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THE 
 
 SPANISH EXPOSITOR; 
 
 OR, 
 
 AN ANALYTICAL GUIDE 
 
 TO THE 
 
 STUDY OF THE SPANISH LANGUAGE; 
 
 CONSISTING OF 
 
 Exercises of Select and Varied Passages, 
 
 WHICH 
 
 ARE FIRST TRANSLATED WORD BY WORD, AND AFTERWARD 
 
 GIVEN PARALLEL IN SPANISH AND ENGLISH, 
 
 According to the Method of M. BOLMAR in teaching French, 
 
 AND THE FIRST AND ONLY WORK OffrTHlS PLAN ADAPTED TO THE SPANISH. 
 Forming 
 
 &\\ 7E&8£ antr JJracttcal 3Ev$o8ition 
 
 OF THAT LANGUAGE. 
 
 BED I CM TED TO THE YOUTH OF THE UMTED STATES. 
 BY THE AUTHOR*/ 
 
 JOSEPH QUINTANA^WARNES. 
 
 Delectando doceo. 
 
 7 
 
 PHILADELPHIA : 
 
 PUBLISHED BY THOMAS T. ASH— CHESNUT STREET 
 
 Adam Waldie, Printer. 
 1831. 
 

 Entered, according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1831, by 
 Joseph Quintana Warnes, in the clerk's office of the district court 
 for the eastern district of Pennsylvania. 
 
 // c i 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 First Lesson — Geography, 
 
 Second 
 
 do. — History, - 
 
 Third 
 
 do. — Aborigines of America, 
 
 Fourth 
 
 do. — History of America, - 
 
 Fifth 
 
 do..— The United States, 
 
 Sixth 
 
 do. — Revolution of the United States, 
 
 Seventh 
 
 do. — Astronomy, 
 
 Eighth 
 
 do. — Governments, 
 
 Ninth 
 
 do. — Clouds and Winds, &c. - 
 
 Tenth 
 
 do. — The Human Body, 
 
 Eleventh do.-i-Falsehood, 
 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 First Lesson — Maxims, 
 
 Second 
 
 do. — Miscellany, 
 
 Third 
 
 do. — do. 
 
 Fourth 
 
 do. — do. 
 
 Fifth 
 
 do. — do. - 
 
 Sixth 
 
 do. — do. - 
 
 Seventh 
 
 do. — Eagle and the Fox, 
 
 
 Dog and the Shadow, 
 
 Eighth 
 
 do. — Jupiter and the Camel, 
 
 
 Raven and Serpent, 
 
 Ninth 
 
 do.— Antigonus, King of Macedon, 
 
 
 Constantine the Great, 
 
 Tenth 
 
 do. — Gustavus Adolphus, 
 
 Eleventh do. — Brutus, the Consul, 
 
 SECTION III. 
 First Lesson — Fabricius' answer to King Pyrrhus, 
 Second do. — Solyman the Second, 
 Third do. — John de Castro, - 
 Fourth do. — Arab and Sultan, - - 
 
 Page 
 13 
 
 - 19 
 24 
 
 - 28 
 32 
 
 - 38 
 40 
 
 - 44 
 46 
 
 - 49 
 51 
 
 54 
 56 
 57 
 58 
 59 
 62 
 65 
 67 
 ib. 
 68 
 69 
 70 
 71 
 74 
 
 100 
 102 
 103 
 
Page. 
 
 Fifth Lesson — King of Hindostan, - 105 
 
 Sixth do. — Casimir the Second, - - 107 
 
 Seventh do. — Emperor Justin, ^ 109 
 
 Eighth do. — Cinna and Augustus, - - - 113 
 
 Ninth do.— The Grocer's Son of Smyrna, - - 115 
 
 Tenth do. — Frederick of Prussia, - - 117 
 
 Eleventh do. — Kotzebue and Abbas Mirza, - - 119 
 
 Twelfth do.— Miseries of a Rich Man, - - 121 
 
 SECTION IV. 
 
 First Lesson — Naval and Military Achievements, - 146 
 
 Second do. — Washington on Long Island, - - 149 
 
 Third do. — Morgan and Cornwallis, - - 151 
 
 Fourth do. — The Frigate United States and Macedonian, 153 
 
 Fifth do. — Constitution and Java, - - 155 
 
 Sixth do.— Victory of the Nile - - - 159 
 
 Seventh do. — Last moments of Lord Nelson, - 163 
 
 Eighth do. — Admiral Boscawen's Wig, - - 166 
 
 SECTION V. 
 
 First Lesson — Dialogues. Democritus and Heraclitus, 190 
 
 Second do. — Dionysius and Pythias, - - 195 
 
 Third do.— Descriptive Pieces. The Eagle, - - 201 
 
 Fourth do.— The Horse, .... 206 
 
 Fifth do.— Alexander and the Robber, - - 210 
 
 Sixth do. — Cicero and Augustus, - - 214 
 
 Seventh do. — Biography of George Washington, - 217 
 
 Eighth do. — do. Benjamin Franklin, - 222 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 With the view of improving my knowledge of the 
 English language, and of re-establishing my health, which 
 had been much impaired, I went to reside at Mount Airy 
 College, near Germantown, Pennsylvania, with its esti- 
 mable proprietor, Col. A. L. Roumfort.* Finding that 
 the Spanish class was without a teacher, I assumed the 
 duties, and continued them for nine months, to the entire 
 satisfaction of the proprietor and that of my beloved pupils, 
 as testified by the strongest expressions of the former, 
 who repeatedly urgted me to remain, and the general 
 regret of the latter at my necessary departure. 
 
 During my stay there, I renewed my acquaintance with 
 
 * The personal accomplishments, education and talents of this 
 gentleman, are appreciated by all who have the pleasure of his 
 acquaintance. His college ranks among the best in the state of 
 Pennsylvania. Its location, the purity of the air and water, the 
 extensive arrangements for the accommodation and recreation of the 
 pupils, render it salubrious, pleasant, and advantageous. English, 
 French, Spanish, Greek, and Latin, are taught ; likewise penmanship, 
 mathematics in all their branches, music, dancing and fencing. 
 Strict morals and urbanity of manners are also duly enforced. The 
 pupils are well attended at all times, and very carefully and particu- 
 larly so in case of sickness, during which all the care is bestowed 
 that could be given by parents or relations. Col. Roumfort is, in 
 relation to the pupils, at once the master whom they reverence and 
 esteem, and the father and friend whom they tenderly love. 
 
 Col. R. will be pleased to accept this small tribute of gratitude, for 
 his goodness, and the kind attentions he showed me, while an inmate 
 of his estimable and worthy family. - 
 1 * 
 
6 
 
 the English language, for which I have always had a 
 strong predilection, and which I first studied, in 1797 and 
 1798, at Brown's College, Rhode Island, the knowledge 
 of which had been much blunted by a disuse of it for 
 twenty-nine years. 
 
 While thus occupied, continuous observation showed 
 me, that, in order to ensure a complete course of study in 
 the Spanish language, there was wanting a Guide, at 
 once clear and demonstrative, which would give the pupil 
 a practical knowledge of translating English into Spanish, 
 the true signification and application of words, the phra- 
 seology, and the formation of a good syntax, so difficult to 
 the student. 
 
 I certainly saw, with no small surprise, the facility with 
 which my more advanced pupils rendered into English, 
 the Spanish treatises and dissertations, Gil Bias, Paul and 
 Virginia, and other works which I usetl in the class ; while, 
 at the same time, I witnessed, that they found the greatest 
 difficulty and embarrassment, in translating English into 
 Spanish, showing at every step the most glaring faults in 
 grammar, signification, and syntax, notwithstanding the 
 very defined and clear rules which were given. 
 
 The rapid progress of the pupils in the French class 
 showed evidently, that, to ensure equal success in Spanish, 
 a similar guide to that which they used, was necessary. 
 I allude to the excellent plan of M. Bolmar,* which I 
 adopted, and began by preparing short written exercises, 
 after that teacher's method, which I put into my pupils' 
 hands. The success that followed, convinced me more 
 and more of its being the best mode of learning, in the 
 shortest time, to translate English into Spanish. 
 
 * See the works of this meritorious teacher, entitled, Collection 
 of One Hundred Fables, with a Key to the Pronunciation and to 
 the Translation; a Key to the first Eight Books of Telemachus, &c t 
 
Such was the origin of the present work, which I re- 
 spectfully dedicate to the youth of the United States of 
 America, impelled simply by the desire of advancing their 
 progress in the knowledge of a language, daily becoming 
 of primary importance. The proximity to the Spanish 
 American republics — the political and commercial con- 
 nections constantly forming, and rapidly extending between 
 those countries and the United States — the new avenues 
 to successful adventure, daily being developed to enter- 
 prising and industrious youth — sources of wealth and 
 prosperity much more certain and abundant, than all their 
 ventures to Europe— render a knowledge of the Spanish 
 language almost a sine qua non in the education of youth. 
 Among all nations, with whom are formed connections of 
 business, of arts, or of a domestic nature, a knowledge of 
 their language is, in a great measure, a passport to their 
 confidence ; but more especially in the Spanish American 
 republics. There it is absolutely necessary. Without it, 
 the obstructions to success are insurmountable — with it, 
 this true land of promise displays a rich field for vigorous 
 and honourable enterprise, for the most extensive rami- 
 fications in commerce, science and arts. These facts are 
 well known to every traveller of observation and intel- 
 ligence, who has visited South America. 
 
 Unfortunately, the internal dissensions of that country, 
 and an ignorance of the advantages offered in this immense 
 field of competition, have prevented the Spanish language 
 from receiving that attention which its importance demands. 
 But the rapid establishing of order, the allaying of do- 
 mestic discord, and the improving stability of the go- 
 vernments, now going on among those republics, claim for 
 it a pre-eminence, so much so, that, in my opinion, a pro- 
 fessorship of Spanish ought to be established in every 
 college throughout the United States, and a teacher in 
 
8 
 
 every respectable school. A knowledge of it will often- 
 times be found of more importance than the possession of 
 a large capital, which otherwise might be much fettered, 
 and great risks run, from the simple circumstance of not 
 being able to communicate with the natives in their own 
 tongue. My ardent desire for the prospective advancement 
 of the youth of the United States, has led me into this 
 digression ; and having given my opinion, formed after a 
 long residence among, and intimate acquaintance with, 
 the people, I shall resume the thread of my prefatory 
 remarks about the work. 
 
 With the view of having my work not only enriched 
 with a variety of interesting selections of pieces written 
 in correct English, but which would be equally illustrative 
 of the phraseological distinctions of both languages, I have 
 made my extracts from as great a number of works, as the 
 size of the volume would allow. Should the book be 
 so fortunate as to meet the approbation of those for whom 
 it was written, and of the public generally, it is my inten- 
 tion to add another volume, that will contain materials 
 and other means of translating, which it was impossible 
 to present in a volume of this size ; flattering myself, that 
 when the second is completed, the whole will form a 
 complete course of examples, amply supplying the know- 
 ledge necessary for translating correctly Spanish into 
 English, and vice versa. 
 
 The Author. 
 
PRELIMINARY REMARKS. 
 
 In this work the modern orthography is used, which has 
 been adopted in Spain, and in the other nations where the 
 Spanish language is spoken. 
 
 The new rules, or rather, the orthographical alterations, 
 are the following : 
 
 First. — In all words where G and X have hard guttural 
 sounds, J has been substituted in their place — as, for Gen- 
 eral, we write Jeneral — for Genero, Jenero- — for Ximio, 
 Jimio — Xdrcia, Jdrcia — Xabon, Jabon — Xarabe, Jarabe, 
 &c. retaining the use of G only for the light guttural 
 sounds, as in Gusano, Gamo, Gloria, &c. 
 
 Second. — In the pronunciation of x in the middle of a 
 word, the following rules are to be observed : 
 
 In words with x followed by a vowel, we give the sound 
 of cs, and adopt these letters in lieu of it; as, for Examen, 
 Ecsamen — Exaltation, Ecsaltation, &c. 
 
 In words with x followed by a consonant, we give the 
 sound of s, and use this letter in its place — as, for Ex- 
 clamation, Esclamation — Expiation, Espiacion — Texto, 
 Testo, &c. 
 
 Third. — The h between two vowels, when considered 
 merely as a simple aspiration, is always suppressed : we 
 now write for Ahora, Aora — for Ahogar, Aogar — Renin- 
 
10 
 
 chimiento, Reinchimicnto — Rehen, Reen — Rehusar, Reusar 
 — Ahorrar, Aorrar, &.c. 
 
 The rules of the new orthography are not to be found 
 in any dictionaries extant ; and, therefore, the scholar must 
 look for the words under the old spelling ; but in writing 
 them, he will simplify his orthography by the above pre- 
 scribed rules — and will thus avoid much confusion and false 
 spelling — save many letters in writing — and at the same 
 time it will follow, that the sounds of the words will be 
 distinct and perceptible ; — thus at once giving a beauty and 
 affording a facility in writing the language with propriety, 
 even to foreigners, while engaged in learning it. 
 
 Explanation of the asterisks (*) used in this work. 
 
 An asterisk used at the end of a word in English, as, 
 he,* denotes, that it is not to be translated in Spanish, to 
 preserve the proper syntax. 
 
 An asterisk at the end of a word in Spanish ; as, el*, 
 denotes, that it is to be omitted or supplied, for the pre- 
 ceding reasons. 
 
 An asterisk at the end of a word or phrase in English, 
 and another at the Spanish, denotes, that the word or 
 phrase is not to be found in the dictionaries with the sig- 
 nification exactly required by the sense of the phrase, and 
 which has been thus supplied ; as, now,* aora* que*, being 
 translated in the preterite, renders it indispensable to say 
 entonces*, to preserve the syntax. 
 
 When asterisks are placed at the beginning and end of 
 a phrase or sentence, and also after the different words 
 which compose it in English, and continued in the Span- 
 
11 
 
 ish translation ; as, his* knuckle*, las* coyunturas* de los 
 dedos de la mano*, denotes, that the phrase, word, or sen- 
 tence, cannot be translated literally in Spanish, without 
 committing a striking solecism, and which, for this reason, 
 has been freely rendered by equivalent words, so as to de- 
 note nearly the meaning of said phrase, &c. 
 
 Persons even partially acquainted with foreign lan- 
 guages are aware, that in all there are certain words and 
 phrases peculiar to them, that cannot be translated lite- 
 rally into others — therefore, the free translation has been 
 mutually given — a quid pro quo of their respective mean- 
 ings. 
 
 Explanation of the Numbers over the words. 
 
 With the view of exhibiting the syntax in the Spanish 
 translation, figures have been placed over the words in the 
 sentence ; indicating to the pupils, by their order, 1, 2, 3, 
 &c. the government and syntax. 
 
 Plain Rules for using the verbs' Estar and Ser. 
 
 In learning Spanish, the English find great difficulty in 
 understanding the proper use of these two verbs ; but we 
 believe that the following explanation will be found suffi- 
 cient to instruct the learner how to apply them properly. 
 
 Ser is used to denote the active action of things animate 
 and inanimate, as, Pedro es bueno, Peter is good — La fru- 
 
12 
 
 ta es mala, the fruit is bad — La ciudad es hermosa, the 
 town is handsome, &c. 
 
 Estar, is used to denote the passive action of things 
 animate and inanimate ; as, Pedro esta malb, Peter is 
 sick — La fruta esta podrida, the fruit is rotten— La ciudad 
 esta sucia, the town is dirty, &c. 
 
SECTION PIRST-SECCION PRIMERA* 
 
 MISCELLANY— MISCELANEAS. 
 
 FIRST LESSON— PRIMERA LECCION. 
 
 PROM ENGLISH TO SPANISH. 
 
 Geography — Geografia. 
 
 Questions, Preguntas — and, y — Answers, Respuestas. 
 
 Q. What is, que es — Geography? Geografia? 
 Ans. A, una — description, descripcion — of, de — the, la 
 — earth, tierra. 
 
 Q. How many, cuantas — miles, millas — is, tiene — the 
 earth, la tierra — in diameter? en diametro? 
 
 Ans. About, cerca de— eight thousand, ochomil. 
 
 Q. What, que— \s meant, quiera decirse — by, por — the 
 diameter, el diametro — of the earth, de la tierra? 
 
 Ans. The distance, ladistancia — from, desde — one side, 
 un lado — to the other,, al otro— through, por medio — the 
 centre, del centro. 
 
 Q. How many, cuantas — miles, millas — is,, tiene — the 
 earth, la tierra — in circumference? en circunferencia? 
 
 Ans. Nearly, cerca de — twenty-five thousand, veinte y 
 cinco mil. 
 2 
 
14 
 
 Q. How, como — is it known, se sabe — that, que — the 
 earth, la tierra — is round? es redonda? 
 
 Ans. Because, porque — when, cuando — a vessel, un buque 
 — approaches, se acerca — the shore, a la playa — the part, 
 la parte — of it, de el — that is, que es — seen, vista — first, 
 primer o — are, son — the tops, los topes — of the masts, de los 
 palos; — if, si — the surface, la superficie — of the ocean, del 
 oceano — was level, fuese plana — we, nosotros — should 
 see, veriamos — the hull, el casco — first, primeramente — 
 because, porque — it is, es — the largest, la mayor — part, 
 parte — of the vessel, del buque. — Another, otra — proof, 
 prueba — of it, de ello — is, es — that it, que— has been, ka 
 sido — sailed, navegada — round, al rededor. 
 
 Q. In what time, en que tiempo — does the earth, la tierra 
 — turn, da vuelta — round the sun? al rededor del sol? 
 
 Ans. In, en — a year, un ano. 
 
 Q. How many times, cuantas veces — does it turn, da 
 vuelta — upon, sobre — its own, su propio — axis? eje? 
 
 Ans. Once, una vez — in, en — twenty-four, veintey cuatro 
 — hours, horas. 
 
 Q. What, que — do you call, llama usted — the axis, el eje 
 — of the earth? de la tierra? 
 
 Ans. A line, una linea — that passes, quepasa — through, 
 por denlro — its centre, de su centro. 
 
 Q. What distance, que distancia — does the earth go, 
 hace la tierra — daily, diariamente — around the sun ? al 
 rededor del sol? 
 
 Ans. One million, un millon — five hundred, quinientas 
 — thousand, mil — miles, millas. 
 
 Q. How long, cuanto — time, tiempo — would be requi- 
 red, se necesitaria — to travel, para viajar — over, sobre — 
 every, cada — square mile, milla cuadrada — of the surface, 
 de la superficie — of the earth, de la tierra — at the rate, a 
 razon — of, de — thirty miles, treinta millas — each, cada — 
 day? dia? 
 
15 
 
 Ans. Eighteen, diez y ocho — thousand, mil — years, ahos. 
 
 Q. What portion, que portion — of the surface, de la 
 superficie — of the earth, de la tierra — is covered, estd cvbi- 
 erta — with water? de agua? 
 
 Ans. More than, mas de — two thirds, dos tercios — of 
 it, de ella. 
 
 Q. What, que — is, es — a mountain? unamontaha? 
 
 Ans. A portion, una porcion — of land, de tierra — eleva- 
 ted, elevada — to a great, a una grande — height, altura. 
 
 Q. What is, cuales — the elevation, la elevation — of the, 
 de las — highest, mas alias — mountains, montahas — in the 
 world? en el mundo? 
 
 Ans. Of, de — five, cinco — miles, millas — in, en — its, su 
 — height, altura. 
 
 Q. What is, cual es — probably, probablemente — the 
 greatest, la mayor — depth, prqfundidad — of the, del — sea? 
 mar? 
 
 Ans. About, casi — in proportion, en proportion — to the, 
 con la — elevation, elevation — of the, de la — land, tierra. 
 
 Q. If, si — the ocean, el oceanq — were completely emp- 
 tied, se secase completamente — how long, cuanto tiempo — 
 has it been, se ha — supposed, supuesto — the rivers, que los 
 rios — which flow, que vdcian — into it, en el — would be, 
 tardarian — in filling it? en llenarlo? 
 
 Ans. More, mas — than, de — 20,000, veintemil — years, 
 ahos. 
 
 Q. Into how many, en cuantas — parts, partes — may a 
 drop, puede una gota — of water, de agua — be divided ? 
 dividirse? 
 
 A. Into, en — many, muchos — million, millones. 
 
 Q. How many, cuantos — inhabitants, habitantes — does 
 
 2 2 1 1 
 
 the earth, la tierra — contain, contiene? 
 A. 800, ochocientos — millions, millones. 
 Q. How many, cuantas — persons, personas — die, mue- 
 
16 
 
 ren — every, cada— year, aho — and, y — how many, cuantas 
 — every, cada — minute, minuto? 
 
 A. 25, veinte y cinco — millions, millones — every, cada — 
 year, aho — and, y — 47, cuarenta y siete — every, cada — 
 minute, minuto. 
 
 MISCELANEAS—MISCELLA NY. 
 
 LECCIOJV PRIMERA— LESSON FIRST. 
 
 FROM SPANISH TO ENGLISH. 
 
 Geografia — Geography. 
 
 P. iQue es Geografia ? 
 
 Q. What is Geography ? 
 
 R. Una descripcion de la tierra. 
 
 A. A description of the earth. 
 
 P. i Cuantas millas tiene la tierra en didmetro? 
 
 Q. How many miles is the earth in diameter ? 
 
 JR. Cerca de ocho mil. 
 
 A. About eight thousand. 
 
 P. iQue quiere decirse por el didmetro de tierra ? 
 
 Q. What is meant by the diameter of the earth ? 
 
 R. La distancia desde un lado a otro por medio del 
 centro. 
 
 A. The distance from one side to the other through the 
 centre. 
 
 P. [Cuantas millas tiene la tierra en circunferencia ? 
 
 Q. How many miles is the earth in circumference ? 
 
17 
 
 R. Cerca de viente y cinco mil. 
 
 A. Nearly twenty-five thousand miles. 
 
 P. iComo se sabe que la tierra es redonda ? 
 
 Q. How is it known that the earth is round ? 
 
 R. Porque cuando un buque se acerca a laplaya, la parte 
 de el que se ve primeramente son los topes de los palos : si 
 la superficie del oceano fuese plana, veriamos el casco 
 primeramente, porque es la parte mayor del buque. Otra 
 prueba de esto es, que ha sido navegada al rededor. 
 
 A. Because, when a vessel approaches the shore, the first 
 of it that is seen are the tops of the masts; if the surface of 
 the ocean were level, we should see the hull first, because 
 it is the largest part of the vessel. Another proof of it is, 
 that it has been sailed round. 
 
 P. iEn que tiempo da vuelta la tierra al rededor del sol? 
 
 Q. In what time does the earth turn round the sun ? 
 
 R. En un ano. 
 
 A, In a year. 
 
 P. i Cuantas veces da vuelta sobre su propio eje ? 
 
 Q. How many times does it turn upon its own axis? 
 
 R. Una vez en viente y cuatro lioras. 
 
 A. Once in twenty-four hours. 
 
 P. [Que llama Vmd. el eje de la tierra ? 
 
 Q. What do you call the axis of the earth ? 
 
 R. Una linea que pasa por dentro de su centro.- 
 
 A. A line that passes through its centre. 
 
 P. [Que distancia hace la tierra diariamente al rededor 
 del sol ? 
 
 Q. What distance does the earth go daily around the sun? 
 
 R. Un millon quinientas mil millas. 
 
 A. One million five hundred thousand miles. 
 
 P. iCuanto tiempo se necesataria paraviajar sobre cada 
 milla cuadrada de la superficie de la tierra, a razon de 
 treinta millas diarias ? 
 
 2* 
 
18 
 
 Q. What time would be required to travel over every 
 square mile of the surface of the earth at the rate of thirty 
 miles each day ? 
 
 R. Diez y ocho mil ahos. 
 
 A. Eighteen thousand years. 
 
 P. iQue portion de la superficie de la tierra estd cubierta 
 de agua ? 
 
 Q. What portion of the surface of the earth is covered 
 with water ? 
 
 R. Mas de las dos tercias partes de ella. 
 
 A. More than two thirds of it. 
 
 P. iQue es una montaha ? 
 
 Q. What is a mountain ? 
 
 R. Una portion de tierra elevada a una grande altura. 
 
 A. A portion of land elevated to a great height. 
 
 P. iCual es la elevation de las mas altas montahas del 
 mundo ? 
 
 Q. What is the elevation of the highest mountains of the 
 world ? 
 
 R. De cinco millas en su altura. 
 
 A. Of five miles in height. 
 
 P. iCual es, probablemente, la mayor profundidad del 
 mar ? 
 
 Q. What is probably the greatest depth of the sea ? 
 
 jR. Casi en proportion con la elevation de la tierra. 
 
 A. About in proportion to the elevation of the land. 
 
 P. Si el oceano se secase completamente, icuanto tiempo 
 se ha considerado que los rios que vdcian en el tardarian 
 en llenarlo ? 
 
 Q. If the ocean were completely emptied, how long has it 
 been supposed the rivers which flow into it would be in 
 filling it? 
 
 R. Mas de viente mil ahos. 
 
 A. More than twenty thousand years. 
 
 P. iEn cuantas partes puede dividirse una gota de agua? 
 
19 
 
 A. Into how many parts may a drop of water be divided? 
 
 JR. En muchos millones. 
 
 Q. Into many millions. 
 
 P. iCuantas habitantes contiene la tierra ? 
 
 Q How many inhabitants does the earth contain ? 
 
 R. Ochocientos millones. 
 
 A. Eight hundred millions. 
 
 P. i&iantos personas mueren cada ano, y cuantas cada 
 minuto ? 
 
 Q. How many persons die every year, and how many 
 every minute? 
 
 R. Veinte y cinco millones cada aho; y cuarenta y siete 
 cada minuto, 
 
 A. Twenty-five millions every year, and forty-seven every 
 minute. 
 
 Fin de la leccion primera. 
 End of the first lesson. 
 
 SECOND LESSON— SEGUNDA LECCION. 
 
 FROM ENGLISH TO SPANISH. 
 
 History — Historia. 
 
 Q. What is, que es — History, Historia ? 
 
 A. A narrative, una narracion — of, de — events, aeon- 
 tecimientos — past — pasados. 
 
 Q. What are, cuales son — some, algunas — other, de las 
 — advantages, ventajas — of studying it, de estudiarla ? 
 
 A. It enables us, nos proporciona — to profit, el que nos 
 aprovecehemos — by, de — the, la — experience, ecsperiencia 
 — of others — de otros. It also, y tambien — unites, une — 
 
20 
 
 amusement, entretenimiento — with, con — instruction, in- 
 struction. 
 
 Q. How does it, de que modo — tend, contribuye — to 
 * 
 make us, a que estemos — contented, contentos — with, con 
 
 — our situation, nuestra suerte ? 
 
 A. By showing us, ensendndonos — that riches, que las 
 riquezas — and power, y el poder — do not, no — confer, pro- 
 portionan — happiness, felicidades. 
 
 2 1 12 
 
 Q. What is, cual es — the proper end, el fin propio — 
 of every, de todo — study, estudio ? 
 
 * 2li 2 
 
 A. To make, el dehacer — good men, hombresbuenos — 
 and, y — good citizens, buenos ciudadanos. 
 
 Q. How does, de que modo— history, la historia — ex- 
 cite, ecscita — to the practice, a la prdctica — of virtue, de 
 la virtud? 
 
 It shows us — nosdemuestra — the vicious — que losviciosos 
 
 2 112 
 
 — are, son — always, siempre — sooner or later, tarde 6 tem- 
 prano — overtaken, invadidos — with, por — misery, la mi- 
 seria — and shame, y la afrenta. 
 
 LECCIOK SEGUKDA— LESSON SECOND. 
 
 FROM SPANISH TO ENGLISH. 
 
 Historia — History. 
 
 P. i Que es Historia? 
 
 Q. What is History? 
 
 R. Una narration de acaetimientos pasados. 
 
 A. A narrative of past events. 
 
21 
 
 P. i Cualcs son algunas de las ventajas de estudiarla? 
 
 Q. What are some of the advantages of studying it? 
 
 R. Nos proporciona el que nos aprovechemos de lo 
 que otros han ecsperimentado. Yreune la diversion con la 
 instruccion. 
 
 A. It enables us to profit by the experience of others. It 
 also unites amusement with instruction. 
 
 P. jDe que modo contribuye a que nos contentemos con 
 nuestra suerte? 
 
 Q. How does it tend to make us contented with our 
 situation ? 
 
 JR. Ensendndonos que las riquezas y el goder no propor- 
 cionan fclicidades. 
 
 A. Showing us that riches and power do not confer hap- 
 piness. 
 
 P. iCual es el objeto propio de todo estudio? 
 
 Q. What is the proper object of every study? 
 
 R. El de hacer kombres buenos, y buenos ciudadanos. 
 
 A. To make good men, and good citizens. 
 
 P. iDe que manera ecscita la historia a la prdctica de la 
 mrtud? 
 
 Q. How does history excite to the practice of virtue? 
 
 R. Nos demuestra que los mciosos son siempre, tarde 6 
 
 temprano, presa de la miseria y de la afrenta. 
 
 A. It shows us that the vicious are always, sooner or later, 
 
 overtaken with misery and shame. 
 
 Fin de la leccion segunda. 
 End of the second lesson. 
 
22 
 
 THIRD LESSON— TERCERA LECCIOtf. 
 
 FROM ENGLISH TO SPANISH. 
 
 Aborigines of America. 
 Primeros habitantes de America, 
 
 Q. What, que — is meant, se quiere efspresar — by, por — 
 the word, la palabra — aborigines, aborijenes? 
 
 A. The, los — first, primeros — inhabitants, habitantes— 
 of, de — a country, un pais. 
 
 Q. By whom, por quien — was, fue — this country, este 
 pais — inhabited, habitado — before, antes — the, del — arrival, 
 arrivo — of, de — the, los — English, Yngleses? 
 
 A. By, por — Indians, Indios. 
 
 Q. What, cuales — were, eran — the, los — chief employ- 
 ments, principales ocupaciones — of, de — the Indians, los 
 Indios? 
 
 A. Hunting, cazar — fishing, pescar — and, y — war, la 
 guerra. 
 
 1 1 
 
 Q. What did, que — they use, usaban ellos — for, por — 
 
 fish-hooks, anzuelos? 
 
 A. Stones, piedras— which, que — were bent, estaban 
 dobladas. 
 
 Q. Had they, tenian ellos — grist-mills, molinos para el 
 grano? 
 
 A. No, no — but, pero— pounded, molian — their corn, su 
 i i 
 
 grano — in, en — stone mortars, mortaros de piedra. 
 
 i i 
 
 Q. W T hat did, que — the Indians use, usaban los Indios — 
 for, por — money, moneda? 
 
 A. Small strings, pequehas ensartas — of, de — beads, 
 cuentas — made, heckas — from, de — shells, conchas — and, y 
 
23 
 
 — strung, aseguradas — on, sobre — belts, cinturones; — they, 
 ellos — called it, llamaban a esto — Wampum, Wampum. 
 
 Q. What, que — were obliged, estaban obligados — to use, 
 a usar — some of them, algunos de ellos — for, por — 
 kettles, ollas? 
 
 A. Vessels, vasijas — made, hechas—of, de — the rind, la 
 
 * 
 corteza — of, de — birch trees, abeducs. 
 
 1 1 
 
 Q. How, como — did they boil, hervian ellos — water, 
 
 agua — in them, en ellos? 
 
 A. By heating, calentando — stones, piedras — red-hot, 
 
 hasta enrrojecerlas — and putting them, y echandolas — 
 into it, adentro. 
 
 Q. Had they, tenian ellos — more, mas — or fewer, 6 
 menos — diseases, enferrnedades — than, que las que — we 
 have, nosotros tenemos? 
 
 A. Much, muchas — fewer, menos. 
 
 Q. What was, cual era — the, /a— cause, causa — of, de — 
 it, ello? 
 
 A. Because, porque — their food, su alimcnto—was, era 
 
 2 1 12 
 
 — of, de — the most simple kind, la especie mas sencilla? 
 Q. What, que — notions, ideas — had they, tenian ellos — 
 
 2 1 12 
 
 about, acerca — a Supreme Being, de un Ser supremo? 
 
 2 1 12 
 
 A. They believed, creian ellos — there were, que habia — 
 two, dos — gods, dioses: — the one, el uno — good, bueno — the 
 other, el otro — evil, malo: — they, ellos — worshipped, adora- 
 ban — both, ambos. 
 
24 
 LECCION TERCERA— LESSON THIRD. 
 
 FROM SPANISH TO ENGLISH. 
 
 Primeros habitantes de America. 
 Aborigines of America. 
 
 P. iQue quiere decir Aborijenes? 
 
 Q. What is meant by Aborigines? 
 
 R. Los primeros naturales de un pais. 
 
 A. The first inhabitants of a country. 
 
 P. iPor quien estaba kabitado esie pais antes de la 
 llegada de los Ynglescs? 
 
 Q. By whom was this country inhabited before the ar- 
 rival of the English? 
 
 jR. Por Yndios. 
 
 A. By Indians. 
 
 P. iCuales eran los principales ocupaciones de los 
 Indios? 
 
 Q. What were the chief employments of the Indians? 
 
 jR. Cazar, pescar, y la guerra. 
 
 A. Hunting, fishing and war. 
 
 P. iDe que se Servian en lugar de anzuelos? 
 
 Q. What did they use for fishing-hooks? 
 
 JR. De piedras en forma de garabato. 
 
 * * 
 A. Stones which were bent. 
 
 P. i Tenian molinos para grano? 
 
 Q. Had they grist-mills? 
 
 jR. iVb, pero molian sus granos en morteros de piedra. 
 
 A. No, but pounded their corn in stone-mortars. 
 
 P. iDe que usaban los Indios como diner o? 
 
 Q. What did the Indians use as money? 
 
25 
 
 R. Pequehas ensartas de cuentas hechas de conchas, 
 las que amarrdban a cinturones: ellos le daban el nombre 
 de Wampum. 
 
 A. Small strings of beads, made from them, and strung 
 on belts; they called them Wampum. 
 
 P. iQue se veian algunos obligados a usar en lugar de 
 Ollas? 
 
 Q. What were some of them obliged to use for kettles? 
 
 R. Vasijas formadas con la corteza de un arbol llamado 
 Abedu. 
 
 A. Vessels made of the rind of birch trees. 
 
 P. iDe que manera hervian agua en ellos? 
 
 Q. How did they boil water in them? 
 
 jR. Calentando piedras hasta enrrojecerlas, las cuales 
 hechaban luego dentro de la vasija. 
 
 A. By heating stones red-hot, and putting them into it. 
 
 P. iPadecian ellos mas 6 menos enfermedades que no- 
 sotros? 
 
 Q. Had they more or fewer diseases than we have? 
 
 R. Muchas menos. 
 
 A. Much fewer. 
 
 P. [Cual era la causa de ello? 
 
 Q. What was the cause of it? 
 
 R. El que su aliment o era de la clase mas simple. 
 
 A. Because their food was of the most simple kind. 
 
 P. i Que ideas tenian acerca de un Ser Supremo? 
 
 Q. What notions had they about a Supreme Being? 
 
 R. Creian que habia dos Dioses: el uno bueno, y el otro 
 malo: ellos adoraban ambos. 
 
 Fin de la Leccion tercera. 
 End of the third lesson. 
 
26 
 FOURTH LESSON— CUARTA LECCIOK. 
 
 FROM ENGLISH TO SPANISH. 
 
 History of America. 
 Historia de America. 
 
 Q. Was,/we — America, la America — known, conocida 
 — to the, a los — ancients, antiguos ? 
 
 A. Probably, probablemente — it was not, no lofue. 
 
 Q. When, cuando — and, 3/ — by whom, porquien — was it, 
 fue — discovered, descubierta ? 
 
 A. By, por — Christopher, Crist&val — Columbus — Colon 
 —in 1492, en 1492. 
 
 Q. Was this, jfwe esta — discovery, descubierta — a great, 
 una gran — achievement, empresa ? 
 
 A. It was, fue — the greatest, la mayor — of the, de la — 
 
 kind, especie — ever, jamas — performed, realizada — by 
 
 21 12 
 
 any man, por hombre alguna. 
 
 1 i 
 Q. Who, quien — patronised him, le patrocino — in un- 
 dertaking, para emprender — the voyage, el viaje ? 
 
 A. Isabella, Isabel — queen, Reyna — of Spain, de Es- 
 
 paha. 
 
 2 1 i 
 
 Q. What, que — peculiar qualifications, cualificaciones 
 2 
 particulares — had Columbus, tenia Colon — for, para — 
 
 such, tal — an expedition, ecspedidon ? 
 
 A. He was, el era — patient, paciente — and, y — had been, 
 
 habia estado — engaged, empleado — in a sea-faring life, en 
 
 1 2 
 
 la vida del mar — from, desde — the age, la edad — of, de — 
 
 14 years, catorce anos. 
 
 2 1 
 
 Q. What, que — place, parte — was, fue — first disco ver- 
 1 2 
 
 ed, descubierta primeramente? 
 
 I 
 
27 
 
 A. The, la — island, Isla — of, de — San Salvador, San 
 Salvador. 
 
 Q. What, que — distance, distdncia — had he sailed, ha- 
 
 bia navegado — from the place, desde el punto — of, de — 
 
 his, su — departure, salida ? 
 
 A. Above, mas de — 3000, tresmil — miles, millas. 
 
 * 
 Q. In what, de que — manner, manera — did he, el — and, 
 
 y — his crew, su trepulacion — express, ecspresaron — their 
 
 joy, su alegria — and, y — gratitude, gratitud — at the — a la 
 
 — sight, vista — of land, de la tierra? 
 
 A. They sang, cantaron — a, un — hymn, himno — of, de — 
 
 2 1 \ 2 
 
 praise, alabanza — to Almighty God, a Dios Todo-Pode- 
 roso. 
 
 Q. How, como — was,/we — Columbus, Colon — received, 
 recivido — on his return, a su vuelta — to Spain, a Espana ? 
 
 A. With, con — respect, respeto — and, y — admiration, 
 admiration. 
 
 Q. What, que — befel him, le acontecio — after, despues 
 de — his, su — second, segundo — and, y — third, tercer — voy- 
 ages, viajes — to, a — America, America ? 
 
 A. By, por — the, las — intrigues, intrigas — of, de — those, 
 
 2 11 2 
 
 aquellos — who, que — envied him, le envidiaban — he was, 
 fue — sent, enviado — home, a su tierra — from, de — his, su 
 — third, tercer — voyage, viaje — in chains, en cadenas. 
 
 2 1 1 2 
 
 Q. Did he ever receive, recibio jamas — from, de — his, 
 su — country, patria — the, el — reward, premio — he deserv- 
 ed, que merecio? 
 
 A. He did not, el no — but, pero — died, murib — the, la 
 — victim, victima — of, de la — ingratitude, ingratitud — and 
 y del — deceitfulness, engano. 
 
 Q. From, de — whom, quien — does America, la America 
 — derive, deriva — its, su — name, nombre ? 
 
 A. From, de — Ame'ricus Vespucius, Americo Vespucio 
 — who, que — made, Aizo~a, un — voyage, viaje — to, a — 
 
28 
 
 America, America — and, y — on, a — his, su — return, vuelta 
 — published, publico — an, una — account, noticia — of it, 
 de el. 
 
 LECCION CUARTA— LESSON FOURTH. 
 
 FROM SPANISH TO ENGLISH. 
 
 Historia de America. 
 History of America. 
 
 P. i Turner on los antiguos algun conocimiento de la Ame- 
 rica? 
 
 Q Was America known to the ancients ? 
 
 R. Probablemente que no. 
 
 Q. Probably it was not. 
 
 P. iCuando y por quienfue descubierta 1 
 
 Q. When and by whom was it discovered? 
 
 R. Por Cristoval Colon, en mil cuatrocientos noventa y 
 dos. 
 
 Q. By Christopher Columbus in 1492. 
 
 P. i Fue este descubrimiento una grande empresa ? 
 
 Q. Was this discovery a great achievement ? 
 
 R. Fue la mayor que en su especie, realizadapor hombre 
 alguni. 
 
 Q. It was the greatest of the kind ever made by man. 
 
 P. i Quien le patrocino para emprender el viaje ? 
 
 Q. Who patronised him in undertaking the voyage ? 
 
 R. Isabel, reyna de Espana. 
 
 A. Isabella, queen of Spain. 
 
 P. iQue peculiares cualificaciones tenia Colon para tal 
 ecspedicion ? 
 
29 
 
 Q. What peculiar qualifications had Columbus for such 
 an expedition ? 
 
 R. Era sufrido y per sever ante, y se habia ejercitado en 
 la navegacion, desde la edad de catorce anos. 
 
 Q. He was patient and persevering, and had been en- 
 gaged in a sea-faring life from the age of 14 years. 
 
 P. iCualfue su primer descubrimiento ? 
 
 Q. Which was his first discovery? 
 
 R. La Isla de San Salvador. 
 
 A. The Island of San Salvador. 
 
 P. [Que distancia navego desde el punto de su salida ? 
 
 Q. What distance had he sailed from the place of his de- 
 parture ? 
 
 jR. Mas de tresmil millas. 
 
 A. Above 3,000 miles. 
 
 P. [De que modo ecspresaron ely su tripulacion su goto 
 y gratitud a la vista de la tierra ? 
 
 Q. How did he and his crew express their joy and grati- 
 tude at the sight of land ? 
 
 R. Cantaron himnos de alabanza al Todo-Poderoso. 
 
 A. They sung hymns of praise to Almighty God. 
 
 P. iComofue Colon recibido a su regreso a Espaha 1 
 
 Q. How was Columbus received on his return to Spain ? 
 
 R. Con respeto y admiracion. 
 
 A. With respect and admiration. 
 
 P. iQue le acontecio despues de su segundo y tercer viaje 
 a America ? 
 
 Q. Whatbefel him after his second and third voyage to 
 America ? 
 
 R . Por las intrigas de sus emulosfue enviado a Espaha 
 encadenado, despues de su tercer viaje. 
 
 A. By the intrigu^ of those who envied him, he was sent 
 to Spain from his tnffd voyage in chains. 
 
 P. iRecibio jamas de su patria el premio que merecio ? 
 3* 
 
26 
 
 Q. Did he ever receive- from his country the reward he 
 deserved ? 
 
 R. El no : y murib victima de la ingratitud y del engaho. 
 
 A. He did not, but died the victim of ingratitude and 
 deceitfulness. 
 
 P. iDe quien deriva la America su nombre ? 
 
 Q. From whom does America derive its name ? 
 
 R. De Americo Vespucio, que hizo un viaje a ella, y 
 a su vuelta publico una noticia de el. 
 
 A. From Americus Vespucius, who made a voyage to it, 
 and on his return published an account of it. 
 
 Fin de la Leccion cuatra. 
 End of the fourth lesson. 
 
 FIFTH LESSON— QUINTA LECCION. 
 
 FROM ENGLISH TO SPANISH. 
 
 The United States. 
 Los Estados Unidos. 
 
 Q. What, que — companies, compahias — were formed, se 
 formaron — in, en — England, Inglaterra — in 1606, en 1606 
 — for sending, para enviar — colonies, colonias — to, d — 
 
 America, America ? 
 
 i i 
 
 A. The, la — London Company, Compahia de Londres 
 
 — and, y — the, la — Plymouth Company, Compahia de Pli- 
 muth. ^ 
 
 Q. Where, endonde — was begun, se principio — a settle- 
 ment, un establecimiento — soon after, inmediatamentedespues 
 — by the, por la — London Company, Compahia de Londres? 
 
 
31 
 
 A. At, en — Jamestown, Jamestown — in Virginia, en Vir- 
 ginia. 
 
 Q. When, cuando — and, y — by whom, porquien — were 
 made, se for mar on — the first, los primeros — settlements, 
 establecimientos — in New York — en Nueva York? 
 
 A. By, por — the, los — Dutch, Olandeses — in 1614, en 
 1614. 
 
 Q. When, cuando — and, y — by whom, porquien — was 
 made, seformo — the, el — first, primer — settlement, esta- 
 blecimiento — in New England, en la Nueva Inglaterra ? 
 
 A. In En — January, Enero — 1620, de 1620 — by, por — a 
 colony, unacolonia — known, conocida — by, por — the name, 
 el nombre — of, de — Puritans, Puritdnos. 
 
 i 
 
 Q. To what, a que — country, pais — did they belong, 
 pertenecian — originally, orijinariamente ? 
 
 A. To, a — England, Inglaterra. 
 
 Q. What, cuales — vtere,fueron — their, sus — motives, mo- 
 tivos — for, para — settling, establecerse — in America, en 
 America ? 
 
 A. They sought, buscaron— freedom, libertad — to, para 
 
 * 
 
 — worship, adorar — God, a Dios. 
 
 Q. Where, endonde — did they land, desembarcaron 1 
 
 A. At, era — Plymouth, Plimuth. 
 
 Q. When, cuando — was settled, se fundo — Boston, 
 Boston ? 
 
 A. In, era — January, Enero — 1630, de 1630. 
 
 Q. To whom, a quien — was granted, se mercedo — Mary- 
 land, Maryland — first, primeramente ? 
 
 A. To Lord, alLord — Baltimore, Baltimore. 
 
 Q. When, cuando — and where, y endonde — were erect- 
 ed, se edificaron — the first, las primeras — houses, casas — 
 in Connecticut, era Connecticut ? 
 
 A. In 1663, era 1663 — in Windsor, era Windsor. 
 
32 
 
 Q. What was, cual era — the character — el cardcter — 
 of the, de los — first, primeros — settlers, fundadores — of 
 New England, de la Nueva Inglaterra ? 
 
 A. They were, eran — industrious, industriosos — patri- 
 otic, patrioticos — and, y — devout, devotos. 
 
 Q. What, que — law, ley — was adopted, se adopto — in 
 Massachusetts, en Massachusetts — in 1651, en 1651 ? 
 
 A. A law, una ley — prohibiting, prohibiendo — all persons, 
 a todas las personas — whose, cuya — estate, propriedad — 
 did not, no — exceed, escediesede — £, 200, doscientas libras 
 
 .2 11 2 
 
 — from wearing, de usar — gold or silver lace, galon de oro 
 
 2 1 1 2 
 
 u plata — or, 6 — any lace, galon alguno — above, de mas de 
 — two, dos — shillings, shilines — per, por — yard, yarda. 
 
 Q. When, cuando — and, y — to whom, a quien — was, 
 fue — Pennsylvania, Pensilvania — granted, mercedada — 
 by, por — Charles IT, Carlos segundo ? 
 
 A. To, a — William Penn, Guillermo Penn — in 1681, 
 en mil seicientos ochenta y uno. 
 
 LECCION qUIKTA— LESSON FIFTH. 
 
 FROM SPANISH TO ENGLISH. 
 
 Los Estados Unidos. 
 The United States. 
 
 P. iQue compahias se formaron en Inglaterra, en 1606, 
 para embiar colonias a America ? 
 
 Q. What companies were formed in England, in 1606, 
 for sending colonies to America ? 
 
 R. La Compahia de Londres y la de Plimuth. 
 
 A. The London Company and the Plymouth Company. 
 
33 
 
 P. En donde se did inmediatamente despues, principio a la 
 primer a poblacion, por la Compahia de Londres ? 
 
 Q. Where was a first settlement soon after begun by 
 the London Company ? 
 
 jR. En Jamestown, en Virginia. 
 
 A. In Jamestown, in Virginia. 
 
 P. i Cuando ypor quienes seformaron losprimeros esta- 
 blecimientos en Nueva York ? 
 
 Q. When and by whom were the first settlements made 
 in New York ? 
 
 R. Por los OlandeseSi en 1614. 
 
 A. By the Dutch in 1614. 
 
 P. i Cuando y por quienes seformo el primer estableci- 
 miento en la Nueva Inglaterra ? 
 
 Q. When and by whom was the first settlement made 
 in New England ? 
 
 R. En Enero de 1620, por una colonia conocida con el 
 nombre de Puritdnos. 
 
 A. In January of 1620, by a colony known by the name 
 Puritans. 
 
 P. De que pais eran orijinarios ? 
 
 Q. To what country did they originally belong ? 
 
 R. De Inglaterra. 
 
 A. To England. 
 
 P. iCuales fueron sus motivos para establecerse en 
 America? 
 
 Q. What were their motives for settling in America? 
 
 R. Los de buscar libertad para adorar a Dios* 
 
 A. They sought freedom to worship God. 
 
 P. i En donde desembarcaron? 
 
 Q. Where did they land? 
 
 JR. En Plimuth. 
 
 A. In Plymouth. 
 
 P. i Cuando se fundo Boston? 
 
 Q. When was Boston settled? 
 
34 
 
 R. En Enerode 1630. 
 
 A. In January, 1630. 
 
 P. i A quicn fue Maryland primeramente mercedado? 
 
 Q. To whom was Maryland first granted? 
 
 jR. Al Lord Baltimore. 
 
 A. To Lord Baltimore. 
 
 P. i Cuando y en donde se edified la •primer casa en Con- 
 necticut? 
 
 Q. When and where was the first house erected in Con- 
 necticut? 
 
 R. En 1633, en Windsor. 
 
 A. In 1633, in Windsor. 
 
 P. i Cual era el cardcter de los primeros fundadores de 
 la Nueva Inglaterra? 
 
 Q. What was the character of the early settlers of New 
 England? 
 
 R. Eran industriosos, patrioticos, y devotos. 
 
 A. They were industrious, patriotic, and devout. 
 
 P. [Que ley se sanciono en Massachusetts en 1615? 
 
 Q. What law was sanctioned in Massachusetts in 1615? 
 
 R. Una ley' prohibiendo que toda persona, cuya propri- 
 edad no escediese de 200 libras, pudiese usar de galones de 
 oro u plata, ni otro galon alguno, cuyoprecio pasase de dos 
 shilines la yarda. 
 
 A. A law prohibiting all persons from wearing any gold 
 or silver lace, or any bone lace, above two shillings per 
 yard. 
 
 P. i Cuando y a quien fue Pensilvania mercedada por 
 Carlos segundo? 
 
 Q. When and to whom was Pennsylvania granted by 
 Charles 2d? 
 
 R. A Guillermo Penn, en 1681. 
 
 A. To William Penn, en 1681. 
 
 Fin de la Leccion quinta. 
 End of the fifth lesson. 
 
35 
 
 SIXTH LESSOX-SECSTA LECCION. 
 
 FROM ENGLISH TO SPANISH. 
 
 American Revolution. 
 
 La Revolucion Americana. 
 
 Q. What, que — is meant, quiere decirse — by, por — a re- 
 volution, una revolucion — in a, en un — country, pais? 
 
 A. A change, un cambio — in the, en el — government, go- 
 bierno. 
 
 Q. By whom, por quien — were, fueron — governed, go- 
 211 2 
 
 bernados — the, los — United States, Estados Unidos — be- 
 fore, antes — the, de la — revolution, revolucion? 
 
 A. By, por — the king, el Rey — and, y el — parliament, 
 Parlamento — of, de la — Great Britain, Gran Bretaha. 
 
 Q. What, que — occasioned, ocasiono — the, la — revolu- 
 
 2 1 i 
 
 tion, revolucion — in the, en tos — United States, Estados 
 
 2 
 
 Unidos? 
 
 2 
 
 A. The, los — attempts, atentados — of the, del — British 
 
 1 12 1 1 
 
 parliament, Parlamento Ingles — to tax, sobre imponer con- 
 
 tribuciones — the, en las — colonies, colonias. 
 
 Q. When, cuando — and where, y en donde — did it 
 i i 
 
 commence, principid? — (the revolution, la revolucion.) 
 
 A. The, la — first, primera — blood, sangre — was shed, 
 se derramo — at Lexington, en Lexington — Massachusetts, 
 Massachusetts — April 19, en 19 de Abril — 1775, de 
 1775. 
 
 2 1 1 2 
 
 Q. Did the colonies obtain, obtuvieron la colonias — the, 
 la — repeal, revocacion — of the, de los — duties, impuestos? 
 A. Of all, de todos — except, escepto — the tax, el derecho 
 
36 
 
 I 2 
 
 — of, de — three, tres — pence, peniques — a pound on tea 
 
 1 2 
 
 por cada libra de Te. 
 
 Q. What, que — happened, sucedio — at Boston, en Boston 
 — in, en — consequence, consecuencia — of the, de la — con- 
 tinuance, continuacion — of this, de este — tax, derecho? 
 
 A. A number, un numero — of, de — persons, personas — 
 
 disguised, disfrazadas — like, como — Indians, Indios — went, 
 
 fueron — on board, abordo — the vessels, de los buques — con- 
 
 i 
 taining, quecontenian — tea, Te — and, y — threw over board, 
 
 i 
 hecharon alagua — 342 chests, 342 ccr/as— ofit, de el. 
 
 Q. Where, en donde — met, se junto— the, el — congress, 
 Congreso — continental, continental — in 1774, en 1774? 
 
 A. At Philadelphia, en Filadelfia. 
 
 Q. When, cuando — was fought, se did — the battle, la 
 batalla — of, de — Bunker-hill, Bunker-hill? 
 
 A. On, en — the, el — 17th of June, 17 de Junio — 1776, 
 
 de 1775. 
 
 Q. What, que — act, acto — of, de — wanton, cruel — bar- 
 barity, barbaridad — was perform ed.fui ejecutado — by, por 
 — the, los — British, Ingleses — during, durante — the, la — 
 action, accion? 
 
 A. They, ellos — set fire, pegaron fuego — to Charles- 
 town, a Charlestown — and, y — the whole, toda la — town, 
 ciudad — consisting, que constaba — of, de — 400, 400 — hou- 
 ses, casas — was consumed, fue consumida. 
 
 Q. Whom did, a quien — congress, el Congreso — appoint, 
 nombro — commander, Jeneral — -in chief, enjefe — of their, 
 de sus — armies, ejercitos ? 
 
 A. George Washington, a Jorje Washington. 
 
 Q. When did, cuando — the, las — colonies, colonias — 
 
 2 112 
 
 declare themselves, se declararon — independent, indepen- 
 dientes ? 
 
37 
 
 A. On the, en el — 4th of July, cuatro de Julio — 1776, 
 de 1776. 
 Q. What, que — distinguished, distinguido — foreigner^/br- 
 
 * 2.1 1 
 
 aster o — joined, se unio— the, a la — American army, arma- 
 
 2 
 
 da Americana — during, durante — the, la — war, guerra ? 
 
 A. The Marquis, el Marques — de Lafayette, de Lafay- 
 ette. 
 
 Q. When, cuando — did acknowledge, reconocio — Great 
 Britain, la Gran Bretana — the, la — independence, inde- 
 pendencia — of the, de los — United States, Estados Unidos? 
 
 A. In 1783, en 1783. 
 
 2 11 2 
 
 Q. How many, cuantos — British soldiers, soldados In- 
 
 gleses — were, fueron — killed, muertos — during, durante — 
 
 the war, la guerra ? 
 
 * * 
 
 A. About, cerca de — 50,000, cincuenta mil. 
 
 Q. What, cual — was,jfwe — the, el — expense, gasto — of 
 the, de la — war, guerra — to, para — Great Britain, la Grtm 
 Bretana ? 
 
 A. About, cerca de — £ 100,000,000 sterling, cien mil- 
 lones de Libras esterlinas. 
 
38 
 LECCION SECS714— LESSON SIXTH. 
 
 FROM SPANISH TO ENGLISH. 
 
 Revolution de los Estados Unidos. 
 Revolution of the United States. 
 
 P. iQue quiere decir, Revolution en un pais ? 
 
 Q. What is meant by a revolution in a country ? 
 
 R. Un cambio en el gobierno. 
 
 A. A change in the government. 
 
 P. iPor quienfueron gobernados los Estados Unidos, an- 
 tes de layevolucion ? 
 
 Q. By whom were the United States governed before the 
 revolution ? 
 
 R. iPor el Rey y Parlamento de la Gran Bretaha. 
 
 A. By the king and parliament of Great Britain. 
 
 P. iQue ocasiono la revolution en las Estados Unidos? 
 
 *&. What occasioned the revolution in the United States? 
 
 R. El haber intentado el Parlamento Ingles, e imponer 
 contribuciones en las colonias. 
 
 A. The attempt of the British parliament to tax the colo- 
 nies. 
 
 P. iCuando y en donde did printipio la revolution ? 
 
 Q. When and where did the revolution commence ? 
 
 R. La primer sangre que se derramo fue en Lexington, 
 Massachusetts, era 19 de Abrilde 1775. 
 
 A. The first blood was shed at Lexington, Massachu- 
 setts, April 19, 1775. 
 
 P. i Obtuvieron las colonias la revocation de los impu- 
 estos ? 
 
 Q. Did the colonies obtain a repeal of the duties? 
 
 R. De todos, escepto el derecho de trespeniques por cada 
 libra de Te. 
 
 A. Of all except three cents a pound on tea. 
 
39 
 
 P. iQue sucedio en Boston en consecuencia de la conti- 
 nuation de este derecho ? 
 
 Q. What happened at Boston in consequence of the 
 continuance of this tax? 
 
 R. Que un numero de personas disfrazadas como Indios, 
 fueron abordo de los buques que tenian Te, y arrqjaron al 
 agua 342 cajas. 
 
 A. That a number of persons disguised like Indians, went 
 on board the vessels containing tea, and threw 342 chests 
 of it overboard. 
 
 P. [En queparaje se junto el Congreso continental en 1774? 
 
 Q. Where did the continental congress meet in 1774 ? 
 
 R. En Philadelphia. 
 
 A. At Philadelphia. 
 
 P. iCuando se did la batalla de Bunker Hill ? 
 
 Q. When was the battle of Bunker Hill fought ? 
 
 R. El 17 de Junio de 1775. 
 
 A. On the 17th June, 1775. 
 
 P. iQue acto de desapiadada crueldad se cometio por 
 los Ingleses durante la action ? 
 
 Q. What act of wanton barbarity was performed by the 
 British during the action ? 
 
 R. Pegaronfuego a Charlestown, y toda la cuidad que 
 consistia de 400 casas, se abraso. 
 
 A. They set fire to Charlestown, and the whole town 
 consisting of 400 houses was consumed. 
 
 P. i A quien elijio el Congreso por Jeneralenjefe de su 
 ejertito ? 
 
 Q. Whom did congress appoint commander-in-chief of 
 their armies ? 
 
 R. A Jorje Washington, 
 
 A. George Washington. 
 
 P. iCuando se declararon las colonias independientes? 
 
 Q. When did the colonies declare themselves independent? 
 
 R. El cuatro de Julio de 1776. 
 
 A. On the fourth of July, 1776. 
 
40 
 
 P. iQue estranjero distinguido se unio al ejercito Ame- 
 ricano durante la guerra ? 
 
 Q. What distinguished foreigner joined the American ar- 
 iny during the war ? 
 
 jR. El Marques de Lafayette. 
 
 A. The Marquis de Lafayette. 
 
 P. iCuando reconocio la Gran Bretanala Independencia 
 de los Estados Unidos ? 
 
 Q. When did Great Britain acknowledge the indepen- 
 dence of the United States ? 
 
 R. En 1783. 
 
 A. In 1783. 
 
 P. iCuantos soldados Ingleses fueron muertos durante 
 la guerra, ? 
 
 Q. How many English soldiers were killed during the war? 
 
 R. Cerca de 50,000. 
 
 A. About 60,000. 
 
 P. Cuanto costo la guerra a la Inglaterra ? 
 
 Q. What was the expense of the war to Great Britain? 
 
 R. Cerca de cien milliones de Libras esterlinas. 
 
 A. About £ 100,000,000. 
 
 Fin de la Leccion secsta. 
 End of the sixth lesson. 
 
 SEVENTH LESSON— SEPTIMA LECCION. 
 
 FROM ENGLISH TO SPANISH. 
 
 Astronomy — Astronomia. 
 
 Q. What, que — is, es — astronomy, astronomia? 
 
 A, The, la — science, ciencia — which, que — treats, tra- 
 ta — of the, de las — stars, Estrellas — and of, y de — other, 
 otros — bodies, cuerpos — heavenly, celestes. 
 
41 
 
 Q. How many, cuantas — miles, millas — is the suiMiene 
 e l Sol — in, en — diameter, diametro ? 
 
 A. About, cerca de — 880,000, ochocientas ochenta mil. 
 
 Q. How long, cuanto tiempo — would it take, se necesi- 
 taria — to, para — travel, viajar — round, al rededor — -the, 
 del — sun, Sol? 
 
 A. At the, a — rate, razon — of, de — 90, noventa — 
 miles, millas — a day, al dia — it would take, se necesitarian 
 — more, mas — than, de — 80 years, ochenta anos. 
 
 Q. What, que — considers, considera — Dr. Herschell, el 
 Doctor Herschell — to be, que es — the sun, el Sol? 
 
 A. A, Un — globe, globo — habitable, habitable. 
 
 Q. How far, que distante — is, estd — the, la — moon, Lu- 
 na — from the, de la — earth, tierra ? 
 
 A. About, cerca de — 240,000 miles, doscientas cuarenta 
 
 mil millas. 
 
 Q. How does, como — appear, parece — the earth, la ti- 
 * 
 err a — as seen, vista — from, desde — the, la — moon, Luna? 
 
 A. Thirteen, trece — times, veces — larger, mayor — than, 
 
 i i 
 que — the, la — moon, Luna — does to us, nos parece — its, su 
 
 — surface, superficie — being, siendo — thirteen times, trece 
 veces — greater, mayor — than, que — that of, la de — the, la — 
 moon, Luna. 
 
 Q. What, que — are, son — the, las — stars, Estrellas? 
 
 A. A few of, algunas de — the, las — stars, Estrellas — 
 are, son — vast, grandes — globes, globos — like, parecidos a 
 -•-our, nuestra — earth, tierra; — but, pero — most, la mayor 
 parte — of them, de ellas — are, son — suns, Soles — which, 
 que — give, dan — light, luz — and, y — heat, calor—yto, a — 
 other, otros — distant, distantes — worlds, mundos. 
 
 Q. How do, como — we know, sabemos — that, que los — 
 astronomers, Astronomos — tell us, nos dicen — the truth, la 
 verdad ? 
 
 A. If, si — thev, ellos — had not, no tuvieran — a, un — 
 4* 
 
42 
 
 knowledge, conocimiento — of the, de los — bodies, cuerpos — 
 heavenly, celestes — they, ellos — could not, no podrian — 
 
 foretell, predecir — eclipses, los eclipses. 
 
 Q. What, que — opinion, opinion — did form, formar on — 
 the Indians, los Indios — of, de — Columbus, Colon — when, 
 cuando — he foretold, les predijo — an, un — eclipse, eclipse? 
 
 A. When, cuando — it took place, acaecio — they sup- 
 posed, ellos supusieron — that he, que el — must be able, se- 
 rial capaz — to procure them, de proporcionarles — either, 
 6 bien — plenty, abundancia — or, 6 — famine, hambre. 
 
 SEPTIMA LECCION— SEVENTH LESSON. 
 
 FROM SPANISH TO ENGLISH. 
 
 Astronomia — Astronomy. 
 
 P. iQue es Astronomia ? 
 
 Q. What is Astronomy ? 
 
 R, La ciencia que trata de las Estrellas y otros cuerpos 
 celestes. 
 
 A. The science which treats of the stars and other hea- 
 venly bodies. 
 
 P. iCuantas millas tiene el Sol en diametro? 
 
 Q. How many miles is the sun in diameter ? 
 
 R. Cerca de ochocientas ochenta mil. 
 
 A. About 880,000. 
 
 P. iCuanto tiempose necesitaria para viajar alrededor 
 del Sol? 
 
 Q. How long would it take to travel round the sun ? 
 
 jR. A razon de noventa millas por dia, se necesitarian 
 mas de ochenta anos. 
 
 A. At the rate of 90 miles a day it would take more than 
 80 years. 
 
43 
 
 P. i Que considera el Doctor Herschel que es el Sol? 
 
 Q. What does Doctor Herschel consider the sun to be? 
 
 jR. Tin globo habitable. 
 
 A. A habitable globe. 
 
 P. iQue distante estd la Luna de la tierra? 
 
 Q. How far is the moon from the earth? 
 
 R. Cerca de doscicntas y cuarenta mil millas. 
 
 A. About 240,000 miles. 
 
 P. iComo aparece la tierra vista desde la Luna? 
 
 Q. How does the earth appear as seen from the moon? 
 
 jR. Trece veces mayor que la Luna nosparece, por que su 
 super jicie es trece veces mayor que la de la Luna. 
 
 A. Thirteen times larger than the moon does to us; its 
 surface being thirteen times greater than that of the moon. 
 
 P' iQue son las Estrellas? 
 
 Q. What are the stars? 
 
 R. Unas pocas de las Estrellas son unos grandes globos 
 como nuestra tierra; pero la mayor parte de ellas son Soles, 
 que dan luz y calor a otros mundos distantes. 
 
 A. A few of the stars are vast globes like our earth; but 
 most of them are suns, which give light and heat to other 
 distant worlds. 
 
 P. iComo sabemos que los Astronomos nos dicen la ver- 
 dad? 
 
 Q. How do we know that astronomers tell us the truth? 
 
 R. Porque sino tuvieran conocimiento de los cuerpos 
 celestes, no nos podrian predecir los eclipses. 
 
 A. Because, if they had not a knowledge of the heavenly 
 bodies, they could not foretell the eclipses. 
 
 P. iQue opinion for mar on los Indios de Colon, cuando 
 predijo un eclipse? 
 
 Q. What opinion did the Indians form of Columbus, 
 when he foretold an eclipse? 
 
 R. Cuando acaecio, supusieron que era capaz de pro- 
 porcionarles 6 abundancia 6 hambre. 
 
44 
 
 A. When it took place, they supposed him to be able to 
 procure them either plenty or famine. 
 
 Fin de la Leccion septima. 
 End of the seventh lesson. 
 
 EIGHTH LESSON— 007^^4 LECCION. 
 
 FROM ENGLISH TO SPANISH. 
 
 Governments — Gobiernos. 
 
 Q. How many, cuantas — forms, formas — of govern- 
 ments, dc gobiernos — are there, hay? 
 
 A. Three, tres — monarchy, Monarquia — aristocracy, 
 Aristocracia — and, y — democracy, Democracia. 
 
 Q. How many, cuantas — kinds, especies — of monarchies 
 de Monarquias — are there, hay? 
 
 A. Two, dos: — absolute, absoluta — and,# — limited, li- 
 mit ada. 
 
 2 2 
 
 Q. What, que — is, es — an, una — absolute, absoluta — 
 i l 
 
 monarchy, monarquia? 
 
 l l 
 
 A. It is, es— a, un — government, gobierno — in which, 
 
 en el que — the, la — will, voluntad — of, de — the, el — 
 monarch, Monarca — is, es — law, ley. 
 
 2 2 1 1 
 
 Q. What is, que es — limited, limitado — monarchy, mon- 
 arquia? 
 
 A. It is, es — a government, un gobierno — in which, en 
 el que — the power, el poder — of the, del — sovereign, So- 
 berano — is, estd — limited, limitado— by, por la — law, ley. 
 
 Q. What, que — is, es — aristocracy, Aristocracia? 
 
 A. It is, es — a, un — government, gobierno — administer- 
 ed, administrado — by, por — a few, unos pocos de — men, 
 hombres — styled, llamados — the, la — nobility, nobleza. 
 
45 
 
 Q. What, que, is, es — republic, Republica? 
 
 A. It is, es — the government, el gobiernc— in which, en 
 que — the people, el pueblo — choose, elije — their own, sus 
 propios — rulers, gobernantes. 
 
 LECCION OCTAVA— LESSON EIGHTH. 
 
 FEOM SPANISH TO ENGLISH. 
 
 Gobiernos — Governments. 
 
 P. jCuantas formas de gobiernos hay? 
 
 Q. How many forms of governments are there? 
 
 R. Tres: Monarquia, Aristocracia, y Democracia. 
 
 A. Three: monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy. 
 
 P. jCuantas especies hay de Monarquias? 
 
 Q. How many kinds of monarchies are there? 
 
 R. Dos: absohita y limitada. 
 
 A. Two: absolute and limited. 
 
 P. iQue es una Monarquia absoluta? 
 
 Q. What is an absolute monarchy? 
 
 R. Esun gobierno en que la voluntad del Monarca es Ley. 
 
 A. It is a government in which the will of the monarch 
 is law. 
 
 P. i Que es Monarquia limitada? 
 
 Q. What is a limited monarchy? 
 
 JR. Es un gobierno en que el poder del Sober ano estd 
 limitado por la Ley. 
 
 A. It is a government in which the power of the sove- 
 reign is limited by law. 
 
 P. i Que es Aristocracia? 
 
 Q. What is aristocracy? 
 
 R. Es un gobierno administrado por unos pocos de hom- 
 bres, llamados comunmente la nobleza. 
 
46 
 
 A. It is a government administered by a few men com- 
 monly styled the nobility. 
 
 P. jQuees una Republica? 
 
 Q. What is a republic? 
 
 R. Es el gobierno en que el pueblo elije sus propios 
 gobernantes. 
 
 A. It is the government in which the people choose their 
 rulers. 
 
 Fin de la Leccion octava. 
 End of the eighth lesson. 
 
