 13th of April Captain Spear was assigned to duty as chief of artillery of the division, on the staft' of General Crocker, and the command of the battery was turned over to ist Lieutenant James Burdick. On the 2d of May the battery embarked for Cairo, 111., to join the army of General Sherman, operating in northern Georgia. After a few days' detention at Cairo, it was embarked on steamers for Clifton, on the Tennessee river. Thence it went by land to Huntsville and Decatur, Ala., joining the main army under General Sherman at Acworth, Ga., on the 8th of June. The battery engaged in the siege and was in the battles at Kenesaw Mountain, and claims that its guns killed Bishop Polk, a major-general in the Rebel army. As the killing of General Polk is a matter of dispute, an Illinois battery having claimed to have done it, the matter became a subject ot cor- respondence. Major-General W. Q. Gresham, present and in command of the 4th Division of McPherson's Corps, is strongly impressed with the fact that the 15th Ohio Battery was the one that forever silenced the distinguished Rebel, and backs his belief by a conversation he had with General McPherson. The battery was in some severe skirmishes and engage- ments on the Nickajack and Chattahoochie rivers. A pleasing little incident happened during the heat of the last-named affair. A bird flew upon the shoulder of private Seth Bowers, who was acting No. i at one of the guns, where it remained during the engagement. At every discharge of the piece the bird would thrust its head into the man's hair. After the recoil it would again take its position on the man's shoulder, and watch the operations of loading. After the battle the bird remained around the men's quarters for a few days, but finally disappeared. The 15th Ohio was at the capture of Augusta Railroad, near Decatur, Ga., and participated in the bloody engagement of the 22d of July, on the National left, where the gallant and lamented McPherson gave his life for his country. It was the only battery engaged on the National side on the 28th of July, when the Rebel general. Hood, struck General Logan's Corps, on the National right, with 2 corps of the Rebel army. It was also in Sherman's flank movement to the rear of Atlanta, and in the battles of Jonesborough and Lovejoy's Station. ..^m^^ -^^?^sr- 15TH Ohio Battery 285 It returned with the army to Atlanta, and remained there until the movement of General Hood to the rear of the National army, when, with its corps, it marched north in pursuit of the Rebel army, as far as Snake Creek Gap and Gaylesville, Ala. At the last-named place the artillery was detached from the division, and formed into an artillery brigade, and in a few days went back to Altanta by way of Rome, Ga., where it arrived on the nth of November. On the 13th of November the battery joined Sherman's columns on their march to the sea, moving with the right wing, under command of General Howard. The battery participated in the siege of Savannah, and lost Lieutenant C, W. Moore, whose leg was shot off by a cannon ball, and private Jesse Day. It accompanied the army to Goldsborough, N. C, by way of Columbia, S. C, and was present at the surrender of General Johnston and the Rebel army to General Sherman. After participating in the Grand Review at Washington, the battery went by rail to Columbus, Ohio, and on the 20th of June turned over its battle-stained flag to the State authorities, was paid off, and mustered out. The battery marched, including steamboating, about 5,000 miles, and was engaged in more than 30 battles and skirmishes. Until within the last two months of the war, it served in but one division. During its term of service this battery bore an honorable part in the following battles: Corinth, Miss, (siege of) April 30 to May 30, 1862 Matamora, Miss October 5, 1862 Coldwater, Miss April 19, 1863 Vicksburg, Miss, (siege of) May 18 to July 4, 1863 Jackson, Miss July 9-16, 1863 Expedition from Vicksburg to Meridian, Miss Feb. 3 to March 5, 1864 Kenesaw Mountain, Ga June 9-30, 1864 Atlanta, Ga. (siege of) July 28 to Sept. i, 1864 Jonesboro, Ga August 31 to Sept. 2, 1863 Lovejoy Station, Ga September 2-6, 1864 Savannah, Ga. (siege of) December 10-21, 1864 Surrender of Johnston April 26, 1865 The following inscription appears on the monument of the 15th Ohio Independent Battery Light Artillery, in Vicks- burg National Military Park, Vicksburg, Miss.: 286 Ohio at Vicksburg "This battery served on the investment line of its division from May 25, 1863, until the end of the siege, July 4, with no reported casualties." i6th OHIO INDEPENDENT BATTERY LIGHT ARTILLERY. THIS battery (the third light battery organized in Ohio) was recruited at Springfield, and went into Camp Clark, Clark County Fair Grounds, August 20, 1861. It was recruited for the regiment of light artillery then being raised by Colonel Sherwin. Colonel Sherwin failing to raise his regiment, and Adjutant-General Buckingham, of Ohio, being slow to accept the battery, Major-General Fremont notified his acceptance of it, by telegraph, for his department of the southwest, and immediately ordered it to St. Louis. It moved forward, and arrived at Cincinnati September 5, where it embarked. While on its way down to Lawrenceburg it was mustered into the United States service by Captain Lew. Wilson. Arriving at St. Louis September 7, the men went into camp in a brick house, opposite the barracks, where they were uniformed. Drilling continued till October 14, when they were ordered to Jefferson City to work on the fortifications of that place and help to garrison the town. Owing to the battery not having gone into camp in its own State, and the mustering officer having failed to furnish the adjutant-general of Ohio with a copy of the muster-roll, it did not receive its designation until some time in December; hence, instead of its being the 3d, it was numbered the i6th Ohio Volunteer Artillery. The battery received its pieces and other equipments from Ohio, while at Jefferson City, consisting of four 3.80 bronzed rifle and two 3.67 bronzed smooth-bore guns. On February 14, 1862, the battery was ordered to St. Louis, where it arrived in time to fire a salute in honor of the fall of Fort Donelson. It remained at St. Louis, in Benton Barracks, until March 6, when it was ordered to Pilot Knob, Mo., there to form a part of General Steele's Division for the invasion of Arkansas. On March 21 it marched to Doniphan, Mo., where it arrived on the 31st, and participated in a skirmish — i6th Ohio Battery 287 the Rebels retiring on the approach of General Steele. It arrived at Pocahontas, Ark., April 11, where it captured Rebel stores of considerable amount. It reached Jacksonport May 3, where it remained until the 14th, when two divisions of the battery, under Captain Mitchell, together with Steele's Divi- sion, went to Batesville to join General Curtis' army. One section of the battery remained in command of Lieutenant Twist, with the 9th Illinois Cavalry, to guard that place; from which they were subsequently driven by the Rebel gun- boat Blue Wing. On this occasion the colonel refused to allow the section of the battery to fire at the gunboat, lest any person should be hurt on the opposite shore, although he had been offered ten dollars per shot forthe privilege; and although the citizens, women and children as well as men, were cheering the Rebel gunners all the while they were shelling the troops with 9-inch shell. The section rejoined the battery, with Curtis' army, on the 1st of June, which took up its line of march on the 20th. Passing Jacksonport, now nearly in ashes, it arrived in Augusta, Tenn., in time to celebrate the Fourth of July in that place, on which occasion outlines being opened, many citizens came in and participated in the rejoicing. Leaving Augusta July 5, the army entered upon one of the severest marches on record, through a hot and inhospitable country, dust half-knee deep, and destitute of water, wells being filled up to retard our progress. Long and severe marches were resorted to in order to hasten through, which resulted in strewing the road with dead and dying horses and mules. Arriving at Clarendon, on White river, July 8, but not finding the expected fleet, the army marched to Helena, which it reached on the 15th. The battery remained at that place, and at Old Town Landing, during the fall and winter, suffering much from sickness. It participated in two expeditions up White river, which resulted in the capture of Des Arc and Duvall's Bluff, with some heavy pieces of artil- lery, many small arms, and 800 prisoners. It was assigned, in the spring of 1863, to the 12th Division, 13th Army Corps. Leaving Helena, Ark., April 8, it joined Ma- jor-General Grant's expedition for the capture of Vicksburg, participating in the battles of Port Gibson, Fourteen Mile Creek, and Champion's Hill. At the last-named place. May 18, the battery was brought into the thickest of the fight, and it 288 Ohio at Vicksburg suffered much. Here Captain Mitchell fell, and, but for the gallantry of the men, the battery would have fallen into the hands of the Rebels. Hardly stopping to take breath, the battery moved out to Black river bridge, and thence to Vicks- burg, taking position before that stronghold, under cover of darkness, on the night of the 20th. It moved within 400 yards of the main line of the enemy's works, in order to cover a charge (which was gallantly made on the 22d), occupying, according to the statement of General Grant, "the most con- spicuous position on the line, of which it made good use from day to day and from night to night." Although the Rebels tried hard to dislodge this battery, they could not; and wiere forced to admit that it disabled 7 of their guns. The battery did not lose a single piece, but lost a few men in killed and wounded. On the 5th of July it was ordered to march for Jackson, where the enemy was routed and the city captured. On re- turning to Vicksburg, July 22, it was indulged with a quiet rest for a few weeks. In this campaign the battery expended over 50 tons of ammunition. In August it shipped for New Orleans, and went into camp just above the city, under the famous live oaks. Then followed the gay reviews of Generals Banks and Grant; after which the battery remained until September 20, when it was ordered to Berwick's Bay, where the men spent a few pleasant months, and where they reenlisted in the service. The battery returned to New Orleans December 27, and was the first organization in the Department of the Gulf mustered into the veteran service. On January i, 1864, it embarked on board the steamship Alabama for Texas. Passing close under the guns of the forts at Galveston in a fog, 7 rounds were fired at the vessel from the fort of Brazos Santiago; but after four days' struggling with a storm and heavy seas, the vessel landed at Pass Cavallo, "only to find," says an officer of the battery, "an almost famishing army." He goes on to say: "Our twenty days' hard-tack was divided to the last box, and then came the hardest soldiering, on account of short rations, we had yet seen. * * * Land- ed on Matagorda Peninsula, 60 miles to the nearest timber, a fierce 'northerner' blowing, which continued two weeks, the most severe ever known there; so cold, indeed, that the ice i6th Ohio Battery 289 was piled up on the beach, and wagonloads of fish, that had chilled and drifted to the shore, were collected by the soldiers. Then followed the most delightful weather that had ever been seen by us Northern boys." The battery remained in Texas, on Matagorda Peninsula, at Indianola, Powderhorn, and on Matagorda Island, until June, when it went to New Orleans. In the meantime the commanding officer in Texas refused to furlough the battery in a body, as orders required, on the ground that its services at the front could not be dispensed with. But he furloughed the men in two detachments, thus keeping the battery constantly in service; to do which he detailed from the infantry men suf- ficient to supply the place of those gone home. At New Orleans the battery received an entire new out- fit—new guns, new carriages, and new harness; and here it remained, the men "leading a gay soldier's life," until it started home, July 13, 1865. It was mustered out, August 2, at Camp Chase. During its term of service this battery bore an honorable part in the following battles: Putman's Ferry, Mo April 2-5, 1862 Duval's Bluff, Ark January 16, 1863 Port Gibson, Miss May i, 1863 Fourteen Mile Creek, Miss May 12, 1863 Champion's Hill, Miss May 16, 1863 Vicksburg, Miss, (siege of) May 18 to July 4, 1863 Jackson, Miss July 9-16, 1863 The following inscription appears on the monument of the 1 6th Ohio Battery Light Artillery, in Vicksburg National Military Park, Vicksburg, Miss.: CASUALTIES. "In the battle of Champion's Hill, May 16, killed i, wounded i, total 2. Captain James A. Mitchell killed. Dur- ing the siege not reported." 290 Ohio at Vicksburg 17th OHIO INDEPENDENT BATTERY LIGHT ARTILLERY. THE 17th Ohio Battery was organized under special author- ity from the President, dated July 12, 1862. It was recruited and organized at Dayton, by Captain A. A. Blount, and mustered into the service at that place on the 21st of Au- gust, 1862. The battery was equipped at Cincinnati. It entered the field on the 3d day of September, taking a position in the rear of Covington, Ky., near Fort Wallace, to assist in repelling an expected attack from the Rebels under General Kirby Smith. In company with the forces of Generals A. J. Smith, Gilmore and Burbridge, the battery marched to Lexington and Louis- ville, and was sent to Memphis to join General Sherman's expedition. This was about the 1st of December. On the 25th of December it, along with the forces of General Burbridge, aided in the destruction of the O. and S. Railroad, and was present at the five days' fight at Chickasaw Bayou. It marched with General McClernand's forces and participated in the capture of Arkansas Post, and, thereafter encamped with the troops of the expedition, at Young's Point. At this place the members of the battery suffered sadly, losing in a few weeks from disease, poor rations and surgical attention, more men than during all the rest of its three years' service. In March the battery went into camp at Milliken's Bend, and on the 15th of April moved with the 13th Army Corps on the campaign against Vicksburg, and was engaged in the battles of Port Gibson, Champion's Hill, Black river bridge, and for 47 days in the siege of Vicksburg. In the demonstration against Jackson, immediately after the fall of Vicksburg, the battery was again actively engaged, and performed valuable service in the reduction and capture of that place. Subsequently, it was ordered to accompany the 13th Army Corps to New Orleans, where it arrived about the middle of August. It followed General Burbridge on the Teche expedition in the fall of 1863, and was hotly engaged in the fight at Grand Coteau, La., November 3, in which lyTH Ohio Battery 291 more than half the brigade was killed, wounded and captured. The battery alone lost 25 men, 21 horses, i gun, and i caisson. Immediately after the disaster the battery returned to New Orleans, and was stationed there until August, 1864. It then went under General Granger to Mobile Bay, and took a prominent part in the capture of Fort Morgan. That valuable service accomplished, the battery once more embarked for New Orleans, where it remained until ordered to join the i6th Army Corps, General A. J. Smith, in March, 1865, in the expedition against the city of Mobile. It was engaged against Blakesly in the following April, and thereafter marched, under orders, to Montgomery, Ala., where it lay until ordered to Ohio for muster-out, on the i6th of August, 1865, five days before the expiration of its service by limitation. While in the service the 17th Battery participated in 10 battles and sieges, fired 14,000 rounds of ammunition, lost upward of 40 men by death, and marched more than 10,000 miles (by land and water). The battery entered the service with 156 men, and at its muster-out its rolls showed 158. During its term of service there was, from time to time, 284 names added to its rolls. In company with the 83d and 96th Ohio, it received the thanks (by joint resolution) of the Ohio Legislature for services at Arkansas Post, and was honorably mentioned in the official reports of Generals A. J. Smith, McClernand, Burbridge, Washburn and Colonel Owen, by the last named, for special and valuable service at Grand Coteau. During its term of service this battery bore an honorable part in the following battles: Chickasaw Bayou, Miss December 28, 29, 1862 Arkansas Post (Ft. Hindman) Miss. January 11, 1863 Port Gibson, Miss May i, 1863 Champion's Hill, Miss May 16, 1863 Black river bridge, Miss May 17, 1863 Vicksburg, Miss, (siege of) May 18 to July 4, 1863 Jackson, Miss July 9-16, 1863 Grand Coteau, La November 3, 1863 Mobile, Ala March 26 to April 9, 1865 The following inscription appears on the monument of the 17th Ohio Independent Battery Light Artillery, in Vicksburg National Military Park, Vicksburg, Miss.: 292 Ohio at Vicksburg CASUALTIES. "In the battle of Port Gibson, May i, 1863, sustained no casualties. In the battle of Champion's Hill, May 16, sus- tained no casualties. In the assault, May 19, sustained no casualties. In the assault. May 22, wounded 3, and during the siege, not reported. "Aggregate reported casualties in battery during the campaign and siege, wounded 3." 26th OHIO INDEPENDENT BATTERY LIGHT ARTILLERY. (Yost's Captured Battery.) Record by E. Z. Hays, K. Co., 32d O. V. I. THE officers and men who first constituted this battery, were, when they entered the military service of the Union, a part of the 32d O. V. I., and were known as Company F of that regiment. It was recruited by B. F. Potts, in Carroll County, Ohio, where Captain Potts was then practicing law. They were mustered in at Camp Bartley, Ohio, August 30, 1861. Its first officers were, captain, B. F. Potts, who subsequently became colonel and brigadier-general; ist lieutenant, Theo- bald D. Yost, who succeeded to the captaincy; 2d lieutenant, Chas. C. Brandt, who resigned March 29, 1862, and was succeeded by Levi J. Cox, who, on the promotion of 1st Lieu- tenant Yost to the captaincy, became ist lieutenant, and sergeant Omar S. Lee became 2d lieutenant. The company's 2d lieutenant at its muster in, was James M. Leith, who resigned October 15, 1861. The history of the 32d Ohio is the history of this company up to May 16, 1863, excepting that at Winchester it was detailed to man a battery which became generally known as "Potts' Ohio battery." On the evacuation of Winchester in 1862, Potts took his battery down to Harper's Ferry. One section was sent to Sandy Hook, where, for a time it maintained itself against greatly superior odds. On September 13 the enemy brought 6 pieces into action against this one section, under the concentrated fire of vv^hich it held its position until 26th Ohio Battery 293 ordered to retire, an order difficult to execute but it got back, and joined the other sections. On the 14th the entire battery was engaged from 10 o'clock a. m. until dark, subject to a fierce fire from London Heights, and an ugly, enfilading fire from Maryland Heights. During the evening the battery was sent to the extreme left, and in the morning was opened on front, right and left by 24 guns, which fire it sustained, un- flinchingly, for an hour and until the white flag had been up sometime. After the surrender Company F again fell in line with its regiment, and went to the front as a part of the 32d O. V. L, participating in all its marching and fighting, up to and in- cluding the battle of May 16, where the brigade to which the 32d Ohio was attached made a successful and brilliant charge on the Confederate left, whereby that wing was turned and the 1st Mississippi Battery Light Artillery fell into the hands of the 32d Ohio Infantry. General Logan, on the field, inquired of Colonel Potts, " Have you men who can man those guns .f"' Colonel Potts replied affirmatively, and Company F took possession of them with a ringing shout that testified their delight. It was thus those Rebel guns became a Union battery whilst they were yet hot from hurling deadly missiles at their new guardians, thus the 26th Ohio Independent Battery sprang into existence in a moment. Although but few horses remained at its capture fit for service, the harness broken and cut to pieces, and many other repairs necessary, yet when the 3d Brigade marched at daylight the next morning, "Yost's captured battery," by which it became known throughout the siege, fell in with the column, but it must be admitted it did not "look as though it had come out of a bandbox." From this time Company F served as an artillery company, although it was not permanently detached from the 32d until December 22, 1863. On the investment of Vicksburg "Yost's captured battery" took position on the left of the 3d Brigade, 3d Division, 17th Army Corps, close to their old comrades of the 32d Ohio In- fantry, that regiment being the left of the division. After- wards one section was transferred to the right, between the Shirley house and Fort Hill, very close to the latter. The entire battery did most excellent service throughout the siege, one of 294 Ohio at Vicksburg its guns gaining and holding a position on the Jackson road west of the Shirley house and closer to the enemy's intrench- ments than any other artillery on the investment line. Its conduct throughout was highly commended by all the general officers of the corps. On August 3, 1863, the company returned to the regiment but for a brief season only, it being again detailed for artillery service. On this occasion a part went to Company D, ist Illinois Light Artillery, the other part went to the 3d Ohio Battery with which they served on the expedition to Canton, Miss., in October. On this incursion both batteries were engaged in several skirmishes. The War Department, on recommendation of General McPherson, authorized Governor Tod of Ohio to permanently detach Company F, of the 32d Ohio Infantry, and convert it into a light artillery company, which was done December 22, 1863, with the designation of the 26th Ohio Independent Battery, under the following order: General Headquarters, State of Ohio, Adjutant-General's Office. Columbus, Ohio, December 22, 1863. SPECIAL ORDERS NO. 874. Pursuant to authority from the War Department, dated December 5, 1862, Company F, 32d Ohio Volunteer Infantry, is hereby permanently detached from the regiment and will constitute the 26th Independent Battery Ohio Light Artillery, to be officered as follows: captain, Theobald D. Yost; ist lieutenant, Levi J. Cox; 2d lieutenant, Omas S. Lee; to rank from this day. Captain Yost will take immediate steps to reenlist and re- organize the battery for three years' service. He will cause a proper detail to be made to recruit the battery to the maximum strength, and when that is accomplished the two additional lieutenants will be appointed and commissioned. He will report to this office the result of his recruitment, give the resi- dence of each man enlisted so that each district may receive its proper credit. By order of the Governor. Chas. W. Hill, Adjutant-General of Ohio. 4TH Ohio Cavalry 295 The battery as reorganized becoming entitled to veteran furlough, was, on the ist of January, 1864, ordered home to Ohio where it remained for the usual thirty days. February 3 it returned to Vicksburg with recruits sufficient to bring it up to the maximum strength. While at Vicksburg the battery participated in several scouts and skirmishes. November 8, 1864, it was ordered to report at Natchez, Miss., for garrison duty. While performing that service it had some skirmishing with guerrilla bands that infested that part of Mississippi. After the surrender of the Confederate armies, it was attached to the Texas expedition or corps of observation, and served on the Rio Grande until August, 1865, when it was ordered to Ohio, and on the 2d day of September, 1865, was discharged and mustered out of the service by order of the War Depart- ment at Todd barracks, Columbus, Ohio. It had been in the service a few days more than four years, and few organiza- tions had, in that time, endured more hardships, marched more miles, passed through more dangers, or done harder fighting. During its term of service this battery bore an honorable part as Company F 32d Ohio Infantry in all the engagements of that regiment, until they were detached from the regiment May 17, 1863, serving as a battery organization, and partici- pating in the assaults and siege of Vicksburg, Miss., from May 18 to July 4, 1863. The following inscription appears on the monument of the 26th Ohio Independent Battery Light Artillery in Vicks- burg National Military Park, Vicksburg, Miss.: "This battery was Company F 32d Ohio Infantry. It It was ordered by General McPherson to take charge of, and serve two 12-pounder guns, and four 3-inch rifles, captured in the battle of Champion's Hill May 16, 1863. It served during the siege on the line of its division, without reported casualties." 