 NINTH LESSON— NOVEKA LECCION. 
 
 FROM ENGLISH TO SPANISH. 
 
 Clouds and Winds, &c. — Nubes y Vientos, #v. 
 
 Q. What, que — are, son — the, las — clouds, Nubes? 
 
 A. Fogs, Nieblas — or, 6 — vapours, vapores — which, que 
 — rise, se levantan — from, de — the, le— sea, mar — and, y 
 float, circulan — in, en — the, le — air, aire. 
 
 Q. What height, a que altura — are they, estan — from, de 
 — the earth, la tierra? 
 
 A. From, de — a, un — quarter, cuarto — of a, de — mile, 
 milla — to, d — three, tres — miles, millas. 
 
 Q. What, que — becomes, acaece — of the, d las — clouds, 
 nubes? 
 
 A. They, ellas — descend, bajan — in, en — showers, 
 lluvias. 
 
 Q. How long is, cuanto tarda — light, la luz — in, en — pass- 
 ing, pasar — from, de — the, el — sun, Sol — to, d — the, la — 
 earth, tierra? 
 
 A. Eleven, once — minutes, minutos. 
 
47 
 
 Q. How long, cuanto — would it take, tardaria — a, una 
 211*2 
 — cannon ball, bala de canon — to go, para hacer — the, la 
 
 — same, misma — distance, distancia? 
 
 * 
 A. Twenty, veinte — five, y cinco — years, anos. 
 
 Q. What, que — is, es — wind, Viento? 
 
 A. It is, es — air, aire — put, puesto— in, en — motion, 
 movimiento. 
 
 Q. What, cual — is, es — the, la — velocity, velocidad — of, 
 del — wind, Viento? 
 
 2 1 12 
 
 A. A gentle breeze, una Brisa fresca — move, corre — 
 
 i l 
 
 about, cerca de — four, cuatro — miles, millas — an hour, por 
 
 2 112 
 
 hora; a, un — brisk wind, Viento galeno — fifteen miles, quince 
 
 2 112 
 
 millas; — a, un — high wind, Viento fuerte — thirty, treinta; — 
 a, una-— storm, Tempestad — sixty, sesenta. 
 
 LECCIOK NOVENA— LESSON NINTH. 
 
 FROM SPANISH TO ENGLISH. 
 
 Nubes y Vientos — Clouds and Winds. 
 
 P. iQue cosa son las Nubes ? 
 
 Q. What are the clouds? 
 
 R. Nieblas 6 vapores que se elevan del mar y corren 
 por el aire. 
 
 A. Fogs or vapours which rise from the sea, and float 
 in the air. 
 
 P. i A que altura de la tierra se kalian? 
 
 Q. How high are they from the earth ? 
 
48 
 
 R. Deun cuarto, a tres millas. 
 
 A. From a quarter of a mile to three miles. y 
 
 P. iQue acaece a las Nubes? 
 
 Q. What becomes of the clouds? 
 
 * . * 
 R. Que bajan a la tierra convertidas en lluvias. 
 
 A. They descend in showers. 
 
 P. Cuanto tiempo tarda la luz enpasar desdeel Sol a la 
 tierra ? 
 
 Q. How long is light in passing from the sun to the 
 earth? 
 
 jR. Once minutos. 
 
 A. Eleven minutes. 
 
 P. i Cuanto tiempo tardaria una bala de canon en cor- 
 rer la misma distancia ? 
 
 Q. How long would it take a cannon ball to go the 
 same distance ? 
 
 R. Veinte y cinco ahos. 
 
 A. Twenty-five years. 
 
 P. iQue es Viento ? 
 
 Q. What is wind? 
 
 R. Es el aire puesto en movimiento. 
 
 A. It is air put in motion. 
 
 P. i Cual es la velocidad del Viento? 
 
 Q. What is the velocity of wind? 
 
 R. Una Brisafresca, tienecasi la de cuatro millas por 
 hora; un Viento galeno, la de quince millas; un Ventarron 
 la de treinta millas, y una Tempestad la de sesenta millas. 
 
 A. A gentle breeze moves about 4 miles an hour; a 
 brisk wind about 15 miles; a high wind 30; a storm 60. 
 
 Fin de la Leccion novcna. 
 End of the ninth Lesson. 
 
49 
 
 TENTH LESSON— DECJMA LECCIOX. 
 
 FROM ENGLISH TO SPANISH. 
 
 The Human Body — El Cuerpo Humano. 
 
 Q. How many, cuantos — bones, huesos — are contained, 
 se contienen — in the, en el — human 2 body, 1 cuerpo 1 hu- 
 mano 1 ? 
 
 A. It is, se — generally 2 supposed, 1 supone 1 general- 
 mente* — that, que — 245, doscientos cuarenta y cinco. 
 
 Q. How many, cuantos — are reckoned, se reconocen 
 — in the, en los — arms, brazos — and, y — hands, manos ? 
 
 A. Sixty, sesenta. 
 
 Q. What, que — is worthy, merece — of notice*, saber se* — 
 and, y — excites, escita — our, nuestra — admiration, admi- 
 ration — with, con — regard, respecto — to the, d las — joints. 
 coyunturas ? 
 
 A. That, que — a limb, un miembro — swings, se revuelve 
 — upon, sobre — its, su — hinge, muelle — millions, millones — 
 of, de — times, veces — without, sin que se, — wearing out*, 
 gaste. 
 
 Q. How often, en cuanto tiempo — is it supposed, se 
 supone — that, que — all, toda — the, la — blood, sangre — in, 
 en — the, el — human 2 body 1 , cuerpo 1 humano 2 — passes, 
 — through, por — the, el — heart, corazon ? 
 
 A. About, casi — once, una vez — every, cada — four, 
 cuatro — minutes, minutos. 
 
 Q. How much, cuanto — iron, fierro — does contain, con- 
 tiene — the, la — blood, sangre — of, de — a, un — healthy- 
 man, 1 hombre 1 sano 2 ? 
 
 A. About, casi — three, tres — ounces, onzas. 
 
 Q. How much, cuanto — air, aire — do we inhale, inspi- 
 ramos — in, en — 24, veinte y cuatro — hours, horas? 
 5 
 
50 
 
 A. Above, mas de — 70, setenta — hogsheads, barricas — 
 which, las que — would weigh, pesarian — 50, cincuenta — 
 and, y — 60, sesenta — pounds, libras. 
 
 LECCION DECIMA— LESSON TENTH. 
 
 PROM SPANISH TO ENGLISH. 
 
 El Cuerpo Humano — The Human Body. 
 
 P. iCuantos huesos contiene el cuerpo humano? 
 
 Q, How many bones are contained in the human body ? 
 
 R. Se supone generalmente, que doscientos cuarenta y 
 cinco. 
 
 A. It is generally supposed 245. 
 
 P. iCuantos se cuentan en los brazos y manos? 
 
 Q. How many are reckoned in the arms and hands? 
 
 R. Sesenta. 
 
 A. Sixty. 
 
 P. iQue es digno de notarse y de que escite nuestra ad- 
 miration respecto a las coyunturas ? 
 
 Q. What is worthy of notice, and excites our admiration 
 with regard to the joints? 
 
 R. Que un miembro se revuelve sobre su muelle vn mil- 
 Ion de veces sin que se gaste. 
 
 A. That a limb swings upon its hinge millions of times 
 without wearing out. 
 
 P. [En cuanto tiempo se supone que la sangre del cu- 
 erpo humano pasa por el corazon? 
 
 Q. How often is it supposed that all the blood in the 
 human body passes through the heart? 
 
51 
 
 jR. Casi una vez, en cuatro minutos. 
 
 A. About once every four minutes. 
 
 P. iCuanto Jierro contiene la sangre de un hombre ro- 
 busto? 
 
 Q. How much iron does the blood of a healthy man 
 contain? 
 
 R. Cerca de tres onzas. 
 
 A. About three ounces. 
 
 P. iCuanto aire inspiramos en veinte y cuatro horas? 
 
 Q. How much air do we inhale in 24 hours? 
 
 R. Mas de setenta barricas, que pesarian entre cincu- 
 enta y sesenta libras. 
 
 A. Above seventy hogsheads, which would weigh between 
 50 and 60 pounds. 
 
 Fin de la Leccion decima. 
 End of the tenth lesson. 
 
 ELEVENTH LESSON— UMDECIMA LECCION. 
 
 FROM ENGLISH TO SPANISH. 
 
 Falsehood — La Mentira. 
 
 Q. What, que — is, es — lying, mentir? 
 
 A. Stating, el referir — a, una — thing, cosa — as, como — 
 true, verdad — which, que — we, nosotros — know, sabemos 
 — to be, que es — false,/afaa. 
 
 Q. What, cual — is, es — the, la — most, mas — important, 
 importante — reason, razon — for, para — always, siempre — 
 speaking, decir — the, la — truth, verdad? 
 
52 
 
 A. The, la — Bible, Biblia — says, dice — that, que los* — 
 lying 1 lips 1 lavios 1 mentirosos'* — are, sonla — abomination, 
 abomination — of, de — the, el — Lord, Sehor. 
 
 Q. What are, cuales son — the, las — present, immedia- 
 fas — advantages, ventajas — of, de — always 1 speaking 1 , 
 decir 1 siempre 2 — the, la — truth, verdad? 
 
 A. Thereby, las* de* que por ello — we obtain, obtenemos 
 — the, la — confidence, confianza — of others, de otros. 
 
 Q. In what way, en que forma — will be found, se halla- 
 rd — the habit, la costumbre — of, de — lying, mentir — incon- 
 venient, desventajosa 1 
 
 A. Because, en* que* — one, una — lie, mentira — needs, 
 necesita — many, de* muchas — more, was — to, para — make 
 it, hacerla — good, buena; — and, y — the, el — liar, mentiroso 
 — will be, estard — in danger, en peligro — of, de— contra- 
 dicting, contradecir — at, en — one, un — time> tiempo — what, 
 lo que — he* said, cZi/o — at, en — another, otro — time, tiempo* 
 
 Q. What, cual — will be, sera — the, Za— consequence, 
 consecuencia — of, de — lying, mentir — about, por— trifles, 
 f Holer as? 
 
 A. That, que — we* shall be disposed, estaremos dispues- 
 tos — to utter, a proferir — falsehoods, embustes — on, en — 
 important, importantes — occasions, ocasiones. 
 
 LECCION UJs'DECIMA— LESSON ELEVENTH. 
 
 FROM SPANISH TO ENGLISH. 
 
 La Mentira — Falsehood. 
 
 P. iQue es mentir? 
 Q. What is lying? 
 
53 
 
 R. El ecsponer como verdadero lo que sabemos ser 
 /also. 
 
 A. Stating a thing to be true which we know to be false. 
 
 P. iCual es la razon mas importante para Jtablar siem- 
 pre la verdad? 
 
 Q. What is the most important reason for always speak- 
 ing the truth? 
 
 R. La Biblia dice, que los labios mentirosos son la 
 abominacion del Sen or. 
 
 A. The Bible says, " lying lips are an abomination to the 
 Lord." 
 
 P. i Cuales son las inmediatas ventajas de hablar siempre 
 la verdad? 
 
 Q. What are some of the immediate advantages of 
 speaking the truth? 
 
 R. El obtener por ello la confianza de otros. 
 
 A. To obtain thereby the confidence of others. 
 
 P. [De que modo sera deventajosa la costumbre de mentirl 
 
 Q. In what way will the habit of lying be inconvenient? 
 
 JR. En que una mentira necesita de muchas mas para 
 hacerla buena; y por esto sc vera el mentirosos en peligro 
 de contradecir en un tiempo, lo que dijo en otro. 
 
 A. Because a lie needs many more to make it good; and 
 the liar will be in danger of contradicting atone time, what 
 he said at another. 
 
 P. iCual sera la consecuencia de mentir sobrefrioleras? 
 
 Q. What will be the consequence of lying about trifles? 
 
 R. Que estaremos dispuestos a producir falsedades en 
 ocasiones de importancia. 
 
 A. That we shall be disposed to utter falsehoods on im- 
 portant occasions. 
 
 Fin de la Leccion undecima. 
 End of the eleventh lesson. 
 
 5* 
 
SECTION SECOND-SECCION SEGUNDA. 
 
 FIRST LESSON— PRIMERA LECCION. 
 
 FROM ENGLISH TO SPANISH. 
 
 Maxims — Mdcsimas. 
 
 Determine, determinad — that, que — you will be, sereis — 
 something, algo; — and,y — you shall be, sereis — something, 
 algo. 
 
 I* cannot, no puedo — do it, hacerlo — never, wwnca— ac- 
 complished, concluyo — any thing, nada. I will try, lo in- 
 tentare — has, ha — wrought, producido — wonders, maravil- 
 las. 
 
 Men, los* hombres — repent, se arrepienten — ten, diez — 
 times, veces — for having spoken, de haber hablado — for, 
 por — once, una vez — that, que — they repent, se arrepienten 
 — for having kept, de haber guardado — silence, silencio. 
 
 Better, mejores* — consider, pensar — for, por — an hour, 
 una hora — than, #we— repent, arrepientirse — for, por — a 
 year, un aho. 
 
 To learn, para aprender — to talk, a hablar — well, bien, — 
 first, primeramente — learn, aprende — to hear, a oir. 
 
 Nothing, nada — is, es— of any 2 value, 1 de valor 1 algu- 
 no 2 — to you, para ti — that, de lo que — you make, haces — 
 bad use of, mal uso. 
 
 To render, devolver — good, bien — for evil, par mal — is, 
 es — God-like, asemejarse a Dios. To render, devolver — 
 
55 
 
 good, Men — for, por — good, Men — man-like, es de hombres. 
 To render, devolver — evil, mal — for, por — evil, mal — is, es 
 — beast-like, asemejarse a las bestias. To render, de- 
 volver — evil, mal — for good, por Men — is, es — devil-like, 
 asemejarse al diablo. 
 
 Love, ama — your, a tu — fellow-creature, prvjimo — 
 though, aunque — vicious, vicioso. Hate, aborrece — vice, 
 ei* vieio — in, en — the friend, el amigo — you love, que amas 
 — the most, mas. 
 
 Make a slow 3 answer 1 , da una respuesta 1 detenida 2 — 
 to, d — a hasty, una precipitada — question, cuestion. 
 
 He that, el que — speaks, kabla — ill, mal — of others, de 
 otros — burns, quema — his own, su propia — tongue, lengua. 
 
 A philosopher, un filosqfo — having been asked, habiendo 
 sido preguntado — by what, porque — means, medios — he had, 
 habia — acquired, adquirido — so much, tanto — knowledge, 
 saber — u By, por — not being, no haber sido — prevented, 
 estorvado — by, por la* — pride, soberbia — from, de — asking, 
 hacer — questions, preguntas — when, cuando — I was, era — 
 ignorant, ignorante." 
 
 The less, lo menos — a man 2 sleeps, 1 que duerma 1 un 
 hombre 2 — the more, eso mas — he* lives, vive. 
 
 My palace, mi palacio — and, y — my ears, mis oidos — 
 said, decia — Hiero, Hiero — king, Rey — of Syracuse, de 
 Siracusa — are, estan — always, siempre — open, abiertos — 
 to those, para a quellos — who, que — will speak, hablaren, — 
 to* me, me — in the, en el — language, idioma — of truth, 
 de la verdad — without, sin — disguise, disfraz — and, y — 
 in, en — the tune, el tono — of frankness, de lafranqueza. 
 
 Sincerity, la sinceridad — is like, se parece — travelling, 
 al viajar — in, en — a, un — plain beaten, allanado — road, 
 camino — which, que — commonly, comunmente — brings, con- 
 duce — a man, al* hombre — to, al — the, el — end^n — of,de 
 — his, su — journey Jornada — than, mejor que — by, por — 
 
56 
 
 ways, veredas — in which, en las que— men, los hombres — 
 often, amenudo — lose themselves, se pierden. 
 
 SECOND LESSON— SEGUNDA LECCION. 
 
 FROM ENGLISH TO SPANISH. 
 
 Miscellany — Misceldneas. 
 
 Xenocrates, Xenocrates — was,/wc — a man, un hombre — 
 of that, de tal — truth, verdad — and, y — fidelity, Jldelidad — 
 that, que — the, los — Athenians, Atenienses — gave 2 him, 1 
 le 1 concedieron 2 — this, este — privilege, privilegio; — that, 
 que — his, su — evidence, testimonio — should be,fuese — law- 
 ful, legal — without, sin — swearing, jurar. — And, y — 
 it was said, se decia — of Fabricius, de Fabricio — that, que — 
 a man, un hombre — might, podria — as well, mas Men — at- 
 tempt, intentar — to turn, separar — the sun, al Sol— out of, 
 fuera de — its course, su carrera — as, que — to bring him, 
 compelerlo — to tell, a decir — a falsehood, unafalsedad, — 
 or do, 6 cometer — a base, una baja — or, 6 — a, una — disho- 
 nest, desonesta — action, accion. 
 
 Truth, la verdad, — in the words, segun las palabras — 
 of, de — La Bruyere, La Bruyere, — is, es — the sun, el Sol — 
 of, de — intelligence, intelijencia; — and, y — in the hands, 
 en los manos — of, de — the weak, el debil — and, y — simple, 
 sencillo — frequently, frecuentemente — defeats, desbarata — 
 the plans, los planes, — or, 6 — disarms, desarma — the, la — 
 anger, ira — of, de — the powerful, el poderoso — and, y del 
 — learned, sabio. — One, una — lie, mentira — requires, ne- 
 cesita — a thousand, mil — to, para — support it, sostenerla. 
 A single, una sola — truth, verdad — stands, se sostiene — 
 firm\y,Jirmemente — without, sin — assistance, ayuda; — and, 
 
57 
 
 y — that, eso— whether, aunque — the lips, los labios — which, 
 que — utter it, la articulen — are, sean* — those of, los de — the 
 peasant, el trabajador — or, 6 — the prince, del principe — 
 the, del — school 2 boy 1 , nino 1 de la escuela 2 — or, 6 — the 
 sage, del sabio. 
 
 THIRD LESSON— TERCERA LECCIOK. 
 
 FROM ENGLISH TO SPANISH. 
 
 Every, cada — virtue, virtud — gives, da — a man, al hom- 
 bre — a, un — degree, grado — of, de — felicity, felicidad — 
 in, en — some, algun — kind, modo. Honesty, la* honradez, — 
 gives, da — a man, al hombre — good, buena — report,y*awia: 
 — justice, la* justicia, — estimation, estimation: — prudence, 
 la* prudencia — respect, respeto: — curtesy, la* cortesia — 
 and, y— liberality, liberalidad — affection, amistad: — tempe- 
 rance, la templanza — gives, da — health, salud: — fortitude, 
 lafortaleza — a quiet 2 mind 1 , unanimo 1 tranquilo 2 — and, 
 y — not, no — to be moved, alterable — by, por — any 2 adver- 
 sity, 1 adversidad 1 alguna 2 . 
 
 When, cuando — they* invited, convidaron — Numa, a 
 Numa, — says, dice — Dion, Dion — to the, para la — sove- 
 reignty, soberania; — he, el — for, por — some, algun — time, 
 tiempo — refused 2 it 1 , la* reusb 2 — and, y — persisted, per- 
 sistio — long, mucho — in his, en su — resolution, resolution 
 — not, de* no— to accept, aceptar — the invitation, la invi- 
 tation. But, pero — at the, a la — pressing, obligatoria — 
 instance, instancia — of his, de sus — brothers, hermanos — 
 who would not, que no — suffer him, le permitian — to re- 
 ject, despreciar — the, la — offer, oferta — of, de — so great, 
 tan grande — an* honour, honor — he, el — condescended, 
 condescendio — to be, enser — a* king, Rey. As soon as* 
 
58 
 
 luego que — the, los — Romans, Romanos — were, estubieron 
 —informed, informados — of all, de todo — this, esto — by, 
 por — the, los — embassadors, embajadores — they* conceiv- 
 ed, concibieron — a great, una grande — affection, aficion — 
 for him, por] el — before, antes que* — they ellos — saw 2 
 him 1 , le 1 vieran 2 ; — esteeming, reputando — it, esto— a suffi- 
 cient, un stificiente — argument, argumento — of, de — his, su 
 — wisdom, sabiduria, — that, que — while, mientras — 
 others, otros — valued, valuaban — royalty, ladignidad* real 
 — beyond, mas alia de toda — measure, medida, — he alone, 
 el solo — despised 2 it, 1 la 1 despreciaba 2 — as, como — a thing, 
 una cosa — of, de — small, pequeho — value, valor — and, y — 
 unworthy, indigna — of, de — his, su — attention, atencion. — 
 And, y — when, cuando — he, el — approached, se acercb— 
 the city, d la cuidad, — they, ellos — met him, lorecibieron — 
 upon, en — the road, el camino — and, y — with, con — great, 
 grande — applause, aplauso — salutations, enhorabuenas — 
 and, y — other, otros — honours, honores — conducted, con- 
 dujeron 2 — him, le 1 — to Rome, d Roma. 
 
 FOURTH LESSON— CUARTA LECCIOW. 
 
 FROM ENGLISH TO SPANISH. 
 
 Julius Drusus, Julio Druso — a tribune, un tribuno — of 
 the, del— people, pueblo — lived, vivia — in 1 a very 3 public 4 
 part, 2 en 1 una parte 2 mui 3 publica 4 — of, de — Rome, Roma; 
 — and, y — his, sus — neighbours, vecinos — without, sin — 
 any, alguna — difficulty, dijicultad — might see, podian ver — 
 what, lo que — was going forward, pasaba, — in most, en los 
 mas — of the, de los — apartments, aposentos — of his, de su 
 — house, casa. — One day, un dia — a, un — workman, arte- 
 sano — of, de — much, mucho — skill, conocimiento — came, 
 
 . 
 
59 
 
 fite — to him, a eZ, — and said, y le* dijo — that, que— for, 
 por — five, cinco — talents, talentos — he would alter, altera- 
 Ha — the house, la casa — in such, en tal — a* manner, ma- 
 nera — as to make, que karia — impossible, imposible — for 
 the most prying eye, aun al ojo mas avizor — to look, el 
 ver — into, dentro — any 2 part 1 ,^ parte 1 alguna 2 — of it, de 
 ella. — I, yo — would give, daria — you, a* usted — ten, diez 
 — talents, talentos — said Drusus, dijo Druso, — if you, si 
 usted — could so arrange it, la pudiese arreglar de modo* 
 — that, que — every, cada — room, aposento — and corner, y 
 rincon — might be, estubiese — open, abierto — to 1 public 3 
 inspection, 3 a la 1 inspeccion 2 publica 3 : — I had rather, yo 
 quisiera mejor — my neighbours, que mis vecinos — might 
 know, pudiesen saber — that, que — my, mis — actions, ac- 
 ciones — were, estan — above, fuera de — suspicion, sospecha 
 — from their own, por su propia — observation, observacion 
 — than, que — from 1 common report 2 , por 1 dicho 2 publico. 
 
 FIFTH LESSON— QUWTA LECCIOX. 
 
 FROM ENGLISH TO SPANISH. 
 
 Pigalle, Pigalle — the, el — celebrated, celebre — artist, 
 artista, — was, fue — a man, un hombre — of, de — great, 
 mucha — humanity, caridad. Intending, pensando—^on a 
 particular, en cierta — occasion, ocasion — to make, hacer — 
 a journey, un viaje — from, de — Lyons, Leon — to Paris, a 
 Paris — he, el — laid by, puso aparte — twelve, doce — louis, 
 luises — d'ors, de oro — to defray, para costear — his, su — 
 expenses, gastos. But, pero — a little, un poco — before, 
 antes — the, del — time, tiempo — proposed, que* se habia* 
 propuesto — forward — his, su — voyage, viaje, — he* observ- 
 ed, observo — a man, a un hombre — walking, que* caminaba 
 
60 
 
 —with, con — strong 2 marks *, senates* evidentes 2 — of, de — 
 deep felt*, prof undo — sorrow, dolor — in his, en su— coun- 
 tenance, semblate — and, y — deportment, manejo. 
 
 Pigalle, 2 Pigalle 2 — impelled 1 , impelido 1 — by the, por 
 lo8 — feelings, sentimientos — of a, de un — benevolent, bene- 
 volente — heart, corazon — accosted him, le dirijio la pala- 
 bra — and, y — inquired, le* pregunto — with, con — much, 
 mucha — tenderness, terneza — whether, si acaso — it was, 
 estaba — in his power, en su poder — to afford him, el* pres- 
 tarle — any, algun — relief, alivio. The stranger, el estran- 
 jero — impressed, impresionado — with, por — the manner, 
 el modo — of this, de este — friendly, carinoso — address, 
 complimiento— did not, no — hesitate, vacilo-— to lay open, 
 en patentizarle — his, su — distressed, desgraciada — situa- 
 tion, situation. 
 
 For want, por falta — of, de — ten, diez — louis d'ors, 
 luises de oro — said, dijo — he, el — I, yo — must be, he de ser 
 — d ragged, arrastrado — this evening, esta tarde — to a, a un 
 — dungeon, calabozo; — and be, y he de ser — separated 
 separado — from, de — a tender, una tierna — wife, esposa — 
 and, y — a, una — numerous, numerosa — family, familia 
 Do you want, no necita usted — no more, mas? — exclaimed, 
 esclamo — the humane, elcaritativo — artist, artista.— Come 1 
 along 1 , venid 1 — with me, conmigb — I have, yo tengo — 
 twelve, doce — louis, luises — d'ors, de oro — in, en — my, m 
 — trunk, baiil; — and, y — they, ellos — are, estan — all, todos 
 — at, a — your 1 service 2 , vuestro 1 servicio 2 . 
 
 The next day, al dia siguiente — a friend, un amigc — o: 
 Pegalle*, de Pegalle — met 2 him 1 , le 1 encontro 2 ; — and, y — 
 inquired, le* pregunto — whether it was, si era — true, cierto 
 — que, that — he had, habia, — as was, segun — publicly, pub 
 licamente — reported, cor ria — relieved, aliviado — very, mui 
 — opportunely, oportunamente — a poor, d un pobre — man, 
 hombre — and, y — his family, su familia — from the, de la — 
 greatest, mayor — distress, desgracia. Ah, my 2 friend ! l 
 
61 
 
 ;ah amigo* mio 2 /— said, dijo — Pigalle, Pigalle — what, que 
 — a* delicious, deliciosa — supper, cena — did I make, nice 
 — last night, anoche — upon, con — bread, pan — and, y — 
 cheese, queso — with, con — a family, una familia — whose, 
 cuyas — tears, lagrimas — of, de — gratitude, gratitud — 
 marked, demostraron — the, las — goodness, bondades — of, 
 de — their, sus — hearts, corazones; — and who, y que — bless- 
 ed 2 me 1 , me 1 bendijeron 2 — at every, a cada — mouthful, 
 bocado — they ate, que* comieron. 
 
 Who. is, quien es — this, esta — beautiful, hermosa — virgin, 
 virjen — that, que — approaches, se* acerca, — clothed, vesti- 
 da — in, con — a, una — robe, tunica — of, de — light 2 green 1 , 
 verde 1 claro 2 ? She, ella — has, tiene — a garland, una guir- 
 nalda — of, de — flowers, flores — on, sobre — her, su — head, 
 cabeza, — and, y — flowers 2 spring 1 , salen 1 Jlores 2 — where- 
 ever, en donde — she, ella — sets, pone — her, su — foot, pie. 
 The, la — snow, nieve — which, que — covered, cubria — the, 
 los — fields, campos, — and, y — the, el — ice, yelo — which 
 was, que kabia — in, en — the, los — rivers, rios — melt away, 
 se derriten — when, cuando — she, ella — breathes, respira 
 — upon, sobre — them, ellos. 
 
 The young* lambs, los corderitos — frisk, triscan — about 
 her, al rededor de ella, — and, y — the birds, los pdjaros — 
 warble, trinan — with, con — their, sus — little, pequenas — 
 throats, gargantas — to, para — welcome, saludar — her 
 coming, su llegada — and, y — when, cuando — they, ellos — 
 see her, la ven^ — they* begin, empiezan — to choose, a es- 
 cqjer — their, sus — mates, parejas, — and, y — to, a — build, 
 fabricar — their, sus — nests, nidos. Youths, jovenes — and, 
 y — maidens, muchachas, — have you, habeis — seen, visto — 
 this, esta — beautiful, hermosisima — virgin, virjen? — Who is 
 she*? quien es? — What, cual — is, es — her, su — name, nom- 
 bre? 
 
62 
 
 SIXTH LESSON— SECSTA LECCIOM 
 
 FROM ENGLISH TO SPANISH. 
 
 When, cuando — Lord Russell, el* Lord Russell — mount- 
 ed, subio — the scaffold, al tablado — on which, sobre el que 
 — he was to be, debia ser — executed, ajusticiado — he 
 drew, saco — his, su — watch, relox — from, de — his, su — 
 pocket, bolsillo — and, y — handing it, dandoselo — to, al — 
 Dr. Burnet, Doctor Burnet — who, que — attended him 1 , que 
 lo 1 atendia — on the, en la — melancholy, melancolica — occa- 
 sion, ocasion — observed 2 tohim^Ze 1 dijo 2 — "Take, tomad 
 — my, mi — time piece, relox; — it may be, puede seros — 
 of service 2 to you, de alguna utilidad; 2 — I have no lon- 
 ger, yo no tengo por mas tiempo — occasion, necessidad — 
 for it, de el; — my, mis — thoughts, pensamientos — are, estan 
 — now, aora — fixed, fijos — upon, en la — eternity, eternidad. 
 
 The sultan Mahmud, el Sultan Mahmud — was, era — 
 very, mui — ugly,yeo — in his, en su — personal appearance, 
 persona; and, y — one day, un dia, — when, que — -his, su — 
 grand, gran — vizier, Visir — remarked, le hablo — upon, so- 
 bre — his* being, estar — extremely, sumamente — sad, triste 
 — and, y — melancholy, melancolico, — the, el — monarch, 
 Monarca — answered, respondio: — " I have, he — always, 2 
 siempi'e 2 — heard, 1 oido, T — that, que — the, el — countenance, 
 semblante — of, de — a, un — prince, principe — should impart 
 debe producir — joy, gozo — to his, dsus — subjects, vasallos, 
 — and, y — I am, estoy — surprised, sorprenido — that, que — 
 mine, el mio — which is, que es — so, tan — deformed, feo — 
 does not, no — disgust, disguste — their, su — sight, vista." 
 ' ; Sire, sehor — replied, contesto — the minister, el ministro, 
 — the worth, el merito — of, de — a human 2 being 1 , un 
 ser 1 racional 2 — does* not, no — consist, consiste — in the, en 
 
63 
 
 /a— regularity, regularidad — of his, de sus — features, fac- 
 stones — or in the, 6 enla — symmetry, simetria — of, de — his, 
 form, de su cuerpo. Virtue, la* virtud — and, y — the quali- 
 ties, las cualidades — o(,de — the mind, el entendimiento — arc 
 son — the true, los verdadcros — sources, manantiales — of 
 beauty, de la hermosura. Among, entre — your, vuestros — 
 numerous, numerosos — subjects, vasallos — there is not, 
 no hai— one, uno — who remarks upon, que haga reflec- 
 siones — or, 6 que* — observes, repare — your features, en* 
 vuestras facsiones; — but, pero — your manners, vuestras 
 costumbres — and, y — your virtues, vuestras virtudes — are 
 noticed, son consideradas — by, por — all of them, todos 
 ellos. 
 
 When, cuando — the cruelties, las crueldades — of Nero, 
 de Neron — the tyrant, el tirano — of Rome, de Roma — and, 
 y — the disgrace, laafrenta — of, de las — human, humana — 
 nature, naturaleza,— had rendered him, lo hicieron — odious, 
 odioso — to all, a, todas — classes, las* clases — of his, de sus 
 — subjects, vasallos, — a 2 conspiracy 3 was 1 formed, 1 se l 
 for?no l una 2 conspiration 2 — to destroy him, para destru- 
 irlo, — and,y — elevate, elevar — Piso, d* Pison, — a man,wrc 
 hombre — of great, de gran — worth, merito — and, y — popu- 
 larity, popularidad — to the station, dla dignidad — of, de — 
 emperor, Emperador. The, la — sublime, sublime — virtue, 
 virtud — of Piso, de Pison — was then, fue entonces — the 
 cause, la causa — of, de — his own, supropia — destruction, 
 destruction. Nero, Neron — was constantly, tenia constan- 
 temente — in* the habit, lacostumbre — of visiting, de visitar 
 — a, una — country 2 seat 1 , casa 1 de campo 2 — belonging, 
 pertenetiente — to Piso, a Pison— without, sin— his usual, 
 su acostumbrado — train, aparato — of guards, de guardias 
 — attended, seguido — only, solamente — by, por — a few, 
 unos pocos — courtiers, cortesanos, — and, y — sometimes, 
 alguna veces — even, hasta — alone, solo. On one, en una 
 — of these, de estas — visits, visitas — it was proposed, se 
 
64 
 
 propuso — that, que — he should be, elfuese— assassinated, 
 asesinado — which, lo que — would not have been, no hubie- 
 ra sido — at all, de modo alguno — difficult, dificil — of exe- 
 cution, en* su* ejecucion. But Piso, pero Pison — refused, 
 reuso — to permit, el permitir — the, a los — conspirators, 
 conspiradores — to carry, el llevar — their, sus — plans into 
 execution, d*efecto*. "Nero," Neron — he said, dijoel— "vi- 
 sits me, mevisita — in perfect, enperfecta — confidence, confi- 
 anza; — he relies, el descansa — on my, en mi — good, buena 
 — faith, fe — and, y — loyalty, lealtad; — I am, yo soy — per- 
 haps, acaso — the, el — only one, unico — of his, de sus — 
 subjects, vasallos — that, que — he trusts, elfia; — and, y — 
 although, aunque — I 1 join, me 1 uno — you, d* vosotros — in 
 considering him 1 , en considerarlo 1 — the tyrant, el tirano — 
 of my, de mi — country, patria; — the 1 crown 3 itself, 2 la 1 
 misma 2 corona*, — and, y — all the, todos los — honours, ho- 
 nores — which, que — accompany, acompanan — its posses- 
 sion, su posesion — shall- not tempt 2 me, 1 nome 1 tentardn 2 
 — to violate, a violar — the laws, las leyes — of hospitality, 
 de hospitalidad, — or brealt, 6 a* destruir — the confidence, 
 la confianza — which, que — is reposed, estd puesta — in me, 
 en mi. If, si — you would destroy, quisieseis destruir — 
 Nero, d* Neron, — seek, buscad — another, otro — spot, lu- 
 g ar ^ — a nd, y — make, haced — use, uso — of another, de otro 
 — agent, agente." The, los — conspirators, conspiradores— 
 were.fueron — subsequently, subsecuentemente — discovered, 
 descubiertos — and, y — death, la* muerte — became, fue — 
 t ] iei e l — reward, premio — of 1 PisoV integrity 2 and 3 
 virtue, 4 dela 1 integridad 2 y z virtud 4 de PisonJ 
 
65 
 
 SEVENTH LESSON— 5 EPTIMA LECCION. 
 
 FROM ENGLISH TO SPANISH. 
 
 The Eagle and the Fox. 
 
 El Aguila y la Zorra. 
 
 An, un — eagle, Aguila — that, que — had, tenia— young 1 
 ones 1 , polios, 1 — searching,* buzcando — something, algo 
 — to feed 1 them, conque alimentarlos 1 — happened, did la 
 casualidad que* — to spy, descubrio — a, un — fox's cub, zorri- 
 to — basking itself, calentandose — abroad, afuera — in the 
 sun, al sol. She, el Aguila* — made a stoop, se dejo caer 
 — and, y — trussed it, lo agarro — immediately, inmediata- 
 mente; — but, pero — before, antes que* — she* had carried it, 
 lo tubiese — off, arriba — the, la — old fox, anciana Zorra — 
 coming home,* quevolviad su madriguera* — implored her, 
 le rogo — with tears, con lagrimas — in her, en sus — eyes, 
 ojos — to spare, que la delvoviese — her cub, su cachorro — 
 and pity, y compadeciese — the, la — distress, angustia — of, 
 de — a poor, una pobre — fond, amente — mother, madre — 
 who should think, que consideraria — no affliction, no ha- 
 ber* ajliccion — so great, tan grande — as that of, como la de 
 — losing, perder — her, su — child, hijo. The eagle, el Agui- 
 la — whose, cuyo — nest, nido — was up, estaba sobre — a 
 very high, un mui alto — tree, arbol, — thought herself, 1 ^ 1 
 imagino — secure 2 enough 1 , bastante 1 segura g — from, de 
 — all, todos — projects, los* projcctos — of revenge, de ven- 
 ganza, — and so, y asi — bore away, llebo — the cub, el ca- 
 chorro — to her, d sus — young 1 ones 1 , polios 1 — without, 
 sin — showing, mostrar — any, ninguna — regard, atencion— 
 to the, a las — supplications, siiplicas — of the, de la — fox, 
 Zorra. But, pero — that, aquel — subtle, astuto — creature, 
 6* 
 
66 
 
 animal, — highly, altamente — incensed, ofendida — at this, de 
 esta — outrageous, maligna — barbarity, barbaridad, — ran, 
 corrio — to, a — an altar, un altar — where, en el que — some, 
 algunas — country 2 people, 'gewtes 1 del campo 3 — had been, 
 habian estado — sacrificing, sacrificando—a. kid, un cabrito 
 — in an open 2 field, 1 en unprado 1 abierto 2 — and, y — catch- 
 ing, cojiendo — up,* de* el — a firebrand, un tizon encendi- 
 do — in her mouth, en su boca — made towards, se enca- 
 mino dcia — the tree, el drbol — where, en donde — the 
 eagle's nest, 1 el nido 1 del Aguila — was, estaba, — wiih,con 
 — a, una — resolution, resolution — of revenge* de venganza. 
 She 3 had 2 scarce 1 , apenas* habia 2 ella 3 — ascended, subido 
 — the first, las primeras — branches, ramas, — when, cuando 
 — the eagle, el Aguila — terrified, terrificada — with, con — 
 the approaching, la cercana — ruin, ruina — of herself, de 
 ella — and, y su* — family, familia, — begged, imploro — of 
 the, de la — fox, Zorra — to des\st, f que desistiese — from her, 
 de su — intent, intento, — and, y — with, con — much, mucha 
 — submission, sumision — returned her, la devolvio — the 
 cub, el cachorro — again, otra vez — safe, salvo — and, y — 
 sound, sano. 
 
 O^FThis, esta — fab\e,fabula — teaches, enseha — the pow 
 erful, al poderoso — and proud, al soberbio — and him, yd 
 aquel — who, que — occupies, ocupa — an, una — elevated, 
 elevada — station, situation — not to, el no hacer — harm, 
 daho — or, 6 — prejudice, perjudicar — the unhappy, al des- 
 graciado — or, 6 — weak, debit', — because, porque — ven- 
 geance, la venganza — is to be, debe — dreaded, temerse 
 — even, aun — on the most, del mas — insignificant, insigni- 
 Jicante — enemy, enemigo — and, y — perhaps, acaso— may 
 take effect, puede tenet efecto — in the moment, en el momen- 
 to — of their, de su — greatest, mayor — elevation, elevation 
 — and pride, y soberbia. 
 
67 
 
 The Dog and the Shadow. 
 
 El Perro y la Sombra. 
 
 A dog 3 , un perro 2 — crossing 1 , cruzando 1 — a little, unpe- 
 queho — rivulet, riachuelo — with, con — a piece, un pedazo — 
 of flesh, de came — in his, en su — mouth, boca — saw, vio — 
 his, su — shadow, sombra — represented, reprcsentada — in 
 the, en el — clear, claro — mirror, espejo — of the, de la — 
 limpid, cristalina — stream, corriente; — and, y — believing, 
 creyendo — it was, que era — another, otro — dog, perro — 
 that, que — was carrying, llevaba — another, otro — piece, pe- 
 dazo — of, de — flesh, came — he, el — could* not* forbear,* 
 no* pudo* menos* que* — catching at it, hacer* por cojerlo — 
 but, pero — was, estuvo — so far, tan distante — from, de — 
 getting, lograr — any thing, algo — by, por — his, su — greedy, 
 ambicioso — design, intento — that, que — he dropt, dejo caer 
 the, el — piece, pedazo — he* had, que* tenia — in his, en su 
 — mouth, boca — which, el cual — immediately, inmediata- 
 mente — sunk,* cayo,* — to the, al — bottom,fondo, — and, y — 
 xvns,fue — irrecoverably, irrecuperablemcnte — lost, perdido. 
 
 0^7=He, aquel — that, que — catches, coje — at* more, mas 
 — than, delo que — belongs 2 to 1 him, 1 le pertenece, 2 — justly, 
 justamente — deserves, merece — to lose, perder — what, lo 
 que — he* has, tiene. 
 
 EIGHTH LESSON— OCTAVA LECCION. 
 
 FROM ENGLISH TO SPANISH. 
 
 Jupiter and the Camel. 
 
 Jvpiter y el Camello. 
 
 The camel, el Camello — presented, presento — a, un — pe- 
 tition, memorial — to, d — Jupiter, Jupiter — complaining, 
 quejdndose — of the, de la — hardship, desventura — of, de — 
 
68 
 
 his, su— case, situacion — in, en— not, no— having, tener— like, 
 como Zos* — bulls, toros — and, y — other, otros — creatures, 
 animates — horns, cuernos — or, 6 — any, algunas — weapons, 
 armas — of, de — defence, defensa — to, para — protect, de- 
 fender se — himself, dsimismo — from,^ — the, los — attacks, 
 ataques — of, de — his, sus — enemies, enemigos; — and, y — 
 praying, rogando — that, que — relief 3 might* be 2 given 2 , 
 him, 1 se le 1 diese 2 consuelo* — as might be, segun se — 
 thought, creyera — most, mas — expedient, aproposito. 
 Jupiter, Jupiter — could not help, no pudo menos — smiling, 
 que* sonreirse — at the,d la — impertinent, impertinente — ad- 
 dress, petition — of, de — the great, la gran — silly, simplisi- 
 ma — beast, bestia; — but, pero — however, sinembargo — 
 rejected, desecho — the, la — petition, suplica, — and, y — 
 told 2 him, 1 le 1 dijo 2 — that, que — so* far, lejos — from, de — 
 granting, acceder d* — his, su — unreasonable, discabellada 
 — request, pretencion — henceforwards, de alii en adelante 
 — he* would take care, cuidaria — his 1 ears, 2 de* que* 
 sus 1 orejas 2 — should 1 be 1 shortened, 2 sele 1 acortasen 2 — as, 
 como — a, un — punishment, castigo — for his, por su — pre- 
 sumptuous, presuntuosa — importunity, importunidad. 
 
 0^7=*The moral, la moral — of,de — th\s,esta — fable^douZa 
 — teaches 2 us, 1 nos 1 enseha 2 — that, que — many, muchas — 
 ambitious, 2 ambiciosas 2 — persons, 1 personas 2 — who, que — 
 ask, piden — of* God, d* Dios — more, mas — than, de loque — 
 they* have, tienen — usually* lose, suelen* perder — through, 
 por — their, su — covetous, codiciosos — desires, deseos — a, 
 una — pdiTt,parte — of, de — that, Zo^we — they possess,poseen. 
 
 The Raven and the Serpent. 
 
 El Cuervo y la Serpiente. 
 
 Ahungry 3 ,w?i hambriento 3 — raven 4 , Cuervo*— flying, Ro- 
 lando 1 —about 2 , enjiros 2 — in quest, en busca— of his, de su — 
 
69 
 
 prey, presa, — saw, vid—a. serpent, a una serpiente— basking 
 himself, calentandose — upon, sobre — the side, la ladera 
 — of a 2 sunny 3 bank, 1 de un ribazo 1 en que 2 daba el sol 3 : 
 — down lie 1 soused, se 1 tiro violentamente — upon him, 
 sobre ella* — and, y — seized him, la cojio — with, con — his, 
 su — crooked, encorvado — beak, pico — in* order* to,* 
 para* — devour him, devorarla; — but, pero — the serpent, la 
 serpiente — writhing, retorciendose — to and fro, de un lado 
 a otro — with, con — the pain, el dolor, — bit, mordib — the 
 raven, al Cuervo — again, en desquite — with, con — his veno- 
 mous, susvenenosos — teeth, dientes — to such, ental — a* de- 
 gree, grado, — that, que — he* could not, no pudo — survive 
 it, sobrevivir a ello. The raven, el Cuervo — in the, en las 
 — agonies, agonias — of death, de la muerte, — is said, se ha 
 dicho — to have, haber — confessed, confesado — that, que— 
 this 2 , este 2 — judgment 3 , castigo 3 —happened tohim,Ze sobre- 
 vino l —]ust\y,justamente;- since, desdeque— he* had attempt- 
 ed, intenfo — to satisfy, saciar — his craving, su desordenado 
 — appetite, apetito — at the expense, en menoscabo — of, 
 del — another's 2 welfare, 1 Men 1 -estar de otro 2 . 
 
 O^rThey, daquellos — who, que — are, son — of, de — a 1 ra- 
 venous, 3 uri 1 voraz 3 — greedy, y* ambicioso— temper, 2 tempe- 
 ramento 2 — and, y— for,* de* el de— swallowing,* tragarse* — 
 all, todo — that, lo que — comes, viene — into 1 their* way*, 
 d 1 la* mano*, — may chance, puede acaecerles — to meet, 
 el* encontraese — with, con — a, un — sting, aguijon — in* the 
 end, alfin. 
 
 NINTH LESSON— NOVENA LECCION. 
 
 FROM ENGLISH TO SPANISH. 
 
 Antigonus 2 , Antigono 2 — king 3 ,Rey 3 —of, de— Macedon 4 , 
 Macedonia, 4 — having 1 , habiendo 1 — visited, visitado— Ephe- 
 
70 
 
 sus, ri* Efeso — went, /we — to the, al — temple, templo — of, 
 de — Diana, Diana — to partake, para disfrutar — of, de — 
 the, las — ceremonies, ceremonias — performed, 2 que* se* 
 celebraban 2 — there, 1 alii 1 — in, en — honour, honor — of, de 
 — the, la — deity, deidad — of, de — the, el — silver 2 bow, 1 
 arco 1 deplata 2 . As, mientras que* — the, la — \ong,larga 
 — procession, procesion — of, de — priestesses, sacerdotizas 
 — passed, pasaba — before, por delante — him, de el, — he 1 
 was struck, se 1 impresionb — with, con — the, la — magnifi- 
 cent, grandisima — beauty, hermosura — of her 1 , deaquella 
 — who, que — presided, presidia — over them, sobre ellas. 
 The, la — chief 1 priestess, principal -sacerdotiza — of,de — 
 Diana, Diana — caused 1 his 2 heart 3 to thrill 4 ,/^ 1 la cau- 
 sa 1 de* que* su 2 corazon 5 se 4 penetrase* — with*, de — an 
 una — emotion, emocion — which, que — he* had 2 never 1 , 
 nunca 1 habia 2 — before, antes — experienced, ecsperimenta- 
 do, — and, y — for, por — a, un — moment, momento, — the 
 idea, la idea — of, de — making her 1 , hacerla 1 — his own, 
 suya — by, por — violence, violencia — passed 1 across 1 , cru- 
 zo l — his, su — mind,* imajinacion* . But, pero— another, 
 otro — thought, pensamiento — w&s,fue — sufficient, suficiente 
 — to, para — overcome, desvanecer — the unholy, la impia 
 — feeling, sensacion — which, que — had been, se habia — 
 roused, despertado — within, dentro de — him, el; — and,y — 
 leaving, dejando — the, el — temple, templo, — he summoned, 
 llamo — his attendants, a los que le Servian, — and, y — de- 
 parted, salio — from, de — Ephesus, Efeso; — fearing lest, 
 temiendo que — the, la — neighbourhood, procsimidad — of, 
 de — the, el — object, objeto — might tempt him, 1 le 1 indujese 
 — to the, a la — commission, comision — of, de — a, un — 
 crime, crimen, — alike* disgraceful, vergonzoso — to his, d 
 su — generosity, generosidad. 
 
 Constantine, Constantino — the, el — great, grande, — 
 after, despues de* — his, su — long, largo — and, y — glorious, 
 
 
71 
 
 glorioso — reign, reinado, — his, sus — numerous, numerosas 
 — battles, batallas — and, y — repeated frepeti dos — triumphs, 
 triunfos, — was, fue — at last, alfin — overtaken, atacado — 
 by, de* — sickness, enfermedades, — and, y — the, la — hand, 
 mano — of, dela* — death, muerte — lay heavy, pesaba — upon, 
 sobre — him, el. In, en — this, esta — condition, situation — 
 he sent for, 2 mando a buscar d 2 — all, todos — the, los — 
 principal, principales — officers, qficiales — of,e?e — his, su — 
 army, ejercito: — they* came, vinieron — and, y — stood, se 
 pararon — around, al rededor de — his, su — bed, cama, — 
 bathed, bahados — in, en — tears, lagrimas. — deploring, de- 
 plorando — the, la — loss, perdida — which, que — would 
 make them, 1 los 1 constituiria, — as, como — it were, asifue, 
 — orphans, huerfanos — without, sin — a* father, padre; — 
 and, y — fervent, fervientes — in, en — their, sus — prayers, 
 oraciones — they begged, rogaban — to God, d Dios — that, 
 que — the, la — life, vida — of the, del — emperor, Emperador 
 — might be, se — prolonged, prolongase. " Weep not, 1 
 no 1 lloreis — my 2 friends, 1 amigos 1 mios 2 "— he* said, dijo— 
 "the life, la vida — I am 1 soon 2 , en que 1 pronto 2 — to enter, 
 entrare, — is, es — the, la — true, verdadera — life, vida. I 
 know, yo se — full well, bastante]bien — the, las — happiness, 
 felicidades — that, que — awaits 2 me 1 , me 1 esperan 2 — in, 
 en* el — another, otro — world, mundo. Weep 2 not 1 , no 1 llo- 
 reis 2 , — for, porque — I am hastening, voy caminando aprisa 
 — to, dcia* — my, mi — God, Dios." 
 
 TENTH LESSON— DECIMA LECCION. 
 
 FROM ENGLISH TO SPANISH. 
 
 There are, hay — some, algunas — persons, personas — 
 who, que — pretend, pretenden — to believe, creer — that, que 
 
72 
 
 — to thank, dargracias — to the, a la — Deity, Divinidad — 
 for, por — his, su — care, cuidado — and, y — protection, pro- 
 tection — of, de — the, la — very 3 , efectiva 2 — lifeStrada 1 — 
 which, que — they, ellos — enjoy, disfrutan — is, es — unbe- 
 coming, indecoroso — woman-like, propio de mujeres — and, 
 y — fit only, propio solamente — to the, d los — aged, ancia- 
 nos — and, y — infirm, enfermos. They, ellos — would be, 
 serian — religious, relijiosos,-— were 2 religion 1 , si la reli- 
 gion 1 fuese 2 — fashionable, de moda; — forgetting, olvidan- 
 do — that, que — he, aquel — who* is to be, que* debe* ser 
 — propitiated, ensalzado — by, por — a pious, una relijiosa — 
 gratitude, gratitud — values, valua — the, la — essence, esen- 
 cia, — and, y — not, no — the, la — form, forma — of the, de 
 el — worship, culto — which, que — he* receives, recibe. 
 The, el — example, ejemplo — of one, de una persona* — 
 high in rank, de altajerarquia — and, y — celebrated, cele- 
 bre— in history, en la historia, — may 2 not 2 perhaps, 1 
 acaso 1 no 2 — be, quedard — without its*, sin — effect, efecto. 
 When, cuando — Gustavus Adolphus, Gustavo Adolf o — of, 
 de — Sweden, Suecia, — was, estuvo — encamped, acampado 
 — before, delante de* — Werben, Werben — one, uno — of, 
 de — his, sus — attendants, servidores, — entrusted, a* quien* 
 sele* habia confiado — with, con — a, un — message, mensaje 
 ■—of, de — great, grande — importance, importancia, — wait- 
 ed, espero — for, por — a long, un largo — time, tiempo — in, 
 en — the outer 1 compartment 2 , la division 2 esterior 1 — 
 of, de — his, su — tent, tienda, — afraid, temeroso — to disturb, 
 de interumpir — the king, al Rey — who, que — was, estaba — 
 alone, solo — in, en — the interior 3 chamber, 2 - el cuarto 2 
 interior 2 — or, 6 — cabinet, gavinete. Sensible, 2 persuadi- 
 do 2 — however, 1 no obstante 1 — that, de* que* — the, el — mat- 
 ter, asunto, — with which, de* que — he was, estaba— charged, 
 encargado — admitted of* no*, no admitia — delay, demora 
 — he, el — at last, alfin — ventured, seaventuro — to remove, 
 d correr — the curtain, la cortina, — which, que — separat- 
 
73 
 
 him 1 , lo l separaba 2 — from, de — Gustavus, Gustavo. To, 
 para — his, su — surprise, sorpresa, — instead, enlugar — of, 
 de — finding, encontrar* — the, al — king, Rey — engaged, 
 ocupado — with, con — dispatches, despachos — he saw 2 him, 1 
 le x vio 2 — on his knees*, arrodillado* — apparently, apa- 
 rentemente — absorbed, arrobado — in, en — the, la — most 2 , 
 mas 9 — earnest, 3 verdadera 3 — prayer 1 , oracion 1 . The, el 
 — noise, ruido — made, hecho — by, por — the, el — rustling, 
 descorrimiento — of the, de la — canvass, lona, — attracted, 
 atrajo — the, la — attention, atencion — of Gustavus, de Gus- 
 00, — who, quien — perceiving, advertiendo — that, que — his, 
 su — attendant, criado — was about, estaba a punto — to 
 retire, de retirarse, — told him 1 , le 1 dijo — to* enter*, que* 
 entrase*; — and, y — observing, observando — that, que — he 
 was, estaba — surprised, sorprenido — at what, con lo que — 
 he had, habia — discovered, descubierto — of* the*, acerca* 
 de* la — devotion, devocion — of the, del — monarch, monar- 
 ca — said to him 1 , Ze 1 dijo: Thou, tu — wonderest, te 
 admiras — to* see me, al verme — in this, en esta — pos- 
 ture, actitud, — since, desde que — 1* have, tengo — so many, 
 tantos — thousands, millares — of, de — subjects, subditos — 
 to pray, que* oren — for me, por mi: — but, pero — I, yo — tell 
 thee 1 te 1 digo, — that, que — no man, ningun hombre — has, 
 tiene — more, mayor — need, necesidad — to pray, de orar — 
 for himself, por si mismo — than, que — he, aquel, — who, que 
 having, teniendo — to render, que dar — an, una — account, 
 cuenta — of, de — his, sus — actions, acetones — to 2 ,d 2 — God, 3 
 Dios 3 — alone 1 , solamente 1 , — is, es — for that, por esa — rea- 
 son, razon — more 2 closely 3 assaulted 1 , asaltado 1 mas 3 de 
 cerca 3 — by the, por el — devil, diablo — than, que — all, todos 
 — other men, los otros hombres. 
 
74 
 
 ELEVENTH LESSON— UNDECIMA LECCIOM. 
 
 FROM ENGLISH TO SPANISH. 
 
 When, cuando — Tarquin, Tarquino — was, fue — banish- 
 ed, desterrado — from, de — Rome, Roma; — Brutus, Bruto 
 — and, y — Collatinus, Colatino — were, fueron — made, he- 
 chos— consuls, Consules — by, por — the, el — people, pueblo; 
 — and, y — swore, juraron — that, que — the, los — Tarquins, 
 Tarquinos — should 3 never 1 be 2 , nunca x serian 3 — recalled, 
 vueltos a llamar-and that, y que la — death, muerte — should 
 be, seria — the, la — penalty, pena — of, de— those, aquellos 
 — who, que — attempted, intentasen — the, la — restoration, 
 restauracion— of the, de la— monarchy, monarquia. A year 4 , 
 however 1 , apenas 1 unano*— had 2 , habia 2 — elapsed 3 , pasa- 
 dose 3 — after, despues — the, de la — expulsion, espulsion — of 
 the, del — tyrant, tirano — when, cuando — a 3 conspiracy 4 , 
 una 3 conspiration* — was 1 ,fue l — discovered 2 ,descubierta 3 
 — among, entre — the, los — young men, jovenes — of Rome, 
 de Roma, — to, para — reinstate, reinstalar — the, al — de- 
 throned, destronado — monarch, Monarca, — and, y — de- 
 stroy, destruir — the, la — newly 2 , nuevamente 2 — formed 3 , 
 formada 3 — republic * , republican . Among, entre — the 
 chief, los principales — conspirators, conspiradores — were, 
 esiaban — the, los — two, dos — sons, hijos — of Brutus, de 
 Bruto, the consul, el Consul. On the, en la — morning, 
 manana — after, despues que* — the, los — conspirators, con- 
 spiradores — were, fueron — seized, presos, — they* were, 
 fueron — brought, llevados — before, ante — Brutus, Bruto 
 — then* seated* in* judgment* ?# ;uez* entonces*. — The, las — 
 proofs, pruebas — consisting, que consistian — of, de — let- 
 ters, cartas — of their 1 own 2 hand 3 writing 4 , de 1 su 2 puno* 
 y letra* — declaring, declarando — their, sus — intentions, in- 
 tenciones — and, y — naming, nombrando — their, sus — ac- 
 complices, complices, — were 1 then 3 exhibited 2 , se l ecsi- 
 
75 
 
 vieron 2 entonces 3 — and, y — left no 1 , no 1 dejaron — doubt, 
 duda — of, de — their, su — guilt, crimen. Until, hasta — 
 then, entonces, — the, los — surrounding 2 spectators 1 , espec- 
 tadores* que 2 rodeaban 2 a* Bruto* — had, habian — hoped, 
 esperado*— that, que — some, alguna— deficiency, informali- 
 dad* — some, alguna — doubt, duda — even* in the testi- 
 mony, en las mismas* declaraciones — would free, libertari- 
 an — the father, al padre — from the, del — dreadful, terrible 
 — duty, deber, — which, que — devolved, recaia — upon, sobre 
 — him, eZ, — and now, pero* — when, cuando — all, toda — 
 hope, esperanza — of this, de ello — had, se hubo — vanished, 
 desvanecido — the, el — cry, grito — of, de — " Banishment, 
 banishment," " Destierro, destierro" — which rung, que re- 
 sond — from the, de la — multitude, multitud — showed, de- 
 most™ — their, su — wish, voluntad, — that, de* que — Brutus, 
 Bruto — might be saved, pudiese libertarse — from 1 the 1 
 condemnation*, de 1 condenar* — of his own sons, d* sus 
 propios hijos. The, los — feelings, sentimientos — of the, 
 del — stern, aflijido — father, padre — struggled, batallaban 
 — with, con — violence, violencia, — against, contra — the 
 performance,^ cumplimiento — of the, del — sad, melancb- 
 lico — duty, deber — which, que — he* owed, debia — to the, 
 a la — republic, republica: — but, pero — justice, la*justicia 
 — and, y — patriotism 1 , patriotismo 1 — at last 3 , al fin 3 — 
 prevailed 2 , prevalecieron 2 ; — and, y — with, con — an^zm 1 
 unmoved 2 , inalterable 2 — countenance, 3 semblante 3 — he 
 ordered, mando — the young men, a losjovenes — to execu- 
 tion, a ser* ejecutados*, — amid, en medio de — the groans, 
 los lamentos — and, y — tears, lagrimas — of the 1 surround- 
 ing 3 Romans 2 , de los 1 Romanos 2 que 3 los 3 rodeaban 3 . 
 Other, otros— culprits, reos — high in rank, de alta* jerar- 
 quia* — and, y — young jovenes — and, y — popular, populares 
 — suffered, sufireron — at the same, al mismo — time, tiempo 
 — and, y — for the, por la — same, misma — offence, ofensa 
 —with, con — the sons, los hijos — of Brutus, de Bruto. 
 
76 
 
 LECCION PRIMERA. 
 Mdcsimas. 
 
 Resuelvete a ser algo, y algo serds. 
 
 No puedo, nunca realizo nada; vere si puedo, obro ma- 
 ravillas. 
 
 Los hombres se arrepienten diez veces de haber hablado, 
 por una he haber guardado silencio. 
 
 Es mejor rejlecsionar por una hora, que haberse de ar- 
 repentir por un ano. 
 
 Ninguna cosa sera de valor para ti, si haces mal uso de 
 ella. 
 
 Para aprender a hablar bien, aprende primero a oir. 
 
 Devolver bien por mal, es asemejarse a Dios. — Devolver 
 bien por bien, es de hombres. — Devolver mal por mal, es 
 asemejarse a las bestias — y devolver mal por bien, es aseme- 
 jarse al Diablo. 
 
 Ama a tu projimo aunaue sea vicioso. Aborrece el vicio 
 aun en el amigo que mas estimes. 
 
 Responde con pausa a una pregunta precipitada. 
 
 El que habla mal de otros, quema su propia lengua. 
 
 Preguntado un filbsofo por que medios habia adquirido 
 tanto saber, respondio — Porque nunca me impidib la vani- 
 dad el hacer preguntas acerca de lo que yo ignoraba. 
 
 Lo menos que duerma el hombre, eso mas vive. 
 
 Mi palacio y mis oidos, decia Hiero Rey de Siracusa, 
 estan siempre abiertos para aquellos que me habldren en 
 el idioma de la verdad, sin disfraz. y en el tono de lafran- 
 queza. 
 
 La sinceridad se parece al viajar por un camino llano 
 y aplanado, el que regularmente conduce al hombre con 
 mas prontitud al jin de su Jornada; que no por caminos 
 escusados, en los cuales se pierden los hombres amenudo. 
 
 Fin de la Leccion primera. 
 
77 
 FIRST LESSON. 
 
 Maxims. 
 
 Determine that you shall be something, and you will be 
 something. 
 
 I cannot do it, never accomplished any thing; I will try, 
 has wrought wonders. 
 
 Men repent speaking ten times, for once that they repent 
 keeping silence. 
 
 Better consider for an hour, than repent for a year. 
 
 Nothing will be of any value to you, that you make a 
 bad use of. 
 
 To learn to talk well, first learn to hear. 
 
 To render good for evil is god-like. To render good for 
 good is man-like. To render evil for evil is beast-like, and 
 to render evil for good is devil-like. 
 
 Love your fellow creature, though vicious. Hate vice 
 in the friend you love the most. 
 
 Make a slow answer to a hasty question. 
 
 He that speaks ill of other men, burns his own tongue. 
 
 A philosopher being asked by what means he had ac- 
 quired so much knowledge, replied — " By not being pre- 
 vented by pride from asking questions when I was igno- 
 rant." 
 
 The less a man sleeps, the more he lives. 
 
 My palace and my ears, said Hiero, king of Syracuse, 
 are always open to those who will speak to me in the lan- 
 guage of truth, without disguise, and in the tone of frank- 
 ness. 
 
 Sincerity is like travelling in a plain beaten road, which 
 commonly brings a man sooner to his journey's end, than 
 by ways, in which men often lose themselves. 
 
 End of the first Lesson. 
 
78 
 
 LECCIOJY SEGUNDA. 
 
 Xenocrates fue un hombre de tanta verdad y fidelidad, 
 que los Atenienses le concedieron a el solo, el privilejio de 
 que su testimonio fuese legal sin juramento. Y se decia 
 de Fabricio, que podria un hombre intentar mas bicn el 
 hacer que el Sol alterase su curso, que obligarle a que di> 
 jese una falsedad, 6 a que cometiese una accion baja 6 
 desonesta. 
 
 La verdad, segun las palabras de La Bruyere, es el Sol 
 de intelijencia; y en las manos del debil y sencillo y desvara- 
 ta frecuentemente los proyectos 6 desarma la ira del pode- 
 roso y entendido. Una mentira, necesita de mil mas para 
 sostenerla. Una sola verdad, subsiste firmemente sin auc- 
 silio; y eso, aunque los labios que la pronunciaren sean los 
 de un trabajador, los del principe, los del niho de la es- 
 cuela, 6 los del sabio. 
 
 Fin de la Leccion segunda. 
 
 LECCION TERCERA. 
 
 Cada virtud proporciona al hombre, en algun modo, un 
 grado defelicidad. La honradez, le proporciona buena 
 fama: lajusticia, estimacion: la prudencia, respeto: la cor- 
 tesia y liberalidad, ajicion; la templanza le da salud; y la 
 fortaleza, un espiritu tranquilo e inmutablepor adversidad 
 alguna. 
 
 Cuando invitaron a Numa a la soberania, dice Dion, que 
 lo reuso por algun tiempo, y que persistio siempre en no 
 aceptar la oferta. Pero a las instancias ecsijentes de sus 
 hermanos, y ultimamente de su padre, quienes no podian 
 tolerar que depreciase una oferta de tan grande honor, 
 condescendio en ser Rey. Luego que se informaron los 
 
79 
 
 SECOND LESSON. 
 
 Xenocrates was a man of that truth and fidelity, that the 
 Athenians gave him alone the privilege, that his evidence 
 should be lawful without swearing. And it was said of 
 Fabriciup, that a man might as well attempt to turn the sun 
 out of its course, as to make him tell a falsehood, or do 
 a base or dishonest action. 
 
 Truth, in the words of La Bruyere, is the sun of intelli- 
 gence; and in the hands of the weak and simple, frequent- 
 ly defeats the plans or disarms the anger of the powerful 
 and learned. One lie requires a thousand to support it. 
 A single truth stands firmly without assistance; and that, 
 whether the lips which utter it, are those of the peasant or 
 the prince, the school-boy or the sage. 
 
 End of the second Lesson. 
 
 THIRD LESSON. 
 
 Every virtue gives a man a degree of felicity of some 
 kind. Honesty gives good report; justice, estimation: pru- 
 dence, respect; courtesy and liberality, affection; tempe- 
 rance gives health; and fortitude, a quiet mind not to be 
 moved by any adversity. 
 
 When they invited Numa, says Dion, to the sovereignty, 
 he for some time refused it, and persisted long in his reso- 
 lution not to accept the invitation. But at the pressing 
 instance of his brothers and at last of his father, who would 
 not suffer him to reject the offer of so great an honour, he 
 condescended to be a king. As soon as the Romans were 
 
80 
 
 Romanos de todo,por medio de sits embajadores, concivieron 
 gran aficion dcia el, antes de haberlo visto; reputando como 
 argumento svficiente de su sabiduria, el que cuando otros 
 valuaban la dignidad real desmedidamente, mirandola como 
 un manantial defelicidad, el solamente la depreciase como 
 cosa de poco valor e indigna de su atencion. Cuando se 
 acerco d la ciudad le salieron a recibir al camino, y con 
 grande aplauso, enhorabuenas y otros honores lo condujeron 
 a Roma. 
 
 Fin de la Leccion tercera. 
 
 LECC10K CUARTA. 
 
 ' Julio Druso, un tribuno del pueblo, vivtia en un paraje 
 mui publico de Roma; y sus vecinos, sin dificultad alguna, 
 podian ver lo que sepasaba en la mayor parte de las vivien- 
 das de la casa. Un dia, un artesano de mucho conocimiento, 
 lofue a ver y le dijo: que por cinco talentos, alteraria la 
 casa de tal modo, que la pondria en la imposibilidad de que, 
 aun el ojo mas avizor pudiese ver nada en parte alguna de 
 ella. Yo daria a usted diez talentos, dijo Druso: si usted 
 la pudiese disponer de tal modo, que cada habitancion y 
 cada rincon pudiesen estar francos a la inspeccion publica. 
 Yo quiero mejor que mis vecinos sepan, que mis acciones 
 estanfuera de toda sospecha, observandolas ellos mismos, 
 que no, el que* les* conste por el dicho comun de lasjentes. 
 
 Vive confama, el que muere por la causa de la virtud. 
 
 Shak spear e. 
 
 Fin de la Leccion cuarta. 
 
81 
 
 informed of all this by the ambassadors, they conceived a 
 great affection for him, before they had seen him; esteeming 
 as a sufficient argument of his wisdom, that while others 
 valued royalty beyond measure, looking upon it as the 
 source of happiness, he alone despised it, as a thing of 
 small value, and unworthy of his attention. When he ap- 
 proached the city, they met him on the road, and with 
 great applause, salutations and other honours, conducted 
 him to Rome. 
 
 End of the third Lesson. 
 
 LESSON FOURTH. 
 
 Julius Drusus, a tribune of the people, lived in a very 
 public part of Rome; and his neighbours, without any diffi- 
 culty, might see what was going forward in most of the 
 apartments of his house. One day a workman of much 
 skill came to him, and said, that for five talents he would 
 alter the house in such a manner as to make it impossible 
 for the most prying eye to look into any part of it. I 
 would give you ten talents, said Drusius, if you could so 
 arrange it, that every room and corner might be open to 
 public inspection. I had rather my neighbours might 
 know that my actions were above suspicion, from their 
 own observation, than from common report. 
 
 He lives in fame, that dies in virtue's cause. 
 
 Shakspeare. 
 
 End of the fourth Lesson. 
 
82 
 
 LECCIOK QZJINTA. 
 
 Pigalle, el celebre artista,fue un hombre de grande cari- 
 dad. Intentando, en cierta ocasion, hacer un viaje de Leon a 
 Paris, puso aparte doce luises de oro para subvenir a sus 
 gastos. Pero poco antes del proyectado tiempo de supar- 
 tida, observo a un hombre que caminaba con senates evi- 
 denies de una grande pesadumbre, tanto por su semblante, 
 como por su porte. 
 
 Impelido Pigalle por los sentimientos de un corazon 
 compasivo, le dirijio la palabra e inquirio con mucha afa- 
 bilidad, si podria prestarle algun alivio. Impresionado 
 el estranjero del amistoso cumplimiento; no se deluvo en 
 manifestarle su triste situacion. 
 
 " Por falta de diez luises de oro, dijo, debo ser arras- 
 trado esta tarde a un calabozo y estar separado de una 
 tierna esposa y de una numerosa familia" jNo necesitais 
 de mas? esclamo el piadoso artista. Venid, pues, conmigo; 
 yo tengo en mi baul doce luises de oro y estan a vuestra 
 disposicion. 
 
 Al dia siguiente, un amigo de Pigalle le encontro y le 
 pregunto si era cierto, que habia, segun piiblicamente se de- 
 cia, libertado mui oportunamente, a un pobre hombre y a su 
 familia, de la mayor ajliccion. ";Ah amigo mio!" dijo Pi- 
 galle, " Que deliciosa cena de pan y queso tune anoche con 
 una familia, cuyas lagrimas de gratitud demostraban la 
 bondad de sv,s corazones, y que me bendecian a cada bocado 
 que comian." 
 
 Quien es esta hormosa virjen que se acerca vestida'jcon 
 una tunica de verde claro? Tiene una guirnalda defiores 
 en su cabeza, y nacenjlores en cualquier parte en donde pi- 
 sa. La nieve que cubria los campos y el hielo que ecsistia 
 en los rios, se derriten, cuando respira sobre ellos 
 
 Los corderillos triscan al rededor de ella, y las aves tri' 
 
83 
 
 FIFTH LESSON. 
 
 Pigalle, the celebrated artist, was a man of great huma- 
 nity. Intending on a particular occasion, to make a jour- 
 ney from Lyons to Paris, he laid by twelve louis (Tors to 
 defray his expenses. But a little before the time proposed 
 for his setting out, he observed a man walking with strong 
 marks of deep-felt sorrow in his countenance and deport- 
 ment. 
 
 Pigalle, impelled by the feelings of a benevolent heart, 
 accosted him, and inquired with much tenderness, whether 
 it was in his power to afford him any relief. The stranger, 
 impressed with the manner of this friendly address, did not 
 hesitate to lay open his distressed situation. 
 
 " For want of ten louis d'ors," said he, " I must be 
 dragged this evening to a dungeon; and be separated from 
 a tender wife and a numerous family." " Do you want no 
 more?" exclaimed the humane artist. " Come along with 
 me; I have twelve louis d'ors in my trunk; and they are all 
 at your service." 
 
 The next day a friend of Pigalle met him; and inquired 
 whether it was true, that he had, as was publicly reported, 
 very opportunely relieved a poor man and his family from 
 the greatest distress. "Ah, my friend," said Pigalle, " what 
 a delicious supper did I make last night upon bread and 
 cheese, with a family whose tears of gratitude marked the 
 goodness of their hearts; and who blessed me at every 
 mouthful they ate!" 
 
 Who is this beautiful virgin that approaches, clothed in 
 a robe of light green? She has a garland of flowers on 
 her head, and 'flowers spring up wherever she sets her foot. 
 The snow which covered the fields, and the ice which was 
 in the river, melt away when she breathes upon them. 
 
 The young lambs frisk about her, and the birds warble 
 
84 
 
 nan con sus pequehos cuellos la enhorabuena de su venida; 
 y luego que la ven, principian a escqjer sus parejas y a 
 formar sus nidos. Jovenes y muchachasf habeis visto d la 
 hermosa virjen? iQuien es? L Como se llama? 
 Fin de la Leccion quinta. 
 
 LECCIOM SECSTA. 
 
 El Sultan Mahmoud era muifeo de persona y parecer; 
 y un dia en que su gran Visir le pregunto porque se hallaba 
 tan triste y melancolico, le contesto el Monarca. " He oido 
 siempre decir, que la cara de un principe debe inspirar 
 jubilo en sus vasallos; y estoy sorprendido de que siendo la 
 mia tanfea, no disguste a los miosel verla. Sehor, repli- 
 ed el ministro; la entidad de un ser racional no consiste ni 
 en la regularidad de susfacciones ni en la siemetria de su 
 cuerpo. La virtud y las cualidades del entendimiento, son 
 los verdaderos manantiales de la hermosura. Entre vues- 
 tros numerosos vasallos, no hay ni uno, que repare 6 haga 
 observaciones acerca de vuestras facciones ; pero vuestras 
 costumbres y vuestras virtudes se notan por todos ellos. Y, 
 por medio de ellas, ganareis sus corozones y sereis el 
 objeto de su amor. 
 
 Cuando las crueldades de Neron, el tirano de Roma, y 
 el oprobio de la naturaleza humana, lo hicieron aborrecible 
 a todas las clases de sus vasallos; seformo una conjuracion 
 para destruirlo y elevar a Pison, hombre de gran merito y 
 popularidad, a la dignidad de Emperador. La virtud 
 sublime de Pison, fue la causa del trastorno del complot 
 y la desupropia destruccion. Neron tenia por invariable 
 costumbre el visitar una casa de campo perteneciente a 
 Pison, sin su acostumbrado sequito de guardias y acompa- 
 nado solamente por unos pocos cortesanos, y, a ocasiones, 
 
85 
 
 in their little throats to welcome her coming; and when 
 they see her, they begin to choose their mates, and to build 
 their nests. Youths and maidens, have you seen this beau- 
 tiful virgin? Who is she? What is her name? 
 End of the fifth Lesson. 
 
 LESSON SIXTH. 
 
 The Sultan Mahmud was very ugly in his personal ap- 
 pearance; and one day, when his grand vizier spoke to him 
 of his extreme sadness and melancholy, the monarch an- 
 swered : " T have always heard, that the countenance of a 
 prince should impart joy to his subjects, and I am surprised 
 that mine, which is so deformed, does not disgust their 
 sight." " Sire," replied the minister, u the worth of a 
 human being does not consist in the regularity of his fea- 
 tures, or the symmetry of his form. Virtue and the quali- 
 ties of the mind are the true sources of beauty. Among 
 your numerous subjects, there is not one, who remarks upon, 
 or observes your features : but your manners and your vir- 
 tues are noticed by all of them. It is with these that you 
 should gain their hearts, and become the object of their 
 affection." 
 
 When the cruelties of Nero, the tyrant of Rome, and the 
 disgrace of human nature, had rendered him odious to all 
 classes of his subjects, a conspiracy was formed to destroy 
 him, and elevate Piso, a man of great worth and popularity, 
 to the station of emperor. The sublime virtue of Piso was 
 the cause of the failure of the plot, and of his own destruc- 
 tion. Nero was constantly in the habit of visiting a coun- 
 try seat, belonging to Piso, without his usual train of guards, 
 attended only by a few courtiers, and sometimes even alone. 
 On one of these visits, it was proposed that he should be 
 8 
 
86 
 
 hasta solo, Se habia determinado el que en una de estas 
 visitasfuese asesinado, lo que no hubiera sido de dificil 
 ejecucion. Pero Pison no quiso permitir d los conspiradores 
 el que realizasen sus planes. M Neron," dijo, * me msita 
 con completa confianza ; descansa en mi buenafe y lealtad; 
 acaso soy yo solo, el unico de sus vasallos de quien sejia; 
 y sin embargo de que me uno a vosotros en reputarlo como 
 el tirano de mi patria; la misma corona y todos los honores 
 que acompanan su posesion, no me tentarian a molar las 
 leyes de la hospitalidad ni a hacer ilusoria la conjianza 
 que se ha puesta en mi. Si quisieseis destruir a Neron, 
 buscad otro punto, y haced uso de otro agente." Los con- 
 spiradores fueron subsecuentemente descubiertos, y la 
 muertefue el premio de la integridad y de la virtud de 
 Pison. 
 
 Fin de la Leccion secsta. 
 
 LECCION SEPTIMA. 
 
 El Aguila y la Zorra. 
 
 Buscando un Aguila, que tenia polios, algo conque all- 
 mentarlos, atisbopor casualidad a un Zorrito calentandose, 
 afuera, al sol. El Aguila se tiro a el y lo agarro inmedi- 
 atamente; pero antes de tenerlo arriba, la vieja Zorra que 
 volvia a su madriguera implorb de ella con Idgrimas en sus 
 qjos, que la diese su cachorro y compadeciese la angustia 
 de una amante madre, que creia no haber desventura mayor 
 que la perdida de su hijo. El Aguila, cuya nido estaba 
 sobre un alto drbol, se considero bastantemente segura contra 
 los proyectos de la venganza, y asi llevo el cachorro a sus 
 hijos, sin hacer caso de las suplicas de la Zorra. Pero 
 aquel astuto animal, estremadamente irritada con tan 
 maligna barbaridad, corrio a un altar en donde algunas 
 
87 
 
 assassinated, which would not have been at all difficult of 
 execution. But Piso refused to permit the conspirators to 
 carry their plans into execution. " Nero," he said, " visits 
 me in perfect confidence; he relies on my good faith and 
 loyalty; T am perhaps the only one of his subjects that he 
 trusts; and although I join you in considering him the ty- 
 rant of my country, the crown itself, and all the honours 
 that accompany its possession, shall not tempt me to violate 
 the laws of hospitality, or break the confidence which is 
 reposed in me. If you would destroy Nero, seek another 
 spot, and make use of another agent." The conspirators 
 were subsequently discovered, and death became the re- 
 ward of Piso's integrity and virtue. 
 
 End of the sixth Lesson. 
 SEVENTH LESSON. 
 
 The Eagle and the Fox. 
 
 An eagle that had young ones, looking out for something 
 to feed them with, happened to spy a fox's cub, that lay 
 basking itself abroad in the sun. She made a stoop, and 
 trussed it immediately; but before she had carried it quite 
 off, the old fox coming home, implored her, with tears in 
 her eyes, to spare her cub, and pity the distress of a poor 
 fond mother, who should think no affliction so great as that 
 of losing her child. The eagle, whose nest was up in a 
 very high tree, thought herself secure enough from all pro- 
 jects of revenge, and so bore away the cub to her young 
 ones, without showing any regard to the supplications of 
 the fox. But that subtle creature, highly incensed at this 
 outrageous barbarity, ran to an altar, where some country 
 
88 
 
 jentes del campo habian estado sacrificando un cabrito, en 
 un prado abierto, y cojiendo de el un tizcn encendido en la 
 boca, sefue dcia el drbol en donde estaba el nido del Agui- 
 la, con resolution de vengarse de ella. Apenas habia tre- 
 pado las primeras ramas, cuando terrificada el Aguila con 
 su procsima destruction y la de su familia, suplico a la 
 Zorra que desistiese (desu intento), y con mucha sumision 
 la devolvid otra vez el cachorro sano y salvo. 
 
 0^7= Estafdbula ensena al poderoso, al soberbio yal que 
 ocupa un puesto elevado, el no hacer dano ni perjudicar al 
 desgraciado 6 debil; porque debe temerse la venganza aim 
 del enemigo mas insignificante; y acasopuede tener efecto, en 
 el momento de su mayor encumbramiento y soberbia. 
 
 El Perro y la Sombra. 
 
 Cruzando un Perro un pequeho riachuelo, con unpedazo 
 de came en la boca, vio su sombra representada en el claro 
 espejo de la cristalina corriente, y creyendola ser otro Perro 
 que llevaba otro pedazo de carne, no pudo abstenerse de 
 cojerla: pero estuvo tan distante de conseguir algo con su 
 ambicioso designio, que dejo caer el pedazo que tenia en la 
 boca, el que inmediatamente sefue dfondo, y se perdio para 
 siempre. 
 
 0^7" Aquel que coje mas de lo que le pertenece, merece 
 justamente perderlo que posee. 
 
 Fin de la Lection septima. 
 
 LECCION OCTAVA. 
 
 Jupiter y el Camello. 
 
 El Camello lepresento a Jupiter un memorial, quejdndose 
 de la desgratia desu situation por no tener, como los toros 
 
people had been sacrificing a kid in the open fields, and 
 catching up a firebrand in her mouth, made towards the 
 tree where the eagle's nest was, with a resolution of revenge. 
 She had scarce ascended the first branches, when the eagle, 
 terrified with the approaching ruin of herself and family, 
 begged of the fox to desist, and, with much submission, re- 
 turned her the cub again safe and sound. 
 
 (£7= This fable teaches the powerful and proud, and him 
 who occupies an elevated station, not to harm or prejudice 
 the unhappy or weak; because vengeance is to be dreaded 
 even from the most insignificant enemy, and perhaps may 
 take effect in the moment of their greatest elevation and 
 pride. 
 
 The Dog and the Shadow. 
 
 A dog, crossing a little rivulet with a piece of flesh in 
 his mouth, saw his shadow represented in the clear mirror 
 of the limpid stream; and believing it to be another dog, 
 who was carrying another piece of flesh, could not forbear 
 catching at it; but was so far from getting any thing by his 
 greedy design that he dropt the piece he had in his mouth, 
 which immediately sunk to the bottom, and was irrecovera- 
 bly lost. 
 
 O^T He that catches at more than belongs to him, justly 
 deserves to lose what he has. 
 
 End of the seventh Lesson, 
 
 EIGHTH LESSON. 
 
 Jupiter and the Camel. 
 
 The camel presented a petition to Jupiter, complaining 
 of the hardship of his case, in not having like bulls and 
 
 8* 
 
90 
 
 y otros animales, cuernos ii otras armas defensivas, conque 
 protejerse de los ataques de sits enemigos; y rogandole que 
 le concediese algun consuelo en el modo que (eZ* Dios*) cre- 
 yese mas convenicnte. Jupiter nopudomenos que sonreirse 
 con la impertinente peticion de la sirnplisima gran bestia; 
 pero sinembargo, desecho su svplica y le dijo: que, lejos de 
 acceder a su descabellada pretention, cuidaria que de alii 
 en adelante sele acortasen las orejas, en castigo de su pre- 
 suntuosa importunidad. 
 
 O^T La moral de esta fdbula nos ensena, que muchos 
 ambiciosos, quejnden a Dios mas de lo que tienen; suelen 
 perder, por su codicioso, deseo una parte de lo que pose- 
 ian. 
 
 El Cuervo y la Serpiente. 
 
 Un hambriento Cuervo, que voltejeaba en busca de supre- 
 sa; mo duna Serpiente calentandose sobre la ladera de unri- 
 bazo en que daba el sol; dejose caer rdpidamente sobre ella 
 y la asio con su encorvado pico para devor aria; pero retor- 
 ciendose la Serpiente de un lado a otro con el dolor, (que* 
 sufria*) mordio en desquite, al Cuervo con sus ponzonosos 
 dientes, de tal modo, que no pudo sobrevivir a la mordida* 
 (it*). Se dice, que el Cuervo confeso en las agonias de la 
 muerte, que era justamente acreedord este castigo del cielo, 
 por haber intentado saciar su desordenado apetito, a costa 
 del Men estar de otro. 
 
 00 s " Aaquellosque son deuncar deter voraz y ambicioso, 
 y que se tragan cuanto les viene al paso, puede acaecerles 
 el encontrarse, alfin, con un aguijon que* los* destruya.* 
 Fin de la Leccion octava. 
 
 LECCION NOVENA. 
 Habiendo visitado a Efeso, Antigono, Rey de Mace- 
 donia, fue al templo de Diana pura disfrutar delas cere- 
 
91 
 
 other creatures, horns or any weapons of defence to protect 
 himself from the attacks of his enemies; and praying that 
 relief might be given him in such a manner as might be 
 thought most expedient. Jupiter could not help smiling at 
 the impertinent address of the great silly beast; but, how- 
 ever, rejected the petition, and told him, that, so far from 
 granting his unreasonable request, henceforward he would 
 take care his ears should be shortened, as a punishment of 
 his presumptuous importunity. 
 
 0^/- The moral of this fable teaches us that many ambi- 
 tious persons who ask of God more than they have, usually 
 lose through their covetous desires a part of that which they 
 
 The Raven and the Serpent. 
 
 A hungry raven, flying about in quest of his prey, saw a 
 serpent basking himself upon the side of a sunny bank: 
 down he soused upon him, and seized him with his crooked 
 beak, in order to devour him: but the serpent writhing to 
 and fro with the pain, bit the raven again with his venomous 
 teeth, to such a degree that he could not survive it. The 
 raven in the agonies of death, is said to have confessed that 
 this judgment happened to him justly: since he had attempt- 
 ed to satisfy his craving appetite at the expense of another's 
 welfare. 
 
 0^7~ They who are of a ravenous greedy temper, and for 
 swallowing all that comes into their way, may chance to 
 meet with a sting in the end. 
 
 End of the eighth Lesson. 
 
 NINTH LESSON. 
 Antigonus, king of Macedon, having visited Ephesus, 
 went to the temple of Diana to partake of the ceremonies 
 
92 
 
 mofiias que en el se celebraban en honor de la divinidad del 
 arco de plata. Cuando paso la larga procesion de las sa~ 
 cerdotizas por delante de ehfue sorprenido con lagrandm- 
 ma hermosura de aquella que precidia sobrc las demas. 
 La principal sacerdoliza de Diana, fue la causa de que su 
 corazon se penetrase de una emocion que jamas habia sen- 
 tido; y por un momento le ocurrio a su imajinacion la idea 
 de kacerla svya por la violencia. Pero otra refiecsionfue 
 bastante para disipar las impias intenciones que se habian 
 escitado dentro de el; y saliendose del templo llamb a* los 
 que* le Servian* y partio de Efeso, temeroso de que la proc- 
 simad del objeto pudiese tentarlo a la perpetracion de un 
 crimen tan vergonzoso a su virtud, como a sujenerosidad. 
 
 Constantino el grande, despues de su largo y glorioso re- 
 inado, de* sus numerosas batallas y de* sus repetidos tri- 
 unfos, cay 6* alfin* enfermo*, y la mano de la muerte des- 
 cansaba sobre el pesadamente. En tal situation, mando 
 llamar a los principales qficialesdesu ejercito. Vinieron 
 y se situaron al rededor de su cama bahados de lagrimas; 
 deplorando la perdida que iba a constituirlos, como asi 
 seria, huerfanos sin padre, y fervor osos en sus oraciones, 
 pedian* al cielo*, que prolongase la vida del Emperador." 
 "iVb lloreis, amigos mios" dijo este*, la vida en que pronto 
 entrare, es vida verdadera. Se mui bien las felicidades que 
 se me esperan en el otro mundo. No lloreis, pues* camino* 
 con presteza* dcia mi Dios. 
 
 Fin de la Lection novena. 
 
 LECC10M DECIMA. 
 
 Hay algunas personas que pretenden creer, que el dar 
 gracias a la Divinidad por su cuidado y protection de la 
 vida efectiva que disfrutan, es indecoroso; asunto de mujere* 
 
93 
 
 performed there in honour of the deity of the silver bow. 
 As the long procession of priestesses passed before him, he 
 was struck with the magnificent beauty of her who presid- 
 ed over them. The chief priestess of Diana caused his 
 heart to thrill with an emotion, which it had never before 
 experienced; and for a moment, the idea of making her his 
 own by violence passed across his mind. But another 
 thought was sufficient to overcome the unholy feeling, which 
 had been roused within him; and leaving the temple, he 
 summoned his* attendants*, and departed from Ephesus; 
 fearing lest the neighbourhood of the object might tempt 
 him to the commission of a crime, alike disgraceful to his 
 virtue as his generosity. 
 
 Constantino the great, after his long and glorious reign, 
 his numerous battles and repeated triumphs, was* at last 
 overtaken* by sickness*, and the hand of death lay heavy 
 upon him. In this condition he sent for all the principal 
 officers of his army. They came and stood around his bed 
 bathed in tears, deploring the loss which would make them, 
 as it were, orphans without a father, and fervent in their 
 prayers that the life of the emperor might be prolonged. 
 " Weep not, my friends," he said, " the life I am soon to 
 enter, is the true life. I know full well the happiness that 
 awaits me in another world. Weep not, for* I am* hasten- 
 ing* to my God." 
 
 End of the ninth Lesson. 
 
 TENTH LESSON. 
 
 There are some persons who pretend to believe, that to 
 thank the Deity, for his care and protection of the very life 
 which they enjoy, is unbecoming, womanish, and fit only 
 
94 
 
 solamente*, y propio de los viejos y enfermos. Ellos se- 
 rian relijiosos, si la relijion fuese de moda; olvidandose 
 de que Aquel, que debe ser adorado con una gratitud 
 reverente, valua la esencia y no la forma del culto que re- 
 cibe. El ejemplo de una persona de altajerarquia y cele- 
 bre en la historia, acaso no dejard de producir su efecto. 
 Cuando Gustavo Adolf o, de Suecia, estuvo acampado de- 
 lante de Werben, uno de sus criados encargado de un men' 
 saje de importancia, espero por largo tiempo en la division 
 anterior de la tienda, del* Monarca*, receloso de interrum- 
 pir al Rey, que estaba solo, en la parte interior 6 gabinete. 
 Persuadido, empero, de que el asunto de que estaba encar- 
 gado, no admitia demora, se aventuro alfin, a descorrer la 
 cortina que lo separaba de Gustavo. Para sorpresa suya, 
 en lugar de hollar al Rey ocupado con despachos, lo vib ar- 
 rodillado y arrobado, alparecer, en la oracion mas sincera. 
 La bulla que causo la des corrida de la lona atrajo la aten- 
 cion de Gustavo, quien pereiviendo que su criado estaba a 
 punto de retirarse, le dijo que entrase; y observando de que 
 estaba sorprendido conlo que habia descubierto, acerca de la 
 devocion del Monarca, este* le dijo, " Te admiras de verme 
 en esta actitud desde que tengo tantos subditos que oren por 
 mi; pero te digo, que ningun hombre tiene tanta necesidad 
 de orar por si, como aquel, que debiendo dar cuenta de sus 
 acetones, solamented Dios, es x , por 2 esta razon, atacado* 
 mas* de 4 cerca* por 5 el diablo 5 , que 5 otro 5 alguno 1 delos* 
 hombres 6 . 
 
 Fin de la Leccion decima. 
 
 LECCION UXDECIMA. 
 
 Cuando Tarquino fue desterrado de Roma, Bruto y Cola- 
 tinofueron hechos Consules por el pueblo; yjuraron que los 
 Tarquinos jamas serian vueltos a llamar, y que la muerte 
 
95 
 
 for the aged and infirm. They would be religious, were 
 religion fashionable; forgetting that He, who is to be propi- 
 tiated by a pious gratitude, values the essence, and not the 
 form, of the worship which he receives. The example of 
 one high in rank, and celebrated in history, may not, per- 
 haps, be without effect. When Gustavus Adolphus was 
 encamped before Werben, one of his attendants, entrusted 
 with a message of great importance, waited for a long time 
 in the outer compartment of his tent, afraid to disturb the 
 king, who was alone in the inner chamber or cabinet. Sen- 
 sible, however, that the matter, with which he was charged, 
 admitted of no delay, he at last ventured to remove the 
 curtain, which separated him from Gustavus. To his sur- 
 prise, instead of rinding the king engaged with despatches, 
 he saw him on his knees, apparently absorbed in the most 
 earnest prayer. The noise made by the rustling of the can- 
 vass attracted the attention of Gustavus, who, perceiving 
 that his attendant was about to retire, told him to enter: 
 and, observing that he was surprised at what he had disco- 
 vered of the devotion of the monarch, said to him, " Thou 
 wonderest to see me in this posture, since I have so many 
 thousands of subjects to pray for me: but I tell thee, that 
 no man has more need to pray for himself, than he, who 
 having to render an account of his actions to God alone, 
 is, for that reason, more closely assaulted by the devil, than 
 all other men." 
 
 End of the tenth Lesson. 
 
 ELEVENTH LESSON. 
 
 When Tarquin was banished from Rome, Brutus and 
 Collatinus were made consuls by the people; and swore 
 that the Tarquins should never be recalled, and that death 
 
96 
 
 seria el castigo de aquellos que intcntasen la restauracion 
 de la Monarquia. Sin embargo, no Men kabia pasado un 
 aho despucs de la espulsion del tirano, cuandofue descu- 
 bierta una conjuracion entre losjovenes de Roma para rein- 
 stalar al destronado Monarca y destruir la republica nueva- 
 mente formada. Entre los principalis conspiradores se 
 hallaban los dos hijos del Consul Bruto. En la manana 
 del dia despues del en que habian sido presos la conspira- 
 dores, fuer on estos* conducidos a la presencia de Bruto, 
 quien desempeiiaba entonces la* judicatura*. Las pruebas, 
 que consistian de cartas escritas de su puho y letra, decla- 
 rando sus intenciones y nombrando sus complices, fueron 
 presentadas y no dejaron duda alguna* de su delito. Hasta 
 entonces, los espectadores congregados habian confiado en 
 que alguna falta, legal*, 6 alguna duda en las declara- 
 ciones libertarian al padre, del cruel deber quehabiarecaido 
 sobre el; pero* cuando toda la esperanza de ello se hubo 
 disipado, el grito de " Destierro, Destierro" que resono 
 en la* multitud, demostro su voluntad de que Bruto pudiese 
 libertarse de condenard suspropios hijos. Los sentimientos 
 del qflijido padre pugnaban con violencia contra el desem- 
 peho de la melancolica obligacion que debia a la republica; 
 pero lajusticia y el patriotismo prevalecieron aljin, y con 
 un semblante no demudado, mando a sus hijos al suplicio, 
 entre los lamentos y lagrimas de losRomanosque le circun- 
 daban. Otros reos de altajerarquiajovenes y de popula- 
 ridad, sufrieron al mismo tiempo, el castigo*, con los hijos 
 de Bruto y por igual crimen; pero apenas se advertio su 
 muerte: tan absortos se quedaron los espectadores con la 
 inecsorable justicia de su Consul. 
 
97 
 
 should be the penalty of those who attempted the restora- 
 tion of monarchy. A year, however, had scarcely elapsed 
 after the expulsion of the tyrant, when a conspiracy was 
 discovered, among the young men of Rome, to reinstate the 
 dethroned monarch and destroy the newly formed republic. 
 Among the chief conspirators were the two sons of Brutus, 
 the consul. On the morning after the conspirators were 
 seized, they were brought before Brutus, then seated in 
 judgment. The proofs, consisting of letters in their own 
 hand writing, declaring their intentions and naming their 
 accomplices, were then exhibited, and left no doubt of their 
 guilt. Until then, the surrounding spectators had hoped, 
 that some deficiency, some doubt even in the testimony, 
 would free the father from the dreadful duty which devolv- 
 ed upon him; and now, when all hope of this had vanished, 
 the cry of " banishment, banishment," which rung from the 
 multitude, showed their wish, that Brutus might be saved 
 from the condemnation of his own sons. The feelings of 
 the stern father struggled, with violence, against the perform- 
 ance of the sad duty which he owed to the republic; but 
 justice and patriotism at last prevailed: and with an unmov- 
 ed countenance, he ordered the young men to execution, 
 amid the groans and tears of the surrounding Romans. 
 Other culprits, high in rank, and'young and popular, suffer- 
 ed at the same time, and for the same offence with the sons 
 of Brutus: but their death was almost unnoticed, so absorb- 
 ed were the spectators in the contemplation of the inexora- 
 ble justice of their consul. 
 
 End of the eleventh Lesson. 
 
SECTION THIRD-SECCION TERCERA. 
 
 MATERIAS PROMISCUASs 
 
 PROMISCUOUS PIECES. 
 
 FIRST LESSON— PRIMERS LECCIOJV. 
 
 FROM ENGLISH TO SPANISH. 
 
 Answer of Fabricius to king Pyrrhus. 
 Respuesta de Fabricio al Rey Pirro. 
 
 With, con — regard, respecto — to, a — my, mi — poverty, 
 pobreza, — the, el — king, Rey — has been, ha sido — justly, 
 justamente — informed, informado. My 2 whole 1 , todos 1 mis 2 
 — estate, bienes — consist, consisten — in a, en una — house, 
 casa — of, de — but* mean appearance, pobre apariencia — 
 and, y — a little, un pequeno — spot, pedazo — of, de — ground, 
 tierra — from which, del que, — by, por — my, mi— labour, 
 trabajo — I* derive, derivo — my, mi — support, susis- 
 tencia. But, pero — if, si, — by any means, de modo 
 alguno, — thou hast been, tu te has — persuaded, persua- 
 dido — or, 6 — thinkest, piensas — that, que— this, esta — 
 poverty, pobreza — renders 2 me 1 , me 1 constituye 2 — of, de 
 — less, menos — consequence, importancia — in, en — my 
 own. mipropia — country, patria, — or, 6 — in^ny 3 degree 2 , 
 en 1 grado 2 alguno 3 — unhappy, desgraciado: — Thou art, tu 
 estas — greatly deceived, grandemente (mm) enganado — 
 muchisimo 2 — I, yo — have 2 no 1 , no 1 tengo 2 — reason, razon 
 — to complain, para quejarme — of, de la — fortune,ybr/wraa; 
 — she, ella — supplies 2 me 1 , me 1 suministra 2 — with, con — all 
 that, todoloque — nature 2 requires 1 , necesita 1 la mturale- 
 
99 
 
 %a;* — and,y — if, si — I am* without*, no tengo— superfluities, 
 abundancias, — I am 2 also 1 , tambien 1 estoy 2 — free, libre — 
 from the, del — desire, deseo — of, de — them, ellas. With, 
 con — these, ellas, — I confess, yd confieso — I* should be*, 
 que seria — more, mas — able, capaz — to succour, de socor- 
 rer — the, al — necessitous, necesitado, — the, la — only, uni- 
 ca — advantage, ventaja — for, por — which, la que — the, los 
 — wealthy, ricos — are* to* be, deben* ser* — envied, envidia- 
 dos; — but, pero — small, ian* pequenas — as, como — my 2 
 possessions 3 are 1 , son 1 mis 2 posesiones 3 -! *can still, aunpue- 
 do, — contribute, contribuir — with, con — something, algo 
 — to the, para — support, ayuda — of the, del — state, estado, 
 and, y — the, la — assistance, asistencia — of, de — my, mis — 
 friends, amigos. With, con — respect, respecto — to, d — 
 honours, honor es, — my, mi — country, patria — places 2 me, 1 
 me 1 coloca 2 — poor 1 as 2 I* am, asi* pobre 1 como 2 soy 3 , — 
 upon, sobre — a, un — level, nivel — with, con — the, los — 
 richest, mas ricos: — for, porque — Rome, Roma — knows 2 
 no 1 , no 1 conoce 2 — qualifications, cualificaciones — for,^>ara 
 — great, grandes — employments, empleos, — but, sino — vir- 
 tue, virtud — and, y — ability, capacidad. She, ella — ap- 
 points 2 me 1 , me 1 nombra 2 — to, para — officiate, ojiciar — 
 in, en — the, las — most, mas — august, augustas — ceremo- 
 nies, cerembnias — of, de la — religion, relijion; — she, ella — 
 entrusts 2 me^me 1 confia 2 — with* the, el — command, man- 
 do — of, de — her, sus — armies, ejercitos; — she, ella — con- 
 fides, pone — to, d — my, mi — care, cuidado — the, las — 
 most, mas — important, importantes — negociations, negocia- 
 ciones. My, mi — poverty, pobreza — does not, no — lessen, 
 disminuye — the, el — weight, peso — and, y — influence, in- 
 fiuencia — of, de — my, mis — counsel, consejos — in, en — the, 
 el — senate, Senado. The, el — Roman 2 people 1 , pueblo 1 
 Romano 2 — honour 2 me 1 , me 1 honra 2 — for, por — that, 
 aquella — poverty, pobreza, — which, que — king, eV Rey — 
 Pyrrhus, Pirro — considers, considera — as, como — a, una — 
 
100 
 
 disgrace, afrenta. They, ellos — know, saben — the, las — 
 many, muchas — opportunities, oportunidades — I have, que* 
 yo he — had, tenido — to enrich myself*, de enrriquecerme*— 
 without, sin — censure, censura; — they, ellos — are, estan — 
 convinced, convencidos — of, de — my, mi — disinterested, 
 desinteresado — zeal, celo — for, por — their, su — prosperity, 
 prosperidad: — and, y — if, si — 1* have, tengo — any, alguna 
 — thing, cosa — to complain 2 of 1 ,^ 1 que* quejarme 2 — in* 
 the 2 , sobre* la 2 — return, retribucion — they make me, que* 
 ellos me hacen, — it is, es — only, solamente — the*, del — ex- 
 cess, ecsceso — of, de — their, su — applause, aplauso. What, 
 ique — value, valor \ — then, pues, — can I put, puedodarle — 
 to thy, a tu — gold, oro — and, y — silver, platal What, 
 ique — king, Key — can add, puede anadir — any thing, algo 
 — to my, a mi — fortune, fortunal Always, siempre — atten- 
 tive, atento — to discharge, en cumplir — the, los — duties, 
 deberes — incumbent 3 upon* me 1 , que* me 1 incumben 2 , — 
 I have, tengo — a, una — mind, imajinacion — free, libre — 
 from, de — self-reproach, mis propios baldones; — and, y — I 
 have, tengo — an, una — honest 2 , honrosa 2 — fame 1 , fama 1 . 
 
 SECOND LESSON— LECCION SEGUNDA. 
 
 FROM ENGLISH TO SPANISH. 
 
 Soliman second, Soliman segundo — was* riding*, se pa- 
 seaba* d* caballo* — at* an early* hour, una* mahana* tem- 
 prano* — when, cuando — a, una — woman, mujer — with, con 
 su* — dishevelled 2 hair 1 , pelo 1 desgrehado 2 — and,y — disor- 
 dered 2 garments 1 , ropa 1 en* desorden 2 — threw 2 herself 1 , 
 se 1 arrojo 2 — before, delante — his, de*su — horse, caballo — 
 and, y — demanded, pidio — justice, justicia. " Your, tus* — 
 soldiers, soldados, — commander, jefe — of the, de los — 
 faithful, creyentes — have, han — during, durante — the, la — 
 night, noche, — robbed, robado — and, y — pillaged, saqueado 
 
101 
 
 —my, mi — house, casa,"-she 2 exclaimed 1 , ecsclamo* ella 2 . 
 " Where, [adonde — shall* I now* fly to*, ire aoral Where, 
 lendonde— shall I* find, cncontrare — my, a* mis — children*, 
 kijos* — my, mi — property, propiedad — or, 6 — my, mi — 
 food, alimentoV" The sultan, el[ Sultan — smiled, se sonrio — 
 and, y — answered, respondio — " You must have slept, de- 
 bris haber dormido — soundly, profundamente — indeed, en 
 verdad — my, mi — good, buena — woman, mujer, — not to 
 have been, no habiendoos — aroused, despertado — by the 
 noise, con el ruido, — which, que — the, el — plunder, robo — 
 of your, de vuestra — dwelling, habitation — must have, 
 debe haber — occasioned, causado." " Yes," si — replied, 
 replied — the, la — woman, mujer — " I* slept, dormi — indeed, 
 ciertamente — most, mui* — soundly, profundamente, — for, 
 porque — I* believed, crei — that, que — your highness, vues- 
 tra Alteza — watched, velaba — over, sobre — the, la — safety, 
 seguridad — of, de — all, todos — your, vuestros — subjects, 
 vasallos — by* night, denoche — as well, del mismo modo — 
 as, que — in, en — the, el — day time*, «Ma. " Soliman, Soli- 
 man — was struck, se penetrb — with, de* — the, la — lesson, 
 leccion — conveyed, trasmitida — in, en — the, la — answer, 
 respuesta — of the, de la — woman, mujer, — and, y — he* 
 immediately, inmediatamente — ordered, ordeno, — that, que 
 — the, la — property, propiedad, — which, que — had been, 
 habia sido — taken away, robada* — should be,fuese — re- 
 stored, devuelta, — together, juntamente — with, con — a, un 
 — large, grande — present, regalo, — to, para — recompense, 
 recompensar — the, el — inconvenience, disgusto — and, y — 
 anxiety, ansiedad, — which, que — the, el — robbery, robo — 
 had, habia— -occasioned, causado — to the, a la — sufferer, 
 paciente. Grateful, agradetido — too, tambien — for, por — 
 the, la — admonition, admonition, — which, que — had been. 
 le* habia sido — so, tan — unexpectedly, inesperadamente — 
 given to *him*, dada, — and, y — willing, queriendo — to* 
 impress, imprimir — upon*, en* — his, su — m emorv, memoria 
 9* 
 
102 
 
 — his, su — duty, deber— to, para con* — his, sus — subjects, 
 vasallos — he* exempted, ecsimio — the, al — village, pueblo, 
 — in which, en el que — the, la — woman, mujer — lived, vivia 
 — from, de — all, todas las*-~- taxes, contribuciones — for, 
 por — her sake, obsequio a ella. 
 
 LECCIOK SEGUNDA— SECOND LESSON. 
 
 FROM ENGLISH TO SPANISH. 
 
 How, cuan — few, pocos — men, hombres, — who, que — 
 have, han— had, tenido — sovereign 2 , soberano 2 — power, 1 
 poder 1 — in, en — their, sus — hands, manos — for, por — 
 many, muchos — years, ahos — can imitate, pueden imitar — 
 John de Castro, a* Juan de Castro. This, este — Portu- 
 guese 2 , Portugues 2 — general 1 , Jeneral 1 — who, que — re- 
 presented, representaba — his, d* su — sovereign, soberano 
 — in, en — India, la* India, — who, que — enjoyed, disfruto — 
 the, las — most 2 , mas 2 — exclusive 3 , esclusivas 3 — facili- 
 ties 1 , proporciones 1 — for, para — the, la — acquisition, ad- 
 quisicion — of, de — wealth, riquezas,^-dnd, y— whose, cuyos 
 — predecessors, predecesorcs— had, habian — amassed, acu- 
 mulado — princely 2 fortunes 1 , fortunas 1 de* principes 2 , — 
 sent for, mando dbuscar — the, d* las — chief, principales — 
 persons, personas — of, de — his, su — government, gobierno. 
 — and, ~y — among, cntre — others, otros — the, el — cele- 
 brated, celebre — Xavier, Xavicr, — a, un — short, corto — 
 time, tiempo — before, antes — his, de* su — death, muerte, — 
 and, y — placing, poniendo — his, su — hand, mano — upon, 
 sobre — the, el — Holy, Santo — Evangelist, Evanjelio, — said, 
 dijo: " I, yo — swear, juro- — solemnly, solemnemente,* — 
 that, que — 1* have 3 never 1 , nunca 1 he 2 — appropriated, 
 apropiado — to, para — my own, mi propio — use, vsc — 
 the, la — property, propiedad — of, de — my, mi — king, Rey 
 — nor, 7ii — of, de — his, sus — subjects, vasallos — under, 
 
103 
 
 bajo — my, mi — control, autoridad; — neither, ni* tampoco — 
 have I*, que he — ever 2 , jamas 2 — received 1 , recivido 1 — any 2 
 present 1 , regalo 1 alguno 2 — from, de — any* individual*, 
 I nadie** At times, en ocasiones — when, cuando — my, mi — 
 I salary, sueldo — has 3 not 1 been 3 , no 1 ha 2 sido 3 — paid, pa- 
 ! gado, — I* have, he — employed, empleado — my, mi — patri- 
 j mony, patrimonio — in, en — the, el — service, servicio — of 
 j the, del — state, estado, — until now, hasta dora, — at 1 my 3 
 | dying 4 hour 2 , enla 1 hora 2 de mi 3 muertef — I* have 2 not 1 , 
 no 1 he tenido 2 — wherewith, de donde — to furnish, costear 
 | — the, las — luxuries, comodiades — enjoyed, disfrutadas — 
 ; by, por los* — soldiers, soldados — in the, en el — hospital, 
 hospital. The 3 el 3 — food 4 , alimento* — prescribed 5 , or- 
 denado 5 — by 6 , pore — my 7 , mi^ — physician 8 , medico 9 , — 
 I cannot 1 , no puedo 1 — purchase 2 , comprar 2 . In, en — 
 my, mi — extreme, estrema — poverty, pobreza — therefore*, 
 por* esta razon* — I beg, suplico — I* may be, el ser — sup- 
 ported, mantenido — at 1 the 1 public 3 expense 1 , acosta 1 
 publica2 — for, por — the, las — few, pocas — hours, horas — 
 that, que — I* have, tengo — yet, aun — to* live, que* vivir." 
 Soon* afterwards*, a poco* rato* — he* died, murio, — and, 
 y — the only, la sola — property, propiedad — which, que — 
 he* left, dejo, — was, fue — three, tres — rials, reales; — so, 
 tan — careless, descuidado — had 1 Castro 1 been 1 , fue 1 Cas- 
 tro 2 — of, de — his,su — own interest, propio interes, — while 1 
 engaged*, durante 1 su* empleo* — in, en — the, el — service, 
 servicio — of, de — his, su — sovereign, Soberano. 
 
 FOURTH LESSON— CUARTA LECCIOK. 
 
 FROM ENGLISH TO SPANISH. 
 
 In, en — the, lo — dead, profundo* — of, de la — night, 
 I noche, — the, la — dwelling, habitacion — of, de — an, un — 
 j Arab, Arabe — was, fue — entered, invadida, — and, y — his, 
 
104 
 
 &u — family, familia — grievously, atrozmente — insulted, in* 
 sultada. The, el — injured 3 , agraviado 2 — man 1 , hombre 1 — 
 threw 3 himself 1 , se x echo 2 — at the, dlos — feet, pes — of the, 
 del — sultan, Sultan — on the, al* — following, siguiente — 
 day, dia, — and, y — besought, pidio — redress, satisfaction. 
 The, el — monarch, Monarca — ordered, mando — the, que* 
 los — offenders, ofensores — to be,fuesen — brought, conduci- 
 dos — before, ante — him, eZ, — with, con — their, sus — fea- 
 tures, facciones — concealed, encubiertas — in, con 4 — hoods, 
 gorros*. They, ellos — did not, no — deny, negaron — the, 
 el — story, caso* — of the, del — Arab, Arabe, — and. y — 
 they were, fueron — accordingly, en consecuencia — con- 
 demned, condendados — to, a — instant 2 death 1 , muerte 1 
 instantdnea 2 . After, despues — the,de la — execution, ejecu- 
 cion — the 3 , los 3 — hoods 4 , gorros 4, — were 1 , les* fueron 1 — 
 removed 3 , quitados 2 , — and, y — the, el — sultan, Sultan — 
 gazing* steadily* on* them, mirandolos* detenidamentc* 
 con* asombro* —*-{or, por — some, algunos — moments, mo- 
 mentos, — fell* on his* knees*, searrodillo* — raised, levanto 
 — his, sus — hands, manos — to, al — heaven, cielo, — and, y 
 — appeared, parecio — absorbed, absorto — in, en — silent, 
 silenciosa — prayer, oration. " What, que — cause, motivo 
 — of, de — joy, gozo — or, 6 de — sorrow, pesar — does 1 my 9 
 lord 3 find 1 , halla* mi 2 sehor 3 — in, en — the, la — destruction, 
 destruction — of, de — these, estos — miscreants, malvados?" 
 — said, dijo — one, uno — of, de — the, los — principal, prin- 
 cipales — attendants, asistentes, — when, cuando — the, el — 
 monarch, Monarca — arose, se levanto. " Greater, mayor 
 — joy,g"ozo — than, que el que* — you 1 can 1 conceive 3 , podeis 1 
 concebir 2 " — \vas,fue — the, la — reply, replica. " I* ex- 
 pected, esperaba — that, que — my, mi — best, mas* — belov- 
 ed, querido — son, hijo — might* lmve,pudiera haber — been, 
 sido — concerned, comprendido — in, en — the, la — perpetra- 
 tion, perpetration — of the, de el — crime, crimen. J* had, 
 twee — the, las — faces, caras — of, de — the, los — offenders, 
 
105 
 
 agresores — concealed, ocultas — therefore, por eso — from, 
 de — my, mi — sight, vista, — lest ^paternal 3 feelings 3 , recelo- 
 so l de* que* los 2 sentimientos* paternales* — might interfere, 
 se interpusiesen — with, con — the, el — performance, cumpli- 
 miento — of, de — my, mi — duty, deber. And, y — I ought, 
 yo debo — to be, estar — thankful, agradecido, — when, 
 cuando — I* discover, descubro — that, que — my, mi — son, 
 hijo — is, estd, — this, esta — time, vez* — at least, al menos, 
 — innocent, libre* — of, de — offence, delito." 
 
 FIFTH LESSON— QTJWTA LECCION. 
 
 FROM ENGLISH TO SPANISH. 
 
 One, uno — of, de — the, los — kings, Reyes — of, del — 
 Hindostan, Indostan — when* crossing, cruzando — a, un 
 — river, rio — happened, acontecio — to fall in, que cayb 
 en el — and, y — would certainly have, hubiera ciertamente — 
 lost, perdido — his, su — royal, real — life, vida — had not, d 
 no haber — a, un — slave, esclavo — plunged, tirddose — into 
 the*, al* — water, agua — after, en pos de — his, su — majesty, 
 majestad, — and, y — as, como — there was 2 not 1 , no 1 kabia 2 
 — much, mucko — time, tiempo — for, para — ceremony, cum- 
 plimientos, — pulled 2 him 1 , lo 1 saco 2 — out, fuera — by, por 
 — the, el — hair, pelo, — which, lo cual — as 1 events 3 show- 
 ed 3 , segun 1 demostraron 2 los* acaecimientos 3 , — was, fue 
 — considered, considerado— as 1 a 2 very 4 tender 5 part?, 
 como 1 una 9 parte 3 mui* delicada 5 — of 1 royalty*, de 1 la rear 
 persona*, — in, en el — Hindostan, Indostan. When, cuando 
 — by, por la — dint, fuerza — of, de — rolling, hacerle* rodar 
 — and, y — rubbing, de darle* fricciones, — the 8 king 4 was 1 
 restored, 3 fue 1 restaurado eZ 3 Rey*— -to, a su — recollection, 
 acuerdo — for, porque — he* had, habia — been, estado — 
 immersed, sumerjido — for, por — some, algun — time, tiem- 
 po, — he inquired, preguntb — who, quien — hada, le 1 habia 3 
 
106 
 
 — rescueda him 1 , salvado 3 , — and, y— -how, de que modo — 
 it had been, habia sido esto — done, efectuado. The, los — 
 friends, amigos — of the, del — slave, esclavo — thought, 
 pensaron — that, que — his, su — fortune, fortuna — was, 
 estaba — made, hecka, — and, y — forthwith, al punto — 
 brought 3 him 1 , le x condujeron 2 — to 1 the 3 , ante 1 el 2 — king, 
 Rey. The, el — result, resultado, — however, empero, — 
 was,jTwe — somewhat, algo — different, diverso — from what, 
 de lo que — they, ellos — expected,, esperaban; — for, porque 
 — the, el — monarch, Monarca — after, despues de — anusing 
 him, increparlo — for, por — rescuing him, haberle salvado 
 — by, por — the hair, los cabellos — ordered him, lo mando 
 — to be, a ser — executed, ajusticiado — for, por — having, 
 haber — placed, puesto — his, su — hand, mano — upon, sobre 
 — his, su — royal, real — head, cabeza. The, el — ungrateful, 
 ingrato — monster, monstruo, — however, empero, — went 
 not, no quedo — without, sin — reward, premio. Not long, 
 poco tiempo* — afterwards, despues — the, el — same, mismo 
 — king, Rey — was crossing, cruzdba — the, el — same, mismo 
 — river, rio, — and, y — amused 3 himself , se 1 divertiaa — in, 
 en — talking, hablar — with, con — one, una — of, de — his, sus 
 — women, mujeres,— as he stood, hallandose — near, cerca 
 — the side, de la borda — of the, del — boat, bote. Again 3 
 he* accidentally 3 fell 1 , cayo 1 casualmente 2 otra vez 3 — and, y 
 — this time, en esta ocasion — was drowned, se akogo ; — 
 although, sin embargo de que — he* might, pudo — have been, 
 haber sido — easily, facilmente — rescued, salvado — by, por 
 — the, la — woman, mujer, — who, la que — gave, did — as, 
 como — a, una — reason, razon — for, de — her, su — neglect, 
 neglijencia, — to* do so*, en* ejecutarlo*, — that, que — she, 
 clla — recollected, recordo — the, la — fate, suerte — of the, 
 del — slave, esclavo— on 1 a 3 similar 3 occasion 4 , en x untf 
 ocasion* semejante 3 . 
 
107 
 
 SIXTH LESS01S—SECSTA LECCIOtf. 
 
 FROM ENGLISH TO SPANISH. 
 
 Casimir, — Casimiro — the* second, segundo — was, estaba 
 — one, una — evening, noche — playing, jugando — cards, 
 d* los* ndipes — with, con — an, un — officer, qficial, — 
 I named, Uamado — Konarski, KonarsM. The, las— stakes, 
 j paradas* — were, fueron — high, altas — and, y — fortune, 
 ' la* fortuna — was, estaba — upon, sobre — the, el — side, lado 
 I — of the, del — king, Rey. The, la — excitement, escita- 
 cion — was, fue— great, grande, — and, y — at last, al Jin — 
 | the, el — officer, qficial — found 2 himself 1 , se 1 hallo 2 — by, por 
 — one, una — fatal, fatal — cast, salida — of the, del — die, 
 I dado, — reduced, reducido — to, d la — beggary, mendicidad. 
 i He forgot, se olvido — that, de* que — his, su — sovereign, 
 Soberano — was, era — his, su — antagonist, antagonista; — 
 and, ?/ — he forgot, se olvido — which, lo que — was, fue — 
 the, el — greater, mayor — forgetfulness, olvido — of, de — the, 
 los — two, dos; — the, del* — respect, respeto, — which, que — 
 was, era — due, debido — to himself, d si mismo; — and, y — 
 he struck, did — the, al — king, Rey — a, un — violent, vie- 
 lento — blow, golpe — in, en — the, la — recriminatory 3 , re- 
 criminatoria 2 — conversation 1 , conversation 1 , — which, que 
 — followed, se* sigiiio — the, al — game, juego. He, el — 
 immediately 2 , inmediatamente — fled, 1 huyo 1 — sensible, sen- 
 sible — of, de — his, su — act, hecho. He wis, fue — pursued, 
 persegiiido — however, no obstante — and, y — after, despues 
 de — some, algun — time, tiempo — discovered, descubierto — 
 and, y — tried, juzgado. Before, ante — his, sus — judges, 
 jueces — he would have no, no hubiera podido tener — hope, 
 csperanza — of, de — acquittal, su* absolution. The, la — 
 offence, ofensa — was, fue — clearly, claramente — proven, 
 probada; — and, y — he* was, fue — condemned, condenado 
 — to, d — death, muerte. Up to, hasta — this, este — time, 
 tiempo, — the, el — king, Rey — had 2 not 1 , no 1 habia 2 — in- 
 
108 
 
 terfered, intcrvenido — in, en — the, el — matter, negocio, — 
 not even, ni aun — to give, para dar — his, su — testimony, 
 declaracion; — for, porque — the, el — charge, cargo— was, 
 fue— proved Justificado— by, por— others, otras personas* — ■ 
 who, que — saw, tnero/i — the, el — blow, golpe — given, dado 
 — and, y — received, recibido. Casimir, Casimiro — now, 
 despues de esto — sent for, mando* buscar* a — Konarski, 
 Konarski,— and, y — received 3 him ', le l recibio 2 — surround- 
 ed, rodeado — by, por — his, sus — courtiers, cortesanos. 
 "I am 2 noV, yo no 1 estoy 2 — surprised, sorprendido"— said, 
 dijo — the, el — king, Rey — " at the, de la* — conduct, con- 
 ducta — of, de — this, este — gentleman, caballero. Not be- 
 ing able, no* pudiendo* — to revenge himself*, vengarse — 
 on, de la* fortune, fortuna, — it is not to be, no* es* de* — 
 wondered at,* admirarse — that, que — he, el — ill treated, 
 maltratase — his, a* su amigo. I, yo — am, soy — the, el — 
 only one, solo — however, en todo caso, — who, que — is to 
 blame, es culpado — in, en — this, este — affair, negocio; — for 1 
 I* ought 3 not 2 , porque 1 no 2 debi 3 — by. por— my, mi-- exam- 
 ple, ejemplo— to encourage, patrocinar—di, una— pernicious 2 , 
 perniciosa 2 — practice 1 , prdctica 1 , — which, que — may be, 
 puede ser — the, la — ruin, ruina — of, de— -my, mi — nobility, 
 nobleza." Then 2 , luego 2 — turning l , volmendose 1 — to the, 
 al — criminal, reo, — and, y — drawing, sacando — from, de 
 — his, su — bosom, pecho — the, el — gold, oro — and, y — 
 notes, notas — which, que — he* had, habia — won, ganado 
 — from, de — him, el — at, al — the, el — fatal,/ataZ — game, 
 juego, — he* said, dijo. " You, vos*, — I perceive, percivo 
 — are, estais — sorry, qflijido — for, por — your, vuestra — 
 fault,y*aZta: — that, eso — is, es — sufficient, suficiente: — take, 
 tomad — your, vuestro — money, dinero — again, otra vez, — 
 and, y — let us* renounce 1 , renunciemos 1 — gaming 3 , el ju- 
 gar* — forever 2 , para siempre 2 . We, nosotros — have, he- 
 mos — both, ambos — received, recibido — a, una — lesson, 
 lecciony — which, que — will not be, no sefd — easily 2 , facil* 
 
109 
 
 mente* — forgotten, 1 olvidada* ." And, y — Casimir, Cast- 
 miro — and, y — his, su — subject, subdito — never, nunca 
 mas* — relapsed, volvieron* a incurrir* — into, en — the, la — 
 practice, prdctica — of, de — gaming, jugar* 
 
 SEVENTH LESSON— SEPTIMA LECCION. 
 
 FROM ENGLISH TO SPANISH. 
 
 The 3 , el 3 — course, 3 curso 3 — of 4 , de la*— justice 5 , jus- 
 ticia 5 — being 1 , estando 1 — completely 6 , completamente* — 
 perverted 7 , pervertido 7 — in 8 , en 6 — Constantinople, Cons- 
 tantinopla, — the, el — emperor, Emperador — Justin, Jus* 
 tino — in, en — order, orden — to, de* — restore it, restable- 
 cerlo — appointed, elijio — a man, d un hombre— of, de- 
 firmness, fir meza — and, y — integrity, integridad, — prefect, 
 Prefecto — of the, de la — city, cuidad; — and, y — ordered, 
 mando — it, que esto — tobe,/wese — proclaimed, promulgado 
 — in, en — the, las — streets, calles, — that, que de* — the, 
 la — decision, decision — of, de — the, el — prefect, Prefecto 
 — should not admit of*, no se admitiria — appeal, apelacion 
 — but, sino que — be, seria — final, final — in, en — every, ca- 
 da uno de los — instance/casos*: — that, que — he, eljuez* — 
 should he,fuese — deemed, considerado como* — the, el — 
 immediate, inmediato — representative, representante — of, 
 de — the, el — emperor, Emperador, — clothed, revestido* — 
 with, con — all, todo — his, su — power, poder, — and, y — au- 
 thorised, autorizado — to, para — punish, castigar — the, el 
 — rich, rico — and, y — powerful, poderoso, — as, como — 
 well, tambien — as the, al — poor, pobre — and, y — needy, 
 necesitado: — and, y — to, para — render, hacer — the, el — 
 office, cargo — still, aun — more, mas — feared, temido — 
 Justin, Justino — pledged himself, se comprometio el mismo 
 — to grant 2 no 1 , d* no 1 conceder 2 — pardon, perdon — 
 when, cuando — the, el — offender, ofensor — had* been, hu- 
 10 
 
110 
 
 bU$e sido — condemned, condenado — by, por — the, eZ— 
 prefect, Prefecto. The, el — new, nuevo — magistrate, ma- 
 jistrado — was, era — well, bien — known, conotido — by, de* 
 — the, los — inhabitants, habitantes; — and, y — his, su — ap- 
 pointment, nombramiento — and, y — the, la — declaration, 
 declaration — of the, del — emperor, Emperador — had, tu~ 
 bieron, — of themselves, cada* una* de por* si, — a, un — 
 very, mui — happy, dichoso — effect, efecto — in, en — re- 
 straining, contener — many, muchos — of the, de los — abuses, 
 abusos — which, que — had been, habian sido — before 3 , 
 antes 2 — committed 1 , cometidos 1 — with, con — impunity, 
 impunidad. There was, habia — one, una* persona* — 
 only, solamente, — who, que — thought 2 himself 1 , se x creyo 1 
 — beyond, fuera — the, del — reach, alcanze— of, de — the, la 
 — law, ley, — and, y — who, que — defied, desafiaba — its, d 
 sus — officers, ministros*. One, una — morning, manana — 
 a, una — poor, pobre — widow, viuda — made, hizo — her, su 
 — appearance, presentation (comparecio)* — before, ante — 
 the, el — prefect, Prefecto — and, y — besought, pidio — jus- 
 tice, JwsJicia — against, contra — a, un — general 2 officer 1 , 
 ofitial 1 jeneral 3 , — who, quien — had, la 1 habia — plundered 
 her 1 , despojado — of, de — all, toda — her, su. — property, pro- 
 piedad, — and, y — entirely, enteramente — deprived her*, 
 privddola* — of, de — the, los — means, medios — of, de- 
 support, su* sustento. The 2 , el 2 — prefect 3 , Prefecto 3 — 
 wishing 1 , queriendo 1 — to spare, ahorrar — the, al — offen- 
 der, ofensor, — who, que — was, era — a, un — relation, pa- 
 riente — of the, del — emperor, Emperador, — the, el — pain, 
 dolor — and, y — mortification, mortification— -of, de — a, un 
 — public 2 , publico 2 — trial 1 ,juitio 1 , — wrote 2 to him 1 , le l 
 escribib 2 — a, una — note, esquela* — informing him,* infor- 
 mdndole* — of, de — the, la— complaint, queja, — and, y — 
 begging him*, rogdndole — to make, que hitiese — restitu- 
 tion, restitution — without, sin — the, la — necessity, necesi- 
 dad — of, de la — exposure, esposicion — before, ante — his, 
 
Ill 
 
 aw — tribunal, tribunal. This, esta — note, esquela — he gave, 
 se la did {eljuez*) to, a — the, la — widow, viuda, — who, 
 quien — presented 2 it 1 , Za 1 presento 2 — to the, al — general, 
 jeneral, — and, y — remained, quedo — patiently, paciente- 
 mente — awaiting, esperando — his, su — answer, respuesta. 
 In, en — place, lugar, — however, empero, — of, de — re- 
 storing, restituir — the, los — goods, jeneros, — which, que — 
 he, el — had, habia — taken away*, llevddose — he over- 
 whelmed, lleno — the poor, a la pobre — woman, mujer — 
 with abuse*, de maltratamiento* — and, y — drove her 1 , la 1 
 arrojo — from, de — his, su — presence, presencia. She, ella 
 — returned, volvio — immediately, inmediatamente — to the, 
 adonde* el — prefect, Prefecto — who, quien — on hearing, 
 al oir — the, el — reception, recibimiento — that, que — she 
 had, ella habia — met with, hallado, — despatched, depacho 
 — a,ima — summons, orden — to the, al — officer, oficial, — to, 
 para — appear, comparecer — before him, ante el, — and, y — 
 answer, contestar — the charge, el cargo — alleged, alegado 
 — against, contra — him, el. The, el — messenger, mensa- 
 jero — of, de — justice, justicia — was, fue — received, recivi- 
 do — as badly, tan malamente — as, como — the, la — widow, 
 viuda — had, lo habia — been, sido, — and, y — he* came back, 
 volvio — to, para — inCor m,informar — the, al — judge^'wez, — 
 that, de* que — the, el — arrest, arresto — had been, habia si- 
 do — wholly, enteramente* — disregarded, desatendido, — and, 
 y — that, que — the, el — offender, agresor* — had, habia — 
 gone, ido — to the, al — palace, palacio — to dine, a comer — 
 with, con— the, el — emperor, Emperador. The, el — pre- 
 fect, Prefecto — followed, lo siguio — thither, alia, — and 1 , 
 y l — his, 3 su 3 — rank 4 , rango* — obtaining 2 him, ha~ 
 biendole* obtenido 2 — admission, admision, — he at once 2 
 appeared 1 , se presento 1 desde luego 2 — before, ante — his, 
 su — sovereign, Soberano — and, y — the, los — numerous, 
 numerosos — guests, huespedes — who, que — were, estaban — 
 seated, sentados — round, alrededor — the 1 banquet 3 table 1 , 
 
112 
 
 ih l<i ] mesa- del* banqucte 3 . "Sire, Senor" he* said, dijo— 
 <• if, s [ — you, vos* — persist, persistiis — in, en — your, vues- 
 tra — resolution, resolution — to, de — punish, castigarel* — 
 crime, crimen, — I, yo — am, estoy — ready, pronto — to, d — 
 execute, ejecutar — your, vuestras — commands, ordenes, — 
 but, pero — if, si — you* renounce*, renunciais* — this, este — 
 noble, noble — design, designio, — if, si — the, los — most, 
 mas — wicked, malos — obtain, obtienen — the, el— seat, asi- 
 ento — of, de* — honour, honor — at, a — y our, vuestra — board, 
 mesa — accept, aceptad — from, de — me, mi — I* pray youi, 
 6s ! rucgo — the, la — resignati on, renuncia — of,de — an, un — 
 office, empleo, — useless, inittil — to, para — your, miesiros — 
 subjects, vasallos — and, y — displeasing, ofensivo — to, a— 
 yourself, vos* mismo." Justin 3 , Justino 2 — astonished 1 , 
 admirado 1 — and yet, aunque — gratified, complacido — at 
 the, de la — boldness, entereza — of, de — the, el — prefect, 
 Prefecto, — replied, replied: " No, no, — I, yo — have 2 not 1 , 
 no* he 2 — altered, alterado — my, mi — intention, intention. 
 Pursue, persigue al* — crime, crimen — to the, hasia* lo* — 
 uttermost, infinito; — were it, si estuviese — seated, sentado 
 — with me, conmigo— on, sobre — the, el — throne, trono — 
 I* would abandon it 1 , yo lo 1 abandonaria — to, al — punish- 
 ment, castigo." Authorised 1 , autorizado 1 — by 4 , por* — 
 this, esta — noble, noble — reply, replica, — the 2 , el 2 — pre- 
 fect 3 , Prefecto 3 — ordered, mando a* — his, sus — atten- 
 dants, asistentes* — to seize, que apreendiesen — the, al — 
 general, jeneral — who, quien — in 1 , en* un — mute 3 , mudo 3 
 — fear 2 , temor 2 — submitted, se sometio — to, d — his, su — 
 authority, autoridad. He* was carried, fue condutido— be- 
 fore, ante — the, el — tribunal, tribunal, — and, y — his, su — 
 cause, causa — fairly 2 , justamente 2 — heard 1 , oida 1 . On, 
 por* — the, la — evidence, evidencia — of, de — many, muchos 
 — witnesses, testigos — he* was, fue — found, hallado— 
 guilty, culpado, — and, y — suffered, sufrio — a, un — punish- 
 ment, castigo — commensurate, adecuado — with, d* — his, 
 
113 
 
 su — offence, qfensa. This, este — example, ejemplo — 
 checked, contuvo, — for, por — a, un — long, largo — time, 
 tiempo, — the, el — progress, progreso — of, del — crime, cri- 
 men — and, y de la* — violence, violencia; — and, y — Justin, 
 Justino — proud, vanaglorioso — of the, de la — integrity, in- 
 tegridad — of, de — his, su — magistrate, majistrado — made, 
 hizo — his 3 , su 2 — office 3 , empleo 3 — perpetual 1 , perpetuo*. 
 
 EIGHTH LESSON— OCTAVA LECCION. 
 
 FROM ENGLISH TO SPANISH. 
 
 Cinna, Cina — entered, entro — into, en — a, una — con- 
 spiracy, conspiration — to, para — murder, asesinar a* — 
 Augustus, Augusto; — and, y — the, el — emperor, Empera- 
 dor — was, fue — informed, informado — of, de — it, ello — 
 by, por — one, uno — of, de — the, los — confederates, confe- 
 derados. The, el — emperor, Emperador — was, estaba — 
 in, en — doubt, duda — how, como — to act, actuar. He, el 
 — had, habia — already, ya — tried, probado la* — severity, 
 severidad — in, en — many, muchos — cases, casos, — without, 
 sin — effect, efecto; — and, y — he* did not, no — know, creia* 
 — that,#«e — the, la — execution, ejecucion — of, de — Cinna, 
 Cina — would be, seria — attended, seguida* — with, de* — 
 better, mejor — effect, resultado — than, que — the, el — execu- 
 tion, suplicio — of, de — others, otros. Still, no obstante — 
 something, algo — must be <\one,debia*hacerse; — and,# — 
 while, mientras que — he* was 2 , permanetia 2 — yet 1 , aun* — 
 hesitating, vatilante, — Livia, Livia — his, su — wife, mujer, 
 — divining, adivinando — the, la — cause, causa — of, de — 
 his, su — abstraction, abstraction — asked, le* pidio — per- 
 mission, permiso — for once, para una vez siquiera* — to 
 advise him, darle* consejo*. " Physicians," los medi- 
 cos, — said she, dijo ella, — "when, cuando — one,im — reme- 
 dy, remedio — fails,/aWa, — try, prueban — another, otro; — 
 
 10* 
 
114 
 
 and, y — frequ ently, frecuentcmentc — one, who— most, el 
 mas — contrary, contrario — in, en — its, su — operation, ope- 
 ration — to, a — that, aquel — last, ultimamente — used, usa- 
 do. Follow, seguid — their, su — example, ejemplo. To, 
 en — all, todas — the, las — conspiracies, conspirations — 
 that, que — have been, han sido — formed, formadas (tra- 
 madas*') — against you, contra vos*, — you have, habeis, — 
 without 3 , sin 3 — success 4 , ecsito*, — employed 3 , empleado 2 
 — severe, un* sever o — punishment, castigo. You have 2 got 3 
 nothing 1 , nada 1 habeis 2 obtenido 3 , — however, empero, — 
 by, por — your, vuestra — severity, severidad. Try, probad 
 — now, aora — what, lo que — clemency, la dementia — 
 willdo, hard, — and, y-- forgive, perdonad a*— Cinna, Cina. 
 He, el — is, estd — discovered, descubierto, — and, y — conse- 
 quently, consecuentemente — can do no injury, no puede per- 
 judicar — to your, a vuestra — person, persona; — and, y — 
 your, vuestro — forgiveness, perdon — of, de — him, el — (sw* 
 perdon*) will do, sera de* — great, grande — service, utili- 
 dad — in, en — the, el — advancement, progreso — of, de — 
 your, vuestra — reputation, reputation" Augustus 3 , Au- 
 gusto 3 — was 1 , fue 1 — struck 2 , tocado 2 — with, con — the, el 
 — advice, aviso — of, de — Livia, Lima, — and, y — after, des- 
 pues de* — further, una* subsecuente — consideration, medita- 
 tion, — he* determined, determino — to adopt it, el adoptar- 
 lo. He, Augusto* — therefore, en razon de ello — ordered, 
 ordeno que — Cinna, Cina — to be, fuese — brought, condu- 
 cido — before, ante — him, el. He told him, le* hablo* — of, 
 de — the, la — iniquity, iniquidad — of, de — his, sus — designs, 
 designios, — exposed 2 to 1 him 1 , le 1 espuso 2 — their, su — 
 impolicy, imprudencia — as well, asi tambien — as, como— 
 their, desu — ingratitude, ingratitud, — and, y — concluded, 
 conclujo — by saying, ditiendo: M Well, y* bien — Cinna, 
 Cina, — the, la — life, vida — that, que — I* gave 2 to you 1 , 
 os x di 2 — once, unavez — as, como — an* enemy, enemigo t — 
 I will 3 now 1 continue 3 , adra* sela* dejare continuar 2 — to 
 
115 
 
 a, d un — traitor, traidor — and, y — to a, a un — parricide, 
 parricida; — and, y — this, esta — is, es — the, la — last, ulti- 
 ma — reproacl), reconvencion — that, que — I will* give* you 1 , 
 os 1 hare*. For, para — the, lo — future, futuro — let 1 it* be 1 , 
 tea 1 — our 2 , nuestra 2 — only 3 , sola 3 — struggle 4 , contienda 4 
 — to show, el manifestar — which, cual* de los* dos* — can 
 overcome, pueda sobrepujar — tiie, al — other, otro — in, 
 en — acts, ados — of, de — kindness, bondad — and, y de* — 
 friendship, amistad." After, despues de — this, esto, — Au- 
 gustus, Agusto — found, no* hallo a — Cinna, Cina — engag- 
 ed, compromitido — in, en — no* more, mas — conspiracies, 
 conjuraciones — against, contra — him, el; — and, y — Livia, 
 Livia — triumphed, triunfo — in, en — the, el — successful, 
 dichoso* — result, resultado — of, de — the, la — clemency, 
 clemencia — which, sobre* que* — she had, ella habia — ad- 
 vised, dado* su* opinion*. 
 