4th COMPANY OHIO CAVALRY. THIS company was organized at Georgetown, Ohio, on the 9th of July, 1 86 1. Each man furnished his own horse and horse equipments, and was armed with sabers and carbines at Georgetown. On the loth the company started for Camp 296 Ohio at Vicksburg Chase, where, in a short time, it acquired great proficiency in drill. On the 19th of August it was ordered to St. Louis, Mo., and it arrived at that point on the 21st. It spent a few days at Camp Benton, and was then ordered into the city as provost guard. The company, by its promptness and efficiency, did much toward preserving order. It was sent, on one occasion, to suppress a riot. In less than five minutes after the order was received the men had saddled and mounted and were on their way to the scene of disturbance. In September the company was ordered to Syracuse, and while stationed there it was sent into the country to press horses, mules and wagons. In three days it returned with a large number. The company marched to Springfield, then returned to Syracuse, when it was transferred to General Pope's com- mand. During the months of December, 1861, and January and February, 1862, it was engaged in scouting over western and northern Missouri. It participated in many skirmishes and in the battle of Silver Creek, in which it lost i man killed and I officer and 6 men wounded. In February it returned to Benton Barracks, and on the ist of March it was taken into St. Louis and placed on duty at General Halleck's head- quarters. On the 9th of April it accompanied General Halleck as escort up the Tennessee to Pittsburg Landing. It continued to act as escort during the siege of Corinth. It joined the pur- suit of Beauregard, and after that remained on duty at depart- ment headquarters until Halleck was transferred to Washing- ton City. Next came miscellaneous service in western Ten- nessee, under Generals McClernand, Logan and Lawler; and there was scarcely a cross-road or a by-path in all that country with which the company was not familiar. On the ist of September it participated in the battle of Britton's Lane, and was honorably mentioned in the official report of the general commanding. It lost l man killed and 2 wounded. In November the company was appointed escort to General McPherson. It moved on General Grant's expedition down the Mississippi Central Railroad, and then returned to Grand Junction. It moved to Memphis, and proceeded down the Mississippi to Lake Providence, and thence to Milliken's Bend, where General Grant's army concentrated for the Vicks- burg campaign. ^| About the last of April the company moved 4TH Ohio Cavalry 297 on this campaign, and participated in the battles of Port Gibson, Raymond, Jackson, Champion's Hill, Big Black Bridge, and in the siege of Vicksburg. The company remamed at the headquarters of the 17th Army Corps, moving occasion- ally on some exoedition, until the ist of February, 1864, when it joined Sherman's Meridian raid. On this expedition it lost 5 men captured. Soon after returning to Vicksburg the company moved with General McPherson to Chattanooga, and entered on the Atlanta campaign. It continued with the army until the Chattahoochie was reached, and as its term ot service was about to expire, it was ordered to be niustered out. General McPherson bade the company farewell in a compli- mentary order, and on the i6th of July, 1864, it was mustered out at Cincinnati, with an aggregate of 27 men. From the organization of the company to the ist of August, 1862, it received 22 recruits, and lost in killed, discharged and deserted, 42 men. During the months of August and Septem- ber, 1862, the company received 68 recruits; thus at the expira- tion of its term of service there were about 50 men who had from one month to one year to serve. These men were left at General McPherson's headquarters, and in August and September, 1864, John L. King, who had been a sergeant m the original organization, recruited the company to the maxi- mum number, and was commissioned as captain. This com- pany participated in the march to the sea through Georgia, and in the campaign of the Carolinas. It was present at the Grand Review in Washington City, and was mustered out on the 28th of May, 1865, and was transported to Camp Dennison, where it was paid and discharged. This company as escort to General James B. McPherson from November, 1862, until his death in the battle of Atlanta, July 22, 1864, was present, and bore an honorable part in all the engagements that the 17th Corps were engaged in. They were active in the campaign and siege of Vicksburg, in the Atlanta campaign, the march to the sea, and up through the Carolinas until the surrender of Johnston, at Raleigh, N. C. The following inscription appears on the monument of the 4th Company Ohio Cavalry in Vicksburg National Military Park, Vicksburg, Miss.: "This company served as escort at 17th Corps head- quarters during the campaign and siege, without reported casualties." 298 Ohio at Vicksburg VICKSBURG NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. {Data taken from the description of Vickshurg Park by Capt. W. r. Righy, Chairman, V. N. M. P.) IN accordance with an Act of Congress, approved February 21, 1899, the Vicksburg National Military Park was estab- lished. The provisions of the bill establishing the Park empowered the Secretary of War to appoint a commission of three honorably discharged soldiers who had served either in the Union or Confederate armies during the siege, as park commissioners. Two of the commissioners to be selected from the army commanded by General Grant, and one from the army commanded by General Pemberton. The Secretary of War, on March i of the same year, appointed on that Commission, General Stephen D. Lee, of Mississippi, Captain William T. Rigby, of Iowa, and Colonel James G. Everest, of Illinois, and charged them with the duty of perfecting and embellishing the Park under his direction and approval. The commission thus appointed, met and was organized by electing Commissioner Lee as chairman, John S. Kountz, of Ohio, secretary and historian, and Captain Charles L. Longley, of Iowa, as clerk of the Commission. The National Commission, after perfecting their organiza- tion entered actively on the work of defining the boundaries of the Park, keeping in view at all times the importance of includ- ing in the boundaries all the fighting ground of both armies during the siege. The boundaries of the Park being definitely determined, showed an area of land required for park purposes to embrace about 1,250 acres, which was immediately surveyed, purchased and deeded to the Government of the United States at a cost of $4.2 24-100 per acre. The State of Mississippi has ceded jurisdiction to the United States Government over all the land within the boundaries of the Park, and the public highways within its limits. The work of establishing the ave- nues of the Park was immediately taken up by the Commission, and after a very careful study and survey of the land purchased the avenues were located as follows: Confederate avenue ViCKSBURG National Military Park 299 (8.19 miles) follows the line of Confederate earthworks and is just in rear of that line from the bluffs south of Mint Bayou, opposite the National Cemetery to the river below the city. Union avenue (743 miles) follows the first parallel (trench) of the Union army from the east gate of the National Cemetery to a junction with Confederate avenue at Fort Garrott and is, as a rule, immediately in rear of that parallel. In connection with Confederate avenue, it includes the greater part of the Park, all the ground on which the assaults were made May 19 and 22, and all the close approaches (saps) of the Union army, except on Lauman's front. The greater part of the Union tablet inscriptions, monuments and markers will be placed on or very near this avenue. 31 Ohio monuments and 20 Ohio markers are now in position on or near it. Grant avenue (.93 mile) begins at the northeast angle of Union avenue, and extends to and around Grant's headquarters. The monument of the 58th Ohio (detailed for service on gunboats) stands on this avenue. Sherman avenue (2.3 miles) starts at Grant avenue, runs past the site of General Sherman's head- quarters, lies for a part of its course on the road over which supplies for General Grant's army were drawn from the land- ing on the Yazoo river, and joins Union avenue at a point about three-fourths of a mile from the beginning of that avenue at the east gate of the National Cemetery. The monuments of the 22d, 46th, 53d and 70th Ohio regiments stand on this avenue. Indiana avenue (.7 mile) begins on Union avenue near Fort Garrott, runs south to the Flower Hill road and west on that road to a junction with Confederate avenue. It is, in part, on the line of McGinnis' Brigade of Hovey's Division, and goes along the firing lines of that brigade. Wisconsin avenue (.82 mile) goes from Confederate avenue on the first spur east of the Hall's Ferry road, past a salient Confederate work, is on the line of Pugh's Brigade of Lau- man's Division, and touches three positions of the 5th Ohio Battery. Illinois avenue (1.3 miles) lies for a large part of its course on the Hall's Ferry road and turns to the right (south- west) from that road on a spur about three-fourths of a mile in front (south) of the Confederate line. It is on the line of Hall's and Bryant's Brigades of Lauman's Division, and goes past the position of the 15th Ohio Battery. The monuments of the 7th and 15th Ohio batteries stand on Illinois circle. 300 Ohio at Vicksburg Iowa avenue (.85 mile) goes from Confederate avenue the first ridge east of Stout's Bayou, is on the line of Vandever's Brigade of Herron's Division. Such parts of the public roads leading from Vicksburg as lie in or alongside the boundaries of the Park have been ceded to the United States (so far as juris- diction is concerned) as Park roadways, and will be graded and metaled the same as Park avenues. These parts of public roads aggregate 3.09 miles, making a total of 25.61 miles of Park avenues and roadways. Confederate, Union, and Grant avenues are graded and all the bridges built — 3 on Confederate and 12 on Union avenues. The Confederate line of defense in 1863 followed a high, rugged and almost unbroken ridge from the river above to the river below the city, and was 8 miles in length. From this main ridge spurs, or secondary ridges, set out frequently and are separated by deep ravines with precipitous sides. The rug- gedness of this terrain cannot be appreciated without being seen. The investment line of the Union army crossed the steep ridges and deep ravines above described, and this fact accounts for the 12 bridges on the 7.43 miles of Union avenue. Had it been continued to the Warrenton road, like Confederate avenue, 4 additional bridges would have been required. This topography made the Confederate line impregnable against the assaults of General Grant's army in 1863, but in connection with the fine water views afi^orded by the lake and river, it now offsets the most beautiful and picturesque location for a great National Park that could be found on the continent. The plans of the Commission contemplate the restoration of the line of earthworks and the batteries of both armies, the mounting of at least i gun in each battery, and caliber actually used in it, the placing of an appropriate battery tablet inscrip- tion at each of these guns, the placing of the other tablet in- scriptions referred to, and the monuments and markers erected by State commissioners, at appropriate sites — largely on Union and Confederate avenues, some on the other avenues and roadways and in the Park between Confederate and Union avenues. Nearly 500 tablet inscriptions have been prepared and approved, descriptive of the part borne by the corps, division, brigade and batteries of the two armies in the campaign, siege, and defense, marking the lines of the Union approaches (saps), ^ ViCKSBURG National Military Park 301 the sites of headquarters of general officers, and the places where general officers were killed. These inscriptions will be cast on tablets, largely iron, a few bronze, and will be placed in the Park as soon as they can be made, delivered and painted. 125 obsolete cannon of the kind and caliber used in the siege and defense have been received from the War Department for mounting in the Park. The remounting of these guns in their old places on the lines of the two armies will begin as soon as the carriages can be painted. The 13 heavy guns will be mounted on siege carriages. When the work of establishment and embellishment has been finished the Vicksburg Park will be not only a faithful reproduction of siege and defense conditions in 1863, but also a great landscape picture, simple in plan, harmonious in details and interesting to a degree that can scarcely be surpassed. The Act of Congress, approved February 21, 1899, above referred to, provides That it shall be lawful for any State that had troops engaged in the defense and siege of Vicksburg to enter upon the lands of the Vicksburg National Military Park for the purpose of ascertaining, and marking the positions occupied and held by the several commands from the State the commission represented. This clause in the act anticipated favorable action by the several States, both North and South, that had troops engaged in the campaign and siege, in making appropriations in sufficient amounts to mark with an artistic memorial the position each organization held during the siege. vicksburg and the MISSISSIPPI river. No city on the Mississippi river between St. Louis and New Orleans has a more beautiful and healthful location than Vicksburg. It sits serenely on its hills, a hundred feet above the highest water level, and, in 1863, the river swept twice at its feet — the channel first running nearly north and then turn- ing south, with a long narrow peninsula between the two reaches of the river. In 1876 the current broke through this peninsula in front of the lower part of the city, and the river now only touches it at its extreme limit, but a fine body of deep water, called Centennial Lake, remains at the old bend of the river nearly opposite the National Cemetery, and through this, by the construction of a canal, the United States Engineers haveturned the Yazoo river, which now flows past Vicksburg and empties into the Mississippi just below the city. 302 Ohio at Vicksburg APPOINTMENT AND WORK OF THE OHIO COMMISSION. The General Assembly of the State of Ohio, on April i6, 1900, passed the following act: (Senate Bill No. 21.) AN ACT Authorizing the appointment of a commission to ascertain and mark the positions of Ohio troops in the siege of Vicksburg, and to make an appropriation to pay the neces- sary traveling expenses of the members of the com- mission. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Ohio: Section i. That the governor of the state be and is hereby authorized to appoint a commission, consisting of six citizens of Ohio, each of whom shall have served with honor in the campaign and siege of Vicksburg, who shall serve without pay and whose duty it shall be to cooperate with the national park commission in ascertaining and mark- ing the positions occupied in the siege of Vicksburg, by each regiment, battery and independent organization from this state which were there engaged. Section 2. That the sum of one thousand dollars be, and the same is hereby appropriated out of any money in the state treasury, to the credit of the general revenue fund, not otherwise appropriated, to be drawn and used by said commission to pay the personal expense of the members of said commission in the discharge of the duties aforesaid on the presentation of such certified vouchers as the auditor of state shall direct. Section 3. Said commission shall make a full report of the execution of its trust to the governor on or before the fifteenth day of January, nineteen hundred and two. Appointment and Work of the Ohio Commission 303 Section 4. This act shall take effect and be in force from and after its passage. A. G. Reynolds, Speaker of the House of Representatives. Jno. a. Caldwell, President of the Senate. Passed April 16, 1900. 270G In compliance with the provisions of this Act, Governor George K. Nash, on September 29, 1900, appointed six honor- ably discharged soldiers, who had served in Ohio commands through the campaign and siege of Vicksburg, to act as com- missioners from Ohio, in conjunction with the Vicksburg National Military Park Commission, for the purpose of ascer- taining and marking the positions of Ohio commands that were engaged in the siege, as follows: General Andrew Hicken- looper, late chief engineer 17th Army Corps, Cincinnati; Sergeant J. B. Allen, late Company C, 30th O. V. L, Athens; Colonel A. H, Brown, late 96th O. V. I., Centerburg; Lieu- tenant E. Z. Hays, late Company K, 32d O. V. I., Warsaw; Major Charles Hipp, late 37th O. V. I., St. Marys'; and Sergeant W. P. Gault, late Company F, 78th O. V. I., Colum- bus. November 16, 190 1, Brevet Colonel James Kilbourne, late captain Company H, 95th O. V. I., of Columbus, was appointed a member of the Commission, vice General Hickenlooper re- signed, and on May 25, 1903, General William H. Raynor, late colonel 56th O. V. I., was appointed on the Commission, vice Colonel A. H. Brown, resigned. No other changes have occurred in the Commission since the original appointments were made September 29, 1900. The first meeting of the Commission was held November 14, 1900, in the office of Clerk of Supreme Court, with the following members present: Commissioners Allen, Brown, Hays, Hipp and Gault; commissioner absent, General Hicken- looper. The Commission was called to order by Commissioner Allen, as temporary chairman, and organized by electing Commissioner Allen chairman and Commissioner Gault secretary. After completing the organization, and discussing plans for future work, the Commission adjourned to meet again at the call of the secretary. On the i6th of April, 190 1, the 304 Ohio at Vicksburg Commission met at the Carroll House, Vicksburg, Miss., and took up the work of ascertaining and marking the positions occupied and held on the Park by the several Ohio commands during the siege. Ohio being the first State to mark the locations of iier troops it proved a very difficult task, and after spending three days on the Park, the Commission decided to return to Ohio, and con- fer with members of the several Ohio commands that partici- pated in the siege respecting their positions on the line. After diligent research of the official reports of regimental, brigade and division commanders, and interviews, both personal and by letter, with a score of comrades who had served in Ohio commands during the siege, the Commission, feeling more fully equipped to intelligently discharge the duty imposed upon them, again met November 11, 1901, at the Carroll House, Vicksburg, and renewed the work of establishing the positions occupied by the several Ohio commands on the investment line. The majority of the different commands were satisfactor- ily located during this second visit. However, in some cases, the reports of regimental, brigade and division commanders respecting certain Ohio commands were so vague and unre- liable that it was deemed necessary to send comrades to the Park who had served in such commands and determine, with the assistance of the chairman of the Vicksburg National Military Park Commission, their true locations, and report the results of their labors to this Commission. With such assistance the work of correctly locating the true positions of all Ohio organizations on the Park was finally completed to the satis- faction of this Commission, and we earnestly hope to the satisfaction of all comrades and friends interested. In some few cases the Commission was necessarily (yet against its better judgment) compelled to select the position of monuments in accordance with the official reports of the officers in command at the time the action took place. The reports were sometimes so worded that they could be construed to describe two or more positions occupied at the same time. The topography of the Park has undergone several changes since those strenuous days of May and June, 1863. Hill tops and ravines that had been covered with trees, underbrush and cane brake, have been cleared away, and roads have been changed until in some instances the description of the land Appointment and Work of the Ohio Commission 305 as found in the official reports does not in any degree describe the same position as was found when the Park was established. Under such unfavorable conditions, the reader can form some conception of the arduous and careful work that had been imposed on the Commission in the prosecution of their work. In addition to the 2i regiments of infantry, 12 independent batteries light artillery, and one company of cavalry (McPher- , son's escort), with locations on or near Union avenue, Ohio was represented with 5 additional regiments of infantry. One of the regiments (58th Ohio) was detached on gunboat service, and 4 regiments (the 22d, 46th, 53d and 70th Ohio Regiments) were stationed on the exterior line, which extended- from Haines' BlufF on the Yazoo river 10 miles northeast of Vicks- burg, across the peninsula to the Big Black river, thence south along the west bank of that stream to near Hall's Ferry, with General Sherman in command. This line, possibly 10 or 12 miles long was strongly fortified at the most important points, and was defended by more than 40,000 troops, to oppose the crossing of that stream by the Confederate general, Joseph E. Johnston's command, 30,000 strong, for the purpose of assist- ing in crushing Grant's army and liberating Pemberton's army from their unfavorable situation. The services of those regiments on the exterior line being of equal importance with the troops that occupied positions on the investment line, caused the Comniission for some time considerable anxiety, as to the most desirable place to locate their monuments. From the fact that General Sherman was in command of the exterior line, the Commission finally decided that the most appropriate location for all Ohio monu- ments whose commands served on the exterior line at any time during the siege should be on Sherman avenue. The completion of the work intrusted to our care shows, that, in the army commanded by General Grant during the campaign and siege of Vicksburg, Ohio had the honor of claiming the three most prominent generals who directed the campaign and siege— Sherman and Grant and McPherson, all having Ohio as their birthplace. In point of number of organizations in the campaign and siege, Ohio stood second, having 39 independent organizations, with a strength or effective force, on March 29, 1863, of 11,984 officers and men ready for duty, or about one-third of the entire force 3o6 Ohio at Vicksburg that fought the battles during the campaign and siege. During the assaults of May 19 and May 22, over 50 per cent, of the flags planted on the Confederate works were planted there by Ohio organizations. In all of the battles of the campaign and siege from Port Gibson, May i, to the surrender of Vicks- burg, July 4, Ohio regiments and batteries could always be found in the thickest of the battle. And during that short campaign, which lasted 65 days from the date of the first battle, each of the 39 Ohio organizations bore an honorable part in the positions assigned them under orders of their commanders, and this Commission takes great pleasure in recording the fact that no Ohio command came out of that campaign and siege with the taint of cowardice or dishonor attached to it. The positions for monuments to stand on Union avenue, as located by the Ohio Vicksburg Battlefield Commission, are for the following Ohio regiments and batteries, commencing on the right of the avenue near the east gate of the National Cemetery, and extending east and south along the avenue to Fort Garrott: 8th Ohio Independent Battery Light Artillery 76th Regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry 4th Ohio Independent Battery Light Artillery 95th Regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry 72d Regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry 54th Regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry 57th Regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry 30th Regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry 37th Regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry 47th Regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry lOth Ohio Independent Battery Light Artillery 20th Regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry 68th Regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry 78th Regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry nth Ohio Independent Battery Light Artillery 4th Company Ohio Cavalry 3d Ohio Independent Battery Light Artillery 32d Regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry Yost's Captured Battery (afterwards known as 26th Ohio Independent Battery) 80th Regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry 48th Regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry Appointment and Work of the Ohio Commission 307 83d Regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry 96th Regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry 17th Ohio Independent Battery Light Artillery 1 6th Ohio Independent Battery Light Artillery 1 6th Regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry 42d Regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry 114th Regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry 1 20th Regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry 2d Ohio Independent Battery Light Artillery 56th Regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry 5th Ohio Independent Battery Light Artillery. Stands on Wisconsin avenue. 7th Ohio Independent Battery Light Artillery. Stands on Illinois avenue circle. 15th Ohio Independent Battery Light Artillery. Stands on Illinois avenue circle. 22d Regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry. Stands on Sherman avenue. 46th Regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry. Stands on Sherman avenue. 53d Regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry. Stands on Sherman avenue, 70th Regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry. Stands on Sherman avenue. 58th Regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry. Stands on Grant avenue. Having satisfactorily established the positions occupied on the Park by the several Ohio regimental and battery com- mands that served during the siege, and said positions having received the approval of the National Vicksburg Military Park Commission and the Secretary of War, and to enable the Ohio Commission to complete the work contemplated by act of the General Assembly of Ohio as passed April 16, 1900, that body on April 15, 1902, passed the following supplementary act: (House Bill No. 254.) AN ACT To supplement an act entitled "An act authorizing the ap- pointment of a commission to ascertain and mark the 3o8 Ohio at Vicksburg positions occupied by Ohio troops in the siege of Vicks- burg, Mississippi, and to make an appropriation to pay the personal expenses of the commission." Whereas, Under the act of congress, approved February 21, 1899, establishing the "Vicksburg National Military Park," the government has purchased about 1,200 acres embracing practically all the ground that v^as occupied during the siege by the confederate line of defense and the federal line of invest- ment; and Whereas, The state of Mississippi has ceded to the United States jurisdiction over the said ground; and Whereas, The national commission appointed under the act of congress referred to, proposes to restore, and has already, to a large extent restored the said battlefield of Vicks- burg to the condition that it was in at the time of the siege, by closing new roads and opening old army ones and clearing away new growths of timber; and Whereas, The said National Park, with its two grand avenues (Confederate and Union), in addition to its num- erous smaller avenues, and its handsome monuments com- memorative of American valor, will, when completed, be of national interest; and Whereas, Under an act entitled "An act authorizing the appointment of a commission to ascertain and mark the posi- tions occupied by Ohio troops in the siege of Vicksburg and to make an appropriation to pay the personal expenses of the commission," passed by the general assembly of Ohio, April 16, 1900, six commissioners were appointed to serve without pay, charged with the duty of ascertaining and marking the positions occupied by Ohio troops in the siege of Vicksburg; and Whereas, Said commission, in cooperation with the national commission, has carefully selected the locations for monuments to mark the said positions, and which are historically accurate as to the regiments, battalions and batteries engaged; and Whereas, Said commissioners having substantially com- pleted the preliminary task assigned them by the general assembly, are now ready to proceed to the execution of the further work contemplated by the act of April 16, 1900, to wit: The erection of monuments and tablets to mark the positions Appointment and Work of the Ohio Commission 309 of Ohio troops that were engaged in the siege of Vicksburg, and such of her Ohio commands as were on duty on the line of circumvallation under orders issued by the commanding general, and Whereas, Said commissioners have made an estimate of the sum of money required for the completion of said work and said estimate being as follows, to wit: Monuments for twenty-six (26) regiments of infantry engaged, costing not to exceed ^1,500 each, ^39,000; monuments for eleven (11) batteries engaged, costing not to exceed ^1,000 each, ;^ii,ooo; monument for one (i) battalion of cavalry engaged, costing not to exceed ;^i,ooo; and traveling expenses, stationery and such other items of expense as may occur in making contracts for monuments and markers, and supervising their erection, ^2,500; for purchase and erection of markers the sum of ^2,500; and Whereas, It is the judgment of said commission that for the economical prosecution of the work contemplated, ^7,500 should be available and subject to the orders of said commission on and after April i, 1902, and ^25,000 on and after Decem- ber I, 1902, and ;^26,ooo on and after March i, 1904, at which latter date, being within about two years from the present time, it is proposed to have all the monuments and tablets erected and the work of the commission practically completed; there- fore, Be tt enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Ohio: Section i. That in addition to the sum appropriated by the provisions of the aforesaid act, there is hereby ap- propriated, out of any funds in the state treasury, to the credit of the general revenue fund, and not otherwise appropriated, the sum of fifty-six thousand (56,000.00) dollars, to be used as herein provided, warrants for which shall be drawn by the auditor of state upon the treasurer of state, upon vouchers or estimates properly approved by not less than four members of said commission. Section 2. Said commission shall keep an accurate ac- count of all disbursements and make a full report thereof to the governor on or before the 15th day of November of each year during the continuance of said trust. 310 Ohio at Vicksburg Section 3. This act shall take effect and be in force from and after its passage. W. S. McKlNNON, Speaker of the House of Representatives. Carl L. Nippert, President of the Senate. Passed April 15, IQ02. 118G By authority of this act, the Ohio Commission was now ready to enter into a contract for the 38 monuments, and 20 markers to be properly inscribed, and placed in position in Vicksburg National Military Park. The Ohio Vicksburg Battlefield Commission, devoted its time and energy in securing for Ohio the largest and most artistic monuments for the money appropriated. With a desire to equal if not excel any similar work in military parks and with a knowledge that the Shiloh Commission was soon to dedicate its monuments in Shiloh Military Park, that had been selected by their commission after two weeks of competitive inspection at great expense, from 11 different monumental contractors, the Ohio Vicksburg Commission decided to have a committee of two, consisting of Commissioners Hipp and Gault, to attend the Shiloh dedicatory ceremonies, examine closely all monuments erected on that Park, in point of size, design, workmanship, and style of lettering, and report to this Commission at its next regular meeting. The committee at the next meeting reported favorably upon the design and execution of the Shiloh monuments. The Ohio monuments were, in the opinion of the Committee, superior, both in quality, design and workmanship, to similar work found in other military parks. Knowing that competitive exhibitions of such work were always accompanied with great expense, and such expense must necessarily increase the price of the work, or lessen the size or quality of it, this Commission, by a majority vote, decided to avoid competitive bids, thereby saving to the State nearly ^4,000 expense, which expense the contractors agreed to use in furnishing to the Ohio Vicksburg Commission, monu- ments that were LARGER in size and FINER in FINISH than has heretofore been placed in military parks, at the same price. Appointment and Work of the Ohio Commission 311 After a careful study of similar monumental work in other parks, the Commission decided, by a vote of four to one to award the contract to The Hughes Granite and Marble Com- pany, of Clyde, Ohio; for furnishing complete and set up in Vicksburg National Military Park, Vicksburg, Miss., 38 monuments, for which said company was to receive, when accepted by the War Department, ^49,000 in full. On August 12, 1902, the commission met at the Great Southern Hotel, Columbus, and entered into the following contract with the aforesaid. The Hughes Granite and Marble Company. Columbus, O., August 12, 1902. This contract entered into this date between the Ohio Vicksburg Battlefield Commission, party of the first part, through the following members of said Commission, to wit: J. B. Allen W. P. Gault James Kilbourne Charles Hipp ' A. H. Brown E. Z. Hays, and The Hughes Granite and Marble Company, party of the second part, by and through W. E. Hughes, the president of said company, duly authorized and instructed to contract on its behalf. Witnesseth, That the first party has let and contracted for the erection of the Ohio monuments to be erected upon Vicksburg battlefield, to wit, 38 in number, to the said second party and that the said second party agrees to build and erect said monuments upon said battlefield upon foundations to be built by the National Government upon the following terms and conditions, to wit: The proposal of the said second party and the specifica- tions accompanying same are hereto attached and made a part of this argeement. The monuments to be constructed and erected under the terms of this contract are as follows: 26 for Regiments of In- fantry engaged in said battle, at ^1,460 each; 11 for Batteries of Artillery engaged, at 1^960 each; and one for the Battalion of Cavalry engaged, costing 1^480. And it is understood and 312 Ohio at Vicksburg agreed that the selection of monuments to be erected are to be made by the Commission from the designs and scale drawings and sizes presented to this Commission by said second party, and that when the same are selected blue prints of the scale drawings of the design selected shall be attached to this con- tract and shall become a part of it; the number thus selected to be 38 in all to correspond with the number of monuments to be erected. For the construction and erection of said monuments in a good and workmanlike manner pursuant to the terms of the proposal hereto attached, the said second party shall receive the sum of ^49,000, ;^25,ooo of said sum shall be payable in estimates made by first party as the work of construction and erection of said monuments progresses, and the balance re- maining due shall be payable upon the due completion of the work under this contract and its acceptance by first party. Said monuments to be fully completed and erected by the first day of May, 1904, unless prevented by circumstances over which second party has no control. Second party shall provide a bond in the sum of Twenty- five Thousand Dollars (^25,000) with good and sufficient sureties conditioned upon the full and faithful performance of the terms of this contract and upon the filing of said bond and its acceptance by first party, this conrtact shall be and be- come in full force and eflFect. Exhibits A, B, C, D hereto at- tached are made a part of this agreement. (Signed) J. B. Allen W. P. Gault James Kilbourne Charles Hipp A. H. Brown E. Z. Hays The Hughes Granite and Marble Co., Per W. E. Hughes EXHIBIT A. Supplementary Addenda. This agreement to be attached to contract and made part thereof. Appointment and Work of the Ohio Commission 313 We agree to furnish and turn over to your Commission original bills of lading and freight paid bills of all rough granite used in the construction of the Vicksburg monument work, which shall come from the quarries now owned and operated by the Whetmore, Morris Granite Company, of Barre, Vermont, and to be their best grade of granite. This being the same granite used in the construction of the Shiloh work, built by the Hughes Granite & Marble Co., of Clyde, Ohio, and erected for the Ohio Shiloh Commission at the National Mili- tary Park, Pittsburg Landing, Tenn., and the same quarry from which the granite was taken to build the Rockfeller obelisk, and further that it shall be the best rock quarried by said company. Provided, that if the monumental foundations for Ohio shall not have been completed by May i, 1904, then the said Vicksburg Park Commission, party of the first part, shall not be required to accept their monuments until the same shall have been erected by permission of the United States Commission for said Park. EXHIBIT B. Bond. Know all men by these presents^ That we, the Hughes Granite and Marble Company of Clyde, Ohio, as principal, and Taylor Fuller, Ira S. Comstock and George Slessman, of Clyde, Ohio, and W. L. Curry of Columbus, Ohio, as sureties, are held and firmly bound unto the State of Ohio in the penal sum of ^25,000 for the payment of which well and truly to be made, we bind ourselves, our successors, heirs, executors and administrators firmly by these presents. The conditions of the above obligations are such that whereas the said The Hughes Granite and Marble Company did on the I2th day of August, 1902, enter into an agreement and contract for the erection of monuments to mark the posi- tions of Ohio troops on the battlefield of Vicksburg, being now known as the Vicksburg National Military Park in the State of Mississippi, with J. B. Allen, W. P. Gault, James Kilbourne, Charles Hipp, A. H. Brown and E. Z. Hays, who constituted a Commission appointed pursuant to the laws of the State of Ohio and acting in all matters pertaining to the erection of 314 Ohio at Vicksburg monuments and tablets to mark the positions of Ohio troops on said battlefield. Now, if the said The Hughes Granite and Marble Com- pany faithfully prosecute the erection of said monuments according to the plans, designs, and specifications embraced in its agreement for the erection thereof and shall furnish the monuments complete at the time and place agreed upon to the satisfaction and acceptance of the said Ohio Commission and the approval of the Vicksburg National Military Park Com- mission, then this obligation shall be void, otherwise it shall remain in full force and effect. Witness our hand and seals this eighteenth day of August, 1902. (Signed) The Hughes Granite and Marble Co. Per W. E. Hughes, President, Taylor Fuller George Slessman Ira S. Comstock W. L. Curry Fremont, Ohio, August 20, 1902. To the members of the Ohio Vicksburg Commission: Taylor Fuller, George Slessman and Ira S. Comstock, whose names have been affixed to the bond of The Hughes Granite and Marble Company for ^25,000 are all large tax- payers in Sandusky County, and I regard them as good and sufficient sureties of the said bond. I regard The Hughes Granite and Marble Company as perfectly safe on a contract of that size without bond or sureties. County Auditor. EXHIBIT C. The Ohio Vicksburg Battlefield Commission, Columbus, Ohio. Gentlemen: Pursuant to your request extended by letter of July 17, 1902, for the submission of designs for monuments to be erected at Vicksburg National Military Park upon foun- dations prepared by the National Government, and in accord- Appointment and Work of the Ohio Commission 315 ance with an act passed by the 75th General Assembly known as House Bill No. 254, we beg leave to submit to your honorable body the following proposal: We understand that there are to be 26 monuments for Regiments of Infantry engaged, the cost of said monuments not to exceed ^39,000; 11 monuments for Batteries engaged, costing not to exceed ^11,000, and i monument for Battalion of Cavalry engaged, costing not to exceed 1^500. We herewith submit for the consideration of your honor- able body 74 scale drawings drawn one inch to one foot, and giving on each drawing the size of the face, and end elevation and ground plan; and also showing the moulding, carving and other decorative ornaments and the manner in which each design will be finished. We also submit to you 22 designs without scale drawings, sizes hereto attached. Should any of these designs be selected, we agree to make the scale drawings in accordance with sizes given and also giving the sizes upon the scale drawings which are also to be attached with the balance of the scale drawings selected to these specifications and made a part thereof. You will observe from the scale drawings which have been revised and carefully prepared by us from the designs submitted, that the great Seal of the State of Ohio is to be carved from the solid granite. This will be added to any of the designs submitted that may be selected, for which we have not prepared scale work, at the shops of this company. Lettering: — All of the lettering for the regimental and historical inscriptions upon the face and back of the monu- ments to be done in raised polished letters and to be in size proportionate to the amount of available space at command. The name "OHIO" will be cut either in raised polished or raised carved letters as your Commission may desire. We agree to finish each and every piece of work from the 38 designs selected by your Commission at our works at Clyde, Ohio, and every monument will be erected in our show room subject to the inspection of your Commission and the command for which it is intended. In this way survivors may be enabled to see the work which they otherwise never would see, and should any changes of a simple nature be sug- gested by such survivors, seconded and approved by your Com- mission they would be made without charge. 3i6 Ohio at Vicksburg The 26 designs for Regiments of Infantry, 1 1 designs for Batteries, and l design for Battalion of Cavalry selected, and the scale drawings for selected designs attached to this writing shall constitute our proposal and we agree to build and erect in a good and workmanlike manner the monuments represented by such designs and scale drawings at the National Military Park at Vicksburg, Miss., for the sum of ^49,000, itemized as follows : 26 Regiments of Infantry engaged, $1,460 each 1^37,960 1 1 Batteries of Artillery engaged, $g6o each 10,560 I Battalion of Cavalry engaged 480 $49,000 (Signed) The Hughes Granite and Marble Co., Per W. E. Hughes. Drawings: — Should your Commission prefer a different position or location for the State Seal above referred to, the same will be made in accordance with your wishes. Material: — We propose to use the best grade of Barre granite (a sample of the same submitted with this proposal to your Commission) free from iron, sulphur, cracks, sap, black knots, or any other unsightly imperfections. Cutting: — All plain and axed surfaces are to be twelve cut and all plain surfaces are to be ground down under the wheels and finished or bushed with pneumatic tools; all mouldings are to be cut with pneumatic tools, and all shoul- ders and lugs are to be cut square down and finished with pneumatic tools, this being the finest and best work done in granite. All of the bases and joints shall be leveled and cut so that they will make a neat fitting, close joint and the same when set will be leaded with concave wedge lead so that all joints will be absolutely impervious to water. Bottom beds of all bottom bases shall be jointed so that the same when set upon the foundation shall present a smooth, even and clean appearance. Rock Work: — All the rock work as shown on designs shall be clean, even and smooth and the same shall either be broken by a flame or from the point of the tool, so as not to leave a rough and unsightly surface. Appointment and Work of the Ohio Commission 317 Polishing: — All polished surfaces shall have a good gloss, be even, smooth, clean and free from stuns and holes. Carving: — ^The suggested emblems on monuments as shown on scale drawings, will be raised and carved in a bold and artistic manner. Full size drawings and models will be submitted to your Commission, subject to their approval before the commencement of the work. Clyde, O., August 19, 1902. To the Members of the Ohio Ficksburg Battlefield Commission: Gentlemen: I hereby certify that the following is a correct transcript of the minutes of the Board of Directors of the Hughes Granite and Marble Company made at their regular meeting, August 4, 1902. Qyde, O., August 4, 1902. Regular meeting of Board of Directors, President W. E. Hughes in the chair. Directors present: Hughes, Metzgar, Vogt and Schlenk. Moved and seconded that the president, W, E. Hughes, be authorized and instructed to contract for the Company with the Ohio Vicksburg Battlefield Commission for the erection of 38 monuments upon the Vicksburg battle- field for the sum of ^49,000, with full power and authority to arrange all the details of said contract with said Commission. Carried by the aye votes of Hughes, Metzgar, Schlenk and Vogt. Meeting adjourned. Attest: — Homer Metzgar of H. G. and M. Co. Homer Metzgar, Secretary of H'ughes Granite and Marble Co. Desiring to please all comrades and their friends interested in their respective regimental monuments, the Commission arranged with the contractors to place on exhibition at the Great Southern Hotel 97 separate designs of monumental work suitable for military parks, and immediately published the following notice which explains itself: The Ohio Vicksburg Battlefield Commission has closed a contract with the Hughes Granite and Marble Company, of Clyde, Ohio, for the building and erecting of 38 monuments on the Vicksburg Military Park at Vicksburg, Miss. It is the earnest wish of the Commission, and we now 31 8 Ohio at Vicksburg invite a committee of three or more from each of the follow- ing Ohio organizations that participated in the siege to visit this city (Columbus, Ohio) any day betw^een September i and September 6 inclusive, and select a monument from the different designs that will be on exhibition at the Great Southern Hotel to mark the position they occupied during said siege, beginning May i8 and ending July 4, 1863. A failure on the part of any of the Ohio organizations to avail themselves of this opportunity to select their own monu- ment, between said dates, September i and September 6 in- clusive, the Commission will assume the responsibility of selecting a monument for their organization and proceed to the building and erection of the same in Vicksburg Military Park. The following Ohio organizations participated in the siege of Vicksburg: i6th Ohio Infantry. 