 NINTH LESSON— MOVENA LECCIOPC. 
 
 FROM ENGLISH TO SPANISH. 
 
 The, el — son, hijo — of, de — a, un — grocer, especiero — 
 in, en — the, la — city, ciudad — of, de — Smyrna, Esmirna — 
 by, por — dint, medio — of, desu* — honesty, honradez — and, 
 y — industry, industria — rose, ascendio — to the, al — situa- 
 tion, empleo — of,de — inspector, Inspector — of, de — weights, 
 pesos — and, y — measures, medidas, — with, con — full, 3 bas- 
 tante* — power, 1 poder 1 — to, para — punish, castigar — all, 
 d* todos — the, los — dealers, trqficantes — who, que — viola- 
 ted, violasen — the, el — standard, almotazen. His, su — fa- 
 ther, padre — was, era — well, Men — known, conocido — in, 
 en — the, la — neighbourhood, vecindad — to, por* — make, 
 hacer — use, uso — of, de — false 3 , falsas 2 — weights 1 , pesas 1 ; 
 — and, y — when, cuando — it was, se — understood, supo, — 
 that, que — the, el — inspector, Inspector — was coming, venia 
 
116 
 
 —round, alii— on, en — his, su— first, primera — visit, visita— 
 the, los — friends, amigos — of, de — the, el — grocer, especiero 
 —entreated him , le 1 aconsejaron— not to, que no— run, corri~ 
 esc-ihe risk, el riesgo—of, del — punishment, castigo — but, si- 
 no que* — to procure, buscase — true 3 , completas* — weights 1 , 
 pesas 1 . The, el — father, padre — laughed, se rid — at, de 
 la — idea, idea — of, de — receiving, recibir — punishment, 
 castigo — at the, de* las — hands, manos — of, de — his, su — 
 son, hijo, — and, y — thinking 1 himself, considerdndose 1 — 
 perfectly, perfect amcnte — secure, scguro, — quietly, tran- 
 quilamente — awaited, espero — his, su — arrival, arrivo. 
 " Good, buen — man, hombre" — said, dijo — the,eZ — inspec- 
 tor, Inspector, — " Bring me 1 , traedme 1 — your, vuestras — 
 weights, pesas — and, y — measures, medidas — that, para que 
 — I may, yo pueda — examine them 1 , ecsaminarlas 1 ." The, 
 el — other, otro (el padre) — attempted, atento — to, el — 
 treat it*, considerarlo — as, como — a, un— jest, juego-- and, y 
 — refused, reusb — to obey, obedecer. Persisting, persisti- 
 endo — in, en — his, su — refusal, negativa, — force 4 , la* 
 fuerza* — was 1 , fue 1 — at last 3 , fnalmente 2 — employed 3 , emp- 
 leada 3 — and, y — the 5 , las 5 — weights , pesas 6 — were 1 , fue- 
 ron 1 — produced 3 , presentadas* — and 3 , y 3 — examined 4 , ecsa- 
 minadas*. They, estas* — were, se* — found, hallaron — to 
 be, estar — so much, tan — below, bajas — the, del — stan- 
 dard, almotazen — that, que — the, el — grocer, especiero — 
 was, fue — fined, multado en* — fifty, cincuenta — piastres, 
 piastras — and, y — sentenced, sentenciado — to, d — receive, 
 recibir — the, el — same, mismo — number, niimero — of, de — 
 bastinadoes, palos. After, despues que — this, este — last, 
 ultimo— punishment, castigo — had been, hubo sido—- inflicted, 
 aplicado — on, en — the, el — spot, mismo* paraje, — the, el — 
 inspector, Inspector — threw himself 1 , se 1 arrojo — from, de 
 — his, su — horse, caballo,— and, y — falling, cayendo — at 
 the, d los — feet, pies — of, de — his, su — father, padre — 
 bathed them 1 , los 1 band — with his, con sus — tears, lagrimas. 
 
117 
 
 " Father, padre," — he* said, dijo, — u I, yo — have, he — 
 discharged, descargado — my, mi — duty, deber — to my, 
 para* con* mi* — God, Dios — my, mi — country, patria — 
 and, y — my, mi — sovereign, Soberano, — permit me 1 , permi- 
 tidme 1 — now, aora, — by, por — my, mi — respect, respeto — 
 and, y — submission, sumision — to discharge, el descargar 
 —the, el — duty, deber — which, que — I, yo— owe to you, 1 os 1 
 debo. Justice, la* justicia — is, es — blind, ciega. Jt is, es 
 — the, el — power, poder — of, de — God, Dios — on, sobre la 
 — earth, tierra — and, y — has no, no tiene — respect, respeto 
 — to the, a los — ties, lazos — of kindred, del parentezco 
 — or, 6 de la* — connection, amistad. You, vos — had, 
 habiais — offended, delinquido — against, contra — the, las — 
 laws, leyes — of, de la — justice, justicia, — and, y — you de- 
 served, merecisteis — this, este — punishment, castigo. Be- 
 have, obrad — better, mejor — for, para — the, lo — future, 
 futuro — and, y — instead, en lugar — of, de — censuring me 1 , 
 censurarme 1 — pity me, compadecedme — on being, al hal- 
 larme — reduced, obligado — to, a — so, semejante — cruel? 
 cruel — necessity, necesidad." 
 
 TENTH LESSON— DECIMA LECCION. 
 
 FROM ENGLISH TO SPANISH. 
 
 When, cuando — Frederick, Federico — of, de — Prussia, 
 Prusia, — was, estaba — building, fabricando — the, el — 
 palace, palacio — of, de — SansSouci, Sans Souci — he* dis- 
 covered, descubrid — that, que — the, el — plan, plan — which, 
 que — he, el — had, habia — adopted, adoptado — for, para 
 — his, sus — gardens, jar dines — would be much interfered 
 with, se traitornaria* infinite* — by, por — a, un — mill, mo- 
 I lino, — which, el cual — he* therefore, en* razon* de* esto* 
 — determined, determino — to remove, mudar. Having, 
 habiendo — sent for, enviado d buscar — the, al* miller, mo- 
 
118 
 
 Unero — lie* asked 2 him 1 , le 1 pregunto* — what, que — sum, 
 caniitad — he* would take, tomaria — for, por — the, el — 
 mill, molino, — naming, mencionando — at, a — the, el — 
 same, mismo — time, tiempo — its, su — full, total — value, 
 valor. The, el — man, hombre — refused, lo* reuso. The, 
 el — monarch, monarca — doubled, doblo — and, y — trebled, 
 triplico-- the, la — sum, suma — and, y — at last, ultima- 
 mente*-^-offered, of redo — to build, edificar — another, otro 
 — mill, molino — in, en — a, una — better 2 , mejor 2 — situa- 
 tion 1 , situation 1 — independent, independientemente — of, de 
 — the, el — price, precio — of, de — the, el — old one, an- 
 tiguo*. Still, no* obstante* esto* — the, el — miller, molinero 
 — refused, reuso — to bargain, hacer* negotio* . The, el — 
 mill, molino — he* said, dijo — had been, habia estado — in, 
 en — the, la — possession, posesion — of, de — his, su — great- 
 grandfather, bisabuelo, — and, y — he was, estaba — deter- 
 mined, resuelto — to, a — transmit it 1 , transmitirlo 1 — to, a 
 — his, sus — children, hijos*, — as, al modo* que* — it* had, 
 habia — descended, recaido — to, en — him, el. At last, 
 al fin — Frederick, Federico — became provoked, se irrito 
 — and, y — told, dijo — the, al — man, hombre — that, que — 
 he was, era — silly, un* necio — to refuse, en* reusar — his, 
 sus — offers, ofertas — of, de — payment, pago, — as, cuando 
 — it was, estaba — in, en — his, su — power, poder — to obtain, 
 el obtener — the, el — mill, molino — by, por — force, fuerza, 
 — without, sin — any 2 , alguna 2 — compensation 1 , compensa- 
 tion 1 . " Not, no — while, mientras que — there is, haya* — 
 a 3 un 3 — court 4 , tribunal* — of, de — justice, justicia — at 1 , 
 en 1 — Berlin 2 , Berlin 2 ," answered, contesto — the, el — mil- 
 ler, molinero — steadily, con* firmeza*; — alluding, aludi- 
 endo — to, a — the, el — court, tribunal — established, esta- 
 bletido — by por — Frederick himself 1 , el mismo 1 Federico^ 
 — {ox, para — the, la — redress, reparation — of, de — injuries, 
 agravios. The, el — monarch, Monarca — was 1 pleased, 
 se 1 complacio — at, con — the, la — frank, franca — reply, 
 
119 
 
 replica; — because, porque — \t,esto — intimated, demostraba 
 —a, una — confidence, conjianza — in, en — his, su — integ- 
 rity, integridad — and, y — justice, justicia; — and, y — re- 
 solving, concluyendo en* — to leave, dejar — the, el — mill, 
 molino — untouched, intacto — altered, vario — at once, de* 
 una* vez* — the, el — plan, plan — of, de — his, sus — gardens, 
 jardines. 
 
 ELEVENTH LESSON— UNDECIMA LECCIOjY. 
 
 FROM ENGLISH TO SPANISH. 
 
 In, en — the, el — garden, jardin — of, de— Abbas Mirza, 
 Abas Mirza — the 1 crown 3 prince 2 , el 1 principe 2 dela* 
 corona 3 — of, de — Persia, Persia, — the 1 , el 1 — heir 3 , here- 
 dero s — apparent 2 , presunto 2 — of, de — the, el — throne, tro- 
 no, — Moritz Von Kotzebue, Moritz Kotzebue — attached, 
 agregado* — to, d — the, la — Russian 2 embasy 1 , embajada* 
 Rusa 2 , — one 2 , wn 2 — day 3 , dia 3 — perceived 1 ,percivio* — a, 
 una— portion, porcion— of, de-- an,wwa— old, antigua*— wall, 
 pared,— which, la* que — assorted, correspondia* — but* ill, 
 mal — with, con— the, el:— rest, resto— of, de— the, el— inclo- 
 sure, interior, — and, y— disfigured, disjigur aba— the, 7a--ap- 
 pearance, vista* — of, de — that, aquella — part, parte — of, 
 de — the, el — garden, jardin. He, el — asked, le* pregun- 
 to a — Abbas Mirza, Abas Mirza, — why, porque — he* had*, 
 habia — permitted 1 it 2 , permitido 1 aquello 2 — to remain, eh 
 permanecer — there, alii — when, cuando — so much, tanto — 
 labour, travajo — and, y — expense, gasto — had been, se* 
 habia — bestowed, impendido — every where else, en todas 
 ocasiones — in, en — the, las — most, mas — costly, costosas — 
 erections, fdbricas. M Why, ciertamente* — to, al — tell, 
 decir — you, a usted — the, la — truth, verdad,^ — replied, 
 replied — the, el — prince, Principe, — " that, ese— bit, pe- 
 dazo—of, de — wall, pared — belongs, pertenece — to, a — an, 
 
120 
 
 tin — old man, anciano — from, de — whom, quien — I, yo — 
 can, no* puedo*— neither, ni* — buy, tratarde compr ar- 
 ia — nor, ni — purchase it 3 , comprarla*. He, el — persists, 
 insiste — in, en — keeping it 2 , conservarla 3 ; — and, y— al- 
 though, aunque — I, yo — might 1 easily enough 1 , pudiera 1 
 con* bastante* facilidad — possess myself 1 , apoderarme 1 — 
 of, de — it, ella — by, por — force, fuerza, — and, y de* que — 
 no one, nadie — wonder, se admiraria — or, 6 — say* nay 3 
 to me 1 , me 1 deria 2 no 3 ; yet, no obstante — I* admire, ad- 
 miro — the, la — reverence, reverencia — which, que — the, el 
 old man, anciano — pays, tributa* — to, a — -his, su — pater- 
 nal 2 property ^ , propiedad* paternal 2 , — and,y — I* must be, 
 debo estar — satisfied, satis/echo — with, con — letting, dejar 
 — his, su — wall, pared — remain, permanecer — where, en- 
 donde — it* is, estd — to the injury, en* menoscabo* — of, de — 
 my, mi — garden, jardin — until, hasta tanto* que — I find, 
 encuentre — one, uno — of, de — his, sus — heirs, herederos — 
 who, que— will be, sea* — more, mas — reasonable, facil* de 
 persuacio?i* — than, que — he, el — is, lo* es." What a*, que 
 — striking 2 instance 1 , ejemplo tan* impresivo — of, de — 
 ]ust\ce,justicia — and, y — forbearance, tolerancia — in, en 
 — one, una* persona* — whose, cuya — will, voluntad — was 
 era — law, ley — and, y — whose, cuya — education, educa- 
 cion — was,/we — certainly, ciertamente — not, no — the, la — 
 best, mejor — adapted, adaptada — to inculcate, para incul- 
 car — principles, principios — of, de — moderation, modera- 
 don — and, y de* — self-control 1 , espontdneo* comedimiento. 
 
121 
 TWELFTH LESSON LECCIOK DUODECIMO. 
 
 FROM ENGLISH TO SPANISH. 
 
 Miseries of a Rich Man. 
 
 Miserias de un Hombre Rico. 
 
 Who is dragged in the streets, iquien es seguido por las 
 calles — and knocked down* at midnight, y golpeado* has- 
 ta caer* entierra* t en la media noche? — the 1 rich 3 man 2 , 
 el 1 hombre 9 rico 3 . Whose house is, ide quien es la casa — 
 broken into, abierta* e invadida* violentamente* — at mid- 
 night, a media noche? — the rich man's, del hombre rico. 
 Who has* his pockets cut out, lAquien sele* cortan lasfal- 
 triqueras, — and his coat spoiled in a crowd, y se le hecha d 
 perder la casaca, en la multitud? — the rich man, al* hom- 
 bre rico. Who is in doubt, iquien es el* que* duda — whe- 
 ther the people, si lasjentes — are laughing at him, se rien 
 © no de el — in their sleeves, entre sus mangas, {entre dientes) 
 — when they* are eating his dinner, cuando le comen la co- 
 midal {cuando estan con el a la mesa) — the rich man, el 
 hombre rico. Who adds, iquien anade (aumenta) to his 
 troubles, a sus cuidados — by every story, por cado alto — 
 which he* adds, que agrega — to his house, a su casa? — 
 the rich man, el hombre rico, — for, por que — the higher, 
 lo mas alto — he ascends, que* el sube — the colder is, lo 
 masfria estd — the atmosphere, laatmosfera. A 2 bank 3 
 breaks 1 , quiebra 1 un 2 Banco 3 — and, 3/ — who suffers? iquien 
 padece? — the rich stockholder, el rico accionista — and de- 
 positor, y de positador. War 2 blows 1 his 3 horn 4 , toca 1 la m 
 guerra 2 su 3 corneta,* — and who trembles? y iquien tiembla? 
 Death approaches 1 , se acerca la* muerte — and who fears, 
 y quien teme — to look him*, el mirarla* — in* the face, a la 
 cava? — Why, porque — the rich man, el hombre rico— and 
 yet, y aun — all the world, todo el mundo — envies the rich, 
 envidia al rico, 
 11 
 
122 
 
 LECCIOX PRIMERA. 
 
 Con rcpccto a mi pobreza, el Rey estd dcbidamertte in* 
 formado de clla. Todos mis bicnes consisten en una casa 
 de mezquina apariencia, y en un pequeho paho de iierra del 
 que derivo mi susistencia con mi trabajo personal. Pero, 
 si de modo alguna has podido persuadirte 6 pensar, que 
 csta pobreza me constituye de menos valer en mi patria, 6 
 en manera alguna desdichado, estds mui enganado. No 
 tengo razon alguna para quejarme de la foriuna, ella me 
 provee de todo lo que requicre la naturaleza; y si no tengo 
 riquezas, tambien estoy libre del deseo de poseerlas. Con 
 ellas,confieso quepodria aucsiliar mejor a losnecesitados, 
 unica ventaja porque los ricos deben ser evidiados; pero asi 
 tanpequehas como son mis posesiones, aun puedo contribuir 
 con algo para el sostenimiento del Estado,y para el socorro 
 de mis amigos. Con respecto a honores, mi patria me pone 
 siempre, asi pobre como soy, sobre el nivel del mas rico; 
 porque Roma no conoce otras cualificaciones para los 
 grandes empleos sino la virtud y la capacidad. Ella me 
 elijepara qficiar en las mas augustas ceremonias de la reli- 
 jion: ella me conjia el mando de sus ejercitos y* ella pone 
 a mi cuidado las mas importantes negociaciones. Mi pobre- 
 za no disminuye ni* el peso ni* la influencia demis consejos 
 en el Senado. El pueblo Romano me konraporesa misma 
 pobreza que el Rey Pirro considera como un oprobio. Los* 
 Romanos* no ignoran las irifinitas oportunidades que he te~ 
 nido de enrriquecerme sin que se me censurase; estan con- 
 vencidos de mi celo desinteresado por su prosperidad; y si 
 algo tengo de que quejarme acerca de la retribucion que me 
 hacen, es solamente del esceso de su aplauso. iQue valor 
 pues.podre yo dar a tu oro y a* tu plata? iQue Rey 
 puede agregar algo* mas* a mifortuna? Siempre atento 
 al desempeho de los deberes de mi* incumbencia, poseo* una 
 imajinacion esenta de baldonarme, y disfruto* de unafama 
 honrosa. 
 
123 
 
 FIRST LESSON. 
 
 With regard to my poverty, the king has been justly in- 
 formed. My whole estate consists in a house of but mean 
 appearance, and a little spot of ground; from which, by my 
 own labour, 1 draw my support. But if, by any means, 
 thou hast been persuaded, or thinkest, that this poverty 
 renders me of less consequence in my own country, or in 
 any degree unhappy, thou art greatly deceived. I have no 
 reason to complain of fortune; she supplies me with all that 
 nature requires; and if I am without superfluities, I am also 
 free from the desire of them. With these, I confess I should 
 be more able to succour the necessitous, the only advantage 
 for which the wealthy are to be envied ; but small as my 
 possessions are, I can still contribute with something to the 
 support of the state, and the assistance of rrj£ friends. With 
 respect to honours, my country places me,* poor as I am, 
 upon a level with the richest: for Rome knows no qualifi- 
 cations for great employments, but virtue and ability. She 
 appoints me to officiate in the most august ceremonies of 
 religion; she entrusts me with the command of her armies; 
 she confides to my care the most important negotiations. 
 My poverty does not lessen the weight and influence of my 
 counsels in the senate; the Roman people honour me for 
 that very poverty, which King Pyrrhus considers as a dis- 
 grace. They know the many opportunitfes I have had to en- 
 rich myself without censure; they are convinced of my dis- 
 interested zeal for their prosperity; and if I have any thing 
 to complain of, in the return they make me, it is only the 
 excess of their applause. What value, then, can I give to 
 thy gold and silver? What king can add any thing to my 
 fortune? Always attentive to discharge duties incumbent 
 upon me, I have a mind free from self reproach; and I have 
 an honest fame. 
 
124 
 
 LECCION SEGUNDA. 
 
 Pasedbase Soliman segundo, una mahana temprano, a 
 caballo, cuundo una mujer con el pelo desgrehadoy suropa 
 en dcsordcn, se arrojo delante de su caballo y le pidiojusti- 
 cla. " Tus soldados, jefe de los creyentes" esclamo ella, 
 "han robado y saqueado mi casa durante lanoche. lAdonde 
 ire aora? Endonde encontrare a mis hijos, mi propiedad 
 6 mi sustento?" Se sonrio el Sultan y respondib: " En ver- 
 dad, mibuena mujer, que debiais haber dormido profunda- 
 mente cuando no os despertb el ruido que debio haber cau- 
 sado el saqueo de vuestra habitation." w Si," replied la mu- 
 jer, " en verdad que dormia profundamente,porque creique 
 Vuestra Alteza velaba por la seguridad de todos vuestros 
 vasallos asi de noche como de dia." Se penetro Soliman 
 de la leccion transmitida en la respuesta de la mujer; y or- 
 deno inmediata ente, que la propiedad que le habia sido 
 robada se le restUuyese,juntamente con un gran regalo,para 
 recompensar la molestia y ansiedad que habia causado el 
 saqueo en la paciente. Agradecido tambien a la admoni- 
 tion que, tan inesperadamente se le habia dado, y queriendo 
 imprimir en su memoria su deber dcia sus vasallos, ecsimio 
 al pueblo, en que la mujer vivia, de todas sus contribuciones, 
 por obsequio a ella. 
 
 Fin de la Leccion segunda. 
 
 LECCION TERCERA. 
 
 Cuan pocos hombres, que han tenido en sus manos un 
 poder soberano por muchos anos, pueden imitar a Juan de 
 Castro. Este Jeneral Portuges, que representaba dsu So- 
 berano en la India; que disfruto de las mas esclusivas pro- 
 portions para la adquisicion de riquezas, y cuyos prede- 
 cesores habian acumulado fortunas de printipes, mando a 
 buscar a las principalis personas de su gobierno, y entre 
 
125 
 
 SECOND LESSON. 
 
 Soliman the second was riding one morning at an early 
 hour, when a woman with dishevelled hair, and in disorder- 
 ed garments, threw herself before his horse and demanded 
 justice. " Your soldiers, commander of the faithful," she 
 exclaimed, lt have, during the night, robbed and pillaged 
 my house. Where shall I now fly to? Where shall I find 
 my children, my property, or my food?" The sultan smiled 
 and answered: " You must have slept soundly indeed, my 
 good woman, not to have been aroused by the noise, which 
 the plunder of your dwelling must have occasioned." 
 " Yes," replied the woman, "I slept indeed most soundly, 
 for I believed that your highness watched over the safety of 
 your subjects, by night, as well as in the day time." Soli- 
 man was struck with the lesson conveyed in the answer of 
 the woman, and he immediately ordered, that the property 
 taken away should be restored, together with a large pre- 
 sent, to recompense the inconvenience and anxiety which 
 the robbery had occasioned to the sufferer. Grateful too, 
 for the admonition, which had been so unexpectedly given 
 to him, and willing to impress upon his memory his duty to 
 his subjects, he exempted the village in which the woman 
 lived from all taxes for her sake. 
 
 End of the second Lesson. 
 
 THIRD LESSON. 
 
 How few men who have had sovereign power in their 
 hands for many years can imitate John de Castro. This 
 Portuguese general, who represented his sovereign in India, 
 who enjoyed the most exclusive facilities for the acquisition 
 of wealth, and whose predecessors had amassed princely 
 fortunes, sent for the chief persons of his government, and 
 among others the celebrated Xavier, a short time before 
 11* 
 
126 
 
 ellas al cclebre Xdvicr, poco tiempo antes de su muerte; y 
 pamendo su mano sobre el Santo Evanjelio, dijo: " Juro 
 solcmtumcntc, que nunca he tornado para mi vso la propie- 
 dad de mi Rey, ni la de sus vasallos bajo mi mando: que 
 tampoco he recibido regalo alguno de nadie. En ocasiones, 
 cuando mi sveldo no me ha sido pagado, he empleado mi 
 patrimonio en sermcio delEstado: hastaeste momento, enla 
 hora de mi muerte, no he tenido con que proporcionarme 
 ni* aun* las comodidades que disfrutan los soldados en el 
 hospital. No puedo comprar el alimento prescrito por mi 
 medico. Por todo lo que, en mi estrema pobreza, ruego el 
 ser mantenido a costa publica, laspocas horas que haya 
 de vivir ami." Poco despues fallecio, y todos los bienes 
 que dejofueron tres reales. Tan descuidado habia sido 
 Castro de su propio inter es, mientras estuvo empleado en el 
 servicio de su Soberano. 
 
 Fin de la Leccion tercera. 
 
 LECCION CUARTA. 
 
 En lo prof undo de la nochefue invadida la casa de un 
 Arabe, y su familia atrozmente insultada. El hombre 
 agraviado se hecho a los pies del Sultan, al dia siguiente, y 
 pidio satisfaccion. El Monarca ordeno que los agresores 
 fuesen conducidos ante el, con sus caras cubiertas con gor- 
 ros. No negaron la esposicion del Arabe, y en consecu- 
 enciafueron condenados a muerte instantaneamente. Des- 
 pues del suplicio se les quitaron los gorros, y mirdndolos el 
 Sultan con admiracion por algunos momentos, se arrodillo % 
 levanto sus manos al cielo, y parecio absorto en silenciosa 
 oracion. "iQue causa de gozo 6 pesadumbre halla, mi Se- 
 nor, en la destruccion de estos maltadosV dijo unodesus 
 asistentes principales cuando el Monarca se levanto. 
 " Mayor gozo del que vospodeis imajinar"fue la replica. 
 
127 
 
 his death, and placing his hands upon the]Holy Evangelists, 
 said, " I swear solemnly, that I have never appropriated to 
 my own use, the property of my king nor of his subjects 
 under my control; neither have I received any present from 
 any individual. At times, when my salary ha3 not been 
 paid, I have employed my patrimony in the service of the 
 state; until now, at my dying hour, I have not wherewith 
 to furnish the luxuries enjoyed by soldiers in the hospital. 
 The food prescribed by my physician, I cannot purchase. 
 In my extreme poverty, therefore, I beg I may be support- 
 ed at the public expense, for the few hours that I have yet 
 to live." Soon afterwards he died, and the only property 
 which he left was three rials; so careless had Castro been 
 of his own interest, while engaged in the service of hi3 
 sovereign. 
 
 End of the third Lesson. 
 
 FOURTH LESSON. 
 
 In the dead of night the dwelling of an Arab was 
 entered, and his family grievously insulted. The in- 
 jured man threw himself at the feet of the Sultan on the 
 following day, and besought redress. The monarch order- 
 ed the offenders to be brought before him, with their fea- 
 tures concealed in hoods. They did not deny the story of 
 the Arab, and they were accordingly condemned to instant 
 death. After the execution, the hoods were removed, and 
 the sultan, gazing steadily on them for some moments, fell 
 on his knees, raised his hands to heaven, and appeared ab- 
 sorbed in silent prayer. <; What cause of joy or sorrow 
 does my lord find in the destruction of these miscreants?" 
 said one of the principal attendants, when the monarch 
 arose. " Greater joy than you can conceive, 1 ' was the 
 
128 
 
 u Espcraba que mi mas querido hijo pudiese estar compren- 
 dido en hi perpelraciori del erimen. Por csta razon tuve 
 ocul/os a mi vista los rostros dc los reos, receloso de que 
 los scntimientos paternales pudiesen intervenir con el cum- 
 plimicnto de mi debcr; y ino debo estar reconocido (al* Ser 
 Supremo' ) cuando descubro que, al menos, esta vcz se halla 
 mi hijo escnto de culpa ? 
 
 Fin dc la Leccion cuarta. 
 
 LECCION qUIKTA. 
 
 Cruzando un rio, uno de los Reyes del Hindostan, sucedio 
 que cayo en el, y ciertamente hubiera pcrdido su real vida, 
 sino se hubiera tirado al agua un esclavo en pos de su Ma- 
 jestad; y como no hubiese mucho tiempo para ceremonias lo 
 saco por los cabellos, lo cual, segun demuestran los aconte- 
 cimientos, se consideraba, en el Hisdostan, como una 
 parte rnui sagrada de la real persona. Despues de que, d 
 fuerza de hacerle voltear y de fricciones, volvio el Rey a su 
 acuerdo, porque habia estado sumerjido por algun tiempo, 
 inquirio quien lo habia salvado y el como se habia efectua- 
 do. Los amigos del esclavo se imajinaron que ya estaba 
 hecha sufortuna, y en razon de ellofue conducido inmedia- 
 tamente ante el Rcy. El resultado, sinembargo,fue algo diver- 
 so de lo que ellos esperaron; porque despues de increparle el 
 Monarca, por haberlo salvado por los cabellos, ordeno que 
 fuese ajusticiado, por haber puesto sus manos sobre su real 
 cabeza. Este ingrato monstruo, no quedo, empero, sin pre- 
 mio. Poco tiempo despues, cruzando el mismo Rey el pro- 
 pio rio, se entretenia en hablar con una de sus mujercs 
 situado cerca de una de las bordas del bote. Accidental- 
 mente volvio a caer,yen esta ocasion se ahogo, aunquefacil- 
 mente pudo haber sido salvado por la mujer, la que did 
 como causa de su omision en haberlo vericado, que habia 
 
129 
 
 reply. " I expected that my own best beloved son might 
 have been concerned in the perpetration of the crime. I 
 had the faces of the offenders concealed therefore from my 
 sight, lest paternal fer ling might interfere with the perform- 
 ance of my duty. And ought I not to be thankful when I 
 discover that my son is, this time at least, innocent of 
 offence?" 
 
 End of the fourth Lesson. 
 
 FIFTH LESSON. 
 
 One of the kings of Indostan, when crossing a river, hap- 
 pened to fall in, and would certainly have lost his royal life, 
 had not a slave plunged into the water after his majesty, 
 and, as there was not much time for ceremony, pulled him 
 out by the hair, which, as events showed, was considered 
 as a very tender part of royalty, in Indostan. When by 
 dint of rolling and rubbing, the king was restored to recol- 
 lection, for he had been immersed for some time, he in- 
 quired who had rescued him, and how it had been done. 
 The friends of the slave thought that his fortune was made, 
 and forthwith brought him to the king. The result, how- 
 ever, was somewhat different from what they expected; for 
 the monarch, after abusing him for rescuing him by the 
 hair, ordered him to be executed for having placed his hand 
 upon his royal head. The ungrateful monster, however, 
 went not without his reward. Not long afterwards, the 
 same king was crossing the same river, and amused him- 
 self with talking with one of his women, as he stood near 
 the side of the boat. Again he accidentally fell in, and this 
 time was drowned, although he might have been easily res- 
 cued by the woman, who gave as a reason for her neglect 
 
130 
 
 tenido prcsrntc la suertc del esclavo en una ocasion seme- 
 jante. 
 
 Fin de la Leccion quinta. 
 
 LECCION SECSTA. 
 
 Casimiro segundo, Rey de Polonia,jugaba una noche d 
 los naipcs con un qficial llamado Konarski. Lasparadas 
 eran subidas, y lafortuna estaba en favor del Rey. La 
 cscitacionfue grande, y al Jin, el qficial por una vuelta 
 fatal del dado, se hallo reducido a la mendicidad. Se ol- 
 mdo de que su Soberano era su antagonista; y se olvido, 
 lo que fue el mayor de los dos olvidos, del respeto que se 
 debia a si mismo, y did al Rey un golpe violento en la con- 
 versacion rccrimindtoria que se siguio al juego. El qficial 
 huyd inmediatamente receloso del castigo de su hecho. No 
 obstante, fue perseguido, y despues de algun tiempo, descu- 
 bierto y juzgado. Ante sus jueces, nunca hubiera podido 
 esperar su absohicion. Su ofensafueprobada claramente; 
 yfue condenado a muerte. Hasta este tiempo no habia in- 
 tervenido el Rey en el asunto, ni aun para producir sutesti- 
 monio; porqueel cargo fue probado con otras personas que 
 presenciaron el golpe dado y recibido. Casimiro, des- 
 pues de esto, mando a buscar a Konarski, y le recibio ro- 
 deadode sus cortesanos. " Yo no estoy sorprendido," dijo 
 el Rey, " de la conducta de este caballero* No habiendo 
 podido vengarse por si mismo de lafortuna, no hay que 
 admirarse de que hubiese maltratado a su amigo. En to- 
 do caso, yo soy solamente el culpado en este negocio; por 
 que nunca debt haber patrocinado, con mi ejemplo, costum- 
 bresperniciosas, que acaso pueden producir laruinade mis 
 nobles. ' ' Volviendose luego dcia el reo, y sacando, el* Rey, 
 de su pecho el oro y notas que le habia ganado al fatal 
 juego, dijo: "Pcrcibo, que vosestais triste por vuestro 
 
131 
 
 to do so, that she recollected the fate of the slave on a 
 similar occasion. 
 
 End of the fifth Lesson. 
 
 SIXTH LESSON. 
 
 Casimir II. king of Poland, was one evening playing 
 cards with an officer, named Konarski. The stakes were 
 high, and fortune was upon the side of the king. The ex- 
 citement was great, and at last the officer found himself, by 
 one fatal cast of the die, reduced to beggary. He forgot that 
 his sovereign was his antagonist; and he forgot, which was 
 the greatest forgetfulness of the two, the respect, which 
 was due to himself; and he struck the king a violent blow, 
 in the recriminatory conversation, which followed the game. 
 He immediately fled, sensible of the punishment for the act. 
 He was pursued, however, and after some time discovered 
 and tried. Before his judges he could have had no hope 
 of acquittal. The offence was clearly proven; and he was 
 condemned to death. Up to this time the king had not 
 interfered in the matter, not even to give his testimony; for 
 the charge was proved by others, who saw the blow given 
 and received. Casimir now sent for Konarski, and receiv- 
 ed him surrounded by his courtiers. " I am not surprised," 
 said the king, "at the conduct of this gentleman. Not being 
 able to revenge himself on fortune, it is not to be" wondered 
 at, that he ill-treated his friend. I am the only one, how- 
 ever, who is to blame in this affair; for I ought not, by my 
 example, to encourage a pernicious practice, which may be 
 the ruin of my nobility." Then turning to the criminal, 
 and drawing from his bosom the gold and notes, which he 
 had won from him at the fatal game, he said: " You, I 
 perceive, are sorry for your fault: — that is sufficient: take 
 your money again, and let us renounce gaming for ever. 
 
132 
 
 
 yerro: — csobasta.' Tomad otravez vuestro diner 0, y vamos 
 a rcnunciar eljuegopara siempre. Amboshemos recibido 
 una hccion que no podrd olvidarse facilmente." Y Casi- 
 miro y su subdito jamas volvieron a reinsidir en la nociva* 
 costumbre dejugar. 
 
 LECCIOK SEPTIMA. 
 
 Halldndose el cur so de lajusticia completamente perver- 
 tido en Constantinopla, el Emperador Justino, con el objeto 
 de restaurarlo, nombro dunhombre defrmezae integridad 
 Prefecto de la ciudad, y mando que se publicase por las 
 calles, que las decisiones del Prefecto no admitirian apela- 
 cion; sino que serian definitivas en todo caso: que deberia 
 ser considerado como el inmediato representante del Empe- 
 rador; revestido de todo su poder y autorizado para casti- 
 gar al rico y al poderoso, asi como al pobre y al necesitado: 
 y para hacer mas temible el empleo, el mismo Justino se 
 comprometia a no conceder perdon cuando el reo hubiese 
 sido condenado por el Prefecto. El nuevo magistrado 
 era bien conocido de los habitantes; y su nombramiento y 
 la declaracion del Emperador prodvjeron, cada una de 
 por si (colectivamente*) un efecto dichoso en restrinjir mu- 
 chos de los abusos que habian sido cometidos anteriormente 
 (before*) con impunidad. Habia solamente un individuo 
 (one) que se consideraba fuera del alcance de la ley, y que 
 abiertamente (audazmente) desafiaba a sus ministros, (offi- 
 cers). Una mahana, una pobre viuda comparecio (made 
 her appearance) ante el Prefecto, y pidio justicia contra 
 un Oficial jeneral que la habia despojado de su propiedad, 
 y privddola de los medios de su susistencia. Queriendo el 
 Prefecto aorrar al agresor, (offender,) que era unpariente 
 del Emperador, lo molesita y mortificacion de unjuicio 
 publico, le escribio una esquela (note) imformdndolo de la 
 
133 
 
 We have both received a lesson, which will not easily be 
 forgotten." And Casimir and his subject never relapsed 
 into the practice of gaming. 
 
 End of the sixth Lesson. 
 
 SEVENTH LESSON. 
 
 The course of justice being completely perverted in 
 Constantinople, the emperor Justin, in order to restore it, 
 appointed a man of firmness and integrity, prefect of the 
 city; and ordered it to be proclaimed in the streets, that the 
 decision of the prefect should not admit appeal, but be final 
 in every instance: that he should be deemed the immediate 
 representative of the emperor, clothed with all his power, 
 and authorised to punish the rich and powerful, as well as 
 the poor and needy: and to render the office still more 
 feared, Justin pledged himself to grant no pardon when 
 the offender had been condemned by the prefect. The new 
 magistrate was well known by the inhabitants, and his ap- 
 pointment, and the declaration of the emperor, had, of 
 themselves, a very happy effect in restraining many of the 
 abuses which had been before committed with impunity. 
 There was one only, who thought himself beyond the reach 
 of the law, and who openly defied its officers. One morning 
 a poor widow made her appearance before the prefect, and 
 besought justice against a general officer, who had plunder- 
 ed her of all her property, and entirely deprived her of the 
 means of support. The prefect, wishing to spare the of- 
 fender, who was a relation of the emperor, the pain and 
 mortification of a public trial, wrote a note to him, inform- 
 ing him of the complaint, and begging him to make restitu- 
 
 12 
 
134 
 
 querclla, (complaint) y rogdndole querestituyese, sin necesi- 
 dad de la esposicion ante su tribunal. Did esta esquela 
 a la viuda, quien la presento al Jeneral; y quedo esperando 
 por la respuesta pacientemente. En lugar, empero*, (how- 
 ever*) de restituir losjeneros que habia cojido, recargo a la 
 pobre mujer de desverguenzas* , (with* abuse*) y la hechb 
 de su presencia. Ella nolvio inmediatamente adonde el 
 Prefecto, quien al oir la recepcion con que se habia encon- 
 trado, libro* una orden al qficial para que compareciese 
 ante el y respondiese a los cargos alegados contra el. El 
 ministro* dejusticiafue recibido tan mal como lo habia si' 
 do la viuda, y volvio a informar aljuez de que se habia 
 desacatado* el arresto totalmente, y que el reo habia ido 
 d palacio a comer con el Emperador. El Prefecto lo 
 siguid hasta alia, y, habiendo obtenido admision en 
 razon de su empleo, comparecio inmediatamente (at once) 
 ante su Soberano y los numerosos convidados que estaban 
 sentados a la mesa del banquete: " Senor" dijo : " si per- 
 sistiis en la resolucion de castigar el crimen, estoy pronto d 
 ejecutar vuestras ordenes; pero si renunciais esta noble em- 
 presa; si el mas perverso obtiene un asiento de honor en 
 vuestra mesa, aceptad de mi, (Senor*)os ruego,larenuncia 
 de un empleo inutil a vuestros vasallos e injurioso d vos 
 mismo." Admirado Justino, y aun complacido de la fir- 
 meza del Prefecto, replied. " No, no he variado de inten- 
 tion. Persigue al crimen hasta lo ultimo: si el se halldra 
 sentado en mi trono lo entregaria al castigo." Autorizado 
 con esta noble replica, mando el Prefecto d sus asistentes 
 que prendiesen al Jeneral, quien con un mudo temor se some- 
 tio a su autoridad. Fue conducido al* tribunal y su cau- 
 sa oida justamente. Por el dicho* (evidence) de varios 
 testigosfue hallado culpado, y sufrio un castigo condigno 
 a su ofensa. Este ejemplo detuvo por largo tiempo el pro- 
 greso del crimen y de la violencia, y Justino orgulloso de la 
 integridad de su majistrado, hizo perpetuo su empleo. 
 Fin de la Leccion septima. 
 
135 
 
 tion, without the necessity of exposure before his tribunal. 
 This note he gave to the widow, who presented it to the 
 general, and remained patiently awaiting his answer. In 
 place, however, of restoring the goods, which he had taken 
 away, he overwhelmed the poor woman with abuse, and 
 drove her from his presence. She returned immediately 
 to the prefect, who, on hearing the reception that she had 
 met with, despatched a summons to the officer, to appear 
 before him, and answer the charge alleged against him. 
 The messenger of justice was received as the widow had 
 been; and came back to inform the judge, that the arrest 
 had been wholly disregarded, and that the offender had 
 gone to the palace to dine with the emperor. The prefect 
 followed him thither, and, his rank obtaining him admission, 
 he at once appeared before his sovereign and the numerous 
 guests, who were seated round the banquet table. " Sire, 1 ' 
 he said, " if you persist in your resolution to punish crime, 
 I am ready to execute your commands; but if you renounce 
 this noble design, if the most wicked obtain the seat of 
 honour at your board, accept from me the resignation of 
 an office, useless to your subjects and displeasing to your- 
 self." Justin astonished, and yet gratified at the boldness 
 of the prefect, replied. " No, I have not altered my inten- 
 tion. Pursue crime to the uttermost, were it seated with 
 me on the throne, I would abandon it to punishment." 
 Authorised by this noble reply, the prefect ordered his at- 
 tendants to seize the general, who in mute fear submitted 
 to his authority. He was carried before the tribunal, and 
 his cause fairly heard. On the evidence of many witnesses 
 he was found guilty, and suffered a punishment commensu- 
 rate with his offence. This example checked for a long 
 time, the progress of crime and violence: and Justin, proud 
 of the integrity of his magistrate, made his office perpetual. 
 End of the seventh Lesson. 
 
136 
 
 LECCIOM OCTAVA. 
 Entro Cina en una conspiration para asesinar a Au- 
 gusto; y el Emperador fue informado de ello por uno de 
 I os conjurados*. Dudaba el Emperador como actuar. El 
 habia usado de la severidad en muchos casos, sin efecto, y 
 no creia que el suplicio de Cina produciria mejor efecto 
 que los suplicios de los otros. Pero era indispensable que 
 algo se practicase; mas cuando aun se hallaba indeciso, 
 Livia, su esposa, adivinando la causa de su enajenation, 
 le pedio permiso para darle, siquiera* por una vez, un con- 
 sejo. " Los medicos,'' 1 dijo ella, fi cuando un remedio es 
 ineficaz, prueban otro; y frecuentemente uno, el mas con- 
 trario en sus efectos al idtimamente usado. Seguid su 
 ejemplo. En todas las conjuraciones formadas contra vos, 
 habeis empleado, sin ecsito, el castigo mas* severo. Y en 
 verdad, que (however) nada habeis" conseguido con vuestro 
 rigor. Probad, pues*, abra los efectos de la dementia y 
 perdonad a Cina. El estd descubierto, y por consecuentia 
 no puede danaros, y vuestra conmiseration dtia el podrd 
 ser de grande utilidad al progreso de vuestra reputation." 
 Penetrado Augusto del aviso de Livia se propuso seguirlo, 
 despues de una detenida meditation. En virtud de el or- 
 deno, que Cinafuese condutido a su presentia. Le hablo 
 sobre la iniquidad de sus designios ; le manifesto su im- 
 prudentia, y concluyo ditiendole: " Y bien, Cina, la vida 
 que una vez os di como enemigo, se la dejare gozar* aora 
 a un traidor y a un parricida; y esta sera la ultima recon- 
 vention que os haga. Para lofuturo sea nuestra sola lid 
 el demostrar cual de los dos pueda aventajar, al otro en ac~ 
 tos de consideration (kindness) y amistad." Despues de 
 esta epoca (after this) jamas volvio Augusto a hallar a 
 Cina comprometido en conjuraciones contra el, y Livia 
 triunfo con el prospero resultado que produjo la dementia, 
 sobre cuyo particular (which) ella habia dado su consejo. 
 {por la que, ella habia abogado.) 
 
 Fin de la Lection octava 
 
137 
 EIGHTH LESSON. 
 
 Cinna entered into a conspiracy to murder Augustus; 
 and the emperor was informed of it by one of the confede- 
 rates. The emperor was in doubt how to act. He had 
 already tried severity in many cases, without effect ; and did 
 not know that the execution of Cinna would be attended 
 with better effect than the execution of others. Still some- 
 thing must be done; and while he was yet hesitating, Livia, 
 his wife, divining the cause of his abstraction, asked per- 
 mission for once to advise him. " Physicians," said she, 
 " when one remedy fails, try another; and frequently one 
 most contrary in its operation to that last used. Follow 
 their example. To all the conspiracies that have been 
 formed against you, you have, without success, employed 
 severe punishment. You have got nothing, however, by 
 your severity. Try now what clemency will do, and forgive 
 Cinna. He is discovered, and consequently can do no in- 
 jury to your person; and your forgiveness of him, will do 
 great service in the advancement of your reputation." Au- 
 gustus was struck with the advice of Livia, and after some 
 further consideration, he determined to adopt it. He there- 
 fore ordered Cinna to be brought before him. He told 
 him of the iniquity of his designs, exposed to him their im- 
 policy, as well as their ingratitude, and concluded by say- 
 ing: "Well, Cinna, the life that I gave to you once, as an 
 enemy, I will now continue to a traitor and to a parricide; 
 and this is the last reproach that I will give you. For the fu- 
 ture, let our only struggle be, to show which can overcome 
 the other in acts of kindness and friendship." After this, Au- 
 gustus found Cinna engaged in no more conspiracies against 
 him; and Livia triumphed in the successful result of the 
 clemency which she had advised. 
 
 End of the eighth Lesson. 
 
 12* 
 
138 
 
 LECCION NO VENA. 
 
 El hijo de un Especiero, en la ciudad de Esmirna, por 
 medio de su honradez e industria, ascendio al empleo de Ins- 
 pector de pesos y medidas, con poder bastante para casti- 
 gar a todos los traficantes que violasen (las* leyes*) del al- 
 motacen. Se sabia en la vecindad de que su padre usaba 
 pesasfaltas; y cuando se entendio que el Inspector tenia 
 alii en su primer visita, los amigos del Especiero le rogarort 
 que no se aventurase al castigo, sino que se hiciese de pesas 
 cabales. El padre se rid de la idea de ser castigado por* 
 mano* de su hijo; y considerandose perfectamente seguro, es 
 pero tranquilamente su llegada. " Buen hombre," dijo el 
 Inspector, " traedme vuestras pesas y medidas, afin de que 
 yo pueda ecsaminarlas." El otro (el padre) intento el 
 considerar la demanda como una chanza, y reusb obedecer. 
 Persistiendo en su negativa, se uso de lafuerza y se traje- 
 ron y ecsaminaron las pesas. Se hallaron tanfaltas* del 
 almotacen, que el Especiero fue multado en cincuenta pias- 
 tras, y sentenciado a recibir igual numero de palos. Des- 
 pues que se le hubo aplicado la ultima pena (last punish- 
 ment) en el mismo lugar, (en la misma tienda) se arrojo el 
 Inspector de su caballo, y cayendo a los pies de su padre 
 los rego con sus lagrimas. " Padre" dijo, " yo he des- 
 cargado mi deber para con Dios, mi Patria, y mi 
 Sober ano ; permitidme aora, por mi respeto y sumision, 
 que cumpla* con la obligacion que os debo. Lajusticia es 
 ciega Es el poder de Dios en* la tierra, y no respeta los 
 vinculos del parent esco 6 de la connecsion. Vos habiais de- 
 linquido contra las leyes de la justicia y merecido este 
 castigo. Conducioos mejor en lofuturo, y en vez de censu- 
 rarme, compadecedme al verme comprometido a tan cruel 
 deber (necessity)." 
 
 Fin de la Leccion novena. 
 
139 
 
 NINTH LESSON. 
 
 The son of a grocer in the city of Smyrna, by dint of 
 honesty and industry, rose to the situation of inspector of 
 weights and measures, with full power to punish all, the 
 dealers, who violated the standard. His father was well 
 known in the neighbourhood to make use of false weights; 
 and when it was understood, that the inspector was coming 
 round on his first visit, the friends of the grocer intreated 
 him not to run the risk of punishment, but to procure true 
 weights. The father laughed at the idea of receiving pun- 
 ishment at the hands of his son, and thinking himself per- 
 fectly secure, quietly awaited his arrival. " Good man," 
 said the inspector, " bring me your weights and measures, 
 that I may examine them." The other attempted to treat 
 the demand as a jest, and refused to obey. Persisting in 
 his refusal, force was at last employed, and the weights were 
 produced and examined. They were found to be so much 
 below the standard, that the grocer was fined fifty piastres, 
 and sentenced to receive the same number of bastinadoes. 
 After this last punishment had been inflicted, on the spot, 
 the inspector threw himself from his horse, and falling at 
 the feet of his father, bathed them in his tears, " Father," 
 said he, " I have discharged my duty to my God, my coun- 
 try, and my sovereign; permit now by my respect and sub- 
 mission, to discharge the duty which I owe to you. Jus- 
 tice is blind. It is the power of God on earth, and has no 
 respect to the ties of kindred or connexion. You had of- 
 fended against the laws of justice, and you deserved this 
 punishment. Behave better for the future, and instead of 
 censuring me, pity me on being reduced to so cruel a ne- 
 cessity." 
 
 End of the ninth Lesson. 
 
140 
 
 LECC10N DECIMA. 
 
 Cuando Federico, de Prusia,fabricaba el palacio de 
 Sans Souci, descubrio que el plan que habia adoptadopara 
 susjardines se trastornaria infinite por un molino que, en 
 consecuencia de ello, determine mudar (de* alii). Habi- 
 endo mandado a buscar al molinero, le pregunto que canti- 
 dad tomaria por el molino, refiriendose, al mismo tiempo, 
 a su total valor. El hombre lo reuso. El Monarca doblb 
 y triplicb la suma, y Jinalmente of redd edificar otro mo- 
 lino, en mejor paraje, a mas de pagar el valor del anti- 
 guo. Aun asi reuso hacer negocio el molinero. Dijo: que 
 el molino habia sido de la pertenencia de su bisabuelo, 
 y que* estaba resuelto a transmitirlo a sus hijos, del mismo 
 modo que habia recaido en el. Alfin, se irrito Federico 
 y dijo al hombre, que era un* necio en reusar sus ofertas 
 de pagarle, cuando estaba en su poder el obtener el molino 
 porfuerza y* sin compensacion alguna. " Eso* no*, (not) 
 mientras hay a un tribunal dejusticia en Berlin,'''' replied 
 el molinero con firmeza; aludiendo al tribunal esiablecido 
 por el mismo Federico, para la satisfacion de agravios. El 
 Monarca se agrado infinite de la franca replica, por que 
 ella demostraba confianza en su integridad yjusticia, y ha- 
 biendo resuelto dejar el molino intacto, vario de una vez el 
 plan de susjardines. 
 
 Fin de la Leccion decima. 
 
 LECCIOM UNDECIMA. 
 
 En el jar din de Abbas Mirza, el Principe de la corona 
 de Persia, y el heredero presuntivo del trono, Moritz Von 
 Kotzbue, agregado a la embajada Rusa, reparo un dia enuna 
 porcionde una antigua pared, la que correspondia malisima- 
 mente con el resto del cercado, disfigurando la vista de 
 aquella parte del jar din. El agregado (he) le pregunto a 
 
141 
 
 TENTH LESSON. 
 
 When Frederick, of Prussia, was building the palace of 
 Sans Souci, he discovered, that the plan, which he had 
 adopted for his gardens, would be much interfered with by 
 a mill, which he therefore determined to remove. Having 
 sent for the miller, he asked him what sum he would take 
 for the mill, naming at the same time its full value. The 
 man refused. The monarch doubled and trebled the sum, 
 and at last offered to build another mill, in a better situa- 
 tion, independent of the price of the old one. Still the mil- 
 ler refused the bargain. The mill, he said, had been in the 
 possession of his great-grandfather, and he was determined 
 to transmit it to his children, as it had descended to him. 
 At last Frederick became provoked, and told the man, that 
 he was silly to refuse his offers of payment, as it was in his 
 power to obtain the mill by force, without any compensa- 
 tion. " Not while there is a court of justice at Berlin," 
 answered the miller steadily; alluding to the court estab- 
 lished by Frederick himself, for the redress of injuries. 
 The monarch was pleased at the frank reply; because it 
 intimated a confidence in his integrity and justice, and re- 
 solving to leave the mill untouched, altered the plan of his 
 gardens. 
 
 End of the tenth Lesson. 
 
 ELEVENTH LESSON. 
 
 In the garden of the Abbas Mirza, the crown prince of 
 Persia, the heir apparent to the throne, Moritz Von Kotz- 
 bue, attached to the Russian embassy, one day perceived 
 a portion of an old wall which assorted but ill with the 
 rest of the inclosure, and disfigured the appearance of that 
 part of the garden. He asked Abbas Mirza why he had 
 
142 
 
 Abbas Mirza,por que habia permetido que permaneciese 
 alii, (dicho muro*) cuando tanto gasto y trabajo se habia 
 impendido en todo el en lasfdbricas mas costosas. Porque, 
 11 a deciros la verdad," replied el Principe,, " ese pedazo 
 de pared pertenece a un anciano de quien no me es posible 
 ni negociarlo ni comprarlo. El insiste en poseerlo, (in j 
 keeping it) y aunque facilmente podria yo apoderarme de 
 el por la*fucrza, no estrandndolo nadie, ni diciendome que ' 
 no, yo, empero, admiro el respeto que el anciano tributa a la \ 
 propiedad paternal, y debo contentarme con dejar que per- , 
 manezca su pared endonde ecsiste, en daho de mijardin, 
 hasta tanto que halle a alguno de sus herederos que sea 
 mas razonable que el lo es." 
 
 /Que ejemplo tan impresivo dejusticia y tolerancia en 
 una persona (in one) cuya voluntad era ley, y cuya edu- 
 cacion nofue ciertamente la mas adaptable (best adapted) 
 para inculcarle principios de moderacion y de espontdneo 
 comedimiento ! (self control.) 
 
 Fin de la Leccion undecima. 
 
 LECCION DUODECIMO. 
 
 Miserias de un Hombre Rico. 
 
 iQuien es seguido por las calles, y postrado a golpes a 
 media noche? El hombre rico. iCuya es la casa abierta 
 y asaltada a media noche? Del hombre rico. [A quien 
 se le cortan las faltriqueras, yse le hecha a perder la casa- 
 ca entre la multitud? Al hombre rico. [Quien es el que 
 ignora si lasjentes se rien 6 no de el cuando estan sentadas 
 con el a la mesa ? El hombre rico. iQuien aumenta sus 
 cuidados por cada alto, (u cuerpo) que agrega a su casa ? 
 El hombre rico — por que cuanto massube, tanto masfria se 
 halla la dtmosfera. Quiebra un banco, y iQuien padece? El 
 
; 
 
 ; permitted it to remain there, when so much labour and ex- 
 1 pense had been bestowed every where else in the most 
 
 I costly erection. l « Why, to tell you the truth," replied the 
 \ prince, " that bit of wall belongs to an old man from whom 
 
 I I can neither buy nor purchase it. He persists in keeping 
 it, and although I might easily enough possess myself of it 
 
 j by force and no one wonder or say no to me; yet I admire the 
 | reverence which the old man pays to his paternal property, 
 ! and I must be satisfied with letting his wall remain where 
 ! it is, to the injury of my garden, until I find one of his heirs 
 ! who will be more reasonable than he is." 
 
 What a striking instance of justice and forbearance, in 
 one, whose will was law, and whose education was certainly 
 not the best adapted, to inculcate principles of moderation 
 and control! 
 
 End of the eleventh Lesson. 
 
 TWELFTH LESSON. 
 
 Miseries of a Rich Man. 
 
 Who is dogged in the streets and knocked down at mid- 
 night? the rich man. Whose house is broken into at mid- 
 night? the rich man's. Who has his pockets cut out, and 
 his coat spoiled in a crowd? the rich man. Who is in doubt 
 whether the people are laughing at him in their sleeves 
 when they are eating his dinner? the rich man. Who adds 
 to his trouble, by every story which he adds to his house ? 
 The rich man — for the higher he ascends the colder is the 
 atmosphere. A bank breaks, and who suffers? the rich 
 
144 
 
 rico accionista y el depositador. Toca la guerra 
 corneta, y, iQuien tiembla? Se acerca la mucrte, y iQuit 
 teme el mirarla a la cara? Porqite el kombre rico—y aun 
 todo el mundo env idia al rico. 
 
 Fin de la Leccion duodecimo. 
 
145 
 
 stockholder and depositor. War blows his Horn, and who 
 trembles? Death approaches, and who fears to look him 
 in the face? Why the rich man — and yet all the world 
 envies the rich. 
 
 13 
 
SECTION FOURTH-SECCION CUARTA. 
 
 FIRST LESSON— LECCIOK PRIMERA. 
 
 FROM ENGLISH TO SPANISH. 
 
 Naval and Military Achievements. 
 Acetones JYavales y Militares. 
 
 The, el — superintending, cuidadoso — favour, favor — of, 
 de la — Providence, Providencia — was 3 never 2 , nunca 2 
 fue 3 — perhaps 1 , acaso* , — more, mas — strongly, fuerte — 
 and, y — visibly, visiblemente — shown, demostrado — than 
 during, que durante — the, la — American 2 revolution 1 , revo- 
 lution* Americana 2 ; — and, y — never, jamas — had, tuvo — 
 a, un — people, pueblo — more, mas — just, justa — cause, 
 causa — for, para dar* — pious, devotas — thankfulness, gra 
 das — than, que — the, los — inhabitants, habitantes — of, de 
 — the, las — provinces, provincias — of, de la — Great 
 Britain, Gran Bretaha — in, en — their, su — struggle, 
 contienda — for, por la* — independence, independencia. 
 
 In, en — the, el — year, aho de — 1775, mil setecientos se- 
 tenta y cinco, — it became, fue — a, un — matter, asunto — 
 of, de — the, el — highest, mayor* — moment, momento, 
 — that, que — the British 2 army 1 , el ejercito 1 Ingles 2 — 
 should be,fuese — driven, desalojado* — from, de — the, la 
 — town, ciudad — of, de — Boston, Boston — which, la cual 
 — it* then, entonces — occupied, ocupaba, — under, bajo — 
 the, el — command, mando — of, del — General, Jeneral — 
 Gage, Gage. Orders, brdenes — from, del — Congress, Con- 
 greso — were, fueron — sent, embiddas — to, al — General, 
 Jeneral — Washington, Washington — to, para que — effect, 
 
147 
 
 efectuase — this, esta — object, empresa* — at all, d todo — 
 hazard, riesgo. Washington, Washington — had, habia — 
 long* seen 1 , visto 1 de antemano*,— that, que — the, la— com- 
 mand, posesion* — of, de las — Dorchester 2 heights 1 , altu- 
 ras 1 de* Dorchester 2 — would give 3 him , le 1 daria*— decid- 
 ed, decididas — advantages, ventajas — over, sobre — the, el 
 enemy, enemigo — and, y — he, el — now, al punto — deter- 
 mined, detemino — at all hazards, d todos riesgos — to pos- 
 sess himself, el apoderarse — of, de — them, ellas. The, 
 la — night, noche — of, de — the, el — 14th, catorce — of 
 March, Marzo — 1775, de* mil setecientos setenta y cinco 
 — was, se — fixed upon^^o — for, para — the, la — attempt, 
 empresa; — and, y — as, ton— soon, luego — as, como — it 
 was, fue — dark, oscuro, — a, una — large, gran — detach- 
 ment, division — of, de — the, el — American 3 army 1 , ejer- 
 cito 1 Americano 2 — commenced, emprendio — a, una — 
 rapid, rdpida — but, pero — silent, silenciosa — march, mar- 
 cha, — carrying, llevando — with them, consigo — picks, 
 picos — spades, palas — and, y — mattocks, azadones — for, 
 para — the, el — purpose, intento — of, de — constructing, 
 construir — a, una — temporary 2 , temporal 2 — fortification 1 , 
 fortification* . It was not very long, no se* tar do* mucho* 
 — before, antes que — they arrived, llegasen — at, al — the, 
 el — appointed 2 spot 1 , lugar] senalado 2 ; — when, cuando — 
 laying, dejando — aside, d un lado — their, sus — arms, armas 
 — they* began, principiaron — their, su — midnight 2 toil 1 , 
 faena de medianoche — unmindful, con desprecio — of 
 de — the, el — brisk, vivo — cannonade, canoneo, — which, 
 que — the, el — noise, ruido — of, de — their, sus — labours, 
 trabajos — brought upon them, les* atrajo* — from, de — 
 the, los — British shipping 1 , buques* Ingleses 2 . In*, por* — 
 the, la — morning, manana — the, el — astonished, admirado 
 — commander, jefe — of, de — the, los — English, Ingleses — 
 saw, vio — the, las — heights, alturas — of, de — Dorchester, 
 Dorchester — covered, cubiertas — with, de* — men, hombres, 
 
148 
 
 and, y — a, una — fortification, fortification — rapidly 2 pro- 
 gressing 1 , progresando 1 rdpidamente 2 — which, la que — if, 
 si se — suffered, toleraba — to be, el ser — completed, con- 
 cluida — would render, haria — in, en — a, un — short, corto 
 — time, tiempo — Boston, d* Boston — untenable, inocupa- 
 ble — by, por — his, sus — troops, tropas. He, el — at once, 
 al momento* — determined, determino — to storm, asaltar— 
 and, 3/— carry, tomar — the, los — yet, aun — unfinished, no 
 concluidos — works, trabajos — of, de — the, los — Americans, 
 Americanos — as, como — the, el — only, unico — mean, medio 
 — of, de — keeping, conservar — possession, la* posesion — 
 of, de — the, la — town, ciudad. The, el — day, dia — was, 
 era — one, uno — of, de — cloudless beauty 1 , la mas* despe- 
 jada* hermosura 1 , — when, cuando — he, el — gave, did — 
 the, la — necessary 3 , neeesaria 2 — order 1 , ordcn* — for, para 
 — the, el — embarkation, embarque — of, de — a, una — de- 
 tachment, division — of, de— his, su— army, ejercito — to cross? 
 que cruzase — the, el — narrow 1 inlet 2 , islote 2 angosto 1 — 
 which, que — separated him, — lo separaba — from, de — the, 
 los — besiegers, sitiadores. Column, columna — after, tras* 
 — column, columna, — exulting, revozando* — in, en — the, 
 la — confidence, confianza — of, de la — victory, victoria — 
 marched, marcharon — to, a — the, la — water's edge, 
 orilla del agua, — where, endonde — the, los — boats, botes — 
 of, de — the, los — shipping, buques — were, estaban — in, en 
 — readiness, listos-~to, para — receive them, recibirlos. 
 The,los — Americans, Americanos — on, en — the, la — oppo- 
 site 2 shore 1 , orilla 1 opuesta 2 — marked, observaban— all, 
 todos — their, sus — movements, movimientos, — and, y — 
 with, con — anxious 2 , anelosos 2 — hearts 1 , corazones* — 
 were, estaban — making, haciendo — their, sus — hurried, 
 vivas* — preparations, preparaciones — for, para sw*— de- 
 fence, defensa. Scarcely 2 , escasamente 2 , — however 1 , em- 
 pero* — had, habian — the, los — foremost, mas avanzados— 
 platoons, trozos — embarked, embarcadose, — when, cuando 
 
149 
 
 a*, una 9 — storm 3 , tempestad 3 — arose 1 , se levanto 1 — almost, 
 casi — instantaneously, instantdneamente. The, las — waves, 
 olas — rolled, corrian — wildly, rdpidamente* — on, sobre — 
 the, la — ebbing 3 , cretiente? — tide 1 , marea 1 , — and, y — the, 
 el — passage, paze — became, se hizo — impracticable, im- 
 practicable. Delay, la* demora — became, se hizo — neces- 
 sary, necesaria; — and, y — the, los — three, tres — days, dias 
 — of, de — violent 3 , violento 2 — wind 1 , mento 1 — and, y — 
 rain, lluvia, — which, que — followed, se* siguieron — effectu- 
 ally, efectivamente — prevented, impidieron — the, la — repe- 
 tition, repetition — of, de — the, la — attempt, empresa. The, 
 los — Americans, Americanos — completed, concluyeron — 
 their, sus — fortifications, fortificaciones; — and, y — the, los 
 — British, Ingleses — finding, hallando — the, la — town, 
 ciudad — commanded, dominada* — by, por — the, la — ar- 
 tillery, artilleria — of, de — the, los — besiegers, sitiadores — 
 embarked, se embarcaron — on board, a bordo — of, de — 
 their, sus — shipping, buques — and, y — abandoned it 1 , la 1 
 abandonaron. 
 
 SECOND LESSON— LECCION SEGUNDA. 
 
 FROM ENGLISH TO SPANISH. 
 
 Another, otro, — and, y — not, no — less, menos — striking, 
 imponente, — instance, prueba — of, de — the, la — interposi- 
 tion, interposition — of, de la — divine, divina — Providence, 
 Procidentia — occurred, ocurrio — after, despues de — the, 
 la — disastrous, desastrosa — fate, suerte — of, de — the, el — 
 American 2 army 1 , ejertito 1 Americano* — on, en — Long 
 Island, Long Island. General Washington, eZ* Jeneral 
 Washington — had, se habia — retreated, retirado — within 
 dentro de— the, las — lines, lineas—ut,en — Brooklyn, Brook- 
 lyn. Before him, a* sufrente — was, se hallaba* — the, eZ, 
 — enemy, enemigo — who, quien — by, por — a, una — bold, 
 13* 
 
150 
 
 dcterminada — and, y — rapid, violenta — charge, carga — 
 could have, hubiera — carried, tornado — the, las — slight, 
 debiles — fortifications, fortificationes — which, que — pro- 
 tected 2 him 1 , U x protejian 2 . Behind him, d* su retaguar- 
 dia* — and, y — separating him, separdndolo — from, de — 
 New York, Nueva York, — was, estaba — the, el — East 2 
 river 1 , rio 1 del* Este 3 — into, enel — which, que, — the, la — 
 prevalence, constancia—of, de — a, un — strong, fuerte — 
 north-east 3 wind 1 , viento 1 Nordeste 2 — alone, solamente — 
 prevented, impedia — the, a la — British 2 fleet 1 , escuadra 1 
 Inglesa 2 — from, de — entering, entrar. 
 
 In, en — this, esta — distressed, augustiada — situation, si- 
 tuation, — in, en el — hourly, urjente — danger, peligro — 
 of, de — being, hallarse* — placed, situado — between, entre 
 — two, dos — fires, fuegos — with, con — a, un — vanquished, 
 vencido — and, y — dispirited, desalentado — army, ejercito-— 
 he, el — determined, resolvio — to evacuate, evacuar — his, 
 su — position, position, — and, y — retire, retirarse — into, d 
 — New York, Nueva York — as, como — the, el — only means, 
 imico medio — of, de — safety, seguridad. At, en — the, el 
 — moment, momento — of, de — his, su — retreat, retirada — 
 the, el — north-east 3 wind 1 , el viento 1 Nordeste 2 — which, 
 que — would have, hubiera — rendered, hecho — the, el — pas- 
 sage, paso — of, de — the, el — river, rio — dangerous, 
 peligroso — in, en — the, lo — extreme, estremo — shifted, 
 cambid — to the, al — north west, Nordeste, — and, y — the, 
 las — hitherto 3 , entonces 3 — agitated 1 , ajitadas 1 — wa- 
 ters 3 , aguas 2 — became, quedaron — smooth, lianas — and, 
 y — tranquil, tranquilas. At, al — the, el — same, mismo — 
 time, tiempo — a, una — thick, espesa — fog, niebla — veiled, 
 cubrio — the whole of*, toda — Long Island, Long Island — 
 in, de — obscurity, oscuridad — and, y — concealed, encubrio 
 — the, el — movement, movimiento — of, de — the, los — Ame- 
 ricans, Americanos,— while, mientrasque — the, la — atmo- 
 sphere, atmosfera — of, de — New York, Nueva York — was, 
 
151 
 
 estaba — perfectly, perfectamente — clear, clara; — and, y — 
 when, cuando — the, el — morning 2 sun 1 , sol 1 de* la mana- 
 na 2 — drove, disipo — the, el — heavy, denso — vapour, va- 
 por — from, de — before them, delante de ellos, — the, los — 
 British, Ingleses — saw, vieron — the, la — rear, retaguardia 
 — of,de — the, el — continental 2 a.r my l ,ejercito l continental 2 
 — landing, desembarcando — in security, d* salvo* — beyond, 
 fuera de — their, su — reach, alcanze. While, mientras que 
 — the 3 , la 2 — fog 3 , niebla* — lasted 1 , duro 1 — nine thou- 
 sand, nuevemil — men, hombres, with, con — their, su — ar- 
 tillery, artilleria, — baggage, bagajes — and, y — munitions, 
 municiones—of, de — war, guerra — were brought off,fue- 
 ron* conducidos* — without, sin — the, la — smallest, mas 
 pequeha — loss, perdida — in the, a la — immediate 3 , inme- 
 diata 2 — presence 1 , vista 1 — of, de — their, su* — enemy, 
 enemigo. 
 
 THIRD LESSON— LECCION TERCERA. 
 
 FROM ENGLISH TO SPANISH. 
 