57th Ohio Infantry. 2d Ohio Battery. 20th 58th 3d 22d 68th 4th 30th 70th 5th 32d 72d 7th 37th 76th 8th 42 d 78th loth 46th 80th nth 47th 83d 15th 48th 95th i6th 53d 96th 17th 54th 114th 4th Cc ). Ohio Cav. 56th 1 20th Yost's captured Bat- tery. W. P. Gault, Secretary, 52 South Grant avenue. Columbus, Yost*s captured Battery manned by Company F, 32d Regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry, from and after May 16, 1863, but not mustered regularly as an Ohio organization until December 22, 1863, was distinctly an Ohio organization during the siege of Vicksburg. Believing them to be lavs^ully en- titled to a battery monument, the secretary of this Commission opened correspondence with the chairman of the National Commission, asking them to recognize the battery as an Ohio organization. After the exchange of opinions by letter the Dedication of Ohio Monuments and Markers 319 National Commission allowed the Ohio Commission to place a battery monument in the Park to mark the position they occupied during the siege. The decision of the National Commission met with the approval of the Ohio Commission, who immediately ordered an additional battery monunient at a cost of ^1,000, which increased the battery organizations to 12, and the total of Ohio organizations to 39. As an expression of the kindly feeling and appreciation the Ohio Vicksburg Battlefield Commission holds for The Hughes Granite and Marble Company, of Clyde, Ohio, the Com- mission in regular session on December 23, 1904, unanimously passed the following resolution: Resolution, Whereas, The Hughes Granite and Marble Company, of Clyde, Ohio, having fully completed its contract with the Ohio Battlefield Commission for monuments and markers, and placed the same on Vicksburg National Military Park, and Whereas, The material in said monuments and markers has been fully equal to that contracted for, and the work done upon the same has been better even than that contracted for, and the said company having done more than the contract required of them, therefore. Resolved, That this Commission tender their thanks to the said The Hughes Granite and Marble Company for the reasons above set forth. DEDICATION OF OHIO MONUMENTS AND MARKERS ON VICKSBURG NATIONAL MILITARY PARK, MAY 22D, 1905 At a meeting of the Ohio Vicksburg Battlefield Commission held at the Neil House, Columbus, Ohio, on December 23, 1904, Monday May 22, 1905, was selected as the day to dedicate the Ohio monuments in Vicksburg National Military Park, and to officially transfer the 39 monuments and the 20 markers, .through the Honorable Myron T. Herrick, Governor of Ohio, to the care and custody of the United States. 320 Ohio at Vicksburg At trie same meeting the secretary of the Commission was directed to open correspondence with the Central Passenger Association, and the Southeastern Passenger Association, and secure as favorable rates from all points in Ohio toVicksburg and return, as possible. The result of the correspondence was satisfactory to the Commission, the passenger associations having granted a rate of one cent per mile for the round trip, making a ticket cost ^19.05 from Columbus, and ^15.65 from Cincinnati, good for 15 days from date of sale. The roads selected by the Commission going were the Baltimore and Ohio Southwestern to Louisville, Ky., and the Illinois Central from Louisville to Vicksburg. Returning, over the Queen and Crescent, via Jackson, Miss., Meridian, Miss., and Chattanooga, Tenn., with stopover privileges at Champion's Hill, Jackson and Chattanooga. The special train left Columbus for Vicksburg at 2.30 p. m., Friday, May 19, with three Pullman sleepers, one day coach, one baggage car, and Governor Herrick's private car, having on board 150 passengers. On arrival at Cincinnati two more sleepers were attached to the train, with 90 passengers on board. The special train from Columbus to Louisville was in charge of Comrade D. S. Wilder, division passenger agent B. and O. S. W., and from Louisville to Vicksburg, was in charge of Joseph Biggs, division passenger agent of the Illinois Central, both gentlemen of large experience in conducting excursions of this kind, and by their jovial and cheerful natures, put every passenger in a cheerful and happy mood during the entire trip. Comrade Wilder is not only a veteran in railroading, but was a veteran in the war of the rebellion from 1862 to 1865, and experienced for 18 months the untold horrors of Anderson- ville, and other Confederate prisons. As the advance guard of the excursion, Governor Herrick, through his adjutant-general, A. B. Critchfield, ordered the 1st Regiment, Ohio National Guards, under command of Colonel Charles Hake, into camp at the city of Vicksburg for ten days. The regiment reached Vicksburg the afternoon of May 19, and established their camp in the Military Park, a short distance south of the "White House." The arrival of the regiment at Vicksburg created great enthusiasm on the part of the citizens which was maintained at high tide until Dedication of Ohio Monuments and Markers 321 the final departure of the last Ohioan for their homes. The regiment presented a very fine appearance, and was highly complimented, both by the citizens and press generally. The special train bearing Governor Herrick and party, reached Vicksburg Saturday evening, May 20, at 5.30 p. m., meeting with no accident to mar the pleasure of the trip. On arrival at Vicksburg, Governor Herrick was greeted with an enthusiastic reception, not only by the ist Regiment O. N. Guards, but by the citizens, and citizen soldiery of Vicksburg as well, demonstrating that the South had not yet forgotten how to show their accustomed hospitality to strangers within their gates. Large pictures of Governor Herrick could be seen in the windows of the more prominent places of business in all parts of the city. The Ohio party had scarcely time for a breathing spell after reaching the city, when a delegation from the lodge of Elks called on the Governor, and extended to him, and through him to the Ohio party, an invitation to a banquet in their beautiful apartments, which for elegance could not be surpassed, and only equalled by a similar lodge of Elks. Governor Herrick's speech at the banquet completely captivated the citizens of Vicksburg, and was a topic of favor- able comment during the remainder of his sojourn among the good citizens of that historic city. Early Sunday morning, the veterans of the Ohio party could be seen wending their way out to the Military Park, eager to look once more at the position they occupied on the investment line frorp May 19 to July 4, 1863. In all parts of the Park one could see groups of old gray- headed veterans, who in their boyhood days of 42 years ago, stood in that same locality, gun in hand and cartridge box well filled, ready to do or die for the honor and vindication of the flag of the Union. No more interesting and inspiring picture for the study of an artist could have been found than to have painted the emotions of those old veterans, as their faces could be seen clouded with sorrow when relating perhaps the suffering of one of their comrades, and again radiant with pride when speaking of the final victory that occurred on that spot, July 4, 1863. In strolling over the Park we find here, a group of those old gray-headed veterans, all smiles and laughter while one of them is vividly describing some innocent prank 322 Ohio at Vicksburg played on one of their comrades during the siege. A few rods farther down the avenue we see another group standing with bowed heads, and expressions that betoken sorrow. Listen! One of their group is relating the experiences of his company or regiment in that fearful assault of May 22, 1863, when General Grant's army, in the short space of five hours, lost in killed and wounded 3,199 officers and men. See him point- ing to the very spot where this or that comrade fell, pierced by a ball fired from the enemy's line of battle; or where John, Jo, or Bill was mortally wounded, and describing the scene when the stretcher bearers came up and carried away his comrades; how tenderly they picked him up and slowly carried him back to the amputating table in the field hospital. We pass on, and soon we see another group, but larger than the others. On inquiry we find ourselves standing on a sacred spot of ground. 42 years ago this same spot of ground was covered with the hospital tent, and was known as the field hospital of the 13th, 15th, or 17th Army Corps. As the group of Ohio comrades stood on this spot of ground, made sacred by the fearful agony and suffering endured by comrades during and after that terrible assault, their memories revert back to the month of May, 1863, when a portion of those 3,199 officers and men could be seen lying under that tent awaiting their turn for the surgeon, with instruments in hand, to come and either relieve him by amputation, or complete the fatal work that was commenced on the line of battle, or where perchance his bunkmate lost an arm or leg, while gallantly placing the flag of his country on the battlements of the enemy. Some could be seen lying silently on their bed of straw or leaves, intently gazing on the picture of a dear wife, child, or dear one, while others were crying out in their agony for some one to kill them and end their sufferings. Such groups could be seen in all parts of the Park from early Sunday morning, until the twilight of the evening reminded them that they must return to the city, and seek rest for the night, so that they might be better pre- pared for the duties of the coming day. DEDICATION. Dedication morning, Monday, May 22, 1905, was ushered in with a downpour of rain, which in some degree interfered Dedication of Ohio Monuments and Markers 323 with the success of the dedicatory exercises. However, toward noon therew^asa rift in the clouds, and at 11.30 a. m., the pro- cession formed at the Carroll House in the city, and moved by way of the National Cemetery and Union avenue to the junction of Grant and Union avenues where the dedicatory exercises were to be held. Upon arrival the exercises were opened by firing a salute from the Vicksburg Battery, followed by a selection from the ist Regiment Ohio National Guard band. The chairman. Captain J. B. Allen, then introduced the Rev. Howard Henderson, chaplain of the Ohio regiment, who invoked the Divine blessing, after which addresses were de- livered according to the following program: Program Dedication of Ohio Memorials on Vicksburg National Military Park, Vicksburg, Mississippi, May 22, 1905. 1. National Salute, Vicksburg Battery. 2. Music — "America," ist Regiment O. N. G. Band. 3. Invocation, Rev. Howard Henderson, D. D. 4. Report of the Ohio Commission, Sergeant W. P. Gault, Secretary of the Commission. 5. Presentation of Memorials in behalf of the Ohio Commission to Hon. Myron T. Herrick, Governor, Capt. J. B. Allen, president. 6. Presentation of Memorials to Captain William T. Rigby, representing the Hon. W. H. Taft, Secretary of War, Hon. Myron T. Herrick, Governor. 7. Acceptance of Memorials on behalf of the War Department, U. S. A., Captain William T. Rigby, representing Hon. W. H. Taft, Secretary of War. 8. Music — "Tenting on the Old Camp Ground," ist Regiment O. N. G. Band. 9. Addresses by Col. W. R. Warnock, Capt. E. Z. Hays, Col. James Kilbourne, Major D. Cunningham, Hon. Walter George Smith, and Gen. Chas. W. Miner, Col. W. L. Curry. 10. Music — "Star Spangled Banner," ist Regiment O. N. G. Band. 11. Benediction, Rev. H. F. Sproals, D. D. 12. Taps, 1st Regiment O. N. G. Band. 324 Ohio at Vicksburg PRAYER BY REV. HENDERSON. The following invocation was delivered by Rev. Howard Henderson, D. D., chaplain of the regiment: O, Thou King of kings. Thou art seated upon a throne high and lifted up, and Thy sceptre is a right sceptre. Thou art so wise that Thou chargest Thy angels with folly; Thou art so pure that the very stars are unclean in Thy sight; yet Thou humblest Thyself to behold the things on the earth — Thy foot stool. We reverently recognize Thy righteous au- thority over us and over all men. Thou art the Father of Mercies, and we praise Thee for Thy goodness to us. We thank Thee for this bountiful works, and that we have been made to possess it, so that all chimes furnish our board, and all lands are tributary to the multiplication of our conven- iences and comforts. We laud Thy holy name for the dominion Thou hast given man over the world of nature. Thou hast harnessed the beasts of the field for his plow, and nursed the plume of the wild fowl for his casque. Thou hast subjected the elements to his service; Thou hast made them drive his car, ferry the seas, and convey his messages. Thou hast given him the earth to subdue, and in the conquest of difficulties and dangers Thou art crowning him with glory and honor. We thank Thee for the times in which we live. We are heirs to the past. Its treasures of wisdom, its inventions and discoveries are at our feet for use. We profit by the success and failures of foregone ages. Every balked endeavor of our race hedges in the true path and makes it easier to find. We will not repeat the errors that have baffled the efi^orts and postponed the hopes of our fathers, but we will find a better way. We glorify Thee for the land we love; for its free institu- tions, for its heroic history, for its fertile soil and varied climates; for a united country; for every state starred on our banner; for the reconciliation time and Thy grace hath wrought in our erst- while alienated people; for the plenty, peace and good will pervading all sections, and for the many providential auguries of a more glorious future. We confess our sins, private and public, and humbly beseech Thy fatherly forgiveness. Bless our republic. Carry Dedication of Ohio Monuments and Markers 325 to its best conclusion the advancing sentiment of national unity and fraternal love. May we have the grace to forget and forgive all past irritations, and the prejudices and passions born of civil war and political hostilities. Take the soreness out of all our hearts, and heal all our wounds that ache. May we join hands, buckle hearts and lock shields to promote the per- manent peace and righteous prosperity of our common country. We beseech Thee to bless the President of the United States and all in authoritv in the national and the State governments. And now, O Lord, hear us as to our mission in this city of the dead. We have come to this holy field to monument with marble the memory of her soldiers who fell battling for what they esteemed worthy of their lives. The stones we erect will testify the sacred records in which the commonwealth of Ohio holds her martyred soldiers. But, oh, Father! So endow our citizens with grateful regard for these fallen braves that nobler adornments may be built of crimson veined marble quarried from their loving hearts. We have come as representatives of the great commonwealth that sent them forth to honor their sleeping dust, and dedicate this sculptured stone to tell the deathless story of how they fought and fell. And here, by these hillocks, we pledge Thee eternal fidelity to that righteousness which exalteth a nature and removeth the reproach of sin. We will leave these graves, O Lord, under the ward of omnipotent protection, and the wrath of omniscience. May the generous people among whom these soldiers sleep spare tears and flowers as part of those who weep for them far away and we will not forget their sacramental dead, nor those dear to them whose dust is in our soil. Bless, O Lord, the dear ones who mourn these heroes, that they may not lack. Deprived of their natural protectors may the Republic care for them. Help us through our Lord, Jesus Christ. Amen. 326 Ohio at Vicksburg REPORT OF SECRETARY GAULT Columbus, O., May 22, 1905. Mr. President, Comrades, Ladies and Gentlemen: By virtue of an act authorizing the appointment of a commission to ascertain, and mark the positions occupied by Ohio troops in the siege of Vicksburg, Mississippi, and making an appropriation to pay the traveling expenses of the members of such commission, as passed by the Legislature of Ohio April 16, 1900, the Governor of Ohio appointed a commission consisting of six honorably discharged Ohio soldiers who had participated in the campaign and siege. The act empowered them to determine the positions occupied by the several Ohio organizations on the Vicksburg National Military Park, and to erect thereon suitable memorials, and markers to the 26 Ohio regiments of infantry, the 12 Ohio independent batteries of light artillery, and one company of cavalry, which were engaged in the campaign and siege. His excellency Hon. George K. Nash, Governor of Ohio, on the 29th day of Sept- ember, 1900, appointed on that commission, General Andrew Hickenlooper of Cincinnati, Col. A. H. Brown of Centerburg, Major Charles Hipp of St. Marys, Capt. J. B. Allen of Athens, Capt. E. Z. Hays of Warsaw, and Sergeant W. P. Gault of Columbus. November 16, 1901, Col. James Kilbourne of Columbus was appointed on the commission, vice General Andrew Hickenlooper resigned, and on May 25, 1903, Col. William H. Raynor was appointed on the commission, vice Col. A. H. Brown resigned. No other changes have occurred in the commission since the original appointments were made. November 14, 1900, the members of the commission met in the office of the clerk of the supreme court, Columbus, Ohio, and effected an organization by electing J. B. Allen, President, and W. P. Gault, Secretary, and at once entered upon the duties assigned them under their appointments. The commission made its first visit to the Park, April 16, 1901. Ohio being the first state to take steps to establish the several positions where her organizations were engaged, Dedication of Ohio Monuments and Markers 327 it proved to be a very difficult task. But after careful study of the official reports of regimental, brigade, and division com- manders, and personal correspondence, and interviews with the surviving comrades of the organizations that participated in the siege, and last but not least the very courteous, and un- tiring assistance rendered us by Capt. W. T. Rigby, chairman of the Vicksburg National Military Park Commission, we were enabled to determine the true location of each Ohio organization. Having determined the locations, and the number of Ohio memorials required, the commission was now ready to make a contract for the required number of memorials, and their erection on this park. After carefully inspecting designs submitted by compet- ing monumental contractors, and having access to expert testimony relative to the actual value of similar designs, as submitted by contractors for work on other parks, the commis- sion decided to accept the designs and terms as proposed by the Hughes Granite & Marble Company of Clyde, Ohio. August 12, 1902, all details having been satisfactorily arranged, the commission entered into contract with that company for the erection of 39 momuments, and 20 markers on Vicksburg National Military Park, at a price not exceeding ;^ 1500.00 each for 26 regimental memorials, ;^iooo.oo each for 12 indepen- dent light artillary memorials, and ^^500.00 for one company of cavalry. It affords me great pleasure to state, that the work executed, and placed on this Park for the Ohio Commission, by the Hughes Granite & Marble Co., is equal in finish to any erected on any park in this country at the same price, and in the judgment of this commission, superior to much of similar work heretofore placed on some of the parks. In several instances during the execution of the work, the con- tractors did more than the contract called for by adding to, and enlarging the designs at their own expense, in order that the Ohio boys who served through the campaign and siege would be perfectly satisfied with the memorials. OHIO organizations engaged with their casualties. The official records in the war department U. S. A. show the Ohio commands engaged in the campaign and siege of Vicksburg, from March 29, to July 4, 1863, with the casualties sustained to be as follows: 328 Ohio at Vicksburg 1 6th Ohio Infantry Casualties 50 20th Ohio Infantry Casualties 103 22nd Ohio Infantry No loss reported 30th Ohio Infantry Casualties 64 32nd Ohio Infantry Casualties 50 37th Ohio Infantry Casualties 97 42nd Ohio Infantry Casualties 151 46th Ohio Infantry No loss reported 47th Ohio Infantry Casualties 99 48th Ohio Infantry Casualties 48 53rd Ohio Infantry No loss reported 54th Ohio Infantry Casualties 20 56th Ohio Infantry Casualties 128 57th Ohio Infantry Casualties 31 58th Ohio Infantry Casualties 29 68th Ohio Infantry Casualties 82 70th Ohio Infantry. No loss reported 72nd Ohio Infantry Casualties 23 76th Ohio Infantry . Casualties 6 78th Ohio Infantry Casualties 73 80th Ohio Infantry Casualties 54 83rd Ohio Infantry Casualties 38 95th Ohio Infantry Casualties 18 96th Ohio Infantry Casualties 3 114th Ohio Infantry Casualties 62 I20th Ohio Infantry Casualties 26 2nd Ohio Battery Light Artilery Casualties 3 3rd Ohio Battery Light Artilery No loss reported 4th Ohio Battery Light Artilery No loss reported 5th Ohio Battery Light Artilery Casualties 2 7th Ohio Battery Light Artilery No loss reported 8th Ohio Battery Light Artilery No loss reported loth Ohio Battery Light Artilery No loss reported nth Ohio Battery Light Artilery No loss reported 15th Ohio Battery Light Artilery No loss reported i6th Ohio Battery Light Artilery Casualties 3 17th Ohio Battery Light Artilery Casualties 3 26th Ohio Battery Light Artilery No loss reported One Company Ohio Cavalry, (Gen. McPher- son's escort) No loss reported Total casualties in Ohio commands, as offi- cially reported 1320 Dedication of Ohio Monuments and Markers 329 In compiling the casualties in the Ohio commands during the campaign and siege of Vicksburg, the commission, after diligent research, find the casualties of the Ohio troops not of- ficially reported to exceed 200. Add this number to the casu- alties officially reported, and we find the aggregate casualty of Ohio troops in the campaign and siege to be 1520. FINANCIAL STATEMENT THE OHIO-VICKSBURG BATTLEFIELD COMMISSION IN ACCOUNT WITH THE STATE OF OHIO. 1900. April 16, To appropriation for preliminary work. . . .$ 1000 00 1902 April 15, To appropriation for memorials and markers 56000 00 Total appropriation $57000 00 DISBURSEMENTS. 190 1 Nov. 16, By expenses of commission for preliminary work on Vicksburg Park, as officially reported . .$ 861 71 Balance unexpended of preliminary appropria- tion $ 138 29 Nov., i90i,toNov., 1902, By expense of commission under monumental appropriation, as officially reported $ 445 84 Nov., 1902, to Nov., 1903, By expense of commission under monumental appropriation, including the first and second estimate of the Hughes Granite & Marble Company, as officially reported 1^25412 27 Nov., 1903, to Nov., 1904, By expense of commission under monumental appropriation, including the third estimate of the Hughes Granite & Marble Company, as officially reported $12765 40 Nov., 1904, to date. May 22, 1905, By expense of com- mission under monumental appropriation includ- ing the fourth and last estimate of the Hughes ^^0 Ohio at Vicksburg Granite & Marble Company, as officially re- ported ^^15227 75 Disbursements under monumental appropriation. . $53851 26 1905 Total amount paid the Hughes Granite & Marble Company under the contract ;^52o66 65 Expenses of the commission 1784 61 Balance unexpended to date, May 22, 1905 2148 74 Total $56000 00 The work for which this commission was created is now completed, and the 39 memorials, and 20 markers which mark the positions occupied by the Ohio troops on the Vicksburg National Military Park are now in position. May they stand for ages to come as silent witnesses to the heroism, valor and patriotism displayed by the 11,984 Ohio soldiers who braved the heat of the battle, for the maintenance, and perpetuity of one undivided country, and one flag. They stand here today an honor to our state, and to future generations will show the part Ohio's sons took in the most brilliant, best conceived, and hardest fought campaign of the Civil War, that of Vicks- burg, and to the everlasting honor of the great state of Ohio. They are now ready to be officially transferred from the hands of the Ohio-Vicksburg Battlefield Commission, to his Excellency Hon. Myron T. Herrick, Governor of Ohio. Respectfully submitted W. P. GAULT, Secretary to the Commission. Dedication of Ohio Monuments and Markers 331 ADDRESS BY JOSIAH B. ALLEN, PRESIDENT. We meet here today with the evidence of peace and tranquillity all about us. "The May sun shines and the May evening fades," and the people go about their usual occupations without question and annoyance. The Mississippi flows by on its way to the gulf, bearing on its bosom the trade and traffic of peaceful and industrious states. The songs of the bird are undisturbed today among these hills and valleys. What a different scene met our eyes forty-two years ago this day. War was here with all its dreadful concomitants. Over four thousand men gave their lives around the defense of this city. Death and devastation were on every hand. It was a desperate effort from without met by a desperate effort from within. In the midst of that terrible conflict Federals and Confed- erates recognized the courage and determination of each other. It was after such days as May 22, 1863, that those Europeans who, before the war, predicted that Americans neyer would fight, began to predict that they never would cease fighting. Let me refer to one small, almost insignificant, event of that never-to-be-forgotten day. A certain Federal regiment was stationed near the Confederate fortification. It was directed to storm the stronghold at that point. Volunteers were called for to perform the very dangerous work. The whole regiment volunteered to undertake the task. They were told in detail just what they were to do and that it was, in all probability, a fatal enterprise. When the volunteers were in line just ready to advance the commandant, a veteran who had seen much service, stepped in front of the line and spoke to them. What would he say ? There was the fortification before them, its guns all turned upon them. They knew that death was there and they knew that in all probability they were looking for the last time upon the sun. The officer knew it all. He knew the men, also. He uttered neither words of encouragement, nor hope, nor praise. He said nothing of dying for glory or renown, but before that terrible prospect said simply "Boys, do your duty." He knew that 332 Ohio at Vicksburg an appeal to duty alone would inspire them in that dreadful hour. This was the sentiment which carried them into the hail of fire which would then forget pain, suffering and death. Duty to what .? I suppose many of them had not even taken time to consider the question. In some confused way they understood, and that was enough for them. Duty first to a government which was engaged in a struggle for its own existence and its place in society, and duty to those who were to be in the generations to come. May we, who were here on the day of the general assault of Vicksburg, not inspire ourselves and those about us at home and throughout all this broad land by an appeal to duty, duty to one another and to the best interests of our own great, reunited country. The Ohio Vicksburg Commission as appointed by Gover- nor Nash consisted of Gen. Andrew Hickenlooper, of the Fifth Ohio Artillery, Capt. E. Z. Hays, of the 32nd Ohio, Major Charles Hipp, of the 37th Ohio, Sergeant W. P. Gault, of the 78th Ohio, Col. A. H. Brown, of the 96th Ohio, and Ser- geant Josiah B. Allen, of the 30th Ohio. The Commission met on the fifth of September, 1902, at the office of the Clerk of the Supreme Court of Ohio, and organized by electing Josiah B. Allen, President, and W. P. Gault, Secretary, who have held their respective offices through- out the operations of this Commission. Death visited our ranks, taking from us our beloved comrade. Gen. Hickenlooper, mention of whose gallant services as a soldier and distinguished achievements in civil life will be made in the official report of this Commission. To fill the vacancy caused by the death of Gen. Hickenlooper, Governor Nash appointed Col. James Kilbourne, of the 95th Ohio. The continued illness of Col. Brown rendered his resignation neces- sary and Gen. William H. Raynor, of the 56th Ohio, was appointed as his successor. The labors of the Commission have been arduous, but each member of the Commission has done his full part to carry out the intention of the act creating such Commission. In all our deliberations there has been absolute harmony, and a comradeship has grown among us that will last until we are mustered into the ranks beyond. I want here to express the sentiment of this entire Commis- sion as to their appreciation of the services of our worthy Dedication of Ohio Monuments and Markers 333 Secretary, W. P. Gault. Without hope of compensation, his work, although colossal, has been done cheerfully and with an intelligence that is commendable and appreciated by all. In the contract for our monuments, the Commission acted with the one idea of securing to the state the best services possible for the limited amount of means in our hands, and at this time we desire to express our thanks and appreciation to the Hughes Granite and Marble Company for their courteous and conscientious execution of the work assigned them. The Ohio monument located in this park is certainly a monument to the efficiency of the work of that company. In the many difficulties encountered in locating the position of different organizations in this park the Ohio Commis- sion is under lasting obligations to the indefatigable and intelligent co-operation of Capt. W. T. Rigby, chairman of the National Commission, who has, at all times, cheerfully given us valuable aid in our labors. While in some instances monuments and markers may not be placed on the exact spot where the different organizations claimed to have op- erated, yet the commission has exhausted every effort in at- tempting to be correct in their selection. And now. Governor Herrick, it is my duty as President of the Ohio Commission to transfer to you these monuments which shall stand for ages to perpetuate the valor and heroism of the soldiers, dead and living, who fought on this historic field, believing that these monuments will teach future genera- tions loyalty and love of country. Generations to come can never know the hardships we endured, the terrific fighting participated in on these fields, but they can revere and reverence the patriotism that inspired the soldiers to.such acts of courage, whether they wore the blue or the gray. And now after forty-two years have elapsed we again visit the scene of our conflict, although only a remnant is left of those two grand armies that contended for the mastery of this stronghold, yet to that remnant is recalled vividly the carnage of May 22, 1863, and here today the blue and gray meet alike proud of the achievements of our country since this strife, and also proud of the fact that sectionalism has vanished from our land and they who were in front during the bloody strife of '61 to '65 have done more to bring about universal harmony than any other class. 334 Ohio at Vicksburg When that great, silent soldier after Appomattox gave utterance to that immortal sentence, "Let us have peace," that sentiment was taken up by the soldiery of the country and it has been sounded down through the corridors of time unto the present day where it finds an echo in every heart, both North and South. In my mind it is likened unto the mandate of the Creator of the Universe, when he said," Let there be light and there was light." General Grant said, "Let us have peace," and there was peace. ADDRESS BY GOV. HERRICK. I wish to express my sincere thanks to the Governor of Mississippi and to the hospitable people of the city of Vicks- burg for the cordial welcome extended to my party and to my- self during our brief visit here. Governor Vardaman most graciously granted the request to move armed Ohio troops through his state and permitted their encampment near your beautiful city. He also extended me a hearty invitation to visit him at your capital City, which, did time permit, I would gladly accept. I am pleased to note that the relations existing between the commonwealths of Ohio and Mississippi are not so strained as they were in the sixties. Perhaps our Ohio people who came down here forty-two years ago overlooked some of these little formalities and amenities which we were careful to observe. However, no one can deny that they were then, as we are now, "warmly received." We of the north and south who meet here today as men and brothers, vying with each other in love of our common country, may realize, more fully than ever before, as we turn the pages of history, that a wise Providence watches over and shapes the destinies of nations, that men are but pawns on the chess-board of fate, and that an overruling power ever moves toward the goal of mankind's greatest good. In the beginning leaders of both the north and the south had made their plans for the ending of the fateful struggle, but Provi- dence interposed, controlled and consummated on higher planes, not in accordance with either of the human ways. Who today would seek to change that decree ? So, after all these intervening years, Dedication of Ohio Monuments and Markers 335 "We come, we come not in battle array With bugle, and drums loudly beating, But we come in the peace of this hallowed day, Our love for the brave fondly keeping. "The march and the field with their horrors have fled, The camp in green pastures is lying; The horseman no longer rides over the dead, No heroes in battle lie dying. "The sword and the sabre lie rusting away Where the hands of loved peace have lain them, And a nation is fervently blessing the day When no blood of the warrior will stain them. " Time has mellowed the tints of the lurid picture of long ago. Dread realities are fast becoming but memories and our mission here today is to aid in perpetuating these memories, to formally dedicate the monuments placed upon this battle- field by our grateful state, in recognition of the bravery, sacrifice and loyal devotion of her sons, living and dead, who participated in the fierce struggle that waged about this city forty-two long years ago. Through the action of their General Assembly in 1902, Ohio has caused to be placed in this Park, thirty-nine monuments and twenty markers, in the positions occupied by the twenty-six Ohio regiments of in- fantry, the twelve batteries, and the one troop of cavalry participating in the Vicksburg campaign. As chief Executive of the state, I commend the Ohio Vicksburg Battlefield Commission for the complete and conscientious execution of the trust imposed upon them. The result of their labors will abide for ages here in this beau- tiful Park which has been set apart by our Nation as a place sanctified by American valor. Upon this Battlefield, around this now peaceful and prosperous city, was fought one of the greatest and most decisive battles of the Civil War. Here the besieged Confederates on the one hand, and the attacking Union army, reenforced by the fleet of ironclads and gunboats, on the other, for forty-seven days struggled for the mastery. We need not long dwell upon the result — it is 336 Ohio at Vicksburg written in history. The Union army and navy under General Grant and Admiral Porter were victorious, and the Confed- erate army, numbering more than thirty thousand, surren- dered, leaving the northern armies free to operate in other fields. The story of the battle of Vicksburg makes a peculiarly strong appeal to all sons of Ohio. No braver soldiers ever went forth to battle than the Ohio men who were in the different commands engaged in that contest. Nor must we forget the gallant Ohio boys who were in the United States navy operating on the Mississippi and whose bravery so signally contributed to the success of the Union cause. The places of these soldiers and sailors in the affections of their countrymen are secure. Citizens of Ohio will ever be proud of the fact that it was one of her humble homes, one of her sturdy families, which gave to the world the great chieftain of this battle — that silent soldier, whose face and form mankind will never forget — brave, modest, magnanimous Grant. In speaking of him and his connection with the campaign in the vicinity of Vicksburg, a recent historian has said: "In eighteen days. Grant had marched two hundred miles, defeated the enemy in four engagements, inflicting a loss of eight thousand men and taking eighty-eight guns, and shut up a large army in Vicksburg — all this upon five days' rations. It is a brilliant record, equalled, if at all, only by some of Napo- leon's campaigns." But Grant had his Pemberton, even as Wellington had his Napoleon, and while Pemberton, opposed as he was by the Union forces, and with famine threatening, was obliged to surrender, he and his gallant men made such a splendid defense as to forever extract all ignominy from the defeat. We are told that when Vicksburg capitulated there was no exultant cheering by the Union forces over their tri- umph. Cheers were heard but once, and these arose from the left of the Union line, where the boys in blue, in honor of their brave antagonists, gave hearty cheers for "the defenders of Vicksburg." General Grant himself said in one of his communications with General Pemberton," Men who have shown such endurance and courage as those now in Vicksburg will always challenge the respect of an adversary." It is needless to speak of the details of the contest, for they are known to all. Nor are we here to glory in the defeat of the Dedication of Ohio Monuments and Markers 337 south, or to boast of the triumph of the north; but we are here as Americans, grateful alike for the various deeds of the Blue and the Gray, which have now become the common heritage of the whole reunited people. This great family of states, as is too often the case with other families, become estranged because of divergent opin- ions in regard to something inherited from the fathers — the institution of slavery — but, family like, were finally brought together around the open graves of their loved ones. The prophecy of Lincoln, uttered v/hile yet the terrible storm was brewing, displaying the prevision of a seer, has been fulfilled: "The mystic chords of memory, stretching from every battlefield and patriot grave to every living heart and hearthstone all over this broad land, will yet swell the chorus of the Union, w^hen again touched, as surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature." Had Lincoln lived, there can be no doubt but the readjustment would have come long before it did, and the mistakes of the reconstruction policy, which were harder to bear for many than the war, would never have occurred. The reconciliation has been slow, but is now happily complete. An early and mutely eloquent herald of this better day is a memorial window in Trinity Church in this city of Vicksburg, placed there some twenty-five years ago, which indicates the fraternal spirit manifest even then. It is dedi- cated "To the Soldiers of both Armies Engaged in the Siege and Defense of Vicksburg." Many agencies have been working to obliterate the bitterness, hatred and distrust once existing between the sections. It remained for the policy pursued in connection with the Spanish-American war to dispel the last vestige of suspicion or hostility that lingered betw^een the north and south. When President McKinley gave Generals Fitzhugh Lee and Joe Wheeler commissions in the army of the United States, he but expressed the confidence in the loyalty of the south which was held by the people of the north; and w^hen Generals Lee and Wheeler donned the uniforms of blue, it was a guarantee of the genuine love for the old flag entertained by the . people of the south. No one thing contributed more to this restoration of love and confidence between the sections than the fraternal words so sincerely spoken at Atlanta, Georgia, after the close of the 338 Ohio at Vicksburg Spanish-American war, by President McKinley. He was expressing his gratification at the reunion of his people, and speaking of our soldier dead. Said he,"What an army of silent sentinels we have, and with what loving care their graves are kept! Every soldier's grave, made during our unfor- tunate Civil War, is a tribute to American valor. And while, when those graves were made, we differed widely about the future of this Government, those differences were long ago settled by the arbitrament of arms; and the time has now come in the evolution of sentiment and feeling, under the providence of God, when, in the spirit of friendship, we should share with you in the care of the graves of Confederate soldiers." We Ohioans here most reverently acquiesce in the fraternal sentiment of our dead Chieftain. When President McKinley came to his untimely end, none of the tributes which welled up from the great, sad hearts of the people were more loving or tender or sincere than those from the south. I remember, while he lay stricken at Buffalo, lingering between life and death, how the messages, breathing sympathy and hope and cheer, came pouring into the house of suffering from every part of the south. When General Lee, patriot, statesman, and soldier, was so recently taken from us, his loss was nowhere more deeply mourned, nor his name more highly honored, than in Ohio. His last public appearance in Ohio was when last January he attended the McKinley birthday anniversary banquet at Canton, where he made an eloquent and stirring address, expressed by himself and his people for the memory of McKinley. While in the presence of the ever increasing number of soldier's graves, we as a people have forgotten our differences of the past, we should never cease to profit by the lessons to be learned from the lives of our soldiers. Devotion to duty, love of country, and a steadfast adherence to the loftiest standard of honor, were the characteristics of the true soldier. Their work is done, their fame is secure. But their very successes, their sacrifices and their triumphs, have imposed upon us a most solemn responsibility. The manifest duty rests upon every American citizen, to zealously guard the heritage guaranteed us by the soldiers of all our wars. We cannot overestimate the importance of our free institutions in the Twentieth century christianization and civilization move- Dedication of Ohio Monuments and Markers 339 ment. Eternal vigilance is now as of old the price of the maintenance and advancement of these institutions. Na- tions, like men, do not long remain stationary — they either advance or recede. We have dragged the cross over a long and stormy road from the day of the Declaration of Indepen- dence to our present high estate. It was the widening, char- acter-making, constructive genius of our people that made the triumphal march of the past decade possible — that placed us in our exalted position among nations — our diplomacy heeded in every counsel, our flag honored on every sea, our prosperity the envy of all governments. This was not chance; it was the result of a priceless inheritance, rugged, sterling character, from our Puritan Cavalier ancestors. We as a nation need fear no backward step and shall continue our restless advance, so long as young men such as those who have fought in all the wars of the Republic are ready to respond to their country's call, and we have them today all over the broad land, in the factory and on the farm, in counting-houses and colleges, in the office and store — in all the places where men are pursuing the peaceful walks of life. The high standard of our citizenship will continue to be upheld and carried onward if the father of today does not permit the bequest of his dollars to submerge the "Spirit of '76," — a marvelous asset — which warms the blood of the boy. Peace, no less than war, has its battles. They are in our day, as there will be in the future, questions constantly arising, upon the correct courageous settlement of which the welfare of our country will depend. Problems growing out of the present day industrial conditions and evolution, the discovery of effective means of protecting the people from the oppressions of overweaning greed, the preservation of friendly relations between labor and capital, besides many others that are recognized by all students of public affairs, are such as to call for the greatest patience, the profoundest wisdom, and the most lofty patriotism for their proper solution. I have no sympathy with the pessimist who persists in crying that the world is growing worse. It is better relatively and in the aggregate than at any period in all the scope of history. There is more true religion in the hearts of men, more true charity practiced, more millions showered from the hands of philan- thropy, and more attention shown "every just cause that 340 Ohio at Vicksburg lacks assistance and every wrong that needs resistance" than ever before known. There are instances too numerous of individual, corporate and organized oppression, but we can rely upon their correction through peaceful methods. In seeking to right the individual wrong, we should be careful to do nothing that will impair the general welfare. Let us hope that the private citizen and public servant alike, in the peaceful struggles of our national life, may ever be equipped with the same sterling qualities possessed by the soldiers at the battle of Vicksburg, and upon the countless other fiercely contested fields of the Civil War. In all walks of life there can be no better guide or example than the principles of courage, fidel- ity, and honor which characterized the soldier of the north and south from 1861 to 1865. Ohio has honored her soldier sons, but no more than was justified by their heroic services to the Union. She has erect- ed monuments and memorials at Gettysburg, Antietam, Shiloh, Chickamauga, Mission Ridge, and Andersonville. Within her own borders she has a home for soldiers and sailors, a home for the orphans of soldiers and sailors, and a home, established only last winter, for soldiers and sailors, their widows, and army nurses. It is my desire to see at an early date a splendid state soldiers' and sailors' monument erected in the Capitol grounds at Columbus, which will be a fitting tribute by the state to all its soldiers and sailors who served in the volunteer and regular forces of the army and navy of the United States. Such a monument would be a fitting comple- ment to the memorial to President McKinley that is soon to be placed at the west entrance, and to the bronze group of Grant, Sherman, Sheridan, Stanton; Garfield, Chase, and Hayes, which stands at the northwest corner of the Capitol grounds. Now to you, Capt, Rigby, as the representative of the War Department, I transfer these memorials and markers which Ohio has with such loving care placed here in token of her sons, knowing that the National government, which so highly appreciates the services of its citizen soldiery, will forever scrupuously guard and keep them. Dedication of Ohio Monuments and Markers 341 SPEECH OF CAPT. WILLIAM T. RIGBY, REP- RESENTING THE SECRETARY OF WAR IN SPEECH OF ACCEPTANCE "Governor Herrick of Ohio; Governor Vardaman of Mississippi; Veterans of the Ohio Commission; Veterans of the Ohio Commands that served here in 1863; Confederate Veterans; Soldiers of the Ohio and Mississippi National Guard; Fellow Citizens; by direction of the Secretary of War and in his name, the Commission reverently