 After, despues de — the, la — battle, batalla — of, de — 
 Cowpens, Cowpens, — the, el — retreating 9 army 1 , ejercito 1 
 en retirada 2 — of, deel— general, jeneral— Morgan, Morgan 
 — was, fue — pursued, perseguido — by, por el — Lord, Lord 
 — Cornwallis, Cornwallis — with, con — the, la — activity, ac- 
 tividad — of, de — one, uno — who, que — fancied, imajinaba 
 que* — his, su— enemy, enemigo — was, se hallaba* — with- 
 in, dentro* de los limites* de — his, su — reach, alcance, — 
 and, y — that it*, que — only, solamente — needed, requeria 
 — a, un — slight, lijero — exertion, esfuerzo — to crush him, 
 para destruirlo — for, para — ever, siempre. 
 
 The, la — rain, lluvia — was falling, caia — in, d* — tor- 
 rents, torrentes (llovia a torrentes) — when, cuando — Mor- 
 gan, Morgan — reached, llegb a — the, las — banks, orillas 
 — of, de — Broad river, rio Ancho. He, el — crossed, lo 
 
152 
 
 erso— without, sin — a, un — moment's, momento de_ — de- 
 lay, demora, — and, y — continued, continuo — with, con — 
 unabated, incansable — speed, lijereza — upon* the, el — 
 road, camino — to, para — Virginia, Virjinia — when, cuan- 
 do — Corn wallis 3 arrived 1 , llego 1 Cornwallis 2 — at, al — the, 
 el — same, mismo — spot, lugar — but, pero — a, unas — few, 
 pocas — hours, koras — after, despues — the, el — stream, rio* 
 —had, habia— swollen, crecido — to such, a tal — size, tamano 
 {el rio habia crecido tanto) — as, que — to present, presentaba 
 — an, una — barrier, barrera — impassable, impasable. For, 
 por — two, dos — days, dias — it continued, continuo — undi- 
 minished, sin disminuir; — and,y — when, cuando — it* abat- 
 ed, bajo {el* no*),— Cornwallis, Cornwallis — continued, 
 continuo — the, el — pursuit, alcance — with, con una — unpre- 
 cedented 3 , sin ejemplo 2 — rapidity 1 , rapidez 1 . So, tan — 
 rapid, rdpidos — were,fueron — his, sus — movements, mo- 
 vimientos, — that, que — when, cuando — Morgan's 3 last 1 
 platoons 2 , losidtimos 1 trozos 2 de Morgan* — were, estaban- 
 debarking, desembarcando se — on the, sobre el — opposite 3 
 side 1 , lado 1 opuesto 2 — of, de — the, el — Catawba, Catawba 
 — the, la — vanguard, vanguardia — of, de — the, el — British 3 
 army 1 , ejercito 1 Ingles 2 — reached, llego — the, al — place, 
 paraje, — which, que — they, ellos — had, habian — left, deja- 
 do, — not, no — twenty, veinte — minutes, minutos — before, 
 antes. But, pero — Providence, la* Providencia — was, es- 
 tubo — again, otra vez — on the, al — side, lado [a favor) — of, 
 de — the, los — Americans, Americanos. A 3 , una 2 — rise 3 , 
 creciente* — of 4 , de* — water 5 , agua 5 — took place 1 , sobre- 
 vino 1 — in, en — the, el — Catawba, Catawba, — similar, seme- 
 jante — to that, a aquella — which, que — had, habia — check- 
 ed, detenido — the, a los — British, Ingleses — at, en — Broad 
 river, rio Ancho; — and, y — a 1 roaring 3 flood 3 , una 1 bra- 
 madora 2 creciente 3 — was, fue — thus, del mismo modo, — a* 
 second time, segunda vez — interposed, interpuesta {se in- 
 terpuso segunda vez) — between, entre — them, ellos — and, 
 
153 
 
 y — their, sus — anticipated, presuntas — victims, victimas. 
 Thus, de este modo — was, fue — the, el — army, ejercito— 
 of, de — Morgan, Morgan — twice, dos veces — saved, liber- 
 tado, — by, por— circumstances, acaecimientos— without, sin 
 los — which, cuales — it* must, deberia — inevitably, inevita- 
 blemente — have, haber — fallen, caido — a prey, presa — to 
 the, de* el — superior 3 number 1 , numero 1 superior 2 — and,y 
 — activity, actividad — of, de — its, sus — pursuers, persegui- 
 dores. 
 
 FOURTH LESSON— LECCION CUARTA. 
 
 FROM ENGLISH TO SPANISH. 
 
 Naval Victory. The United States over the British frigate, 
 the Macedonian. 
 
 Victoria Naval. Los Estados Unidos sobre la fragata 
 Inglesa, la Macedonia. 
 
 The 1 United 3 States' frigate 3 , la* fragata 1 de los Esta- 
 dos Unidos 2 , — the, los — United States, Estados Unidos 
 — Captain, Capitan — Stephen Decatur, Estevan De- 
 catur — of, de — 44, cuarenta y cuatro — guns, cahones 
 — carrying, portando — 54, cincuenta y cuatro — having, 
 habiendose — separated, separado — from, de — the, la — 
 squadron, division — under, del* — Commodore, Commodoro 
 — Rodgers, Rodgers — with, con — which, la que — she left*, 
 salio* de — Boston, Boston — on* the, el — 18th, diezy ocko 
 —of, de — October, Octubre — 1812, de mil ochocientos 
 doce, — cruised, cruzaba — in, en — the, las — track*, aguas* 
 — of, de — the, las — British frigates, fragatas Inglesas — 
 until, hasta — the, el — 25th, veinte y cinco, — when, cuando 
 — in, en la* — latitude, latitud — 25 deg., 25 grados — N., 
 Norte — long. 29 deg., longitud, 29 grados — 30 min., 30 
 minutos — W., Oeste — she fell in, se encontro — with, con 
 — the, la — British frigate, fragata Inglesa — Macedonian, 
 Macedonia, — Captain Carden, Capitan Carden — of, de — 
 
154 
 
 38, treinta y ocho — guns, cahones — but, pero— carrying, 
 portando — 49, cuarenta y nueve — the 9 odd 4 one 3 , el* uno 2 
 de non* — being 1 , siendo 1 — a 1 shifting 3 gun 2 , un x canon 
 movible 3 . The, la — Macedonian, Macedonia— was, se 
 hallaba — to, a — windward, barlovento, — and, y — entered, 
 entro — the, en* la — engagement, accion — at, a la — her 
 own distance, distancia en que quiso. For, por — 
 half an hour, media hora — after, despues de* — the, el — 
 commencement, principio — of, de — the, la — action, accion 
 — the, la — United States, Estados Unidos — had no, no tu- 
 vo — opportunity, modo (no pudo) — of, de — using, usar 
 — her, sus — carronades, carronadas — the enemy keeping 1 , 
 porque se mantenia 1 el enemigo— out* of, fuera de— their, su 
 — reach, alcance — and, y que — never once coming, ni una 
 sola vez se acercaba — within, a — the, el — range, alcance 
 — of, de la — grape, metralla — or, 6 de la — musketry, fu- 
 sileria. The, la — action, accion — therefore, por esta 
 causa, — was, fue — of, de — greater, mayor — length, dura- 
 tion — than, que lo — usual, regular, — and, y — continued, 
 continuo — under every, com toda — advantage, ventaja — 
 to, para — the, el — enemy, enemigo, — until, hasta tanto* 
 que* — the, la — United States, Estados Unidos — neared, se 
 acerco — him, a* ella*. The,eZ — fire, fuego — from, de — her, 
 esta* — then, entonces — became,ywe — so, tan — vivid, vivo, 
 — that, que — the 2 enemy's 3 crew 1 , la tripulacion 1 dela* 
 enemiga* — imagining her, creyendola — to be on fire, in- 
 cendiada*, — gave, did — many, muchas — demonstrations, 
 demostraciones — of, de — their, su — joy, jubilo, — and, y — 
 expected, esperaba — every instant, a* cada momento — to 
 see her, el verla — blown up, volarse. But, pero— the, 
 el — Macedonian's 4 mizen 2 mast 1 , palo } de mezana* 
 de la Macedonia^ — was shot away by* the* board*, 
 cayodeun balazo* — her, sus — fore 2 and 3 top 4 masts 1 , 
 masteleros 1 de gavia 2 y 3 velacho* — by, por — the, los — 
 caps, tamboretes, — her, su — lower 2 masts 1 , arboladura 1 
 
155 
 
 baja*—- badly wounded 1 , lastimada* malamerite, — her, su- — 
 main mast 1 , palo 1 mayor — destroyed, destruido, — and, y — 
 all, toda — her, su — rigging, cabulleria — cut up*, cortada. 
 Most of, casi todos — her, sus — guns, cahones — were, es- 
 taban — disabled, inutilizados, — the, la — largest, mayor — 
 part, parte-— of, de — her, su — crew, tripulacion — killed, 
 muerta — and, y — wounded, herida; — and, y — having be- 
 come a perfect wreck, halldndose* completamente desman- 
 telada* — she* surrendered, se rindio — after, despues de — 
 an, una — action, accion — of, de — an, una — hour, hora — 
 and, y — an* half, media — at, a — the, el — moment, momen- 
 to — when, en que — the, la — United States, Estados JJnidos 
 — was about, viba — to rake her, a arrasarla* con sus* 
 fuegos*, de* popa* a proa*. 
 
 FIFTH LESSON— LECCION QUINTA. 
 
 FROM ENGLISH TO SPANISH. 
 
 Naval Victory. The Constitution over the British frigate 
 the Java. 
 
 Victoria Naval. La Constitucion sobre lafragata Ingle- 
 sa, la Java. 
 
 A, un — p\&n, plan — had 3 been 1 , se 1 habia 2 — matured, 
 madurado (acordado*) — at, en — the, el — navy 3 depart 
 ment 1 , departamento 1 de % marina** — for, para — a, un — 
 cruise, crucero — in, en — the, los — South 3 Seas 1 , mares 1 
 del Sud 2 , — and, y— the, la— frigate, fragata — Constitution, 
 Constitucion— now 2 , aora 2 (entonces) — commanded 1 , man- 
 ddda 1 — by, por el — Commodore, Commodoro — William 
 Bainbridge, Guillermo Bainbridge,— the f la— Essex, Essex 
 — Captain, Capitan {su comandante*) — Porter, Porter — 
 and, y — the, la — Hornet, Hornet, — Captain, su coman- 
 dante — Lawrence, Lawrence — were, fueron — selected, es- 
 
156 
 
 cojidas — to, para — prosecute, proseguir — the, el — voyage, 
 viaje — in, en — company, consorcio*. On, en — the, el — 
 27th, veinte y siete — of, de — October, Octubre — 1812, de 
 mil ochocientos doce — the, la — Essex, Essex — sailed, did 
 la vela* — from, de — the, el — Delaware, Delaware, — and, 
 y — on, en — the, el — 30th, treinta — the, la — Constitution, 
 Constitution — and, y — Hornet, Hornet, — from, de — Bos- 
 ton, Boston; — several 3 , varios 3 — places 4 , puntos* — of, de 
 — rendezvous, rendevous — having 1 been, kabiendo 1 sido — 
 assigned 2 , acordados 2 — at, en — either, cualquiera — of 
 which, de los que — this, esta — force, fuerza — was to be 
 united, debia estar unida (debia* wrar.se,*) — to proceed, 
 para dirijirse — upon, al* — the* cruise, crucero. On, en — 
 the, el— 29th, veinte y nueve—of, de— December, Diciembre 
 — the, la — union, union — of, de — these, estos — vessels, bu- 
 ques — had not, no se habia — yet, aim — been* effected, 
 efectuado; — and, y — on, en — that, aquel — day, dia — the, 
 la — Constitution, Constitution — descried, avisto — a, una — 
 sail, vela — at, al — meridian, mediodia, — in, en la — lat. lati- 
 tud — 13 deg. de 13 grados — 6 min. 6 minutos — S. Sud — 
 long. 38 W. lonjitud 38 Oeste, — ten, diez — leagues, leguas 
 — from, de — St. Salvador, San Salvador, — which, la que 
 — she* soon, al punto — discovered, descubrio — to be ser 
 — a, una — British frigate 1 ,fragata Inglesa. At, d la — 
 50 2 minutes 3 past l 1 , P.* M. una 1 y cincuenta 2 minutos 3 , 
 — the, el — enemy, enemigo — bore down, arribo — with an, 
 con una {con la) — intention, intention — of, de — raking, 
 arrasar* con* susfuegos de popa a proa — the, a la — Con- 
 stitution, Constitution, — which, lo que — she, ella — avoided, 
 evito — by wearing, orzando. Much manoeuvring took 
 place*, se maniobrb mucho — on, en — both, ambos — sides, 
 lados, — the object 3 , el objeto 2 — of 3 , de 3 — the, el — enemy 4 , 
 enemigo 4 — being 1 , siendo 1 — to rake, eldirijir* sus* fuegos 
 de*popa a proa*, — and, y el de — the, la — Constitution, 
 Constitution — to avoid being raked, el* evitarlo*, — and, y 
 
157 
 
 —to draw, sacar — the, al* — enemy, enemigo— from, de— the, 
 la— neutral 3 coast 1 , costa 1 neutral 2 . At 2 P. M. a las 2. de la 
 tarde — the, el — enemy, enemigo — was, estaba — within half 
 a mile, cerca* de media* milla* — of, de — the, la — Consti- 
 tution, Constitution — and, y — to, a — windward, barlovento 
 — having, habiendo — hauled down, arriado — his, su — co- 
 lours, bandera — except, escepto — the, el — union jack, jack 
 de la union — which, que — was, estaba — at, en — the, el — 
 mizen 3 mast 3 head 1 , tope 1 del* palo 2 de mesana 3 . A, un — 
 gun, canon — was 1 then 3 fired 3 , se x disparo 2 entonces 3 — to, 
 para — make him, hacerle — show*, izar* — his, su — colours, 
 bandera; — but, pero — the, el — gun, cahonazo* — was, fue 
 — answered, correspondido — by, por — a whole, toda una 
 — broadside, andanada. The, la — enemy's colours, ban- 
 dera* enemiga* — were then*, fue entonces* — hoisted, izada 
 (el enemigo izb entonces su bandera) — and, y — the, la — 
 action, action— begun, principio— with, con — round, bala—- 
 and, j/-grape, metralla; — but, pero— he, el — kept, se mantu- 
 vo~ to, a — such 3 , tan 3 — a 1 , una 1 — great 3 ,gran 3 — distance 4 , 
 distantia* — that, que — the, la — grape, metralla-*- had, tuvo 
 (produjo) — little, poco — effect, efecto, — and, y — to, el — 
 bring him, traerlo — nearer, was cerca, — -would expose, hu- 
 biera espuesto — the, a* la — Constitution, Constitution — 
 to a, a un — severe raking, fuego* arrasante* de* popa* d 
 proa. At 30 minutes past two, a las* dos y* media, — 
 both, ambas — ships, fragatas — were, se hallaron — within 1 
 good 3 canister 4 distance 3 , d 1 buena* disiancia 3 de* metral- 
 la*, — when, cuando — the, la — Constitution's wheel 1 , 
 rueda x del timon de la Constitution — was shot away, se* 
 la* llevo un* balazo*. At 1 40 minutes past two 3 , a las 1 2 a 
 y* cuarenta* minutos,* — the fore and main sail, las velas de 
 trinquete y mayor — were set, se* largaron*, — and, y — 
 Commodore Bainbridge, el* Comodoro Bainbridge — being 
 now, halldndose en* aquel* momento — determined, resuelto 
 
 — to close*, a abozarse* — with con — him, el (el enemigo) 
 14 
 
158 
 
 —luffed up, orzo sobre* el* — for, para— that purpose, aqnel 
 efecto {al efecto) — and, y— in, en— ten, diez— minutes, minu- 
 tos— after, despues — the enemy's 3 jib-boom 1 — el botalon 1 de 
 foque del enemigo 2 — got foul, se travo con — the Constitu- 
 tion's 2 * mizen 2 rigging 1 , lajarcia 3 de* mesana 2 de la Con- 
 stitucion 3 , — and, y — in, en — another, otros — ten, diez — 
 minutes, minutos — his, su — bowsprit, bopres — and, y — jib- 
 boom, botalon de foque — were,fueron — shot away, rotos* de 
 un* balazo . At 1 5 3 minutes* past three 3 2 , a las 1 Ires' 1 y* 
 cinco 3 minutos* — his, su — main top mast, mastelero de gavia 
 — was shot away, cay 6* de* un balazo* — just, justamente — 
 above, sobre — the cap, el tamborete. This, esto — was,/we 
 — followed* seguido — by, de* la* — loss, perdida — of, de — 
 his, sms — gaff and spanker boom, botavaras cangrejas, — 
 and, y — soon, pronto (poco*) — after, despues — his, su — 
 mainmast, palo mayor — went, cay 6* — nearly, casi — by 
 the board, por lafogonadura. At, a las — 5 minutes past 4, 
 cuatro y cinco minutos — the, el — enemy, enemigo — was, 
 fue — completely, completamente — silenced, silenciado, — 
 and, y— his 3 , su 3 —- colours*, bandera 4 — at the main 5 , 
 del palo 5 mayor 5 — being 1 down 2 , estando* arriada 2 
 — it was, se — thought, creyb — he* had, que* se habia 
 — surrendered, rendido. The, la — Constitution, Constitu- 
 tion — therefore, en razon de esto — shot ahead, mareO de 
 proa — to, para — repair, reparar — damages, averias — 
 which, lo cual — being done, habiendose concluido, — and, y 
 — the 1 enemy's 3 flag 2 , la 1 bandera 2 del enemigo 3 — hav- 
 ing, habiendose — discovered, descubierto — to be, estar — fly- 
 ing, izada % — she wore, arribo, — and, y — stood, navego 
 — for, sobre* — the, el — enemy, enemigo — in, en— handsome, 
 un* gallardo — style, estilo — and, y — got close, se* aproc- 
 simo— -athwart his bows, atravesdndose por las aletas de 
 popa — in, en — an, una — effectual 2 position 1 , position 1 ven- 
 tajosa* — for raking, para arrasarla con susfuegos, — when, 
 ouando — his, su — fore-mast, palo de trinquete — having, 
 
159 
 
 habiendose — also, tambien — gone, caido — by the board, por 
 la fogonadura — and, y— seeing, viendo — that, que— further, 
 mayor* — resistance, resistencia — would be, seria — useless, 
 inutil, — whilst, cuando — he lay, estaba reducido—so un- 
 manageable a wreck, a uri* desmantelamiento* tan* inma- 
 nejable — he struck, arrio — his, su — colours, bandera, — 
 and, y — was, se — immediately, inmediatamente — taken, 
 tomb — possession, posesion — of, de ella* — by, por — Lieu- 
 tenant, eh teniente — Parker, Parker, — and, y — found, se 
 hallo — to be, ser — his majesty's ship 1 , la*fragata l de su 
 Majestad — Java, Java — of, de — 38 guns, treinta y ocho 
 cahones — mounting, montando — 49, cuarenta y nueve, — 
 commanded, mandada — by, por — a, un — distinguished, 
 distinguido — officer, oficial, — Captain Lambert, Capitan 
 Lambert, — who was, que fue — mortally, mortalmente — 
 wounded, herido — in, en — the, la — action, accion. 
 
 The, la — Constitution, Constitucion — had, tuvo — 9 men, 
 nueve hombres — killed, muertos — and, y — 52 wounded, 
 cincuenta y dos heridos. The, la— Java, Java— had, tuvo— 
 60 killed, sesenta muertos — and, y — 170 wounded, ciento 
 setenta heridos. 
 
 SIXTH LESSON— SECSTA LECCION. 
 
 FROM ENGLISH TO SPANISH. 
 
 It was, fue — on, en — the, el — 1st, primero — of, de — 
 August, Agosto, — 1798, de* mil setecientos noventa y ocho 
 — that, que — Captain Hood, el* Capitan Hood, — in, en — 
 the, el — Zealous, Zealous, — discovered, descubrio — the, la 
 — French fleet, escuadra francesa — in, en — Aboukir Bay, 
 la* baia de Aboukir. They 3 , ellos 2 — appeared 1 , se vio 1 
 que* — to be, estaban* — moored, anclados — in, en — a, una 
 — compact 3 , compacta 2 — line 1 , linea 1 — of, de — battle, ba- 
 talla, — supported, sostenida — by, por — a, una — battery, 
 
160 
 
 bateria — of, de — guns, canones, — and, y — mortars, mor- 
 tcros — on, sobre — an, una — island, isla — in, en — their, su 
 — van, vanguardia — while, mientras que — their, sus — 
 flanks, fancos — were, estaban — strengthened, resforzados 
 — by, por — gun-boats, lanchas canoneras. 
 
 Although, sin embargo de que — the, el — wind, viento — 
 blew fresh, soplaba recio*, — and, y que — the, el — day, dia 
 — was far spent, estaba al concluirse*, — yet, no obstante — 
 the, el — admiral, Almirante — made, hizo — the, la — signal, 
 sehal — for, para el* — battle, combate, — and, y — signified, 
 signified — at, d — the, el — same, mismo — time, tiempo — 
 that, que — it was, era — his, su — intention, intencion — to 
 attack, atacar — the 1 enemy's 5 van 3 and 3 centre 4 , Za 1 van- 
 guardia 2 y* centro x del enemigo 5 —as it lay, segun estaba— 
 at, al— anchor, ancla, — according, en conformidad — to the, 
 del — plan, plan — already, ya — communicated, comunicado 
 — by, por — him, el — to, d — the, los — respective, respectivos 
 — captains, capitanes, (comandantes.) 
 
 The, la — British fleet, escuadra Inglesa, — every, cada 
 — ship, navio — of which, de la que — sounded, sondo — its, 
 su — way, camino — -as it, segun* se* — proceeded, adelanta- 
 ba, — stood in*, se dirijio al puerto*; — and, y — Sir Horatio, 
 Sir Horatio — being* struck, asaltado* — with, con — the, la 
 idea, idea, — that, de que — where, en donde — there was, 
 habia — room, lugar — for, para que — one ship, un navio-— 
 to swing, balancease* ,— there was, habia — room*, cabida* 9 
 for another, para que* otro — to anchor, anclase ; — mea- 
 sures 3 , medidas* — were 1 taken, se tomaron 1 -.-for, para — 
 carrying, llevar* — this, e&ta^- idea, idea — into, d — effect, 
 efecto,- — notwithstanding, no obstante que — the, el — Cullo^ 
 den, Culloden — had, se habia — grounded, barado — on, en 
 la — Bequier Island, Isla de Bequier. The Goliath, el 
 Goliath — and Zealous, y Zealous, — together, juntamente — 
 with, con — the Orion, el Orion — the Audacious, el Auda- 
 cious — and, y — the Theseus, el Theseus — led inside, se* 
 
161 
 
 dirijieron acta dentro, — and, y — received, recibieron — a* 
 el* — most, mas — tremendous, tremendo — fire,fuego— from, 
 de — the, la — van, vanguardia — of, de — the, Za— fleet, escu- 
 adra, — as well, como tambien — from, de — the, las — bat- 
 teries, baterias — on shore, de* tierra,*— while, mientras que 
 — the, la — Vanguard, Vanguardia — anchored, anclaba — 
 on the outside, en la parte de afuera (delante) — of, de— 
 the, el — enemy, enemigo, — within half, a medio — pistol 3 
 shot 1 , tiro* de* pistola 2 — of, de — the Spartiate, el Sparti- 
 ate. The Minotaur, el Minotaur — Defence, Defence — Bel- 
 lerophon, Bellerophon— Majestic, Maj estic-Smf tsure, Swift- 
 sure — and, y — Alexander, Alexander — came up, llegaron 
 — in, d — succession, continuacion; — and, y — Captain 
 Thompson, el* Capitan Thompson — of, de — the, el — Lean- 
 der, Leander^ — dropped, arrio — her, su — anchor, ancla — 
 athwart, atravesdndose a — the, los — hawse, escovenes de 
 proa — of, de — the Franklin, el Franklin — an, un — eighty 3 
 gun* ship, navio de* ochenta 2 — in, de* — such a masterly 
 manner, un modo tan majistral, — as to annoy, que* moles- 
 taba — both, d un tiempo — her, al* Franklin* — and, y — 
 L 1 Orient, al* L' Orient. 
 
 Nothwithstanding, sin embargo de* — the, la — darkness, 
 oscuridad — that, que — soon, prontamente* — ensued, succe- 
 did, — le Guerrier, el Guerrier — was, fue — dismasted, de- 
 sarbolado — in, en — the, el — course, curso — of, de — few, 
 pocos — minutes, minutos, — while, mientras— the twilight, 
 el crepusculo* — yet remained, duraba aun (durante* el cre- 
 piisculo*);—\e Conquerant, el C onquer ant, —and, y— le Spar- 
 tiate, el Spartiate~were f fueron—a\so, tambien~soon,pron- 
 tamente— reduced, reducidos— to, d — a,«na — similar 3 , seme- 
 jante 1 — state 1 , situacion 1 : — L'Aguilon, el Aquilon — le 
 Souverain Peuple, el Souverain Peuple, — and, y — le Spar- 
 tiate, el Spartiate — surrendered, se* rendieron; — soon, poco 
 — after, despues — which, deloque — the, el — admiral's ship, 
 navio del Almirante, — l'Orient, el* V Orient — was, *e — dis- 
 14* 
 
162 
 
 covered, descubruy— on fire, ardiendo*, — and, y— -the, las 
 — flames, llamas — burst, se estendieron — forthwith, inme- 
 diatamente— with, con — such, tal — rapidity, rapidez — that 1 , 
 que 1 — great 3 , grandes 3 — apprehensions 4 , recelos* — were 
 entertained 2 , se* concibieron* 2 — not, no — only, solamente — 
 for, por — her, su — safety, salvamento, — but, sino* — also, 
 tambien — that, por el*— of, de — such, aquellos — ships, navi- 
 os — of, de — the, la — British fleet 1 , escuadra 1 Inglesa — as, 
 que — were, estaban— -in, en — her, su — immediate, inmedia- 
 ta — vicinity, vecindad. The, el — only, unico — boat, bote — 
 in a condition, en una condicion (capaz) — to swim, de 
 navegar — was, fue — immediately, inmediatamente — des- 
 patched, despackado — from, de — the, el — English 3 admi- 
 ral's 3 ship 1 , navio 1 del Almirante 2 Ingles 3 ; , — and, y — the, 
 los — commanders, comandantes — of, de — others, otros — 
 following, siguiendo — the, el — example, ejemplo % — about, 
 cerca de — seventy, sententa — lives, vidas — were, se — saved, 
 salvaron; — and, y — many, muchas — more, mas — would 
 have been, hubieran sido — rescued, libertadas — from, de* 1 
 la — death, muerte, — had not, sino* se hubiera — L'Orient, 
 el L'Orient — blown up*, volado — suddenly, repentinamente 
 — with, con— a 1 , una 1 — most 3 , la mas 3 — tremendous 4 , ire- 
 menda* — explosion 2 , esplosion 2 . 
 
 With, con — the, el — interval, intervalo — of, de — this, 
 este — awful, horrible — moment, moment — only, solamente 
 — excepted, esceptuado, — the 2 , el 2 — firing 3 , fuego 3 — con- 
 tinued 1 , continuo 1 ; — and, y — the 4 , Za 4 — victory 5 , vietoria 5 
 — having 1 , habiendo 1 — been 3 , sido 2 — secured 3 , asegura* 
 da 3 — in 6 the, en 6 la — van, vanguardia, — such*, aquellos* — 
 ships, navios — as were not, que no estaban — disabled, ina~ 
 bilitados — bore down, arribaron — upon, sob-re — those, 
 aquellos — of, de — the, el — enemy, enemigo — that, que — bad 
 not been, no se habian hallado — in, en — the, el — engage- 
 ment, combate. 
 
 When, cuando — the, el — dawn, alba — developed, puso 
 
163 
 
 de manifesto (manifesto) — the, la — scene, escena — of, de 
 — this, este — terrible, terrible — conflict, conflicto — only, so- 
 lamente — two, dos — sail, buques — of the* line, de linea — 
 le Gilleaume Tell,eZ Gilleaume Tell, — and, y — le Genereux, 
 el Genereux — were, fueron — discovered, descubiertos — 
 with, con — their, sus — colours, banderas — flying, desplc- 
 gadas, — all 3 , todos* — the 3 , los 3 — rest*, restantes* — having 1 , 
 habiendo* — struck, arriado— their, sus — ensigns, insignias. 
 These, estos — conscious, penetrados — of, de — their, su — 
 danger, peligro, — together, juntamente — with, con — two, 
 dos — frigates, fragatas — cut,picaron* — their, sus — cables, 
 cables — in, en — the, el — course, curso—of, de — the, la — 
 morning, manana, — and, y — stood* out*, se* hicieron* — 
 to sea, al mar. The, el — whole, todo — of, de — the, el — 
 2d, dos, — and, y — 3d, tres— of, de — August, Agosto — 
 was*, fueron — employed, empleados — -in, en — securing, 
 asegurar — the, los — French ships, na.vios franceses — that, 
 oue-~ had, habian — struck, arriado. 
 
 SEVENTH LESSON— SEPTIMA LECCIOJT. 
 
 FROM ENGLISH TO SPANISH. 
 
 The last moments of Lord Nelson. 
 Los postreros momentos de Lord Nelson. 
 
 Previously, antes — to* the, del — commencement, prin- 
 cipio — of, de — the, el — battle, combate — of, de — Trafalgar, 
 Trafalgar — Lord Nelson, el* Lord Nelson — was, fue — 
 over*, d — the, los — different, diversos — decks, entrepu- 
 entes* — of, de — the, el — 'Victory, Victory — saw, vio — and, 
 y— spoke, hablo — to, a — the, las — different, diversas — 
 classes, clases — of, de — seamen, marineros — encouraged 
 them, los alento — with, con — his, su — usual 3 affability *, afa- 
 bilidad 1 acostumbrada* — and, y — was 1 much 3 pleased 3 , se 1 
 
164 
 
 complacio* mucho* — at the manner, del modo — in which, 
 en que — the, los — seamen, marineros — had, habian — barri- 
 caded, obstruido — the, los — hawse holes, escovenes — of, de 
 — the, el — ship, navio. AH, todo — was, yacia* — perfect 2 
 deathMike 3 silence 1 , en* un* silencio 1 perfectamente* pare- 
 cido* al* de la* muerte*, — till, hasta — just, justamente — 
 before, antes que — the, la — action, accion — began, prin- 
 cipiase. Three, tres — cheers, vivas — were given, se le 
 dieron a — his, su — lordship, Sehoria — as, cuando* — he* 
 ascended, subio — the 1 quarter-deck ladder 2 , la 1 escalera* 
 del alcazar. He* had been, el* Lord* fue — particular, 
 prolijo — in, en — recommending, recomendar — cool*, un* 
 pasivo* — and, y — steady, detenido — firing, fuego, — in pre- 
 ference, en preferencia — to, de* — a, uno — hurrying fire*, 
 precipitado, — without aim, sin punteria — or, 6 — precision, 
 precision, — and, y — the, el — event, resultado — justified, 
 justified— his 2 lordship's 3 advice 1 , el consejo 1 desu 2 Senoria z 
 — as, cuando — the, los — masts, polos — of, de — his, sus— 
 opponents, oponentes — came tumbling down, cayeron* de* 
 falondres* — on, sobre — their, sus — decks, cubiertas, — and, 
 y — over, a* — their, sus — sides, costados. Within*, a la* — 
 half an hour, media hora — after, despues, — the, el — battle, 
 combate — began, principio — to rage, a desolar — in, con — 
 its full*, todo* su — fury, furor; — the, la — royal marines, 
 tropa* Real de* Marina — on, sobre — the poop, el alca- 
 zar — soon, pronto — felt, sintid — the, el — effect, efecto — of, 
 de — the, el — system, sistema — of, de — sharp-shooting, ha- 
 cer* fuego* con punteria*— from the top, de los topes— of, de 
 — the 1 enemy's ships 2 , los 1 navios 2 del enemigo. The 2 men 3 , 
 los 2 hombres 3 — began 1 , empezaron 1 — to drop, d caer— 
 fast, apriesa, — and, y — poor, el* pobre — Captain, Capitan 
 — Adair, Adair — of, de — the, los — royal marines, Mari- 
 nos Reales — was,/we — struck, tocado — with, por — a 1 rifle 
 ball 3 , una 1 bala 2 de* raifel, — which, lo que — so, tanto — 
 irritated him, lo irrito — that, que — he* asked, pidio — Lord 
 
165 
 
 j 
 Nelson, al* Lord Nelson — leave, permiso — to take up in 
 
 the tops, para llevar a los topes — and, y — place, poner 
 en* ellos* — some, algunos — of, de — his royal marine 
 : party, de su partida de la Real Marina, — with, con — an, 
 «n — officer, oficial, — to, para — counteract, contrarestar — 
 the, el — destructive 2 , destructor 2 — fire 1 , fuego 1 — of, de 
 — those, aquellos — sharp 2 shooters 1 , tiradores* finos*— 
 of, de — the, el — enemy, enemigo. The, los — men, hom- 
 bres (la tropa) — went up, subieronpor* — the, las — shrouds, 
 jarcias, — and, y — as, cuando* — Captain Adair, el* Capi- 
 tan Adair — was* ascending*, siibia*, — he* fell, cayo— 
 quite, casi — dead, muerto — on, sobre — the, el — poop, alca- 
 zar, — perforated through, pasado* departe* a parte — with, 
 con— near, cerca de— twenty, veinte — balls, balas — from, 
 de — those, aquellos — marksmen, cazadores*. The 2 , la 2 — 
 action 3 , action* — then 1 , entonces 1 — became very hot, se 
 enardecio* infinito — and, y — Lord Nelson, el Lord Nelson 
 — was, fue — advised, aconsejado — not , de* no — to appear, 
 aparecer — so, tan — conspicuously, conspicuamente, — in full 
 uniform, en completo uniforme — to the mark, para* ser el 
 bianco* — of, de — the, los — topmen, tiradores* de* los* 
 topes* — of, de — the, el — enemy, enemigo. 
 
 His, su — answer, respuesta — ought, debe — to be, ser — 
 recorded, archivada — in, en — the, el — heart, corazon — of, 
 de — every, cada — Briton, Ingles, — and, y — engraven, es- 
 culpida — on, sobre — his, su — monument, tumba. " No," 
 " no," — said, dijo — his lordship, su Sehoria — *' whatever, 
 cualquiera que — may be,pueda ser — the,eZ — consequence, 
 resultado,— the, las — insignia, insignias — of, de — the, los 
 —honours, honores — I* now wear, que* llevo aora — I* 
 gained, las* he* ganado — by, poi — the, los — exertions, es- 
 fuerzos* — of, de — British seamen, marineros Ingleses — 
 under, bajo — my, mi — command, mando, — in, en — various, 
 varias — parts, partes — of, de — the, el — world, mundo; — 
 aqd, y— in, en — the, la — hour, hora — of, del — danger, pe- 
 
166 
 
 Hgro, — I* am proud, tengo* la vanidad* — to show them, 
 de mostr arias — to, a — the, los — enemies, enemigos — of, de 
 — Old England, la* antigua* Inglaterra, — I 1 will 3 never 2 
 part 3 with them, yo l nunca* me* las quitare 3 ; — if, si — it, 
 please God,/wese la voluntad de Dios — I am to fall, que 
 deba caer — I* will* expire, espirare — with, con — these, 
 estos — trophies, trofeos — entwined, entrelazados— round, al 
 rededor de — my, mi — heart, corazon." About, casi — a> 
 un — quarter, cuarto — before, antes de las* — two, dos — the, 
 la — fatal bullet 1 , bala 1 fatal — struck, did — his lordship, a 
 su Senoria — above, sobre — the, la — star, estrella — on the, 
 del* — left 2 side 1 , lado 1 izquierdo 2 . 
 
 By, por — the, las — first, primeras — accounts, noticias — 
 Lord Nelson's 3 fall 1 , la caida* de Lord Nelson* — waS 
 understood, se entendio — to have, el haber — been, sido — 
 occasioned, ocasionada — by, por — a, un — shot, tiro — from, 
 de— the, la — main-round top, cofa* mayor* — of, de~the, el 
 — Santisima Trinidad, Santisima Trinidad. The shot, el 
 tiro — was afterwards said, se dijo despues — to have, haber 
 sido — from, de — the, el — Bucentaure, Bucentaure; — -but, 
 pero — the, la — general 3 , jeneral 2 — belief 1 , creenciai — now 
 is, es aora, — that, que — it was, fue — fired, disparado — 
 from, de — the, el — mizen-top, el tope de mesana — of, de — 
 the, el — French ship, navio fiances — Redoubtable, el* Re- 
 doubtable. 
 
 EIGHTH LESSON— OC TUFA LECCJON. 
 
 FROM ENGLISH TO SPANISH. 
 
 Admiral Boscawen's Wig. 
 La Peluca de el Almirante Boscawen. 
 
 When, cuando — Admiral, el* Almirante — Boscawen, Bos- 
 cawen — added*, acrecento* — so, tan — gloriously, gloriosa- 
 
167 
 
 mente — to* the, los* — laurels, laurels — so 2 , tan 2 — often 3 , 
 amenudo 3 — reaped l , cosechados ' — by, por — the, los — Bri- 
 tish 3 tars 1 — marineros 1 Ingleses 2 , — and, y — defeated, 
 derroto — the, la — French fleet 1 , escuadra 1 francesa, — he* 
 was, estuvo — under*, en* — the, la — necessity, necesidad — 
 of, de — going*, ir* — on board, abordo de — a, un — boat, 
 bote, — in* order, para* — to shift*, pasar* — his, su — flag*, 
 insignia* — from, de — his own*, su — ship, navio — to, a — 
 another, otro — in the midst, en medio — of, de — a, un — vio- 
 lent*, violenta* — storm, tempestad. In, en — his, su — 
 passage, travesia — a* shot*, una bala — went* through*, 
 paso* — the 1 boat's 3 side 2 , el 1 costado 2 del bote 3 , — when 1 , 
 cuando 1 — the 3 , el 3 — Admiral 4 , Almirante* — taking off 2 , 
 quitdndose 2 — his wig, sa peluca, — stopped*, tapo* — the 
 leak, el agujero — with it, con ella, — and, y — by, por — that*, 
 este*— means, medio— kept*, liberto* — the*, aZ*— boat, bote 
 — from, de — sinking, irse* a pique*, — until, hasta* que— he 
 made*, llegb — the* ship, al* navio — he intended, en que* se 
 propuso* — to hoist, arbolar — his flag in*, su insignia. 
 Thus, de este modo — by, por — a, una — presence, presencia 
 — of mind, de animo — so natural, tan natural — to* the, en* 
 el — worthy? meritorio — admiral, Almirante, — was, fue — 
 himself, el mismo — saved, salvo {se salvo a si mismo) — and, 
 y — enabled*, se* hallo apto —to, para — continue, continuar 
 — the engagement, el combate — which, que — ended, termino 
 — so gloriously, tan gloriosamente — to, para — the, la — Bri- 
 tish nation, nacion Britanica. 
 
1G8 
 LECCION PRIMERA. 
 
 Empresas JYavales y Militares. 
 
 El cuidadoso favor de la providencia, acaso, jamas fue 
 tan visible y fuertemente demostrado, como durante la revolu- 
 tion Americana ; y jamas tuvo pueblo alguno mas justas 
 causaspara tributar reverentes agradetimientos, (acciones* 
 de gratias*) que los habitantes de las provintias de la 
 Gran Bretana, en su lid por la independencia. 
 
 En el aho de mil setecientos setenta y cinco, ocurrio ser 
 objeto del mayor momento, que el ejercito Ingles fuese desa- 
 lojado del pueblo de Boston, que entonces lo ocvpaba, bajoel 
 Jeneral Gage. Se enviaron al Jeneral Washington or- 
 denes del congresopara que efectuase el objeto a todo trance. 
 Washington habia visto de antemano que la posesion* de 
 las alturas de Dorchester le proporcionaria decididas ven- 
 tajas sobre el enemigo, y al punto (now) determino ocupar- 
 las a todo riesgo. Se fjo lanoche del 14 de Marzo de 
 1775, para la empresa, y en cuanto anochecio, emprendio 
 una rdpida, pero silenciosa marcha, una gran division del 
 ejercito Americano, llevando consigo picos, palas y aza- 
 dones, con el intento de construir un fuerte provisional 
 (temporary). No tardaron muchos (los* Americanos*) en 
 llegar al lugar proyectado; cuando dejando a un lado las 
 armas, dieron principio a sus trabajos nocturnos* (mid. 
 night) despreciando el vivo cahoneo, que el ruido de su 
 faena les atrajo, de los buques Ingleses. Por la mahana, 
 el admirado gefe Ingles vib las alturas de Dorchester cu~ 
 biertas de hombres y una fortification que progresaba ra- 
 pidamente, la cual, suferiendose que continuara hastafinali- 
 zarse paria en poco tiempo d Boston inocupable por sus 
 tropas. El gefe Ingles (he) determino al punto asaltar y 
 tomar las obras, aun no concluidas, de los Americanos, 
 como medio unico de conservar la ocupation de la tiudad. 
 Era el dia uno de los mas despejados y hermosos, cuando 
 
169 
 FIRST LESSON. 
 
 Naval and Military Achievements. 
 
 The superintending favour of Providence, was never, 
 perhaps, more strongly and visibly shown, than during the 
 American revolution; and never had a people more just 
 cause for pious thankfulness, than the inhabitants of the 
 provinces of Great Britain, in their struggle for indepen- 
 dence. 
 
 In the year 1775, it became a matter of the highest mo- 
 ment, that the British army should be driven from the town 
 of Boston, which it then occupied, under the command of 
 General Gage. Orders from Congress were sent to Gene- 
 ral Washington to effect this object at every risk. Wash- 
 ington had long seen, that the command of Dorchester 
 Heights would give him decided advantages over the ene- 
 my; and he now determined, at all hazards, to possess him- 
 self of them. The night of the 14th of March, 1775, was 
 fixed upon for the attempt; and, as soon as it was dark, a 
 large detachment of the American army commenced a ra- 
 pid but silent march, carrying with them picks, spades, and 
 mattocks, for the purpose of constructing a temporary for- 
 tification. It was not very long before they arrived at the 
 appointed spot; when, laying aside their arms, they began 
 their midnight toil, unmindful of the brisk cannonade, 
 which the noise of their labours brought upon them from 
 the British shipping. In the morning, the astonished com- 
 mander of the English saw the heights of Dorchester co- 
 vered with men, and a fortification rapidly progressing, 
 which, if suffered to be completed, would, in a short time, 
 render Boston untenable by his troops. He at once deter- 
 mined to storm and carry the yet unfinished works of the 
 Americans, as the only means of keeping possession of the 
 town. The day was one o^ cloudless beauty, when he 
 gave the necessary order for the embarkation of a detach- 
 15 
 
170 
 
 did la orden conveniente para el embarque de un grueso de 
 su ejercito, afin de cruzar el angosto islote que lo separaba 
 de los sitiadores. Columna tras columna, revozando con- 
 fianza en la victoria, marcharon a la orilla del agua en 
 donde se hallaban listos los botes de los buques para reci- 
 birlos. Los Americanos, en la orilla opuesta, observaban 
 sus movimientos, y con sus corazones ecsaltados se prepara- 
 ban activamente para la defensa. Mas apenas se hubieron 
 embarcado los primeros trozos, cuando se levanto una tern- 
 pestad, casi instantdneamente. Las olas corrian furiosa- 
 mente sobre la plea marea, y el paso se hizo intransitable. 
 Fue necesaria la demora, y los tres dias que se sigui- 
 eron de viento y lluvia violenta, impidieron efectivamente 
 la repeticion de la empresa. Los Americanos completaron 
 sus fortificaciones ; y hallando los Ingleses la ciudad do- 
 minada por la artilleria de los sitiadores, se embarcaron 
 abordo de sus buques y la abandonaron. 
 
 Fin de la Leccion Primera. 
 
 LECCION SEGUNDA. 
 
 Otro ejemplo, no menos imponente de la interposicion de la 
 divina providencia, ocurrio despues de la desastrosa suerte 
 del ejercito Americano en Long Island. El Jeneral Wash- 
 ington se habia retirado dentro de las lineas de Brooklyn. 
 A su f rente se hallaba el enemigo, quien por una atrevida 
 y rdpida carga hubiera tornado las debiles fortificaciones 
 que protejian a aquel. A su retaguardia y separdndolo de 
 Nueva York^ se hallaba el Rio del Este, en el que, solo la 
 permanencia de los fueries vientos deNordeste impedian 
 la entrada de la escuadra Inglesa. En esta angustiada 
 gituacion, en este urjente riesgo de hallarse situado entre 
 dosfuegos, con un ejercito vencido y desalentado, determino 
 evacuar su posicion y retirarse a Nueva York, como el 
 unico medio de seguridad. 
 
171 
 
 ment of his army, to cross the narrow inlet, which separat- 
 ed him from the besiegers. Column after column, ex- 
 ulting with the confidence of victory, marched to the 
 water's edge, where the boats of the shipping were in 
 readiness to receive them. The Americans, on the oppo- 
 site shore, marked all their movements, and with anxious 
 hearts were making their hurried preparations for defence. 
 Scarcely, however, had the foremost platoons embarked, 
 when a storm arose, almost instantaneously — the wave3 
 rolled wildly on the ebbing tide, and the passage became 
 impracticable. Delay became necessary, and the three 
 days of violent wind and rain which followed, effectually 
 prevented the repetition of the attempt. The Americans 
 completed their fortifications; and the British, finding the 
 town commanded by the artillery of the besiegers, embark- 
 ed on board of their shipping and abandoned it. 
 
 End of the first Lesson. 
 
 SECOND LESSON. 
 
 Another, and no less striking instance of the interposi- 
 tion of Divine Providence, occurred after the disastrous 
 fate of the American army on Long Island. Genera! 
 Washington had retreated within the lines at Brooklyn. 
 Before him was the enemy, who, by a bold and rapid 
 charge, could have carried the slight fortifications which 
 protected him. Behind him and separating him from New 
 York, was the East river, into which the prevalence of a 
 strong north-east wind alone prevented the British fleet 
 from entering. In this distressing situation, in hourly dan- 
 ger of being placed between two fires, with a vanquished 
 and dispirited army, he determined to evacuate his position, 
 and retire into New York, as the only means of safety. 
 
172 
 
 En el momento de su retirada, el viento Nordeste que 
 hubiera hecho el paso del rio en eslremo peligroso, cambib 
 al Nordeste, y las ajitadas aguas hasta entonces quedaron 
 lianas y tranquilas (se apaciguaron.) Al mismo tiempo 
 una espesa niebla cubrib toda Long Island de oscuridad, y 
 encubrib el movimiento de los Americanos, mientras que la 
 atmosfera de Nueva York estaba perfectamente clara ; y 
 cuando el sol de la manana disipb la densa niebla, de de- 
 lante de ellos, vieron loslngleses a la retaguardia del ejercito 
 continental desembarcando con seguridad fuera de su al- 
 cance. Durante la niebla, nueve mil hombres, con su artil- 
 leria, bagajes y municiones de guerra, fueron transporta- 
 dos sin la menor perdida, a la vista inmediata de su 
 enemigo. 
 
 Fin de la Leccion Segunda. 
 
 LECCION TERCERA. 
 
 Despues de la batalla de Cowpens, el ejercito, en reti- 
 rada, del Jeneral Morgan fue perseguido por el Lord 
 Cornwallis con la actimdad de quien se habia imajinado 
 de que su enemigo se hallaba a su alcance, y de que solo era 
 necesario un pequeho esfuerzo para destruilo para siempre. 
 
 Llovia a torrentes, cuando Morgan llegb a las orillas de 
 Rio Ancho, (Broad river.) Lo cruzo, sin moderarse un 
 momento, y continub con diligencia infatigable por el ca- 
 mino de Virginia. Cuando Cornwallis llego al mismo 
 paraje, aunque pocas horas despues, el rio (stream) habia 
 crecido tanto (to such a size) que presentaba una barrera 
 impasable. Continub por dos dias sin bajar, (undiminish- 
 ed), y cuando cedib, prosiguib Cornwallis en su seguimien- 
 to con una rapidez sin ejemplo. Tan veloces fueron sus 
 movimientos, que cuando las ultimas filas de Morgan esta- 
 ban desembarcando sobre la orilla opuesta del Catawba, 
 
173 
 
 At the moment of his retreat, the north-east wind, which 
 would have rendered the passage of the river dangerous in 
 the extreme, shifted to the north-west, and the hitherto 
 agitated water became smooth and tranquil. At the same 
 time, a thick fog veiled the whole of Long Island in ob- 
 scurity, and concealed the movements of the Americans, 
 while the atmosphere of New York was perfectly clear; 
 and when the morning sun drove the heavy vapour from 
 before them, the British saw the rear of the continental 
 army, landing in security beyond their reach. While the 
 fog lasted, nine thousand men, with their artillery, baggage, 
 and munitions of war, were brought off without the small- 
 est loss, in the immediate presence of their enemy. 
 
 End of the second Lesson. 
 
 THIRD LESSON. 
 
 After the battle of Cowpens, the retreating army of 
 General Morgan was pursued by Lord Cornwallis, with the 
 activity of one, who fancied his enemy was within his reach, 
 and it only needed a slight exertion to crush him for ever. 
 
 The rain was falling in torrents, when Morgan reached 
 the banks of Broad river. He crossed without a moment's 
 delay, and continued with unabated speed upon the road 
 to Virginia. When Cornwallis arrived at the same spot, 
 but a few hours after, the stream had swollen to such a 
 size, as to present an impassable barrier. For two days 
 it continued undiminished; and when it abated, Cornwallis 
 continued the pursuit with unprecedented rapidity. So 
 rapid were his movements, that when Morgan's last platoons 
 were debarking on the opposite side of the Catawba, the 
 15* 
 
174 
 
 la vanguardia del ejercito ingles llego alparaje que aquel- 
 las acababan de dcjar, no habia veinte minutos. Pero la 
 Providencia estuvo otra vez de parte (on the side) de 
 los Americanos* Ocurrio aun creciente en el Catawba, 
 igual a la que habia detenido d los Ingleses en Rio 
 Ancho ; y una bramadora creciente se interpuso igual- 
 me?ite, (thus) por segunda vez, entre ellos y sus presuntas 
 nictimas. Asi se salvo, en dos ocasiones, el ejercito de 
 Morgan, por acaecimientos, (circumstances) sin los cuales 
 hubiera sido (fallen) inevitablemente presa del mayor nu- 
 mero, y de la actividad de sus perseguidores. 
 Fin de la Leccion Tercera. 
 
 LECCION CUARTA. 
 
 Los Estados Unidos contra la Macedonia. 
 
 Lafragata de los Estados Unidos, Estados Unidos, su Co- 
 mandante Estevan Decatur, de 44 cahones,portando 54; ha- 
 biendose separado de la division del Commodoro Rodger scon 
 la que did la vela de Boston, ell8de Octubre de 1812, cruzo 
 sobre las aguas de lasfragatas inglesas hasta el 25, cuando 
 en la latitud de 29 grados, N. longitud 29 grados, 30 minu- 
 tos O, se encontro con la fragata inglesa Macedonia, su 
 Comandante John Carden, de 38 canones, pero portando 
 49, siendo el non, un canon movible. La Macedonia se 
 hallaba d barlovento, y entro en combate a toda su distancia 
 (d la distancia del alcance de sus fuegos.) Por media 
 hora despues de principiado el combate no pudo la Estados 
 Unidos usar de sus carronadas, manteniendose el enemigo a 
 distancia de su alcance, y no acercdndose jamas al de la 
 metralla 6 fusileria. Por razon de esto duro el combate 
 mas tiempo que lo ordinario, y continub ventajosamente en 
 favor del enemigo, hasta tanto que la United States se le 
 
175 
 
 vanguard of the British Army reached the place, which they 
 had left not twenty minutes before. But Providence was 
 again on the side of the Americans. A rise of water took 
 place in the Catawba, similar to that which checked the Bri- 
 tish at Broad river; and a roaring flood was thus, a second 
 time, interposed between them and their anticipated victims. 
 Thus was the army of Morgan twice saved, by circum- 
 stances, without which it must inevitably have fallen a prey to 
 the superior numbers and activity of its pursuers. 
 
 End of the third Lesson. 
 FOURTH LESSON. 
 
 The United States against the Macedonian. 
 
 The United States' frigate, the United States, captain 
 Stephen Decatur, of 44 guns, carrying 54, having separat- 
 ed from the squadron under Commodore Rodgers, with 
 which she left Boston on the 16th of October, 1812, cruis- 
 ed in the track of the British frigates until the 25th, when in 
 latitude 29 deg. N. long. 29 deg. 30 min. W. she fell in 
 with the British frigate Macedonian, Captain John Carden, 
 of 38 guns, but carrying 49, the odd one being a shifting 
 gun. The Macedonian was to windward, and entered the 
 engagement at her own distance. For half an hour after 
 the commencement of the action, the United States had no 
 opportunity of using her carronades, the enemy keeping 
 out of their reach, and never once coming within the range 
 of grape or musketry. The action, therefore, was of 
 greater length than usual, and continued under every ad- 
 vantage to the enemy, until the United States neared him. 
 
176 
 
 acerco. El fuego de esta fue entonces tan vivo, que ima- 
 jindndosc la tripulacion enemiga que se estaba quemdndo, did 
 varias muestras de su gozo, y esperaba a cada momento el 
 verla volarse. Pero el palo de mesana de la Macedonia 
 recibio un balazo y cayopor lafogonadura ; sus masteleros 
 de trinquete y gavia (tambien cayeron) por los tamboretes ; 
 su arboladura baja se hallaba abaleada malamente ; su 
 palo mayor destruido y toda su cabulleria cortada. La 
 mayor parte de sus cahones inutilizados ; el mayor numero 
 de su tripulacion muerta y herida ; y halldndose completa- 
 mente desmantelada, se rindio, despues de una accion de 
 hora y media, y en el momento en que viraba la Estados 
 TJnidos para arrasarla con sus fuegos de popa a proa. 
 Fin de la Leccion Cuarta. 
 
 LECCION QUINT A. 
 
 La Constitution contra la Java. 
 
 Se habia acordado (matured) un plan en el departa- 
 mento de Marina para un crucero en los mares del sud, y 
 la fragata Constitucion, mandada entonces (now) por el 
 Comodoro William Bainbridge; la Essex, Capitan Porter, 
 y la Hornet, Capitan (Comandante) Lawrence, fueron ele- 
 jidas para hacer el viaje en consorcio. El 27 de Octubre 
 de 1812, did la vela la Essex del Delaware, y el 30 de Oc- 
 tubre, la Constitucion y Hornet de Boston, kabiendose de- 
 terminado varios puntos de rendevous, en cualquiera de los 
 cuales debia reunirse esta fuerza para proceder al crucero. 
 En el 29 de Diciembre no se habia aun verificado la union 
 {reunion) de estos buques, y en dicho dia descubrio la 
 Constitucion, al medio dia, una vela en la latitud de 13 
 grados 6 minutos sud. Longitud 38 O. — diez leguas (dis- 
 tante) de Sn. Salvador, la cual conocio pronto ser una fra- 
 
177 
 
 The fire from her then became so vivid, that the enemy's 
 crew imagining her to be on fire, gave many demonstra- 
 tions of their joy, and expected every minute to see her 
 blown up. But the Macedonian's mizen mast was shot 
 away by the board, her fore and top masts by the caps, her 
 lower masts badly wounded, her main mast destroyed, and 
 all her rigging cut up. Most of her guns were disabled, 
 the largest part of her crew killed and wounded, and having 
 become a perfect wreck, she surrendered after an action 
 of an hour and a half, at the moment when the United 
 States was about to rake her. . 
 
 End of the fourth Lesson. 
 
 FIFTH LESSON. 
 
 The Constitution against the Java. 
 
 A plan had been matured at the navy department for a 
 cruise in the South Seas, and the frigate Constitution, now 
 commanded by Commodore William Bainbridge, the Essex, 
 Captain Porter, and the Hornet, Captain Lawrence, were 
 selected to prosecute the voyage in company. On the 27th 
 of October, 1812, the Essex sailed from the Delaware, and 
 on the 30th, the Constitution and Hornet from Boston; 
 several places of rendezvous having been assigned, at either 
 of which this force to be united, to proceed upon the cruise. 
 On the 26th of December, the union of these vessels had not 
 been effected; and on that day the Constitution descried 
 a sail at meridian, in lat. 13 deg. 6 min. S. long. 38 W. 
 ten leagues from St. Salvador, which she soon discovered to 
 
178 
 
 gala britdnica. A la 1 y 50 minutos arribd el enemigo con 
 la intention de arrasar con sus fuegos a la Constitution, 
 de popa a proa, lo que esta evito orzando. Se maniobro in- 
 Jinito en ambas partes, siendo el objeto del enemigo el del 
 ataquepor la popa (raking), y el de la Constitution el de 
 evitar dicko ataque, y el de separar a su enemigo de una 
 costa neutral. A las 2 de la tarde se hallaba el enemigo a 
 media milla de la Constitution, y a barlovento, habiendo 
 arriado su bandera, menos el yak de la union, que tremo- 
 laba en el tope del palo de mesana. Se le disparo entonces 
 un cahazo por su proa para que izase su bandera ; perofue 
 contestado el canonazo con toda una andanada. Entonces 
 se izo la bandera del enemigo y principio la action con bala 
 y metralla ; pero se mantuvo a tan gran distancia, que la 
 metralla tuvo poco efecto ; y el atraelo mas cerca hubiera 
 espuesto a la Constitution a unfuego cruel de popa a proa. 
 A las dos y media se hallaban ambos buques d buena dis- 
 tancia de metralla, cuando la rueda del timon de la Consti- 
 tution se inutilizo de un balazo. A las 2 y 40 minutos 
 mareo lasgdvias, y habiendo determinado el Comodoro Bain- 
 bridge el acercarse a el orzo sobre ella con tal intento, y diez 
 minutos despues el botalon de foque del enemigo se entro 
 por la jarcia de mesana de la Constitution, y diez minu- 
 tos despues se llebo un balazo su baupres y botalon de 
 foque. A las 3 y cinco minutos cay 6, de un balazo unpoco 
 mas arriba del tamborete, su mastelero de gdvia. Esto fue 
 seguido de la perdida de las botavaras de las cangrejas, 
 ypoco despues cayo casi por lafogonadura su palo mayor. 
 A las 4 y cinco minutos se silencio completamente al ene- 
 migo, y estando abajo su bandera del palo mayor, se creyo 
 que se habia rendido. En razon de esto mareo de proa la 
 Constitution para reparar averias, lo que ejecutado, y no 
 mendose arbolado el pavellon enemigo, arribd y se dirijio 
 acia el en una manera interesante, y se atraveso mui 
 cerca por su aleta de popa, en una position ventajosa par 
 
179 
 
 be a British frigate. At 50 minutes past 1. P. M. the ene 
 my bore down with an intention of raking the Constitution, 
 which she avoided by wearing. Much mancevouring took 
 place on both sides, the object of the enemy being to rake, 
 and of the Constitution to avoid being raked, and to draw 
 the enemy from the neutral coast. At 2 P. M. the enemy 
 was within half a mile of the Constitution, and to windward, 
 having hauled down all her colours, except the union jack, 
 which was at the mizen mast head. A gun was then fired 
 ahead of him, to make him show his colours; but this gun 
 was answered by a whole broadside. The enemy's colours 
 where then hoisted, and the action began with round and 
 grape; but he kept at so great a distance, that the grape 
 had little effect, and to bring him nearer, would,expose the 
 Constitution to severe raking. At 30 minutes past 2, both 
 ships were within good canister distance, when the Consti- 
 tution's wheel was shot away. At 40 minutes past two, 
 the fore and main sail were set, and Commodore Bain- 
 bridge, being now determined to close with him, luffed up 
 for that purpose, and in ten minutes after the enemy's jib- 
 boom got foul of the Constitution's mizen rigging, and in 
 another ten minutes his bowsprit and jib-boom were shot 
 away. At 5 minutes past 3, his main top-mast was shot 
 away just above the cap. This was followed by the loss of 
 his gaff and spanker boom, and soon after, his main mast 
 went nearly by the board. At 5 minutes past 4, the enemy 
 was completely silenced, and his colours at the main being 
 down, it was thought he had surrendered. The Constitu- 
 tion, therefore, shot ahead to repair damages, which being 
 done, and the enemy's flag being discovered to be still flying, 
 she wore, stood for the enemy in handsome style, and got 
 close athwart his bows in an effectual position for raking 
 
180 
 
 arasarlo desde alii con sus fucgos, cuando habiendo caido 
 por la fogonadura su palo de trinquete, y viendo que una 
 resistcncia de mas tiempo hubiera sido inutil, arrio su ban- 
 dera e inmediatamente se tomo posesion de el por el Teniente 
 Parker y se hallo ser lafragata de Su Majestad Java, de 38 
 cahones; pero que montaba 49, mandada por el distinguido 
 oficial el Capitan {Comandante) Lambert, que fue herido 
 mortalmente en el combate. 
 
 Tuvo la Constitution, 2 hombres muertos y 25 heridos. 
 La Java, 60 muertos yl70 heridos. 
 
 Fin de la Ltccion Quinta. 
 
 LECCION SESTA, 
 
 Fue en el primer o de Agosto de 1798, cuando el Capitan 
 Hood, en el Zealous, descubrio la escuadra francesa en la 
 baia de Aboukir. Parecia que los buques esiaban ancla- 
 dos en una linea compacta de batalla, sostenidos por una 
 bateria de cahones y morteros en la isla, a su vanguardia, 
 mientras que sus Jlancos se hallaban resforzados por Ian- 
 chas cahoneras. 
 
 Sin embargo de que soplaba fresco el viento y que el dia 
 estaba al concluirse, no obstante, el Almirante hizo serial de 
 ataque, y demostro al mismo tiempo que era su intention 
 atacar la vanguardia y centro del enemigo segun se hallaba 
 al ancla, de acuerdo con el plan comunicado ya por el a los 
 respectivos comandantes. 
 
 La escuadra Inglesa, cada buque de la cual, sondaba 
 su derrota segun navegaba, hizo por el puerto ; y habien- 
 dole ocurrido a* Sir Horatio la idea, que en donde hdbia 
 campo para que un buque pudiese balancear habia tambien* 
 lugar para que otro anclasc, se tomaron las medidas necesa- 
 Has para llevar a efecto esta idea no obstante que el Culloder. 
 habia barado en la isla de Bequier. El Goliath y Zealous 
 
181 
 
 when, his fore-mast having also gone by the board, and see- 
 ing that further resistance would be useless, whilst he lay 
 so unmanageable a wreck, he struck his colours, and was 
 immediately taken possession of by lieutenant Parker, and 
 found to be his majesty's ship Java, of 38 guns, but mount- 
 ing 49, commanded by a distinguished officer, captain Lam- 
 bert, who was mortally wounded. 
 
 The Constitution had 9 men killed, and 25 wounded. 
 The Java, 60 killed, and 170 wounded. 
 
 End of the Fifth Lesson. 
 
 SIXTH LESSON. 
 
 Lord Nelson's victory of the Nile. 
 
 It was on the 1st of August, 1798, that Captain Hood, 
 in the Zealous, discovered the French fleet in Aboukir Bay. 
 They appeared to be moored in a compact line of battle, 
 supported by a battery of guns and mortars on an island in 
 their van, while their flanks were strengthened by gun-boats. 
 
 Although the wind blew fresh, and the day was far spent, 
 yet the admiral made the signal for battle, and signified at 
 the same time that it was his intention to attack the enemy's 
 van and centre as it lay at anchor, according to the plan 
 already communicated by him to the respective captains. 
 
 The British fleet, every ship of which sounded its way as 
 it proceeded, stood in ; and Sir Horatio being struck with 
 the idea, that where was room for one ship to swing, there 
 was room for another to anchor, measures were taken for 
 carrying this idea into effect, notwithstanding the Culloden 
 had grounded on Bequier Island. The Goliath and Zea- 
 16 
 
182 
 
 juntamente con el Orion, el Audacious y el Theseus se diri- 
 jieron acia dentro, (d mczclarse* entre % los buques* ene- 
 migos*), y recivieron el fuego mas tremendo de la Vangu- 
 ardia de la escuadra, asi tambien como de las baterias 
 de tierra, mieniras que la Vanguardia anclo afuera del ene- 
 migo, (delante* del enemigo*), a medio tiro de pistola del 
 (navio*) Spartiate. El Minotaur, Defence, Belleropkon, 
 Majestic, Swiftsure, y Alexander, llegaron en succesion ; 
 y el Capitan (Comandante*) Thompson, del Leander dejo 
 caer su ancla atravesdndose por la serviola de proa del 
 Franklin, un navio de ochenta, en un modo tan majistral 
 que molesto asi a un mismo tiempo d aquel (el Franklin) y 
 al V Orient. 
 
 No obstante que mui luego oscurecio, el Guerrierfue des- 
 arbolado al cabo de pocos minutos y ecsistiendo^aun el 
 crepusculo (twilight). El Conquerant y el Spartiate fue- 
 ron tambien reducidos mui pronto a semejante estado. El 
 Aquilon, el Souverain Peuple, y el Spartiate se rindieron ; 
 poco despues el navio del Almirante,el U Orient, se descu- 
 brio estar incendiado, y se esparcieron las llamas al mo- 
 mento con tanta rapidez, que se tubieron grandes recelos no 
 solo de su salvamento, sino tambien del de los buques de 
 la escuadra inglesa que se hallaban en su inmediata vecin- 
 dad. Del navio del Almirante ingles se despacho el iinico 
 bote capaz de navegar, y siguiendo tal* ejemplo los coman- 
 dantes de los otros buques se salvaron cerca de setenta 
 vidas; y muchas mas se hubieran preservado de la muerte, 
 si no se hubiera volado repentinamente el IS Orient con la 
 mas tremenda esplosion. 
 
 Ceso el fuego continuo, escepto solamente, durante el in* 
 tervalo de este horrible momento, y habiendose asegurado 
 ya (now) la victoria en la Vanguardia, aquellos navios que 
 no estubieron incapacitados, arrivaron sobre los del enemigo 
 que no habian estado en el combate. 
 
183 
 
 lous, together with the Orion, the Audacious, and the The- 
 seus, led inside, and received a most tremendous fire from 
 the van of the fleet, as well as from the batteries on shore, 
 while the Vanguard anchored on the outside of the enemy, 
 within half a pistol shot of Le Spartiate. The Minotaur, 
 Defence, Bellerophon, Majestic, Swiftsure, and Alexander, 
 came up in succession ; and Captain Thompson, of the 
 Leander, dropped her anchor athwart the hawse of Le 
 Franklin, an eighty gun ship, in such a masterly manner, as 
 to annoy both her and L'Orient. 
 
 Notwithstanding the darkness that soon ensued, Le Guer- 
 rier was dismasted in the course of a few minutes, while the 
 twilight yet remained ; Le Conquerant and Le Spartiate 
 were also soon reduced to a similar state ; L'Aquilon, Le 
 Souverain Peuple, and Le Spartiate surrendered ; soon 
 after which the admiral's ship L'Orient was discovered to 
 be on fire, and the flames burst forth with such rapi- 
 dity, that great apprehensions were entertained, not only for 
 her safety, but also that of such ships of the British fleet as 
 were in her immediate vicinity, The only boat in a con- 
 dition to swim was immediately despatched from the Eng- 
 lish admiral's ship, and the commanders of others following 
 the example, about seventy lives were saved ; and many 
 more would have been rescued from death, had not L'Orient 
 blown up suddenly, with a most tremendous explosion. 
 
 With the interval of this awful moment only excepted, the 
 firing continued ; and the victory having been now secured 
 in the van, auch ships as were not disabled bore down upon 
 those of the enemy that had not been in the engagement. 
 
184 
 
 Cuando la Aurora descubrio la escena dc este terrible 
 conjlicto, dos buques de linea solamente {el Gilleaume Tell 
 y el Genereux) se descubrieron con sus banderos largas y 
 habiendo los restantes arriado sus insignia*. Persuadidos 
 estos de su riesgo, juntamente con dos fragatas, picaron 
 sus cables en el resto de la manana, y se hicieron al mar. 
 Todo el 2 y 5 de Agosto sc* emplearon* en asegurar lot: 
 navios Franceses que se habian rendido. 
 
 Fin de la Leccion Secsta. 
 
 LECCION SEP TIM A. 
 
 Los postreros momentos del Lord Nelson. 
 