accepts Ohio's memori- als on this battlefield to the valor and patriotism of her soldiers who served in the Vicksburg Campaign and Siege." ADDRESS OF COLONEL W. R. WARNOCK. Mr. President and Fellow Comitrymen: We have met today on this, one of the most memorable battlefields of all history, to formally dedicate the monuments erected bv the State of Ohio to commemorate the valor and honor the memory of those of her gallant soldiers, who partici- pated in the Vicksburg Campaign. In every age and in every clime the great deeds of men have been perpetuated not only in history and in song, but have been commemorated by the erection of lofty monuments and beautiful statues. This is especially true of the deeds of great soldiers. More monuments have been erected to the memory of soldiers than for all other purposes. Our National Capital has monuments erected to the memory of Washington, Jackson, Scott, Grant, Thomas, Sherman, Sheridan, McPher- son, Hancock, Rawlins, and other great soldiers, but compar- atively few to the orator, the statesman or man of letters. There is that in the life and services of the men who have risked their lives in the defense of their country that has always attracted the admiration of the world. This feeling has not been confined to the great leaders of armies, but has been freely accorded to the humblest man in the ranks who has faithfully 342 Ohio at Vicksburg and courageously discharged his duty. One of the most touching illustrations of this is the universal homage paid to the memory of the unknown Roman soldier whose remains were exhumed a few years ago from among the ruins of Pompeii, on that fatal day when Vesuvius, at whose foot the city stood, burst forth in an eruption of flame and smoke which shook the earth, a Roman soldier stood guard at the gate looking toward the burning mountain. It was a law of Rome that no sentinel should leave his post unless relieved by the guard, or discharged by his ofl&cer. In the confusion of that dreadful hour he had been forgotten. He had to choose between death and what he regarded as dishonor. Pattern of patriotic fidelity, he chose to stand by his post. He saw the burning lava as it poured down the sides of the horrid mountain. He heard the screams of the affrighted people as they rushed through the streets, crying, "To the sea! To the sea!" as they sought safety in the waters. He felt the hot ashes as they touched his feet, and slowly but surely reached his knees, but he still stood at his post. They reached his thighs, his chest, his throat and he was choked to death. After 14 centuries they found him clad in his rusty armor, his helmet on his empty skull, his bony fingers clasped about his spear, still standing at his post. His name is unknown, but his deed will live in story and song forever. And so today, prompted by these feelings of admiration, the people of Ohio have erected 39 beautiful monuments which we are here today to dedicate. These monuments are but a feeble expression of the great affection which the people of Ohio have ever cherished for the brave men, so many of whom laid down their lives on these bloody hillsides just 42 years ago today. Of their great deeds, of their heroic deaths we may well speak, for they were engraven on the hearts of their grateful countrymen. They were witnessed by the all- seeing eye of God and entered in the book of life by the record- ing Angel of Heaven. The battle for these men is over, they will answer to the bugle call no more, for "The names we used to hear have been carved for many a year on the tomb. " How fitting that these monuments should be erected to commemo- rate Ohio's part in that most remarkable series of brilliant movements which culminated in the capture of Vicksburg. No Dedication of Ohio Monuments and Markers 343 General in the entire Union army, except Grant, would have dared to assume the responsibility of making such a campaign at that time. It was the most critical period during the entire Civil War, for the cause of the Union. The Fall elections of 1862 had generally gone against the further prosecution of the war and the year closed with the bloody repulse of Burnside at Fredericksburg with a loss of 12C00 killed and wounded. The repulse of Sherman at Chickasaw Bluffs, while Rosecrans barely saved his army from overwhelming defeat by his bull dog tenacity at Stone River. The three great armies we had in the field at the close of 1862 had thus met with great disaster, if not absolute defeat. Our armies were depleted. Volun- teering had stopped. We were compelled to resort to the Draft to build up our ranks. There were murmurings and complaints and in some places riots. Grant himself had^been compelled by the capture of Holly Springs to abandon' his original campaign against Vicksburg and march his disap- pointed regiments back to Memphis. While Vicksburg sat untouched upon her impregnable hills, smiling triumphantly over the disasters that had befallen Sherman and Grant,' and defiantly floating her banners on her outer walls. Truly the year 1863 opened with gloomy forebodings for the cause of the Union, and when Grant moved down the river and camped on the lowlands of Louisiana, and set his men to digging canals, and when sickness came and more men answered the sick call than the breakfast call, then the great patient North began to complain most bitterly. Something must be done. Grant must be removed, and they said he was a drunkard and Sher- man, his trusted adviser, was crazy. The newspapers were filled with stories of Grant's debauches and Sherman's vaga- ries. But fortunately for the country, fortunately for the world, there was one man who believed in Grant, one man who liked the way he did things, one man who had confidence in him and that was a man who had come up from the people, the great, patient, broad-minded, patriotic, martyred President, Abra- ham Lincoln. And when the politicians urged the removal of Grant and said he was a drunkard, Lincoln quaintly replied that he would like to find out what brand of whiskey he used as he would like to recommend it to his other generals. During all this time apparently unmindful of what his detractors were doing, 344 Ohio at Vicksburg Grant was working out his plans, and when the high waters receded and the roads became passable, the gunboats and transports having successfully run the gauntlet of the Vicks- burg and Grand Gulf batteries, he quickly marched the 13th Corps, under McClernand, and the 17th under McPherson, to a point on the Mississippi River opposite Bruinsburg some sixty miles below Vicksburg, while, to conceal his move- ments, he ordered Blair's division of Sherman's Corps on board transports and with gunboats and a great deal of ostenta- tion to proceed up the Yazoo and make a demonstration against Haines' Bluff. This diversion was successful and McClernand's Corps and two brigades of McPherson's crossed the river April 30 and landed at Bruinsburg without opposition and at once moved out to the high grounds on the road to Port Gibson. When within 5 miles of that place, they encountered and defeated Gen. Bowen with 7000 men on the 1st of May, thus com- pelling the evacuation of Grand Gulf, the first great formidable defensive works below Vicksburg. Sherman's Corps quickly followed and landed at Grand Gulf May 6th and 7th. Fortu- nately for Grant, he was too far away from Washington to be interfered with. If there had been direct telegraphic commu- nication he would never have made the brilliant campaign of the next two weeks. His movements up to this point, while well planned and executed, had been attended with no partic- ular risk. He might not have been able to cross the Mississippi River or when across he might not have been able to advance, but he was reasonably secure against any great disaster up to that point. Grant knew, however, that at Vicksburg, Haines' Bluff, Grand Gulf and Jackson the enemy had more than 50,000 men, and if these w^ere concentrated he would encounter an army superior in numbers to his own, fighting in its own country, near its own base of supplies. He knew that his only hope of success was in beating that enemy in detail before it could be concentrated. If he could induce the enemy to give battle in that way. Grant believed he could win. If he should be defeated or delayed in accomplishing any of his plans, he knew that he would be destroyed. On the 8th of May, Sher- man wrote Grant from Hankinson's Ferry, advising against any further advance at that time, as Grant had less than 40,000 men across the river, for Blair's division was still on the Dedication of Ohio Monuments and Markers 345 Louisiana side. But Grant had confidence in his army and confidence in himself, and decided to advance. Not only that, but he was big enough, and brave enough to defy the military maxims taught in the books and schools, and boldly cut loose from his base of supplies and in a series of bril- liant engagements defeated Gen. Gregg at Raymond, May 12th, Gen. Johnston, at Jackson, May 14th, Gen. Pemberton at Champion's Hill, May i6th, and at Big Black River, May 17th. At the Big Black on the 17th, just as Grant's brigades were in line for a general advance, an officer who had just overtaken him, presented imperative orders, dated May nth, from Washington, directing Grant to suspend operations against Vicksburg, and proceed with his army at once to the reduction of Port Hudson. Grant told the officer the order came too late. The officer insisted and proceeded to give arguments why the order should be obeyed. Just then great cheering was heard at the front. Grant put the order in his pocket, mounted his horse, and galloped away and never saw the officer again, but reached the front in time to see the en- emy's works at the Big Black captured. The problem was almost solved. But a grave dan- ger confronted him. He had left Grand Gulf with but five days' rations in the wagons. The animals and men had been living largely off the country, but the supplies within reach had all been practically exhausted, his last pound of bread and meat had been distributed. If Pemberton could keep him out of Vicksburg and Haynes' Bluff for a few days and thus cut off the supplies which were waiting him on the transports in the Yazoo river. Grant's army would have been compelled to surrender or perish for want of food. To Sherman's Corps was assigned the task of capturing Haynes' Bluff and opening up communications with our fleet. How well do I remember the morning of the i8th of May, when all the officers through- out Sherman's Corps were assembled at their respective regimental headquarters at the crossing of the Big Black on the Bridgeport road, and the situation was explained to us. We were told that it was absolutely necessary for the salvation of the entire army that we should take Haynes' Bluff that day, and were instructed to explain to our men that it was Haynes' Bluff or starve. And when the explanation was made, the 346 Ohio at Vicksburg men shouted, We'll take it! We'll take it!" How enthusias- tically we started for Haynes' BlufF which was 10 or 12 miles distant. When we had marched about half the distance, we were met by a courier who shouted," Haynes' Bluff" has been evacuated!" Oh, how the boys cheered! For it meant bread and meat to them, needed supplies; it meant clean clothes, for we had been wearing the same under clothes for nearly a month, as all our baggage and tents had been left be- hind at Milliken's Bend, La. It meant letters from home. It meant success. Generals Grant and Sherman had ridden on ahead, and as they looked down at the Yazoo and saw the fleet coming up, Sherman turned to Grant saying up to that minute he had felt no positive assurance of success. This, however, he said was the end of one of the greatest campaigns in history. And later on. General Sherman speaking to the elder Gov. Yates, of Illinois, said, "Grant is entitled to every bit of the credit of this campaign. I opposed it. I wrote him a letter about it." Gen. Grant at once began the investment of Vicksburg on the afternoon of May 18. Sherman was placed on the right, McPherson in the center across the Jackson road, and McClernand on the left. We expected to march into the city the next day, but when we tried it we failed. We were very much surprised. I was then captain of a company of infantry. It was fitting we should belong to the infantry, for most of us were infants in the eyes of the law, being under 21 years of age. In fact, I think the average age of Grant's army was about 20 years and the impression prevailed among us that we could go anywhere. And so we tried it again on the 22nd day of May, just 42 years ago today. We then learned by bloody experience that we could not get in that way. Then followed the six long weeks of constant digging, sapping and mining with the continuous war of artillery. There was no rest for besiegers or besieged, until at last on the 4th of July, the men who had so gallantly defended their works, surrendered, having won the respect and admiration of the besiegers. We are now far enough away from our great Civil War to appreciate its magnitude and give due credit to the motives which actuated each army and to the valor each displayed. The men who participated in that great struggle of four years were heroes as great as ever marched and fought and endured upon the battlefields of earth. Dedication of Ohio Monuments and Markers 347 Other wars have continued longer, but there were cessa- tions for recuperation and rest; but with our great Civil War there was no cessation for four long years, and during that struggle there was no time when one army could say, "My enemy is asleep and is taking a vacation, and I will take a rest." It was one long, continuous, strenuous struggle for four long years of bloody war. In that struggle there were 1882 general engagements, battles and skirmishes, in which at least one regiment was engaged on each side, being an average of more than one for every day of the four years. There were 112 general engagements in which the losses on one side or the other exceeded 500 in killed and wounded. It was a struggle in which, including both sides, half a million men were killed or mortally wounded upon the battle field and a million men permanently disabled. It was a strug- gle in which American manhood, courage, endurance and skill were pitted against American manhood, courage, endurance and skill. It was the greatest war of the century. It was the greatest because the bloodiest and fraught with the greatest results to mankind. The bloodiest wars have not always been the most decisive, but they have always been the most historic. The most memorable wars of the world are those which have been made so because of the fatalities which have attended them. When the world comes to assign its place in history to a great battle, it usually assigns it by the length of the casualty list. Measured by this standard, the great battles of our Civil War have been away and beyond the bloodiest struggles of all history. I was greatly impressed by this not long ago, when reading Fox's Regimental Losses. In that book compar- isons were instituted between the losses in the great battles of our Civil War and the losses in battles of other times and other countries, and I am indebted to that book for the figures that I shall give. It is very interesting to compare some of these figures. First, there was the charge of the Light Brigade at Balak- lava, which Tennyson has made famous in immortal verse, so that we have come to regard that as one of the most gallant, heroic exhibitions of human eflFort in all history. In that charge 673 men obeyed an ill advised order and rode to their death. No victory was won, no results were accomplished, but it takes its place in history and song because of the fatalities 34-8 Ohio at Vicksburg which attended it. Of the 673 men who made that charge 113 were killed, 134 wounded, making a total loss of 247, or a per cent loss of 36.7. But we had 150 regiments in our great Civil War — 75 on the Union side and 75 on the Confederate side — that had each a greater loss than that. In a single engagement each of these regiments lost over 40 per cent of the numbers engaged. Take again the Franco-Prussian war, the greatest loss sustained in any engagement by any regiment during that war was that of the Third Westphalian at Mars la Tour. It went into the engagement with 3000 men, and it lost in killed, wounded, and missing, 1484, a loss of 49.4 per cent. But we had 120 regiments in the Union and Confederate armies that had a greater loss than 50 per cent of the numbers engaged — some as high as 60, 70, 75 per cent — and two regiments, one in the Confederate army and one in the Union army, that had a percentage of loss of over 82 percent of the numbers en- gaged- Take the great battle of Waterloo, one of the 15 deci- sive battles of the world, a battle which decided the fate and changed the geography of all Europe. In that battle Napoleon had 82,000 men and 256 guns. Wellington, with the allies, had 72,000 men and over 200 guns. They lost on each side in killed and wounded about 23,000 men, being a percentage of loss of from 25 to 32 per cent. Turn to the great battle of Gettysburg and note the wonderful similarity between the two in some respects. General Meade had in his army almost precisely the same number of men Napoleon had at Waterloo. General Lee had an army of 72,000 men, with 200 guns. The losses were 23,000 on each side, in that engagement, almost identical with the losses at Waterloo. Now let us compare Gettysburg and Waterloo with some of the other great battles of history. The battle between the French and Russians at Borodino was perhaps the bloodiest battle since the invention of gunpowder; there were 30,000 men killed on each side. But as each army numbered over 130,000, the per cent of loss was less than at Gettysburg and less than at Waterloo. Take the losses in the recent ten days' fighting between the Russian and Japanese. The numbers engaged were 750,000 men, and the losses about 160,000, being about 20 per cent of the numbers engaged, being a less per cent than at Gettysburg. Dedication of Ohio Monuments and Markers 349 The greatest loss of a single regiment on the Union side in any one engagement was that of the First Minnesota at the battle of Gettysburg. During the second day's fight, when the Union army was driven back from Emmetsburg road in disaster and defeat, General Hancock was making a wonderful effort to establish a new line. He had but one regiment at hand, and that was the First Minnesota, numbering 262 men. While he was having the re-enforcements hurried up, he saw suddenly marching from a clump of trees Wilcox's Confeder- ate brigade. He saw from the position and rapid movements of that brigade that they would occupy, unless he could prevent it, the position he regarded as the key to that part of his lines. Seeing the extremity to which he was reduced, he rode to Colonel Colville, commanding the First Minnesota, and point- ing to the advancing colors, gave the order," Take those colors." Without a moments hesitation the gallant Minneso- tans charged upon those colors. A desperate hand to hand conflict ensued. The advance of the Confederate brigade was checked, but 215 of the First Minnesota regiment were left upon that battlefield dead or wounded. The 47, however, who went back, carried the colors. As my time is limited I pass on to a little incident which I think is a tribute well worth preserving. General Scott was asked on one occasion before he had resigned his active com- mand of the army, "Why is it that it takes you so long to get into Richmond, Va., when you got into the City of Mexico in such a short time .^" His answer was, "Because some of the men that are keeping me out of Richmond are some of the men that helped me get into Mexico." We learned some very important lessons during the war, and among others we learned this, that of one blood God has created all men to dwell upon the face of the earth. It is an eternal law that where guilt is, sorrow must answer it. The Revolutionary fathers sinned against the very principle by which we became a nation, and this generation has paid the penalty of that crime in sorrow and in blood. But we have more than paid the penalty. The Declaration of Indepen- dence was not written for Americans alone, but for Man. This age and its grand army of statesmen and soldiers have estab- lished the fact for all time to come that the principle that "All men are created free and equal," arises from the very 350 Ohio at Vicksburg depths of our souls, and that in its defense we are willing to and have expended countless treasure and the choicest blood of the land and that humanity will defend it so long as time en- dures. And so when a few years ago there came up across our Southern border the cries of a people suffering under 400 years of oppression, the people of the United States said Cuba must be free and Cuba was freed from Spanish domination, so that the United States of America has come to be recognized as the champion of liberty throughout the world, for this beautiful land of ours, blooming between the seas, has been consecrated for all time to come by the blood of her bravest and her best to the cause of universal liberty and the equality of all mankind. "Lift up your heads desponding freemen, Fling to the winds your needless fears; He who unfurled your beauteous banner, Says it shall wave a thousand years." Haste thee along, thou glorious noon-tide, Oh, for the eyes of ancient seers. Oh, for the faith of him who reckons Each of his days a thousand years. And as we believe God raised up Washington to guide us during the dark days of the Revolution and bring us to inde- pendence, so we believe today with profound gratitude that the same Almighty Power raised up Abraham Lincoln to guide us in the hour of our supreme peril and save this nation from destruction. Abraham Lincoln! What a tender, mysterious, compre- hensive, nature he possessed. As one has well said of him, he seemed almost divine, yet human; solemn, yet majestic, his soul ever moving toward the infinite good upon every event of his marvelous career. Even in his merriest moods his soul seemed filled with an unutterable sorrow whose pleadings were like the voice of humanity asking forgiveness of sin from eternity. The depths of the sea, the sounds of space, the very anthem of infinitude which surges round and over human hearts with unutterable sorrow is the meaning of that soul. In Dedication of Ohio Monuments and Markers 351 expressing his sympathy with the suffering and his faith in hu- manity, he was like a soul in human form struggling to break the barrier which separates it from that better life which is unseen but recognized. And yet this man was stricken down in the hour of his triurnph. Today he wears a martyr's crown, but, though dead, he still speaks to us. Hear him as he stands upon the battlefield of Gettysburg, at the dedication' of the National Cemetery, surrounded by the graves of the fallen from 18 states, when he said in that immortal oration of but 5 minutes, among other things, "The world will little note, nor will it long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. Let us highly resolve that we will conse- crate ourselves to their unfinished work, that under God, this government of the people and by the people and for the people shall not perish from the face of the earth." Thank God! We have lived to see that which Mr. Lin- coln so earnestly desired. We are a happy, a prosperous, and a reunited people, rejoicing in our common heritage, proud of our common ancestry, proud of our history, proud of our achievements, proud of our place among the nations of the earth, and all marching together under the flag of the Union. Thy sacred leaves, fair freedom's flower, Shall float from every dome and tower. To all thy heavenly colors true, In blackening frost and crimson hue. And God love us as we love you. Thrice holy flower of liberty. Then hail the banner of the free. Thrice holy flower of liberty. ADDRESS OF CAPTAIN HAYS Mr. President, Comrades of the Blue and Gray, and other fellow citizens: We all listened with the greatest of pleasure when the chairman of the Ohio battlefield commission, an Ohio man who lost an arm on the outward slope on yonder stockade redan, turned over to the state of Ohio the monuments and markers the Ohio Commission caused to be erected on this historic 352 Ohio at Vicksburg park. We were all pleased by the patriotic sentiments so well expressed by our faithful and able Governor, also an Ohio man, when he, in behalf of the State he so well represents, presented these memorial stones to the United States, and we heard with pleasure what the Secretary *of War, W. H. Taft, an Ohio man, said through his representative when he accepted the trust imposed on him by the law of the land. Further, you have heard, we. have all heard with delight, with swelling hearts and quickened pulse, the eloquent address of Col. Warnock, an Ohio man, and one who shared all the hardships and dangers of the Vicksburg campaign from the opening until Pemberton surrendered his fine army and the Gibraltar of the Mississippi. Certainly, I am willing to admit that the condition of the Confederate commissary at least hastened that result, but the capture of Vicksburg was the primary object of the campaign, and the cutting off of the enemies' supplies was, from a mili- tary point of view, a great military success. However much the lack of good, wholesome iood in the Confederate cupboard may have aided the Yankees, yet these monuments and markers on the park encircling yonder inter- esting city, and the long list of Ohio dead sleeping peacefully in yonder beautiful cemetery, compel these assembled here today, as they will compel unborn generations to admit and say, Ohio was an important factor in the siege of Vicksburg. Indeed so far as we of Ohio are concerned, we are almost per- suaded that Grant would never have captured Vicksburg if it had not been for Ohio. Ohio for many years has been playing a leading part in all matters of national importance, both in war and in peace. Indeed we are able to furnish men, and I doubt not, women also, willing to assume the responsibility of conducting all the great and varied business of the entire country. The story is told that when Garfield was. elected President, and before he assumed the duties of that exalted position he was waited on by a number of gentlemen of national repute, conspicuous members of his own party, who knowing Ohio's habit in those days, and fearing that as Garfield was an Ohio man, Ohio might get too much recognition, had determined to talk over with the President elect the important matter of appointments and the selection of a cabinet. Garfield heard Dedication of Ohio Monuments and Markers 353 them patiently and courteously, and when they had concluded, he said: "Gentlemen, I suppose Ohio might reasonably claim one place in the cabinet ?" They conceded so much. The cabinet was drawn from widely separated States, east and west. On the first coming together of those gentlemen it was found, on comparing notes, that all of them but one had been born in Ohio. And this is Ohio's day at Vicksburg. We have journeyed hundreds of miles to participate in this dedication of Ohio's monuments. We are here from every State from the Alle- ghanies to the Rocky Mountains. Ohio has sent one of her crack regiments of National Guards, the Governor with his brilliant staff is here, despite the fact that important party and personal interests demand his presence elsewhere, but the patriotic blood that flows in his veins compelled him to forego all other consideration and be strictly an Ohio man on this important Ohio occasion. I would that this were Mississippi day as well. I would that monuments as good or better than these of ours crowned those heights marking where Mississippi's grand regiments so gallantly defended the city against our assaults, but Mississippi is not ready yet. I intend to be here when she dedicates her monuments. I should delight in paying one more visit to this historic field and that when every State north and south, shall have placed monuments to every organization that participated in the struggle about and within these lines. It is forty-two years today since General Grant learned, by sad experience, that these works could not be carried by assault without the sacrifice of too many valuable lives, and settled down to siege operations, to sapping and mining. Forty-two years since May 22, 1863, and what a contrast between that day and today. How strikingly dissimilar is this peaceful scene to that of the thundering of hostile cannons, the rattle of musketry, the shrieking of vengeful shells, the zipping of spiteful minie balls, the shouting of charging col- umns, the wailing of the wounded and groans of the dying that then saluted our ears. Today there are gathered here many of Ohio's sons, most of whom were in front of those frowning, formidable fortifica- tions, forty-two years ago, when these heights, these rugged 354 Ohio at Vicksburg hill sides were dotted all over by the bodies of dead and wounded Ohio comrades. That day the stubborn fight made by the brave defenders of these works rendered desolate many an Ohio home, and to this day aged mothers, aging sisters and unconsoled maidens who have gone with widowed hearts, well through life's journey, tell with trembling lips, with faltering tongues and streaming eyes, how the well beloved went down in death at Vicksburg May 22, 1863. It was war, stoney-eyed relentless war, and they, though hundreds of miles away, realized its grim consequences and bowed with bleeding but patriotic hearts to its fortunes. Have you ever reflected that the women of the land, both north and south, were the first as they will be the last great sufferers of the civil war .? When loved ones were gallantly and exultingly marching away for the front, careless of impending death, their anxieties awakened. Whilst the battles raged their tender loving hearts stood still, and when the feared for, almost anticipated message came they kissed the rod. But during those distressful days they were not idle. Their tireless, tearful labors at home and in the hospitals did as much for the cause they cherished as did "the man behind the gun." They cheered and reanimated many a despondent heart. They nursed back to life and usefulness the sick and the wounded. Their honest heart prayers opened to many a dimming eye the beautiful vistas of the world beyond; their sympathetic hearts bled over many a lonely, lowly couch; and oh! how they suffered, none but their God can ever fully understand. But it is not profitable to dwell on the sad and sanguinary scenes and incidents of the strife through which this country passed in the early sixties. We of the north did not endure the fatigue and dangers of Vicksburg and of other campaigns, nor fructify these rugged hills with the best blood of our patriotic sons because of any feeling of malevolence toward those who so bravely, patiently and patriotically manned these works and held these defenses. No, our contention, our resort to arms was from a motive entirely impersonal. We believed that the unity of the States should be preserved at all hazards, and by any blood off'ering the pluck, pride and persistency of the foe rendered necessary. The waters that wash the base of yonder bluff^s come down from the hills and mountains of western Pennsylvania; Dedication of Ohio Monuments and Markers 355 from the sparkling springs and rippling rivulets of Ohio, from the broad and fertile prairies of the great northwest; from the eastern slopes of the far away Rocky Mountains; all meeting and mingling to form yonder mighty river. We felt that we had a share in this, the father of waters. We could not quietly concede that our commerce should find its way to the ocean through the heart of a foreign, and a possibly hostile country. We who live in the great basin between the Alleghe- ny and Rocky Mountains, could have suffered, without material injury to our great commercial interests, the severance from us of all the slave holding States save those bordering on the Ohio and Mississippi, but those whose banks walled in those rivers must be one with us. Every consideration of national stability and our material prosperity demanded that the waters gathered from the sources I have named should flow unvexed to the sea, bearing on them, unharassed by custom houses and revenue cutters, our products, our contribu- tions to the wealth and comfort of the civilized nations of the world. The intelligence of the South, I am informed, almost with one accord concedes that the sting of defeat is neutralized by the fact that the failure to erect on the ruins of the old a new nation, was a blessing in disguise, but when not conceded it'^is nevertheless true. Every blessing that has come to the country, every advantage secured to the North by the result of the war, has been shared abundantly by the South, and we are glad of it. With us the war was of a purely impersonal character, and when it ended, it left in us no sourness, no soreness toward our late enemies, enemies only in name. We rejoiced that the war was over and the Union survived, but we sympathized with the people of the South. We have ever since courted the South. Nothing we have so much desired as perfect reconcili- ation with her people, nor was this desire entirely unselfish. Our commercial interests demanded it as have the interests of the South likewise. The North since the war, has emptied much of its surplus wealth into the lap of the South by developing her resources, establishing new industries, building railroads, kindling furnace fires that light up the night and becloud the day, set looms to clanking to the music of singing spindles, developed her 35-6 Ohio at Vicksburg coal mines and her iron beds, and in numerous other ways contributed to the financial prosperity of the South. Now do not think that I am claiming northern capital has done all these things from purely philanthropic incentives; far from it; capital was hunting for what was considered good safe invest- ments, and the Southland by affording such, has reaped an abundant harvest. It does not pay in dollars and cents to keep alive the antagonism of the war. Every insult launched by either section against the other must be paid for in good money. We can not afford to be on bad terms with our neighbors; they are Valuable to us and we are valuable to them. These monuments are not designed to perpetuate the animosities of the war. If they served such a purpose I would pray that they might crumble and the foundations whereon they stand be covered by the dust of oblivion. No, they simply tell the story of the courage, the endurance, the devotion, the patriotism of the contending hosts. We live in an age of wonderful progress. We have no time to go poking around the expiring embers of sectional fires. Let us bind up and forget old wounds and take our places in the advance guard in the onward march of the great army of progress. Very recently at Chicago the great head of the Republican party, on his return from slaughtering bears in the wild and woolly west, was wined and dined by the Democratic Progressive Club, and they put their seal of approval on all he has done. Where is the enemy that may not fall on one's neck in ecstatic rapture beside the grave of buried hatchets and bolos after such an example. The passions and prejudices of mankind are weapons of the professional and the petty politician. He hesitates not to wield them for his individual advantage. With utter disregard for the best interests of the commonwealth, he turns every passion of the human heart to promoting his personal political preferment. We have them everywhere; they are always with us, and yet we could get along much better without them. If there were not such both north and south, these sections w^ould be more closely united than they are. I can not convey to you how much I love the Union, the entire Union, or how much I long to stand by the grave of all sectional pride and prejudice. A startling, distressful incident that recently occurred at Washington city exemplifies how the Blue and the Gray are Dedication of Ohio Monuments and Markers 357 brought very closely together. A grand man, a veteran of three wars, a brave and capable soldier, once a great force in the Confederate army, later a bright and courageous diplomat and soldier of the restored Union, was stolen upon by the angel of death and smitten without warning, but such men as General Fitzhugh Lee are always ready. His death, we all agree, is a great national loss. Well might the Blue and the Gray, as they did, clasp hands across his casket and mingle their tears o'er the sward that wraps his clay, and today, here on this field, made sacred by the commingled blood of the North and South, can the Blue and the Gray unite in doing honor to his memory. It has been well said that the hand that rocks the cradle rules the world. I add that to a great extent the women of this country hold in their dear hands the destinies of this nation. If the lessons learned in our schools with those taught at the maternal knee be devoid of all sectionalism, be patriotic, be truthful, filled with the spirit of toleration, with love for and duty to the constitution and the flag, then no human eye can see far enough down the coming ages to catch a glimpse of any shoals or reefs or rocks to v>^reck our gallant ship of state. Although political differences may, will arise, they will furnish no cause for a divided duty, a severed country, or two flags. Great God of the nations Thy glory has crowned us, A land and a people peculiar to Thee, Let Thy wisdom and power still mantle around us, Preserve what Thy goodness has taught to be free. Esto Perpetua, oh! be it written. On every bright link of the sisterhood's chain. And be the red hand of the fratricide smitten, Who would sully the compact or rend it in twain. Let it shine on the folds of our banner outflowing. Let it speak on the walls of each parliament hall. Till the North and the South with its sanctity glowing. Shout, Esto Perpetua! Union for all. 35^ Ohio at Vicksburg ADDRESS OF COLONEL JAMES KILBOURNE. Mr. Chairman, Comrades, Ladies and Gentlemen: After the eloquent, befitting and comprehensive address of the orator of the day, I shall speak but briefly and informally. Should what I say seem to savor too much of personal recol- lections for such an occasion, I trust this may under the circum- stances be forgiven me. Returning to these scenes for the first time since the siege which made Vicksburg famous, memories of that time, not all unhappy ones, come freshly before me, and conflicting emo- tions present themselves; of regret for those who died here; of thankfulness that their lives were not sacrificed in vain; of pleasure at the cordial reception we of the north have met with from the citizens of Vicksburg, and of joy that the hatred and strife which once divided us has long since passed away. Of all the memories of that time, the one which is upper- most in my mind today, above all recollections of battle or siege, is that of the kindness of a Southern woman, the wife of one Confederate soldier and the mother of another, who, when I was ill with fever in camp near the Big Black River over yon- der, took me into her home and nursed me back to health and strength as carefully as my own mother could have done. She was but one of a great and glorious company of Southern wo- men, who, God bless them, although the greatest sufi^erers from the war, did not permit that or their devotion to the Confederate cause to stifle in their breasts the dictates of humanity, or that instinctive feeling of motherhood toward the sick and helpless, whether friend or foe, which is one of the noblest attributes of woman. Today, as upon every occasion when monuments are dedi- cated here by a northern state to the memory of its sons who were engaged in the siege, the name which comes first to the lips of everyone present, is that of the great Captain to whose genius, skill and indomitable pluck and courage was mainly due the success here of the Union arms. While other victories were his, and while he gained the highest position in the gift of the American people, and the Dedication of Ohio Monuments and Markers 359 most honorable on earth, the Union soldiers who followed him here and loved him, think of him most, not as the victor at Appomattox; not as the President of the United States; but as General Grant, the hero of Vicksburg. General Grant's place in history will be mainly that of a great soldier, but by those who knew him best he is honored more for his qualities as a man; for his exceptional modesty; the open simplicity of his character, unspoiled by honors at home and abroad, greater than ever given any other man; his magnanimity; and his unhesitating and undeviating loyalty to free government of the people, and the defense of human rights. His magnanimous spirit permitted him at a critical time to do a service for his country, differing from, but not incompar- able to, that he had rendered through his military skill, for nothing did more to make possible a speedy reconciliation be- tween the North and South than "the hand which straight from his soldier heart Grant offered to Lee at Appomattox." If time permitted, I should like to speak of General Sher- man, whom I knew well, and in whose corps I served during the siege; of General McPherson, that beau ideal of soldierly chivalry; and to pay my tribute to that gallant host of officers and enlisted men in whose honor these monuments are erected. But the moments allotted me are few, and more eloquent lips than mine have just told you their story, and recited to you their virtues in words which those who have heard them will not soon. forget. It is of the present, of peace and recon- ciliation, I would speak. This much, however, let me say of the war in general and of the Union soldiers; no war of ancient or of modern times was more momentous for liberty and true civilization; no soldiers of any age were inspired by loftier motives or more deserving of honor. It was a mighty episode in the eternal conflict between right and wrong and "our heroes died that all their country- men. North and South, might live the only life worth living — the life of freemen.". Search all the annals of history, and no nobler record will be found of patriotism, of courage, of self- sacrifice. Standing here today, and picturing in my mind the old Vicksburg as it was at the close of the siege, desolate in its surroundings and disfigured by the ravages of war, and seeing it today stirred with new life and growing prosperity, the hills 360 Ohio at Vicksburg where formerly stood the grim red brown fortifications, now clothed with verdure, and all harsh signs of strife removed, I am reminded of the words of that great Southern orator and editor, loved in the North as in the South by all who knew him, and whose early death was a distinct loss to our whole country, the late Henry W. Grady. In an address to the New England Qub, of New York City, a few years before his death, he used these words, and I am happy in the belief that they breathe the sentiments the citizens of Vicksburg would express to us from the North to- day: "This message, Mr. President," he said, "comes to you from consecrated ground. Every foot of soil about the city in which I live is sacred as a battlefield of the Republic. Every hill that invests it is hallowed by the blood of your brothers who died for your victory, and doubly hallowed to us by the blood of those who died hopeless, but undaunted in defeat — sacred soil to all of us — rich with memories that make us purer and stronger and better — silent but staunch witnesses then in their red deso- lation of the matchless valor of American hearts and the deathless glory of American arms — speaking and eloquent witnesses now in their white peace and prosperity to the indis- soluble union of American states and the imperishable brother- hood of the American people." His message was this, and I am sure there are few in the South for whom he did not speak truly, and few in the North who do not accept it in the spirit in which it was given. After asserting that the convictions of the South in the war were as honest as those of the North, and referring with reverential tenderness to his father, who died in the Confederate service, he said, "But, sir, speaking from the shadow of that memory which I honor as I do nothing else on earth, I say that the cause in which he suffered, and for which he gave his life, was ad- judged by a higher and fuller wisdom than his or mine, and I am glad that the Omniscient God held the balance of battle in his Almighty hand, and that human slavery was swept from American soil — that the American union was saved from the wreck of war." Such is the spirit, I believe, in which the South has accept- ed the results of the war, turning its face from the dead past, cursed with the blight of slavery and the poison of sectional hate, to that future whose dawn is already glorious with the Dedication of Ohio Monuments and Markers 361 quick coming of the peace, prosperity and happiness that is to be the sure portion of a free united, and harmonious people. The war with Spain scattered and extinguished the last dying embers of sectional strife between the North and the South, never again, God grant, to be warmed into life. When in that war volunteers from Ohio and Mississippi marched under one flag against a common foe, with Ex-Confederates under General Keifer and Ex-Union soldiers under General Jos. Wheeler, our civil war had indeed become a thing of the past. Time, the great assuager of grief and soother of passion, has softened the sorrow for those who died and permitted those now living, who were engaged on either side of the great struggle to see what there was of the noble and heroic on the other. And so, when yesterday death came to that gallant soldier and gentleman, Fitzhugh Lee, the old time command- er of the Army of Northern Virginia, the North vied with the South in paying tributes to him — tributes the more deserved because of the part he, and through him the great state of which he was governor, took in the funeral of General Grant, and because of the generous and chivalric spirit which led him, at a time when the passions of war were fiercest, to apply to the Union General Reynolds, who fell on the first day of Gettys- burg, the saying, "No one fell that day more gloriously than he, though many fell that day and there was much glory. " Nor is the respect shown by either side to the valor of their old time opponents in the war limited to that of distin- guished generals. At Columbus, Ohio, my home, the graves of the Confederate private soldiers who lie buried there, are each year strewn with flowers by the hands of those who were in the Union army. And in many a southern burial ground, I am told, the graves of Union soldiers sleeping there are now on Memorial Day as carefully remembered and honored as are the graves of the Confederate dead. And so, as has been beautifully said, "The contest is over; the wrong is righted; the curse is off; the land is redeemed, the sweet angels of peace and reconciliation are flitting from door to door, sitting at the tents, inspiring kinder thoughts and sympathies, and awakening the ancient memories of a common sacrifice and a common glory. " 362 Ohio at Vicksburg And so now, as never before, the love of the Union covers the whole land, knowing no North, no South, no East, no West, and we have in truth at last — "A union of lakes, a union of lands, A union of states none can sever, A union of hearts, a union of hands, And the flag of our union forever." The flag of our union; O! my countrymen, the descendants of those whose valor gave it birth and who made our flag the ensign of freedom, let us love it so much and honor it so much that we shall seek to keep it in all the future, as it has been in the past, the truest emblem of right and justice of all the flags that float. Let us keep it so pure, its stars and its stripes so unstained by wars of conquest or oppression, that everyone who carries it will willingly die for it, and God Almighty bless the cause for which it stands. ADDRESS