 Poco antes del principio del combate de Trafalgar file 
 el Lord Nelson a los diver sos entrepuentes del Victoria, vio 
 y hablo a las diferentes clases de mariner os; los animb con 
 su acostumbrada afabilidad, y se complacio mucho del modo 
 con que los mariner os habian ostruido los escovenes del 
 navio. Todo yacia en un perfecto silencio, parecido al de 
 la muerte, hasta poco antes de que principiase la accion. Se 
 le dieron tres vivas a su Sertoria al momento de subir 
 la escalera del alcazar. Habia sido (fue) mui prolijo en 
 recomendar un pasivo y detenido fuego, en preferencia al 
 precipitado, sin punteria y sin precision; y el efecto justified 
 los consejos de su Senoria, cuando los palos de sus opon* 
 entes cayeron de falondres sobre sus cubiertas y a sus cos- 
 tados. A la media hora despues, empezo la batalla a deso- 
 lar con su mayor furia ; la tropa Real de Marina, sobre 
 la toldilla, pronto siniio el efecto del sistema de hacer fuego 
 con buena punteria desde los topes de los buques enemigos. 
 Empezaron a caer los hombres mui apriesa, y el pobre 
 Capitan Adair, de los Reales Marinas, fue lastimado par 
 una bala de Rdifel, lo que lo irrito tanto, que pidio al Lord 
 
185 
 
 When the dawn developed the scene of this terrible con- 
 flict, only two sail of the line (Le Guilleaume Tell and Le 
 Genereux) were discovered with their colours flying, all 
 the rest having struck their ensigns. These, conscious of 
 their danger, together with two frigates, cut their cables in 
 the course of the morning, and stood out to sea. The whole 
 of the 2d and 3d of August was employed in securing the 
 French ships that had struck. 
 
 End of the Sixth Lesson. 
 
 SEVENTH LESSON. 
 
 The last moments of Lord Nelson. 
 
 Previously to the commencement of the battle of Trafal- 
 gar, Lord Nelson went over the different decks of the Vic- 
 tory, saw and spoke to the different classes of seamen, en- 
 couraged them with his usual affability, and was much 
 pleased at the manner in which the seamen had barricaded 
 the hawse holes of the ship. All was perfect, deathlike 
 silence, till just before the action began. Three cheers 
 were given his lordship as he ascended the quarter-deck 
 ladder. He had been particular in recommending cool, 
 steady firing, in preference to a hurrying fire, without aim or 
 precision; and the event justified his lordship's advice, as the 
 masts of his opponents came tumbling down on their decks, 
 and over their sides. Within half an hour after, the battle 
 began to rage in its full fury ; the Royal Marines on the 
 poop soon felt the effects of the system of sharp shooting 
 from the tops of the enemy's ships. The men began to 
 drop fast; and poor Captain Adair, of the Royal Marines, 
 was struck with a rifle ball, which so irritated him, that he 
 asked Lord Nelson leave to take up in the tops and place 
 
 16* 
 
186 
 
 Nelson permiso para llebar y situar en lot topes algunos 
 hombres* de la partida de la Marina Real> con un qficial, 
 para contrarestar elfuego destructor (asolador) de aquellos 
 innerrables tiradores del enemigo. Subieron los hombres (la 
 tropa), lajarcia, y cuando el Capitan Adair subia, cayo casi 
 muerto sobre la toldilla, pasado de parte a parte por cerca 
 de veinte balazos de aquellos tiradores. Entonces se enarde- 
 cio mucho la accion, yfue aconsejado el Lord Nelson (y ss 
 aconsejo al) sobre que no se presentase tan conspicuamente, 
 en completo uniforme, para ser el bianco de los hombres 
 del tope del enemigo. 
 
 Debe ser archivada su respuesta en el cor axon de todo 
 Breton, y esculpida sobre su tumba. " No," dijo su Se- 
 noria, "cualquiera que sea el resultado, las insignias de los 
 honores que aora uso, las gane por los csfuerzos de mari- 
 neros ingleses bajo mis or denes, en varias partes del mundot 
 y en la hora del peligro tengo la vanidad de mostrdrselas a 
 los enemigos de la antigua Jnglaterra. Yo nunca me las 
 quitare. Si fuese del agrado de Dios que sucumba, espi- 
 rare con estos trofeos entrelazadas al rededor de mi cora- 
 zon" Cerca de las dos, menos cuarto, la 2 bala fatal 
 kirio 1 (struck) d su Sehoria sobre la estrella, en el lado 
 izquierdo. 
 
 Por las primeras noticias se creyp que la muerte (fall) 
 del Lord Nelson habia sido ocasionada por un tiro, dispa- 
 rado* desde la cofa mayor del navio Santisima Trinidad, 
 Despues se dijo, que el tiro se disparo del Bucentauro ; pero 
 la creencia jeneral hoy es, (now) de que fue disparada 
 desde el tope de mesana del navio f ranees el Redoubta- 
 ble. 
 
 Fin de la Leccion Septima. 
 
187 
 
 some of his Royal Marine party, with an officer, to counter- 
 act the destructive fire of those sharp shooters of the ene- 
 my. The men went up the shrouds; and as Captain Adair 
 was ascending, he fell quite dead on the poop, perforated 
 through with near twenty balls from the marksmen. The 
 action then became very hot, and Lord Nelson was advised 
 not to appear so conspicuously, in full uniform, to the mark 
 of the topmen of the enemy. 
 
 His answer ought to be recorded in the heart of every 
 Briton, and. engraven on his monument: "No," said his 
 lordship; " whatever may be the consequence, the insignia 
 of the honours I now wear, I gained by the exertions of 
 British seamen, under my command, in various parts of the 
 world ; and in the hour of danger, I am proud to show 
 them to the enemies of old England — I willnever part with 
 them: if it please God I am to fall, I will expire with these 
 trophies entwined round my heart." About a quarter be- 
 fore two, the fatal bullet struck his lordship above the star 
 on the left side. 
 
 By the first accounts, Lord Nelson's fall was understood 
 to have been occasioned by a shot from the main-round-top 
 of the Santisima Trinidad, The shot was afterwards said 
 to have proceeded from the Bucentaure ; but the general 
 belief now is, that it was fired from the mizen-top of the 
 French ship Redoubtable. 
 
 End of the Seventh Lesson, 
 
188 
 LECCIOJt OCTAVA. 
 
 La Peluca de el Almirante Boscawen. 
 
 Cuando el Almirante Boscawen acrecento tan gloriosa- 
 mente los laureles cosechados tan amenudo por los mari- 
 neros Ingleses, y derroto a la escuadrafrancesa, se vio en la 
 necesidad de embarcarse en un bote con el objeto de pasar 
 la insignia desde su navio a otro, en medio de una violenta 
 tempestad. En su travesia pasb una bala el costado del 
 bote, cuando quitdndose el Almirante su peluca, tapb con 
 ella el balazo, impidiendo asi el que el bote se fuese api- 
 que hasta llegar al navio en que se habia propuesto enarbo- 
 lar su insignia. Asi t por una presencia de animo tan na- 
 tural en el benemerito Almirante, se salvo el mismo, y sepuso 
 en disposition de continuar el combate que concluyo tan 
 gloriosamente para la nation Britdnica. 
 
 Fin de la Lection Octava. 
 
189 
 EIGHTH LESSON. 
 
 Admiral Boscawen's Wig. 
 
 When Admiral Boscawen added so gloriously to the 
 laurels so often reaped by the British tars, and defeated the 
 French fleet, he was under the necessity of going on board 
 a boat, in order to shift his flag from his own ship to ano- 
 ther, in the midst of a violent storm. In his passage a shot 
 went through the boat's side, when the admiral, taking off 
 his wig, stopped the leak with it, and by that means kept 
 the boat from sinking, until he made the ship he intended 
 to hoist his flag in. Thus, by a presence of mind so natu- 
 ral to the worthy admiral, was he himself saved, and also 
 enabled to continue the engagement, which ended so glo- 
 riously to the British nation. • 
 
 End of the Eighth Lesson. 
 
SECTION FIFTH— SECCION QUINTA. 
 
 FIRST LESSON— LECCION PRIMERA. 
 
 FROM ENGLISH TO SPANISH. ' 
 
 Dialogues— Dialogos. 
 
 Democritus. — I, yo — find it*, hallo — impossible, impost- 
 bit — to reconcile myself, el acostumbrarme — to, d — a, una 
 —melancholy, melancolica — philosophy, Jilosofia. 
 
 Her aclitus.-*- And, y — I, yo — am, estoy — equally, iguaU 
 mente — unable, imposibilitado — to approve of*, para apro- 
 bar — that, esa* — vain, vana — philosophy, Jilosofia, — 
 which, que — teaches, enseha — men, a* los hombres — to 
 despise, d menospreciar — and, y a — ridicule, ridiculizarse 
 -—one, uno — another, d* otro. To, d — a 1 , un 1 — wise 3 , 
 ilustrado* — and*, y 4 — feeling 5 , sensible 5 — mind 3 , cntendi- 
 miento*, — the, el — world, mundo — appears, se* le % presen- 
 ta — in, en — a, una — wretched, desventurada — and, y — 
 painful, dolorosa — light, condition*. 
 
 Dem. — Thou, tu — art, estas — too much, mui — affected, 
 conmomdo — with, con — the, el — state, estado — of, de las* 
 — things, cosas; — and>y — this, esto — is, es — a, un — source, 
 manantial — of,de — misery, desventura — to, para — thee, ti. 
 
 Her. — And, y — I, yo — think, creo que* — thou, tu — art, 
 estas — too little, mui poco — moved, conmovido* — by it, 
 por ello. Thy, tu — mirth, alegria — and, y — ridicule, tu* 
 critica burlesca* — bespeak, te* graduan — the, de* — buf- 
 foon, bufon, — rather, mas* bien que* — the, de* — philoso- 
 pher, filosofo. Does it not*, ino* — excite, escita — thy, tu 
 compassion, compasion — to see, el ver — mankind, aljene- 
 ro humano — so frail, tanfrdjil, — so blind, tan ciego — so 
 
191 
 
 far departed, y* tan distante — from, de — the, las — rules, 
 reglas — of, de la* — virtue, virtud ? 
 
 Dem. — I, yo — am excited, me* siento escitado— -to 
 laughter, d risa, — when, cuando — I* see, veo — so much, 
 tanta — impertinence, majaderia — and, y — folly, locura. 
 
 Her, — And yet, y sin embargo, — after all, despues de 
 todo, — they, aquellos, — who are, que son — the objects, los 
 objectos— of thy, de tu — ridicule, critica — include, son*— 
 not only, no tan* solamente — mankind, eljenero humano— 
 in general, enjeneral — but, sino* tambien* — the persons, 
 laspersonas — with whom, con quienes — thou* livest, vives, 
 — thy friends, tus amigos — thy family, tu familia — nay 
 even, y aim — thyself, tu mismo. 
 
 Dem. — I care very little, se me* da mui* poco* — for all, 
 de todas — the, las — silly persons, personas necias — I* meet 
 with*, que* encuentro; — -and think, y creo* — I* am justifia- 
 ble, que* tengo* razon* — in diverting myself, en divertirme 
 —with, con — their, sus — folly, locuras. 
 
 Her. — If, si — they are, ellas son — weak, debiles — and 
 foolish, y locas, — it marks, no* es una* prueba* — neither, 
 ni de — wisdom, sabiduria — nor, ni de — humanity, huma- 
 nidad, — to insult, el insultarlas — rather than, en* lugar 
 de* — pity them, compadecerlas. But, pero — is it certain, 
 ino es cierto — that, que — thou art not, tu no eres — as, tan 
 — extravagant, estravagante (loco) — as, como — they are, 
 ellos lo* son ? 
 
 Dem. — I presume, yo presumo — that I am not, que no lo 
 soy; — since, cuando* — in every point, en lojeneral* — my 
 sentiments* — mis ideas* — are, son — the very reverse, la 
 misma contrariedad — of theirs, de las suyas. 
 
 Her. — There are follies, hay locuras — of, de — different 
 kinds, diversas especies. By, en* razon de* — constantly*, 
 constantemente 2 — amusing thyself 1 , divertirte 1 — with the 
 errors, con los yerros— and, y — misconduct of others, es- 
 
192 
 
 travios de ottos-* -thou, tu— mayst render thyself, puedtt 
 kacerte — equally ridiculous, igualmente ridiculo — and cul- 
 pable, y culpable. 
 
 Dem. — Thou art, tu estas — at liberty, en libertad — to 
 indulge, de patrocinar — such sentiments, tales ideas*; — 
 and, y de* — to weep, llorar — over me, sobre mi — too, tarn- 
 bien, — if thou hast, si tv nes — any tears, algunas lagrimas 
 —to spare, de que poder disponer*. For my part, por mi 
 parte, — I cannot refrain, yo no puedo contenerme — from, 
 de — pleasing myself, agradarme (de divertirme)—mlh, con 
 — the levities, lasfutilezas — and, y — ill conduct, mala con' 
 ducta — of, de — the world, el mundo — about me, al rededor 
 de mi. Are not, iJSo son — all men, todos los hombres — 
 foolish, locos — or irregular, 6 desarreglados — in their lives, 
 en sus vidas? (costumbres.) 
 
 Hera.— Alas! Ay! — there is but 1 , pero 1 hay—too much rea- 
 son, mucha razon— to believe, para creer^— they* are so, que 
 loson; — and, y — on this ground, en esie* supuesto— I pity, yo 
 compadezco — and deplore, y deploro — their condition, su 
 condicion. We agree, nos acordamos (convenimos) — in this 
 point, en este punto (en este particular)— that men, que las* 
 hombres — do not, no — conduct themselves, se conducen — 
 according 1 to, de* acuerdo 1 con 1 los — reasonable, razona- 
 bles — and just, y justos — principles 3 , principios 2 ; (de razon 
 y justicia) — but I, pero yo — who do not suffer*, que no 
 puedo permitirme* — to act, el proceder — as they do*, como 
 ellos — must yet regard*, debo sin embargo atender* — the 
 dictates, a los dictados — of, de — my understanding, mi enten- 
 dimiento (de mi razon) — and feelings, y sensaciones — which 
 compel me, que me compelen — to love them, a amarlos; — 
 and*, y— that love, este* amor — fills me, me llena— with*, 
 de — compassion, compasion — for*, dcia — their mistakes, 
 zus yerros — and irregularities, y estravios. Canst thou, 
 ipuedes acaso* tu — condemn me, condenarme (reprocharme) 
 
 
193 
 
 for pitying, por que compadezca — my own species — a* los 
 de mi misma especie — my brethren, a* mis hermanos. — per- 
 sons, personas — born, nacidas — in the same condition, en 
 .la misma condicion — of life, de vida (seres iguales a mi en 
 su nacimicnto) — and destined, y destinados — to the same, 
 d las mismas (d iguales) — hopes, esperanzas — and privi- 
 leges, y primlejios? If thou shouldst enter, si entrases — a 
 hospital, en* ttn hospital — where, endonde — sick 3 and 4 
 wounded 5 persons 3 reside 1 , residen 1 las* personas 2 enfer- 
 mas* y* heridas 5 — would 1 their 3 wounds 3 and* distresses 5 
 excite 1 , escitarian 1 sus 2 heridas 3 y* desgracias 5 — thy mirth, 
 tu alegria? And yet, empero — the evils, las desgracias — 
 of the body, del cuerpo — bear no comparison, no admiten 
 comparacion — with those of, con las de — the mind, la ra- 
 zon*. Thou* wouldst certainly blush, te abochornarais tier- 
 tamente — at* thy barbarity, de* tu barbaridad — if thou hast 
 been, si has sido — so unfeeling, tan insensible — as to 
 laugh at*, que* te hayas* reido — or despise, 6 menosprecia- 
 do — a poor miserable being, d* un ser pobre y* miserable 
 — who has lost, que ha perdido— one of his legs, una de sus 
 piemas; — and yet, y sin embargo* — thou art, estds — so 
 destitute, tan destituido — of humanity, de humanidad, — as 
 to ridicule, que ridiculizas — those, d* aquellos, — who ap- 
 pear, que parecen — to be deprived, estar privados — of the 
 noble powers, del noble* poder* — of the understanding, del 
 cntendimiento (de la razon) — by the little regard, por la 
 pequena consideration — which they pay, que ellos tributan 
 — to its dictates — d sus dictados. 
 
 Bern. — He who has lost, el que ha perdido — a leg, una 
 pierna — is to be pitied, debe ser compadecido — because the 
 loss, porque la perdida — is not to be imputed, no se le debe 
 imputar — to himself, d el; — but, pero — he who rejects, 
 aquel quedesecha — the dictates, los dictados — of reason, de 
 la razon — and, y de la* conscience, conciencia, — volun- 
 17 
 
194 
 
 tarily 3 , voluntariamente 2 — deprives 1 himself, se priva^ — of 
 their aid, de su ayuda. The loss, la perdida — originates, 
 procede — in his own folly, de* su propia locum. 
 
 Hera. — Ah ! Ah /—so much the* more, eso mas — is he 
 to be pitied, debe ser el compadecido! (con mayor razon debe 
 compadecersele). A furious maniac, un maniacofurioso (un 
 loco de atar) who should pluck out, que se sacase — his own 
 eyes, sus propios ojos — would deserve, mereceria — more 
 compassion, mas compasion — than, que — an 1 ordinary* 
 blind 8 man 3 , un 1 ciego 2 de nacimiento*. 
 
 Dem. — Come, vamos* — let us accommodate the business, 
 arreglemos los asuntos. There is something, hay algo — 
 to be said*, que puede alegarse* — on each side*, en cada 
 estremo*. of the question, de la cuestion. There is, hay — 
 every where, en todos* sentidos*— reason, razon— for laugh- 
 ing, para reirse— and reason, y razon— for weeping, para llo- 
 rar. The world, el mundo—is ridiculous, es ridiculo,— and, y 
 — I laugh at it, yo me rio de el;— it is deplorable, es desventu- 
 rado, — and, y — thou lamentest, tu te condueles — over* it, 
 de* el. Every person*, cada uno* f views it, lo ve — in* his 
 own way*, a su modo* t and, y — according to his own 
 temper, segun su jenialidad. One point, un punto (una 
 cosa) — is unquestionable, es incuestionable,—v'\2., y es— that, 
 que — mankind, eljenero humano—are* preposterous, esta* 
 trastornado: — to think right, para pensar debidamente, — 
 and, y — to act well, para obrar bien, — we must think, de- 
 bemos pensar — and, y — act, obrar — differently*, de diverso 
 modo* — from*them*, que* ellos*. To submit, el some- 
 terse — to the authority, a la autoridad — and, y el* — follow 
 the example, seguir el ejemplo — of the greater part of men, 
 de la mayor parte de los hombres — would render us, nos 
 volveria — foolish, locos — and, y nos* haria* — miserable, 
 miserables. 
 • Hera. — All this, todo esto — is, indeed, true, es cierta- 
 
195 
 
 mente verdad ; — but* then*, empero*, — thou hast no, 
 tu no tienes — real love, un amor real— or*, ni* — feeling, 
 sentimientos — for thy species* — por tus semejantes*. The 
 calamities, las calamidades — of mankind, deljenerohuma- 
 no — excite thy mirth, escitan tu gozo; — and this proves, y 
 esto prueba — that, que — thou hast no regard, tu no tienes 
 consideracion alguna — for, acta — men, los* hombres, — nor 
 any true respect,, ni un verdadero respeto — for, dcia — the 
 virtues, las virtudes — which they have unhappily abandon- 
 ed, que ellos han abandonado, desgraciadamente. 
 
 SECOND LESSON— LECCIOM SEGUNDA. 
 
 FROM ENGLISH TO SPANISH. 
 
 Dialogue — Dialogo. . 
 
 Dionysius. — Amazing*! /Que asombrof* — What do I* 
 see? iQue veo? — It is Pythias, es Pytias — just arrived, que* 
 acaba* de llegar*. — It is, indeed, Pythias. Es, en verdad, 
 Pytias. — 1 did not think it possible, yo no lo creiapomble. — 
 He is come to die, el ha venido a morir, — and to redeem 
 his friend, y a redimir a su amigo ! 
 
 Pythias-. — Yes, it is Pythias, si, es Pytias. — I left, he 
 dejado — the place, ellugar — of my confinement, demipri- 
 sion,'— with no other views, con no otras ideas — than, que 
 las de* — to pay, cumplir* — to heaven, al cielo — the vows, 
 los votos — I had made, que* yo le habia hecho; — to settle, 
 para arreglar — my family concerns, mis negocios defa- 
 milia — according to, de acuerdo con — the, las- — rules of 
 justice, reglas dejusticia; — and to bid adieu*, y para des- 
 pedirme* (y para decirles adios) — to my children, a mis 
 hijos. — that 1* might die, dfin depoder morir — tranquil 
 and satisfied, tranquilo y satisfecho. 
 
 Dio.- — But why dost thou return? pero ipor que has* 
 
196 
 
 mielto*? — Hast thou no fear of death? Que* ino temes a la 
 muerte? — Is it not the character of a madman, ino es del 
 cardcter de un loco — to seek it thus voluntarily? el buscar- 
 la voluntariamente ? 
 
 Py. — I return to suffer, he vuelto a sufrir, — though I 
 have not deserved death, sinembargo de que, no he merecido 
 la muerte. Every principle, todo principio — of honour and 
 goodness, de honor y de* boxtdad, — forbids me, me prohibe 
 — to allow my friend to die for me, elpermitir a mi amigo 
 morir por mi. 
 
 Dio. — Dost 2 thou 3 , then 1 , lentonces 1 , pues 2 .tu 3 — love 
 him, le amas — better* than thyself, mas* que a ti mismo ? 
 
 Py. — No, No; — I love him, le quiero — as myself, como 
 a mi mismo. — But, pero — I am persuaded, yo estoy persu- 
 adido — that I* ought, que debo — to suffer, sufrir-— death, 
 la* muerte, — rather*, antes que* — my friend, mi amigo; — 
 since it was Pythias, desde que Pytias fue — whom* thou 
 hadst decreed*, la* persona, que tu sentenciaste* — to die, d 
 morir. It were not just, no hubiera sidojusto, — that Da- 
 mon, el* que Z>amo?i--should suffer, hubiese padecido — to 
 deliver me, para libertarme — from the death, de la muerte 
 — which was designed, que estaba dispuesta, — not for him, 
 no para el — but 1 for 3 me 4 only 2 , pero 1 solamente 2 para* 
 mi 4 . 
 
 Dio, — But, pero — thou supposest, tu supones — that it is, 
 que es — as unjust, tan injusto — to inflict 1 death 2 upon thee*, 
 el hacerte* sufrir 1 la muerte 2 — as upon* - thy friend, como a 
 tu amigo. 
 
 Py. — Very true, es* mucha verdad; — we are both per- 
 fectly innocent, ambos somos perfectamente inocentes, — and 
 it is equally unjust, y es igualmente injusto — to make either 
 of us suffer, el hacer, que uno de nosotros {de los dos) 
 padezca. 
 
 Dio. — Why dost thou then assert, ipor que aseguraste, 
 
197 
 
 pues, — that it were better, que hubiera sido mejor — to* put 
 him to death*, el* hacerlo* morir* — instead of thee, antes 
 que a ti? 
 
 Py. — It is unjust, es injusto — in the same degree, en el 
 mismo grado — to inflict* <jeath*, el hacer morir* — on* Da- 
 mon, d Damon — or on* myself, 6 a* mi* ; — but, pero — 
 Pythias were, Pytias hubiera sido — highly culpable — al- 
 tamente culpable — to let Damon suffer, en* dejar a Damon 
 svfrir — that death, aquella muerte (la muerte) — which the 
 tyrant, que el tirano — had prepared, habia preparado — for 3 
 Pythias 3 only 1 , solamente 1 para 2 Pytias 3 . 
 
 Dio. — Dost thou then return hither, jentonces, tu vuelves 
 aqui. — on the day appointed, en el dia sehalado, with no 
 other view, sin otro intento mas* — than to save the life, que 
 el* de* salvar la vida — of a friend, de un amigo, — by losing 
 thy own, perdiendo la tuya? 
 
 Py. — I return, yo vuelvo, — in regard to thee, por lo que 
 respecta dti, — to suffer, a sufrir — an act of injustice, un 
 acto de la injusticia — which is common r 5wees comun — for 
 tyrants to inflict, d los tiranos aplicar (cuya aplicacion 
 es peculiar) — and, y — with respect to Damon, con res- 
 pecto a Damon — to perform my duty, d cumplir con mi 
 deber — by rescuing him, salvdndolo — from the danger, 
 del peligro — he incurred, en* que* se constituyd — by his 
 generosity to* me, por sujenerosidad dcia* mi. 
 
 Dio. — And now, Damon, aora, pues*, Damon — let me, 
 dejame — address* myself* to thee*, que te dirija la* pala- 
 bra*. — Didst thou not really fear, iQue, tu realmente no 
 temias — that Pythias, el que Pytias — would never 1 return, 
 jamas 1 volviese ; — and that, y que — thou wouldst be put to 
 death, te se* hubiese* hecho morir* — on his account*, por 
 el* (por su causa)? 
 
 Dam. — 1 was but* too well assured, yo estaba, empero*, 
 mui bien asegurado (mui cierto) — that Pythias would punc- 
 17* 
 
198 
 
 tually return, de* que Pytias volveria puntualmente ; and 
 that he would be more solicitous,, y de*que estaria mas soli- 
 cito — to keep*his promise*, en cumplir* su palabr a* '—than 
 que en— to preserve his life, preservar su vida. Would to hea- 
 ven, ;Ojala hubiera* permitido* el cielo — that his relations, 
 que sus parientes—dLn& friends,* y amigos — had forcibly 
 detained him, lo hubiesen detenido porfuerza! He 3 would 3 
 then 1 have 3 lived 4 , entonces 1 , hubiera 2 el 3 vivido* — for the* 
 comfort and benefit of good 2 men 1 , para consueloy bene- 
 Jicio de los* hombres 1 buenos 2 ; — and I should have the sa- 
 tisfaction, e yo hubiera tenido la satisfaccion — of dying for 
 him, de morir por el. 
 
 Dio. — What, que!— Does 3 life displease 3 thee 1 tfe x dis- 
 gusta 2 la vida? 
 
 Dam. — Yes, si! — it displeases me, me disgusta — when I 
 see and feel, cuando yo veo y toco — the power of a tyrant, 
 elpoder de un tirano. 
 
 Dio. — It is well! jestd Men! Thou shalt see him no more, 
 tu no le verds mas (por mas tiempo). I will order thee to 
 be put to death immediately, yo mandare el que seas con- 
 ducido d la muerte inmediatamente. 
 
 Py. — Pardon the feelings, perdona los sentimientos — of 
 a man, de un hombre — who sympathises, que simpatiza — 
 with* his dying friend, d* su moribundo amigo. But re- 
 member, pero acuerdale — it was Pythias, quefue Pytias — 
 who was devoted*, el que fue destinado* — by thee, por ti 
 — to destruction, a la destruction. I come to submit to it, 
 yo vengo d someterme a ello — that I* may redeem my friend, 
 a Jin de poder redimir a mi amigo. Do not refuse me, no 
 me reuses (niegues) — this consolation, este consuelo — in my 
 last hour, en mi ultima hora. 
 
 Dio. — I cannot endure* men, yo no puedo sobrellevar a 
 los hombres, — who despise death, que menosprecian la mu~ 
 
199 
 
 erte, — and set my power at* defiance*, y que* escarnecen* 
 mi poder. 
 
 Dam. — Thou canst not, then 1 , endure virtue, entonces 1 , 
 tu no puedes sobrellevar la virtud. 
 
 Dio. — No: no: — I cannot endure, yo no puedo sobrellevar 
 — that 1 proud, disdainful virtue 3 , aquella 1 virtud 2 altanera y 
 despreciadora — which contemns life, que menosprecia la 
 vida; — which dreads no punishment, que no teme a ningun 
 castigo; — and which*, y que* — is insensible to the charm3, 
 es insensible a los encantos — of riches and pleasures, de la 
 riqueza y de los deleites. 
 
 Dam. — Thou seest 3 , tit ves 2 , — however l , sin embargo 1 , — • 
 that it is a virtue, que es una virtud — which is not insensible, 
 la que no es insensible — to the dictates, a los dictados — of 
 honour, del honor, — just-ice, de la* justicia, — and friend- 
 ship, y a los* de la* amistad. 
 
 Dio. — Guards, jguardias! — take Pythias to execution*, , 
 llevad a Pytias al cadalso*. — We shall see, veremos — whe- 
 ther, si — Damon will continue, continuard Damon — to des- 
 pise my authority, en menospreciar mi autoridad. 
 
 Dam. — Pythias, by 1 returning 3 , por 1 haber 2 vuelto 2 Py- 
 tias — to submit himself, a someterse elmismo — to thy plea- 
 sure*, a tu voluntad* — has merited, se ha hecho acreedor 
 — his life, a la vida — and deserved, y merecido — thy fa- 
 vour*, tu piedad* — but I, pero yo — have excited, he esci- 
 tado — thy indignation, tu indignation, — by resigning my- 
 self, por someterme yo mismo — to thy power, a tu poder — in 
 order*, con el* objeto — to save him, de salvarlo; — be satis- 
 fied, then, estd,pues, satisfecho—w'iih this sacrifice, con este 
 sacrificio — and put* me to death*, y hazme* morir.* 
 
 Py. — Hold, Dionysius! \detente, Dionisiol — remember, 
 acuerdate — that it was Pythias alone, de que* fue solo Py- 
 
200 
 
 tias— ^wlio 1 offended thee 3 , quien } te a ofendio. Damon 
 could not, Damon, jamas puedo agraviarte*. 
 
 Dio. — Alas! what do I see and hear! /Ay! ;que es lo que 
 yo veo y oigof — Where am I*? ;En donde estoy! — How 
 miserable, and how worthy to be so! ;Que miserable soy*, 
 y que dignode serlo! — I have 1 hitherto 3 known 3 , yono* he 1 
 sabido* hasta este momento 3 — nothing of true virtue, nada 
 acerca* de la verdadera virtud. I have spent my life, yo 
 he pasado mi vida — in darkness and error, en las* tinieblas 
 y el error. All my power and honours, lodo mi poder y 
 honores — are insufficient, son insvjicientes — to produce love, 
 paraproducir amor. I cannot boast, yo no puedo vanglo- 
 riarme — of having acquired, de haber adquirido — a single 
 friend, unsolo amigo — in the course, en el transcurso — of a 
 reign of thirty years, de un reinado de treinta ahos. And 
 yet those two persons, y, empero, esos dos individuos, — in* 
 a private* condition*, de* un estado* privado — love one 
 another tenderly, se ama uno al otro tiernamente — unreser- 
 vedly confide 1 in each other, confia 1 uno en el otro sin re- 
 serva — are mutually happy, son mutuamente dichosos — and 
 ready to die, y estan prontos a morir — for each other's 
 preservation, por la preservacion uno del otro (por salvarse 
 uno al otro), 
 
 Py. — How couldst thou, icomo puedes tu, — who hast ne- 
 ver loved any person, que nunca has amado a nadie, — expect 
 to have friends, esperar el % tener amigos? If thou hadst 
 loved, si tu hubieras amado — and respected men, y respe- 
 tado a los* hombres, — thou wouldst have, tu hubieras — se- 
 cured their love, asegurado su amor — and respect, y re- 
 speto. Thou hast not feared mankind, to no has temido al 
 genero humano; — and they* fear thee, y el* te teme; — they* 
 detest thee, el* te aborrece. 
 
 Dio. — Damon, Pythias, Damon, Pytias—condescend to 
 admit me, condescended en admitirme — as a third friend, 
 
201 
 
 como un tercer amigo, — in a connexion so perfect, en una 
 conecsion (union) tan perfecta. I give you your lives, yo 
 08 doy vuestras vidas; — and I will load you with riches, y 
 yo os colmare* de riquezas. 
 
 Dam. — We have no desire, no tenemos deseo (no desea- 
 mos) — to be enriched by thee, el set enriquecidos por ti; — 
 and in regard, y por lo que respecta — to thy friendship, a iu 
 amistad, — we cannot accept, no podemos aceptarla — or* 
 enjoy it, ni* disfrutarla, — till thou become, hasta que te 
 vuelvas (en tanto que no seas) — good and just, bueno yjusto. 
 Without these qualities, sin estas cualidades, — thou canst 
 not be connected, no puedes estar conecsionado — with none, 
 con nadie, — but trembling slaves, sino con* tremulos escla- 
 vos — and base flatterers, y con* bajos aduladores. To be 
 loved, para ser amado — and esteemed, y estimado — by men 
 of free and generous minds, de hombres de un entendimiento 
 liberal y generoso^ — thou must be, debes ser — virtuous, af- 
 fectionate, virtuoso, carinoso, — disinterested, beneficent, 
 desinteresadoy benefico; — and know how to live, y debes* 
 saber vivir — in a sort of equality, en una especie de igual- 
 dad (casi igualdad) — with those who share, con aquellos 
 que participan — and deserve, y que merecen (son dignos de) 
 — thy friendship, tu amistad. 
 
 THIRD LESSON— LECCION TERCER A.. 
 
 FROM ENGLISH TO SPANISH. 
 
 Descriptive Pieces — Piezas Descriptivas. 
 
 The Eag]e— El Aguila. 
 
 The golden eagle, el Aguila dorada—As the largest, es 
 la mayor — and noblest, y mas noble — of all those birds, de 
 todas aquellas aves — that have received, que kan recibido 
 
202 
 
 — the name of eagle*, el nombre de Aguilas*. It weighs, 
 pesa — above twelve pounds, mas de doce libras. Its length, 
 su largo — is three feet, es de* tres pies: — the extent of his 
 wings, la estension de sus alas, — seven feet four inches, 
 es* de* siete pies cuatro pulgadas; — the bill is three inches 
 long, el pico es de tres pulgadas de largo, — and of a deep 
 blue, y de un azvl subido; — and the eye, y el ojo — of a ha- 
 zel 2 colour 1 , de un color 1 pardo 2 . In general, enjeneral 
 — these birds, estas aves — are found, se kalian — in moun- 
 tains, en los* monies — and thinly* inhabited* countries 1 , y en 
 lugares 1 de* pocd* poblacio?i*; — and breed, y crian — in 
 the loftiest cliff, en los* penascos* mas altos. They 
 choose, ellas escqjen — those places, aquellos lugares 
 — which are remotest, que estan mas distantes — from man, 
 del hombre, — upon whose possessions, sobre (en) cuyas 
 posesiones — they, ellas — but* seldom*, mux* pocas veces* 
 — make their* depredations, cometen depredaciones, — 
 being contented, contentdndose — rather*, mas bien** — to 
 follow, en segtcir — the wild game - , la caza sihestre — in the 
 forest, en laforesta — than, que en — to risk their safety, 
 aventurar su seguridad — to satisfy their hunger, para sa~ 
 ciar su hambre. 
 
 This fierce animal, esteferoz animal — may be consider- 
 ed, puede ser considerado — among birds, entre las aves — 
 as the lion, como el Leon— among quadrupeds, entre los 
 cuddrupedos; — and, y — in many respects, en muchos res- 
 pectos, — they have, ellas tienen — a strong similitude, una 
 grande semejanza (se asemejan mucho) — to each other, 
 uno al otro. They are both possessed, ambos estan posei- 
 dos (ambos poseen) — of force, fuerza, — and an empire, 
 y de* un imperio — over their fellows, sobre sus asociados — 
 of the forest, de laforesta. Equally magnanimous, igual- 
 mente magndnimas — they disdain, ellas desdehan — small 
 plunder, el pequeho robo ; (la reteria) — and only pursue, 
 y 8olamente persiguen — animals worthy the conquest, a 
 
203 
 
 animates dignos de la* conquista. It is not till, no es sino 
 hasta — after having, despues de* haber — been 1 long 
 provoked 3 , sido* provocada 2 por* mucho* tiempo* — by the 
 cries, por los gritos — of the rook, de la Corneja — or the 
 magpie, 6 los* de la Urraca, — that this generous 2 bird 1 , 
 que esta a,ve l jenerosa 2 — thinks fit*, piensa que* esjusto* — 
 to punish them, el castigarlas — with death, con la muerte. 
 
 The Eagle, el Aguila — also disdains, tambien desdena 
 — to share the plunder, el disfrutar del pillaje — of another 
 bird,<Ze otra ave; — and will take up, y solo se contenta — with 
 no other prey, con no otra presa — than that which, que 
 aquella que — he* has acquired, ella % ha adquirido — by his 
 own pursuits*, por su solo empeno*. How 1 hungry 3 soever 2 
 he* may be 4 , por 1 mas 2 hambrienta 3 que* ella este*, — he* 
 stoops not to carrion, ella* no hace presa de la came muer- 
 ta; — and when satiated, y cuando esta* satisfecha, — never 
 returns, jamas vuelve — to the same carcass, a la misma car- 
 casa; — but*, sino que* — leaves it, la deja — for other ani- 
 mals, para otros animates — more rapacious, de mas rapa- 
 cidad — and less delicate, y menos delicados — than himself,* 
 que ella*. Solitary, solitdria, — like the lion, comoelLeon, 
 — he keeps the desert, vive* en el* desierto — to* himself* 
 alone*, sola*; — and it is as extraordinary, y es tan estraor- 
 dinario — to see two pair of eagles, el ver dos pares de 
 Aguilas — in the same mountain, en una* misma montaha — 
 as two lions in the same forest, como a dos Leones en la mis- 
 ma seha. 
 
 They* keep* separate, viveri* separados — to find, para 
 hallar asi* — a* more ample supply*, mas abundante mante- 
 nimiento ; — and consider the quantity, y consideran la can- 
 tidad — of their game, de sit caza — as the best proof, como 
 la prueba mejor — of their dominion, de supoder. Nor 
 does the similitude of these animals stop here, no 
 acaba aqui la similitud de estos animates; (el Leon y el 
 
204 
 
 Aguila) — they have both, ambos tienen — sparkling eyes, 
 ojos centellantes, — and nearly of the same colour, y casi del 
 mismo color; — their claws are of the same form, sus garras 
 son de la misma forma, — their breath, su respiracion — 
 equally strong, igualmente fuerte, — and their cry, y su 
 grito — equally loud, igualmente recio — aud terrifying, y 
 terrificante. Bred both for war, criados ambos paru la 
 guerra, — they are enemies of all society, ellos son enemigos 
 de toda sociedad; — alike fierce, igualmente Jieros, — proud, 
 soberbios — and incapable, e incapaces — of being easily 
 tamed, de ser amansados (domesticados) facilmente. 
 
 Of all 1 the 2 feathered* tribe 3 , de todos 1 los* animales* 3 
 plumedos^-^— the eagle flies 1 ,■ vuela 1 el Aguila — the highest, 
 la mas alta; — and from thence, y de aqui es* que* — the 
 ancients, los antiguos — have given him, le han dado — the 
 title, el titulo — of bird of heaven, de ave del Cielo. He 
 possesses also, tambien posee — the sharpest sight, la vista 
 mas perspicaz: — but his sense of smelling*, pero su sentido 
 del olfato* — though acute, aunque sutil, — is inferior to 
 that, es inferior al — of a vulture, deun Buitre. He never 
 pursues, ella nuncapersigue, (caza)— but when its object, si- 
 no cuando su objeto — is in view, estd a la vista; — and having 
 seized his prey, y despues* de* liaber asegurado su presa, 
 — he stoops from his height, se tira abajo* con ella desde 
 su altura, — as if to examine, como para ecsaminar — its 
 weight, su peso, — always laying it, dejdndola siempre — on 
 the ground, sobre la tierra — before he carries* it* off*, 
 antes de llevdrsela. He* finds no difficulty, ella* no holla 
 dificultad — in taking* up*, en cargar* con* — geese and 
 cranes, Gansosy Grullas. He* also 1 carries* away*, tam- 
 bien^ carga con*— hares, lambs, and kids, Liebres, Corderos, 
 y Cabritos; — and often destroys, y amenudo destruye — 
 fawns and calves, Cervatos y Terneritos, — to drink their* 
 blood, para beberles la sangre; — and bears, y lleva — a pari 
 
205 
 
 of their flesh, una parte de su came — to his retreat*, a su 
 nido*. 
 
 Infants themselves*, las criaturas*, — when left unat- 
 tended, dejddas al descuidao — have been destroyed, han 
 sido destruidas — by these rapacious 3 creatures 1 *, por 
 estas aves 1 * rapantes 2 . — An 3 instance 4 is x recorded 2 , 
 ^e 1 recuerda 2 un 3 caso* — in Scotland, en Escocia — of 
 two children having been carried off, de haber sido lie- 
 vados dos ninos — by eagles, por Aguilas (de haberse 
 llevado las Aguilas dos nihos) ; — but fortunately, pero afor- 
 tunadamente, — they received no hurt, no recibieron dano 
 alguno* — by the way, en su trdnsito; — and the eagles being 
 pursued, y habiendo sido seguidas las Aguilas — the 3 chil^ 
 dren 4 were 1 found 2 , fueron* hallados 2 los 3 ninos* — unhurt, 
 ilesos — in the nests, en los nidos, — and restored, y devuel- 
 tos — to the affrighted parents, a sus asustados padres. 
 
 The eagle is thus at all times, asi es que* (thus*) el 
 Aguila es en todas ocasiones (siempre) — a 1 formidable 3 
 neighbour, un 1 vecino 2 formidable (temible); — but pecu- 
 liarly so*, pero especialmente* — when bringing up its 
 young*, cuando cria sus polios*. — It is then, entonces es, 
 — that* the male and female, cuando* el macho y la hembra 
 — exert all their force and industry, ejercitantoda sufuerza 
 y su* poder — to supply their offspring, para proveer (ali- 
 mentar) a* sus hijos. 
 
 It requires great patience, se necesita gran paciencia — 
 and much art, y mucho arte — to tame an eagle, para aman- 
 sar a un Aguila; — and even though taken young, y aim 
 cojidajoven, — and subdued* by* long* assiduity*, y mane- 
 jada de* continuo*, — yet it is a dangerous domestic, es sin- 
 embargo un miembro* de casa* mui* peligroso, — and often 
 turns its force, y amenudo twelve sufuerza (dirije su fuerza) 
 — against its master, contra su dueho. When brought into 
 the field, cuando es llenada (la llevan) al campo — for the 
 18 
 
206 
 
 purpose of fowling, con el objeto de cazar aves, — the fal- 
 coner is 3 never 1 sure 3 , nunca 1 estd* seguro 3 el halconero — 
 of its attachment, de su cariho acia* el*; — its innate pride, 
 su innata sobervia, — and love of liberty, y amor a la liber- 
 tad, — still* prompt it, la tientan decontinuo* — to regain its 
 native solitude, a readquirir su soledad nativa. Some- 
 times, however, algunas veces, empero — eagles are brought, 
 se atrae* a las Aguilas — to have an attachment, d tener 
 amistad (a amar) — to their feeder, al que las alimenta; — 
 they* are 3 then 1 highly serviceable, entonces 1 son 2 mui 
 utiles — and liberally provide, y proveen liberalmente — for 
 his pleasures and support, a sus placer es y d* su manu- 
 tendon. 
 
 When the falconer, cuando el halconero — lets* them 
 go from* his hand*, las* suelta* — they* play* about, 
 voltejean — and hover round him, y se pandean al re- 
 dedor de el — till their game presents, mientras que se les 
 presenta su caza, — which they see at an immense distance, 
 la que ven (descubren) d una distancia inmensa — and pur- 
 sue with* certain destruction, y persiguen kasta* su 
 positiva destruccion. 
 
 It is said, se dice — that the eagle, que el Aguila — can 
 live many weeks, puede vivir muchas semanas — without 
 food, sin alimento; — and that the period, y que el periodo — 
 of its life, de su vida — exceeds a hundred years, pasa de* 
 cien ahos. 
 
 FOURTH LESSON— LECCION CUARTA. 
 
 FROM ENGLISH TO SPANISH. 
 
 The Horse— El Caballo. 
 
 Of all quadrupeds, de todos los* cuadrupedos, — the 
 horse, el caballo — appears to be, parece ser (es) — the 
 
207 
 
 most beautiful, el mas hermoso. — His fine size, su buen 
 tamaho, — the glossy smoothness, la lustrosa suavidad — of 
 his skin, de su piel — the graceful ease, la graciosa faci- 
 lidad (lijereza) — of his motions, de sus movimientos — and 
 the exact symmetry, y la esacta simetria — of his shape, de 
 su forma, — entitle him, lo hacen merecedor — to* this dis- 
 tinction, de* esta distincion. 
 
 To have an idea, para tener una idea — of this noble ani- 
 mal, de este noble animal — in his native simplicity, en su 
 simplicidad nativa, — we are not to look for him, no debemos 
 irlo a buscar — in the pastures*, a los prddos* — or the 
 stables, 6 a las caballerizas, — to which, en los que — he* has 
 been consigned, ha sido colocado — by man, por* el hombre 
 — but in those wild and extensive plains, pero si* en aquellas 
 anchas y dilatada llanuras, — where he was, en donde fue 
 — originally produced, criado originariamente, — where 
 he ranges* without control, endonde vive* sin svjecion 
 (libremente)-—dLnd riots, y disfruta desenfrendamente — 
 in* all the variety, de* toda la variedad — of luxurious* 
 nature, de la voluptuosa* naturaleza. — In this state, en este 
 estado — of happy independence, de dichosa independencia, 
 he disdains the assistance of man, el desprecia la asistencia 
 del hombre, — which* tends only*, querno* tiene* ctro objeto* 
 — to* his*, que* el de su* — servitude, servidumbre (esclavi* 
 zarlo). 
 
 In those boundless tracts, en aquellas regiones sin Jin, — 
 whether of Africa or America, 6 ya del Africa 6 de la 
 America — he runs at liberty, corre con libertad, — and 
 he* seems no* way* incommoded*, y no parece molestado 
 — with the inconveniences, con las desventajas — to which 
 he* is subject, a que esta sujeto (que esperimenta) — in Eu- 
 rope, en Europa. — The continual verdure, la continua ver- 
 dura — of the fields, de los prados — supplies his wants, 
 suple sus necesidades (satisface sus) ; — and the climate, y 
 
208 
 
 el clima — that never knows a* winter, que nunca conoce 
 el invicrno (en donde no se esperimenta) — suits* his 
 constitution, es* adaptable* a su constitution, — which na- 
 turally, la que naturalmente — seems adapted* to heat, parece 
 formada* para el color. 
 
 In those countries, en aquellos paises — the horses are 
 often seen, los caballos son vistos amenudo (se ve a los cabal- 
 los) — feeding in droves*, paciendo en atajos* (6 manadas) 
 — of five or six hundred, de quinientos a seicientos. — As they 
 do not carry* on war, como no hacen* la* guerra — against 
 any other race of animals, contra (d) ninguna otra especie 
 de animales,— they* are satisfied, se contentan — to* remain 
 entirely, en mantenerse enteramente — upon the defensive, 
 sobre la defensiva. — They have always, ellos tienen siempre 
 — one among their* number*, uno de entre ellos — that stands 
 as sentinel, que ecsiste como centinela, — to give notice, para 
 dar noticia (noticiar) — of any approaching danger, de cual- 
 quier peligro inmediato; — and this office* they* take, y 
 toman este ejercicio* — by turns, por turnos. 
 
 If a man approaches them, si un hombre se les acerca — 
 while they are feeding by* day, mientras ellos estan pas- 
 tando de* dia, — their sentinel walks up boldly, su centinela 
 va denodadamente acta el — as if to examine, como para 
 ecsaminar — his strength, su fuerza, — or to intimidate him, 
 6 como* para intimidarlo — from* proceeding, a Jin* de 
 que* no proceda; — but as the man approaches, pero al acer- 
 carse el hombre — within* pistol-shot, d* tiro de pistola, 
 — the sentinel, la centinela — then thinks it*, cree entonces 
 — high* time*, ser* tiempo* propio* — to alarm his fellows, 
 de alarmar a sus compaheros. This* he does, terifica esto 
 — by a loud snorting, por una especie de relincho fuerte; 
 — upon* which*, en* cuyo momento* — they all, odos ellos — 
 take* the signal, entienden* la serial — and fly off, y huyen — 
 With the speed, con la lijereza (velocidad) — of the wind, 
 
209 
 
 del viento; — their 3 faithful 3 sentinel bringing 1 up 1 , gui- 
 ando 1 su 2 JieP centinela — the rear, la retaguardia. 
 
 But, pero — of all countries, de todos los paises — in the 
 world, del mundo — where the horse, en donde el caballo— 
 runs* wild, se cria silvestre — Arabia produces, la* Arabia 
 produce — the most beautiful breed 1 , la* casta 1 mas her- 
 mosa, — most generous, mas noble, — swift, Zi;era,-— and 
 persevering, y la* mas* perseverante. They are found, 
 ellos se encuentran — though not in great numbers, aunque 
 no en gran numero {no muchos) — in the deserts of that 
 country, en los desiertos de aquel pais: — and the natives, y 
 los naturales — use every stratagem, usan de toda estrata- 
 jema — to take them, para cojerlos. 
 
 The usual manner, la manera usual (el modo) — in which 
 the Arabians, con que los Arabes — try the swiftness, prueban 
 la lijereza — of these animals, de estos animales, — is, by 
 hunting the ostrich, es, cazando el Avestruz. — The horse, 
 el caballo — is the only animal, es el solo animal — whose 
 speed*, cuya velocidad* — is comparable, es comparable — 
 to that of this creature*, a la de esta ave — which is found, 
 que se halla — in the sandy plains, en las llanuras arenosas, 
 — that abound, que abundan — in those countries, en aquellas 
 paises. The instant, al instante que* — the ostrich per- 
 ceives 1 , percive 1 el Avestruz — itself* aimed at*, que* es 
 visto*, — it makes to the mountains, hace por las mon- 
 tanas, — while the horseman, mientras que eljinete — pursues 
 it with all the swiftness possible, lo persigue con toda 
 la lijereza posible, — and endeavours, y procura — to cut 
 off its* retreat, cortarle la* retirada. — The chase then 1 
 continues, entonces 1 continua la caza — along the plain, por 
 la llanura, — while the ostrich, mientras que el Avestruz — 
 makes use, hace uso — of both* legs and wings, de sus pier- 
 nas y alas — to assist its motion*, para ayudar su carrera*. 
 18* 
 
210 
 
 A horse, un caballo—of the first speed*, de la primera 
 velocidad* — is able to outrun it, es capaz de pasarle 
 adelante, — so that, demodo que — the poor animal, el pobre 
 animal — is then obliged, estd entonces obligado~to have 
 recourse to art, a recurrir al arte — to elude the hunter, 
 para eludir al cazador — by frequently turning, dando vuel- 
 tas frecuentemente. At length, al jin, — finding all escape 
 hopeless, hallando todo escape destituido de esperanza 
 (desesperanzado de escape) — it hides its head, esconde su 
 cabeza — wherever it can, en donde puede — and tamely suf- 
 fers, y mansamente sufre — itself to be taken, el ser cojido. — 
 If the horse, si el caballo — in a trial of this kind, en una 
 prueba de esta especie — shows great speed, muestra mucha 
 lijereza, — and is not readily tired, y no esta sumamente 
 cansado, — his character* is fixed 1 , se asegura* su cuali- 
 dad* — and he is held, y es tenido — in high estimation, en 
 grande estimacion. 
 
 The Arabs, los Arabes — never teat, nunca castigan — 
 or correct their horses, 6 corrijen a* sus caballos, — but 
 treat them, sino que los tratan— with kindness*, con sua- 
 vidad*— and even affection, y aun % con % cariho. 
 
 FIFTH LESSON— LECCIOJY QUIJfTA. 
 
 FROM ENGLISH TO SPANISH. 
 
 Dialogue — Dialogo. 
 Alexander and the Robber — Alejandro y el Ladron. 
 
 Ale. — What, jque! — art thou, ieres tu — the Thracian 
 robber, el ladron de Trdcia — of whose exploits, de cuyas 
 proezas — I have heard, he oido — so much, tanto? 
 
 Robb. — I am a Thracian, yo soy un Tracio,' — and a 
 soldier, y un soldado. 
 
211 
 
 Ale. — A soldier! /un soldado! — a thief, /un ladron! — a 
 plunderer, /un saqueadorf — an assassin, /un asesino! — the 
 pest of the country, /la peste del pais! — I could honour thy 
 courage, yo podria honrar tu valor, — but I must detest, 
 pero debo detestar — and punish, y castigar — thy crimes, 
 tus crimenes. 
 
 Robb. — What have I* done? jqve he hecho yo — of which, 
 de lo que — you* can complain, vos* podais quejaros? 
 
 Alex. — Hast thou not, ino has — set* at defiance*, des- 
 preciado* — my authority, mi wtoridad, — violated the pub- 
 lic peace, violado la paz publica — and passed thy life, y 
 pasado tu vida — in injuring the persons, en dahificar a las 
 personas — and properties, y propiedades — of thy fellow* 
 creatures*, de tus projimos? 
 
 Robb. — Alexander, Alejandro, — I am your captive, yo 
 soy vuestro cautivo; — I must hear what, yo debo oir lo que 
 — you* please td say, gusteis decir. — and endure, y sufrir 
 — what you please to inflict, la* pena* que gusteis apli- 
 carme*. — But my soul, pero mi alma—\s* unconquered, 
 ecsiste* inconquistada; — and if I reply, y si yo replico — at* 
 all*, algo* — to your reproaches, a tus reproches, — I will 
 Teply, yo replicare — like* a free man, como* un hombre 
 libre. 
 
 Alex. — Speak freely, habla libremente. — Far* be it from 
 me*, lejos* de mi* — to take the advantage, el tomar la ven- 
 taja — of my power, de mi poder, — to silence those, para 
 silenciar a aquellos — with whom, con quienes — I* deign 
 to converse, me digno conversar. 
 
 Robb. — I must, then, entonces, yo debo — answer your 
 question, contesfar a vuestra pregunta — by another, por 
 ! otra. — How have you, [como habeis vos — passed your life, 
 ! pasado vuestra vida? 
 
 Alex. — Like a hero, como un heroe. — Ask Fame, pre- 
 ! guntdselo a la fama, — and she will tell you, y ella os lo 
 
212 
 
 dird. — Among the brave, entre los valientes, — I* have 
 been, he sido — the bravest, el mas valiente; — among sove- 
 reigns, entre los soberanos, — the noblest, el mas noble; — 
 among conquerors, entr e los conquistador es, — the mightiest, 
 el mas grande. 
 
 Robb. — And does not Fame, jy que la Fama no — speak 
 of me too, habla tambien de mi? — Was there* ever, ihubo 
 jamas — a bolder captain, capitan mas denodado — of a more 
 valiant band? de una partida mas valiente? — Was there 
 ever, </ kubo jamas? — but I scorn, pero yo desprecio — to 
 boast, el hacer alarde, — You yourself know, vos, vos mismo 
 sabeis — that I* have not been, que no he sido— easily sub- 
 dued, fdcilmente rendido. 
 
 Alex. — Still, sin embargo — what are you, ^que sois vos 
 — but a robber, sino un ladron? — a base, un bajo y* — dis- 
 honest robber, picaro ladron? 
 
 Robb. — And what is a conqueror? iy que es un conquista- 
 dor? — Have not you. too, [no habeis vos tambien — gone 
 about the earth, ido por la tierra — like* an evil* genius, 
 como un jenio del* mal* — blasting, haciendo estallar — the 
 fair fruits, los hermosos frutos, — of peace, de la paz — and 
 industry, y de la industria — plundering, saqueando — ravag- 
 ing*, desolando* — killing, y* matando, — without law, sin 
 ley — without justice, sin justicia, — merely*, solamente 2 — 
 to gratify 1 , para gratificar 1 — an 1 insatiable 3 lust 3 , un 1 ape- 
 tito 2 insatiable 3 — for* dominion*, de* domination? — All 
 that I have done, todo lo que yo he hecho (todos mis heckos) 
 — to a single district, en un solo distrito — with a hundred, 
 con un ciento — followers, de* proselitos, — you have done*, 
 lo habeis vos ejecutado* — to* whole nations, con* naciones 
 enteras, with a hundred thousand, con cien mil. — If I have, 
 si yo he — stripped individuals*, desnudado a* personas — 
 you have ruined, vos Habeis arruinado — kings and princes, 
 d* Reyes y principes.—If I have burned, si yo he quemado 
 
 
213 
 
 — a* few* hamlets, algunos* pueblecillos — you have deso- 
 lated, vos habeis desolado — the most 3 flourishing 3 king- 
 doms 1 , los reynos 1 mas* florecientes — and cities 3 , y cui- 
 dades 2 — of the earth, de la tierra. — What is then, cual es, 
 pues, the difference, la diferencia — but that, sino que, — as 
 you were born, como habiais nacido — a* king, Rey — and I, 
 e yo — a 1 private 3 * man 3 , un 1 kombre 2 cualquiera 3 * — you* 
 have been, habeis podido — to become, ser — a mightier* 
 robber, un ladron de mayor jerdrquia* — than I, que yo. 
 
 Alex. — But if, pero si — I have taken, yo he tornado 
 (quitado) — like a king, como un Rey — I have given, yo he 
 dado — like a king, como un Rey. — If I have, si yo he — sub- 
 verted empires, subvertido imperios, — I have founded, yo 
 los he fundado — greater, mayores. — I have cherished, he 
 amado — arts, las* artes, — commerce, el* commercio — and 
 philosophy, y la* flosofia. 
 
 Robb. — I, too, yo tambien — have freely* given, he dado 
 liberalmente* — to the poor, al pobre — what I took, lo que 
 tome — from the rich, del rico (lo que le quite al) — I have 
 established, yo he establecido — order and discipline, orden 
 y disciplina — among the most ferocious, entre los mas 
 feroces—oi mankind, deljenero humano; — and have stretch- 
 ed out*, y he alargado (estendido) — my protecting 3 arm 1 , 
 mi brazo 1 protector 2 — over the oppressed, sobre el opri- 
 mido. — I know, yo se — indeed, en verdad — little of the 
 philosophy, poco de la Jilosqfia — you* talk of*, de que 
 habiais; — but I believe, pero yo creo— neither you,, que ni 
 vos — nor I, niyo — shall 3 ever 1 atone 3 , jamas 1 satisfaremos 2 
 — to the world, al mundo — for the mischief*, por los 
 males* — we have done it, que le hemos causado. 
 
 Alex. — Leave me, dejame. — Take off his chains, quitadle 
 las cadenas, — and use him well, y tratadlo bien. — Are we 
 then*, que*, jsomos — so much alike, tan parecidos? — 
 Alexander, a robber ! — /Alexandro, un ladron // — Let me 
 reflect, /dejame pensar // 
 
214 
 
 SIXTH LESSON— LECCION SECSTA. 
 
 FROM ENGLISH TO SPANISH. 
 
 Cicero and Augustus — Ciceron y Augusto. 
 
 Augustus. — Hail ! great orator ! /salve, grande orador ! 
 — I am glad to see you again, yo me alegro de veros otra 
 vez. — I have not forgot, yo no he olvidado — the obligations, 
 los deberes"— under which, bajo los cuales — you laid me, 
 me pusisteis (constituisteis). 
 
 Cicero. — Oh ! you* can remember* them* here* /oh ! 
 vos* podeis acordaros* de ellos* aqui^ — though* you* 
 would not, yd* que* quisisteis hacerlo* — in the other world, 
 en el otro mundo. 
 
 Aug. — After your death, despues de vuestra muerte, — I 
 found, halle a* — one of my grandchildren, uno de mis 
 nietos — reading your works, leyendo vuesiras Obras. — I 
 took him, lo tome — by surprise, por sorpresa (lo sorprendi); 
 — and he was afraid, y estaba temeroso (y temio) — lest* I 
 should chide him, el que le regahase; — instead of which, 
 en lugar de lo que — I* took up*, tome — your book, miestro 
 libro — and said, y dije que* — you* were, fuisteis — a great 
 man, un grande hombre — and a lover, y un amante — of 
 your country, de vuestra patria. — You* see, veis — 1 could 
 speak well, que pude hablar bien (que hable) — of you, de 
 vos, — even in my life-time, aun en el tiempo de mi vida 
 (aun viviendo). 
 
 Cic. : — A fine* reward truly, /un buen* premio, en verdad 
 — for my having educated you, por haberos educado ! — 
 When you were young, cuando fuisteis joven, — you des- 
 pised, despreciasteis — my advice, mis consejos — my 
 friends, a* mis amigos — and my interest, y mi interes (y 
 mi bien). 
 
 Aug. — You gave me these, vos me los disteis (los con- 
 sejos) — not so much, no tanto—for my own sake*, por mi 
 propio bien* — as, como para* — to balance, balancear — the 
 
215 
 
 authority of Antony, la autoridad (el poder) de Antonio, — 
 for thy dread, por que temiais — his tyrannical disposition, 
 su tirdnico cardcter. 
 
 Cic. — True, es verdad. — I was not so much afraid, yo 
 no estaba tan temeroso — of a child, de un niho — as of that, 
 como de aquel — powerful and violent man 1 , hombre 1 pode- 
 roso y soberbio. — But, pero — I* was deceived, me engane; 
 — you proved* the more dangerous, vos fuisteis* el mas 
 perjudicial — of the two, de los dos. — It was I, fui yo — 
 however, sin embargo, — who made, quien kizo — your 
 fortune, vuestra fortuna (<quien os hizo feliz). — By my 
 Philippics, por mis Filipicas — I* prejudiced, impresione — 
 the commonwealth, a la republica — against Antony, contra 
 Antonio — and in your favour, y en vuestro favor. — What 
 did I not say, ique no dije yo — in the senate, en el Senado 
 — in your 3 behalf 1 , en favor 1 vuestro 2 , — while you were, 
 mientras estabdis — at the siege of Mutina, en el sitio de 
 Mutina — where, en donde — the two victorious 2 consuls 1 , 
 los dos Consules 1 victoriosos 2 — Hirtius and Pansa, Hircio 
 y Pansa — perished, perecieron? — By their victories, por 
 sus victorias — you acquired, vos adquiristeis — the com- 
 mand of the army, el mando del ejercito. — But instead, pero 
 en lugar — of defending those, de defender a* aquellos — -who 
 had supplied you, que os habian pr •ovist o — with* arms, de* 
 armas — you basely formed, formdsteis bajamente — a league 
 with Antony, una liga con Antonio — and 1 that* vilest 3 of 
 men*, Lepidus 3 , y 1 con* Lepido 2 , el* mas vil* de los hom- 
 bres*, — to enslave Rome, para esclavizar a Roma. — When 
 this, cuando este — execrable triumvirate, esecrable triun- 
 virato — was formed, se hubo formado — each of you* cada 
 uno de vosotros* — stood out*, se mantuvo — a while*, unpoco 
 de tiempo* — for his friend, por su amigo; — but each con- 
 sented, pero cada uno determino* — at length, al fin — to 
 become criminal himself*, el volverse criminal — that his 
 
216 
 
 companion, afin de que su companero — might become so 
 too, lo fuese tambien. — Thus*, en razon de esto* — Antony, 
 Antonio — consented, consintio — to give up, en* entregar 
 a* — his own uncle, su propio tio — Lucius Caesar, Lucio 
 Casar — to you, a vos — in order*, con el objeto de* — to 
 obtain my life, obtener mi vida {de poder disponer de 
 mi vida) — which you, que vos — basely 2 sacrificed 1 , sacrifi- 
 cdsteis 1 bajamente 2 — to his animosity, a su odio. 
 
 Aug.— I could not deny, yono podia negarle — that man, 
 a aquel hombre — any thing, nada; — for, porque — I then 
 stood, me hulle entonces — in need, en necesidad — of his 
 assistance, de su ayuda — in order*, con el objeto de* — to 
 render myself, hacerme* — master of the world, dueho del 
 mundo. — A temptation, una tentacion — like this, como esta 
 (tal deseo) — might make almost, pudiera casi hacer — any 2 
 fault 3 excusable 1 , escusable 1 cualquiera 2 falta 3 . 
 
 Cic. — Such foul* ingratitude, tan malvada* ingratitud — 
 can 3 never 1 be 2 excused, jamas 1 podra 2 ser 2 disculpada 3 . — 
 But for me*, a no haber sido por mi* — you* never 1 would 2 
 have 2 had 3 , jamas 1 kubierais 2 vos* tenido 3 — any 2 share 1 , 
 parte 1 alguna 2 — in the public 2 administration 1 , en la admi- 
 nistracion 1 publico 2 — at all*, en manera alguna*. — I 1 
 heartily 3 regret 2 ,^ 1 siento 2 detodo corazon 3 (estoy inti.ma- 
 mente arrepentido de) — all the eulogies, todos 6 los elojios — 
 that I bestowed upon you, que yo os prodigue — you* were, 
 fuisteis — a false friend, un falso amigo, — and you became, 
 y os volvisteis — a cruel tyrant, un cruel tirano. 
 
 Aug. — By this load of abuse, por esta carga de abuso 
 (jpor tamahas desverguenzas) — I* fancy, me imajino que* — 
 you are going*, vais* — to make Philippics, d* hacer Fill- 
 picas (a escribir) — against me, contra mi, — more vehe- 
 ment, mas vehementes — than those, que las — against An- 
 tony, contra Antonio. 
 
 Cic. — No; no; — my eloquence 3 , mi elocuencia 3 — I left, 
 
. ■* 217 
 
 yo J deje 2 — behind me, deltas de mi — in the other world, 
 en el otro mundo; — but, pero — posterity will know, la* pos- 
 teridad sabrd — that I made you, que yo os hice — what you 
 were, lo que fuisteis, — and you basely betrayed* me, y que* 
 me vendisteis* bajamente — to gratify Antony's passion, 
 para satisfacer la. pasion (la sed) de Antonio — for revenge, 
 por venganza. — What vexes me most, lo que mas me mor- 
 tifica — however 1 , empero 1 — is, es — that you have not only 
 rendered yourself, que no solo* os habeis hecho — odious, 
 odioso — but me contemptible, sino a mi despreciable.— 
 They will say, ellos dirdri (se dira) — that I have been 
 duped, que yo he sido engahado — by a young man, por un 
 joven — who made use of me, que se sirvio de mi — merely, 
 solamente — to attain, para lograr — his ambitious ends 1 , 
 sus fines 1 ambiciosos (sus ambiciosos intentos.) — Serve an 
 ungrateful man, servid a* unhombre ingrato — and you reap* 
 only, y cosechais* solamente — bitter grief, un amargo 
 pesar, — and lasting shame, y oprobio eterno. 
 
 SEVENTH LESSON— SEP TIM A LECCION. 
 
 FROM ENGLISH TO SPANISH. 
 
 Biographical Sketches — dpuntes Biogrdjicos. 
 
 George Washington. 
 
 The hero, el heroe — of these sketches, de estos apuntes, — 
 possessed, poseyo — probably, probablemente — as perfect a 1 
 combination 2 , una 1 conbinacion 2 tan perfecta — of corpo- 
 real 3 majesty 1 , de majestad' 1 corporal 2 — and strength, y 
 fuerza — with intellectual penetration, con una* penetration 
 intelectual — and decision, y una* decision — uncomprising 
 purity of purpose, y* una* pureza incomprometible de in- 
 tention — as ever fell to the lot, como jamas cupo en suerte 
 19 
 
218 
 
 — of an individual, de un individuo (de individuo alguno). 
 — George 8 Washington was born 1 , Nacio 1 Jorje 2 Wash- 
 ington — in 1 Westmoreland county 2 , en 1 el* distrito* de 
 Westmoreland — Virginia, en* Virginia — at the seat of his 
 ancestors, en la residencia de sus mayores — on the 22d of 
 February, el veinte y dos de Febrero — 1732, de mil sete- 
 cientos treinta y dos. — His father dying, habiendo fallecido 
 su padre — when he was, cuando tenia — nine years old*, 
 nueve anos, — the care of tiis education, el cuidado de su 
 education — devolved, recayo — on his mother, en su madre — 
 whose virtues, cuyas virtudes — and excellence of character, 
 y escelentia de cardcter — shed, derramaron* — their vivify- 
 ing impression, su vivifiante impresion (su infiujo vivifi* 
 cante) — on the mind, en la imajinacion — of her beloved son, 
 de su queridohijo— affording, ofreciendo esto*— another, otro 
 — striking record, recuerdo tocante — of the power, del poder 
 — of maternal 3 influence 1 , de la influential maternal* — over 
 the disposition, sobre el jenial — of youth, de la juventud. 
 
 He early showed, el demostro mui tempranamente (pre- 
 cozmente) — a military spirit, un espiritu militar; — and* in 
 his 19th year*, y* a los diez y nueve anos* — he was ap- 
 pointed, fue nombrado — an* adjutant-general, Ayudante- 
 jeneral — of Virginia, de Virginia — with the rank, con el 
 cardcter — of major, de Mayor — of the colonial troops, de 
 las tropas coloniales. — His undaunted spirit, su espiritu in- 
 trepido (su intrepido valor — manifested itself,* se manifesto 
 — in various enterprises, en varias empresas — in which, en 
 las que — he* was engaged, estuvo comprometido (comision- 
 ado), — and gave, y did — strong evidence, una fuerte evi- 
 dencia (y manifesto sehales inequivocas) — of what, de lo 
 que — might be expected, podria esperarse — from him, de 
 el — in the hour of peril, en la hora (en el momento) del 
 peligro. 
 
 In 1758, en mil setecientos cincuenta y ocho, — the war, 
 
219 
 
 la guerra — between Great Britain and France, entre la 
 Gran Bretaha y Francia — which raged*, que se estendio* 
 — with great virulence, con gran furia — in* the Ameri- 
 can 2 colonies 1 , porn las colonias 1 Americanas* — having 1 
 terminated 3 , habiendo* terminado*, he* retired, se retiro — 
 to private life, a la vida privada (a vivir privadamente) — 
 at Mount Vernon, en Mount Vernon — and shortly after, y 
 poco despues — married Mrs. Custis, caso con* Mrs. Custis 
 — a lady, una sefiora — every* way qualified*, enteramente 
 cualificada* — to adorn, para adornar {embellecer) — a pub- 
 lic or private station, una situation pitblica 6 privada. — In 
 this dignified retirement, en este digno retiro, — he passed 
 his time, pasaba (empleaba) su tiempo — in agricultural im- 
 provements 1 , en mejoras 1 agricolas, — until the pretensions, 
 hasta que las pretenciones — of Great Britain, de la Gran 
 Bretana — roused, escitaron — a spirit of hostility, un espiri- 
 tu de hostilidad — through the colonies, por todas las co- 
 lonias — which at last was fanned* into aflame, que estalld* 
 alfin en una llama — that blazed, que lucid* (que ardio) — to* 
 every extremity, en* todas las estremidades — of the coun- 
 try, del pais. — War became 1 , se hizo x la* guerra — inevi- 
 table, inevitable; — and to George Washington, y a Jorje 
 Washington — were* all eyes simultaneously turned*, se* 
 dirijieron simultdneamente todas las miradas* (las miras) 
 — as 1 the* fittest 3 person 2 , como 1 la persona 2 mas apropb- 
 sito 3 — to lead their armies*, para mandar* sus ejercitos — 
 through the approaching, en la procsima — eventful 3 strug- 
 gle 1 , lid llena 1 de acontecimientos 2 . — He was unanimously, 
 el fue undnimemente — appointed, nombrado — commander 
 in chief, comandante en jefe (Jeneral en jefe) — by the first 
 congress, por el primer Congreso — which met in Philadel- 
 phia, que se junto en Filadelfia — in 1774, en mil setecien- 
 tos setenta y cuatro. 
 
 Washington 3 repaired 1 to Massachusetts, paso x Washing- 
 
220 
 
 ton* a Massachusetts, — then the* seat* of war, teatro 
 entonces de la guerra — and found the army, y hallo al 
 ejercito — destitute, destituido — of almost, de casi — every 
 military supply, toda provision militar. — Organization there 
 was none*, alii no habia organizacion alguna*; — but his in- 
 dustry, pero su industria — and talent, y talento — subdued 
 all difficulties, vencio todas las dificultades (todos los 
 obtdculos). 
 
 The war for independence, la guerra por la independen- 
 cia — was carried on,fue conducida — with varied success*, 
 con ecsito incierto* — and never probably, y probablemente 
 nunca — did an army, un ejercito — more require, necesito 
 mas — the sustaining* influence, de la influencia conserva- 
 dora* — of patriotic feelings, de unos sentimientos patrioticos 
 — than the American army did, como la armada Ameri- 
 cana — during, durante — -this* memorable conflict, aquel* 
 memorable conflicto. — But, pero — Washington's eye 1 , la 
 vista 1 de Washington — was fixed, se hallaba Jija — on the 
 goal, en el objeto; — the independence, la independencia — 
 and liberty, y libertad — of his country, desupatria; — and, 
 y — whether, o ya que — the storm, la tormenta — of adversity, 
 de la adversidad — -rose, se levantase — seemingly, con 
 aparcencias — to overwhelm, de destruir — or, 6 que — the 
 gales*, los impetuosos vientos*, — of prosperity, de la pros- 
 peridad — to forward*, hiciesen adelantar* — the great ob- 
 ject, el grande objeto — of his soul, de su alma, — the same 
 equanimity 4 , la misma inalterabilidad*^-of temper 5 , de tem- 
 per 'amento 5 — the same calm decision 6 , la misma tranquila 
 decision* (deliberacion) — of purpose 7 , de ideas 7 — and reso- 
 lute perseverance 8 , y decidida perseverancia 8 — never 1 , 
 nunca 1 — for a moment 2 , por tin momento 2 (ni un instante 
 siquiera) — forsook him 3 , lo abandonaron 3 . 
 
 The capture of Cornwallis, la captura de Cornwallis — 
 at Yorktown, en Yorktown — closed the military 3 career 1 , 
 
221 
 
 concluyo la carrera 1 militar 2 — of Washington, de Wash- 
 ington. — Peace followed, se siguio la paz — and the suc- 
 cessful general, y el afortunado jeneral — relinquished, dejo 
 — into the hands, en las manos — of his fellow-citizens, de 
 sus conciudadanos — that power, aquelpoder — he had wield- 
 ed* que habia poseido — for many years, por muchos ahos — 
 so gloriously, tan gloriosamante — in their service, en ser- 
 vicio de ellos. — He again chose, el escojio otra vez — his 
 favourite retirement, su retiro favorito; — but he had be- 
 come, pero se habia hecko — of* too much consequence*, 
 de mucha importancia (un objeto mui importante) — to his 
 country, para su patria — to be suffered*, para poder per- 
 mitir — lo remain there, que permaneciese alii. He had 
 been, el habia sido — their leader, su caudillo — *ifc|rms, en 
 las armas, — he must now* be, y despues* debia^sef — their 
 head, su cabeza — in civil 3 affairs 1 , en losnegocios 1 civiles 2 . 
 — On the adoption, en lo adopcion — of the federal consti- 
 tution, de la constitucion federal, — he* was, fue— without 
 a dissenting vote, sin que m un voto disintiese — in the na- 
 tion, en lanacion — elected, electo — president of the United 
 States, PresidenXe de los Estados Unidos. — His dignified, 
 su digna — administration, administracion — of the govern- 
 ment, del gobierno — confirmed, confirmo — the favourable 2 
 opinion 1 , la opinion 1 favorable 2 — already earned*, ya 
 adquirida* — by his previous services, por sus anteriores 
 servicios. — On the expiration, a la conclusion- — of the first 
 presidential* term, del primer termino de* su presidencia* 
 — he was re-elected, fue reelejido — for another, para otro 
 — at the end of which, al fin del que — he, el — once more, 
 otra vez — entered, entro en — the shades, las sombras (en 
 la oscuridad) — of private life, de la vida privada, 
 
 This repose, este descanso — now* become necessary, que 
 se habia hecho entonces* necesario — was about, estuvo 
 cerca de — to be again, ser otra vez — interrupted, inter- 
 im* 
 
222 
 
 rumpido — when*, en el evento* de — on* an expected*, haber* 
 tenido efecto* una inespcrada — invasion by* France, inva- 
 sion por* parte de la* Francia — the eyes, los ojos — of the 
 nation, de la nacion — were as formerly, estuvieron como 
 antes — bent toward, vueltos dcia — their favourite champion, 
 su campeon favorito. — An event, however, un aconteci- 
 miento, empero — was at hand* , se hallaba procsimo — which 
 destroyed, que destruyo — all anticipations*, todas las es- 
 peranzas*. — He, el — was attacked, fue atacado, — on* the 
 13th of December, el trece de Diciembre — 1799, de mil 
 tetecientos noventa y nueve — with* an inflammatory affection, 
 de* una afeccion infiamatoria — of* the throat, a la* gar- 
 ganta—; which closed, la que terminb* — his valuable life, su 
 aparegtifte vida*— on the night 2 following 1 , en la subse- 
 cuente^Vwche 2 . 
 
 Washington had gained, Washington habia ganado — 
 the enviable distinction, la envidiable distincion — in his 
 own* country, en supatria, — of being, de ser — first in war, 
 el primero en la guerra, — first in peace, el primero en la 
 paz, — and first, y el primero — in*4he hearts, en los cora- 
 zones — of his countrymen, de sus conciudadanos; — and in 
 Europe, y en Europa — he* was, fue— emphatically styled*, 
 llamado enfdticamente — the man of the age, el hombre del 
 siglo. 
 
 EIGHTH LESSON— LECCION OCTAVA. 
 
 FROM ENGLISH TO SPANISH. 
 
 Benjamin Franklin. 
 
 In the year, en el aho de* — 1714, mil setecierttos catorce 
 — Benjamin Franklin, Benjamin Franklin — then a boy, 
 entonces tin niho — of eight years of age, de ocho ahos de 
 edad — was sent, fue enviado — to a grammar 3 school 1 , a 
 
223 
 
 una escuela 1 de gramaticd i —\n Massachusetts, en Massa- 
 chusetts — preparatory, preparatoriamente — 'to*, antes de* 
 — receiving, recibir — the education, la education, — which 
 was, que debia — to fit him, serle aproposito (necesaria) — 
 to be a* clergyman, para ser clerigo. — But his parents, 
 pero sus padres — were too poor, eran mui pobres — to bear, 
 para soportar — the expense, el gasto — of a regular educa- 
 tion, de una education regular. — and Franklin, y Franklin 
 — in* a short time*, dpoco tiempo — was taken home, fue 
 llevado a su casa — to his father's trade, d* seguir el ofitio 
 (it ejertitio) de su padre; — where, en donde — his time was 
 occupiedj-^w tiempo era ocupado (ocupaba el tiempo) — 
 in trimming* wicks, en hacer* pdbilos, — filling moulds, 
 llenar moldes — and, y* en* — performing* the duties, 
 llenar* los deberes — of an apprentice, de un aprendiz — to* 
 a tallow-chandler*, de* un fabricante de velas de* sebo*. 
 — But, pero — Franklin, Franklin — did not like, no apre- 
 tiaba (no le gustaba) — his trade, su ofitio, — and, y — was 
 about, y estuvo cerca — to be, de ser — apprenticed*, aco- 
 modado* de aprendiz* — to* a cutler, con* un cuchillero. — 
 The amount, la cantidad — of the fee, del ajuste — was 
 more, era mas (mayor) — than his parents 3 could 1 afford 3 , 
 que la que podian 1 sufragar 2 sus padres 3 , — and, y — once 
 more 3 changing 1 , cambiando 1 otra 2 vez — his occupation, su 
 ocupacion (de ojicio) — he was 1 regularly 3 bound 3 , se 1 com- 
 prometio* en forma 3 — to his own brother, con su propio 
 hermano — the printer, el impresor — of newspapers, de 
 diarios de noticias (de papeles piiblicos). — Here, aqui (alii) 
 — he read, leia — every thing, todo — which, lo que — came 
 in his way, se le presentaba (lo que le venia a la mano); — 
 exercised himself, se ocupaba el mismo — in composition, en 
 la composition — and, y — attracted some notice, se atrajo 
 alguna atencion — by communications, por comunicaciones 
 (comunicados) — published, publicados — in his brother's pa- 
 
224 
 
 per, en el papel de su lie.rm.ano — and, y — upon* one occa- 
 sion, en una ocasion — defended that brother, defendio a* 
 aqttel hermano — before the public, ante el publico — with 
 talent, con talento — and success, y ecsito. -^But, pero — 
 Franklin's 2 brother 1 , el* hermano 1 de Franklin* — was, era 
 — a hard, un duro — taskmaster, imponedor de tarca — and, 
 y — treated him, le traba — very cruelly, mui cruelmente. — 
 There being no, no habiendo — legal 2 means 1 , medios 1 le- 
 gates 2 — of extricating himself, de zafarse — of his, desus — 
 indentures, comprometimientos — he* determined, determino 
 — to abscond, ocultarse (huirse)- — and, y — accordingly, 
 consecuentemente — left Boston, dejo d* Boston ({alio de) — 
 for Philadelphia, para Filadelfia, — where, adonde — he* ar- 
 rived, llego, — at the age, a la edad — of seventeen years, de 
 diez y siete ahos. — As he* walked, como anduviese (andan- 
 do) — through the street, por la calle — he* bought, comprb 
 — some bread, algun pan — from, de — a 1 passing 3 baker 2 , 
 un 1 panadero 2 que pasaba 3 — followed, siguio — the crowd, 
 a* la multitud — which, que — was proceeding'*, iba* — to 
 church, a* la iglesia, — and entering, y entrando — with the 
 rest, con el resto de* ella* — fell asleep, se quedo dormido 
 — and was reminded, y se* acordo* — that he* was, de* que 
 era — a stranger, un forastero — alone, solo — in a strange 3 
 place 1 , en un lugar 1 estraho 2 — by, en razon de* — the sex- 
 ton awaking 1 him*, haberlo* dispertado el sepulturero — 
 after, despues que*— "-the congregation, la congregacion 
 (los asistentes) — had, se habian — retired, retirado. — In 
 Philadelphia, en Filadelfia — he* obtained, obtuvo — employ- 
 ment, ocupacion — as a printer, como un impresor (de im- 
 presor) — and, y — became acquainted, trabo* conocimiento* 
 with the governor, con el Gobernador — of Pennsylvania, 
 de Pennsylvania — at whose recommendation, por cuya re- 
 comendacion — he determined, determino — to establish, esta- 
 blecerse* — for himself, por si mismo (por si solo); — and, y 
 — in order, en orden — (con el objeto) — to obtain, de obtener 
 
225 
 
 — the necessary 3 means 1 , losmedios 1 necesarios 2 — returned, 
 volvio — to Boston, d Boston — and, y — made* application*, 
 ocurrio — to his friends, a sus amigos — there, de* alii*— 
 He* was, fue — unsuccessful, desgraciado (no hallo el ecsito 
 que deseaba) — and, y — came back, volvio — to Philadelphia,d 
 Filadelfia— where, en donde— buoyed up*, alucinado*— with 
 the promises, con las promesas — of the governor, del Go- 
 bernador — and, y — furnished by him, surtido por el — with 
 letters, con cartas — of introduction, de introduction, — he* 
 started*, partio* — for England, para Inglaterra — to push*, 
 para probar — his fortune, su fortuna (su suerte) — in its 
 metropolis, en su metropolis — On his arrival, d su arrivo — 
 he* found, hallo — that, que — the governor, el Gobernador 
 — had deceived him, le habict engahado — and that, y que 
 — he was, estaba (se hallaba) — in the same, en la misma — 
 situation, situation — as when, que cuando-—he* first 3 en- 
 tered 1 , entro 1 primeramente 2 — Philadelphia, en* Filadelfia. 
 — He obtained 2 , el obtuvo 2 — employment, acomodo, — how- 
 ever 1 , sin embargo 2 , — as^a printer*, de impresor* — in a very 
 large, en un mui grande — establishment, establecimiento 
 (en una imprenta mui considerable) — where, en donde — he 
 acquired, adquirio — the most honourable, la mas honrosa 
 — reputation, reputation — for industry, por su* industria 
 — -and virtue, y virtud. — He* left this, dejo esto — to return, 
 para volver — to America, d America — in a commercial 3 
 capacity 1 , en una capacidad 1 mercantil 2 — and, y — landed, 
 galto en tierra — once more, una vez mas (otra vez)— in Phi- 
 ladelphia, en Filadelfia — in the twenty-first year, a los 
 veinte y un anos — of his* age, de edad. — His commercial 3 
 projects 1 , sus projectos 1 mercantile^ — soon, pronto — met* 
 with disappointment*, se* hallaron burlados* — and, y — he 
 was again, fue otra. vez — thrown upon, arrojado sobre — 
 his trade, su oficio (y se vio nuevamente comprometido a 
 abrazar sujejercicio) — of a printer, de impresor — for* sup- 
 
226 
 
 port*, paramantenerse* (para derivar su sustento). At this 
 time, en este tiempo — he* entered, entro — into partnership, 
 en compahia — with a young man, con un joveri, — who, el 
 cual — furnished, proporciono — sufficient capital, capital 
 suficiente — to procure, para obtener — a printing* press, 
 una prensa — and types, y letras, — and, y — the two, los dos 
 — commenced business*, principiaron a* trabajar* — in 
 their own name, con sus propios nombres (con el nombre de 
 la sociedad). — But, pero — the partner, el companero — of 
 Franklin, de Franklin — was idle, era perezoso — and, y — 
 dissipated, disipador — and, y — embarrassed him, lo em- 
 barazaba — excessively, escesivamente. — By, por — constant, 
 una* constante — and, y — unremitting, incansable (infatiga- 
 ble) — industry, industria, — Franklin was at last enabled*, 
 Franklin se hallo, al Jin, en la capacidad* — to* buy him 
 out*, de comprarle su parte — and, y — carried on, llevo ade- 
 lante — himself, el mismo (y manejo el solo) — the office, la 
 imprenta*. — From this time, desde este tiempo (desde esta 
 epoca)— may be dated, puede dartarse — his prosperity, su 
 prosperidad. — His industry, su industria — was untiring,/we 
 incansable- — and, y — his correct, sus arregladas — and 
 grave, y decor osas — habits, costumbres — soon, pronto — 
 procured him, le proporcionaron — the patronage, la pro- 
 teccion — and, y — esteem, aprecio — of those, de aquellos 
 (de aquellas personas) — around him, al rededor de el (que 
 lo rodeaban). — At this time, en este tiempo, — in the year 
 1730, en el aho de* mil setecientos treinta — he* married, 
 se* caso — and, y— his wife, su mujer — was, fue — a lady, 
 una sehora — whom, a la que — he had observed, el habia 
 observado — smiling, sonreirse — at* his ludicrous — de* su 
 burlesca* — appearance, apariencia — when, cuando — he* 
 first* entered 1 Philadelphia, entro 1 por* primera vez en* 
 Filadelfia — and, y — ate*, comio (comiendo) — his loaf, su 
 hogaza- as* he* walked, cuando* andaba, — through, 
 
 
227 
 
 por — the streets, las calles — and, y — passed her door, y 
 paso por* su puerta. — During, durante — all this time, todo 
 este tiempo — Franklin, Franklin — was, estaba — actively, 
 activamente — engaged, * ocupado — in the prosecution, en la 
 prosecution — of his, de sus — literary 3 pursuits 1 , empresas* 
 literdrias* — arid,y — had, habia, — self-taught, ensehd dose el 
 mismo — and acquired, y adquirido — a competent, un com- 
 petente — knowledge, conocimiento — of, de— the 1 , las — La- 
 tin 3 , Latino 3 — French 4 , Francesa* — and, y — Spanish 5 , 
 Espahola 5 — languages 3 , lenguas 2 (los idiomas). — Seve- 
 ral, varios — pamphlets*, folletos — which, que — he* 
 published, el habia* publicado — had been, habian sido- — 
 highly approved, altamente aprobados — and, y — in 1732, 
 en mil setecientos treinta y dos — he* commenced, com- 
 enzo — and, y — continued, continuo — for twenty-five years, 
 por veinte y cinco ahos — the publication, la publication — of, 
 del -Poor Richard's Almanac 1 , Almanaque 1 del Pobre 
 Ricardo — the maxims, las mdcsimas — and, y — precepts, 
 preceptos — of which, del cual — have since, han sido des- 
 pues — translated, traducidos — into, en — almost, casi — eve- 
 ry* language*, todos los idiomas* — and, y—^ have obtained, 
 han obtenido — the force, la fuerzasnd, y — circulation, 
 circulation— of proverbs, de proverbios. — In 1733, en mil 
 setecientos treinta tres — he* was, fue — chosen, electo 
 — clerk, oficial — of, de — the General 3 Assembly 1 , la Asam- 
 blea 1 Jeneral 2 — of Pennsylvania, de Pennsylvania — and, 
 y — in the, en el — following, siguiente — year, ano, — post- 
 master*, Administrador de Correos — of Philadelphia, de 
 Filadelfia. — In 1736, en mil setecientos treinta y seis — 
 he* established, establecio. — "The 1 American* Philoso- 
 phical 3 Society 3 ", "La 1 Sociedad 2 Filosofica 3 Americana" 
 — and, y — set* on foot, puso* en planta* — the college, el 
 colejio, — which, que — with subsequent, con subsecuentes — 
 modifications, modijicaciones, — has produced, ha producido 
 
228 
 
 — the present, la presente — university, Universidad — of 
 Pennsylvania, de Pennsylvania; — and, y — in, en — the same, 
 el mismo — year, aho — provided, procuro — for his, para su 
 — adopted state, estado adoptivo — a' 1 complete 3 , un l com- 
 plete* — system 2 , sistema* — of, de — military discipline, dis- 
 ciplina militar. — In 1745, en mil setecientos cuarenta y 
 cinco — Franklin 3 accidentally 3 witnessed 1 , presencio 1 acci- 
 dentalmente 2 Franklin* — some, algunos — trifling 2 experi- 
 ments 1 , esperimentos 1 de poca importancia 2 — in*, sobre* — 
 electricity, electricidad, — performed, ejecutados — by, por 
 — an itinerant, un itinerdrio — Scotchman, Escoces,— -in 
 Boston, en Boston, — which, los cuales — set 1 his mind 3 
 at work 3 , pusieron 1 a trabajar* su imajinacion 3 — upon, 
 sobre — the subject, el asunto. — He, el — explained, esplico 
 — many, muchos — phenomena, fenomenos — which, los que 
 — had never 1 before 3 been, nunca 1 antes 2 habian sido — 
 satisfactorily* accounted for*, satisfactoriamente esplicados 
 (6 desenvueltos) — and, y — made, hizo — many, muchos — 
 discoveries, descubrimientos — of* his own*, por si mismo, 
 — such as that, como el del — power, poder — of points, de 
 las puntas — in. electing, en poner en movimiento — and 
 throwing off, y arrojar de si — -the accumulated 4 electric 1 
 fluid 3 , el 1 Jluido 2 electrico 3 acumulado — and,- y — the, el 
 de* los* — states, estados — negative, negativos — and posi- 
 tive, y positivos — of, de la — electricity, electricidad. 
 
 He discovered, el descubrio — also, tambien — the proper- 
 ties, las propiedades — of, tZe— the, la — Leyden phial*, bo- 
 tella* de Leyden*; — and, y — was the first, fue el primero 
 — who, que — fired*, inflamo — gunpowder, polvora,— gave, 
 did — magnetism, magnetismo — to needles, a agujas — of 
 steel, de acero, — melted, derritio — metals, metales — and, y 
 — killed, mato — animals, animales — of considerable, de con- 
 siderable — size, tamanfr—by, por — means, medio — of, de la 
 — electricity, electricidad. — In the course, en el curse— of, 
 
229 
 
 de — his, sus — experiments, esperimentos — this* idea sug- 
 gested itself to him*, le* sujirio supropia* idea,— that, que— 
 electricity, la* electricidad — and, y — lightning, los rayos 
 — were, eran — the same, lo mismo {una misma cosa), 
 — and, 3/— that, que — the phenomena, los fenomenos — of 
 the latter, de los ultimos, — and, y los* — of, de — the, la — 
 Aurora Borealis, Aurora Boreal, — might be, podrian ser 
 — explained, esplicados — by means, por medio — of the, de 
 los — facts, heckos — already, ya — known, sabidos — of the, 
 de los — former, primeros; — and, y — in 1740, en mil sete- 
 cientos cuarenta — he* conceived, concivio — the grand, el 
 grande — and, y — almost, casi — awful, tremendo— design, 
 design™,— of, de — drawing, sacar — from, de — the, los — 
 heavens, cielos — the, sus — lightning, rayos — and, y de* 
 — conveying, conducir (y dirjir) — its, sus — terrific en- 
 ergies, terrificantes enerjias — harmless, sin causar dano 
 — into, en — the, las — bowels, entrahas — of, de — the, la 
 — earth, tierra, — The, la — following, siguiente — account, 
 noticia — of, de — his, su — experiment, esperimento — and, y 
 — its, su — success, ecsito — is, estd — in the, en las — 
 words, palabras (se refiere con las palabras) — of, de — the, 
 el — celebrated, celebre — Dr. Priestley, Doctor Priestley. — 
 " Franklin 3 , Franklin 3 — after having 1 , despues de haber 1 
 — published 3 , publicado 2 — his method, su metodo — of veri- 
 fying, de verificar — his, su — hypothesis, hypotesis — con- 
 cerning, concernientes — the, a la* — sameness, identidad — 
 of, de la* — electricity, electricidad — with, con — the matter, 
 la materia — of, del — lightning, rayo, — was, estaba — wait- 
 ing, esperando — for, por — the erection, la ereccion — of, de 
 — a spire, una espiral — in Philadelphia, en Filadelfia — to 
 carry, para llevar — his views, sus miras — into, a — execu- 
 tion, ejecucion: — not imagining, no imajindndose t — that, 
 que — a 1 pointed 3 rod 3 , una 1 vara 2 puntiaguda 3 — of, de — a 
 moderate, una moderada — height, altura — could answer, 
 20 
 
230 
 
 podria* servir* — the* purpose, para* el intento; — when, 
 citando — it* occurred 3 to him 1 , le x ocurrio 2 — that, el*- que 
 — by means, por medio — of, de — a, una — common 3 kite 1 , 
 pandorga 1 comun 2 — he could have, podria el tener — a 
 readier, un mas pronto — and, y — better, mejor — access, 
 acceso — to the, a las — regions, rejiones — of thunder, del 
 trueno — than, que — by, por — any, ninguna — spire, espiral 
 — whatever, cualquiera. — Preparing, habiendo preparado 
 — therefore, por esta razon (en consecuencia) — a large, un 
 gran — silk 3 handkerchief 1 , pahuelo 1 de* seda 3 , and, y — 
 two, dos — cross 3 sticks 1 , palos 1 cruzados 2 — of, de— a pro- 
 per, un conveniente — length, largo — on which to extend it, 
 sobre que estenderlo — he* took*, aprovecho* — the oppor- 
 tunity, la oportunidad — of, de — the first, la primera — ap- 
 proaching thunder storm, procsima tempestad de truenos 
 (tronada) — to take a walk, para tomar un paseo — into* a 
 field, d* un campo — in which, en el que — there was, nabia 
 — a shade, una sombra — convenient, conveniente (acomo- 
 dada) — for his, para su — purpose, intento. — But, pero — 
 dreading, temiendo — the ridicule, la burla, — which too 
 commonly, que mui comunmente — attends, sigue — unsuc- 
 cessful attempts, a empresas desgraciadas (6 sin ecsito) — in 
 science*, en las ciencias* — he, el — communicated, com- 
 unico — his intended, su propuesto — experiment, esperi- 
 mento — to nobody, a nadie — but, sino — his son, d* su hijo 
 — who, quien — assisted him, le ayudo — in, d* — raising, 
 empinar — the kite, la pandorga.~-The kite 3 , la pandorga 3 
 — being 1 raised 3 , habiendo 1 sido 1 empinada* — a 3 , un 2 — 
 considerable 3 , considerable 3 — time 4 , tiempo* — elapsed 1 , se* 
 paso 1 — before, antes que* — there was, kubiese — any ap- 
 pearance, apariencia alguna — of its being, de que estuviese 
 — electrified, electrizada. — One 1 , .una 1 — very 3 promising*, 
 que ofrecia mucho— cloud 3 , nube 2 — had passed, habiapasado 
 — over it, sobre ella (la pandorga) — without, sin — any ef- 
 
231 
 
 feet, efecto alguno; — when, cuando, — at length, al cabo, — 
 just as*, justamente cuando* — he, el {Franklin) — was* 
 beginning, empezaba — to despair, a desesperar — of his, de su 
 — contrivance, invention (6 projecto) — he* observed, 06- 
 servo — some, algunos — loose 2 threads 1 , suelios 2 hilos* — of, 
 de — the 1 hempen 3 string 3 , la* cuerda 2 de cdnamo 3 — to stand 
 erect, mantenerse parados, — and, y — to avoid, evitarse (se- 
 pararse) — one another, uno de* otro, — just, justamente — 
 as, como — if, si — they* had been, hubieran estado — sus- 
 pended*, colocados* — upon, sobre — a, un — common 3 con- 
 ductor 1 , comun 2 conductor 1 . — Struck, tocado — with*, por* 
 — this, esta — favourable, favorable — appearance, apari- 
 encia — he, el — immediately, inmediatamente — presented, 
 presento {arrimo toco con) — his* knuckle*, las* eoyun- 
 turas de las dedos de la mano* — to the key, a la Have, — 
 and, y — let, deja — the reader, al lector — judge, juzgar 
 (Juzgue el lector) — of, de — the, el — exquisite 3 , esquisito* — 
 pleasure 1 , placer 1 — he* must have felt, que hubo de haber 
 sentido — at, en — that moment, aquel momento: — the disco- 
 very, el descubrimiento — was, fue — complete, completo: — 
 he, el {Franklin) — perceived, percimo — a, una — very, mui 
 — evident, evidente — electric 3 spark 1 , electrica 2 chispa 1 . — 
 Others, otras — succeeded, se* succedieron — even before, 
 aun antes que — the 3 string 4 was 1 wet 3 , se 1 mojase* la 3 
 cuerda*: — so* as*, lo* bastante para* — to put, poner — the 
 matter, el asunto — beyond dispute, fuera de disputa (fuera 
 de duda); — and, y — when, cuando— the rain, la lluvia — 
 had, hubo — wet, mojado — the string, la guita — he* collect- 
 ed, j unto — electric 3 fire 1 , fuego 1 electrico 2 — very, mui — 
 copiously, copiosamente." — This, este — discovery, descubri- 
 miento— published, publicado — to the world, al mundo — in 
 letters, en cartas {por medio de cartas) — written, escritas 
 — by Franklin, por Franklin — to, a — a, un — friend, amigo 
 — in Europe, en Europa — gave him, le did (le atrajo) — 
 
232 
 
 the most, las mas — extended*, grande* — reputation, re- 
 putation — in England, en Inglaterra — and, y — on the con- 
 tinent, en el continente; — and, y — succeeding time*, el* 
 tiempo* subsiguiente {las edades futuras) — owe, deben — 
 the* lightning rod*, el* Para-ray os*, — to the, al — experi- 
 ment, esperimento — so timidly, tan timidamente — tested, 
 probado — by Franklin, por Franklin — and, y — his son, su 
 hijo. — Learned* societies*, las* Sociedades de sabios* , — in, 
 en — America and Europe, America y Europa — now*, en- 
 tonces* — sought him, le consideraron — as a* member, como 
 miembro; — and, y — the celebrated Buffon, el celebre Bufon 
 —while*, alpaso que* — he* disseminated, diseminaba — his 
 discoveries, sus descubrimiantos, — was, fue — prodigal, pro- 
 digo — in, en — his, sm — praises, alabanzas (prodigaba 
 alabanzas) — of, de — the, el — American philosopher, filo- 
 sqfo Americano. — Besides, ademas de — his, sus — experi- 
 ments, esperimentos — in electricity, en la* electricidad, — 
 Franklin 2 , Franklin 2 — investigated 1 , investigo 1 — with suc- 
 cess, con ecsito — the effect, el efecto — of oil, del aceite — in 
 stilling*, en calmar % — the turbulence*, lafuria* — of water, 
 del agua — under*, con* — the influence, la influencia {la, 
 fuerza) — of wind, del viento. — He made, el hizo — experi- 
 ments, esperimentos — to ascertain, para deducir — whe- 
 ther*, si* — boats, los* botes — are not, no son — drawn*, 
 remolcados*—- with more, con ma^-^difficulty, dificultad-— 
 in small, en los* pequenos — canals, canales, — than, que — 
 in great, en grandes — bodies*, masas* — of water, de agua; 
 — to improve, para mejorar asi* — the art, el arte — of 
 swimming, de nadar; — and, y — to prove, para probar — 
 that, que — thirst, la sed — may be, puede ser — allayed, ali- 
 viada — by* bathing*, bandndose* — in, en — sea water, agua 
 del mar. — He, el — made, hizo — observations 3 , observa- 
 ciones*, — also 1 , tambien* — in, en — his, sus — voyages, via- 
 jes — to Europe, a Europa, — on, sobre — the, el — gradual 3 , 
 
233 
 
 gradual 3 — progress 1 , progreso 1 — of the 1 , de las 1 — north- 
 east 3 storms , tempestades 2 del Nordeste 3 — along, sobre 
 toda* — the, la — American 3 coast 1 , costa* Americana 2 — 
 contrary, en oposicion* — to the, con la — direction, direc- 
 tion — of the winds, de los vientos (en oposicion con los 
 vientos reinantes); — and, y — likewise, igualmente, — for, 
 para — the, el — benefit, bien — of, de la — navigation, navi- 
 gation — made, hizo — experiments, esperimentos — on, sobre 
 — the, el — course, curso— velocity, velocidad — and, y— 
 temperature, temperatura — of the, de la — Gulf 3 stream 1 , 
 corriente 1 del Golfo 2 . — He* made, hizo — also, tambien — 
 curious 3 , curiosas 2 — observations 1 , observationes 1 — upon, 
 sobre — the air, el aire — upon, sobre — the relative power, el 
 poder relativo — of, de los — metals, metales — in the con- 
 ducting*, en la conduction* — of heat, del color; — and, y 
 — upon, sobre— the, los — different, diversos — degrees, 
 grados — of heat, de color — acquired, adquiridos — by, por 
 — congenial 3 bodies 1 , cuerpos 1 semejantes 2 entre si* — of, de 
 — various 3 colours 1 , colores 1 diversos 2 — from* the, por los 
 — rays, rayos — of the, del — sun, sol. — Music 3 , la musical 
 — also 1 , tambien 1 — he* cultivated 3 , cultivo 2 — with, con — 
 success, ecsito — and, y — wrote, escribio — many, muchas — 
 letters, cartas — on*, sobre — that, esta — science, tiencia — 
 with, con — great, grande — ingenuity, propiedad, — and, y 
 — he* revived, revivio — and, y — improved, mejoro — the har- 
 monica, la Armonica — and performed, y toco— with taste, 
 con gusto— upon* that instrument, este instrumento. — It* 
 was therefore*, y asi* fue que* — not without, no sin — jus- 
 tice, justiciar — that* a high rank, una gran categoria — 
 was awarded, fue concedida — to Franklin, a Franklin— 
 among, entre — the philosophers, los flosofos — and, y— 
 sages, sabios — of the day, del dia. 
 
 In 1758, en mil setecientes cincuenta y ocho—he was 
 made,/we hecho — deputy, Diputado — post-master, adminis- 
 20* 
 
234 
 
 trador de correos — general, jeneral — of America, de Ame- 
 rica, — and, y — in 1759, en mil setecientos cincuenta y 
 nueve — was, fue — appointed, nombrado — the agent, el 
 Ajente — of Pennsylvania, de Pennsylvania, — and, y — soon 
 after, poco despues — of Maryland, de Maryland, — Georgia, 
 Georgia — and, y — Massachusetts, Massachusetts, — in pre- 
 senting, parapresentar — their claims, sus reclamos — before, 
 ante — the, el — English 3 government 1 , gobierno 1 Ingles ; 3 — 
 and, y — in July, en Julio — of that year, de aquel ano — he* 
 again visited, otra vez visito — London, a* Londres. In 
 1763, en mil setecientes setenta y tres — he* returned, re- 
 gresb — to America, a America, — and, y — received, recibib 
 — the, el — unanimous 2 vote 1 , voto x unanimo* — of, de — the, 
 la — legislature, legislatura — of Pennsylvania, de Pennsyl- 
 vania — thanking him, ddndole gracias — for hi3, por sus — 
 services, servicios — accompanied, acompahadas — by a, de 
 una — donation, donacion — of, de — five thousand, cinco mil 
 — pounds, Libras. In 1764, en mil setecientos sesenta y 
 cuatro — he* was, fue — again, otro vez — made, hecho {nom- 
 brado) — agent, Ajente — of Pennsylvania, de Pennsylvania— 
 to Great Britain, para la Gran Bretana, — and, y — in the 
 same, en el mismo — year, ano — embarked, se embarco — 
 and, y — arrived, llego — for the* third time, por tercera vez 
 — in London, a Londres. Availing himself, aprovechan- 
 dose — of, de — a, una — favourable,/*avora&Ze — opportunity, 
 oportunidad — he* visited, visito — Holland, d* Holanda — 
 and, y — France, Francia : — was elected, fue elejido — a* 
 member, miembro — of the, de la — Academy, Academia — 
 of, de — sciences, ciencias — in the latter, en el ultimo — 
 country, pais, — and, y — was received,/we recibido — in both, 
 enambos — with, con — the most, el mas — distinguished, dis- 
 tinguido — honour, honor. Returning, volviendo {de vuelta) 
 — from France, de Francia — to England, vara Inglaterra 
 — he* was, fue — summoned, mandado comparecer — Febru- 
 
235 
 
 ary 3d, Febrero tres (en tres de Febrero) — 1766, mil sete- 
 cientos sesenta y scis-^ before, ante — the House* of Com- 
 mons, el Congreso* de los Comunes; — to be, para ser — 
 publicly, publicamente — examined, ecsaminado — as to, res- 
 peto de — the state, el estado — of affairs, de negocios — in 
 America, en America. But, pero — while, mientrasque — 
 he* told, dijo — the English, a los Ingleses, — in all, en todos 
 — his writings, sus escritos (pero aunque liablo a los In- 
 gleses en todos sus escritos) — of, de (sobre) — the import- 
 ance, la importancia — which, que — the Americans, los 
 Americanos (la importancia con que la Americanos) — at- 
 tached, miraban — to* the existence, la permanencia — of, 
 de — the, las — existing, ecsistentes — relations, relaciones, — 
 he* plainly, claramente — declared, declaro, — that, que — 
 they, ellos — valued, valuaban — freedom, la libertad — 
 more, mas — than peace, que la paz, — and, y — that, que — 
 war, la guerra — and, y — its, sus — concomitants, resulta- 
 dos — were, eran — preferable, preferibles, — to, d — violated 3 
 rights 1 , violados 2 derechos 1 — and, y — actual, presente — 
 abasement, abatimiento. — In vain did*, en vano — the Eng- 
 lish 3 ministry 1 , el ministerio 1 Ingles 2 — offer, ofrecio — the, 
 al — rebellious, rebelde — colonists, colono, — power, poder 
 — place, puesto — and, y — pension, pension. He was, el 
 estuvo (el se mantuvo) — inexorably, inecsorablemente — true, 
 fiel — to, a — his, su — trust, encargo. In, en — 1774, mil 
 setecientos setentay cuatro — he* was, fue — ordered, man- 
 dado comparecer* , — before, ante — the, el — privy 3 council 1 , 
 consejo 1 privado 2 , — and, y — displayed, desplego — a, una — 
 magnanimity, magnanimidad, — which, que — procured him, 
 le granjeo — the, el — highest, mas alto — praise, loor — from, 
 de — friends, amigos — and, y — opponents, enemigos, — by, 
 por — the, el — calm, pasivo — and, y — dignified, honroso — 
 manner*, modo* — in* which, con* que — he behaved, se con- 
 dujo — under*, en*— the, el — ruffian-like 3 , casi ruffian 2 — 
 
236 
 
 attack 1 , ataque* — of, de — Mr. Wedderburne, Mr. Wed- 
 derburne, — afterwards, despite* — Lord Loughborough, 
 Lord Loughborough. — In speaking, habldndole — to Frank- 
 lin, a Franklin — in one, en una — of, de — the, los — nume- 
 rous, injinitas — consultations, consultas — which, que — 
 were held, se tuvieron — with him, con el — by, por — the 
 members, los miembros — of, de — the, el — British 3 ministry ' , 
 ministerio 1 Britdnico*, — Mr. Berkely, Mr. Berkely, — in 
 alluding, aludiendo — to the, al — power, poder — of, de — 
 Great Britain, la* Gran Bretaha, — the number, el niime- 
 ro — of, de — her ships, sus navios, — and, y — the, la — om- 
 nipotence, omnipotencia — of, de — her. sus — armies, ejerci- 
 tos, — to enforce, para hacer cumplir— the, las — demands, 
 pretenciones — of parliament, del parlamento, — said, dijo: — 
 " they, ellos — will ravage, asolardn — your 2 whole 1 coun- 
 try 3 , todo 1 vuestro 2 pais 3 ,7— and lay, y convertirdn — your, 
 vuestras — sea port towns, ciudades puertos de mar (ciw- 
 dades situadas en vuestros puertos) — in ashes, en cenizas." 
 <• The, la — chief part, mayor parte — of, de — my, mi — little, 
 pequena — property, propiedad," — replied Franklin, replied 
 Franklin, — u consists, consiste — of*, en* — houses, casas — 
 in those towns, en aquellas ciudades. Of these, de ellas — 
 indeed, en verdad — you may make, bien podeis hacer — bon- 
 fires, hogueras — and, y — reduce them, reducirlas — to 
 ashes, a cenizas; — but, pero — the, el — fear, temor — of, de 
 — losing them, perderlas — will never, nunca — alter, varia- 
 r d — my, mi — resolution, determination, — to resist, de opo- 
 nerme — to the last, hasta lo ultimo, — the, a los — claims, 
 pretenciones — of, del — parliament, parlamento." In May, 
 1775, en Mayo de mil setecientos setenta y cinco, — Frank- 
 lin 2 , Franklin 2 — returned 1 , regreso 1 , — to Philadelphia, a 
 Filadeljia, — where, endonde — he* was, fue — received, 
 recibido— with, con — the most, la mas — respectful, respe- 
 tuosa — esteem, estimation — and, y — affection, crinao, — 
 
237 
 
 and, y — became*, se constituyo — an active 3 , un activo" 2 — 
 promoter l ,promotor 1 — of the, de los — various, varios — ar- 
 rangements, preparativos, — then making, que se estabanha- 
 ciendo entonces^ — preparatory, preparatories— to, d— an, una 
 open, abierta — contest, contienda — with, con — Great Bri- 
 tain, la* Gran Bretana. — Immediately, inmediatamente des- 
 pues* — on his, de su — arrival, arrive, — he* was, fue — 
 elected, elejido — a* delegate, delegado — to, para — the, el 
 — general 3 congress 1 , Congreso 1 Jeneral 2 ; — and, y — was 
 placed, fue colocado*,— by* it*, por el dicho Congreso* — 
 at the head, a la cabeza — of the, del — post-office 2 depart- 
 ment 1 , Departimientoi del correo 2 , — from which, del que — 
 he* had been, habia sido — removed, separado, — on ac- 
 count, en razon — of, de — his principles, sus opiniones } — 
 by, por — the, el — British 3 government 1 , gobierno 1 Britdni- 
 co 2 . He was, fue — active, activo — in procuring, en solici- 
 tor — the declaration, la declaration — of independence, de 
 laindependencia — which, la que — he* signed, firmd; — and, 
 y — was, fue — a, un — commissioner, comisionado — with, 
 con — Adams and Rutledge, Adams y Rutledge, — to nego- 
 tiate, para negociar — with Lord Howe, con Lord Howe — 
 on Long Island, en Long Island. — In 1776, en mil setecien- 
 tos setenta y seis, — he* was, fue — appointed, nombrado— 
 president, Presidente — of the, de la — convention, Conven- 
 tion — to form, paraformar — a government, un gobierno — 
 for, para — the, el — state, Estado — of Pennsylvania, de 
 Pennsylvania; — and, y — in October, en Octubre — of the, 
 del — same year, mismo aho — was, fue — chosen, elejido — 
 by, por — the, el — general 2 congress 1 , Congreso 1 JeneraF, — 
 commissioner, comisionado — to, para — France, Francia — 
 to, para — obtain, obtener — its, su — assistance, ausilio — in 
 the, en la — war, guerra — with, con la — Great Britain, Gran 
 Bretana. This, esto, — in the year, enelano — 1778, mil 
 setecientos setenta y ocho, — was, fue — through, por medio 
 
238 
 
 de — the, los — exertions, oficios — of Franklin, de Franklin, 
 — granted-, concedido* — publicly 3 , publicamente* — -and, y — 
 its result, su resultado — has become, se ha hecho — matter, 
 asunto — of, de — general 3 history 1 , historia i jeneral !i . After, 
 despues de — residing, residir — ten years, diez anos — in 
 France, en Francia — the embassador, el Embajadar — and, 
 y — minister, ministro — of, de — the, los — United 3 States 1 , 
 Estados t Unidos*, — now, ya — free, libres — and indepen- 
 dent, e independientes; — Franklin, Franklin, — in 1 786, en 
 mil setecientos ochenta y seis, — returned, regreso — to Ame- 
 rica, a America, — where, endonde — the joy, el jubilo — 
 with which, con que — he* was, fue — received, recibido^ — 
 was not, no fue — less, menor — than, que — the grief, el 
 pesar — with which, con que — his friends, sus amigos — in 
 France, en Francia — parted , se despidieron* — from, de — 
 him, el. He was, estdba — now, entonces — in the, en los—' 
 eighty-first, ochenta y un — year*, anos* — of his*, de— age? 
 edad, — and, y — the hand, la mano — of time, del tiempo — 
 began, principiaba — to press heavily, a pesar fuertemente — 
 upon him, sobre el. He was now, el era entonces — an, un 
 — aged man, hombre de edad; — but, pero — not, no — an, 
 uno — inactive one*, inactivo. In 1787, en mil setecientos 
 ochenta y siete, — he* was, fue — appointed, nombrado — 
 president, Presidente — of the, del — commonwealth, distrito 
 — of Pennsylvania, de Pennsylvania; — and, y — in the same 
 year, en el mismo ano, — was, estuvo — most active, mui ac- 
 tivo — in urging, en urjir por* — the, la — adoption, adop- 
 cion — of the, de la — federal 3 constitution 1 , Constitucion 1 
 federal 3 . But, pero — disease, la enfermedad — was making, 
 formaba — deep, profundas — inroads, incursiones — upon, 
 en — his constitution*, su salud*, — though, aunque — it, 
 es to — did not disturb, jamas altero — the, la — equanimity, 
 igualdad — of, de — his temper, de su jenial — or*, ni* — 
 
239 
 
 weaken, debilito — his, sus — mental 3 faculties 1 , facultades* 
 mentales*. 
 
 In the year, en el ano—l 790, de mil setecientos noventa — 
 then, entonces de — eighty-four years, ochenta y cuatro ahos 
 — of age, de edad, — Franklin 2 died 1 , rnurio 1 Franklin*. 
 Congress, el Congreso — ordered, ordeno — mourning, 
 luto — of, de — one month, un mes — for him, por el; — and, 
 y — in France, en Francia — the expressions, las espresiones 
 of grief, de dolor — were, fueron — no less, no menos — en- 
 thusiastic, entusidsticas. 
 
 Speaking, hablando — of Franklin, de Franklin, — Chat- 
 ham, Chatham — mentioned him, lo menciono (lo conme- 
 mero) — as, como — one*, un indimduo* — whom, a quien- — 
 all Europe, toda la Europa — holds, tiene— in the, en la— 
 highest, mas alta — veneration, veneracion,—<-for, por — his 
 knowledge, sus conocimientos — and wisdom, y sabiduria — 
 whom, y a quien — she, ella — ranks, coloca — with, con—* 
 her, sus — Boyles, Boyles, — and, y — Newtons, Neictones; — 
 who, quien — is, es — an honour, un honor — not, no — to the 
 English nation 2 , para la nacion Inglesa 2 — only, solamente, 
 — but, sino — to human 3 nature 1 , eljenero 1 humano*. 
 
240 
 LECCION PRIMERA. 
 
 Dialogue — Dialogo. 
 
 Democrito. — Yo hallo imposible el aderirme a una 
 Jilosqfid meldncolica. 
 
 Heraclito. — Y yo soy igualmente incapaz de aprobar 
 aquella jilosofia vana, que enseha a los hombres a despre- 
 ciarse y a, ridiculizarse los unos a los otros. A un enten- 
 dimiento ilustrado (wise*) y sensible, sele presenta el uni- 
 verso (world*) en un aspecto desventurado y doloroso. 
 
 Demo. — Tu te hollas mui conmovido con el estado actual 
 de las cosas; y esto es un manantial de desventura para ti. 
 
 Hera, — Yyo creo que tu te hallas mui poco escitado por 
 ello. Tu alegria y tu critica burlezca, (ridicule) te gradu- 
 an de bufon mas que defilosofo. Que ino escita tu compa- 
 sion el ver aljenero humano tan debil; tan ciego y tan sepa* 
 rado de los dogmas (rules) de la virtud? 
 
 Demo. — Me siento conmovido a risa, cuando veo tanta 
 majaderia y tanta locura. 
 
 Hera. — Y sin embargo, despues de todo en* aquellos 
 que son el objeto de tu critica, se compreenden, no solamente 
 el jenero humano en jeneral; pero las personas con quienes 
 vives; tus amigos; tufamilia, empero tambien tu mismo. 
 
 Demo. — Se me da mui poco cuidado de los majaderos 
 (silly persons) que encuentro ; y me considero justificado en 
 divertirme con sus locuras. 
 
 Hera. — Si son debiles y locos, no es sehal (por cierto) 
 de humanidad el insultarlos, mas bieh que (rather*) com- 
 padecerlos. Pero ino es cierto que, tu eres tan estrava- 
 gante como ellos lo son? 
 
 Demo. — Yo presumo que no, desde que, en todas circun- 
 stancias (in every point*) son mis ideas la verdadera con- 
 trariedad de las suyas. 
 
 Hera. — Hay locuras de diferentes especies. En razon 
 
241 
 FIRST LESSON. 
 
 Dialogues. 
 
 Democritus. — I find it impossible to reconcile myself to 
 a melancholy philosophy. 
 
 Heraclitus. — And I am equally unable to approve of 
 that vain philosophy, which teaches us to despise and ridi- 
 cule one another. To a wise and feeling mind, the world 
 appears in a wretched and painful light. 
 
 Dem. — Thou art too much affected with the state of 
 things; and this is a source of misery to thee. 
 
 Hera. — And I think thou art too little moved by it. Thy 
 mirth and ridicule bespeak the buffoon rather than the phi- 
 losopher. Does it not excite compassion, to see mankind 
 so frail, so blind, so far departed from the rules of virtue ? 
 
 Dem. — I am excited to laughter, when I see so much 
 impertinence and folly. 
 
 Her. — And yet after all, they who are the objects of thy 
 ridicule, include, not only mankind in general, but the per- 
 sons with whom thou livest, thy friends, thy family, nay 
 even thyself. 
 
 Dem. — I care very little for all the silly persons I meet 
 with; and think I am justifiable in diverting myself with 
 their folly. 
 
 Hera. — If they are weak and foolish it makes neither 
 wisdom nor humanity* to insult rather than pity them. But 
 is it certain, that thou art not as extravagant as they are? 
 
 Dem. — I presume that I am not; since, in every point, 
 my sentiments are the very reverse of theirs. 
 
 Hera. — There are follies of different kinds. By con- 
 
 21 
 
242 
 
 de divertirte constantemente con los yerrosy la mala compor- 
 tacion de otros, podrd suceder que acaso te vuelvas tu tan 
 culpable y ridiculo como ellos. 
 
 Demo. — Tu estas en libertad a entretener tales ideas, 
 y de llorar tambien por mi, si te quedan (hast*) algunas 
 lagrimas de que* poder* disponer. Por mi parte, no puedo 
 contenerme en divertirme con las lijerezas y mala conducta 
 del mundo en derredor de mi. [No son todos los hombres 
 o* locos 6 desarreglados en sus vidas? {costumbres.') 
 
 Hera. — Ah ! pero hay mas que sobrada razon para 
 creer que lo son: y bajo este supuesto, compadezco y deploro 
 su condicion. Convenimos en este punto ; el que los horn- 
 bres no se conducen segun las reglas de unos principios 
 justos y razonables; pero yo, que no mepermito obrar segun 
 ellos, debo sin embargo mirar con consideracion los dicta- 
 dos de mi razon y los de mis sentimientos, que me impelen 
 a amarlos, llendndome este amor de compacion dcia sus 
 errores y desbarros, (irregularities*). jPuedes acaso tu 
 condenarme por que me compadezco de los seres de mi misma 
 especie ; de mis hermanos ; depersonas nacidas en iguales 
 circunstancias (condition*) en la sociedad (life*), y desti- 
 nadas al goce de las mismas esperanzas y privilejios ? 
 jSi entrdras en un hospital, en donde residen las personas 
 heridas y enfermas, escitarian, por ventura, tu gozo sus 
 heridas y sus desventuras ? Empero los males del cuerpo 
 no admiten comparacion alguna coll los de el espiritu, 
 (mind*). Ciertamente que, te abochornards de tu barbari- 
 dad, si has sido tan insensible, (unfeeling*) que hayas po- 
 didoes carnecer (laugh*) 6 despreciar a un ser pobre y 
 miserable que perdio una de sus piernas ; y estds aun tan 
 destituido de humanidad que ridiculizas a aquellos que se 
 te representan privados de las nobles facultades (powers*) 
 del entendimiento, por la poca atencion que prestan a sus 
 dictados. 
 
243 
 
 stantly amusing thyself with the errors and misconduct of 
 others, thou may3t render thyself equally ridiculous and cul- 
 pable. 
 
 Dem. — Thou art at liberty to indulge such sentiments; 
 and to weep over me too, if thou hast any tears to spare. 
 For my part, I cannot refrain from pleasing myself with the 
 levities and ill conduct of the world about me. Are not all 
 men foolish, or irregular in their lives ? 
 
 Hera. — Alas! there is but too much reason to believe 
 they are so: and on this ground, I pity and deplore their 
 condition. We agree in this point, that men do not con- 
 duct themselves according to reasonable and just princi- 
 ples: but I, who do not suffer myself to act as they do, must 
 yet regard the dictates of my understanding and feelings, 
 which compel me to love them; and that love fills me with 
 compassion for their mistakes and irregularities. Canst 
 thou condemn me for pitying my own species, my brethren, 
 persons born in the same condition of life, and destined to 
 the same hopes and privileges? If thou shouldst enter a 
 hospital, where sick and wounded persons reside, would 
 their wounds and distresses excite thy mirth? And yet, the 
 evils of the body bear no comparison with those of the 
 mind. Thou wouldst certainly blush at thy barbarity, if 
 thou hast been so unfeeling as to laugh at or despise a poor 
 miserable being, who had lost one of his legs: and yet thou 
 art so destitute of humanity, as to ridicule those who ap- 
 pear to be deprived of the noble powers of the understand- 
 ing, by the little regard which they pay to its dictates. 
 
244 
 
 Demo, — Debe compadecerse al que perdio una pierna, 
 por que no debe imputdrsele el daho (loss); pero el que de- 
 secha los dictados de la razon y la consciencia se priva 
 voluntariamente, a si propio, de su socorro. Esta perdida 
 procede de su propia locura. 
 
 Hera. — Ah I tanto mas debe ser compadecido. Un loco 
 de atar que se sacase sus propios ojos, seria mas digno de 
 compasion que un ciego de nacimiento. 
 
 Demo. — Vamos, arreglemos estos asuntos. Hay algo 
 que decir sobre cada estremo de la cuestion. Hay en todas 
 materias razon para reir y razon para llorar. El mundo 
 es ridiculo, y me rio de el: es desventurado, y tu lo compa- 
 deces. Cada cual ve estas cosas (it*) a su modo 6 segun 
 su humor, (temper*). Hay un punto incuestionable y es, 
 que el jenero humano se halla trastornado: para pensar con 
 rectitud y para obrar justamente (well*), debcmos pensar y 
 actuar de diverso modo que ellos. El someternos a la au- 
 toridad, y el seguir el ejemplo de la mayor parte de los 
 hombres, nos volveria locos y* nos haria* miserables. 
 
 Demo. — Todo esto es ciertamente verdad ; empero tu no 
 tienes ni un amor ni un sentimiento real por tus semej antes. 
 Las calamidades del jenero humano escitan tu alegria, y 
 esto prueba, que no aprecias a los hombres ; ni que tampoco 
 tienes respeto alguno dcia las virtudes que, desgraciada- 
 mente, ellos han abandonado. 
 
 Fin de la Leccion Primer a. 
 
 LECCION SEGUNDA. 
 
 Dialogo. 
 Dionisio. — /Que asombro ! /Que veo ! Pycias acaba 
 de llegar. En verdad que es Pycias. Yo no lo creia 
 posible. /El ha veniclo a morir y a redimir a su amigo ! 
 
 
245 
 
 Dem. — He who has lost a leg is to be pitied, because the 
 Joss is not to be imputed to himself: but he who rejects the 
 dictates of reason and conscience, voluntarily deprives him- 
 self of their aid. The loss originates in his own folly. 
 
 Hera. — Ah ! so much the more is he to be pitied 1 A fu- 
 rious maniac, who should pluck out his own eyes, would 
 deserve more compassion than an ordinary blind man. 
 
 Dem. — Come, let us accommodate the business. There 
 is something to be said on each side of the question. There 
 is every where reason for laughing, and reason for weeping. 
 The world is ridiculous, and I laugh at it : it is deplorable, 
 and thou lamentest over it. Every person views it in his 
 own way, and according to his own temper. One point is 
 unquestionable, that mankind are preposterous : to think 
 right, and to act well, we must think and act differently 
 from them. To submit to the authority, and follow the ex- 
 ample of the greater part of men, would render us foolish 
 and^ miserable. 
 
 Hera. — All this is, indeed, true ; but then, thou hast no 
 real love or feeling for thy species. The calamities of man- 
 kind excite thy mirth: and this proves that thou hast no re- 
 gard for men, nor any true respect for the virtues which 
 they have unhappily abandoned. — Fenelon. 
 
 End of the first Lesson. 
 
 SECOND LESSON. 
 
 Dialogue. 
 
 Dionisius.— Amazing ! What do I see? It is Pythias 
 just arrived. It is, indeed, Pythias. I cannot think it possi- 
 ble. He is come to die, and to redeem bis friend. 
 
 21* 
 
246 
 
 Pycias. — Si : Pycias es. — He dejado el lugar de mi 
 destierro, no con otras miras que con las de cumplir misjura- 
 mentos hechos al Cielo ; con* las* de arreglar los nego- 
 cios de mi familia, segun las leyes de la justicia ; y para 
 despedirme de mis hijos, para poder morir tranquilo y 
 satis/echo. 
 
 Dio. — Pero jpara que vuehes ? iQue* no temes a la 
 muerte ? 1N0 es asemejarse a un loco, el buscarla asi, 
 voluntariamente ? 
 
 Py. — Vuelvo a sufrir, aunque no he merecido, la muerte 
 Todos los principios de honor y de bondad me prohiven 
 consentir el que mi amigo muera por mi. 
 
 Dio. — Entonces itu le amas mas que a ti mismo ? 
 
 Py. — No. Le quiero como d mi mismo. Pero estoy per- 
 suadido de que debo sufrir la muerte, antes que mi amigo 
 (y no mi) desde que fue Pycias el que condenaste a morir* 
 No seria justo el que Damon muriese para libertarme de 
 la muerte que, estaba designada no para el, sino, sola- 
 mente, para mi. 
 
 Dio. — Pero, tu supones que es tan injusto el hacerte 
 morir, como a tu amigo. 
 
 Py. — Mucha verdad. Los dos somos completamente 
 inocentes ; y es igualmente injusto el hacer padecer a 
 cualquiera de los dos. 
 
 Dio. — iPorque, pues, aseguras, que seria mejor el hacer 
 que el muriese en vez deti? 
 
 Py. — Es injusto, en el mismo grado, el hacer morir a 
 Damon 6 a mi ; pero Pycias, seria altamente culpable en 
 dejar a Damon (en permitir que) sufrir la muerte que 
 tenia preparada el tirano para Pycias solo. 
 
 Dio. — Segun eso itu vuelves acd, en el dia senalado, 
 con no otro objeto que, el de salvar la vida de un amigo, 
 -perdiendo la tuya ? 
 
 Py* — Yo he vuelto, por loque respecta d ti, d sufrir un 
 
 
247 
 
 Pythias. — Yes, it is Pythias. I left the place of my con- 
 finement, with no other views, than to pay to heaven the 
 vc*ws I had made ; to settle my family concerns according 
 to the rules of justice ; and to bidadieu to my children, 
 that I might die tranquil and satisfied. 
 
 Dio. — But, why dost thou return ! Hast thou no fear of 
 death ? Is it not the character of a madman, to seek it 
 thus voluntarily ? 
 
 Py. — I return to suffer, though I have not deserved 
 death. Every principle of honour and goodness forbids me 
 to allow my friend to die /or me. 
 
 Dio. — Dost thou, then, love him better than thyself? 
 
 Py. — No ; 1 love him as myself. But I am persuaded 
 that I ought to suffer death, rather than my friend ; since 
 it was Pythias whom thou hadst decreed to die. It were 
 not just that Damon should suffer, to deliver me from the 
 death that was designed, not for him, but for me only. 
 
 Dio. — But thou supposest, that it is as unjust to inflict 
 death upon thee, as upon thy friend. 
 
 Py. — Very true ; we are both perfectly innocent ; and 
 it is equally unjust to make either of us suffer. 
 
 Dio. — Why dost thou then assert, that it were better to 
 put him to death, instead of thee ? 
 
 Py. — It is unjust, in the same degree, to inflict death 
 either on Damon or myself; but Pythias were highly culpa- 
 ble to let Damon suffer that death, which the tyrant had 
 prepared for Pythias only. 
 
 Dio. — Dost thou, then, return hither, on the day appoint- 
 ed, with no other view, than to save the life of a friend, by 
 losing thy own ? 
 
 Py. — I return, in regard to thee, to suffer an act of in- 
 
248 
 
 acto de injusticia cuya aplicacion es comun a los tiranos : 
 y con respecto a Damon, para cumplir con mi deber liber- 
 tandolo del peligro en que se constituyo por su jenerosidad 
 acia mi. 
 
 Dio. — Aora pues, Damon, deja que me dirija a ti. iQue, 
 no temias tu, en realidad el que Pycias no volviese jamas, y 
 de que hubieras sido conducido a, la muerte por causa suya ? 
 
 Dam. — Yo estaba demasiadamente asegurado (cierto) de 
 que Pycias volveria puntualmente ; y de que estaria mas 
 solicito en cumplir su palabra a que en preservar su vida. 
 jOjala hubiera permitido el Cielo el que sus parientes y 
 amigos lo hubiesen detenido por fuerza f Entonces hubiera 
 el vivido para consuelo y provecho de los hombres justos 
 (good); y hubiera tenido yo, entonces, la satisfaction de 
 morir por el ! 
 
 Dio. — iQue, te disgusta la vida (el vivir) ? 
 
 Dam. — Si. Me disgusta, cuando veo y siento el poder 
 de un tirano. 
 
 Dio* — Estd bien. Tu no lo verds por mas tiempo (no 
 more). Yo mandare conducirte a la muerte inmediata- 
 mente. 
 
 Py. — Perdona los sentimientos de un hombre que sim- 
 patiza a su moribundo amigo. Pero acuerdate que fue 
 Pycias el destinado (devoted) por ti a la destruction. Yo 
 vengo a someterme a ella, para poder asi salvar a mi 
 amigo. No me niegues (refuse) este consuelo en mi ultima 
 hora. 
 
 Dio. — Yo no puedo sobrellevar a los hombres que des- 
 precian la muerte y que se burlan de mi poder. 
 
 Da. — Segun eso (then) tu no puedes sobrellevar la virtud. 
 
 Dio. — No. Yo no puedo sobrellevar aquella altanera y 
 desdehosa virtud que, desprecia la vida ; que no teme a 
 ningun castigo y que es insensible a los encantos de Ids 
 riquezas y de losplaceres. 
 
 
249 
 
 justice, it is common for tyrants to inflict ; and, with re- 
 spect to Damon, to perform my duty, by rescuing him from 
 the danger he incurred by his generosity to me. 
 
 Dio. — And now, Damon, let me address myself to thee. 
 Didst thou not really fear, that Pythias would never return; 
 and that thou wouldst be put to death on his account ? 
 
 Da. — I was but too well assured, that Pythias would 
 punctually return ; and that he would be more solicitous to 
 keep his promise, than to preserve his life. Would to hea- 
 ven, that his relations and friends had forcibly detained him! 
 He would, then, have lived for the comfort and benefit of 
 good men ; and I should have the satisfaction of dying for 
 him! 
 
 Dio. — What ! does life displease thee ? 
 
 Da. — Yes, it displeases me when I see and feel the po- 
 wer of a tyrant. 
 
 Dio. — It is well ! Thou shah see him no more. I will 
 order thee to be put to death immediately. 
 
 Py. — Pardon the feelings of a man who sympathizes with 
 bis dying friend. Cut, remember it was Pythias who was 
 devoted by thee to destruction. I come to submit to it, 
 that I may redeem my friend. Do not refuse me this con- 
 solation in my last hour. 
 
 Dio. — I cannot endure men, who despise death, and set 
 my power at defiance. 
 
 Da. — Thou canst not, then, endure virtue. 
 
 Dio. — No ; I cannot endure that proud, disdainful vir- 
 tue, which contemns life ; which dreads no punishment ; 
 and is insensible to the charms of riches and pleasures. 
 
250 
 
 Da. — Tu ves sin embargo, que es una virtud la que no 
 es insensible a los dictados del honor, de la* justicia y de 
 la* amistad. 
 
 Dio. — /Guardias/ Llevad a Pycias al suplicio. Vere- 
 mos si Damon continuard entonces* en menospreciar mi 
 autoridad. 
 
 Da.-fPor haber Pycias vuelto, a someterse a tu gusto 
 (voluntad) se ha hecho digno de la vida y ha merecido tu 
 favor; pero yo he escitado tu indignacion por haberme 
 sometido (resigning) a tu poder, para salvarlo. Estd 
 satisfecho {satisfacete) pues, con este sacrificio y hazme 
 morir. 
 
 Py. — /Aguarda, Dionisio / Acuerdate de que solo fue 
 Pycias el que te ofendio. Damon nunca puedo . 
 
 Dio* — i Ay! /Que es* lo* que veo y lo* que* oigof /En 
 donde estoyf /Que miserable soy, y cuan digno de serlo ! 
 Yo he vivido hasta aora ignorante de la verdadera virtud. 
 He pasado mi vida en las tinieblas y el error. Todo mi 
 poder y mis honores han sido insuficientes para granjearme 
 (produce) amor. Yo no puedo vanagloriarme de haber 
 adquirido un solo amigo en el transcurso de un reinado de 
 treinta ahos. Empero, estos dos individuos, de privada 
 condicion, se aman uno al otro tiernamente ; confia uno 
 enelotro sin limitacion (unreservedly); son mutuamente 
 dichosos y estan* dispuestos a morir ; cada uno, por la 
 salvacion del otro. 
 
 Py. — iComo puedes tu esperar el tener amigos, cuando 
 jamas has amado a nadie? Si hubieras amado y res- 
 petado a los hombres, hubieras asegurado su amor y su 
 respeto. Tu no has temino al jenero humano (d la sod- 
 edad) y el te. teme, y el* te detesta (ella.) 
 
 Dio. — /Damon/ /Pycias/ Condescended en admitir un 
 tercer amigo en 'conecsion tan perfecta. — Yo os concedo 
 vuestras vidas y os colmare (load) de riquezas. 
 
 
251 
 
 Da. — Thou seest, however, (hat it is a virtue, which is 
 not insensible to the dictates of honour, justice, and friend- 
 ship. 
 
 Dio. — Guards, take Pythias to execution. We shall see 
 whether Damon will continue to despise my authority. 
 
 Da. — Pythias, by returning to submit himself to thy 
 pleasure, has merited his life, and deserved thy favour ; but 
 I have excited thy indignation, by resigning myself to thy 
 power, in order to save him ; be satisfied, then, with this 
 sacrifice, and put me to death. 
 
 Py. — Hold, Dionysius ! remember it was Pythias alone, 
 who offended thee. Damon could not . 
 
 Dio. — Alas ! what do I see and hear ! where am I ! 
 How miserable ; and how worthy to be so ! I have hitherto 
 known nothing of true virtue. I have spent my life in dark- 
 ness and error. All my power and honours are insufficient 
 to produce love. I cannot boast of having acquired a single 
 friend, in the course of a reign of thirty years. And yet 
 these two persons, in a private condition, love one another 
 tenderly, unreservedly confide in each other, are mutually 
 happy, and ready to die for each other's preservation. 
 
 Py. — How couldst thou, who hast never loved any per- 
 son, expect to have friends ? If thou hadst loved and re- 
 spected men, thou wouldst have secured their love and 
 respect. Thou hast not feared mankind ; and they fear 
 thee ; they detest thee. 
 
 Dio. — Damon, Pythias, condescend to admit me as a third 
 friend, in a connection so perfect. I spare your lives ; I will 
 load you with riches. 
 
252 
 
 Da. — Nosotros no deseamos el ser enriquecidos por ti ; 
 y por lo que kace a tu amistad, ni* podemos aeeptarla ni* 
 (or) disfrutarla ; entanto que, no seas bueno y justo. Sin 
 e-stas cualidade8, no puedes conecsionarte, svno con tremulos 
 esclavos y bajos aduladores. Para ser amado de los horn' 
 bres de un espiritu (mind) liberal y jeneroso, es preciso, 
 que seas virtuoso, amable, desinteresado, benefico ; y que 
 sepas vivir, en cierta especie de igualdad f con aquellos 
 que participan y que merecen tu amistad. 
 
 LECCJON TERCERA. 
 El Aguila, ■ 
 
 El Aguila dorada, es la mayor y mas noble de aquellas 
 ates, que han recibido (que se conocen con) el nombre de 
 Aguilas. Pesa casi doce libras. Su largo es* de tres 
 pies : la estension de sus alas, es* de* siete pies cuatro 
 pulgadas : su pico es* de* tres pulgadas de largo y de un 
 azul subido; y sus ojos son de un color pardo. Enjene- 
 ral> se encuentran estas aves en las montahas y en* lugares 
 poco poblados, y saca sus crias en lo mas alto de los 
 pehascos. Ellas escojen aquellos parajes mas distantes 
 del hombre, en cuyas posesiones cometen pocas veces sus 
 depredaciones, contetandose mas Men en seguir la caza de 
 los animales silvestres de la selva, que en arriesgar su 
 seguridad para satisfacer (saciar) su hambre. 
 