OF MAJOR D. CUNNINGHAM Gentlemen of the Ohio Battlefield Commission: We certainly feel like complimenting the commission on their masterly work here. The monuments erected do honor both to their heads in designing and their hearts in the express- ion of the noble and patriotic sentiments here exhibited. I feel proud of Ohio today, in that she in providing for these monuments, so nobly and justly honored, not only the memory of the dead who sacrificed their lives on this field, but the memory as well of all who fought here, living and dead. The people of Mississippi have also just cause to be proud of the gallantry displayed by her citizen soldiery in defending this stronghold. I hope she will soon have monuments erected to her brave men who fought here; it is the only compensation the State can render them at this late day, and they deserve it at your hand. The whole people of the United States have reason to be proud of the work done by both armies in the great conflict of arms here enacted. General Grant here planned and executed Dedication of Ohio Monuments and Markers 363 the most brilliant campaign that has ever been fought on this continent, and I may say that has ever been prosecuted to a successful issue on any continent, at least in modern times. Napoleon's first campaign in Italy more nearly resembles it than any other; Napoleon w^as confronted by the natural barrier of the Alps, but when that difficulty w^as past the fertile plains of Lombardy opened up before him, overflowing with every kind of supplies for his army, he was met by an army poorly commanded, without ambition, and without legs, and it melted before the attack of the French army as the snows of winter before a tropical sun. In Grant's campaign he had a wide river to cross in face of an alert enemy, which made a much more difficult natural obstruction in the way of his army. Having swept away this barrier the difficulty of his campaign had only fairly com- menced. He was compelled to meet On his left an army of forty thousand men, under General Pemberton, while General Joseph E. Johnston, with fifteen thousand men, was a dan- gerous menace to his right. These gentlemen were not old, worn out generals, and they did not command an army of de- generate mercenary Italian soldiery. They were officers commanding the respect of their armies, and superior in every way; they commanded an army of fighting men, full of the spirit of war, which had been bred in them from preceding generations of fighters. Grant rose to the occasion; he drove his army of thirty thousand like a wedge between Johnston and Pemberton, beating them in detail, fighting five pitched battles, driving Johnston back to and through Jackson, and Pemberton into Vicksburg, always managing to have an equal or superior force at the danger points, and in doing so accomplished all that is possible, and all there is in what is generally known and called "strategy in war." The history of the siege which followed is familiar to all readers, neither army has any good ground to claim superiority over the other in the siege, in resisting attacks, in the charge, and countercharge both were equally brave, and the soldiers of all the regiments here en- gaged, of every State on either side, are all and equally entitled to have monuments erected to their memories on this, the greatest battlefield of the civil war, so that their children and 364 Ohio at Vicksburg their children's children to remote generations visiting here may be enabled to find the exact spot where their ancestors covered themselves and their States with imperishable honor and renown. ADDRESS OF HON. WALTER GEORGE SMITH. Soldiers of the Union and Confederate Armies, Citizens of Vicksburg, Ladies and Gentlemen: It is with profound emotion that I rise to respond to the courteous invitation of the chairman of this meeting that I should address you. I know what this invitation means, that it is a tribute to one who was very near and very dear to me, himself a soldier, who found laurels among those who illustra- ted American valor on this historic ground. It must be difficult for you to realize that more than forty years have passed since these lofty heights were crowned with cannon, and every approach guarded by the flower of the Southern army, an army that never surrendered until starvation made further deeds of bravery impossible. So long as history preserves its records, so long will the fame of this City endure. It is a great and beautiful city, but if it were many times as great and many times more beautiful, though it should dominate the commerce of many millions of people, and become the center of a wealth greater than that of Ophir, those things would not add to its imperishable fame. That fame was given it when it became the scene of a struggle between the best representatives of American military genius and courage. The prize was the domination of the Mississippi, the Father of Waters, and with it that of the whole great val- ley to which it has given its name. I need not rehearse to you, soldiers of the North and soldiers of the South, who in your boyhood days lived lifetimes amidst the horrible scenes of death and carnage, that marked those hills and vales where now stand the monuments we have dedicated today. Each generation has its duties, yours was begun in times of stress, when brother faced brother, offering all that he had, his very life, for the maintenance of an ideal. Those of us who Dedication of Ohio Monuments and Markers 365 came after have had different trials and different responsibili- ties. When our record is made up we can but hope that the balance will be found upon the right side. But to you who look back over the long vista of years to the campaign that ended in the siege and capture of Vicksburg, and remember that you were part of those mighty armies that fought here, it must always be an unceasing source of pride, and legitimate pride, that those who come after you may claim a heritage that is in itself in our democratic country, a truer patent of nobility than many a title of the old world. It is not that you have not worthily borne the burden of your citizenship in times of peace. On the contrary, it is the peculiar glory of the American soldier, that when he laid aside his weapons and his uniform, he was absorbed into the great body of American citizenship and became at once as earnest in the peaceful walks of life, as he had been on the battlefield. But as long as human nature remains the same, men will admire those who are ready to die in a cause they believe to be just, and that you were. You were willing not alone to die, but to live and to suffer on the long and dusty march, in the bivouac of the swamp, hungry, cold, or parched with thirst, and stricken with fever, your comrades falling by your side, as has been eloquently said "like the leaves in Autumn." In those few years from Bull Run to Appomattox, your lives were crowded with such experiences as would more than fill the lifetime of those whose days are spent in times of peace. No wonder we are gathered here to revive the memories of those heroic years, not in bitterness, not with any reproachful feeling, but as brother American citizens of the greatest re- public the world has ever known, and we shall separate and go back to our homes, some to the fair state of Ohio, the nursery of so much genius and so much bravery; some to the plantations fertilized by the waters of yonder mighty river, some to the Atlantic seaboard, with a greater affection for American institutions, and a more vivid realization of what was done at Vicksburg to make them what they are. Mr. Smith, who is the eldest son of General Thos. Kilby Smith, formerly of Ohio, is a Philadelphia lawyer and out of regard to the memory of his father was invited, with his brother, Thos. Kilby Smith, Jr., also a Philadelphia lawyer, to join 366 Ohio at Vicksburg with the Ohio soldiers in the visit to Vicksburg, and at the ceremonies attendant upon the presentation of the monu- ments. General Kilby Smith commanded a brigade in Sherman's Division, both in the assault at Chickasaw Bayou in December, 1862, and also in the assaults on the intrenchments of Vicksburg, near the Graveyard Road, on the 19th and 22nd of May, 1863. Some of the soldiers of General Smith's old regiment, the 54th O. V. I. were present on this occasion. ADDRESS OF BRIGADIER-GENERAL CHARLES W. MINER. Comrades all who stood for your faith as you saw it, who put your lives in pawn for that faith, who on these hills forty odd years ago did your best for what you believed the right. The sun of the morning was in our faces then, your hearts beat high with hopes of youth, and faith in the cause we fought for. Today the echoes are silent, and roar of the mortar and crash of the musket are but memories, and now it is the evening light we see. The march of armed men, the waving flags and burst of music are all gone, gone are most that then stood shoulder to shoulder with us. We are stragglers who bring up the rear of those armed millions. We wait our call to join the departed host. At most, we are gathered here to give an account of our steward- ship, of what we and our sons have achieved in these long years; for blood and treasure spent. Our heads are not bowed in sorrow for the past, but with forms erect and glad eyes we point to a country, today beyond compare in riches and in strength, to a flag that floats for peace and happiness half around this world. The shadows of these intervening years have taught us charity — charity to believe that those who stood against and those who stood with us were as one in no- bleness of faith and creed. With hope for the future and the unfaltering trust that to hearts as strong and younger hand than ours, together with God's help, we can safely yield the preservation of our country and our flag. Dedication of Ohio Monuments and Markers 367 ADDRESS BY COLONEL W. L. CURRY, STATE COMMISSIONER SOLDIERS' CLAIMS. Mr. Chairman and Fellow Citizens: — As the veterans of the Blue and Gray meet on this historic ground after almost half a century of time has elapsed, what memories of the eventful days from '61 to '65 come trooping thick and fast. We go back in memory to camp and field, — the "many weary days we marched and the many frosty nights we watched"; or sitting around our camp fires, we hear the rattle of drums, the blare of trumpets or the strains of martial music. The "Star Spangled Banner" from one camp answered back by "Dixie" or the "Bonnie Blue Flag" from the other. Again we hear " Taps " and at dawn the " Reveille " and the preparation for battle with all the pageantry of glorious war. The serried columns of blue and gray forming their battle lines, eager for the fray. We see the serious face of the commanders — the dashing here and there of staff" officers carrying orders; we hear the quick, sharp command; we see the artillery with horses under the spur, galloping into position on the knolls and the cavalry with clanking sabers forming on the flanks. Then the oppress- ive lull and silence; the ambulances pulling into the woods to right and left; the preparation of the surgeons, all suggestive of mangled bodies and limbs soon to be brought from the battle lines on the litters. The sharp bang of the first shots on the skirmish line; the thunder of cannon and crash of shot and shell. All these scenes pass before us as vividly as if they had been enacted but yesterday. What great changes have taken place since that memora- ble time. The forts are ruined and the grass grows where once black and grim mouthed cannon crashed from every trench and battlement. The corn and cotton grows along the rivers and the valleys where once American met American on these fields of conflict. Blooming flowers wave along the ravines and streams where forty-two years ago, death and destruction flamed from guns and flags waved defiantly as the brave men upon these battlefields, swayed back and forth in 368 Ohio at Vicksburg the great struggle. The tinkle of bells from the lowing herds come from meadow and wood and the sod is turned by the workman that once ran red with the blood of the Blue and the Gray, as they went down to death along the grim intrenchments. But now the hills and mountains are silent. No cannon belches forth their deadly missiles of shot and shell from the battle lines; the birds sing among the branches of the trees and the children play where once the ground trembled under the marching feet of legions 'mid the thunder of artillery and charging horsemen. The marts of trade are teeming with boats along the many rivers of the Southland and the iron horse speeds across the valleys and plains, freighted with the rich products of the land where once they carried the munitions of war and men of the north and south armed and equipped for the bloody work of war. The soft southern sky spreads a veil of beauty over the sacred ground, where these heroes met in deadly conflict and now sleep where they fell. Happy homes 'mid waving fields of grain dot hill and dale, where with heroic valor these Ameri- cans met and fought to the finish. The historic fields of Vicksburg, Gettysburg, Stone River, Shiloh, Antietam, Chick- amauga and the battle grounds of Virginia, no longer resound to the shock of battle, but the iron furnaces light up the forests and the wheels of humming factories are heard with the evidences of peace and prosperity in the New South, with no sectional line to mark the division. The reveille and long roll beats no more; the bugle call "to horse" is hushed; the bristling forts are razed and the soil once damped by the blood of heroes, now yields fruit and grain to the husbandman. The tramp of the watchful pickets is no longer heard and the sentinel has left his post. The guns are stacked and the swords are rusting in their scabbards. The battle flags no longer lead the legions to battle; the faded uniforms are folded away with a benediction and the men that fell in that sanguinary conflict, sleep peace- fully on every battlefield in their "green tents, whose doors never outward swing." Today we meet on the broad lead of citizenship, men of the North and South. We come "not with the roll of the Dedication of Ohio Monuments and Markers 369 rattling drum and the trumpet that sings of fame." We come on a mission of peace to erect and dedicate monuments in memory of the heroic deeds of our comrades who fought and many of whom fell on this battlefield. We welcome to this service the men who wore the gray, for never braver men battled on this continent, and you were soldiers worthy of our steel. Your comrades sleep on this field, side by side with our comrades who wore the blue. Their graves dot every valley, mountain and river side that marks the battlefields of the war. The same stars shine and the same Heaven blends over them. They sleep under the same flag awaiting the reveille that shall awake them on the resurrection morn. My fellow citizens, if we could with prophetic eye look into the future, we could see the old Guard of the Revolu- tion, whose blood pulses in the veins of many of us, crossing sw^ords with the heroes of all our wars and all keeping watch over the country that their valor created and faithful to the trust handed down by the heroes of '76. A glorious future is dawning for our whole country, which is now cemented more firmly by a foreign war in which our sons of the North and South fought side by side for the same flag. We are one people, and we hope the day may soon come, when sectional strife shall be hushed forever. It is our duty as ex-soldiers of both the Blue and the Gray to teach the "gospel of peace and good will to men." The flag that waves over us today "carries all the glory of the present and all the hope and promise of the future." Then let us as fellow citizens, having the same destiny, salute the flag of our country; the flag of our fathers and our flag forever. So, comrades, to-night gather closer together. The Legions still live in the light of the past; No matter the years and no matter the weather. As soldiers and comrades we're still standing fast; And, if from the years that stretch dimly behind us. Comes the flash of the swords that we drew in our day. We smile, for the vision appears to remind us Of the youth that we spent in the battle's red fray. 3/0 Ohio at Vicksburg At t\]e conclusion of the program the audience returned to the city, only reaching there a very few minutes before another downpour of rain came on. No greater disappointment befell the Ohio excursionists on their entire trip than in being compelled, because of the inclemency of the weather, to return to the city at the conclusion of the dedicatory exercises, thereby being deprived the pleasure of spending the afternoon in the Park, and enjoying the Barbe- cue prepared by "Camp Number 32" United Confederate Veterans of Vicksburg, in honor of the Ohio visitors. CAMP-FIRE. Promptly at 7.30 p. m. the joint camp-fire of the Blue and the Gray was called to order by the chairman inviting the Rev. Dr. H. F. Sproles to open with a prayer, to which the reverend gentleman responded fervently. Governor J. K. Vardaman, of Mississippi, was the first speaker, and occupied the floor for a few minutes, delivering a very flowery address. He was followed by Governor Her- rick of Ohio, who spoke with much earnestness and fervor for some time. After Governor Herrick had concluded his address, other speeches followed by Judge Reber, of Natchez; Col. Koch of Illinois; Hon. T. C. Catchings, Gen. Stephen D. Lee, Colonel J. H. Jones, Capt. W. T. Ratliff", Capt. R. E. Walne, Col. D. A. Campbell, Col. James Kilbourne, Capt. E. Z. Hays, Hon. Walter George Smith and others. The last- named speaker was perhaps one of the most interested visitors to the Park. Being the eldest son of Gen. T. Kilby Smith, who commanded a brigade in the 15th Army Corps during the siege of Vicksburg, he was exceedingly anxious to learn all the history of the campaign and siege that he could possibly obtain during his visit to the historic city. Although being too young to take part in the strife of 1861 and 1865, he was anxious to learn just the positions others occupied on the line, espe- cially the brigade his father had the honor of commanding. The camp-fire was a great success, and the credit for the same is due almost entirely to the untiring efforts of Capt. R. E. Walne, Adjutant of Camp Number 32, United Confederate Veterans, and Col. D. A. Campbell. The program of dedica- tion of Ohio monuments was concluded with the close of the Dedication of Ohio Monuments and Markers 371 camp-fire, and early next morningthe Ohio visitors began to wend their way to different points; some back to Ohio, and others to the different battlefields of the campaign. The generous hospitality and good feeling shown the Ohio visitors by the good citizens of Vicksburg will long be cherished as one of the pleasant events of our lives; and voicing the sentiments of all Ohioans on the trip to Vicksburg, the Com- mission wish here to express their great appreciation, and to thank the good citizens of Vicksburg for each and every courtesy extended while visitors in their city. Index 373 INDEX PAGE The advantage to the Union arms having control of Vicksbui^ 3 The fall and winter campaign of 1862 and 1863 4 Clrant and Sherman's Conference at Oxford, Miss., Dec. S 4 Surrender of Holly Springs 5 Sherman's Advance from Memphis against Vicksburg 6 Battle of Chickasaw Bayou, December 29, 1862 6 Surrender of Arkansas Post, January 11, 1863 7 (General Grant assumes direct command, and reorganizes his army 7 Rendezvous of the army 7 Canal schemes 8 Running the blockade past the river batteries . , 9 Calls for volunteers from Army of Tennessee to man the boats 10 Marches his army down the west side of the river to Grand Gulf 10 Attempt to capture Grand Gulf 11 Continues the march to De Shroon's Landing 11 Crosses the river and lands at Bnainsburg, Miss. , April 30 11 Battle of Port Gibson, May 1 12 Battle of Raymond, May 12 14 Battle of Jackson, May 14 16 Grant puts his army in motion, marching west towards Vicksburg 17 Battle of Champion's Hill, May 16 19 Battle of Black River Bridge, May 17 22 Army crosses Black River and invests Vicksburg 23 Assault against Vicksburg defenses, May 19 24 Assault against Vicksburg defenses, May 22 24 Reinforcements 25 Sherman assigned command of exterior line 26 Explosion of stockade Redan by Logan's Division in front of White House, Jackson road 26 Letter from Confederate privates to General Pemberton 27 Conference between Grant and Pemberton on terms of surrender 28 The surrender 28 General Summary of Casualties, March 29 to July 4, 1863 29 Historical records of Ohio regiments and batteries 34 16th regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantrj' 35 20th regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry 40 22d regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry 49 30th regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry 54 32d regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry 60 37th regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantrj' 71 42d regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry 82 46th regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry 89 47th regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry 96 48th regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry 105 o3d regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry 107 54th regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantn^' 114 56th regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantn,^ 118 57th regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantr\' 134 374 Indkx I'AGE 58th regiment Ohio Vohmteer Infant rj- 144 6Sth regiment Ohio Volunteer Infuntry 149 70th regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry 157 72d regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantiy 162 7Hth regiment Oliio ^'olunteer Infantry- 170 78th regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry 176 80th regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry 197 83d regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry 202 95th regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry 210 9Gth regiment Ohio \'olunteer Infantry 229 1 14th regiment Ohio \'olunteer Infantry 236 ] 20th regiment (Jhio \'olunteer Infantry 240 2d Ohio Independent Battery Light Artillery 247 3d Ohio Independent Battery Light Artillery 249 4th Ohio Independent Battery Light Artillery 253 5th Ohio Independent Battery Light Artillery 258 7th Ohio Independent Battery Light Artillery 265 8th Ohio Independ(nit Battery Light Artillery 268 ] Oth Ohio Independent Battery Light Artillery 270 1 1th Ohio Indepi iitlent Battery Light Artillery 275 15th Ohio Independent Battery Light Artillery 280 16th Ohio Independent Jiattery Light Artillery 286" ]7th Ohio Independent Battery Light Artillery 290 26th Ohio Independent Battery Light Artillery 292 4th Ohio Independent Company of Cavalry 295 Vicksburg National Military Park, description of 298 The law under whieh the Ohio Vicksburg Commission was ap])ointed 302 Preliminary work of Commission and locating positions 303 Supplementary act. Appropriating $56,000 for monuments 307 Contract for monuments (39) 310 Notice to regimental and battery organizations in selection of design 317 Dedication of monuments 319 Elk's banquet in honor of Gov. Herrick and Ohio visitors 321 Ohioans on the Park Sunday, May 21 321 Dedication ceremonies 322 Program of dedication of Ohio monuments 323 Invocation, Reverend Howard Henderson, D. D 324 Peport of the secretary, Sergeant W. P. Gault 326 Presentation of monuments to Gov. Herrick by President J. B. Allen 331 Acceptance of same, and address, Gov. Myron T. Herrick 334 Acceptance of memorials on behalf of War Department, Capt. W. T. Rigby . 341 Address by Col. W. R. Warnock 341 Address by Capt. K. Z. Hays. 351 Address by Col. James Kilbourne 358 Address by Major I). Cunningham 362 Address by Hon. Walter George Smith 364 Address by Gen. Charles W. Miner 366 Address by Col. William T. Curry 367 Campfire : 370 H 91 80 J NOV 1/ li^i) "-. L- ^ o 1 \' ^% -^ .^^ .-.5^^^ ^-.. 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