 Este animal feroz debe ser considerado entre las aves, 
 como lo* es* el Leon entre los cuadrupedos ; y en muchos 
 respectos tienen una gran semejanza entre si (to each other.) 
 Ambos estan poseeidos de fuerza y de* una dominacion 
 (an empire) sobre sus compaheros de la selva. Igualmente 
 magnanimos, desdehan los pequehos robos (raterias) y per- 
 siguen solamente a los animales dignos de su conquista. 
 
253 
 
 Da* — We have no desire to be enriched by thee ; and 
 in regard to thy friendship, we cannot accept or enjoy it, 
 till thou become good and just. Without these qualities, 
 thou canst be connected with^none, but trembling slaves 
 and base flatterers. To be loved and esteemed by men oi 
 free and generous minds, thou must be virtuous, affection- 
 ate, disinterested, beneficent ; and know how to live in a 
 sort of equality with those who share and deserve thy 
 friendship. — Fenelon. 
 
 THIRD LESSON. 
 
 The Eagle. 
 
 The golden eagle is the largest and the noblest of all those 
 birds that have received the name of eagle. It weighs above 
 twelve pounds. Its length is three feet ; the extent of its 
 wings seven feet four inches ; the .bill is three inches long, 
 and of* deep blue ; and the. eye of a hazel colour. In ge- 
 neral, these birds are found in mountainous and thinly inha- 
 bited countries; and bred among the loftiest cliffs. They 
 choose those places which are remotest from man, upon 
 whose possessions they but seldom make their depredations, 
 being contented rather to follow the wild game in the forest, 
 than 4o risk their safety to satisfy hunger. 
 
 This fierce animal may be considered among birds, as the 
 lion among quadrupeds ; and, in many respects, they have 
 a strong similitude to each other. They are both possessed 
 of force, and an empire over their fellows of the forest. 
 Equally magnanimous, they disdain small plunder ; and 
 only pursue animals worthy the conquest. It is not till after 
 
 22 
 
254 
 
 No es, sino despues de haber sido provocadas (las aguilas), 
 por largo tiempo por los chillidos de la Corneja 6 los de la 
 Urraca, cuandb estas* aves* jenerosas, consideran str ne- 
 cesario el castigarlas con la muerte. 
 
 Tambien repugna el Aguila el aprovecharse del robo de 
 las otrus aves*, y no se satisfctce con otra presa sino con 
 la que ha adquirido por sits solos of ones. Por mas ham- 
 brienta que este, no se tira (no devora los) a los animales 
 muertos ; y cuando se halla satisfecha, nunca vuelve a la 
 misma carcasa; (carcasa que dejo) pero la deja para otros 
 animales mas rapantes, (voraces) menos delicados que ella. 
 Solitaria, como el Leon, habita sola (he keeps) en el de. 
 sierto; y % es cosa% estraordinaria el ver dos pares de 
 Aguilas en la misma montana, asi como a dos Leones en 
 una misma selva. ~ 
 
 Se mantienen asi* separados, para hallar una provision 
 mas abundante, y consideran la cantidad (abundancid) de 
 su caza, como la prueba mejor de su dominacion. No 
 acaba aqui la similitud de estos dos animales: ambos* 
 tienen qjos centellantes, y casi* de, un mismo color : la 
 forma de sus garras es igual : su respiracion igualmente 
 fuerte, y su grito igualmente recio y terrificante; Criados 
 ambos para la guerra, Son enemigos de toda sociedad: 
 son* igualmente Jieros, soberbios, e incapaces de ser do- 
 mesticados (amansados) facilmente* 
 
 De toda la especie plumada, el Aguila vuela la mas alia; 
 y de aqui le dieron los antiguos el titulo de Ave del Cielo. 
 Ella posee tambien la vista mas perspicaz ; pero su olfato 
 (sense of smelling) aunqiie Jino (acute) es inferior al del 
 Buitre. Jamas persigue (cazd) sino cuando su objeto estd 
 a la vista, y despues de agarrada su presa se tira con ella 
 desde su altura, como para ecsaminar su peso, dejdndola 
 tendida en el suelo antes de llevdrsela (de volar con ella). 
 No halla dificultad alguna en car gar con Gansos y con* 
 
255 
 
 having been long provoked by the cries of the rook or the 
 magpie, that this generous bird thinks fit to punish them 
 with death. 
 
 The eagle also disdains to share the plunder of another 
 bird ; and will take up with no other prey than that which 
 he has acquired by his own pursuits. How hungry soever 
 he may be, he stoops not to carrion ; and when satiated, 
 never returns to the same carcass, but leaves it for other 
 animals, more rapacious and less delicate than himself. 
 Solitary, like the lion, he keeps the desert to himself alone; 
 it is as extraordinary to see two pair of eagles in the same 
 mountain, as two lions in the same forest. 
 
 They keep separate to find a more ample supply ; and 
 consider the quantity of their game as the best proof of their 
 dominion. Nor dees the similitude of these animals stop 
 here; they have both sparkling eyes, and nearly of the same 
 colour ; their claws are of the same form, their breath 
 equally strong, and their cry equally loud and terrifying. 
 Bred both for war, they are enemies of all society ; alike 
 fierce, proud, and incapable of being easily tamed. 
 
 Of all the feathered tribe, the eagle flies the highest ; 
 and from thence the ancients have given him the title of 
 the bird of heaven. He possesses also the sharpest sight ; 
 but his sense of smelling, though acute, is inferior to that of 
 a vulture. He never pursues, but when his object is in 
 view ; and having seized his prey, he stoops from his height, 
 as if to examine its weight, always laying it on the ground 
 before he carries it off. He finds no difficulty, in taking up 
 
256 
 
 Grullas. Tambien carga con (carries away), Liebres, 
 Corderos y Cabritos ; y amenudo destruye Cervatillos y 
 Terneritos, para beberles la sangre, y lleba una parte de 
 sus carnes a su nido (retreat). 
 
 Aun Nihos, dejados solos, han sido destruidos por estos 
 animates rapantes. Se recuerda un caso, en Escocia, de 
 dos nihos que fueron arrebatados por las* Aguilas ;• pero 
 afortunadamenie no recibieron daho alguno en su trdnsito, 
 y habiendo sido seguidas las Aguilas, se hallaron los nihos 
 Uesos en los nidos, y fueron* devueltos a sits- asustados 
 padres. 
 
 Por esto, es el Aguila, en todas ocasiones, una* vecina* 
 formidable (temible) ; pero mas particularmente, cuando 
 cria sus polios* (young). Entonces es, cuando el macho 
 y la hembra desplegan (exert), todas sus fuerzas e indus- 
 tria para alimentar (supply) a sus hijos. 
 
 Se necesita de* gran paciencia y mucho arte (mucha 
 mana), para amansar a un Aguila, y aun cojida joven 
 >/ monoseada (subdued), es siempre un criado (domes- 
 tic) peligroso, pues* amenudo dirije la fuerza contra su 
 amo. Llevada al campo con el objeto de cazar aves 
 (fowling) j nunca estd el alconero seguro desu adhesion ; su 
 innata soberbia y amor a la libertad la instan de continuo 
 (still) d readquirir (regain), su soledad nativa. Algunas 
 veces, sin embargo, se atrae a las Aguilas a una aficion dcia 
 el que las alimenta; y* entonces son de grandeutilidad,ypro- 
 veen con liberalidad a sus placeres y a la sustencia de aqueL 
 
 Cuando el Alconero las suelta voltejean al rededor de 
 el y se pandean entanto que se les presenta la caza, la que 
 ellas descubren a una gran distancia, y que persiguen hasta 
 su* inf alible* destruccion (with certain destruction). 
 
 Se dice que el Aguila puede ecsistir muchas semanas sin 
 alimento, y que viven mas de cien ahos. 
 
 Fin de la Leccion Tercera. ■ 
 
257 
 
 geese and cranes. He also carries away hares, lambs, and 
 kids ; and often destroys fawns and calves, to drink their 
 blood, and bears a part of their flesh to his retreat. 
 
 Infants themselves, when left unattended, have been des- 
 troyed by these rapacious creatures. An instance is re- 
 corded in Scotland, of two children having been carried off 
 by eagles ; but fortunately they received no hurt by the way; 
 and the eagles being pursued, the children were found un- 
 hurt in the nests, and restored to the affrighted parents. 
 
 The eagle is thus at all times a formidable neighbour ; 
 but peculiarly so when bringing up its young. It is, then, 
 that the male and female exert all their force and industry 
 to supply their offspring.' 
 
 It requires great patience and much art to tame an eagle; 
 and even though taken young, and subdued by long assi- 
 duity, yet it is a dangerous domestic, and often turns its 
 force against his master. When brought into the field for 
 the purpose of fowling, the falconer is never sure of its 
 attachment ; its innate pride and love of liberty still prompt 
 it to regain its native solitudes. Sometimes, however, eagles 
 are brought to have an attachment to their feeder ; they are 
 then highly serviceable, and liberally provide for his plea- 
 sures and support. 
 
 When the falconer lets them go from his hand, they play 
 about and hover round him till their game presents, which 
 they see at an immense distance, and pursue with certain 
 destruction. 
 
 It is said that the eagle can live many weeks without 
 food ; and that the period of its life exceeds a hundred 
 years. 
 
 End of the Third Lesson. 22* 
 
258 
 LECCION CUARTA. 
 
 El Caballo. 
 
 De todos (entre todos) los cuadriipedos, el Caballo parece 
 ser el mas hermoso (el Caballo es el.) Su buena estatura, 
 la lustrosa suavidad de su piel, la graciosa ajilidad de sus 
 movimie?itos, y la esacta simetria de su forma, lo hacen 
 digno de esta distincion. 
 
 Para tener una idea de este noble animal en su simplici- 
 dad nativa (en el estado de la naturaleza) no debemos irlo 
 a buscar a los prados (pastures), 6 alas caballefizas en 
 donde ha sido colocado por el hombre, sino en aquellas 
 anchurosas y dilatadas llanuras en donde fue producido 
 orijinariamente, (en donde tuvo su primitivo orijeri) en donde 
 vaga sin restriccion alguna*, y en donde disfruta desen- 
 frenadamente (ilimitadamente) de todas las variedades de 
 la voluptuosa naturaleza. En este estado (en tal) de una* 
 dichosa independencia desdena (desprecia) la asistencia 
 del hombre, que solo tiende a esclavizarlo (to his servitude.) 
 
 En aquellos]terrenos (tracts) sin limites ya del Africa 6 
 de la America (la Nueva Espana) en donde corre con li- 
 bertad, no se siente molestado en manera alguna con las 
 desve?itajas a que se ve reducido (subject) en Europa. La 
 continua verdura de los prados provee a sus necesidades ; 
 y el clima, que desconoce al invierno, es propicio a su con- 
 stitucion, que parece naturalmente adaptada al calor. 
 
 En aquellos paises se ve amenudo a los Caballos estar 
 pastando en atajos (6 manadas) de quinientos a seicientos. 
 Como no guerrean contra ninguna otra especie de animales, 
 se contentan con permanecer sqbre la defensiva. Siempre 
 tienen a uno de entre ellos que se situa como una centinela. 
 para dar noticia de cualquier riesgo procsimo haciendose 
 cargo de este deber (office) por turnos. 
 
 Si un hombre se les acerca cuando estan pastando por el 
 
259 
 
 FOURTH LESSON. 
 
 The Horse. 
 
 Of all quadrupeds, the horse appears to be the most 
 beautiful. His fine size, the glossy smoothness of his skin, 
 the graceful ease of his motions, and the exact symmetry 
 of his shape, entitle him to this distinction. 
 
 To have an idea of this noble animal in his native sim- 
 plicity, we are not to look for him in the pastures, or the 
 stables, to which he has been consigned by man; but in 
 those wild and extensive plains, where he was originally 
 produced, where he. ranges without control, and riots in all 
 the variety of luxurious nature. In this state of happy in- 
 dependence, he disdains the assistance of man, which tends 
 only to his servitude. 
 
 In those boundless tracts, whether of Africa or New 
 Spain, where he runs at liberty, he seems no way incom- 
 moded with the inconveniences to which he is subject in 
 Europe. The continual verdure of the fields supplies his 
 wants; and the climate that never knows a winter, suits his 
 constitution, which naturally seems adapted to heat. 
 
 In those countries, the horses are often seen feeding in 
 droves of five or six hundred. As they do not carry on 
 war against any other race of animals, they are satisfied to 
 remain entirely upon the defensive. They have always one 
 among their number that stands as sentinel, to give notice 
 of any approaching danger; and this office they take by 
 turns. 
 
 If a man approaches them while they are feeding by day, 
 
260 
 
 dia, su ceritinela se dirije denodadamente (boldly) dcia el r 
 como para ecsaminar su fuerza 6 para intimidarlo a Jin 
 de que no siga adelante ; pero al aprocsimarse el hombre a 
 tiro de pistola, la centinela cree enlonces ser tiempo opor- 
 tuno (high time) para alarmar a sus compaheros. Esto lo 
 verifica, por medio de una especie de un fuerte relineho, 
 cuya sehal entienden todos, y huyen (y hechan a huir) con 
 la vclocidad del viento, guiando su Jiel centinela la reta- 
 guardia. 
 
 Pero de todos los paises del mundo en donde los Cabal- 
 los se crian montaraces (6 silvestres) es la Arabia la que 
 produce la mas hermosa casta (breed), la mas noble, J^gene- 
 rous) lijera y perseveranie. Se hallan (Caballos, they) 
 aunque no en gran niimero en los desiertos de dicho* pais, 
 y los naturales usan de toda estratajema para cojerlos. 
 
 El modo usual por el cual prueban los Arabes la lijereza 
 de estos animales es, con la caza del Avestruz. . El Cabal- 
 lo es el solo viviente (animal) cuya lijereza es comparable 
 con la de aquella % ave*. (creature), la que se halla en los 
 llanos arenosos que abundan en aquellos paises(de que 
 abundan aquellos.) En el instante en que el Avestruz se cree 
 descubierto (aimed at) liace por los monies, mientras que el 
 jinete lo persigue con toda la velocidad posible, y que* pro 
 cur a corla<rle la* retirada. Entonces continva la caza 
 por todo el llano, al paso que el Avestruz usa de sus 
 piernas y de sus alas a para aucsiliar sus movimientos 
 {para aumentar su car r era.) 
 
 . Un Caballo, de la primera velocidad, es capaz de pasarlo 
 (en la carrera*) de tal modo, que el pobre animal se ve en- 
 tonces obligado a recurrir al arte (artificio) para eludirse 
 del cazador, dando repetidas vueltas. Finalmente, perdida 
 la esperanza de su escape, esconde la cabeza en donde puede 
 y sufre mansamente el ser cojido. Si el Caballo, en una 
 
261 
 
 their sentinel walks boldly towards him, as if to examine 
 his strength, or to intimidate him from proceeding ; but as 
 the man approaches within pistol-shot, the sentinel then 
 thinks it high time to alarm his fellows. This he does by a 
 loud kind of snorting; upon which they all take the signal, 
 and fly off with the speed of the wind; their faithful sentinel 
 bringing up the rear. 
 
 But of all countries in the world, where the horse runs 
 wild, Arabia produces the most beautiful breed, the most 
 generous, swift, and persevering. They are found, though 
 not in great numbers, in the deserts of that country ; and 
 the natives use every stratagem to take them. 
 
 The usual manner in which the Arabians try the swift- 
 ness of these animals, is by hunting the ostrich. The horse 
 is the only animal whose speed is comparable to that of this 
 creature, which is found in" the sandy plains that abound h> 
 those countries. The instant the ostrich perceives itself 
 aimed at, it makes to the mountains, while the horseman 
 pursues with all the swiftness possible, and endeavours to 
 cut off his retreat. The chase then continues along the 
 plain, while the ostrich makes use of both legs and wings 
 to assist its motion. 
 
 A horse of the first speed is able to outrun it ; so the 
 poor animal is then obliged to have recourse to art to elude 
 the hunter, by frequently turning. At length, 'finding all 
 escape hopeless, it hides its head wherever it can, and 
 tamely suffers itself to be taken. If the horse, in a trial of 
 
262 
 
 prueba de esta especie, muestra gran velocidad y no se cansa 
 del todo, se asegura su calidad, y se le tiene en gran esti- 
 mation. 
 
 Los Arabes nunca castigan ni corrijen d sus Caballos, 
 sino que los tratan con suavidad y aun con carino. 
 Fin de la Lection Cuarta. 
 
 LECCION qUINTA. 
 Alexandro y el Ladron. 
 
 Alexandro.— i Que, eres tu el ladron de Trdcia, de 
 cuyas hazahas he oido tanto 1 
 
 Ladron.— Soy un Tracio y un soldado. 
 
 Alex. — /Un soldado! /el que es* un ladron, un salteador, 
 un asesino, y* la peste del pais ! Yo podria hacer honor 
 d tu valor ; pero debo detestary castigar tus crimenes. 
 
 Lad.— i Que he hecho yo de que podais quejaros ? 
 • Alex. — i'No has hecho tu burla de mi autoridad ? 1N0 
 has violado la tranquilidad publica, y no* has* pasado tu 
 vida dahificando las personas y Ids propiedades de tus 
 semejantes ? 
 
 Lad. — Alexandro, yo soy vuestro cautivo ; yo debo oir 
 lo que gustes decirme,y sufrirla pena (what^we te plazca 
 aplicarme; pero mi alma no esta conquistada (is uncon- 
 quered) ; y si replico algo a mestros reproches, replicare 
 como hombre libre. 
 
 Alex. — Habla libremente. Lejos de mi el aprovecharme 
 de la ventaja de mi poder para silenciar a aquellos con 
 quienes me digno conversar. 
 
 Lad. — Segun eso, yo debe responder a vuestra pregunta 
 por medio* de otra. iDe que modo habeis vos pasado 
 vuestra vida ? 
 
 Alex. — Como un heroe. Preguntdselo a la fama, y ella 
 
263 
 
 this kind, shows great speed, and is not readily tired, his 
 character is fixed, and he is held in high estimation. 
 
 The Arabs never beat or correct their horses, but treat 
 them with kindness and even affection. 
 
 End of the Fourth Lesson. 
 
 FIFTH LESSON. 
 
 Alexander and the Robber. 
 
 Alex, — What, art thou the Thracian robber, of whose 
 exploits I have heard so much ? 
 
 Robb. — I am a Thracian and a soldier. 
 
 Alex. — A soldier ! a thief,' a plunderer, an assassin! the 
 pest of the country ! I could honour thy courage, but I must 
 detest and punish thy crimes. 
 
 Robb. — What have I done, of which you can complain 1 
 
 Alex. — Hast thou not set at defiance my authority, vio- 
 lated the public peace, and passed thy life in injuring the 
 persons and properties of thy fellow creatures ? 
 
 Robb. — Alexander, I am your captive ; I must hear what 
 you please to say, and endure what you please to inflict. 
 But my soul is unconquered ; and if I reply at all to your re- 
 proaches, I will reply like a free man. 
 
 Alex. — Speak freely. Far be it from me to take the 
 advantage of my power, to silence those with whom I deign 
 to converse. 
 
 Robb. — I inus*, then, answer your question by another. 
 How have you passed your life ? 
 
 Alex. — Like a hero. Ask Fame, and she will tell you. 
 
264 
 
 te lo dim. Entre los valientes yo he sido el mas valiente .' 
 entre los soberanos, el mas noble, y* entre los conquitadores 
 el mas grande. 
 
 Lad. — i Y no habla la fama tambien de mi? iHubo 
 jamas un Capitan mas denodado de mas valiente par- 
 tida ? iHubo jamas — pero yo desprecio el hacer osten- 
 tation (el vanagloriarme.) Vos, vos mismo sabeis que no 
 he sido rendido facilmente. 
 
 Alex. — Empero ique sois, sind un ladron — un bajo y un 
 percerso ladron ? 
 
 Lad. — iY que es un conquitador ? 1N0 habeis vos tam- 
 bien ttansitado sobre la tierra como un jenio del mal, ha- 
 ciendo estallar los hermosos frutos de la paz y* de la in- 
 dustria — robando, desolando y* matando—sin ley, sin 
 justicia-~-no mas que* por* (merely) satisfacer un insacia- 
 ble deseo de domination ? Cuanto yd he hecho (cuantos 
 atentados he cometido yo) en un solo distrito, con un cen- 
 tenar de proselitos, lo habeis vos hecho (los habeis vos 
 practicado contra) con naciones renter 'as con cienmil. Si yo 
 he robado a meros* individuos, vos habeis arruinado Reyes 
 y Principes. Si yo he quemado algunos puebletillos, vos 
 habeis asolado los reinos y ciudades mas fiorecientes de /a 
 tierra. Cual es pues, la diferencia sino la de que, como 
 vos habiais nacido Key e yo un simple particular (private 
 man) vos habeis podido ser un ladron de mayor jerarquia 
 (mightier robber) que yo. 
 
 Alex. — Pero si he tornado como Rey, he dado como Rey. 
 Si yo he destruido imperios, los he fundado mayores. Yo 
 he amado las artes, el comer cio y la jilosofia. 
 
 Lad. — Yo tambien he dado libremente al pobre lo que 
 coji del rico. Yo he establecido orden y disciplina entre 
 los seres mas feroces del jenero humano, y he estendido mi 
 brazo protector sobre el (en favor del) oprimido. Se, en 
 verdad, mui poco de la Jilosofia de que habiais, pero creo 
 
 
265 
 
 Among the brave, I have been the bravest ; among sove- 
 reigns, the noblest ; among conquerors, the mightiest. 
 
 Robb. — And does not Fame speak of me too ? Was 
 there ever a bolder captain of a more valiant band ? Was 
 there ever — but I scorn to boast. You yourself know that 
 I have not been easily subdued, 
 
 Alex. — Still, what are you but a robber — a base, disho- 
 nest robber ? 
 
 Robb. — And what is a conqueror ? Have not you, too, 
 gone about the earth like an evil genius, blasting the fair 
 fruits of peace and industry, — plundering, ravaging, killing, 
 — without law, without justice, — merely to gratify an insa- 
 tiable lust for dominion ? All that I have done to a single 
 district, with a hundred followers, you have done to whole 
 nations, with a hundred thousand. If I have burned a few 
 hamlets, you have desolated the most flourishing kingdoms 
 and cities of the earth. What is, then, the difference, — but 
 that, as you were born a king, and I a private man, you have 
 been able to become a mightier robber than I ? 
 
 Alex. — But if I have taken like a king, I have given like 
 a king. If I have subverted empires, I have founded 
 greater. I have cherished arts, commerce, and philosophy. 
 
 Robb. — I, too, have freely given to the poor, what I took 
 from the rich. I have established order and discipline 
 among the most ferocious of mankind ; and have stretched 
 out my protecting arm over the oppressed. I know, in- 
 deed, little of the philosophy you talk of ; but I believe 
 
 23 
 
266 
 
 que ni vos ni yo j-amas satisfaremos al mundo del mal que 
 le hemos causado (done it.) 
 
 Alex. — /Dejame ! (/vete /) — Quitadle las cadenas, y 
 
 tratadlo bien {Que! iSomos tan parecidos uno al otro 1 
 
 / Alexandra un ladron ! ! ! / Dejame pensar /..... 
 
 Fin de la Leccion Quinta. 
 
 LECCION SECSTA. 
 
 Ciceron y Augusto. 
 
 Augusto. — /Dios os guar de, grande Oradorf Me alegro 
 de volveros a ver otra vez. Yo no he olvidado los deberes 
 bajo los cuales me dejdsteis comprometido. 
 
 Cieron. — /Oh/ iOs podeis acordar de ellos aqui, ya 
 que no pudisteis en el otro mundo ? 
 
 Aug. — Despues de vuestra muerte encontre a uno de mis 
 nietos leyendo vuestras Obras. Lo sorprendi, y estaba 
 temeroso de que le reganase ; — en vez de ello tome vuestro 
 libro en la mano* (took up) y le dije, que vos fuisteis un 
 grande hombre y el amante de vuestra patria. Vos vets 
 que hable bien de vos durante mi vida. 
 
 Cic. — /Un buen premio, ciertamente, por haberos educa- 
 do! Cuando joven desprecidsteis mis consejos, a mis amigos 
 y mi interes. 
 _ Aug. — Vos me los disteis (los consejos*) no tanto por mi 
 bien, como por balancear la autoridad (el poder) de Anto- 
 nio, pues temiais su jenio tirdnico. 
 
 Cic. — JEs verdad : yo no temia tanto a un niho, como a. 
 aquel hombre poder oso y violento. Pero me engane, pues 
 vos fuisteis el mas perjudicial de los dos. Fui yo, sin- 
 embargo, quien hizo vuestra fortuna (quien os hizo feliz.) 
 Por mis Filipicas impresione a la republica contra An- 
 
267 
 
 neither you nor I shall ever atone to the world for the 
 mischiefs we have done it. 
 
 Alex. — Leave me (to his guards). Take off his 
 
 chains, and use him well (alone). Are we, then, so 
 
 much alike ? Alexander — a robber ! ! Let me reflect . 
 
 Fenelon. 
 End of the Fifth Lesson. 
 
 SIXTH LESSON. 
 
 Cicero and Augustus. 
 
 Angus. — Hail-! great orator ! — I am glad to see you 
 again. I have not forgotten the obligations under which 
 you laid me. 
 
 Cicer. — Oh ! you can remember them here, though you 
 could not in the other world ! 
 
 Aug. — After your death I found one of my grand chil- 
 dren reading your works. I took him by surprise; and he 
 was afraid lest I should chide him; — instead of which, I 
 took up your book, and said you were a great man, and a 
 lover of your country. You see, I could speak well of you, 
 even in my life time. 
 
 Cicer. — A fine reward truly, for my having educated 
 you! When you were young, you despised my counsels, my 
 friends, and my interest. 
 
 Aug. — You gave me these, not so much for my own 
 sake, as to balance the authority of Antony; for you dread- 
 ed his tyrannical disposition. 
 
 Cicer. — True : I was not so much afraid of a child, as 
 of that powerful and violent man. But I was deceived ; 
 you proved the more dangerous of the two. It was J, 
 however, who made your fortune. By my Philippics, 
 I prejudiced the commonwealth against Antony, and in 
 
268 
 
 tonio y en vucstro favor. ;Que no dije yo en el Senado 
 en favor vuestro, mientras estdbais en el sitio de Mutina, 
 en donde perecieron los dos Consules victoriosbs, Hircio 
 y Pansa ! Por sus victorias adquiristeis el mando del 
 ejercito. Empero en lugar de defender a los que os kabian 
 provisto de armas, formdsteis, bajamente, una liga con 
 Antonio, y con Lepido. el mas vil de los hombres, con el 
 objeto de esclavizar a Roma. Cuando se hubo formado 
 este escecrable triunvirato, cada uno de vosotros se man- 
 tuvo por alguno tiempo de parte (en favor) de su amigo ; 
 pero cada cual consintio, al fin, el volverse criminal, con el 
 objeto* de que su companero lo fuese tambien. Por esto, 
 permitio Antonio el entregaros a su tio Lucio Cesar, a fin de 
 hacerse dueno de mi vida que sacrifiedsteis villanamente a 
 su animosidad contra mi*. 
 
 Aug. — Yo no podia negarle nada d aquel hombre, por 
 que me hallaba entonces en necesidad de su asistencia, con el 
 objeto de hacerme dueno del mundo. Una tentacion igual 
 (tales ideas) hace casi disculpable cualquiera falta. 
 
 Cic. — Tan artera (foul) ingratitud jamas podrd ser dis- 
 culpada. A no haber sidopor mi, nunca hubierais obtenido 
 cargo alguno en la administracion publica. Yo siento de 
 todo corazon todos los elojios que os prodigue. Vos fuisteis 
 un falso amigo, y os convertisteis en un c? uel tirano. 
 
 Aug. — Por esta granporcion (this load) de desverguen- 
 zas* (abuse*) yo creo que vais a escribir (make*) mas 
 Filipicas contra mi : aun* mas veementes que las que contra 
 Antonio. 
 
 Cic. — No. Yo deje mi elocuencia en el otro mundo ; pero 
 la posteridad sabrd que os hice lo que fuisteis, y que me 
 vendisteis (6 entregdsteis) vilme.nte para gratificar (satis- 
 facer) la pasion (la sed) de venganza de Antonio. Empero, 
 lo que mas me mortifica es, que no solamente os habeis 
 hecho odioso (hicisteis) , sino que me hicisteis despreciable. 
 
269 
 
 your favour. What did I not say in the senate in your behalf, 
 while you were at the siege of Mutina, where the two victo- 
 rious consuls Hirtius and Pansa perished? By their victories, 
 you acquired the command of the army. But instead of de- 
 fending those who had supplied you with arms, you basely 
 formed a league with Antony, and that vilest of men, Lepi- 
 dus, to enslave Rome. When this execrable triumvirate was 
 formed, each of you stood out a while for his friend; but 
 each consented, at length, to become criminal himself, that 
 his companion might become so too. Thus, Antony con- 
 sented to give up his own uncle, Lucius Ccesar, to you, in 
 order to obtain my life, which you basely sacrificed to his 
 animosity. 
 
 Augu. — I could not deny that man any thing; for I then 
 stood in need of his assistance, in order to render myself 
 master of the world. A temptation like this might make 
 almost any fault excusable. 
 
 Cicer. — Such foul ingratitude can never be excused. 
 But for me, you never would have had any share in the 
 public administration at all. I heartily regret all the eu- 
 logies that I bestowed upon you. You were a false friend, 
 and you became a cruel tyrant. 
 
 Augu. — By this load of abuse, I fancy you are going to 
 make Philippics against me, more vehement than those 
 against Antony. 
 
 Cicer. — No; my eloquence I left behind me in the other 
 world; but posterity will know, that I made you what you 
 are, and that you basely betrayed me, to gratify Antony's 
 passion for revenge. What vexes me most, however, is, 
 that you have not only rendered yourself odious, but me 
 
 23* 
 
270 
 
 Ellos dirdn (se dird) que fui engahado por un jdven que 
 se sirvio dc mi para obtener sus ambiciosos fines — Sirve d un 
 ingrato y coccchards un amargo pesar y un eterno oprbbio. 
 Fin de la Leccion Secsta. 
 
 LECCION SEP TIM A. 
 
 APUJSTES BlOGRAFICOS. 
 
 Jorge Washington. 
 
 El Heroe de estos apujites, poseyo, ciertamente* una 
 tan perfecta combination de majestad y fuerza corporal, 
 con una penetration y decision intelectual y una incom- 
 prometible pureza de intention y de dignidad moral, como 
 jamas cupo en suerte de individuo alguno (de* la especie 
 humana*). 
 
 Nacio Jorge Washington en el distrito de Westmore- 
 land, Virginia, en el hogar de sus mayores, el veinte y dos 
 de Febrero de mil setecientos treinta y dos. Habiendo 
 fallecido su padre cuando Washington tenia nueve anos, 
 recayo el cuidado de su education en su madre, cuyas vir- 
 tudes y escelencia de cardcter bosquejaron sus impresiones 
 vivificantcs en el espiritu de su mui amado hijo, produciendo 
 esto un recuerdo impresivo del poder de la infiuencia ma- 
 terna sobre el jenial de la juventud. 
 
 Washington, demosfro un espiritu militar precox, y a los 
 diez y nueve ahos de edad fue nombrado Ayudante jeneral 
 de Virginia, con el cardcter de Mayor de las tropas colonia- 
 les. Su espiritu indomable se manifesto en varias em- 
 presas de que estuvo encargado, y did una evidente prueba 
 de lo que podria esperarse de el en la hora del peligro (con- 
 Jlicto.) 
 
 Habiendose concluido, en mil setecientos cincuenta y ocho, 
 la guerra entre la Gran Bretanay Francia (la que se esten- 
 did con gran violencia por las Colonias Americanas) se 
 
271 
 
 contemptible. They will say that I have been duped by a 
 young man, who made use of me merely to attain his ambi 
 tious ends, Serve an ungrateful man, and you reap only 
 bitter grief, and lasting shame. 
 
 End of the Sixth Lesson. 
 
 SEVENTH LESSON. 
 Biographical Sketches. 
 George Washington. 
 The hero of this sketch possessed probably as perfect a 
 combination of corporeal majesty and strength, with intel- 
 lectual penetration and decision, uncompromising purity of 
 purpose^ and moral dignity, as ever fell to the lot of an 
 individual. 
 
 George Washington was born in Westmoreland county, 
 Virginia, at the seat of his ancestors, on the 22d of Febru- 
 ary, 1732. His father dying when he was nine years old, 
 the care of his education devolved on his mother, whose 
 virtues and excellence of character shed their vivifying im- 
 pression on the mind of her beloved son — affording another 
 striking record of the power of maternal influence over the 
 disposition of youth. 
 
 He early showed a military spirit ; and in his 19th year, 
 he was appointed an adjutant-general of Virginia, with the 
 rank of major of the colonial troops. His undaunted spirit 
 manifested itself in various enterprises in which he was en- 
 gaged, and gave strong evidence of what might be expected 
 from him in the hour of peril. 
 
 In 1758, the war between Great Britain and France, 
 (which raged with great virulence in the American colo- 
 nies,) having terminated, he retired to private life at Mount 
 
272 
 
 rctiro Washington a vivir privadamente en Mount Vernon, y 
 poco despues caso con Mrs. Custis, que era una Sehora llena 
 dc cualificationes sufitientes para embellecer una location 6 
 yapublica, 6 ya privada. En este digno retiropasaba Wash- 
 ington su tiempo en mejorasagricolas, hasta tanto que las pre- 
 tensiones de la Gran Bretana escitaron un espiritu de hostili- 
 dad en todas las Colonias, el que alfin estallo en una llama, 
 que ardio en todas las estremidades del pais. Se hizo 
 i?ievitable la guerra, y todas las miradas se dirijieron si- 
 multdneamente dcia Jorge Washington, como la persona mas 
 aproposito para conducir sus ejercitos en la prbcsima lid, 
 que debia producir grandes acontecimientos. Washington 
 fue unanimemente electo Jeneral-en-jefe por el primer Con- 
 greso que se reunio en Filadelfia en el aho de mil setecien- 
 tos setenta y cuatro. 
 
 Paso Washington a Massachusetts, que era entonces 
 el teatro de la guerra, y hallo al ejercito destituido de 
 cast toda provision militar. No habia en el organization 
 alguna; pero su industria y talento super aron todas las difi- 
 cultades. 
 
 La guerra por la independencia seguia con sucesos 
 variados: y probablemente ningun ejercito necesito mas de 
 la infuencia sostonedora de sentimientos patribticos como el 
 Americano durante este memorable conflicto* Pero la vista 
 de Washington se hallaba fija en el objeto, la indepen- 
 dencia y libertad de su patria — y ya se levantase la tor- 
 menta de la .adversidad con un cardcter destructor, 6 ya 
 soplasen los vientos impetuosos de la p?'osperidad para 
 hacer adelantar el gran objeto de su alma, jamas lo aban- 
 donaron por un momento siquiera, ni la regularidad de su 
 cardcter, ni la pasiva decision de su objeto, ni su constante 
 perseverantia (decidida per sever antia.) 
 
 La captura de Cornwallis {el haber sido hecho prisoner 6) 
 en Yorktown termino la carrera militar de Washington. 
 
273 
 
 Vernon, and shortly after married Mrs. Custis, a lady every 
 way qualified to adorn a public or private station. In this 
 dignified retirement, he passed his time in agricultural im- 
 provements, until the pretensions of Great Britain roused a 
 spirit of hostility throughout the colonies, which at last was 
 fanned into a flame, that blazed to every extremity of the 
 country. War became inevitable; and to George Washing- 
 ton were all eyes simultaneously turned, as the fittest per- 
 son to lead their armies through the approaching event- 
 ful struggle. He was unanimously appointed commander 
 in chief by the first congress, which met in Philadelphia, in 
 1774. 
 
 Washington repaired to Massachusetts, then the seat of 
 war, and found the army destitute of almost every military 
 supply. Organization there was none; but his industry and 
 talent subdued all difficulties. 
 
 The war for independence was carried on with varied 
 success, and never probably did an army more require the 
 sustaining influence of patriotic feelings, than the American 
 army did during this memorable conflict. But Washington's 
 eye was fixed on the goal — the independence and liberty of 
 his country; and, whether the storm of adversity rose seem- 
 ingly to overwhelm, or the gales of pK>sperity to forward, 
 the great object of his soul, the same equanimity of temper, 
 the same calm decision of purpose, and resolute persever- 
 ance, never for a moment forsook him. 
 
 The capture of Cornwallis at Yorktown closed the mili- 
 I tary career of Washington, 
 
274 
 
 A esto* se siguio la paz, y el afortunado Jeneral re- 
 sindio en las manos de sus compatriotas aquel poder {el 
 poder) que habia obtenido tan gloriosamente, por muchos 
 anos, en su servicio. 
 
 El heroe (he) escojio nuevamente su retiro favorito ; 
 pero se habia hecho un objeto* de mucha consecuencia 
 (importancia) para su patria, para permitir que permane- 
 ciese en el. El habia sido su caudillo en las armas, y 
 debia ser despues su cabeza en los negocios cimles. En la 
 adopcion {al establecimiento) de, la Constitucion federal 
 fue electo Presidente de los Estados Unidos, sin que disin- 
 tiese un solo voto de la nacion. 
 
 Su digna administracion del gobierno confirmb la favor- 
 able (la Men merecida) opinion que habia obtenido por sus 
 pasados sermcios. A la conclusion del primer termino de 
 su Presidencia (presidential term) fue reelecto para otra, 
 al fin de la que volvio a entrar (a reasumir) en la oscuridad 
 de la vida privada (the shades of private life). 
 
 Tal descansoj (this repose) que por entonces se hizo ne- 
 cesario, estuvo cerca de haber sido interrumpido nueva- 
 mente (again) cuando en una inesperada invasion por 
 la Francia se hallaban vueltos los qjos de la Nacion 
 {Americana) dcia su Campeon favorito. Empero, estaba 
 mui a la mano (jprocsimo) un acontecimiento, que f destruyo 
 todas los porvenires (anticipations). Washington (he) 
 fue atacado, el trece de Diciembre de mil setecientos no- 
 venta y nueve, de un afecto inflamatorio a la garganta^ el 
 que termino su importante vida en la subsecuente noche. 
 
 Washington habia ganado en su patria la envidiable 
 distincion de ser (consider ado*) " el primero en la guerra, 
 el primero en la paz, y el primero en los corazones de sus 
 conciudadanos ;" y en Europa se le intitulaba (styled) en* 
 fdticamente El Hombre del Siglo. 
 
 Fin de la Leccion Septima* 
 
275 
 
 Peace followed, and the successful general relinquished, 
 into the hands of his fellow-citizens, that power he had 
 wielded for many years, so gloriously in their service. 
 
 He again chose his favourite retirement; but he had be- 
 come of too much consequence to his country, to be suffered 
 to remain there. He had been their leader in arms — he 
 must now be their head in civil affairs. On the adoption 
 of the federal constitution, he was, without a dissenting vote 
 in the nation, elected president of the United States. 
 
 His dignified administration of the government confirmed 
 the favourable opinion already earned by his previous 
 services. On the expiration of the first presidential term, he 
 was re-elected for another ; at the end of which he once 
 more entered the shades of private life. 
 
 This repose, now become necessary, was about to be 
 again interrupted, when, on an expected invasion by France, 
 the eyes of the nation were as formerly bent toward their 
 favourite champion. An event, however, was at hand, which 
 destroyed all anticipations. He was attacked, on the 13th 
 
 i of December, 1799, with an inflammatory affection of 
 the throat, which closed his valuable life on the night 
 
 ! following. 
 
 Washington had gained the enviable distinction, in his 
 own country, of being " first in war, first in peace, and first 
 in the hearts of his countrymen ;" and in Europe, he was 
 emphatically styled the Man of the Age. 
 
 End of the Seventh Lesson. 
 
276 
 
 LECCION OCTAVA. 
 Franklin. 
 En el aho de 1714, Benjamin Franklin, entonces niho de 
 ocho ahos de edad, fue embiado a una escuela de gramdtica 
 en Massachusetts, como medida* preparatoria para recibir 
 la educacion que debia convenirle para ser clerigo. Pero 
 sus padres eran mui pobres para poder costear el gasto 
 de una educacion regular, y a poco tiempo fue Franklin 
 llevado a su casa para seguir el qficio de su padre, endonde 
 empleaba su tiempo en arreglar pdbilos, llenar moldes y 
 cumplir con los deberes de un aprendiz de un fabricante 
 de velas de sebo. No le gustaba d Franklin su qficio, y 
 estuvo apique de ser aprendiz de un cuchillero. El precio 
 de su ensehanza en el aprendizage era mayor que lo que 
 sus padres podian sufragar ; y mudando otra tez de 
 ocupacion se comprometid en toda forma con su hermano, 
 el impresor de papeles publicos. En su acomodo leia todo 
 lo que le venia a la mano ; se ejercitaba en la composition. 
 y se atrajo alguna nota por ccmunicados publicados en el 
 papel de su hermano; y en una ocasion defendio a aquel 
 hermano {al dicho hermano) ante el publico, con talento y 
 ecsito. Pero el hermano de Franklin era un mui severo 
 imponedor de tareas, y lo trataba mui cruelmente. No 
 ecsistiendo medios legates para zarfarse de sus comprome- 
 timientos, determine huirse, y en consecuencia de ello dejo a 
 Boston para Filadelfia, adonde llego, siendo de diez ysiete 
 ahos de edad. Andando por la calle, compro pan d un 
 ponadero que pasaba; siguio a la multitud que se dirijia d 
 la iglesia; y entrando con todos se quedo dormido; y records 
 de que era un estranjero solo, en un pais estraho, habiendo- 
 lo dispertado el sepulturero despues de haberse retirado la 
 congregacion. Tuvo en Filadelfia la ocupacion de impresor, 
 y se hizo conocido del gobernador de Pennsylvania, por 
 
 
277 
 EIGHTH LESSON. 
 
 Franklin. 
 
 In the year 1714, Benjamin Franklin, then a boy of 
 eight years of age, was sent to a grammar school in Mas- 
 sachusetts, preparatory to receiving the education, which 
 was to fit him to be a clergyman. But his parents were 
 too poor to bear the expense of a regular education, and 
 Franklin, in a short time, was taken home to his father's 
 trade ; where his time was occupied in trimming wicks, 
 filling moulds, and performing the duties of an apprentice 
 to a tallow chandler. But Franklin did not like his trade, 
 and was about to be apprenticed to a cutler. The amount 
 of the fee was more than his parents could afford ; and, 
 once more changing his occupation, he was regularly bound 
 to his own brother, the printer of a newspaper. Here he 
 read every thing which came in his way ; exercised him- 
 self in composition, attracted some notice by communica- 
 tions published in his brother's paper, and upon one occa- 
 sion, defended that brother before the public, with talent 
 and success. But Franklin's brother was a hard taskmaster, 
 and treated him very cruelly. There being no legal 
 means of extricating himself from his indentures, he deter- 
 mined to abscond, and accordingly left Boston for Phila- 
 delphia, where he arrived, at the age of seventeen. As he 
 walked through the street, he bought some bread from a 
 passing baker, followed the crowd, which was proceeding 
 to church, and entering with the rest, fell asleep, and was 
 reminded that he was a stranger, alone in a strange place, 
 by the sexton awaking him, after the congregation had re- 
 tired. In Philadelphia, he obtained employment as a prin- 
 ter, and became acquainted with the governor of Pennsyl- 
 
 24 
 
278 
 
 cuya instancia determino establecerse por si solo ; y con 
 el objeto de obtener los medios necesarios al efecto, regreso 
 a Boston, y ocurrio a sus amigos de alii. Fue desgraciado, 
 {no tuvo ecsito su soliciiud), y volvio a Filadelfia, endonde 
 lisonjeado con las promesas del gobernador, y provisto por 
 el con cartas de recomendacion, partio para Inglaterra para 
 dar impulso a su fortuna en su metropoli. A su llegada 
 hallo que el gobernador le habia engahado, y que se hallaba 
 en la misma situacion que cuando entro primeramente en 
 Filadelfia. Sin embargo, obtuvo ocupacion de impresor en 
 una imprenta mui grande, endonde segranjeo la mas honrosa 
 reputacion por su industria y virtud. Dejo este ejercicio 
 (this) para regresar d America en una capacidad mer- 
 cantile y desembarco otra vez en Filadelfia a los viente y 
 un ahos de edad. Sus proyectos mercantiles mui pronto se 
 vieron burlados, y otra vez apelo (u ocurrio) a su ejercicio 
 de impresor para mantenerse. En esta ocasion entro en 
 compania con un joven que produjo el capital saficiente 
 para comprar una prensa y letras, y ambos principiaron a 
 trabajar (commenced business) en nombre de la sociedad. 
 Pero el compahero de Franklin era perezoso y disipador, 
 y le molestaba infinito. Por una constante e infatigable 
 industria se hallo Franklin, d poco tiempo despues, (at last) 
 en la capacidad de comprarle su parte, (to buy him out) y 
 dirijio la imprenta por si solo. Desde este momento, puede 
 datarse el de su prosperidad (el principio de su prosperi- 
 dad). Su industria fue incansable y cast increible, y sus 
 arregladas y decor osas costumbres pronto le proporcionaron 
 el patrocinio y la estimacion de los que (de las personas 
 que) le rodeaban. En este tiempo y % en el aho de 1 730, se 
 casd, y su esposa fue una sehora a la que observo sonreirsc 
 de su risible apariencia cuando entro en Filadelfia, comien- 
 do su hogaza andando per las calles y al pasar per 
 la puerte de aquella. Durante todo este tiempo estuvo 
 
279 
 
 vania, at whose recommendation he determined to set up 
 for himself; and, in order to obtain the necessary means, 
 returned to Boston, and made application to his friends 
 there. He was unsuccessful, and came back to Philadel- 
 phia ; where, buoyed up with the promises of the governor, 
 and furnished by him with letters of introduction, he started 
 for England, to push his fortune in its metropolis. On his 
 arrival, he found that the governor had deceived him, and 
 that he was in the same situation as when he first entered 
 Philadelphia. He obtained employment, however, as a 
 printer, in a very large establishment, where he acquired 
 the most honourable reputation for industry and virtue. He 
 left this to return to America, in a commercial capacity, 
 and landed once more in Philadelphia, in the twenty-first 
 year of his age. His commercial projects soon met with 
 disappointment, and he was again thrown upon his trade 
 ©f a printer for support. At this time, he entered into 
 partnership with a young man, who furnished sufficient ca- 
 pital to procure a printing press and types, and the two 
 commenced business in their own name. But the partner 
 of Franklin was idle and dissipated, and embarrassed him 
 excessively. By constant and unremitting industry, Frank- 
 lin was at last enabled to buy him out, and carried on the 
 office himself. From this time, may be dated his prospe- 
 rity. His industry was untiring, and almost incredible, and 
 his correct and grave habits soon procured him the pat- 
 ronage and esteem of those around him. At this time, in 
 the year 1730, he married, and his wife was a lady, whom 
 he had observed smiling at his ludicrous appearance, when 
 he first entered Philadelphia, and ate his loaf, as he walked 
 through the streets, and passed her door. During all this, 
 
280 
 
 Franklin activamente ocupado en la prosecucion de sus ta- 
 reas literarias, y habia adquirido, siendo el mismo su propio 
 maestro, un conocimiento competente de los idiomas latino, 
 f ranees y cspanol. Varias pequehas obras que publico 
 fuero altamente apreciadas ; y en mil setecientos treinta 
 y dos, principio y continuo por veinte y cinco ahos el Al- 
 manaque del Pobre Ricardo, cuyas mdesimas y preceptos 
 han sido traducidos despues en casi todos los idiomas, y 
 han obtenido la fuerza y circulacion de proverbios. En 
 1733 fue electo qficial de la Asemblea jeneral de Pennsyl- 
 vania, y en el subsecueute ano Administrador de correos de 
 Filadelfia. En 1 736 establecio tambien la Sociedad Filo- 
 sofica Americana, y puso en planta el colejio, que, con las 
 modificaciones subsecuentes, ha producido la presente uni- 
 versidad de Pennsylvania ; y en el mismo ano proporciono 
 para su estado adoptivo, un sistema completo de disciplina 
 militar. En 1745 presencio Franklin accidentalmente 
 unos pequenos esperimentos sobre la electricidad practica- 
 dos en Boston por un itinirante Escoces,' lo que puso su 
 imqjinacion en accion sobre el asunto. Esplico muchoa 
 fenomenos que nunca antes habian sido resueltos satisfacto- 
 riamente, e hizo varios descubrimientos propios, como el del 
 poder de las puntas en atraer y despedir de si el fluido 
 electrico acumulado : y el del estado positim y negativo de la 
 electricidad. Tambien descubrio las propiedades de la 
 botella de Leyden ; y fue el primero que infiamo polvora, 
 magnetizo ahujas de acero; derritio metales, y mato animales 
 de gran tamaho, por medio de la electricidad. En el curso 
 de sus esperimentos le ocurrio la idea, de que la electrici* 
 dado y los rayos eran una misma cosa ; y que los feno- 
 menos de los ultimos, y los de la aurora boreal podian ser 
 esplicadas por medio de los principios (facts) ya conocidos 
 de la primera (la electricidad); y en 1740 concibio el 
 grande y casi estupendo designio de estraer del Cielo sua 
 
281 
 
 Franklin was actively engaged in the prosecution of his 
 literary pursuits, and, self-taught, acquired a competent 
 knowledge of the Latin, French, and Spanish languages. 
 Several pamphlets, he published, had been highly approved, 
 and in 1732, he commenced, -and continued for twenty-five 
 years, the publication of Poor Richard's Almanac, the 
 maxims and precepts of which have since been translated 
 into almost every language, and have obtained the force and 
 circulation of proverbs. In 1733, he was chosen clerk of 
 the general assembly of Pennsylvania, and in the following 
 year, postmaster of Philadelphia. In 1736, too, he esta- 
 blished " The American Philosophical Society," and set on 
 foot the college, which, with subsequent modifications, has 
 produced the present university of Pennsylvania ; and in 
 the same year, provided for his adopted state, a complete 
 system of military discipline. In 1745, Franklin accident- 
 ally witnessed some trifling experiments in electricity, per- 
 formed by an itinerant Scotchman, in Boston, which set his 
 mind to work upon the subject. He explained many pheno- 
 mena, which had never been before satisfactorily accounted 
 for, and made many discoveries of his own, — such as 
 the power of points, in eliciting and throwing off the accu- 
 mulated electric fluid, and of the negative and positive states 
 of electricity. He discovered, also, the properties of the 
 Ley den phial; and was the first who fired gunpowder, gave 
 magnetism to needles of steel, melted metals, and killed 
 animals of considerable size, by means of electricity. In 
 the course of his experiments, the idea suggested itself to 
 him, that electricity and lightning were the same; and that 
 the phenomena of the latter, and of the aurora borealis, 
 might be explained by means of the facts already known of 
 the former; and, in 1740, he conceived the grand, and al- 
 most awful design of drawing from the heavens their ligbt- 
 
 25* 
 
282 
 
 rayos, yde dirijir su terrificopoder, sin causardaho alguno, 
 hasta las entrahas de la tierra. La siguiente noticia de 
 sus esperimentos y su ecsito {sobre* esta materia*) esta 
 conccbida en las palabras del celebre Dr. Priestly: " Des- 
 pues de haber publicado Franklin su metodo para verificar 
 sus hipotesis concernientes a la pariedad de la electricidad 
 con la materia del rayo, esperaba la ercccion de una espiral 
 en Filadelfia, para llevar a efecto sus miras, no imugindn- 
 dose que una barilla puntiaguda defierro, de una moderada 
 altura, podria corresponder al efecto, cuando le ocurrio el 
 que por medio de una pandorga comun podria tener mejor 
 y mas pronto acceso a las rejiones del trueno, que por cual- 
 quiera otra espiral. Habiendo preparado, segun lo dicho, 
 (therefore) un gran pahuelo de seda, y dos palos cruzados 
 del correspondiente largo para estenderlo sobre ellos, se 
 prevalio de la ocasion de la primer tempestad de truenos 
 inmediata, para dinjirse d un campo en que habia una 
 sombra apropbsito para su intento. Pero temiendo la 
 critica burlesca, que mui amenudo se sigue a las empresas 
 desgracidas en las ciencias, a nadie comunico su proyectado 
 esperimento, sino a su hijo, quien le ayudo a empinar la 
 pandorga. Habiendo sido empinada la pandorga. pasb 
 mucho tiempo antes de que hubiese sehal alguna de estar 
 electrizada. Habia pasado sobre ella, sin efecto, una nube 
 que ofrecia mucho ; cuando, acaso, en el mismo momento en 
 que empezaba a desesperar de su combinacion, observo que 
 algunos hilos sueltos de la guita de canamo se hallaban 
 tiesos y que se seperaban uno de otro, como si hubiesen estadc 
 colgados de un comun conductor. Sorprendido con esta 
 favorable apariencia, presento inmediatamente las coyun- 
 turas de su, puno a la Have, y juzgue aora el lector el 
 esquisito placer que hubo de haber sentido en aquel momento: 
 el descubrimiento fue completo: el percibio una chispa 
 electrica mui clara (mui visible). Otras chispas se sue- 
 
283 
 
 ning, and conveying its terrific energies harmless into the 
 bowels of the earth. The following account of his experi- 
 ment and its success, is in the words of the celebrated Dr. 
 Priestly. " Franklin, after having published his method of 
 verifying his hypothesis, concerning the sameness of electri- 
 city with the matter of lightning, was waiting for the erec- 
 tion of a spire in Philadelphia, to carry his views into exe- 
 cution ; not imagining, that a pointed rod, of a moderate 
 height, would answer the purpose; when it occurred to him, 
 that by means of a common kite, he could have a readier and 
 better access to the* regions of thunder, than by any spire 
 whatever. Preparing, therefore, a large silk handkerchief, 
 and two cross sticks of a proper length, on which to ex- 
 tend it, he took the opportunity of the first approaching 
 thunder storm, to take a walk into a field, in which there 
 was a shed convenient for his purpose. " But dreading the 
 ridicule, which too commonly attends unsuccessful attempts 
 in science, he communicated his intended experiment to 
 nobody but his son, who assisted him in raising the kite. The 
 kite being raised, a considerable time elapsed before there 
 was any appearance of its being electrified. One very 
 promising cloud had passed over it, without any effect ; 
 when, at length, just as he was beginning to despair of his 
 contrivance, he observed some loose threads of the hempen 
 string to stand erect, and to avoid one another, just as if 
 they had been suspended upon a common conductor. 
 Struck with this favourable appearance, he immediately 
 presented his knuckle to the key, — and let the reader judge 
 of the exquisite pleasure he must have felt at that moment: 
 — the discovery was complete; he perceived a very evident 
 electric spark. Others succeeded even before the string 
 
284 
 
 cedieron poco antes de mojarse la guita ; de modo, que pit- 
 sieron el asunto fuera de disputa (duda); y cuando la 
 lluvia hubo mojado la guita recojio fuego electrico mux 
 copiosqmente." Este descubrimiento publicado al mundo 
 por cartas escritas por Franklin a un amigo de Europa, le 
 prodvjo la mas estensa reputacion en Inglaterra y en el con- 
 tinente; y los tiempos subsecuentes deben el Pararayo al es- 
 perimento probado tan timidamente por Franklin y su hijo. 
 Las sociedades de sabios (learned societies) en America y 
 Europa lo ansiaron como miembro ; y mientras que el 
 celebre Buff on diseminaba sus descubrimientos,fueprodigo 
 en sua alabanzas acerca del (of the) filosofo Americano. 
 Ademas de sus esperimentos en la electricidad, investigo 
 Franklin, con ecsito, el eject o del aceyte en calmar la 
 tempestuosidad del agua, producida % por la influencia del 
 viento. Hizo esperimentos para cerciorarse si los botes 
 se remolcaban 6 no con mas dificultad en pequehos canales, 
 que en grandes cuerpos de agua : para mejorar el arte dz 
 nadar; ypara probarque puede aliviarse la sed, bandndose 
 en agua del mar* Tambien hizo observaciones en sus 
 viajes a Europa sobre el progreso gradual de las tempes- 
 tados del Nordeste sobre las costas de America, en con- 
 trariedad con la direccion de los vientos ; y asi mismo, 
 para el beneficio de la navigacion, e hizo esperimentos* sobre 
 el curso, velccidad y temperatura de la corriente del golfo. 
 Hizo tambien observaciones curiosas sobre el aire: sobre el 
 poder relativo de los metales en la conduccion del calorico; 
 y sobre los diferenles grados de color adquiridos por cuer- 
 pos conjeniales de diversos colores, por los rayos del sol. 
 Tambien cultivo la miisica con ecsito, y escribio muchas 
 cartas sobre dicha ciencia con grande propiedad ; y revi- 
 vio y mejoro el Harmonicon, y toco con gusto dicho (that) 
 instrument. Y por eso es que se le concedio a Franklin 
 
285 
 
 was wet; so as to put the matter beyond dispute; and when 
 the rain had wet the string, he collected electric fire very 
 copiously." This discovery, published to the world in letters 
 written by Franklin to a friend in Europe, gave him the 
 most extended reputation in England and on the continent; 
 and succeeding times owe the lightning rod, to the experi- 
 ment so timidly tested by Franklin and his son. Learned 
 societies, in America and Europe, now sought him as a 
 member ; and the celebrated Buffon, while he disseminated 
 his discoveries, was prodigal in his praises of the American 
 philosopher. Besides his experiments in electricity, Frank- 
 lin investigated with success, the effect of oil in stilling the 
 turbulence of water under the influence of wind. He made 
 experiments to ascertain, whether boats are not drawn with 
 more difficulty in small canals, than in great bodies of water; 
 to improve the art of swimming ; and to prove that thirst 
 may be allayed by bathing in sea water. He made obser- 
 vations also, in his voyages to Europe, on the gradual pro- 
 gress of the northeast storms along the American coast, 
 contrary to the direction of the winds; and likewise, for the 
 benefit of navigation, made experiments on the course, 
 velocity and temperature of the Gulf stream. He made 
 also curious observations upon the air; upon the relative 
 power of metals in the conducting of heat ; and upon the 
 different degrees of heat, acquired by congenial bodies of 
 various colours, from the rays of the sun. Music also he 
 cultivated with success, and wrote many letters on that sci- 
 ence with great ingenuity; and he revived and improved the 
 harmonicon, and performed with taste upon that instrument. 
 It was therefore, not without justice, that a high rank was 
 
286 
 
 debidamente im alto puesto (not without justice) entre los 
 flosofos y sabios del dia. 
 
 En 1758, fue kecho dipuiado Administrador jeneral de 
 correos de America; y en 1759, fue nombrado elAjentede 
 Pensiluania, y poco despues de Maryland, Georgia y Mas- 
 sachusetts para continuar sus reclamaciones ante el Gobier- 
 no ingles; y en Julio deaquel aho visito otra vez a Londres. 
 En 1763, regreso a America, y recibio el voto unanime de 
 la Lejislatura de Pensilvania ddndole las gracias por sus 
 servicios, acompahadas de una donacion de cinco mil libras. 
 En 1764, fue nombrado (made) otra vez ajente de Pensil- 
 vania para la Gran Bretana ; y en el mismo ano se embar- 
 co y llego a Londres por iercera vez. Aproveckdndose de 
 una ocasion (oportunidad) favorable, visito a Holanda y 
 Francia,fue electo miembro de la Academia de ciencias de 
 el ultimo pais, y fue recibido en ambos con los honores mas 
 distinguidos. A su vuelta (returning from) de Francia 
 para Inglaterra, se le mando comparecer, en 3 de Febrera 
 del 1766, ante la Cdmara de los comunes, para ser publica- 
 mente ecsaminado con respecto a los negocios de America. 
 El ecsdmenfue digno del hombre, y ecsito grande atencion 
 despues.de publicado. En vano intento Franklin apaci- 
 guar la irritacion (la saha) que se incrementaba entre 
 Inglaterra y America. Pero mientras hablo (manifesto) 
 d los Ingleses en todos sus escritos sobre la importan- 
 cia con que los Americanos se aderian a la ecsisten* 
 cia de las relaciones presentes, declaro terminantemente, 
 (plainly) que ellos estimaban en mas la libertad, y que la 
 guerra y les sus resultados les eran preferibles a sus de- 
 recJios violados y a su actual abatimiento. En vano ofre* 
 do el ministerio ingles al rebelde colono, poder — empleos 
 y pensiones. El era inecsordblemente fiel a su encargo. 
 En ni4,sele mando comparecer ante el consejo privado, y 
 desplego en el una magnanimidad que le produjo el mas 
 
267 
 
 awarded to Franklin, among the philosophers and sages of 
 the day. 
 
 In 1758, he was made deputy postmaster general of 
 America ; and, in 1759, was appointed the agent of Penn- 
 sylvania, and soon after of Maryland, Georgia, and Massa- 
 chusetts, in prosecuting their claims before the English 
 government ; and, in July of that year, he again visited 
 London. In 1763, he returned to America, and received 
 the unanimous vote of the legislature of Pennsylvania, 
 thanking him for his services, accompanied by a donation 
 of five thousand pounds. In 1764, he was again made 
 agent of Pennsylvania to Great Britain, and, in the same 
 year, embarked and arrived for the third time in London. 
 Availing himself of a favourable opportunity, he visited 
 Holland and France ; was elected a member of the Aca- 
 demy of Sciences, in the latter country, and was received 
 in both with the most distinguished honour. Returning 
 from France to England, he was summoned, February 3d, 
 1766, before the house of commons, to be publicly exa- 
 mined as to the state of affairs in America. The exami- 
 nation was worthy of the man, and excited great attention, 
 when subsequently published. Franklin in vain attempted 
 to appease the increasing irritation between England and 
 America. But, while he told the English, in all his writ- 
 ings, of the importance, which the Americans attached to 
 the existence of the existing relations, he plainly declared, 
 that they valued freedom more than peace, and that war 
 and its concomitants were preferable to violated rights and 
 actual abasement. In vain did the English ministry offer 
 the " rebellious colonist," power, place, and pension. He 
 was inexorably true to his trust. In 1774, he was ordered 
 before the privy council, and displayed a magnanimity, 
 which procured him the highest praise from friends and 
 
288 
 
 alto elojio de sus amigos y oponentes, por la calma y modo 
 noble con que se condujo en el desvergonzado ataque de Mr. 
 Wedderburne, despues Lord Loughborough. 
 
 Hablando con Franklin, en una de las numerosas consul' 
 tas que se tutieron con el por los miembros del ministerio 
 bretdnico, Mr. Berkely, aludiendo al poder de la Gran 
 Bretaha; al numero de sus navios, y d la omnipotencia de 
 sus ejercitos para sostener las pretensiones del Parlamento, 
 djjo : " Ellos asolardn todo vuestro pais, y reducirdn d 
 cenizas las ciudades de vucstros puertos." " La mayor 
 parte de mi pequeha propiedad," replied Franklin, " con- 
 siste en casas en esas poblaciones* De ellas, empero, bien 
 podeis hacer hogueras y reducirlas a cenizas; pero el temor 
 de perderlas, jamas alterard mi resolucion de oponerme 
 hasta la ultimo a las pretensiones del Parlamento." 
 
 En Mayo de 1 775, regreso Franklin a Filadelfia, endonde 
 fue recibido con la estimacion y afecto mas respetuosos; y 
 se constituyo de una vez un activo promotor de varios arre* 
 glos que entonces se hacian, preparatorios a una abierta 
 contienda con la Gran Bretaha. Inmediatamente a su ar- 
 ribo {despues de su arribo)fue elejido delegado del Con- 
 gresojeneral, y fue puesto por este d la cabeza del Departa- 
 mentode correos del que habia sido removido por el gobiemo 
 ingles, en razon de sus opiniones, (principles). Fue mui 
 activo en soliciiar la declaracion de la independencia, 
 que elfirmo ; yfue un comisionado {uno de los) con Adams 
 y Rutledge, para negociar con Lord Howe en Long Island. 
 En XllQ,fue nombrado Presidents de la Convencion para 
 formar un gobiemo para el Estado de Pensihania ; y en 
 Octubre del mismo ahofue electa, por el Congreso jeneral, 
 comisionado para Francia para obtener su ayuda en la 
 guerra con la Gran Bretaha. Esto, en el aho de 1778, por 
 medio de los esfuerzos de Franklin, fue concedido publica- 
 mente, y su resultado se ha hecho un asunto de la historia 
 
289 
 
 opponents, by the calm and dignified manner in which he 
 behaved, under the ruffian-like attack of Wedderburne, 
 afterwards Lord Loughborough. 
 
 In speaking to Franklin, in one of the numerous con- 
 sultations, which were held with him, by the members of 
 the British ministry, Mr. Berkely, in alluding to the power 
 of Great Britain, the number of her ships, and the omnipo- 
 tence of her armies, to enforce the demands of parliament, 
 said, " They will ravage your whole country, and lay your 
 seaport towns in ashes." " The chief part of my little 
 property," replied Franklin, "consists of houses in those 
 towns. Of these, indeed, you may make bonfires, and re- 
 duce them to ashes ; but the fear of losing them will never 
 alter my resolution, to resist, to the last, the claims of par- 
 liament." 
 
 In May, 1775, Franklin returned to Philadelphia, where 
 he was received with the most respectful esteem and affec- 
 tion, and became at once an active promoter of the various 
 arrangements, then making, preparatory to an open contest 
 with Great Britain. Immediately on his arrival, he was 
 elected a delegate to the general congress ; and was placed 
 by it, at the head of the post office department, from which 
 he had been removed, on account of his principles, by the 
 British governments He was active in procuring the Decla- 
 ration of Independence, which he signed ; and was a com- 
 missioner with Adams and Rutledge, to negotiate with 
 Lord Howe on Long Island. In 1776, he was appointed 
 president of the convention to form a government for the 
 state of Pennsylvania ; and in October of the same year, 
 was chosen, by the general congress, commissioner to 
 France, to obtain its assistance in the war with Great Bri- 
 tain. This, in the year 1778, was, through the exertions 
 of Franklin, publicly granted, and its result has become 
 25 
 

 '290 
 
 jeneral. Despucs de residir diez ahos en Francia, de Em- 
 bajador y Ministro de los Estados Unidos, abra libres e 
 independientes, rcgreso Franklin a America, en 178G, cn- 
 dondc el jiibilo conque fue recibido, no fue menos que el 
 pesar conque sus amigos de Francia se separaron de el. Se 
 hallaba entonces en los ochenta y tin ahos de edad, y la mano 
 del tiempo principiaba a gravitar (press heavily) sobre el. 
 Era entonces un hombre de edad (un anciano) ; pero no 
 uno inactivo. En 1787, fue nombrado Presidente del Dis- 
 trito de Pensilvania ; y en el mismo aho urjio mui activa- 
 mente por la adopcion de la Constitucion federal. Pero 
 las dolencias* (disease) ibari* minando profundamente su 
 constitucion, aunque jamas alteraron (disturb) la armonia 
 (equanimity) de su jenio, ni debilitaron susfacultades men- 
 tales. 
 
 En el aho de 1790, entonces de ochenta y cuatro ahos 
 de edad, fallecio Franklin. El Congreso ordeno un Into 
 de un mes por el, y no fueron menos veementes en Francia 
 las espresiones de sentimiento. 
 
 Hablando Chatham de Franklin, hace referenda de el, 
 " como una persona aquien toda la Europa considera con 
 el mayor respeto (veneration) por sus conocimientos y sabi- 
 duria ; aquien ella coloca (ranks) entre sus Boyles y sus 
 Newtones, y* como la honra no solamente de la nacion In- 
 glesa, sino deljenero humano." 
 
 Fin de la Leccion Octava. 
 
 FINIS. 
 
matter of general history. After residing ten years in 
 France, as ambassador and minister of the United States, 
 now free and independent, Franklin, in 17S6, returned to 
 America, where the joy with which he was received, was 
 not less than the grief with which his friends in France 
 parted from him. He was now in the eighty-first year of 
 his age, and the hand of time began to press heavily upon 
 him. He was now an aged man ; but not an inactive one. 
 In 1787, he was appointed president of the commonwealth 
 of Pennsylvania ; and, in the same year, was most active 
 in urging the adoption of the federal constitution. But 
 disease was making deep inroads upon his constitution, 
 though it did not disturb the equanimity of his temper, or 
 weaken his mental faculties. 
 
 In the year 1790, then eighty-four years of age, Franklin 
 died. Congress ordered a mourning of one month for him; 
 and in France the expressions of grief were no less enthu- 
 siastic. 
 
 Speaking of Franklin, Chatham mentioned him, "as one 
 whom all Europe holds in the highest veneration, for his 
 knowledge and wisdom ; whom she ranks with her Boyles 
 and her Newtons ; who is an honour, not to the English 
 nation only, but to human nature." 
 
 End of the Eighth Lesson. 
 
 FINIS. 
 
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